Vel. XXXIX JANUARY. 1963 No.l

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

LINSLEY & CAZIER — Further observations on bees which take

pollen from plants of the genus Solanum 1

KISTNER — New species and new records of rare species of

Pygostenini from the Congo Republic 19

EDMUNDS — A new genus and species of mayfly from Peru 34

CHEMSAK — Some new North American Callidiini with notes

on the synonymy of Pronocera Motschulsky and

Conocallus LeConte. ... 37

RUCKES — Cone beetles of the genus Conophthorus in California 43

USINGER — A new bat bug from southern Chile 51

THORP — A new species of the genus Trachusa from California

with a key to the known species 56

BOOK REVIEWS & NOTICES 18, 41, 55

PROCEEDINGS, Pacific Coast Entomological Society 59

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1961

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Yol. XXXIX January, 1963 No. 1

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON BEES WHICH TAKE POLLEN

FROM PLANTS OF THE GENUS SOLANUM

(Hymenoptera : Apoidea)

E. G. Linsley and M. A. Cazier 1

University of California, Berkeley

Introduction. Two of the most common species of Solanum

in the southwestern United States are S. elaeagnifolium Linnaeus

and S. rostratum Dunal. The former (fig. 1) is known as silverleaf-

nettle, bullnettle and Trompillo, and is a perennial species with

purple flowers. The latter (fig. 2) is known as buffalo-bur and is

an annual species with yellow flowers. Both are low-growing plants

with prickly stems, which are especially notable in S. rostratum.

Each makes its pollen available shortly after dawn as the buds

begin to open and each is pollinated, insofar as presently known,

primarly by large, heavy-bodied bees which are capable of invert-

ing the flowers and vibrating the anthers in order to extract the

pollen from the slits at their ends. Smaller bees are able to exploit

residual pollen in the face of competition from the larger bees but

the principal harvest is reaped by the latter — at least in the areas

where our studies have been conducted.

Although the leaves and unripe fruit of S. rostratum and S.

elaeagnifolium are reported to contain an alkaloid, solanin, highly

toxic to vertebrates, there is no indication of toxicity of the pollen

to bees — nor, for that matter of the leaves to the Colorado potato

beetle, which feeds readily on S. rostratum, its presumed original

host plant.

Previous Studies. Some observations on the activity of pollina-

tors of Solanum elaeagnifolium have been reported previously for

a small group of plants on the grounds of the Southwestern Re-

search Station, 5 miles west of Portal, Arizona (Linsley, 1962).

This site is at an elevation of 5400 ft. in the Chiricahua Mountains,

and during the last week of July, the flowers began to open near

5 a.m., at which time the first pollinators appear. Air tempera-

1 The photographs accompanying this paper were very kindly taken for this purpose by Mar-

jorie Slatham of the American Museum of Natural History, New York. Miss Statham and

Juanita M. Linsley ably assisted in the collection of field samples. Identifications of pollina-

tors were made or confirmed by P. H. Timberlake, University of Calfornia, Riverside, of

plants by Margaret S. Bergseng, University of California Herbarium, Berkeley. Robbin

Thorp, Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley, aided

in the identification and analysis of pollen loads and comparison of pollen-collecting struc-

tures. The authors are grateful to all concerned.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

tures at this hour were in the vicinity of 56°-58° F, well above

the minimum necessary for flight. The first active pollinators were

Ptiloglossa arizonensis Timberlake, followed by Bombus morris oni

Cresson and B. sonorus Say, from 10 minutes to half an hour later.

These were the only pollinators observed in this area, the Ptilo-

glossa females confining their activity largely to a 15 or 20 minute

period which terminated considerably before sunrise, the Bombus

continuing to work the flowers until they began to wilt (near mid-

morning on a hot day, near mid-day when the sky was overcast).

No s im ilar data have been published for bees which take pollen

from Solarium rostratum, although P. H. Timberlake found Pro-

toxaea gloriosa (Fox), Psaenythia mexicanorum (Cockerell) and

Nomia tetrazonata Cockerell visiting this plant at Sonoita Creek,

near Patagonia, Santa Cruz County, Arizona.

Site of Present Study. In the summer of 1962, at a location one

mile east of Douglas, Cochise County, Arizona, populations of

both species of Solanum were in bloom and growing adjacent to

one another. S. rostratum occurred as individual plants or in small

groups of plants in a narrow wash dominated by the tall com-

posite, V er be sina enceliodes (Car.) Benth. & Hook., var. exauricu-

lata R. &. G. S. elaeagni folium occurred in thin scattered patches

on somewhat higher ground extending eastward from the wash,

and was associated with Hoffmanseggia densifora Benth., Baileya

multiradiata Harv. & Gray, Bahia absinthifolia var. dealbata Gray,

Mentzelia pumila (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray, Cucurbita foetidissima

H.B.K., C. digitata Gray, and a number of less conspicuous flower-

ing plants. Scattered shrubs of Larrea tridentata (D.C.) Coville,

and other desert perennials characterized the surrounding area.

The physical proximity of individual plants of the two species of

Solanum greatly facilitated a comparison of the pollinators which

visited them. Further, the sound emitted by the bees while vibrating

the anthers could be heard at a distance of several yards, a fact

which contributed materially to the ease with which they could

be located in the dim morning light.

Size, appearance, and geographical range of the pollinators.

The most conspicuous of the Solanum pollinators is the bumblebee

Bombus sonorus (figs. 3-5), the workers of which are large (our

samples varying in length from 13-18 mm), robust, densely hairy,

and black, with the pubescence of the dorsum of the thorax bright

yellow, broken with a transverse black hand across the middle,

January, 1963] linsley & cazier— solanum bees

Fig. 1. Solanum elaeagni folium Linnaeus

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

and that of the first three metasomal terga bright yellow also. It

occurs in Mexico and southwestern United States from Texas to

southern California and northward to Kansas. Caupolicana yarrowi

(figs. 3-5) is also large (17-19 mm in length), robust, black, and

densely hairy, the hairs of the face mostly white, those of the vertex

of the head and dorsum of the thorax fulvous, and the metasoma

transversely banded with white along apical margins of first four

terga. It also occurs in Mexico, extending its range into southern

Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. Ptiloglossa jonesi (figs. 3-5) is

similar in size (16-19 mm) and the hairs of the face and dorsum

of the thorax are similar, but the metasoma is greenish with the

apical margins of the terga paler, superficially suggesting trans-

verse pubescent bands. Thus far it is known only from southern

Arizona and northern Mexico. Protoxaea gloriosa (figs. 3-5) is

likewise similar in size to the preceding (15-18 mm in length),

and is a robust black bee with reddish legs. The facial pubescence

is mostly white, that of the vertex of the head, dorsum of the thorax,

and the base, sides and apex of the metasoma fulvous. We have

seen examples from Mexico, Texas, and New Mexico, as well as

Arizona. All three species of Centris are robust, black bees with

white facial hairs, and the pubescence of the vertex, dorsum of

thorax, and base of metasoma fulvous. However, C. caesalpiniae

(figs. 5, 6) has red eyes and a red clypeus and has about the same

size range as Protoxaea (14-18 mm in length), and occurs in much

the same area. C. atripes (fig. 6) is intermediate in size (10-14

mm in length) and has a bright yellow clypeus and labrum. It is

known from northern Mexico, Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.

The similar sized C. rhodopus (fig. 6) (11-13 mm in length) has

the base of the antennae, eyes, clypeus, mouthparts and legs wholly

or partially red. It overlaps the other two species in distribution

but also occurs in southern California. Psaenythia mexicanorum

(figs. 5, 6) and Nomia mesillensis depart from this pattern of

large, robust, hairy bees with dense fulvous thoracic pubescence.

(They range from 9-10 mm in length). The former is black with

the lower face largely bright yellow and with transverse white

pubescent bands at the base of metasomal terga, two to four; the

latter has gold maculations with greenish tints apically on meta-

somal segments two to four. Both are southwestern species which

extend their range into Mexico.

Nature of the pollen. The pollen of each of the species of So-

January, 1963] linsley & cazier— solanum bees

lanum is very fine, the equatorial diameter of the grains in our

sample from S. rostratum ranging from 23-27 /x, those from 5.

elaeagnifolium, from 32-37g. As in other species of Solanum,

pollen is shed from slits in the end of the five elongate anthers

Fig. 2. Solanum rostratum Dunal.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

which surround the exerted stigma. The weight of the larger bees

causes the flowers to invert as they alight, and the anthers are

then vibrated and the pollen shaken out. In this process the venter

of the bee often becomes covered with pollen, in addition to that

which is packed into the specialized hairs which constitute the

pollen-carrying scopa.

We have called attention previously (Linsley, 1962), to the

high proportion of “aborted” pollen grains produced by Solanum

elaeagnifolium. In samples taken from bees in the Chiricahua

Mountains, in 1961, 64 per cent of the pollen grains were aborted

(i.e., did not contain significant amounts of protoplasm). Samples

from the Douglas site were almost identical (65.4 per cent), sug-

gesting that the percentage of aborted grains is the result of some

inherent factor, rather than a function of temperature as sug-

gested by Stow (1927). S. rostratum produces aborted pollen also,

but at Douglas, where the plants were intermixed with those of

S. elaeagnifolium , the proportion of aborted grains was only 15.6

per cent.

Among the plant species which compete for the attention of

some of the Solanum pollinators, Mentzelia pumila also produces

fine pollen, with grains varying in diameter from 25-27^, much

as in Solanum rostratum. Its pollen is made available in the late

afternoon and early evening, and is exploited at that time by

Bombus, Caupolicana, and Centris, but not by Ptiloglossa or Pro-

toxaea. On the other hand, Hoffmanseggia densifora produces a

much coarser pollen, our samples ranging in diameter from 61-

74/x. It is utilized during the day by the Solanum species of Centris,

but not by Ptiloglossa, Caupolicana, or Protoxaea.

Devices for the collection and transport of pollen. In view of

the small size of the pollen grains produced by the two species of

Solanum, a brief comparison of the nature of the specialized de-

vices for pollen -holding (scopae) present in the various species

may be of interest.

Bombus sonorus, like other social bees, collects pollen in a

corbicula consisting of a large, slightly concave, smooth, glabrous

area on the outer surface of each of the posterior tibiae. The tibiae

are wide and flattened, and the corbiculae are surrounded an-

teriorly and posteriorly by long, incurved, stiff black hairs which

hold the moist pollen mass which is formed by mixing nectar with

the pollen to provide consistency. At the inner distal end of each

January, 1963 ] linsley & cazier— solanum bees

of the posterior tibiae there is a “rake” (rastellum) formed of

short, stiff setae. The outer surface of the posterior basitarsi has

a flattened “auricle” which functions to push pollen upward into

the corbicula. The inner surface of the basitarsi has rows of stiff

setae forming comb-like structures.

Ptiloglossa jonesi and Caupolicana yarrowi are essentially

similar in the nature of the specialized pollen collecting hairs which

are present on the trochanters, femora, tibiae and basitarsi of the

hind legs and on the sides of the propodeum and first metasomal

tergum. Except on the hind basitarsi, scopal hairs are long, white,

and dense, with whorled branches. Those of the trochanters curl

Fig. 3. Solanum pollinators, dorsal view. Upper left: Protoxaea gloriosa

(Fox). Upper right: Bombus sonorus Say. Lower left: Caupolicana yarrowi

(Cresson). Lower right: Ptiloglossa jonesi Timberlake.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

ventrally and apically; those of the femora, ventrally; those of

tibiae, ventrally and apically; those of the lateral face of the pro-

podeum, posteriorly and ventrally; and those of the first metasomal

tergite, ventrally. The hairs of the inner face of the hind tibiae,

and the mid and hind basitarsi, are shorter, moderately dense,

dark, simple, stiff, and directed ventrally. The pollen is packed dry.

Protoxaea gloriosa carries pollen in specialized scopal hairs

on the posterior coxae, trochanters, femora, the anterior surface

of posterior tibiae and dorsal one-fourth of anterior surface of

posterior basitarsi, and the sides of the propodeum and first meta-

somal tergum, as well as the middle of the first metasomal sternum.

The scopal hairs are long, pale yellow brown, dense, somewhat

curved, with whorled branches. The hairs of the coxae are curled

apically and become shorter toward the base; those of the tro-

chanter are curled apically; those of the femora, ventrally and

apically. Hairs of dorsal surface of tibiae and dorsal one-fourth

of anterior surface of hind basitarsi, shorter, straight, and directed

apically, those of ventral surface, longer, curled ventrally and

somewhat apically. On the inner faces of the posterior legs, the

hairs are very like those of Ptiloglossa jonesi and Caupolicana

yarrawi. On the lateral face of the propodeum the scopal hairs are

directed posteriorly and ventrally, on the sides of the first meta-

somal segment, ventrally, and on the middle of the first metasomal

sternum, posteriorly. The pollen is packed dry.

Centris caesalpiniae, C. atripes, and C. rhodopus have essenti-

ally similar pollen collecting devices. The scopa is confined to the

outer surface of the posterior tibiae and basitarsi, and is composed

of dense, long, stiff, black hairs, both branched and simple. The

two types of hairs appear to alternate and are represented in about

equal numbers. The simple hairs are slightly longer and when the

scopa is packed full of pollen, these may be the only hairs visible.

The branches of the plumose hairs consist of two lateral rows on

apical half of hair, and they do not subdivide further. The hairs

of the inner surface of the posterior tibiae are short and simple,

those of the inner surface of the posterior basitarsi are also simple,

but longer, although not as long as those of outer surface. The

pollen is presumably packed dry, although on several specimens

it appears damp and matted, as though small amounts of nectar

might be present.

In Psaenythia mexicanorum the scopa is confined to the pos-

January, 1963] linsley & cazier— solanum bees 9

terior tibiae, which are long and narrow with the outer surface

flattened. The hairs which comprise it are short, white, sparse and

curved posteriorly. Those on the apical half of the tibiae are

branched on the outer side. The anterior half of the inner surface

of the posterior and mid basitarsi have dense, stiff, yellowish, sim-

ple hairs. The pollen is mixed with nectar and packed into the

scopa moist.

Nomia mesillensis carries pollen in scopal hairs on the outer

surface of the posterior tibiae, the inner surface of the posterior

femora, the posterior trochanters, and on the side of the propo-

deum. Some pollen is also carried on the base of the posterior

basitarsi and the apices of the abdominal sterna.

Fig. 4. Solanum pollinators, ventral view. Upper left: Protoxaea gloriosa.

Upper right: Bombus sonorus. Lower left: Caupolicana yarrowi. Lower right:

Pdloglossa jonesi.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

Constancy among the pollinators. All of the individuals of

Ptiloglossa jonesi had pure loads of Solanum pollen except two

individuals which, when they arrived at dawn, carried tricolporate

grains from an unknown plant species on the legs, and two which

carried pollens superficially resembling that of Solanum but prob-

ably different. On the other hand, nearly 70 per cent of the females

of Caupolicana yarrowi already carried small to large quantities

of an unidentified Mentzelia- like pollen when they began collecting

from Solanum. Caupolicana collects pollen from Mentzelia pumila

in the evening but the flowers of this plant are closed in the morn-

ing. Matinal activity of Caupolicana yarrowi has been recorded

about flowers of Datura (Cockerell and Porter, 1899), Larrea

(Linsley and Hurd, 1959) and Melilotus (Linsley, 1960), but

except for the general statement of Michener (1961) that the spe-

cies is not oligolectic, we have been unable to find direct or indirect

references to its pollen-collecting activity.

All Psaenythia mexicanorum which were carrying pollen had

pure loads; the remainder were parasitized and made no athempt

to gather pollen. We have found this species taking nectar from

V erbesina but have not observed it collecting pollen from any

plants but Solanum. Bombus sonorus, a polylectic species, was

remarkably constant when visiting Solanum ; of 131 individuals

examined, approximately 85 per cent had pure loads. Among the

remainder, some of the early arrivals carried the unknown Ment-

zelia- like pollen or pollen believed to have been derived from some

member of the Liliaceae; a few of the late arrivals had some pollen

from Compositae probably V erbesina encelioides. Protoxaea glori-

osa, another polylege, had a high proportion of mixed loads (ap-

proximately 53 per cent), the foundation of the loads having been

derived from the undetermined plant with Mentzelia- like pollen.

It is known to take pollen also from Kallstroemia calif ornica (Lins-

ley and Michener, 1962) .

Of the three species of Centris, C. caesalpiniae exhibited the

greatest amount of constancy (approximately 59 per cent), fol-

lowed by C. atripes (37 per cent) and C. rhodopus (16 per cent).

The mixed loads in all three species mostly involved pollen from

H offmanseggia densiflora, or the unidentified plant with Mentzelia-

like pollen, or both. Snelling (1956), in his synopsis of the tax-

onomy, distribution and flower records of the nine species of

Centris which are known to occur within or extend their ranges

January, 1963] linsley & cazier— solanum bees

into California, lists none as visiting Solanum. Nor does he give

pollen sources for either C. atripes nor C. rhodopus. We have

found the latter taking pollen from Dalea spinosa, and all three

of the Solanum-v isiting species taking nectar from V erbesina en-

celioides, in addition to the other pollen and nectar sources listed

herein.

Fig. 5. Solanum pollinators, lateral view. Upper left: Caupolicana yar-

rowi. Upper right: Psaenythia mexicanorum. Center left: Centris caesalpiniae.

Center right: Bombus sonorus. Lower left: Protoxaea gloriosa. Lower right:

Ptiloglossa jonesi.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

It is of interest that all of the large matinal pollinators of

Solarium except Ptiloglossa jonesi and Protoxaea gloriosa also

exploit the fine pollen grains of Mentzelia , when they are offered

in the late afternoon. On August 20, for example, about two hours

before sunset, many of the Mentzelia flowers were opening and

were being visited by Bombus at 4:45 p.m. (air temp. 90° F).

An hour before sunset, at 5:50 p.m., the first female Caupolicana

was observed taking pollen, the last, 22 minutes after sunset 2 , at

7 :13 p.m. (air temp. 81° F) ; the first Centris was seen 17 minutes

before sunset, at 6:34 p.m., the last, 16 minutes after sunset, at

7:07 p.m.; and the last Bombus at 7:02 p.m. No Ptiloglossa or

Protoxaea were observed at Mentzelia on this evening nor any of

the numerous others when Mentzelia samples were taken. Examina-

tion of the pollen loads of the individuals visiting Mentzelia re-

vealed only pure Mentzelia pollen.

Effects of Physical Factors on Pollinator Activity. During the

entire period in which observations were made of pollinator ac-

tivity, the air temperatures were well above levels at which they

might be expected to limit flight. The only behavioral variation

noted that might have been influenced by differences in tempera-

ture was that the amount of time spent extracting pollen from a

flower varied from 2.5-3 seconds at 68-72° F. to from 1-2 seconds at

80-84° F., for both Ptiloglossa and Caupolicana. Other species

were not checked on this point.

The most critical factor noted by us was variation in light

intensity, and particularly direct radiation from the sun. On clear

warm mornings such as August 17 (Table I), Ptiloglossa and Cau-

policana begin collecting pollen from both species of Solanum

about an hour before sunrise, although they can be heard in ex-

ploratory or orientation flights somewhat earlier — usually at con-

siderable distance above our heads. The first Bombus usually

appear about 20 minutes later, and although Ptiloglossa and Cau-

policana cease pollen collecting an hour or less after sunrise, Bom-

bus continue until the flowers wilt in late morning. Occasional

individuals of Protoxaea are active at flowers before sunrise, but

the main period of pollen-collecting begins at sunrise and con-

tinues for from two to two and one-half hours. Pollen-gathering

by Centris also begins at sunrise and reaches a peak about two

2 Caupolicana females start flying at dawn and were active at flowers of Solanum almost an

hour before sunrise at a much lower light intensity than that which prevails when they

cease flight in the evening.

January, 1963 ] linsley & cazier— solanum bees

hours later. Psaenythia do not appear in numbers until mid-

morning when the pollen supply is running low. At this time they

are joined by Nomia.

Fig. 6. Solanum pollinators. Upper left and right: Psaenythia mexi-

canorum (Cockerell). Center left: Centris rhodopus Cockerell. Center right:

Centris atripes Mocsary. Lower left and right: Centris caesalpiniae Cockerell.

Table I. Pollen-collecting bees at plants of two species of Solanum at a site one mile east of Douglas, Arizona, August 17,

1962, under clear sky with temperatures ranging from 73° F. to 90° F. Sunrise: 6:00 a.m. MST.

Solanum rostratum

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THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

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ust 18, 1962, under overcast sky from 5 to 7 a.m. and broken sky thereafter, with temperatures ranging from 64.3° F. to 86.3° F.

Sunrise (behind clouds) : 6:03 a.m.

Solanum rostratum

January, 1963] linsley & cazier— solanum bees

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THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

By contrast, on overcast mornings such as that of August 18

(Table II), the active period of pollen collecting for Ptiloglossa

extends over a period of two and one-half hours, that of Caupoli-

cana over three and one-half hours. Protoxaea initiates activity

about an hour later than usual but terminates pollen collecting at

about the same time as on a clear day. Centris spp. behave about

the same as Protoxaea. On this particular day Psaenythia appeared

somewhat earlier than usual but in numbers too small to judge

whether or not this had any significance.

Summary

(1) Flowers of Solarium elaeagni folium and S. rostratum open

and expose the anthers shortly after dawn.

(2) The pollen is exploited primarily by large, heavy-bodied

bees which invert the flower and vibrate the anthers, shaking pollen

from slits in their ends.

(3) When allowance is made for slight differences in the

growing sites of the two species of Solanum, it is clear that the

same species of bees visit both about equally.

(4) Although individuals of some species appeared to be rela-

tively pollen-species constant, others were seen to move from one

Solanum to the other, in spite of the fact that to the human eye one

is yellow, the other purple.

(5) The polen grains are fine, ranging in the two species from

23-37/r, and the principal pollinators are clothed with fine hairs and

modified pollen carrying devices which permit their exploitation.

(6) Both Solanum species produce “aborted” pollen, amount-

ing to about 65 per cent for S. elaeagni folium, nearly 16 per cent

for S. rostratum.

(7) Since “aborted” pollen grains lack protoplasm they pre-

sumably have no nutritional value for bee larvae.

(8) The modified hairs are useful for carrying other kinds of

fine pollen, such as that of Mentzelia, which is also exploited by

some of the Solanum visitors when it is made available in the late

afternoon near sunset.

(9) The behavior pattern which results in vibration of the

anthers of Solanum carries over to Mentzelia, where it is not ob-

viously needed.

(10) Although individuals of Bombus, Caupolicana, and Cen-

tris learn to exploit pollen of Solanum near sunrise and Mentzelia

January, 1963] linsley & cazier— solanum bees

near sunset, this does not appear to be true of Ptiloglossa nor of

Protoxaea.

(11) Restriction of pollen collecting activity to early morning

hours ( Ptiloglossa and to a lesser extent Protoxaea) , or to early

morning and late evening hours ( Caupolicana and to a lesser ex-

tent Centris and Bombus) would appear to have obvious adaptive

value in a desert environment.

(12) Composition of the pollinator populations and time

periods and activity sequences was remarkably uniform on succes-

sive days, varying only in response to different weather conditions.

(13) Psaenythia and Nomia appear to be largely pollen scav-

engers, exploiting residual Solanum pollen after the main period

of pollinator activity.

(14) The larger pollinators exhibit a striking similarity in

coloration of the pubescense of the head and thorax, although it is

not clear as to whether this convergence is coincidental or results

from a common selective force.

Literature Cited

Cockerell, T. D. A.

1897. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station-V. Some

new Hymenoptera from the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, Ann.

Mag. Nat. Hist., (6)19:394-403.

Cockerell, T. D. A. and W. Porter

1899. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station-VII. Ob-

servations on bees, with descriptions of new genera and species.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7)4:403-421.

Linsley, E. G.

1958. The ecology of solitary bees. Hilgardia, 27:543-599.

1960. Observations on some matinal bees at flowers of Cucurbita,

Ipomoea, and Datura in desert areas of New Mexico and south-

eastern Arizona. Jour. New York Ent. Soc., 68:13-20.

1962. The colletid Ptiloglossa arizonensis Timberlake, a matinal pol-

linator of Solanum. Pan-Pacific Ent. 38:75-82.

Linsley, E. G. and P. D. LIurd, Jr.

1959. Ethological observations on some bees of southeastern Arizona

and New Mexico. Ent. News, 70:63-68.

Linsley, E. G. and C. D. Michener

1962. Brief notes cn the habits of Protoxaea. Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc.,

35:385-389.

Michener, C. D.

1951. In: Muesebeck, Krombein and Townes, Hymenoptera of America

north of Mexico — synoptic catalogue. U.S. Dept. Agr. Monogr. 2.

1420 pp.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

Snelling, R. R.

1956. Rees of the genus Centris in California. Pan-Pacific Ent., 32:

1 - 8 .

Stow, I.

1927. A cytological study on pollen sterility in Solarium tuberosum

L. Japanese Jour. Bot., 3(3) :217-237.

Timberlake, P. H.

1935. Notes on the species of Psaenythia of North America. Boll. Lab.

Zool. Gen. Agraria, 33:398-409.

RECENT LITERATURE

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MUTILLID SUBGENUS

PHOTOPSIS BLAKE AND THEIR SYSTEMATIC VALUES (Hy-

menoptera) . By William E. Ferguson. University of California Publica-

tions in Entomology, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 1-92, 7 pis., 2 figs, in text. April

25, 1962. $2.00.

A REVISIONAL STUDY OF THE BEES OF THE GENUS PERDITA F.

SMITH, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE FAUNA OF THE

PACIFIC COAST. (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Part V. By P. H. Timber-

lake. University of California Publications in Entomology, Vol. 28,

No. 1, pp. 1-124, 13 pis., 2 figs, in text. April 30, 1962. $2.50. — Pages

87-107 comprise a “Supplement to Parts I to IV.” Included are descrip-

tions of new species, new keys to the males of the subgenus Macroterop-

sis and to the females of the subgenus Epimacrotera, and a revision of

couplets 19 to 26 in the key to the zonalis group of the subgenus Perdita.

— H. B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

BOOK NOTICE

REVISION DES HYDROCANTHARES D’AFRIQUE (Coleoptera Dytiscoi-

dea). By Felix Guignot. Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Beige,

Sciences Zoologiques. Premiere partie, vol. 70, pp. 1-316, text figs.

1-293. January, 1959; price 260 francs. Deuxieme partie, vol. 78, pp.

317-652, text figs. 294-572. December, 1959; 260 francs. Troisieme partie,

vol. 90, pp. 653-1000, text figs. 573-818. February, 1961; 230 francs. For

sale by the Musee Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium.

This 3-volume monograph is essential for work on African hydrocanthar-

ids (Haliplidae, Hygrobiidae, Dytiscidae; the Gyrinidae have been treated

elsewhere in detail by Brinck), and will have much wider use because of

the keys and figures. There are a fair number of references to Nearctic spe-

cies; most of these are in the footnotes — and of footnotes there are 844!

There is a slip on p. 507 where the type species of the genus Hydrocanthus

is cited as H. tricolor Say, a lapsus calami for H. iricolor Say, but there

are remarkably few such errors. It is most unfortunate that Dr. Guignot did

not live to see more than the first part of his work in print. — Hugh B.

Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

January, 1963] kistner— new pygostenini

NEW SPECIES AND NEW RECORDS OF RARE SPECIES OF

PYGOSTENINI FROM THE CONGO REPUBLIC 1

(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)

David H. Kistner

Chico State College, Chico , California

The purpose of this paper is chiefly to describe some new

species of Pygostenini which were collected on a field trip to the

Congo during the summer of 1960. In addition, some other species

which have been previously described from rather small series

were captured during the trip and these will be cited here where

additional descriptive notes or ecological notes might be useful

for future determinations.

Among the purposes of the trip were: (1) to collect fresh mate-

rial of the Tribe Pygostenini (subfamily Aleocharinae) to aug-

ment and test revisions of the tribe based on museum specimens

published earlier (Kistner 1958) ; (2) to study the nature of host

specificity and the intra-nest distribution of the various species;

(3) to study the behavior of the various species with particular

emphasis on the use of the conspicuously adaptive structures;

(4) to attempt to learn more about the habits of the Pygostenini

associated with the more subterranean subgenera of driver ants

(Dorylini) . We have data that are relevant to all of these purposes

which will be published as they are ready. The problem of under-

standing the nature of myrmecophilous behavior is much broader

than merely understanding the behavior of the Pygostenini. In

this regard it would have been almost impossible to collect data

on the Pygostenini and to ignore totally the rest and majority of

the myrmecophiles. These data on the other myrmecophiles will

also be reported as fast as accurate determinations are available.

The localities which are included in the paper are Eala, Equa-

teau province and Yangambi, Oriental province. Eala is located

about eight kilometers by road from Coquilhatville along the north

bank of the Ruki river. It was the site of a Jar din d’Essais of the

lnstitut National pour V Etude agronomique du Congo Beige

(I.N.E.A.C.). This was our first stop in the Congo and was chiefly

important to us in that we found out which collecting and observa-

tion methods would not work. Yangambi is 101 kilometers by

the shortest road from Stanleyville and is downstream along the

north bank of the Congo River. It was the site of the Centre de

1 This study has been financed in large part by the National Science Foundation (Grant No.

G-12859).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

Recherche of I.N.E.A.C. It was at Yangambi that we learned pro-

ductive methods for sampling myrmecophiles and hence most of

the new species reported here are from this locality.

Collecting myrmecophiles from driver ant nests is a rather

specialized activity and since there are no methodological notes

in the literature (so far as I know), a brief comment on what

was and what was not productive might be useful. Our first thought

about sampling myrmecophiles was to work with the nest itself.

We made three attempts at this, all of which were unsuccessful.

The first time we tried brute force by simply digging into a living

nest. The nests have an enormous number of ants in them (15-22

million per nest for Dorylus (Anomma) ivilvertlii Emery accord-

ing to Raignier and Van Boven’s 1955 paper) and the physical

discomfort resulting from even a small number of these ants

swarming over one precludes any sustained scientific study. We

then tried killing the nest using 10% powdered DDT and this

was too slow. The nest was 4 days dying and by the time we could

look for myrmecophiles we had a decaying tangle of ants which

yielded no significant data. We then tried methyl bromide which

killed the nest in about 20 hours but still the problem of sorting

the myrmecophiles out from about a cubic yard of tangled dead

ants was beyond budgetary consideration.

We then switched to working the columns. In raiding or in

changing their nests from one location to another, the ants pro-

ceed in a rather orderly column or columns. The nest-changing

columns are fortunate for the sampler in that everything in the

nest is moved. Thus by watching the nest-changing columns, one

can aspirate the myrmecophiles. After a little practice at this, one

can aspirate the myrmecophiles with a minimal disturbing effect

on the column. It also developed that most if not all of the myrme-

cophilts were also to be found in the raiding columns.

Throughout the field work, the collectors worked as a team.

The collectors were an assistant, Mr. Robert Banfill, now at Mon-

tana State College, Bozeman; my wife; and myself. Once a column

was located each collector took a position along the column and

collected all the myrmecophiles he saw. Thus all the specimens in

this paper were collected by and bear the label, “Coll. D. H. & A. C.

Kistner and R. Banfill,” unless otherwise cited. I shall have more

to say about the sampling method in future papers but one measure

of the success of the method is that in about three weeks at Yan-

January, 1963] kistner— new pygostenini

gambi we collected a little more than 13,000 myrmecophiles of

which 3192 were Pygostenini.

The author is grateful to his wife and Mr. Banfill not only

for the long hours of collecting in an uncomfortable situation but

also for the equally long hours spent preparing the material for

study. Thanks are given to Professor J. K. A. van Boven, Institut

de Zoologie, Universite de Louvain for the determinations of the

ant hosts.

For help in the field and the use of facilities during this phase

of our trip, we are greatly indebted to the following men, all of

whom were formerly associated with I.N.E.A.C.: M. F. Jurion,

Directeur general; M. J. Brynaert, Directeur general en Afrique;

M. E. Bernard, Directeur du Centre de Recherche de Yangambi;

M. E. Buyckx, Maitre de Recherche; M. J. Thiry, Conservateur

de Jardin d’Essais d’Eala; M. J. Decelle and M. J. Dubois, Divi-

sion de Phytopathologie et d’Entomologie agricole.

All specimens herein cited are retained in the collection of the

author to be eventually deposited in the Chicago Natural History

Museum unless stated otherwise.

Genus TYPHLOPONEMYS Rey

LUJAE GROUP

Typhloponemys afer Kistner

(Fig. 1)

Typhloponemys afer Kistner, 1958a, Explor. Parc Nat. Upemba, Miss.

G. F. de Witte et al, 1946-1949, fasc. 49(4) :37, figs. 5-9-Institnt des Parcs Na-

tionaux du Congo et du Ruanda-Urundi, Brussels, (Congo Republic: Parc

National de 1’Upemba, Lusinga, no host.)

This species was originally described from the unique holotype

female. Since then we captured a male and a female both of which

compared exactly with the data on the original specimen. Since

the above specimen was the first male captured, the median lobe

of its genitalia is here figured.

Material examined: 1 male, 1 female, Congo Republic, Yangambi, 29

June 1960, from the central part of a raiding column of Dorylus ( Anomma)

wilverthi Emery, nest No. 18.

bicolor group

Typhloponemys decellei Kistner, new species

(Figs. 2, 3)

Distinguished from all other species, including T. bicolor Was-

mann to which it is most closely related, by the shape of the sper-

matheca and the shape of the median lobe of the male genitalia.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

Color reddish brown. Pronotum and abdomen a little lighter than the

rest of the body but sometimes evenly colored. Dorsal surface of the head,

pronotum, and elytra smooth and shiny, very finely and evenly punctate.

Larger punctures, containing very short, fine yellow setae scattered irregu-

larly among the finer punctures. Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal tergites II-

VIII :0, 0,0, 0,4, 4,0. Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal segment IX as follows:

dorsolateral plates, 7, most anterior chaeta smaller, thinner, and lighter in

color than the more posterior ones; median dorso-lateral part, 5 of which

3 are dark and 2 are light in color; ventro-lateral part, 4 of which 1 is dark

and 3 are light in color; median lobe, 7. Spermatheca shaped as in fig. 2.

Median lobe of the male genitalia shaped as in fig. 3.

Measurements: Pronotum length, 0.40-0.57 mm; elytra length, 0.38-0.54

mm; interocular distance, 0.35-0.47 mm; head length, 0.24-0.35 mm. Number

measured, 21.

Holotype female, No. 5311, Congo Republic, Yangambi, from

a nest-changing column, Coll. J. Decelle.

Paratypes (151 specimens) : Congo Republic, Yangambi: 26 (3 males,

3 females), same data as holotype; 4, 23 June 1960, from a raiding column

of Dorylus (Anomma) wilverthi Emery, nest No. 2; 7 (1 male), 24 June

1960, from raiding columns of D. wilverthi, nest No. 3; 5 (1 female), 25

June 1960, from the central parts of raiding columns of D. wilverthi, nest

No. 7; 4, 26 June 1960, from central part of a raiding column, after dark,

of D. wilverthi nest No. 11 ; (1 male, 1 female), 27 June 1960, from central

part of a raiding column of D. wilverthi, nest No. 12; 2, 27 June 1960, from

central part of a raiding column of D. wilverthi, nest No. 13; 8, 28 June

1960, from central part of raiding columns of D. ivilverthi, nest No. 16;

1 male, 28 June 1960, from the end of a raiding column of D. ivilverthi,

nest No. 16; 37 (5 males, 4 females), 29 June 1960, from the central part

of a raiding column of D. ivilverthi, nest No. 18; 9 (2 males), 1 July 1960,

from the central parts of nest changing columns of D. ivilverthi, nest No. 19;

1, 1 July 1960, from the end of a raiding column of D. (A.) nigricans ssp.

burmeisteri var. terrificus Santschi, nest No. 20; 2, 1 July I960, from the

end of a raiding column of D. nigricans ssp. burmeisteri var. ornatus

Santschi, nest No. 21; 1,1 July 1960, from the central part of a raiding column

of D. wilverthi, nest No. 22; 6 (1 male), 2 July 1960, from the central part

of a raiding column of D. ivilverthi, nest No. 23; 3 (1 female), 3 July 1960,

from the central parts of raiding columns of D. wilverthi, nest No. 24; 8

(3 males, 1 female), 3 July 1960 from the end of a raiding column of D.

ivilverthi, nest No. 24; 1 male, 3 July 1960, from a raiding column of D.

wilverthi, nest No. 26, Coll. J. Decelle; 1, 5 July 1960, from the end of a raid-

ing column of D. nigricans ssp. burmeisteri var. ornatus Santschi, nest No.

27 ; 1, 5 July 1960, from the underground nest-changing column of D. nigri-

cans ssp. burmeisteri var. ornatus Santschi, nest No. 29; 16 (2 males, 3

females), 7 July 1960, from the central part of a raiding column of D.

wilverthi, nest No. 31; 4 (2 males, 1 female), 9 July 1960, from the central

part of a raiding column of D. wilverthi, nest No. 35; 1 male, 1 female,

September 1952, with Dorylus sp. Coll. J. Decelle, (Formerly classified as

January, 1963] kistner— new pygostenini

T. bicolor Wasmann by Kistner 1958), (Collection of Musee Royal de

l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren and the author).

This species is named after my friend and colleague, M. J.

Decelle formerly with I.N.E.A.C. at Yangambi, who helped us

ever so much in the field and provided us with needed supplies,

equipment, and space while we were at Yangambi.

FAUVELI group

Typhloponemys buyckxi Kistner, new species

(Figs. 4-7)

Distinguished from all other species including T. fauveli Was-

mann to which it is most closely related and which is found in

the same locality by the shapes of the spermatheca and the median

lobe of the male genitalia.

Color variable from light yellowish brown to orange, but always uni-

formly colored. Dorsal surface of the head, pronotum, and elytra smooth

and shiny, covered with numerous fine yellow setae, which is denser toward

the lateral margins. Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal segments II -VIII:

0,4, 4, 4, 4, 4,0. Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal segment IX as follows: dorso-

lateral plates: 6, most anterior chaeta smaller, thinner, and lighter in color

than the more posterior ones; median dorso-lateral part, 5 (3 black, 2

lighter) ; ventro-lateral part 4 (2 black, 2 lighter) ; median lobe 7. Sperma-

theca somewhat variable, shaped as in figs. 4, 5, and 6 with all intermediates

seen. Those shaped as in fig. 4 are from larger specimens, those shaped as in

fig. 5 from smaller specimens, and those shaped as in fig. 6 from the smallest

specimens. Size of specimens is continuouly variable as has been shown for

many species of Pygostenini and where the spermatheca has coiling and

twisting, this has also been shown to be continuously variable in other species.

Median lobe of the male genitalia shaped as in fig. 7.

Measurements: Pronotum length, 0.50-0.70 mm; elytra length, 0.47-0.70

mm; interocular distance, 0.40-0.52 mm, head length, 0.28-0.37 mm. Number

measured, 19.

Holotype female, No. 7195, Congo Republic, Yangambi, 28

June 1960, from the central part of a raiding column of Dorylus

( Anomma) wilverthi Emery, nest No. 16.

Paratypes (36 specimens) : Congo Republic: Yangambi: 2 females,

same data as the holotype; 2 males, 21 June 1960, from the run-away area

of D. wilverthi, nest No. 1; 1 female, 25 June 1960, from the end of a raiding

column of D. (A.) emeryi ssp. opacus Forel, nest No. 5; 1 male, 25 June

1960, from the central part of a raiding column of D. wilverthi, nest No. 6;

1 male, 27 June 1960, from the central part of a raiding column of D.

wilverthi, nest No. 12; 1 female, 27 June 1960, from the central part of a

raiding column of D. wilverthi, nest No. 13; 1 male, 28 June 1960, from the

end of a raiding column of D. wilverthi, nest No. 16; 6 males, 29 June 1960,

from the central part of a raiding column of D. wilverthi, nest No. 18; 1

female, from the central part of a nest-changing column of D. wilverthi,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

nest No. 19; 7 males, 1 July 1960, from the end of a raiding column of D.

(A.) nigricans ssp. burmeisteri var. ornatus Santschi, nest No. 21; 5 males,

5 July 1960, from the end of a raiding column of D. nigricans ssp. burmeisteri

var. ornatus Santschi, nest No. 27; 2 females, 8 July 1960, from the central

part of a raiding column of D. (A.) kohli var. congolensis Santschi, nest

No. 32; 2 males, 9 July 1960, from the central part of a raiding column of

D. wilverthi , nest No. 35; 4 males, 9 July 1960, from the end of a raiding

column of D. wilverthi , nest No. 35.

Though T. fauveli Wasmann was taken in the same locality it

was not taken from the same nests, but the numbers taken were

too small to be truly significant. The only way the two species

can be told apart is by dissecting out the genitalia. Data on T.

fauveli Wasmann from Yangambi: 2 males, 1 female, 3 July 1960,

from the end of a raiding column of D. wilverthi, nest No. 24; 1

female, 7 July 1960, from the central part of a raiding column of

D. wilverthi, nest No. 31.

This species is named for M. E. Buyckx who was extremely

helpful to us during our stay at Yangambi.

Typhloponemys bernardi Kistner, new species

(Figs. 8 & 9)

Distinguished from all other species, including T. rufotestaceus

Bernhauer, to which it is most closely related, by the shape of the

spermatheca and the median lobe of the male genitalia.

Color yellowish brown throughout. Head, pronotum, and elytra smooth

and shiny; sparsely covered with fine yellow setae. Macrochaetotaxy of

abdominal tergites II- VIII: 0,2, 2, 2, 4, 4,0. Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal seg-

ment IX as follows: dorsal-lateral plates, 6, most anterior chaeta smaller,

thinner, and lighter in color than the more posterior ones; median dorso-

lateral part, 5 (2 black, 3 light) ; ventro-lateral part, 4 (2 black, 1 light).

Spermatheca shaped as in fig. 8. Median lobe of male genitalia shaped as in

fig. 9.

Measurements: Pronotum length, 0.27-0.35 mm; elytra length, 0.24-0.36

mm; interocular distance, 0.25-0.30 mm; head length, 0.15-0.21 mm. Number

measured, 20.

Holotype female, No. 7160, Congo Republic, Yangambi, 29

June 1960, from the central part of a raiding column of Dorylus

(Anomma) wilverthi Emery, nest No. 18.

Paratypes (20 specimens): Congo Republic, Yangambi: 1 male, 2

females, same data as holotype; 1 female, 23 June 1960, from a raiding

column of D. wilverthi, nest No. 2; 2 males, 2 females, 24 June 1960, from

a raiding column of D. wilverthi, nest No. 3; 3 males, 25 June 1960, from

the central part of a raiding column of D. wilverthi, nest No. 6; 2 (1 male),

27 June 1960, from the central part of a raiding column of D. wilverthi, nest

No. 6; 2 (1 male), 27 June 1960, from the central part of a raiding column

of D. wilverthi, nest No. 12 ; 1 male, 2 July 1960, from the end of a nest-

January, 1963 ] icistner— new pygostenini

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 1-9: Median lobes of male genitalia: 1 — Typhloponemys afer Kist-

ner; 3 — T. decellei li.sp.; 7 — T. buyckxi n.sp. ; 9 — T. bernardi n.sp. Sperma-

thecae: 2 — T. decellei n.sp.; 4,5,6, Variations of T. buyckxi n.sp.; 8 — T.

bernardi n.sp. Large scale applies to figures of the spermathecae. Small scale

applies to figures of the genitalia. Each represents 0.25 mm.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

changing column of D. wilverthi, nest No. 19; 1 male, 5 July 1960, from the

end of a raiding column of D. nigricans ssp. burmeisteri var. ornatus

Santschi, nest No. 27 ; 1 male, 5 July 1960, from the central part of a raid-

ing column of D. nigricans ssp. burmeisteri var. ornatus Santschi, nest No.

28; 1 male, 7 July 1960, from the central part of a raiding column of D.

ivilverthi, nest No. 31; 2 males, 9 July 1960, from the central part of a raid-

ing column of D. wilverthi , nest No. 35; 1 male, 9 July 1960, from the end

of a raiding column of D. ivilverthi, nest No. 35.

This species is named for M. E. Bernard, former director of

research at Yangambi, who was extremely helpful to us during

our stay there. It is also named for his wife, a most courageous

lady, who was one of the three European ladies to attend the Inde-

pendence ceremonies at Yangambi.

WITTEI group

Typhloponemys wittei Cameron

Pygostenus wittei Cameron, 1950, Explor. Parc Nat. Albert, Miss. G. F.

de Witte, 1933-1935, fasc. 59:44 (Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo

et Ruanda-Urundi, Brussels, (Congo Republic: Rutshuru, no host).

Typhloponemys ivittei, Kistner, 1958, Ann. Mus. Roy. Congo Beige,

Tervui'en, Ser in 8 t0 , Zool., 58:80; Kistner, 1958b, Explor. Parc Nat. Albert,

Miss. G. F. de Witte, 1933-1935, fasc. 91 (1) :4, figs. 2, 3, 4, and 9.

This species has not been taken previously with any ant host.

Although only one specimen was captured at Yangambi, it was

taken in a definitive way with an identifiable host so it is cited

here.

Material examined: 1 male, Congo Republic, Yangambi, 8 July 1960,

from the central part of a raiding column of Dorylus (Anomma) kohli var.

congolensis Santschi, nest No. 32.

pumilio group

When this species group was first erected (Kistner 1958, p. 80) ,

there were very few (33) specimens of three species available.

Probably because of the paucity of material, the distribution of

the species showed a geographic discontinuity which in fact does

not exist. All of the Congo species will be revised here and a few

new ones added.

The host situation of this group is not clear. Although material

was taken in and around ant columns, the captures were not defini-

tive. The species are all small and seem to fly or be blown through

the air quite readily. Most of our captures were effected by the

use of an aerial plankton net. Members of this species group are

taken so readily with an aerial plankton net in comparison to

species quite common in the ant columns which are only occasion-

ally caught flying, that one wonders if they have any regular hosts

January, 1963] kistner— new pygostenini

at all. The capture of them hovering over broken termite nests could

indicate that they are attracted to any massive array of dead insects

and thus would be found near driver ant columns of any species.

The members of the species group nevertheless have all the struc-

tural modifications of the rest of the genus.

Key to Congo Species

1. Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal tergites II- VIII: 0,0, 0,0, 0,2,0.

basilewskyi Kistner

Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal tergites II-VIII not as above 2

2. Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal tergites II-VIII, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,0 3

Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal tergites II-VIII, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4,0 or

2, 2, 4, 4, 4,4,0 4

3. Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal tergites with the middle two reduced

on tergites III and IV, spermatheca shaped as in fig. 11 banfilli Kistner

Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal tergites with all chaetae reduced on

tergites II, III & IV ; spermatheca shaped as in fig. 13 gemina Kistner

4. Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal tergites II-VIII, 2,2, 2, 2,4, 4,0; sperma-

theca shaped as in fig. 151 (Kistner 1958) pumilio Bernhauer

Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal tergites II-VIII, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 0 ; sperma-

theca shaped as in fig. 15 J (Kistner 1958) morio Kistner

Typhloponemys pumilio Bernhauer

Pygostenus pumilio Bernhauer 1932, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., 22:159-Musee

Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, (Congo Republic: Prov. Orientale,

Haut Uele, Moto).

Typhloponemys pumilio, Kistner, 1958, Ann. Mus. Roy. Congo Beige,

Tervuren, Ser. in 8 to , Zool. 68:81 (figs. 151; 16B) — (Congo Republic: Prov.

Orientale, Haut Uele, Abimva).

An additional 12 specimens have been examined (there were

only three originally) and no major deviations from the descrip-

tion given by Kistner (1958) have been noted.

Material examined: Congo Republic, Yangambi: 1 male, 25 June 1960,

netted from vegetation surrounding raiding column of Dorylus ( Anomma)

wilverthi, nest No. 9, Coll. J. Decelle; 1 female, 1 July 1960, netted over a

nest-changing column of D. wilverthi, nest No. 19; 1 female, 5 July 1960,

aerial plankton net from car (P.M.) ; 1 male, 5 July 1960, aerial plankton

net from car (A.M.) ; 2 males, 1 female, 6 July 1960, aerial plankton net

over broken Cubitermes nest (No. 311) about 30 minutes after nest was

broken; 1 male, 3 females, 6 July 1960, aerial plankton net from car; 1

female, 9 July 1960, aerial plankton net from car.

Typhloponemys morio Kistner

Typhloponemys morio Kistner, 1958, Ann. Mus. Royal Congo Beige

Tervuren, Ser in 8 to , Zool, 68:81, (figs. 7M; 15J; 16C) — Musee Royal de

l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, (Congo Republic, Kunungu and Kwamouth,

no hosts).

An additional seven specimens have been examined (there

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

were only two originally) and no major deviations from the de-

scription given by Kistner (1958) were noted. However, most of

the specimens were somewhat smaller. The usual variation for

Typhloponemys is in the neighborhood of 80% when large series

are available and measured, so the appearance of smaller or larger

specimens of rare species is to be expected.

Material examined: Congo Republic: Yangambi: 1 female, 2 July 1960,

from the end of a nest-changing column of Dorylus (Anomma) wilverthi,

nest No. 19; 2 males, 3 females, 6 July 1960, aerial plankton net over a broken

Cubitermes nest (No. 311) about 30 minutes after nest was broken; 1 female,

6 July 1960, aerial plankton net from car (A.M. )

Typhloponemys basilewskyi Kistner

(Fig. 10)

Typhloponemys basileivskyi Kistner, 1958, Ann. Mus. Royal Congo

Beige, Tervuren, Ser. in 8 to , Zook, 68:82 (figs. 4C; 6G; 15K; 16D) — Musee

Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, (Congo Republic: Sankuru, Komi, no

definite host).

Five more specimens were examined. It was noted that there

is considerable variation in the shape of the spermatheca. They

vary from a relatively straight shape (fig. 10) to the fish-hook

shape figure by Kistner (1958, p. 71, fig. 15K). The most con-

stant part is the shape of the bulbous head. The male genitalia

seem to be constant.

Material examined: Congo Republic: Yangambi: 1 female, 25 June

1960, netted from vegetation surrounding nest of Dorylus (Anamma) wil-

verthi, nest No. 9, Coll. J. Decelle; 1 male, 29 June 1960, on insectory screen,

Coll. J. Decelle; 1 female, 4 July 1960, aerial plankton net over broken

Cubitermes nest (No. 311) about 30 minutes after nest was broken; 1 male,

11 July 1960, aerial plankton net from car.

Typhloponemys banfilli Kistner, new species

(Figs. 11 and 12)

Distinguished from all other species by the shape of the sperma-

theca and the median lobe of the male genitalia. Most closely

related to T. pumilio Bernhauer, from which it is distinguished

by both of the above characteristics.

Color dark reddish brown throughout; head and pronotum somewhat

darker than the rest of the body. Dorsal surface of the head, pronotum, and

elytra smooth and shiny; finely and evenly punctate. Macrochaetotaxy of ab-

dominal tergites II- VIII: 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,0, with the middle two on tergites III

and IV greatly reduced in size. Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal segment IX

as follows: dorso-lateral part, 6, most anterior chaeta smaller, thinner, and

lighter in color than the more posterior ones; median dorso-lateral part, 5

(3 dark, 2 light) ; ventro-lateral part, 4 (2 dark, 2 light) ; median lobe, 7.

Spermatheca shaped as in fig. 11. Median lobe of the male genitalia carinate,

shaped as in fig. 12.

January, 1963] kistner— new pygostenini

Measurements: Pronotum length, 0.39-0.51 mm; elytra length, 0.30-0.43

mm; head length, 0.20-0.26 mm; interocular distance, 0.39-0.46 mm. Number

measured, 7.

Holotype female, No. 7222, Congo Republic, Yangambi, 6

July 1960, aerial plankton net from car.

Paratypes (6 specimens) : Congo Republic, Yangambi: 2 females, same

data as holotype; 1 male, 5 July 1960, aerial plankton net from car (A.M.) ;

1 female, 6 July 1960, aerial plankton net over broken Cubitermes nest (No.

311) about 30 minutes after the nest was broken; 1 female, 6 July 1960,

aerial plankton net over broken Cubitermes nest (No. 311), about 2 hours

after the nest was broken; 1 male, 8 July 1960, aerial plankton net from car.

This species is named for our energetic assistant, Mr. Robert

Banfill, now at Montana State College, Bozeman.

Typhloponemys gemina Kistner, new species

(Figs. 13 and 14)

Distinguished from all other species by the shape of the sper-

matheca and the median lobe of the male genitalia. Most closely

related to T. pumilio Bernhauer from which it is distinguished

by both of the above features.

Color dark reddish brown throughout. Head and pronotum a little

darker than the rest of the body. Dorsal surface of the head, pronotum, and

elytra smooth and shiny, finely and evenly punctate. Macrochaetotaxy of

abdominal tergites II-VII1 : 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,0 ; all of the macrochaetae on tergites

II IV are barely visible. Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal segment IX as fol-

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 10-14: Median lobes of male genitalia: 12 — Typhloponemys

banfilli n.sp.; 14 — T. gemina n.sp. Spermathecae : 10 — T. pumilio Bernhauer;

11 — T. banfilli n.sp.; 13 — T. gemina n.sp. Large scale applies to figures of

the spermathecae. Small scale applies to figures of the genitalia. Each repre-

sents 0.25 mm.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

lows: dorso-lateral part 6, most anterior chaeta shorter, thinner, and lighter

in color than the more posterior ones; median dorso-lateral part, 5, (3 dark,

2 light), ventro-lateral part, 4, (2 dark, 2 light) ; median lobe, 7. Sperma-

theca shaped as in fig. 13. Median lobe of male genitalia shaped as in fig. 14.

Measurements : Prcnotum length, 0.43-0.59 mm; elytra length, 0.28-0.42

mm; head length, 0.22-0.29 mm; interocular distance, 0.33-0.44 mm. Num-

ber measured: 6.

Holotype female , No. 7223, Congo Republic, Yangambi, 6

July 1960, aerial plankton net from car.

Paratypes (5 specimens) : Congo Republic, Yangambi: 2 males, 25 June

1960, netted from vegetation surrounding nest of Dorylus ( Anomma) wilverthi

nest No. 9, Coll. J. Decelle; 1 male, 4 July 1960, aerial plankton net from

car; 1 female, 5 Jidy 1960, aerial plankton net from car (A.M.) ; 1 female,

9 July 1960, aerial plankton net from car.

Genus DORYLOXENUS Wasmann

Doryloxenus alzadae Kistner, new species

(Fig. 15)

Distinguished from all other species by the shape of the sperm-

atheca. Most closely related to Doryloxenus wasmanni Cameron

from which it can be distinguished by its somewhat smaller size

and heavier shagreening as well as the character above.

Color dark reddish brown throughout. Dorsal surface of the head,

pronotum, and elytra finely shagreened with short yellow setae scattered

evenly but sparsely about. Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal tergites II- VIII:

2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,0. Spermatheca shaped as in fig. 15.

Measurements: Pronotum length 0.55-0.57 mm; elytra length, 0.35-0.37

mm; head length, 0.28-0.30 mm; head width, 0.41-0.47 mm. Number meas-

ured, 3.

Holotype female , No. 4460, Congo Republic, Yangambi, 24

June 1960, from a raiding column of Dorylus (Anomma) wilverthi

Emery, nest No. 3.

Paratypes (2 specimens) : Congo Republic, Yangambi; 1 male, 27 June

1960, from the central part of a nest-changing column of D. wilverthi, nest

No. 14; 1 female, 27 June 1960, from the central part of a raiding column

of D. wilverthi, nest No. 12.

Doryloxenus superhirsutus Kistner, new species

(Fig. 16)

Distinguished from all other species by the presence of ex-

tremely long yellow setae distributed over the surface of the head,

pronotum, and elytra. Most closely related to D. eques Wasmann

from which it is distinguished by the characteristic above.

Color dark reddish brown throughout. Dorsal surface of the head, prono-

tum and elytra shiny and slightly shagreened with long golden setae scattered

evenly over their surfaces as in fig. 16. Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal

January, 1963]

KISTNER— NEW PYGOSTENINI

Figs. 15-20: Spermathecae: 15 — Doryloxenus alzadae n.sp.; 19 — Sym-

polemon uhurui n.sp. 16: Head, pronotum and elytra of D. superhirsutus

n.sp. showing relative length and density of the long setae; 17: Pronotum,

Micropoleum mzuri n.sp.; 18: Head, pronotum, and elytra of S. uhurui n.sp.;

20: Median lobe of male genitalia, S. uhurui n.sp. Each scale represents

0.25 mm.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

tergites II- VIII: 0,0, 0,0, 0,0,0. Female unknown and male genitalia are not

diagnostic in this genus.

Measurements: Pronotum length 0.32-0.37 mm; elytra length, 0.20-0.25

mm; head length, 0.17-0.20 mm; head width, 0.21-0.25 mm. Number meas-

ured, 2.

Holotype male , No. 4803, Congo Republic, Yangambi, 7 July

1960, aerial plankton net from car.

Paratype: 1 male, Congo Republic, Yangambi, 9 July 1960, aerial plank-

ton net from car.

Genus MICROPOLEMON Wasmann

Micropolemon mzuri Kistner, new species

(Fig. 17)

Distinguished from all other species including M. tiro Was-

mann, to which it is most closely related, by the sculpture of the

pronotum.

Color reddish brown throughout. Dorsal surface of the head, pronotum,

and elytra deeply punctate with fine yellow setae scattered in regular se-

quence. Pronotum with three longitudinal grooves; neither the lateral ones

reaching the posterior border nor the median one (fig. 17). Macrachaeto-

taxy of abdominal segment IX as follows: dorso-lateral plates, 4; median

dorso-lateral part, 4; ventro-lateral part, 2; median lobe, 4 of which 2 are

apical.

Measurements: Pronotum length, 0.26-0.31 mm; elytra length, 0.28-

0. 34. mm; head length, 0.28-0.30 mm; interocular distance, 0.27 mm. Num-

ber measured, 2.

Holotype male, No. 4436, Congo Republic, Eala, 16 June

1960, ex yellow trays near a nest of Dorylus (Artomma) wilverthi

Emery.

Paratype: 1 male, Congo Republic, Yangambi, 6 July 1960, aerial plank-

ton net from car.

Genus SYMPOLEMON Wasmann

Sympolemon uhurui Kistner, new species

(Fig. 18, 19, 20)

Distinguished from all other species by the sculpture of the

head and pronotum, the shape of the male genitalia, and the

spermatheca. It can be easily discriminated from the other two

species by means of the following key.

1. Elytra without grooves on the basal third S. rufobrunneus Tottenham

Elytra with grooves on the basal third 2

2. Median elevation of pronotum continuous, pronotum length 0.62-0.68

mm, dorsal surface of head smoothly rounded S. anommatis Wasmann

Median elevation of pronotum broken into a small anterior hillock and

a grooved posterior elevation, pronotum length 0.40-0.45 mm, head

with a deep cleft in the dorsal surface S. uhurui Kistner

January, 1963] icistner— new pygostenini

Color reddish brown throughout. Dorsal surface of the head and prono-

tum punctate with the punctures in rows following the sculpture. Head,

pronotum, and elytra shaped as in fig. 15 with the following noteworthy

sculpture: Head with a deep cleft on the median dorsal surface. Pronotum

with an anterior median hillock and a posterior grooved hillock. Elytra with

scalloped anterior grooves. Dorsal surface of the elytra with contoured punc-

tures along the sides and front but with finer, more randomly placed punc-

tures in the center portion (fig. 18). Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal tergites

II- VIII: 0,0, 0,0, 4, 4,0. Macrochaetotaxy of abdominal segment IX as follows:

dorsal-lateral plates, 5 most anterior chaeta smaller, thinner, and lighter in

color than the more posterior ones ; median dorso-lateral part, 4 ; ventro-

lateral part, 4; median lobe, 4, with two at the apex. Spermatheca shaped as

in fig. 19, the small thinly chitonized coiled part variable. Median lobe of

the male genitalia shaped as in fig. 20. Males with a vestiture of extra-long

golden setae on the inner side of antennal segments III-V. Females without

this characteristic.

Measurements s Pronotum length, 0.40-0.45 mm; elytra length, 0.49-0.52

mm; eye length, 0.18-0.22 mm; interocular distance, 0.35-0.37 mm; head

length, 0.42-0.49 mm. Number measured, 8.

Holotype male, No. 4370, Congo Republic, Yangambi, 1 July

1960, from the central part of a nest-changing column of Dorylus

( Anomma) wilverthi Emery, nest No. 19.

Paratypes (Seven specimens) : Congo Republic: Yangambi: 4 males, 2

females, same data as holotype; 1 female, 25 June 1960, from the central

part of a raiding column of D. wilverthi, nest No. 6.

The principal series of this species was taken on the first full

day of Congolese independence. For this reason the species is

named after the Kiswahili word for freedom, uhuru. This is the

second species of Pygostenini where a clearcut secondary sexual

characteristic is present. I checked through all the rest of species

of Sympolemoti that I have and none have the extra tufts of setae

on segments III-V of the antennae of males. The other species is

Anommatoxenus clypeatus Wasmann, in which females tend to

be much larger (50%) than males.

Literature Cited

Bern hauer, Max

1932. Neue Kurzfliigler aus dem belgischen Kongostaate. (29. Beitrag

zur Afrikanischen Fauna). Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 32:140-174.

Cameron, Malcolm

1950. Staphylinidae (Coleoptera Polyphaga). Explor. Parc Nat. Albert,

Miss. G. F. de Witte, 1933-1935, Fasc. 59.

Kistner, David H.

1958. The evolution of the Pygostenini (Coleoptera Staphylinidae).

Ann. Mus. Royal Congo Beige Tervuren, Ser. in 8 to , Zool., 68:1-

198.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

1958a. Pygosteninae (Coleoptera Polyphaga) Fam. Staphylinidae.

Explor. Parc Nat. de l’Upemba, Mission G. F. de Witte et al.,

1946-1949, Fasc. 49 (4) : 33-40.

1958b. Revision of the Pygosteninae (Coleoptera Polyphaga) Fam.

Staphylinidae. Expor. Parc Nat. Albert, Mission G. F. de Witte,

1933-1935, Fasc. 91 (1) : 3-11.

Raignier, A. and J. Van Boven

1955. Etude taxonomique, biologique, et biometrique des Dorylus

du sous-genre Anomma (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ann. Mus.

Royal Congo Beige Tervuren, n.s. in 4 to , Zool., 2:1-359.

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF MAYFLY FROM PERU

( Epbemeroptera : Leptophlebiidae )

George F. Edmunds, Jr. 1

University of Utah, Salt Lake City

Among the specimens of mayflies collected by Drs. E. S. Ross

and E. I. Schlinger during the California Academy of Science ex-

pedition to Peru are male imagoes of a remarkable new genus and

species of the mayfly family Leptophlebiidae. The males, the only

stage known, are immediately recognizable on the basis of the

remarkable turbinate upper part of the eyes.

Genus Miroculis Edmunds, new genus

(Figs. 1-5)

Small mayflies with forewings four to five mm long. Eyes of the male

divided, the upper portion stalked, with large ommatidia (fig. 4), the upper

portion of the eyes separated from one another by a distance equal to their

diameter. Forelegs of male nearly as long as forewings; the length of various

segments in relation to the femur are as follows, tibia 1.53, tarsus one .045,

tarsus two and three .6, tarsus four .3, and tarsus five .15. Tarsus five of

forelegs expanded apically. Claws dissimilar, one claw truncate, the other

with a digitate hook. (Middle and hind legs broken from the specimens.)

Wings and venation as in figures 1 to 3. Costal angulation of hind wing

acute.

Type species: Miroculis rossi described below.

Miroculis rossi Edmunds, new species

Head dark brown, the upper half paler ; antennae with scape and pedicel

smoky, the flagellum pale yellowish brown; lower portion of eyes grey; the

sides of the turbinate portion light brown at base, paler above; the facets

of the turbinate portion light yellow brown, separated by dark brown grooves.

Thorax dark brown, with darker smoky brown markings at margins

of pronotum, along the mesonotum next to the outer parapsidal furrows

and on the pleura at leg bases; the scutellum darker brown, forewings with

1 The research on which this paper is based was supported hy a grant from the National Science

Foundation.

January, 1963] edmunds— new Peruvian mayfly

venation as in figure 1, the stigmatic cross-veins variable in number from

5 to 9, cross venation somewhat variable, the marginal intercalaries constant

in number in each interspace but variable in details of length and points

of origin and destination; all veins medium brown; base of forewings suf-

fused with brown; the stigmatic area sometimes lightly suffused with brown.

Hind wings as in figures 2 and 3 ; venation brown ; cross-veins variable, R 3

of radius complete or incomplete at base, terminus of subcosta variable.

Forelegs light yellow brown; the femora smoky brown in the basal two-thirds,

a fuscus subapical band about as broad as the width of the femur; distal

one-fourth of tibiae smoky brown to fuscus. (Middle and hind pairs of legs

missing on all specimens). Abdominal segments 2 to 7 semi-hyaline; seg-

Figs. 1-6, Miroculis rossi, male paratype; Fig. 1, Forewing; Fig. 2, Hind

wing, drawn to scale of forewing. Fig. 3. Costal projection of hind wing,

enlarged. Fig. 4. Head. Fig. 5. Male genitalia, lateral view, showing normal

position in preserved specimens. Fig. 6. Male genitalia, dorsal view, with

penes appressed to styliger plate.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

ments 1 and 8-10 opaque; abdominal terga yellowish brown; the posterior

portion shaded with fuscus, this dark marking not reaching the lateral mar-

gins; on terga 2 to 4 the fuscus shading covers the posterior half of the

segments, becoming broader on terga 5 to 8 so that two-thirds or more is

dark on segment 8; terga 8, 9 and 10 largely fuscus; tracheal trunks smoky,

the spiracles slightly darker; sterna yellowish brown with dark bands pro-

duced by segmental overlap. Forceps and penes medium brown. Genitalia

as in figures 5-6. Caudal filaments medium brown, the joints usually darker

in the basal half of each filament.

Female imago and nymph unknown.

Holotype male imago (in alcohol) from Peru, Yurac, 67 road

miles east of Tingo Maria, IV-28-1954, E. S. Ross and E. I.

Schlinger. Paratopotypes, 2 male imagoes. All specimens in col-

lection of California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Dr.

Schlinger informs me that this locality is in the tropical rain-forest

zone at approximately 300 meters elevation. The specimens were

taken along a creek near the cafe at Turac.

The latin generic name is in allusion to the remarkable eyes of

the male. The specific name is given in honor of Dr. E. S. Ross

who has made his excellent collections of Ephemeroptera available

to me.

The genus Miroculis is unique in the family Leptophlebiidae

by reason of the turbinate eyes of the male. Some Baetidae (e.g.

the Peruvian Pseudocloeon binocularis Needham and Murphy)

have superficially similar eyes, but such a development is not even

approached in the known Leptophlebiidae although males of sev-

eral genera have divided eyes. The wing venation of Miroculis is

similar to that of the Neotropical genera Hermanella and Homo-

thraulus and the genitalia are similar to those of Hermanella (see

Traver, 1959). Like many of the Leptophlebiidae, the relationships

of Miroculis will remain uncertain until more is known of the

nymphal stages of South American Leptophlebiidae, but it is prob-

ably a specialized derivative of Hermanella. Because of the remark-

able adult eyes, late instar male nymphs of the genus would pre-

sumably allow association of the nymph and adult without rearing ;

no specimens identifiable as nymphs of this genus were found in

the Peruvian nymphal collections from the area.

References

Traver, J. R.

1959. Urguayan mayflies Family Leptophlebiidae: Part 1. Revista

Sociedad Uruguaya Entomologia, 3:1-13, 27 figs.

January, 1963] chemsaic— new callidiini

SOME NEW NORTH AMERICAN CALLIDIINI WITH

NOTES ON THE SYNONYMY OF PRONOCERA

MOTSCHULSKY AND GONOCALLUS

LeCONTE

( Coleoptera : Cerambycidae )

John A. Chemsak

University of California, Berkeley

The conclusions reported here and the descriptions of new

forms were developed in connection with a study, sponsored by

the National Science Foundation, on North American Ceramby-

cidae (NSF Grant No. 19959). Assistance from the following per-

sons is gratefully acknowledged for efforts to make material avail-

able and for advice concerning Eurasian species: M. Hayashi,

Osaka, Japan; L. Heyrovsky, Prague, Czechoslovakia; J. D. Lattin,

Oregon State University; H. B. Leech, California Academy of Sci-

ences; A. T. McClay, University of California, Davis; K. Ohbaya-

shi, Nagoya, Japan; J. G. Rozen, American Museum of Natural

History. I wish especially to thank E. G. Linsley, University of

California, Berkeley, for his assistance and also for the use of his

unpublished manuscript on the Callidiini.

When Le Conte (1873) proposed the genus Gonocallus, he was

apparently unaware of the Eurasian genus Pronocera, which had

been described earlier by Motschulsky (1859). The distinctness

of Gonocallus from other North American Callidiini presented no

problems in nomenclature or determination. This fact, together

with the relative scarcity of North American specimens in collec-

tions, probably accounts for the acceptance of Gonocallus as a

distinct genus. On the other hand, the old world species assigned

to Pronocera have been subjected to a great deal of synonymy and

generic changes. Gonocallus has not been recognized previously

as a junior synonym.

The following generic synonymy reveals another example of an

Eurosiberian-North American pattern of distribution in the Ceram-

bycidae (see Linsley, 1939, 1958, 1962) .

Genus Pronocera Motschulsky

Pronocera Motschulsky, 1859, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 32(2) :494;

Thomson, 1864, Systema Cerambycidarum, p. 270; Plavilstshikov, 1934,

Bestimmungs - Tabellen der europaischen Coleopteren, 112:155,172;

Plavilstshikov, 1940, Faune URSS, 22:234, 261; Gressitt, 1951, Longi-

cornia, 2:217,219; Heyrovsky, 1955, Fauna CSR, 5:183,191.

Pronocerus Motschulsky, 1875, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 49(1) :148.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

Pseudophymatodes Pic, 1901, Echange, 17:12. (Type: P. altaiensis Pic,

monobasic) .

Protocallidium. Csiki, 1904, Rov. Lapok, 11:99. (Type: Callidium angustum

Kriechbaum, monobasic).

Potocallidium Reitter, 1912, Fauna Germanica, Kafei', 4:38. (error for

Protocallidium) .

Gonocallus LeConte, 1873, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 11(264) : 171 ; (265):

296; LeConte and Horn, 1883, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 26 (507): 281;

Leng, 1884, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 7:61; Knull, 1946, Ohio Biol.

Surv. Bull. 39: 204 (Type: Callidium collare Kirby, monobasic). New

synonymy.

Type species: Pronocera daurica Motschulsky (monobasic).

The genus Pronocera is distinguished by the slender femora,

the form of the eyes which feebly embrace the antennal insertions,

the elongate third segment of the antennae, and the appendiculate

last antennal segment of the male.

As defined by Plavilstshikov (1940), this genus includes two

Palearctic species. One of these, P. angusta (Kriechbaum), occurs

in the region of south-central Europe; the other, P. brevicollis

(Gebler), is found in a broad area including Mongolia, Manchuria,

and southern Siberia. P. collaris (Kirby) is the only known New

World representative of the genus, and occurs in the Boreal region

of North America.

A comparison of series of P. collaris indicates that the species

apparently segregates geographically into two distinct subspecies.

The typical form, P. collaris collaris was originally described from,

“North America, Latitude 54°, ” in eastern North America. It

extends across the northern part of the continent, down the Rocky

Mountains into New Mexico, over to British Columbia and north-

ward to Alaska. A different population occurs in the Sierra Nevada

of California.

Pronocera collaris lecontei Chemsak, new subspecies

Form and size of collaris collaris (Kirby), elytra strongly bluish;

pubescence of head and pronotum long, fine, not dense; vertex of head

usually coarsely, not densely punctate; disk of pronotum strongly shining,

almost impunctate, punctures if present very small and sparse. Length,

9-14 mm.

Holotype male , allotype female, and 38 paratypes (11 males,

27 females) from Meadow Valley, Plumas County, California,

2500-4000 ft., VI-6 to 21-24 (E. C. Van Dyke), VI -21-24, 4000-

5000 ft., VI-7-24 (W. H. Nelson) ; additional material not desig-

nated as paratypes as follows (all California) : 5 c? cf, 1 $ , Hope

January, 1963] chemsak— new callidiini

Valley, Alpine County, VII-9-48 (J. W. MacSwain, W. E. Kelson,

L. W. Quate), VII-18-48 (0. E. Myers) ; lcf , Lake Tahoe, VIII-

1950 (R. M. Bohart) ; Id , 3?$, Sagehen, near Hobart Mills, Ne-

vada County, VI-21 and 25-54 (R. H. Goodwin, J. A. Powell) ;

Id, Hermit Valley, 7000 ft., VII-12-30 (J. K. Ellsworth) ; Id , 7

miles SE Truckee, Nevada County, VI-24-54 (J. Ross) ; 1£, Echo

Lake, 7400 ft., VII-10-25 (E. O. Essig) ; 1 $ , Norden, Nevada

County, 7000 ft., VII-4-55 (P. Raven) ; 1$, Tahoe City, VIII-6-22

(Weld) ; 1 9 , Tilden Lake, Yosemite National Park, VII-29-38.

This subspecies can be distinguished from collaris collaris by

the almost impunctate, strongly shining pronatal disk. P. collaris

lecontei additionally differs by the strongly bluish caste to the

elytra, less densely punctate vertex of the head, and somewhat less

numerous hairs of the head and pronotum.

The following new species and subspecies of Phymatodes are

also described at this time to make the names available for other

studies.

Phymatodes oregonensis Chemsak, new species

Male. — Form moderately small, subcylindrical, slightly depressed; color

reddish brown to rnfopiceous, appendages paler; elytra with a pair of oblique

fasciae at middle. Head coarsely, densely punctate, sparsely clothed with

long erect hairs; eyes deeply emarginate, dorsal and ventral lobes connected

by one or two rows of facets; antennae shorter than body, basal segments

sparsely clothed with long suberect hairs, scape shorter than third segment,

second segment slightly less than half as long as third, fourth subequal to

third, eleventh appendiculate. Pronotum slightly wider than long, sides

broadly rounded, widest behind middle, base constricted; disk convex, mod-

erately inflated, surface shining, moderately coarsely and densely punctate,

lateral margins very densely, asperately punctate, subopaque, pubescence

long, suberect, not dense; prosternum densely, rugosely punctate, subopaque;

meso- and metasternum densely, shallowly punctate, sparsely pubescent.

Elytra over twice as long as broad, subparallel, surface shining, coarsely,

densely punctate at basal one-half, more finely at apical one-half ; central

white fasciae oblique, directed anteriorly along suture; pubescence short,

sparse, suberect and subdepressed. Legs very sparsely punctate, sparsely

clothed with long, suberect hairs; posterior femora not surpassing elytral

apices; posterior tarsi with first segment about as long as two following

together. Abdomen shining, very sparsely punctate and pubescent; fifth

sternite broadly rounded and emarginate at apex. Length, 6-9 mm.

Female. — Antennae slightly surpassing middle of elytra; pronotal punc-

tures more or less uniform throughout, not subopaque laterally; apex of

fifth abdominal sternite more narrowly rounded, not emarginate. Length,

7-8 mm.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

Holotype male from Grave Creek, Josephine County, Ore-

gon, V-30-52 (V. Roth) ; allotype female from Clackamus County

near Springwater, Oregon, VII-5-55 (P. 0. Richter, E. A. Dicka-

son) ; paratypes as follows: lj 1 , Cascadia, Oregon, V-19-35 (R.

H. Schaefer) ; 1 9 , Wheatland, Oregon, V-10-31 (J. Wilcox) .

This species is apparently closely related to P. ater LeConte.

The single, median, pale elytral fascia and distinctive pronotal

punctation of the male of oregonensis will separate it from ater.

Superficially, oregonensis resembles the dark forms of P. vulnera-

tus LeConte but the elytral punctation differs greatly in the two

species.

Phymatodes decussatus australis Chemsak, new subspecies

Form small, subcylindrical ; color brownish testaceous with apical one-

half of elytra (except fasciae) usually darker; elytra with anterior fasciae

strongly angulate, posteriorly directed along suture and extending almost

to suture, always extending to lateral margins, sutural oblique segment

always narrower than lateral segment. Apical suture broad, oblique. Length,

5-8 mm.

Holotype male, allotype female, and two paratypes (male) from

Ensenada, Baja California, III-8-38, Quercus agrifolia (F. P.

Keen) ; additional specimens not designated as paratypes as

follows: 1 9, Tustin, Orange County, California, VI-14-38 (J. G.

Shanafelt) ; lcf, 19, Santa Ana Canyon, Orange County, Cali-

fornia, III-32; 2cf cf , 2$$, Pasadena, California, May, June; 1 9 ,

Poway, San Diego County, California (F. E. Blaisdell) ; 1<S, Mt.

Wilson, California, 11-25-28.

This subspecies can be distinguished from the typical form by

its small size, generally paler color, and strongly arcuate anterior

elytral fasciae which extend to the lateral margins. The broad,

oblique posterior fasciae are also characteristic of australis.

Primary types of the species and subspecies herein described

are deposited in the collections of the California Academy of

Sciences.

Literature Cited

LeConte, J. L.

1873. New species of North American Coleoptera. Smithsonian Misc.

Coll. 11(264): 169-240.

Linsley, E. G.

1939. The origin and distribution of the Cerambycidae of North

America, with special reference to the fauna of the Pacific Slope.

Proc. Sixth Pacific Sci. Congr., 4:269-282.

January, 1963] Lawrence— book review

1958. Geographical origins and phylogenetic affinities of the ceramby-

cid beetle fauna of Western North America. Zoogeography,

Amer. Assn. Adv. Sci., Publ. 51 :299-320.

1962. Bering arc relationships of Cerambycidae and their host plants.

Proc. Tenth Pacific Sci. Congr. (in press).

Motschulsky, V.

1859. Catalogue des insectes rapportes des environs du fl. Amour,

depuis la Schilka jusqu’a Nikolaevsk, examines et enumeres.

Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 32(2): 487-507.

Book Review

THE BEETLES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. PART III: PSELA-

PHIDAE AND D1VERSICORNIA I. By Melville H. Hatch, with the

collaboration of Orlando Park, John A. Wagner, Kenneth M. Fender,

William F. Barr, G. E. Woodroffe and C. W. Coombs. University of

Washington Publications in Biology, Vol. 16, pp. ix + 503, Bound, Off-

set. Published March 1, 1962. Price $11.50, from the University of

Washington Press. Seattle 5.

Volumes I and II of this comprehensive faunal work were reviewed by

Mr. Hugh B. Leech in this journal (1956, 32: 138-142; 1960, 36: 141-142).

Volume III covers the family Pselaphidae and part of the suborder Diversi-

cornia, including the series Malacodermi, Clavicornes, Brachymera, and

Ptinoidea. The Pselaphidae are treated by Orlando Park and John Wagner

and include 21 genera (4 of them new) and 60 species (20 of them new).

Kenneth M. Fender prepared the sections on the Lycidae, Lampyridae,

Phengodidae, and Cantharidae, with 17 genera and 111 species, 15 of which

are new. William F. Barr’s treatment of the Cleridae includes 12 genera and

37 species, while the section on the genus Cryptophagus, adapted from

Woodroffe and Coomb’s current revision, contains 25 species. Dr. Hatch him-

self is responsible for the remainder of the families covered in the volume.

The distribution of genera and species is as follows: Melyridae — 23 genera

(2 new), 80 species (26 new); Dascillidae — 5 genera, 8 species (1 new);

Cyphonidae — 2 genera, 10 species (4 new) ; Eucinetidae — 2 genera, 5 species;

Byturidae — 2 genera, 2 species; Lathridiidae — 10 genera, 44 species (1

new) ; Nitidulidae — 17 genera, 60 species (1 new) ; Cybocephalidae — 1

genus, 1 species; Coccinellidae — 30 genera, 112 species (11 new); Ostoma-

tidae — 11 genera, 21 species (1 new) ; Sphindidae — 2 genera, 2 species;

Phalacridae — 4 genera, 7 species (1 new) ; Cucujidae — 15 genera, 24 spceies

(1 new) ; Cryptophagidae — 10 genera (1 new), 30 species (2 new) ; Langu-

riidae — 2 genera, 4 species; Erotylidae — 2 genera, 6 species; Mycetophagi-

dae — 4 genera, 9 species (1 new) ; Cisidae — 8 genera, 24 species (10 new) ;

Endomychidae — 8 genera, 10 species (1 new) ; Colydiidae — 13 genera, 23

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

species (1 new); Rhizophagidae — 6 genera, 15 species; Sphaeritidae — 1

genus, 1 species; Histeridae — 24 genera, 71 species (2 new) ; Derodontidae —

3 genera, 5 species ; Dermestidae — 10 genera, 41 species ; Byrrhidae — 13

genera, 27 species (1 new) ; Ptinidae — 6 genera, 15 species; Anobiidae — 26

genera, 52 species (8 new) ; Bostrichidae — 13 genera; 19 species; Lyctidae —

4 genera, 10 species.

Page ii is a frontispiece containing photographs of John LeConte, George

Horn, Thomas Casey, and Henry Fall. Pages 360-491 comprise 66 plates and

their explanations.

In this volume Dr. Hatch continues the most ambitious work to appear

in 50 years of American coleopterology and certainly the only one of its kind

available in western North America. Although it is limited in scope to the

beetles found in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and British Columbia, it should

also prove useful to entomologists in surrounding states; in the Cisidae, for

instance, most of the California species are included in the keys, since the

change in species composition between Oregon and California is one of

gradual subtraction southwards, with no additions occurring except in the

extreme southern portions of the state.

Volume III should be particularly useful to the economic entomologist

because of the inclusion of a number of household and stored-products pests

in the families Nitidulidae, Ostomatidae, Cucujidae, Cryptophagidae, Der-

mestidae, Anobiidae, Ptinidae. Bostrichidae, and Lyctidae. The treatment

of the Coccinellidae with its important biological control agents will also

be welcomed. In addition to the more well-known groups, this volume in-

cludes many of the smaller families (Sphinidae, Derodontidae, etc.) about

which very little biological or distributional information is known. By en-

abling the amatur and professional alike to identify members of these

groups, this work may provide the stimulus for future biological investiga-

tions.

One criticism that can be made about the book as a whole is the com-

bination of keys and descriptions into one unit and the lack of spacing be-

tween descriptions. These devices, although they save space, make the keys

more difficult to use and tend to conceal synonymical, distributional, and

biological data. Dr. Hatch’s conservative classification may also be criticized,

since many generally accepted changes have been ignored.

The illustrations by Helen Houk and others are on the whole good, but

they vary considerably in quality, and some have lost detail in the reproduc-

tion. It is unfortunate that only 14 of Dr. Hatch’s 76 new species have been

figured; this is probably due to a limitation on space and a desire to illus-

trate the more commonly encountered species.

In spite of these general criticisms and some others which could be

added on the treatment of individual families, this volume and its two

predecessors are welcome additions to the shelves of western coleopterists.

We are looking forward to the final two volumes of this useful and informa-

tive work. — John F. Lawrence, University of California, Berkeley.

January, 1963] ruckes— California conophthorus

CONE BEETLES OF THE GENUS CONOPHTHORUS

IN CALIFORNIA

(Coleoptera: Scolytidae ) 1

Herbert Ruckes, Jr . 2

Beetles of the genus Conophthorus characteristically attack and

kill pine cones in which the broods are produced and the species

perpetuated. The species in this group of beetles appear to be re-

stricted to North America as there are no records of Conophthorus

from Europe, Asia, or South America. Schwarz, in 1895, was the

first to describe a species in this group as Pityophthorus coniperda

from the cones of the eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L. Hopkins

(1915) described the remainder of the presently recognized spe-

cies, designating coniperda as the genotype.

Hopkins separated his species of Conophthorus primarily on

the basis of host. However, this study demonstrated that at least

three of the six species can be reared from egg to adult on cone

tissues other than the selected host (Table I).

The gallery made by the attacking parent adult beetle falls into

one of two classes, depending upon the type of host cone. Those

cones which have a peduncle, such as sugar pine, western white

pine, are attacked in the peduncle or stem of the cone, while those

cones which are sessile, such as ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine,

or monterey pine, are attacked in the base of the cone proper.

Attack of the cone is made by the female beetle, the male joins

the female at a later date and apparently does little in constructing

the gallery. Copulation probably occurs within the cone, after

which the male leaves or dies within the cone. The cone is killed

sUon after entrance by the beetle; the gallery may consist of a

simple mine in the center of the cone stem or a spiral gallery

girdling the axis of the cone where there is no peduncle. After en-

tering and killing the cone, the female extends her gallery parallel

with and adjacent to the axis of the cone and not through the axis

of the cone as suggested by Keen (1958) and Chamberlin (1958) .

The eggs are deposited in niches made in the seeds contiguous to

the main gallery, usually two to each seed. Upon eclosion, the

larvae feed first upon the seed in which the eggs have been de-

posited and then feed indiscriminately on adjacent cone tissues,

destroying much of the interior of the cone.

1 Study performed under partial support from the California State Division of Forestry, the

T. B. Walker Foundation, and various forest industries.

2 Formerly Assistant Research Entomologist, University of California, Berkeley.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

The adult female attacks one-year old cones in the spring. Pine

cones require two years to mature. An attacked cone may be

recognized by the presence of a pitch mass at the entrance hole in

the peduncle or cone base. The eggs hatch in a few days following

oviposition and the larvae complete development in about two

weeks. The mature larva prepares a pupal cell between two scales

or in the cone axis and pupates. The pupal period lasts about a

week and the teneral adult period about a week. Depending on the

species, mature adults may overwinter in this brood cone one or

more seasons, may emerge and mine twig tips of the host, over-

wintering there, or may attack other cones. Details of individual

species behavior is discussed below.

The egg first deposited is ovoid in shape and hyaline, turning

milky white as the embryo develops. The head capsule of the larva

is evident just prior to eclosion. The average size is 1.00 mm long

and 0.60 mm wide, with minor variations depending on the species.

The larva is a typical scolytoid, legless larva with a distinct

light brown head capsule, the remainer milky-white. Head capsule

measurements and rearing studies indicate that there are only

two instars (Table 2).

The pupa is white when newly formed and as it matures the

mandibles, eyes, and tips of the elytra are the first to darken.

The mature adult is a shiny, cylindrical beetle with short, erect,

sparsely-placed hairs on the elytra and pronotum. The elytra are

striate-punctate with interstrial punctures generally smaller and

Table 1. Laboratory Rearings of Conophthorus eggs on unnatural

host cone material.

Species of Beetle

Normal Host

Laboratory Host

C. lambertianae

Pinus lambertiana

Dougl.

Pinus pondorosa Laws

Pinus attenuata Lemm.

C. ponderosae

Pinus pondorosa 3

Laws.

Pinus radiata D. Don

Pinus lambertiana Dougl.

Pinus radiata D. Don

C. radiatae

Pinus radiata D. Don

Pinus lambertiana Dougl.

Pinus attenuata Lemm.

Pinus ponderosa Laws.

Pj P. attenuata was not used in this series as there are field collection records of C. ponderosae

breeding in the cones of P. attenuata.

January, 1963] ruckes— California conophthorus

more sparsely placed than those of the striae. An elytral declivity

is present but often poorly defined. The head is not visible from

above and the anterior portion of the pronotum is granulose with

the granules becoming punctures toward the posterior. The color

varies slightly between species and at times within species, making

color an unreliable character for species separation.

Little information is available on the parasites of bark beetles.

Only one larval parasite was recovered during this study, a small

bethylid wsp, Cephalonomia utahensis Brues (Ruckes, 1956) . This

parasite was found in all California Conophthorus species with

the exception of C. monticolae. A chalcid parasite, Tomicobia

tibialis Ashmead, was recovered from the overwintering adults of

C. lambertianae.

Table 2. Larval Instar Head Capsule Widths.

Range

Average

Species 4

Instar

in mm.

C. radiatae

.336 - .424

.382

.552 - .683

.612

C. ponderosae

.372 - .442

.419

.629 - .714

.669

C. lambertianae

.340 - .425

.383

.493 - .697

.627

C. monophyllae

.368 - .440

.404

.618 -.701

.659

4 C . contortae and C.

monticolae omitted due to

insufficient material.

Unidentified

nematodes have

been recovered from

the Mai-

pighian tubules in the larvae of C. ponderosae, C. lambertianae,

and C. monophyllae and also in the body cavities of the adult

beetles. It has not been determined what role these organisms play

in the biology of the cone beetles.

Miller (1915) reporting on C. lambertianae states: “In many

of the cones the brood reaches the stage of full-grown larvae,

pupae, or even new adults, and then dies. On an area near Sisson 5 ,

Calif., in 1913, over 50 per cent of the cones contained dead broods.

On one area near Colestin, Oreg., in 1914, the brood developed in

only 57 per cent of the attacked cones. The mortality of the devel-

oped broods amounted to 62 per cent, so broods finally successful

in but 21.6 per cent of cones attacked. While the cause appeared

to be an entomophagous fungus it has not yet been reported defi-

nitely.” A similar high incidence of brood mortality had been ob-

5 Now Mt. Shasta City

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

served during several years throughout California. No evidence of

disease was found in 1956 or 1957 in broods which suffered this

high mortality. 6

Experiments were conducted in 1958 to determine the tempera-

tures attained in aborted sugar pine cones. Thermocouples were

inserted into cones in situ and on the ground and the temperature

was recorded on a 16-point recording potentiometer. While the

data were limited to a few days observations, it was then deter-

mined that cones in full sunlight on the ground for four hours

during the middle of the day were heated to 125-130° F. As brief

exposure to temperatures of 115-120° F will kill western pine beetle

(Miller, 1931) it is possible that the high brood mortalities found

were caused by extreme high temperatures.

Mortality appears to occur when the aborted cones are on the

ground as no cones containing dead broods were collected from

trees.

A Key to the California Species of Conophthorus Hopkins

(Adult Characters)

1. Elytral declivity with striae 1, 2, and 3 punctured and parallel; declivity

slightly impressed, interspace 1 feebly granulate, interspace 3 punctate

with each punctate surrounded by a raised annulus

— C. monophyllae Hopkins

Elytral declivity with striae 1 not punctured or feebly so, striae 2 and 3

punctured, with 2 approaching 3 at apex of declivity and forming the

lateral margins of the declivity. Interspace 2 feebly or obviously granu-

late. Interspace 3 annulate-punctate 2

2. Elytra with punctures of striae 1 and 2 interspace 2 of equal size. Decliv-

ity slightly impressed C. ponderosae Hopkins

Elytra with punctures of interspace 2 obviously smaller than the punctures

of striae 1 and 2 3

3. Elytra with distinct and parallel rows of strial punctures on lateral area;

declivity strongly impressed, punctures of stria 2 in declivity numerous

and close together, granules of interspace 1 lacking or very faint

C. lambertianae Hopkins

Elytra with strial punctures in obscure rows or confused on lateral

area 4

4. Declivity strongly impressed; punctures of striae 2 in declivity numerous

and close together, granules of interspace 1 lacking or very faint

C. monticolae Hopkins

Declivity slightly impressed or not at all ; granules of interspace 1 present

and obvious - —.5

5. Interspace 1 of declivity granulate at apex only... C. contortae Hopkins

Interspace 1 of declivity obviously granulate for entire length —

C. radiatae Hopkins

6 Per communication Dr. E. A. Steinhaus, Dept. Insect Pathology, University of California.

January, 1963] ruckes— California conophthorus

CONOPHTHOREUS MONOPHYLLAE Hopkins

Description. — A black, shining, cylindrical beetle, 3.0 - 3.5 mm

long. The elytral declivity with striae 1, 2, and 3 punctured and

parallel, with striae 2 passing through the declivity and not form-

ing the lateral margin as in the other California species of Conoph-

thorus. This character is suitable for separating this species from

the others.

Host . — Singleleaf piny on, Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frem.

Type. — Female, Hopkins 1904. Hopk. U. S. No. 2784, U.S.N.M.

Cat. No. 7474.

Type locality. — Ventura County, California.

Distribution . — Probably throughout the range of the host trees.

Seasonal History. — Initial attacks are made early in the spring.

Freshly attacked cones were observed during the first week of May,

1956, in Los Angeles County, California, at an elevation of 5000

feet. There appear to be two generations a year as it has been

observed that in late fall the smaller cones contain adults and adult

emergence holes. The larger cones showed evidence of fresh attack

and larva were found in them. However, in cones of all sizes, the

overwintering stage is the adult.

Conophthorus ponderosa Hopkins

Description. — A dark brown or black, shining, cylindrical

beetle, 3.5 — 4.2 mm long. Generally the beetles have a black head

and pronotum, with reddish brown elytra; however, many speci-

mens have been collected which were totally shiny black. The

character which separates this species from the others is the simi-

larity in size of the punctures of striae 1 and 2 and those of inter-

space 2.

Host. — Pinus ponderosa Laws, P. jeffreyi Grev. & Balf., P.

washoensis Mason & Stockwell and rarely the cones of P. attenuata

Lemmon.

Type.— Female, Sergent 1913. Hopk. U. S. No. 10807a,

U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 7479.

Type locality . — Ashland, Jackson County, Oregon.

Distribution. — Commonly throughout the Pacific Coast range

of ponderosa pine, occasionally in Jeffrey pine in the Modoc Na-

tional Forest and eastside Sierra forests, and rarely in Pinus atten-

uata on the northwest California coast in Del Norte County. This

species has also been reared from the cones of Pinus washoensis

in Washoe County, Nevada, adjacent to the California border.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

Seasonal History. — The adult attacks on the cones occur during

the middle of May and extend into late June. Upon completion of

the gallery and egg deposition, the female turns around and leaves

the cone by the entrance hole. The entrance hole is then plugged

with frass. The behavior of the female after leaving the cone has

not been determined. Additional attacks on other cones may occur,

or the beetle may die. Brood development is complete by the end

of July. The brood adults remain in the cone for the remainder of

the season and overwinter in this stage. There appears to be only

one generation a year. Living adults were recovered in 1958 from

cones attacked in 1956, indicating that some brood adults remain

in the brood cone for more than one year. This suggests a possible

means of survival during years of poor or non-existent cone crops.

CONOPHTHORUS LAMBERTIANAE Hopkins

Description.— A black, shining, cylindrical beetle. 3.0 — 4.5

mm long, rarely with reddish-brown elytra. The well-defined and

parallel rows of strial punctures on the lateral areas of the elytra

separate this species from the others found in California.

Host . — Sugar pine, Pinus lambertiana Douglas. Keen (1958)

reports that the twigs and cones of Pinus monticola Douglas are

attacked by this beetle.

Type . — Female, Sergent 1913. Hopk. U. S. No. 10833a2,

U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 7478.

Type locality.— Hilt, Siskiyou County, California.

Distribution . — Throughout the range of sugar pine in Oregon

and California.

Seasonal history. — Beetle attack occurs during the spring, the

time varying from early May to mid-June (Table 3).

Two generations of beetles may occur during heavy cone crop

years. Usually, however, the brood adults leave the cones after

maturation and mine the twig tips of adjacent sugar pines, over-

wintering there (Ruckes, 1957).

Table 3. Beetle emergence and first appearance of aborted

cones in California 1956-58.

Emergence from

cages cones

V-7-56

V- 24-57

no data

VI- 8-58

First appearance

of aborted cones

V- 16-56

VI- 2-57

VI-12-57

VI-19-57

VI-19-58

Location

Pinecrest, Tuolumne Co.

Miami R. S., Mariposa Co

Hat Creek, Lassen Co.

Pinecrest, Tuolumne Co.

January, 1963] ruckes— California conophthorus

Conophthorus monticolae Hopkins

Description. — A shining, cylindrical, beetle, 3.2 — 3.8 mm long.

Usually with black head and pronotum with reddish-brown or black

elytra. The declivity of the elytra is strongly impressed and the

punctures of striae 2 in the declivity are numerous and close.

Host.-— Western white pine, Pinus monticola Don.

Type. — Female, Froinme 1906. Hopk. U. S. No. 6541a,

U.S.N.M Cat. No. 7477.

Type locality. — Priest River, Boundary County, Idaho.

Distribution. — Probably throughout the range of western white

pine. The species has been collected in Idaho (type locality Priest

River), Washington, Montana, western Canada (Cowitchan Lake)

and northern California (Lassen Volcanic National Park) (Ruckes,

1959).

Seasonal history. — Nothing is known of the habits of this spe-

cies. It is assumed that they are similar to other species attacking

pedunculate cones, such as C. lambertianae.

Conophthorus contortae Hopkins

Description. — A black, shining, cylindrical beetle, 2.9 — 3.5 mm

long. The declivity with a few (1-3) granules at the apex.

Host. — Shore pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud, and lodge-

pole pine, P. murrayana Grev. & Balf. (Ruckes, 1959) .

Type. — Female, Hopkins 1899. Hopk. U. S. No. 88. U.S.N.M.

Cat. No. 7481.

Type locality. — Newport, Lincoln County, Oregon, in the cone

of Pinus contorta var. contorta Engelm.

Distribution. — Probably throughout the range of the host, but

has not been collected from shore pine in California.

Seasonal history. — The observations reported here were made

on the beetles in the cones of the lodgepole pine which occurs at

higher elevation where there is a shorter growing season. Beetle

flight and attack occurs in late June and July after the snow has

melted from the ground. The pupa is the overwintering stage. De-

velopment in shore pine was not observed.

Conophthorus radiatae Hopkins

Description. — A black, shiny, cylindrical beetle, 3.1 — 4.1 mm

long. The declivity of the elytra is slightly impressed and interspace

1 of declivity has many granules the length of each interspace.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

Host . — Monterey pine, Pinus radiata Don.

Type. — Female, Miller 1913. Hopk. U. S. No. 10861a. U.S.N.M.

Cat. No. 7481.

Type locality . — Pacific Grove, Monterey County, California.

Distribution . — This species has only been collected from the

type locality but probably occurs throughout the host range.

Seasonal history . — The attack and oviposition habits are sim-

ilar to the other species of cone beetles which attack sessile cones.

Adult beetles attack the green developing second-year cones in the

spring and oviposit in them. Development is complete by fall and

they may overwinter in the brood cone or they may emerge and

enter first-year conelets to overwinter. One generation of beetles

completed development in 44 days under laboratory conditions.

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to Dr. S. L. Wood, Brigham Young University,

for his determinations of the Conophthorus species and to C. B.

Eaton, Pacific Southwest Experiment Station, Nelson B. Drury,

California Division of Beaches and Parks, and to Mr. and Mrs.

Ernest Schneider of Pinecrest, California, for their cooperation.

Literature Cited

Chamberlin, W. J.

1958. The Scolytoidea of the Northwest. Oregon State Monographs

No. 2, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon, pp. 141-143.

Hopkins, A. D.

1915. A new genus of Scolytoid beetles. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci.,

5:429-433.

Keen, F. P.

1958. Cone and seed insects of western forest trees. U.S. Dept. Agric.

Tech. Bull. No. 1169. pp. 46-58.

Miller, J. M.

1915. Cone beetles: injury to sugar pine and western yellow pine.

U.S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 243. pp. 1-12.

1931. High and low lethal temperatures for the western pine beetle.

Jour. Agric. Res., 43:303-321.

Ruckes, H., Jr.

1956. A hethylid parasite of cone beetles. Pan-Pacific Ent., 32:184-185.

1957. The overwintering habitat of the sugar pine cone beetle. Jour.

Econ. Ent., 50:367-368.

1958. Some observations on the Monterey pine cone beetle, Conoph-

thorus radiatae Hopkins. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.

1959. Two new records for the cone beetle genus Conophthorus Hop-

kins in California. Pan-Pacific Ent., 35:94.

Schwarz, E. A.

1895. Description of the pine-cone-inhabiting scolytid. Proc. Ent. Soc.

Wash., 3:143-145.

January, 1963] usinger— new Chilean bat bug

A NEW BAT BUG FROM SOUTHERN CHILE

(Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

Robert L. Usinger

University of California, Berkeley

In 1960 Mr. Luis Pena sent several nymphs of Cimicidae col-

lected from bat roosts in a hollow tree in southern Chile. On the

basis of nymphal characters alone, it appeared that these speci-

mens belonged to the unique subfamily Primicimicinae — known

only from the single genus and species Primicimex cavernis Barber

of Texas and Guatemala. Several attempts to obtain adults and

establish laboratory colonies were unsuccessful so Mr. Pena of-

fered to serve as guide on a field trip in search of this and other

unique southern Cimicidae. Travel was by jeep from Santiago

south to Chiloe Island during the southern summer month of Jan-

uary, 1962. Thanks are due to Mr. Pena and his assistant, Guer-

rardo, for enthusiastic support at all times and for much of the

success of the project. Financial assistance was received from the

United States Public Health Service through Grant No. E-1496-

(C4). Dr. Jacques Carayon of the Laboratoire d’Entomologie

Agricole Tropicale in Paris studied the internal reproductive

organs and made available his voluminous notes and illustrations.

Norihiro Ueshima at the University of California in Berkeley made

cytological preparations and studied the chromosomes. Dr. Seth

Benson of the University of California Museum of Vertebrate

Zoology identified the bats. Mrs. Celeste Green made the drawings

in the style of previous Cimicid illustrations.

Bucimex Usinger, new genus

Size large, 6.8 mm. (dried) to 9.6 mm. (slide mounted). Body sub-

oval, flattened above. Bristles dense and long, the individual bristles curved,

minutely notched at tip and serrate on outer side.

Clypeus not widened anteriorly, the sides subparallel. Labrum over twice

as long as wide, gradually tapering to rounded tip. Antennae about half

again as long as width of pronotum, the second segment three times as

long as first, one-eighth longer than third, the fourth two-thirds as long as

third. Rostrum short, reaching only to base of head or a little onto pro-

sternum.

Pronotum transverse, the disk convex at middle, depressed sublaterally,

the sides rounded. Hemelytral pads broadly suboval. Metasternum not plate-

like, forming a subrounded lobe between middle coxae.

Spermalege located ventrally between third and fourth visible ventral

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

segments on right side, the ectospermalege sac-like, longer than wide, ex-

tending forward from narrow opening at intersegmental membrane.

Legs with hind femora four times as long as wide, the tibiae with mot-

tled markings (pseudo joints) and the front and middle pair with small but

distinct apical pads or fossae in both sexes. Tarsi with 3 stout spines at

inner apex of third segment in apposition to claws.

Type species: Bucimex chilensis Usinger, n. sp.

Bucimex chilensis Usinger, new species

Color brown with pale yellowish at base and sides of head, on either

side of middle and in a transverse fascia behind middle of pronotum, on

either side of scutellum at basal two-thirds, at point of articulation of heme-

lytral pads, and more or less on appendages and underside.

Head as long (expanded slide mounted specimen) as wide including eyes,

1.05 mm, the latter less than one-third the width of interocular space, 0.2

mm x 0.6 mm, small and round in outline. Sides of clypeus subparallel, a

little sinuate, the apex truncate. Sides of head narrowed immediately behind

eyes and then widened near base. Clypeus beset with long, erect bristles

except on either side of base, the rest of head smooth and without bristles

except adjacent to clypeus and forward near anterior margins of eyes to

antenniferous tubercles. Postocular area with one prominent bristle behind

each eye. Antennae about half again as long as width of pronotum, 3.3 mm,

the proportion of segments 8:24, 21:14, first and second segments stout and

beset with short bristles, apical segments slender with short bristles. Ros-

trum short, reaching only to base of head in slide mounted specimens (at-

taining apex of prosternum in dried specimens), proportion of segments

6:10:5; width narrow, about equal to thickness of first antennal segment.

Pronotum about twice as wide as long at middle, 2.1 mm x 1.1 mm, the

disk convex, rough and beset with long bristles, depressed sublaterally and

narrowly before hind margin, the margins thickened and slightly reflexed.

Lateral margins evenly arcuate, anterior “angles” rounded, anterior margin

roundly emarginate behind head. Disk glabrous along two vertical pale

marks at middle and laterad at about basal fourth. Lateral bristles very

long, about as long as first antennal segment, 0.4 mm.

Scutellum more than half as wide as pronotum, 24:42, the exposed

part in slide mounted specimens about half as long as wide. Disk smooth

or minutely granular on semilunate yellow areas on either side of middle,

the middle brown, feebly punctured, and with some bristles ; posterior and

lateral areas dark brown to black, coarsely rugose and beset with longer

bristles; apex moderately swollen or inflated; lateral margins constricted

at apical third. Hemelytral pads transversely suboval, nearly straight at

contiguous inner margins, broadly, evenly rounded postero-laterally, the

articulations at sides of scutellum smooth, conspicuous, yellow; length 1.3

mm, ratio of length to width 26:35; disk coarsely punctured and beset with

long bristles, antero-lateral margin thick, the disk depressed submarginally.

Abdomen above widened, the ratio of width across 4th (3rd visible) seg-

ment :hemelytral pads :pronotum .-head including eyes — 88:70:42:22. Hind

margins of abdominal segments sinuate, thin, translucent, disk rugosely

January, 1963] usinger— new Chilean bat bug

punctate and with numerous erect bristles; segments 4, 5, and 6 (visible)

each with two pale spots at middle possibly corresponding to the paired

nymphal scent gland openings, though the latter are at anterior margin of

each segment whereas the pale spots in adults approach the middle of each

segment. Under surface with many bristles; prosternum not produced as

a point between front coxae; mesosternum with hind margin thickened and

arcuate; metasternum a somewhat inflated lobe, separating middle coxae

Fig. 1. Bucimex chilensis Usinger, new species. Lonquimay, Malleco,

Chile, showing dorsal (right) and ventral (left) surfaces of female and de-

tail ol male genital segment and paramere.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

by a distance approximately equal to width of a coxa. Scent gland evaporat-

ing area without special structures, consisting of a dull area over most of

metapleuron. Female genital segments ventrally consisting of lateral spiracle-

bearing plates and two sublateral plates of the 8th segment which narrow

toward the middle and are subcontiguous. Behind this are two longitudinal

plates that taper to apices and a pair of gonopophyses that are slightly in-

flated apically and densely beset with long bristles. Male genital segment

slightly wider across base than long, 28:24, bent slightly to left, the para-

mere as long as segment, curved and slightly sinuate at tip, tapering grad-

ually to acute apex which reaches an open pocket at left side of asymmetrical

8th segment.

Legs rather long and slender, the hind femora 2.8 mm long, four times

as long as wide, 56:14; hind tibiae one-fourth longer than femora, 80:56,

distinctly curved and mottled (pseudojoints) on apical half. Hind tarsi one-

third the length of tibiae, the second and third segments subequal, third

segment with 3 stout spines on inner apex, claws angulately produced sub-

basally.

Length (slide mounted female) 8.6 mm, width of pronotum 2.05 mm;

male, length 9.6 mm, width of pronotum 2.15 mm. Dry pinned specimens:

female, length 6.8 mm, width (pronotum) 2.15 mm.

Holotype female, 10 km south of Lonquimay, Malleco,

Chile, January 11, 1962, R. L. Usinger collector; allotype, male,

same data as holotype; paratypes, 12 specimens, same data as

type and 6 males and several nymphs near Dalcahue, Chiloe I.,

Chile, January 22, 1962, R. L. Usinger collector. Nymphs only

were taken at Tolhuaca, Curacautin, Malleco, Chile, January 11-25,

1959, and Dalcahue, Chiloe I., Chile, February 10-12, 1954, by

Luis E. Pena.

At Tolhuaca in 1959 Luis Pena found small nymphs in the

hollow trunk of an Araucaria tree in a dense moist forest of tall

trees. These specimens were associated with the bat, Myotis chilo-

ensis (Waterhouse). Unfortunately, local inhabitants of the region

built a fire in the hole and destroyed the colony. Near Lonquimay

a hollow Nothofagus tree was found with bats present and bugs

hiding in cracks inside the hollow trunk. Near Dalcahue bats and

bugs were found beneath a piece of loose bark of a large Notho-

fagus tree. The area had been burned several years earlier and

the open type of country was quite dry. Nymphs, adults, cast skins

and eggs were found in a compact cluster about 15 feet from the

ground. A third collection was made beneath loose bark of a

Nothofagus tree about 25 km north of Dalcahue. Under bark near

the latter place the bat Histiotus montauus magellanicus (Philippi)

was taken.

January, 1963] usinger— new Chilean bat bug

The relationships of Bucimex are most perplexing. The large

size, short rostrum, narrow clypeus, long slender labrum, long,

fine, serrate bristles, suboval hemelytral pads, mottled tibiae and

stiff spines at inner apex of third tarsal segment suggest affinity

with Primicimex. Also there is a long lone bristle behind each eye

in both of these genera. On the other hand, Primicimex lacks a

spermalege and usually receives sperm between the 5th and 6th

(4th and 5th visible) tergites on the left side, there being a trans-

verse pigmented area at that point. Bucimex differs radically from

this, having a distinct sclerotized ectospermalege between the 4th

and 5th (3rd and 4th visible) ventral segments on the right side.

The organ is sac-like, enlarged apically and bent toward the middle

of the body. Through the cooperation of my colleague, Dr. Jacques

Carayon, I am able to report that the mesospermalege is very large

and sac-like, exceeding the size of an ovary. Dr. Caryon also

studied the mycetomes, finding that Bucimex possesses a pair

situated in the middle of the fat tissue near the dorsal membrane

of the abdomen at the level of the fourth visible abdominal seg-

ment. Primicimex is unique among the Cimicidae in lacking dis-

crete mycetomes. The chromosome number was found by Mr.

Ueshima to be 13 -j- XY (1st metaphase, n cT). This is close to

certain colonies of Cimex lectularius and differs from most other

Cimicidae. The chromosome number of Primicimex is unknown.

To summarize, Bucimex appears on external characters to

belong to the Primicimicinae whereas its internal reproductive

system and mycetomes would perhaps place it closer to the Cimi-

cinae.

Book Notice

A LIST OF THE APHIDS OF NEW YORK, by Mortimer B. Leonard,

Washington, D.C. Proceedings of the Rochester Academy of Science,

Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 289-, 428, 4 plates, Feb. 1963. Paper covers. For

sale at $1.50 by the Librarian, Rochester Academy of Science, Rush

Rhees Library, University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y.

The life histories, economic importance, method of feeding, production of

winged forms, productivity, role as vectors of plant viruses, and other per-

tinent information are discussed as introductory material. Detailed records

of the distribution of about 350 species of aphids known to occur in New

York are given and a list of over 700 food plants on which they occur.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS TRACHUSA FROM

CALIFORNIA WITH A KEY TO THE

KNOWN SPECIES

( Hymenoptera : Megachilidae )

Robbin W. Thorp

University of California, Berkeley

The genus Trachusa Panzer has been represented previously

by three species, one from Eurasia, one from California and one

from Arizona and Sonora, Mexico (Michener 1941, 1948). A new

species is described here from California to make the name avail-

able for use in comparative ecological studies.

Trachusa gummifera Thorp, new species

Female — Integument black; pubescence pale, ferruginous medially on

face, vertex, dorsum of thorax, inner surfaces of basitarsi, medially on apical

depression of metasomal tergum 6, and abdominal scopa, whitish near eyes,

on genae, thoracic pleura, and forming medially interrupted bands on apical

depressed margins of metasomal terga 1-5. Head, except clypeus and supra-

clypeal area, finely, closely punctate ; clypeus and supraclypeal area rather

coarsely punctate, region of suture separating these sclerites somewhat

elevated and impunctate, median longitudinal line of clypeus somewhat

elevated, impunctate basally, punctate apically; apical margin of clypeus

with about seven or eight small denticulations; labial papi with third seg-

ment longer than fourth (ratio of 4:3). Mesosoma finely and closely punctate;

reddish dorsal pubescence short, uniform and dense; whitish pleural pubes-

cence long and dense, increasing in length ventrally; propodeal enclosure

punctate above, impunctate but minutely tessellate below. Metasoma with

margins of terga 3-5 strongly and abruptly depressed, less strongly abruptly

depressed on terga 1 and 2; punctures on basal area of second tergum

uniformly separated by one puncture diameter, punctures on terga 3-5

tending to be closer on succeeding segments; punctures of apical depression

of terga 2-5 about same size as those of basal area but almost contiguous;

fifth tergum with posterior margin feebly and broadly emarginate medially;

sixth tergum with wide, basal, transverse, strongly and abruptly elevated

ridge with median emargination; posterior margin of sixth tergum produced

medially as a horizontal flange, feebly emarginate medially; whitish pube-

scence long dorsolaterally on tergum 1, short in medially interrupted apical

bands of terga 1-5 ; ventral scopa with long, dense, reddish, stiff, simple hairs.

Length approximately 14 mm. Forewing length 10 mm.

Male — Integument black, except facial maculations; pubescence pale,

ferruginous on vertex, thoracic dorsum and inner surfaces of basitarsi, whit-

ish on rest of head, thoracic pleura and apical depressed margins of meta-

somal terga 1-5. Head with punctation as in female; clypeal maculation

cream colored grading to brownish peripherally; clypeus not entirely macu-

January, 1963] thorp— trachusa synopsis

late but with depressed, thin, black border laterally with punctures fine and

contiguous, black border increasing in width basomedially from anterior

tentorial pit with punctures large and contiguous, maculation along the

median longitudinal raised area almost reaching fronto-clypeal suture;

lateral facial maculations (absent in some male paratypes) each consisting

of a small brownish spot about the size of larger clypeal punctures and

located about one-fourth the distance from anterior mandibular articulation

to base of antenna; mandibles with apical tooth rather stout, its tip farther

from tip of second tooth than latter is from third; labial palpi with third

segment longer than fourth (ratio of 4:3). Mesosoma and metasomal terga

1-5 similar to female. Metasoma with sixth tergum with posterior margin

broadly rounded, the entire margin produced as a flange, delimited basally

by the subapical, transverse, feebly nodulose keel, which curves anteriorly

at the sides and gives off medially a short, subtriangular posterior projec-

tion not nearly reaching posterior margin of segment; seventh tergum with

longitudinal median ridge dorsally, posterior margin a heart-shaped fold

with broad lateral lobes and shallow median emargination ; sterna 2-4 with

apical margins straight, not provided with long hairs ; fifth sternum with

lateral margins broadly convex, feebly emarginate medially; sixth sternum

with apical margin broadly rounded and folded ventrad with a small me-

dian, anteriorly directed, truncate tooth; eighth sternum elongate, posterior

margin with short, narrow, parallel-sided, apically emarginate, median proc-

ess, the posterolateral borders broadly rounded. Length approximately 13

mm. Forewing length 9.5 mm.

Holotype female and allotype (California Academy of Sciences,

San Francisco), from Carson Ridge, Marin County, California,

June 11, 1960 (J. F. Lawrence) ; and 42 paratypes as follows: same

locality 30 9, 3d’', vi-11-60 (J. F. Lawrence and J. R. Powers;

C.I.S., G.I.S.), 1 2 9, lcf, v-30-59 (C. W. O’Rrien and J. R. Pow-

ers; G.I.S.), 3 9 , vi-15-62 (P. D. Hurd and R. W. Thorp; C.I.S.,

R.W.T.), 29, vi-30-62 (R. W. Thorp; R.W.T.). San Francisco

Co.: San Francisco, 1 9 , vi-22-57 (D. Rentz; G.I.S.) .

This species is related to T. perdita Cockerell and may be sep-

arated from this and other species of Trachusa by the following

key. The female of T. manni Crawford is not known and I have

not seen the male types. Therefore, I have relied on the original

description (Crawford, 1917) and the redescription and key pre-

sented in Michener ( 1941) .

Males

1. Mandibles largely yellow; propodeal enclosure impunctate or only nar-

rowly punctate above; sixth and seventh terga simple, without subapical

folds or ridges. (Palearctic) (serratulae)=:byssina (Panzer)

1 The abbreviations for the collections are as follows: California Insect Survey, University of

California, Berkeley (C.I.S.) ; Gerald I. Stage, Berkeley (G.I.S.) ; R. W. Thorp, Berkeley

(R.W.T.).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

Mandibles black ; propodeal enclosure with broad punctate band above ;

sixth tergum with transverse subapical carina, seventh with a median

longitudinal ridge and (except in gummifera ) a variously modified sub-

apical fold. (Nearctic).... 2.

2. Sixth tergum with posterior margin produced and subtruncate medially;

mandible with distance from end of apical tooth to end of second tooth

less than distance between apices of second and third teeth. (S. Arizona

and Sonora, Mexico) manni Crawford

Sixth tergum with posterior margin evenly rounded; mandible with dis-

tance from end of apical tooth to end of second tooth greater than dis-

tance between apices of second and third teeth. (Cismontane Califor-

nia) — _ _ 3.

3. Cream colored facial maculations covering entire clypeus and sides of

face truncate below level of antennae; labial palpus with segments 3 and

4 subequal in length; seventh tergum with a transverse, subapical, ele-

vated fold enclosing a median, apical depressed, smooth, brown plate;

eighth sternum with trilobed apex. (South Coastal, Transverse and

Peninsular Ranges) perdita Cockerell

Cream colored facial maculations not covering entire clypeus nor lower

sides of fact; clypeus with thin, black border laterally, increasing in

width basally, lateral facial maculations when present, consisting of

brownish spot on each side, about the size of larger clypeal punctures;

labial palpus with third segment longer than fourth (ratio 4:3) ; seventh

tergum without subapical fold or median, apical, depressed plate; eighth

sternum with only a single median apical lobe. (San Francisco Bay

area) _ gummifera Thorp

Females

1. Sixth tergum simple; propodeal enclosure impunctate or only narrowly

punctate above — 1 — (serratulae) — byssina (Panzer)

Sixth tergum with strong basal elevation ; propodeal enclosure with broad

punctate band above 2.

2. Labial palpus with segments 3 and 4 subequal in length; basal elevation

of sixth tergum separated by vertical or overhanging fold from produced

flange-like margin perdita Cockerell

Labial palpus with third segment longer than fourth (ratio 4:3) ; basal

elevation of sixth tergum with shallow median emargination

gummifera Thorp

References

Crawford, J. C.

1917. New Hymenoptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 19: 165-172.

Michener, C. D.

1941. A synopsis of the genus Trachusa with notes on the nesting

habits of T. perdita (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) . Pan-Pacific

Ent., 17 (3) : 119-125.

1948. The generic classification of the Anthidiine bees (Hymenop-

tera, Megachilidae). Amer. Mus. Novitates no. 1381, 29 pp.

January, 1963 ]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

R. M. Bohart Laura M. Henry H. V. Daly R. C. Miller

President Vice-President Secretary Treasurer

Proceedings

Two Hundred and Seventy-eighth Meeting

The 278th meeting was held Friday, 23 February 1962, at 8:00 P.M., in

the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Fran-

cisco, with President Bohart presiding.

Members present (36) : C. Armin, F. L. Blanc, R. M. Bohart, J. S. Buck-

ett, H. V. Daly, J. G. Edwards, W. E. Ferguson, D. Giuliani, R. H. Gonzales,

R. H. Goodwin, A. A. Grigarick, Hilary Hacker, R. E. Hall, W. G. litis,

M. E. Irwin, M. T. James, D. W. Jamieson, Lb Kinet, R. L. Langston, H. B.

Leech, D. D. Linsdale, P. Lounibos, C. D. MacNeill, J. W. and Jane Mac-

Swain, H. L. McKenzie, A. E. Michelbacher, W. W. Middlekauff, J. A.

Powell, D. C. Rentz, L. M. Smith, J. S. Snell, G. I. Stage, J. R. Stewart,

J. W. Tilden, Nancy Twomey.

Visitors present (27) : Margaret E. Bohart, R. M. Brown, W. M. Chaud-

hri, M. Collins, Stephanie Ferguson, W. A. Foster, G. W. Frankie, Mrs.

R. H. Gonzalez, J. A. Hendrickson, D. H. and Karen Janzen, W. Knabke,

V. V. Linsdale, J. B. and E. Lounibos, R. L. MacDonald, Martha Michel-

bacher, D. Miller, Ellen Y. Montgomery, Frances Powell, Judy M. Ross,

Kaye Stage, R. H. Steinbruck, Jr., Catherine Toschi, G. G. Weaver, R. L.

Westcott, Patricia Woolever.

The minutes of the meeting held 16 December 1961 were summarized.

Two new members were elected: A. A. Grigarick, Davis, California;

J. R. Stewart, Berkeley, California.

Mr. L. Blanc presented slides and specimens of an introduced species

of beetle, genus Ceratophyus, which produces undesirable tumuli near Lom-

poc, California.

Mr. Leech reported that Mr. Gordon Stace Smith of Creston, British

Columbia, had died on February 19 and gave the following comments:

“A miner by profession, and largely self-educated, Mr. Stace Smith

started to collect beetles seriously in the twenties, while living at Copper

Mountain, B.C., and made the largest and best collection in the province.

It is now at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver. His much smaller

but important collection from the vicinity of Duparquet, Quebec, is in

the California Academy of Sciences. Unfortunately he published very little,

but many new species have been described from his material, especially

by W. J. Brown. Mr. Stace Smith also gained recognition as a poet, and

had two volumes of his poems published.”

Dr. J. W. Tilden exhibited a photograph of the eggs of a wingless

mecopteran.

Mr. Leech exhibited two photographs donated by Dr. E. C. Zimmerman,

for the Historical File of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society. One

shows the Brazilian entomologist Father T. Borgmeier, the other his labora-

tory.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

The principal speakers for the evening were J. S. Buckett, D. Miller,

and G. W. Frankie, undergraduate students in the Department of Ento-

mology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley and Davis.

Their presentation, illustrated with slides, was “Observations and Insect

Collecting on the 49 Course at White Mountains in Eastern California.”

A coffee social in the entomology rooms followed the meeting. — Howell

V. Daly, Secretary

Two Hundred and Seventy-Ninth Meeting

The 279th meeting was held Friday, 30 March 1962, at 8:00 P.M., in

the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Fran-

cisco, with President Bohart presiding.

Members present (28) : P. D. Ashlock, R. M. Bohart, H. Y. Daly,

C. J. DeMars, R. L. Doutt, J. Drew, I. G. Edwards, W. E. Ferguson, G. W.

Frankie, J. K. Fujii, R. H. Gonzalez, P. A. Harvey, Laura M. Henry,

M. Irwin, U. Kinet, H. Lange, R. L. Langston, H. B. Leech, J. A. Litsinger,

C. D. MacNeill, H. L. McKenzie, J. A. Powell, F. E. Skinner, L. M. Smith,

W. Stanger, J. R. Stewart, J. W. Tilden, Catherine Toschi.

Visitors present (17) : Margaret E. Bohart, F. Catalano, Barbara B.

Daly, Otilia Gonzalez, C. B. Huffaker, D. H. Janzen, E. lessen, Alain Kinet,

Pauline S. Lange, R. L. MacDonald, Y. Miyatake, F. Raney, Judy Ross,

Edna Smith, Mrs. W. Stanger, Mrs. J. Stewart.

The minutes of the meeting held 23 February 1962 were summarized.

Four new members were elected: Catherine Toschi, G. W. Frankie,

and J. K. Fujii, Berkeley, California; W. Stanger, Sacramento, California.

In addition, Berta Kessel, San Francisco, California, was re-instated to

membership.

Dr. R. L. Usinger announced that the Publications Committee was

investigating a method for supporting the Pan-Pacific Entomologist by page

charges.

Mr. H. B. Leech announced the death of Mr. J. B. Wallace on 14 March.

Mr. Leech also noted that a letter from Mr. W. H. Edwards to Mr. W. G.

Wright has been deposited in the historical file.

Dr. J. A. Powell displayed the adult moth, Laspeyresia deshaisiana

(Lucas), which had been reared from commercial Mexican Jumping Beans.

Dr. C. Don MacNeill reported the occurrence of the lycaenid Callophrys

fotis Strecker in the San Bruno Mountains and gave the following com-

ments :

“This butterfly has not been known to occur in the Bay Area; it was

known previously in the Coast Ranges only south of Monterey Bay. A female

captured by D. C. Rentz first attracted attention to the population which

was at that time apparently associated with the succulent Echeveria. Sub-

sequent work in the area has indicated, however, that the insect is definitely

associated with Sedum, which is the recorded larval food plant for the

populations of this species on Vancouver Island.”

Dr. H. Lange showed slides and gave an informative talk on the damage

to range lands by crane flies.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. L. M. Smith, Department

January, 1963 ]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

of Entomology, University of California, Davis. His illustrated lecture was

on “A discussion of the family Japygidae.”

A coffee social in the entomology rooms followed the meeting. — H owell,

V. Daly, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Eightieth Meeting

The 280th meeting, the annual field day, was held Saturday, 12 May

1962, on the northeast slope of Mt. Diablo at Russelmann Park, Contra

Costa County, California, with President Bohart presiding.

Members present (12): P. D. Ashlock, R. M. Bohart, Lois R. Brei-

meier, H. V. Daly, W. E. Ferguson, R. L. Langston, H. B. Leech, A. E.

Michelbacher, W. W. Middlekauff, C. W. O’Brien, F. E. Skinner, W. Stanger.

Visitors present (20) : Margaret Bohart, Barbara and Diane Daly, Kathy

Engelbert, Rick and Robin Ferguson, Ann and Bruce Langston, Martha

Michelbacher, Phyllis and Dave Middlekauff, Jean, Roger, David and Susan

Skinner, Mildred Stanger, N. Ueshima, Mr. and Mrs. Villanueva.

The facilities of this private recreational area were reserved for the

use of the Society including picnic tables, swimming pool, and a sports field.

The members hunted vigorously for a wingless mecopteran alleged to be

common in the tall grass on the nearby slopes. Three were caught. — Howell

V. Daly, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Eighty-First Meeting

The 281st meeting was held Friday, 12 October 1962, at 7:45 P.M., in

the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Fran-

cisco, with President Bohart presiding.

Members present (29) : R. P. Allen, R. M. Bohart, D. J. Burdick, W.

M. Chaudhri, H. V. Daly, J. C. Edwards, W. M. Gilbert, R. H. Goodwin,

M. E. Irwin, D. H. Janzen, U. Kinet, T. H. Lauret, J. F. Lawrence, H. B.

Leech, C. D. MacNeill, P. M. Marsh, H. L. McKenzie, A. S. Menke, W. H.

Nutting, C. W. and Lois O’Brien, F. D. Parker, J. A. Powell, D. C. Rentz,

C. J. Rogers, J. Snell, G. I. Stage, L. A. Strange, J. W. Tilden.

Visitors present (35) : P. Allen, W. M. Brooks, Barbara Daly, J T.

Doyen, S. W. Earnshaw, Mrs. J. G. and Janie Edwards, Dr. and Mrs. F. A.

Ellis, B. P. Gabriel, Kathleen Hale, J. A. Hendrickson, Jr., Karen Janzen,

Alain Kinet, E. W. Kirchbaum, T. E. and L. Magadan, M. and S. Marquis,

P. C. Mayer, Virginia B. McKenzie, Karen Menke, Ellen Montgomery, Irene

Pogojeff, Mr. and Mrs. A. Raske, P. A. Rude, Jr., D. Sanders, E. Slobod-

chikoff, Kaye N. Stage, Mr. and Mrs. L. D. Thurman, D. Veirs, V. Vesterby,

R. L. Westcott.

The minutes of the meeting held 12 May 1962 were summarized.

Six new members were elected: C. Johnson, Socorro, New Mexico;

S. F. Cook, Jr., Lakeport, California; W. M. Horner, W. M. Chaudhri, W.

Gilbert, Davis, California; D. H. Janzen, Berkeley, California. In addition,

P. P. Cook, Seattle, Washington, and S. Piazza, San Jose, California, were

reinstated to membership.

Dr. J. G. Edwards displayed a vial containing 47 specimens of a very

rare little beetle, Brathinus sp. (Family Brathinidae) and gave the following

comments :

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

“These beetles, along with several dozen more, were packed into pits

and galleries in a dead, floating piece of branch in an eddy with lots of

froth. This is the first record known for this family in Wyoming. The larvae

of the family are unknown, and the male genitalia have not been described.

He hopes to return to Yellowstone next summer and collect larvae. The

habitat in which these beetles are usually collected is among grass roots

near the edge of streams. Two species are known from eastern United States

and one from California, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. Superficially they

resemble Anthicidae, but have slightly abbreviated elytra, prominent ocelli,

and are very active runners when disturbed. They are said to lack the

ability to fly, but in these specimens the rear wings appear to be very well

developed.”

The recent death of Mrs. Ralph Hopping, of Vernon, British Columbia,

was reported by Mr. Leech with the following comments:

“It was by her generosity that the California Academy of Sciences was

given the important R. Hopping collection of beetles in May, 1948.”

Mr. Leech also mentioned the recent gift of a valuable collection of

beetles from Burdette E. White, a former student under Dr. E. C. Van Dyke

at Berkeley, and now District Superintendent of the Perris Union High

School District. The beautifully prepared material received to date is espe-

cially rich in Buprestidae.

Leaflets were distributed bearing the announcement of “Pacific Insects

Monograph 4. Taxonomy, Zoogeography, and Evolution of Indo-Australian

Theronia (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)” by V. K. Gupta. The publica-

tion, consisting of 142 pages, 29 figures, and 15 maps, is $3.50, in the bound

form, from the Entomology Department, Bishop Museum, Honolulu 17,

Hawaii.

Jerry A. Powell presented the following note and exhibited specimens

of the cocoons and insects reared:

“During a search of Quercus agrifolia in San Francisco and Berkeley

last January, Don MacNeill and I found numerous cocoons attached to the

bark. These were quite cryptic in appearance and color and were of two

types. The first, a hardened, cylindrical, blunt cocoon, was extremely com-

mon on some trees and was found to be that of the tenthredinid, Periclista

linea Stannard (det. W. W. Middlekauff ) . Upon emergence the sawfly cut

a circular hole at one end of its cocoon, leaving a ready made shelter for

other organisms. In the habitat thus created, we found remains of various

alien cocoons, gelechiid moth pupal shells, a pupating larva of Hemerobius,

cleroid beetle larvae, Byturus beetles, pseudoscorpions, unidentified eggs,

etc. The cocoons must be very persistent since nearly all showed emergence

holes, and only one P. linea was reared from the unopened ones collected.

Others contained dead adults or larvae. The second type of cocoon, which

proved to be that of the nolid moth, Celama minna Butler, was much less

common and evidently less persistent, since most of those found contained

living pupae. These cocoons were of a more pliable nature and were less

symmetrical in shape, with the margins more closely appressed to irregu-

larities in the bark. Both types were frequently covered, along with sur-

January, 1963]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

rounding areas of the bark, by a one-celled green alga, Pleurococcus (det.

I. I. Tavares), which added to the cryptic concealment of the cocoons.”

The principal speakers of the evening were L. Stange and F. D. Parker,

graduate students in the Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Uni-

versity of California, Davis. Their subject, illustrated with slides, was

'‘Problems and Rewards of Collecting Insects in Mexico.”

A coffee social in the entomology rooms followed the meeting. — Howell

V. Daly, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Eighty-Second Meeting

The 282nd meeting was held Friday, 16 November 1962, at 7 :45 P.M.,

in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco, with President Bohart presiding.

Members present (29) : R. M. Bohart, D. C. Brodahl, W. M. Brooks,

H. V. Daly, R. L. Doutt, J. G. Edwards, W. E. Ferguson, N. E. Gary, R. H.

Goodwin, R. E. Hall, D. H. Janzen, U. Kinet, R. Langston, H. B. Leech,

C. D. MacNeill, J. W. and Jane MacSwain, D. C. Rentz, C. J. Rogers, F. E.

Skinner, C. Slobodchikoff, G. I. Stage, H. E. Stark, J. Stewart, Catherine

Toschi, Nancy Twomey, C. A. Vickery, D. Viers, V. B. Whitehead.

Visitors present (17): H. C. Brodahl, L. E. Caltagirone, M. Collins,

Barbara and Diane Daly, L. A. Falcon, E. H. Feinberg, Kathleen A. Hale,

Karen Janzen, E. Jessen, Alain Kinet, Evelyn Langston, Irene Pogojeff,

Judy Ross, Kaye N. and Monica D. Stage, M. Tauber.

The minutes of the meeting held 12 October 1962 were summarized.

Six new members were elected: W. M. Brooks, D. Veirs, Berkeley, Cali-

fornia; N. E. Gary, Davis, California; C. Slobodchikoff, San Francisco,

California; C. A. Vickery, Jr., Santa Clara, California; V. B. Whitehead,

Albany, California.

Appointments to two committees were made: nominating, W. E. Fer-

guson, Chairman, R. L. Doutt and C. D. MacNeill; and auditing, J. A.

Powell, Chairman, and H. B. Leech.

Mr. Leech gave notice of the death, on October 28, of Georg Pronin

and made the following comments:

“Mr. Pronin arrived in this country early in 1951, via Germany, as a

refugee from Russia. He held a degree in forest engineering, entomology,

from the University of Prague, and had operated an entomological field

station near Lutzk, Poland. He was skillful at rearing Lepidoptera, and

during the summers of 1951 and 1952, while employed by the California

Academy of Sciences, had working space at the U.S.D.A. forest entomology

laboratory at Hat Creek, Shasta County.”

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. Norman E. Gary, Depart-

ment of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Davis. His

presentation, illustrated by a movie, was “Mating Behavior of the Honeybee.”

A coffee social in the entomology rooms followed the meeting. — Howell

V. Daly, Secretary .

Two Hundred and Eighty-Third Meeting

The 283rd meeting was held Friday, 14 December 1962, at 7:45 P.M.,

in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

Francisco, with President Bohart presiding.

Members present (51) : L. C. Armin, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., W. F. Barr,

R. M. Bohart, D. J. Burdick, H. V. Daly, R. L. Doutt, J. G. Edwards, W. E.

Ferguson, G. W. Frankie, N. E. Gary, R. H. Goodwin, P. A. Harvey, P. D.

Hurd, Jr., M. E. Irwin, D. H. Janzen, U. Kinet, D. H. Kistner, H. B. Leech,

D. D. Linsdale, P. Lounibos, C. D. MacNeill, J. W. and Jane MacSwain, P. M.

Marsh, H. L. McKenzie, A. S. Menke, C. W. and Lois O’Brien, F. D. Parker,

J. A. Powell, D. C. Rentz. C. J. Rogers, T. N. Seeno, W. E. Simonds, F. E.

Skinner, C. Slobodchikoff, S. D. Smith, R. R. Snelling, G. I. Stage, L. A.

Stange, W. Stanger, H. E. Stark, J. R. Stewart, J. E. Swift, J. W. Tilden,

Nancy Twomey, R. L. Usinger, C. A. Vickery, Jr., D. Veirs, V. B. Whitehead

Visitors present (20): Barbara Barr, L. E. Caltagirone, Stephanie

Ferguson, G. B. Frei, B. P. Gabriel, Joyce Gary, Kathleen Hale, J. B.

Lounibos, Marilyn McCormack, Virginia McKenzie, Karen Menke, Ellen

Montgomery, Trudy Noller, Irene Pogojeff, F. C. Raney, Nancy Rechen,

Judy Ross, R. L. Westcott, R. H. Whitsil, Judith Williamson.

The minutes of the meeting held 16 November 1962 were summarized.

Two new members were elected: M. A. Cazier, Tempe, Arizona; G.

Grodhaus, Berkeley, California. In addition, B. Keh was reinstated to

membership in the Society.

The reports of the Treasurer and the auditing committee were read

by J. A. Powell. The financial records of the past year were in order. Both

reports were accepted by the Society.

W. E. Ferguson, chairman of the nominating committee, presented the

names of the nominees, and the following people were elected as Society

officers for 1963: President, Richard M. Bohart; Vice-President, Jerry A.

Powell; Secretary, Howell V. Daly; Treasurer, Robert C. Miller.

R. L. Usinger announced that the Executive Board of the Society had

instituted a procedure for page charges. (The details of the arrangement are

printed inside the front cover of this issue.)

J. A. Powell gave the following note and exhibited accompanying speci-

mens.

“On October 21, 1962, while burning some rather green eucalyptus and

elm branches and leaves at Walnut Creek (foot of shell ridge), Contra Costa

County, I noticed Melanophila beetles flying about. Ten specimens were

taken by hand within three feet of the small, smoky fire, alighting on the

ground and on my clothing inside an hour after the fire was started, be-

tween 3:00 and 4:00 p.m. (P.D.T.). A hygrothermograph nearby recorded

the air temperature as 71-73° F and the relative humidity as 45-47 per cent

during this period. The collection includes two species (members of the

subgenus Melanophila) , nine specimens of M. consputa LeConte and one of

M. acuminata DeGeer (det. P. D. Hurd, Jr. and H. B. Leech). Both species

are pine feeders which have been recorded as involved in attraction by

burning trees, smelters, etc. Most of these reports have concerned very hot

fires or large amounts of smoke, and there has been some debate in the

literature as to whether the attraction is by heat or smoke. In the present

case there was very little in the way of a blaze but considerable smoke, which

January, 1963]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

was carried off close to the ground by a light, steady breeze. A similar fire

was burned on October 28 (62-64° F and 60-66% R.H.), but no beetles

were observed.”

W. E. Ferguson displayed specimens and presented the following note

on the behavior of nocturnal male mutillid wasps:

“Males of the nocturnal Mutiilidae rarely have been observed except

when attracted to lights. Especially in the deserts, when nocturnal tempera-

tures are well above 70° F, males may swarm around lights with species of

Brachycistis and other noctural Tiphiidae. For many years I have searched

for these nocturnal wasps during the day in areas where they were found

abundantly at night. These areas usually have been sandy or gravelly and

have not contained many rocks more than an inch or two across. I have

always turned over wood, bricks, pieces of concrete, and other natural or

unnatural objects, without exposing mutillids. At several localities I have

also searched through leaf litter beneath shrubs with negative results. I

recently summarized our knowledge of the behavior of nocturnal Mutiilidae

(1962. Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 27 ( 1 ) : 1-92 ) with the speculation that the

adults must spend the day in burrows or cracks in the soil.

“A recent observation suggests that at least under some circumstances

the males normally do spend daylight hours concealed under leaf litter close

to the trunks of desert shrubs. On October 6, 1962, I stopped shortly before

dusk to collect along U.S. Highway 466, at Lost Hills, 20 miles west of

Wasco, Kern County, California. No mutillids were found crawling on the

smooth bare ground although they were constantly searched for, and none

were swept from any of the desert shrubs. However, at dusk, during the

fifteen minutes or so before darkness (light insufficient to see details on the

vegetation), a single male Odontophotopsis was found motionless on the

end of a twig. The specimen was captured and other shrubs were examined

quickly in the failing light. As many as five specimens were found on some

shrubs, while none could be found on others. When darkness came (observa-

tion almost impossible), some of the males moved to new positions on the

plants and flew away without first being disturbed. Those which still were

motionless flew immediately if I touched the twigs on which they rested.

“Four aspects of the observations bear emphasis: (1) although exten-

sive bare soil surrounded each shrub, no mutillids were seen on the ground;

(2) the small shrubs, of Atriplex polycarpa (determined by C. W. Shar-

smith), were about three feet in height and had a relatively open growth

form and sparse leaves, thus facilitating examination for insects; (3) the

brownish-colored mutillids were easily found because they contrasted in

color with the whitish leaves and twigs in fruit, but they were most obvious

on the fine terminals of dead branches; and (4) the period of time when

mutillids were seen on the plants was very brief, thus greatly limiting the

chance of observing them.

“In the first hour of darkness, after it was impossible to see insects, the

air temperature was favorable for flight, and additional specimens were col-

lected at the automobile headlights. Only two species of Odontophotopsis

were found in this locality: 27 specimens of the common and widespread

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIX, NO. 1

0. cooki Baker, and 17 specimens of an unidentified species.

“On July 7, 1961, 2 miles west of Carson City, Nevada, at the mouth of

King’s Canyon, I also collected two specimens of a nocturnal tiphiid at dusk

from low plants with sparse foliage.

“Apparently, at dusk, when insects scarcely can be seen, the nocturnal

male mutillids and tiphiids crawl from their diurnal hiding places in leaf

litter among the trunks of shrubs and climb to terminal branches. There

they wait motionless until the sky is dark enough to stimulate them to fly

and begin searching for the females.”

The address by President Bohart was entitled “Fashions and Fancies in

the Realm of Systematics.”

A coffee social in the entomology rooms followed the meeting. — Howell

V. Daly, Secretary.

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programs. For technical information and service, please

write Velsicol Chemical Corporation, 330 East Grand

Ave., Chicago 11, 111.

for agriculture,

homes, lawns, gardens

and public health!

Velsicol Internacional de Mexico S.A. de C.V.

Morelos No. 110-Desp. 209, Mexico 6, D.F.

Velsicol Corporation of Canada, Limited

2 Carlton St., Suite 1018, Toronto 2, Canada

Velsicol International Corp.,C.A.

P.O. Box 1687, Nassau, Bahamas, B.W.l.

SPRAY ADJUVANTS

DESIGNED TO INCREASE THE

EFFECTIVENESS OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS

FLUXIT • MULTI-FILM "L" • MULTI-FILM "C"

COLLOIDAL Z-l • COLLOIDAL X-77

C-P-5 DUST STICKER • SEED COAT

Inquiries Invited Relating to Specific Problems

COLLOIDAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION

1 00 GATE 5 ROAD

SAUSALITO, CALIF.

A Service for the Field

Testing & Evaluation

Agricultural Chemicals

Under Western Conditions

Trojan Laboratories

Box 326

Montebello, California

Vll

PAYDAY for growers

starts with Stauffer Chemical Research

Stauffer scientists and field men work throughout the year to find new

methods to help growers. In the field and laboratory, Stauffer chemical

research develops better products to produce better crops.

Already accepted by thousands of growers are products pioneered by

Stauffer research: Vapam®, Trithion®, and Eptam®. Proved by two

seasons in intensive use by growers is Tillam tm, an outstanding material

for weed control in sugar beets and tomatoes.

Vapam®, Trithion®, and Eptam® are Stauffer's Reg. T.M.’sfor a soil fumigant, an insecticide-acaricide, and

an herbicide.

tm Tillam is Stauffer's T.M.for an herbicide.

STAUFFER CHEMICAL COMPANY

Western

Offices:

SAN FRANCISCO 8, CALIF. LOS ANGELES 54, CALIF.

636 California St. P. 0. Box 2004, Terminal Annex

BAKERSFIELD, CALIF., 1016 E. Brundage Lane

NORTH PORTLAND, ORE. GLENDALE, ARIZ. FRESNO, CALIF.

P. 0. Box 68 P. 0. Box 505 4753 E. Commerce

VIII

. / IN DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PROTECTION MATERIALS

AND IMPROVED SERVICE FACILITIES FOR BIGGER YIELD

AND BETTER QUALITY. NIAGARA — FOR MORE THAN A

HALF-CENTURY— YOUR PARTNER IN AGRICULTURAL

CHEMICAL PROGRESS.

Putting Ideas to Work

NIAGARA CHEMICAL DIVISION

ANAHEIM • FRESNO • RICHMOND • YAKIMA

Home Office: MIDDLEPORT, NEW YORK

Chemagro: source of a constantly growing crop

of better chemicals for agriculture.

Farmer, stockman or grower; chances are he can use one or more of these

Chemagro products. Why should he? Because he’s using the most efficient

and effective chemical control for his dollar. He’s buying Chemagro research

and quality products, second to none. These go hand in hand with a growing

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whatever material is needed, if the name is encircled in the blue bullseye of

Chemagro, you can recommend it CHEMAGRO tfot Ctyu

with confidence. Chemagro Corporation • Hawthorn Road • Kansas City 20, Missouri

penco.

AGRICULTURAL

CHEMICALS

from the AIR

SPRAYS, DUSTS

on LAND

SPRAYS, DUSTS, GRANULARS

onstant, dependable supplies assured from strategically located plants and

arehouses. See your Pennsalt dealer or local Pennsalt representative for

distance in your control program.

Ask for Penco Technical Bulletins

Agricultural Chemicals Division

PENNSALT CHEMICALS CORPORATION

TACOMA 1, WASHINGTON

Aurora, Illinois Bryan, Texas Los Angeles and Fresno, California

Montgomery, Ala. Portland, Ore. Wenatchee and Yakima, Washington

Pennsalt

Chemicals

ESTABLISHED 1850

Label directions on all chemicals are important. There

are thousands of agricultural chemicals available

today, and the correct usage of these chemicals

depends upon the understanding of the product s

function and application. The labels and the directions

they carry are carefully prepared by expert scientific

personnel. It is most important that the user of these

products be alerted to the importance of careful read-

ing of directions concerning dilution and application.

In order to help remind the public, the Ortho Division

of California Chemical Company is making available

the sticker shown above, free of charge. Address

requests for stickers to California Chemical Company,

Ortho Division, Richmond, California, Dept. LAC.

CALIFORNIA CHEMICAL

COMPANY

Ortho Division

Richmond, California

INSECT

PINS

Fast Service $4 per M

417 PALM AVENUE REEDLY, CALIFORNIA

*New customers, mention this ad for a 5% discount.

DR. E. REUTER G.M.B.H.

SCIENCE MAILORDER FIRM

MUNCHEN 22, KAULBACHSTRASSE 26A

TELEPHONE: 22 11 18, CABLE NUMBER: 52/3943

We would like to send you free our scientific

equipment catalogue, which includes a list of

special books and over 200 pieces of equipment

for catching, collecting and breeding insects, as

well as equipment useful for zoologists and bot-

anists.

Our book list contains over 15,000 new and

second-hand titles of books, journals and articles

pertaining to entomology, biology and other fields

of science.

Our prices were reduced last year because of

streamlining our organization and bulk pur-

chases. These new offers will be of great interest

to all biologists, as they are reasonable in spite

of import duty and mailing costs. We will be

pleased to serve you anywhere in the world.

X11J

Plagued by mites who seem to thrive on phosphate? Get aramite®,

effective, approved miticide. Tests in the field for the past twelve

years prove aramite kills a wide variety of mites, including those who

resist phosphate, and not one has developed a resistance to aramite.

Applied as a wet spray or dust, aramite has a long residual. It kills

both nymph and adult mites on cotton, ornamentals, fruit and shade

trees. Appoved by the U.S.D.A. for mite control of cotton, aramite

is safe to use and does not harm bees or other beneficial insects. For

effective, economical mite control, order aramite from your local

supplier.

NAUGATUCK CHEMICAL DIVISION

United States Rubber

Dept. 3141AR Elm Street, Naugatuck, Connecticut

DISTRICT OFFICES: Akron • Boston • Portland • San Francisco • Chicago • Detroit

Gastonia * Los Angeles * Dallas * New Brunswick, N.J. * Dominion Rubber Company,

Ltd., Montreal * CABLE: Rubexport, N.Y.

Citrus profits

go up

when mite counts

go down

with

Kefthane

Kelthane® miticide kills citrus

red, flat, Yuma, 6-spot — but is

harmless to mite predators and

beneficial insects. Gives fast kill

and long residual action. Safe for

new foliage and sensitive fruit-

finishes when used as recom-

mended. Can be used up to seven

days before harvest. For better

coverage, use Triton® B-1956,

the non-oil spreader-sticker.

F?OHIV1

HA & AS

Vol. XXXIX APRIL, 1963 No. 2

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

VAURIE — Key to Diplotaxis of Baja California 67

RENTZ — Notes on a collection of Timema boharti Tinkham 74

FENDER — Some undescribed North American Malthini 75

CHEMSAK AND LINSLEY — The North American Genera related

to Gaurotes with a key to the Mexican component species 81

SNELLING — A host of Macrosaigon cruentum (Genmar) in

Georgia 87

FURMAN AND RADOVSKY — A new species of Ornithonyssus from

the white-tailed antelope squirrel, with a rediagnosis of the

genus Ornithonyssus 89

WILKEY — A new species of Apache from California 98

LAYIGNE — Notes on the behavior of Stenopogon coyote Bromley with

a description of the eggs 103

SNELLING — The evaniid wasps of California 107

CHAPMAN — Observations on Aedes niphadopsis Dyar & Knab and

campestris Dyar & Knab in Nevada 109

FLESCHNER — Releases of recently imported insect parasites and

predators in California, 1960-1961 114

COOK — Topographic analysis of the Clear Lake Gnat problem 117

SELANDER AND DOWNEY — Distributional and food plant records in

the cyanipennis subgroup of the genus Lytta 124

TAYLOR — Notes on the leaf-cutter bee Megachile (Eutricharaea)

gratiosa Gerstaecker 129

KISTNER — New species and new records of Pygostenini

from Uganda and Kenya 135

MEETING NOTICES 80, 102, 134

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 73, 80

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1963

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. G. Linsley P. D. Hurd, Jr., Editor E. R. Leach

E. S. Ross H. Y. Daly, Asst. Editor H. B. Leech

L. R. O’Brien, Editorial Assistant

R. C. Miller, Treasurer J. E. Swift, Advertising

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceedings appear-

ing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology arc

favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, life history,

and distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to

Dr. P. D. Hurd, Jr., at 112 Agriculture Hall, University of California, Berkeley 4, Calif. All

communications regarding non-receipt of numbers, changes of address, requests for sample

copies, and all financial communications should be addressed to the treasurer, Dr. R. C. Miller,

at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco 18, California.

The annual dues, paid in advance, are $5.00 for regular members or $6.00 for subscriptions

only. Single copies are $1.50 each or $6.00 a volume. Make checks payable to Pan-Pacific