Yel. XXXVII

JANUARY, 1961

No. 1

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

LINSLEY— A review

America

of the Pteroplatini of North and Central

ASHLOCK — A review of the

from Mexico

genus Arphnus Stal with a new species

SCHUSTER — Four new species of Mayetia from western North

America

BREAKEY — A note on the life history of Panscopus torpidus

(LeConte) 28

LINSLEY & MacSWAIN — New Diandrena associated with Oenothera

and notes concerning other species 31

STEPHEN & TORCHIO — A new state record for the bee genus

Heteranthidium with comments on H. zebratum Cresson, 41

FLESCHNER — Releases of recently imported insect parasites and

predators in California, 1958-59 43

SCULLEN — Synonymical notes on the genus Cerceris — ^III 45

SPILMAN — Remarks on the classification and nomenclature of the

American tenebrionine genus Adelonia 49

OATMAN — Crossbreeding studies with two closely related species

of Liriomyza 53

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 27

BOOK NOTICES AND REVIEWS 16, 52, 57

PROCEEDINGS, Pacific Coast Entomological Society, 1960. 59

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1961

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXXVII January, 1961 No. 1

A REVIEW OF THE PTEROPLATINI OF

NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA

( Coleoptera : Cerambycidae )

E. Gorton Linsley^

University of California, Berkeley

The Pteroplatini are of special interest to naturalists because

many of the species associate with lycids and bear a pronounced

superficial resemblance to them in form and coloration. As a

result, considerable convergence in color patterns has occurred,

both among species of the same genus and among species of

different genera, and identifications based upon published descrip-

tions have frequently involved considerable uncertainty. Since no

keys to the described genera or species of Mexico and Central

America have been published, and no recent keys to any of the

forms from north of Mexico, the following are offered in the hope

that they will facilitate identification of the species and thus en-

courage field studies designed to clarify their ecological relation-

ships.

Key to Genera

1, Pronotum not constricted, usually trapezoidal, as wide or nearly

as wide at base as elytra... 2

— Pronotum constricted, much narrower at base than elytra 5

2(1). Antennae with segments carinate, armed with short spines 3

— Antennae without carinae or apical spines 4

3(2). Elytra broad at base and gradually widened toward apex, their

greatest joint width about two-thirds of their length; prono-

tum with a foliaceous lateral margin Deltosoma

— Elytra narrow at base and usually flaring from near middle, their

greatest joint width only about one-half of their length;

pronotum with lateral margin rounded or obtusely elevated,

not foliaceous; antennae often with basal segments densely

hairy or penicillate-fimbriate beneath Cosmoplatidius

4(2). Body flattened, elytra broadly explanate, flaring, quadricostate

Pteroplatidius

^This is one of a number of studies made possible by the National Science Foundation

during the author’s tenure as Miller Research Professor, University of California. Types of

described species were kindly made available at the American Museum of Natural History,

New York, by J. G. Rozen, Jr., at the British Museum (Natural History), London, by E. B.

Britton, at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, by E. S. Ross, at the Museum

of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, by P. J. Darlington,

at the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris by Andre Villiers, and at the Natur-

historiska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, by E. Kjellander.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

— Body cylindrical, elytra not flaring, tricostate Parathetesis

5(1). Intermediate and posterior femora linear or gradually enlarged

or feebly clavate near middle ; antennae variable — 6

— Intermediate and posterior femora pedunculate and abruptly

clavate beyond middle; antennae short, first five segments

filiform, penicillate-fimbriate or densely clothed with long

hairs, sixth to tenth segments produced slightly at apex but

not serrate - Corynellus

6(5). Scutellum not or scarcely longer than broad, rounded behind or

obtusely triangular, apex not produced; body lyciform, prono-

tum and elytra flattened, the latter often expanded apically 7

— Scutellum elongate-triangular, apex acute, usually produced; body

large, subcylindrical Parevander

7(6). Antennae filiform or serrate, not penicillate-fimbriate 8

— Antennae with some or all of the basal segments penicillate-

fimbriate, outer segments cylindrical Pteroplatus

8(7). Antennae about half as long as body in male, shorter in female,

outer segments produced at their apices, serrate, eleventh

segment appendiculate ; elytra usually distinctly costate

— Elytroleptus

— Antennae about as ^ong as body in male, shorter in female,

segments filiform or nearly so, eleventh segment not appendi-

culate; elytra flat, not costate Holopleura

Genus DELTOSOMA Thomson

Deltosoma Thomson, 1864, Systema Cerambycidarum, p. 258; Lacordaire,

1869, Genera des Coleopteres, 9:163; Bates, 1880, Biologia Centrali-

Americana, Coleoptera, 5:72.

Species in this genus of lyciform ceramhycids are broader

across the shoulder than those of related genera, and the prono-

tum has a broadly expanded foliaceous lateral margin. Two

species are known from Central America as follows:

Deltosoma guatemalense Bates

Deltosoma guatemalense Bates, 1880, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Cole-

optera, 5:72.

In this species the appendages are black, the pronotum is

margined with tawny yellow, and the elytral humeri and a broad

transverse median band are also tawny yellow. This in size (11-

17 mm.) and coloration closely suggesting the common Central

American Calopteron serratum (Linnaeus) . The type series is from

San Geronimo, Guatemala.

Deltosoma flavidum Aurivillius

Deltosoma flavidum Aurivillius, 1925, Ark. Zool. 17A(12) :9.

D. flavidum is golden ochraceous with the antennal flagellum

black. The elytra are concolorous in the male type but in a female

example from Summit, Panama Canal Zone, January 1947 (N. L.

January, 1961 ] linsley — pteroplatini review

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1. (upper left): Elytroleptus dichromaticus Linsley, $. Fig. 2.

(upper right) : Pteroplatidius octocostatus (Bates), $. Fig. 3. (lower left) :

Elytroleptus grandis Linsley, $ . Fig. 4. (lower right) : Calopteron sp, with

which E. grandis was taken at Cuernavaca, Mexico.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

H. Krauss, U. S. National Museum) there is an ill-defined median

piceous line between the suture and first costa, a shorter parallel

line between sublateral costa and lateral margin, and a similar

dark area on the epipleuron. This specimen also has somewhat

piceous tarsi and vague dark areas at the sides of the thoracic

sternum and abdomen. The antennae of the male are twelve-

segmented and exceed the elytral apices by about four segments,

those of the female are eleven-segmented and reach to the apical

one-fourth of the elytra. Length 16 mm. The type locality is

Lino, Panama.

Genus COSMOPLATIDIUS Gounelle

Cosmoplatus (Cosmoplatidius) Gounelle, 1911, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1911:

131.

The flattened, posteriorly expanded, costate elytra with the

apices separately rounded distinguish this genus from Cosmo-

platus. The antennae range from filiform with the second to sixth

antennal segments sparsely ciliate beneath [C. annulipes (Blanch-

ard), C. simulans (Bates)] to species in which the segments are

densely fasciculate-fiml riate [C. sellatus (White), C. ochraceus

Linsley], but in none do the hairs reach the proportionate length

of those in the type species of Cosmoplatus. Only one species has

thus far been found in Central America.

Cosmoplatidius sellatus (White)

Pteroplatas sellatus White, 1853, Catal. Coleopt. British Mus., 7:82, pi. 3,

fig. 3; Bates, 1880, Biologia Centrali- Americana, Coleoptera, 5:73.

Yellow, with a pair of longitudinal black bands on the head,

a black marginal line and a sublateral longitudinal stripe on each

side of the pronotum that coincides with the dark areas on the

head, and the elytra usually with a broad black area over the

apices and commonly with a transverse antemedian band in addi-

tion. The appendages and abdomen are black. However, a series

of sixty examples from fruit-fly traps • ; esumably baited with

mangoes) at El Cermeno, Panama, April to October (J. Zetec)

(U. S. National Museum), exhibit three distinct color patterns:

(1) elytra almost entirely yellow, the apices being very narrowly

black, (2) the apices broadly (apical one-fourth) black, and (3)

the apices and an ante-median band black. Forty-eight males

segregated almost evenly into the three groups, 16, 15, and 17 ;

twelve females as follows: 1, 5, 6.

This species is known from southern Mexico, Guatemala,

Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama. The fully devel-

January, 1961] linsley — pteroplatini review

oped color pattern suggests that of the lycid Calopteron serratum

(Linnaeus), a common Central American species.

The following species, although not Central American, is de-

scribed at this time because of its close relationship to C. sellatus

(White) .

Cosmoplatidius ochraceus Linsley, new species

Male: Golden ochraceus, clothed with golden pubescence, mandibles

rufo-piceous, antennal segments beginning with third becoming successively

more piceous, second to sixth segments densely penicillate-fimbriate beneath,

the hairs golden on second segment, predominantly golden on third segment,

predominantly black on segments four to six. Head finely punctate above,

more densely and less finely so in a depression behind upper lobe of eye,

densely clothed with fine appressed golden pubescence which conceals the

surface beneath, shining and subglabrous; antennae slightly longer than the

body, segments three to ten carinate, third to seventh feebly bispinose, the

spines longer and more distinct on segments eight to ten. Pronotum at base

as wide as elytra, posterior angle lobed, surface finely punctate, more densely

and less finely so in a vaguely darker longitudinal impression on each side

of disk and on lateral margin, pubescence fine, appressed, golden, obscuring

surface; prosternum finely punctate and pubescent, with coarser punctures

superimposed at sides; mesosternum shining; metasternum dullish, finely

densely punctate, pubescent. Elytra flaring from in front of middle but great-

est width only about one-half their length, epipleurae vertical, continued

posteriorly as a costiform ridge, a second costa nearer the suture finely

densely punctate with coarser punctures superimposed, the latter mostly

separated by two or more diameters, pubescence fine short, golden, with an

intermixture of coarse suberect golden setae arising from the coarse punc-

tures, short near base and becoming longer toward apex, apices separately

rounded, not tuberculate, densely fringed with golden pubescence and setae.

Legs slender, femora not clavate or pedunculate, finely pubescent with scat-

tered suberect coarse setae. Abdomen dullish, finely punctate and pubescent,

with scattered suberect hairs intermixed. Length 12 mm.

Holotype male. Lake Sapatoza region, Chiriguana District,

Colombia (C. Allen) in the British Museum (Natural History),

London.

This species is very similar to Cosmoplatidius sellatus (White),

but differs in the uniformly golden ochraceous coloration, finer

punctation of the head and antennal scape, more feeble antennal

spines, and less prominent, more acute mandibles. Superficially,

it has a counterpart in Deltosoma flavidum Aurivillius, as is often

the case among lycid-resembling Cerambycidae.

Genus CoRYNELLUS Bates

Corynellus Bates, 1885, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleoptera, 5:318.

This genus is readily distinguished by the abruptly clavate

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

and pedunculate intermediate and posterior femora. Although

Bates considered the species to have the facies of gallerucids rather

than lycids, they appear lyciform to me. Thus C. mimulus Bates

suggests a small lycid such as Lycus (Lycostomus) semiustus

Chevrolat, Lycus angulatus Gorham, or Calopteron scapulare Gor-

ham, C. ochraceus an Idiopteron, such as /. decipiens Gorham, or

miniatum Gorham. In any event, field studies will be necessary to

determine if such resemblances reflect mimetic relationships.

Three species are known to me, and although one of these is

South American it is included for the sake of completeness.

1. Antennae with basal segments ciliate internally not penicillate 2

— Antennae with basal segments penicillate, third to sixth segments

internally and three to five externally, densely clothed with long

hairs; golden ochraceus, antennae, tibiae, tarsi, sides of meta-

thorax and margins of abdominal sternites piceous. 9.5 mm.

Colombia aureus Linsley

2. Black, head, pronotum except for three longitudinal black bands, and

basal half of elytra except sutural area yellowish brown ;

pronotum with scattered coarse punctures about as large as those

of base of elytra. 9 mm. Mexico... mimulus Bates

— Ochraceus, antennae, a triangular area on vertex and a broad median

longitudinal band on pronotum black, femoral apices, tibiae,

tarsi, and abdomen piceous; pronotum without scattered coarse

punctures. 7 mm. Panama ochraceus Bates

Corynellus aureus Linsley, new species

Golden ochraceous, except antennae, tibiae, tarsi, sides of metathorax

and margins of abdominal sternites which are piceous, pubescence golden

except on antennae, tibiae and tarsi, where it is black. Head finely punctate

above, shining impunctate and glabrous beneath ; antennae reaching beyond

middle of elytra, third to fifth segments cylindrical, densely clothed with

long erect hairs internally and externally, although the fifth has fewer hairs

externally; fifth segment a little longer than third, third segment a little

longer than fourth, sixth to tenth segments, shorter, thicker, slightly produced

externally but not serrate, sixth segment densely clothed with long hairs

internally, sixth to tenth segments with a few long hairs externally at apex.

Pronotum distinctly wider than long, broadly rounded, sublateral area densely

clothed with appressed golden pubescence which is largely directed laterally

or antero-laterally, disk and sides shining, sub glabrous, with scattered coarse

punctures, denser at middle of disk pro-, meso-, and metasterna shining,

impunctate, glabrous. Elytra flaring slightly beyond the middle, very feebly

costate, distinctly punctate, the basal punctures moderately coarse, mostly

separated by about one diameter, becoming smaller and shallower beyond

middle but evident to apex, pubescence very short, fine, golden, not obscuring

surface; apices rounded to suture. Legs short, posterior femora falling far

short of elytral apices, pedunculate, abruptly clavate beyond middle, polished

and shining. Length 9.5 mm.

January, 1961] linsley — pteroplatini review

Holotype, female (?), Lake Sapatoza region, Chiriguana

District, Colombia, viii— ix, 1924 (C. Allen) in the British Mu-

seum (Natural History).

Although Corynellus aureus differs from the two previously

described species in the form of the antennae, which resemble

Pteroplatus, and the facies, which is more like Elytroleptus, it

agrees well with them in general form and in the pedunculate and

abruptly clavate femora. In coloration, C. aureus converges with

Cosmoplatidius ochraceus Linsley, from the same region, suggest-

ing the possibility that they may have the same model.

Genus Parevander Aurivillius

Parevander Aurivillius, 1912, Coleopterorum Catalogus, 39:453.

This genus contains four closely related species, all confined

to Mexico and Central America. They are large and subcylindrical

but have the basic elements of lycid coloration, perhaps suggest-

ing how lycid mimicry may have arisen in this group. The follow-

ing key is designed to separate the known species.

Key to the Species of Parevander

1. Pronotum with sides broadly rounded anteriorly 2

— Pronotum with sides obliquely narrowed to apex from lateral tubercle;

elytra yellow or slightly orange yellow, the apices broadly covered

with black and with a transverse black band in front of middle

(rarely lacking). 12-19 mm. Southern Mexico and Guatemala

- - xanthomelas (Guerin)

2. Elytra with black or bluish-black maculations 3

— Elytra concolorous, yellow or orange; scutellum with sides incurved,

apex ^rute. 20-23 mm. Costa Rica unicolor (Bates)

3. Scutellum with sides incurved, apex acute; elytra with apices broadly

black and with a large, somewhat oval circumscutellar black

area. 15-24 mm. Southern Mexico and Guatemala nietoi (Guerin)

— Scutellum with sides straight, apex liguliform ; elytra with apices

broadly black, rarely with a small circumscutellar black area.

17-24 mm. Nicaragua nohilis (Bates)

Parathetesis Linsley, new genus

Form elongate, cylindrical, elytra fringed apically but not flaring. Head

relatively small ; antennal tubercles slightly elevated, quadrate ; antennae with

segments somewhat flattened and slightly expanded toward their apices, not

carinate, not spinose, third segment distinctly larger than following. Prono-

tum trapezoidal, base nearly as wide as elytra, sides feebly tuberculate, disk

with a callous behind middle; prosternum with intercoxal process feebly

produced behind coxae, then narrowed and subacute, cavities open behind;

mesosternum sloping in front and nearly plane, intermediate coxal cavities

open to epimeron; metasternum with episterna moderately broad in front,

gradually narrowed posteriorly. Scutellum triangular. Elytra tricostate, the

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

costae most evident near middle, apices separately broadly rounded. Legs

slender ; femora sub-linear.

Type of Genus: Athetesis convergens Bates.

This genus differs from Athetesis and Parevander in the trape-

zoidal prothorax which is nearly as wide at the base as the elytra

and has only a feeble lateral tubercle, and the form of the scutellum

which is triangular (in Athetesis it is broad and suboval, in Pare-

vander it is elongate and produced). From the latter it further

differs in the shorter, more flattened antennae.

Parathetesis convergens (Bates)

Athetesis convergens Bates, 1892, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1892:171.

Somewhat rufo-testaceous, base of head, antennae, a longitudinal stripe

on each side of pronotal disk, base of elytra except suture and margins, apices

of elytra, sides of meso- and metasterna, trochantets, femoral apices broadly,

tibiae and tarsi black. Head with some black hairs, denser near eyes; an-

tennae slightly surpassing middle of elytra. Pronotum with disk coarsely

punctate, thinly clothed with golden hairs, longitudinal stripes densely black

pubescent. Elytra finely densely punctate and black pubescent in median

yellow area. Femora finely densely punctate, thinly pubescent. Length 19 mm.

The type is from Amula, Guerrero, at 6,000 feet elevation.

The coloration is lycid-like but the form is cylindrical, not

flattened or explanate.

Pteroplatidius Linsley, new genus

Form flattened, elytra broadly explanate, flaring, densely fringed with

long hair. Head moderate, front relatively short ; antennae reaching to middle

of elytra in the male, slightly shorter in the female, segments flattened and

apically expanded, especially fifth to tenth, much more so in the female than

in the male, first four segments clothed with long black hairs. Pronotum

transverse, widest and subangulate at middle but base not distinctly con-

stricted and not much narrower than base of elytra, sides without an oval

impression; prosternum with intercoxal process expanded slightly behind

coxae, then narrowed, cavities open behind; mesosternum sloping in front

and nearly plane, intermediate coxal cavities open to epimera; metasternum

with episterna moderately broad, narrowed slightly posteriorly. Scutellum

subtriangular but apex not acute. Elytra with apical area quadricostate, the

intercostal space coarsely, irregularly but more or less transversely reticulate,

apices separately but narrowly rounded. Legs slender; femora feebly incras-

sate.

Type of Genus: Pteroplatus octocostatus Bates.

This genus is proposed for a species which superficially

resembles Elytroleptus but differs markedly in the form of the

prothorax which is not constricted at the base and lacks a lateral

oval impression, and the much more explanate elytra which are

densely fringed with long hair.

January, 1961] linsley — pteroplatini review

Pteroplatidius octocostatus (Bates)

(Fig. 2)

Pteroplatus octocostatus Bates, 1880, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleop-

tera, 5:73.

Elytroleptus octocostatus Bates, 1885, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleop-

tera, 5:317.

Two examples, one of each sex, are before me, both from

the state of Vera Cruz, Mexico. The male is from Cordoba

(A. Fenyes, Calif. Acad. Sci.) and has yellowish elytra with

the apical two-fifths or more, bluish-black. The female, from

San Rafael, Jicaltepec, March 13, 1896 (F. C. Bowditch Coll.,

Mus. Comp. ZooL), in addition, has the basal two-fifths, except

the humeri and epipleura blackish, but less so than the apex,

the two dark areas narrowly connected along the suture. Whether

these differences in color pattern, one Lycn^-like, the other

Pteroplatus-Vike, represent consistent differences between the sexes

remains to be seen. Bates considered his type specimen, which

is colored like the Cordoba male, to be a female. Length 11—14 mm.

Genus PTEROPLATUS Buquet

Pteroplatus Buquet, 1840, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 9:385.

This genus is principally South American, twelve species

having been described from Columbia, others from Bolivia,

Venezuela, and Argentina. The removal of several species to

Cosmoplatidiu^ (see above) makes a more homogeneous group

of the remaining species. The Central American form belongs

to that section of the genus in which the elytra' are less flaring,

their joint width at the greatest point being only about half

of the length from base to apex.

Pteroplatus quadriscopulatus Bates

Pteroplatus quadriscopulatus Bates, 1880, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Cole-

optera, 5:73.

Black or bluish-black; pronotum yellowish, with a median longitudinal

black stripe and a lateral black stripe on each side; elytra yellowish with

a broad black area over apices and often with a transverse ante-median black

band, the two sometimes merging to leave only the humeri pale, or the

anterior band reduced or forming a basal stripe along suture. Length

10-15 mm.

This species occurs in southern Mexico and Guatemala. No

doubt a study of the habits would explain the extreme variability

of the elytral color pattern, a variation which is also evident in

its South American counterpart, P. variahilis Salle.

Genus ELYTROLEPTUS Duges

Elitroleptus Duges, 1879, La Naturaleza Mexicana, 4:182.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

Elytroleptus Bates, 1885, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleoptera, 5:317.

This genus is principally Mexican, a few species extending

their range across the borders of southwestern United States

and one occurring in eastern North America from eastern Texas

and Florida to southern Canada. The adults join aggregations

of particular species of lycids, to which they usually bear a

remarkable resemblance in size, form, and coloration (figs. 3, 4).

Key to the Species of Elytroleptus

1. Elytra bicolored or black 2

— Elytra concolorous yellow or rufo-testaceous 10

2(1). Elytra with basal half or three-fourths yellow or rufo-testaceous,

anterior margin of apical dark area arching to suture or

more or less transverse 3

— Elytra black or with ante-median and apical black areas or

with anterior margin of apical dark area extending ob-

liquely forward to suture 5

3(2). Pronotum thinly clothed with erect hairs which do not obscure

the shining and very coarsely confluently punctate surface;

elytra tricostate; smaller species, 7-10 mm 4

— Pronotum largely clothed with appressed silky pubescence which

obscures the surface, punctation moderately coarse; elytra

quadricostate apically; large species, 12-17 mm. Western

Texas to southern Arizona and northern Mexico (Chihua-

hua, Durango) apicalis (LeConte)

4(3). Elytra very coarsely deeply punctate, basal area with only about

three rows of punctures between the costae, pubescence

short and obscure, integument rufo-testaceous, apical fourth

or fifth black, anterior margin of dark area transversely

sinuate. 10 mm. Mexico (Queretaro, Hidalgo)

dichromaticus Linsley, 2

— Elytra moderately coarsely and shallowly punctate, basal area

with five or six rows of punctures between the costae,

pubescence long and conspicuous, integument lemon yellow,

apical one-third black, anterior margin of dark area arched

to the suture. 7-10 mm. Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, Sin-

aloa, Morelos, Nayarit, Mexico, Guerrero)

scabricollis Bates

5(2), Elytra gradually dilated from base, quadricostate toward apex ;

large species, 13-15 mm. in length 6

Elytra subparallel, at most slightly widened apically, tricostate;

small species, 7-11 mm. in length j 7

6(5). Elytra entirely black; pronotum with sides angulate, surface

densely clothed with appressed golden tomentum except

for an oval black area on posterior half of disk and another

black area on each side behind lateral angle. 13 mm. Mex-

ico (Oaxaca) nigripennis Bates

January, 1961 ] linsley — ^pteroplatini review

— Elytra with humeral area and a broad median band yellowish-

testaceous; pronotum with sides obtusely or broadly

rounded, surface densely clothed with appressed golden

tomentum except for median and lateral longitudinal black

vittae. 15 mm. Mexico (Mexico and Vera Cruz)

- grandis Linsley

7(5). Pronotal disk with a pair of yellow or red, finely punctate,

densely pubescent, longitudinal bands on each side ©f mid-

dle and a similar band along anterior margin and on each

side at base - - - 8

— Pronotal disk coarsely punctate and subglabrous, without

finely punctate, pubescent bands 9

8(7). Pronotum with golden yellow bands; elytra strongly costate,

pale areas distinct. 8-10 mm. Southeastern Canada to Flor-

ida and eastern Texas fLoridanus (LeConte)

— Pronotum wuth red bands; elytra less strongly costate, pale

areas reduced or absent in typical iorm, basal one-fourth

reddish-yellow extending obliquely backward from sutural

margin to side and along lateral margin to apex in var.

ohliquus. 7-10 mm. Western Texas (Davis and Chisos

Mountains) immaculipennis Knull

9(7). Elytra not more than three times as long as basal width, basal

punctures as coarse as those of disk of pronotum, costae

distinct throughout, integument pale yellow, dark area con-

fined largely to apical half; pronotum ferrugineous, with

an oval darker impression on each side; abdomen black or

piceous; posterior tibiae, apex of intermediate tibiae, and

tarsi black. 8-9 mm. Texas and northern Mexico (Ta-

maulipas) ....divisus (LeConte)

— Elytra nearly three and one-half times as long as basal width,

basal punctures much less coarse than those of disk of pro-

notum, costae distinct at base only, integument rufous or

rufo-testaceous, dark area covering most of elytra except

base and sides; pronotum rufous or piceous, without an

oval impression at sides ; abdomen rufo-testaceous, tarsi

and all of the tibiae black. 6-11 mm. Northern Mexico

(Chihuahua) humeralis Linsley

10(1). Pronotum yellow or yellow-orange, if margined or clouded with

black, disk predominantly yellow 11

— Pronotum black or with extensive black areas, mid-line of disk

always black - 14

11(10). Head and pronotum yellow-orange, pronotum somtimes mar-

gined with black or clouded with black, elytra yellow or

yellow-orange - 12

— Head and pronotum yellow, elytra reddish-yellow; ventral sur-

face and degs largely brown. 8 mm. Western Texas (Davis

Mountains) lineatus Knull

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

12(11). Elytra expanded apically, surface moderately to finely punctate,

the punctures less distinct toward apex 13

— Elytra subparallel, each tricostate, the costae prominent; punc-

tures coarse and distinct from base to apex, pubescence

sparse; thoracic and abdominal sterna largely black or

piceous. 8-11 mm. Central Mexico (Guanajuato, Mexico)

(typical subspecies) ; western Texas to southern Arizona

and Durango (subspecies davisi Knull)... luteus Duges

13(12). Elytra tricostate throughout; elytral base, epipleura, and femora

rather densely clothed with much longer erect and sub-

erect hairs than remainder of elytra. 8-10 mm. Mexico

(Mexico) pallidas villosus Linsley

— Elytra tricostate at base, quadricostate behind middle, the short

costa less elevated; elytral base, epipleura and femora

clothed with suberect hairs similar in length to those of

remainder of elytra. 12-16 mm. Southern Arizona and north-

ern Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango) ignitus LeConte

14(10). Pronotum reddish-yellow or bicolored 15

— Pronotum black, disk very coarsely punctate except for an irreg-

ular median smooth area at base and an ante-median tu-

bercle on each side. 9 mm. Mexico (Queretaro) —

scabricollis Bates, var.

15(14). Pronotum with longitudinal yellow or reddish pubescent vittae

— Pronotum subglabrous, disk very coarsely, deeply punctate,

ferrugineous with an oval black area at middle, sides de-

pressed, black; elytra yellow, coarsely punctate, tricostate,

innermost costa converging to suture near middle. 9 mm.

Mexico (Queretaro, Hidalgo) dichromaticus Linsley, $

16(15). Elytra dilated from in front of middle, disproportionately long,

tricostate at base, quadricostate behind middle, the short

costa less elevated; elytra reddish-yellow to fulvo-ochra-

ceous 11-14 mm. Southern Arizona and New Mexico to

Oaxaca, Mexico rujipennis (LeConte)

— Elytra gradually and moderately dilated posteriorly, tricostate

throughout, yellow in male, yellow or rufo-testaceous in

female. 8-10 mm. Mexico (Durango, Mexico, Zacatecas,

Guanajuato, Jalisco) pallidas (Thomson)

Elytroleptus rufipennis (LeConte)

Pteroplatas rafipennis LeConte, 1884, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 12:23.

Elytroleptus longipennis Bates, 1885, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleop-

tera, 5:318 (New Synonymy) .

Elytroleptus eros Bates, 1885, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleoptera, 5:318,

pi. 21, fig. 3 (New Synonymy) .

The above names apply to what appears to me to be a

single species. The coloration of the elytra apparently varies

January, 1961] linsley — pteroplatini review

somewhat as in E. pallidus and the redder specimens are also

subject to fading, judging by the types of rufipennis and eros.

Elytroleptus dichromaticus Linsley, new species

(Fig. 1)

Female: Head and prothorax rufo-testaceous, elytra lemon yellow with

apices black, abdomen and femora and anterior tibiae, except bases and

apices, pale rufo-testaceous, legs otherwise black, as are the antennae, a spot

behind eye, anterior margin of prosternum, area surrounding anterior coxae,

and a zigzag line from coxae to lateral margin and along margin posteriorly,

mesosternum at middle, and metasternum. Head densely irregularly, mode-

rately coarsely but shallowly punctate on upper frons and vertex, more finely

punctate on lower frons; antennae not attaining middle of elytra, sulcate,

coarsely punctate but shining, second, third and fourth segments shining,

subcylindrical, remaining segments subopaque, heavier, fifth to tenth ex-

panded at apex, subtriangular, serrate, fifth and sixth segments largest, sixth

to eleventh abruptly decreasing in length. Pronotum subglabrous, a little

wider than long, sides obtusely rounded, impressed above so as to give the

effect of an elevated margin, disk flattened, very coarsely, closely punctate,

more sparsely punctate sublaterally ; prosternum almost impunctate in the

concave antecoxal pale impression, confluently rugose in lateral black areas,

meso- and metasterna finely punctate, thickly pubescent. Elytra relatively

narrow, flaring slightly over apical half, tricostate, the costae distinct from

base to apical dark area where they disappear, subparallel to one another

but converging slightly toward the suture, surface shining except in apical

dark area, very coarsely, closely punctate at base where there are only about

three rows of punctures between the first two costae, becoming smaller pos-

teriorly and increasing to about four rows near apical dark area, apical

dark area covering between one-fifth and one-fourth of elytra, coarsely and

very densely punctate, anterior margin transversely sinuate, apices narrowly

separately rounded, not tuberculate, fringed with black hair. Abdomen with

a few scattered coarse punctures and scattered long suberect hairs. Legs

slender, femora sparsely punctate, sparsely pubescent. Length 10.3 mm.

Male: Sides of head, pronotal margins and center of disk black, elytra

lemon yellow without an apical dark area, thoracic and abdominal sterna

black. Length 9 mm.

Holotype female and allotype male (California Insect Survey,

on deposit in California Academy of Sciences) from Queretaro,

Queretaro, Mexico, June 28, 1952 (E. E. Gilbert and C. D.

MacNeill). A female specimen from Zimapan, Hidalgo, Mexico,

June 11—14, 1951, taken on flowers of Eysenhardtia polystachys

Ort. by P. D. Hurd differs slightly from the types in that the

ground color of the elytra is somewhat rufo-testaceous rather

than lemon yellow.

This species is very distinct in the flat, subglabrous, coarsely

punctate pronotum. It is also remarkably dichromatic with regard

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

to the elytral pattern, the male elytra being concolorous, the

female having blaek-tipped elytra. However, a male example

of E. scahricollis Bates, taken in the company of a female with

black-tipped elytra, also has the elytra concolorous yellow, although

the males that I have seen from other localities are marked like

the female.

Elytroleptus humeralis Linsley, new species

Male: Head, except vertex which is rufous, pro-, meso-, and metathorax,

and antennae hlack, trochanters, femoral apices, tibiae, tarsi and scutellum

black, dark area of elytra black with vaguely violaceous caste; pubescence

long, erect, golden, except on elytra where it is short and antennae where

it is black. Head densely and somewhat rugosely punctate on vertex, the

punctures coarse but variable in size, area behind eyes rugose; antennae

attaining middle of elytra, scape coarsely punctate but shining, segments

two to four shining, slender, segments four to eleven subopaque, expanded

apically, serrate, eleventh segment emarginate and more or less appendicu-

late. Pronotum a little wider than long, sides obtusely rounded but wider

anteriorly, being narrowed toward base from just behind middle, lateral

margin convex, feebly elevated, disk very coarsely somewhat confluently

punctate, the punctures becoming smaller laterally but also dense; pro-

sternum finely punctate, the punctures very dense at sides, meso- and meta-

sternum, finely punctate, more densely so at sides. Elytra nearly three and

one-half times as long as basal width, sides scarcely flaring apically, costae

distinct over basal pale area, becoming narrower and inconspicuous over

dark area, basal punctures much less coarse than those of disk of pronotum,

pubescence short, obscure, anterior margin of apical dark area extending

obliquely forward and reaching to basal one-fifth or one-sixth at suture,

apices conjointly rounded, fringed with moderately short black hairs, not

tuberculate. Abdomen coarsely not densely punctate, thinly clothed with

long suberect hairs. Legs slender; femora punctate and thinly clothed with

suberect hairs. Length 9.3 mm.

Female: Head and prothorax rufous, mesosternum and metasternum

medially more or less rufo-testaceous ; antennae extending over about basal

one-third of elytra. Length 11.5 mm.

Holotype mule, allotype female, and tiventy paratypes (14 c? c? »

6$9) from Salaices, Chihuahua, Mexico, July 23, 1947 (H.

Spieth, David Rockfeller Expedition, American Museum of Natural

History) (two paratypes have been deposited in the California

Insect Survey, University of California) . Additional material

in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History

(David Rockefeller Expedition) is as follows: 2cr cT, 1?, 20 miles

southwest of Camargo, Chihuahua, 4,500 feet elevation, July 13,

1947 (M. A. Cazier, W. J. Gertsch, H. Spieth) and Ic?, 42 miles

southwest of Camargo, 4,900 feet elevation, July 15, 1947 (M.

A. Cazier).

January, 1961] linsley — pteroplatini review 15

This species is apparently related to E. divisus LeConte, but

differs in the more elongate elytra with the pale area reduced

largely to the humeral and lateral areas and bright rufo-testaceous

rather than yellow and the basal area much less coarsely punctate

than the pronotum. The two also differ in other details of color,

the abdomen being black or piceous in E. divisus and only the

posterior tibiae and apex of the intermediate tibiae are black.

Elytroleptus pallidus villosus Linsley, new subspecies

Similar in size and form to E. pallidus pallidus Thomson but

differing in the very long, erect, flying hairs of the elytral

epipleura and femora.

Holotype male, allotype female, and two paratypes^ one of

each sex, from Bejucos, Temescaltepec, Mexico, July 5, 1933

(H. E. Hinton and R. L. Usinger) (Calif. Acad. Sciences). An

additional paratype, taken by tbe same collectors, is from Teju-

pilco, Temescaltepec, July 1933 (Calif. Acad. Sci.).

Holopleura marginata LeConte

Holopleura marginata LeConte, 1873, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 11(264) :194.

Holopleura Helena LeConte, 1873, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 11(264) :194.

This species occurs from British Columbia to California. It

is extremely variable in color and size. The basic coloration

is black with the head, pronotum and elytra coccineus with variably

extensive black markings. The female is the more reddish of

the two sexes, the dark areas of the elytra often being reduced

to a broad discal band or an oblique bar at basal one-third and

a lateral dot at apical one-third.

SEDIS INCERTAE

“Pteroplatus” metallicus Nonfried

Pteroplatus metallicus Nonfried, 1894, Ent. Nachr., 20:140.

Elytroleptus metallicus, Aurivillius, 1912, Coleopterorum Catalogus, 39:456.

I have not been able to apply this name to any of the material

available for study. Judging from the original description, the

species involved does not appear to be Pteroplatus, where it

was placed by its author, nor Elytroleptus, where it was assigned

by Aurivillius. Proper interpretation may have to await a re-

examination of the type specimen, which is from Central Honduras.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

BOOK REVIEW

BEES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES. Volume 1. By Theodore

B. Mitchell. Published by The North Carolina Agricultural Experiment

Station with support from the National Science Foundation. Technical Bul-

letin No. 141, pp. 1-538, 134 figs., June 1960. Price $10.00.

This work is the culmination of many years of critical study of the

native bee fauna of the United States east of the Mississippi River. It

includes a systematic account covering approximately one-half the total

number of native bees in that area (464 species and subspecies, 90 of

which are new to science). The families treated in this first volume are

the Colletidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae, and Melittidae.

The introductory account contains much usefiil information concerning

collecting techniques, preparation of specimens, taxonomic methods, mor-

phological and ecological considerations. In addition to keys to the families

and genera, the work also includes keys to the species. Each treatment of

a species contains biblographic references, diagnostic descriptions, floral

and distributional data. Throughout the work the value of the source ma-

terials, especially the incorporated results of type studies, is prominently

evident. Comparatively few type specimens were either unavailable for

study or were not located during the course of investigation.

In general, the classification reflects a conservative approach, but

significantly the systematic treatment of the family Halictidae differs

from recent classifications in that some groups (Dialictus, Evylaeus,

Paralictus, etc.) are accorded generic rank. These modifications are in

keeping with the developing knowledge of the world fauna of Halictidae.

The study is profusely illustrated with line and shaded drawings of

various structural features (heads, genitalia, wings, sternal plates, etc.)

Unquestionably, Professor Mitchell has produced a work of scholarly

achievement which is not only indispensable to the needs of bee specialists,

but also to anyone with an interest in the native bee fauna of the eastern

United States. Completion of this work will insure a foundation for the

development of future critical studies on this and other faunal areas. —

P. H. Timberlake and P. D. Hurd, Jr., University of California, Riverside

and Berkeley.

January, 1961] ashlock — arphnus review

A REVIEW OF THE GENUS ARPHNUS STAL WITH A NEW

SPECIES FROM MEXICO

(Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Peter D. Ashlock

University of California, Berkeley

The genus Arphnus (Cyminae, Cymini) was proposed by Stal

(1874) for Oxycaraenus [sic] coriacipennis Stal, 1859, described

from San Francisco, California. In 1929 Van Duzee described

two additional species: A. tristis from Sparks, Nevada, and A.

profectus from Laguna Mountain, San Diego County, California,

and gave a key for the three species. A fourth species, A.

tripunctatus, which was collected on Isabel Island, Nayarit,

Mexico, was described by Van Duzee in 1933.

Arphnus is very closely related to the cosmopolitan genus

Cymus, and is distinguished solely by its greatly extended tylus or

clypeus (Fig. 4) . This seems to me to be a weak generic character,

and some future reviser of generic concepts in the Cymini may

feel justified in placing Arphnus StM as a synonym of Cymus

Hahn. For the purposes of this paper, however, the present concept

provides a convenient unit for discussion.

When Van Duzee described A. tristis and A. profectus, he

wrote, “the . . . two forms should, perhaps, be considered as

geographical races . . .” of ^4. coriacipennis. Distinguishing the

three species has troubled hemipterists, including myself, since

usable characters are practically nonexistent. These two species

of Van Duzee’s are here considered to be synonymous with StM’s

species A. coriacipennis. A. tripunctatus Van Duzee is distinct,

and a new, related species is described from specimens in the U. S.

National Museum which were intercepted in quarantine from

Mexico, usually on orchids. The following key separates the three

species left in the genus.

Key to the species of Arphnus Stal

1. Width of eye as seen from above about one-half width of clypeus at

apex of jugae (Figs. 1, 3) ; antennal segment II two-thirds length of

segment III; (Mexico, Central America) 2

— Width of eye as seen from above nearly equal to width of clypeus at

apex of jugae (Fig. 2) ; antennal segment II four-fifths length of segment

III; (western U. S.) A. coriacipennis (Stal)

2. Apex of clypeus, and antennal segment IV, black (Fig. 3) ; posterior

margin of prothorax slightly emarginate before scutellum

- A. melanotylus Ashlock

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

— Apex of clypeus, and all antennal segments, pale (Fig. 1); posterior

margin of prothorax straight A. tripunctatus Van Duzee

Arphnus coriacipennis (Stal) (Figs. 2, 4)

Oxycaraenus [sic] coriacipennis Stal, 1859. Kong. Svenska Freg. Eugenies

resa omkring Jordan, 3: 247.

Arphnus coriacipennis (Stal), 1874. Enum. Hemip., 4: 126.

Arphnus tristis Van Duzee, 1929. Pan-Pacific Ent., 5: 189—190. (netv

synonymy ) .

Arphnus profectus Van Duzee, 1929. Pan-Pacific Ent., 5: 190. (new

synonymy) .

The wider eyes (Fig. 2) distinguish this species from the other

two species in the genus. It has been collected in California,

Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Utah, and New Mexico.

On July 2, 1954, I collected what at the time appeared to be

two species of this genus at Simpson Spring, Simpson Mountain

(near Dugway Proving Ground), Tooele County, Utah. Both were

swept from Juncus balticus; but one, with a black head, pro-

thorax, and abdomen, was found only on plants growing in the

moving water of the spring while the other, a pale form, occurred

only on plants growing a few feet away on dry land. Nymphs were

abundant in both habitats ; those on plants in the spring had black

heads and thoraces while those on plants growing on dry soil

were entirely pale.

This unusual situation made me curious to see how these

specimens fit the characters used by Van Duzee in his key. To

help discussion this key is reproduced here.

Key to Western Species of Aphnus Stal

from E. P. Van Duzee, 1929, pp. 188—189

1. Tylus short produced before the bucculae for a distance scarcely more

than hlaf the length of the bucculae; head, pronotum and abdomen

blackish piceus — tristis n. sp.

— Tylus longer, produced before the bucculae for a distance fully equal to

the length of the bucculae; color paler, the head and pronotum some-

times piceus. - 2

2. Tylus attaining middle of antennal segment II ; median carina of pro-

notum obsolete behind the middle; membrane hyaline or faintly smoky;

femora usually concolorous coriacipennis Stal

— Tylus attaining apical third of antennal segment II; membrane with a

longitudinal median cloud; color pale, femora piceus profectus n. sp.

According to Van Duzee’s key, dividing the length of the

bucculus into the length of the tylus or clypeus should produce a

ratio of slightly more than 0.5 for A. tristis and of 1.0 for A.

coriacipennis and A. profectus. However, 20 specimens of the

January, 1961] ashlock — arphnus review

black form from the Simpson Spring series ranged from 0.83 to

1.09 (average: 0.95), while 22 specimens of the pale form from

the same locality ranged from 0.83 to 1.25 (average: 1.01). The

great overlap present made distinguishing “species” impossible.

Measurements were also taken from the type series of Van

Duzee’s two western species. For ^4. tristis (7 specimens including

the holotype) ratios ranged from 0.75 to 1.09 and averaged 0.89;

for A. profectus (also 7 specimens including holotype) ratios

ranged from 1.08 to 1.36 and averaged 1.21. A series of 8 speci-

mens with dark heads and prothoraces from Inverness, Marin

A. melanotylus

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 1—3, Dorsal view of head of Arphnus species; 1. paratype; 2. Marin

Co., California; 3. holotype; Fig. 4, lateral view of head showing clypeus,

labium omitted.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

County, California (about 25 miles north of San Francisco, type

locality of A. coriacipennis) , had ratios ranging from 0.91 to

1.17, averaging 1.04. A series of 11 specimens of the pale form

from Corvallis, Oregon, had ratios ranging from 0.77 to 1.08,

averaging 0.91.

Evidently the clypeus-bucculus ratio tends to be clinal, lower

in the north and higher in the south. Van Duzee was misled

because he compared populations from widely separated localities.

The other characters used in Van Duzee’s key break down

even more easily. Because most of the variation in the ratios

discussed above was caused by variation in the clypeal length, the

first part of the second couplet is rendered unworkable. The

median carina of the pronotum, mentioned only in the first half

of the second couplet, is present in all specimens of the species,

but becomes an impunctate line posteriorly; it is very difficult

to tell where it ends. The pigmentation of the membrane is very

slight in all specimens and takes the form of a longitudinal stripe.

The color differences among various populations are more

difficult to explain. Van Duzee’s key seems to indicate three

different color groups: A. tristis with black head and prothorax,

A. coriacipennis with slightly paler head and prothorax, and the

pale A. pro'fectus. Actually only the A. profectus form is distinct,

since the A. tristis and A. coriacipennis color forms grade com-

pletely into one another.

One might be tempted to regard A. profectus as a separate

species even though there are no morphological characters avail-

able to separate it from A. coriacipennis. However, the fact that

the two forms can live on the same host plant species within a

few feet of one another seems to contradict this possibility. It

would probably be more logical to assume that the color differences

are the result of a physiological response to a single host plant

in different environments.

A direct relationship between the color of the insect and the

wetness of the host plant’s habitat cannot be implied. I have

collected the pale form alone at a locality in Utah County, Utah,

where the host plant grew in running water, and the darker form

in various localities near San Francisco, California (this group

includes the ones from Inverness mentioned above), from host

plants growing on dry land. Ground water salinity may control

January, 1961] ashlock — arphnus review

the color of the insect; perhaps some other factor produces the

variation.

Since these insects fly readily, the complete separation of

color forms encountered at the Simpson Spring locality in Utah

is rather strange. The abundance of nymphs found, however, indi-

cates that July 2, the collection date, may have been early in the

season for the species. Some valuable observations might be made

by someone who found a situation similar to this in a more

accessible locality. If the populations become more and more

mixed as the summer progresses, and especially if matings could

be observed between the darker and the paler forms, then the

above proposed explanation for the occurrence of two color forms

would be considerably strengthened.

Arphnus tripunctatus Van Duzee (Fig. 1)

Arphnus tripunctatus Van Duzee, 1933. Proc. California Acad. Sci., (4)

21: 36.

This species and the following are easily distinguished from

the more northern A. coriacipennis by their narrower eyes. The

pale clypeus will immediately separate A. tripunctatus from its

nearest relative described below. The name tripunctatus is appar-

ently derived from the tiny spots at the apices of the clavi and

coria. These are found on all three species of the genus.

A. tripunctatus has been reported only from its type locality,

an island off Nayarit, Mexico. The U.S. National Museum, however,

has specimens collected in 1905 by Frederick Knab from Cham-

perico, Guatemala, and Puntarenas, Costa Rica, all on the Central

American mainland.

Arphnus melanotylus Ashlock, new specie^

(Fig. 3)

Head: length 0.82 mm., width 0.60 mm., interocular space 0.40 mm.;

eye, viewed dorsally, half as wide as long, width 0.10 mm,, length 0.20 mm.,

and about half as wide as clypeus at apex of jugae ; bucculae 0.22 mm. ;

antennal segment II two-thirds length of III, subequal to IV, lengths: I,

0.20 mm, ; II, 0.37 mm. ; III, 0.58 mm. ; IV, 0.42 mm. ; labium nearly

reaching middle coxal cavities, segment I reaching middle of eye, segment

lengths: I, 0.40 mm.; II, 0.31 mm.; Ill, 0.27 mm,; IV, 0.24 mm. Prothorax:

gradually narrowed anteriorly, slightly wider posteriorly than long, anterior

width 0.53 mm., posterior width 0.88 mm., length 0.80 mm.; median carina

disappearing in posterior two-thirds; posterior margin slightly emarginate.

Scutellum: width 0.42 ram., length 0.26 mm., shorter than claval commissure,

length 0.53 mm. Hemelytron: with corium slightly longer than membrane,

corium 1.79 mm., membrane 1.61 mm., basal portion of membrane nearly

twice length of apical portion, length from base to level of apices of coria

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

1.06 mm., length from apices of coria to apex 0.57 mm. Color: light hrownish-

yellow except the following: apex of clypeus heyond jugae, hasal segment

(except a pale dorsal longitudinal stripe) and terminal segments of antennae,

and apices of coria, black; apices of clavi, brown; scutellum slightly darker

than hemelytra; legs with basal two-thirds of fore- and middle-femora

and basal two-thirds of posterior surface of each hind leg, brown; abdomen

ventrally with a brown sublateral stripe from base to segment IV, segment

VII pale.

Length, 4.1 mm., width, 1.1 mm. (Range, males: length 3.5— 4.4 mm.,

width, 1.0-1. 3 mm.; females: length, 4.1— 4.3 mm., width, 1.1— 1.3 mm.).

Holotype male. Guerrero, Mexico, intercepted at Laredo,

Texas, February 28, 1959, on orchid plants (U.S.N.M. Type No.

64855).

Paratypes: Mexico: 1$, same data as type; IcT, same data

but III-4-1946; IcT, San Bias, Nayarit, intercepted on orchid at

Nogales, Arizona, IV-2-1957 by Noel and Alexander; IcT,

Huichuican, San Luis Potosi, intercepted at Laredo, Texas,

XII-21-1951 on Tillandsia plants; IcT, Tamazunchale, San Luis

Potosi, intercepted at Laredo, Texas, IV-3-1946; Icf, Jalapa,

Veracruz, intercepted ft Laredo, Texas, VIII-13-1945 on orchid

plants; Icf, Fortin, /eracruz, intercepted at Laredo, Texas,

XI-6-1952 on orchids; IcT, 1 $, same date, intercepted 11-23-1954;

Icf, same data, but no date; Icf, Chaverillo ( Chavarillo ? ) ,

Veracruz, intercepted at Laredo, Texas, V-28-1946 on orchid

plants; 1$, Veracruz, 11-14-1955 on orchid plants; 1$, Vera-

cruz, intercepted at Laredo, Texas, X-13-1959 on bromeliads; 2(j',

Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, intercepted at Laredo, Texas on orchid

plants, no date; Icf, same data, III-27-1952; 1$, Mexico, in

pineapple, intercepted at Brownsville, Texas, V-4-1937 ; 1 $, origin

?, intercepted at Laredo, Texas, I-19-’1946 on bromeliads.

Literature Cited

Stal, C.

1859. Hemiptera. Species novas. Kong. Svenska Freg. Eugenies resa

omkring jorden, 3:219—298.

1874. Enumeratio Hemipterorum. 4. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 12 (1) :

1-186.

Van Duzee, E. P.

1929. Some new Western Hemiptera. Pan-Pacific Ent., 5:186—191.

1933. The Templeton Crocker Expedition of the California Academy

of Sciences, 1932. No. 4. Characters of twent-^-four new species

of Hemiptera from the Galapagos Islands and the coast and

islands of Central America and Mexico. Proc. California Acad.

Sci. (4), 21:25-40.

January, 1961]

SCHUSTER NEW MAYETIA

FOUR NEW SPECIES OF MAYETIA FROM WESTERN

NORTH AMERICA

(Coleoptera: Pselaphidae)

Robert 0. Schuster

University of California, Davis

Four new species of Mayetia are described in this paper.

Three are from California and one is from Oregon. They are of

the typical western form, lacking the gross sensory organs of

the maxillary palpus and possessing integumental projections

anterior to the paired setae of the mentum. They are remarkably

similar to each other and to those species previously described

from California, differing mainly in the genital structures.

The holotypes are deposited in the collection of the California

Academy of Sciences; the paratypes are retained by the author.

Mayetia putahensis Schuster, new species

(Fig. 1)

Male. — (slide) Head 121/t long X 121/i wide; pronotum 131/t long X

lll/t wide; elytra 124/« long; sternite VI 6Sfi long, the notch ITya (fig. lb):

Total length 1,075/i. Aedeagus 156/4 long X 100/4 wide X 20/4 thick (fig. la).

In this species, and in those following, the pro- and mesotrochanter of the

male are simple and the metatrochanter is spined on the inner posterior

margin.

Female. — Resembles male except: Tergite VI 141/4 long X 114/4 wide

with internal markings as illustrated in figure le ; sternite VI not emarginate.

The holotype male, one male and three female paratypes were

collected from the bank of a small tributary to Putah Creek,

5.4 miles southwest of Winters, Yolo County, California,

on April 23, 1959 by F. C. Raney. One additional female para-

type was collected at the same locality on January 17, I960 by

Leslie M. Smith and R. 0. Schuster.

The broadly expanded apex of the aedeagus distinguishes

the males of this species, and the characters of the ultimate

segment of the abdomen identify the females.

Mayetia grayae Schuster, new species

(Fig. 2)

Male. — (slide) Head 120/4 long X 120/4 wide; pronotum 130/4 long

X 100/4 wide; elytra 118/4 long; sternite VI 87/4 long, the notch 17/4

(fig. 2b) ; total length 1,075/4. Aedeagus 191/4 long X 67/4 wide X 12/4 thick

(fig. 2a).

Female. — Resembles male except: Tergite VI 158/4 long X 110/4 wide

with internal design as illustrated in figure 2e; sternite VI not distally

emarginate.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

I putahensis

2 grayae

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1, Mayetia putahensis Schuster; fig. 2, Mayetia grayae Schuster;

a. aedeagus, b. emargination of sternite VI, c. metatrochanter, d. distal,

margin of labrum of male, e. ultimate abdominal segment of female.

January, 1961] schuster — new mayetia

3 judsoni

4 smithi

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 3, Mayetia judsoni Schuster; fig. 4, Mayetia smithi Schuster;

a. aedeagus, b. emargination of sternite VI, c. metatrochanter, d. distal

margin of labrum of male, e. ultimate abdominal segment of female.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

The holotype male, one male and four female paratypes were

collected at Fort Ross, Cazadero Township, Marin County,

California, on April 26, 1959 by Alice Gray. They were recovered

from samples taken 0 to 8 inches and 8 to 12 inches under sod.

The uniformly slender aedeagus with a broadly rounded apical

termination superficially resembles the genitalia of M. fistula

Schuster, Marsh and Park. However, the lateral projection on this

structure appears nearly at right angles to the remainder of the

aedeagus and is not so closely associated with the apex as is the

case with M. fistula. The aedeagus of M. grayae is nearly SO/i

longer than that of M. fistula. The relatively long ultimate segment

of the abdomen of the female and its internal markings identify

the female.

Mayetia judsoni Schuster, new species

(Fig. 3)

Male . — (slide) Head 135/i long X 140/i wide; pronotum liSfi long X

130/t wide; elytra 135/t long; sternite VI 16fi long, the notch 23/1 (fig. 3b) ;

total length l,150/i. Aedeagus 168/t long X 20/i wide X 12/i thick (fig. 3a).

Female. — Unknown.

The holotype male and four male paratypes were collected

ONE MILE WEST OF BOLINAS, MaRIN CoUNTY, CALIFORNIA, on

January 19, 1960 by C. L. Judson. The specimens were recovered

from litter and soil under cypress.

The shape of the aedeagus superficially resembles that of

M. scobina Schuster, Marsh and Park. The apex of this structure

is fan-shaped for M. judsoni and acute for M. scobina. The large,

scaled process opposite the normal lateral development is the most

obvious identifying structure for M. scobina. In M. judsoni the

scales are absent, and the process is nearly obsolete.

Mayetia smith! Schuster, new species

(Fig. 4)

Male . — (slide) Head 135/i long X 135/t wide; prontum 145/i long X

118/i wide; elytra 135/i long; sternite VI 84/t long, the notch about 20fi

(fig. 4b) ; total length 940/t. Aedeagus 168/x long X 118/i wide X 15/i

thick (fig. 4a).

Female. — Unknown.

The holotype male was collected 2.7 miles north of Loon

Lake, Douglas County, Oregon, July 2, 1959 by Leslie M.

Smith.

The aedeagus of this species resembles that of M. fistula, but

January, 1961] zoological nomenclature

that species lacks the thin rounded lamella opposite the normal

lateral development and has a much more linear appearance than

does the aedeagus of M. smithi.

Literature Cited

Schuster, R. 0., G A. Marsh and 0, Park

1960. Present Status of the Tribe Mayetini in the United States —

Part II California. Pan-Pac. Ent. 36(1) .15—24.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Notice of proposed use of

Plenary Powers in certain cases (A. [n.s.]46)

In accordance with a decision of the 13th International Con-

gress of Zoology, 1948, public notice is hereby given of the

possible use by the International Commission on Zoological

Nomenclature of its plenary powers in connection with the follow-

ing cases, full details of which will be found in Bulletiji of

Zoological Nomenclature, Vol. 18, Parts 1—3 to be published on

5 December 1960.

(1) Suppression of 56 generic names published by Meigen, 1800

(Insecta, Diptera) (Z.N.[S]191)

(4) Validation of the generic name Myelophilus Eichhoff, 1878

(Insecta, Coleoptera) (Z.N.[S.]467)

(5) Suppression of the specific name couchii Kent, 1883 (Lepidogaster

[sic]) (Z.N.[S.]1330)

(7) Designation of a type-species for Euceraphis Walker, 1870 (Insecta,

Hemiptera) (Z.N.[S.] 1363)

(9) Validation of the generic name Per la Geoffroy, 1762 (Insecta,

Plecoptera) (Z.N.[S.]1451)

Any zoologist who wishes to comment on any of the above

cases should do so in writing, and in duplicate, as soon as possible,

and in any case before 5 June 1961. Each comment should bear

the reference number of the case in question. Comment received

early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomen-

clature. Those received too late for publication will, if received

before 5 June 1961, be brought to the attention of the Commission

at the time of commencement of voting.

All communications on the above subject should be addressed

as follows : The Secretary, International Commission on Zoological

Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell

Road, London, S.W. 7, England — ^W. E. China, Assistant Secre-

tary, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

^ NOTE ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF PANSCOPUS

TORPIDUS (LeCONTE)

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

E. P. Breakey^

Early in April 1953, a farmer in the Puyallup Valley reported

weevils were eating the foliage of young raspberry plants. This

report was of more than usual interest for several reasons: the

appearance of adult weevils in destructive numbers so early in

the year, their presence in a field where no raspberries had been

grown for the past several years, and the fact that they were

obviously not the raspberry bud weevil, Nemocestes incomptus

(Horn), a pest infrequently troublesome in the area. When

attempting to acount for the presence of the weevils, it was learned

the field had been in grass the past several years and had also

supported a considerable number of red clover plants. Since the

adult beetles were unable to fly, they must have originated in the

field where they were to be found in large numbers on the young

raspberry plants.

More than 100 living weevils were taken from the raspberry

plants on or before April 23. Some were killed and sent to the

Insect Identification and Parasite Introduction Section, Entomo-

logical Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service of the

United States Department of Agriculture for identification. On

May 7, Mr. C. F. W. Muesebeck reported they had been identified

by Miss R. E. Warner as Panscopus torpidus (LeConte) . This

weevil had been reported to be “fairly common” in strawberry

fields in Washington (Baker, 1930), and had been reported to

be a potential pest of the strawberry in Oregon (Wilcox, et al.,

1934).

Acting on the possibilities of these observations, 90 living

specimens were distributed evenly over strawberry plots that had

been established recently for determining the relative effectiveness

of certain insecticides in the control of the strawberry root weevils

(Breakey, 1959). Later, the plots were also “seeded” with weevils

belonging to the Brachyrhinus group. Apparently, the Panscopus

weevils failed to become established on the strawberries. None

'Entomologist, Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Western Washington Experiment

Station, Puyallup, Washington. Scientific Paper No. 1936. Project No. 1371.

January, 1961] breakey — panscopus torpidus

was ever recovered from the plots. Moreover, none was found

in the untreated checks when taking data at the conclusion of the

tests.

Adults of P. torpidus (LeConte) were present in destructive

numbers in certain raspberry fields again in 1959. Many living

specimens were taken on March 27. A number of these were

placed in a suitable cage and supplied with raspberry leaves for

food. They were voracious feeders, and some began laying eggs

very soon after being placed in the cage. Working on the upper

surface of the raspberry leaf, the female placed her eggs loosely

in “pleats” or folds she made in the leaf. The pleats were closed

by the female to secure the eggs and fastened with an adhesive-like

substance. When a pleat was forcefully opened, the adhesive would

stretch out into strands or “threads” that were quite elastic. It was

almost as if the female had closed the pleats by sewing, making

the stitches well above the row of eggs in the bottom of the fold

to avoid injuring them. Such leaves had so many folds or pleats

they had developed an unnatural elongated appearance. It was

this unnatural appearance that prompted a more than cursory

examination of such leaves.

Each egg was white, cylindrical, straight and about twice as

long as its greatest diameter. The eggs began hatching soon after

they were laid. The young larvae, upon escaping from the “pleats,”

dropped to the floor of the cage. Presumably, under natural condi-

tions, they would drop to the ground and enter the soil.

Unfortunately, when additional weevils were sought for con-

tinuing and perhaps expanding the studies, none could be found.

The farmers had applied insecticides in those fields known to be

infested, and a search for weevils in other fields failed to produce

any. Many years experience with certain Brachyrhinus weevils,

all of which are of exotic origin, had made us familiar with the

egg-laying habits of that group. These weevils always deposited

their eggs indiscriminately on or in the soil near the host plant. So

did those of certain Dyslohus species, a group that is indigenous

to western North America, some of which are important pests of

the strawberry. By contrast, the egg-laying habits of P. torpidus

(LeConte) are novel and invite further study. Panscopus torpidus

was described by LeConte in 1857 from “Oreg.,” and it too is

indigenous to this area.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

The growers were of the opinion the weevils found on their

plants were the raspberry bud weevil, Nemocestes incomptus

(Horn). However, the weevils differ so much structurally and in

general appearance, it is doubtful if an entomologist would mistake

one for the other. The two species have these things in common

while differing materially in others : both feed on the foliage of the

red raspberry. Our records show that Nemocestes weevils have

been taken every month from April until November but Panscopus

weevils have been taken only in March and April.^ Both will lay

their eggs on raspberry leaves. Nemocestes weevils cement their

eggs to the undersides of the leaves in neat rows, while those of

Panscopus are laid in the manner described above. Eide (1955)

found Nemocestes grubs in a strawberry field while we failed to

infest a strawberry planting 'wiih Panscopus.

We are indebted to Prof. Melville H. Hatch of the University

of Washington for the following records of P. torpidus (LeConte)

as they apply to this area. Olympia, Washington and Portland,

Oregon (Pierce, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 45:392, 1913); Seattle,

Washington, May 17 and June 2, 1933, named by W. W. Baker

in 1936; Seattle, Washington 1924 (probably April 9) and 1939

(probably April 22). The Seattle specimens are in the University

collections. None of these records indicates that P. torpidus

(LeConte) was then considered of economic importance.

Literature Cited

Baker, W. S.

1930. Insect pests of sour cherries and berries. Proc. 26th Ann.

Meeting, Wash. State Hort. Assoc., :210.

Breakey, E. P.

1959. Control of root weevils in strawberry plantings. Jour. Econ. Ent.,

52:1117-1119.

Eide, P. M.

1955. Soil treatments for Brachyrhinus control in strawberries. Jour

Econ. Ent., 48:207-208.

Wilcox, J., D. C. Mote and L. Childs

1934. The root weevils injurious to strawberries in Oregon. Oregon

Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 330, 109 pp.

^Professor Melville H. Hatch, University of Washington, has provided two later dates; May 17,

1933 and June 2, 1933. Both are from specimens that were taken in or near Seattle.

January, 1961] linsley & macswain — diandrena

NEW DIANDRENA ASSOCIATED WITH OENOTHERA

AND NOTES CONCERNING OTHER SPECIES

(Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

E. G. Linsley and J. W. MacSwain^

University of California, Berkeley

The andrenine subgenus Diandrena includes bees important

in the pollination of plants of the family Onagraceae. In connec-

tion with studies of their behavior and ecology, a number of new

species and subspecies were encountered and descriptions of

several of these are offered in order that the names may be avail-

able for use elsewhere. In order to properly place the new species,

it was necessary to examine the types of the previously named

forms and to consider certain other species which, although not

associated with Onagraceae, are important from the standpoint of

the evolution of flower specificity in the group. Synonymical and

descriptive notes concerning these are also included.^

CHALYBIOIDES GROUP

Andrena (Diandrena) chalybioides (Viereck)

Parandrena ehalybiodes Viereck, 1904, Canadian Ent., 36:229, $ $.

Andrena (Parandrena) perchalybea Viereck, 1916, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

Philadelphia, 68:591, $. New synonymy

Examination of the type specimens upon which the two Viereck

names were based reveals that they both represent the same species.

The type of chalybioides is from Washington Territory, that of

perchalybea from Corvallis, Oregon. The female has dark brown

or blackish facial pubescence, mostly pale thoracic pubescence,

and pale abdominal pubescence. The labral process is bilobed, the

propodeal enclosure finely rugulose without distinct longitudinal

ridges at base, and the mesocutal punctures are mostly separated

by about two diameters. The tibial scopa is plumose and adapted

for the collection of pollen from Compositae.

Andrena (Diandrena) subchalybea Viereck

Andrena (Parandrena) subchalybea Viereck, 1916, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

Philadelphia, 68:593, $.

This species is very similar to the preceding, but the females

differ in the form of the process of the labrum, which is narrower

in subchalybea and has smaller lobes, and in the sculpturing of

^The research reported here was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.

^The authors are indebted to P. H. Timberlake, University of California, Riverside, for the

loan of critical material and aid in the study of several of the bees reported here, and to

Peter H. Raven, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California, for assistance

in making collections and for identifying the species of Oenothera.

32 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

the propodeal enclosure, which is distinctly but finely, longitudin-

ally ridged at base. The two species have a similarly plumose

scopa and A. (D.) suhchaljhea also collects its pollen from Com-

positae. We have a series of females from Lockwood Valley, near

Stauffer, Ventura County, California, May 3, 1959 (P. D. Hurd,

G. I. Stage and J. R. Powers) which were taking pollen from

Agroseris sp. We do not have the male of chalybioides for compari-

son, but the male of subchalybea has an unusual process of the

labrum, which is somewhat spoon-shaped, with the sides elevated,

polished, and straight but slightly converging.

Andrena (Diandrena) subchalybea chlorosoma

Linsley and MacSwain, new subspecies

Female and male. — Integument dull, rather than shining, as in the

nominotypical subspecies, and the basal longitudinal rugae of the enclosure

of the propodeum better developed, length, approximately 9 mm., $ ;

7.5 mm., ^ ; anterior wing, $ 7 mm., 5 6 mm.

Molotype female (California Academy of Sciences, Entomol-

ogy) from Berkeley, California, April 2, 1954, at flowers of

Ranunculus californica (but not collecting pollen) (J. W. Mac-

Swain) ; allotype male (California Academy of Sciences, Entomol-

ogy), same locality, April 2, 1954, (J. W. MacSwain); and 85

paratypes, (California Insect Survey) same locality as follows:

Nineteen females between March 27 and April 30, 1954 taking nectar

from Ranunculus californicus (J. W. MacSwain) ; 2 females April 1,

1956 (J. W. MacSwain); 1 female April, 1935 (G. E.:R. M. Bohart) ;

55 males between March 22 and April 9, 1954 mostly taking nectar from

Ranunculus californicus (J. W. MacSwain) ; 1 male April 16, 1954 (H.

L. Hansen) ; 5 males April 1, 1956 (J. W. MacSwain) ; and 2 males April 11

and 12, 1937 (G. E.:R. M. Bohart).

This is the form previously referred to by us as yf . ( D.) purdyi

Cockerell (Linsley and MacSwain, 1959, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent.,

16(1) :18), but an examination of the unique male type of the

Cockerel species reveals that the two are not the same. Although

this subspecies also looks superficially different from the typical

subchalybea from southern California, the characters involved

appear to represent differences of degree. We have adopted a name

suggested by P. T. Tiiriberlake.

Andrena (Diandrena) ablegata (Cockerell)

Diandrena ablegata Cockerell, 1922, Amer. Mus. Novitates, 40:1, $.

This species is closely related to the preceding. In the female

material which we have seen the facial pubescence is a mixture of

dark and pale hairs, the body pubescence pale, and the tibial

January, 1961] linsley & macswain — diandrena

scopa plumose, being adapted for the collection of pollen from

Compositae. The propodeal enclosure is coarsely, irregularly rugu-

lose, the labral process distinctly notched, and the mesoscutal

punctures mostly separated by a single diameter or less. The

examples which we have seen are all from Wyoming.

Andrena (Diandrena) nothocalaidis (Cockerell)

Diandrena nothocalaidis Cockerell, 1905, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

18:183, $ 5.

A. (D.) nothocalaidis is closely related to chalyhioides and

ablegata, the female differing from both in the deeply divided

process of the labrum and the less dense punctation of meso-

scutum (a high percentage of the punctures separated by three

diameters or more). From chalyhioides it further differs in the

coarsely, irregularly rugulose enclosure of the propodeum and

from ablegata by the black facial pubescence. We have only one

example, from Boulder, Colorado. The plumose scopa is appro-

priate for the collection of pollen from Compositae.

Andrena (Diandrena) evoluta

Linsley and MacSwain, new species

Female . — Integument dark blue, elevated portions of abdominal tergite

greenish, basal antennal segments black, apical two-thirds of flagellum

reddish-brown beneath; pubescence black or dark brown except for the

long pollen-holding hairs of the outer or ventral surface of the posterior

femora and tibiae and a somewhat lunular row of long erect hairs at

base of metasoma. Head tessellate and moderately densely punctate but

shining; clypeus without a median impunctate line; labrum with apex

of process deeply incised and bilobed, the lobes elevated, polished and

separated. Mesosoma with mesoscutum very feebly shining, minutely tessel-

late, the superimposed punctures separated by from one to three diameters;

mesoscutellum and metanotum similarly sculptured but the latter more

densely punctate ; propodeum tessellate and rugosopunctate, the basal

enclosure regularly, longitudinally ridged; wings tinted with pale brownish;

posterior legs with tibial scopa composed of moderately long, apically

directed hairs, outer dorsal portion of scopa about as wide as tibia,

plumosity of hairs unilateral, or occasionally bilateral with both branches

directed in the same direction, elongate, suberect and often recurved

apically. Metasomal terga rather uniformly sculptured over basal elevation

and apical depression. Length, approximately 9 mm., anterior wing, 6.5 mm.

Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences, Entomology)

from 6.5 miles north of Termo, Lassen County, California,

June 21, 1959, collecting pollen from Oenothera tanacetifolia

between 7:45 and 8:00 a.m. P.S.T.^ (G. 1. Stage). Paratypes

(California Insect Survey) 16$ $, same locality and date, between

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL, XXXVII, NO. 1

6:30 and 8:30 a.m. (G. I. Stage) (all bearing Oenothera pollen

on the tibial scopa or femoral floccus but only a few with pure

pollen loads) ; 11 same locality, June 9 to 11, 1960, most col-

lecting pollen from Agoseris glauca (G. I. Stage and R, W.

Thorp) ; 16 $?, same locality, June 23, 1960, most collecting

pollen from Agoseris glauca (J. W. MacSwain) ; 14 $9, 5.5 and 7

miles north of Termo, June 23, 1960, all on Agoseris glauca (J. W.

MacSwain) ; and 8 9? from 2 miles north of Ravendale, Lassen

County, California, June 10, 1960, most collecting pollen from

Agoseris glauca (G. I. Stage). Other specimens which appear

assignable to this species but are not designated as paratypes are

46 females from 2.5 miles east of Austin Summit, Lander County,

Nevada on June 6, 1960 (E. G. Linsley and J. W. MacSwain).

Most were gathering pollen from the introduced common dande-

lion, Taraxacum o fficianale.

The female of this species differs from those of the three

preceding in the form of the tibial scopa and the nature of the hairs

which comprise it and also in the sculpturing of the basal enclosure

of the propodeum, which is regularly, longitudinally ridged. It

appears to be closest to A. (D.) nothocakddis (Cockerell).

Andrena (Diandrena) apasta Linsley and MacSwain, new species

Female . — Integument dark violaceous blue, antennae black; pubescence

predominantly dark, that of face blackish, of thoracic dorsum dark brown

with some pale hairs posteriorly, of abdomen dark brown and much longer

on first two metasomal tergites than on third and following. Head densely

punctate but shining, especially below antennal insertions; clypeus without

a median impunctate line; labrum with apex of process very shallowly

emarginate, the angles broadly rounded. Mesosoma with mesoscutum feebly

shining, minutely tessellate, the superimposed punctures mostly separated

by from two to three or more diameters; mesoscutellum and metanotum

similarly sculptured but more densely punctate; propodeum tessellate

and punctate, the basal enclosure coarsely, irregularly rugulose, posteriorly,

more regularly at base; wings lightly tinted with brownish; posterior legs

with tibial scopa composed of long, coarse hairs mostly from 2.5 to 3

times as long as width of tibiae, those of inner (ventral) surface, simple

with apex slightly recurved, those of outer (dorsal) margin less coarse,

plumosity unilateral, short, decumbent, straight. Metasomal terga rather

uniformly sculptured over anterior elevation and posterior depression,

surface very feebly shining; metasomal sterna brownish, a little more shining

than terga and more coarsely punctate. Length, approximately 10 mm. ;

anterior wing, 7 mm.

Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences, Entomol-

^ All times reported in this paper are Pacific Standard Time.

January, 1961] linsley & macswain — diandrena

ogy) from FIVE miles southwest of Shandon, San Luis Obispo

County, California, April 11, 1960, collecting pollen from

Oenothera dentata at 7 :33 a.m. (E. G. Linsley) and 53 $$ para-

types (California Insect Survey) from the same locality at flowers

of Oenothera dentata between 7:29 a.m. and 7:56 a.m, (E. G.

Linsley and Juanita M. Linsley). Additional specimens, not des-

ignated as paratypes, include a female from 1 mile west of Little

Rock, Los Angeles County, California, April 5, 1959, on Oenothera

micrantha var. exfoliata at 8:56' a.m. (E. G. Linsley) and five

females from Ventucopa, Santa Barbara County, California, March

21, 1959, in tunnels in the ground (R. P. Allen) . Two females from

Hungry Valley, 5 miles south of Gorman, Ventura County, Cali-

fornia, May 7, 1959, collecting pollen from Oenothera dentata at

6:13 a.m. and 6:30 a.m. (J. R. Powers and G. 1. Stage) differ by

having the abdomen green instead of Violaceous blue and may

represent a closely related species or subspecies.

The female of this species superficially resembles other mem-

bers of the chalybioides-nothocalaidis complex but differs in the

form of the tibial scopa and the hairs which comprise it, the

shallowly emarginate process of the labrum, and the presence of

long hairs on both the first and second metasomal terga. It is also

the most completely violaceous of the known members of this

group.

Andrena (Diandrena) olivacea Viereck

Andrena (Parandrena) olivacea Viereck, 1916, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila-

delphia, 68:590, $ $.

This is a relatively common and widespread species associated

with ephemeral spring Compositae on the Mojave and Colorado

deserts of Southern California and adjacent areas. We have most

frequently found it collecting pollen from Malacothrix and Coreop-

sis, usually in the latter part of the morning. In the early morning,

7:30—8:00 a.m., both sexes visit these and other plants for nectar,

including Oenothera dentata. The female may be readily distin-

guished from other members of the chalyhiodis group by the

all-white facial pubescence and very feebly tessellate, shining,

mesoscutum. The apex of the labral process is bilobed, the lobes

globular and distinctly separated. The enclosure of the propodeum

is finely rugulose with a distinct median longitudinal elevated line.

The male is also much more obscurely tessellate and shining than

those of the other species known to us and the process of the

labrum is broad, deeply notched, and bilobed.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

CYANOSOMA GROUP

Andrena (Diandrena) CYANOSOMA (Cockerell)

Diandrena cyanosoma Cockerell, 1916, Pomona Jour. Ent. Zook, 8:49, 9

Andrena (Parandrena) austrocalif arnica Viereck, 1916, Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci., Philadelphia, 68:587, 9. New synonymy

Examination of the types upon which these two names were

based reveals that they represent a single species. A. (D.) cyano-

SOMO pollects pollen from Oenothera early in the morning. Females

captured on April 23, 1959, 7 miles east of Temecula, Riverside

County, California, were taking pollen from Oenothera historta

var. veitchiana at 6:47 a.m. (Peter H. Raven).

Andrena (Diandrena) macswaini Linsley

Andrena (Diandrena) macswaini Linsley, 1960, Pan-Pacific Ent., 36:97, 9 ^ .

This species is closely related to A. (D.) cyanosoma (Cock-

erell), but differs in both sexes hy the slightly less bluish integu-

ment, stronger, denser, and less regular sculpturing. The female

further differs in the distinct, complete hair hands of abdomen,

the irregular mesonotal pubescence and the longer erect hairs

of the first metasomal terga. The male also differs further from

that of cyanosoma by the all-white facial hairs and the very

long hairs of the abdomen. A. (D.) macswaini collects pollen

in the mornings from Oenothera dentata. We have found it thus

far only in the southern part of the San Joaquin Valley, California.

Andrena (Diandrena) anatolis

Linsley and MacSwain, new species

Female. — Integument feebly shining, green, without bluish or violaceous

reflections except on metasomal sternites apd toward apex of clypeus,

antennae brownish-black, dark red brown beneath, legs dark brown ;

pubescence white on clypeus, black or dark brown near eyes, antennae,

and vertex, fimbria pale, tibial scopa predominantly pale, abdominal hair

bands distinct, more or less complete. Head tessellate, shining; frons

finely, longitudinally striate ; clypeus finely punctate, sparsely pubescent,

with an indication of a median elevated longitudinal, impunctate line ;

labrum with apical process very feebly emarginate and tumid at apex.

Mesosoma with metanotum tessellate and indistinctly punctured, pubescence

moderately short, dense, heavily plumose, a few long hairs on disk, meso-

scutellum and metanotum more densely and distinctly reticulate-punctate;

propodeum reticulate, enclosure poorly defined, less coarsely sculptured

than adjacent areas, weakly, irregularly rugulose basally; wings tinted

with pale brownish; posterior legs with tibial scopa moderately long,

loose, the hairs pale, simple, and posteriorly directed beneath, dorsally

a little denser, darker, and predominantly simple, a little longer than

the width of the tibia above. Metasoma dull, finely, regularly tessellate.

January, 1961] linsley & macswain — diandrena

punctures of first tergum indistinctly punctate, the punctures separated

by from three to six diameters, pubescence moderately short, erect on

first tergum, more or less appressed on following terga, apical hair bands

successively more distinct on terga two to four, fifth tergum coarsely

punctate; metasomal sterna shiny, finely punctate, thinly pubescent, posterior

margins with a row of long, pale, suberect hairs. Length, approximately

6.5 mm., anterior wing, 5.7 mm.

Male . — Integument moderately shining, green, apices of depressed

margins of third and fourth metasomal terga pale brownish; length

approximately 5.5 mm.; anterior wing, 4.7 mm.

Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences, Entomol-

ogy), from 7 MILES EAST OF TeMECULA, RiVERSIDE CoUNTY,

California, April 23, 1959, collecting pollen from Oenothera

historta var. veitchiana at 7:04 a.m. (Peter H. Raven) ; allotype

male (P. H. Timberlake collection), from Riverside, Riverside

County, California, March 4, 1932, sunning on ground (P. H.

Timberlake). Paratypes, one female taken under the same condi-

tions as the holotype at 7:29 a.m. (Peter H. Raven), two females

from Claremont, Los Angeles County, California, April 17, 1959,

taking pollen from Oenothera historta var. veitchiana at 8:10 and

8:30 a.m. (P. H. Raven), 6 males from Mira Loma, Riverside

County, California, March 12, 1939 on Ceanothus crassifolius

(R. C. Dickson), 10 females from Dripping Springs Guard Station

(10 miles east of Temecula), Riverside County, California, March

22, 1960, at Oenothera between 9:10 and 9 :25 a.m. (W. M. Klein) ,

one female 9 miles north of Perris, Riverside County, California,

April 10, 1946, on ground at burrow (P. H. Timberlake), one

female from The Gavilan, Riverside County, California, March 6,

1935, on Oenothera dentata (C. M. Dammers), one female from

Riverside, Riverside County, California, March 15, 1925, at cherry

bloom (P. H. Timberlake), one female from Riverside, Riverside

County, California, April 26, 1935, on Oenothera dentata (P. H.

Timberlake), and 45 males from Riverside, Riverside County,

California, various dates in February and March between 1928

and 1938 mostly at flowers of Calandrinia Menziesii or Cryptantha

intermedia (P. H. Timberlake) . Other specimens which appear

assignable to this species but which have not been designated as

paratypes are as follows: One female from Hungry Valley five

miles south of Gorman, Ventura County, California, taking pollen

from Oenothera dentata at 7 :02 a.m. (G. I. Stage) and one female

from Ventura, Ventura County, California, April 19, 1959, taking

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

pollen from Oenothera cheiranthifolia suffructicosa at 8:39 a.m,

(P. H. Raven) .

This species is smaller than either of the preceding and readily

distinguished by the green rather than bluish coloration, the entire,

feebly emarginate apex of the labral process, the poorly defined

and weakly sculptured basal enclosure of the propodeum, the

shallow punctation of the mesoscutum and first metasomal tergum,

etc.

Andrena (Diandrena) anatolis matutina

Linsley and MacSwain, new subspecies

Female. — Integument shining; pubescence of head black or dark brown;

labrurii with apical process distinctly, evenly emarginate; length approxi-

mately 8 mm. ; anterior wing 6 mm.

Male. — Integument shining, olive green, apices of depressed margins

of third and fourth metasomal terga pale brownish; labrum with apical

process broadly, evenly emarginate, somewhat bilobed; length approximately

6.5 mm.; anterior wing 5 mm.

Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences, Entomol-

ogy) from 4.5 miles south of Tulare, Tulare County, Calif-

FORNIA, March 29, 1960, collecting pollen from Oenothera dentata

var. campestris at 8:58 a.m. (J. W. MacSwain); allotype male

(California Academy of Sciences, Entomology) from Tulare, Tu-

lare County, California, March 9, 1939, taking nectar from

Amsinkia (E. G. Linsley) .

Paratypes (California Insect Survey and University of California,

Riverside: 12 females same data as holotype, 1 male same data as

allotype, 1 female from Tulare, Tulare County, California, April 29,

1960, gathering pollen from Oenothera dentata var. campestris (J. W.

MacSwain), 3 females from 2.4 miles south of Tipton, Tulare County,

California, March 29, 1960, gathering pollen from Oenothera dentata var.

campestris (E, G. Linsley), 1 female from 20 miles east of Bakersfield,

Kern County, California, April 19, 1958, at flowers of Oenothera decorticans

but not collecting pollen (E. G. Linsley), 3 males from Tulare, Tulare

County, California, March 9, 1937, at flowers of Calandrinia (P. H. Timber-

lake), 1 male from Earlimart, Tulare County, California, March 9, 1937,

at flowers of Calandrinia (P. H. Timberlake).

Additional specimens, which are not designated as paratypes, are the

following: one female from 2 miles southwest of Livingston, Merced County,

California, April 4, 1959, at flowers of Oenothera deritata var. campestris,

(G. 1. Stage), and 2 males, 29 females from 2.5 miles south of Livingston,

Merced County, California, between March 20 and April 6, 1960, at

flowers of Oenothera dentata var, campestris (G. 1. Stage and R. R.

Snelling). Females from near Livingston differ in having the hairs of

the face an intermixture of dark and pale hairs.

January, 1961] linsley & macswain — diandrena

Andrena (Diandrena) eothina

Linsley and MacSwain, new species

Female . — Integument dark blue, feebly shining, metasomal terga with

a greenish caste over elevated portions, legs, antennae, and clypeus (except

base), dark brownish-black; pubescence of head (including face) dark

brown, of thorax predominantly dark brown, of abdomen predominantly

pale. Head tessellate, feebly shining, frons finely, longitudinally striate;

clypeus shallowly but moderately densley punctate, without a median

longitudinal impunctate line, pubescence thin, labrum with apical process

deeply, angularly notched at apex, the lobes moderately small, tumid,

divergent. Mesosoma with mesonotum dull, tessellate, distinctly punctate,

the punctures mostly separated by less than a diameter, pubescence short,

sparse, pale, densely plumose, with scattered long erect pale and dark

hairs of unequal length intermixed ; mesoscutellum and metanotum suc-

cessively more densely punctate; propodeum reticulate-rugulose, the basal

enclosure indistinctly margined, less coarsely sculptured than adjacent areas,

a number of distinct longitudinal rugulae at base; wings tinted with pale

brownish; legs with tibial scopa moderately long, thin, ventral hairs pale,

mostly recurved slightly at apex, dorsal hairs suberect, much longer than

width of tibia, mostly simple, a few sparsely plumose. Metasoma with

first tergum finely, regularly tessellate, finely, indistinctly punctate, the

punctures separated by from one to four diameters, pubescence sparse,

moderately long, erect; terga two to four finely, more or less transversely

rugulose over elevated portions, pubescence pale, moderately short, suberect,

apical hair bands indistinct (worn); anal fimbria brownish; metasomal

sterna shining, distinctly punctate, thinly pubescent, posterior margins

with a row of long, pale, suberect hairs. Length, approximately 7 mm.,

anterior wing, 5.5 mm. (worn).

Male . — Integument of head green, of thorax and mesosoma green with

bluish reflections, of propodeum violaceous; facial hairs long, white,

covering clypeus, a few dark hairs near eye ; metasomal hairs long, white,

not exceeding length of terga. Length approximately 6 mm., anterior

wing, 5 mm.

Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences, Entomol-

ogy), from 18 MILES east of Bakersfield, Kern County, Calif-

FORNIA, April 20, 1958, taking pollen from Oenothera dentata,

between 6:40 and 6:50 a.m. (E. G. Linsley), allotype male (Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences, Entomology) from the same locality,

March 6, 1960, taking nectar from Oenothera dentata at 9:10 a.m.

(E. G. Linsley) ; paratypes, two females from the same locality,

April 11, 1958, taking pollen from Oenothera dentata between

6:45 and 8:00 a.m. (E. G. Linsley and J. W. MacSwain), and one

male and 25 females from the same locality, between March 6 and

April 3, 1960, taking nectar or pollen from Oenothera dentata

(E. G. Linsley and J. W. MacSwain).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

The female of this species differs at once from other members

of the cyanosoma group by the dark blue integument, wholly dark

facial hairs, and the sculpturing of the mesoscutum, propodeum,

and abdomen. The male differs by having the metasomal hair

bands distinct, suggesting that their indistinctness in the type is

due to wear.

SPERRYI GROUP

Andrena (Diandrena) SPERRYI (Cockerell)

Diandrena sperryi Cockerell, 1937, Amer. Mus. Novitates, 948:14, $.

This species collects pollen in the morning from Oenothera on

the western Mojave Desert and southern San Joaquin Valley, Cali-

fornia. Our material includes the following:

Twenty $ $ , Boron, Kern County, California, April 2 and 3, 1959,

collecting pollen from Oenothera dentata var. parishii between 6:30 and

7:45 a.m. (E. G. Linsley and J. W. MacSwain) ; 13 $ 9 , same locality,

April 10 and May 7, 1960, collecting pollen from Oenothera dentata var.

parishii between 7:00 and 8:00 a.m. (E. G. Linsley and J. W. MacSwain) ;

4 9 9,2 miles southwest of Livingston, Merced County, California,

April 4 and 5, 1959, collecting pollen from Oenothera dentata var. campestris

between 8:12 and 9:10 a.m. (G. I. Stage) ; 7 9 9 and 1 $ same locality,

April 10, 1960, collecting pollen from Oenothrea detata var. parishii between

8:20 and 10:30 a.m. (G. 1. Stage); 13 9 9, Short Canyon, 6 miles west

of Inyokem, Kern County, California, April 13 and 14, i960, collecting

pollen from Oenothera dentata var. johnstonii between 7:45 and 9:16 a.m.

(J. A. and J. W. MacSwain) ; 4 9 9 , 7.2 miles northwest of Walker Pass

Summit, Kern County, California, April 25, 1960, collecting pollen from

Oenothera dentata between 10:17 and 11:05 a.m. (D. D. Linsdale) ;

2 9 9, Hungry Valley, 5 miles south of Gorman, Ventura County,

California, May 7, 1959 (J. R. Powers) ; 19 9 9,4 ^ ^ , 2.5 miles south

of Livingston, Merced County, California, March 20 to 26 and April 2 and

6, 1960, collecting pollen from Oenothera dentata var. campestris (G. 1.

Stage and R. R. Snelling) ; 2 9 9,2 ^ ^ , 18 miles east of Bakersfield,

Kern County, California, April 11 and 20, 1960, visiting flowers of

Oenothera dentata var. parishii (E. G. Linsley and J. W. MacSwain) ;

4 $ $ , 5 miles west of Lancaster, Los Angeles County, April 11, 1958

CE'. G. Linsley and J. W. MacSwain) ; 5 $$, 5 miles south of Lancaster,

Los Angeles County, California, April 11, 1958 (J. W. MacSwain) ; one

male, 15 miles east of Kramer Junction, San Bernardino County, California,

April 12, 1958 (J. W. MacSwain); 4 9 9, Kramer Hills, San Bernardino

County, California, May 1, 1958 (P. D. Hurd and G. A. Marsh); 2 9 9,

one mile west of Kramer, San Bernardino County, California, April 2,

1959, one taking pollen from Oenothera dentata var. parishii at 8:52 a.m.,

the other visiting Oenothera clavaeformis at 8:05 a.m. but bearing a

pure load of pollen from Oe. dentata var. parishii (E. G. Linsley), 3 9 9,

five miles west of Salt Wells, San Bernardino County, California, April 1,

January, 1961] Stephen & torchio — ^heteranthidium 41

1959, gathering pollen from Oenothera dentata var. parishii at 8:08 a.m.

(R. W. Thorp), and 11 $ $, one mile west of Little Rock, Los Angeles

County, California, April 4, 5, 13, 1959, collecting pollen from Oenothera

micrantha var. exfoliata, between 7:14 a.m. and 9:25 a.m. (E. G. Linsley,

J. W. MacSwain, P. H. Raven).

This a very small, slender, shining species with pronounced

bands of metasomal pubescence.

A NEW STATE RECORD FOR THE BEE GENUS

HETERANTHIDIUM WITH COMMENTS ON

H. ZEBRATUM CRESSON^

( Hymenoptera : Apoidea )

W. P. Stephen and P. F. Torchio

Oregon State College, Corvallis

Heteranthidium zebratum suhtimherlakei Schwarz, from Neva-

da County, California, represented the previously recorded nor-

thern limit of the genus Heteranthidium in western America

(Schwarz, 1928). A series of 40 females of Heteranthidium zebra-

turn was collected five miles west of Suttle Lake, Oregon, July 30,

1939, by Schuh and Gray. The abundance of specimens from this

locality would suggest that the species probaby occurs north of

Suttle Lake in the higher elevations of the Cascades.

The variability in body maculation and punctation is so great

among the 40 specimens, that typical forms of both zebratum

subtimberlakei and z. zebratum occur within the series. The sub-

species z. subtimberlakei was based on a single female and dis-

tinguished from the other subspecies by : the absence of the

supraclypeal spot, maculations on the scutellum, and femoral

stripes; two broadly interrupted maculations on the sixth meta-

somal tergum; the larger maculations behind the compound eyes

extending towards the lateral ocelli; and by having the inner

orbital margins unmistakably convergent above.

Except for the convergence of the inner orbital margins above

and the extension of the maculations toward the lateral ocelli, the

specimen of subtimberlakei could be included among the variants

of the polymorphic z. zebratum.

The degree of maculation variability among the 40 specimen

collected at Suttle Lake, Oregon, is recorded in the following

paragraph. The comments are restricted to those characteristics

previously used in taxa discrimination within the genus.

* Supported by The National Science Foundation, under grant number 4575.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

The supraclypeal spotting varies from bright yellow to pale

whitish-yellow in color; there may be a single large maculation

covering most of the supraclypeal area, two small spots located at

either side, a small median spot, or, in one specimen, an absence

of any maculations. The maculations behind the eye vary from

one large spot which extends half way from the inner orbital

margins to the lateral ocelli; a large spot which terminates imme-

diately above the compound eye; two spots behind the compound

eye, the second spot smaller and located below the larger elongated

stripe. There is a single maculation on the anterior half of the

mesopleuron, varying from a small obscure spot at the upper

anterior margin, to a large spot covering most of this Structure.

The axillae are totally yellow in some specimens and black in

others. The scutellum is devoid of maculations in about half of the

specimens but in some there is a trace of a single or double spot,

while in others the two spots are so large that they are almost

continuous across the apical margin. The first metasomal tergum

may have a complete yellow band, or two broadly interrupted lat-

eral spots. The sixth metasomal tergum usually has two moderately-

sized, comma-shaped maculations on either side; in a number of

specimens the spots are large and separated by a narrow black

stripe ; in one specimen the tergal markings are absent. The macu-

lations on the third tibia range from a broad continuous yellow

band from the base to the apex, to the absence of any color.

Similarly the maculation on the third basitarsus varies from com-

plete banding to it;s absence.

About half of the specimens resemble subtimherlakei in having

the inner orbital margins slightly convergent above. The remainder

have the inner orbital margins parallel, while in one specimen the

margins are slightly divergent above.

All of the variations cited above occur v/ithin the range of

variability already cited for zebratum. This may indicate that z,

subtimherlakei may represent a segment of a population showing

the same degree of variation as that exhibited by the Oregon

material. It is also possible that the populations designated as the

subspecies subtimberlakei may represent an aberrant, divergent

phyletic line of the species zebratum. However, its distribution in

relation to the Oregon material and the other subspecies would

make this conclusion appear to be unlikely.

Considering the entire range of z. zebratum with its great

January, 1961] fleschner — parasite releases

variability in maculation patterns, the Oregon population appears

to resemble the Wisconsin, z. chippewaense (Graenicher) most

closely. This is particulary true of the general reduction in the

extent of maculation. In both groups there is a tendency towards

a reduction or even absence of maculation on the scutellum and

axillae. The frequency of interruption of the yellow band on the

first metasomal tergum is greatest in the areas to which each is

endemic.

The extent of the polymorphism in the Oregon population

makes the subspecific assignment of these specimens difficult, and

casts some doubt on the validity of subtimberlakei. In view of the

similarity between the Wisconsin and Oregon populations, it ap-

pears as if they may represent northern biotypes of the highly

polymorphic z. zebratum, and as such would not merit subspecific

designation. Until more comprehensive studies are undertaken on

the genus, the Oregon populations are tentatively placed with the

subspecies z. zebratum and referred to as that subspecies in a

forthcoming paper on northwestern bees.

Literature Cited

Schwarz, H. E.

1928. Bees of the subfamily Anthidiinae, including some new species

and varieties, and some new loeality records. Jour. New York

Ent. Soc. 36: 409-415.

RELEASES OF RECENTLY IMPORTED INSECT PARASI'I'ES

AND PREDATORS IN CALIFORNIA, 1958-59

C. A. Fleschner

Department of Biological Control,

University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside

The following list, reporting the first field releases of certain

imported species of parasites and predators by the Department

of Biological Control, supplements preceding biennial reports

beginning with the years 1952—53. The year of first release is

1958 unless otherwise indicated.

The species listed in the 1956—57 report as Aphytis sp.

(Burma) has since been described as Aphytis fisheri DeBach;

both of the parasites listed as Aphytis sp. (India) and Aphytis sp.

(Pakistan) have since been described as a single species, Aphytis

melinus DeBach.

The releases of weed-feeding insects were conducted in co-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

operation with the Entomology

Department of Agriculture,

Host and Parasites or Predators

Macrosiphum pisi (Harris)

Aphidius smithi Sharma & Rao

Aphidius medicaginis Marshall*

ChrOM APHIS JUGLANDICOLA (Kltb.)

Trioxys pallidus Haliday*

Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.)

Aphytis n. sp. (Israel)*

Saissetia oleae (Bern.)

Coccophagus basalts Comp.*

Saissetia hemisphaerica (Targ.)

Coccophagus basalts Comp.*

Coccus hesperidum L.

Coccophagus basalts Comp.*

Thalassa montezumae Muls.

ICERYA PURCHASI Mask.

Rodolta tceryae Janson

PSEUDOCOCCIDAE

Scymnus sp. (near quadrtviUatus) *

Dtomus sp.

Oligonychus punicae (Hirst)

Stethorus sp.*

Tetranychus Spp.

Stethorus jujunus Casey

Senecio jacobaea L.

Tyria jacobaeae L.*

Helix Spp.

Euglandina rosea (Ferrussae)

Research Division, United States

Area or County

Origin

of Release

India

General

France

Riverside

San Bernardino

San Diego

Santa Barbara

France

General

Israel

Riverside

Brazil

Los Angeles

Orange

Riverside

Ventura

Brazil

Orange

Santa Barbara

Brazil

Orange

San Diego

Santa Barbara

Mexico

Kern

Orange

Santa Barbara

So. Africa

Glenn

Riverside

So. Africa

Orange

Ventura

Brazil

Ventura

Hawaii

San Diego

Santa Barbara

So. Africa

Riverside

France

Mendocino

Hawaii

Riverside

* First release made in 1959.

January, 1961] scullen — cerceris synonymy

SYNONYMICAL NOTES ON THE GENUS

CERCERIS— IIP

( Hymenoptera : Sphecidae)

Herman A. Scullen

Oregon State College, Corvallis

A grant from the National Science Foundation made it possible

for the writer to visit numerous European institutions during the

fall of 1959 for the purpose of studying type material of the

tribe Cercerini from North and South America. The present

notes are based on these studies. A study of type material de-

posited in European museums revealed numerous cases of

synonymy in the Sphecoid tribe Cercerini from North and South

America. The following are herein placed on record.

Cerceris azteca Saussure

Cerceris azteca Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara. Zool. II. P. 1. Hymen, p. 97,

n. 18. $ . “In Agro Mexicano frequens. In partes calidas provinciae

urbis Mexico prope Yautepec et Cuautla 8 9 in Julio cepi, et in

Orizaba 2 $ in Martio.”

Cerceris seminigra Banks, 1947. Psyche 54:33—34. “One $ from

Patagonia, Arizona, 20 August (Bequaert).” New Synonymy

The female holotype of C. azteca Saussure is at the Natur-

historisches Museum, Wien (Vienna), Austria. The male holotype

of C. seminigra Banks is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Harvard (No. 27621).

Cerceris bicornuta bicornuta Guerin

Cerceris bicornuta bicornuta Guerin, 1845. Iconogr. Regene. Anim., Ins.,

7, p. 443. $ . United States.

Cerceris curvicornis Cameron, 1890. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2: 124.

$. Mexico, Presidio de Mazatlan (Forrer), New Synonymy

The female holotype of C. bicornuta Guerin is at the Museo

Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova. The male holotype of C. curvi-

cornis Cameron is in the British Museum (No. 21.1,430) .

Cerceris blakei Cresson

Cerceris blakei Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 5:121. $. Louisiana.

Cerceris elegans F. Smith, 1856. Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. 4: 467.

America: Florida. New Synonymy

Cerceris elegantissima Schletterer, 1887. Zool. Jahrb. ztschr. f. system 2:490;

new name for C. elegans F. Smith, which was preoccupied.

The holotype male of C. elegans F. Smith is in the British

^Grants for General Research administered by the Graduate School, Oregon State College,

have assisted in these studies. Published vrith the approval of the Monographs Publication

Committee, Oregon State College. Research paper No. Department of Entomology.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

Museum (No. 21.1,365). The holotype female of C. blakei Cres-

son is in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.

Cerceris californica californica Cresson

Cerceris californica Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phil. Proc. 5:128. California.

Cerceris calodera Banks, 1947. Psyche 54:22—23. “One $ from Jacumba,

Calif., 12 August 1917 (W. M. Wheeler).” Tfew Synonymy

The holotype male of C. californica Cresson is at the Phila-

delphia Academy of Natural Sciences (No. 1953). The holotype

male of C. calodera Banks is at the Museum of Comparative

Zoology, Harvard (No. 27622).

Cerceris cribrosa Spinola

Cerceris cribrosa Spinola, 1841. Soc. Entom. France Ann. 10, No. 74,

p. 119. $,^. America, Cayenne (French Guiana, Inini).

Cerceris siihpetiolata Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara. Zool. II. P. 1. Hymen,

p. 95, n. 15. 9. America: Mexico. New Synonymy

A female apparently determined by Spinola as C. cribrosa

Spinola is in the Institute e Museo di Zoologia, Torino, Italy.

This has been selected by the present author as a neotype and

is so labeled.

The holotype female of C. subpetiolata Saussure is in the

Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien (Vienna), Austria.

Cerceris dilatata Spinola

Cerceris dilatata Spinola, 1841. Soc. entom. France Ann. 10, p. 108. $ .

America: Cayenne (French Guiana, Inini),

Cerceris maximiliani Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara. Zool. II. P. 1.

Hymen, p. 94, n. 14. 9. America: Mexico. New Synonymy

Cerceris semiatra Banks, 1947. Psyche 54:33. Arizona. New Synonymy

A male determined by Spinola as Cerceris dilatata Spinola is

in the Institute e Museo di Zoologia, Turin (Torino), Italy. It

has been designated a neotype by the present author. A female

named by Spinola as C. dilatata Spinola is also at Torino. The

holotype of C . maximiliani Saussure was not found in Wien

(Vienna) where most of Saussure’s types are deposited or in

Geneva where some of his material is located. A female appar-

ently determined by Saussure and located in the Museum d’Histoire

Naturelle, Geneva, was designated and labeled a lectotype. The

type of C. semiatra Banks is in the Museum of Comparative

Zoology, Harvard (No. 27620).

Cerceris frontata Say

Cerceris frontata Say, 1823. West. Quart. Rptr. 2:80. 9. Southwest United

States.

January, 1961] scullen — cerceris synonymy

Cerceris occidentalis Saussure, 1867. Reise d. IS^ovara. Zool. II. P. 1, Hymen.

p. 100, n. 23, $. America: Texas. New Synonymy

Cerceris texensis Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara. Zool. II. P. 1, Hymen,

p. 89, n. 3, $. America: Texas. New Synonymy

No types of C. occidentalis Saussure were found at Geneva or

Vienna. A specimen at Geneva determined by Saussure was

designated a lectotype by the writer. It is a typical female of

C. frontata Say. No holotype of C. texensis Saussure was found

either in Geneva or Wien (Vienna) . A male which appears to

have been labeled as such by Saussure is in Geneva. It is a typical

male of C. frontata Say.

Cerceris imperialis Saussure

Cerceris imperialis Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara. Zool. II. P. 1, Hymen.

p. 98, n. 21, $. America: Mexico temparata.

Cerceris exsecta F. Smith, 1873. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) XII.

p. 410, $. America: Mexico. New Synonymy

Cerceris pilosa Cameron, 1890. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., 2:128. America:

Guatemala. New Synonymy

The holotype of C. imperialis Saussure was not found either

in Geneva or Vienna. However, a female so labeled at Geneva,

apparently by Saussure, was designated a lectotype. The holo-

types of C. exsecta F. Smith (No. 21.1,429) and C. pilosa

Cameron (No. 21.1,436) are in the British Museum.

Cerceris mimica Cresson

Cerceris mimica Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 4:228. $, Texas.

Cerceris esau Schletterer, 1887. Zool. Jahrb., Ztschr. f. System. 2:458. 5.

America: Mexico. New Synonymy

The holotype of C. mimica Cresson is in the Philadelphia

Academy of Natural Sciences (No. 1943). A female specimen of

C. esau Schletterer in the Vienna Museum which appeared to

belong to the original type series was designated a lectotype by

the present author.

Cerceris sexta Say

Cerceris sexta Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., 1:382. Mo.

Cerceris orphne Banks, 1947. Psyche 54:15—16. One mile from Jemez

Springs, New Mexico, 2 July (Englehardt) . $. New Synonymy

The male type of C. sexta Say has been lost. The identification

of the species is based on specimens determined by Cresson. The

holotype male of C. orphne Banks is at the Museum of Comparative

Zoology, Harvard (No. 23536),

Cerceris simplex F. Smith

Cerceris simplex F. Smith, 1856. Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. 4:462, $, ^ .

America: Brazil.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. X;XXVII, NO. 1

Cerceris affumata Schletterer, 1887. Zool. Jahrb. Ztschr. f. System 2:455.

9 . America : Brazil. New Synonymy

The holotype of C. simplex F. Smith is in the British Museum

(No. 21.1.438). The holotype of C. ajfumata Schletterer is in the

Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien (Vienna).

Cerceris tepaneca Saussure

Cerceris tepaneca Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara. Zool. II. P. 1, Hymen.

p.^ 90, n. 5. S. America: Mexico temperata: Orizaba.

Cerceris sextoides Banks, 1947. Psycbe 54:10. 9, America: western

United States. New Synonymy

A male specimen of Saussure’s original type series in Wien

(Vienna) has been designated a lectotype. The holotype of C.

sextoides Banks is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Harvard (No. 23547).

Cerceris tolteca Saussure

Cerceris tolteca Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara. Zool. II. P. 1, Hymen.

p. 94, n. 13. 9 , 5 . America : Mexico.

Cerceris cosmiocephala Cameron, 1904. Invert. Pacif. Vol. 1, p. 67^ $ .

San Marcos, Nicaragua.

No holotype of C. tolteca Saussure was found either in Wien

(Vienna) or Geneva. A female specimen determined as such by

Saussure was designated lectotype in Geneva. The holotype male

of C. cosmiocephala Cameron is in the British Museum (No.

21.1,373).

Cerceris verticalis F. Smith

Cerceris verticalis F. Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 4:466. 9. Georgia.

Cerceris gnara Cresson, 1872. Amer. E'nt. Soc. Trans. 4:229. $. Texas.

New Synonymy

Cerceris firma Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 4:229. 9. Texas.

(Recent synonymy. Scullen, 1960. Pan-Pac. Ent. 36:78.)

The holotype female of C. verticalis F. Smith is in the British

Museum (No. 21.1,428). The types of C. gnara Cresson and C.

firma Cresson are in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural

Sciences, types No. 1938 and 1945 respectively.

Eucerceris lacunosa Scullen

Eucerceris lacunosa Scullen, 1939. Oregon State Monog., Studies in Ent.

1:19. Arizona to western Texas.

Eucerceris arizonensis Scullen, 1939. Oregon State Monog., Studies in Ent.

1 :20. 9 . Arizona to western Texas. Netv Synonymy

The holotypes of both E. lacunosa Scullen and E. arizonensis

Scullen are in the University of Kansas. When the original descrip-

tions of these species were published the author indicated that

arizonensis might prove to be the female of lacunosa. Since that

January, 1961]

SPILMAN — ADELONIA

time both species have been taken on the same day and location

by several collectors and no other specimens have been taken which

could possibly be the opposite sex of either. The author is now

convinced that these are the opposite sexes of the same species.

Eucerceris MONTANA Cresson

Eucerceris montanus Cresson, 1882. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 10:viii. $, $.

Montana.

Cerceris sonorensis Cameron, 1891. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., 2:129. $.

America: Mexico. New Synonymy

The holotype female of E. montana Cresson is in the Phila-

delphia Academy of Natural Sciences, type No. 1946. The

holotype male of C. sonorensis Cameron is in the British Museum

(No. 21.1,435).

REMARKS ON THE CLASSIFICATION AND

NOMENCLATURE OF THE AMERICAN TENEBRIONINE

GENUS ADELONIA

( Coleoptera : T enebrionidae )

T. J. Spilman

Entomology Research Division, Agr. Res. Serv., U.S.D.A.

Merotemnus and its only included species, elongatus, were

described by Horn in 1870 (p. 367). Not long afterward it was

realized that the name of the species was a synonym of JJloma

(Adelonia) filiformis Laporte, 1840 (p. 221), and since that

time the species has been known as Merotemnus filiformis

(Laporte). Somehow the name Adelonia Laporte, 1840 (p. 221),

has been ignored, even though filiformis is its monobasic type

species. The generic names should also have been synonymized,

for they have the same type species through subjective synonymy.

In the future, therefore, this species should be called Adelonia

filiformis Laporte.

Horn, in his original description, placed the genus in the

Ulomini, where it remains to this day. He was probably overly

influenced by the superficial ulomine appearance of the species.

It is shiny, testaceous, and rather compact, but because of the

open coxal cavities he should have considered placement in

the Tenebrionini. Tribal differences in the Tenebrionidae are

vague in many cases, so I am not able to give characterizations

of the Tenebrionini and Ulomini. However, one character seems

constant, namely that the tenebrionines have laterally open middle

coxal cavities so that the trochantin is visible, whereas the ulomines

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

have laterally closed middle coxal cavities so that the trochantin

is hidden. Once Adelonia is in the Tenebrionini, it must then

be placed in the Section of the tribe that does not have a membrane

between the third, fourth, and fifth visible abdominal sternites.

Here we find the genus Rhacius Champion, 1885 (p. 120). If we

compare the type species of Rhacius, which is R. sulcatulus

Champion, 1885 (p. 121, pi. 6, fig. 9), with Adelonia filiformis,

we see little difference except in sculpture. The coarse punctures,

the tubercles, the raised elytral intervals, and the dull surface

of sulcatulus are the opposites of those found in filiformis, but

it should be realized that these characters are of no more than

specific rank. The two species have virtually the same body

shape, dorsal surface of the head, eyes, antennae, mentum, and

legs; it is in these structures that one usually finds generic differ-

ences in the Tenebrionini. Finally, the most noticeable, if not

the most significant piece of evidence in favor of the union of

these two genera, is the presence of the pronounced spine on

the middle and hind femora. Surely these two genera would

not have been kept separated this long if they had not mistakenly

been placed in different tribes. Rhacius should therefore be

considered a junior synonym of Adelonia.

Adelonia will now contain 12 species; the following 11 were

in Rhacius: baeri (Pic), costipennis (Blair), cylindica (Kulzer),

deplanata (Pic), diversipes (Pic), nitida (Gebien), opatroides

(Perty), quadricollis (Champion), rufa (Pic), sulcatula (Cham-

pion), and vicina (Pic). Of the 12 only three occur north of

the Isthmus of Panama, and those three are easily identified.

Key to the species of Adelonia of Central and

North America

1. Pronotum and elytra laterally tuberculate, with punctures of irregular

shape sulcatula (Champion)

Pronotum and elytra not tuherculate, with punctures of usually circular

or oval shape 2

2. Pronotum suhequal ih width and length, though appearing longer than

hroad; elytra with intervals flat on disc; pronotum without marginal

Carina medially on posterior border quadricollis (Champion)

Pronotum broader than long and appearing so; elytra with intervals

convex on disc; pronotum with marginal carina medially on posterior

border filiformis Laporte

The distribution of Adelonia filiformis is recorded in the

literature as California and Baja California. Laporte merely

listed North America in his original description. Lacordaire’s

January, 1961]

SPILMAN ADELONIA

1859 (p. 333) statement that the species is from Cayenne is

certainly an error; he did not know the species except from

description. Horn wrote concerning his own specimen, . pre-

sented to Dr. Leconte by Mr. Ulke who received it from Cali-

fornia.” This specimen is not in the LeConte or Horn Collections.

The only other mention of California, except in catalogues, is

by Fall in 1901 (p. 173), but he does not give a specific place

of capture in that state, and his statement is vague. Nor is there

at present a California specimen of the species in the California

Academy of Sciences, the University of California, the Museum

of Comparative Zoology, the American Museum or Natural His-

tory, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, or the

United States National Museum. If anyone knows of Californian

specimens of Adelonia filiformis, it would certainly be of value

to make them known. A rather good record of its distribution

in Baja California was given by Blaisdell in 1943 (p. 269). All

the exact localities known to me are from the southern half of

Baja California, the most northern locality being Santa Rosalia.

Adelonia sulcatula is the most common species in the genus.

It is known from Central and South America, the West Indies,

and from Texas in the United States. Adelonia quadricoUis is

recorded from British Honduras, Guatemala, and Columbia. To

that list I amiable to add Costa Rica on the basis of specimens

in the U.S. National Museum.

Literature Cited

Blaisdell, F. E.

1943. Contributions toward a knowledge of the insect fauna of Lower

California. No. 7 Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae. Proc. Calif. Acad.

Sci., Ser. 4, 24(7) : 171-288, 2 pis.

Champion, G. C.

1885. Heteromera (part). Biol. Centr.-Amer. Ins., Coleop., 1883—1894,

4(1) :v— xxxiv, 1-572, 23 pis. (pages 120-121 dated 1885).

Fall, H. C.

1901. List of the Coleoptera of southern California, with notes on habits

and distribution and descriptions of new species. Occ. Papers

Calif. Acad. Sci., No. 8:282 pp.

Horn, G. H.

1870. Revision of the Tenebrionidae of America, north of Mexico.

Trans. American Phil. Soc., New Ser., 14(2) :253-404, 2 pis.

Lacordaire, J. T.

1859. Genera des Coleopteres. 5(1) :400 pp.

Laporte, F. L. (Castelnau)

1840. Hist. Nat. Ins. Coleop. 2:563 pp., 38 pis.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

RECENTLY PUBLISHED

A REVISION OF THE MITES OF THE FAMILY SPINTURNICIDAE

(Acarina). By Albert Rudnick. University of California Publications

in Entomology, 17(2) : 157— 284, pis. 18—48. University of California

Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. December 27, 1960. Price $2.50.

THE SIRICID WOOD WASPS OF CALIFORNIA (Hymenoptera: Sym-

phyta). By Woodrow W. Middlekauff. Bulletin of the California

Insect Survey, 6(4) :59— 78, pis. 4—5, plus frontispiece. University of

California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. April 22, 1960. Price 50^1.

THE SOLDIER FLIES OR STRATIOMYIDAE OF CALIFORNIA. By

Maurice T, James. Loc. cit., 6(5):79-122, pis. 6-10, 19 maps. April

22, 1960. Price $1.00.

THE STONEFLIES (PLECOPTERA) OF CALIFORNIA. By Stanley

G. Jewett, Jr. Loc. cit., 6(6) :125— 178, 41 text figs., frontispiece.

June 17, 1960. Price $1.25.

BOOK NOTICE

DICTIONARY of word roots and combining forms. Compiled from the

Greek, Latin, and other languages, with special reference to biological

terms and scientific names. By Donald J. Borror. N-P Publications,

Palo Alto, California, pp. vi-1-134. 5"x7". Price $2.00. Published

September 15, 1960.

This pocket-sized booklet combines some of the best features of

each of several larger word books for naturalists, and has innovations

of its own. Pages 3 to 6 have rules (with examples) for the pronunciation

of scientific names. The dictionary proper has over 7,000 roots and

combining forms; in each case the source language is shown, and special

marks indicate whether a root is usable alone, or normally as a suffix.

Following this are sections on the formulation of scientific names, the

translation of Greek words, and a subject classification of some common

combining forms. The typography is excellent, on a white paper of good

quality. This is definitely a “most for the money” book, recommended

for its content and its ease of use. — Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of

Sciences, San Francisco.

January, 1961] oatman — liriomyza 53

CROSSBREEDING STUDIES WITH TWO CLOSELY RELATED

SPECIES OF LIRIOMYZA

( Diptera : Agromyzidae )

Earl R. Oatman"

The melon leaf miner, Liriomyza pictella (Thomson) and the

tomato leaf miner, Liriomyza munda Frick are economically im-

portant pests in most of the agricultural areas of California. The

melon leaf miner is primarily destructive to melons, alfalfa, and

beans, whereas, the tomato leaf miner is principally injurious to

tomato (Frick, 1957; Oatman and Michelbacher, 1958; and Oat-

man, 1959) .

Frick (1957) distinguished three species of Liriomyza [pusilla

complex) on the basis of five morphological characters through

a statistical treatment of 100 specimens taken at random. He noted

an overlapping of most characters between the species. The prin-

cipal difference was based on the color of the genovertical plates.

The plates are yellow in L. munda, whereas, in L. pictella and L.

brassicae (Riley), they are infuscated at least to the upper fron-

toorbital setae. Frick also stated that in teneral specimens the

infuscation is frequently very faint or sometimes lacking. He also

reported that Datura meteloides D.C., a weed growing in waste

areas, was the native host of the tomato leaf miner, but that the

melon leaf miner also occurred on this weed. The melon leaf miner

was reared more readily on D. meteloides than on tomato in lab-

oratory host range studies (Oatman, 1959).

In studying the biology and ecology of the melon leaf miner

(Oatman and Michelbacher, 1958 and 1959), numerous surveys

were conducted in order to determine the seasonal activity of the

insect on wild and cultivated plants. Miners were first observed

April 14 on the cotyledons of newly-emerged Persian melon and

on the basal leaves of alfalfa and wild sunflower. By June 9 they

were common in alfalfa, bean and melon fields. However, leaf

miners were not observed on tomato until June 15 when a few

mines were found on plants in a home garden surrounded by

melon and bean fields. The first mine in commercial tomato

fields was not found until August 1 when the melon leaf miner

was present in large numbers in adjacent melon fields. This

indicated that under natural field conditions, tomato is less pre-

1 Assistant Professor; Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

ferred than melons, and an infestation in the former does not

occur until a high population develops on melon.

Adult specimens reared on melon or tomato are difficult to

separate morphologically. No structural differences were found

by the writer in either the male genitalia or the larval spiracles.

The leaf miner from tomato was reared on tomato, bean,

alfalfa, and melon plants in laboratory host range studies. Tomato

was the most severely mined when the above plants were simul-

taneously exposed. In similar studies where the leaf miner was

obtained from melon, tomato was only lightly mined and alfalfa,

bean, and melon were severely mined (Oatman, 1959). This was

the first biological evidence that the leaf miners on tomato and

melon were biologically different. The tomtao leaf miner larvae

were darker brown when reared on tomato than bean and simil-

arly darker than larvae of the melon leaf miner on bean. This

suggested the possibility that the color difference between adults

of the two leaf miners might be due to the influence of their hosts.

Most of the field observations and laboratory data, however,

indicated that the leaf miners on melon and tomato might be the

same species. The principal exception was the apparent laboratory

host preference of the two. Crossbreeding experiments with the

two miners were established.

Methods and Materials . — Tomato leaves infested with tomato

leaf miner larvae were collected from a large commercial field

near Linden, California, on September 21, 1955, and brought into

the laboratory. The puparia formed by emerging larvae were

placed into individual vials. Puparia of the melon leaf miner, from

a known stock culture used for life history and ecological studies

(Oatman and Michelbacher, 1958 and 1959), were similarly

handled. Emerging adults from one host were placed on caged

bean plants with adults of the opposite sex and host source. Indi-

vidual adults were paired in all except four tests where five adults

were placed together with five adults of the opposite sex and host

source (table 1). The tests were discontinued two weeks after the

last stage obtained or after F 2 adults emerged. The original pairs

were kept for identification. Where F 2 adults were obtained, the

original pair were determined by Dr. K. E. Frick of the Irrigation

Eixperiment Station, Washington State University, Prosser,

Washington.

Three crossbreeding experiments were conducted under green-

OATMAN— LIRIOMYZA

January, 1961]

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THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

house conditions averaging 26° C. and 34% R.H. A total of 61

tomato leaf miners (25 females and 36 males) and 51 melon leaf

miners (31 females and 20 males) was included in 40 separate

tests.

Results . — The results of the first experiment are shown in table

1 . Eight females oviposited infertile eggs. In two tests, F 2 adults

were obtained. The original males of these two tests were later

identified as L. pictella by Dr. Frick, whereas, they were originally

setup in the experiment as L. munda. In two of the tests involving

five individuals from each host, Fi adults were produced. These

mated and oviposited normally, but laid infertile eggs. The 10

tomato leaf miner adults in the check reproduced normally.

In the second experiment involving 15 tests, one mated female

did not lay eggs. F 9 adults were produced in two tests, but the data

had to be discarded because of the loss of the original female in

one test and the discovery of an extra original male in the second.

Eleven females laid infertile eggs. The male and female tomato

leaf miner in the check reproduced normally.

A third experiment consisted of nine paired individuals. Two

females did not produce feeding or egg punctures. Three laid

infertile eggs although one was observed mating. Puparia of the

Fi generation were obtained in two tests. F 2 adults were produced

in one test, but again the male was identified as L. pictella by

Frick, whereas, it was setup in the experiment as L. munda. The

male and female melon leaf miner in the check reproduced

normally.

Discussion. — Seventy-three percent of the females in the single-

paired tests oviposited infertile eggs. One pair was observed

mating. In comparison, during life history studies of the melon

leaf miner (Oatman and Michelbacher, 1958), less than 10 per-

cent of the females laid infertile eggs when caged with males;

mating was commonly observed; and unmated females deposited

infertile eggs.

Both mating and pviposition of fertile eggs occurred in nine

of the 40 crossbreeding tests. Fi pupae were obtained in two single-

paired tests; F 2 eggs in two multiple-paired tests; and F 2 adults

in five single-paired tests.

Frick’s identification of the original males as melon leaf miner

in the tests where F 2 adults were produced was based on single

January, 1961]

OATMAN LIRIOMYZA

specimens. Frick (1957), (and in personal communication) stated

such determinations are difficult and sometimes questionable.

Therefore, the males could have been the tomato leaf miner as

originally setup in the experiments. Most of the data would sub-

stantiate this. If inter-breeding did occur, however, it was rare

and probably does not occur in nature.

The data confirms Frick’s morphological distinction of the

leaf miners as two species (Frick, 1957).

The melon and tomato leaf miners appear to be sibling species

from sympatric natural populations (Mayr, Linsley, and Usinger,

1953).

Literature Cited

Frick, K. E.

1957. Nearctic species in the Liriomyza pusilla complex. No. 2 L. munda

and two other species attacking crops in California. (Diptera:

Agromyzidae) . Pan-Pac. Ent. 33(2) :59— 70.

Mayr, E., E. G. Linsley, and R. L. Usinger.

1953. Methods and principles of systematic zoology. McGraw-HiU Book

Co., Inc., New York. 328 pp.

Oatman, E. R. and a. E. Michelbacher.

1958. The melon leaf miner, Liriomyza pictella (Thomson) (Diptera:

Agromyzidae). 1. Life history studies. Ann. Ent. Soc. America

51(6) : 557-566.

1959. The melon leaf miner, Liriomyza pictella (Thomson) (Diptera:

Agromyzidae). 11. Ecological studies. Ann. Ent. Soc. America,

52(1) : 83-89.

Oatman, Earl R.

1959. Host range studies of the melon leaf miner, Liriomyza pictella

(Thomson) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. America,

52(6) : 739-741.

BOOK REVIEW

GUIDE TO THE INSECTS OF CONNECTICUT. Part VI, The Diptera.

Seventh Fascicle. Psychodidae, by Laurence W. Quate. 32 pages, 7

plates of figures. 1960.

This is Bulletin 92, one of a useful series put out by the State Geological

and Natural History Survey. The author, a world authority in this family of

flies, begins with a general description of the little “moth-flies” and notes

the habits. Some domesticated species may develop in houses, particularly

in kitchen drains. Blood-sucking, disease-carrying “sand flies” of the genus

Phlebotomus are mentioned, but they do not come north to Connecticut.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

The author presents a brief analysis of the psychodid fauna of Con-

necticut and adjacent northeastern states. The 38 species involved are now

in eight genera and three subfamilies (36 of the species in the Psychodinae).

The flies are easily recognized from their thickly haired, roof-like wings and

peculiar, primitive wing venation, with its lack of usual crossveins and the

presence of two branched veins.

The morphology is discussed, with emphasis on characters useful in

taxonomy. Both male and female genitalia possess good characters, which are

illustrated. The antennae are useful in characterization, particularly the

flagellar segments. Techniques for preparation are explained, as these delicate

little insects must, for specific determination, be mounted on slides.

In order to give a complete picture the author includes two subfamilies

which have not been taken in Connecticut, these are Trichomyiinae, repre-

sented by Trichomyia nuda (Dyar), and Phlebotominae, represented by

Phlebotomus vexator Coquillett. In the subfamily Psychodinae we have the

remainder of the psychodids found in this region.

In the genus Pericoma there are nine species listed, eight being well

enough known to key out; the Northwestern kincaidi is included, also

Carolina, a North Carolina species. Some of the species are widespread.

The genus Telmatoscopus Eaton will not be found in our older

literature, but nine species are briefly described in this paper. The species

varitarsis (Curran), latipennis Quate, and nebraskensis Quate were eastern

forms not actually taken in Connecticut. T. furcatus (Kincaid) is very

widespread and ranges far north to Fort Churchill and Alaska. The large,

dark colored basalis (Banks) is one of the commonest species in North

America and breaks up into subspecies west of the 100th Meridian.

The broad-winged Brunettia is represented by nitida (Banks), described

in Psychoda. It has colorful iridescent scales on the wings. Three other

species, formerly in Psychoda are described under Philosepedon Eaton. Two

species of Threticus Eaton are described and keyed; of these bicolor (Banks)

once belonged to Psychoda.

The old genus Psychoda Latreille still has some species (12) remaining

These are the small, dull-colored forms, commonest of the family, and

as Quate remarks “typify what most people usually picture psychodids

to be. The type is the ancient Tipula phalaenoides of Linnaeus. Some of

these species breed in wet organic matter, and the larvae of some may

live in cow dung. Most of the species are widespread, but thrinax Quate

and setigera Tonnoir have not quite reached Connecticut.

The bulletin concludes with a bibliography, index, and seven plates

of outline drawings. Most of the drawings illustrate the specifically

distinct male genitalia, but there are some drawings showing wing venation,

and some of the strangely ornamented segments of the antennal flagellum.

The descriptions throughout the study are “cut to the bone” but adequately

cover all of the salient characters used in the classification of these

unusual little moth-flies. — Frank R. Cole, University of California, Berkeley.

January, 1961]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

J. W. Tilden P. H. Arnaud, Jr. F. E. Skinner R. C. Miller

President Vice-President Secretary Treasurer

Proceedings

Two Hundred and Sixty-eighth Meeting

The 268th meeting was held Saturday, March 19, 1960, at 2:00 p.m.,

in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco, with President Tilden presiding.

Members present (31) : P. H. Arnaud, Jr., D. C. Brodahl, W. A. Doolin,

R. L. Doutt, J. G. Edwards, E. 0. E’ssig, W. E. Ferguson, D. Giuliani,

K. S. Hagen, R. E. Hall, D. H. Huntzinger, K. F. Innes, Jr., E. L. Kessel,

R. L. Langston, J. F. Lawrence, T. C. Lawrence, H. B. Leech, D. D. Linsdale,

C. D. MacNeill, D. M. Maddox, A. E. Michelbacher, J. E. Milstead, J. A.

Powell, E. S. Ross, Judy Ross, F. E. Skinner, R. F. Smith, R. R. Snelling,

G. 1. Stage, J. W. Tilden, R. H. Van Zwaluwenburg.

Visitors (13) : R. C. Ballard, P. S. Barker, H. C. Brodahl, J. W. Chapman,

D. M. Fanard, Mrs. D. M. Fanard, Stephenie Ferguson, B. S. Perry,

B. E. Pullen, Soemarlan, Bruce Tilden, Hazel Tilden, Jan Tilden.

The minutes of the meeting held December 12, 1959 were read and

approved.

Two new members were elected: Cyril F. dos Passes, Mendham,

New Jersey, and Arnold S. Menke, Davis, California; and Roy R. Snelling,

Turlock, California, and Gerald 1. Stage, Berkeley, California, were reinstated

to membership.

The Society was saddened to learn of the death of Mrs. C. A. Richmond

in Tyngsboro, Massachusetts, August 31, 1959. Mrs. Richmond, the sister

of Dr. Henry C. Fall, was responsible for the establishment of the Fall

Memorial Fund of our Society, following the death of Dr. Fall in 1939.

President Tilden appointed a science fair exhibit judging committee

of K. S. Hagen, chairman, Laura M. Henry, and H. B. Leech; and an

annual field day committee of D. P. F'urman, chairman, J. A. Powell, and

F. E. Skinner.

Mr. Soemarlan, an Indonesian entomologist, currently studying at

San Jose State College, presented a talk on the entomological activities

relating to malaria eradication in Indonesia.

David H. Huntzinger, a summer ranger-naturalist in Crater Lake

National Park, spoke on the entomological and other natural history

activities in the Crater Lake area, and illustrated his talk with a large

series of color slides of this interesting region.

The meeting adjourned to informal discussions in the entomology

rooms. — Frank E. Skinner, Secretary

Two Hundred and Sixty-ninth Meeting

The 269th meeting was held Friday, April 15, 1960, at 7 :30 p.m.,

in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco, with Vice-President Arnaud presiding.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

Members present (31) : Rev. T. S. Acker, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., D. C.

Brodahl, W. A. Doolin, R. L, Doutt, J. G. Edwards, E. O. E'ssig, K. S. Hagen,

T. R. Haig, Jr., R. E. Hall, D. H. Huntzinger, E. L. Kessel, R. L. Langston,

H. B. Leech, C. D. MacNeill, D. M. Maddox, P. M. Marsh, A. E. Michel-

bacher, J. E. Milstead, J. A. Powell, J. R. Powers, D. C. Rentz, D. W. Ribble,

E. S. Ross, W. A. Russell, K. P. Shea, F. E. Skinner, S. D. Smith, R. R.

Snelling, G. I. Stage, L. A. Stange.

Visitors (13): H. C. Brodahl, D. J. Burdick, B. N. Chaniotis, Alice

Edwards, Jane Edwards, Richard English, Jr., Marie E'ssig, W. G. litis,

Berta B. Kessel, Robin Leech, Martha Michelbacher, B. S. Perry, C. B. Perry.

The minutes of the meeting held March 19, 1960 were read and approved.

Two new members were elected: Stewart S. Fullerton, Modesto, Cali-

fornia, and Paul R. Ehrlich, Palo Alto, California.

It was announced that Harry A. Hill, a member of the Society since

1948, died in Berkeley, California, February 12, 1960.

K. S. Hagen reported that the science fair judging committee had

found no suitable entomological entries to be judged in this year’s fair.

J. A. Powell announced that the annual field day would be held

May 7 at Russelmann Park.

R. L. Doutt presented a note on heterogeny (alternation of generations)

in gall-making cynipids in California, and exhibited galls of three species

in three genera.

He Mso displayed a series of fine water color illustrations of various

parasitic Hymenoptera by Hans Peeters, of Berkeley, California.

D. C. Rentz reported that nymphs of the grasshopper, Chimarocephala

pacifica pacifica (Thomas), in the San Miguel Hill area of San Francisco

in 1959 were parasitized by tachinids, and as many as five parasites per

grasshopper emerged and pupated. He also displayed specimens.

K. S. Hagen exhibited three species of Calosoma, and reported that

C. tristoides Fall has recently been taken in the Central Valley of California

as far north as Merced County, where it feeds on armyworms in alfalfa.

It was previously known only in the Los Angeles area. He also showed

larvae of Silpha and Calosoma for comparison, as the two are frequently

confused.

J. A. Powell gave the following note: “The gulf fritillary, or passion

vine butterfly, Agranlis vanillae (Linnaeus), has been established in

southern California, dependent on the ornamental passion vines grown in

yards, at least since 1876 (Coolidge, 1924, Ent. News 35:22). During the

past two years mild climatic conditions have enabled the species to

spread northward in California and become established in numerous

places in the Central Valley and along the coast at least to the San Francisco

Bay Area (Calif. Dept. Agr., Coop. Ins. Pest Rept., Oct. ’59:6). Tilden

and Arnaud are gathering records on its occurrence in 1959 to be reported

elsewhere. Speculation has arisen as to whether the species would survive

the current winter in this area in view of apparent colder spells this year.

On January 17 larvae were collected from Passiflora caerulea in Berkeley

from which a male and a female emerged February 5 and 6. Adults

January, 1961]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

and larvae were occasionally seen on this vine last fall, but during

February and March, 1960 the vine was essentially defoliated, and it

seems unlikely that the butterfly was developing there in any stage at

that time. However, on April 10 a female A. vanillae was observed there

ovipositing on fresh growth. Thus it seems that the species has been able

to overwinter in this area again, and it appears likely that we will continue

to see the butterfly flying about the passion vines this season.”

J. A. Powell also presented the following note, accompanied with

two color slides of the caterpillars concerned: ‘'‘'Dicentria pallens (Strecker),

a notodontid moth, is widespread in the western United States, but specimens

from California are apparently rare in collections. With the assistance of

John Chemsak six larvae were collected at Mt. St. Helena, Napa County

on December 6, 1959 on Arbutus menziesii saplings. The larva, which

superficially resembles that of Schizura unicornis (J. E. Smith), displays

a remarkable protective coloration in this particular habitat. The meso-

and metathoracic segments are not pigmented externally and appear identical

in color to the leaf material being eaten due to the body contents. The

abdominal segments are red-brown, mottled with blackish and pale areas

dorsally. These dark patches strikingly resemble necrotic areas on the

host leaves which seemed to be especially abundant on the young trees

at this locality. Thus the caterpillars were extremely difficult to locate

when at rest on the plants. The pupae were formed in tough, oval silken

cocoons just below the surface of the ground. One male emerged March 21,

leaving a circular hole visible at the soil surface.”

P. H. Arnaud, Jr., exhibited specimens of a crane fly, Tipula vestigipennis

Doane, taken at the edge of the Presidio, in San Francisco, in which

the wings are so reduced that flight is not possible.

J. G. Edwards presented the following note: “On April 2, 1960, one

of our graduate students, Ronald Stecker, was collecting above Stevens

Creek Reservoir, northwest of San Jose, and obtained a few specimens

of Chariessa elegans Horn, running about on the trunk of a felled

Canyon Live Oak (Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.). The next day we visited

the area together, and found three more beetles of this species. On April

5th I returned alone and found none on that log but discovered a

newly-felled log of the same kind nearby that was literally crawling with

these rare beetles, along with a species of Xylotrechus. The tree had

been felled the previous day about noon. I easily collected more than

35 of beetles in about ten minutes, and allowed fully that many to

remain, so that Ronald could get more for himself the next day. Un-

fortunately, the following day when he and a friend returned they searched

for hours and found only one Chariessa, even though they spent most

of that time examining the log that had been so attractive to the beetles

the day before. My theory is that they are only attracted to the trees

that have been felled within 24 hours, or (less strongly attracted) within

48 hours. This may account for the comparative scarceness of these brilliant

red and blue beetles in insect collections.”

Brief reports of travels of members of the Society were made. H. B.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

Leech noted that Borys Malkin is currently on a collecting trip in Sao

Paulo, Brazil, and that P. D. Hurd, Jr. is about to start a journey down

the Amazon River as part of his year’s activities in South America.

P. H. Arnaud, Jr. mentioned that Robin Leech is on a trip to South

America, Antarctica, and Cambodia, and also that E. S. Ross has just

returned from a four-month journey to Europe, Madagascar, and Africa.

The major portion of the program was by Rev. T. S. Acker, a former

student of G. F. Ferris, who presented an illustrated discussion of “The

morphology of the male terminalia of Neuropteroid insects.” [Subsequently

published in Microentomology, Vol. 24, No. 2, pages 25—84, August 31, I960.]

A color movie, “Rival World,” was shown. This film, available through

the courtesy of the film library of the Shell Oil Company, San Mateo,

California, showed attempts at locust control in Africa, and illustrated

several phases of medical entomological problems.

The meeting adjourned to a coffee social in the entomology rooms.

■ — Frank E. Skinner, Secretary

Two Hundred and Seventieth Meeting

The 270th meeting, the annual field day, was held Saturday, May 7,

1960, at Russelmann Park, near Clayton, Contra Costa County, California.

Members present (16) : D. C. Brodahl, J. G. Edwards, E. 0. Essig,

W. E. Ferguson, R. L. Langston, K. L. Maehler, A. E. Miehelbacher,

J. A. Powell, D. C. Rentz, E. S. Ross, W. A. Russell, W. E. Simonds,

F. E. Skinner, J. W. Tilden, M. S. Wasbauer, R. F. Wilkey.

Visitors (49) : Laura Bonhag, Philip Bonhag, Robert Bonhag, Rose

Bonhag, Cristine Books, J. A. Chemsak, Mary Ann Chemsak, H. V. Davis,

Alice Edwards, Jane Edwards, Jeanne Edwards, Mary English, Richard

English, Jr., Mrs. Richard English, Sr., Marie Essig, Rick Ferguson,

Robin Ferguson, Stephenie Ferguson, George Haughey, Mary Haughey,

Ann Langston, Evelyn Langston, Jeff Lewis, Hilda Linares, Norman Maehler,

Roger Maehler, Martha Miehelbacher, Erika Miller, Carrie Powell, Frances

Powell, Clark Ross, Martha Ross, Wilda Ross, Elsa Russell, Beatriz

Sarmiento, J. H. Sedlacek, J. H. Sedlacek, Jr., June Simonds, David

Skinner, Jean Skinner, Roger Skinner, Susan Skinner, Bruce Tilden,

Hazel Tilden, Jan Tilden, Jimmy Tilden, Dorothy Wilkey, Frank Wilkey,

John Wilkey.

A fair spring day, the recreational facilities of Russelmann Park, and

the natural history interests of the northeast slopes of Mount Diablo,

provided a most suitable eombination for the varied activities of the group.

— Frank E. Skinner, Secretary

Two Hundred and Seventy-first Meeting

The 271st meeting was held Saturday, November 12, 1960, at 2:00 p.m.,

in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco, with President Tilden presiding.

Members present (31) : R. P. Allen, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., D. C. Brodahl,

H. V. Daly, R. L. Doutt, J. G. Edwards, P. R. Ehrlich, E. 0. Essig,

January, 1961]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

W. E. Ferguson, S. M. Fullerton, 0. W. Graf, Jr., Hilary Hacker, K. S.

Hagen, R. E. Hall, P. D. Hurd, Jr., R. L. Langston, J. F. Lawrence,

H. B. Leech, D. D. Linsdale, C. D. MacNeill, A. E. Michelbacher, J. A.

Powell, D. C. Rentz, E. S. Ross, T. N. Seeno, F. E. Skinner, S. D. Smith,

R. W. Stark, W. A. Steffan, J. W. Tilden, R. L. Usinger.

Visitors (24) : Janice Addy, N. D. Addy, R. Benton, R. M. Brown,

D. J. Burdick, Richard English, Jr., Marie Essig, Robin Ferguson,

Stephenie Ferguson, D. Hennings, Grace Hurd, Kathryn Hurd, Ann

Langston, Evelyn Langston, Robin Leech, R. S. Macdonald, M. Marquis,

Martha Michelbacher, E. G. Munroe, Catherine Toschi, Melanie Webster,

G. H. Wells, Christea Wemmer, Carole Yale.

The minutes of the meeting held April 15, 1960 and of the annual

field day held May 7, 1960 were summarized.

Nine new members were elected: L. Clair Armin, Reedley, California;

Howell V. Daly, Berkeley, California; F. E. Ellertson, Hood River, Oregon;

J. C. Hitchcock, Fresno, California; Carl 0; Mohr, Berkeley; J. S. Moure,

Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; R. W. Stark, Berkeley; Wallace A. Steffan,

Berkeley; George Walters, Loma Linda, California.

Stanley B. Freeborn, Chancellor Emeritus of the University of California

at Davis, and a Society member since 1925, died in Woodland, California,

July 19, 1960.

President Tilden appointed a nominating committee of J. A. Powell,

chairman, R. L. Doutt, and C. D. MacNeill; and an auditing committee

of E. S. Ross, chairman, K. S. Hagen, and H. B. Leech.

E. S. Ross displayed a Riker mount with several fossils of various

orders of insects, from a shale deposit near Cedar Mountain, Mina,

Nevada, near Hawthorne, collected earlier this year in company with

R. L. Usinger during a Biosystematists’ field trip. The locality is about

a nine-hours’ drive from San Francisco, and is readily accessible to

collectors, but detailed directions for finding the precise locality are

necessary. Members were urged to undertake research on this material,

but should first contact Prof. D. E. Savage of the Museum of Paleontology,

University of California, Berkeley.

K. S. Hagen circulated pinned specimens of four species of economically

important fruit flies (Tephritidae) — the Mexican, oriental, Mediterranean,

and melon — and asked members to immediately report capture of any of

these species to appropriate authorities. This is especially important in

view of the two specimens of the oriental fruit fly found this year in

southern California.

J. A. Powell gave the following note, and exhibited specimens:

“Specimens of Adela singulella Walsingham were collected near Ukiah,

Mendocino County, California, May 22 by S. F. Cook, Jr. The species

has rarely, if ever, been taken since its first collection by Lord Walsingham

in Mendocino County in May 1871. Members of Adela are small, day-flying

moths, easily recognizable by the very long antennae of the males, and

are often seen visiting flowers. The females have somewhat shorter antennae

and are of a different color than the white-spotted males, frequently

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

being shining blue or green. Three local species fly during March, April

and May in meadow situations of the coastal hills and are at times

quite common. Males are occasionally observed in groups of a dozen or

two individuals engaged in dancing flights several feet above the ground,

but the females are less conspicuous and are to be found individually

moving about amongst low-growing plants.”

“The specimens were presented in hopes that Adela will be recognized

and more often collected during the next few years, in anticipation of

a survey bulletin on the California species. Records are especially needed

from areas north of Sonoma County and south of Monterey Bay.”

J. W. Tilden commented that these are one of the few groups of

moths that swarm and dance like some flies. He has at times observed

these moths apparently “hill-topping” much as certain other Lepidoptera

are known to do.

P. R. Ehrlich reported the occurrence of mites on butterflies in the

Santa Rita mountains, the first association of this type known to him,

H. B. Leech exhibited two books: Borror, D. J. 1960. Dictionary of

word roots and combining forms. N-P Publications, Palo Alto, California.

134 pp. $2.00. Anderson, R. F. 1960. Forest and shade trees entomology.

Wiley, New York, 428 pp. $8.50.

Robin Leech showed several color slides of the 1959-1960 Bishop

Museum entomological expedition to Antarctica.

Dr. E, G. Munroe, Entomology Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada,

editor of the Canadian Entomologist, and visiting Lecturer in Entomology

during the fall 1960 semester at the University of California, Berkeley,

gave the major presentation of the meeting,. “Moths and moth collecting

in New Guinea,” illustrated with a large series of color slides of his

very interesting trip.

The meeting adjourned to a coffee social in the entomology rooms.

— Frank E. Skinner, Secretary

Two Hundred and Seventy-second Meeting

The 272nd meeting was held Friday, December 16, 1960, at 7:30 p.m.,

in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco, with President Tilden presiding.

Members present (28) : R. P. Allen, L. C. Armin, P. H. Arnaud, Jr.,

D. C. Brodahl, J. G. Edwards, H. Ellis, W. E. Ferguson, S. M. Fullerton,

D. P. Furman, Hilary Hacker, Laura M, Henry, P. D. Hurd, Jr., D. Hynes,

R. L. Langston, J. F. Lawrence, T. C. Lawrence, H. B. Leech, C. D. MacNeill,

C. 0. Mohr, Sheila Palmer, J. A. Powell, D. C. Rentz, C. J. Rogers,

E. S. Ross, F. E. Skinner, W. A. Steffan, J. E. Swift, J. W. Tilden.

Visitors (8) : P. P. Cook, C. Dudley, Richard English, Jr., Mrs. D. P.

Furman, Mrs. C. 0. Mohr, A. E. Palmer, R. L. Palmquist, R. H. Whitsel.

The minutes of the meeting held November 12, 1960 were summarized.

Seven new members were elected: H. R. Dodge, Missoula, Montana;

Cornell Dudley, Lafayette, California; Ronald H. Goodwin, Berkeley,

January, 1961 ]

PACIFIC COAST ENT, SOC.

California; Jaren Horsley, San Leandro, California; W. G. litis, Davis,

California (student member); David H. Kistner, Chico, California; Hubert

W. Prescott, Forest Grove, Oregon.

The Society regretfully learned of the death of Dr. Edwin P. Meiners,

a member of the Society since 1952, in St. Louis, Missouri, October 28, 1960.

E. S. Ross, chairman of the auditing committee, reported that the

financial records of the past year were in order, and his report was

accepted by the Society.

Chairmen of the various standing committees of the Society briefly

reported on the activities of the past year.

H. B. Leech, chairman of the historical committee, announced that

the Society has received for its historical files a set of the Entomological

Newsletter dating from 1951, through the courtesy of R. G. Wigmore

of the Science Service Department, Canada Department of Agriculture,

Ottawa.

J. A. Powell, chairman of the nominating committee, presented the

names of the nominees, and the following people were elected as Society

officers for 1961 : President, Paul H. Arnaud, Jr. ; Vice-President, Kenneth

S. Hagen; Secretary, Frank E. Skinner; Treasurer, Robert C. Miller.

D. C. Rentz presented the following note and exhibited specimens:

“In the fall of 1948, Dr. Edward L. Kessel discovered the presence of

the Australian sod fly, Metoponia rubriceps Macquart (Stratiomyidae) ,

on the lawn of the University of San Francisco. The fly has since

spread to nearly all parts of San Francisco. It may be seen commonly

on lawns, paths, and walls during its two annual flight periods. The first

flight takes place in the spring and lasts for a few weeks. The fall flight

is most prolific. The flies are the most common insect about. Females

seem to be sitting on each blade of grass. The male may be found flying

near the females which are so rotund that they are unable to fly. The

eggs are deposited in the ground and a spoonful of dirt may yield '' dozen

or more larvae.”

“The Australian sod fly is a reported pest in Australia and more so

in New Zealand where it feeds on monocotyledonous plants. The most heavily

attacked are sugar cane, lawns, and corn.”

“The fly is at present known in California only from San Francisco

and a golf course in northern San Mateo County. No damage to lawns

can be attributed to it. Only time will tell whether M. rubriceps will

become another pest with which the farmer, as well as the private-home

owner, will have to contend.”

R. P. Allen gave the following note: ‘'^Eriococcus pittospori Ferris is

not known anywhere else but parts of the Golden Gate Park, and its

immediate vicinity, in San Francisco. There is an abundance of it in the

trees just west of the Academy, also at the park entrance across Fulton

Street from the El Portal. It is found mostly on the trunks. Pittosporum

tenuijolium and P. undulatum are heavily attacked, also the mirror plant,

Coprosma haueri. Pittosporum crassifolium and P. eugenioides are less

severely attacked, and there are no other known hosts.”

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 1

J. W. Tilden commented on a mealybug that is killing Araucaria on

the San Jose campus.

Retiring President Tilden presented the Annual Address, titled “Ento-

mological teaching — in 1961.”

An extended discussion followed, indicating that the teaching of

entomology is a matter of important concern to many members of the

Society.

E. S. Ross then narrated a series of his fine color slides showing the

facilities and personnel of many of the European entomological institutions

which he recently visited while en route to Madagascar. A second series

of collecting and travelling scenes in Ethiopia was also greatly appreciated

and enjoyed.

The meeting adjourned to a coffee social in the entomology rooms.

— Frank E. Skinner, Secretary

Yol. XXXVII

APRIL. 1961

No. 2

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

BLANC & FOOTE — A new genus and five new species of California

Tephritidae 73

LEECH — Note on two editions of J. C. Bradley’s 1919 paper “An

entomological cross-section of the United States” 84

STEPHEN & TORCHIO — Biological notes on the leaf-cutter bee,

Megachile (Eutricharaea) rotundata (Fabricius) 85

PULLEN — Non-granivorous food habits of Pheidole grallipes Wheeler

and its possible phyletic significance 93

MENKE — The type of Abedus indentatus (Haldeman) 96

VOJDANI — The Nearctic species of the genus Eurygaster 97

LAVIGNE — Occurrence of Forcipomyia ciliata (Winnertz) in North

America with notes on its biology. 108

PHILIP — Additional records of Tabanidae from the west coast of

South America Ill

ELLERTSON — New host records for cherry fruit fly in Oregon 116

LINSLEY & MacSWAIN — D escriptions of Onagrandrena associated

with Oenothera and Clarkia with taxonomic notes on other

species 117

STEPHEN & TORCHIO — Exomalopsis albicans (Provancher), a new

generic record from Oregon 130

GERHARDT — Notes on a Cerambycid, Aneflomorpha citrana Chem-

ak, causing injury to orange trees in Arizona 131

MacNEILL — B ook Review: How to know the butterflies 135

POST — Five new Oregon Thysanoptera 137

STANGE — New records for the genus Nallachius Navas 144

BOOK NOTICE 143

SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA • 1961

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E, G. Linsley P. D. Hurd, Jr., Editor R. L. Usinger

E. S. Ross J. A, Powell, Asst. Editor H. B. Leech

R, C. Miller, Treasurer J. E. Swift, Advertising

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed-

ings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological

phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on

insect taxonomy, morphology, life, history, and distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed

to Dr. P. D. Hurd, Jr., at 112 Agriculture Hall, University of California, Berkeley 4,

Calif. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers, changes of address,

requests for sample copies, and all financial communications should be addressed

to the treasurer. Dr. R. C. Miller, at the California Academy of Sciences. San

Francisco 18, California.

Domestic and foreign subscriptions, $4,00 per year in advance. Price for single

copies, $1.00. Make checks payable to "Pan-Pacific Entomologist."

MEMOIRS SERIES

of the

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

THE SUCKING LICE by G. F. Ferris $6.00

A 320-page book which summarizes the knowledge on

the Anoplura of the world. Published by the Society,

October, 1951.

THE SPIDER MITE FAMILY TETRANYCHIDAE by A. Earl

Pritchard and Edward W. Baker $10.00

This world-wide treatment deals with the systematica

identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders” and

includes descriptions of thirty-three new species. Pub-

lished by the Society, July, 1955.

Send orders to: Treasurer, Pacific Coast Entomological Society,

California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park 18, San

Francisco.

Second-class postage paid at San Francisco, California.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXXVII April, 1961 No. 2

A NEW GENUS AND FIVE NEW SPECIES OF

CALIFORNIA TEPHRITIDAE

(Diptera)

F. L. Blanc ^ and Richard H. Foote ^

While identifying specimens in a study of the tephritid fauna

of California, the authors found the new species and record

presented below. Myoleja unifasciata, n. sp., is the third North

American member of the genus and the first record of the genus

in California; Aciurina trilituru, n. sp., is the tenth North

American and the seventh Californian Aciurina; Procecidochares

stonei, n. sp., is the eighth North American Procecidochares and

the fifth California one to be described; Neaspilota wilsoni, n. sp.,

the eighth North American and the third California one; Urophora

timberlakei, n. sp., is the third California species of Urophora to

be recorded — the species in North America have never been ade-

quately reviewed; and Cryptotreta, n. gen., has been erected for

Eurosta pallida Cole, here recorded for the first time in California

and the United States. Where pertinent, new keys to species, or

modifications of existing ones, are presented to aid the user in

distinguishing the new forms described herein.

The authors wish to extend their sincere thanks to the follow-

ing institutions, the collections of which were so kindly made

available for study (abbreviations used throughout the text are

indicated in parentheses) : California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco (CAS) ; California Department of Agriculture, Sacra-

mento (CDA) ; California Insect Survey, University of California,

Berkeley (CIS) ; University of California, Davis (UCD) ; Univer-

sity of California, Riverside (UCR) ; and the U. S. National

Museum, Washington, D.C. (USNM), Specimens from the senior

author’s collection are indicated by (FLB).

Myoleja unifasciata Blanc and Foote, new species

(Fig. 1)

Male. — Head. Brownish yellow, with face lighter than other parts;

about 1.5 times as high as long; eye 2.0 times as high as wide; cheek

narrow; frons 1.25 times as long as width at vertex, covered with fine.

^Bureau of Entomology, California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento, California.

^Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of

Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

74 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO, 2

black hairs; lunule shallow; face distinctly widened below, in lateral

view receding from antennal base to anterior oral margin. All head hairs

black; three of four pairs fine lower fronto-orhitals, with some smaller

hairs interspersed among them; two pairs reclinate and slightly diverging

upper fronto-orbitals placed distinctly inside the line of lowers; one

pair diverging proclinate ocellars about as long as posterior upper fronto-

orbitals; hairs along oral margin anterior to genal bristle fairly well

developed. Antennae orange yellow, arista distinctly yellow at base.

T horax. Subshining and entirely brownish yellow except for a black tri-

angular mark occupying median two-thirds of sternopleuron, a small dark

area immediately anterior to halter, and a narrow bright yellow stripe

from humerous to wing base. Mesonotum rather densely covered by short

but rather stout black setae; dorsocentrals black, placed directly in a

line drawn between the supra-alars. Scutellum somewhat lighter yellow

than mesonotum, with two well developed pairs scutellars. Halteres yellow.

Legs, including coxae, entirely orange-yellow or yellow, with a tendency

toward apical darkening of all femora. Wing (fig. 1) wide, rather blunt

at tip, heavily infuscated with dark brown and with the following light

areas; two in costal cell attaining vein sc; a blunt-tipped triangle

immediately distad of stigma crossing vein R2+3 and ending upon vein

R4+5; a subapical arc originating in cell Ri about halfway between apex

of stigma and apex of cell Ri, following curve of wing tip and ending

in apex of cell 2nd M2, wider than dark band between it and wing margin;

a second arc parallel to the foregoing one, originating upon vein R4+5

and terminating near margin of cell 2nd Mo proximally; a suggestion

of a light spot in distal two-thirds of cell 1st M2 halfway between veins

Mi +2 and Ma-j-Cui, thence in a very narrow streak to subcosta; cell

2nd A almost entirely hyaline. Stigma about as long as proximal width;

vein r-m connected to vein M1+2 much closer to vein m than its own

length; cell 1st A drawn to a distinct point apically. Abdomen. Dark

brown, the first two terga with a tendency toward more yellow than

remainder; all terga rather densely clothed with fairly long, black hairs.

Female . — Not known.

Types (all California ). — Holotype male. Conn Creek, Napa

County, 23-IV-1949, W. W. Middlekauff (U.S. National Museum

No. 65400). Paratypes: Same data as holotype (4cf d', USNM) ;

hills back of Oakland, 13-V-1951, W. C. Bentinck (Id, UCD;

Sdd, CIS); Oakland, lO-V-1937, E. S. Ross (2dd, CAS);

Santa Monica Mts. with number 310519V1221 (Id, UCLA);

Deer Creek, Tehama County, 6-VI-1949, R. M. Bohart (Id,

UCD).

Discussion. — M. unifasciata is easily separated from nigri-

cornis (Doane) and limata (Coquillett) , the only other North

American species of Myoleja, by the presence of a single costal

hyaline wedge in cell Ri distad of the stigma and by the absence

April, 1961] BLANC & FOOTE NEW FRUIT FLIES

of a hyaline spot near the apex of cell 1st M 2 . A key to the three

known North American species of Myoleja is presented below:

L Only one hyaline costal wedge present in cell Ri distad of stigma;

no hyaline spot near apex of cell 1st M 2 unifasciata Blanc & Foote

— Two hyaline costal wedges present in cell Ri distad of stigma;

hyaline spot present near apex of cell 1st M 2 2

2. Continuous suhmarginal hyaline arc occupying cells Ra, Rs, and

apex of cell 2nd M 2 ; lower fronto-orbitals of male slender and

sharply pointed limata (Coquillett)

— No such submarginal hyaline arc in area indicated above; lower

fronto-orbitals of male enlarged and with blunt apices

nigricornis (Doane)

Aciurina trilitura Blanc and Foote, new species

(Fig. 2)

Female. — Head. Distinctly higher than long; in profile cheek 0.30 to 0.35

times as high as eye ; frons yellow, about 2.0 times as wide as one eye ; length

from vertex to lunule about equal to width at vertex; face whitish pollinose,

antennal fossae very shallow, in lateral view not concave or noticeably

projecting anteriorly at oral margin; antenna 0.45 times as long as face,

third segment somewhat angular at antero-apical margin but not projecting

into a distinct point. Two or three pairs lower fronto-orbitals; two pairs

upper fronto-orbitals, the posterior pair whitish, ocellar’ as long as longest

lower fronto-orbitals; inner vertical dark, outer vertical whitish; post-

orbitals entirely white ; genal bristle hardly longer or darker than a

group of three to ten long, stout, blunt, whitish hairs situated at lower

angle of eye. Thorax. Mesonotum brown, densely pollinose, without pattern,

covered by numerous blunt, thick, white setae separated from each other

by distances of less than half the average seta length except in immediate

vicinity of bases of notopleural and anterior supra-alar bristles, which are

bare; dorsocentrals much closer to suture than to a line between anterior

supra-alars; scutellum pollinose, brown to yellow with very slight darkening

at extreme base, especially laterally; one pair scutellar bristles; post-

sbutellum yellowish dorsally,. black ventrally, as is middle third of meta-

notum; lateral third of metanotum and pleural terga yellowish pollinose

except sternopleuron, which is mostly black. Legs entirely brownish yellow,

shining. Halter reddish yellow, the knob concolorous with stem. Wing

(fig. 2) narrow, 2.5 times as long as greatest width; a distinct bulla

present in cell R 5 , around which vein R 4+5 is distinctly arched; stigma

narrow, 5.0 times as long as greatest width; vein r-m separated from

vein m by a distance equalling 2.3 times length of vein r-m measured

along vein M 1 + 2 ; cell 1st A ending apically in an elongation resembling

an equilateral triangle. Pattern with the following hyaline spots: one

in cell 1st C; two in cell 2nd C; two, small, in and near extreme base

of cell Ri ; three in cell Ri distad of stigma, equidistant, at least the

center one extending completely across cell and across vein R 2 +;i to fuse

with a smaller, rounded spot in cell R 3 ; one, rounded, at base of apical

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

third of cell R; one, rounded, in cell 1 st M2 usually touching vein M1+2

distad of vein r-m; one, small, in cell Rs touching vein M1+2 and crossing

it to join an elongate diagonal spot in cell 2 nd M2, leaving cell Rs

otherwise completely dark; two additional in cell 2 nd M2, the distal-most

large and extending diagonally from vein M1+2 to posterior margin; five

of varying size in cell Cui; three to six, all inconspicuous, occupying

cell 2 nd A. Abdomen. All abdominal terga subshining black, covered with

short, fine, brown to black setae ; ovipositor sheath swollen on basal

half or two-thirds, as long as last four abdominal terga taken together,

similarly covered by brown to black setae.

Male . — Similar in all respects to female except external genitalia,

which are large and shining.

Types (all California). — Holotype female. Camp Baldy Road,

San Bernardino County, 26-VI-1956, A. Menke, Jr., in collec-

tion of California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento. Para-

types: Same data as type (2crcr, CDA; 2(S'd, USNM) ;

Tehachapi, Kern County, 26-V-1958, H. L. Wilson, ex Chryso^

thamnus nauseosus (1?, CDA; 1 9, USNM); Neenach, Los

Angeles County, 28-IV-1959, Chrysothamnus (IcT, CDA; 1 9,

FLB) ; Pearblossom, Los Angeles County, 13-V-1956, W. E.

Simonds, composite (3cf cf, 5 $ $, CDA); Desert Springs, Los

Angeles County, 5-V-1956, J. Powell (1?, CIS); Victorville,

21-IV-1935 (Icf , CAS) ; Frazier Park, Kern County, 29-IV-1959,

F. L. Blanc, Chrysothamnus (1 $, FLB) ; Lone Pine, Inyo County,

29-IV-1959, R. P. Allen (cT, FLB); Tahoma, Placer County,

6-VI-1949, R. M. Bohart (ld',UCD).

Discussion. — The apical hyaline spot in cell 2nd M2 of two

of the paratype males does not cross vein M1+2 into cell R5, leaving

the latter entirely without hyaline markings. As far as we are

aware, no other Aciurina possesses three hyaline spots in cell

Ri; in this respect trilitura strongly resembles species of Valen-

tibulla but lacks a hyaline incision at the apex of cell R5.

A. trilitura is closely related to trixa Curran and maculata

(Cole). It is immediately distinguished from both those species

by the presence of three hyaline spots in cell Ri apicad of the

stigma, by the presence in cell 2nd M2 of three distinct hyaline

spots and in cell Cui of five, and hy the smaller size of the round

hyaline spots in cells R and 1st M2.

The only published key to the species is by Bates (1935) ; it

may be amended to include trilitura as follows:

9 . Wing brown at base.

BLANC & FOOTE^ — NEW FRUIT FLIES

April, 1961]

— Wing hyaline from extreme base to humeral cross vein 11

10. Three hyaline spots in cell Ri; three hyaline spots in cell

2nd M 2 trilitura Blanc & Foote

— Only two hyaline spots in each of these cells. maculata (Cole)

11. Cell 2nd M 2 with a large, rounded hyaline spot which occupies

much of its area, in addition to the subapical band trixa. Curran

— Basal portion of cell 2nd M 2 occupied by two hyaline spots, joined

or not anteriorly to form an inverted V bigeloviae (Cockerell)

Procecidochares stonei Blanc and Foote, new species

(Fig. 3)

Female. — Head. In profile 0.7 times as long as high, face and frons

meeting at antennal base at an angle of about 140 degrees; area between

anterior margin of eye and frons 0.8 to 1.0 times as wide as third antennal

segment; gena about 0.2 times as high as eye, which is not quite half

as wide as high; frons yellow to velvet brown, at vertex 1.8 to 2.0

times as wide as one eye, 1.3 times as wide as length from vertex to

lunule; hmule as high as its width at antennal base; face yellow to

brownish white, pollinose, distinctly concave, but not produced markedly

anteriorly at oral margin; antenna yellow to brownish white, pollinose,

third segment sometimes rather deep brown along anterior margin and

apex, arista brownish black to black, shining. Three pairs lower fronto-

orbitals, one pair upper fronto-orbitals, all shining black; genal bristle

very slender, situated immediately below lower curvature of eye; all

postoculars white. Thorax. Pleural tergites mostly shining black, especially

the sternopleurite, but with a very light pollinosity on upper half from

propleurite to metathorax, which is densely silver pollinose over a black

ground color; sternopleural bristle black, most remaining pleural setae

rather long and white; lateral third of mesonotum, including humerus,

shining black; a thin, silvery pollinose stripe on a shiny black ground

color occupying median third of mesonotum from a point immediately

behind head to scutoscutellar suture, with a slight widening at suture

and with short, white, blunt setae (sometimes appearing yellowish) as

follows: two rows, each two to four bristles wide, one occupying center

and one the margin of median pollinose stripe, a patch at suture crossing

shining area to lateral margin of mesonotum, four patches immediately

anterior to scutoscutellar suture, and scattered setae on pollinose area

behind suture. Dorsocentral bristle situated about halfway between suture

and a line between the anterior supra-alars, and located precisely at

margin of median pollinose area. Scutellum shining black, bulbous, two

pairs scutellar bristles, with four to six short white setae surrounding

base of basal-most pair; postscutellum black, darkly pollinose. Halter

shaft dark yellow, knob infuscated. Femora of fore, mid, and hind legs

dark brown but with yellowish knees, the yellow of fore femur more

extensive than that on other legs, remainder of legs brownish yellow.

Wing pattern as in fig. 3, stigma about 2.0 times as long as wide,

distance between' veins r-m and m measured along vein M 1+2 about equal

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

to length of vein i-m ; oblique hyaline area from stigma to posterior

margin of cell 2nd M; nearly always complete. Abdomen. Brownish black,

each tergum except the first with at least one row of black hairs on

posterior half, and white, flattened setae on proximal half, the area

covered by white setae increasing on posterior-most terga; terminal tergum

0.3 times as long as preceding. Ovipositor sheath shining brownish black,

basal half slightly swollen, as long as all terga, except the first, taken

together, but appearing shorter in many specimens.

Male . — Similar to female in all respects, but external genitalia dark

brown.

Types (all California). — Holotype female, San Ysidro, San

Diego County, 20-1-1948, E. D. Algert (U.S. National Museum

No. 65401). Paratypes: Same data as type (Icf, 1$, CDA;

2(Sd', 1? USNM) ; San Ysidro, 17-III-1949, reared stem of

Viguiera laciniata (1?, 2cfc:r, CDA; 1$, 4<<S d , USNM); San

Ysidro, 5-III-1948, V. 0. Miller, reared ex stem galls Viguiera

laciniata (3??, 2d d , CDA; 3 $ $, 2d d ■> USNM) ; San Ysidro,

coll. 23-1-60, emerged 1-II-60, Ed Algert, ex Viguiera laciniata

(6 9$, llcf'cf', CDA); Tracy, San Joaquin County, 25-V-1942,

H. W. Graves, collected from alfalfa, CDA No. 42F9 (1 $, CDA) ;

Deep Creek, Mohave, 25-X-1952, Timberlake (IcT, UCR) ; Oak-

land, 2-IV-1955, B. Hudson (1, sex not known; CIS).

Discussion. — P. stonei is a large species comparable in size

to Procecidochares anthracina (Doane) and P. grindeliae AldricK

It is distinguished from those two species by its lack of a pre*-

sutural dorsocentral bristle. In the only published key to the

species of 'the genus (Aldrich, 1929), stonei runs to P. minuta

(Snow), from which it may be separated by the shape of the

pollinose mesonotal area containing the pale hairs. In minuta

this area is strongly constricted at the acrosticals while in stonei

it is parallel-sided, causing the acrosticals to arise from inside the

pollinose area rather than from the adjacent dark, shining surface.

The species is named for Dr. Alan Stone, who first recognized

it to be undescribed.

Neaspilota wilsoni Blanc and Eoote, new specifes

Male. — Head. Entirely yellow, in profile 1.2 times as,, high as long;

eye 0.80 to 0.85 times as high as head; gena 0.2 times as high as eyp,

parafacial area scarcely wider than basal diameter and arista; face deeply

concave, with oral margin projecting anteriorly to level of junction of

face and frons; frons at vertex 1.4 times as wide as eye and 1.2 times

as wide as length from vertex to lunule; face in front, view nearly parallel-

April, 1961] BLANC & FOOTE NEW FRUIT FLIES

sided, not expanding noticeably to oral margin; antenna yellow, con-

colorous with Irons and face, 0.7 times as long as face, third segment

broadly rounded apically. Three pairs lower fronto-orbitals ; two pairs

upper fronto-orbitals, the posterior pair convergent; ocellar as long as

longest lower fronto-orbital ; inner and outer verticals concolorous with

ocellar and fronto-orbitals; postoculars whitish but slender and sharply

pointed. Thorax. Mesonotum with yellow ground color adorned with a

tomentose black pattern which extends centrally from anterior margin

to, but not including, dorsocentrals centrally, and to a point immediately

behind, but not including, acrosticals, leaving a broad yellow band on

lateral margin which includes humerus and presutural and supra-alar

bristles; entire surface of mesonotum beset with short, white, moderately

thickened setae ; dorsocentrals almost imperceptibly anterior to a line

through anterior supra-alars. Scutellum yellow, lightly tomentose, with

two pairs bristles; postscutellum and metanotum black, heavily tomentose

except centrally, where a shining black spot appears ; pleural tergites

principally yellow except for a small black spot immediately above hind

coxa and the black lower two-thirds of sternopleuron. Halter yellow,

sometimes with diffuse infuscation on external surface of knob. Legs

entirely yellow. Wing disk without definite pattern except for a diffiuse

brown spot occupying proximal half of stigma; none of the veins darkened;

proportion of length to width of stigma at its base as 7:3; veins R2+3

and R4+5 completely bare, including node; vein r-m about as long as

twice the distance between it and vein m, measured along vein Mi+ 2 ;

cell 1st A with a very short but distinct prolongation along vein Cus-f 2nd A.

Abdomen. Tergum I completely yellow; tergum II with yellow ground

color and with the following black subsbining areas: One pair of small,

submedian, elongated triangles, the points directed posteriorly and attaining

half the distance from anterior to posterior margins, these two triangles

scarcely connected anteriorly; one pair of similar but outwardly skewed,

paired triangles lateral to submedian pair but not attaining lateral or

posterior margins or tergum; terga III and IV similar to II, but all

four triangles connected by a continuous dark area along anterior margin,

the lateral-most triangles much larger. In some specimens submedian

triangles not connected on any of the terga, and in males with abdomen

severely contracted none of tbe triangles appear to be so; tergum IV

1.5 times as long as tergum III.

Female . — As in male, but paired black lateral triangles of abdominal

terga usually shorter than submedian ones ; ovipositor sheath yellow and

when flattened, 1.2 to 1.5 times as long as width at base, viewed dorsally.

Types (all Fresno County, California ). — Holotype male, Jaco-

LiTAS Canyon, 15-V-1956, H. ,L. Wilson, swept from composite,

Calif. Dept. Agriculture No. 56E-183, in California Dept. Agri-

culture, Sacramento. Paratypes: Same data as type (ScT cf, 2 9 9?

two of these pairs in copulo, USNM; 2cfcf, 19? one pair in

copulo, CD A) ; Coalinga, 25-V-1956, H. L. Wilson, swept from

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

April, 1961] BLANC & foote — new fruit flies

composite, Calif. Dept. Agriculture No. 56E-280 (Icf, 1?,

USNM; IcT, 1?, in copulo, CDA) ; 15 mi. n. of Coalinga,

28-III-1956, H. L. Wilson, collected from Coreopsis calliopsidea

blossom (Sd* cf, FLB) ; Coalinga, 21-V-1956, H. L. Wilson, Calif.

Dept. Agriculture No. 56E-238-2 (1?, CDA).

Discussion. — In the excellent key to the known species of

Neaspilota by Quisenberry (1949), wilsoni runs to couplet 8 on

account of the lack of darkening upon any of the veins or in

any of the cells other than the stigma; the absence of any minute

hairs on the anteroventral surface of the hind tibia of the male;

and the yellow abdominal hairs. Couplet 8 of that key contains

signifera (Coquillett) and brunneo stigmata (Doane). From the

former, wilsoni is distinguished by the light yellow veins and

lack of dark cloud at the base of the costal cell; from the latter,

wilsoni differs by the lack of anterodorsal setulae on the hind

tibia and the distinctive markings upon the abdominal terga.

N. wilsoni is named for H. L. Wilson, who has contributed

innumerable specimens to tephritid collections from the California

fauna, and who collected the type series of this distinctive

Neaspilota.

Urophora timberlakei Blanc and Foote, new species

Female. — Head. Frons, face, parafacial, and gena yellow; post-occipital

area entirely shining black; in profile head as high as long; eye 1.2 times

as high as wide; distance between anterior margin of eye and face 0.6

times as wide as greatest width of third antennal segment; frons as wide

as length from vertex to lunule and 1.4 times as wide as one eye at

vertex, scarcely narrowing anteriorly; from front view face narrow, somewhat

widened below, almost entirely hidden by the comparatively large antennae,

antenna 0.8 times as long as face; from lateral view face projecting strongly

anteriorly at anterior oral margin. All head hairs very slender and shining

black; two pairs lower fronto-orbitals, one pair upper fronto-orbitals ;

one pair diverging proclinate ocellars as long as longest lower fronto-orbital ;

postoculars slender, short, sharply pointed; genal setae anterior to genal

bristle very slender and inconspicuous; arista very dark brown or black

except at extreme base, which is bright yellow. Mouthparts geniculate,

the labellum slender and as long as, or longer than, head. Thorax. Mostly

dark brown to black and shining except for a tomentose patch on mesonotum

occupying central portion of area between anterior margin and suture.

Explanation of Figures

Right wing, species of California Tephritidae. Fig. 1, Myoleja unifasciata,

Blanc & Foote, fig. 2, Aciurina trilitura Blanc & Foote, fig. 3, Procecidochares

stonei, Blanc & Foote, fig. 4, Cryptotreta pallida (Cole).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

and extending posterior to insertion of dorsocentral ; a narrow, bright

yellow stripe, slightly widening behind, beginning on posterior third of

humerus and running directly to wing base. Scutellum, postscutellum,

and mesothorax concolorous with mesothorax ; dorsocentrals in a line

drawn between the anterior supra-alars; mesonotum with sparse black

setae 'about one-third as long as dorsocentral; two pairs scutellars. Halter

entirely yellow, with black setae on stem. Coxae, trochanters, and basal

three-fourths to four-fifths of all femora dark brown to black, remainder

of legs brownish yellow to yellow except for a slight darkening on middle

third of mid and hind tibia. Wing hyaline, without pattern; costa apicad

of stigma and all veins except Sc, Ri, and portions of M 3 , Cui, and Cu 2

darkened; subcosta somewhat atypical for family in describing a curve

toward costa rather than a sharp bend, stigma 0.4 times as wide at

base as length; vein R 4+5 completely bare; cell 1st A closed apically

without any indication of elongation. Abdomen. Concolorous with meso-

notum; tergum I shining; remaining terga slightly tomentose, together

about as long as tergum I, covered sparsely with setae about as long

as those on mesothorax. Ovipositor sheath circular in cross section but

collapsed dorsally on basal half or more in type; normally enlarged on

basal half ; entire sheath as long as last four abdominal terga taken together.

Male . — Similar to female in all respects except external genitalia, which

are bent beneath abdomen and hidden from dorsal view by abdominal

tergum V.

Types (all California) — Holotype female, Morongo Valley,

San Bernardino County, 27-IX-1941, Timberlake, ex Gutierrezia

lucida (in collection of the University of California, Riverside).

Paratypes: Morongo, 29-IX-1944, Timberlake (Icfj USNM) ;

Barstow, 12-IX-1924, Timberlake, ex CleQmella obtusifolia (Icf,

UCR) ; Summit of “Yucca V.”, 28-IX-1944, Timberlake, ex

Gutierrezia lucida (1, sex not known, UCR).

Discussion. — U. timherlakei is distinctive among all the

Urophora in having no dark pattern on the hyaline disk of the

wing — we therefore have no hesitation in describing it as new in

spite of the fact that the genus is badly in need of revision.

Urophora formosa (Coquillett) is similar in many characters but

has wide wing bands and a yellow spot at the center of the

scutellum.

We name the species for its collector, P. H. Timberlake, in

acknowledgment of the many tephritids he has made available for

study.

Genus Cryptotreta Blanc and Foote, new genus

(Fig. 4)

Diagnosis. — Proboscis normal, not geniculate; third antennal segment

April, 1961] BLANC & foote — new fruit flies

rounded apically; three pairs lower fronto-orbitals; two pairs upper fronto-

orbitals, the posterior pair not convergent; postoculars whitish; one pair

dorsocentrals, very close to suture and distinctly anterior to a line between

the anterior supra-alars; two pairs scutellars; wing with an indistinct

bulla ; vein m about its own length from vein r-m as measured along

vein Mh- 2 .

Type species . — Eurosta pallida Cole (1923:472; fig. 10. Holotype male,

San Francisquito Bay, Baja, California, 10— V— 1921, E. P. Van Duzee —

in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences). Monobasic.

Discussion — The description and wing figure presented by

Cole are more than adequate to identify pallida among all New

World Tephritidae. Cole placed the species doubtfully in Eurosta

on the basis of the wing characters, but it bears a much closer

resemblance to certain species of Eutreta in the position of the

dorsocentrals, the number and character of the fronto-orbitals,

and the habitus. It is not greasy as are so many specimens of

Eurosta in collections. The distinctive wing does not at all fit the

generic pattern of Eutreta.

The material studied is a single female from San Ysidro,

San Diego County, California, caught in a McPhail trap in a shade

tree, 12-IV-1960 by Tom Williams. It bears California Department

of Agriculture No. 60D22-22, is in the collection of that insti-

tution, and is only the second specimen known. The ovipositor

sheath is yellow medially, narrowly black proximally, and with

a dark apical ring about as wdde as the apical diameter of the

sheath. Dorsally the sheath is about 1.5 times as long as tergum V.

Literature Cited

Aldrich, J. M.

1929. A revision of the two-winged flies of the genus Procecidochares

in North America with an allied new genus. Proc. U.S. Nat.

Mus. 76(2): 1-13.

Bates, M.

1935. Notes on American Trypetidae (Diptera) III. The genus

Tephrella. Pan-Pacific Ent. 11:103—114.

Cole, F. R.

1923. Diptera from the islands and adjacent shores of the Gulf of

California. II. General report. Proc. California Acad. Sci., 4th

Ser., 12:457—481; illus.

Quisenberry, B. F.

1949. Notes and descriptions of North American Tephritidae (Diptera).

Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc. 22:81—88; illus.

S4 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

NOTE ON TWO EDITIONS OF J. C. BRADLEY’S 1919 PAPER

“AN ENTOMOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTION OF THE

UNITED STATES”

Hugh B. Leech

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco

In 1919 Professor J. Chester Bradley of Cornell University

published a fascinating account of a collecting trip taken by a

group of entomologists and friends. With a Buick, two Fords and

a trailer, they drove, dug and pushed their way from Ithaca,

N.Y. (May 24, 1917), to Berkeley, California (August 30), with

side trips, for a total of 6,094 miles.

Apart from being interesting reading, the articles have many

/aluable distribution records of insects of at least eight orders

especially Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera) , including specific

names, exact localities, and in many cases host plants.

The original appeared in Volume 8 of The Scientific Monthly

(parts 4: 356—377; 5: 403—420; 6: 514^526; the April, May

June issues), with a map and 37 un-numbered text figures.

The three parts were subsequently reissued under the same

title, continuously paged 1—54, and marked on the title page

[cover] as being “Reprinted from THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY,

April, May, June, 1919.” Persons who have only the “reprint”

should treat it bibliographically as a separate item, published by

The Science Press. Especially, they should not imagine that they

can tell from it on what page of the original a given paragraph

occurs. The make-up of the so-called reprint is almost all new ; only

one page of text is exactly the same; five pages consisting of single

illustrations are similar, but four are out of sequence. Other

than the map, all 37 text figures are differently placed, some by

as much as 38 pages; portions of the text have been reset, a few

parts of paragraphs transposed, and an 11-line footnote crediting

photographs has been omitted. All of which in no way detracts

from one’s pleasure in reading the article!

April, 1961] STEPHEN & TORCHIO BEE BIOLOGY

BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE LEAF-CUTTER BEE,

MEGACHILE (EUTRICHARAEA) ROTUNDATA

(FABRICIUS)i’2

( Hymenoptera : Megachilidae )

W. P. Stephen and P. F. Torchio

Oregon State College, Corvallis

For the past fifteen years, many investigators have concen-

trated on the accumulation of biological information on the native

bee species that appear to be efficient pollinators of alfalfa.

Considerable biological data has been accumulated on several

species of Megachile, since many of these species (or groups of

populations within the range of a species) appear to exhibit

oligolectic tendencies on this crop (Peck and Bolton, 1946; Hobbs

and Lilly, 1954; Michener, 1953; Medler and Koerber, 1958;

Stephen, 1955, 1956). The economic value of many of the leaf-

cutter species as alfalfa pollinators has provided a strong impetus

to the acquisition of biological information in this genus.

Information on M. rotundata (Fabricius) is of particular

interest, not only because it exhibits strong oligolecty to alfalfa in

areas of the Pacific Northwest, but also because it is one of three

species of this sub-genus that apparently has been introduced into

North America in recent times. The species was first recorded in

1937 by Mitchell from Rosemont, Virginia, Since that time it has

been reported from Washington, D.C. (Krombein, 1948), Kansas,

Missouri and Texas (Daly, 1952), and California (Hurd, 1954).

More recently, G. E. Bohart (in litt.) has found it to be wide-

spread in Utah; and the authors here report it to be abundant

in southern Idaho and Oregon, east of the Cascade Mountains.

The species is widespread throughout Eurasia and was appar-

ently introduced from that area. The American host records for

this species (Daly, 1952; Hurd, 1954) as well as those available

to the author from Europe r(Osychiuk, 1959) indicate that the

species is apparently polylectic, taking its pollen from a wide

variety of floral sources.

Observations on the biology of this species were made in the

^Technical paper No. 1397. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, supported by National

Science Foundation, Grant No. G4575.

^Dr. T. B. Mitchell of North Carolina State College provided the determinations of the

material on which this study was based. He suggests that there may be some question as

to the validity in the application of the name rotundata to this form, which will only be

solved through revision of the subgenus.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

Snake River Valley of eastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho

during 1959 and 1960.

Emergence

The first adults were noted during the first week in June.

Emergence continued until late June, reaching its peak during the

third week of the month.

Nesting sites

The species has been observed constructing nests in a variety

of different situations. Most commonly, individuals appear to

appropriate existing holes that closely approximate their own size.

These include holes from which nails have been removed, hollow

tubing, or stems of pithy plants in which the pith has been

removed, or has desiccated, leaving an aperture the size of the

bee. The species has also been taken in the process of nest con-

struction in cracks in boards, narrow areas between pieces of

stacked lumber, and beneath a coat hanging on the wall of an

out-door granary building. Where a distinct groove or channel

was available for the construction of the nest, the cells were

placed in a typical linear fashion. However, in other situations,

such as the nest constructed between the wall and the coat sus-

pended from a nail in the wall, the cells were located in an erratic

fashion covering an area of four to four and a half square inches.

Within this accumulation of cells there were obvious tendencies

toward a linear arrangement among many of the cells composing

the irregular mass.

None of the females was observed in the process of excavating

any of its own burrows, and apparently each occupied only an

existing aperture or hole which was suitable for cell construction.

It is possible that the female actually does modify the nesting tube

when the nesting medium is pliable and soft, since small amounts

of pithy residue were observed at the entrance to a nesting tube

in western sumac {Rhus sp.).

Cells

In a typical nesting tube the cells are arranged in linear order

as in other Megachile (fig. 1). Considerable variation in the

number of cells per nesting tube has been noted with this species,

and this appears to be a function of the length of the nesting tube

that the particular female is occupying. Several females were

noted constructing cells in very shallow holes in which no more

April, 1961] STEPHEN & TORCHIO BEE BIOLOGY

Fig.l

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1. a. Remnants of adhesive holding edges of cap leaves to inside of

tunnel; 6. Pupae in nesting tube dissected in very early spring; c. Over-

wintering prepupae in same nesting tube. Fig. 2. a. Typical four leaf cuttings

forming the cap of each cell; 6, Distinct pellets forming fecal mass at top

of cell; c. Pupa enclosed by cocoon, one leaf and nesting tube.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

than two cells could be constructed, while other nests were

examined which contained as many as seventeen cells.

The walls and bottom of the cell are lined with a series of

oblong leaves, overlapping each other on the bottom as well as on

the sides. The dimensions of the oblong leaf-cuttings that compose

the cup of each cell are variable, depending on the size of the

bee and the dimension of the aperture in which the nest is being

constructed. Those cells constructed in holes of approximately 4.5

mm. in diameter had but a single layer of four overlapping leaves

lining each cell. These leaves ranged from 4 by 6 millimeters to

5 by 8 millimeters. Cells constructed in nesting tubes of larger

diameter, i.e. 6 mm., were lined by two layers of leaves of slightly

larger size. The authors assume that the two layers provided

greater environmental stability within the cell and reduced the

size aperture to that preferred by the bee. The cells constructed

in cracks in wood or between two boards, and most particularly,

those cells that lay between the wall and a coat suspended from a

nail on the wall were all wrapped in several layers of leaf-cuttings.

Six of the cells taken from between the coat and the wall were

dissected. The cocoons were found to be covered by an average

of 17 leaves. Those cells in more protected areas, such as cracks

and crevices, had from eight to 14 leaves in the cup. It would

appear that the female responds to the less desirable nesting areas

by wrapping the cell in greater numbers of leaf -cuttings. This

would insure a more uniform environment within those cells

exposed to the rigors of climatic change. The interior dimensions

of the cells vary slightly about a mean of 4.5 mm. in diameter

by 8 mm. long, depending on the size of the nesting tunnel and

the size of the adult female.

There was evidence of “filler” leaves in cells removed from

oversized nesting tunnels, but these consisted solely of leaf -cuttings

or leaflets of alfalfa. There was no evidence of outer or inner

linings of soft petal cuttings to the cup or the cap, as reported

for M. brevis brevis Say by Michener (1953).

After the cell had been lined, the female began filling it with

a pasty pollen mass. The pollen laden female always entered the

cell head first, presumably to deposit nectar, retreated to the

entrance and backed into the cell to deposit the pollen. From

one-half to two-thirds of the cell was filled and an egg was laid

April, 1961] STEPHEN & TORCHIO BEE BIOLOGY

on the surface of the pasty pollen mass. The cell was then sealed

by a series of circular leaves of approximately the same

diameter as that of the nesting tube. The cell caps were depressed

slightly below the upper edges of the leaves, forming the periphery

on the cell and assumed a general concave appearance (see fig. 2).

The number of leaf-cuttings used for the cap varied from three

to six leaves, placed one directly upon the other. At least one of

these circular leaf-cuttings was glued to the leaves forming the

cup, or to the inner face of the nesting tube itself. The remnants

of this “glue” can be seen in figure 1 as dark resinous residue on

the wall of the tube. The source of this adhesive material is

unknown, but it is suspected to be salivary in origin, similar to

the secretion applied to the interior of the cell by M. inermis

Provancher (Stephen, 1955). The cell series continued to a point

just beneath the entrance of the tunnel. The nesting tunnel was

then plugged by a series of circular leaf-cuttings, the last of

which was approximately level with the surface. These end plugs

were composed of cuttings similar in shape and size to those which

formed the cap of each cell. Most of the nesting tubes were

plugged with eight to 15 leaves, but one was sealed with 33 leaf-

cuttings. The leaves of the end plug were held in place by an

adhesive applied between the edges of the leaves and the walls

of the tunnel.

Adult behavior

Mating is believed to occur away from the nesting site, for

there was no evidence of male activity about the nesting tube

entrances during emergence. Neither were males noted in the

proximity of the nesting tunnels at any time throughout the

season.

The females are very rapid fliers. Because of their small size

and nervous habits in the field, as well as their tendency to work

in denser foliage than the honey bee or the alkali bee, it was

difficult to observe their field behavior.

None of the females was observed taking pollen from any

source other than alfalfa, even though volunteer sweet clover,

sunflower, Russian thistle and mallow were available in close

proximity to the nesting site. Pollen analyses from a series of

cells revealed only alfalfa pollen. This preference for alfalfa in

the area of observation conflicts with the polylectic tendencies

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

reported for this species. Since an absolute distinction between

oligoletic and polylectic is unrealistic, the authors suggest that

M. rotundcDta, or populations of that species, be designated as

preferentially oligolectic. Preferential oligolecty applies to a

species, or restricted populations of a species, that may be able

to survive on a wide variety of hosts, but exhibit distinct prefer-

ences for one or more plant species when it is available. It is thus

conceivable that a broad range of limited or specific host records

for a poorly known species may lead to the implication that the

species is polylectic, whereas in fact, the species or populations

thereof, may exhibit rigid oligolecty when suitable nesting sites

are found in the proximity of the preferred host. The maintenance

of this type of ethological polymorphism in a balanced state would

tend to convey a marked adaptive superiority to those species in

which it is found.

Nesting observations were made on several females in early

July and then again in late August to determine the time required

to secure leaf-cuttings and pollen loads. Females in the process

of collecting leaves were timed as they left the tunnel opening

until they returned. It was found that females could cut the leaf

and return it to the tunnel in from 10 to 20 seconds after their

departure. Bohart (in lift.) reports that one female left the nest

and returned with a leaf -cutting in five seconds. In early July, the

pollen-collecting females returned to the nesting tunnel, pollen-

laden, in from one and three-quarter minutes to eight minutes

after their departure. By late August, the females required from

four and one-half to 25 minutes to secure a load; but it should

be noted that there was an extensive variation between loads

and among individuals. One female, for example, required four

and one-half minutes for one load, and twenty-six for the subse-

quent load. A second female was rather consistent, returning to

the nesting tunnel in from six to eight and one-half minutes with

eight successive pollen loads on the same day.

There are two factors which may account for the decrease in

efficiency between the early July and late August observations.

First, it may be a reflection of the effects of age on females’

activity; or secondly, it may be that the females have utilized

most of the available forage in close proximity to the nesting

site and are obliged to travel greater distances for their food.

April, 1961] STEPHEN & TORCHIO — BEE BIOLOGY 91

The very rapid accumulation of leaf-cuttings and pollen loads

would indicate that the females operate in close proximity to the

nesting site, with their absolute range controlled by the avail-

abiliy of forage.

The adults exhibit distinct gregarious tendencies in their

nesting habits. When a super-abundance of potential nesting sites

is available to the population, the females completely fill the

available tunnels in one area before expanding into those immedi-

ately adjacent to them.

Major adult activity extended from early June to late Septem-

ber and observations made on October 2 indicated that over

10 per cent of the original population was still actively engaged

in cell construction.

Leaf-cuttings

All of the observations on M. rotundata were made in close

proximity to blooming alfalfa fields, thus it may not be signi-

ficant that the females of the species utilized only alfalfa leaves

as a source of their nest linings. Invariably, the leaf-cuttings were

obtained from the lower leaves of the alfalfa plants in proximity

to the nesting site; and of these lower leaves, the older, yellowish

leaves were used most extensively. This apparent fidelity to alfalfa

as a souce of leaf-cutting may be only an indication of plant

availability and that the species can utilize a wide variety of plants

for leaf-cutting. Bohart (in litt.) reports that M. rotundata was

observed taking cuttings from the petals of the sunflower Heli-

anthus,, in Utah. However, their ability to utilize alfalfa as a

source of both leaf-cuttings and forage undoubtedly contributes to

the successful establishment of large localized populations of this

species.

Larva

The larva matured rapidly, consuming the entire pollen mass

within three weeks. Upon maturation, the larva deposited its fecal

material at the top of the cell, just below the end leaf -cuttings

(fig. 2) and commenced to spin its cocoon. It then transformed

into the prepupa, in which condition it passed the winter (fig. 2).

A series of nests was removed from the iield in October and

placed in a jar at room temperature in the laboratory. The first

emergence from these cells occurred on December 19, at which

time two males and one female were noted flying in the jar.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

Several nesting tubes and their contents were dissected at this time

and each was characterized by the presence, of pupae in the upper

cells, while the lower cells contaiped the typical over-wintering

prepupae (fig. 1).

There is only one generation per year of M. rotundata in the

areas in which the studies were conducted.

Parasites and Predators

No parasites were observed visiting or investigating the tunnel

entrances of this species in spite of the dense localized populations

on which observations were made. In addition, rearing and dis-

secting of numerous cells has yet to reveal any insect parasites.

If we accept as fact that this species was introduced into North

America in relatively recent times, then it is possible that the

indigenous parasites associated with this species in its area of

endemism have either not been introduced or are lagging in their

rapidity of dispersal.

Literature Cited

Daly, Howell V.

1952. Records of the Palearctic Megachile rotundata in the United

States. Ent. News 63:210—211.

Hobbs, G. A., and C. E. Lilly.

1954. Ecology of species of Megachile Latreille in the mixed prairie

region of southern Alberta with special reference to pollination

of alfalfa. Ecology 35:453—462.

Hurd, P. D., Jr.

1954. Distributional notes on Eutricharaea, a Palearctic subgenus of

Megachile, which has become established in the United States.

Ent. News 65:93—95.

Krombein, Karl V.

1948. An adventive Megachile in Washington, D.C. Proc. Ent. Soc.

Washington 50:14.

Medler, J. T., and T. W. Koerber.

195*8. Biology of Megachile relativa Cresson ( Hymenoptera, Mega-

chilidae) in trap-nests in Wisconsin. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 51:337—

344.

Michener, C. D.

1953. The biology of the leaf-cutter bee (Megachile brevis) and its

associates. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 35:1659—1748.

Mitchell, T. B.

1937. A revision of the genus Megachile in the Nearctic region. Part

YHI. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 63:304.

OSYCHIUK, G. Z.

1959. Apoidea of the Pravoberznogo Stepu of the Ukraine (In

Ukrainian) Acad. Sci. of the Ukrainian SSR, 91 pp. Kiev.

April, 1961]

PULLEN ANT HABITS

Peck, 0., and J. L. Bolton.

1946. Alfalfa seed production in northern Saskatchewan as affected by

bees, with a report on means of increasing the populations of

native bees. Sci. Agric. 26:388—417.

Stephen, W. P.

1955. Alfalfa pollination in Manitoba. Jour. Econ. Ent. 48:543—548.

1956. Notes on the biologies of Megachile frigida Smith and M. inermis

Provancher. Pan-Pac. Ent. 32:95—101.

NON-GRANIVOROUS FOOD HABITS OF

PHEIDOLE GRALLIPES WHEELER AND ITS

POSSIBLE PHYLETIC SIGNIFICANCE

(Hymenoptera : Formicidae)

Barry E. Pullen

University of California, Berkeley

Pheidole grallipes Wheeler (1916) is found in southern Cali-

fornia and Lower California and is common near Ramona, San

Diego County, California where I observed the ant in December

of 1957.

Pheidole grallipes constructs larger nests than many species in

the genus, throwing up mounds of soil several inches in diameter,

which are often located at the bases of shrubs. Each colony may

possess a number of queens, for, on overturning a large, flat stone

covering one nest, I observed five de-alated females, and there may

have been more in the deeper galleries of the nest.

Species in the large myrmicine genus Pheidole Westwood

ordinarily feed on insects and seeds, but a number of species either

have never possessed the seed harvesting habit or have lost it in

the course of their evolutionary development. While granivorous

species of Pheidole also feed on both living and dead insects and

spiders, they are not so well equipped to capture their prey or to

locate dead insects and carry them quickly homeward.

In the field in western North America it is often possible

to distinguish the carnivorous from the granivorous species of

Pheidole on a basis of external morphology. The granivorous

species can usually be recognized because they tend to be stouter,

with a greater disparity in the size of the major and minor workers

than is the case with the carnivorous species, which do not harvest

seeds. In comparison with the granivorous species, the carnivorous

or entomophagous species are more elongate, have longer legs and

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

antennae and have mandibles, which, in relation to head size, are

longer and sharper.

In contrast with granivorous species, the minor workers of the

entomophagous species tend to possess a head which is more

rounded or tapering behind the eyes, and their total body length

more nearly approximates that of the major workers. The major

workers of the entomophagous Pheidole usually possess heads

which are subcordate rather than subrectangular or subquadrate.

The subgenus Pheidole Westwood is rather large and unwieldy,

and a biological characteristic that may be of phyletic significance

is noteworthy. The carnivorous or entomophagous species may

form a monophyletic assemblage within this subgenus. In the

American species of the subgenus Pheidole, the absence of the

granivorous habit seems to occur primarily in Emery’s Biconstrica,

Fallax, and Fabricator Groups. Many species in the remaining

three Groups seem to be granivorous. Those of the Subarmata,

Group are nearly all very assiduous harvesters. P. grallipes belongs

to the Biconstricta Group (Emery 1921: 99).

While specialized feeding habits occur in certain groups such

as the Attini and Dacetini, there has been a general evolutionary

tendency in the Formicidae to broaden and diversify the primitive

ponerine and myrmeciinine entomophagous habit so as to include

other food items such as honeydew and seeds. The granivorous

Pheidole often exhibit greater structural complexity than the ento-

mophagous species, and it is in accord with Occam’s razor to

assume that the entomophagous species have not secondarily lost

the granivorous habit but instead represent the primitive condition

in this respect. If this is true, the entomophagous Pheidole may

represent a connecting link between a polyphyletic assemblage of

granivorous species and a primitive ancestral stock possessing

monomorphic, entomophagous workers rather like those of the

genus Aphaenogaster Mayr. The minor workers of some of the

entomophagous species of Pheidole resemble workers of various

species of the myrmicine genus Aphaenogaster Mayr, and the wing

venation of the subgenus Pheidole closely resembles that of certain

species of Aphaenogaster. Plates 18 and 21 in Creighton (1950)

show this close resemblance of venation. Both Pheidole and

Aphaenogaster belong to the tribe Pheidolini Emery.

At the Ramona site the workers of Pheidole grallipes are most

active late in the evening and on cloudy days. Wliile insects and

April, 1961]

PULLEN ANT HABITS

other arthropods were carried into the nest by returning foragers,

there was no deposit of chaff near the nest nor any other sign ot

Beed harvesting activity although various grasses were growing

nearby. P. grallipes would not accept bread crumbs and various

seeds placed near the nest but did accept cake frosting, syrup,

meat scraps, and various dead insects. Judging by the prey brought

in by foraging workers the species is primarily entomophagous

and is especially fond of termites. When a dead log infested with

subterranean termites [Reticulitermes sp.) was placed near the

nest great excitement reigned as soon as the termites were located,

and what must have been a large portion of the colony quickly

left the nest to exploit this food source. Other entomophagous

Pheidole that I have seen behave similarly. Creighton and Gregg

(1955: 36) have described the preference of P. titanus for ter-

mites. Termites are a favorite food of many species of ants, and a

predilection for them is probably common amongst the ento-

maphagous species of Pheidole.

The prey of Pheidole grallipes is overcome primarily with the

aid of the manidbles, since the sting is degenerate and nonfunc-

tional in this genus. A sticky substance with a rank, fecal odor is

exuded from the tip of the gaster and daubed on the prey or

enemy. This odor resembles that of army ants of the genus Neiva-

myrmex Borgmeier. As is usual in the Formicidae the minor

workers are more numerous and aggressive than the major work-

ers. The workers and soldiers of Pheidole grallipes are very agile

and run backwards and sideways readily. In combating an insect

larger than themselves the workers and soldiers grasp the various

appendages of the insect and pull backwards, stretching the enemy

or prey and pinning it to the ground. While grasping the prey

they often move the gaster up and down as if stridulating.

Pheidole workers possess a greater coordination of effort than

is true of most Myrmicinae. The workers of the entomophagous

species, at least, are able to carry out many of their activities and

movements, such as evacuating the nest or transporting food, sud-

denly and in concert.

Surprisingly large pieces of food can be carried through the

cooperative efforts of the workers and soldiers of Pheidole grallipes

and related species of entomophagous Pheidole. Several workers

will grasp the food particle with their mandibles. Of the workers

carrying the particle, those which are nearest the nest run back-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

wards; those bringing up the rear run forward in a more normal

manner while workers assisting from the sides run sideways while

grasping their burden. The food particle is frequently rotated as

it is carried around obstacles so that a worker will sometimes

temporarily pull in the wrong direction, but on meeting resistance

from the majority of her sisters, she quickly shifts the direction

of her efforts so as to conform to the general direction of move-

ment. In this manner large fragments of food are transported

rapidly along the odor -trail towards the nest.

I would like to acknowledge the help rendered by Dr. A. Earl

Pritchard, Miss Alice Gray and others who read the manuscript

and offered helpful suggestions.

Literature Cited

Creighton, W. S.

1950. The ants of North America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard,

104:1-585, 57 pis.

Creighton, W. S. and R. E. Gregg

1955. New and little-known species of Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formi-

cidae) from the southwestern United States and northern

Mexico. Univ. Colo. Stud. Biol., 3:1—46, 10 figs.

Emery, Carlo

1921. Formicidae, Myrmicinae. P. Wytsman, Genera Insectorum. Ease.

174, pp. 1-396.

Wheeler, W. M.

1916. Some new formicid names. Psyche, 23(2) :40-41.

THE TYPE OF ABEDUS INDENTATUS (HALDEMAN)

In my recent revision of the genus Ahedus (1960)^ I stated

that Haldeman’s type of A. indentatus could not be found in the

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and was presumed

destroyed. Recently Mr. David Fades of the Academy informed

me that the type has been located, and through the cooperation

of Dr. James A. G. Rehn, I have been able to study the specimen.

The type agrees in all essential details with the species to which,

in my revision, I had applied Haldeman’s name. The type is a

female and bears the labels “Calif.”, and 102. The specimen is

catalogued in the Academy Collection under number 9002. —

Arnold S. Menke, University of California, Davis.

^Menke, A. S. I960. A taxonomic study of the genus Abedus Stal. Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent.,

16(8) :393-440.

April, 1961] vojDANi — eurygaster 97

THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE GENUS EURYGASTER

(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Scutellerinae )

Samad VoJDANI^’^

In the course of investigating the ecology of some endemic

California Eurygaster, the problem of identification of species

arose. Seven specific names existed and were dealt with by Bliven

(1956) in a key. It was obvious when attempting to use this key

that the characters employed were too variable. Also there were

some additional characters used by Bliven in describing his five

new species. Therefore, the present taxonomic study became

necessary to attempt to clarify at least Bliven’s species and to shed

light on the systematics of Nearctic species of the genus Eurygaster.

The first species of North American Eurygaster to be described

was E. alternata by Thomas Say in 1828. Van Duzee described

E. carinata in 1904, but this name was changed by Kirkaldy in

1909 to E. sho shone since Van Duzee’s specific name was a pri-

mary homonym. Many locality records were published by Van

Duzee (1917) for these two species in North America mainly

involving the distribution in the western States.

In 1956 the latest and last systematic work to be published

on Nearctic Eurygaster was Bliven’s descriptions of five new

species: E. greggii; E. ukiah; E. macclellani; E. amerinda and

E. minidoka. All of the specimens he studied were collected in

northern California with the exception of a few individuals from

Idaho. In his key besides the five new species he includes E. alter-

nata and E. shoshone.

Unfortunately, the differentiating characters that Bliven used

such as color and size are so variable that identification based on

these features just leads to confusion. It has already been shown

(Makhotin 1947; Vojdani 1954)« that in Eurygaster homochromy

and the protective coloration are common intraspecific variables.

This is the reason why so many varieties have been described

among the common Palearctic species (nine varieties for E. maura;

eight for E. austriaca; six for E. testudinaria and more than six

for E. integriceps) (Peneau 1911, Wagner 1951). Also the size

of Eurygaster individuals, like many other insects, is very variable

^Research Associate in Entomology, University of California, Berkeley. Associate Professor,

University of Tehran, Faculty of Agriculture, Karadj, Iran.

-The work reported in this paper is part of a research project supported by an I.C.A.

appointment under Visiting Research Scientists program administered by the National

Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

being influenced particulary by quantity and quality of the food

ingested by the immature stages, e.g., the lengths of E. austriaca

11—16 mm., E. maura 8—11 mm., E. hottentata 11—14 mm.

The relatively small number of specimens examined by Bliven,

a total of 50 specimens for five species collected in five or six

localities (a species for each locality), does not provide a sound

basis for species characterization when based on size and color

alone. Furthermore, it is evident from the key characters and

illustrations used by Bliven that he had misidentified E. shoshone

and probably E. alternata.

Some 700 specimens collected from many localities in Cali-

fornia particularly in northern counties (fig. 7) and some from

other western states were studied to determine the extent of the

intraspecific variability.

In this series it was suspected that not only were the well

known species E. alternata and E. shoshone represented but also

all of Bliven’s so-called species. Since an effort to separate Bliven’s

species from one another failed when color and size alone were

used it was decided to compare the genitalia of both sexes of all

individuals in the series under study. The use of these latter struc-

tures have successfully resolved the species complex in the old

world (see Wagner 1951 or Vojdani 1954).

The genitalic differences found in the study series permitted

segregation of four groups of specimens, and it was concluded that

each of the following groups represented a species.

Group l.—E. alternata Say (figs. 1 and 2)

Group 2. — E. shoshone Kirkaldy (figs. 1 and 2)

Group 3.=E. sp. C (figs. 1 and 3)

Group 4.=£’. sp. D (figs. 1 and 3)

Groups 1 and 2 seem to fit the concepts of the two well known

species E. alternata and E. shoshone, but what specific names to

apply the groups 3 and 4 possed another problem, for there were

five Bliven names available.

To determine where Bliven’s “species” fall within the four

distinct groups (species) based on genitalic differences, the only

characters in Bliven’s descriptions that possibly could be used

were size proportions. Therefore measurements of length of body,

width of abdomen and also width of thorax, the latter not included

by Bliven, were made on 40 individuals of group 3 and of group

4 as well as 20 individuals of E. alternata and E. shoshone. All

April, 1961]

VOJDANI EURYGASTER

individuals were randomly selected and the data were analyzed

statistically. The results of this analysis are shown in Table 1 and

Figures 4, 5, and 6.

The data shown in Table 1 and Figures 4 and 5 indicate

clearly that the lengths and widths of four of Bliven’s species,

viz., E. greggii, E. macclellani, E. ukiah and E. amerinda, were

not significantly different and agree with the species group 3

designated above as E. sp. C., and Bliven’s species E. minidoka

Fig. 1 — General aspect of four Nearctic species of Eurygaster. A; E.

olternata Say, B: E. shoshone Kirkaldy, C: E. minidoka Bliven, D: E.

amerinda Bliven.

]00

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

corresponds with the proportions of species group 4 or E. sp, D.

The data shown in Table 1 and Figure 6 indicate that the width

of the thorax is less variable than the width of the abdomen and

not only supports the segregation of the above populations, but is

perhaps a more useful character for the separation of these species.

It is clear that the variability of size between the sexes distinctly

overlaps ; therefore size cannot be used to separate sexes as Bliven

believed. The structure of the last abdominal segment is the only

conspicuous and reliable character for sex determination.

Therefore on the basis of genitalia and statistical analysis of

Fig, 2 — Upper : Eurygaster alternata Say. Lower : Eurygaster shoshone

Kirkaldy. A. ^ Genitalia; B. $ Parainere; C. $ Genitalia.

April, 1961]

VOJDANI — EURYGASTER

101

size variability the following species of the genus Eurygaster occur

in the Nearctic region with the new synonymy as indicated.

1. E. alternata Say

2. E. shoshone Kirkaldy

3. E. amerinda Bliven=i£. greggii Bliven, E. macclellani Bliven, E.

ukiah Bliven (new synonymy)

4. E. minidoka Bliven

Distribution. The insufficient information available at the

present time permits only a sketchy outline of the distribution

of the genus Eurygaster in the United States. The general picture

however, indicates that they are fairly widespread. These bugs are

Fig. 3— Upper: Eurygaster amerinda Bliven. Lower: Eurygaster

doka Bliven. A. $ Genitalia; B. $ Paramere; C. $ Genitalia.

mini-

Table 1. — Size Comparison of Four Nearctic Species of Eurygaster in Millimeters

102

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

l-H

tr-

in'

l-H

iri

E-i O

•4

no'

Tj-

co'

t-^

■-d*

c/5

. U

f-l

«o

-IC

t*5

CO o

a ci

O CD

O r ■

o s

April, 1961]

VOJDANI — EURYGASTER

103

associated with savanna grasslands in the mountainous ranges

regardless of the altitude.

The present state records of the two earlier known species

show that E. alternata is distributed transcontinentally chiefly

across the northern part of the United States with extensions to

Canada and New Mexico. This area represented by records from

east to west includes Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New

Jersey, New York, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, North

Fig. 4 — Diagram showing the variability of the body length of four

groups of species of Eurygaster compared with Bliven’s species; A: E.

alternata’, B: E. shoshone; C: E. sp. C—(E. amerinda) ; D: E. sp,

Y)—(E. ininidoka) ; V: E. amerinda’, W: E. macclellani ; X: E. greggii;

Y : E. ukiah ; M : Mean of V.W.X.Y . ; X: E. minidoka. In each species

the vertical line indicates the total observed variations; the broad portion

of line one standard deviation of each side of the mean.

104

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

Fig. 5 — Diagram showing the variability of the abdominal width of

four groups of species of Eurygaster. (Letters and explanation as in figure 4.)

Dakota, Nebraska, Montana, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah,

Nevada, and California (figure 7).

In California, E. alternata is relatively scarce in collections

as compared to the other species. This species occurs in the

northern boreal areas of the state, viz., Eagle Creek, Trinity

County, Castella, Shasta County, and in the Sierra Nevada moun-

tains, Sattley, Sierra County, Hobart Mills (Sagehen), Nevada

County (figure 7).

During the past 50 years E. shoshone has been reported only

from the western states. This western species occurs from Wash-

ington to southern California with Utah as the eastern limit. E.

shoshone has been collected in Washington, Oregon, California,

Nevada, Idaho and Utah, and is fairly rare in collections.

The available records for California show that this species

tends to occupy the southcentral part of the state, particularly on

the slopes of the mountains surrounding the San Joaquin Valley

April, 1961]

VOJDANI — EURYGASTER

105

Fig. 6 — Diagram showing the variability of the thoracic width of four

groups of species of Eurygaster. (Letters and explanation as in figure 4.)

(figure 7). The following are available locality records: Rands-

burg, Kern County; Arvinwood Lake and Ash Mt. flume in the

Sequoia National Park, Tulare County; Mt. Hamilton and Pacheco

Pass in Santa Clara County; Moor Park, Ventura County; Mint

Canyon and Claremont in Los Angeles County; and Panamint,

Inyo County.

E. minidoka is the most common species in California, and

it also has been collected in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada

and Utah (figure 7). In California this species is widespread,

but is found mainly in the major mountain ranges of northern

and central parts of the State (figure 7).

E. amerinda is also a common species in California but has

not been collected outside of this state. It is found associated with

E. minidoka in most localities except in the San Francisco Bay

Region. Here E. amerinda is apparently the only Eurygaster

species represented (figure 7).

106

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

E. minidoka and perhaps E. amerinda will be found to have

a wider distribution when further study is made of eastern speci-

mens considering the genitalia and other specific characters. Since

E. minidoka superficially resembles E. alternata, the former species

may be misidentified in eastern collections.

Acknowledgment

During my visit in the United States many people have

assisted me in many ways. I am especially indebted to the National

Academy of Sciences for making possible these studies in Cali-

fornia. I am grateful to the members of the University of California

Fig. 7 — Distribution of Eurygaster recorded up to the present time in

the U.S.A. in general and in California specifically.

April, 1961]

VOJDANI EURYGASTER

107

Department of Entomology and Parasitology and the Department

of Biological Control for their kind hospitality and valuable

advice. Particularly I wish to express my gratitude to Drs. R. F.

Smith, K. S. Hagen, R, L. Usinger, P. D. Hurd, Jr., and to Mr.

J, D. Lattin of Oregon State College, and Mr. P. D. Ashlock of

the United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., who gave

me the valuable information at the initiation of this study. I wish

also to thank the authorities of California Academy of Sciences,

Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, and

the California Insect Survey for giving me the permission to

examine their collections.

Literature Cited

Bliven, B. P.

1956. New Hemiptera from the Western States with Illustrations of

Previously Described Species and New Synonomy in the Psyllidae.

Pub. B. P. Bliven City Ent., P. 0. Box 98, Eureka, California.

Kirkaldy, G. W.

1909. Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) . Vol. 1: Cimicidae.

Pub. F. L. Dames, Berlin, pp. 322. T.XL.

MAKHpxiN, A. A.

1947. Reports on the work of the Expedition to Central Asia for the

Study of the Noxious Little Tortoise Organized by the A. N.

Severtzov Institute of Evolutionary Morphology (in Russian),

1:120-135.

Peneau, J.

1911. Le genre Eurygaster (Hemipt. Heter.). Etud monographique.

Bull. Soc. Sc. Nat. Quest. 3em Sie, T. 1, pp. 157—193, 16 fig.

PI. 1-2.

Say, Thomas

1828. American Entomology, or Descriptions of the Insects of North

America. Vol. 3.

Van Duzee, E’. P.

1904. Annoted List of the Pentatomidae. Trans, Am. Ent. Soc., N. 1,

Vol. XXX, pp. 1-80.

1917. Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America North of Mexico.

Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., Berkeley, Vol. 2, pp. 1—902.

VojDANI, S.

1954. Contribution a I’etudes des punaises des cereales. Annalles des

Epiphyties, I.N.R.A., Paris, No. 2, pp. 105—160, fig. 15.

Wagner, E.

1951. Uber die variationen bei Eurygaster Arten Hempt. Heter. Scut.

Soc. Sc. Fennica. Commentationes Bioloicae; XH, no. H, pp. 43.

fig. 17.

]08

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

OCCURRENCE OF FORCIPOMYIA CILIATA (WINNERTZ)

IN NORTH AMERICA WITH NOTES ON ITS BIOLOGY

(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

R. J. Lavigne

University of Wyoming, Laramie^

Forcipomyia ciliata (Winnertz) has not previously been re-

ported from the North American continent. It has been reported

from Europe (Winnertz 1852, Kieffer 1901, 1925). The larva

was first described by Kieffer in 1901. Saunders (1924) reported

that F. ciliata occurred rather sparingly near Cambridge, England.

He described and figured the larval and pupal stages from speci-

mens collected under rotting water weed raked from a mill stream.

Further specimens were collected by him hibernating in the rotting

stalks of potato plants on a rubbish heap and beneath the bark of

a fallen branch. He further noted that this species was usually

found upon rotting fungi of the Agaric and Polyporus groups. In

a personal communication, Saunders {in litt. 1960) informed the

author that he had taken larvae of F. ciliata in cow dung at Fort

Chipewayan on Lake Athabasca, Alberta, on August 9, 1945, but

was unable to rear them successfully,

A series of 33 adults of Forcipomyia ciliata^ were reared from

decaying mushrooms collected in a wooded area on the campus of

the University of Massachusetts in Amherst on October 2, 1958.

The mushrooms were tentatively identified by the author as be-

longing to the Agaric group. Adults of both Forcipomyia ciliata

and F. pilosa (Coquillett) were reared from decaying specimens

of Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quelet^ collected from the same area

on September 29. Other adult diptera reared from the same speci-

mens of Armillaria mellea were as follows: Psychoda satchelli

Quate, Psychoda interdicta Dyar, and Scatopse fuscipes Meigen.

The larvae of F. ciliata observed by the author were collected

on October 2, 1958. The decaying mushrooms in which they

occurred were placed in a large glass jar and covered with a plate

of glass. These larvae were noted to be quite gregarious in habit,

as reported also for other larval F orcipomyia, occurring as a group

^Published with approval of the Director, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station as

Journal Paper No. 153.

2 Specimens of Forcipomyia were determined by Dr. Willis Wirth, specimens of Psychoda and

Scatopse were determined by Dr. Alan Stone, both of U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Washington, D.C.

^Determined by Dr. Howard Bigalow, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

April, 1961]

LAVIGNE — CERATOPOGONID

109

Explanation of Figures

Forcipomyia ciliata (Winnertz) : Fig. 1 — Seventh, eighth, and ninth

abdominal segments of the larva. Fig. 2 — Pupal respiratory horn.

of approximately 60 individuals. When collected the larvae were

in the third and fourth instars, stages in which they ordinarily

spend the winter (Saunders, 1924). Influenced by the warm temp-

erature of the laboratory, approximately 80 °F., they quickly

completed their development. They were observed to feed on the

decaying fungi. In the final instar, bars appeared between each

pair of spear-shaped setae on all the abdominal segments with the

exception of the ninth. (See fig. 1). No bars were observed on the

thoracic segments. Just before pupation, the larvae sought dry

leaves upon which they attached themselves in a circle with their

heads directed towards the center.

Pupation occurred soon after. The empty larval skins remained

attached to the fourth and fifth abdominal segments of the pupae,

as is the case with other members of this genus (Saunders, 1924).

The pupal stage lasted approximately one week.

Adults first appeared on October 13 and continued to emerge

until October 20. In captivity, the adults died within two to three

days.

Slight differences were noted between the larvae and pupae

collected by the author and those figured by Saunders ( 1924) . The

prothoracic segment and the eighth abdominal segment of the

no THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

larvae lack Saunders’ lateral hair d. On the prothoracic segment,

it has apparently been replaced by a microseta. Six pairs of setae,

other than the spear-shaped setae, occur on the meso- and meta-

thoracic segments and on the first seven abdominal segments as

opposed to the five pairs figured for these segments by Saunders.

In the pupal stage, the microchaetae are not as numerous as

stated for F. ciliata by Saunders. Saunders {in litt., 1960) notes

that in comparing the European and American examples of the

same species, the pupal respiratory horn is the feature most likely

to vary. This feature was found to be the one that showed the

greatest variance. As shown in figure 2, the hexagonal sculpturing

extends only about half way down the horn as opposed to Saunders’

drawing showing this sculpturing to extend the entire length of

the horn. The ellipsoidal areas figured by Saunders on the abdom-

inal segments of the pupa are lacking also. In all other respects

both the larvae and pupae agree with the descriptions rendered

for them by Saunders.

Specimens of the larvae, pupae and adults are deposited in the

U. S. National Museum, in the University of Massachusetts’ collec-

tion, and in the collection of Dr. L. G. Saunders at the University

of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.

I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. Willis Wirth of the

U, S. National Museum and Dr. L. G. Saunders of the University

of Saskatchewan for the identification of the adults, verification

of the larvae, and their helpful criticism of this paper.

Literature Cited

Kieffer, J. J.

1901. Zur Kenntnis der Ceratopogon-Larven. Allg. Zeitschr. fiir. Ent.

6(14/15) :216-219.

1925. Forcipomyia ciliata. In: Faune de France, Chironomidae, Cera-

topogonidae, 11, 138 pp.

Saunders, L. G.

1924. On the life history and the anatomy of the early stages of

Forcipomyia (Diptera, Nemat., Ceratopogoniae) . Parasit. 16(2):

164-213.

WiNNERTZ, J.

1852. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Gattung Ceratopogon Meigen. Linn.

Ent. 6:1-80.

April, 1961]

PHILIP TABANID RECORDS

111

ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF TABANIDAE FROM

THE WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA

(Diptera)

Cornelius B. Philip’^

The following records are based on materials collected by

the California Academy of Sciences (CAS) expeditions but

received too late to be included in the two previous reports

(Philip, 1958, 1960). Two undescribed species, plus a third

in American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) from Colom-

bia, are described below.

Esenbeckia Bella Philip, new species

(Fig. 1)

A striking, robust, reddish-brown species with midfrontal

callus, orange antennae, palpi and tibiae, and prominent, longi-

tudinal design on wings.

Female . — 21 mm., wings 20 mm. Head: Eyes bare. Frons subparallel-

sided, gently expanded below as figured, brown pollinose with narrow

buff margins and a median, reddish, shield-shaped callus with tridentate

upper margin. Subcallus small, concolorous with frons. Face moderately

protuberant under antennae, brown, sparsely pollinose; cheeks yellow

with orange beard ; a narrow post-ocular rim with row of low yellow

hairs. Antennae and palpi as figured, orange-haired; basal annulus broad,

the apical one long, attenuated ; apical palpal segment long, spatulate,

reaching to base of labella, with broad lateral bare area; proboscis brown

sclerotized but not thickened. Thorax: dull reddish-tan dorsally, unlined,

with concolorous hairs, except for paler tufts below and behind the

wing bases, and on squamae. Femora a little darker reddish than tibiae,

mostly red-haired. Wings brown on fore margin including both basal

cells and outwardly anterior to vein R4+5, a prong along R5 to margin,

the apex paler; remainder of wing behind, subhyaline including all cells

except extreme bases of R 5 , discal, and cubital. Halteres yellow, subepaulets

smoky black. Abdomen: enameled, mahogany red above, and black below,

except sternite 1 reddish pollinose; vestiture worn middorsally, mostly

brown to blackish, pale hairs across incisures of tergite 1 and sternites

2 and 3, and on outer corners of tergites 2 to 4, and sternite 4.

Holotype female, Colombia, Don Diego (100 ft.) , Magdelena,

May, (no year), H. H. Smith (In AMNH).

This beautiful species in its broad, sharply limited costal

band, and peculiar median callus is unlike any of the other

pictured-winged species known to me.

*U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes

of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratory,

Hamilton, Montana.

112

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

Esenbeckia filipalpis Williston

A male was taken by Ross and Michelbacher in Republic

Argentina, five ini. S. Lumbreras, Salta, 11-14-51. This is a new

record for the State of Salta.

Mycteromyia philippii Philip

Female, Chile, “E. entrance to tunnel, Aconcagua, 90 km.

S. lllapel, XI-28-50, Ross and Michelbacher.”

ScAPTiA (Scaptia) lata (Guerin)

Two females, Chile, Angol, 1-1-50, Ross and Michelbacher;

9, Chile, Bio-Bio, Negreto, XIl-31-50, Ross and Michelbacher.

Veprius annulicornis (Philippi), new combination

Male, Chile, 15 mi. S. of Los Vilos, Coquimbo, XII-13-50,

Ross and Michelbacher.

Esenbeckia ecuadorensis Lutz and Castro

Female, Ecuador, 20 mi. W. Guayaquil, Guayas, 100 m.

1-28-55, Schlinger and Ross.

Chrysops laeta var. sublaeta Philip

Female, Colombia, 15 mi. S.W. of Mocoa, Narino, 1610 m.,

111-1-55, Schlinger and Ross.

Chrysops variegata Fabricius

Three females were taken in Colombia, 40 mi. S. Cali, Valle,

1140 m., 111-6-55, and two others 17 mi. W. Sevilla, Valle,

111-7-55, Schlinger and Ross.

Stenotabanus furvus (Hine), new combination

A female taken in Peru, 10 mi. S.W. Las Palmas, Huanuco,

1000 m., lX-17-54, Schlinger and Ross (new Peruvian record)

and another in Bolivia, El Palmar, Chapare, Cochabam, IX-

8/15-56, L. E. Pena (coll. L. L. Pechuman), reveal that Stypommia

maculipennis Krober, also from Bolivia, is a synonym. The

species is darker than Stenotabanus venosa (Bigot) with which

Fairchild (1956) had synonymized S. maculipennis.

Diachlorus bimaculatus (Wiedemann)

A new record for Peru is provided by a female taken at

Pucalipa, X-2-54, Schlinger and Ross. The specimen has p^aler

hind tibiae than usual and the abdomen is like some Brazilian

variants in which the maculations are obsolescent.

Dichelacera (Dichelacera) chocoensis Fairchild and Philip

This recently described insect is represented by two females

April, 1961]

PHILIP TABANID RECORDS

113

taken in Colombia, 12 mi. S. Buenaventura, Valle, 30 m.,

III-27-55, Schlinger and Ross.

Dasybasis maculiventris (Macquart)

Ross and Michelbacher took two females of this somewhat

variable Chilean species in Bio-Bio, El Ababico, XII-31-50, and

one 3 mi. N. Los Vilos, Coquimbo, XII-13-50. The clouds on

forks with short spurs, and on cross-veins, plus wide fronts

with reddish, quadrangular callosities, often with blackish tri-

angular discs, are distinctive. The abdominal pattern in unworn

specimens resembles D. pachnodes (Schiner) in having brown

sides and suggestions of three rows of triangles, but occasionally

the abdomen is predominantly dark with lateral red obsolescent

as in one Bio-Bio female.

I have previously misidentified this species as D. shannoni

(Krbber) from several Chilean localities, and Tucuman, Argentina.

Though Krober described specimens (now destroyed) from

Patagonia, the synonymy appears correct. I have seen in Paris

the types of maculiventris discussed by Fairchild (1956).

Dasybasis pruinvittata (Krober), new combination

The same collectors captured one female in Chile, 5 mi. N.

Laguna Dam, XII-6-50, 8000 ft. This species has blackish body

with pale incisures and thoracic lines, and wide front with

transverse black callosity.

Dasybasis pachnodes (Schiner), new combination

They also took four females of this species in Chile as follows :

three, 5 and 10 mi. W. La Junta, Coquimbo, XII-7-50; one,

12 mi. E. Rivadavia, Coquimbo, XII -4-50. This little gray

species has three rows of pale spots on the abdomen, and wide

front with quadrate brown callosity. It appears to be fairly

common in parts of Chile, and has been seen from Neuquen,

Argentina. On account of frequent greasing, it is often mis-

identified,

Dasybasis acallosus Philip, new species

(Fig. 2)

A large, blackish hairy species with entirely pollinose front,

hyaline wings, and very small, slender palpi. Though the lack

of frontal callosity is unusual in this genus, other species also

assignable to Dasybasis, though with missing or only vestiges

of basal callosities, have been seen from Peru and Chile.

Female. — 14.5 mm. Head: Eyes black, unbanded, (relaxed), densely

114

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

covered with pale brown hairs. Front ash-gray pollinose with coarse

brown hairs; distinctly narrowed above, index 1:2.3; a small but prominent

brown tubercle just below vertex, no ocelli visible. Subcallus shallow,

dark gray, with orange lunules above the bases of the antennae. Face

smoky gray, covered with shaggy black and pale hairs. Antennae black,

dark brown basally with black hairs, the dorsal angle of plate low,

rounded. Palpi yellow with black hairs, not swollen basally, half as

long as stylets. Theca and labella fleshy, black. Thorax, abdomen: Entire

body, including notopleural lobes and scutellum, subshiny black with

bushy straw-yellow hairs most prominent laterally, some inconsj icuous

black hairs on notum, and dorso-caudally and ventrally on the abdomen.

Legs blackish, the two hind pairs of tibiae dull red; vestiture predominantly

pale. Halteres sooty. R 4 without basal spur-veins. Seventh tergite extruded

(perhaps abnormally) and as long as the sixth.

Holotype female: Argentina, five kilometers west of

Puente de Inca, Mendoza, February 5, 1951, 1200 ft., Ross

and Michelbacher (In CAS).

Two related species from Peru and Chile, which also appear

to be undescribed, differ in having wider, subparallel-sided fronts,

paler bushy beards and eye hairs, and shorter palpi. The

Peruvian species is much smaller.

A dense covering of orange pollen on the sides and face

of the type indicates plant visitation.

Tabanus (Lophotabanus) cyclopus Philip, new species

(Fig. 3)

A small, slender, brown-bodied species with narrow front,

red antennae, bicolored fore tibiae, large ocular spot on scutellum,

and a narrow, mid-dorsal yellow line on abdomen.

Female . — 13 mm. Head: Eyes bare, with lower purple pattern and

three green bands above, the upper purple band incomplete. Front narrow,

convergent below where it is filled by the small, reddish callosity with

a connected, darker keel to the upper third ; yellow pollinose and sparsely

pilose with two separated, vertical, bare brown streaks, at vertex; index

1:9. Subcallus and upper cheeks yellow pollinose. Remainder of face,

cheeks and beard whitish. Antennae entirely red, a little darkened on

the apical annuli; black-haired basally; plate about a third longer

than wide, and than style, gently excavated, the tooth obtuse. Palpi

dirty-white with black hairs, attenuated and but little swollen basally;

nearly as long as proboscis. Thorax: notum buff-yellow poUinose with

straw-yellow hairs, with two obscure, narrow brown lines; the eye spot

large, dark brown on praescutellum and scutellum, leaving the hind

margins of the latter narrow gray pollinose. Pleura pink above, whitish

below with concolorous hairs. Legs red with pale hairs, the fore tibiae

white basally, the apical third blackish with black hairs. Halteres pale

April, 1961]

PHILIP TABANID RECORDS

115

brown. Wings clear, spur veins a little longer than stems; cells Rb

wide open. Abdomen: long and tapered, reddish-brown with black hairs,

not paler on incisures, a narrow, middorsal yellow-haired line composed

of tall truncated triangles on tergites 1 to 6; 7 blackish. Venter pale

reddish with yellow hairs.

Holotype female: Ecuador, 20 miles west of Guayaquil,

Guayas, 100 m., January 28, 1955, Schlinger and Ross (In

CAS) . One paratype female, same data, 15 mm. In good agreement

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 1—3, frons, antenna and maxillary palpus of tabanids: Fig. 1 —

Esenheckia bella Philip; Fig. 2 — -Dasybasis acallosus Philip; Fig. 3 —

Tabanus cyclopus Philip.

116

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

but more worn so that the eye spot is obscured, and without

the accompanying holotype would doubtless be assigned to

subgenus Macrocormus on basis of the wing spurs. The median,

narrow abdominal line distinguishes this from other Lophotabanus

species known to me.

Tabanus (Philipotabanus) magnificus Krober

The following females were captured by Schlinger and Ross:

Colombia, two, 11 mi. W. Cali, Valle, 1940 m., III-23-55; seven,

12 mi. E. Buenaventura, Valle, 30 m., III-27-55. Ecuador, six,

6 mi. E. Santo Domingo de los Colorados Pichincha, 11-24-55.

Literature Cited

Fairchild, G. B.

1956. Synonymical notes on Neotropical flies of the family Tabanidae

(Diptera). Smiths. Misc. Coll., 131, 38 pp.

Philip, C. B.

1958. Descriptions of new Neotropical Tabanidae mostly in the

California Academy of Sciences. Pan-Pac. Ent., 34: 63—76.

1960. Further records of Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera) mostly

from Peru. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser.^ 31(3) :69— 102.

NEW HOST RECORDS FOR CHERRY FRUIT FLY IN OREGON

In the late summer of 1956, maggots of Rhagoletis cingulata

indifjerens Curran^ were collected from the fruit of Japanese plum,

Prunus salicina Lindl. at Hood River and Pacific plum, P. sub-

cordata Benth. near The Dalles.

A number of fruits picked from a single Japanese plum tree

in the residential district of Hood River contained exit holes from

which larvae emerged and pupated. Oother instars were also repre-

sented in the sample.

Numerous emergence holes were found in the plums at The

Dalles, and three fruit flies were observed on the fruit. Second

and third instars were commonly found in the fruit next to the

pit. The Pacific plum is not indigenous to the area immediately

surrounding The Dalles. The six small trees adjacent to a com-

mercial cherry orchard on the experiment station property were

trial selections from the Summer Lake and Klamath Falls area

of Oregon. — F. E. Ellertson, Mid-Columbia Branch Experiment

Station, Hood River, Oregon.

^Identified by: F. L. Blanc and R. H. Foote, CalifoTnia State Department of Agriculturfe,

Sacramento and U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., respectively.

April, 1961] LINSLEY & MACSWAIN ONAGRANRENA

117

DESCRIPTIONS OF ONAGRANDRENA ASSOCIATED WITH

OENOTHERA AND CLARKIA WITH TAXONOMIC

NOTES ON OTHER SPECIES

(Hymenoptera : Andrenidae ) ^

E. G. Linsley and J. W. MacSwain^

University of California, Berkeley

During field studies of the ecology an.d behavior of North

American bees which collect pollen from plants of the family

Onagraceae, a number of new species of Andrena (subgenus

Onagrandrena) have been encountered. Descriptions of several of

these are offered at this time in order that the names may be

available for use in other publications. At the same time, the

opportunity is utilized to make known the results of examinations

of the types of several of the earlier described species, the status

of which had been uncertain.

Andrena (Onagrandrena) furva

Linsley & MacSwain, new species

Female. — Related to A. (0.) hlaisdelli Cockerell. Integument black;

hairs black, those of mesonotum short, brownish, heavily plumose, diead

with clypeus densely punctate, without indication of a median smooth

line ; labrum with apical process convex, heart-shaped ; vertex without

a smooth area adjacent to ocelli, antennae with first flagellar segment,

measured along anterior margin, shorter than second and third combined.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum dull, moderately coarsely and densely punctate,

discal punctures contiguous and sub-contiguous, interspaces reticulate,

pubescence short, dense, brown, heavily plumose, with a few longer blaek

hairs intermixed; mesoscutellum similarly punctured; mesopleura coarsely,

closely punctate, the punctures shining: propodeum coarsely rugosopunctate,

shining, basal enclosure somewhat irregularly rugulose, basal and median

ridges predominantly longitudinal, straight, postero-lateral ridges oblique

but uneven and poorly defined; wings faintly tinted with black; legs

with scopa of posterior tibiae long and dense. Metasoma moderately

slender, apical margins of terga impressed and shining,, impunctate area

widest in mid-dorsal area, narrowing and sharply defined laterally. Length

approximately 11 mm., anterior wing 7 mm.

Male. — Unknown.

Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences, Entom-

^ The research reported here was supported by a grant from the National Science FoundaUon.

-The authors are indebted to Peter H. Raven, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont,

California, for assistance in making field collections and for providing names of the species and

subspecies of Oenothera which reflect his own biosystematic studies. G. F. Knowlton, John

A. Chemsak, Jack R. Powers, Gerald I. Stage, and Robbin W. Thorp also assisted in taking

field samples and William E. Ferguson made preliminary examinations of type species of

Onagrandrena in the Academy of Natural Sciences. Philadelphia, later confirmed by the

Writers.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

ology)^ from 4.5 miles northeast of Santa Margarita, San

Luis Obispo County, California, April 28, 1959, at 11 a.m.

P.S.T.^ (J. W. MacSwain). Paratypes (California Insect Survey,

University of California, Berkeley) from the same locality as

follows: one female, April 21, 1959, at 8:45 a.m. (J. A. Chemsak),

one female, April 28, 1959, at 11:15 a.m. (J. W. MacSwain) and

one female. May 1, 1959, at flowers of Oenothera contorta var.

epilobioides (but not taking pollen )at 10:57 a.m. (J. A. Chem-

sak). One additional female (not designated as a paratype) was

captured at Deep Creek, San Bernardino County, California, May

20, 1937 (G. C. Varley in P. H. Timberlake collection), another

at Altadena, Los Angeles County, California, May 2, 1936 (C. D.

Michener) .

This species differs from A. (O.J blaisdelli by the more

coarsely, densely punctate mesocutum which is clothed with

shorter, more densely plumose brownish hairs and the shorter first

flagellar segment of the antennae.

Andrena (Onagrandrena) raveni

Linsley & MacSwain, new species

Female . — Integument black with evanescent bluish or violaceous reflec-

tions ; metasoma bright blue or violet-blue ; pubescence black. Head with

clypeus convex, moderately shining but without indication of a median

impunctate line, densely, subcontinguously punctate at base, less closely

toward apex where the punctures are separated by one or more diameters,

labrum with apical process an long as or slightly longer than broad ;

vertex with a smooth area on each side of ocelli; antennae with flagellum

brownish, first segment, measured along anterior margin, a little longer

than second and third combined. Mesosoma with mesoscutum feebly shining,

densely punctate, punctures mostly less than one diameter apart, surface

between^ punctures very finely, shallowly, reticulate, areas enclosd by

reticulations square-shaped; mesoscutellum finely, closely punctate;

mesopleura densely punctate, the punctures coarser than those of meso-

scutum ;propodeum coarsely, contiguously and more or less confluently

punctate, basal enclosure moderately coarsely, regularly rugose, medain

and basal ridges longitudinal, postero-lateral ridges oblique; wings lightly

tinted with blackish; legs with scopae of posterior tibiae long and dense.

Metasoma moderately narrow, shining, second tergum with most discal

hairs long, predominantly plumose, terga two to four with a narrow

impunctate apical margin. Length approximately 11 mm., anterior wing

8.5 mm.

Male . — Integument black; metasoma bright blue or violet-blue; pubes-

^All times reported in this paper are Pacific Standard Time.

April, 1961] LINSLEY & MACSWAIN ONAGRANRENA 119

cence long, predominantly black, with whitish or yellowish-white hairs

on vertex, on genae below mandibles, dorsum, sides and venter of thorax

and on first metasomal tergum. Head with clypeus densely punctate; labrum

with apical process broad, shining, shallowly emarginate; antennae with

first segment, measured along anterior margin, a little longer than second.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum dull, moderately closely punctate but some

discal punctures separated by at least one diameter, pubescence thin,

not obscuring surface, mesoscutellum a little more densely punctate, more

densely clothed with long pale hairs, propodeum coarsely rugoso-punctate,

basal enclosure regularly rugose, basal and median ridges longitudinal,

postero-lateral ridges oblique. Metasoma with a narrow impunctate apical

margin. Length, approximately 11 mm., anterior wing 8.5 mm.

Holotype female and allotype male (California Academy of

of Sciences, Entomology) from 9.5 miles west of Austin,

Lander County, Nevada, June 7, 1959, visiting Oenothera clavae-

formis integrior, at 8:06 a.m. and 8:29 a.m., respectively (J. W,

MacSwain) and 388 paratypes (California Insect Survey, Univer-

sity of California, Berkeley) as follows:

Same locality and flowers; 2 females, June 6, 1959 between 9:00—9:10

a.m.; 49 females, June 6, 1959, between 3:51—6:27 p.m. (some taking

pollen) ; 1 male and 46 females, June 7, 1959 (none with pollen) ;

1 female from 11 miles west of Austin, June 6, 1959, visiting Oenothera

clavaeformis integrior, between 8:50—8:55 a.m.; 11 females from 14.5

miles west of Austin, June 6—7, 1959 visiting Oenothera clavaeformis

integrior, between 8:30—8:45 a.m. and 7:53—9:25 a.m.; 61 females, 9.5 miles

west of Austin, June 6, 1960, visiting Oenothera clavaeformis integrior

(25 with pollen), between 4:08 and 6:16 a.m.; 55 females, same locality

and flowers (4 with pollen), June 7, 1960, between 6:02 and 7:14 a.m.;

43 females, same loeality and flowers (16 with pollen), June 7, 1960,

between 3:54 and 5:59 p.m. (J. W. MacSwain) ; 16 females, 9.7 miles

west of Austin, Reese River Valley, June 6, 1960, visiting Oenothera

clavaeformis integrior (none with pollen), between 6:15 and 7:12 a.m.;

25 females same locality and flowers (12 with pollen), between 4:10

and 5:41 p.m.; 2 males, 8 females, 14.7 miles west of Austin, Reese

River Valley, June 5, 1960, visiting Oenothera clavaeformis integrior

(none with pollen), between 6:30 and 6:40 a.m.; 2 males, 8 females,

same locality and flowers (2 with pollen), June 6, 1960, between 4:06

and 5:59 p.m.; 2 males, 1 female, same locality, June 5, 1960, taking

nectar from Sisymbrium altissimum at 11:01 to 11:12 a.m. and 4:45 p.m,

respectively (E. G. Linsley) ; 1 male, 4 females, 14.5 miles west of Austin,

June 5, 1960, visiting Oenothera clavaeformis integrior (none with pollen) ;

1 male, 12 miles east of Austin, June 11, 1960, visiting Oenothera clavae-

formis integrior (J. W. MacSwain) ; 2 males, 44 females, 3 miles east

of Railroad Pass, Lander County, Nevada, June 7, 1960, visiting flowers

of Oenothera clavaeformis integrior between 5:51 and 6:55 a.m.; 2 males.

120

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

1 female, 2.5 miles east of Austin Summit, Lander County, Nevada,

June 6, 1960, taking nectar from Taraxacum officinale (E. G. Linsley).

Additional specimens (not designated as paratypes) are as

follows :

One female, Umatilla, Umatilla County, Oregon, June 24, 1882;

4 females. Steamboat Springs, 10 miles south of Reno, Washoe County,

Nevada, May 29, 1959, collecting pollen from Oenothera clavaeformis

cruciformis, between 7:40—8:11 a.m. (P. H. Raven); 4 females, Reno,

10 miles south on U.S. Highway 395, Washoe County, Nevada, June

18-19, 1959, collecting pollen from Oenothera clavaeformis cruciformis,

at 7:03 a.m., 7:09 a.m. and 6:42 a.m. (E. G. Linsley, R. W. Thorp, G.

I. Stage) ; 2 males, 48 females, same locality and flowers (12 with pollen),

June 10, 1960, between 5:42 and 7:38 a.m. (E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain) ;

3 females, 4 miles east of Emigrant Pass, Eureka County, Nevada, June

14, 1960, visiting flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis integrior (all with

pollen), between 6:05 and 6:35 a.m.; 1 female, 22 miles west of Emigrant

Pass, June 14, 1960, visiting flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis integrior

(without pollen), at 7:05 a.m. (J. W. MacSwain); 16 females, 28.5 miles

west of Eureka, Eureka County, Nev., June 8, 1960, visiting flowers of Oeno-

thera clavaeformis integrior (6 with pollen), between 6:48 and 8:02 a.m. (E.

G. Linsley and J. W. MacSwain) ; 9 females, same locality and date,

visiting flowers of Stanleya pinnata (none with pollen), between 7:27

and 8:45 a.m. (J. W. MacSwain) ; 34 females, same locality, June 9, 1960,

visiting flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis integrior (18 with pollen),

between 6:20 and 8:58 a.m. (E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain) ; 5 females,

same locality and date, visiting flowers of Stanleya pinnata (none with

pollen), between 7:25 and 8:45 a.m.; 5 females, same locality, June 11,

1960, visiting flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis integrior (1 with pollen),

between 4:33 and 5:54 p.m. (J. W. MacSwain) ; 3 females, 33.8 miles

west of Eureka, June 7, 1960, visiting flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis

integrior (1 with pollen in the afternoon), 1 at 10:10 a.m. and 2 between

4:05 and 4:08 p.m. (E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain) ; 7 females, 36.2

miles west of Eureka, June 7, 1960, visiting flowers of Oenothera clavae-

formis integrior (5 with pollen), between 3:38 and 3:45 p.m. (E. G.

Linsley); 2 females, 37 miles west of Eureka, June 7, 1960, visiting

flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis integrior (none with pollen), between

3:47 and 3:48 p.m. (J. W. MacSwain); 7 females, same locality, June 8,

1960, visiting flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis integrior (1 with pollen),

between 7:12 and 7:24 a.m. (E. G. Linsley); 5 females, 7.6 miles north

of Eureka, June 13, 1960, visiting flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis integrior

(2 with pollen), between 5:45 and 5:55 a.m.; 8 females, 17.1 miles north

of Eureka, June 13, 1960, visiting flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis

integrior (none with pollen), between 6:05 and 6:15 a.m.; 5 females,

50.2 miles north of Eureka, June 13, 1960, visiting flowers of Oenothera

clavaeformis integrior (2 with pollen), between 6:55 and 7:00 a.m,;

1 female, 70.8 miles north of Eureka, June 13, 1960, visiting flowers of

Oenothera clavaeformis integrior (without pollen), between 7:15 and

April, 1961] LINSLEY & MACSWAIN ONAGRANRENA

121

7:30 a.m. ; 4 females, 73.3 miles north of Eureka, June 13, 1960, visiting

flowers of Oenothera clavaejormU integrior (2 with pollen), between

7:30 and 7:45 a.m.; 1 female, 2 males, 28.5 miles west of Eureka,

Eurkea County, Nevada, June 7, 1959, visiting Oenothera clavaeformis

integrior, between 11:30 a.m. and 12:00 noon; 1 female, 3.6 miles south

of Tooele, Tooele County, Utah, June 16, 1959, visiting Oenothera latifolia

(J. W. MacSwain) ; 1 female, 3.5 miles south of Ravendale, Lassen County,

California, June 20, 1959, visiting Oenothera tanacetifolia at 7:12 a.m.

(G. I. Stage) ; 21 females, 6.5 miles north of Termo, Lassen County,

California, June 21, 1959, taking pollen from Oenothera tanacetifolia

between 6:34—8:24 a.m. (G. I. Stage) ; and 17 females, 0.5 miles north

of Madeline, Lassen County, California ,June 21, 1959, taking pollen

from Oenothera tanacetifolia between 6:34—7:59 a.m. (R. W. Thorp);

2 females, June 9, 1960, visiting flowers of Oenothera tanacetifolia (2 with

pollen), between 8:47 and 9:56 a.m.; 1 male, 1 female, same locality,

date and flowers at 7:31 a.m. and 1:40 p.rti. respectively (without pollen);

1 female, same locality and date, visiting flowers of Madia ramii for

nectar at 10:34 a.m.; 2 males, same locality and date, 1 cruising bush

at 9:12 a.m., the other visiting Agoseris glauca for nectar between 11:10

and 11:20 a.m.; 1 female, same locality, June 11, 1960, visiting flowers

of Oenothera tanacetifolia (with pollen), at 8:29 a.m.; 1 female, 2 miles

north of Ravendale, Lassen County, California, June 10, 1960, on ground

at 7:46 a.m. (G. I. Stage) ; and 4 females, 5.5 miles north of Termo,

June 23, 1960, visiting flowers of Oenothera tanacetifolia (1 with pollen),

between 6:58 and 8:12 a.m. (J. W. MacSwain).

This species differs at once from other members of the

oenotherae complex by the blue coloration of the abdomen in

both sexes. It can also be differentiated by having the produced

apex of the labrum short, not or scarcely longer than wide. Also,

the mesoscutum is feebly shining and the surface between the

punctures is very finely, shallowly reticulate with the network

being composed of square-shaped enclosures.

Andrena (Onagrandrena) chylismiae

Linsley & MacSwain, new species

Female. — Integument black; pubescence black. Head with clypeus

convex, densely punctate, without indication of a median longitudinal

smooth line ; labrum with apipal process narrow, parallel-sided, longer

than broad; vertex punctate between ocelli and compound eyes; antennae

with first flagellar segment, measured along anterior margin, as long

as second and third combined, flagellar segments black. Mesosoma with

mesoscutum opaque, closely punctate, punctures mostly less than a diameter

apart, interspaces finely resticulate, areas enclosed by reticulations sub-

circular, distinctly impressed; mesoscutellum closely punctate; mesopleura

a little more coarsely, densely punctate than mesoscutum ; propodeum

coarsely, subcontiguously, reticulate-punctate, basal enclosure very coarsely, “

122

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

irregularly rugose, wings lightly tinted with blackish; legs with scopae

of posterior tibiae moderately long, subequal to width of tibiae, and

moderately dense. Metasoma broad; second tergum with most anterior

hairs long, predorhinantly plumose, surface moderately coarsely punctured,

most punctures separated by from one to three diameters, terga two to

four without a broad, apical impunctate band, apical impressed margin

densely punctate. Length approximately 13.5 mm., anterior wing 10 mm.

Male. — Integunient black; pubescence entirely black. Head with clypeus

moderately, coarsely, densely punctate; labrum with process emarginate,

bilobed; antennae with flagellum black, first segment about as long as

second. Mesosoma with mesoscutum opaque, very densely punctate and

reticulate, pubescence thin ; not concealing surface ; mesoscutellum densely

clothed with very long, erect hairs, propodeum sculptured much as in

the female, enclosed area coarsely, somewhat regularly, longitudinally

rugose. Metasoma with a narrow impunctate margin on terga two to five,

length approximately 11 mm., anterior wing, 9 mm.

Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences, Entom-

ology) from Steamboat Springs, 10 miles south of Reno,

Washoe County, Nevada, May 29, 1959, at flowers of Oenothera

clavaeformis cruciformis at 7:44 a.m. (P. H. Raven), allotype

male (California Academy of Sciences, Entomology), sdme

locality, June 10, 1960, at flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis

cruciformis at 7:30 a.m. (E. G. Linsley), and 206 paratypes (Cali-

fornia Insect Survey, University of California, Berkeley) as

follows :

Nine females from Steamboat Springs, 10 miles south of Reno, Washoe

County, Nevada, May 29, 1959, collecting pollen from Oenothera clavaeformis

cruciformis between 7:20—8:28 a.m. (P. H. Raven); 7 females, Reno,

10 miles south on U.S. Highway 395, Washoe County, Nevada, June 18,

1959, visiting flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis cruciformis between 6:40

a.m. and 7:44 a.m. (E. G. Linsley, R. W. Thorp); 31 females, same

locality, June 10, 1960, visiting flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis cruciformis

(15 with pollen), between 5:40 and 7:40 a.m. (E. G. Linsley, J. W.

MacSwain) ; 5 males. Big Pine Creek, Inyo County, California, elevation

8000 feet. May 19, 1947 (R. M. Bohart) ; 3 males, 28.5 miles west of

Eureka, Eureka County, Nevada, June 7, 1959, visiting Oenothera clavae-

formis integrior between 11:30 a.m. and 12:15 p.m. (J. W. MacSwain);

8 females 9.5 miles west of Austin, Lander County, Nevada, June 6—7,

1959, visiting flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis integrior at 9:00—9:10

a.m. and between 8:22—8:59 a.m.; 21 females, same locality and flowers,

June 7, 1960 (10 with pollen), between 5:18 and 7:10 p.m. (J. W. Mac-

Swain) ; 5 females, Reese River Valley, 9.7 miles west of Austin, June 6, 1960,

visiting flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis integrior (4 with pollen), between

5:46 and 7:08 a.m.; 1 male, Reese River Valley, 14.7 miles west of Austin,

June 5, 1960 at flowers of Sisymbrium altissimum at 4:44 p.m.; 7 females.

April, 1961] LINSLEY & MACSWAIN — ONAGRANRENA

123

3 miles east of Railroad Pass, Lander County, Nevada, June 7, 1960,

visiting flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis integrior (without pollen),

between 5:59 and 6:55 a,m. ; 2 males, 2.5 miles east of Austin, Lander

County, Nevada, June 6, 1960, visiting flowers of Taraxacum officinale

(E. G. Linsley) ; 1 female, 12 miles east of Austin, June 11, 1960, visiting

flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis integrior (J. W, MacSwain) ; 26 females,

28.5 miles west of Eureka, Eureka County, Nevada, June 8, 1960, visiting

flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis integrior (16 with pollen), between

6:48 and 8:15 a.m. ; 19 females, same locality and date, visiting flowers

of Stanleya pinnata (without pollen) between 7:27 and 9:17 a.m. (E.

G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain) ; 1 male, same locality and date, visiting

flowers of Haplopappus acaulis, at 9:00 a.m. (E. G. Linsley) ; 42 females,

same locality, June 9, 1960, visiting flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis

integrior (35 with pollen), between 5:37 and 9:03 a.m. (E. G. Linsley,

J. W. MacSwain) ; 7 females, same locality and date, visiting flowers

of Stanleya pinnata (without pollen), between 7:08 and 8:05 a.m.; 2

females, 7.6 miles north of Eureka, June 13, 1960, visiting flowers of

Oenothera clavaeformis integrior (without pollen), between 5:45 and 5:55

a.m.; 1 female, 17.1 miles north of Eureka, June 13, 1960, visiting flowers

of Oenothera clavaeformis integrior (without pollen), between 6:05 and

6:15 a.m.; 1 female, 50.2 miles north of Eureka, June 13, 1960, visiting

flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis integrior (without pollen), between

6:55 and 7:00 a.m.; 4 females, 73.3 miles north of Eureka, June 13,

1960, visiting flowers of Oenothera clavaeformis integrior (without pollen),

between 7:30 and 7:45 a.m.; 3 females, 4 miles east of Emigrant Pass,

Eureka County, Nevada, June 14, 1960, visiting flowers of Oenothera

clavaeformis integrior (2 with pollen), between 6:05 and 6:35 a.m. (J.

W. MacSwain).

This species is apparently related to the following, but females

of the two may be readily distinguished by the sculpturing of the

propodeal enclosure and the punctation of the second metasomal

tergite. The male differs from all others known to us in the wholly

black pubescence.

Andrena (Onagrandrena) vespertina

Linsley & MacSwain new species

Female. — Integument black; pubescence black. Head with clypeus

convex, densely punctate, without indication of a median longitudinal

smooth line; labrum with apical process narrow, parallel-sided, distinctly

longer than broad; vertex punctate between ocelli and compound eyes;,

antennae with first fiagellar segment, measured along anterior margin,

as long as second and third combined, flagellar segments, except the

first, reddish-brown. Mesosoma with mesoscutum dullish, finely and closely

punctured, punctures mostly less than a -diameter apart, interspaces finely

reticulate, areas enclosed by reticulations elongate, narrowly impressed;

mesoscutellum closely punctate; mesopleura a little more coarsely, densely

124

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

punctate than mesoscutum; propodeum coarsely, subcontiguously, reticulate-

punctate, basal enclosure finely, longitudinally, and only slightly obliquely

rugose, the median ridges more prominent; wings lightly tinted with-

blackish; legs with scopae of posterior tibiae moderately long (width of

tibiae) and moderately dense. Metasoma moderately broad, shining, second

tergum with most anterior hairs long, predominantly plumose, surface

finely punctate, most punctures separated by at least three to five diameters,

terga two to four without a broad, apical impunctate band, apical impressed

margin shining but distinctly, though finely and sparsely, punctured. Length

approximately 12.5 mm., anterior wing 9.5 mm.

Male. — Integument black; pubescence of anterior margin and sides

of clypeus, genae behind mandibles, and dorsum of thorax yellowish-

white, a few pale hairs on first metasomal tergite, elsewhere black. Head

with clypeus moderately densely punctate; labrum with process emarginate,

bilobed: antennae with flagellum black, first segment about as long as

second. Mesosoma with mesoscutum dull, moderately closely punctate,

pubescence thin, not concealing surface; mesoscutellum densely clothed

with very long, erect, yellowish-white hairs; propodeum sculptured much

as in the female, enclosed area finely and more or less longitudinally

rngulose. Metasoma with a narrow impunctate margin on terga two to five.

Length approximately 10.5 mm., anterior wing 8 mm.

Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences, Entom-

ology) from 18 miles east of Bakersfield, Kern County, California,

April 19, 1958, collecting pollen from Oenothera decorticans

decorticans between 5:07 and 5:17 p.m., (E. G. Linsley), allotype

male, same locality, March 9, 1959, taking nectar from Isomerus

arborea between 9:30 and 11:45 a.m., (R. W. Thorp), and 121

paratypes (California Insect Survey, University of California,

Berkeley), all from the same locality, as follows:

Five males, 3 females, March 28, 1953 (J. W. MacSwain) ; 20 females,

April 19, 1958, collecting pollen from Oenothera decorticans decorticans

between 5:13 and 5:35 p.m. (E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain) ; 20 males,

2 females, March 9, 1959 (J. W. MacSwain, R. W. Thorp) ; 4 males,

6 females, March 27—28 and April 2, 1959 (E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain,

J. R. Powers, G. 1. Stage, R. W. Thorp) ; 1 female, March 11, 1960 (collecting

pollen from Oenothera dentata var. parishii), at 9:41 a.m. (E. G. Linsley) ;

16 females, March 12, 1960 (5 with pollen from Oenothera dentata parishii,

11 from burrows), between 7:29 and 8:00 a.m. (E. G. Linsley, J. W.

MacSwain); 1 female, March 18, 1960, at 6:00 p.m. (J. W. MacSwain);

27 males, March 20, 1960 (cruising bushes), between 7:50 and 8:00 a.m.,

and 9:05 and 9:10 a.m. (E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain) ; 1 female,

March 20, 1960, visiting flowers of Oenothera dentata var. parishii (without

pollen) at 7:12 a.m. (J. W. MacSwain); 2 males, March 29, 1960,

cruising flowers of Oenothera decorticans decorticans at 4:12 p.m.; 15

females, March 29, 1960, visiting flowers of Oenothera decorticans decorticans

April, 1961] LINSLEY & MACSWAIN ONAGRANRENA

125

(7 with pollen) between 4:31 and 5:19 p.m. (E. G. Linsley, J. W.

MacSwain) ; 1 male, March 30, 1960, sleeping; 1 male, April 2, 1960,

visiting composite (J. W. MacSwain) ; 5 females, April 2, 1960, 3 visiting

flowers of Oenothera decorticans decorticans (3 with pollen) between

5:08 and 5:22 p.m. (E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain) ; 1 female, April 9,

1960, visiting flowers of Oenothera dentata var. parishii (without pollen)

at 6:50 a.m. (E. G. Linsley). Two stylopized females, from the same

locality in 1959, are not included in the type series.

This species superficially resembles A. (0.) oenotherae which

occurs at the same locality but gathers pollen only in the morning

from Oenothera of a different species group. The two differ in

the form of the labral process and the somewhat denser black

thoracic pubescence of vespertina.

Andrena (Onagrandrena) nevadae

Linsley & MacSwain, new species

Female. — Integument black; pubescence black. Head with clypeus

shining, discal punctures mostly separated by one or more diameters;

labrum with produced apex of process tumid, not longer than broad;

antennae with first flagellar segment, measured along anterior margin,

a little shorter than second and third segments combined. Mesosoma with

mesoscutum slightly shining, surface between punctures very finely and

obscurely reticulate, most discal punctures separated by less than one

diameter, pubescence moderately long, erect, not obscuring surface;

mesoscutellum more densely punctate; propodeum coarsely rugoso-punctate,

basal enclosure somewhat irregularly rugose, but with median longitudinal

ridge and an anterior ridge curving in toward it from the base on each

side, peripheral ridges short, oblique ; wings tinted with blackish ; legs

with scopae of posterior tibiae very long (almost twice width of tibiae),

thin and loose. Metasoma moderately robust, apical impression of first

tergum more densely punctate than disk, the punctures subequal in size,

terga of metasomal segments two to four uniformly punctate except for

a very narrow posterior margin in apical impression, pubescence long,

plumose throughout, appressed dorsally, suberect laterally, the longest

hairs on second tergum nearly one-third as long as segment. Length

approximately 14.5 mm., anterior wing 10.5 mm.

Male. — Unknown.

Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences, Entom-

ology), from 1.8 miles west of Pancake Summit, White Pine

County, Nevada, June 24, 1959, at flowers of Oenothera clavae-

formis integrior; and one paratype female (California Insect

Survey, University of California, Berkeley), from 28.5 miles west

of Eureka County, Nevada, visiting flowers of Stanleya pinnata

(without pollen) between 7:27 and 7:30 a.m. (J. W. MacSwain).

This species may be compared with A. oenotherae but differs

126

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

from it in the sculpturing of the propodeal enclosure, more

shining mesoscutum, much larger tibial scopa which is about

twice as wide as ‘the tibia, and the very long abdominal pubescence.

It is more closely related to A. anograe, but may be distinguished

by the more shining mesoscutum and the absence of pale thoracic

hairs. Like anograe and linsleyi it has a long thin scopa and is

presumably associated with one of the large, white evening-

primroses of the subgenus, Pachylophis or Anogra.

Andrena (Onagrandrena) anograe knowltoni

Linsley & MacSwain, new subspecies

Female . — Integument black; pubescence black. Head with clypeus

shining, discal punctures mostly separated by one or more diameters;

labrum with produced apex of process tumid, broader than long; antennae

with first flagellar segment, measured along anterior margin, a little shorter

than second and third segments combined. Mesosoma with mesoscutum

dull, distinctly reticulate between the punctures, most discal punctures

separated by one diameter or less, pubescence moderately long, erect,

not obscuring surface; mesoscutellum more densely punctate; propodeum

coarsely rugoso-punctate, basal enclosure somewhat irregularly rugose,

hut with a median longitudinal ridge and an anterior ridge curving in

toward it from the base on each side, peripheral ridges short, oblique;

wings tinted with hlackish; legs with scopae of posterior tibiae almost

twice as wide as tibiae. Metasoma moderately robust, apical impression

of first tergum . more densely punctured than disk but punctures much

smaller, terga of metasomal segments two to four uniformly punctate

without a narrow impunctate margin in apical impression, pubescence

long, plumose throughout, the longest hairs of second tergum more than

one-third as long as segment. Length approximately 15 mm., anterior wing

11 mm.

Male. — Unknown.

Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences, Entom-

ology) from 5 MILES SOUTH OF Green River, Emery County,

Utah, May 24, 1960, visiting flowers of Stanley a pinnata (G. F.

Knowlton) ; and 23 paratypes (California Insect Survey, Univer-

city of California, Berkeley) as follows; 4 females, same data

as holotype; 1 female from 10 miles north of Green River, May

29, 1959, at flowers of Stanleya pinnata-, 9 females. Green River,

May 24, 1960, visiting flowers of Stanleya pinnata between 6:00

and 6:15 a.m. (G. F. Knowlton) ; 1 female from the east foot of

Red Plateau, Emery County, Utah, June 5, 1958, at flowers of

Oenothera scapoidea scapoidea (a few pollen grains on body

hairs) (P. H. Raven) ; 8 females. Crescent Junction, Grand

April, 1961] LINSLEY & MACSWAIN ONAGRANRENA

127

County, Utah, May 24, 1960, visiting Stanley a pinnata (G. F.

Knowlton) .

This form is morphologically similar to the nomino-typical

subspecies but averages slightly larger and differs markedly in the

color of the pubescence. The type has all black pubescence as

do five of the paratypes. In the remaining paratypes there is a

variation from a few pale fulvous hairs on the mesoscutum to

predominantly pale with a few pale hairs on the vertex of the

head and on the first metasomal tergum. The pubescence of the

mesoscutum is entirely ochraceous to reddish brown in the

nomino-typical form and is more extensive on the head and meta-

somal terga.

Andrena (Onagrandrena) omninigra Viereck

Andrena (Andrena) omninigra Viereck 1917, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.,

43:385, ?.

Andrena grundeli Linsley, 1938, Free. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4) 23:274, $ $.

New synonymy.

An examination of the type of (A.) omninigra Viereck has

revealed that it represents the species subsequently described as

A. grundeli Linsley. The type is in poor condition being broken

and partly devoured by museum pests; but the characters to which

we attach the most taxonomic significance are mostly evident and

there can be little doubt of the synonymy.

Andrena (Onagrandrena) omninigra clarkiae

Linsley & MaeSwain, new subspecies

Female. — Morphologically similar to the nominotypical subspecies but

smaller (range in length of forewing, 9.0—10.3 mm., average of 17 specimens,

9.7 mm., as against a range from 10.5—11 mm. and average of 10.7 in

10 specimens in o. omninigra) .

Male. — Morphologically similar to the nominotypical subspecies but

apparently smaller (range in length of forewing 7.8— 8.5 mm., average

of 18 specimens, 8.2; the only male of o. omninigra available for comparison,

9.8), with an indistinct transverse band of dark hairs across the thorax

(only a few scattered dark hairs in o. omninigra), and with the white

hairs of the abdomen limited to the first metasomal segment (rarely on

second, also) rather than on all segments.

Holotype female and allotype male (California Academy of

Science, Entomology), Arroyo Seco, Monterey County, Cali-

fornia, May 21, 1955 (P. Torchio). Paratypes, 67 $ ? and 52

cf d , from the type locality on various dates from May 3 to June

6, between 1955 and 1958 (R. C. Bechtel, R. M. Bohart, D. J.

Burdick, D. D. Linsdale, E. G. Linsley, J. W. MaeSwain, A. E.

]28

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

Menke, D. Ribble, L. A. Stange, and P. Torchio). All females

with pollen had been working flowers of Clarkia.

Andrena (Onagrandrena) bernardina Linsley

Andrena bernardina Linsley, 1938. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4) 23:275, $

Andrena grundeli bernardina, Linsley and MacSwain, 1955, Pan-Pacific Ent.,

31 (4):166.

The study of fresh material reveals that this is a distinct

species, not subspecifically related to A. (O.) omninigra (grun-

deli) as we had at one time supposed. The females differ as

follows :

Disk of mesoscutum coarsely, subcontiguously punctate, with the

pubescence uniform, shorter than width of flagellum, densely

plumose; wings very dark black omninigra

Disk of mesoscutum moderately coarsely punctate, the punctures

distinctly separated, and the pubescence composed of long and

short hairs intermixed, the length of the longer hairs greater than

width of the flagellum, the hairs only moderately plumose; wings

dark brownish - bernardina

The males differ in the color of the facial hairs, those of

bernardina being predominantly black, those of omninigra pre-

dominantly white. Both species apparently gather their pollen

from Clarkia.

Andrena (Onagrandrena?) yumorum Viereck

Andrena (Andrena) yumorum Viereck, 1916, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-

delphia, 68:585, $.

The subgeneric position of this species has been uncertain and

Lanham (1949) left it unassigned. Based upon an examination

of the type, we regard it as very possibly Onagrandrena, although

the discovery of the female will probably be necessary to settle

the question. The unique male is larger than any of those now

assigned to the subgenus. The ground color is as in A. (O.)

ruhrotincta Linsley. The mesoscutum is closely punctate (the

punctures separated by less than one diameter), with an almost

transverse black band of hairs. The propddeal enclosure is

coarsely and more or less regularly, longitudinally rugose. The

abdominal pubescence is moderately dense and long, as in the

male of A. (0.) oenotherae Timberlake, the segments have a

narrow impunctate apical margin, most of the discal punctures

being separated by one diameter or less. The length ratio of the

first and second antennal flagellar segments is as 9:7. Although

Viereck named this species yumorum’’ there is no data on the

April, 1961] LINSLEY & MACSWAIN ONAGRANRENA

129

type specimen to indicate the precise area from which it came.

The original publication cites the type locality as “California

(Norton)

Andrena stictigastra Viereck

Andrena (Andrena) stictigastra Viereck, 1916, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

Philadelphia, 68:579, 2.

Andrena (Onagrandrena?) stictigastra, Linsley and MacSwain, 1956, Pan-

Pacific Ent., 32(3) :114.

This species was questionably referred to Onagrandrena on

the basis of the black coloration, coarsely rugose enclosure of the

propodeum, and certain other characters reported in the original

description. However, an examination of the type revealed that

the tibial scopa is much denser than in Onagrandrena, with the

hair very densely plumose and unsuited for gathering pollen from

Onagraceous flowers. We therefore exclude it from this sub-

genus as currently defined.

Andrena phenax Cockerell

Andrena phenax Cockerell, 1898, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 25:188, 2.

Andrena (Onagrandrena?) phenax, Linsley and MacSwain, 1956, Pan-Pacific

Ent., 32(3) :113.

This species, also doubtfully referred to Onagrandrena be-

cause of the black coloration and tessellate surface of the meso-

scutum, is also excluded on the basis of an examination of the

type. The scopa is plumose and moderately dense with the hairs

bent but not recurved.

Andrena (Melandrena) prima Casad

Andrena prima Casad, 1896, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) 18:78.

Andrena (Melandrena) prima, Lanham, 1949, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent.,

8(5):221.

Andrena ( Onagrandrena) prima, Linsley and MacSwain, 1956, Pan-Pacific

Ent., 32(3): 112.

When Onagrandrena was proposed for the majority of the

species assigned by Lanham to the subgenus Melandrena (type

Andrena morio Brulle), Andrena prima Casad was assumed to

fall in the former group on the basis of the original description.

However, examination of the type showed that its characters are

more similar to those of A. (Melandrena) nigra Provancher.

The tibial scopia is made up of dense, short, depressed, plumose

hairs and the mesonotal pubescence is short and dense as in A.

nigra. The propodeal enclosure is well defined but somewhat

smaller than in Onagrandrena

130

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

Andrena (Diandrena) foxii Cockerell

Andrena foxii Cockerell, 1898, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 25:188, 2 $.

Andrena (Diandrena) foxii, Lanham, 1949, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 8(5) :219;

Linsley, 1951, U. S. Dept. Agr. Monogr., 2:1065.

Andrena (Onagr andrena) foxii Linsley and MacSwain, 1956, Pan-Pacific

E'nt., 32(3): 113.

The anomalous characters of this species are shared to somi

extent with both Diandrena and Onagrandrena. However, a restudy

based upon a long series of fresh specimens of both sexes suggests

that the greater weight should be given to the nature of the integu-

mental sculpturing and the presence of only two submarginal cells.

We propose to return it to Diandrena where it was assigned by

Lanham (1949) and Linsely (1951).

EXOMALOPSIS ALBICANS (PROVANCHER), A NEW

GENERIC RECORD FROM OREGON ^

(Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)

The genus Exomalopsis is essentially neotropical, extending

from Argentina in the south, to the southern, and southwestern

portion of the United States in the north. Of the 27 species found

in the arid regions of the southwestern United States, one, E.

albicans (Provancher) , has been recorded as far north as Middle-

town, Lake County, California.

Recently, eight specimens of E. albicans from Oregon were

found among the material in the Oregon State University collec-

tions. The records, which extend the known northern limit of

this species and the genus, by over 500 miles, include : one female,

Murphy, Josephine County, July 22, 1941 (J. D. Vertrees) ; and

seven females, six mi. W. Bly, Klamath County, August 18, 1955

(W. P. Stephen).

Examination of the Oregon material indicates that the

Josephine County female is nearly identical with the typical Cali-

fornia E. albicans. The Klamath County females, however, have

considerably less white pile on the apical half of metasomal terga

2 to 4 and lack the distinct demarkation between the black pile of

the base and the white pile on the apex of each of these terga,

— W. P. Stephen and P. F. Torchio, Oregon State College,

Corvallis.

^ Aided by National Science Foundation Grant No. G 15880.

April, 1961]

GERHARDT — CITRUS CERAMBYCID

131

NOTES ON A CERAMBYCID

ANEFLOMORPHA CITRANA CHEMSAK,

CAUSING INJURY TO ORANGE TREES IN ARIZONA^

(Coleoptera)

Paul D. Gerhardt

University of Arizona, Tucson

Early in the summer of 1956, Dr. R. H. Hilgeman, Superin-

tendent of The University of Arizona Citrus Experinient Station,

Tempe, Arizona, called to the writer’s attention a dying back of

small branches on trees in plantings of navel and Valencia oranges.

An examination of several of these dying branches showed they

were infested with a small cerambycid larva which had girdled

the branch.

Small dead branches were first noticed during November 1955.

The following May and June other infestations were observed in

the same plantings. Larvae examined at this time appeared to be

about three-fourths grown. Several infested branches, (Fig. 1),

were collected and placed in cages in the laboratory for observa-

tion. In early August, adult beetles emerged from these branches.

Periodic observations made in the field indicate that the young

larvae, after emerging from the egg, begin to feed in the small

branches. They appear to feed in such a manner as to cause com-

plete girdling within a few weeks. It is at this stage that the dying

branches are first noticed. After the branch has been girdled, the

larva begins to feed toward the distal end of the branch. In some in-

stances the larva consumes the woody part of the lateral twigs

leaving mere shells of bark. The larva then returns to the main

branch and continues feeding toward the distal end until develop-

ment of the larva is complete. Figure 2 shows a nearly-mature

larva feeding in a branch approximately 1/4 inch in diameter.

Usually larvae of this cerambycid infest branches of 1/4 inch or

less in diameter. However, in 1957—59 branches up to % inch

diameter were found to have been infested. Only one larva has

been found in each branch.

In June 1959 dying branches again were observed in the same

block of orange trees. Eleven branches suspected of being infested

were caged and periodic checks made for insect emergence. An

examination of the cages in early August revealed five cages with

* Paper No. 582 University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station.

132

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

newly emerged adults. A check, in early November 1959, of the

remaining six caged branches showed no emergence. No beetles

were found when the same cages were again checked in December

1959. Of the six caged branches from which there was no emer-

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1 — Citrus branch showing work of cerambycid larva Aneflomorpha

cltrana Chemsak (twice actual size).

April, 1961] GERHARDT CITRUS CERAMBYCID

133

gence, two were found free of cerambycid larvae. One of the four

remaining branches contained a live larva and three remained

infested, but no emergence had occurred.

Larvae in different stages of development were found in in-

Fig. 2 — Near mature larva of A. citrana Chemsak in citrus twig,

C.E.S. Tempe, Arizona, January 1960. (Larva 3.5 times actual size.)

134

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

fested branches collected in January 1960. Some appeared to be

second instar larvae while others were in the last instar. Inasmuch

as live larvae have been observed in the branches in December

and again in January (1960), it appeared evident that some larvae

overwinter in the twigs and probably emerge early the following

spring.

Thus far, this beetle has been found attacking only Valencia,

Washington navel, Dillar and Butler varieties of orange trees. In

February 1960 one grapefruit tree was found infested. It has not

been found in lemons or tangerines, although they are located

close to the infested planting of oranges.

Another grove of navel and Valencia oranges, located approxi-

mately ^ mile southeast of the citrus experiment station, was also

found to be infested with the same cerambycid.

An examination of specimens reared in 1956 and one speci-

men from 1957 indicated they belonged in the genus Aneflomorpha

Casey 1912. In 1936 Linsley described six new species of Aneflo-

morpha of which two were from Arizona {A. duncani Linsley and

A. arizonica Linsley). The other four were from California and

Texas. Linsley also lists five other species of Aneflomorpha, four

of which were described from specimens collected in Arizona.

These are: A. imbellis Casey, collected in Globe, Arizona and

Santa Ana Canyon, California; A. unispinosa Casey, collected in

the Chiricahua and Huachuca Mountains of Arizona; and A.

parkeri Knull, collected in the Pinal Mountains of Arizona.

Specimens of the cerambycid reared from citrus twigs in 1956

and 1959 were submitted to Dr. Linsley for identification. They

have been found to represent a new species and have been de-.

scribed by Dr. John A. Chemsak (1960) as Aneflomorpha citrana.

Many of the other species of Aneflomorpha have been collected

at light traps and have not been reared or associated with any

specific host. However, hosts are likely to be mesquite, palo verde,

willow or other woody shrubs which grow in the areas where these

insects have been found. It is, therefore, speculated that A. citrana

may have as a native host, mesquite, palo verde or some other

woody shrub growing near citrus plantings. Additional collections

or rearings may provide identification and association with one

or more of the mentioned possible hosts.

April, 1961]

MACNEILL BOOK REVIEW

135

Literature Cited

Linsley, E. G.

1936. Preliminary studies in the North American Phoracanthini and

Sphaerionini. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 29(3) :472— 476.

Chemsak, John A.

1960. A new species of Aneflomorpha Casey associated with citrus

in Arizona. Pan-Pacific Ent. 36(3) :149— 150.

BOOK REVIEW

HOW TO KNOW THE BUTTERFLIES by Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne H.

Ehrlich; 262 pp. (6 unnumbered — ), 525 text figs. Spiral binding,

$2.75; Cloth binding, $3.25. 1961. Publ. Wm. C. Brown Co,, 135 South

Locust Street, Dubuque, Iowa.

Hoiv To Know The Butterflies, like the previous issues of the familiar

Jaques Pictured-Key Nature Series of “How To Know” books, is an identi-

fication manual. Previously it has been customary to serve the needs of

those interested in the identification of butterflies with the periodic publi-

cation of colored plates accompanied by a text embodying recent advances

compiled from the technical literature. The appearance of an adequate

up-to-date identification guide to the North American butterflies seemed

unlikely owing to the increase in the expanse of our knowledge and in the

expense of color reproduction. This book treats all butterfly (Papilionoidea)

species known in North America north of Mexico and in so doing departs

in several particulars from the format to which we have become accustomed.

The authors enlisted the aid of specialists to contribute sections dealing

with some of the more difficult groups; and new concepts of relationships,

new combinations, and nine new generic or subgeneric names are published

for the first time by these specialists. There are no color reproductions or

photographs, but all species are accurately illustrated by the excellent draw-

ings by Mrs. Ehrlich. The earlier emphasis upon the ribbon-matching

technique for the identification of butterflies is abandoned. Identification is

achieved by the use of keys, Interpretation of the couplet statements being

greatly aided by means of the accompanying diagrams and illustrations.

The usual introductory subjects are briefly considered, with rather

more than usual detailed attention given to morphology, including that of

male and female genitalia, and to laboratory techniques. Within the latter

are discussions concerning genitalic preparations, preservation in fluids,

and procedures for studying wing venation, skeletal morphology, and visceral

anatomy. A phylogenetic diagram is provided in the section on classification.

The introductory portion is written in a relaxed, non-technical style (although

a large number of morphological terms are introduced), and the beginner

will appreciate the ease with which much detail is provided.

The main body of the text consists of the illustrated keys to higher

categories and species, and brief comments about these including, variously,

statements of general facies, geographic range, larvae and food plants. The

136

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

keys, by and large, could be considered “ideal” in a sense. They are

presented in brief, unambiguous abbreviated statements which usually involve

only one or two characters. The reader is generally given a distinct choice

of opposites leaving little room for doubt. The result is that the user will

have no difficulty in naming a specimen with confidence in most groups. On

the whole this confidence will be justified; but the keys occasionally, perhaps

even frequently, sacrifice accuracy for ease of use. This reviewer, in briefly

checking a few of the keys found, for example, that the relatively common

dark form of Papilio rudkini Comstock keys out easily to P. polyxenes

Fabricius. A short series of Euchloe ausonides Boisduval from central Cali-

fornia contained some individuals which readily keyed out to E. creusa

Doubleday and Hewitson, and others which properly ran to E. ausonides.

In all fairness it must be emphasized that the authors clearly state in the

introduction that in operating the keys the conclusion should be checked

against the illustrations and statements of distribution provided. Other

cautionary notations appear at the beginning of many groups where diffi-

culties might be expected in the use of the keys. Anyone who has tried to

prepare a satisfactory key will appreciate the problem confronting the authors

in their choice between utility and invariable accuracy. There is little doubt

that they have chosen wisely.

It was not considered a proper function of this book to present a formal

synonymy. However, since the treatment conservatively considers species

only, many names formerly in general use are briefly mentioned when con-

sidered to represent subspecies or synonyms. Certain of these names, however,

have disappeared since the last check-list and their present position is not

clear without reference to the technical literature. A combined illustrated

glossary-index comprises the final part of the book. This section seems quite

adequate to accomodate the certain considerable use resulting from the

numerous technical terms in use through the text. The beginner will soon

learn that, for example, the term “mesodiscrimen” is a composite word and

therefore not to be found as such in the glossary.

A few minor errors have escaped editing. For example, the authors

frequently interject, in the plural of the first person, comments of personal

preference throughout the introductory pages, but on page 12 and twice

on page 20, the singular of the first person is used. Such problems seem

to be few, however; and the overall presentation is excellent. The intention

of the authors, to present . . an inexpensive manual which will permit

both the amateur butterfly collector and the professional entomologist to

identify the species of North American butterflies” has been superbly accom-

plished. In addition the book is an essential technical work owing to the

considerable original material contributed by the several specialists. The

combined efforts of these specialists, with the extensive knowledge, industry

and efficiency of Dr. Ehrlich and the magnificent illustrations by Mrs.

Ehrlich, make this book a necessary reference for anyone, no matter what

level of interest, concerned with the identification of butterflies; and the

price insures its availability to all. — C. Don MacNeill, California Academy

of Sciences, San Francisco.

April, 1961]

POST NEW THRIPS

137

FIVE NEW OREGON THYSANOPTERA

Richard Lewis Post

North Dakota State University

In the course of the writer’s investigations on the taxonomy

of Oregon Thysanoptera for his Ph.D. thesis, five thrips were

found to be new after comparison with material in the extensive

collection of the late Dudley Moulton.

Aeolothrips fasciatus justiceae Post, new subspecies

(Fig. 1)

The new subspecies has the same general form and color as the

nominate subspecies except for the color of' the antennal segments by

which it is easily distinguished. Subspecies justiceae (Fig. 1) has the

first antennal segment light brown, much lighter than the head, and

segments II and III clear white except a weak shading of brown at the

extreme apical end of segment III. A. fasciatus fasciatus (Linnaeus)

(fig. 2) has the antennal segments brown, about the color of the head,

except the tip of II and basal % of HI which are a pale yellowish-brown.

Holotype female taken at Cascade Locks, Hood River

County, Oregon, July 4, 1944, collected by Leah Justice Post

in home from bouquet of cultivated flowers, deposited in Moulton

collection at the California Academy of Sciences. Paratype female

Portland, Oregon, July 14, 1940, collected by Joe Schuh from

insect borer tunnel in lupine stem, deposited in author’s collection

at NDSU. Eight female paratypes, in poor condition, Troutdale,

Multinomah County, Oregon, July 30, 1940, collected by Joe

Schuh on gladiolus, deposited in Oregon State College Collection.

The range of A . fasciatus is nearly world-wide ; it occurs

throughout North America from Hudson Bay to Florida and

Mexico. The subspecies justiceae has been recorded in a limited

area from three localities in northeastern Oregon. Based on

the experience, opinion , and advice of Dudley Moulton it is

considered a local population which closely resembles fasciatus

but is distinct enough to be named a subspecies and is so described.

The author is naming this subspecies after his wife, Leah

Justice Post, who continued to collect thrips while the writer was

in military service.

Chirothrips moultoni Post, new species.

(Fig. 3)

Holotype female: Head, thorax and the last two abdominal segments

blackish brown, abdominal segments brown shading darker towards apical

end; antennae and legs blackish brown with third segment a shade lighter

and fore tarsi yellow, middle and hind tarsi brown; fore wings uniformly

]38

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

brown with a cleared area near base, lower wings brown only at extreme

base otherwise clear. Measurements: Total length with abdomen distended

1.89 mm.; head length 0.133 mm.; width across cheeks 0.118 mm.; length

of cheeks 0.036 mm,; length of head projection anterior to eyes 0.018 mm.;

thorax median length 0.226 mm.; width near anterior margin 0.140 mm.;

near posterior margin including coxae 0.260 mm.; inner setae on posterior

angles of prothorax, 43, outer 43 microns. Head: clearly longer than wide

and distinctly produced in front of eyes, this projection from eyes to

outer bases of antennae somewhat less than half the length of cheeks;

broadly angular in front; eyes occupying approximately two-thirds the

side of head; posterior ocelli placed contiguous with posterior, inner

angles of eyes; ocellar setae placed directly on a line passing through

anterior ocellus ; with only two minor setae anterior to ocelli ; antenna

with second segment produced, with blunt, not pointed tip and without

terminal setae; segments III to VI broadly ovate, with simple sense cones.

Thorax and body typical of the genus, with fore legs only slightly

enlarged; fore wings with 3—4 basal, 1 median and 2 apical setae, lowei

vein with 8 widely spaced setae. Terminal abdominal segments pointed

much as in aculeatus.

Holotype female and one female paratype taken at Pitblado

Ranch, three miles south of Hood River, Hood River County,

Oregon, January 31, 1946, by the writer from dried blossoms of

pigweed, Amaranthe. Holotype in Moulton Collection at the Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences. Paratype in Oregon State College

Collection.

This species is most closely related to C. productus Hood

known from North Dakota but is immediately separated by its

darker color and the lesser number of minor setae anterior to

ocelli.

This species is named after the late Dudley Moulton with whom

the writer spent ten days in March of 1946 examining every slide

in his collection of more than 44,000 specimens for Oregon records.

Without Mr. Mouton’s assistance, positive identification of many

species would have been impossible.

Frankliniella terminalis Post, new species

(Figs. 4, 5 and 6)

Holotype female— Head and thorax light orange yellow, abdominal

segments I— VIII light brownish yellow, .shading from yellow at base to

light brownish yellow, segments IX and X rather abruptly blackish brown;

antennal segment I brownish yellow, darker than head, II blackish brown

at sides, lighter through median portion. III mostly yellow shading to

dark brown in apical third, IV and V yellowish in basal third, otherwise

dark brown, VI— VIII blackish brown; legs nearly clear yellow; wings

weakly shaded yellow; prominent setae dark. Measurements: Total body

April, 1961]

POST NEW THRIPS

139

Fig. 1 — Antennal segments I— IV Aeolothrips fuse hiatus justiceae Post.

Fig. 2, Antennal segments I-IV Aeolothrips fasciatus fasciatus (L.).

Fig. 3, Head and prothorax of Chirothrips moultoni Post. Figs. 4-6, Head

and prothorax, antennal segments I— IV, and terminal abdominal segments

of Frankliniella terminalis Post.

140

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

length with abdomen distended 1.44 mm.; head length 0.117 mm.; width

0.147 mm.; antennal segments length (width): II, 36(23); III, 53(16);

IV, 43(16) ; V, 35(15) ; VI, 46(16) ; VII, 10; VIII, 16 microns; length

of setae, interocellars 23, postoculars 20; on anterior margin and angles

of pronotum 43, on posterior angles 56; on ninth abdominal segment

median 86, midlateral and lateral 100; median pair on tenth segment 110,

lateral 93 microns. Head: somewhat wider than long, cheeks nearly

straight, slightly constructed posteriorly; interocellar and postocular setae

prominent, the interoccelars placed on a line connecting anterior with

posterior ocelli, their interval 30 microns ; antennae slender, segment II

slender, the prominent setae placed immediately at apical end as in

cephalica, the segment not drawn out or overhanging base of third segment;

pedicel of segment III with a distinct but weak angulation, apical end

of third segment briefly constricted; segment VIII clearly longer than

VII. Legs normal, inner, apical inner margin of hind tibiae with a series

of about five short, dark setae; fore vein of fore wing with 20, lower

vein with 17 setae. Abdomen normal, posterior margin of eighth segment

with comb; pronotum with four minor setae between antero-marginals.

Holotype female taken at Bruce Station, eleven miles south

OF Corvallis, Benton County, Oregon, February 17, 1946, col-

lected by Leah J. and R. L. Post from galls of beaked willow gall,

Phytophaga rigidae 0. S. via Berlese funnel, deposited in Moulton

Collection at Cabfornia Academy of Sciences. Two paratypes taken

at Corvallis, Benton County, Oregon, December 2, 1945, collected

by Leah J. Post and the writer from moss on oak via Berlese fun-

nel. Paratypes in Oregon State College collection and writer’s

collection at NDSU.

This species is placed in the tritici section of the tritici-cephalica

group. The angulation on the pedicel of segment III is weak, but

the prominent setae on segment II are at the extreme apical end

of the segment as in cephalica. It is most closely related to bicolor

Moulton from Brazil but separated from that species by the darker

colored basal segments of the antennae and the absence of a comb

on the eighth abdominal segment. F. extremitata Hood, also with

darkened terminal abdominal segments, has much longer antennae,

the third segment being 75 microns, and there are only two minor

setae on the anterior margin of the pronotum between the antero-

marginals. There are four such minor setae in the present new

species.

The terms ‘‘^tritici section” and ^^tritici-cephalica group” are

based on terms that Moulton (1948) has employed in a revision

of the genus Frankliniella.

April, 1961]

POST NEW THRIPS

141

Toxonothrips gramineae fuscus Post, new subspecies

(Fig. 7)

Length 1.6 mrh. General color brown, except antennal segment III

and tibiae and tarsi which are yellow.

An examination of the holotype of Toxonothrips gramineae Moulton

in the Moulton collection shows the third and fourth antennal segments

nearly clear yellow and segment V yellowish at base and shading to light

brown apically ; legs are mostly brown with fore tibiae yellowish but

shaded on outer margin, middle and hind tibiae brown but lighter at

apical ends. In this new subspecies only antennal segment III is yellow,

faintly shaded at the sides and IV is lighter at extreme base; femora

are brownish yellow and all tibiae and tarsi nearly clear yellow.

Holotype female and one paratype collected ONE mile east of

Tidewater, Lincoln County, Oregon, January 1, 1946, collected

by Leah J. and R. L. Post on dead flowers of red sorrel, Rumex

acetosella, holotype in Moulton Collection at the California Acad-

emy of Sciences. Paratype deposited at the Oregon State College

Collection.

The genus Toxonothrips Moulton is monotypic with T. grami-

neae Moulton the type of the genus. Prior to the Oregon records

only three specimens of the type series were known. These were

taken from grass sweeping at Lake Tahoe, California in July 1926.

Mr. Moulton who examined the Oregon specimens stated that

they were very close to his gramineae and that a local distinct

Oregon population apparently exists and should be considered a

subspecies.

Bolothrips lativerticis Post, new species

(Figs. 8, 9, 10, and II)

Holotype female: Total length 2.8 mm. Color blackish brown, nearly

black including legs, with abdominal segments one to five somewhat

lighter; antennal segments I, II, and V— VIII blackish brown, III yellow

in basal half, IV and V yellow in basal fifth; wings lightly washed with

brown. All setae without color. Measurements: Head length 0.323 mm.,

width 0.315 mm. ; prothorax, median length of pronotum 0.22., width

including coxae 0.455 mm. ; tube length 0.22 mm., width at base 0.095 mm.,

at tip 0.044 mm. Antennal segments length (width) : II, 76 (43) ; III,

76 (46); IV, 86 (50); V, 80 (40); VI, 76 (40); VII-VIII, 100 microns;

length of setae: postoculars 75; on anterior margin or pronotum, present

but length undetermined, on anterior angles 40; inner on posterior angles

86, outer 75; median on ninth abdominal segment 166, on posterior angles

216; terminal setae 200 microns. Head: approximately as long as greatest

width behind eyes; forehead flattened in front between widely separated

basal antennal segments, this measurement 60 microns, cheeks swollen

behind eyes, then evenly narrowed to base; eyes relatively small, slightly

142

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

flattened on outer margin, broadly angular on inner margin, produced

only a little on ventral surface; mouth cone broad but narrowed before

end where it extends to posterior margin of prosternum ; antennae 1.8

times longer than head, segments III to V broadly club-shaped, VII and

Explanation of Plate

Fig. 7 — Head and prothorax of Toxonothrips gramineae fuscus Post.

Figs. 8—11, Forewing, head and prothorax, larva, and terminal abdominal

segments of Bolothrips lativerticis Post.

April, 1961]

POST NEW THRIPS

143

VIII united as a unit, segment III with three stout, blunt sense cones,

one on inner and two on outer apical margin; segment IV with four,

two on inner and two on outer margin; postocular setae well developed,

with blunt tips and placed well back from eyes, rather close to side

margins of head. Thorax: prothorax transverse, weakly emarginate in

front, all normal setae developed, with blunt tips; pterothorax only

slightly wider than prothorax, abdomen normal, terga without sigmoid

setae; tube 0.7 as long as head, 2.3 times longer than width at base;

terminal setae approximately as long as tube. Fore femora not greatly

enlarged, fore tarsus with a strong, nearly straight and moderately sharp

tooth. Wings of even width, fore pair with 8—13 double fringes.

Larvae with vertex, antennae and legs dark brown, otherwise the

entire head and body with deep red pigmentations.

Holotype female, three eggs, and 21 larvae taken at Herman

Creek, near Cascade Locks, Hood River County, Oregon,

January 31, 1946, collected by the writer from hollow terminal

twigs of elderberry, Sambucus racemosa. Holotype in Moulton

Collection at the California Academy of Sciences. Paratype

female and six larvae taken at Myrtle Creek, near Ophir,

Curry County, Oregon, March 1, 1946, collected by R. L.

Post from hollow terminal twigs of elderberry, Sambucus, in

author’s collection at NDSU. One paratype female, 42 larvae,

and 10 prepupae, . Corvallis, Benton County, March 23, 1946,

collected by Leah J. and R. L. Post from stems and twigs of

elderberry, Sambucus, via Berlese funnel, deposited in Oregon

State College collection.

This species is distinct from other known species in the

relatively short head, this being about as long as wide, and

more especially by the greater width between the basal segments

of antennae.

Literature Cited

Moulton, D.

1948. The genus Frankliniella Karny, with keys for the determination

of species. Revista de Entomologia 19:55-114.

BOOK NOTICE

FOREST AND SHADE TREE ENTOMOLOGY. By Roger F. Anderson.

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York and London, pp. viii + 428,

126 text figs. September 15, 1960. Price 18.50.

This attractive book is well suited as a text for courses in forest

entomology and is an excellent manual for foresters and all who travel our

forested areas. Section I, with eight chapters, deals with the basic aspects

of entomology (structure, physiology, development, classification, ecology.

144

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVII, NO. 2

pest control, insecticides and their application, forest insect surveys) ; one

might wish for more warnings throughout the text about the dangers to

humans of some of the insecticides recommended — perhaps not all users

of the book will read page 70. Section II contains chapters 9—15 and is

followed by a host index. The insects are grouped by the type of damage

they do (defoliating, inner-bark boring, wood boring, sapsucking, bud-,

twig-, and seedling-damaging, root feeding, cone and seed destroying).

Nearly all illustrations are original; most are adequate some are excel-

lent. Larvae are usually pictured from inflated skins, and because of over-

or under-inflation many have unnatural forms. The author is to be commended

for the many identification keys, most of which use field data; they are so

skilfully made that they can be used by the non-professional, yet give

accurate results. The nomenclature is up-to-date. — Hugh B. Leech, Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

NEW RECORDS FOR THE GENUS NALLACHIUS NAVAS

(Neuroptera: Dilaridae)

The New World genus Nallachius is comprised of six rarely

collected species. Therefore the following records are reported in

order to increase the distributional knowledge of certain species

of this genus. Only two species, N. americanus (McLachlan) arid

N. pulchellus (Banks) are found in the United States.

N. americanus has been recorded from many localities in the

eastern U.S. and also from Puerto Rico by Steyskal (1944)^

Carpenter (1947)^, and Gurney (1947)^. The westernmost record

is Bee Spring, Kentucky. I collected a male of this species three

miles west of Woodville, Texas, on September 1, 1960, which is a

significant extension of its range. It was attracted to ultraviolet

light at 11 o’clock in the evening.

N. pulchellus was originally described from Cuba. A single

male specimen has been recorded from the U.S. by Carpenter

(1940)^, collected in the Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. I have

seen a female of this species from Sunnyside, Huachuca Moun-

tains, Arizona. It was collected at ultraviolet light on July 8,

1958, by Lloyd Martin and is deposited in the Los Angeles County

Museum. This record supports the apparent discontinuous distri-

bution of the species. — L. Stance, University of California, Davis.

^Sleyskal, G. C., 1944. Notea on Nallachius americanus (McL.) (Dilaridae, Neuroptera).

Psyche 51:183-184.

* Carpenter, F. M., 1947. Taxonomic notes on the Dilaridae. Psyche 54:100-109.

'*G'’rTiey, A. B., 1947. Notes on Dilaridae & Berothidae, with special reference to the

immature stages of the Nearctic genera (Neuroptera). Psyche 54:145-160.

■* Carpenter, F. M., 1940. A revision of the Nearctic Hemerobiidae, Berothidae, Sisyridae,

Polystoechotidae and Dilaridae (Neuroptera). Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. 74:193-260.

ir.

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Vol. XXXVII JULY. 1961 No. 3

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

TIMBERLAKE — A review of the genus Conanthalictus 145

GRIGARICK & SCHUSTER — A new species of Loricaster from

California 161

FISHER — Attraction of Pleocoma dubitalis dubitalis Davis to black

light 164

LINSLEY — A reclassification of the described Mexican and Central

American Sphaerionine Cerambycidae 165

CHEMSAK — A new species of Pupuricenus from Texas 183

O’BRIEN — Phyrdenus muriceus (Germar) attacking tomatoes in

Arizona 185

WOOD — Stridulation in the genus Ips DeGeer 187

SAMUELSON — Strymon melinus on bear-grass, an ant symbiont, and

parasites from rearings in Arizona 189

MacSWAIN — Primary larvae of Cissites associated with New-World

carpenter bees 191

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 160

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 1961 meeting 190

SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA • 1961

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

•n cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. G. Linsley P. D. Hurd, Jr., Editor R. L. Usincer