Vol. 40 JANUARY 1964 No. 1

THE

Pan-Pacipic Entomologist

CONTENTS

EATON AND STRUBLE— John Elliot Patterson, 1887-1962 1

SAMUELSON — A new gall midge from Prickly Pear cactus in Arizona 5

FRICK — Liriomyza dianthi, a new synonym of L. langei 11

MYERS — Identification of Culex (Culex) larvae in California 13

WICKMAN — Observations on the siricid parasite Ibalia ensiger 19

TOSCHI— Observations on Lomanyia latipennis with a description of the

first instar larva 21

CHANIOTIS AND ANDERSON — Notes on the morphology and laboratory

rearing of Phlebotomus vexator occidentis 27

SMITH — Japygidae of North America 10: The genus Ctenjapyx 33

SMITH — Japygidae of North America 11: The genus Hecajapyx 37

STARK AND KOEHLER — Biology of the gall wasp, Eurytoma tumoris, on

Scots Pine 41

UESHIMA — Experiments on reproductive isolation in Cimex lectularius

and Cimex columbarius 47

SMITH — Description of the male of Xyelecia nearctica, with comments on

the genus 54

MOORE — A new species of Endeodes from Sonora, Mexico 57

WICKMAN — Freshly scorched pines attract large numbers of Arhopalus adults __ 59

SCIENTIFIC NOTES 9, 10

BOOK REVIEW 39

BOOK NOTICES AND RECENT LITERATURE 10, 12, 20, 32, 60

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 36

PROCEEDINGS, PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 61

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1964

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. 40 January 1964 No. 1

3luljit lEUtnJ Pattrrfimt

1887-1882

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

John Elliot Patterson

One of the last of that vanishing race of naturalists whose knowledge

was largely self-taught passed from the scene with the death of John

Elliot Patterson in Ashland, Oregon, on 31 July 1962. John Patterson

was a forest entomologist whose 32-year career was practically all

devoted to investigations of insect pests in the forests of California

and Oregon. A colleague and contemporary of such well-known workers

in this field as H. E. Burke, J. M. Miller, and F. P. Keen, he was

one of a small band of pioneers in the U. S. Department of Agriculture

who laid the groundwork for the development of forest insect research

in the West as we know it today.

John was born on 26 November 1887, in Joplin, Missouri, the son

of John T. and Naomi Sheets Patterson, who came from Kentucky.

Two years thereafter, in the aftermath of the great migrations which

helped settle the West, the family moved to southern Oregon. There on a

farm near Klamath Falls John grew up. He received his formal educa-

tion in the Klamath Falls schools, and later attended for a time Southern

Oregon Normal School in Ashland. A young man who felt keenly

the challenges of a rapidly growing technology, but who was impatient

with the conventional processes of education, John forsook the halls

of learning early “to see for himself.” Before finding the niche out

of which he carved his career, he was successively a surveyor’s helper,

an apprentice to a commercial photographer, a wiring specialist on

railroad signal installations, and a salesman of packinghouse products.

Just what turned his interests from these ventures to forestry is not

clear; but we do know that from his numerous experiences and native

ability he became a skilled technician in many fields. He learned early

in life to be self-reliant, and this trait characterized his entire career.

In addition, he stored up a wealth of knowledge which stood him in

good stead on many a later occasion when some practical problem

stumped a colleague with a less varied background.

In 1913, when he was 26 years old, John became a forest guard

on the Crater (now Rogue River) National Forest. He started his

forest entomology career in the spring of the following year as an

entomological ranger at the Ashland, Oregon, field station of the U. S.

Bureau of Entomology. Placed in charge of this station 6 years later,

he remained at Ashland until 1925, when this installation was closed

and the work transferred to the Bureau’s Pacific Slope Station at

Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. John left the Federal

Service to engage in private business for a 4-year period beginning in

July 1929, but early in 1934 he rejoined the Bureau, which meantime

January 1964]

JOHN ELLIOT PATTERSON

had shifted its forest insect activities from Stanford to the University

of California at Berkeley. Thenceforward until his retirement on 7 July

1950, he was a mainstay of the staff of the Berkeley Forest Insect

Laboratory. During the last 8 years of his active career he was

Assistant Station Leader, responsible for administering the Laboratory’s

program.

At the close of his career, John returned to the home at Ashland,

planned and built by his own hand, which had remained his legal

residence throughout his years in California. There he vigorously pur-

sued his many interests until his death of cancer in 1962. His wife,

Myrtle Vivian DeCarlow, whom he married in 1917, survives him.

John Patterson’s contributions to forest entomology were many.

When his career began, the first large-scale projects to control pine

bark beetles in western forests were in their heyday. His interest in

forest insects undoubtedly was first aroused by experiences on these

projects. Through such experiences, he acquired a wealth of knowledge

about bark beetles, and a strong background in methods of surveying

and controlling these pests. This knowledge, coupled with his special

talents for getting people with diverse interests to work together har-

moniously, placed him much in demand on survey and control projects

in later years. He made important additions to our information on

bark beetle ecology and originated the idea of using solar heat in

controlling the mountain pine beetle. He also helped to develop the

first major study of cone and seed insects of western forest trees, and

was the first to conduct detailed biological studies of two important

defoliating pests of conifers, the lodgepole needle miner and the pandora

moth.

Some of John Patterson’s accomplishments are well documented in

the dozen or so publications that he authored, but he was not a prolific

writer. Perhaps his greatest single tangible legacy to forest entomology

stems from his days as an apprentice photographer, for photography

was a field in which he had not only a strong interest but considerable

talent. Pictures that he took of western forest insects and their work

have been used in many government publications, as well as in a

number of forest entomology texts. Taken in a day when photographic

equipment was far less sophisticated than it is now, many of his forest

insect pictures remain unexcelled today.

Ornithology was another one of John Patterson’s avocations. Some

of his observations and many excellent photographs which he took

of birds and bird habitats appear in publications on the natural history

of North American birds, from the Smithsonian press. He also developed

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

during the latter part of his career a superb collection of stereo color

photographs of California scenes, some of the best depicting the State’s

famous Spanish missions.

Those of us who were his close associates best remember “Pat,” as

we called him, for his many admirable qualities as a person. A friendly,

tactful individual, not readily upset when plans went awry, he had

a knack for dealing with people that gained him a considerable reputa-

tion as a troubleshooter. His interest in the activities of those around

him, particularly newcomers just getting started, was unflagging. And

his practical versatility helped many a fellow worker bring into being

a brainchild that otherwise would have been stillborn. “Pat” was a

gracious and entertaining host, a congenial traveling companion, and

an experienced field man, wise in woods ways. An avid reader, a keen

observer, and a man with a lively curiosity concerning the world

about him, John Patterson never lost the urge “to see for himself.”

— Charles B. Eaton and George R. Struble, Pacific Southwest Forest

and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U . S. Department of

Agriculture.

January 1964] samuelson — midge from cactus 5

A New Gall Midge from Prickly Pear Cactus in Arizona

(Diptera : Cecidomyiidae)

G. Allan Samuelson 1

University of Arizona, Tucson

In 1960, I reared adult midges representing a new Ruebsaamenia

from collections of fruit of Prickly Pear cacti, Opuntia ( Platyopuntia )

taken in southern Arizona. Larvae and pupae were also collected. The

life history of this species is partially described here, and is of interest

since little is published on the bionomics of the North American mem-

bers of this tribe, the Porricondylini.

Members of this genus are mostly recorded from the Palaearctic

Region. The first record of the occurrence of Ruebsaamenia in North

America is believed to be that of Foote (1956) in which R. keeni is

described and is associated with the cones of Abies , Picea, Pinus, and

Pseudotsuga in California.

Ruebsaamenia cactophila Samuelson, new species

Holotype male: Body reddish-orange in life, fading to shades of yellowish-

buff after death; eyes black. Head with row of long setae along hind margin of

eye; mesonotum setose laterally, pseudosutural foveae ciliate, pleurae mostly gla-

brous, scutellum with transverse row of long setae; abdomen moderately clothed

with long setae.

Head nearly circular as viewed from front, ovate from lateral aspect; eye bridge

with about nine rows of facets; maxillary palpus four-segmented, with overall length

attaining height of head, segment two widest, three slightly thicker than four,

length of segments forming a ratio of 1.0 : 1.7 : 2.4 : 3.3. Antenna 23-segmented,

slightly longer than body, most flagellar segments with long stem; scape subconical,

widest subapically, slightly longer than wide; pedicel subquadrate, with sides

slightly turgid, about half as long as scape; third segment about three times longer

than pedicel, constricted basad of node; segments 4^13 subequal, slightly longer

than third, node basal; 14-21 gradually decreasing in length; 22 about a third

as long as 21, without a produced stem; last segment conical, apically pointed,

slightly longer than 22. Fifth flagellar segment with lengths of stem and node

about equal; cylindrical, with diameter of node over twice as great as stem; stem

slightly enlarged subapically, glabrous; node weakly constricted at middle, clothed

with very fine, erect setae supplemented with three conspicuous whorls of long

setae; basal whorl of stout setae, about a third as long as segment; subapical

whorl with setae arising from swollen, elliptical bases, length almost twice as

long as segment; apex of node with whorl of fine setae, length subequal to segment;

circumfilum a single closely fitting ring on basal third of node. Thorax with

pseudosutural foveae attaining anterior margin of mesonotum, apically converging

and forming a triangular region on mesonotum. Wing hyaline, moderately clothed

with macrotrichia, about 2.4 times longer than broad; Ri ending in costa at basal

1 New address: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

third; R s nearly parallel to costa; R s gently curving apically, joining costa slightly

before apex of wing; M 3 +4 nearly straight, attaining costa, becoming faint basally;

Cu simple, apically curving to meet costa; postcubitus faint, ending near curve

of cubitus. Legs long; lengths of hind tarsomeres forming a ratio of 1.0 : 11.0 :

6.0 : 3.3 : 1.5 ; claws with strongly curved basal tooth, nearly two-thirds as long as

claw; empodium slightly exceeding length of claw. Abdomen with apical segments

and genitalia curving dorsally over subapical portion. Genitalia 1.2 times longer

than wide; basistyle subrectangular, 2.2 times longer than wide, apical fourth armed

with short spines and tubercles on inner surface; dististyle slightly curved, about

3.3 times longer than wide, widest subapically, then narrowing to a curved apex

armed with a single stout tooth subtended by about eight stiff spines; tenth

tergite deeply and narrowly excised, each side rounded apically, length nearly

attaining apex of dististyle; tenth sternite nearly hyaline, weakly emarginate, length

not attaining apex of basistyle; aedeagus with apex truncate, dilated subapically;

parameres as in drawing. Length: 2.0 mm.

Allotype female: Differing from male in the following characters: maxillary

palpus with length of segments forming a ratio of 1.0 : 1.9 : 2.7 : 3.7. Antenna

22-segmented, about half as long as body, most flagellar segments short, slightly

longer than broad, with a short stem about a fourth as long as segment; scape

subconical, widest subapically, slightly longer than wide; pedicel about three-fifths

as long as scape, sides swollen, slightly longer than broad; third segment con-

stricted basad of node, slightly longer than scape and fourth segment; segments

4-21 mostly subequal, with apical segments gradually decreasing in length; last

segment apically pointed, nearly twice as long as 21. Fifth flagellar segment with

node clothed with small, erect setae supplemented with three whorls of long setae;

basal whorl of stout setae, length about as long as segment ; middle whorl of long

setae arising from swollen elliptical bases, length 1.4 times as long as segment;

apex of node with whorl of fine setae, length about half as long as segment;

circumfilum consisting of two interconnected, closely fitting rings. Hind tarsomeres

with lengths forming a ratio of 1.0 : 9.3 : 5.7 : 3.0 : 1.5. Genitalia not adapted for

piercing; apex with paired, two-segmented lobes; proximal lobe about 1.5 times

longer than distal; apex with a ventral, emarginate plate extending beneath basal

half of proximal lobes; ultimate lobe compressed. Length: 2.3 mm.

Paratypes: 19 males, body length 2.2-2.6 mm (mean 2.4) ; length ratio of palpal

segments 1.0 : 1.7 : 2.3 : 3.0 to 1.0 : 2.0 : 2.5 : 3.7 (mean 1.0 : 1.8 : 2.4 : 3.3) ; an-

tennal segments 22-24; wing length 2.0-2. 5 mm (mean 2.2) ; length ratio of hind

tarsomeres 1.0 : 10.4 : 6.0 : 3.2 : 1.4 to 1.0 : 12.5 : 7.0 : 3.8 : 1.8 (mean 1.0 : 11.4 :

6.5 : 3.4 : 1.5) Y 61 females, body length 1. 5-2.9 mm (mean 2.3); length ratio of

palpal segments 1.0 : 1.5 : 2.0 : 2.4 to 1.0 : 2.5 : 3.3 : 4.4 (mean 1.0 : 1.8 : 2.3 : 3.3) ;

antennal segments 20-26; wing length 1. 8-2.5 mm (mean 2.1) ; length ratio of hind

tarsomeres 1.0 : 8.8 : 4.8 : 2.4 : 1.3 to 1.0 : 14.5 : 8.0 : 4.5 : 1.8 (mean 1.0 : 11.0 :

6.3 : 3.4 : 1.5).

Sex ratio 10 males : 31 females.

Egg: Not seen. Larva: Last instar. Intense reddish-orange in life. Head mostly

retracted within pro thorax; antenna one-segmented, cylindrical, about 2.7 times

longer than broad. Thorax of four glabrous annulets; first annulet small; second

slightly longer than first, bearing prothoracic spiracles and spatula; third slightly

longer than first plus second; fourth largest, exceeding combined length of first

three, dilated on ventroanterior margin. Prothoracic spiracle subtriangular, widest

January 1964]

SAMUELSON — MIDGE FROM CACTUS

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1, fifth flagellar antennal segment of male. Fig. 2, fifth flagellar antennal

segment of female. Fig. 3, left wing. Fig. 4, male genitalia, ventral view, showing

tenth sternal plate on left and tenth tergal plate on right. Fig. 5, female genitalia,

lateral view. Fig. 6, female genitalia, ventral view, (scales = 0.1 mm)

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

at apex, about 2.2 times longer than wide. Spatula of two distinct, narrowly sep-

arated sclerites on ventromeson; each part laterally expanded basad, then narrowing

to a weakly hooked apex. Abdomen with segments one to seven plicate, bearing

spiracles and small, conical prolegs; anal region without conspicuous ornamenta-

tion. Length: 2. 1-2.7 mm. Pupa: Mostly reddish-orange, with eyes, wing pads,

and femora becoming darker as imago matures. Head with two prominent bristles

arising near vertex; antennal envelope lacking projections; facial region lacking

frontal and postfrontal projections. Thorax with mesonotum glabrous. Abdomen

with sculpture finely punctulate ; lateral papillae present on segments one to seven ;

last segment with a pair of fleshy, apically pointed lobes. Length: 1. 9-2.4 mm.

Holotype male, Florida Canyon, Santa Rita Mountains, Pima

County, Arizona, 14^15 May 1960, G. Allan Samuelson, collector;

allotype female, same data; 69 paratypes, same location, 14-15 May,

3 July 1960, K. Roever, Samuelson; 11 paratypes, 8 miles southeast

Continental, 2 April 1960, Samuelson. All specimens were reared. Holo-

type and allotype deposited in United States National Museum, number

65893.

This entity differs from R. keeni Foote by the following: male with

apex of dististyle armed with one heavy tooth subtended by about eight

stiff spines instead of two heavy, apical teeth with a comblike row of

stiff spines along apical fourth of inner margin of dististyle ; female with

fifth flagellar antennal segment bearing two interconnected, circumfilar

rings instead of one ring.

Bionomics

This species is evidently mycophagous as it has been reared only

from decaying fruits of Opuntia. Invariably, fruits which have produced

this midge have been persistent on the plant, moist, and in partial

decay due to an undetermined fungus. Many of these fruits had been

infested earlier by another cecidomyiid, Asphondylia opuntiae Felt, as

noted by conspicuous emergence holes and by the presence of pupal

exuviae in some of the exit holes. The presence of these emergence holes

does not seem to cause the fruit to become desiccated, although their

presence may encourage infection by the fungus.

Feeding presumably takes place within the fruit, as larvae have been

noted in areas occupied by fresh mycelium and spore capsules of the

fungus. No evidence of larval activity was seen in the occasional clean,

moist areas of the fruit adjacent to the decaying portions. Pupation

takes place on the surface of the fruit within a low tent constructed of

glochids (minute cactus spines) . During the construction of these tents,

the larvae were quite gregarious and some of them appeared to be

introducing salivary juices onto the tents, but none was noted in the

January 1964] samuelson — midge from cactus

process of gathering the glochids. In general, two to three individuals

shared a tent in which to pupate; one tent was found containing five

pupae. Under laboratory conditions, the duration of the pupal period

was six to ten days. This insect is probably multivoltine as adults have

been reared throughout the warmer months from various samples of

fruit collected from late April to July. Oviposition was not noted, but

since the ovipositor is not adapted for piercing, the eggs may simply

be deposited on the surface of the fruit. The host plants are Opuntia

Canada , 0. Engelmannii, and 0. laevis.

Acknowledgments are due to Dr. R. H. Foote, U. S. National Museum,

for his generous assistance and to Dr. W. L. Nutting, University of

Arizona, for his helpful suggestions.

Literature Cited

Foote, R. H. 1956. Gall midges associated with cones of western forest trees.

Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 46 (2) : 48-57.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Andrena clarkella in Colorado. — In 1919 Sladen (Canadian Entomol., 51: 124)

pointed out that a species of Andrena collected by him in Quebec Province was

conspecific with examples of A. clarkella (Kirby) from Great Britain. The dis-

tribution of this Holarctic species in North America is given by Linsley (1951,

in Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico) and Mitchell (1960, in Bees of the

Eastern United States, I) as Alaska to Minnesota, Quebec, Maine, and New York.

It has been described as uncommon throughout its range, and is an early species,

Sladen recording it from willow-bloom 23 April at Ottawa.

On 3 May 1963, B. Vogel, C. J. McCoy, and I took a series of clarkella, many of

them pollen-laden, from willow flowers at Eldora, Boulder County, Colorado, at

an elevation of 9,000 feet. Sladen noted that Ottawa specimens of clarkella averaged

smaller than British specimens, the average lengths of females being 13.33 and

14.00 mm respectively. This difference is accentuated in the Eldora series of 23

females, the lengths (measured to nearest 0.5 mm) ranging from 10.5 to 12.5,

with a mode of 11.5 mm. On 8 May I took more specimens at Salix near Chambers

Lake in Larimer County, Colorado, at 9,500 feet, with snow from the winter pack

still banked around the willows.

Probably the reason that this large, conspicuous species — easily recognized among

the North American Andrena ( s.s .) by the clear orange-amber color of the hind

tibia and of the scopa itself — has been overlooked in the Southern Rockies, a

thousand miles south of its recorded range, is its early occurrence at high elevations.

— U. N. Lanham, University of Colorado Museum, Boulder.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

A note on the identity of Liparocephalus brevipennis (Coleoptera :

Staphylinidae ) — I recently received from Trevor Kincaid two specimens of

Liparocephalus cordicollis LeConte from Yachutat, Alaska, collected by him in

1899. In a review of the genus (1956, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 12: 116),

I pointed out that all records for that species from Alaska were in doubt because

of the confusion surrounding the correct identity of L. brevipennis Maklin, speci-

mens which I believed to represent brevipennis being the only ones which I had

seen from Alaska. The new record of cordicollis from near the type locality of

brevipennis now casts new doubt as to which species was before Maklin when he

described the latter. A reexamination of Maklin’s type will be necessary to solve

the problem. Should Maklin’s type prove to be cordicollis , the species identified

by me as brevipennis will require another name. It seems best to leave the matter

in abeyance, and to use the two names in the sense which I applied them until

the type of brevipennis can be reexamined. — Ian Moore, San Diego Museum of

Natural History.

BOOK NOTICE

A Catalogue of the Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) . By Oswald

Peck. The Canadian Entomologist, Supplement 30: 1092 pp. 1 May 1963. For

sale at Ottawa, Ontario, price $10.00 (which includes the current volume of

the Canadian Entomologist and certain Memoirs).

Despite Dr. Peck’s warning that “. . . this catalogue, like others, is not an

authoritative accumulation of facts but an integration of fact, opinion and error

. . . the catalogue is only a guide and cannot present all the data; therefore it

is wise to consult the original references, whenever possible,” it is hard to see how

the work could have been better done. It is the first full catalogue for the super-

family, with bibliographies for the species, generic and specific synonymies, and

summaries of distribution and hosts, in 65 years! The main entries cover the

period up to 1 May 1959, though many subsequent additions and changes are

included.

Following a short introduction there is a 7-page systematic arrangement of the

Nearctic genera of Chalcidoidea, then the systematic catalogue of species. Pages

896-917 include lists of unplaced genera and species, Nearctic species transferred

from Chalcidoidea, unverified Nearctic records of exotic species, and unplaced

nomina nuda. Pages 918-995 comprise a systematic list of hosts of Nearctic species,

in the Animal Kingdom (918-989) and Plant Kingdom. Finally, there is a Host-

Parasite Index preceding the General Index. Page 1092 is a list of addenda, while

the inside front cover lists all the Canadian Entomologist Supplements, with their

true dates of publication; subsequent issues will appear under the new title

“Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada.” — Hugh B. Leech, California

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

January 1964] frick — synonymy in liriomyza

Liriomyza dianthi , a New Synonym of L. langei Frick

(Diptera : Agromyzidae)

Kenneth E. Frick

Entomology Research Division, Agric. Res. Serv., U.S.D.A.

The first record of an agromyzid leaf miner on Dianthus spp. in

North America was in 1956 when leaf mines were first noticed on

carnations at Redwood City, about 20 miles southeast of San Francisco,

California. The insect was described as Liriomyza dianthi by Frick

(1958) from 16 of the 19 specimens reared from larvae before chemical-

control measures were applied.

Since 1958, personnel of the California State Department of Agri-

culture have continued to collect and rear out flies from larvae mining

the leaves of Dianthus caryophyllus L. and D. harhatus L. By the end

of 1960 an additional 38 females and 16 males had been reared. These

specimens were made available for study through the kindness of M. S.

Wasbauer, Systematic Entomologist, California State Bureau of Ento-

mology, Sacramento. There were 15 from Berkeley (25 miles north

of Redwood City) , 36 from Richmond (30 miles north) , 1 from Auburn

(120 miles northeast), and 2 from the Los Angeles area. In addition,

several larvae from Sacramento (85 miles northeast of Redwood City)

were included.

One of the characters used to separate dianthi from L. langei Frick

(1951) was the condition of the posterior crossvein (m-m) in the

wing. Difficulties in using this character made it necessary to review

the status of the two segregates. Eighteen of the 19 specimens available

at the time of the description of dianthi had both wings present and

each wing had the crossvein complete. The additional specimens reared

from Dianthus were checked for the condition of the vein. Its presence

or absence compares very favorably with the condition found in 1,000

specimens of langei (Table 1). In this longer series the reduction of

the crossvein plus the intergradation of colors with those of langei made

it apparent that only a single species is involved.

The holotype male of dianthi is the darkest specimen and represents

the extreme variation of darkness for langei (Frick, 1958, figs. 1 and 3) .

The allotype female and three paratypes are nearly as dark. Later, these

color extremes were the only characters used for separating the two

species (Frick, 1959). By that time, the shape of the heads, compared

and figured in 1958, was considered to be due to differences in maturity

at death and therefore in shrinkage following death.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

Table 1. Conditions of the posterior (m-m) crossvein in L. langei

reared from many host plants compared with specimens reared from

Dianthus.

No. of

Specimens

Condition of the Crossvein Expressed in per cent

Species

Both

Present

1 present 1 present Both 1 vestigial

1 vestigial 1 absent Vestigial 1 absent

Both

Absent

langei

1,000

81.7

5.7 1.0 6.8 2.9

1.9

“ dianthi ”

77.4

8.4 1.4 4.2 7.0

1.4

Four terminalia were dissected from 2 male paratypes of dianthi,

1 male reared from Dianthus in 1960 at Richmond, and 1 topotypical

male paratype of langei. All were identical and characterized by the

extremely long curved tooth on the surstylus. This tooth is subequal

in length to the greatest width of the surstylus. In the larvae the

numbers of bulbs on the spiracles overlap. With langei 6 bulbs occur

on the anterior and 7 or 8 on the posterior spiracles and in dianthi,

5 to 7 on the anterior and 8 or 9 on the posterior spiracles.

Therefore, based upon the studies just outlined, the following synon-

ymy is proposed:

Liriomyza langei Frick, 1951. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 27 (2) : 81-88.

Liriomyza dianthi Frick, 1958. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington, 60 (1) : 1-5. New

synonymy.

Literature Cited

Frick, K. E. 1951. Liriomyza langei , a new species of leaf miner of economic

importance in California. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 27 (2) : 81-88.

1958. Liriomyza dianthi n. sp., a new pest of carnations in California. Proc.

Entomol. Soc. Washington, 60 (1) : 1-5.

1959. Synopsis of the species of agromyzid leaf miners described from North

America. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 108: 347-465.

BOOK NOTICE

Insect Pathology. An Advanced Treatise. Volume I. Edited by Edward A.

Steinhaus, with seventeen contributing authors, xviii + 661 pp., 71 figs., exten-

sive bibliographies. Academic Press, New York and London. Price $19.00.

Volume I deals with noninfectious diseases, microbiota of healthy insects, epi-

zootiology, immunity, physiopathology, predisposition to disease, virus diseases,

and rickettsial diseases. — Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco.

January 1964] myers — identification of culex larvae

Identification of Culex (Culex) Larvae in California

(Diptera : Culicidae)

Charles M. Myers

California State Department of Public Health,

Bureau of Vector Control, Fresno

The available keys to fourth instar larvae of the six members of

the subgenus Culex in California were devised by Freeborn and Bohart

(1951) and Carpenter and LaCasse (1955). Since difficulty may be

encountered in identifying certain larvae with the keys, a new key

is proposed incorporating some characters which have not been used

previously.

A discussion of some characters in use in available keys, a table

of some characters of taxonomic importance, and a key derived from

such characters are presented. The species discussed are: Culex

erythrothorax Dyar, C. peus Speiser, C. pipiens pipiens Linnaeus, C.

pipiens quinquefasciatus Say, C. restuans Theobald, C. tarsalis Coquil-

lett, and C. thriambus Dyar.

Materials and Methods

All larvae were mounted in balsam and examined at 200 X magnifica-

tion with a Zeiss phase-contrast binocular microscope. The following

characters were examined: the number of branches of each seta, the

number and position of siphonal tufts, the relative positions of dorsal

microsetae of the saddle, and the presence of spines on the apodeme of

the siphon (the “stirrup-shaped piece” of Breland, 1952 and 1957).

Specimens from outside of California were included to evaluate the

variability of certain characters. The number of larvae examined from

each of the following locations is noted in parentheses:

C. erythrothorax : Fresno Co., Calif. (5) ; Merced Co., Calif. (40) ; Ventura Co.,

Calif. (2); Churchill Co., Nev. (6).

C. peus : Fresno Co., Calif. (10) ; Kings Co., Calif. (20) ; Madera Co., Calif. (5) ;

Mariposa Co., Calif. (30).

C. p. pipiens and C. p. quinquefasciatus: Fresno Co., Calif. (5) ; Kern Co., Calif.

(20) ; Kings Co., Calif. (20) ; San Joaquin Co., Calif. (2) ; Ramsay Co.,

Minn. (18) ; Greenville, Miss. (17) ; Harrison Co., Texas (1).

C. restuans : Fresno Co., Calif. (10) ; Atlanta, Ga. (5) ; Douglas Co., Kan. (27) ;

Lake Co., Minn. (8) ; Ramsay Co., Minn. (25) ; Greenville, Miss. (22) ;

Obion Co., Tenn. (1).

C. tarsalis: Calaveras Co., Calif. (1) ; Fresno Co., Calif. (19) ; Kern Co., Calif.

(18) ; Kings Co., Calif. (5) ; Madera Co., Calif. (10) ; Siskiyou Co., Calif.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 40, NO. 1

(1) ; Tulare Co., Calif. (9) ; Douglas Co., Kan. (44) ; Ramsay Co., Minn.

( 6 ).

C. thriambus : Fresno Co., Calif. (31); Madera Co., Calif. (20).

Results

The range of variability of characters of taxonomic importance is

given in Table 1. Figs. 1, 4, and 5 represent a Culex tarsalis larva; the

chaetotaxy of Barr and Myers (1962) is used.

In all of the species examined the position and number of siphonal

tufts varied, and the dorsal microsetae of the saddle were larger on

the apex than on the middle of the saddle. Spines on the apodeme of

the siphon were found on all specimens of C. peus and C. thriambus

(Figs. 2 and 3). Spines were not found on this structure in any

other species.

Table 1. Variability of setal branches and other taxonomic characters.

Segment

Hair

No.

C. erythro-

thorax

peus

pipiens

tarsalis

thriambus

restuans

Head

2-3

Thorax

Pro

8-14

10-19

9-20

17-23

11-26

7-14

Pro

Meso

3-4

3-5

3-4

2-3

Meta

1-2

1-3

1-2

2-3

2-2

1-1

Abdomen

7-11

6-9

2-5

6-10

5-10

3-5

1-2

2-4

3-4

3-5

1-2

3-4

2-4

1-2

3-5

4-7

2-5

5-10

5-6

4-5

2-5

4-7

2-4

5-7

4-6

2-4

III

4-5

3-5

1-2

3-4

2-3

1-2

III

2-3

III

1-2

3-5

3-4

1-2

3-5

2-3

1-2

3-4

2-4

1-4

1-3

1-2

2-3

3-4

1-2

3-4

2-3

2-4

5-8

2-1

4^7

3-5

VIII Comb Scales

65-95

28-14

35-48

52-78

45-57

32-47

IHDT

2-3

2-4

2-3

Siphon

Spines on

apodeme

absent

present

absent

present

absent

January 1964] myers — identification of culex larvae 15

ments of fourth instar Culex tarsalis larva (dorsal aspect on left, ventral on right).

2, Siphonal apodeme of Culex thriambus. 3, Siphonal apodeme of Culex peus.

4, Head of fourth instar Culex tarsalis larva (dorsal aspect on left, ventral on right) .

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

A key based on some characters from Table 1 has proved satisfactory

for identifying all larvae of the subgenus Culex in California examined

by the author. Table 1 contains information on the variability of

additional characters studied which may be useful for identifying

certain larvae which cannot be readily identified with the key.

Key to Fourth Instar Larvae

la. Lower head hair with 3 or more branches; upper head hair with 4 or

more branches Subgenus Culex, 2

b. Lower head hair single or double; upper head hair with 3 or fewer

branches Subgenera Neoculex and Melanoconion

2a. Siphonal tufts with two or more branches 4

b. Siphonal tufts mostly single 3

3a. Antennal tuft inserted at apical Vs of shaft; inner hair of dorsal tuft with

2 or more branches; IV-1 and V-l with 2 or 3 branches; spines on apodeme

of siphon thriambus

b. Antennal tuft inserted at or before middle of shaft; inner hair of dorsal

tuft usually single; IV-1 and V-l usually single; apodeme of siphon with-

out spines restuans

4a. III-l, IV-1, and V-l with 3 or more branches; mesothoracic-1 usually with

3 or more branches, rarely double; II-l usually with 3 or more branches;

1-1 usually with 6 or more branches 5

b. III-l, IV-1, and V-l usually single or double; mesothoracic-1 usually single,

rarely double; II-l usually single or double; 1-1 usually with less than

6 branches pipiens

5a. Basal siphonal tuft usually inserted at apex of pecten; more than 50 comb

scales per patch; apodeme of siphon without spines 6

b. Basal siphonal tuft frequently inserted within pecten; usually 28-44 comb

scales per patch; apodeme of siphon with 1 or more spines peus

6a. III-6 and IV-6 usually double; usually 1 or 2 pairs of siphonal tufts lateral

of ventral tufts; Pro-3 usually single erythrothorax

b. III-6 and IV-6 usually triple; siphonal tufts frequently all ventral; Pro-3

usually double tarsalis

Discussion

Most descriptions and keys to larvae of Culex species have placed

emphasis on the characters of the anal segment. Considerable over-

lapping variation in such characters was apparent when many individ-

uals of several species were examined. The numbers and positions of

the siphonal tufts were the most variable characters.

Larvae of C. restuans and C. thriambus may be separated from the

other Californian members of the subgenus Culex by their usually

unbranched subapical siphonal tufts. The apical siphonal tuft is usually

branched in both species.

January 1964] myers — identification of culex larvae

C. erythrothorax normally has five pairs of siphonal tufts, and both

subapical pairs are lateral. In all the specimens examined there were

at least 60 comb scales on each side of segment VIII. This species may

be confused with C. peus, which often has the same siphonal tuft pattern.

C. peus shows great variation in the pattern and number of siphonal

tufts (Breland, 1957). The lateral setae of abdominal segments III and

IV (III-6 and IV-6) have often been described as triple. The author

found that these setae were double in about one-fourth of the specimens

examined. The dorsal microsetae on the saddle of all Culex (Culex)

larvae were larger at the apex than at the middle of the saddle. The

microsetae, however, are usually more obvious in C. peus, and this

character has been used to separate C. peus from other Culex larvae.

Furthermore, C. peus may be distinguished from other species with

multiple branched siphonal tufts by the spines on the apodeme of the

siphon. It is necessary to clear specimens to demonstrate the presence

of spines on the apodeme.

Of the species with branched siphonal tufts, C. pipiens was the only

species studied with III-l, IV-1, and V-l all single or double. A study

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 5. Lateral aspect of seventh abdominal and anal segments of fourth instar

Culex tarsalis larva. Fig. 6. Siphon of fourth instar Culex tarsalis larva with sub-

apical tuft out of line.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

of the larvae of C. pipiens in California indicated that they vary in

the same manner as the specimens from Texas studied by Breland

( 1957 ) . Many larvae of C. pipiens had either five tufts on one side

and four on the other, or five tufts on both sides of the siphon. This

pattern of siphonal tufts has been noted for C. peus by Breland (1957) .

MacMillan (1958) studied the siphonal index, number of comb scales,

branching of pentad hairs (VIIIT, VIII-3, and VIII-5), and the branch-

ing of the siphonal tufts in C. p. pipiens and C. p. quinquefasciatus. He

found that although the comparative number of branches of the basal

siphonal tufts was of some statistical value for separating populations,

none of the characters studied was of value in separating individuals

of these two subspecies. In the present study the author was unable to

separate C. p. quinquefasciatus larvae from California, from C. p.

pipiens larvae from Minnesota.

C. tarsalis is easily separated from other species with branched

siphonal tufts; Pro-3 is double, and the siphonal tufts usually lie in a

straight line. Several of the C. tarsalis larvae examined had either

one or both of the subapical siphonal tufts placed laterally (Fig. 6).

This was also observed by White (1956). Similar variations have

been found in C. peus (Breland, 1957).

Acknowledgment

The author wishes to express his thanks to Dr. A. R. Barr of the

Bureau of Vector Control for his encouragement and advice and for

providing many of the specimens studied.

Literature Cited

Barr, A. R., and C. M. Myers. 1962. Pupae of the genus Culiseta Felt. I. The

homology of larval and pupal setae (Diptera: Culicidae). Ann. Entomol.

Soc. Amer., 55: 94-98.

Breland, 0. P. 1952. The stirrup-shaped piece as an aid in the taxonomic study

of mosquito larvae. Mosquito News, 12: 253-255.

1957. Variations in the larvae of Culex stigmatosoma Dyar with notes on

similar species (Diptera: Culicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 50:

175-178.

Carpenter, S. J., and W. J. LaCasse. 1955. Mosquitoes of North America (north

of Mexico). Univ. California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 360 pp.

Freeborn, S. B., and R. M. Bohart. 1951. The mosquitoes of California. Bull.

California Insect Surv., 1: 25-78.

MacMillan, H. L. 1958. Study of a naturally occurring population intermediate

between Culex p. pipiens and C. p. quinquefasciatus . Amer. Jour. Trop.

Med. Hyg., 7: 505-511.

White, J. M. 1956. Variation of structures of taxonomic significance in fourth

instar Culex tarsalis Coq. larvae. Mosquito News, 16: 287-288.

January 1964] wickman — ibalia, a siricid parasite

Observations on the Siricid Parasite Ibalia ensiger

(Hymenoptera : Ibalidae)

Boyd E. Wickman

Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station

Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture

Berkeley, California

Members of the genus Ibalia are important endoparasites of wood

wasps (Siricidae) in some parts of the world (Chrystal, 1930; Rawlings,

1953), but there are only a few records of their occurrence in California.

Flanders (1962) observed Ibalia parasitizing siricids breeding in Mon-

terey cypress at Berkeley. The files of the Pacific Southwest Forest and

Range Experiment Station contain records of Ibalia ensiger Norton

reared out of other kinds of siricid-infested material from other Cali-

fornia localities. The few records suggest that these parasites are not

abundant in the State, but recent observations show that this is not

always the case.

On 27 September 1962, a mass flight of Ibalia ensiger was observed

around siricid-infested incense-cedar lumber air drying in a mill yard

near Foresthill. Many of the wood wasps, mainly Sir ex areolatus

(Cresson), also were flying, having just emerged from the lumber.

Great numbers of both insects were active between 10 a.m. and noon,

during a period when the sky was clear and the temperature about

78° F. The flights ceased, however, by 1 p.m. when the sky became

overcast and the temperature dropped to 60° F.

None of the parasites was seen in the act of emerging from the

lumber. But numerous emergence holes too small for siricids in both

freshly cut and older lumber indicate that both the parasite and its

host came from the same material.

Ibalia ensiger , like its host, probably has a 1- to 3-year life cycle.

The history of the material observed at Foresthill suggests that it can

develop in 2 years. The lumber in this case came from trees on the

Volcano Burn which were killed by fire in 1960. Part of the trees

were logged the same year and milled during the winter of 1960-1961 ;

part were logged in May 1962 and milled in August. Some of the

lumber therefore was infested with siricids for 2 years. Since no adult

parasites were found during extensive collections on the Volcano Burn

the year after the fire, it is inferred that they also took 2 years to develop.

The host of this parasite belongs to a group that contributes heavily

to the deterioration of fire-killed trees. Damage by these insects has

become important in California because of the numerous timber fires

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

in recent years, and consequent large amounts of siricid-infested lumber

reaching the market (Middlekauff, 1962). The occurrence of Ibalia

ensiger in such large numbers as were observed at Foresthill suggests

that this insect may be a more important agent in controlling its host

than has been thought.

Chrystal (1930) has reported that a closely related species, Ibalia

leucospoides Hochenwarth, is an important natural enemy of Sirex

cyaneus Fabricius in England. I. leucospoides has been imported exten-

sively in New Zealand to control Sirex noctilio (Fabricius) (Rawlings,

1953). I. ensiger may be a potentially useful parasite for biological

control of these insects and should be more carefully studied.

Literature Cited

Chrystal, R. N. 1930. Studies of the Sirex parasites. Oxford Forestry Mem. 11,

63 pp., illus.

Flanders, S. E. 1962. The parasitic Hymenoptera: specialists in population

regulation. Canadian Entomol., 94 (11) : 1133-1147.

Middlekauff, W. W. 1962. Notes and description of the previously unknown

male of Sirex longicauda Middlekauff (Hymenoptera: Siricidae). Pan-Pac.

Entomol., 38 (1) : 31-32.

Rawlings, G. B. 1953. Rearing of Sirex noctilio and its parasite Ibalia leuco-

spoides. New Zealand Forestry Res. Notes, 1 (8) : 20-34.

RECENT LITERATURE

The following titles are from the University of Utah Biological Series (University

of Utah, Salt Lake City) ; each is a separately published item. — Hugh B. Leech,

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

An Identification Guide to the Mosquitoes of Utah. By Lewis T. Nelsen and

Don M. Rees. Vol. 12, no. 3, vi -f- 58 pp., incl. a map and 57 figs., many com-

pound. June 1961. $2.00.

Chilopods Secured by the Royal Society Expedition to Southern Chile in

1958-59. By Ralph V. Chamberlin. Vol. 12, no. 4, vi -j- 24 pp., incl. 7 pis.

1 October 1962. $1.50.

The Type Localities of the Ephemeroptera of North America North of

Mexico. By George F. Edmunds, Jr. Vol. 12, no. 5, viii -f 38 pp. 1 October

1962. $1.75.

Dragonfly Nymphs of Utah (Odonata: Anisoptera). By R. Jean Musser. Vol.

12, no. 6, viii -(- 66 pp., incl. 5 pis. 1 October 1962. $2.75.

January 1964] toschi — biology of a berothid

Observations on Lomamyia latipennis , with a Description

of the First Instar Larva

(Neuroptera : Berothidae)

Catherine A. Toschi

University of California, Berkeley

Previously, Lomamyia latipennis Carpenter was recorded from only

five specimens with localities ranging from Lytton, British Columbia,

and Ormsby County, Nevada, to San Diego, California (Carpenter,

1940) . During the early part of last summer, I made two relatively

large collections of this berothid. The first collection was made on

24 and 25 June 1962 at Pelton Dam, Jefferson County, Oregon. Five

adults (49 9 and 15) were taken at dusk by sweeping a single bush

of Ribes cereum Dougl. Attempts to take the berothid at other times

of the day on this bush were unsuccessful as were attempts on other

bushes of the same species and of different species. One specimen

died immediately, but four were kept alive for observation. Only one

specimen survived more than a week. This was a female which laid

two batches of eggs, the first on 25 June and the other between 4 and

6 July.

The second collection was made in the early evening of 4 July 1962

at Sagehen Creek Wildlife Station near Truckee, Nevada County, Cali-

fornia. Three specimens ( 1 9 and 2 5 5) were taken on Ceanothus

velutinus Dougl., two (19 and 15) on Ribes cereum Dougl., and one

(a 5 ) on Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Three males died by 8 July. The

two females lived and laid eggs until 18 July and one male lived until

22 July.

Observations of the Adults

Although adult berothids can fly fairly well, they were usually

inactive on the undersides of leaves or on the stems of plants. At rest

the wings were held over the body, and the antennae often were held

together and straight out from the head so that they appeared as a

single structure.

Movements of these adults consisted of the following behaviors. The

adults exhibited a peculiar habit of swaying from side to side. Occa-

sionally they were seen to bend the abdomen forward ventrally to

the mouth where the tip was apparently cleaned. Usually after feeding,

the antennae and legs were cleaned by drawing them through the

mouthparts. A solution of sugar and water was the only food offered

to the adults. They readily accepted it.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 1. Lomamyia latipennis Carpenter egg just before hatching (X26).

January 1964] toschi — biology of a berothid

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 2. Cluster of Lomamyia latipennis Carpenter eggs (X 8).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

On one occasion, oviposition of a single unstalked egg was observed.

This occurred immediately after the female had been transferred from

one jar to another and, therefore, was probably not normal. First, a

droplet of clear liquid was placed on a leaf as the adult walked forward.

Then a single oval unstalked egg was deposited on the leaf in front

of the droplet. The female continued walking forward during the whole

procedure.

Eggs of Lomamyia occidentalis

Tillyard (1916) was the first to describe the stalked and transversely

marked eggs of berothids (the Australian Spermaphorella disseminata

Tillyard and S. maculatissima Tillyard). Smith (1923) described a

single unstalked egg laid by Lomamyia flavicornis Walker which Gurney

(1947) considered abnormal. Gurney (1947) reported the oviposition

habits of a species of Lomamyia which was not further identified. He

recorded the occurrence of a cluster of twelve eggs laid at the end of

a single thin stalk, other clusters with fewer eggs, and single stalked

or unstalked eggs. Thus, the oviposition habits of L. latipennis which

I observed under laboratory conditions were very similar to those

reported by Gurney. Four large clusters of eggs were laid by three

females of this species. Other eggs were laid in small groups or singly

on stalks or directly on the substrate.

The L. latipennis eggs were 0.6 mm long and 0.33 mm wide; the

stalks were 6 mm long. The chorion had a honeycombed appearance.

When first laid, the eggs were a dull white, but as the embryos developed

within the eggs red bands of pigment could be seen through the chorion.

Thus, the eggs had a red and white striped appearance just before

hatching (Fig. 1).

As shown in Fig. 2, the cluster of eggs was held, in this case, by

several extremely thin stalks. A fourth was present, but it is not visible

in the picture. These stalks were very flexible and therefore they did

not support the eggs as the stalks of Chrysopidae do. They served

instead to hang the eggs from some object. As the eggs grew older,

they fell from the cluster to the soil where they hatched. The incubation

period ranged from eight to eleven days in one group to fifteen and

sixteen days in another, probably due to a difference in temperature.

Larvae

The larvae were frequently active, but they often hid beneath bits

of leaves or debris. They moved rapidly and without the use of an anal

sucker as does Spermophorella (Tillyard, 1916). Small living arthro-

January 1964] toschi — biology of a berothid

pods from soil samples as well as ant and scolytid larvae were offered

to the berothid larvae. All died in the first instar within ten days. It

was later learned that berothid larvae had been collected in logs con-

taining termites where they were presumably predaceous on the termites

(Gurney, 1947) .

A second trip was taken to the Sagehen site on 4 August 1962 in an

attempt to locate larvae. Beating and sweeping the plants from which

the original collections were made and other bushes and trees in the

area yielded no berothids. Soil samples from beneath the same plants

were taken on 15 July by M. E. Irwin of the University of California at

Davis and on the second trip by myself. These were run through a

Berlese funnel, but no larvae of the berothid were found.

Gurney in 1947 described the first instar and the fully developed

larva of an unidentified species of Lomamyia. The first instar larva of

Fig. 3. Head of first instar Lomamyia latipennis Carpenter larva.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

L. latipennis is similar to the description given by Gurney except

in coloration. However, he did not describe or figure the chaetotaxy.

Head and legs of L. latipennis hyaline brown. Thoracic and abdominal tergites

with transverse red and yellow bands as follows: pronotum with median red

marking and with rounded lateral yellow markings which extend to end of thorax;

mesonotum and metanotum with median red markings (wider than that of pro-

notum), adjacent yellow marks and with more lateral red markings; abdominal

segments (except last two) red with posterolateral yellow markings; ninth segment

reddish with median yellow marking; tenth segment clear. Ventral surface yellow

to opaque. Head with nine pairs of setae as shown in Fig. 1: two setae extending

laterally from maxillae; one pair as long as one-half width of head inserted imme-

diately laterad to eyes; two other pairs inserted ventrad to second and about two-

thirds length of second pair; fifth pair, about one-half length of second, inserted

immediately anterior to eyes; sixth pair about as long as second, inserted proximal

to eyes; other three pairs, about two-thirds length of second pair, first of these

inserted posterior to and ventral to eyes about one-half distance down head; sec-

ond inserted posterior to and slightly dorsal to first; third posterior to and slightly

dorsal to second. Cervix with a pair of lateral setae, as long as posterior pairs on

head. Prothorax with two pairs of lateral setae anterior to legs; forecoxae with

pair of posterior setae and pair of anterior setae; mid and hind coxae with two

pairs of anterior and two pairs of posterior setae extending beyond end of coxae;

forefemora with pair of posterior and pair of anterior setae; mid and hind femora

each with an anterior pair of setae, none extending beyond tips of femora. Ab-

dominal segments with setae extending from posterolateral margins of venter, some

almost as long as segment. Last two abdominal segments with several pairs of

long setae and several pairs of shorter setae.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank Dr. J. W. MacSwain and Mrs. Celeste Green of the

University of California, Dr. J. A. Powell of the California Insect

Survey, Dr. C. D. MacNeill of the California Academy of Sciences,

and E. G. MacLeod of Harvard for their help in this study. I also

would like to express special thanks to A. A. Blaker of the University

of California Scientific Photographic Laboratory for the excellent photo-

graphs of the eggs.

Literature Cited

Carpenter, F. M. 1940. A revision of the Nearctic Hemerobiidae, Berothidae,

Sisyridae, Polystoechotidae and Dilaridae (Neuroptera) . Proc. Amer.

Acad. Arts and Sci., 74 (7) : 193-280.

Gurney, A. B. 1947. Notes on Dilaridae and Berothidae, with special reference

to the immature stages of the Nearctic genera (Neuroptera). Psyche,

54 (3) : 145-169.

Smith, R. C. 1923. The life histories and stages of some hemerobiids and allied

species (Neuroptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 16 (2): 129-152.

Tillyard, R. J. 1916. Studies in Australian Neuroptera. Proc. Linn. Soc. New

South Wales, 41: 269-332.

January 1964] chaniotis and anderson— phlebotomus

Notes on the Morphology and Laboratory Rearing of

Phlebotomus vexator occidentis

(Diptera : Psychodidae)

Byron N. Chaniotis and John R. Anderson

University of California, Berkeley

Mangabeira and Galindo (1944) first reported phlebotomine gnats

from California and described one new species, P. stewarti. In addi-

tion, they considered seven male and five female specimens identical

with topotypes of P. vexator Coquillett and described and illustrated

certain features of the adults. Upon subsequent examination of these

Californian P. vexator specimens, Fairchild and Hertig (1957) found

minor but constant differences from the originally described eastern

P. vexator and therefore assigned the subspecific name P. vexator

occidentis to the material collected in California.

Based on relatively few collections it appears that this subspecies

may be widespread along the western coast of the United States. It

now has been collected either in light traps or from the burrows of

Citellus beecheyi (Richardson) in Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin,

Modoc, Mono, Ventura, San Luis Obispo, and San Mateo Counties,

California (Mangabeira and Galindo, 1944; Fairchild and Hertig, 1957;

and by the authors), and from mammalian burrows in eastern Wash-

ington (Fairchild and Harwood, 1961).

Although nine species and one subspecies of Phlebotomus are known

from the United States (Coquillett, 1907; Dyar, 1929; Hall, 1936;

Dampf, 1938; Dampf, 1944; Mangabeira and Galindo, 1944; Addis,

1945; Fairchild and Hertig, 1957; Fairchild and Harwood, 1961) the

immature stages of only two have been described. Lindquist (1936)

described and illustrated the egg and included a generalized illustration

of the fourth-instar larva of P. diabolicus Hall, and Addis (1945) illus-

trated the egg, fourth-instar larva, and pupa of P. anthophorus Addis.

As we were able to rear a small number of P. vexator occidentis through

one complete generation in the laboratory, we provide herein the first

complete description of all stages of the subspecies as well as notes

on rearing techniques.

Rearing Techniques and Notes on Development

The initial laboratory stock was derived from one gravid female

trapped at dusk as she was leaving a Citellus beecheyi burrow in Marin

County. This female scattered 20 eggs singly on the surface of moistened

plaster of paris lining the bottom of a vial. The eggs were then pipetted

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

and transferred in distilled water to a thick layer of plaster of paris

lining the bottom of a small earthenware flower pot. Sterilized, frag-

mented hamster feces were introduced as a larval rearing medium. All

stages were held at 25° C, and the plaster of paris was constantly kept

in touch with water-saturated towels. The incubation period was 10-12

v 8

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 1-8, immature stages of Phlebotomus vexator occidentis from California.

1, egg; 2-7, fourth-instar larva; 3, venter of 8th and 9th abdominal segments;

4, head in anterior view; 5, head in side view; 6, antenna greatly enlarged; 7, hypo-

stome enlarged; 8, pupa (pupal exuviae).

January 1964] chaniotis and anderson — phlebotomus

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 9-19, adult stage. 9, male head; 10, male wing; 11, genital pump;

12, terminal portion of genital filaments; 13, male genitalia; 14, male 3rd and 4th

antennal segments; 15, female terminal abdominal segments (extended) ; 16, head

and body of spermatheca; 17, female cibarium; 18, female pharynx; 19, female 3rd

and 4th antennal segments.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

days. Larvae completed development in 21—23 days, and the duration

of the pupal stage was 12-14 days. Although all of the eggs hatched,

only nine larvae were reared to the adult stage. The others were killed

and preserved at various stages of development. Pupae occurred in

small groups in the rearing pot as the larvae showed a tendency to

aggregate shortly before pupating.

The newly emerged adults (six males and three females) were kept

in a cloth cage in the dark and were provided with moistened raisins as

a source of carbohydrate. Suckling laboratory. mice were rejected as

hosts by the flies, but they engorged readily on a southern alligator

lizard, Gerrhonotus multicar inatus Blainville. After engorgement their

abdomens were so grossly distended that they appeared unable to fly

when disturbed. One pair was observed in copula when the cage was

removed from the dark the morning following engorgement. Transfer

of the cage to the lighted laboratory room appeared to interrupt copula-

tion; after about a minute the fully engorged female dragged the

coupled male along behind her for a distance of several inches before

the two disengaged. Thirteen days after the first mating was seen the

engorged females were transferred and individually isolated in ovi-

position vials stocked with sterilized, fragmented hamster feces.

One female laid six eggs 20 days after engorgement and then died

the same day with 60 additional eggs in her abdomen. A second female

laid 12 eggs 25 days after engorgement and also died shortly after

oviposition still retaining 25 additional eggs. 1 The third female died

without ovipositing after becoming entangled in fungal mycelia growing

on the feces in the vial. Thirteen days after oviposition the first and

only larva hatched. The other 17 eggs were observed for an additional

period of forty days after which they were removed and preserved.

The number of eggs developed by the laboratory-reared females fell

within the range of that observed among wild-caught gravid females

leaving Citellus burrows. Four such field-caught specimens upon dis-

section were found to contain 44, 49, 57, and 74 eggs.

Descriptions

Mangabeira and Galindo (1944) provided extensive descriptions of

the adult stage of P. vexator occidentis (as P. vexator ) and illustrated

various taxonomic features. We have examined nearly 100 specimens

collected from four different localities in 1962 and our measurements

(cited below) show a wide variation from those given by the above

1 Subsequent laboratory studies of the same species and literature reports concerning other species

indicate that for these females the time between blood engorgement and oviposition was unusually

prolonged.

January 1964] chaniotis and anderson — phlebotomus

authors. Several illustrations of adult characters are therefore presented

in order to supplement the description and to provide a comprehensive

taxonomic treatment of all developmental stages.

Egg (Fig. 1). — Elongate with rounded ends, approximately 440 X 130 g; dark

brown, reticulated chorion.

Larva . — The first-instar larva has only two caudal bristles whereas the other three

instars possess four caudal bristles and more numerous fimbriated body setae than

the first.

Fourth-instar larva (Figs. 2-7). — Length about 4 mm. Head with a dense cover-

ing of microtrichiae, and with a triangular dorsal plate bearing four fimbriated

setae. Mandibles well sclerotized. Hypostome well sclerotized; form as illustrated

in Fig. 7. No eye spots. Antennae and other structures as illustrated. Two pairs

of lateral spiracles: one metathoracic and one on tubercles of the eighth segment.

Six isolated setae on venter of the eighth segment; no other segment with similar

setae. Seven pseudopods, each with two thread-like setae (170 g long), two small

(14 g) stiff anteroventral setae, and six smaller setae on the ventrolateral margins.

Pupa . — Typical of the genus in that it retains the cast larval skin at the posterior

end of the body. Length about 3.2 mm. The morphological characters of pupae

containing developing adults are difficult to observe because of the presence of

numerous groups of long, dense setae which obscure the cuticular architecture.

Pupal exuviae (Fig. 8).— Thorax and abdomen with numerous small Y- and

U-shaped cuticular processes, among which are scattered a few tiny setae arising

from round alveoli. A tubercle with two prominent setae (70 g long) at the base

of each wing. Each abdominal segment with two tubercular protrusions each of

which bears a small (8 g) terminal seta.

Male (Figs. 9-14; all measurements based on 10 specimens).- — Head as shown

in Fig. 9. Wing 1.900 X 2.070 mm long and 0.385 X 0.465 mm wide. Ascoids

simple, almost extending to the distal end of their respective segments; paired on

segments III-XV. Genital filaments four times as long as genital pump. Coxite

270-335 g long, and with an inner tuft of four long hair-like setae. Style approxi-

mately 190 g long, with five spines of which two are terminal and the other three

spaced so that the antipenultimate is twice as far from the basal than from the

penultimate. Lateral lobe about 370 g long and slightly curved upwards.

Female (Figs. 15-19; all measurements based on 10 specimens). — Wing gen-

erally longer than in male, 2.045-2.570 mm long and 0.465-0.610 mm wide. Ascoids

slightly longer than in male. Spermathecae slender and of nearly uniform diameter

along the entire length; fine cross striations near distal ends. Cibarium, pharynx,

and posterior end of abdomen as illustrated.

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Dr. G. B. Fairchild, Gorgas Memorial Laboratory,

Canal Zone, for confirming the identification of male and female speci-

mens, as well as for suggestions for proper mounting technique.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

Literature Cited

Addis, C. J. 1945. Phlebotomus ( Dampfomyia ) anthophorus, n. sp. and Phlebot-

omus diabolicus Hall from Texas. Jour. Parasitol., 31 (2) : 119-127.

1945. Laboratory rearing and life cycle of Phlebotomus ( Dampfomyia )

anthophorus Addis (Diptera: Psychodidae) . Jour. Parasitol., 31 (2):

319-322.

Coquillett, D. W. 1907. Discovery of blook-sucking Psychodidae in America.

Entomol. News, 18: 101-102.

Dampf, Alfonso. 1938. Un nuevo Phlebotomus (Insecta, Diptera, Psychodidae)

procedente de Texas, E.U.A. Anal. Esc. Nac. de Ciencias Biol., 1 (1) :

119-132.

1944. Notas sobre Flebotomidos Mexicanos. Rev. S'oc. Mex. Hist. Nat., 5

(3-4) : 237-262.

Dyar, H. G. 1929. The present knowledge of the American species of Phleboto-

mus Rondani (Diptera, Psychodidae). Amer. Jour. Hyg., 10 (1) : 112-124.

Fairchild, G. B., and R. F. Harwood. 1961. Phlebotomus sandflies from animal

burrows in eastern Washington. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington, 63 (4) :

239-245.

Fairchild, G. B., and M. Hertig. 1957. Notes on the Phlebotomus of Panama,

XIII. The Vexator group with descriptions of new species from Panama

and California. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 50 (4) : 325-334.

Hall, D. G. 1936. Phlebotomus ( Brumptomyia ) diabolicus, a new species of

biting gnat from Texas (Diptera, Psychodidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc.

Washington, 38 (2) : 27-29.

Lindquist, A. W. 1936. Notes on the habits and biology of a sandfly, Phleboto-

mus diabolicus Hall, in southwestern Texas. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washing-

ton, 38 (2) : 29-32.

Mangabeira, O., and Pedro Galindo. 1944. The genus Flebotomus in California.

Amer. Jour. Hyg., 4U (2) : 182-198.

BOOK NOTICE

Experiments in Genetics with Drosophila. By Monroe W. Stickberger. John

Wiley & Sons, Inc., 440 Park Avenue South, New York 16, N.Y. 1 June 1962.

$3.95.

This is a well planned, clearly printed, illustrated laboratory manual. After

sections on Drosophila life cycle, preparation and maintenance of cultures, tech-

niques in handling flies and conducting experiments, examination of wild-type

and mutant flies, and statistical testing for experiments, there are 18 experiments

and procedures. These include such things as monohybrid crosses, genotype com-

petition in a population cage, localizing an unknown mutant, quantitative inher-

itance, preparation of salivary chromosomes, etc. There is also a chapter on the

capture and identification of Drosophila species, and a key to the United States

species of the genus. Appendices include descriptions of mutations, mutations

listed according to affected parts, etc. The exposition is simple and lucid. — Hugh B.

Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

January 1964 ]

SMITH GENUS CTENJAPYX

J a pygid ae of North America 10: The Genus Ctenjapyx

(Diplura)

Leslie M. Smith

University of California, Davis

The genus Ctenjapyx was erected by Silvestri (1948) for a single

female specimen from Sierra de San Lazaro, Baja California Sur,

Mexico. This specimen was named C. boneti Silvestri. To date, no

other specimens of this genus were known. Japygids frequently give rise

to monsters or anomalies, and the fact that only one specimen was

known, and no others appeared in the subsequent fourteen years, would

suggest that Silvestri erected this genus for an anomaly. However, the

author has recently received two additional specimens of this genus,

representing a new species.

The genus Ctenjapyx is distinct from all other genera because it has

two shallow cheek-pouches on either side of the head, and these pouches

are covered by a dense row of stout setae. The position of this genus

is obscure, but from the nature of the placoid sensillae 1 of the antennae,

the reduction of the labial palpi, the form of the styli with a single

mesad seta, the structure of the male setose sac, and the similar dentition

of the arms of the forceps, it seems desirable to place this genus in the

subfamily Provalljapyginae Smith. From the shape of the mandible,

setal pattern of the pleural sclerites, setae at the apex of the femora,

the labial palpi, and the setae in the male setose sac, this genus seems

more closely related to Nanojapyx Smith, than to other genera in the

Provallj apyginae.

Ctenjapyx parkeri L. Smith, new species

Male.- — Head with 12-(-12M dorsally, and a few m, distal lamina of lacinia pec-

tinate with about 5 teeth, lacinia falciform without tooth or flange, galea with one

external seta, thumb of galea retractile, sclerotized with three sclerotized, recurved

projections, maxillary palpus with 8 setae, one of which, median, as long as palpal

segment, or 2.7 times as long as stylus I, antenna with 26 segments, not tapered,

segment 3 with 12 setae, ten of which arranged in a median whorl, terminal segment

conical, as wide as long, with 8 placoid sensillae in two whorls, no posteroventral

proliferation of setae on any antennal segments, trichobothria equal in length to

longest setae on the same segment, labial palpus represented by a slight swelling

with two long and two short setae, longest seta twice as long as stylus I, a shallow,

dorsoventral groove on the head at either side of the mouth cavity, covered

externally by a close row of 24 stout setae, in the bottom of each groove a band

of about 250 small circular sensory pits in six close rows, a group of 10 similar

sensory pits on the outer edge of each stipes of the maxillae.

1 For definition of terms see: Smith, L. M., 1962, Japygidae of South America 3, Proc. Biol. Soc.

Washington, 75 : 274-275.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

Thorax . — Pronotum 5+5M and 7-|-7m, mesonotum prescutum 1+1M and 2-|-2m,

transverse apodeme absent, scutum 5+5M and a large pair of anteromedian m,

metanotum setae as on mesonotum, mesocoxae with 3 large pinnate setae and a few

microsetae, trochanter with 4 large pinnate setae and one microseta, dorsal apex

of femur with 2 plumose and one simple seta all approximately the same length,

calcar setae no larger than other large setae on the ventral apex of tibia, tarsi

with 4 stout setae per ventral row, tarsal claws nearly equal, empodium absent.

Abdomen . — Tergite I prescutum 1 + 1M, scutum 3-|-3M and a pair of large

anteromedian m, tergites II-VII 7-)-7M and anteromedian pair which do not

decrease in size posteriorly, tergite VIII 5-(-5M dorsally, tergite IX 3-(-3M, tergite

X between the carinae 2-(-2M arid a posterior pair of large m, posterolateral angles

of tergites I-VII rounded, pygidium broad and flat. Sternum I apotome 3-|-3M,

sternite row A 3+3M, row B 2-)-2M, row C 2-(-2M, and row D 4+4M, antecedent

setae none, median subcoxal organ none, lateral subcoxal organs occupying nine-

tenths of the distance between the styli, glandular setae about 150 on each side,

arranged in 5 staggered rows, glandular setae one-fourth as long as sensory setae,

sensory setae unilaterally pinnate, one-half as long as stylus I, 18-)- 19, with large

sockets, separated by one-half the width of a setal socket, stylus with four secondary

cones, a short, recessed, mesad seta and one pore, all other styli similar, sterna

II-VIII, apotomes 3+3M, sternites 12+12M, male setose sac opening on sternite

III, extending anteriorly to the posterior margin of sternite II, with a whorl of

22 radially pinnate setae internally near the opening, no other setae in the sac,

and a row of 12 simple setae external and posterior to the opening, pleura III— VII

prepleurite 1M pinnate and 1M simple, pleurite 2M pinnate and 4m, sternum

VIII 6+6M and 10-f-10m, segment IX pleurae meeting in midline, with 3-(-3M

and 2-|-2m, segment X between the ventral carinae 7+7M. Genital area: posterior

to the genital orifice a close row of 18 stout setae, entire area ringed by 16 widely

spaced setae.

Forceps . — Dorsal articulation rounded, both arms long, slender, margins entire,

without crenulations, except for a few basal teeth, left arm 2/1, right arm 2 teeth

uniseriate, seta A one-third as long as adjacent seta, basal buttress absent.

Female unknown.

Length of body including forceps: $ 6.0 mm, third instar juvenile

3.0 mm. Since the third instar juvenile has 5+5 sensory setae in the

lateral subcoxal organs, and the adult has 18+19 it is possible that it

is a stage III male.

Type. — Holotype male in California Academy of Sciences; juvenile

in University of California, Davis.

Habitat. — Holotype male and one juvenile, 23 miles south OF

Matias Romero, Oaxaca, Mexico, elevation 500 feet, in leaf mold,

8 April 1962, collected by F. Parker and L. Stange.

The distance, airline, from the type locality of C. boneti Silvestri to

the type locality of C. parkeri L. Smith is 1,200 miles. If this genus

is found in the State of Jalisco, but not in Sonora or Sinaloa it will

January 1964] smith — genus ctenjapyx

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 1-9, Various structures of Ctenjapyx parkeri L. M. Smith. 1, Setae of the

lateral subcoxal organ, short glandular setae and long, pinnate sensory setae. 2, a

portion of the lateral groove of the head. 3, dorsal view of tergite X and forceps

with distal setae omitted. 4, ventral view of left mandible showing prostheca.

5, tip of galea showing retractile thumb. 6, posterior view of labial palpus. 7, ventral

view of sternite III showing setose male sac. 8, a single seta from the male setose

sac. 9, dorsal view of stylus III.

36 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 40, NO. 1

support the idea that Baja California was at one time connected with

Jalisco.

The two known species of Ctenjapyx may be separated as follows:

Antenna with 26 segments, abdominal tergites with 7+7M, forceps left arm

2/1, right arm 2 uniseriate C. parkeri L. Smith

Antenna with 25 segments, abdominal tergites with 5-j-5M, forceps left arm

with one large tooth, right arm with one small tooth C. boneti Silvestri

Literature Cited

Silvestri, F. 1948. Specie di Japygidae (Insecta Diplura) finora raccolti nel

Messico. Boll. Lab. Entomol. Agr. Portici, 8: 312.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Notice of proposed use of plenary powers in

certain cases (A. [n.s.] 60) .

In accordance with a decision of the 13th International Congress of Zoology,

1948, public notice is hereby given of the possible use by the International Com-

mission on Zoological Nomenclature of its plenary powers in connection with the

following cases, full details of which will be found in Bulletin of Zoological Nomen-

clature, Vol. 20, Part 5, published on 21 October 1963.

(1) Validation of, and designation of a type-species for, Diplectrona Westwood,

1839 (Insecta, Trichoptera) . Z.N. (S.) 1580;

(2) Validation of Ortholitha Hubner (1825) (Insecta, Lepidoptera) . Z.N. (S)

1585;

(3) Validation of Tinodes pusillus McLachlan, 1862 (Insecta, Trichoptera). Z.N.

(S.) 1592.

Any zoologist who wishes to comment on any of the above cases should do so

in writing, and in duplicate, as soon as possible, and in any case before 21 April

1964. Each comment should bear the reference number of the case in question.

Comments received early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological

Nomenclature. Those received too late for publication will, if received before

21 April 1964, be brought to the attention of the Commission at the time of

commencement of voting.

All communications on the above subject should be addressed as follows: The

Secretary, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British

Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S. W. 7, England. — W. E.

China, Acting Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen-

clature.

January 1964]

SMITH — GENUS HECAJAPYX

J a pygid ae of North America 11: The Genus Hecajapyx

(Diplura)

Leslie M. Smith

University of California, Davis

The genus Hecajapyx was described by Smith (1959) for the single

species H. vulgaris. To the present time, this genus has remained

monotypic. Additional collections of H. vulgaris have shown that

this species is distributed throughout the Coast Range Mountains, from

Marin County, California, northward into Klamath and Douglas Coun-

ties, Oregon. From the collector, Dr. J. G. Edwards, I received a series

of eleven specimens from Fresno County, California which represent

a new species of Hecajapyx. From a study of this new species and

additional collections of H. vulgaris , it is now possible to define the

genus Hecajapyx as follows:

Hecajapyx, L. M. Smith

Antenna with 24 segments, terminal segment hemispherical with 8 placoid

sensillae, trichobothria shorter than longest setae on same antennal segment, no

ventral proliferation of setae on mid-segments of antenna, longest setae on segment

4 shorter than those on segments 3 or 5, distal lamina of lacinia falciform, external

edge of galea with two short setae, thumb of galea not tapered but broadly rounded

at tip, thoracic tergites 5, 6, 6, abdominal tergite I 2-j-2M or 3-f-3M, tergite II

4-)-4M, tergites III— VII 6-)-6M, tergite X 2+1+2M, and dorsal and ventral carinae

distinct, posterolateral angles of tergite VII projected to the rear, of tergite VI

rounded, lateral subcoxal organs occupying seven-eights of the distance between

the styli, composed of one row of glandular setae and one row of shorter sensory

setae, sockets of sensory setae contiguous or separated by width of one setal

socket, median subcoxal area blank and not protruding, pleurae IX meet with a

wide sinus, styli with secondary cone not distinct and one external seta and one

basal pore, empodium subequal to pretarsus. Forceps: seta A minute, dorsal artic-

ulation elongate, left arm with one pointed premedian and a larger rounded,

postmedian tooth, interdental margin arcuate and biserially dentate with tubercles

of the lower row more numerous than the upper row, right arm with one pointed

premedian tooth and one larger, rounded postmedian tooth, interdental margin

with 3 uniseriate tubercles, no setae in rectum, basal buttress present on both

arms. Male with genital papillae nearly three times as long as wide, no setose

sacs in sternites III or IV.

Hec a j a pyx bucketti L. M. Smith, new species

Female. — Dorsum of head with about 12-(-12M each four times as long as

stylus I, lacinia with a tooth, galea with two external setae (in all stages), thumb

of galea slightly sclerotized with about 10 sensory cones of various lengths, terminal

segment of maxillary palpus with about 20 setae three of which longer than that

segment, antenna with 24 segments, segment III with 15 setae in distal whorl, of

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

which 6 large, and 9 setae in basal whorl, of which 3 large, labial palpus some-

what tapered and with two minute spines at the apex.

Thorax . — Setae typical with longest setae 3.5 times as long as stylus I, meso-

notum prescutum with well developed cross and longitudinal apodemes, prescutum

1+1M and scutum 5-f-5M, metanotum prescutum l+lM and scutum with 5+5M,

coxae with 3 setae, protibia with one long ventral seta subequal to the tarsus,

calcar setae elongate, meso- and meta-tibiae without the long ventral seta, calcar

setae shorter, robust, tarsi with 4 or 5 stout setae per ventral row, dorsal apex

of pro- and meso-femora with a close row of 5 setae, of metafemur with 6 setae.

Abdomen . — Tergite I prescutum 1-|-1M, scutum 1 -f-lM and a few scattered

microsetae, tergite II with anteromedian pair of setae very large and 3+3M

(anterolateral setae absent), tergite III same but anteromedian pair smaller and

one anterolateral seta at each side, tergites IV-VII with 3 anterolateral setae at

each side (M 2 and M 3 of Pages plus one more), tergite VII with anteromedian

pair very small, tergite VIII 2-(-2M, tergite IX no setae, tergite X 2— (-1 -J-21M

between the carinae, pleuron IV prepleurite one long, one short, and two micro-

setae, pleurite one long, one short, and 6 microsetae. Sternum I apotome 4-|-4M

alternating with m, sternite 12-|-12M and scattered microsetae, lateral subcoxal

organ glandular setae three-fourths as long as stylus I, sensory setae three-fourths

as long as glandular setae and about 10 per cent more numerous, no typical ante-

cedent setae, sternites II-VII with 16-)-16M and numerous scattered m, sternite VIII

with 7-f-7M, spermatophore burster long, tubular, enlarged anteriorly, pleurae IX,

each with 2M, fused internally but leaving an external sinus equal to the length of

stylus VII.

Male similar to female, genital papilla two and one-half times as long as wide

at the base, or 1.4 times as long as stylus VII.

Average body size and average number of glandular setae on one

side of the lateral subcoxal organs for the several stages as follows:

Glandular

Body

setae

length, mm

Third instar

6.0

Stage I $

9.0

Stage II S

11.5

Stage III $

13.0

Stage IV $

15.0

Stage I $

11.0

Stage II $

13.0

Habitat. — Holotype female, paratype female, one juvenile, and 8

paratype males, McKinley Grove, near Dinkey Creek, Fresno

County, California, under redwood duff, 29 April 1961, collected

by J. G. Edwards.

I take pleasure in naming this species after Mr. J. S. Buckett who

collected the series of H. vulgaris which is summarized below.

Type. — Holotype female and paratype male in California Academy

of Sciences, paratypes in U.S.N.M. and University of California, Davis.

January 1964]

SMITH GENUS HECAJAPYX

Hecajapyx vulgaris L. M. Smith

Additional information regarding this species is derived from a

series of 130 specimens, collected 6 miles east of Petaluma, Sonoma

County, California, 29 December 1961 by Mr. J. S. Buckett. The

placoid sensillae on the terminal segment of the antenna are 8 (not

2 as reported by Smith, 1959), two setae on outer edge of galea

in all stages. Average body size and average number of glandular

setae on one side of the lateral subcoxal organs for the several stages

are as follows:

Third instar

Stage I $

Stage II $

Stage III $

Stage I 2

Stage II 2

Stage III 2

Glandular

setae

Body

length, mm

5.0

7.5

9.0

10.5

8.0

10.0

11.5

The two species of the genus Hecajapyx may be distinguished as

follows :

Abdominal tergite I scutum 1+1M, setae at apex of femur 5 or 6, setae on

dorsum of head 4.0 times as long as stylus I, body length stage III $

13 mm — ... ... II. bucketti, new species

Abdominal tergite I scutum 2+2M, setae at apex of fernum 4, setae on

dorsum of head 2.8 times as long as stylus I, body length stage III $

10.5 mm 1l. H. vulgaris L. Smith

,at Literature Cited

,t ; if • . .. [

Smith, L. M. 1959. The Japygidae (Diplura) of North America, 3. Am. Ento-

mol. Soc. Amer., 52: 363-368.

f.t

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Introduction to High Altitude Entomology. (Insect Life Above the Timber-

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36 Essex St., London, 302 pp., 80 figs. 1962. Price 42 Shillings.

This is the first general, comprehensive book dealing with animal ecology above

timberline. Although numerous details of the Himalayan insect fauna are included,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

most of the book will be as interesting and useful to botanists and to other

zoologists as it is to entomologists. How do plants and animals survive in areas

where the summer temperature may be 95° F in the sunny afternoon but below

freezing a few hours after sunset? What do they do in environments where sunny

surfaces may exceed 90° F while it is only 35° F in the nearby shade? Dr. Mani

points out that high altitude per se does not have much direct effect on inverte-

brates, but that it does cause drastic environmental alterations with which all life

must cope, or perish. These important environmental factors include aridity,

temperature, wind, insolation, heat radiation, available water, and snow cover. In

a series of ingenious diagrams, he indicates interrelationships between environ-

mental, ecological, and biological factors at high altitudes. Tables are also included

to compare temperature and humidity at different elevations, in different mountain

ranges, during different seasons, and in different microhabitats. Dr. Mani discusses

the life zones referred to by previous authors (alpine, arctic, montane, etc.), but

for the North-West Himalaya he prefers to consider the entire biotic province,

from timberline to the highest rocks, as the “nival zone.”

The predominant emphasis throughout the book is ecological, with interesting

sections on melanism, hygrophily, terricoly, cold stenothermy, flightlessness,

crowding, dispersal, and niche preferences. In addition, there are excellent dis-

cussions of zoogeography, vertical distribution, life cycles, food chains, and general

ecological interrelationships of the nival plants and animals. One chapter deals

with the taxonomy of high-altitude insects, but there are no keys or descriptions

of species included (the bibliography cites numerous taxonomic references, in-

cluding several by Mani and his associates) . The relative abundance of nival

representatives of the various orders, families, and genera are compared, and the

behavior, preferred habitats, and ecological niches of many of these insects are

discussed. Fourteen orders of insects are known to be represented by permanent

colonies above timberline in the Himalaya, of which the Coleoptera, Lepidoptera,

Diptera, Collembola, and Plecoptera are the most abundant. Only about 400 species

are actually permanent inhabitants above 5,800 feet in the North-West Himalaya,

although 2,500 species have been collected there. The predominant order is

Coleoptera, of which 45% of the species are Carabidae and 16% are Staphylinidae,

while Tenebrionidae and Curculionidae each comprise more than 8% of the total.

Similar analyses of the abundance of nival insect species of other orders are

presented, as well as analyses of classes and orders of other Arthropoda.

Throughout the book there are excellent sketches and photographs to illustrate

the habitats in which the author and his colleagues made their collections and

observations, and each of the ten chapters includes a very complete list of selected

references. The final chapter deals with the presumed origins of the nival insect

fauna and with evolutionary factors and major evolutionary changes accompanying

high-altitude adaptability.

This remarkable publication provides highly interesting, valuable, and practical

information for all biologists, regardless of their individual fields of specialization.

Undoubtedly there will be hundreds of subsequent publications on the subject as

more extensive nival investigations are pursued, but regardless of future modifica-

tions and refinements Dr. Mani’s book will surely continue to occupy a prominent

niche on every biological bookshelf. — J. Gordon Edwards, San Jose State College,

San Jose, California.

January 1964] stark and koehler — eurytoma on scots pine 41

Biology of the Gall Wasp, Eurytoma tumoris , on Scots Pine 1

(Hymenoptera : Eurytomidae)

R. W. Stark and C. S. Koehler 2

University of California, Berkeley

The feeding habits of members of the genus Eurytoma Illiger are

extremely diverse, including both parasitic and phytophagous species

(Bugbee, 1951). Plant hosts include various weeds, wheat, and willow.

The first published record of a eurytomid infesting a conifer ( Pinus

banksiana Lamb.) was by Thomas and Herdy in 1961.

In 1960, badly galled specimens of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L.,

were received by C. S. Davis, Extension Entomologist, University of

California, from a Christmas tree farm in Santa Cruz County. Speci-

mens of wasps reared from this material were described as a new

species, Eurytoma tumoris by Bugbee (1962). Field studies were con-

ducted from 1961 to 1963 to determine the biology of this insect.

Description of Stages

Egg . — The egg is pearly white, ovoid, with a short curved process at

one end and a flagellate process, as long as the egg, at the other.

Measurements of the lengths of eight eggs ranged from 0.51 to 0.58 mm

(average 0.55 mm), exclusive of terminal processes. Width ranged

from 0.17 to 0.22 mm (average = 0.19 mm). The eggs are deposited

through the thin bark of one-year-old terminal and lateral growth and

are found in the phloem-cambial layer with their long axis parallel

to the grain of the wood. The oviposition site can be determined by

the presence of a droplet of pitch on the bark which is exuded through

the oviposition puncture.

Larva . — The larvae of E. tumoris do not differ morphologically from

those of E. calycis (Thomas and Herdy, 1961) except for some varia-

tion in the setal pattern of mature larvae (Fig. 1, Table 1).

The number of larval instars was determined by measuring the dis-

tance between the mandible tip and the apex of the mandibular tooth.

This procedure was adapted from that used by Strong (1962) . Measure-

ments of 77 individuals collected at irregular intervals during the larval

period indicated that there are probably four instars (Fig. 2). 3 About

two months after eclosion presence of the larva is evidenced by a slight

1 Studies supported in part by the T. B. Walker Foundation and various forest industries.

3 Associate Professor and Assistant Entomologist respectively, Department of Entomology and Parasi-

tology, University of California, Berkeley.

3 The authors are grateful to Mr. Maurice Tauber for his assistance in making these measurements.

42 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 40, NO. 1

Table 1. — Differences in setal pattern of mature larvae of E. tumoris

Bugbee and E. calycis Bugbee.

Segment

E. tumoris

E. calycis (from

Thomas and Herdy,

1961)

Second thoracic

4 setae ; 3 below spiracle

5 setae; 3 below

and one above or two

above and one below

spiracle, 2 above

Third thoracic

4 setae; middle two

4 setae; apparently

variable in position

fixed

Abd. 2-4

2 setae per segment

3 setae per segment

swelling on the shoot or branch which becomes more pronounced as

the larva develops.

Pupa and adult . — The exarate pupa has no distinctive characteristics.

The adult is a small, 2.1-3. 7 mm, black wasp with flecks of yellow at

the base of the antennae and on the legs (Bugbee, 1962).

Seasonal Development and Damage

Emergence of adults begins in early April, reaches a peak in late

April or early May, and continues until late in May. Eggs were found

on 20 April through 22 May 1962 and it is assumed that oviposition

closely follows emergence. Newly hatched larvae were also present on

20 April 1962, indicating that egg deposition and hatching commence

in early or mid April. The larval stage persists until March or some-

Fig. 1. Setal map of mature larva of Eurytoma tumoris Bugbee.

FREQUENCY

January 1964] stark and koehler — eurytoma on scots pine 43

DISTANCE (MICRONS) BETWEEN TIP a TOOTH OF MANDIBLE

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 2. Histogram of measurements on mandibles of Eurytoma tumoris.

times April of the following year. The duration of the pupal period

is unknown but is apparently brief.

On hatching, the young larvae feed in the phloem-cambial region.

Gradual invasion of the wood occurs and new galls are evident by

mid June. By late summer a deep cylindrical pit is made in which

the larva apparently feeds and later overwinters (Figs. 3 and 4, C) . The

structural damage to the tree is slight. Growth in height is apparently

unaffected and the interruption of diameter growth is restricted to the

period when the wood is one year old (Fig. 4B). This aberration of

growth rings is soon grown over (Fig. 4A) and as it occurs close to

the pith, would not affect the lumber or pulp value of the mature tree.

However, damage to Christmas tree stock is great. The permanent

lumpy galls produced in large numbers on the terminal and lateral

growths, exit holes of adults, and cracking of the bark on heavily

galled trees seriously detract from its value. Indeed, such trees are

virtually unsalable (Figs. 5A, B).

At the present time the insect is not abundant. Less than 10 per cent

of the Christmas trees in a large planting were infested. Furthermore,

infestation by E. tumoris shows little tendency toward rapid spread

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 3. X-ray of infested tips showing larval pits.

within a plantation. Many infested trees showed evidence of repeated

attack since 1957. Adjacent trees in many instances were found totally

free from infestation. Adults are sluggish, flying only when violently

disturbed. This, coupled with the pattern of infestation, suggests that the

females oviposit commonly in the same tree from which they emerged.

The notes on biology given above pertain only to Eurytoma tumoris

Bugbee reared from, and observed attacking, Scots pine. However,

galled Monterey pine, Pinus radiata, were found in the same plantation

but no insects emerged from these. Gall-forming Eurytoma have been

collected from lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, and Jeffrey pine in

Explanation of Figures ->

Fig. 4. (A, B, upper photographs) Cross-sections of infested stems showing

current larval pit and emergence hole (B), and the growth of the tree over the

holes in subsequent years (A). (C, lower photograph) Longitudinal section of

infested tip showing larval pits and growth deformation.

January 1964] stark and koehler —

EURYTOMA ON SCOTS PINE 45

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 5. (A, left photograph) Stem of a Scots pine Christmas tree which has

been repeatedly infested. (B, right photograph) “Gouting” of branches caused by

Eurytoma tumoris attack.

California , 4 but it is not known as yet whether these are the same

species as that attacking Scots pine.

Literature Cited

Bugbee, R. E. 1951. New and described parasites of the genus Eurytoma Illiger

from rose galls caused by species of the cynipid genus Diplolepis Geoffrey

(Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 44: 211-261.

1961. A new species of the genus Eurytoma (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae)

phytophagous in the buds of jack pine ( Pinus banksiana) . Canadian

Entomol., 93: 33-34.

1962. Two new phytophagous species and one new parasitic species of the

genus Eurytoma (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). Jour. Kansas Entomol.

Soc., 35: 345-348.

Strong, Frank E. 1962. Laboratory studies of the biology of the alfalfa seed

chalcid, Bruchophagus roddi Guss. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). Hil-

gardia, 32 (3) : 229-249.

Thomas, J. B., and H. Herdy. 1961. A note on Eurytoma calycis Bugbee (Hymen-

optera: Eurytomidae) occurring in shoots of jack pine [ Pinus banksiana

(Lamb.)]. Canadian Entomol., 93: 34-39.

4 Personal communication. C. B. Eaton, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U. S.

Forest Service, Berkeley.

January 1964] ueshima — genetic isolation in cimex

Experiments on Reproductive Isolation in Cimex lectularius

and Cimex columbarius 1

(Hemiptera : Cimicidae)

Norihiro Ueshima

University of California, Berkeley

The pigeon bug, Cimex columbarius , was described by Jenyns (1839)

as a distinct species differing from the human bedbug, Cimex lectularius

Linnaeus, in the length of the third and fourth antennal segments. Be-

cause they are so closely related morphologically, many arguments were

later published on the taxonomic status of C. columbarius, whether it

is a valid species, a synonym, or a subspecies of C. lectularius. Johnson

(1939) studied C. lectularius and C. columbarius intensively, making

measurements of external characters and crossing experiments although

no details of the fertility of crosses were presented, and concluded that

C. columbarius is a subspecies of C. lectularius. Since then Johnson’s

view has been generally accepted. Darlington (1939) studied both

species and their hybrids cytologically. In C. lectularius he found

supernumerary X chromosomes which varied in number from two to

fifteen in the males, not only in different individuals, but within indi-

viduals. C. columbarius was very stable in its number of chromosomes

and no supernumerary X chromosomes were found. Also he reported

the following in the hybrids: the males produced by columbarius

($2) X lectularius ( $ $ ) had 26A + X 3 X 2 Y, while the males pro-

duced by lectularius (22) X columbarius ( $ 8 ) had 26 autosomes,

a single Y, and three to seven X chromosomes. This suggests that

transmission of supernumerary X chromosomes is due to the females

of C. lectularius.

During the course of experimental hybridizations in the genus Cimex,

at the University of California, interesting results were obtained which

clarify the taxonomic status of C. lectularius and C. columbarius.

The author wishes to express his grateful thanks to Dr. R. L. Usinger,

Department of Entomology, University of California, for his help and

criticism during the course of the study. Also the author would like

to express his thanks to Mr. P. D. Ashlock of the same department,

for reading through the manuscript.

Experiments and Results

For the experiments, Cimex lectularius from Cairo, Egypt and from

Berkeley, California (collected in human dwellings) and Cimex colum-

1 This study was supported by a grant (AI-01496-07) from the National Institutes of Health.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

barius from South Finland (collected in nests of the flycatcher, Musci-

capa atricapilla ) were used. These colonies were reared for several

years on a chicken. Fifth instar nymphs of these colonies were isolated

individually in small vials, and then virgin female adults were obtained.

Ten females of each of two species or strains (20 females in total) were

placed in a vial with ten males of one of these species or strains in the

six possible combinations (Tables 1 and 2). The two species, C.

lectularius and C. columbarius, are almost indistinguishable morpho-

logically, so the bristles on the right wing pad were removed in females

of one species to make sure that the two species could be recognized.

The same method was applied to the two strains of C. lectularius. To see

whether the artificial marks were recognized by the bugs, reference may

be made to the following two experiments. In the first, the bristles of

homogametic females (that is, females and males of the same species

or strains) were removed but bristles were not removed from hetero-

gametic females (that is, females and males of different species or

strains) and from the males. In the second experiments, the bristles of

the heterogametic females were removed but not those of the homo-

gametic females and the males. For example, in the cross comprising

females of columbarius and lectularius and males of columbarius , the

bristles of columbarius (homogametic) females were removed (cited

as Ex. 1 in the tables) and in the cross comprising females of

columbarius and lectularius and males of columbarius, the bristles of

lectularius (heterogametic) females were removed (cited as Ex. 2 in the

tables). One and two days later, the females were dissected and

examined for sperm. Sperm were easily located near the cavity of

spermalege because of the unique method of hemocoelic fertilization.

When sperm were present in a female, the bug was recorded as insem-

inated, although the amount of sperm in an inseminated female varies

greatly. Statistically no significant difference was obtained between

the first and second experiments (see Tables 1 and 2) .

The results of the experiments are given in Tables 1 and 2. Also

y 2 and the isolation index (Stalker, 1942) are calculated. It is evident

at a glance that the y 2 values are always higher than 6.6 (corresponding

to the 0.01 probability level) in the crosses between C. lectularius and

C. columbarius and there are significant deviations from random mating

between the two species. In the conspecific crosses (between two strains

of C. lectularius) the y 2 values are always lower than 1.07 (correspond-

ing to the 0.30 probability level) and there are no significant deviations

from random mating between two strains of C. lectularius. The isola-

tion index indicates the degree of isolation between species or strains of

January 1964] ueshima — genetic isolation in cimex

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THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

a species. If the isolation between the species or strains tested is com-

plete the index is 1.0; if the mating takes place at random the index

is zero. In all interspecific crosses a positive isolation index is obtained,

which means that males of both species inseminate more of their own

females than of those of the other species. Also, the isolation index

is usually higher than 0.50 and is higher when lectularius males are

inseminating than when columbarius males are inseminating. In all

intraspecific crosses the isolation index is nearly zero, which indicates

that no significant isolation takes place between the two strains of

C. lectularius.

Table 3 shows the fertility of inter- and intraspecific crosses in the

Cimex lectularius complex. Virgin females of each were obtained in

the same manner as in the previous experiments. Single mating pairs,

replicated ten times for each of the six possible combinations were

used for this experiment. Mean and standard error of the mean of

the number of eggs laid were obtained from the ten sets of single pair

matings in each of the crosses. As has been described by several authors,

the Cimicidae have a peculiar behavior in laying eggs. In most insects,

the female is able to lay eggs without mating, although such eggs are

infertile. But in the Cimicidae, no eggs can be laid without insemination

having taken place. In Table 3, the number of eggs laid by C. colum-

barius females in the crosses is distinctly lower than the other crosses.

When a comparison between Table 3 and Table 1 or 2 is made, the

relative percentage of columbarius females inseminated by lectularius

males (either of the Cairo or Berkeley strains) is higher than the

percentage of eggs laid in the same crosses. This may indicate that

lectularius sperm are killed by an antiserum reaction in columbarius

females which is common in interspecific crosses.

Discussion

Although Cimex columbarius Jenyns (1839) differs from Cimex

lectularius Linnaeus (1758) in hosts and in the ratio of head width

and length of third antennal segment, the two forms are very closely

related morphologically and are very difficult to distinguish. Therefore,

the taxonomic status of these two species has been confused for a

long time. Johnson (1939) suggested that C. columbarius was a sub-

species of C. lectularius rather than a distinct species, and based his

conclusion on his analysis of morphological characters and crossing

experiments. His conclusion seemed to gain general acceptance, but

the problem of taxonomic status still existed, depending on whether

the two forms are considered to be sympatric or allopatric. If they are

Table 2. Number of females examined (n) and per cent inseminated females (%) in crosses (48 hr).

Homogametic Heterogametic Isolation

Females Males Ex. n % n % x~ index

, . , . 7 7 - 1 10 100 10 50 6.66 0.33

January 1964]

UESHIMA GENETIC ISOLATION IN CIMEX

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THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

allopatric, Johnson’s concept may be correct. But it is difficult to assume

that these bugs are allopatric. Clay (1949) believes that parasites which

are host specific may be allopatric, even though their hosts may be

sympatric. For example, the Mallophaga can be allopatric, even though

their hosts are sympatric, because they spend their entire lives and

breed on their hosts (Mayr, 1963). C. lectularius and C. columbarius

may be sympatric, even though they are host specific. They remain on

their hosts only when they are feeding, and spend the rest of their time

in cracks and crevices. Therefore, the possible coexistence of both species

is easily assumed in a same habitat. For example, in a building, C.

Table 3. Mean and its standard error of number of eggs laid

(ten females and ten males of single pair mating) in the interspecific

and intraspecific crosses in the Cimex lectularius complex.

Male

Female

C. columbarius 6. lectularius

(from Cairo)

C. lectularius

(from Berkeley)

C. columbarius

— 1.9 ± 1.32

0.4 ± 0.40

C. lectularius

(from Cairo)

24.3 ± 3.26 —

40.3 ± 2.74

C. lectularius

(from Berkeley)

32.5 ± 4.98 36.2 ± 2.30

—

lectularius may live around humans and C. columbarius may live around

the pigeons in a loft overhead. Then they have many opportunities to

contact each other, and would be sympatric. In this situation, which

actually exists in the Netherlands, there can be no possibility of a

subspecific relationship, and the only possible question concerns specific

distinctness. If they are the same species, they should not be reproduc-

tively isolated. The data of the experiments (Tables 1, 2, and 3) clearly

indicate the existence of reproductive isolation between them. They are

sympatric, host specific, and largely reproductively isolated, although

they are morphologically exceedingly similar. This evidence indicates

that the two forms are sibling species (Mayr, 1963).

Cytological study of these species and their hybrids has been done

by Darlington (1939) and myself (unpublished). No essential differ-

ences of chromosome cytology were found between these two species,

although C. lectularius commonly has supernumerary X chromosomes.

The essential chromosome complement of both species is 26A + X 1 X 2 Y

January 1964] ueshima — genetic isolation in cimex

in the males and 26A + X 1 X 1 X 2 X 2 in the females. The number of super-

numerary X chromosomes in C. lectularius is quite variable among the

populations or strains, while in C. columbarius no supernumerary X

chromosomes have ever been observed and the chromosome complement

is very consistent. In the hybrids between C. lectularius and C. colum-

barius and both reciprocals, only small abnormalities and irregularities

in meiosis are observed. Therefore, there is no serious barrier to the

production of successive generations (which are actually obtained in

the laboratory), although their fertilities are lower than their parents.

Also the transmission of supernumerary X chromosomes from lectularius

to columbarius or from lectularius to lectularius between different popu-

lations or strains is quite complicated and will be discussed in a separate

paper.

Summary

The taxonomic status of the human bedbug, Cimex lectularius , and

the pigeon bug, Cimex columbarius, has been confused for a long time

because the two forms are very closely related morphologically and very

difficult to distinguish. During the course of experimental hybridiza-

tions in the genus Cimex, the existence of reproductive isolation was

found between two species (see Tables 1-3). This evidence indicates

that these two forms are sibling species rather than subspecies.

Literature Cited

Clay, T. 1949. Some problems in the evolution of a group of ectoparasites. Evolu-

tion, 3: 279-299.

Darlington, C. D. 1939. The genetical and mechanical properties of the sex

chromosomes. V. Cimex and the Heteroptera. Jour. Genetics, 39: 101-138.

Jenyns, L. 1839. On three undescribed species of the genus Cimex, closely

allied to the common bed bug. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3: 241-244.

Johnson, C. G. 1939. Taxonomic characters, variability and relative growth in

Cimex lectularius and C. columbarius (Heteroptera, Cimicidae). Trans.

Roy. Entomol. Soc., London, 89: 543-568.

Mayr, E. 1963. Animal species and evolution. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge.

797 pp.

Stalker, H. D. 1942. Sexual isolation in the species complex Drosophila virilis.

Genetics, 27 : 238-257.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

Description of the Male of Xyelecia nearctica , with

Comments on the Genus

(Hymenoptera : Xyelidae)

David R. Smith

Oregon State University, Corvallis

The genus Xyelecia was described by Ross in 1932 to contain

Xyelecia nearctica Ross, which he described at the same time. No other

species have been described to date. It is distinguished from other

members of the family Xyelidae by its large size (6.0 to 9.5 mm),

long antennal thread (Fig. 1), the short, broad sheath of the female

(Fig. 2), and the wing venation. On the basis of its distinctiveness,

Benson (1945) erected a new subfamily, Xyeleciinae, to contain this

genus.

A collection of sawflies which was recently received from Mr. Joe

Schuh of Klamath Falls, Oregon, included a good series of males and

females of this species. This is the first time the males have been

definitely associated with the females.

Xyelecia nearctica Ross

Male. — Length 6.0 to 7.5 mm; length of forewing 7.1 to 9.0 mm. Similar to

female in structure but differs slightly in color pattern. Head and antennae black

except for the labrum, lower and lateral portions of the clypeus, a narrow band

surrounding the eyes, and labium creamy white; tips of mandibles reddish. Thorax

black except for area at base of wings, ventrolateral portion of pronotum, and spot

near anterior margin of the mesepisternum whitish. Coxae black with white spot

at apex; femur ferrugineous ; tibiae and tarsi brown to black. Wings hyaline;

stigma and veins brown. Abdomen black except for white bands on posterior por-

tion of segments, more pronounced on sternites. Genitalia black.

Locality . — Mt. Pitt Trail, Klamath County, Oregon, 14 June 1959.

Abies concolor, Joe Schuh, 14 males, 3 females.

The color shows little variation in the specimens available. The

females are more brownish when compared with the predominately

black males. The male genitalia (Figs. 7, 8) are orthandrous in posi-

tion, resembling in this respect Macroxyela and Megaxyela. They are

very similar in appearance to Macroxyela ferruginea (Say) , (Snodgrass,

1941). The male genitalia of the other North American genera, Xyela

and Pleroneura, are strophandrous.

Biology and host information are unknown except that it has been

collected mainly by beating conifers. Available records show that this

species occurs primarily in the Northwest; however, there is one

questionable record from Montana and Colorado.

January 1964]

SMITH MALE OF XYELECIA

Records to date include the following: Idaho: Moscow, J. M.

Aldrich, 1 female (paratype, in the Canadian National Collection)

(Ross, 1932). Oregon: White Branch Meadow, Three Sisters, Frog

Camp, elevation approximately 5500 ft, 19 July 1927, H. A. Scullen,

1 female ( holotype , in the Illinois Natural History Survey collection)

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 1-8, Xyelecia nearctica. 1, antenna (from Ross, 1932). 2, female sheath,

lateral aspect (from Ross, 1932). 3, female lance, lateral aspect. 4, female lancet,

lateral aspect. 5, volsella of male genital capsule, ventral aspect. 6, penis valve

of male genital capsule, lateral aspect. 7, male genital capsule, ventral aspect.

8, male genital capsule, dorsal aspect.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

(Ross, 1932) ; Corvallis, 20 April 1930, J. Wilcox, 1 female; 4 mi.

S. 4-mile Lake, Klamath County, 4 June 1959, beating conifer, Joe

Schuh, 4 females; Gearheart Mt., base, Klamath County, 7 June 1959,

on Pinus contorta , Joe Schuh, 1 female; Spenser Creek, Klamath

County, 1 July 1956, J. D. Vertrees, 3 females; Mt. Pitt Trail, Klamath

County, 14 June 1959, Abies concolor , Joe Schuh, 14 males, 3 females.

Washington: Paradise Valley, Rainier N. P., 16 July 1936, E. C.

Van Dyke; Mt. Baker Lodge, 1 July 1936, E. C. Van Dyke.

This species has also been recorded from California (1 female) and

“?Colorado and Montana, 1925, H. G. Dyar” (1 male), ( personal com-

munication, Dr. B. D. Burks, 1962) .

The specimens from which the description was taken are in the

Oregon State University insect collection. Representatives have been

distributed to the following: Dr. H. H. Ross, Illinois Natural History

Survey; Dr. W. W. Middlekauff, University of California; Mr. R. B.

Benson, British Museum of Natural History; Dr. B. D. Burks, U. S.

National Museum; and Dr. D. J. Burdick, Fresno State College.

Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to Mr. R. B. Benson of the British Museum, Dr.

B. D. Burks of the U. S. National Museum, and Mr. Joe Schuh of

Klamath Falls, Oregon.

Literature Cited

Benson, Robert B. 1945. Classification of the Xyelidae (Hymenoptera, Symphy-

ta). Proc. Royal Entomol. Soc. London (B), 14: 34-37.

Ross, H. H. 1932. The hymenopterous family Xyelidae in North America. Ann.

Entomol. Soc. Amer., 25: 153-169.

Snodgrass, R. E. 1941. The male genitalia of Hymenoptera. Smithsonian Misc.

Coll., 99 (14) : 1-86.

January 1964]

MOORE — NEW ENDEODES

A New Species of Endeodes from Sonora, Mexico

(Coleoptera : Melyridae)

Ian Moore

San Diego Museum of Natural History

Although the marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of California

largely belongs to the Panamic fauna, numerous elements in the northern

half of the gulf show definite affiliations with the Californian fauna.

Consequently, it is not a great surprise to find in the northern Gulf

of California a species of marine insect belonging to a genus typical

of the California coast.

The Endeodes described below is most closely related to basalis and

blaisdelli, respectively from Southern California and the Pacific Coast

of Lower California. Adults of these two species are found not un-

commonly beneath dry seaweed on the berm of sandy beaches. Their

larvae have never been found. The larvae of the present species, like

that of the northern collaris, were found in cracks in the rocks of an

exposed reef below daily high tide. The single adult was found running

on the reef.

Endeodes sonorensis Moore, new species

Color . — Head and pronotum ferruginous with the eyes black; elytra deep black

with a steel blue cast, the base and humeri narrowly orange; scutellum ferruginous;

abdomen largely ferruginous, each segment with an indefinitely bounded round

piceous central spot, the last segment almost entirely piceous; antennae with the

first segment ferruginous, the remainder progressively darker, the apical segments

piceous; legs ferruginous with the femora faintly infumate; beneath ferruginous

except the metasternum which is piceous.

Head. — Oval, about as long as wide; finely, moderately punctured throughout;

without ground sculpture; with short, fine, gray pubescence.

Pronotum . — A little wider than long, widest in apical fourth; apex rounded; sides

rounded, not sinuate before hind angles; base straight, narrower than apex. Punc-

tures as fine, but a little sparser, than on head. Without ground sculpture.

Pubescence fine, short, black.

Elytra . — Each elytron about twice as long as wide; sides arcuate; base arcuate;

punctures similar to those of elytra; ground sculpture a very fine microreticulation

not visible except under high power.

Abdomen . — Wider than elytra. Sculpture as on elytra. Beneath much more

sparsely punctured than above.

Holotype female . — Punta de los Cuervos, San Carlos Bay, near

Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, 18 November 1962, Ian Moore, collector,

specimen deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Found run-

ning on the surface of the reef exposed during low tide. Two larvae

were taken from cracks in the rocks at the same locality.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

Notes. — This species resembles terminalis, basalts, and blaisdelli in

its long elytra, but differs from the second two in the pronotum being

a little wider than long with the sides evenly arcuate into the broadly

rounded hind angles. In basalts and blaisdelli the pronotum is a little

longer than wide, the sides are distinctly sinuate before the hind angles.

E. terminalis has the elytral apices pale and the abdomen entirely black.

Larva. — Bright ferruginous except the head dark ferruginous, legs

testaceous and the urogomphus piceous, with the apices paler. Very

similar in structure to the other known larvae of the genus.

Key to the Species of Endeodes

la. Each elytron at least twice as long as wide 2

2a. Sides of pronotum sinuate before hind angles 3

3a. Elytra concolorous, pale ferruginous blaisdelli

3b. Elytra bicolored, ferruginous basally, black apically basalis

2b. Sides of pronotum not sinuate before bind angles 4

4a. Elytra black with apices rufotestaceous terminalis

4b. Eytra black with base and humeri narrowly orange sonorensis

lb. Each elytron little longer than wide 5

5a. Legs, antennae, and mouthparts not darker than pronotum insularis

5b. Legs, antennae, and mouthparts darker than pronotum 6

6a. Head black collaris

6b. Head reddish rugiceps

Key to the Known Larvae of Endeodes

la. Body largely piceous 2

2a. Urogomphus black collaris

2b. Urogomphus black and ferruginous rugiceps

lb. Body largely bright ferruginous sonorensis

Literature Cited

Blackwelder, Richard Eliot. 1932. The genus Endeodes LeConte. Pan-Pac.

Entomol., 8: 128-136, 3 figs.

Horn, George Henry. 1872. Synopsis of the Malachiidae of the United States.

Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 4: 109-127.

LeConte, John Lawrence. 1852. Catalogue of the melyrides of the United

States, with descriptions of new species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-

delphia, 6: 163-171.

Marshall, M. Y. 1957. Studies in Malachiidae VII. Coleopt. Bull., 11: 13-16.

Moore, Ian. 1954. Notes on Endeodes with a description of a new species from

Baja California. (Coleoptera: Malachiidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 30: 195-

198.

1956. Notes on some intertidal Coleoptera with descriptions of the early stages

(Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Malachiidae). Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat.

Hist., 12: 207-230, pis. 14-17.

1957. A northern extension of range for Endeodes basalis LeConte. Pan-Pac.

Entomol., 33: 140.

January 1964] wickman — beetles to scorched pines

Freshly Scorched Pines Attract Large Numbers of

Arhopalus asperatus Adults

(Coleoptera : Cerambycidae)

Boyd E. Wickman

Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station

Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture

Berkeley, California

Heretofore unreported attack habits of adult Arhopalus asperatus

(LeConte) were observed after lightning struck a pine stand 3 miles

northeast of Hat Creek, Shasta County, California, on the evening of

24 July 1962. During the small forest fire that ensued, 15 mature pines

(. Pinus ponderosa Laws., P. jeffreyi Grev. & Balf., and P. sabiniana

Dougl.) and 6 incense-cedars ( Libocedrus decurrens Torr.) were badly

scorched on one side of the bole to a height of 20 feet. The foliage of

some of the trees also was severely scorched.

At 5 a.m. the next day, dozens of adult Arhopalus asperatus were

found on the basal 3 feet of the most severely scorched ponderosa,

Digger, and Jeffrey pines. No beetles were found on the incense-cedar.

Several pairs were mating, and other adults appeared to be seeking

oviposition sites. The fire at that time had been controlled, but was

still producing some smoke. The basal portions of the attacked trees

were still warm, but not smoking.

Adult activity and attraction to the scorched trees appeared to decrease

as the day advanced, light intensity increased, and temperatures rose.

The attractiveness of the trees also seemed to diminish with the passage

of time; 2 days later, only four adults could be found resting on the

stump of a felled, scorched Jeffrey pine.

This is the only reported instance of Arhopalus asperatus being at-

tracted to burned timber, but a similar response has been reported

among certain other insects, such as Melanophila beetles (Linsley, 1943)

and smokeflies (Kessel, 1958, 1960). Gardiner (1957) successfully

attracted cerambycids to smoke in experiments with a smoke generator.

Furniss (1937) reported that adults of a closely related species, A.

productus (LeConte), were attracted to burned trees.

Literature Cited

Furniss, R. L. 1937. Salvage on Tillamook Burn as affected by insect activity.

The Timberman, 39 (2) : 11-13, 30-32.

Gardiner, L. 1957. Collecting wood-boring beetle adults by turpentine and

smoke. Canadian Dept. Agric. Div. Forest Biol., Bi-mo. Rept., 13 (1) : 2.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vol. 40, NO. 1

Kessel, E. L. 1958. The smokefly, Hormopeza copulifera Melander (Diptera:

Empididae) . Pan-Pac. Entomol., 34: 86.

1960. The response of Microsania and Hormopeza to smoke. Diptera: Platypez-

idae and Empididae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 36: 67-68.

Linsley, E. G. 1943. Attraction of Melanophila beetles by fire and smoke. Jour.

Econ. Entomol., 36: 341-342, 2 figs.

BOOK NOTICE

A Review of the Biological Control Attempts Against Insects and Weeds in

Canada. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Bucks, Eng-

land. xii -)- 216 pp., inch 17 maps. 1962. For sale by the Central Sales of the

Bureaux, price 35 shillings.

After a foreword by F. J. Simmonds and a preface by R. Glen, the text is

divided into three parts, of which only two receive title-page recognition. Part I —

Biological control of pests of crops, fruit trees, ornamentals, and weeds in Canada

up to 1959, by J. H. McLeod (pp. 1-34, including an index) . Part II — Biological

control of forest insects — 1910-1958, by B. M. McGugan and H. C. Coppel (pp.

35-128, including maps and list of references) . A third part, Appendix I and

Appendix II, comprises the invaluable detailed listings of parasites and predators

released against forest insects in Canada, 1910-1958, and Recoveries of parasites and

predators employed in biological control projects against forest insects in Canada,

1910-1958 (pp. 129-176 and 177-210), both compiled by A. R. Graham and

P. A. Jones. — Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

January 1964] pacific coast entomological society

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

R. M. Bohart

President

Jerry A. Powell

Vice-President

H. Y. Daly

Secretary

R. C. Miller

Treasurer

Proceedings

Two Hundred and Eighty-fourth Meeting

The 284th meeting was held Friday, 15 February 1963, at 7:45 p.m., in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, with

President Bohart presiding.

Members present (47) : J. R. Anderson, F. L. Blanc, R. M. Bohart, W. M. Brooks,

L. E. Caltagirone, D. Cavagnaro, M. M. Collins, H. V. Daly, R. L. Doutt, J. G.

Edwards, W. E. Ferguson, K. E. Frick, R. H. Gonzalez, R. H. Goodwin, A. A.

Grigarick, W. G. litis, M. Irwin, D. Jamieson, D. Janzen, D. H. Kistner, R. L. Langs-

ton, H. B. Leech, C. D. MacNeill, H. L. McKenzie, A. E. Michelbacher, W. D.

Murray, Trudy V. Noller, J. A. Powell, F. C. Raney, E. S. Ross, Judy Ross, R. F.

Schoeppner, T. Seeno, W. E. Simonds, F. E. Skinner, C. Slobodchikoff, J. Snell,

G. I. Stage, L. A. Stange, H. E. Stark, W. A. Steffan, J. W. Tilden, Catherine

Toschi, Nancy Twomey, R. L. Usinger, D. Viers, V. Whitehead.

Visitors present (21) : Margaret Bohart, S. W. Broodryk, G. W. Byers, R. E.

Eastwood, L. K. Etzel, R. E. Hall, R. B. Hawkes, Karen Janzen, E. Jessen, Mrs.

D. H. Kistner, Mrs. R. L. Langston, Mrs. H. L. McKenzie, P. S. and Mrs.

Messenger, Martha Michelbacher, Mrs. W. D. Murray, A. W. Pickett, Irene Pogo-

jeff, H. E. Scholtz, A. Willink, Barbara A. Wilson.

The minutes of the meeting held 14 December 1962 were summarized.

Ten new members were elected: E. C. Carlson, D. Cavagnero, Trudy Noller,

and F. C. Raney, Davis, California; J. R. Crosiar, Porterville, California; M. Collins

and B. E. Wickman, Berkeley, California; Y. Hokama, Sacramento, California;

M. M. J. Lavoipierre, San Francisco, California; C. M. Myers, Fresno, California.

In addition, L. E. Caltagirone, Albany, California; Judy Ross, Berkeley, California;

and R. B. Selander, Urbana, Illinois were reinstated to membership.

Stylopized wasp. — Dr. J. W. Tilden displayed a wasp, Polistes annularis,

collected in Texas, with 13 stylops, Xenos pallidus Brues. This appears to be a

record number of stylops for a single host.

Stylopized bees. — Mr. M. E. Irwin displayed a collection of Dufourea trochan-

tera G. Bohart from the California Sierra which were stylopized by an undescribed

species of Strepsiptera of the genus Eurystylops. Photographs of dissected gravid

females and of a first instar larva were shown. No male Eurystylops have ever

been found.

The principal speaker of the evening was Mr. F. L. Blanc, Entomologist, Cali-

fornia State Department of Agriculture, Sacramento. His illustrated lecture was

on “Problems in identification of California fruitflies.”

A coffee social in the entomology rooms followed the meeting. — H owell V. Daly,

Secretary

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

Two Hundred and Eichty-fifth Meeting

The 285th meeting was held Friday, 3 May 1963, at 7:45 p.m., in the Morrison

Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, with President

Bohart presiding.

Members present (40) : R. P. Allen, J. R. Anderson, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., R. M.

Bohart, D. J. Burdick, J. A. Chemsak, M. M. Collins, H. V. Daly, D. G. Denning,

J. Drew, J. G. Edwards, W. E. Ferguson, J. W. Fujii, R. H. Goodwin, H. Hacker,

P. A. Harvey, M. E. Irwin, D. Jamieson, D. H. Janzen, B. Keh, D. H. Kistner,

R. L. Langston, H. B. Leech, E. G. Linsley, C. D. MacNeill, Lois and C. W. O’Brien,

J. A. Powell, F. C. Raney, D. C. Rentz, Judy M. Ross, T. N. Seeno, C. Slobodchikoff,

J. Snell, G. I. Stage, L. A. Stange, J. W. Tilden, Catherine Toschi, A. Willink,

V. B. Whitehead.

Visitors present (31) : Barbara Barr, Margaret Bohart, Chestina Bolton, Mary A.

Chemsak, Barbara B. Daly, Loretta Denning, Carol Drew, T. L. Erwin, L. Etzel,

W. A. Foster, G. W. Frankie, Judy Froebe, R. E. Hall, Kathleen A. Hall, Karen

Janzen, Alzada C. Kistner, James Litsinger, LaVerne Magarian, Doug Miller, Kellie

O’Neill, Irene Pogojeff, J. E. Prine, Mr. and Mrs. A. Raske, J. Snell, Kaye N.

Stage, M. W. Stimman, M. Tauber, V. Vesterby, R. L. Westcott, Mrs. A. Willink.

The minutes of the meeting held 15 February 1963 were summarized.

Three new members were elected: J. E. Dibble, M. Kattoulas, and C. S.

Koehler, Berkeley, California.

Introduced European cerambycid. — Dr. J. A. Chemsak presented the follow-

ing note on a female specimen of a European cerambycid, Plagionotus arcuatus

(L. ) which was collected alive in Wilmington, Los Angeles County, California,

12 April 1963, by B. P. Dunn on the roof of a six-story building. This species

has been reported by Duffy (1953, Monograph of the immature stages of British

and imported timber beetles, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), p. 225) as frequently

being encountered in England in timber imported from the continent. The larval

damage detracts somewhat from the value of the timber of hardwoods as Quercus,

Fagus, Prunus, etc. As far as is known, this beetle is not established in this country

and entry is probably through lumber or imported furniture.

Ladybird beetles mating at high elevations. — Dr. J. G. Edwards exhibited

living specimens of ladybird beetles and gave the following information on their

capture. Specimens of Hippodamia convergens and Coccinella transverse* guttata

were collected 28 April 1963, by Hal Kanzler on top of six to eight feet of snow

at Swiftcurrent Pass in Glacier National Park, Montana. At 7,500 feet elevation,

Hal found about one ladybird beetle for every 25 square feet. The beetles were

crawling on the snow. Also on the snow was one Aphodius fimetarius and two

ichneumon wasps. This high pass is nine miles from the road, and is seldom

visited by climbers this early in the season because of avalanche danger. It is a

valuable record of occurrence of ladybirds at this elevation so early in the season,

and it is hoped that similar observations will be made by other mountain climbers

in the northern Rockies this spring. Evidently the beetles migrate to the mountain-

tops very early in the year, mate there (many were mating on Swiftcurrent Pass),

then disperse to the fields below for feeding during May and June. They again

seek the summits in July, with their bodies rich in lipoids, but mating is scarce at

that time. Unless trapped by early snows, they soon migrate into the valleys

January 1964] pacific coast entomological society

4,000 feet below, and overwinter there beneath a heavy blanket of snow. This bio-

logical cycle is apparently not the same as that of ladybird beetles in warmer

climates in Oregon and California.

Pidonia scripta (LeConte) from oak bark. — Mr. D. C. Rentz described a

log of the Coast Live Oak, Quercus agrifolia Nee, some thirty feet long and two

feet in diameter, which was found in early 1957 in the hills near Millbrae, San

Mateo County, California. The bark, measuring an inch and a half thick, showed

signs of insect infestation and several slabs were placed in a cage. On 23 March

1957, a small yellowish cerambycid emerged which was identified as Pidonia

scripta (LeConte) by H. B. Leech. This appears to be the first host record for

this species, which is rare in the S'an Francisco Bay region and is not known from

much farther south. P. scripta was described from Vancouver Island, and is com-

mon there as well as in the interior of British Columbia, where it occurs in numbers

on the flowers of wild rose. Mr. Leech pointed out that Swaine and Hopping

remarked on the coarse elytral punctation of examples from just north of San

Francisco (1928, The Lepturini of America north of Mexico. Part I. Natl. Mus.

Canada, Bull. 52, p. 19). Oaks occur over only part of the known range of P.

scripta. If the local population is not specifically distinct, the species must have

more than one host.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dean E. Gorton Linsley, University

of California, Berkeley. His illustrated lecture was on “Some mimetic associations

of lycid beetles and their models.”

A coffee social in the entomology rooms followed the meeting. — H owell V. Daly,

Secretary

Two Hundred and Eighty-sixth Meeting

The 286th meeting was held Friday, 18 October 1963, at 7 :45 p.m., in the Morrison

Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, with President

Bohart presiding.

Members present (66) : R. P. Allen, J. R. Anderson, C. Arinin, P. H. Arnaud,

Jr., J. Birchim, R. M. Bohart, D. J. Burdick, L. E. Caltagirone, D. Cavagnaro,

J. A. Chemsak, M. M. Collins, H. V. Daly, R. L. Doutt, J. G. Edwards, T. Erwin,

W. E. Ferguson, D. Furman, R. H. Gonzalez, R. H. Goodwin, A. A. Grigarick,

K. S. Hagan, P. A. Harvey, W. G. litis, E. R. Leech, H. B. Leech, B. Keh,

B. B. and E. L. Kessel, D. H. Kistner, C. S. Koehler, G. Kuno, W. H. Lange, R. L.

Langston, T. H. Lauret, J. F. Lawrence, C. D. MacNeill, J. W. and Jane Mac-

Swain, H. L. McKenzie, A. S. Menke, G. G. Moore, Jr., W. D. Murray, W. H.

Nutting, Lois B. and C. W. O’Brien, L. R. Parks, J. A. Powell, F. Raney, D. C.

Rentz, C. J. Rogers, E. S. Ross, Judy Ross, F. E. Skinner, C. Slobodchikoff,

G. I. Stage, L. A. Stange, W. Stanger, R. E. Stecker, W. A. Steffan, Y. Tanada,

P. E. Turner, Jr., Nancy Twomey, R. L. Usinger, R. L. Westcott, A. Willink.

Visitors present (101) : Mrs. J. R. Anderson, Barbara Barr, Margaret Bohart,

Mrs. H. C. Brodahl, R. M. and Brenda L. Brown, R. W. Browe, Claudia Burnett,

Aileen Cabral, R. L. Campbell, W. Chase, Mrs. J. A. Chemsak, Donna Lou and

Patrick R. Craig, Sandy Cunningham, Rachel Dagovitz, Barbara B. Daly, H. V.

Davis, D. M. Deebrinen, Mr. and Mis. J. T. Doyen, R. E. Eastwood, Carol Eastwood,

Shozo Ehara, T. C. Emmel, P. C. Engelder, LaVerne Erwin, L. Etzel, G. H. Feinberg,

Stephenie, Rick and Robin Ferguson, A. and Madeline Finlay, W. Foster, Judy

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

Froeber, Mrs. D. P. Furman, B. Gabriel, Celeste Green, Barbara Grigarick, R. E.

Hall, Jacqueline L. Hall, P. M. Keyes, U. and Alain Kinet, Mrs. D. L. Kistner,

R. Klieforth, Mrs. W. H. Lange, Mrs. R. L. Langston, Deirdre Lee, Virginia and

Bertha Leech, Mr. and Mrs. H. Lloyd, J. B. MacKenyi, M. Marquis, Mrs. H. L.

McKenzie, Karen Menke, A. Miller, D. Miller, Mrs. C. Moore, G. and Else Mosheim,

Mr. and Mrs. R. Murill, Francis Murray, J. Nakata, M. and Donna Oleson, P. and

Sandra Opler, A. K. Ota, Pat Paul, J. Payne, T. Payne, R. L. and Luida J. Penrose,

J. H. Poorbaugh, Kathleen Rentz, Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Rice, E. R. Sanderson,

J. Schimizu, J. Schosanski, E. M. Stafford, Kaye N. Stage, Phyllis Stecker, W. J.

and Dianne Steele, L. Stipe, Billie Tanson, Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Van Til, Mr.

and Mrs. W. J. Turner, Mrs. R. L. Usinger, E. W. Valentino, D. S. Verity, P. S.

Welles, Lila Willink, Barbara A. Wilson.

The minutes of the meeting held 3 May 1963 were summarized.

Eleven new members were elected: J. Birchim, Independence, California; G. M.

Buxton, Sacramento, California; T. L. Erwin, L. Parks, and R. E. Stecker, San Jose,

California; G. Kuno and P. E. Turner, Jr., Berkeley, California; R. L. Westcott and

J. L. Reed, Davis, California; N. Ueshima, Mie, Japan; A. Willink, Tucuman,

Argentina.

Appointments to two committees were made: nominating, A. A. Grigarick, Chair-

man, J. G. Edwards, and D. D. Jensen; and auditing, W. H. Lange, Jr., Chairman,

and C. S. Koehler.

Rare butterflies from Montana.— Dr. J. G. Edwards exhibited specimens and

offered the following information on three individuals of the rare Boloria alberta

Edwards which were collected in Glacier National Park, Montana. So far as is

known this is the first record of its occurrence in continental United States,

although it is recorded from high barren ridges in Alberta. He found them from

7600 feet to 8500 feet, on three different peaks, but could not associate food

plants or observe oviposition.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. Edward S. Ross, California

Academy of Sciences. His illustrated lecture was on “Insect collecting in the

Indo-Australian Region.”

A coffee social in the entomology rooms followed the meeting. — Howell V. Daly,

Secretary

Two Hundred and Eighty-seventh Meeting

The 287th meeting was held Friday, 22 November 1963, at 7 :45 p.m., in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, with

President Bohart presiding.

Members present (21) : J. R. Anderson, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., J. Birchim, R. M.

Bohart, H. V. Daly, J. G. Edwards, W. E. Ferguson, R. H. Gonzalez, P. D. Hurd,

Jr., C. S. Koehler, H. B. Leech, C. D. MacNeill, J. A. Powell, E. S. Ross, C.

Slobodchikoff, F. E. Skinner, W. A. Steffan, Catherine Toschi, P. E. Turner, Jr.,

R. L. Usinger, A. Willink.

Visitors present (16) : Margaret Bohart, Barbara and Diane Daly, R. E. East-

wood, Mrs. J. G. Edwards and Janie, R. E. Hall, J. B. Hoy, J. H. Oliver, J. H.

Poorbaugh, Mr. and Mrs. A. Raske, Fernando Dias de Airla Sires and Luia M. M.

de Airla Sires, M. Tauber, Lila Willink.

January 1964] pacific coast entomological society

The minutes of the meeting held 18 October 1963 were summarized.

One new member was elected: N. Powers, La Mesa, California.

The reports of the Treasurer and auditing committee were read by President

Bohart. The financial records of the past year were in order. Both reports were

accepted by the Society.

J. G. Edwards, member of the nominating committee, presented the names

of the nominees, and the following people were elected as Society officers for 1964:

President, Jerry A. Powell; Vice-President, W. E. Ferguson; Secretary, Carlton

S. Koehler. The position of Treasurer was left vacant.

President Bohart, on behalf of the Society, expressed appreciation to Dr. Robert

C. Miller who has served as Treasurer for the Society for the past twenty years.

Dr. Bohart recalled the many important duties assigned to Dr. Miller and also

noted the valuable services of Mrs. Hawley, Dr. Miller’s secretary, who has

handled many of the details of the office.

Dr. R. L. Usinger, Chairman of the Publication Committee, announced with

regret, the resignation of Dr. Paul D. Hurd, Jr., who has served faithfully as

Editor of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist for fourteen years. In extending the So-

ciety’s appreciation to Dr. Hurd, Dr. Usinger reviewed the tasks of the editor

and the heavy burden placed on the time of the editor.

Search for information on monograph by R. H. Stretch. — Dr. C. D.

MacNeill called attention to a request communicated to him by F. M. Brown of

Fountain Valley School, Colorado Springs, Colorado. Mr. Brown, in connection

with his researches on the types of butterflies described by W. H. Edwards, has

studied the correspondence between Richard Harper Stretch and Herman Strecker.

This revealed that Stretch had begun, in 1882, a monograph of the Bombycidae.

By 1884 at least 350 text pages and many plates had been printed. This work

was never completed, but eleven of the plates were published in 1906 in the

Journal of the New York Entomological Society. Mr. Brown requests information

on any of the unpublished signatures or plates of this work which may exist in

institutional or private libraries.

Xylocopa ( IXeoxylocopa ) varipuncta nesting in driftwood in Mexico. —

Daniel H. Janzen submitted the following note which was read to the Society

by R. Thorp: “While collecting on the beach at La Cruz, Sinaloa, Mexico, an

angiosperm driftwood log (6 feet long by 8 inches in diameter) was found to

have two Xylocopa entrance holes. It was about twelve feet back from the high

tide line, about one foot above the high tide level, and flat on the sand. When

broken open it was found to contain a large termite colony and two eight inch long

Xylocopa tunnels, the ends of which had been engulfed by the termite galleries.

A single male carpenter bee, X. varipuncta Patton (det. P. D. Hurd, Jr.), was

in the log. While working on the log another male came from inland; it was

collected while attempting to enter an entrance hole and a single female of the

same species was taken in the same manner a few minutes later. The outside

of the log was sand and wave polished and very hard. The entrance holes were

sharp and appeared to have been made since the log was washed up; there were

two shallow pits where the bee had given up after starting a hole.

“It is quite possible that the termites had destroyed the empty brood cells

after the three above mentioned bees had emerged; the remaining tunnels showed

no evidence of having served as brood cells and their ends had been removed

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 1

by the termites. The log was found at the end of the dry season (June 1962)

and it is likely that it would have become wave washed during the summer

storms and rendered unsuitable for a nest site. It is probable that temporary

nest sites of this nature are the rule in areas that have a long rainy season during

which dead wood is quickly destroyed by wood boring insects and fungi. There-

fore, it should not be surprising to find carpenter bees nesting in what appear

to be precarious conditions; they may be the only sites available.”

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. G. A. H. McClelland, University

of California, Davis. His illustrated lecture was on “Recent developments in

mosquito genetics.”

A coffee social in the entomology rooms followed the meeting. — Howell V. Daly,

Secretary

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Shell Chemical Company ii

Stauffer Chemical Company iii

American Cyanamid Company iv

Velsicol Chemical Corp. v

Mountain Copper Company, Ltd. vi

Trojan Laboratories vi

Hercules Powder Company vii

Niagara Chemical Division — Food Machinery Chemical Corp. viii

Chemagro Corporation ix

United States Rubber x

California Chemical Company — Ortho Division xi

Colloidal Products Corp. xii

Rohm & Haas Company xv

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1472

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METHYL PARATHION

A versatile insecticide used in combination with Endrin

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FUNGICIDES

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EMMI

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FERBAM

Fungicide used in control of scab and cedar apple rust

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ZIRAM

Fungicide used extensively on vegetables and on some

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The most important 21 words in pest control

Those words pretty well speak for

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CALIFORNIA CHEMICAL COMPANY, ortho division

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ON ALL CHEMICALS, READ DIRECTIONS AND CAUTIONS BEFORE USE.

What is a spray

adjuvant?

A substance added to a spray

formula to improve the

performance of the active

ingredient.

Your Agricultural Chemical

Distributor will be happy

to supply literature and

recommendations as to

the proper Multi-Film

Spray Adjuvant for your

specific application, or write

direct to :

Colloidal Products Corporation

100 Gate 5 Road, Sausalito, California

Xlll

MEMOIRS SERIES

of the

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

THE SUCKING LICE by G. F. Ferris

A 320-page book which summarizes the knowledge on

the Anoplura of the world. Published by the Society,

October 1951.

THE SPIDER MITE FAMILY TETRANYCHIDAE

by A. Earl Pritchard and Edward W. Baker ....

This world-wide treatment deals with the systematics,

identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders” and

includes descriptions of thirty-three new species. Pub-

lished by the Society, July 1955.

Send orders to:

Treasurer, Pacific Coast Entomological Society,

California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,

San Francisco, California 94118

$ 6.00

$ 10.00

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including

articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history, and

distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and may be charged to the author.

Papers are published in approximately the order that they are received. Immediate publi-

cation may be arranged after acceptance by paying publication costs. Papers of less than

a printed page may be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the

Editor , Howell V. Daly, 112 Agriculture Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California

94720.

Typing . — All parts of manuscripts must be typed on bond paper with double-spacing and

ample margins. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 8% X 11 inches are not

accepted. Do not use all capitals for any purpose. Underscore only where italics are

intended in the body of the text, not in headings. Number all pages consecutively and

put author’s name at the top right-hand corner of each sheet. References to footnotes in

text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes should be typed on a separate sheet.

First page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript should include (1) the

complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses, (3) the author’s name or

names, (4) the institution with city and state or the author’s home city and state if

not affiliated, (5) the shortened title (running headline) not to exceed 38 letters and

spaces when combined with the author’s last name or names, (6) the complete name

and address to which proof is to be sent.

Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should

include the full scientific name with the author of a zoological name not abbreviated.

Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style.

References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig, 1958), should be listed

alphabetically under Literature Cited in the following format:

Essig, E. 0. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

2 : 211 - 212 .

1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev.

ed. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1050 pp.

Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1963,

43 (1) : 5-11.

Tables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be

prepared as a line drawing or typed on a separate page with heading at top and foot-

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Choice

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Use Kelthane for superior mite control. Kelthane gives outstanding

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PHILADELPHIA 5 , P A .

Vol. 40 APRIL 1964 No. 2

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

CAZIER — Host plants, population density, and parasites of two species of

jumping plant lice 67

THORP AND CHEMSAK — Biological observations on Melissodes

(Eumelissodes) pallidisignata 75

POWELL — A review of Griselda, with descriptions of a related new genus

and two species ... 85

ASHLOCK AND O’BRIEN— Catharosia lustrans, a tachinid parasite of

some drymine Lygaeidae 98

BUCKETT — Rediscovery and redescription of the moth, Euxoa marinensis 101

BUCKETT — Identity of the moth, Euxoa wilsoni 104

MICKEL — A new genus and species of Mutillidae from California 108

CAZIER AND MORTENSON — Studies on the bionomics of sphecoid wasps.

I. Moniacera asperata (Fox) 111

WASBAUER AND SIMONDS — A note on the prey and nest structure of

Stigmus inordinatus inordinatus 114

REINHARD — Parasitic flies of the genera Helioprosopa and Euhelioprosopa 117

BENNETT — Notes on the nesting site of Centris derasa 125

DENNING — Trichoptera of Baja California 128

SCIENTIFIC NOTES 100, 116

BOOK REVIEW .1 84

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 97, 110

ANNOUNCEMENTS 83, 110, 124

SAN FRANCISCO, C ALIFORM I A • 1964

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

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This issue mailed 26 June 1964.

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THE ALLEN PRESS LAWRENCE, KANSAS

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. 40 April 1964 No. 2

Host Plants, Population Density, and Parasites

of Two Species of Jumping Plant Lice

(Homoptera : Psyllidae)

Mont A. Cazier

University of California, Berkeley 1

This small family of homopterous insects is widely distributed through-

out the temperate portions of the world. Several European species have

been accidentally introduced into North America where they have flour-

ished and become important economic pests. The pear psylla ( Psylla

pyricolci Forster) and the apple sucker ( Psylla mali Schmidberger) are

two examples of such introductions. A native species, the potato or

tomato psyllid Paratrioza cocker elli (Sulc) , is important in that it injects

a phytotoxic secretion that causes yellows in some solanaceous crop

plants. Many species secrete honeydew and wax, others form galls, and

some cause leaf curl on various plants. The bulk of the species is not, how-

ever, considered to be economic pests even though both nymphs and adults

feed on plant juices. The present paper is concerned with two species,

Trioza collaris Crawford and Kuwayama medicaginis (Crawford) , which

have not yet been found to be of ecomomic importance although adults of

the latter species have been found on alfalfa, Medicago sativa L.

Trioza collaris was originally described from California where it has

been collected in the following counties: Los Angeles, Inyo, Santa Clara,

Santa Cruz, San Francisco, and Contra Costa. Tuthill (1943) gives its

distribution as California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. Klyver

(1932 ) collected a number of last instar exuviae on Baccharis pilularis,

and Tuthill (1943) reported that some of his specimens had been labeled

as being collected on Baccharis viminea DC. Jensen (1963, in litt.) has

collected both adults and nymphs on Baccharis pilularis at Grizzly Peak,

Berkeley, California, 26 March 1948. He further reports that on this date

one adult had just emerged and had soft, not fully expanded wings.

Kuwayama medicaginis (Crawford) was originally described from

Colorado and subsequently reported from El Centro, Imperial County,

1 Department of Entomology and Parasitology. Currently Visiting Professor of Zoology, Arizona State

University, Tempe, Arizona. This project was supported in part by National Science Foundation

Grant GB-379.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40 , NO. 2

April 1964] cazier — biology of jumping plant lice

California. Tuthill (1943) reports specimens from numerous localities

in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. Caldwell (1941) recorded adults

from Iguala, Guerrero, Mexico, 11 September 1939 and from Santa En-

gracia, Tamaulipas, Mexico, 4 November 1938 (De Long and Caldwell) .

Crawford (1914) reported that his California specimens were taken on

alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., and Tuthill (1943) states that it is still in

question as to whether this is the true host. Jensen (1963, in litt.) reports

that he and L. D. Christenson collected adults from alfalfa at Mesilla,

New Mexico, 4 December 1939; from Russian thistle, Salsola kali L., at

La Luz, New Mexico, 12 December 1939; and from creosote bush, Larrea

tridentata (DC.) Coville, at Sentinel, Arizona, 20 December 1939. Jensen

(1960, in litt.) also mentions that Dr. Paul Oman found the adults to be

abundant on tar bush, Flourensia cernua DC., between Marathon and

Sanderson, Texas, January 1942. No nymphs or exuviae were in evi-

dence. Until the present time the true host of this species has remained

unknown.

Trioza collaris Crawford

The following observations on this species were made at a location 2

miles northeast of Portal, Cochise County, Arizona, on the foothills of

the Chiracahua Mountains at 4,700 feet. The immediate site was in a

dry, earthen tank or catch basin that had about 40 shrubs of Baccliaris

glutinosa Pers. along the margins, primarily on the north and east sides,

inside the tank. At the time the studies were made, August 1960 to Jan-

uary 1961, all the plants were healthy and either in full bloom or had the

old blossoms still on the plants.

The adults of T rioza collaris were first noticed on the flowers in August

1960 but it was not until 12 September that they figured in another project

and became the subjects of more detailed observation. On this date a

pair of Wilson’s (Pileolated) Warblers, Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (Pal-

las) , moved into the area and fed on the adults, primarily on three shrubs,

for a period of several days. On 22 October samples of the flowers were

cultured and 2 days later the adult psyllids began to emerge and continued

to do so until the middle of December. By 10 January 1961 very few

adults were in evidence in the field.

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1. (upper photograph) Adult Trioza collaris Crawford on flower head of

Baccharis glutinosa Pers. Photo by Marjorie Statham. Fig. 2 (lower photograph)

Nymphs of Kuwayama medicaginis (Crawford) in situ in opened flower head of

Flourensia cernua DC. Photo by Marjorie Statham.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vol. 40, NO. 2

April 1964] cazier — biology of jumping plant lice

Nymphal parasites began emerging from these cultures on 29 October,

or 7 days after being cultured, and continued to do so until the middle of

December. Dr. B. D. Burks has described these as T etrastichus psyllae-

phagus Burks belonging to the family Eulophidae. Jensen (1957) records

five identified and three undetermined species of T etrastichus as known

parasites of eight determined and two undetermined species of the psyllid

genus Trioza, six of which are from North America: T etrastichus dyrus

Burks on Trioza sp. in Montana, T etrastichus gelaslus Burks on Trioza sp.

in Florida, T etrastichus triozae Burks on Trioza albifrons Crawford and T.

beameri Tuthill in California, T etrastichus sp. on Trioza bakeri Crawford

in California, and T etrastichus sp. on Trioza maura Forster in California.

To this list we can now add T etrastichus psyllaephagus on T rioza collaris

in Arizona. The T etrastichus psyllaephagus parasite overwinters in both

the pupal and adult stages inside the last instar nymphal skins of Trioza

collaris in the dried-up flower heads of Baccharis glutinosa. Several

dried flower heads containing defunct nymphs of Trioza collaris were

collected on 8 February 1963. The T etrastichus adults began to emerge

immediately and continued to do so until 26 February under laboratory

conditions. Both pupae and adults of the wasp were in the Trioza collaris

nymphal skins when they were first collected, and the pupae were already

heavily pigmented.

In the young nymphs of T. collaris it was impossible to detect which in-

dividuals were parasitized. However, in the last instar the nymphs were

immobilized and usually fastened to the substrate, and the developing

parasite could be seen inside. Emergence from the nymphal skin was

accomplished through an irregular hole cut by the adult wasp through the

dorsum, occasionally the venter, of the abdomen near the apex. The

amount of time required for the adult wasp to emerge after detection

varied from 11-14 days under laboratory conditions.

The eggs of T rioza collaris are laid beneath the closely adhering phyl-

laris (bracts of the involucre, in Compositae) and are probably placed

in this position by the females inserting the short, sharp ovipositor

through a phyllary. They are oblong, light green in color, and are ar-

ranged radially with the inner end stuck to the substrate next to the ends

of other eggs in the cluster. Of several hundred egg clusters examined

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 3. (upper photograph) Inflorescence of Baccharis glutinosa Pers. con-

taining an estimated 5,446 nymphs and eggs of Trioza collaris Crawford. Photo

by Marjorie Statham. Fig. 4. (lower photograph) Flower head of Flourensia

cernua DC. showing wax secreted by nymphs of Kuwayama medicaginis (Crawford).

Photo by Marjorie Statham.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

all had six eggs except one, which had only two. The number of egg clus-

ters per flower head varied from 0-6 and in all cases nymphs in varying

stages of development were already present. In one with five clusters

(30 eggs) there were already 80 nymphs present. In another with six

clusters (36 eggs), 21 nymphs were already present (Table 1) .

The nymphs are located inside the flower heads, head downward be-

tween the florets with their long threadlike mouthparts inserted in the

receptacle of the flower head. The larger nymphs were near the surface

of the flower head where the tips of their abdomens could be seen and the

small ones were hidden beneath. Maturation takes place in the flower

head, and with the emergence of the adult the cast nymphal skin ends

up on top where it is easily dislodged. They evidently do not kill the

flowers even when in large concentrations, but they may be responsible

for discoloration and general weakening. Unlike some of the other

Psyllidae the nymphs of this species have no waxy or cottony secretion.

Copulation has been observed to take place on the flowers, leaves, and

stems of the plants. They evidently overwinter as adults in protected por-

tions of the plant, including the old flower heads, and numerous specimens

were collected in these situations between 8-10 February 1963. No eggs

were found in the old, dried flowers or on the leaves.

On 29 and 30 October 1960, ten flower heads were selected at random

from ten different inflorescences on ten different bushes and their con-

tents (eggs and nymphs) counted. The results of these counts (Table 1)

are interesting from a population standpoint and probably represent a

Table 1. — Population density of eggs and nymphs of Trioza collaris

Crawford in ten flower heads from ten different inflorescences from ten

different bushes of Baccharis glutinosa Pers., 29 and 30 October 1960.

Total

Number

FI ower

Head

Diameter

in mm

Number

Nymphs

Number

of Egg

Clusters

Number

of Eggs

Nymphs

and Eggs

per

Flower

Head

Percent-

age of

Eggs

Percent-

age of

Nymphs

4X6

33.3

66.7

4X4

34.6

65.4

3X4

100.0

5X5

110

27.3

72.7

4X6

22.6

77.4

6X7

63.2

36.8

6X6

50.0

6x7

22.5

77.5

7X7

108

16.7

83.3

7X7

6.4

93.6

April 1964] cazier — biology of jumping plant lice

minimum figure rather than maximum since no adult counts were made.

The individual flower heads were found to contain an average of 63.7

nymphs and eggs. There was an average of 85.5 flower heads per in-

florescence which means a population of 5,446 nymphs and eggs per

inflorescence. The bushes were found to have an average of 100 inflor-

escences each or a population of 544,600 psyllids per bush. Since there

were 40 Baccharis glutinosa shrubs present, it indicates a population of

about 21,784,000 nymphs and eggs of Trioza collaris on these 40 plants.

This is exclusive of the many thousands of adults that were also present

at this time. The sample of ten also shows that of this number about 73%

were nymphs and 27% eggs, thus indicating an earlier period of maxi-

mum oviposition.

Kuwayama medic aginis (Crawford)

The following observations on Kuwayama meclicaginis were made on

the same plot as described under T rioza coLlaris and also in an area 1 to 2

miles east of Portal, Arizona. In these areas the breeding host is Flouren-

sia cernua DC., as it probably is in Texas, and the nymphs are found in the

sticky flower heads. Their presence was first noticed on 4 December 1960

when the white, waxy, nymphal secretion was seen in the tops of the flower

heads. The nymphs were arranged in a manner similar to those of T rioza

collaris , with the older ones near the surface and the younger underneath.

No eggs could be found and, although not counted, the population density

was much lower than in T rioza collaris, possibly because of spatial compe-

tition. A high percentage of the flower heads was infested by the larvae

of a fly ( Trupanea sp.) and the larvae of a weevil, Smicronyx profusus

Casey, which occupied most of the center of many of the flowers.

On 4 December 1960 many flower heads were cultured and the adults

of Kuwayama medicaginis began emerging from them on 6 December.

These continued to emerge until early February 1961. On 10 January

1961 nymphal parasites began emerging and continued to do so until

early February. Dr. B. D. Burks determined these as Psyllaephagus

trioziphagous (Howard), an encyrtid parasite previously known only

from Trioza diospyri (Ashmead) . This parasite overwinters in the pupal

and adult stages inside the last instar nymphal skins of Kuwayama medi-

caginis in the dead, persistent flower heads of Flourensia cernua. The

adult wasps began emerging immediately from dried flowers collected

on 8 February 1963 and continued to do so until 29 March 1963 under

laboratory conditions. Most of them emerged within 10 days of being

collected. Emergence from the nymphal skins is accomplished through

a small, irregular hole cut by the adult parasite through the dorsum, oc-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40 , NO. 2

casionally through the venter, of the abdomen near the apex. An antho-

corid (Anthocorinae) predator was also found in all its nymphal stages,

as well as eggs and adults, feeding on the nymphs of Kuwayama medica-

ginis. Dr. R. C. Froeschner was unable to determine the genus or species

since the subfamily is badly in need of revision. We were unable to locate

the eggs of Kuwayama medicaginis and may have been too late in the

season for them.

Acknowledgments

The writer would like to express his sincere appreciation to Dr. D. D.

Jensen, Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of Cali-

fornia, Berkeley, for his assistance, cooperation, and encouragement

which made this paper possible. Grateful acknowledgment of assistance

is also extended to Dean E. Gorton Linsley, Dr. Ray F. Smith, and Dr.

Paul D. Hurd of the University of California, Berkeley; Dr. Karl V.

Krombein, Dr. B. D. Burks, Dr. W. H. Anderson, and Dr. R. C. Froeschner

of the United States Department of Agriculture, Entomological Research

Division, Beltsville, Maryland. The writer is indebted to Miss Marjorie

Statham, Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural His-

tory, New York, and to Mr. Martin A. Mortenson of the Department of

Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley, for the

excellent photographs.

Literature Cited

Burks, B. D. 1963. Ten new reared species of Tetrastichus. Proc. Biol. Soc.

Washington, 76: 54-55.

Caldwell, J. S. 1941. A preliminary survey of Mexican Psyllidae. Ohio Jour.

Sci., 41: 418-442.

Crawford, David L. 1914. A monograph of the jumping plant-lice or Psyllidae of

the New World. Bull. U. S. Nat. Museum, 85: 1-186.

Jensen, D. D. 1957. Parasites of the Psyllidae. Hilgardia, 27 (2) : 71-99.

Klyver, F. D. 1932. Biological notes and new records of North American Cher-

midae. Entomol. News, 43: 35-36.

Tuthill, L. D. 1943. The psyllids of America north of Mexico. Iowa State Col-

lege Jour. Sci., 15 (4) : 574^575.

April 1964] thorp & chemsak — biology of melissodes

Biological Observations on Melissodes (Eumeliss odes')

pallidisignata

(Hymenoptera : Anthophoridae)

R. W. Thorp and J. A. Chemsak

University of California, Berkeley

Among the eucerine genera of the Western Hemisphere, Melissodes

Latreille is the largest, containing 122 species (LaBerge, 1956a, 1956b,

1957, 1961) . With the exception of flower records, little biological infor-

mation on the genus has been published. Observations have been made

on the sleeping habits of males of various species by a number of authors :

Banks (1902) on M. bimaculata (Lepeletier) ; Mathewson and Daly

(1955) on M. perplexa Cresson (= denticulata Smith); LaBerge

(1956a) on M. communis communis Cresson; Evans and Linsley (1960)

on M. paroselae Cockerell and Melissodes species near conjusa Cresson;

Linsley (1962) on M. paroselae and M. Iristis Cockerell; LaBerge (1961)

on M. confusa Cresson; and Chemsak and Thorp (1962) on M. robustior

Cockerell. Most of the published accounts of female habits provide only

fragmentary data on nest structure, nest site behavior, and parasite rela-

tionships. The following authors present information on these activities,

some partially and others in detail: Ashmead (1894) on M. bimaculata ;

Graenicher (1905) on M. trinodis Robertson; Rau (1922) on M. agilis

Cresson; Hicks (1926) on M. mizeae Cockerell (— menuachus Cresson)

and M. subagilis (Cockerell) ; Scullen (1928) on M. my sops Cockerell

(= rivalis Cresson) ; Hicks (1936) on M. timberlakei Cockerell; Lins-

ley (1946) on M. timberlakei ; Janvier (1955) on M. sexcincta (Lepele-

tier) ; MacSwain (1958) on M. robustior ; Michener and Lange (1958)

on M. nigroaenea (Smith) ; and Hurd and Linsley (1959) on M. com-

posita Tucker.

According to LaBerge ( 1961 ) , M . pallidisignata Cockerell is a highly

variable species which could be separated into two to six subspecies de-

pending upon the characters used. Our studies are concerned with the

melanic coastal populations of which specimens have been seen from

Monterey to Mendocino counties of California. It is not the purpose of

this paper to attempt to solve the taxonomic position of these populations,

except to point out that the coastal California form is structurally, as well

as chromatically, separable from other specimens assigned to the same

species. In addition, the collection dates for the coastal populations range

from late June into August, while dates for other populations, such as those

from Turlock, Antioch, and southern California, extend from August

through October.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

A nest site of M. (E.) pallidisignata was first discovered at Rockaway

Beach, Pacifica, San Mateo County, California in late June 1961. How-

ever, our main observations were not initiated until 11 July 1963, and

subsequently a second nest site was found on the J. Kehoe Ranch near

McClure’s Beach, Marin County.

The Rockaway Beach nest site is located on a low, flat bluff about 30

yards from the ocean and occupies an area of about 40 by 25 feet. Most

of the burrows are concentrated in a bare parking area of about 20 by 15

feet. The nest site is devoid of vegetation except at the periphery. The

soil is predominantly sandy with a few stones interspersed. The upper

approximately 2 inches are hard and compacted with the underlying

layers being less consolidated and more moist. Most of the surface is

covered by a thin layer of loose sand. Adjacent to the site are patches of

flowering plants, including Grindelia stricta DC. and Erigeron glaucus

Ker.-Gawl., Hypochoeris radicata L., and Clarkia rubicunda Lindl.

Probably more than 100 active bee burrows are present in the parking

area as well as burrows of Bembix, Oxybelus, Halictus, two species of

Philanthus, and Hesperapis.

The nest site on the J. Kehoe Ranch occupies an area of approximately

10 by 20 feet in a single-lane dirt road. The site is flat, devoid of vegeta-

tion, and the soil is a dark, compacted sand interspersed with numerous

small stones. The hard compacted zone extends below the level of the

cells. Most of the scattered patches of Grindelia are well away from the

nest area. On 7 July the slope above the nests contained numerous flowers

of Layia platyglossa (F. and M.) Gray (C. W. O’Brien, pers. comm.).

Only a few scattered plants of Layia were present on 16 July, although

Madia gracilis (Sm.) Keck and numerous other composites were seen in

the area.

The initiation of diurnal adult activity of M. pallidisignata appears to

be governed by prevailing local weather conditions, chiefly the ambient

temperature; high coastal fogs and lower temperatures may cause delays

of several hours. During the first warm, sunny day of observations, dozens

of bees were observed traversing the nest site by 9:30 a.m. (PST) ; on

another cool, foggy day only a single female was seen flying at 11:00 a.m.

Males appear first during the day, visit the nectar sources, and begin

cruising the nest site as the females become active. At the nest site they

course rapidly about an inch or less over the surface. They attempt

mating with both incoming and outgoing females, with the “mating” pair

dropping to the ground and coupling for only a few seconds. As female

activity begins to decrease most of the males return to the nectar source

and some may be seen investigating plugged burrows. A few females

April 1964] thorp & chemsak — biology of melissodes

continue to bring in pollen at least an hour after the males cease cruising

the nest site.

Males of M. pallidisignata were found to spend the night in old or new

burrows. Occasionally they could he seen from the entrance, but more

often they had to be excavated from the loose sand plug of the tunnels.

Males were usually found singly, but occasionally more than one occupied

the same tunnel. In one instance, four males and one female were exca-

vated from a single burrow. On the cool, overcast morning of 14 July

several males were found in a torpid condition on the flower heads of

Grindelia. These males may have spent the night there by preference or

possibly because they were trapped there by a drop in temperature.

A few females were observed in the act of constructing new burrows.

Digging was done with the forelegs and possibly the mandibles. During

the process, the female backed from the burrow, walking on the two hind

pairs of legs while propelling loose sand behind her with the forelegs.

This action continued until the bee had an acentric tumulus extending

about 2-3 inches to one side of the entrance. The tumulus is formed from

the first inch or two of the excavation. Loose sand dug from this point

on remains in the tunnel, forming a plug which is never removed, and

through which the female must traverse. Digging behavior of the females

was also observable during their attempts to enter their closed burrows.

The bee, in trying to locate the entrance, scraped the loose sand with the

forelegs, expelling it backwards under the body. Moving backwards she

continued kicking sand behind her and forming a trackway about 7-8 cm

in length. This action was repeated a number of times until the burrow

entrance was found.

The burrows of M. pallidisignata are approximately 6—8 mm in diam-

eter, with a linear distance of 15-25 cm, and terminate in a single cell

which is 10-15 cm below the surface. The entrance is marked by an

acentric tumulus. The burrows angle about 20-30° from the entrance

and vary in configuration, some following a more or less direct line to

the cell, while others spiral or double back beneath the entrance. The

entrance tunnel is plugged with loose sand to within 5-8 cm of the cell.

Sand is prevented from entering the cell by an arch-like section near the

end of the burrow (Fig. 2) . The vertically oriented, oval cell is 7-8 mm

in diameter by 13-14 mm in length, and is lined with a thin coat of

wax-like material. There is no structural difference between the cell wall

and the surrounding soil matrix, thus making it difficult to excavate the

cells intact.

Some pollen-laden females had little or no difficulty in locating the

plugged entrances of their burrows. Others spent considerable time

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vol. 40, NO. 2

Explanation of FigufvES

Fig. 1. Upper: Pollen-laden female of M. pallidisigncita initiating entrance

into burrow. Lower: Pollen-laden female burrowing into loose sand of tunnel plug,

above the acentric tumulus.

April 1964] thorp & chemsak— biology of melissodes

cruising over the nest site, landing frequently and scraping the loose sand

with the forelegs as described above. Scraping was particularly apparent

in sections of the nest site where we were working and had probably

disturbed landmarks. In addition, frequent contacts by cruising males

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 2. Upper: Excavated burrow of M. pallidisignata with loose sand plug

removed, showing arch-like section above the partially provisioned cell. Lower left:

Predefecating larva in situ. Lower right: Cocoon and part of the cell, showing feces

at the upper end of the cocoon.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

interfered with the incoming females. Once the burrow entrance was

located, the female burrowed through the loose sand, disappearing in

from 4-6 seconds (Fig. 1). When leaving their burrows many females

performed short orientation flights which were especially evident prior

to the first foraging trip.

M. pallidisignata is an oligolege of the family Compositae (LaBerge,

1961). At the Rockaway Beach site females were observed to gather

pollen from both Grindelia stricta DC. and Erigeron glaucus Ker.-Gawl.

Females were not found on any of the other plants in the area and males

were seen on both Grindelia and Erigeron , indicating that the pollen plants

were also the nectar sources. At the J. Kehoe Ranch nest site Grindelia

was present, but Erigeron was absent. On 7 July females were gathering

pollen from the abundant Layia platyglossa, but activity had decreased

markedly by 21 July, and only a dozen or so plants of Layia were in evi-

dence (C. W. O’Brien, pers. comm .) .

Scattered observations on the times of pollen-collecting trips indicated

that the bees take 13-25 minutes to gather a pollen load and spend 4-15

minutes in the burrow between trips. One female was timed as follows:

9:31 (PST) entered burrow with pollen load, left in 15 minutes, returned

with pollen in 18 minutes, remained in burrow for 11 minutes, returned

with pollen in 13 minutes, and left after 8 minutes.

The pollen provisions, which have a moderately strong fermenting

odor, fill the bottom one-fourth to one-third of the cell. The egg is laid

on the surface and attached to the mass by both ends. Provisions in cells

containing eggs appeared to be relatively dry with no surface liquid. The

surface appeared to be liquefied, however, in those cells containing early

instar larvae. The larvae feed from the top of the food mass, attaining

their maximum size just prior to defecation and cocoon spinning (Fig. 2) .

Cocoons were excavated at Baker’s Beach, San Francisco in the fall of

1959 (well after the active season) and subsequently also at Rockaway

Beach. The cocoon is essentially similar to that of M. robustior as figured

by Linsley, MacSwain, and Smith (1955) . It is double walled with more

numerous layers of silk at the upper end. The feces are deposited at the

upper end of the cell and attached by silk strands to the outer layers of the

cocoon (Fig. 2). The fecal-covered cap is tough and retains its shape

while the bottom of the cocoon, although double layered, is thin and

parchment-like, being easily dented under light pressure.

Excavations on 20 July produced burrows at various stages of con-

struction as well as immature stages ranging from eggs to larvae which

had completed their cocoons. The significance of this developmental

distribution is not clear since the onset of seasonal activity was not ascer-

April 1964] thorp & chemsaic — biology of melissodes

tained. It may indicate that the larval development is rapid, that the adults

have a long life-span, or both. Numerous cells of previous seasons were

also found during the course of our excavation, suggesting that the

nesting aggregation is due to the tendency of the bees to nest in the area of

their emergence.

Discussion

Several aspects of the biology of M. pallidisignata differ from pub-

lished accounts of other species of the genus. The plugged burrows, which

require the pollen-laden females to maneuver through the loose plug in

order to reach their cells, have not been reported in the genus. As far as

could be ascertained in this case, the tunnel is plugged shortly after its

initiation and remains so after the cell has been provisioned and closed.

Bees of the genus T riepeolus have been reported as parasites in nests of

Melissodes spp. Graenicher (1905) gives a detailed account of T. heli-

anthi (Robertson) on Melissodes trinodis Robertson. Hicks (1926)

observed T. occidentalis Cresson entering a nest of M. menuachus Cresson

(reported as M. mizeae Cresson). Hurd and Linsley (1959) record the

behavior of T. helianthi and Villa sp. (Bombyliidae) at a communal nest

of M. composita Tucker. During the entire period of our observations,

no parasites were observed either at the nest sites or in excavated cells.

The fact that the burrows of M. pallidisignata are continuously plugged

offers a possible explanation for the absence of parasites.

Although Melissodes is recorded as arranging its cells singly, almost

every account cites the presence of more than one cell per nest. During

the course of our excavations at two active nest sites, no more than one

cell was associated with each burrow.

A biological characteristic recorded for the Eucerinae is the very moist

pollen mass at the base of the cell covered with a thin layer of nectar

(Linsley, MacSwain, and Smith, 1956) . Our observations with M. pallidi-

signata showed that the pollen in partially provisioned cells and those

containing eggs was of a moist dough-like consistency, lacking a surface

layer of nectar. However, in cells with early larval instars, the provi-

sions had a liquid surface. It is possible that this liquefication is due to

larval secretions. Another feature of the pollen provisions of M. pallidi-

signata, which has not been reported for other eucerines, is the moderately

strong fermenting odor. This odor is apparent even after the provisions

have been kept in the laboratory for some time. Linsley, MacSwain, and

Smith (1956) attributed this odor characteristic to the Anthophorinae,

and stated that it was not evident in the Emphorinae or Eucerinae known

to them.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

This is apparently the first account of male Melissodes using burrows

as sleeping sites. The habit of using dried twigs, grass stems, leaves,

fresh flower heads, etc. has been observed by a number of authors.

Chemsak and Thorp (1962) review most of the known information and

record males of M. robustior sleeping on a pollen source of the females.

Although a few males of M. pallidisignala were found “sleeping” on the

floral disks of Grindelia, the primary nocturnal quarters were determined

to be old and new female burrows, most often males being buried within

the tunnel plug.

Acknowledgments

This study was carried out in part during the course of investigations

on pollinators of the Onagraceae (NSF No. GB-131). The assistance

and helpful comments of Professors E. G. Linsley and J. W. MacSwain

are much appreciated. Determination of the Melissodes was confirmed

by Dr. W. E. LaBerge. Plant determinations were kindly provided by

H. K. Sharsmith, University of California Herbarium.

Literature Cited

Asiimead, W. H. 1894. The habits of the aculeate Hymenoptera I. Psyche,

7: 19-26.

Banks, N. 1902. Sleeping habits of certain Hymenoptera. Jour. New York

Entomol. Soc., 10: 209-214.

Chemsak, J. A., and R. W. Thorp. 1962. Note on the sleeping habits of males

of Melissodes robustior Cockerell (Hymenoptera : Apoidea) . Pan-Pac.

Entomol., 38: 53-55.

Evans, H. E., and E. G. Linsley. 1960. Notes on a sleeping aggregation of solitary

bees and wasps. Bull. So. California Acad. Sci., 59: 30-37.

Graenicher, S. 1905. Some observations on the life history and habits of parasitic

bees. Bull. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc., 3: 153-167.

Hicks, C. H. 1926. Nesting habits and parasites of certain bees of Boulder County,

Colorado. Univ. Colorado Studies. Sept. 1926, pp. 217-252.

1936. Nesting habits of certain western bees. Canadian Entomol., 68: 47-52.

Hurd, P. D., and E. G. Linsley. 1959. Observations on the nest-site behavior of

Melissodes composite Tucker and its parasites, with notes on the communal

uses of nest entrances (Hymenoptera : Apoidea) . Entomol. News, 70:

141-146.

Janvier, H. 1955. Les nid et la nidifications chez quelques abeilles des Andes

tropicales. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., (11) 17: 311-349.

LaBerge, W. E. 1956a. A revision of the bees of the genus Melissodes in North

and Central America. Part I (Hymenoptera : Apoidea). Univ. Kansas Sci.

Bull, 37 (2) : 911-1194.

1956b. Ibid. Part II. 38 (1) : 533-578.

1957. The genera of the bees of the tribe Eucerini in North and Central America

(Hymenoptera : Apoidea). Amer. Mus. Nov, 1837: 1-44.

April 1964] thorp & chemsak — biology of melissodes

1961. A revision of the bees of the genus Melissodes in North and Central Amer-

ica. Part III (Hymenoptera : Apoidea). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 42 (5) :

283-663.

Linsley, E. G. 1946. Insect pollinators of alfalfa in California. Jour. Econ.

Entomol., 39: 18-29.

1962. Sleeping aggregations of aculeate Hymenoptera — II. Ann. Entomol. Soc.

Amer., 55 : 148-164.

Linsley, E. G., J. W. MacSwain, and R. F. Smith. 1955. Biological observations

on Xenoglossa fulva Smith with some generalizations on biological char-

acters of other eucerine bees (Hymenoptera : Anthophoridae) . Bull. So.

California Acad. Sci., 54: 128-141.

1956. Biological observations on Ptilothrix sumichrasti (Cresson) and some

related groups of emphorine bees (Hymenoptera : Anthophoridae) . Bull.

So. California Acad. Nat. Sci., 55: 83-101.

MacSwain, J. W. 1958. Longevity of some anthophorid bee larvae (Hymenoptera:

Apoidea). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 34: 40.

Matliewson, J. A., and H. V. Daly. 1955. A brief note on the sleep of male

Melissodes (Hymenoptera : Apidae). Jour. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 28: 120.

Michener, C. D., and R. B. Lange. 1958. Observations on the ethology of Neo-

tropical anthophorine bees (Hymenoptera : Apoidea) . Univ. Kansas Sci.

Bull., 39 (3) : 69-96.

Rau, P. 1922. Ecological and behavior notes on Missouri insects. Trans. Acad.

Sci. St. Louis, 24: 1-71.

Scullen, H. A. 1928. Melissodes mysops Cockerell nesting in Oregon (Anthopho-

ridae, Hym. ). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 4: 176.

NEW JOURNAL

A new quarterly Journal of Medical Entomology will be published early in 1964

with Dr. J. L. Gressitt, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, as editor.

MEETING ANNOUNCEMENT

The annual national meeting of the Entomological Society of America will be

held 30 November to 3 December 1964 at the Benjamin Franklin Hotel, Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

BOOK REVIEW

The Taxonomy and Speciation of Pseudopiionus. By George E. Ball and Joseph

N. Anderson. The Catholic University of America Press, 620 Michigan Ave.,

N.E., Washington 17, D. C., 94 pages, 1962. $3.95.

This volume is the first of a proposed series published under the auspices of

the Institute for the Study of Natural Species. The hook treats a very difficult

taxonomic group of the order Coleoptera, family Carabidae. It is heartening to

see the subgenus placed back under Harpalus (sensu stricto), thereby challenging

the trend toward pulverization of well-known genera into many dubious genera as

currently undertaken by the Jeannel school.

The grouping of the subgeneric species is based on male genitalia. The use of

external fields on the inverted sac of the male armature is used almost exclusively

in the classification scheme. It is unfortunate that the internal structures of the

sac are not fully exploited. The value of the scheme is shown in the subgrouping

in chapter III, Identification. It is supposed that the genitalic characters are suf-

ficiently constant that such groupings can be made, for it is often found that other

characters will also tend to fall in line, from which one concludes that each subgroup

of Pseudophonus was derived from a common ancestor. In chapter V, Problems of

Identification, it says that it is impossible to determine males in certain subgroups

by any other means, whereas the determination of their females is essentially im-

possible because their genitalia have no taxonomic value. By realizing the extent

of the problems involved in Pseudophonus, taxonomists should appreciate the diffi-

culties encountered with all symphiles.

There is an assumption that males with different but constantly nonvariahle

genitalia are different species no matter how variable other morphological factors

may be; such an implicit assumption may not he fully acceptable without sub-

stantially more supporting data. There is little support, if any, for the claim that

there are apparent hybrids between the species H. (P.) compar and H. (P.) eryth-

ropus, despite the presence of variable male genitalia along with other mixed external

characters. By referring to variations in widely ranging species as clinal, the

authors dismiss subspeciation without further amplification or supporting informa-

tion. The larval work by Chu is mentioned but could not be used for lack of infor-

mation in depth. This all reflects rather pointedly the need for field research to

complement the bench work that was performed. Concentration in further areas

such as microecology, cytology, and certainly work with live specimens in the field

and laboratory is necessary for the furtherance of this study. It is hoped that this

will be forthcoming, for the arguments used by the authors to clarify the more

difficult problems of identification of the species of Pseudophonus create more

problems than are solved.

The part that discusses the distribution under chapter VII, Zoogeography, is

highly speculative, as it must he. The pattern of distribution used by the authors

is based on existing “accepted” theory, possibly even fit to it, for nothing new

is added that could possibly prove or disprove it.

The very best part of this little book is the technical treatment of a, mass of

morphological data that alone should make it a valuable asset to all coleopterists.

It is hoped that the whole series on speciation proposed by the Institute will

maintain the high technical quality of this first volume. — Norman L. Rumpp, China

Lake, California.

April 1964]

POWELL — REVIEW OF GRISELDA

A Review of Griseldn , with Descriptions of a

Related New Genus and Two Species

(Lepidoptera : Tortricidae)

Jerry A. Powell

University of California, Berkeley

The genus Griselda was proposed by Heinrich (1923) to accommodate

three Nearctic species. The group was distinguished from the large, Hol-

arctic genus Epinotia Hiibner in having a widely bifurcate uncus. In

Epinotia the uncus is simple or single with a bifid tip. The three Amer-

ican Griselda species are: radicana (Walsingham) , the type of the genus,

in the Pacific Northwest; pennsylvaniana (Kearfott) , a widespread spe-

cies in eastern United States; and gerulae Heinrich, known only from the

types collected in Pennsylvania. The three comprise a loosely knit assem-

blage sharing little similarity in superficial appearance and wide diver-

gence in genitalia form and habits. To these, Obraztsov (1945) added

two Palearctic species , fractifasciana (Haworth) and vacciniana (Zeller).

In illustrating the British species, Bradley (1959) treated the former as a

synonym of stagnana (Schiffermiiller) and the latter as synonymous with

myrtillana (Westwood).

In G. radicana the bifurcate uncus consists of strongly sclerotized, spur-

like points projecting posteriorly from the “shoulders” of the tegumen.

In G. gerulae the tegumen is rounded in shape, differing markedly from

Epinotia and G. radicana in this respect, and bears short, sclerotized pro-

jections at the apices of the ventral, inner margins (just posterior of the

socii) . G. pennsylvaniana, although similar to gerulae in tegumen, valva,

and socii form, bears no projections from the posterior margin of the

tegumen. Both of the latter species exhibit paired, essentially membra-

nous lobes which project anteriorly from within the inner face of the

tegumen. In addition, the large, rounded socii and valva form with a

well-defined cucullus separate the latter two species from radicana. Wal-

singham’s species has the apices of the socii pointed (“triangular” of

Heinrich’s key) and the valva narrow (both characteristics essentially as

in the hopkinsana-pulsatillana group of Epinotia ) . Heinrich interpreted

both types of tegumen projections as comparable derivations of the bifid

uncus of Epinotia. However, in studying these species, along with two

undescribed ones which are similar to gerulae in genitalia form, I do not

agree and am unable to consider them congeneric with radicana.

It appears to me that the projections from the margin of the tegumen

are neither constant nor comparable characters in this group. Moreover,

the gerulae group appears to warrant generic standing based on other

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

genitalic features, whether or not radicana is to be considered apart from

Epinotia. Besides morphological differences, radicana also differs in its

biology ; it is a conifer feeder which flies in summer and fall. In contrast,

the other four species fly in early spring, in the manner of members of

Pseudexentera. One of the four has been associated with live oak. As

was pointed out by Heinrich for gerulae, the two new species are also

unlike Epinotia in wing patterns and might be mistaken for Gretchena or

Pseudexentera were it not for the costal fold. G. radicana superficially

resembles Epinotia hopkinsana , another conifer feeder.

Thus the following arrangement is proposed to include moths of this

group.

Genus GRISELDA Heinrich

Griselda Heinrich, 1923, U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull., 123: 186; Obraztsov, 1945, Zeitschr.

Wiener Entomol. Ges., 30: 33.

Griselda radicana (Walsingham)

Paediscci radicana Walsingham, 1879, 111. Lepid. Het. Brit. Mus., 4: 53, pi. 72, fig. 5.

Griselda radicana, Heinrich, 1923, U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull., 123: 186, figs. 36, 329.

This species was described from “Rouge River, Oregon, May 1871.”

However, according to the Walsingham itinerary given by Essig (1941) ,

Walsingham collected in California during May 1871 and did not arrive

in Oregon until September of that year. Moreover, I know of no Rouge

River in California or Oregon and none is mentioned in the Walsingham

itinerary. Judging from the map given by Essig, the Walsingham party

camped at or near the Rogue River in the vicinity of the present Grants

Pass, Josephine County, Oregon at about the end of May or early June

1872. Thus it seems likely that the type locality should actually be the

Rogue River in southwestern Oregon.

Heinrich (1923) cited specimens from Seaview in south coastal Wash-

ington and from Victoria, at the southern end of Vancouver Island, British

Columbia. Material from both localities had been reared from Picea. The

U. S. National Museum also has specimens reared from Pseudotsuga

menziesii from Springfield, Lane County, Oregon (Hopk. No. 33477E,

V. M. Carolin collector). The species is now known to range eastward

to Ontario (Sippell, et al., 1962) and Quebec (McLeod and Blais, 1961)

and is said by Blais (1961) to be found commonly across Canada. Blais

studied the biology of G. radicana in Quebec, where the preferred host is

Picea glauca. Other plants used include species of Picea and Abies bal-

samea. The moths fly in late August and September and deposit eggs

which overwinter at the base of the needles. The larvae feed during June

April 1964]

POWELL REVIEW OF GRISELDA

o n

o /

and July on the current year’s foliage and drop to the ground for pupation.

Moths from Pacific Northwest areas generally are pale greyish, the

forewings having a well-defined, outwardly angulate basal patch, out-

wardly edged or wholly red-brown, and a band from mid costa towards

tornal area, turned down and flared just before tornus. A single specimen

from central coastal California (Mill Valley, Marin Co., 2 October 1958,

H. B. Leech collector) in the California Insect Survey is referred here

tentatively. The forewings are dull reddish brown, with the markings

dark grey, similar in form to typical radicana , but with the basal patch

less angulate. The male genitalia are not distinguishable from Oregon

and British Columbia specimens.

Griselda hypsidryas (Meyrick) , new combination

Eucosma hypsidryas Meyrick, 1925, Exot. Microlep., 3: 140; Clarke, 1958, Cat. Type

Spec. Brit. Mus. Meyr., 3: 367, pi. 182, fig. 2.

On the basis of a photograph of the male genitalia given by Clarke, it

appears that this species is related to G. radicana. In the original descrip-

tion Meyrick cites hypsidryas as having been bred from buds of Picea

morinda in the mountains of northern India.

Griselda stagnana (Schiffermiiller)

Tortrix stagnana Schiffermiiller, 1776, Syst. Verz. Schmett., Wienergeg., p. 131.

Griselda stagnana , Bradley, 1959, Entomol. Gazette, 10: 72 (synonymy), pi. 10.

Tortrix fractifasciana Haworth, 1812, Lep. Brit., 3: 466 (not seen).

Rhopohota fractifasciana. Pierce and Metcalfe, 1922, Genitalia Brit. Tort., p. 75,

pi. 26.

Griselda fractifasciana, Obraztsov, 1945, Zeitschr. Wiener Entomol. Ges., 30: 34.

G. stagnana is a grey, Phaneta- like moth known in England and central

Europe (Meyrick, 1895). Ford (1949) states that the species has two

generations in England, where larvae are to be found on the flowers and

seeds of Scabiosa columbaria (Dipsaceae) in July and at the base of the

plants in September. The moths fly in April and May and again in Au-

gust.

Griselda myrtillana (Westwood)

Sericoris myrtillana Westwood, 1857, Brit. Moths, 2: 146, pi. 89, fig. 15.

Griselda myrtillana, Bradley, 1959, Entomol. Gazette, 10: 72 (synonymy), pi. 11.

Grapholitha vacciniana Zeller, 1846, Isis von Oken, p. 248.

Rhopobota vacciniana, Pierce and Metcalfe, 1922, Genitalia Brit. Tort., p. 75, pi. 26.

Griselda vacciniana, Obraztsov, 1945, Zeitschr. Wiener Entomol. Ges., 30: 34.

This greyish moth with dark basal patch, median and subapical trans-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

verse bands, ranges through north and central Europe and the British

Isles. In England the larvae feed on V actinium myrtillus (Vacciniaceae)

during July and August, the adults flying in May and June (Meyrick,

1895).

Judging from the figures given by Pierce and Metcalfe (1922) and

Bradley (1959), both this and the preceding species may provisionally

remain in Griselda. Their biologies differ from G. radicana, and further

studies might indicate that the latter should not be considered congeneric

with stagnana and myrtillana. However, the European species seem wholly

unrelated to members of the following genus.

Chimoptesis Powell, new genus

Head . — Labial palpus moderately elongate, broadly expanded by spreading scales,

not much upturned; antenna slightly longer than one-half forewing length, scaled

dorsally and ventrally, anterior margin densely short ciliate in male; tongue un-

sealed ; scaling of front appressed, of crown dense, bushy. Forewing . — Smooth scaled ;

elongate-narrow, little broadened towards termen; costal fold present in male, tightly

appressed, enclosing a fine brush of elongate hairs and an imbricate series of modi-

fied, broad scales; costa slightly curved beyond, costa of female slightly, uniformly

curved from base to apex; apex rather acute; termen concave above tornus; dorsum

very slightly curved. Twelve veins, all separate: Sc, enclosed by costal fold in male,

nearly straight; Ri from slightly before middle of discal cell, R 2 from three-fifths,

nearer to R 3 than to Ri; Ri, Rg, and Mi approximate at base, diverging; internal

vein M in cell well developed, from slightly before midpoint between Ri and R 2 ; Ms

and Cui rather strongly curved, almost parallel; Cu 2 from about three-fifths of discal

cell, slightly upeurved at tornus; Ai scarcely evident at margin; furcate basal stem

A 2 + As about one-third the length of the whole vein. Hindwing . — About one-third

broader than forewing; costa convex towards middle; apex acute; termen straight

or slightly convex; dorsum very slightly convex before anal curve. Hair tufts of

cubital and anal veins rather sparse, erect, spreading. Sc adjoining R for a distance

at base; distal branch of R and Mi closely parallel on basal third, then sharply

divergent, enclosing apex; Ms well separated from Ms -j- Cui at base, only very

slightly curved; basal stem of Ms -f-Cui about three-fifths their length; Cu 2 from

beyond three-fifths of discal cell, almost straight; all three A veins distinct to margin,

Aa curved before margin. Male genitalia . — Uncus lacking, posterior margin of teg-

umen entire or with sclerotized projections at posterior bases of socii; tegumen

broadly rounded, inner face of tegumen bearing two elongate projections, directed

anteriorly; socii large, well developed, broad from base; gnathos reduced, very

weakly sclerotized. Yalvae simple, cucullus well defined, densely hairy anteriorly,

with dense, short, strong spines posteriorly; neck rather strongly constricted, without

well-developed spines or hair clusters; clasper lacking. Aedeagus simple, straight,

stout. Female genitalia . — Papillae anales simple, rotated 90° outward, densely

clothed with elongate setae exteriorly; sclerotized portion of segments IX + X pro-

duced into a lobe dorsad or simple; posterior apophyses short, stout; segment VIII

narrowly sclerotized on dorsal half with a pair of small projections of the sclero-

tized band cephalad. Sterigma fused with sternite VII, sclerotized, extending

laterally into arms angling cephalad; ductus bursae narrow, simple, looped, or with

April 1964]

POWELL REVIEW OF GRISELDA

a twist just before corpus bursae; signa narrow, round, thorn-like; surface of corpus

bursae densely covered with unpigmented spiculae.

Type of the genus. — Chimoptesis chrysopyla Powell, new species.

As discussed above the genus is related to Epinotia (Eucosmini), dif-

fering particularly in the form of the uncus and socii. According to char-

acteristics of the wing venation and male genitalia, Chimoptesis is also

related to the Eucosma-Phaneta (= Thiodia, Heinrich not Hiibner)

group and will run to Eucosma in Heinrich’s (1923) key. The wing-

venation is quite similar to Eucosma and Pseudexentera ; and in wing

shape and general superficial appearance, the present genus rather resem-

bles the latter as well as Zeiraphera. However, the well-defined costal fold

distinguishes Chimoptesis from Zeiraphera, Gretchena, Pseudexentera,

and Phaneta (as defined by Heinrich). From all these and Eucosma as

well, it differs strikingly in structure of the male genitalia. The unique

tegumen with its inner projections, together with the enlarged socii, are

unlike any other Olethreutinae I have examined.

Chimoptesis chrysopyla Powell, new species

A moderate-sized, Pseudexentera- like moth, having the narrow fore-

wings somewhat variably marked, but showing a fairly well-defined basal

patch on a pale greyish olivaceous mottled ground.

Holotype male. — Length of forewing 8.3 mm. Head. — Labial palpus moderately

large, length of second segment about 1.1 times eye diameter, greatly expanded

dorsally and ventrally into a broad, roundish tuft which about one-half obscures the

appressed-scaled third segment; latter about one-half the length of second; scaling

mixed whitish and grey exteriorly, the grey forming a dark shade diagonally across

the broad tuft; whitish interiorly. Scaling of antenna complete, dorsally grey with

whitish tips, ventrally white. Scale tufts of crown elongate, spreading, scales grey

with bifid, white tips; of front white, appressed. Thorax . — Hoary grey above, the

greyish scales broadly whitish towards apices. Underside shining white; legs grey

exteriorly, banded with white, pro- and mesothoracic darker. Forewing . — Length

about 3.2 times width, appearing quite broadened distally due to the costal fold and

a broad fringe, especially towards tornus; costal fold over one-third forewing length,

tightly appressed, enclosing a brush of about 30 elongate, white hairs and an imbri-

cate series of about 30 broad, rounded, dark scales along the wing surface

below Sc. Ground color white with occasional greyish scales interspersed, giving a

slightly superficial olivaceous tinge, and with more or less defined dark grey mark-

ings: basal one-third of wing, enclosing a paler area at dorsum and becoming less

distinct towards costa, costal fold banded pale and dark grey; outer margin of basal

area narrowly black, concave above dorsum, with a few pale brown scales outwardly;

a series of grey spots along costa beyond fold and around apex and termen before

fringe; grey mottling beyond cell becoming more restricted and forming blackish

spots on a whitish ground in dorsal half, the spots forming an ill-defined line at

outer two-thirds from about end of cell, curved outwardly and recurved to dorsum,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

defining an irregular, pale dorsal blotch between it and the basal patch; this blotch,

the palest area of the wing, encloses a dark, vertical line from dorsum. Fringe dark

grey, becoming paler towards tornus, a dark grey spot at its termination below tornus.

Underside rather dark grey, the whitish interspaces of outer half of costa reproduced.

Fringe pale basally. Hindwing. — Dark grey dorsally, the broad fringe whitish with a

dark basal band. Underside similar, slightly paler. Abdomen. — Pale greyish dor-

sally; underside and genital tuft white. Genitalia as in Fig. 1 (drawn from para-

type, Berkeley, JAP prep. No. 565, four preparations examined) ; posterior margin

of tegumen entire; aedeagus with a small, subapical prong.

Allotype female. — Length of forewing 8.6 mm. Essentially similar to male but

having the forewing markings darker and more distinct. Costal area in basal third

rather whitish (paler than fold in male) ; basal patch blackish, margined outwardly

by a dark black, straight, vertical line; pale area near base on dorsum indistinct,

margined inwardly by a discernible black line; pale area beyond cell more extensive

towards costa than in male, the spotting considerably more contrasting. Genitalia

as in Fig. 4 (drawn from topoparatype, JAP prep. No. 1268, three preparations

examined) ; dorsum of segments IX-X produced into a bulbous lobe; ductus bursae

with a wide sclerotized ring just helow sterigma and a small sclerotized spot dorsally.

Holotype male and allotype female, Golden Gate Park, San Fran-

cisco, California, 26 February 1960 (J. Powell), deposited in the Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences. Paratypes (254), all California, as follows.

Marin Co.: Mill Valley, 5 9, 4—9 February 1926 (E. P. Van Duzee).

Contra Costa Co.: Walnut Creek, 1 $ , 7 February 1962, at light, 53-54°

F (J. Powell) . Alameda Co. : Berkeley, 1 $ , 1 March 1959, at light, 1 $ ,

10 February 1960, at light (J. Powell) ; Strawberry Canyon, Berkeley

Hills, 1 $ , 17 January 1962, on bark Quercus agrifolia (J. Powell) . San

Francisco Co.: San Francisco, 1 $ , 24 February 1926 (H. H. Keifer) ;

Golden Gate Park, 2 $ ,17 February 1960, “flying nr. Quercus agrifolia ”

(P. H. Arnaud, Jr.) , 93 $ , 24 9 , 18-26 February 1960, on bark Q. agri-

folia (P. H. Arnaud, Jr., C. D. MacNeill, and J. Powell) , 7 $ , 4 9 , 3 March

1960, “coll, on trunk Quercus agrifolia ’ (1 pair in copulo ) (P. H.

Arnaud, Jr.), 1 $ , 1 9 , 10 March 1960 (C. D. MacNeill), 1 $ , 1 9 , 18

March 1960 (P. H. Arnaud, Jr., and J. Powell) , 8 $ , 6 9 , 6-14 February

1961 (P. H. Arnaud, Jr., P. P. Cook, C. D. MacNeill, and D. C. Rentz),

8 S , 9 9 , 28 February 1961 (P. P. Cook and C. D. MacNeill), 1 $ , 2

March 1961 (P. H. Arnaud, Jr), 1 S , 10 February 1962 (B. R. Maclen-

nan) . Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History, British

Museum, California Academy of Sciences, California Insect Survey, and

U. S. National Museum.

Taxonomic discussion . — Length of forewing range in paratypes, males

7. 2-8. 5 mm, females 7. 3-8. 6 mm. Although the wing pattern is variable

in terms of development and intensity of the grey mottling, the moths

have essentially the same superficial appearance. The sexual dimorphism

in wing color is quite constant, and the less variable females are distin-

. •* >— i.

April 1964]

POWELL— REVIEW OF GRISELDA

gs. 1-3. Male genitalia of Chimoptesis, ventral aspect. 1 , C. chrysopyla Powell;

matheri Powell; 3, C. pennsylvaniana (Kearfott). Figs. 4-6. Female genitalia

of Chimoptesis. 4. C. chrysopyla , structures of segments VITT-X, lateral aspect,

internal structures, dorsal aspect; 5, C. matheri, internal structures, dorsal aspect;

6, C. pennsylvaniana, internal structures, dorsal aspect.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40 , NO. 2

guishable from the males on color pattern in nearly every case. The dark

basal patch, especially its straight, black outer margin, is always more

contrasting in the females. In addition, males often have considerable

development of pale brown scales marginal to the outer edge of the basal

patch. This tends to diminish the distinctness of the contrast between the

dark basal area and the dorsal blotch beyond. At times the brown is

broadened so as to be visible to the naked eye, and is accompanied by

scattered brownish scales beyond the ill-defined curved line outwardly

marginal to the pale dorsal blotch. Occasionally males have the pattern

reduced by a general fading of the dark grey and an infusion of pale

greyish in the white areas, so that the markings are inconspicuous, al-

though visible.

Biology. — The moths are found in association with coast live oak,

Quercus agrifolia , in early spring before the new season’s growth begins.

At the type locality C. chrysopyla exists in a restricted colony, associated

with a small grove of eight or ten trees, yet as many as 50 adults have been

taken there in an hour’s time. During midday both sexes rest on the bark

of the trunk and large branches, mostly about 3 to 5 feet above the ground,

apparently without correlated orientation as to shade and light. Most

individuals were observed in crevices, depressions, etc., where they ex-

perience a very cryptic concealment on lichen- and alga-covered surfaces.

They appear to have an increased activity on warmer days, but occa-

sional records of light attraction suggest that the species is normally noc-

turnal or crepuscular. When disturbed, the moths often do not fly but

“jump” outwards and fall, feigning death. On the ground they are ex-

tremely difficult to locate among the leaf litter due to this habit.

Repeated sampling of the leaf-feeding caterpillar community of Q. agri-

folia in the Bay area has not produced C. chrysopyla. This fact, together

with the reaction of the abdominal contents of the adults in caustic solu-

tion, leads me to suspect that the species is a borer, perhaps in the crown

region of Q. agrifolia. Painstaking search for the pupation site during

February 1960 and January 1962 and 1963 has resulted in only indirect

evidence. Examination of the bark where the moths congregate revealed

cocoons of other species (Powell, 1963) , but no trace of Chimoptesis was

found. However, among the numerous pupae and pupal shells in the leaf

litter and soil under the oaks was a tortricid pupal shell, which may be

that of C. chrysopyla. Several were found on the surface of the sandy soil

around the bases of the trees, and one was discovered protruding from a

hard, dirt-covered case affixed to the bark just at the soil level. These

pupal shells are similar to those of the related moth, Pseudexentera hab-

rosana (Heinrich) , but differ in the armature of the final abdominal seg-

April 1964]

POWELL — REVIEW OF GRISELDA

merits, particularly the cremaster, which consists of a circle of heavy

triangular spurs, rather than the pair of lateral spurs of P. habrosana

(Powell, 1961) . The latter species, an oak foliage feeder, has been taken

in small numbers at the site flying with C. chrysopyla.

Chimoptesis gerulae (Heinrich), new combination

Griselda gerulae Heinrich, 1923, U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull., 123: 187, fig. 324.

This species was described from New Brighton, Beaver County, Penn-

sylvania, from a male and female collected 26 March 1902 by H. D.

Merrick. The moth has remained poorly known and at present nothing

can be added to the biology, distribution, or description beyond that

given by Heinrich.

The forewing is described as “pale dull ochreous fuscous” with a “white

patch on the middle of dorsal margin followed and preceded by a faint

shading of blackish fuscous,” and with a somewhat irregular, curved line

of black from mid costa to upper angle of cell. A photograph of the

male genitalia was given by Heinrich (1923, fig. 324) . In these structures

the present species resembles C. chrysopyla but differs markedly by the

possession of short, horn-like projections from the tegumen at the poste-

rior bases of the socii. C. gerulae is similar to the following species both

in external appearance and in male genitalia, differing mainly by the

smaller, narrower valvae.

Chimoptesis matheri Powell, new species

A moderately small, dull brownish-grey moth, the forewings usually

showing a dark basal area and subterminal longitudinal streak; occa-

sionally with a whitish dorsal patch.

Holotype male . — Length of forewing 6.9 mm. Head . — Length of second segment

of labial palpus about equal to vertical eye diameter, greatly expanded distally by

spreading scales into a broad, rounded tuft; brownish exteriorly with some inter-

mixed white scales, forming a more or less defined spot near apex, whitish interiorly;

third segment about two-fifths the length of second, protruding well beyond scaling

of second, appressed-scaled, brownish. Scaling of antenna brown, of head pale

brownish, the bifid scale tips white. Thorax .- — Scaling brown dorsally, shining

white ventrally; scaling of pro- and mesotlioracic legs brown exteriorly with pale

tarsal and tibial bands, whitish interiorly, metathoracic leg (one lacking from

holotype) whitish. Forewing . — -Length about 3.1 times width at end of cell; costa

very slightly bent beyond fold, termen strongly angled back, slightly concave; costal

fold slightly greater than one-third costa length, enclosed brush white, becoming grey

in distal half, of about 36 stiff hairs, appressed, broad scales black near base of

fold, white in central area, dark grey in distal half, subcostal (upper) area inside

fold with a dense covering of modified, black sex scaling (as in Proteoteras) along

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

distal half. Wing scaling ground color brownish, heavily infused with pale ochreous

tinged with reddish, except adjoining dark markings; a blackish streak along

lower fold from base to middle of wing, a second, short streak through end of cell,

separated beyond by ground color from a third streak just before apex; two leaden-

colored bars in terminal area extending downward below subapical streak, irregu-

larly replaced by ground color; a series of whitish dashes on outer third of costa.

Fringe dark brownish at apex, becoming shining pale grey towards and around

tornus. Underside pale grey-brown, whitish along dorsum, the pale costal dashes

reproduced. Hindwing. — Apex acute, terrnen straight. Dark grey, slightly paler

towards base; fringe pale, shining grey with a darker basal band. Underside dirty

whitish, clouded with grey scales along costal area and distal portions of veins.

Abdomen. — Scaling dark brownish grey including genital tuft; scaling of valvae

white. Genitalia as in Fig. 2 (drawn from paratopotype, JAP prep. No. 1258, five

preparations examined) ; margin of tegumen with sclerotized projections at posterior

bases of socii; gnathos arms weakly sclerotized at bases, becoming membranous at

their junction; aedeagus truncate, vesica at times with a bundle of a dozen or more

long, thin cornuti.

Allotype female. — Length of forewing 6.9 mm . Essentially as described for male,

lacking antennal setation and costal fold; forewing broader in basal third. Ground

color brownish, generally darker than in male, with less ochreous scaling; dark basal

streak of fold contiguous with a basal patch over inner one-third of dorsum, margined

outwardly by a distinct, vertical line; dark streaks of distal part of wing also

broadened but not well defined; area between leaden bars a more well-defined

“ocellus” of ochreous marked by two or three horizontal black hairlines. Genitalia

as in Fig. 5 (drawn from paratopotype, JAP prep. No. 1486, three preparations

examined) ; dorsum of abdominal segments IX-X without lobe-like development;

sterigma a simple, straight margined plate, ductus bursae looped, with an elongate,

subbasal sclerotized region.

Holotype male and allotype female, Clinton, Hinds County, Missis-

sippi, 27 January 1960 and 10 February 1959, respectively (Bryant

Mather; nos. 3750, 573), deposited in the California Academy of Sci-

ences. Seventeen paratypes as follows; Clinton, Hinds Co., Miss., 5 $ ,

3 2 , 7-13 February 1959, 2 $ , 27 January 1960, 1 <3 , 4 February 1960,

2 $ , 1 February 1963 (Bryant Mather) ; Pensacola, Escambia Co., Flor-

ida, 2 $ , 24 and 26 January 1962, 2 $ , 5 and 22 February 1962 (Shirley

Hills) , deposited in collections of American Museum of Natural History,

California Insect Survey, Shirley Hills, Bryant Mather, and U. S. National

Museum.

Taxonomic discussion . — Range of length of forewing in paratypes,

$ S 5.9-7. 1 mm, $ $ 6. 7-7. 5 mm. Most of the males are similar to the

above description in forewing color pattern, but occasional examples

show the dark basal patch described for the allotype. One male from

Clinton has the pattern obliterated by infuscation over the whole fore-

wing; only a streak or two of ochreous scales remain. A dark male from

Pensacola has the dash marks of the costa continued downward into the

April 1964]

POWELL REVIEW OF GRISELDA

ground color as bluish leaden streaks; similar but ill-defined vertical

streaks appear in the dorsal area. Both females from Pensacola and one

from Clinton have a white dorsal patch immediately following the

abruptly delimited dark basal patch. The white patch, which is not pres-

ent on paratype males, is less well developed on one of the Pensacola

specimens where it is accompanied by two well-defined ochreous costal

blotches.

One additional male from Sarasota County, Florida (Siesta Key, 27

January 1954, C. P. Kimball) has been studied and not designated as a

paratype. It is smaller (forewing length 5.4 mm) and has the forewing

a rusty brown, showing the basal patch. The genitalia do not differ appre-

ciably from matheri, however, so that it is referred here provisionally.

The species is closest anatomically to gerulae among known Chimop-

tesis; matheri differs by its broader valvae which are larger in relation

to the tegumen, and by the forewing color pattern. In gerulae the white

dorsal blotch is present on both sexes in the small series known.

Nothing is known of the biology of C. matheri. All the specimens were

probably taken at lights.

Chimoptesis pennsylvaniana (Kearfott) , new combination

Proteopteryx albicapitana pennsylvaniana Kearfott, 1907, Trans. Amer. Entomol.

Soc., 33: 48.

Griselda pennsylvaniana, Heinrich, 1923, U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull., 123: 187.

This species was also described from New Brighton, Beaver County,

Pennsylvania, the type having been collected in March. As the original

citation indicates, it is similar in appearance to Epinotia albicapitana

(Kearfott) , which was described at the same time from California. Both

species exhibit a sinuate margined pale dorsal area. Heinrich (1923)

reported C. pennsylvaniana also from Massachusetts, Missouri, and Texas.

Specimens I have examined from Mississippi (Clinton, Hinds Co., 10

February 1959, 10 and 22 March 1960; B. Mather) have a decided

greenish tinge in the pale areas of the forewing which has not been men-

tioned for populations in other areas.

Since Kearfott devoted most of his discussion to albicapitana and no

description has been given for pennsylvaniana subsequently, the species

may be characterized as follows (based on specimens from Mississippi) :

Male. — Length of forewing 7.6-8.0 mm. Head . — Labial palpus with length of

second segment slightly greater than vertical eye diameter, greatly expanded by

spreading scales into an apical, rounded tuft, dark brown exteriorly with some

whitish scales along dorsal margin, whitish interiorly; third segment slightly greater

than one-third the length of second, mostly exposed, appressed-scaled, dark brown.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40 , NO. 2

Antennal scaling reduced, dark brown; setae small. Head scaling spreading, except

appressed on front; front and crown white, lateral margins and tuft above front

dark brown. Thorax. — Dorsal scaling mixed whitish and dark brown, either may be

dominant, tegulae at times whitish tinged with greenish. Underside shining white;

pro- and mesothoracic legs dark brown exteriorly except for distinct white tibial and

tarsal bands. Forewing . — Costal fold on basal one-third, costa nearly straight heyond ;

enclosed brush and appressed scaling of costal fold as in C. matheri, including the

black sex scaling of subcostal (inner) area. Ground color blackish, dorsum with a

broad white band from base to tornus, irregularly blotched with pale green, sep-

arated from ground color by a distinct, sinuate line, curving into dorsal area at

one-fourth, into dark ground just before middle of wing; dorsal area broken by a

recurved extension of ground color just before tornus, continued beyond, reaching

nearly to mid-termen. Ground color mottled, irregularly blotched with paler areas

and with about six pale costal dashes in basal half; costa with a small V-shaped white

mark before apex. Fringe concolorous, becoming shining pale grey towards tornus.

Underside dull grey, the pale costal marks reproduced; whitish in dorsal area.

Hindwing . — Pale shining grey above; whitish below, becoming greyish towards outer

margin. Abdomen . — Shining pale greyish, anal tuft paler, scaling of valvae whitish.

Genitalia as in Fig. 3 (drawn from plesiotype, Clinton, Miss., JAP prep. No. 1491,

two preparations examined) ; tegumen without posterior projections except rudi-

mentary bumps at posterior bases of socii, latter rather rectangular, with conspicuous,

posteriorly directed brushes of stiff setae; cucullus well developed, elongate.

Female. — Length of forewing 7.9 mm. Essentially as described for male, forewing

without costal fold, appearing broader. Ground color slightly less mottled, darker,

especially towards dorsal area, the marking more contrasting. Genitalia similar to

C. matheri, differing by the more rounded sterigma and greater development of

sclerotization on the ductus bursae, as in Fig. 6 (drawn from plesiotype, Clinton,

Miss., JAP prep. No. 1487, one preparation examined).

Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to Mrs. Shirley Hills, Pensacola, Florida, Charles P.

Kimball, West Barnstable, Massachusetts, and Bryant Mather, Jackson,

Mississippi, who have provided me with considerable interesting Micro-

lepidoptera from the Gulf states. Acknowledgment is also made to the

following whose cooperation permitted use of collections in their care:

J. F. Gates Clarke and D. R. Davis, U. S. National Museum; and C. D.

MacNeill, California Academy of Sciences; and to the latter for assistance

with biological investigations of C. chrysopyla.

Literature Cited

Blais, J. R. 1961. Notes on the biology of Griselda radicana (Wlshm.) (Lepidop-

tera : Olethreutidae) . Canadian Entomol., 93: 648-653.

Bradley, J. D. 1959. An illustrated list of the British Tortricidae. Part II:

Olethreutinae. Entomol. Gazette, 10 (2) : 60-80, 19 pi.

Essig, E. 0. 1941. Itinerary of Lord Walsingham in California and Oregon, 1871—

1872. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 17 (3) : 97-113.

April 1964]

POWELL — REVIEW OF GRISELDA

Ford, L. T. 1949. A guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera. So. London

Entomol. and Nat. Hist. Soc., London. 230 pp.

Heinrich, C. 1923. Revision of the North American moths of the subfamily Eu-

cosminae of the family Olethreutidae. U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull., 123, 298 pp.,

59 pi.

Meyrick, E. 1895. A handbook of British Lepidoptera. MacMillan and Co., Lon-

don. vi -j- 843 pp.

Obraztsov, N. S. 1945. Versuch einer systematischen Ubersiche der europaischen

Eucosmini-Gattungen (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) . Zeitschr. Wiener En-

tomol. Ges., 30: 20-48.

Pierce, F. N., and J. W. Metcalfe. 1922. The genitalia of the group Tortricidae

of the Lepidoptera of the British Islands. Pierce and Metcalfe, Liverpool,

England, xxii + 102 pp., 34 pi.

McLeod, J. M., and J. R. Blais. 1961. Defoliating insects on field spruce in

Quebec. Canadian Dept. Forestry, Forest Biol. Div., Bi-Mon. Progr. Rept.,

17 (1) : 2.

Powell, J. A. 1961. Taxonomic and biological observations on Pseudexentera

habrosana (Heinrich) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

37 (4) : 203-209.

1963. Note on cocoons of Periclista linea Stannard and Celama minna Butler.

In Proc. Pacific Coast Entomol. Soc., 281st meeting. Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

39 (1) : 62-63.

Sippell, W. L., J. E. MacDonald, and A. H. Rose. 1962. Province of Ontario.

Forest insect survey. In Canadian Dept. Forestry, Ann. Rept. Forest Ins.

and Dis. Surv., 1961, pp. 55-72.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Notice of proposed use of plenary powers

in certain cases (A. [n.s.] 62)

In accordance with a decision of the 13th International Congress of Zoology,

1948, public notice is hereby given of the possible use by the International Com-

mission on Zoological Nomenclature of its plenary powers in connection with the

following cases, full details of which will be found in Bulletin oj Zoological Nomen-

clature, Vol. 21, Part 1, published on 25 March 1964.

(6) Designation of a type-species for Hypercompe Hiibner, (1819) (Insecta, Lepi-

doptera). Z.N. (S.) 1611.

Any zoologist who wishes to comment on the above case should do so in writing,

and in duplicate, as soon as possible, and in any case before 25 September 1964.

Each comment should bear the reference number of the case in question. Comments

received early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature.

Those received too late for publication will, if received before 25 September 1964, be

brought to the attention of the Commission at the time of the commencement of

voting.

All communications on the above subject should be addressed as follows: The

Secretary, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Mu-

seum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S. W. 7, England. — W. E. China,

Acting Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vol. 40, NO. 2

Catharosia lustrans , A Tachinicl Parasite of Some

Drymine Lygaeidae

(Diptera and Hemiptera-Iieteroptera)

Peter D. Ashlock and Charles W. O’Brien

University of California, Berkeley

Catharosia lustrans (Reinhard) is a rare and attractive little tachinid

previously known from few specimens. Approximately 35 individuals

were recently collected as parasites on two equally rare lygaeids,

Thylochromus nitidulus Barber and Eremocoris opacus Van Duzee

(both subfamily Rhyparochrominae, tribe Drymini) . The lygaeids

were first discovered in February and were collected through May on

a site a mile southeast of Inverness, Marin County, California, in

chaparral, where they were feeding on the dry, fallen seeds under

manzanita. The two species have been collected together under the

same bush.

Because of the rarity of the lygaeids (Sweet and Slater were

forced to omit Thylochromus from their nymphal key to genera of

Lygaeidae, 1961, for lack of material), it seemed a good idea to try

to obtain nymphs. Consequently, colonies were established in the

laboratory using the method described by Sweet (1960), but with

manzanita seeds for food. Nymphs were obtained, and will be de-

scribed in another paper; more interesting was the parasite that

emerged from both species of lygaeid.

Shortly after the first Thylochromus colony was set up, a puparium

was observed in the petri dish; a few days later a fly was seen

moving about in the manner characteristic of members of the family

Pompilidae, flicking its wings as it walked. A dead lygaeid female

with a protruding ovipositor was found at the same time. The fly

was identified by Drs. Frank R. Cole, Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., and Curtis

W. Sabrosky as Catharosia lustrans (Reinhard) . Most members of

the subfamily Phasiinae, to which it belongs, are parasites on Hemip-

tera, but nothing was known about the biology of the phasiine tribe

Catharosiini.

Encouraged by these dipterists, we set up more colonies, especially

of Thylochromus , and were able to make a number of interesting ob-

servations of the rate of the parasite’s development in host and

puparium, and the effect it had on its host.

The parasitized bug, most often a female, shows little sign of its

parasite until two or three days before the larva emerges. At this

time, the bug appears on superficial examination to be gravid, so

April 1964] ashlocic & o’brien— tachinid parasite

gravid that the ovipositor cannot be folded into its normal position.

Closer examination shows that the head is exserted so that the mem-

brane between head and prothorax is clearly visible. Dissection of one

parasitized female revealed that while the ovaries were completely

consumed, the gut was intact. One parasitized female did live for

a full month after emergence of the parasite, and in the course of the

month laid a total of five eggs. The larva from this female died before

the puparium was fully formed. However, few hosts lived for more

than two or three days; they could easily be recognized by their

translucent abdomens and the extruded genitalia or the scar on the

edge of the connexivum.

The mature larva is white and its only ornamentation is tiny

mandibular hooks and a long posterior spiracular process. The larva

on emerging crawls a short distance from the host, becomes quiescent,

assumes an oval shape, and slowly begins to darken in color. After

about 11 days when the host is Thylochromus (19 examples) and 13

days when the host is Eremocoris opcicus (six examples) , the fly emerges

from the puparium.

The time of development from puparium to adult fly was determined

by dating the emergence of the puparium, isolating it with the host

in a vial, and dating the emergence of the adult fly. The time of

development from egg to puparium, in the host, was more difficult

to determine. The field-collected parasitized lygaeids indicated at best

only a minimum limit of the developmental period; i.e., the longest

period between collection and discovery of puparium, which was eight

days for Thylochromus and 24 days for Eremocoris opacus. Somewhat

more exact information was obtained in a laboratory experiment in-

volving an undescribed species of Eremocoris which is not, to our

knowledge, naturally parasitized by the tachinid. The new Eremocoris

that was experimentally exposed to the fly was from a colony several

generations old and was completely free of these parasites. Because

of the short life of the tachinid parasite under these conditions, it

took some time to obtain a mating pair; that accomplished, the male

and female, isolated in a vial, mated several times. The impregnated

female was then removed from the vial and added to a dish containing

a small colony of the Eremocoris. The usual sunflower seeds and water

were included for the Eremocoris , and a cotton-stoppered vial of sugar

water for the fly.

The actual deposition of eggs on the host bug was not observed,

but several times the female fly was seen to “march” rapidly along

about a half an inch behind an Eremocoris , which appeared to be run-

100

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

ning to escape it. Each observed chase was broken off without incident.

The fly lived for two days in the colony. Twelve days later a puparium

was observed, from which, after 13 days, an adult fly emerged.

As might be expected, the size of the parasite reflected the size of

the host lygaeid: the Tliylochromus , being the smallest, yielded the

smallest Catharosia , while the new species of Eremocoris, being the

largest host, yielded the largest fly.

The relevant tachinid material has been turned over to Dr. Paul H.

Arnaud, Jr., for taxonomic study.

Literature Cited

Sweet, M. H. 1960. The seed bugs: a contribution to the feeding habits of the

Lygaeidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 53:

317-321.

Sweet, M. H., and J. A. Slater. 1961. A generic key to the nymphs of North

American Lygaeidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer.,

54: 333-340.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Mating behavior of Incisalia iroitles (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera : Lycae-

nidae). — A small lemon tree at my home in Walnut Creek (foot of Shell Ridge),

Contra Costa County, California, was frequently used as a perch by individuals of

I. iroides during the spring of 1963. Two individuals were noted there as early as

3 March at 9:30 a.m., with the air temperature at 49° F. One or more were observed

on many occasions during the following two months. It has been my experience that

hairstreak butterflies are not seen as often in copulation as are other butterflies.

Thus, when a pair of I. iroides was observed in mating position on 24 May at about

5:30 p.m. (P.D.T.) (63° F, 62% R.H.), it was of interest because a similar observa-

tion had been made earlier in the month. Two days later there were two pairs of this

species copulating on the lemon tree at 5:20 p.m. (60° F, 66% R.H.). They were

examined about every half hour until neai'ly sunset at 7 :45 p.m. (52° F, 86% R.H.) .

During this time the pairs moved occasionally from leaf to leaf, but did not fly.

Again on 30 May a mating pair was on the tree at 5:15 p.m. (71° F, 54% R.H.).

During that day a fresh-appearing male had been noted on several occasions flying

about the spot and defending the site, but both mating individuals were in a worn

condition. Although I. iroides individuals often perched on the tree during midday

hours, none were seen mating earlier than 5:00 p.m. (4:00 p.m., P.S.T.). Thus the

secretive mating behavior in this instance, and possibly by the species in general, is

due to its occurrence at a time of day when field observations are not normally

made. — Jerry A. Powell, University of California, Berkeley.

April 1964] buckett — description of euxoa marinensis

101

Rediscovery and Redescription of the Moth, Euxoa marinensis

(Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

John S. Buckett

University of California, Davis

Euxoa marinensis McDunnough in the past has been known only from

the type series and two specimens in the Bauer-Buckett collection, Davis.

The holotype male (Number 5204 in the Canadian National Collection )

was collected by W. R. Bauer at Inverness, Marin County, on 12 June

1940. During 1962, two additional collections of E. marinensis were

made. It was commonly taken at a 15-watt fluorescent black light near

Walker Creek, 2 miles south of Tomales, Marin County, California, in

late July through August 1962 (J. S. Buckett and G. M. Trenam). An-

other series was collected at Dillon Beach, Marin County, 25 June through

12 August 1962 (M. G. Tunzi) . Both localities were characterized by bush

lupine, Lupinus arboreus Sims, and various grass species.

Neither the undissected adult nor the male and female genitalia have

been previously illustrated, nor has the adult female been described. Ap-

parently nothing is yet known of the immature stages of this insect.

Euxoa marinensis is distinct from any other species in the costata group

in anatomical features as well as in habitat. For the original description

see McDunnough (1941). Supplemental descriptions are given as fol-

lows:

Male. — Head and abdomen nearly concolorous, brown. Palps clothed with black

hairs and brown scales, terminal segment slightly less than one-half length of pre-

ceding segment; proboscis black; a tuft of brownish tinged, red hairs protruding

over frontal prominence; antennae bipectinate basally, tapering to simple ciliate

terminally. Collar black; dorsum of thorax with intermixed brown, and fawn-colored

hairs and scales, tipped with white; anterior tuft with white-tipped hairs; laterally at

wing bases, pubescence shades into fawn-brown, or red-brown. Primaries with broad

silver costal band, basally to just past reniform; thin silver band on cubital vein from

basal area to below silver outlined orbicular, thence to base of silver outlined reni-

form, latter centrally with yellowish or cream-colored scales on outer portion, opening

into costal band; ordinary lines obscured with exception of transverse anterior line

which bows outwardly at middle, thence inwardly toward inner margin; inner

margin with broad silver band from basal area to hind angle; subterminal line basally

washed with white, apically dark brown; terminal space deep brown; terminal line

indicated by small, black lunules between veins; fringes light brown. Ventral surface

deep brown, reniform indicated by deeper brown. Secondaries very light smokey

with broad brownish band at outer margin; discal lunule prominent, unicolorous with

band; fringes white. Ventral surface dirty white, irrorated with brown scales near

costal margin; discal lunule prominent, dark brown. Legs not banded, clothed with

white-tipped brown hairs. Abdomen dark brown dorsally; ventrally dark brown

intermixed with whitish and reddish scales and hairs.

102

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[VOL. 40 , NO. 2

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 1-2. Euxoa mcirinensis McDunnough. 1 (upper photograph) , Male, 2 miles

south of Tomales, Marin County, California, 22 July 1962 (J. S. Buckett and G. M.

Trenam). 2 (lower photograph), Female, Dillon Beach, Marin County, California,

5 July 1962 (M. G. Tunzi).

April 1964] buckett — description of euxoa marinensis

103

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 3-5. Euxoa marinensis McDunnough. 3, Male genitalia minus the aedea-

gus, 2 miles south of Tomales, Marin County, California, 21 July 1962 (J. S. Buckett

and G. M. Trenam), Bauer-Buckett Slide 62B4-25. 4, Aedeagus; same data as in

Fig. 3. 5, Female genitalia, 2 miles south of Tomales, Marin County, California,

22 July 1962 ( J. S. Buckett and G. M. Trenam) , Bauer-Buckett Slide 62B4-29.

Female. — Antennae simple, ciliate. Thorax lacking fawn-colored or red-brownish

hairs at bases of primaries; ordinary lines prominent, simple with exception of

geminate transverse anterior line; costal and inner marginal bands less pronounced

due to irroration of brown scales; subterminal line creamy yellow. Ventral surface

as in male. Secondaries with broader brown band on outer margin than that found in

the male; fringes pure white. Ventral surface with broad, brown costal band; brown

band present at outer margin. Alar expanse same as male, 15-16 mm.

Most of the specimens examined are located in the Bauer-Buckett

104

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

collection, Davis; however, a small series is in the collection of the Uni-

versity of California, Davis. The genitalic illustrations were made by Miss

Judith Jay, departmental artist, Entomology Department, University of

California, Davis. Appreciation is also due Mr. Gary Trenam for his

help in this project.

Literature Cited

McDunnough, J. 1941. New species of moths, mostly Californian. Canadian

Entomol., 73 (4) : 66-76.

Identity of the Moth, Euxoa wilsoni

(Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

John S. Buckett

University of California, Davis

Since the variability of Euxoa wilsoni (Grote) has led to much confu-

sion and the original description was based on an aberrant form, the

status of this species is reexamined here.

Euxoa wilsoni (Grote)

Agrotis wilsoni Grote, 1873. Bull. Buffalo Soc., 1: 135.

Agrotis specialis Grote, 1874. Bull. Buffalo Soc., 2: 62.

Agrotis aequalis Harvey, 1876. Canadian Entomol., 8: 36.

Euxoa vilsoni Grote, 1903. Cat. Noctuidae Brit. Mus., 4: 204.

By analyzing Grote’s original description and a figure of the type, it

is possible to identify a Californian coastal species of Euxoa as wilsoni.

The original description was published in 1873. A year later, Grote re-

described “ Agrotis ” wilsoni once again as the original combination, and

this paragraph preceded his description :

I have now received a series of this fine species which is subject to con-

siderable variation. My original description and figure illustrate the form

in which the costal region and subterminal space are not differentiated by a

paler color. The more usual form resembles sexalilis or subgothica, on ac-

count of the paler coloration of the costal region of primaries.

Smith (1890) under his description of “ Carneades ” wilsoni stated,

A pretty and well defined species with no peculiarities, not already

enumerated; it varies from luteous to bright red brown, the latter being

typical of specialis. Mr. Edward’s collection shows both forms. The an-

tennal difference noted by Mr. Grote exists in terms only. Wilsoni equally

has “tufts of bristles on the joints” and at the same time both forms have

them “brush-like.” The U.S. Museum collection contains a very pretty series

of this species showing the very wide range of variation in ground color.

Scarcely two specimens are entirely alike, and yet the characteristic appear-

ance of the species is so marked that no mistake is possible in its recognition.

April 1964] buckett— identity of euxoa wilsoni

105

FIG. I

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 1-3. Euxoa wilsoni (Grote). 1, Female genitalia, Dillon Beach, Marin

County, California, 10 July 1962 (M. G. Tunzi) . 2, Male genitalia minus the aedeagus,

Dillon Beach, Marin County, California, 12 July 1962 (M. G. Tunzi). 3, Aedeagus of

genitalia shown in Fig. 2; same data as in Fig. 2.

After this statement, Smith treated “ Carneades ” aequalis as a separate

species on the next page ; and after his description further stated, “Appar-

ently a good species allied to lacunosa. Entirely unknown to me in nature.

I cannot identify it with any of the numerous Californian species known

to me.” Additional study by later workers proved “ Carneades ” aequalis

to be conspecific with Euxoa wilsoni. The type of aequalis as well as that

of another species, “ Agrotis ” specialis were originally from the same

locality: “San Francisco, California” (teste Hampson, 1903) . “ Agrotis ”

specialis has been previously synonymized under Euxoa wilsoni where

it obviously belongs. Hampson also stated in his “habitat” for wilsoni :

“U.S.A., Colorado, Glenwood Springs, California, 2$, 32, type $ sped-

106

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 4. Variation in maculation of Euxoa wilsoni (Grote) . All 15 specimens from

Dillon Beach, Marin County, California, 12 July 1962 (M. G. Tunzi).

alis and 2 type, and type aequalis, S. Francisco, 1<5.” Generally, when

Hampson placed the word “type” after a locality under his “habitat,” it

indicated this was the type locality. In this case the indication is that

California is the type locality, probably San Francisco.

McDunnough (1938) once again raised specialis, and aequalis, to the

subspecific level, but this was probably based on an inadequate number

of specimens for study.

With a series of wilsoni before me which numbers over 600 specimens

April 1964] buckett — identity of euxoa wilsoni

107

of both sexes, one can readily see all the described forms and most of the

variation the species exhibits. This large series was collected at Dillon

Beach, Marin County, California, June and July 1962 (M. G. Tunzi) and

is in the Bauer-Buckett collection, Davis. Other specimens studied are

from McClure Beach, Marin County, California, and San Francisco, Cali-

fornia, and are also in the Bauer-Buckett collection. Additional specimens

from both McClure Beach, Marin County, and Dillon Beach, Marin

County, are in the collection of the University of California, Davis. A

series of 79 specimens which bear the locality label “San Francisco” and

the Koebele collection label was submitted for this study by Dr. C. Don

McNeill, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

I wish to extend my appreciation to Dr. R. M. Bohart for his many

helpful suggestions and to Miss Judith Jay, departmental artist, Ento-

mology Department, University of California, Davis, for the illustrations.

Literature Cited

Grote, A. R. 1873. Descriptions of Noctuidae primarily from California. Bull.

Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., 1: 129-155.

. 1874. List of the Noctuidae of North America. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat.

Sci., 2: 1-77.

Hampson, G. F. 1903. Catalogue of the Noctuidae in the collection of the British

Museum. Vol. 4. London. 689 -j- xx pp.

Harvey, L. F. 1876. New Californian and Texan moths. Canadian Entomol.,

8 (2) : 35-38.

McDunnougii, J. 1938. Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United

States of America. Mem. Southern California Acad. Sci., 1 (1) : 1-272.

Seitz, A. 1923. The Macrolepidoptera of the world. Vol. 7. Stuttgart. 412 pp.,

96 plates.

Smith, J. B. 1890. Contribution toward a monograph of the insects of the lepi-

dopterous family Noctuidae of temperate North America, revision of the

species of the genus Agrotis. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 38: 1-327.

108

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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A New Genus and Species of Mutillidae from California 1

(Hymenoptera : Mutillidae)

Clarence E. Mickel

University of Minnesota, St. Paul

Dr. Jerry A. Powell, University of California, Berkeley, recently sent

me a series of male and female Mutillidae and requested that they be

identified. The insects were taken crawling on the ground in a large colony

of the sphecid, Xylocelia occidentalis (Fox). The specimens proved to

be examples of a new genus and species, the descriptions of which follow.

Smicromutilla Mickel, new genus

Male. — Head slightly wider than the thorax; mandibles not emarginate beneath,

the ventral margin entire; tips of mandibles edentate and with two small teeth

within; eyes subovate, the margins entire, facets distinct; ocelli small, the ocellocular

distance three times the width of a lateral ocellus ; first abdominal segment subsessile

with the second, no noticeable constriction between the first and second segments;

width of first abdominal tergum at posterior margin half the greatest width of second

tergum; felt lines on tergum two only; abdominal terga without a row of bristles at

the posterior margin; stigma of front wings vestigial, inconspicuous; cell 2nd

Ri + R 2 broadly truncate; veins Ri, Mi+a beyond R 5 , Mi and M 2 all obsolete, thus

cells Ri and 1st M 2 open; calcaria pale.

Female. — Head distinctly broader than the thorax; mandibles endentate at the

tip, with a single small tooth within, not emarginate nor toothed beneath; eyes sub-

ovate, entire, facets distinct; thorax pyriform, widest anteriorly, gradually narrowed

posteriorly; first abdominal segment subsessile, the width at the posterior margin

slightly less than half the greatest width of the second; pygidial area nitid, not

defined laterally; calcaria pale.

Type of the genus. — Smicromutilla powelli Mickel, new species.

Related to Lomachaeta Mickel. Differs in the male sex by the mandibles

not emarginate nor toothed beneath, by the absence of a row of bristles on

the abdominal terga, and by the much more reduced winged venation.

The female sex differs in having the anterior and propodeal spiracles not

tuberculate.

Smicromutilla powelli Mickel, new species

Male. — Head, thorax, abdomen, except first and second segments, and legs black;

mandibles and tegulae testaceous; first and second abdominal segments ferruginous;

pedicel and first segment of flagellum approximately equal in length, the first fla-

gellar segment distinctly shorter than the second; clypeus convex, highest along the

1 Paper No. 5235, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Paul,

Minnesota.

April 1964]

MICKEL NEW GENUS OF MUTILLIDAE

109

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 1. Right front wing of male Smicromutilla powelli Mickel.

midline, closely punctate and with erect, fuscous hairs; front, vertex, and genae

nitid, with sparse, shallow punctures and erect, pale fuscous hairs; genae with large,

close, shallow punctures, weakly separated from postgenae; pronotum nitid, with

large, close, shallow punctures and erect, pale fuscous hairs; humeral angles rounded;

mesonotum nitid, with large, shallow, close punctures and erect, pale fuscous hairs;

parapsidal furrows obsolete; scutellum with large, close punctures and erect, pale

fuscous hairs; sides of pronotum nitid, mostly impunctate; mesopleurae shallowly

reticulate and with erect, pale hairs; metapleurae and sides of propodeum nitid,

mostly impunctate; posterior face of propodeum broadly, shallowly reticulate;

tegulae well developed, the disk nitid, impunctate; first abdominal tergurn nitid,

with a band of close punctures at the posterior margin, otherwise sparsely punctate,

and with erect, pale hairs; second tergurn nitid, with scattered, shallow punctures

and erect, pale hairs, the posterior margin with a band of small, distinct punctures

and a very thin fringe of pale hairs; felt line of second tergurn approximately three-

eighths the length of the tergurn; terga 3-6 nitid, with sparse, small punctures and

erect, fuscous hairs; pygidial tergurn sparsely punctate and with erect, fuscous hairs,

the pygidial area undefined laterally; first sternum elevated into a carina along the

midline; second sternum nitid, with sparse, shallow punctures and sparse, erect,

pale hairs; sterna 3-6 with sparse punctures and erect, pale hairs; hypopygium with

sparse, erect, fuscous hairs; legs clothed with pale hairs; wings hyaline, venation

as in Fig. 1. Length, 3.5 mm.

Female. — Head, thorax, antennal scape, first and second abdominal segments,

coxae, trochanters, and proximal fourth of femora all ferruginous, remainder of

abdomen, antennae, and legs fuscous to black; clypeus convex and punctate; front,

vertex, and genae with shallow, close, somewhat indistinct punctures, and sparse,

erect, fuscous hairs; genae and postgenae separated by a distinct carina; dorsum

of thorax and posterior face of propodeum broadly, shallowly reticulate and with

sparse, fuscous hairs; lateral margins of dorsum of thorax without dentiform eleva-

tions at the anterior and propodeal spiracles; humeral angles slightly but distinctly

dentate; sides of thorax nitid, impunctate, bare, except a vertical row of punctures

and erect hairs in the mesopleural area; first abdominal tergurn nitid, with sparse

punctures and erect, pale hairs; second abdominal tergurn nitid, with scattered, small

punctures and erect, fuscous hairs, and with a very thin fringe at the posterior margin;

terga 3-5 with small, sparse punctures and erect fuscous hairs; pygidial area nitid,

not defined laterally; legs clothed with very sparse, pale fuscous hairs. Length, 2.5

mm.

110

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

Holotype male. — Pozo, San Luis Obispo County, California, 30

April 1962 (J. Powell), in collection of California Insect Survey.

Allotype female. — Pozo, San Luis Obispo County, California, 4 May

1962 ( J. Powell) , in collection of California Insect Survey. Paratypes . —

Five males, Pozo, San Luis Obispo County, California, 30 April 1962 (J.

Powell) ; two males, three females, Pozo, San Luis Obispo County, Cali-

fornia, 4 May 1962 (J. Powell) , in collections of California Insect Survey,

United States National Museum, and University of Minnesota.

Superficially resembles species of Lomachaeta but the males have the

mandibles entire beneath, lack the row of bristles at the posterior margin

of the abdominal terga, and have a more reduced wing venation, while the

females lack the tuberculate lateral margins of the dorsum of the thorax.

One of the male paratypes has the ferruginous color of the abdomen

extending entirely through the third segment and the proximal half of

the fourth segment.

INSTITUTE OF ACAROLOGY

The Institute of Acarology, offering instruction in general acarology and in agri-

cultural, medical, and veterinary acarology, will be held 22 June to 10 July 1964 at

the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Notice of proposed use of plenary powers in

certain cases (A. [n.s.] 61)

In accordance with a decision of the 13th International Congress of Zoology,

1948, public notice is hereby given of the possible use by the International Com-

mission on Zoological Nomenclature of its plenary powers in connection with the

following cases, full details of which will be found in Bulletin of Zoological Nomen-

clature, Vol. 20, Part 6, published on 6 December 1963.

(3) Validation of Leptocorisa Latreille, 1829 (Insecta, Hemiptera) . Z.N. (S.)

1589;

(7) Validation of a neotype for Coenonympha ochracea Edwards, 1861 (Insecta,

Lepidoptera) . Z.N. (S.) 1607.

Any zoologist who wishes to comment on any of the above cases should do so

in writing, and in duplicate, as soon as possible, and in any case before 6 June

1964. Each comment should hear the reference number of the case in question.

Comments received early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological

Nomenclature. Those received too late for publication will, if received before 6 June

1964, be brought to the attention of the Commission at the time of commencement

of voting.

All communications on the above subject should be addressed as follows: The

Secretary, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Mu-

seum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S. W. 7, England. — W. E. China,

Acting Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

April 1964] cazier & mortenson — biology of a sphecid 111

Studies on the bionomics of sphecoid wasps.

I. Moniaecera asperata

(Hymenoptera : Sphecidae)

Mont A. Cazier and Martin A. Mortenson 1

University oj California, Berkeley

According to Muesebeck, Krombein, and Townes (1951) the genus

Moniaecera is represented in the fauna of North America only by the

typical subgenus. This subgenus is further represented by only five

species as follows: M. abdominalis (Fox) from Georgia, Texas, and

Arizona; M. asperata (Fox) from Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and

California; M. evansi Pate from Arizona; M. joxiana Pate from Cali-

fornia; and M. pinal from Arizona and California. Of these five species,

notes on the behavior, nesting habits, and prey are known only for

M. abdominalis (Fox) through observations made by Hartman (1905)

at a location near Austin, Texas.

In this location Hartman found M. abdominalis to be abundant in

August and September where they were seen flying around low vegeta-

tion in a wooded area. He also observed that while hunting on the

vegetation this wasp makes frequent contact with the leaves, sticks, and

blades of grass with its antennae while evidently searching for its

prey. The prey was found to consist exclusively of the leafhopper

Tylozygus bifidus (Say) . The entrance to the nest was a tiny hole in the

middle of a small, flat elevation in the sand. The burrow extended

nearly horizontally for 2.5 inches then nearly vertically for 0.4 inch,

ending in a small pocket or cell at the bottom in which there were

a number of leafhoppers but no wasp egg. The burrow had a uniform

diameter of 2 mm.

The following observations on Moniaecera asperata were made on a

study plot located two miles northeast of Portal, Cochise County, Ari-

zona, elevation 4700 feet, between 28 May and 6 June 1962. During this

period numerous specimens were observed flying slowly and erratically

just above the surface of the ground, 2-10 inches, in open areas between

the following plant species: Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. (mes-

quite), Flourensia cernua DC. (tar-bush or varnish-bush), Larrea

tridentata (DC.) Caville (creosote-bush), Parthenium incanum H. B. K.

(mariola), Salsola kali L. (Russian-thistle) , V erbesina encelioides

(Cav.) Benth and Hook (crown beard), Baileya multiradiata Harv.

1 Department of Entomology and Parasitology. Currently Visiting Professor and Laboratory Technician

respectively, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. This project was supported in part by

National Science Foundation Grant GB-379.

112

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 1. Burrow entrance of Moniaecera asperata (Fox).

and Gray, Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) Gray (snake-weed), and

Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (white or silver horse-nettle) . No wasps

were observed landing on either the plants or the sandy ground in the

open areas between them.

The breeding site was located adjacent to the area described above

in a shallow borrow-pit from which the plants and topsoil had been

scraped exposing the rocky, hard-packed, caliche layer beneath (Fig. 1).

The burrow entrance was located about one-half inch from the edge of

a small rock; the opening was irregular in shape (Fig. 1) and measured

4 mm across its widest diameter. There was no sign of excavated dirt

around the entrance which was flush with the gently sloping surface.

Immediately inside the entrance the burrow became rounded in shape

and varied only slightly from being 4 mm in diameter for its entire

length. The first two inches of soil were hard packed and dry but

below this level it was loose and slightly moist. The burrow went

straight down for 50 mm, angled slightly toward the south, and continued

April 1964] cazter & mortenson — biology of a sphecid

113

downward at a steep angle for another 55 mm to the first cell. This

cell projected off the main burrow on the west side and the main

burrow continued on downward for another 10 mm. No evidence of

either the main burrow or additional cells was found below this 115 mm

depth.

The female was first observed entering this burrow on 1 June 1962

and was seen going in and out several times on this date. Similar

observations were made on 5 June 1962 during which time she was

seen to fly almost directly into the burrow carrying green-colored

prey. There was little or no hesitation at the burrow entrance. On

5 June 1962 at 1:30 p.m. she was collected as she came in carrying

an adult psyllid and the burrow was excavated on 6 June 1962.

The cell that had evidently been completed and sealed off from the

main burrow was found to contain three specimens of Circulijer tenellus

(Baker), the beet leafhopper; 10 specimens of Empoasca abrupta De-

Long, the western potato leafhopper ; a fragment of one psyllid identified

by Miss Russell as a species of Paratriozci ; two specimens of a new

species of psyllid belonging to the genus Aphalaroida that breeds on

Prosopis (Jensen reference number J. 332) ; a large wasp larva that

was injured in digging; and the remains of a number of leafhoppers.

Judging from the size of the adult M. aspercila (Fox) this larva was

nearly mature and ready for pupation even though there were still

13 leafhoppers and two psyllids available in the cell. There was

no evidence of a second egg on any of these specimens. One Empoasca

abrupta DeLong was found at the bottom of the main burrow and the

female was caught carrying a specimen of Aphalaroida n. sp. She was

probably getting ready to stock another cell and evidently piles the

prey up at the end of the burrow before excavating the cell.

In summary: (1) Moniaecera asperata (Fox) uses species in both

the families Cicidellidae and Psyllidae as prey. (2) The first or

shallowest cell is the oldest. (3) There are evidently a number of cells

in each burrow. (4) The paralyzed prey are accumulated at the end

of the burrow before being placed in a cell. (5) M. asperata unlike

M. abdominalis digs its burrow nearly vertical, at least in the upper

portions.

Acknowledgments

The writers would like to express their sincere appreciation to the

following individuals for their assistance in this project: Dr. Karl V.

Krombein, James P. Kramer, Miss Louise M. Russell of the Entomo-

logical Research Division and United States National Museum, Washing-

114

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

ton, D. C., Dr. M. W. Nielson, Entomological Research Division,

U.S.D.A., Mesa, Arizona, Drs. D. D. Jensen, Ray F. Smith, Paul D.

Hurd, Jr., and E. G. Linsley of the University of California, Berkeley.

Literature Cited

Hartman, Carl. 1905. Observations on the habits of some solitary wasps of

Texas. Trans. Tex. Acad. Sci., 7 : 57-58.

Muesebeck, C. F. W., Karl V. Krombein, and H. K. Townes. 1951. Hymenop-

tera of America north of Mexico, Synoptic Catalog. U. S. Dept, of Agric.,

Agric. Monogr. No. 2, p. 1019.

A Note on the Prey and Nest Structure

of Stigmus inordinatus inordinatus

(Hymenoptera : Sphecidae)

Marius S. Wasbauer and William E. Simonds

California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento

Early in 1962, a shipment of two small, black, sphecoid wasps was

submitted to the California Department of Agriculture Insect Identifi-

cation Laboratory. They were collected at Santa Paula, Ventura County,

California, 2 February 1962, by B. Osuna. Associated with the wasps

were pieces of peony twig ( Paeonia suffruticosa ) and apterous forms of

a small aphid.

Subsequently, additional material was sent to us which included a

longer series of the sphecoid, the twigs from which they were reared, and

many more aphids which were found packed in cells in some of the twigs.

The twigs of mulberry (Morus alba ) were present in the shipment and a

note from the collector stated that the wasps were nesting in mulberry to

an even greater extent than in peony.

Our preliminary determination of the wasp showed it to be a member

of the genus Stigmus. It was then sent to Dr. K. V. Krombein, who deter-

mined it as Stigmus inordinatus inordinatus Fox, an austral form occur-

ring in Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. The aphid

proved to be the Aphis sp. possibly frangulae Kaltenbach (apterous

forms only) according to the determination by L. M. Russell.

The one published note on the biology of Stigmus i. inordinatus (Roh-

wer, S. A., 1909, Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 35: 102) states only that

Mrs. Cockerell saw a member of this form catch aphids. Thus the frag-

mentary information presented here will fill out to some degree the almost

complete lack of biological data on this species.

April 1964] wasbauer & simonds — biology of stigmus

115

A total of seventeen twigs was examined for nesting activity. Of these,

five were empty, four contained cells completed and provisioned, and,

in the remainder there was some evidence of the development of the wasp.

In all of the twigs, the pithy center had been hollowed out, leaving a gal-

lery of relatively uniform diameter, which averaged 2.0 (1.3— 3.0) mm.

In the twigs of smaller diameter, the pith had been completely removed.

No estimate of the depth of the galleries was attempted, since all of the

twigs had been cut off before the termination of the burrow.

A linear arrangement of cells was found in some of the twigs. The cells

were formed of partitions made across the main gallery. In all cases, the

partitions were composed of small bits of pith. They varied in thickness

from 5.0 to 8.5 mm. The cells formed by these partitions were from 4.5 to

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 1. Cocoon of Stigmus inordinatus inordinatus Fox in twig of Morus alba.

9.0 mm in length. There was some individual variation in cell construc-

tion. In the gallery having the thickest partition (8.5 mm) , for example,

most of the partitions were unusually thick (2.5, 4.0, 8.5, 4.5, 1.5, 1.0

mm) . The gallery containing the thinnest partition (0.5 mm) had most

partitions somewhat thinner (1.0, 0.5, 1.5, 1.5 mm). Cell length was

relatively uniform within a gallery, but varied considerably between

different galleries. For example, cell lengths in one gallery were 4.0, 3.5,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

116

[vol. 40, NO. 2

3.5, and 2.4 mm. In another of about the same diameter, the length of

the cells was 7.0, 6.0, 7.0, 9.0, and 7.0 mm.

It was difficult to determine the number of aphids provisioned in a cell,

because of a growth of mold which had formed a solid mat over the prey

in cells not containing wasps. Of the four twigs containing galleries with

fully provisioned cells, aphid counts could be made in two. The first of

these contained four cells with 12, 14, 15, and 16 aphids. The second, also

containing four cells, had 20, 26, 29, and 30 aphids.

The cocoons (Fig. 1) were elongate and nearly cylindrical but tapering

slightly toward the posterior end. They were composed of a single layer

of a very thin, flexible parchment-like material. Attached to the outside

of the cocoons were numerous short strands of clear silk, probably the

remains of a suspensory network. At the anterior end, the strands were

more dense and formed a thin, slightly convex partition. The meconium

formed a small, black button at the posterior end of the cocoon. One of

the two cocoons remaining intact was 9.2 mm in length, 2.0 mm in width

at the anterior end and 1.7 mm at the posterior end. The other was 8.7

mm long, 2.0 mm wide at the anterior end, and 1.2 mm at the posterior end.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Occurrence of Drosophila azteca in a spittlebug mass (Diptera: Drosoph-

ilidae). — Dipteran pupae were found in spittle masses of Aphrophora canadensis

Walley (Homoptera, Cercopidae) in 1963 (from M.S. thesis, Department of Ento-

mology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley). Dr. Marshall R.

Wheeler, University of Texas, determined the flies reared from the pupae as Drosoph-

ila azteca Sturtevant and Dobzhansky. As far as is known, this is the first report

of an association of this species of Drosophila with spittlebug nymphs. According

to Dr. F. R. Cole (personal communication), Consultant in Entomology, University

of California, Berkeley, the fly Clastopteromyia inversa (Walker) (generotype

Drosophila inversa Walker) is known to be ectoparasitic on the nymphal spittle

insects of the genus Clastoptera: Clastoptera obtusa (Say) on alder in the east, and

Clastoptera lineatocollis Stal on various plants in California. Dr. Cole kindly sup-

plied this information from his forthcoming manuscript, “Flies of Western North

America.” — W. E. Kelson, Mt. Diablo High School, Concord, California.

April 1964]

REINHARD TACHINID FLIES

117

Parasitic Flies of the Genera Helioprosopa

and Euhelioprosopa 1

(Diptera : Tachinidae)

H. J. Reinhard

Texas A & M University, College Station

The genus Helioprosopa was described by Townsend in 1926 with

facialis as the type by original designation (Gen. Muse. Hum. Trop. Am.,

239) . The latter citation is in Portuguese and in the form of abbreviation

symbols difficult of interpretation. However, a redescription of the genus

by its author in 1939 makes it more readily recognizable without access

to the type series, which is from Brazil (Manual of Myiology, Part VIII,

195).

Hitherto the genus here under consideration has not been referred to

in either taxonomic or economic literature citing information regarding

host relationships. During recent years materials received for identifi-

cation have brought to light six additional undescribed, apparently con-

generic, species and a closely allied new genus. All are included in the

accompanying key and described on following pages. The new species

are represented by limited series from Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, and

Chile. This wide range of the known species indicates that perhaps

members of the genus may prove quite common in the Neotropical fauna.

I am indebted to Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., for the loan of pertinent

material and all types based upon the latter are returned to the California

Academy of Sciences Collection.

Genus HELIOPROSOPA Townsend

Helioprosopa includes smallish to average-sized cuphocerine flies of

fairly compact build. With few exceptions the present known forms are

basically black in color with apex of abdomen more or less reddish. The

peculiar or more distinctive generic characters may be summarized briefly

as follows:

Head with ocellar bristles and palpi absent; parafacial setose with one or more

facioorbitals below; epistoma nasutely produced; second antennal segment normally

at least one-half length of third; arista micropubescent, thickened to near tip, pe-

nultimate segment elongated, the proximal usually short; cheek over one-half eye

length; propleura bare; wing gray hyaline to strongly infuscated; first vein bare,

third setulose to or nearly to small cross vein; last section of fifth vein two-fifths or

more length of preceding; first posterior cell open well before wing tip; calypters

1 Contribution No. 4318, Department of Entomology, Texas Agricultural Experimental Station,

College Station, Texas.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

118

[vol. 40, NO. 2

large, hind lobe transverse; abdomen with intermediate segments usually without

discals; sternites exposed and bristled.

The remaining characters which apply in common to the species here

under consideration are cited below for convenient reference and avoid-

ance of repetitious details under the accompanying descriptions.

Head squared below, two-thirds to three-fourths wider than high, frontal profile

shorter to subequal concave facial, antennal axis near to slightly below eye middle

and obviously shorter than oral; clypeus flush and transversely convex; vibrissae

decussate on oral margin; facialia flattened, at most two bristles and setae next to

vibrissae; haustellum-labella length normally under head height; frontal rows

doubled in male reaching to middle of second antennal segment; two large proclinate

orbitals in female and two equally large verticals in both sexes, inner pair decussate;

eye bare, its lower margin far short of vibrissal level ; occiput convex and moderately

produced behind oral cavity, clothed with pale pile and margined above with a

single row of postocular cilia.

Thoracic chcietotaxy : humeral 4r-5; posthumeral 2; notopleural 2; presutural 2;

supraalar 3; intraalar 2 or 3 (anterior one sometimes absent) ; dorsocentral 3, 3;

acrostichal 2, 3; postalar 2; sternopleural 3; pteropleural doubled (largest equal to

sternopleural) ; scutellum with two strong lateral (which reach beyond base of

third abdominal segment) ; 1 good-sized decussate apical and 1 appressed discal pair;

prosternum and postnotal slope bare. Legs of male with claws and pulvilli normally

subequal to length of last tarsal segment, shorter in female; latter with simple or

unmodified foretarsi. Wing i-eaching beyond apex of abdomen; hind cross vein

oblique in plane of apical and one-third or more its length from rectangular cubitulus,

which bears a short stump or fold about two-fifths wing width from hind margin;

costal spine vestigial.

Abdomen ovate, as wide as thorax in male but wider than same in female; one pair

median marginals on segment two, a marginal row and at times weak discals on three,

one row of small marginals and one or more rows of stronger discals on segment four;

female genitalia without piercer.

Key to Species of Helioprosopa and Euhelioprosopa

5 .

Propleura bare, ocellars absent Helioprosopa Townsend, 2

Propleura setose, ocellars present Euhelioprosopa pactilis, n. gen. et n. sp.

Calypters white to tawny or yellow 3

Calypters black 6

Cheeks and parafacials black-haired 4

Cheek and parafacial vestiture golden; abdomen rusty yellow, with discals

on intermediate segments* parafrontal vestiture black, female only (Colom-

bia) aurifodina, n. sp.

Notal vittae broad and well defined to scutellar base 5

Notum subshining, vittae barely visible before and wholly obliterated behind

suture; parafrontals black and sharply delimited from pale or reddish para-

facials at level of lower frontals ; antennae red ; claws and pulvilli shorter than

apical tarsal segment (Mexico) electilis, n. sp.

Parafacials silvery on infuscated background, bearing three facioorbitals and

a vestiture of longish black hairs on outer half of entire length ; sternopleura

April 1964]

REINHARD TACIIINID FLIES

119

black-haired, male only (Chile) finita, n. sp.

Parafacials overlaid with heavy golden pollen on pale background, bearing

one facioorbital and clothed with shorter sparser black hairs; sternopleura in

male pale-haired on lower half (Brazil) facialis Townsend

6. Abdomen and legs predominantly black 7

Abdomen and legs except tarsi reddish yellow; parafacials subsilvery,

sparsely microsetose on outer margin; third antennal segment entirely black,

uncommonly broad and long, female only (Colombia) macrocera, n. sp.

7. Abdomen polished black, anal segment red-tipped and tawny pollinose on

basal half at sides, hairs on upper surface of intermedian segments short and

appressed; clypeus and epistoma silvery on pale ground color (Mexico, Co-

lombia) liciata, n. sp.

Abdomen opaque black with shiny rounded areas surrounding bases of all

macrochaetae, without any pale pollen, hairs on upper surface long and erect;

clypeus and epistoma blackish in ground color, female only (Colombia)

veleda, n. sp.

Helioprosopa aurifodina Reinhard, new species

A wholly reddish-yellow species with concolorous legs and tawny calyp-

ters.

Female. — Head with dense old gold pollen on a wholly pale background; front at

vertex 0.36 of head width, diverging rapidly into facial angle; frontalia narrowed

upwards, exceeding width of parafrontal; frontal row single, two bristles below

antennal base; three proclinate frontoorbitals and one facioorbital; antenna l'ed,

third segment largely infuscated and barely over length of second; brownish arista

pubescent to tip; cheek three-fifths eye length; haustellum moderately slender but

under head height; occiput slightly darkened on lateral margin above, clothed with

golden pile.

Thorax largely pale in ground color, notum darker and dusted with opaque gold

pollen and indistinctly vittate; scutellum wholly red, bearing strong lateral bristles

and with erect black hairs on disc, no well-differentiated discals. Wing largely

gray hyaline but with a yellow tinge costobasally ; veins reddish yellow, third setose

to small cross vein; hind cross vein less than half its length from V-shaped stump-

less cubitulus; last section of fifth vein well under one-half length of preceding

section; epaulet, subepaulet, and halteres pale red to yellow. Legs strongly black-

bristled; yellow, black-tipped claws and pale pulvilli shorter than last tarsal segment;

foretarsus stout, unmodified.

Abdomen rusty yellow with an elongate black macula along median line on anal

segment, entire upper surface opaque without pollen and semitranslucent basally at

sides and on venter; one pair of discals on segments two and three besides a com-

plete marginal row on latter; anal segment bearing three irregular discal rows and

a marginal row reduced to small hairs at middle above; blunt-tipped genitalia black

and closely retracted within tip of abdomen; sternites exposed and well bristled.

Male unknown.

Length, 9.5-11 mm.

Holotype female. — 6 miles west of Cali Valle, Colombia, 1,630 m,

120

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

20 March 1955 (E. I. Schlinger and E. S. Ross). Paratypes: 3 females,

same data as type, all in the California Academy of Sciences Collection.

Helioprosopa electilis Reinhard, new species

Male. — Head basically bicolored, occiput and parafrontals black, face including

sides and cheeks contrasting red, thin, whitish pollen sheen on front becoming denser

and more lustrous on parafacials and cheeks; frontalia red, not equal parafrontal

width at mid front level; front at vertex 0.41 of head width; frontals descending

about to apex level of second antennal segment; third antennal segment subor-

bicular infuscated on narrow outer margin, one and one-half times length of second;

black pubescent arista thickened to near apex, penultimate segment two or three

times longer than thick; haustellum slender but well under head height; cheek

four-fifths eye length, sparsely beset with black bristly hairs; occiput clothed with

white pile.

Thorax and scutellum bluish black with feebly shining surface lightly dusted with

rather uniform gray pollen which in favorable light shows four vague, dark dorsal

vittae; chaetotaxy as cited above, but with only one pair of postacrostichals (pre-

scutellars) well developed. Wing grayish hyaline; veins brown, third setulose to

small cross vein; bisinuate hind cross vein three-fifths its length from rectangular

cubitulus; last section of fifth vein a little under one-half length of preceding;

epaulet rufous, subepaulet paler reddish yellow. Legs black, tibiae more or less

rufous; claws and pulvilli shorter than last tarsal segment.

Abdomen black, apex red, last three segments above with thin, patternless gray

pollen extending thinly to or near hind margin of each; marginal row of bristles on

third segment incomplete, main discal row on anal segment strongly arcuate along

line of color demarcation; genital forceps wholly yellow, fused base obviously wider

than long and black -haired behind, tapered apical part sharply recurved; accessory

process with only the narrow polished tip visible in profile; fifth sternite lobes

beset with long black bristly hairs.

Female. — V ertex 0.40 of head width; antenna wholly red, third segment longer

than broad; anal orifice caudoventral, rounded posteriorly and strongly tapered

cephalad, blunt-tipped genitalia retracted. Other details as in male.

Length, 6.5 mm.

Holotype male and allotype female: Colima, Col., Mexico, 27 March

1934.

Helioprosopa macrocera Reinhard, new species

The bicolored habitus and large antennae readily distinguish this

species from its congeners.

Female. — Head with face, including sides and cheeks, silvery white on pale ground

color, parafrontals contrasting black lightly dusted with pale pollen and clothed with

fine, short black hairs; frontalia velvety black, about one-third parafrontal width;

frontal vertex 0.41 of head width; antenna subequal length of face, third segment

wider than length of second and nearly five times longer than same; arista pubescent

and thickened to near tip, second segment about three times longer than thick;

shining brown hard-textured proboscis barely one-half head height; cheek three-

April 1964]

REINHARD TACHINID FLIES

121

fourths eye length, sparsely clothed with fine, short black hairs; occiput cinereous

on dark background, with a moderately dense vestiture of white pile.

Thorax black, gray pollinose, notum marked by four slender, black vittae, inner

pair obsolete shortly behind suture, scutellum wholly red with two strong laterals

and no discals. Wing brownish to black with narrow hind margin slightly paler;

hind cross vein four-fifths its length from cubitulus; last section of fifth vein

slightly over one-third preceding section; veins black, third setulose nearly to small

cross vein; epaulet and subepaulet reddish; calypters black. Legs red, tarsi black;

mid tibia with six anterodorsal bristles of unequal size; foretarsus stout but not

noticeably dilated; red, black-tipped claws short.

Abdomen red, last three segments black maculate medianly above on basal half

(less on anal), surface without pollen and feebly shiny; marginal row on third seg-

ment complete and two discal rows of anal; genitalia retracted with blunt tip of

apical segment briefly exposed; sternites more widely exposed than in allied forms.

Male unknown.

Length, 10.5 mm.

Holotype female: Colombia, South America, without specified lo-

cality or collector. An ancient but well-preserved specimen received for

identification bearing a single, hand-written label “11302.”

Helioprosopa finita Reinhard, new species

Male. — Front at vertex 0.43 of head width; parafacials and parafrontals con-

colorous black; third antennal segment subtriangular and strongly convex on front

margin from base to lower apical extremity; arista thickened to tapered tip, first

segment more elongated than usual and subequal to length of second; cheek three-

fourths eye length, clothed with only weak bristly hairs.

Thoracic chaetotaxy as in H. facialis except front intraalar bristle lacking in the one

available specimen. Wing subhyaline, veins including costa reddish; hind cross

vein one-half its length from cubitulus; epaulet black. Legs black, claws and pul-

villi fully equal to length of last tarsal segment.

Abdomen black sides of intermediate segments rufous and apical half of fourth

orange red, each with silvery pollen above on basal half or less; hypopigium small,

retracted in repose; genital forceps as broad as long on basal half or more, thence

suddenly reduced to a narrow acute-tipped beak, hind surface of base punctate and

rather thickly clothed with long, fine, black hairs; free part of accessory process

shining brown, recurved and subpointed at apex; fourth sternite black, devoid of

bristles, fifth with a median U-shaped excision, black lobes bristled. Female un-

known.

Length, 10 mm.

Holotype male: Chile, Coq. 5 miles north of Laguna Dam, 8,000

feet, 6 December 1950, Ross and Michelbacher, in the California Acad-

emy of Sciences Collection.

Helioprosopa veleda Reinhard, new species

An opaque velvety black species in which all abdominal macrochaetae,

including discals on intermediate segments, are surrounded at base by

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

122

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

small, rounded, polished areas, which are apparent only under magni-

fication.

Female. — Head black in ground color, cheek, face, and parafacial gray to silvery,

parafrontal deep black and subshiny with a pruinose sheen apparent in most views;

red frontalia narrowed upwards and becoming blackish before vertex, about three-

fifths parafrontal width at mid front level; frontal row extending two bristles

below antennal base; front at vertex 0.43 of head width; antenna black rather slender,

third segment nearly twice length of second; black arista pubescent, moderately

thickened and tapered to near tip, second segment three or four times longer than

wide ; parafacial black-haired with one strong facioorbital below ; eye bare, reaching

a little short of vibrissal level ; cheek one-half eye length, sparsely clothed with fine

black hairs; haustellum slender and well over head height; occiput pale pilose.

Thorax grayish pollinose before and immediately behind suture, remainder of

notum including scutellum without any pale pollen. Wing smoky to black near base;

veins reddish brown, third setulose halfway or more to small cross vein ; last section

of fifth vein barely two-fifths length of preceding; hind cross vein slightly over

one-third its length from rectangular cubitulus, which bears a short fold in mem-

brane; halteres, epaulet, subepaulet, and calypters jet black. Legs black, tibiae more

or less reddish and strongly bristled; foretarsus simple; claws and pulvilli shorter

than last tarsal segment.

Abdomen broadly ovate and wider than thorax, clothed with longish, erect, black

hairs on entire upper surface with stout discals on each intermediate segment and

three or more irregular discal rows on last; a marginal row of 12 to 14 large, erect

bristles on segments two and three; genitalia retracted, terminating in a blunt-

tipped ovipositor; sternites exposed and well bristled. Male unknown.

Length, 9.5 mm.

Holotype female: Fusagasuga, Cundinamarca, Colombia, South

America, 10 September 1943 (H. Osorno) .

Helioprosopa facialis Townsend

Helioprosopa facialis Townsend, 1926, Gen. Muse. Hum. Trop. Arner., p. 239.

Townsend, 1939, Manual of Myiology, Part VIII, p. 195.

Male. — The principal distinctive color items are cited in the accompanying key;

head with antennal segments one and two orange red, third contrasting black, nearly

as wide as long and gently convex on anterior margin; arista black with second

segment scarcely over twice length of first; cheek one-half to three-fifths eye

length, front at vertex 0.38 and at lunule 0.51 of head width; postocellars well devel-

oped; haustellum-labella length about three-fourths head height.

Thorax and scutellum black, dusted with gray pollen, notum marked with four

broad, well-defined subshiny black vittae. Wing gray hyaline, veins brown, third

setulose to small cross vein; last section of fifth vein one-half length of preceding;

calypters opaque white ; epaulet red, subepaulet pallid. Legs black, tibiae somewhat

reddish and strongly bristled.

Abdomen black, apical half of anal segment orange red; three proximal segments

dusted with changeable silvery pollen on basal margin above but denser and less

lustrous on venter of each; hairs on upper surface appressed; hypopygium small

April 1964]

REINHARD TACHINID FLIES

123

and retracted; fourth sternite red, devoid of any vestiture, fifth black, with a deep

median excision, lobes clothed with black bristly hairs.

Female. — Front at vertex 0.37 of head width; two proclinate orbitals; third an-

tennal segment over twice as long as wide; cheek nearly three-fifths eye length;

foretarsus with intermediate segments flattened and distinctly widened; claws and

pulvilli short.

Length, 7.5-11.5 mm.

Redescribed from four males and four females in Dr. Paul Arnaud’s

collection, all labeled Nova Teutonia, Brazil, January to December 1958-

1959 (Fritz Plaumann) ; and 1 male, same data, except dated 8 May 1952.

The latter specimen was compared with the type in the U. S. National

Museum.

Helioprosopa liciata Reinhard, new species

Male. — Head with parafrontals bluish black, thinly pale pollinose and clothed

with a vestiture of long, erect, black hairs ; frontalia opaque brown, scarcely one-half

of parafrontal width; front at vertex 0.39 of head width; antenna black, apex of

second base of third segment reddish on inner face, latter approximating twice

length of second; pubescent black arista thickened on basal three-fifths, with pe-

nultimate segment elongated; cheek nearly three-fifths eye length; slender, shining

brown haustellum over one-half head height; occiput cinereous on dark background

clothed with dense white pile.

Thorax and scutellum shining black, lightly sprinkled with whitish pollen ap-

pearing densest in a flat rear view; notum showing four faintly marked vittae and

clothed with a vestiture of fine, black, erect hairs. Wing smoky, veins yellow to

brown, third setose halfway to small cross vein; last section of fifth vein barely one-

third length of preceding; hind cross vein two-fifths its length from cubitulus; latter

without any appendage, epaulet black, subepaulet orange red. Legs black, strongly

bristled; claws and pulvilli subequal to last tarsal segment.

Abdomen ovate, broader and longer than thorax, genitalia similar to H. finita but

the fused base of forceps narrower and accessory process largely concealed by the

convex orange-red side of second genital segment; sternites narrowly exposed and

bristled except fourth, lobes of fifth sternite clothed with fine black hairs.

Female. — Front at vertex 0.39 of head width; third antennal segment narrower

and straight on front margin; claws and pulvilli shorter than apical tarsal segment,

anal orifice broadly ovate, genitalia retracted.

Length, 8.5-9 mm.

Holotype male : “7 miles northeast of Jacala, Hidalgo, Mexico, 27

July 1954,” no collector’s label. Allotype female: Fusagasuga, Cundina-

marca, Colombia, South America, 10 September 1943 (H. Osorno).

Euhelioprosopa Reinhard, new genus

This genus, based upon the type species E. pactilis described below,

closely approximates the habitus of Helioprosopa (type, facialis Tns.),

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

124

[vol. 40, NO. 2

but differs in the pertinent characters cited in the accompanying key and

in others listed in the following description.

Euhelioprosopa pactilis Reinhard, new species

Male. — Head with parafacials, clypeus, and cheeks yellow pollinose on pale

background ; parafrontals subshiny black, lightly sprinkled with pale pollen ; front

strongly narrowed toward vertex which measures 0.30 of head width; frontalia con-

colorous with parafrontal and narrower than same; frontal rows doubled on widest

part of front, three or four bristles below antennal base; proclinate ocellars equal to

size of average frontal; parafacials black-haired along narrow outer margin and

bearing two strong facioorbitals; cheek one-half eye length; third antennal segment

black, strongly arched on front edge from base to apex and one-fourth longer than

second; penultimate aristal segment one-fourth length of third; occiput with a ruff

of pale yellowish white pile.

Thorax marked above with complete black vittae, scutellum concolorous. Wing

slightly infuscated; third vein with three or four setulae near base; last section of

fifth vein about one-third length of preceding; calypters pale; epaulet blackish and

sharply contrasted with subepaulet. Legs wholly black; mid tibia with three unequal

anterodorsal bristles; claws and pulvilli subequal to last tarsal segment.

Abdomen black, apex orange red; one pair of median discals on intermediate

segments and three irregular rows of discals on anal; hypopygium largely re-

tracted in repose, fused forceps strongly compressed, arched in profile and scarcely

narrowed apically, bluntly rounded on apex; accessory process extending briefly

forward from thick base thence sharply recurved and tapered to a narrow black-

polished apex; fifth sternite black, lobes clothed with whitish pubescence and

scattered black hairs. Female unknown.

Length, 9 mm.

Holotype male : “Chile: 50 kilometers south of LaSorena, 2 De-

cember 1950, Ross and Michelbacher,” in the California Academy of

Sciences Collection.

MEETING ANNOUNCEMENT

The annual meeting of the Pacific Branch of the Entomological Society of

America will be held 15-18 June 1964 at the Edgewater Inn, Marina Hotel, Long

Beach, California. Among the topics to be presented are symposia on food selection

by insects and on insect pheromones.

April 1964]

BENNETT NEST OF CENTRIS

125

Notes on the Nesting Site of Centris dercisa

(Ilymenoptera : Apoidea)

Fred D. Bennett

Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, JF est Indies

In June 1962 Mr. S. Ramsumair, Entomology Department, University

of the West Indies, mentioned that on several occasions he had found

larvae and pupae of a large bee in the nests of an arboreal termite. In

his company I opened a few termite nests in which we found several

empty cells of the same type from which he had obtained his specimens.

During the next few months I opened several nests and arranged to have

my assistant, Mr. D. Bharath, open additional ones. Although many nests

contained old empty cells, it was not until October that a cell containing

a living larva was found. Attempts to rear larvae from opened cells were

unsuccessful and, although 50 undisturbed termite nests were patrolled

at weekly intervals for several weeks, no sign of bee activity was noted

until 28 December when Mr. Bharath found a termite nest from which

the abdomen of a bee protruded. The bee was dead and had been attached

firmly to the nest by the termites. It had been dead for only a day or so as

the abdomen was still flexible. Although damaged considerably when

removing it from the nest, it proved to be the same species as two females

caught in October around the yellow flowers of Cassia multijuga. These

specimens were subsequently identified by specialists at the Common-

wealth Institute of Entomology as Centris derasa Lepeletier. Termites

from several of the nests were determined as Microcerotermes arboreus

Emerson by Mr. W. E. Harris. A description and illustration of the nest

of this species have been provided by Adamson (1937). An additional

female captured later in its tunnel within a termite nest was also deter-

mined as Centris derasa by Padre Jesus S. Moure, C. M. F., Universidad

do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.

Records were kept on the termite nests opened during the period Sep-

tember 1962 through May 1963 and the number containing cells, the total

number of cells, the nest with the largest number of cells, and the cells

containing immature stages being noted. This information is summarized

in Table 1. As large termite nests may be several years of age, cells con-

structed throughout this period were present and recognizable. For

example, the nest containing the greatest number of Centris cells (150)

was very large and possibly more than 5 years old. Although the cells

may be occupied by the termites after the emergence of the bees, the cell

walls remain more or less intact and are readily recognizable when a nest

is dismantled. The number of provisioned cells found during dissection

126 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 40, NO. 2

Table 1. Summary of termite nests examined for stages of Centris

derasa, September 1962 through May 1963.

Month

No. of Nests

Examined

No. of Nests

with Cells

Total

Cells

Largest No.

of Cells in

One Nest

Living Stages

1962

September

124

—

October

174

1 larva

November

138

1,101

150

1 larva

December

432

1 dead adult

3 provisioned

cells

1963

January

588

—

February

117

303

1 dead adult

4 provisioned

cells

1 live adult

March

166

1 dead adult

April

145

—

May

4 provisioned

cells

of the nests was disappointingly small, and attempts to rear adults from

these were unsuccessful. It is believed that many of the cells after being

provisioned and sealed off were invaded by the termites, resulting in the

death of the developing bee.

As the cells are found in sections of the nests in which the termites are

active, it is apparent that the female bee tunnels into the nest in the presence

of the termites, often to a depth of 4 to 6 inches. Because of termite ac-

tivities, the bee obviously must work quickly to construct, provision, and

seal each cell before it is invaded by the termites. From two to five cells

lying end to end are present in each series of cells. In a few nests a second

tunnel branching from the same entrance hole has been found, but in

most nests the position of the different series would indicate the con-

struction of a separate entrance hole for each.

The cells are elongate (length 22-24 mm) circular in cross section,

broadest near the lower end (diameter 15 mm) and tapering gradually

to the upper end (diameter 11 mm). The upper end is closed with a

flat cap, whereas the lower end may be flattened or rounded externally

but is always rounded internally. Each cell consists of an outer layer pre-

sumably constructed mainly of mud obtained from the termite nest and a

smooth, dark inner layer approximately 0.2 mm in thickness apparently

constructed of a mixture of mud and wax. This layer is impermeable to

water. The full-grown larva prior to pupation lines the cell with a thin,

April 1964]

BENNETT — NEST OF CENTRIS

127

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 1. Section of nest of Microcerotennes cirboreus containing four cells of

Centris derasa.

golden, papery cocoon. A section of the nest with four cells is shown in

Fig. 1.

Although attempts to rear adults from larvae obtained from cells were

unsuccessful, one partially grown larva removed with the pollen mass

from the same cell and placed in a paper-lined glass vial of slightly larger

diameter than the cell completed its feeding, lined the vial with the golden

papery cocoon, and pupated but died in the late pupal stage. Two full-

grown larvae pupated in similar containers but also failed to attain the

imago stage.

No published records of other nesting sites of Centris derasa have been

noted nor have there been any records of other species of the genus in-

habiting termite nests. It cannot be definitely stated, therefore, that Centris

derasa does not at times also construct cells in the soil as do many other

species of the genus, but evidence to date indicates that nests of Micro-

cerotermes arboreus Emerson are the only sites utilized.

The evolution of the peculiar habit of utilizing termite nests can only be

surmised. As many species of Centris do nest in the ground, certain spe-

cies at a depth of several feet in compact soil, little adaption is needed

128

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

for the construction of tunnels in nests of those species of termites which

are constructed of earth or mud apart from the ability to work in the

presence of termites and to construct, provision, and seal cells which are

resistant to termite attack. As M. arboreus at times constructs nests at

ground level, it is conceivable that in an earlier evolutionary period during

a series of very wet years when the ground was too waterlogged for the

construction of nests in the soil the bees started to utilize abandoned

termite nests near ground level. From this it would then be a short step to

the utilization of occupied nests several feet above the ground, particu-

larly as tunnels are constructed quite rapidly, probably in the space of

one day, and in the event of partial blockage by the termites during the

night they could very quickly be reopened the following day. Similarly,

once a cell has been constructed it is probably provisioned and sealed

during the same day.

Literature Cited

Adamson, A. M. 1937. Preliminary report on termites and termite damage in

Trinidad, West Indies. Trop. Agric., 14: 141-149.

Trichoptera of Baja California

D. G. Denning

Moraga, California

Several collections of Trichoptera from Baja California have recently

been made by members of the California Academy of Sciences and the

University of California. These collections have largely been responsible

for almost doubling the known trichopterous fauna of Baja California.

Of particular interest are three new species which are herein described.

To date the majority of Trichoptera from Baja California are also

known from the western United States and western Mexico. Future col-

lecting should determine if the new species are endemic species; it is

probable that only Atopsyche hintoni, n. sp., is confined to the peninsula.

In January 1959, H. B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, col-

lected one larva and several pupae of a rhyacophilid in a stream near

Miraflores, Baja California. The stream is subject to rapid torrents fol-

lowing tropical storms and is considerably scarred. The stream bed

contains large boulders and at the time of collecting contained deep pools

of water. Mr. Leech states, “I collected chiefly in various shallow pools

with sandy shores and bottoms, and in the stream joining them.” A

mature male was dissected from one pupal case and the new Atopsyche

described herein is based on that male.

April 1964] denning — trichoptera of baja California

129

In 1950, H. E. Hinton described the chelate front leg of an undetermined

Bolivian Atopsyche larva. Of interest to insect morphologists and tax-

onomists is that, as Hinton discussed, chelate legs are not known from

any other trichopteran, nor “in any other endopterygote larvae except in

a dytiscid, Matus bicarinatus Say. . . The significance of Leech’s col-

lection is that a definite association of larva, pupa, and adult to a de-

scribed atopsychid is now possible.

Atopsyche hintoni Denning, new species

(Figs. 1-2)

This is the first Atopsyche to be described from Baja California. On

the basis of the constricted apical segment of the clasper and the paracer-

cus with two prominent dorsal spines, it is related to boneti Ross and King.

The paracercus with its distinctive spines and the aedeagus with the ven-

tral lobes will distinguish this species. One mature larva and 4 pupae were

collected together. The identity of the larva was established by means

of the male metamorphotype.

Larva. — Length 13 mm, width 1.5 mm. Head fuscus. Frontoclypeus sutures well

marked, slightly depressed. Eyes scarcely discernible, antennae atrophied. Four

pairs of setae arise from genae, none from frontoclypeus. Two pairs of minute setae

arise from labrum near anterior margin. Maxillary palpi with third segment conical

and longer than first two; labial palpi single segmented, small (Fig. 2A). Man-

dible (Fig. 2B) with prominent mesal tooth.

Pronotum yellowish, lateral margins dark, posterior margin black; mesonota and

metanota light yellowish color. Legs uniformly yellowish except for the anterior

dark stripe of the large coxae. First pair of legs chelate, ventral corner of femur

(Fig. 2C) , produced into a prominent thumb-like process bearing a rather stout, dorsal

seta directly mesad; tibia and tarsus greatly reduced, the hinged tibia permitting it

and the tarsus to fit closely along edge of the chelated femur (Fig. 2D). Accord-

ingly, a very efficient grasping organ for the predacious larva has been developed in

the genus. Anal claspers or hooks (Fig. 2E) short, apically acute, no auxiliary hooks;

sclerotized shield present on ninth tergum. External gills absent.

Pupa. — Length 7 mm. Ellipsoid pupae brownish, in appearance very similar to a

dipteran puparium. Mandible long, sickle-shaped, mesal margin serrate, apex acute

(Fig. 2F). Labrum subtriangular. Mature male removed from pupa and described

as a new species.

Adult. — Sternites 6 and 7 bearing a prominent mesal spine. Genitalia as in Fig. 1.

Tenth tergite consists of a large semimembranous lobe directed dorsocaudad, seen

from dorsal aspect basal portion flared laterad. Paracercus bearing a strong

dorsal spine near apex and a smaller spine near center; apex obtuse, setiferous,

bearing an apical dorsad-directed hook. Filicercus filiform, apically clavate, se-

tiferous entire length. Clasper with basal segment practically same width throughout,

apical segment slightly constricted, curved ventrad. Aedeagus somewhat slipper-

shaped from lateral aspect (Fig. 1), ventral margin produced into a slender, long

lobe near base, apical lobe produced caudad and slightly dorsad; seen from ventral

aspect only the strong mesal edge discernible, the dorsal portion flared slightly

laterad between the paracerci; inner rod plainly visible from ventral or lateral aspect.

130

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

Holotype mature male pupa: Miraflores, Baja California, 19 Jan-

uary 1959, H. B. Leech. Collected in a stream in Arroyo San Bernadino,

about 3 MILES NORTHWEST OF Miraflores, the stream is a tributary to

Arroyo San Jose. Paratypes, one mature larva, three immature pupae.

Types deposited in California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Cal-

ifornia.

HELICOPSYCHE PIET IA

April 1964] denning — trichoptera of raja California

131

It is with pleasure that I name this new species in honor of Dr. H. E.

Hinton. While at the University of Bristol, Dr. Hinton described the first

known chelate front leg of a Trichoptera. Hinton’s study of the muscula-

ture of the greatly developed femur and trochanter, and the greatly re-

duced tibia and tarsus revealed very little modification from a nonchelate

per

Tinodes powelli Denning, new species

(Fig. 3)

This species is related to consueta McL. and may be distinguished from

it by the long apical segment of the clasper, by the mesal portion of the

basal segment of the clasper which is produced into three acute apices

rather than two, by the unarmed lobe of the aedeagus, and several other

differences.

Male. — Length 8-9 mm. Wings, body, appendages light brown, palpi similar in

color, glabrous. Front tibia with no preapical spur, spurs brownish and glabrous.

Genitalia as in Fig. 3. Ninth tergum produced caudodorsad as an elongate triangu-

lar lobe, apex fringed with a membranous sheath; ninth sternite largely withdrawn

into eighth, only a narrow subtriangular portion exposed. Cerci elongate, fusiform,

extending caudad beyond any portion of genitalia, setae minute and sparse. Basal

segment of clasper quadrate, ventral corner produced caudad as an acuminate point

when viewed laterally (Fig. 3A) ; from ventral aspect (Fig. 3B), ventral lobe is

divided into two acute apices and the mesal lobe into one acute apex; apical segment

narrow, somewhat sinuate, apex subacute from lateral aspect. Mesal blade of clasper

curved ventrad, acuminate, in about half the males examined a short acute dorsad-

curved spine arises from the left basal portion. Aedeagus lobe (the tenth tergite?)

single, unarmed; the lobe is normally placed within a dorsal groove of the aedeagus.

Aedeagus (Fig. 3C) armed with prominent basal and apical spines.

Female. — Length 10-11 mm. General structure and coloration similar to male

except for usual antigenetic differences. Apical segments of abdomen character-

istically elongate and conical. Eighth tergite large, occupying a major portion of

segment. Tenth tergite consists of a pair of elongate obtuse plates bearing the usual

pair of minute setae distally.

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1 . Atopsyche hintoni, male genitalia, lateral aspect. Fig. 2. Atopsyche

hintoni, larva, pupa; 2A, maxillo-labrium, ventral aspect; st, stipes; pf, palpifer;

mp, maxillary palp; ga, galea; pg, palpiger; lp, labial palp; 2B, right, larval man-

dible; 2C, larval foreleg; cx, coxa; tr, trochanter; fe, femur; li, tibia; ta, tarsus; tc,

tarsal claw; 2D, larval chelate-claws, enlarged; 2E, right, larva] anal hook; 2F, right,

pupal mandible. Fig. 3. Tinodes powelli, male genitalia; 3A, lateral aspect; 3B,

claspers, ventral aspect; 3C, aedeagus, dorsal aspect. Fig. 4. Helicopsyche mexi-

cana Banks, clasper, lateral aspect. Fig. 5. Helicopsyche pietia, 5A, male geni-

talia, lateral aspect; 5B, clasper, lateral aspect; 5C, female genitalia, lateral aspect.

132

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

Holotype male : Sierra San Pedro Martir, 6,500 feet, La Grulla,

Baja California, Mexico, 28 May 1958, J. A. Powell. Allotype female,

same data as for holotype. Paratypes, 5 males, 1 female, same data as for

holotype; 2 males, 2 females, Arroyo Santo Domingo, 5.8 miles from

Hamilton Ranch, Baja California, Mexico, 22 April 1963, P. H. Arnaud

and H. B. Leech. Paratypes deposited in California Academy of Sciences,

San Francisco, California. Holotype and allotype are in the author’s col-

lection.

I take pleasure in naming this new Tinodes in honor of the collector,

Dr. J. A. Powell, California Insect Survey, University of California, Berke-

ley.

Helicopsyche pietia Denning, new species

(Fig. 5)

This species appears to be related to mexicana Banks, and may be dis-

tinguished from that species by the acute lateral projection arising from

the clasper ; in mexicana the apical corner is produced into a sharp point

(Fig. 4).

Male. — Length 8-9 mm. Head, body, and appendages ]ight tan color, wings

uniformly tan. Sixth sternite bearing a yellowish mesal spur, almost as long as ster-

nite, third and fourth sternites reticulated. Genitalia as in Fig. 5. Ninth sternite

narrowed to about half the width of the mesal portion; ninth tergite narrowed and

merged into the tenth tergite. Cerci narrow, small, and inconspicuous. Tenth tergite

long, narrowed distally, a dorsolateral sclerotized ridge extends entire length.

Claspers large, dorsal margin broadly arcuate, caudal margin produced ventrocaudad

as a prominent attenuated point (Fig. 5A) ; ventral margin bearing a dense brush

of long, yellowish setae; mesal portion at base cushiondike, bearing dense, short,

brownish spines best viewed from laterocaudal view (Fig. 5B) ; seen from ventro-

caudal aspect mesal cushion stalked. Aedeagus slightly curved, cylindrical, apex

with mesal incision and extending slightly beyond clasper.

Female. — Length 9-10 mm. Similar to male in general appearance but more

robust and slightly darker brown. Fifth, sixth, and seventh sternites reticulated.

Sixth and seventh sternites bear a dense row of dark yellow setae. Seventh sternite

hearing a small, dark yellow mesal spur. Genitalia typical for genus, as in Fig. 5C.

Holotype male : 3 miles southwest of Mission San Javier south-

west of Loreto, Baja California, Mexico ; 14 December 1958, H. B.

Leech. Allotype female, same data as for holotype. Paratypes, 3 males,

9 females, same data as for holotype. All types in California Academy of

Sciences except 2 male and 2 female paratypes in the author’s collection.

This is the fifth helicopsychid species described from the U. S. and

Mexico. All species but H. limnella Ross have been recorded from Mexico.

April 1964] denning — trichoptera of baja California

133

The key to the males of Helicopsyche in the Nearctic by Ross (1944)

can be revised to accommodate this new species, as follows:

1. Claspers with apical coiner or apicocaudal margin produced into an acute,

triangular point 2

Claspers with apical corner rounded 4

2. Mesal process at hase of claspers cushion-like, sclerotized mesal projection of

sixth sternite yellowish and about half the length of the sternite

mexicana Banks

Mesal process at hase of clasper stalked, sclerotized mesal projection of sixth

sternite yellowish or black 3

3. Mesal process of sixth sternite black, as long or longer than sternite

limnella Ross

Mesal process of sixth sternite yellow, not as long as sixth sternite pietia, n. sp.

4. Claspers angled and shaped like a boomerang piroa Ross

Claspers only slightly curved, broad, and spatulate borealis Hagen

In 1951 Ross recorded 14 species of Trichoptera from Baja California.

Additional records that are now available and listed herein increase the

known species to 26. In addition to the three new species described here,

only three species are as yet known only from Baja California: Chimarra

laguna Ross, Polycentropus bartolus Denning, and Lepidosloma rhino

Ross.

Riiyacophilidae

1. Rhyacophila rayneri Ross California and Baja California

2. Atopsyche hintoni, n. sp. Baja California

Philopotamidae

3. Chimarra angustipennis Banks Southwestern United States, western Mex-

ico, and Baja California

4. Chimarra barranca Denning Baja California, western Mexico, and

Texas

5. Chimarra elia Ross Southwestern United States, Baja Cali-

fornia

6. Chimarra laguna Ross Baja California

7. Chimarra utahensis Ross Western United States and Baja California

PsYCHOMIIDAE

8. Polycentropus bartolus Denning Baja California

9. T inodes powelli, n. sp. Baja California

Hydropsychidae

10. Hydropsyche occidentalis Banks Western United States and Baja California

11. Hydropsyche oslari Banks Western United States and Baja California

12. Hydropsyche philo Ross California and Baja California

13. Cheumatopsyche micleli Denning California, Baja California, and Sonora

14. Smicridia sp. Baja California

134

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 40, NO. 2

Limnephilidae

15. Limnephilus frijole Ross Southwestern United States and Baja Cal-

ifornia

Odontoceridae

16. Mar ilia jlexuosa Ulmer Texas, Brazil, Arizona, and Baja California

17. Marilia nobsca Milne Texas and Baja California

Calamoceratidae

18. Notiomyia sagittosa Ross Baja California and Sonora

Leptoceridae

19. Oecetis disjuncta (Banks) Western United States and Baja California

20. Oecetis inconspicua (Walker) North America including Baja California

21. Leptocella sp. Baja California

22. Mystacides alafimbriata Griffin Western United States and Baja California

Lepidostomatidae

23. Lepidostoma rhino Ross Baja California

Sericostomatidae

24. Sericostoma griseolum McLachlan California and Baja California

Helicopsychidae

25. Helicopsyche borealis (Hagen) North America including Baja California

26. Helicopsyche pietia, n. sp. Baja California

Literature Cited

Hinton, H. E. 1950. A trichopterous larva with a chelate front leg. Proc. Roy.

Entomol. Soc. London (A), 25: 62-65, 3 figs.

Ross, H. H. 1951. The Trichoptera of Lower California. Proc. California Acad.

Sci., 27 (3) : 65-76, 3 figs.

1951. The origin and dispersal of a group of primitive caddisflies. Evolution, 5:

102-115.

1953. Additional material on the phylogeny and dispersal of Atopsyche. Jour.

Washington Acad. Sci., 43 (9) : 287-293.

Ross, H. H., and E. W. King. 1952. Biogeographic and taxonomic studies in

Atopsyche (Trichoptera, Rhyacophilidae) . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 45

(2): 177-204, 23 figs.

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Whatever your insect problem, you'll find an

answer in the Malathion Handbook. Order now.'

c — crAWAMin — s

VELSICOL PESTICIDES:

INSECT, WEED, AND PLANT DISEASE CONTROLS

Velsicol pesticides have demonstrated great utility, throughout the world. If you are interested in the

protection of food or fiber crops, public health, pest control operation, or related fields, we would like

to offer you technical information about these versatile compounds. Please write Velsicol Chemical

Corporation, 341 E. Ohio Street, Chicago, III. 60611

HE 8 31 b. I'D E S

BAN DANE

Pre-emergence crabgrass control that's safe for new and

established lawns.

BANVEL D

A herbicide for control of broadleaved perennial weeds

in turf.

INSECTICIDES

\ >X|: T-Iv

CHLORDANE

A broad range chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide. The

leading lawn, garden, household insecticide.

ENORIN

An insecticide that is effective against many hard to kill

insect pests of cotton, tobacco, tree fruits, etc.

HEPTACHLOR

A versatile chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide. Widely

used for soil insect control on major crops.

METHYL PARATHION

A versatile insecticide used in combination with Endrin

in all purpose sprays and dusts.

\ ;•

FUMIGANTS

ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE

An insecticidal fumigant, nematocide and soil insecticide.

Usually used in combination with methyl bromide.

METHYL BROMIDE

An insecticidal fumigant, rodenticide, nematocide, and

herbicide.

FUNGICIDES

EMMI

Used for control of smut, blight, and decay on small

grains. Also controls scab, fusarlum and curvularvia on

gladiolus corms. Also used to control dollar spot and

brown patch on St. Augustine, Bermuda and Zoysia

grasses.

FERBAM

Fungicide used in control of scab and cedar apple rust

and as a protective fungicide for other crops. Also used

to control blue mold in tobacco plant beds.

ZIRAM

Fungicide used extensively on vegetables and on some

fruit crops. Best used as a preventive treatment.

2-1

Turf fungicide used to control brown patch, dollar spot,

snow mold and other turf diseases.

PMA

An organic foliage fungicide also used for post emer-

gence crabgrass control, seed treatment, and turf disease

control.

VELSICOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION/341 E. Ohio St., Chicago, III. 60611

VELSICOL INTER NATIONAL CORP., C.A./P. O. Box 1687, Nassau, Bahamas, B.W.I.

VELSICOL CORPORATION OF CANADA, LIMITED / 2 Carlton St., Suite 1018, Toronto 2, Canada

VELSICOL INTERNACIONAL DE MEXICO S.A. OE C.V./Morelos No. 110-Desp. 209, Mexico 6, D.F.

CLEAN

QUALITY

FRUIT

Fight brown rot . . . shot hole . . . curly leaf. Protect now against fungus

damage with a tough, long lasting copper coating of Bordeaux Mixture

freshly prepared with a Mountain Powdered Bluestone. You'll find

Mountain Basic (Tribasic) Copper Sulphate ideal for vapor sprayers

and high speed spraying equipment. Its 53% copper, expressed as

metallic, is uniform in particle size — gives you unusually complete

coverage, higher crop security.

For reliable protection —

head for the MOUNTAIN!

At your dealer's

MOUNTAIN COPPER CO., LTD.

MARTINEZ - CALIFORNIA

A Service for the Field

Testing & Evaluation

Agricultural Chemicals

Under Western Conditions

Entomology

Chemistry

Floriculture

Engineering

Plant Pathology

Trojan Laboratories

Box 326

Montebello, California

Vll

THEY ALL DIE FOR

miticide and insecticide toxicant

&'■ /' ' M v . •-

*■ i X X ,

>V"' $fj

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TICKS . . .

Delnav has proved to be superior

for control of all ticks in homes, dog-

houses, lawns and other outdoor areas,

including hard-to-kill brown dog tick.

CITRUS MITES . . .

Delnav has shown citrus growers

how they can gain superior control of

mite infestations at low cost. Delnav

gives effective long-lasting protection,

and there’s no preharvest waiting period.

LIVESTOCK INSECTS . . .

Delnav has been approved by the

Food and Drug Administration as a dip

or spray with no preslaughter interval

required. Animals may be treated any

time before slaughter. Delnav controls

ticks, lice, horn fly and sheep ked.

DELNAV is the technical grade

of the chemical 2,3,p-dioxanedithiol S,

S-bis (O, O-diethyl phosphorodithioate) .

120 MONTGOMERY STREET, SAN FRANCISCO 4-, CALIFORNIA

Vlll

Putting Ideas to Work

NIAGARA CHEMICAL DIVISION

ANAHEIM • FRESNO • RICHMOND ■ YAKIMA

Home Office: MIDDLEPORT, NEW YORK

Recognize

this mark?

Chemagro

k CHEMAGRO

CORPORATION

KANSAS CITY 20 • MISSOURI

It is the Chemagro Corporation trademark.

You see it on all chemical products

manufactured by Chemagro. More often,

it is called the Chemagro bullseye.

The blue bullseye is well known throughout

all areas of agriculture. Insecticides, pesticides

and defoliants identified by it result from

years of continuous research.

Currently we have fourteen products marked

with the familiar bullseye. Soon there will'

be more. Watch for them. They will be

easily identified by the blue bullseye.

You will be able to rely on our new

products as completely as you do our

present ones. Because they, too, will

come from sound, basic research.

CHEMAGRO

CORPORATION

KANSAS CITY 20 • MISSOURI

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' ' •. ■■ .

■ : ' ■■ ■.

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Plagued by mites who seem to thrive on phosphate? Get ARAMITE®,

effective, approved miticide. Tests in the field for the past twelve

years prove aramite kills a wide variety of mites, including those who

resist phosphate, and not one has developed a resistance to aramite.

Applied as a wet spray or dust, aramite has a long residual. It kills

both nymph and adult mites on cotton, ornamentals, fruit and shade

trees. Approved by the U.S.D.A. for mite control of cotton, aramite

is safe to use and does not harm bees or other beneficial insects. For

effective, economical mite control, order ARAMITE from your local

supplier.

NAUGATUCK CHEMICAL DIVISION

United States Rubber

Dspt. 9141 AR Elm Street Naugatuck, Connecticut

DISTRICT OFFICES: Akron • Boston • Portland • San Francisco • Chicago • Detroit

Gastonia • Los Angeles • Dallas • New Brunswick, N .J. • Dominion Rubber Company,

Ltd., Montreal • CABLE: Rubexport, N.Y.

mmmm

^ biiiim

Pelrofeym Derivative Solvent

P6ipr:*89*-

4 poundf DDT per

ENTIRE label, use strictly in

w ith label cautions, warn:

ri °NS; AND in conformity '

^ND STATE REGULATIONS.

The most important 21 words in pest control

Those words pretty well speak for

themselves. It takes thousands of

hours of tests to come up with those

label directions — laboratory and field

tests conducted by the ORTHO

staff of agricultural scientists — the

largest in the industry. Tests that

have to meet the stringent standards

of government agencies.

But the important thing is what

happens when you use the product.

And following the label directions

has always been the best way to

make sure that you get the safest,

most effective and economical per-

T.M. REG. U.S. PAT. OFF.: ORTHO, HELPING THE WORLD GROW BETTER.

formance possible. That’s why the

label should always be read and

understood before any chemical

product is used. And that’s why

our dealers and fieldmen are always

ready to help with any questions

you might have.

(ORTHO)

lt Helping the World Grow Better ”

CALIFORNIA CHEMICAL COMPANY, ortho division

200 Bush Street, San Francisco 20, California

ON ALL CHEMICALS, READ DIRECTIONS AND CAUTIONS BEFORE USE.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including

articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history, and

distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and may be charged to the author.

Papers are published in approximately the order that they are received. Immediate publi-

cation may be arranged after acceptance by paying publication costs. Papers of less than

a printed page may be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the

Editor, Howell V. Daly, 112 Agriculture Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California

94720.

Typing . — All parts of manuscripts must be typed on bond paper with double-spacing and

ample margins. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 8*4 X 11 inches are not