Vol. 41 JANUARY 1965 No. 1

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

contents

HARWOOD — Observations on distribution and biology of Phlebotomus

sandflies from northwestern North America 1

JEWETT — Four new stoneflies from California and Oregon 5

SMITH — A name change and new synonymy for a species of Ardis in

North America 9

BUTLER AND WERNER — Light-trap records of three cactus-eating

moths in Arizona 10

DAWSON, SOKOLOFF, AND RODRIGUEZ— A sexual aberration in

the red rust flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum 13

CALTAGIRONE — A new Phanerotoma from California 17

CAZIER AND MORTENSON — Studies on the bionomics of sphecoid

wasps. IV. Nitelopterus laticeps and Nitelopterus texanus 21

CAZIER AND MORTENSON — Studies on the bionomics of sphecoid

wasps. V. Bothynostethus distinctus and Entomognathus texana 30

CAZIER AND MORTENSON — Studies on the bionomics of sphecoid

wasps. VI. Fernaldina lucae 34

MOORE — Ecbletus, a genus of Staphylinid beetle new to the Nearctic

region 44

WIRTH — Two new species of Macrurohelea from Chile 46

BUTLER — A modified Malaise insect trap 51

CHCjO — Some chrysomelid beetles from East Asia in the California

Academy of Sciences 54

SLATER AND LATTIN — Lachnestes singalensis (Dohrn), a lygaeid

new to the western hemisphere 58

HUFFAKER AND DOUTT — Establishment of the coccinellid,

Chilocorus bipustulatus Linnaeus, in California olive groves 61

SCIENTIFIC NOTES 12, 50

RECENT LITERATURE 29, 53

BOOK REVIEW 64

E. 0. ESSIG OBITUARY 63

PROCEEDINGS, PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 65

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA * 1965

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Yol. 41 January 1965 No. 1

Observations on Distribution and Biology of Phlebotomus

Sandflies from Northwestern North America 1

(Diptera : Psychodidae)

Robert F. Harwood 2

Washington State University, Pullman

Since an earlier report on four species of Phlebotomus from Wash-

ington (Fairchild and Harwood, 1961) attempts have been made to

determine their life cycle by rearing and to obtain further information

on northern limits of distribution. Adults were trapped from burrows

of the yellow-bellied marmot, Marmota flaviventris avara Bangs, by the

method previously reported. The purpose of marmot burrow habitation

has not been determined, though it is suspected the immature stages

develop there and adults use such sites for resting. Evidence from

laboratory rearing makes it doubtful that mammals serve as the source

of an adult blood meal.

Additional distribution records, though by no means exhaustive,

indicate the northern limits include southern Alberta and British

Columbia. Single collections received from cooperators contained

Phlebotomus oppidanus Dampf from the vicinity of Kamloops, British

Columbia; Phlebotomus vexcitor occidentis Fairchild and Hertig and

Phlebotomus aquilonius Fairchild and Harwood from the vicinity of

Police Creek in southern Alberta. A number of collections of these three

species have been made from marmot burrows along the Snake River

in Whitman County, Washington. Six days of trapping burrows of

Marmota monax in mid- August of 1963 in the vicinity of Edmonton

(54° N) and Peace River, Alberta (55.5° N) failed to yield Phle-

botomus.

Chambers with moist plaster of Paris substrates were constructed for

rearing experiments. General procedures resembled those described by

Hertig and Johnson (1961). In place of porous bean pots, a plaster of

Paris base was formed at the bottom and sides of 1-pint fiber ice-cream

1 This study was supported by grant AI-2253 from the National Institutes of Health, U. S.

Public Health Service.

2 Associate Entomologist, Washington State University. Washington Agricultural Experiment

Stations Scientific Paper 2547, Project 1434.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 1-4. January 1965

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| VOL. 41, NO. 1

cartons, with a tongue of plaster of Paris extending below a hole in the

bottom of the container. Each rearing chamber was placed on a jar

filled with distilled water, and cheesecloth wick connecting between the

plaster of Paris tongue and the water kept the rearing chamber

substrate moist continuously. In a humid rearing room these chambers

maintained adequate moisture for at least 2 weeks without replenishment

of the water reservoir.

Oviposition was obtained by isolating gravid or engorged females in

glass tubes plugged at the lower end with moist plaster of Paris. A moist

strip of filter paper also served as a resting surface and oviposition site.

The upper end of the tube was stoppered with absorbent cotton

moistened with 10% sucrose solution, thus providing females with a

carbohydrate source. Eggs were transferred to rearing chambers by

washing them loose with distilled water and sucking them up with a

medicine dropper, or if on filter paper a small part of the strip con-

taining eggs was placed directly in a rearing chamber. All rearing, with

exceptions noted hereafter, took place at 22° C in dim constant light.

A variety of larval foodstuffs was tried. The basal ingredient of all

diets consisted of oven-dried (100° C) guinea pig feces. To this various

groups had soil, brewer’s yeast, soy flour, pulverized adult mosquitoes,

and B vitamin mixtures added. Larvae were observed to feed on all

of these foodstuffs, but insect material and some of the abundant molds

seemed most acceptable. On several occasions larvae were seen feeding

exclusively on a tan-colored Aspergillus mold growing up the plaster

sides of the container.

Observations on life cycle are based on 25 females which oviposited

in the laboratory after taking a blood meal, or as a consequence of being

gravid at capture. From 19 instances where larvae were obtained (18

P. vexator occidentis, 1 P. oppidanus ) a fairly complete analysis of post-

embryonic development is possible. Figures related here are for P.

vexator occidentis though the single group of P. oppidanus larvae were

similar in growth characteristics.

Adults were offered a variety of vertebrates but fed exclusively on

reptiles. Common garter snakes, bull snakes, and two other species of

nonpoisonous snakes, and a small lizard were all acceptable. Larger

snakes, near 2 feet in length, seemed most readily fed upon. No feeding-

occurred upon proffered frogs, young or adult white mice, or humans.

Egg development following a blood meal was quite variable. Of nine

cases where the timing was relatively exact the preoviposition period

varied from 8 to 18 days, a period of 12 days seeming to be most

frequent. It is doubtful that the full ovipositional potential was realized

January 1965] harwood — biology of sandflies

under laboratory conditions where only a single blood feeding took

place since the females usually died during the act of egg laying while

often still containing fully developed eggs. Numbers of eggs actually

laid by P. vexator occidentis ranged from 7-72 with an average of 34.2.

Maximum potential for a single oviposition, as indicated by combining

eggs laid with full-sized ones remaining in the dead female, was 86.

Time from oviposition to larval hatching was 13—14 days.

In most instances larval development was halted by diapause in the

last instar. Such diapause is characterized by very low larval activity

and infrequent feeding. There is evidence that adult emergence early in

the season is most likely to yield noncliapause larvae. One P. oppidanus

captured on 22 June produced five larvae, three of which (60%) under-

went uninterrupted development. A P. vexator occidentis captured on

29 June produced 21 larvae, 8 of which (38%) developed without

diapause. In only two instances (P. vexator occidentis ) did nondiapause

development occur in the progeny of the females collected after June.

One individual captured on 30 July produced 21 larvae from which

2 pupae (9.5%) were obtained; the other captured 10 September pro-

duced 14 larvae, one of which (7%) pupated. The nondiapause larval

period of progeny from June-captured females took 33-36 days whereas

that of the July-captured female took 58 and 212 days and that of the

September female took 208 days. Clearly there is a single annual genera-

tion in Washington (47° latitude), and nondiapause early season

progeny must seldom produce offspring which can reach the last larval

instar diapause before low temperatures occur.

The diapause observed was not successfully broken though a number

of environmental factors were varied. The methods used are briefly

mentioned as a guideline for further investigation. In one instance

diapause larvae were held at 10° C and 8-hour daily photoperiod for 30

days, being then changed to 22° C and 16-hour photoperiod. Another

group was held in the dark at 2° C for 7 days and then returned to

standard rearing conditions. Three groups were fed on a diet fortified

with B vitamins by soaking dried mosquitoes in the vitamin mixture

listed by Fraenkel (1952) for the diet of stored grain insects.

Pupal duration ranged from 12 to 20 days, 17 days appearing to be

most frequent. In the few instances where adults of both sexes were

reared through it was not possible to obtain mating and feeding on

snakes. Mating was observed on three occasions when field-captured

adults were confined with a snake.

Total number of Phlebotomus worked with was rather small, making

observations somewhat imprecise though certain conclusions can be

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

reached. The present evidence makes it unlikely that the four species

of sandflies encountered are of medical importance. Thus far the two

commonest species have fed only on reptiles, appear to be relatively

short lived as adults, usually have a single annual generation, and lay

eggs once, indicating they do not feed repetitively on vertebrates.

Observations related here for the life cycle of P. vexator occidentis

and P. oppidanus agree rather well with those of Chaniotis and Anderson

(1964) for the former species in California. Diapause seems to be the

rule in Washington, no doubt because of the higher northern latitude

and attendant shorter period of favorable developmental temperatures.

For northwestern North America it appears that the northern fringe

of distribution of Phlebotomus extends a short distance into Canada just

beyond 50° N latitude. Further extensions northward may be found

where locally suitable climatic conditions pertain.

Acknowledgments

Grateful acknowledgment is made to Colin P. Curtis for a sample of

Phlebotomus from near Kamloops, British Columbia, and Kurt Depner

of Lethbridge, Alberta for specimens collected in southern Alberta. J. A.

Shemanchuk, also of Lethbridge, was particularly helpful in aiding in a

survey of more northern Alberta locations. Laboratory rearing was

particularly aided by Bert Freeman.

Literature Cited

Chaniotis, B. N., and J. R. Anderson. 1964. Notes on the morphology and

laboratory rearing of Phlebotomus vexator occidentis (Diptera:

Psychodidae) . Pan-Pac. Entomol., 40: 27-32.

Fairchild, G. B., and R. F. Harwood. 1961. Phlebotomus sandflies from animal

burrows in eastern Washington. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 63: 239-245.

Fraenkel, G. 1952. The nutritional requirements of insects for known and

unknown vitamins. Trans. IXth Internat. Congr. Entomol., 1: 277-280.

Hertig, M., and P. T. Johnson. 1961. The rearing of Phlebotomus sandflies

(Diptera: Psychodidae) I. Technique. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 54:

753-764.

January 1965] jewett — new western stoneflies

Four New Stoneflies from California and Oregon

(Plecoptera)

Stanley G. Jewett, Jr.

Portland, Oregon

Four undescribed stoneflies, including a remarkable species of

Capniinae, aquatic in the adult stage, are described below.

I am grateful to Dr. A. T. McClay, University of California, Davis,

California, to Mr. Ted C. Frantz, Nevada Fish and Game Department,

and to Dr. Glenn B. Wiggins of the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, for

sending material to me for study. Particular thanks are due Mr. Alan

V. Nebeker, University of Utah, for making the excellent figures.

Financial assistance for carrying on some of the systematic research

upon which this paper is based was provided by the National Science

Foundation (Grant NSF-G12858) .

Capnia lacustra Jewett, new species

Color of body and appendages straw to light brown. Apterous. Sternal

sclerotization as in Fig. IB. Length of body 4.5 to 5.5 mm. Length of antennae

exceeds length of abdomen; length of cerci equal to or exceeding length of

abdomen, slightly less than length of antennae.

Male. — First nine abdominal tergites without special modifications. Supra-anal

process reflexed, very slender, extending forward beyond margin of eighth tergite

(Fig. 1) .

Female. — Sternites 7, 8, and 9 virtually unmodified, faint anchor-shaped

sclerotized area across sternites 7 and 8 on most heavily sclerotized specimens,

genital opening narrow lateral slit near posterior margin of eighth sternite

(Fig. 1C).

Nymph. — Essentially, morphology of nymph, except for developed genitalia, is

same as that of adult.

Holotype male, allotype female, one male, and one female paratypes

and several nymphs. — Bottom of Lake Tahoe at depth of 200 to 264

feet off Cave Rock, Douglas County, Nevada, 22 and 28 May 1962,

T. C. Frantz. Additional paratypes include two males, Emerald Bay, at a

depth of from 116 to 198 feet, Lake Tahoe, California, 11 July 1962,

Cordone, Frantz, Weedlein. Many additional nymphs and several

presumed adult females were taken at various places at the southern

end of the lake between the first of April and the end of December 1962,

from depths of about 100 to slightly over 400 feet.

This species is unique among described Plecoptera in its adult aquatic

stage (Jewett, 1963). Morphologically, the male genitalia are generally

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 5-9. January 1965

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[VOL. 41, NO. 1

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1, Capnia lacustra Jewett, male genitalia, lateral view; 1A, same, dorsal

view; IB, sclerotization of sternum; 1C, subgenital plate of female. Fig. 2,

Capnia oswegaptera Jewett, male genitalia of holotype, lateral view; 2A, same,

dorsal view; 2B, sclerotization of sternum; 2C, subgenital plate of female.

Fig. 3, Isogenus ( Chernokrilus ) venustus Jewett, male genitalia of holotype,

dorsal view; 3A, same, lateral view. Fig. 4, Alloperla ( Sweltsa ) calif ornica

Jewett, head and pronotum of holotype; 4A, male genitalia, lateral view; 4B,

same, dorsal view.

January 1965] jewett — new western stoneflies

similar to such winged species as Capnia zukeli Hanson and C. confusa

Claassen, but the sternal sclerotization is quite different from that of

any described species in Capnia.

I am not proposing a new generic name for this or the following

species, though following recent Japanese authors [vide, Kawai, 1955),

this might be justified on the basis of the sternal sclerotization. I

am influenced, in part, in this decision by the recent discovery of an

undescribed apterous species of Capnia obviously related to C.

columbiana Claassen, a group thus exhibiting a range of full-wingedness

in both sexes to complete absence of wings in both sexes. Mr. Nebeker

has been studying this complex and the results of his work will be

published soon.

Capnia oswegaptera Jewett, new species

Color of body and appendages dark brown except for light median stripe

across first eight tergites in female. Apterous. Sternal sclerotization as in Fig. 2B.

Length of body: 4.5 mm in male, 6 mm in female.

Male. — First nine abdominal tergites without special modifications. Supra-anal

process reflexed, slender, extending forward to seventh tergite in unrelaxed

abdomen of holotype, probably only to eighth tergite when abdomen thoroughly

relaxed. Process grooved dorsally, with translucent part raised slightly near

tip and slightly expanded in dorsal view, narrow tip downturned (Figs. 2, 2A) .

Female. — Stripe across tergites does not traverse tergites 9 and 10, barely in-

vades rear of tergite 1. Eighth sternite (Fig. 2C) modified, along rear margin

forming rather heavily sclerotized broad, shallow subgenital plate, very slightly

notched medially.

Holotype male, allotype female. — Osweg Creek, near mouth, about

2 miles east of Elsie, Clatsop County, Oregon, 1 February 1964.

Additional paratypes as follows: two females with same data as for

holo- and allotypes except 21 February 1964. Not included as paratypes:

one male, Chintimini Creek, Marys Peak, Benton County, Oregon, 3

April 1964, Scott and Wiggins; one male, North Fork of Rock Creek,

Marys Peak, Benton County, Oregon, 13 April 1964, Scott and Wiggins.

The males from Benton County are slightly smaller than the holotype

and the supra-anal process is smaller and without the raised part near

the tip.

This species is similar to C. disala Jewett known only by the female

type (Jewett, 1962) . However, the female subgenital plates are

dissimilar and the type of C. disala was taken later in the season.

Isogenus ( Cliernokrilus ) venustus Jewett, new species

Male. — Length to wing tips 18 mm. Length of body 14.5 mm. General color

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

very dark brown with infuscated wings. Head blackish with three-pronged yellow

area medially at rear, one prong occupying most of ocellar area; M-line brown-

yellow medially extending as V nearly to anterior ocellus. Pronotum black with

large median orange-yellow stripe. Mesosternal Y-ridge extends to posterior

corners of furcal pits, holotype without discernible auxiliary branches. Appendages

dark brown. Venter of thorax and abdomen brown. First nine abdominal segments

dark brown, tenth yellow. Seventh and eighth sternite medially with broad lobe,

ninth sternite enlarged distally to enclose tenth segment. Tenth tergite cleft,

distally forming pair of hairy lobes, below which lies five-pronged base of supra-

anal process (Figs. 3, 3A). Process terete, lying between paragenital plates, its tip

bluntly pointed and in same plane as rest of structure.

Holotype male. — Alta, Placer County, California, 20 May 1952,

A. A. Grigarick. Deposited in the collection of the California Academy

of Sciences.

This species differs from the two described members of the rarely

collected subgenus Chernokrilus principally in the shape of the male

supra-anal process and in the color pattern of the head and pronotum.

Two large female specimens of Chernokrilus in my collection from

Tehama and Plumas counties, California, may belong to this new

species. The color pattern of the heads is similar.

Alloperla (Sweltsa) calif ornica Jewett, new species

Male. — Length to wing tips 11 mm. Length of body 8 mm. General color

brownish yellow. Head (Fig. 4) with indistinct darker area occupying ocellar-

triangle, frons, and clypeus. Outer margins of pronotum narrowly edged with

brown, inner margins with broader, darker brown edging that forms median dark

stripe across pronotum; pronotal rugosities light brown. First seven abdominal

tergites bear median dark stripe. Abdomen, thoracic segments, appendages, and

major wing veins with noticeable brown pigment against yellow ground color.

Supra-anal process arising from deep groove in tenth tergite, strongly reflexed,

deeply notched in lateral view, apically narrow, long, and upturned, in dorsal view

greatly expanded medially (Figs. 4A, 4B).

Holotype male and one male paratype.— Richardson Springs, near

Chico, Butte County, California, 5 April 1962, S. G. Jewett, Jr.

Holotype deposited in the collection of the California Academy of

Sciences, the paratype in my collection.

This species is related to Alloperla coloradensis (Banks) and to A.

fidelis Banks, but the head and pronotal color pattern is different.

The supra-anal process is much longer, the enlarged median area much

less expanded, than in A. coloradensis. The process is less slender than

that of A. fidelis.

January 1965]

SMITH SYNONYMY IN ARDIS

Literature Cited

Jewett, Stanley G., Jr. 1962. New stoneflies and records from the Pacific Coast

of the United States. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 38 (1) : 15-20.

1963. A stonefly aquatic in the adult stage. Science, 139 (3554) : 484-485.

Kawai, Teizi. 1955. Studies on the holognathous stoneflies of Japan. II.

Descriptions of two genera, one new subgenus and three new species

of the family Capniidae. Mushi, 28 (2) : 5-11.

A Name Change and New Synonymy for a Species of

Ardis in North America

(Hymenoptera : Tenthredinidae)

David R. Smith

Oregon State University, Corvallis

Eide (1948) reported on a sawfly, identified as Ardis sulcata (Cam-

eron), damaging Manetti rose and wild rose in the state of Washington.

It was believed to be an introduced species. Middlekauff (1958) sub-

sequently recorded this species from California on the basis of specimens

reared from rosebuds. As a result of recent investigations on the genus

Ardis and correspondence with Mr. R. B. Benson of the British Museum,

it was found that these records were based on a misidentification. Ardis

sulcata is not known to occur in North America. The species referred

to by Eide and Middlekauff should be known as Ardis brunniventris

(Hartig), a form found throughout the Holarctic Region. This con-

clusion is based on comparisons of North American specimens with a

determined specimen of brunniventris sent to me by Mr. Benson and

further substantiated by Mr. Benson from North American specimens

which I sent to him. A key separating the adults of sulcata and brun-

niventris was published by Benson (1952).

The known range of this species in North America includes: Alberta,

British Columbia, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Manitoba,

Michigan, Missouri, Montana, New Mexico, North Carolina, Northwest

Territories, Ontario, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.

The following synonymy is based on the examination of North Ameri-

can types :

Ardis brunniventris (Hartig)

Monophadnus brunniventris Hartig, 1837. Fam. Blattwespen und Holzwespen, nebst

Einleitung Naturgesch. Hym., p. 274.

Selandria irrogata Cresson, 1880. Amer. Entomol. Soc. Trans., 8: 13. $ . N. syn.

Aphanisus odoratus MacGillivray, 1908. Canadian Entomol., 40: 296. 5. N. syn.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 9-10. January 1965

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

Aphanisus pcirallelus MacGillivray, 1923. Illinois Univ. Bull., 20 (50) : 7. $ . N.

syn.

Literature Cited

Benson, Robert B. 1952. Tenthredinidae. In Handbook for the identification of

British insects. Proc. Royal Entomol. Soc. London, 6 (2b) : 1-137.

Eide, Paul M. 1948. A tip-infesting sawfly on rose. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 41

(5) : 819-821.

Middlekauff, W. W. 1958. A rose tip sawfly new to California. Pan-Pac.

Entomol., 34 (4) : 202.

Light-Trap Records of Three Cactus-eating Moths in Arizona 1

(Lepidoptera : Pyralidae, Phycitinae)

G. D. Butler, Jr. and F. G. Werner

University of Arizona, Tucson

The giant cactus or saguaro, Cereus giganteus Engelm. ( Carnegiea

gigantea Britt, and Rose, is seriously affected by a bacterial disease,

Erwinia carnegieana Standring, which has as its most important known

vector the pyralid Cactobrosis jernaldialis (Hulst). Detailed studies of

the bacterial necrosis and its vector were reported by Boyle (1948) .

To determine the period of Cactobrosis flight, a black light trap was

run at the Saguaro National Monument, 20 miles to the east of Tucson,

Arizona. The trap was run for the entire night for 2 or 3 consecutive

nights. This sequence was repeated at irregular intervals during the

spring and summer of 1960 and the spring of 1961, when 84 collections

were made. The collection of insects from each night was kept sepa-

rately and sorted dry. Cactobrosis and similar appearing moths were

sorted out, relaxed, pinned, and identified.

The identification of the cactus-eating moths collected was made ac-

cording to the criteria given in the following key.

1. Scales on thorax with streaks of darker color (tan to brown) (if specimen

is greasy, a drop of ammonia brings out this marking of individual scales).

Maxillary palpi slender 2

Some of scales on thorax brown, others white, with a brown marking across

back part of mesothorax and base of wings. Thorax stout. Maxillary

palpi inflated. Antennae bipectinate in male, simple in female

Albarada parabates (Dyar)

2. Antennae bipectinate Cactobrosis jernaldialis (Hulst) $

1 University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 894.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 10-12. January 1965

January 1965] butler & werner — cactus-eating moths

Table 1. Number of moths collected at a black light trap at Saguaro

National Monument, Tucson, Arizona, 1960 and 1961.

Number of

Cactobrosis

Albarada

Cahela

Collections

Males

Females

Males

Females

Males Females

1960

March

April

May

123

June

167

July

August

September

1961

J anuary

February

March

April

May

June

Antennae simple 3

3. Antennae with a conspicuous fringe of erect setae, which are half as long as

the width of the antenna, along one side __ Cahela ponderosella (B. and McD.) $

Antenna with a very short fringe, which is barely visible 4

4. “Neck” with a vertical, curved tuft of long, slender, feather-like scales on

each side, arising from very base of procoxa and extending to dorsal

surface, often overlapping onto posterior portion of eyes, unless it is held

down by the erect scales of the posterior margin of the head (also in g )

Cactobrosis fernaldialis (Hulst) 2

“Neck” with no such structure Cahela ponderosella (B. and McD.) 2

Both sexes of three species of moths were identified in the collections.

The number of moths collected in the monthly catches during 1960 and

1961 is given in Table 1. Cactobrosis fernaldialis first appeared in

small numbers during March. It was quite abundant during April and

May and most abundant during June. Only a few samples were collected

in July, August, and September, but it appears as if there were a few

Cactobrosis in flight during these months. Males represented 66% and

74% of the Cactobrosis collections in 1960 and 1961, respectively. The

larvae of the genus Cactobrosis are described by Heinrich (1956) as

being bluish, not banded or conspicuously spotted. The eggs are laid

singly. The food plants are listed as F erocactus wislizeni (Engelmann)

and probably other species of F erocactus ; Peniocereus greggii (Engel-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

mann) ; Carnegiea gigantea (Engelmann) ; Homalocephala texensis

(Hopffer) .

Albarada parabates (Dyar) was another pyralid that was collected

from the light trap from April to September. Approximately 98% of the

moths collected in 1960 were males. There was a large flight of moths

in May 1960 and the significant numbers caught in the few summer

collections that year indicated that the moths flew in considerable num-

bers throughout the summer. The eggs are laid singly or in masses of

two or three, according to Heinrich (1956). The larvae are bluish and

solitary feeders in Opuntia ( Cylindropuntia ) imbricata (Haworth) and

probably several other Cylindropuntias.

Cahela ponderosella (B. and McD.) was in flight from April through

September but it appeared to have a more pronounced peak of abun-

dance during May, June, and perhaps July. In 1960, 84% of the moths

collected were males. In 1961, 86% were males. The larvae of this

species are whitish and not banded or conspicuously spotted. According

to Heinrich (1956), they are solitary in habit and bore in stems of

Cylindropuntias, such as Opuntia ( Cylindropuntia ) imbricata (Ha-

worth) . The eggs are laid singly.

Literature Cited

Boyle, A. M. 1948. Further studies of the bacterial necrosis of the giant cactus.

Phytopathology, 39 (12) : 1029-1052.

Heinrich, C. 1956. American moths of the subfamily Phycitinae. U. S. Nat.

Mus. Bull., 207: 244, 248, 260.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Anchon regalis Capener, not Spalirisis nigris Funkhouser (Homoptera :

Membracidae). — Capener (1953, Jour. Ent. Soc. Southern Africa, 16 (2) : 112—

131) published a description of a new species which he named Anchon regalis.

Subsequently, Capener {ibid., 17 (2) : 175-194) synonymized his species with

Sparlirisis nigris Funkhouser and transferred the latter species to the genus

Anchon. The name Spalirisis nigris was published (Funkhouser, 1951, Genera

Insectorum, Fasc. 208, Membracidae, 383 pp., 14 pi.) as a nomen novum for

Spalirisis majusculum Distant, a previously unpublished name cited by Funkhouser

as a manuscript name in the British Museum. The name Spalirisis nigris was

accompanied by a figure but not by a written description, and therefore is not

valid according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1961).

Consequently, the name Anchon regalis Capener is the valid name of this species. —

Paul P. Cook, Jr., Seattle University, Seattle, W ashington.

January 1965] dawson, et al. — aberrant tribolium

A Sexual Aberration in the Red Rust Flour Beetle,

Tribolium ccistaneum

(Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae)

Peter S. Dawson, Alexander Sokoloff, and Peter Rodriguez

University of California, Berkeley

Hermaphroditism and intersexuality are common throughout the ani-

mal kingdom, the former being functional in many animal groups and

the latter resulting from genic or chromosomal disturbances in other-

wise normal individuals.

Among insects, fuctional hermaphroditism is present in some species

of scale insects of the genus I eery a; the stonefly, Perla marginata ; and

possibly the phorid fly, Termitoxenici (Hughes-Schrader, 1948). In

lcerya and Perla, an ovotestis is present which differentiates both male

and female gametes.

In addition, isolated examples of intersexes and hermaphrodites have

been reported in a number of insects (e.g., Baynes, 1960; Weinreich,

1962; see also Balazuc, 1948). To our knowledge, no cases of her-

maphroditism or intersexuality have been found among tenebrionid

beetles. It is the purpose of this report to describe a single incidence of

a possible hermaphrodite or, more probably, an intersex in the flour

beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst.

The individual in question was discovered in the pupal stage in a

strain of T. castaneum which had been selected for fast development.

The selected line orginated from the University of California synthetic

stock described by Lerner and Ho (1961). The pupa was immediately

isolated and, after a drawing had been made, was transferred to a vial

of fresh flour to await eclosion.

The appearance of this pupa is contrasted with that of normal male

and female pupae in Fig. 1. In addition to seemingly normal female

genital lobes, a pair of medial, small genital lobes resembling somewhat

those of normal males was observed.

After eclosion, the adult beetle was examined further. Males of this

particular species of flour beetles are characterized by possession of a

secondary sex “spot” on the femur of the first pair of legs which is

absent in females. The aberrant individual had no sex spot, indicating

that it was female (Fig. 2) .

However, examination of the abdomen revealed the presence of a

distinct penis and a pair of fleshy, partly sclerotized claspers. In addi-

Tiie Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 13-16. January 1965

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[VOL. 41, NO. 1

tion a definite ovipositor, albeit abnormal, was present. Fig. 3 compares

the appearance of the genitalia of this imago with that of normal males

and females.

The presence in this individual of structures at the base of the penis

resembling “claspers” is puzzling. Normal males of this species do not

possess such structures, although they are present in a closely related

species, Tribolium conjusum Duval. Even there they are definitely not

sclerotized as in the abnormal beetle.

\A/

\xA

ctj

(TJ

2a 2b 2c

January 1965] dawson, et al. — aberrant tribolium

Attempts were made to mate the aberrant adult, first with females and

then with males, but no progeny were obtained. This may have been

due in part to the fact that the genitalia were abnormally extended from

the abdomen and could not be retracted. This has been observed in our

laboratory to result in sterility when it occurs in otherwise normal

beetles.

After “mating” with normal males the beetle was found in moribund

condition and placed in fixative to preserve the internal tissues for

cytological observation. The fixed abdominal contents appeared more

like testicular than ovarian tissue. These tissues were serially sectioned

and observed for the presence of bisexual gonads (gonads appeared to

be of only one sex) and for chromosomal abnormalities. Unfortunately

no chromosomes could be found in any of the sections.

That this is not a usual case of hermaphroditism is evident from Figs.

2 and 3. The femurs of both front legs were obviously female since no

trace of a sex spot was observed. The genitalia included a distinct

aedeagus and ovipositor and, in addition, a pair of supernumerary

“claspers.” The failure of cytological studies to shed any light on the

situation makes explanation of the observations difficult.

A somewhat similar situation has been observed in Homoeogryllus

japonicus (Ohmachi, 1935; reviewed in White, 1951). A strain of this

species of cricket produced some genetically male individuals in which

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1. The posterior ends of a normal male (la), a normal female (lc), and

the aberrant (lb) pupae in T. castaneum. Note that, in the latter, genital lobes

characteristic for the two sexes are present (20 X)-

Fig. 2. Left forefemur of a normal T. castaneum, male (2a), the aberrant beetle

(2b), and a normal female (2c). The basal pit with associated hairs, a secondary

sex character restricted to males, is absent from the femur in the aberrant indi-

vidual (80 X ) •

Fig. 3. Semischematic lateral views of the extruded genitalia in a normal male

(3a), the aberrant individual (3b), and a normal female (3c) in T. castaneum.

Note that the aberrant individual has a distinct aedeagus and an ovipositor, com-

bining the genital organs of both sexes in one individual. In addition, the her-

maphrodite or intersex (3b) possessed a pair of movable, sclerotized, “claspers”

(arrow) which are normally absent in T. castaneum but are present in T. con-

jusum (25 X ) •

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

the tegmina were altered so as to appear somewhat female in appearance.

This change was shown to be due to a sex-linked mutation.

It is possible that the present abnormality resulted from a comparable

mutation which modified a genetically female individual into the ob-

served intersex. Since no sibs of the affected beetle were available,

further breeding tests could not be carried out.

Although Smith (1952) has shown that an X-Y pair of sex chromo-

somes is present in T ribolium, it is not known whether sex determination

is regulated by a balance between sex chromosomes and autosomes or by

the presence-absence of the Y chromosome. If the former mechanism is

correct, as is the case in Drosophila (Bridges, 1925), then the abnormal

beetle could be an intersex which resulted from a disturbance in chro-

mosomal balance. This seems to us to be the most plausible explanation.

Acknowledgments

The work reported here was carried out during the senior author’s

tenure of an NIH Genetics Training Grant (USPHS-5T1-GM-367) and

was supported, in part, by USPHS Grant GM-08942 to Dr. I. M. Lerner.

We are grateful to Dr. Howell V. Daly of the Department of Entomol-

ogy, University of California, Berkeley for preparing the serial sections

for cytological observation.

Literature Cited

Balazuc, J. 1948. La teratologie des Coleopteres et experiences de transplanta-

tion sur Tenebrio molitor L. Mem. Museum National d’Histoire

Naturelle Paris, 25: 1-293.

Baynes, E. S. A. 1960. An hermaphrodite Anthocharis card-amines L. (Lepidop-

tera, Pieridae). Entomol. Gazette, 11: 68.

Bridges, C. B. 1925. Sex in relation to chromosomes and genes. Amer. Natural-

ist, 59: 127-137.

Hughes-Schrader, S. 1948. Cytology of coccids (Coccoidea-Homoptera) . Adv.

Genetics, 2 : 127—203.

Lerner, I. M., and F. K. Ho. 1961. Genotype and competitive ability of Tribo-

lium species. Amer. Naturalist, 95: 329-343.

Ohmachi, F. 1935. Studies on male intersexuality in Homoeogryllus japonicus

Dlettaan I. Breeding experiments and genetical analysis. Zeit. indukt.

Abstamn. Vererb., 68: 309-330.

Smith, S. G. 1952. The cytology of some tenebrionoid beetles (Coleoptera) .

Jour. Morphol., 91: 325-364.

Weinreich, E. 1962. Ein Halbseitenzwitter von Odontolabis siva (Lucanidae).

Entomol. Blatter, 38: 198-199.

White, M. J. D. 1951. Cytogenetics of orthopteroid insects. Adv. Genetics, 4:

268-330.

January 1965] caltagirone — new phanerotoma

A New Phanerotoma from California

(Hymenoptera : Braconidae)

L. E. Caltagirone

University of California, Berkeley

A series of specimens of Phanerotoma has been reared from the co-

coons of the phycitid, Paramyelois transitella (Walker), by Mr. Douglas

W. Price from the Department of Entomology, University of California,

Davis. This material was obtained from almond nuts collected in the

vicinity of Arbuckle, Colusa County, California. Superficially the para-

sites look similar to Phanerotoma jlavitestacea Fischer, but a careful

analysis of the morphological characters indicates that they are a dif-

ferent and undescribed species.

Phanerotoma jlavitestacea was imported from Israel in 1962 (Cal-

tagirone, Shea, and Finney, 1964) and colonized in the Arbuckle Dis-

trict in 1963 against the navel orangeworm, Paramyelois transitella. It

has apparently established itself in the release area. To facilitate the

recognition of both species in the evaluation of the natural enemies of

the navel orangeworm, it seems advisable to describe this new species at

this time.

Phanerotoma inopinata Caltagirone, new species

Length about 4.5 mm.

Female. — Head seen from above quadrate, 1.66 times as wide as long (varying

from 1.54 to 1.64 in the female paratypes) (length measured from the anterior

margin of the antennal sockets to an imaginary, transverse, vertical plane touching

the most posterior part of the temples) ; eyes large, almost hemispherical, salient,

their longest diameter 2.06 the length of the oeellocular line (varying from 2.0 to

2.26 in the paratypes), with very short sparse hairs; face 1.58 as wide as long

from the base of antennae to the base of clypeus (varying from 1.56 to 1.59 in

the paratypes), finely transversely rugulose, uniformly covered with white, dense,

short hair, with a broad, inconspicuous, median longitudinal elevation that origi-

nates just below the antennal sockets; distance between the antennal sockets 0.73

of the distance between the anterior tentorial pits (varying from 0.67 to 0.74

in the paratypes) ; clypeus 1.93 times as wide as long (varying from 1.83 to 1.93

in the paratypes), with the apical tenth slightly projected, apical margin evenly

arcuate with three minute teeth medianly, the distance between the apices of the

lateral teeth 0.35 the width of clypeus (varying from 0.33 to 0.36 in the

paratypes), finely rugulose punctate, hairy, some hairs near the apical margin

conspicuously longer; genae 0.65 the width of mandible at base (varying from 0.70

to 0.86 in the paratypes) ; temples convex, not receding, 1.07 as wide as length

of oeellocular line (varying from 1.0 to 1.15 in the paratypes) finely, vertically

striated; occiput excavated, the excavation at the uppermost part of the occipital

carina as deep as length of the oeellocular line (varying from 0.82 to 1.0 in the

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 17-20. January 1965

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 1, Phanerotoma inopinata, female, right forewing (drawn from paratype).

paratypes) ; vertex and frons coarsely transversely rugulose; ocelli forming an

equilateral triangle, largest diameter of lateral ocelli 1.5 the length of the posterior

interocellar line (varying from 1.33 to 1.85 in the paratypes), and 0.43 the length

of the ocellocular line (varying from 0.43 to 0.5 in the paratypes) ; mandibles

bidentate, with the apical half slender, width just behind the subapical tooth 0.3

the width at base (varying from 0.39 to 0.43 in the paratypes) , subapical tooth

hardly one-half as long as the apical tooth is wide at base, displaced basad so

that the free tip of apical tooth is 0.44 the width of mandible at base (varying

from 0.48 to 0.52 in paratypes) ; antennae inserted opposite upper fourth of eyes,

23-segmented, scape 2.3 times as wide as long (varying from 2.1 to 2.3 in the

paratypes), first funicular segment slightly longer than second, second and third

subequal, fourth slightly shorter than third, all 15 basal funicular segments

longer than wide, the apical five moniliform.

Thorax narrower than head; mesoscutum evenly rounded anteriorly, opaque,

granular, covered with short, thin hairs, notaulices faint, extending nearly to

middle, lateral lobes slightly raised; furrow between mesoscutum and scutellum

narrow and deep ; scutellar triangle shiny, finely longitudinally striate punctate

on disc, covered with short, fine hairs except at apex, distinctly foveolate at base

(10 pits in the type, varying from 8 to 11 in the paratypes), apex and a transverse

strip along posterior margin of scutellum bare, shiny, and polished, sides of the

scutellum declivous, coarsely longitudinally striated; postscutellum coarsely longi-

tudinally striated, with a smooth, shiny posterior margin; mesopleurum finely

closely punctate, prepectal carina becoming foveolate dorsally, an ill-defined,

crescent-shaped, regulose area on disc; propodeum 0.85 times as long as first

tergite (varying from 0.77 to 0.86 in the paratypes) , uniformly convex, coarsely

rugose, with an ill-defined transverse carina; foreivings a trifle longer than length

of thorax and abdomen together; radius originating in the apical third of stigma,

length of first abscissa 0.57 that of second (varying from 0.57 to 0.71 in para-

types), second abscissa of radius 1.21 the length of second intercubital (varying

from 1.20 to 1.67 in paratypes), third abscissa of radius slightly curved toward

costa, recurrent vein received at base of second cubital cell, nervulus postfurcal

for 0.75 its length (varying from 0.77 to 1.0 in paratypes) , anal cross vein present,

January 1965] caltagirone — new phanerotoma

faint towards margin; middle tibia straight ventrally, gibbous dorsally, the gib-

bosity rather conspicuous, on basal half of tibia, inner tibial spur 0.59 the length

of basitarsus (varying from 0.51 to 0.56 in the paratypes) ; hind tibia moderately

clavate, 5.7 times as long as thick (varying from 5.0 to 5.4 in paratypes) .

Abdomen oval, 1.12 times as long as thorax (varying from 1.12 to 1.15 in

paratypes), 1.85 times as long as wide (varying from 1.74 to 1.79 in paratypes),

0.4 as deep as wide (varying from 0.38 to 0.47 in paratypes) ; first and second

tergites subequal in length, third 1.36 times as long as second (varying from 1.23

to 1.42 in paratypes), with an apical, moderately deep, wide emargination ; carinae

on first tergite reaching beyond the middle; first and second tergites coarsely

longitudinally striate, third finely striate; ovipositor barely projecting beyond

margin.

Tawny, apical ten antennal segments, eyes, and ocellar triangle black; tip of

mandibles, and shining polished areas of scutellum and postscutellum reddish brown ;

mesoscutum with a blackish hue; palpi, prothorax, fore- and middle legs, hind

coxae, a ring on middle of hind tibiae, and most of first and second tergites paler;

third tergite reddish; apical third of hind tibiae brown. Wings hyaline, parastigma

brown, stigma brown with base, apex, and narrowly along posterior margin con-

colorous with wing membrane; an infumated transverse band from parastigma to

anal margin including basal vein and nervulus, and another from stigma including

most of second cubital cell.

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 2-7, Phanerotoma inopinata, female. 2, clypeus. 3, tip of left mandible.

4, left middle tibia. 5, left hind tibia. 6, abdomen (carapace), lateral view. 7,

third abdominal segment, rear view (drawn from paratype).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

Male. — Similar to female in general structure and coloration; all funicular

segments longer than wide, apical margin of third abdominal segment with at

most a shallow emargination. Some other characters in the paratypes as follows:

longest diameter of eye varying from 1.82 to 2.04 times the length of ocellocular

line; face varying from 1.66 to 1.85 times as wide as long; clypeus varying from

1.82 to 2.2 times as wide as long; distance between lateral clypeal teeth varying

from 0.31 to 0.38 the width of clypeus; longest diameter of lateral ocellus varying

from 1.22 to 2.36 times the length of the posterior interocellar line.

Holotype jemale. — Frenzen Road, 6 miles west Arbuckle, Colusa

County, California, emerged in laboratory, host collected winter 1964

(D. W. Price) ; deposited in the California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco.

Paratypes: one female, same data as type; two females, same locality and

collector as type, emerged in laboratory 18 January 1964, host collected 18

December 1963; two females, Hillgate Road, 4 miles west Arbuckle, Colusa

County, California, emerged in laboratory 26 February 1964, host collected 29

January 1964 (L. E. Caltagirone) ; one male, same data as type; three males same

locality and collector as type, emerged in laboratory 18 January 1964, host col-

lected 18 December 1963; one male, Hillgate Road, 5 miles west Arbuckle,

Colusa County, California, emerged in laboratory 18 January 1964, host collected

18 December 1963 (D. W. Price) ; three males reared in laboratory, progeny of the

paratype emerged on 26 February 1964.

Host: Paramyelois transitella (Walker), Lepidoptera : Phycitidae.

Biological observations: This is an egg-larval parasite; the egg is

laid in the host’s egg, the larva completes its development after the host

larva has spun the cocoon; pupation occurs in a cocoon spun by the

larva inside that of the host.

Phanerotoma inopinata differs from P. flavitestacea as follows:

First abscissa of radius longer than half the second; recurrent vein received

at base of second cubital cell; distance between lateral clypeal teeth

one-third the width of clypeus; sides of scutellum and postscutellum

tawny, concolorous with rest of notum inopinata Caltagirone

First abscissa of radius shorter than half the second; recurrent vein either

interstitial or prefurcal; distance between lateral clypeal teeth less than

one-fourth the width of clypeus; sides of scutellum, and sometimes of

postscutellum, dark brown flavitestacea Fischer

Literature Cited

Caltagirone, L. E., K. P. Shea, and G. L. Finney. 1964. Parasites to aid con-

trol of navel orangeworm. California Agriculture, 18 (1) : 10-12.

January 1965 j cazier & mortenson — nitelopterus

Studies on the Bionomics of Sphecoicl Wasps. IV. Nitelopterus

laticeps and Nitelopterus texanus

(Hymenoptera : Sphecidae)

Mont A. Cazier 1 and Martin A. Mortenson 2

University of California, Berkeley

The genus Nitelopterus is represented in America north of Mexico by

12 species (Muesebeck, Krombein, Townes et al ., 1951) of which only

one has evidently been studied bionomically in any detail. Krombein

and Evans (1954, 1955) made observations on N. slossonae Ashmead in

Florida, and Krombein (1961) recorded that the males of N. calif orni-

cus visit the flowers of Euphorbia albomarginata Torrey and Gray near

Portal, Arizona. The present studies are concerned with N. laticeps

(Ashmead) and N.? texanus (Ashmead) which were found in the vicin-

ity of Portal, Cochise County, Arizona during the summer of 1963.

The writers would like to express their appreciation to K. V. Krom-

bein, Insect Identification and Parasite Introduction Research Branch,

U.S.D.A., Washington, D. C. for the wasp determinations and to W. J.

Gertsch, Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural

History, New York, for the determinations of the spider prey. We

would also like to extend our thanks to E. G. Linsley, Ray F. Smith,

and P. D. Hurd, Jr., University of California, Berkeley, and to H. E.

Evans, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cam-

bridge, Massachusetts, for their assistance. To Dr. and Mrs. Ralph G.

Willy we extend our appreciation for allowing us the use of their ranch

during the summer months of 1963. The project was supported by the

National Science Foundation Grant GB-379.

Nitelopterus laticeps (Ashmead)

Habitat. — Three females of this species were observed between 3

and 12 June 1963 at a location 2 miles northeast of Portal at an eleva-

tion of 4,700 feet. They were active in an open area about 50 m wide

by 100 m long which was surrounded primarily by Flour ensia cernua

DC. (tarbush) and a mixture of Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC.

(mesquite), Acacia constricta Benth (whitethorn), Acacia greggii Gray

(catclaw acacia), Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville (creosote bush),

and Cliilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet (desert willow) . The most abundant

herbs within the clearing were V erbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth and

1 Research Entomologist, University of California, Berkeley; Professor of Entomology, Arizona

State University, Tempe.

2 Laboratory Technician, University of California, Berkeley.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 21-29. January 1965

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[VOL. 41, NO. 1

Hook (crownbeard) , Solanum elaeagni folium Cav. (horse nettle),

Salsola kali L. (Russian thistle), Senecio longilobus Benth (groundsel),

Perezia nana Gray (desert holly), Eriogonum abertianum Torr. (buck-

wheat), Tidestromia lanuginosa (Nutt.) Standi., Baileya multiradiata

Harv. and Gray (desert marigold), Baileya pleniradiata Harv. and

Gray, and the grass Hilaria mutica (Buckl.) Benth (tobosa) .

The ground in the area was relatively flat and consisted of a loose,

sandy soil on the surface, varying in depth, with hard-packed, sandy

soil immediately beneath. These were overlying a hard caliche layer

that was from 10 cm to about 80 cm beneath the surface. Between 3

and 10 June the entire area was dry and very hot, few flowers were in

bloom, and there had evidently been no rain for several weeks. During

the night of 10 June there was a light rain that dampened the ground

but on the morning of 11 June between 8:10 and 8:20 a.m. a moderately

heavy local storm soaked the ground to a depth of 3.2 cm in the open

area. This increased the insect activity for a few days but the ground

was dry again on 13 June.

Krombein and Evans (1954) found N. slossonae active in Florida

between 29 March and 5 April 1953 on sand flats covered with sparse

vegetation. The same authors (1955) reported finding N. slossonae

active in several localities in Florida between 20 March and 3 April

1954 on sand and on the side of a sandy ridge along a road. It would

appear, therefore, that N. slossonae in Florida is active earlier in the

season than N. laticeps in Arizona and that it prefers sparsely vegetated

sandy areas in contrast to N. laticeps, which inhabits areas of sandy soil

that are well populated with various species of annual and perennial

herbs and grasses.

Hunting BEHAVIOR. — On 11 June a female of N. laticeps was watched

for a period of about 35 minutes as she was evidently hunting for prey

in an area of roughly 3 square meters. All of her activity was on the

ground and she paid no apparent attention to numerous plants around

and under which she was working. She held her abdomen slightly

elevated and her antennae vibrated rapidly up and down as she made

rapid, jerky movements using both the legs and wings for propulsion.

In her quest for spider prey she rapidly investigated openings beneath

stones and twigs, cracks in the ground, or the burrows of other insects.

She was observed investigating the same situations two or three times

as her erratic movements carried her back over some of the ground al-

ready covered. Ants and other insects encountered during these activi-

ties were ignored, as was the observer, who at times was directly over

January 1965] cazier & mortenson — nitelopterus

her. Unfortunately she found no prey during this period and we were

therefore unable to obtain any information on capture and paralysis.

Prey carriage.- — On 3 June at about 10 a.m. a female was captured

as she was dragging her long-legged spider prey along the ground. She

appeared to have one of the spider’s front legs in her mandibles and

was walking backwards, pulling it along the ground. During the few

minutes she was under observation she made no attempt to fly with the

prey. On 12 June at 1:45 p.m. a small (5 mm) female was seen as she

was taking her spider prey toward the nest entrance which was about

2 m away. During most of the trip she walked backward, pulling the

spider by one of its legs, frequently shifting her hold to different legs.

On several occasions she straddled the spider, holding one of its legs

in her mandibles while attempting to fly. Most of these attempts were

unsuccessful but on several she managed to fly from 3 to 5 cm with

the spider dangling loosely down beneath her body, its legs dragging on

the ground. She avoided natural obstacles on the way to the nest, going

around rocks and sticks, often deviating considerably from a straight

line to the entrance. In the last 50 cm she had to make a right-angled

turn in order to reach the nest entrance, arriving there at 1:53 p.m.

The anterior and middle legs on the right-hand side of the spider were

missing beyond their coxae and may have been amputated to facilitate

transportation.

Krombein and Evans (1954) reported that N. slossonae held the

spider ventral up next to her body and moved toward the nest awkwardly

and slowly by taking short leaps forward. The wasp held the spider’s

forelegs near their apices between her mandibles. The spider’s third

and fourth legs on the left side and the second and fourth legs on the

right side were missing beyond the coxae and were probably amputated

to make transport easier. The same authors (1955) reported seeing a

female flying with a small immature spider that was held underneath.

It would appear from this that both N. slossonae and N. laticeps at-

tempt to fly with their prey with more or less success, depending on the

size of the spider. Both species evidently hold the prey by their legs

with their mandibles and sometimes practice leg amputation, probably to

facilitate transportation.

Burrow site. — The female that was followed as she carried her spider

prey entered a small (2.5 cm diameter) rodent burrow situated at the

base of a clump of grass ( Hilaria mutica [Buckl.] Benth) . This burrow

sloped slightly downward and under the grass plant and the open wasp

burrow was on the bottom of the left-hand side of the rodent burrow,

2.5 cm in from its entrance. The wasp nest was therefore under the

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[VOL. 41, NO. 1

grass plant and about 6 cm beneath the ground level inside the base of

the plant which was elevated about 2 cm above the surrounding ground

level.

Krombein and Evans (1955) followed a prey-laden female of N.

slossonae to her nest which was in the side of a sandy ridge along a

road. The nest entrance was closed and the wasp deposited her spider

on the ground while she opened it. When leaving she closed the entrance

to her incompletely stocked burrow. From these single observations

on each species it appears that N. slossonae nests in the open and closes

her burrow entrance after each trip, whereas N. laticeps uses the en-

trances to rodent burrows for nesting sites and leaves the burrow en-

trance open until the nest is fully stocked and the egg has been laid.

Prey storage. — The female N. laticeps entered the burrow without

releasing her hold on the long-legged pholcid spider and remained in

the burrow until 2:15 p.m. or for an elapsed time of 22 minutes. When

the burrow was excavated, it was found that two of these spiders had

been stored at the end of the burrow, not in an enlarged cell, and their

bodies had been pushed in toward the end with their long legs trailing

back toward the entrance. The body of the second specimen had been

pushed in between the legs of the first specimen so that their bodies

were close together. The egg had been laid on the last spider stored.

Krombein and Evans (1955) found a spider that had been stored by

a female N. slossonae in a small terminal cell. No egg had been laid on

it. They also noted that the female laid the spider down on the ground

while she opened the nest entrance, entered the burrow, then came out,

grasped the spider by its legs, and dragged it into the burrow. She re-

mained inside for a few seconds, then came out, closed the entrance, and

was captured.

Closing activities. — When the female came out of her burrow at

2:15 p.m., she began covering the entrance. Loose dirt and small

pebbles were thrown behind her with the front legs as she faced away

from the entrance. When a small amount had accumulated in the en-

trance, she would back into it and appeared to be pushing the dirt

farther down into the burrow. Additional dirt would be thrown into

the entrance and the procedure for plugging the burrow repeated until

after 5 minutes the entrance was closed. The female was collected at

2:20 p.m.

Krombein and Evans (1955) reported that N. slossonae “raked” some

sand over the entrance before departing from an incomplete burrow.

This species may be found to adopt a similar procedure for closing a

finished burrow as recorded above for N. laticeps. Judging from the

CAZIER & MORTENSON NITELOPTERUS

January 1965

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 1. Dorsal view of Psilochorus rockefelleri Gertsch (Pholcidae) , showing

egg of Nitelopterus laticeps (Ashmead) attached to dorsal surface of the cephalo-

thorax, above the base of the left hind leg.

single observation on the latter species, the entrance is left open between

prey-collecting trips.

Burrow design.- — The entrance and burrow were 3 mm in diameter.

The burrow extended straight out, at right angles to the rodent burrow,

for 2.5 cm parallel to the ground surface. There were no bends, enlarge-

ments, or cells in the burrow and the prey had been pushed into the end.

Krombein and Evans (1955) found the burrow of N. slossonae ex-

tending into the ground, obliquely for 5 cm, terminating in a small cell

where a spider had been stored. It would thus appear that the two

species differ in that N. slossonae makes a cell for prey storage whereas

N. laticeps does not. The angle and length of the burrows may not prove

to be significantly different when more nests are studied.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[ VOL. 41, NO. 1

Prey analysis. — The spider that was collected with a female N.

laticeps and the two specimens dug from the nest of a second female

were paralyzed adult females of P silo chorus rockefelleri Gertsch belong-

ing to the family Pholcidae. Members of this family are commonly

found under rocks, logs, and in other relatively dark situations. In such

habitats they would be subject to the depredations of N. laticeps which,

as recorded earlier, hunts on the ground.

Krombein and Evans (1954, 1955) found that N. slossonae collected

Habrocestum pulex (Hentz) and Metapliidippus galathea (Walck.),

both belonging to the family Salticidae or jumping spiders. They also

indicate that the latter species is abundant in grassy fields or on trees

and bushes, which might indicate that N. slossonae hunts in these

situations rather than on the ground, which at present is indicated for

N. laticeps.

Egg. — The egg was loosely attached by one end to the dorsal surface

of the cephalothorax, above the base of the left hind leg (Fig. 1), on

the last specimen stored. It was slightly bowed medially and extended

up over the base of the abdomen. At the age of about 18 hours, the egg

was translucent and measured 1.5 mm by 0.25 mm. Both spiders were

still alive but paralyzed and remained in this condition until 17 June

(5 days after storage), when they Avere preserved. On 13 June while the

spiders were being transferred to petri dishes the egg was dislodged and,

even though it remained in the bottom of the dish, it hatched on 15

June or about 50 hours after being laid. The larva was placed back

on the spider but died 2 days later without feeding on or penetrating the

spider.

Nitelopterus ?texanus (Ashmead)

Even though the single female submitted to K. V. Krombein for

identification could be only provisionally identified as N. texanus, it

seems worthwhile to record our limited observations on this species.

The specimen, which was collected at Portal, Arizona, 5 July 1963, is

in the collection of the United States National Museum.

Habitat. — Our observations were made in the enclosed yard area

of the Willy ranch, located in Portal at the mouth of Cave Creek Canyon

at an elevation of 4,700 feet. This compound is in the thorn-shrub area

that borders Cave Creek and in Avhich the primary vegetative cover con-

sists of Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. (mesquite), Mimosa biuncifera

Benth (wait-a-minute) , Acacia constricta Benth (whitethorn), Acacia

greggii Gray (catclaw acacia), Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers.

(chicle), Flourensia cernua DC. (tarbush), Larrea tridentata (DC.)

January 1965] cazier & mortenson — nitelopterus

Coville (creosote busli), and several species of Opuntia, Agave, and

Yucca. South of the compound, beginning next to the juniper post

fence, there was a dense growth of Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl.

(Apache plume). The vegetation within the yard area consisted of a

mixture of introduced ornamentals, fruit and shade trees, and a number

of native plants that grow wild in the immediate vicinity. The main

shade cover was provided by Chinese elm trees ( Ulmus sp.) but there

were also small apple ( Malus sp.), plum ( Prunus sp.), peach ( Prunus

sp.), walnut ( Juglans major [Torr.] Heller), elderberry ( Sambucus sp.),

and hackberry ( Celtis reticulata Torr.) trees in the yard. There were

several areas that were open and devoid of trees and shrubs, although

bordered by them, in which the ground was either sandy, rocky, or

with loose or compact soil. It was in one of these open areas that the

burrow was located.

Prey carriage. — The female was first observed at about 11:12 a.m.

on 5 July 1963 as she was dragging her small, reddish spider along the

ground about 30 cm north of the juniper post fence and parallel with it.

She was holding the spider by one leg with her mandibles and was

going backwards toward the nest entrance, pulling the spider along

behind. During the 4 minutes that she was watched, she changed her

hold to different legs on the spider three times, but made no attempt to

fly. She arrived at the nest entrance, which was open, at 11:16 a.m.,

put the spider down in front of the entrance, entered the burrow, turned

around, put her head back out of the entrance, grasped the spider by a

leg, and pulled it down into the burrow.

The carriage behavior of AO? texanus is similar to that recorded for

N. laticeps except that she made no attempt to fly. The burrow of both

of these species was open when the females arrived but AO? texanus re-

leased the spider at the nest entrance, entered the burrow, and then

reached out and pulled the spider in, a behavior pattern similar to that

reported for AO slossonae by Krombein and Evans (1955). AO laticeps

did not release the spider at the burrow entrance. Between prey-collect-

ing trips AO laticeps and AO? texanus leave the nest entrance open,

whereas AO slossonae closes the entrance between such trips.

Burrow site. — The burrow was located in an open area devoid of

small plants and in which the ground consisted largely of loose, sandy

soil. It was about 5 m west of the Chinese elm tree, 4 m east of a small

peach tree, and 30.5 cm north of the juniper post fence. The entrance

was on the side of a small pile of loose, sandy soil.

The burrow site of AO? texanus appears to be more nearly like that of

AO slossonae (Krombein and Evans, 1955), which used the side of a

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

sandy ridge. TV. laticeps used the entrance to a rodent burrow for her

nesting site and the burrow was beneath a grass plant.

Burrow design. — The entrance and burrow were 3 mm in diameter

and nearly round. The burrow was slightly curved throughout its

length of 2.5 cm, the end was only about 6 mm below the depth of the

burrow entrance, and about 6 cm below ground level. It terminated in

a small cell, 4 by 4.5 mm in diameter, which contained two spider prey.

In TV. laticeps and TV.? texanus the burrows were nearly horizontal

and each was 2.5 cm in length. In N. slossonae (Krombein and Evans,

1955) it was oblique and 5 cm in length. In TV.? texanus and TV.

slossonae the incompleted burrows terminated in a small cell in which

prey were found. In TV. laticeps no such cell was located at the end of a

completed burrow.

Prey storage and analysis. — When the female of TV.? texanus pulled

her prey into the burrow at 11:16 a.m., she evidently made no special

effort to orient this spider with the one already in the cell even though

she spent 2 minutes in the burrow. When she emerged from the burrow

at 1 1 : 18 a.m., she made no effort to close the entrance and was captured

as she attempted to fly away. The burrow was incomplete as no egg

had been laid. Both spiders belong to the family Theridiidae and con-

sisted of one subadult female of Steatoda fulva Keyserling and one im-

mature Latrodectes mactans F.

Krombein and Evans (1954, 1955) reported that TV. slossonae used

species in two different genera of Salticidae as prey. TV. laticeps was

found to use one species belonging to the family Pholcidae and TV.?

texanus used species in two different genera of Theridiidae. However,

these results were obtained on too few observations to enable us to make

any definite statement as to the extent of this apparent specificity at the

present time.

Summary

1, At least three species of Nitelopterus ( laticeps , slossonae, and

? texanus) nest in the ground, either in loose sand or sandy soil. 2, TV.

laticeps used the entrance of a small rodent burrow as a vestibule for

its nest entrance. 3, The burrows are short, 2.5-5 cm in length, nearly

horizontal or oblique, and in TV. slossonae and TV.? texanus terminate in

a small cell. No cell was evident in N. laticeps. 4, At least in TV. laticeps ,

each burrow evidently contains only one accumulation of prey and one

egg. 5, TV. slossonae from Florida stores spiders belonging to the family

Salticidae. N.? texanus from Arizona stores spiders belonging to the

family Theridiidae. TV. laticeps also from Arizona stores spiders belonging

January 1965

CAZIER & MORTENSON NITELOPTERUS

to the family Pholcidae. 6, N. slossonae and N. laticeps, at least on occa-

sion, amputate legs from their prey, probably to facilitate transportation.

7, N. laticeps and N.? texanus drag their prey along the ground, the

former occasionally tries to fly with it. N . slossonae either flies with or

drags its prey in short leaps along the ground. The nature of this be-

havior is probably determined by the size of the spider. 8, N. slossonae

closes the burrow entrance while she is out collecting prey, whereas N. ?

texanus and N. laticeps leave it open while they are away. 9, The egg

of N. laticeps is loosely attached by one end to the dorsal surface of the

spider’s cephalothorax, above the base of the left hind leg, on the last

specimen stored. 10, Evidently from two to three spiders are stored in

each nest.

Literature Cited

Krombein, K. V. 1958. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico, Synoptic

Catalog, first supplement. U. S. Dept, of Agric., Agric. Monogr., No.

2, p. 187.

1961. Some insect visitors of mat Euphorbia in southwestern Arizona (Hy-

menoptera, Diptera). Entomol. News, 72 (3) : 80-83.

Krombein, K. V., and Howard E. Evans. 1954. A list of wasps collected in

Florida, March 29 to April 5, 1953, with biological annotations (Hy-

menoptera, Aculeata). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington, 56 (5): 225-

236.

1955. An annotated list of wasps collected in Florida, March 20 to April 3,

1954 (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington, 57

(5) : 223-235.

Muesebeck, C. F. W., K. V. Krombein, and H. K. Townes. 1951. Hymenoptera

of America north of Mexico, Synoptic Catalog. U. S. Dept, of Agric.,

Agric. Monogr. No. 2, p. 944.

RECENT LITERATURE

The Skippers of the Genus Hesperia in Western North America with

Special Reference to California ( Lepidoptera : Hesperiidae) . By C. Don

MacNeill. University of California Publications in Entomology, vol. 35: iv -f-

221 pp., 28 compound figs. (pp. 194-221), 8 pis., pi. I being a frontispiece

in color. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles; Cambridge

University Press, London. 7 April 1964. Price $5.00.

A careful study of a difficult group. The copious biological data, mostly

original, result from a great deal of painstaking fieldwork as well as laboratory

rearings. In the taxonomic section emphasis is on characters other than maculation.

Three new subspecies are described; nine other geographic segregates are dis-

tinguished for the first time hut not named. — Hugh B. Leech, California

Academy of Sciences , San Francisco.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

Studies on the Bionomics of Sphecoid Wasps. V.

Bothy no stethus distinctus and Entomogncithus texana

(Hymenoptera : Sphecidae)

Mont A. Cazier 1 and Martin A. Mortenson 2

University of California, Berkeley

The genus Bothy no stethus is represented in the fauna of America

north of Mexico by a single species, about which no bionomical informa-

tion has evidently been published (Muesebeck, Krombein, Townes et al.,

1951: 941; Krombein et al., 1958: 186). B. distinctus Cresson, which

was originally described in 1891, has been recorded as occurring from

New Jersey to Florida on the east coast, Kansas in the midwest, Louisi-

ana in the south, and Texas in the southwest. The present studies were

made at Portal, Cochise County, Arizona, which appears to represent the

westernmost record for the distribution of the species.

The European genus Entomognathus is represented in the fauna of

America north of Mexico by five species, all of which belong to the

subgenus Toncahua (Muesebeck, Krombein, Townes et al., 1951: 1013;

Krombein, 1963). The subgenus Entomognathus occurs in Europe

where the species are known to nest in the ground and to provision their

nests with chrysomelid beetles. This typical subgenus is not known

from North America. The prey preference of our Nearctic species of

Toncahua has not been previously recorded (Krombein, 1963). This

latter author also reports that the two common Middle Atlantic states

species, E. lenapeorum Viereck and E. memorialis Banks, are sylvicolous

forms which nest in rather heavy soil; E. arenivaga Krombein from

Florida and possibly North Carolina occurs in open, sparsely vegetated

sandy areas; the habitat preference of E. texana Cresson, occurring

from Texas to Kansas and Pennsylvania, is unknown. Evidently the

same condition exists relative to E. mexicana Cameron which occurs in

Texas and Mexico. The present observation on E. texana was made at

a location 1 mile north of Rodeo, Hidalgo County, New Mexico, which

evidently represents the westernmost extension of its known distribution.

The writers would like to express their appreciation to K. V. Krom-

bein for the wasp determinations, and to G. B. Vogt for the prey identi-

fications, both from the Insect Identification and Parasite Introduction

Research Branch, U. S. Dept. Agric., Washington, D. C. We also extend

our thanks to E. G. Linsley, Ray F. Smith, and Paul D. Hurd, Jr.,

1 Research Entomologist, University of California, Berkeley; Professor of Entomology, Arizona

State University, Ternpe.

2 Laboratory Technician, University of California, Berkeley.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 30-33. January 1965

January 1965] cazier & mortenson — bothynostethus

University of California, Berkeley, for their assistance. To Dr. and

Mrs. Ralph G. Willy and Finley Richards we extend our appreciation

for allowing us to use their properties for research purposes. The

project was supported by the National Science Foundation Grant GB-

379.

Bothynostethus distinctus Fox

Habitat. — The female was first observed on 1 July 1963 in the en-

closed yard area of the Willy ranch in Portal, Arizona. This compound

is located in the thorn-shrub area that borders Cave Creek at the mouth

of Cave Creek Canyon, and in which the primary vegetative cover con-

sists of Prosopis julijlora (Swartz) DC. (mesquite), Mimosa biuncifera

Benth (wait-a-minute) , Acacia constricta Benth (whitethorn), Acacia

greggii Gray (catclaw acacia), Flourensia cernua DC. (tarbush),

Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville (creosote bush), Bumelia lanuginosa

(Michx.) Pers. (chicle), Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. (Apache

plume), and several species of Opuntia, Agave, and Yucca.

The vegetation within the compound consisted of a mixture of in-

troduced ornamentals, fruit and shade trees, and a number of native

plants that grow wild in the immediate vicinity. The main shade cover

was provided by Chinese elm trees ( Ulmus sp.) but there were also small

apple ( Malus sp.), plum ( Prunus sp.), peach ( Prunus sp.), apricot

( Prunus sp.), walnut ( Juglans major [Torr.] Heller), elderberry ( Sam -

bucus sp.), hackberry ( Celtis reticulata Torr.) trees in the yard. There

were several areas that were open and devoid of trees, shrubs, and herbs,

although bordered by them, in which the ground was either sandy,

rocky, or with loose or compact soil. It was in one of these bare areas

of sandy soil that the burrow was located.

Nest entrance. — The female was first observed about 10:15 a.m.

on 1 July as she entered and left what appeared to be a vertical, non-

symmetrical, rodent burrow that measured about 1.3 cm in diameter.

When this burrow was later dug it was found to contain a solpugid at

about 7 cm from the surface and four lizard ( Cnemidophorus sp.) eggs

at around 21 cm from ground level. At any rate, this burrow was being

used as a vestibule for the nest of B. distinctus, whose entrance was

located on the east wall of the burrow at a depth of 5 cm below ground

level. This was located in an open area of sandy soil about 2 m north-

east of a small peach tree, the nearest vegetation to the hole.

General behavior and orientation. — It was practically impossible

to obtain information on the female’s flight or the method of carrying

prey because of the rapidity with which she entered and left the vesti-

bule. Most of the time all that could be seen was a small, dark streak

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

as she went in and out. The depth of her nest entrance in the larger

burrow prevented any observations on opening or closing activities,

excavation, entering, or departure behavior. On 2 July at 11:34 a.m.

she was observed entering the hole, only to appear a few seconds later,

circled the hole twice out to a distance of about 30 cm, and landed on

the edge of the hole for about 5 seconds before departing. This may

have been the orientation flight but it was only seen on this one occasion.

Prey collecting. — We were unable to observe the female capturing

prey but did take times on her as she left the burrow, returned with or

without prey, and departed again. On 1 July between 11:33 a.m. and

12:13 p.m. (40 minutes), she made 11 round trips, spending from 1 to

6 minutes hunting, and from 60 to 90 seconds in the burrow between

each trip. Between 12:13 and 2:37 p.m. (2 hours and 14 minutes) she

remained in the burrow. Between 2:37 and 2:50 p.m. (13 minutes) she

made five round trips, spending from 50 seconds to 4 minutes in the

field and from 40 seconds to 3 minutes in the burrow between trips.

From 2:50 to 3:30 p.m. (40 minutes) she remained in the burrow.

Between 3:30 and 3:40 p.m. (10 minutes) she made six round trips,

spending from 35 seconds to 2 minutes in the field and from 30 to 70

seconds in the burrow between trips. Between 3:40 and 4:08 p.m. (28

minutes) she remained in the burrow. From 4:08 to 4:23 p.m. (15

minutes) she made seven round trips, spending from 35 seconds to 2.5

minutes in the field and from 30 to 55 seconds in the burrow between

trips. She was not seen to leave the burrow again on this day. We

could not always be sure that she had prey on the homing flights, but

the above figures will serve to show that the activity both inside and

outside the burrow is very rapid and is occasionally interrupted with

long periods spent inside the nest.

Burrow design.— As indicated previously, the entrance to the burrow

was 5 cm below ground level, in the east wall of the larger (1.3 cm)

burrow. It measured 2 mm in diameter and increased immediately to

2.5 mm in the burrow proper. The burrow extended eastward and down-

ward at about a 45° angle for 1 cm, turned abruptly downward for 1.5

cm, then eastward at a 45° angle for 1 cm, turned back toward the west

and downward at about a 45° angle for 7 cm where it entered the loose

dirt in the larger burrow and was lost. Excavation of the surrounding

area failed to disclose any of the prey.

Prey analysis. — Although we cannot be sure that all the prey were

the same, the specimen she was carrying when captured at 3:25 p.m.

on 2 July was a chrysomelid beetle belonging to the genus Monoxia sp.,

subfamily Galerucinae.

January 1965 j cazier & mortenson — bothynostethus

Entomognathus (Toncahua) texana Cresson

A female of this species was collected in flight, with prey, 1 mile

north of Rodeo, New Mexico on 4 September 1963. This locality is on

the edge of the old San Simon river bed at an elevation of about 4,000

feet. The specimen was taken at the base of a slight hill on the east side

of the broad riverbed where the ground consists of a sandy soil with a

few areas of exposed caliche. The vegetation in the immediate vicinity

consisted of a rather dense growth of Hilaria mutica (Buckl.) Benth

(tobosa) and other grasses, in which there were scattered patches of

open ground. Ephedra trifurca Torr. (joint fir) was also abundant and

numerous large, dense thickets of Koeberlinia spinosa Zucc. (crown of

thorns, crucifixion thorn ) were present, especially on the slope extend-

ing up from the bottomland. Other plants in the immediate vicinity

included Gilia longiflora (Torr.) G. Don., Eriogonum trichopes Torr.

(wild buckwheat), Salsola kali L. (Russian thistle), Tridens pulchellus

(H. B. K.) Hitchc. (fluff grass), and Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.)

Gray (snakeweed) . This area would appear to be similar to the habitat

recorded for E. arenivaga by Krombein (1963) except that it might be

more heavily vegetated.

The prey being carried by the female at the time of capture was the

chrysomelid beetle (subfamily Galerucinae) Diahrotica tricincta Say.

This, the first prey record for any of our Nearctic species, indicates that

species belonging to the subgenus Toncahua, like their European rela-

tives in the subgenus Entomognathus , store chrysomelid beetles. How-

ever, the European species evidently store members of the subfamily

Halticinae, whereas the present record indicates that at least E. ( T .)

texana of our Nearctic species stores members of the subfamily Galeru-

cinae. As reported earlier, Bothynostethus distinctus also stores beetles

belonging to the latter subfamily.

Literature Cited

Krombein, K. V. 1958. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico, Synoptic

Catalog, first supplement. U. S. Dept, of Agric., Agric. Monogr. No. 2.

1963. Notes on the Entomognathus of eastern United States. (Hymenoptera :

Sphecidae) . Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 76: 247-254.

Muesebeck, C. F. W., K. V. Krombein, and H. K. Townes. 1951. Hymenoptera

of America north of Mexico, Synoptic Catalog. U. S. Dept, of Agric.,

Agric. Monogr. No. 2.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

Studies on the Bionomics of Sphecoid Wasps. VI.

Fernaldina lucae

(Hymenoptera : Sphecidae)

Mont A. Cazier 1 and Martin A. Mortenson 2

University of California, Berkeley

The genus Fernaldina was described by Bohart and Menke (1963)

based on Sphex lucae Saussure which, at the present time, is the only

species in the genus. The species is widely distributed throughout the

western states from British Columbia, Canada, into northern Mexico;

in the midwest from South Dakota to Texas and northern Mexico; and

in the southeastern states of Georgia and Florida. The only biological

information on F ernaldina lucae (Saussure) that has been published is

concerned with their sleeping behavior. Evans and Linsley (1960)

recorded the species as being a casual member of the sleeping aggrega-

tions of wasps and bees on Melilotus alba Desr. (white sweet clover) at

a location 5 miles southwest of Portal, Arizona. Linsley (1962) pub-

lished additional information gathered in the same situation and de-

scribed their sleeping posture, orientation, site selected, gregariousness,

and regularity. According to Bohart and Menke (1963), the nesting-

habits of the species are unknown. The present studies were made at

Portal, Cochise County, Arizona, between 20 and 29 June 1963.

The writers would like to express their appreciation to R. M. Bohart,

University of California, Davis, for the identification of the wasp and

other encouragement gratefully received. To A. B. Gurney, Division of

Insects, United States National Museum, Washington, D. C., we are

indebted for the name of the prey. We also extend our thanks and

appreciation to E. G. Linsley, R. F. Smith, and P. D. Hurd, Jr., Uni-

versity of California, Berkeley, for their continued assistance. To Dr.

and Mrs. Ralph G. Willy we extend our appreciation for allowing us the

use of their property for research purposes. The photographs were taken

by the junior author. This project was supported by the National

Science Foundation Grant GB-379.

Habitat. — The first female of F ernaldina lucae was observed as she

was engaged in excavation activities on 20 June, and the second was seen

bringing in prey on 29 June 1963. The burrows of both females were in

the enclosed yard of the Willy ranch located in the thorn-shrub area

1 Research Entomologist, University of California, Berkeley; Professor of Entomology, Arizona

State University, Tempe.

2 Laboratory Technician, University of California, Berkeley.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 34-43. January 1965

January 1965] cazier & mortenson — fernaldina

that borders Cave Creek at the mouth of Cave Creek Canyon in the

Chiricahua Mountains. The primary vegetation cover surrounding the

compound consists of Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. (mesquite),

Mimosa biuncifera Benth (wait-a-minute) , Acacia constricta Benth

(whitethorn), Acacia greggii Gray (catclaw acacia), Flourensia cernua

DC. (tarbush), Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville (creosote bush),

Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers. (chicle), Fallugia paradoxa (D.

Don) Endl. (Apache plume), and several species of Opuntia, Agave ,

and Yucca.

The vegetation within the compound consisted of a mixture of in-

troduced ornamentals, fruit and shade trees, and a number of native

plants that grow wild in the immediate vicinity. The main shade cover

was provided by Chinese elm trees ( Ulmus sp.), but there were also

small apple ( Malus sp.), plum ( Prunus sp.), peach ( Primus sp.), apri-

cot ( Prunus sp.), walnut ( Juglans major [Torr.] Heller), elderberry

(. Sambucus sp.), and hackberry ( Celtis reticulata Torr.) trees in the

yard. There were several areas that were open and devoid of trees,

shrubs, and herbs, although bordered by them, in which the ground was

either sandy, rocky, or with loose or compact soil. Both burrows were

in open areas, the first in compacted soil and the second in rocky

ground about 20 m east of the first.

Burrow location. — The first burrow was situated at the base of a

10.2 cm vertical bank, on the west side of a previously excavated hole

that had purposely been left only partially filled. The entrance was 5

cm north of a Philanthus anna Dunning burrow in the same bank. The

soil was compacted at this depth, sandy in texture, and there were no

plants in the immediate vicinity. The second burrow was also located

in an open area about 1.52 m south of a building in level, dry, rocky

soil. The entrance was 5 cm from the base of an isolated Baileya mul-

tiradiata Harv. and Gray plant, in a small (2.5 cm in diameter), flat

spot from which the larger pebbles had been removed.

Excavating behavior. — The first female was observed at 9:00 a.m.

on 20 June, as she began digging what we thought was a new burrow.

Additional information obtained from this burrow and from the be-

havior of the second female indicates that the burrow had already been

dug, a single prey stored, and the egg laid, probably on the preceding

day. She was evidently reopening the burrow to store additional prey.

The excavated dirt was piled up in front of the entrance and the female

was going into the burrow head first, backing out with a load of dirt,

and depositing each load on the accumulated tumulus. There were no

spreading activities and the dirt was not being thrown out behind by

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1 (upper left) F ernaldina lucae (Saussure) female on tumulus pile, throw-

ing loose dirt into burrow entrance with her front legs. Fig. 2 (upper right)

F ernaldina lucae (Saussure) female pushing dirt into burrow entrance with her

head and anterior legs. Fig. 3 (middle left) Female of F ernaldina lucae (Saus-

sure) in final act of closing burrow entrance. Fig. 4 (middle right) Burrow

design of second nest showing course around large rock and female tettigoniid

stored at end. Fig. 5 (lower left) Male tettigoniid from first nest showing egg of

F ernaldina lucae (Saussure) attached to the venter of the thorax and the antennal

amputation. Fig. 6 (lower right) Female tettigoniid stored in end of second

burrow showing its head-first position, on its right side, and with the hind tibiae

bent forward.

January 1965] cazier & mortenson — fernaldina 37

the action of the anterior legs as it is in many other wasps. She was

engaged in these activities for 30 minutes or until 9:30 a.m., when she

came out, rapidly threw loose dirt back over the entrance with her front

legs, and flew away without making an orientation flight.

Burrow closing. — Each time the female left the burrow to collect

prey the entrance was closed with loose dirt as described above. How-

ever, after the cell is stocked or when she evidently leaves the burrow to

spend the night out, the closing procedure is quite different. While

facing away from the entrance, standing on the tumulus pile, she would

throw some loose dirt into the entrance (Fig. 1), turn around, and push

the dirt down into the burrow with her head and anterior legs (Fig. 2) .

These actions were repeated several times until the entrance was indis-

tinguishable from the surrounding soil (Fig. 3). It was evidently one

of these overnight, compact plugs that was being removed when the

female was first seen.

Prey carriage. — The homing flights were too rapid to allow for

observations on the method of holding the prey, but the female flew

directly to the entrance site, deposited the tettigoniid on the ground

with its head forward next to the edge of the entrance. She then pulled

some of the loose dirt in the plug out with her front legs and pushed

the rest inside as she entered. She turned around in the burrow, re-

turned to the entrance, reached out and grasped the base of one of the

tettigoniid’s antennae, and pulled it head first into the burrow. It

required only about 10 seconds for the female to open the burrow and

get the prey inside.

Prey collecting. — Neither of the females of Fernaldina lucae were

seen in the act of hunting or collecting their prey. We did, however,

obtain some data on the time spent in such activities. The first female

closed her burrow and flew away at 9:30 a.m. and was not seen again

until 12:00 a.m. when she returned with a nymphal tettigoniid (2.5

hours). She closed the burrow and flew away at 12:01 p.m. and re-

turned with another nymphal tettigoniid at 12:11 p.m. (10 minutes).

At 12:12 p.m. she came out and began filling the burrow with a compact

plug, as described earlier. She was collected at 12:13 p.m. when the

plug was nearly complete. When the burrow was excavated, it was found

that the first prey stored had an Opuntia sp. thorn protruding from its

abdomen and was heavily infested with fly larvae. Whether or not this

was a self-impaled tettigoniid, a shrike-impaled specimen, or an im-

palement by Fernaldina lucae is unknown. The heavy fly larva in-

festation of this specimen would seem to indicate that it had been

impaled for some time.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

The second female was first seen at 1:15 p.m. on 29 June, as she

came into her previously prepared burrow with prey. She was in the

burrow for 30 seconds, came out, closed the burrow with a loose plug,

and flew away. She was not seen again until 4:00 p.m. when she came

in without prey, entered the burrow for about 90 seconds, covered the

entrance as before, and flew away. At 4:10 p.m. a straw was placed

over the poorly closed entrance, and at 5:45 p.m. it had been moved and

the entrance effectively plugged. No further activity occurred up to

7:30 p.m. when a plastic container was put over the entrance to capture

the female as she emerged the following morning. The next day at

8:30 a.m., while we were excavating the burrow, the female returned

without prey and was captured. She had spent the night out and was

evidently returning to remove the compact plug before collecting more

prey. Such behavior had already been observed on the first female.

Only one tettigoniid nymph was found in the burrow and this had the

wasp’s egg on it.

Amputation. — Prior to carrying the prey to the nest, both females of

Fernaldina lucae had amputated the antennae of each tettigoniid near

the middle of the third segment (Fig. 5). This may have been done to

facilitate transportation as the antennae are normally very long and

might impede progress. It might also be done to facilitate holding the

prey by the basal antennal segments during flight, not observed, or to

get them out of the way so these basal segments can be more readily

grasped when pulling the prey into the burrow.

Burrow design. — Both burrows were simple in design, shallow in

depth, and evidently constructed to house only one cluster of prey and

one wasp egg. The entrance and burrow in the first nest measured 10

mm in diameter, although somewhat irregular in spots. The burrow

extended slightly downward and inward from the base of the vertical

bank for 7.6 cm in a shallow curve. It made a 90° turn to the left at

this point, directly into a cell which was only slightly wider than the

burrow (12 mm) but 3.8 cm in length. It was horizontal in position,

6.3 cm in depth below the nest entrance, and 16.5 cm below ground level

at the top of the 10.2 cm vertical bank. The linear length was 11.4 cm.

The second burrow was more irregular than the first because of the

rocky soil in which it had been excavated. The entrance, which was in

level ground, was elliptical in shape, roughly 14 mm wide and 9 mm

high, and was not symmetrical. The burrow entered the ground at a

shallow angle toward the north, and because of the rocky soil, its

diameter and configuration were irregular (Fig. 4) . It went gradually

downward toward the north for 10.2 cm, 5.1 cm of which was along

January 1965] cazier & mortenson — fernaldina 39

the side of a rock which formed the east side of the burrow. It followed

the contour of the rock around a 90° bend and continued along its

margin for an additional 2.5 cm going east. At this point it turned

northeast at about a 45° angle for 2.7 cm to the end of the burrow. The

linear length of the burrow was 15.4 cm, the end of the burrow was not

enlarged, and the stored tettigoniid was at a depth of 5.1 cm below

ground level (Fig. 6). The end of the burrow, where the prey was

found, was roughly 12 mm wide and its bottom and west side were lined

with rock.

Prey storage. — In the first burrow the terminal cell was found to

contain three katydids which were shingled one on top of the other,

head first in the cell, on their right sides, and with the legs extended out

behind. The first specimen stored was a winged male (Fig. 5) and the

other two were nymphs in two different instars. The second burrow

contained a single nymphal female katydid, stored as given above except

that its tibiae were bent forward along the femora (Fig. 6) .

Prey analysis. — All four prey found in the two burrows belonged to

the orthopterous family Tettigoniidae (long-horned grasshoppers) . All

three specimens from the first burrow were consumed by fly larvae.

The nymphal female (Fig. 6) from the second burrow was Insara sp.,

probably elegans Scudder.

Egg. — Both females of Fernaldina lucae had laid a single egg on the

first prey stored in the burrow. In the first burrow it was on an adult

male tettigoniid (Fig. 5), and in the second, on a nymphal female of

Insara sp. (Fig. 6). The first female had stuck the head end of the egg

to the membrane between the pro- and mesosterna, inside of and slightly

behind the left (venter up) front coxa. As the prey was arranged in

the cell, the posterior portion of the egg was almost vertical, and except

for leaning against the middle coxa on the right side, was free of con-

tact with the prey (Fig. 5) . It was translucent, pale yellow in color,

slightly bowed medially, and measured 0.75 mm in width by 3.5 mm in

length. The second female had attached the head end of the egg to the

membrane inside of and in front of the left front coxa (venter up), in

front of the mesosternal plate. As placed in the nest, the posterior end

protruded upward, resting against the right middle coxa. It was sym-

metrical, slightly bowed medially, translucent, pale yellow, and measured

0.75 mm in width by 3 mm in length.

As indicated previously, the egg in the first burrow was probably

laid 19 June and the above description of it was made on 20 June. By

6:17 p.m. on 21 June both ends of the egg had become clear and by

8:40 a.m. on 22 June, the head end, next to the prey, was beginning to

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[ VOL. 41, NO. 1

darken. Unfortunately, at this latter time, it was noted that this prey

was heavily infested with medium-sized fly larvae that were rapidly

cleaning out the inside. By 9:00 p.m. on the same day, the other two

katydids were also fly blown. At this same time the wasp egg was just

beginning to hatch and to show slight movements. The head end was

dark, the median portion light, yellowish green, and the posterior end

was still pale. By 8:20 a.m., 23 June, the first instar wasp larva was

dead due to lack of food and probably also as a result of the violent

action of the fly larvae, which had by this time consumed the insides of

all the prey. If we figure that the egg was laid about 12:00 p.m. on 19

June, and as observed was hatching at 9:00 p.m. on 22 June, we have an

incubation period of about 81 hours. The egg from the second nest

didn’t hatch and was obviously defunct about 96 hours after being laid.

Predators. — During the time that both females and their burrow

entrances were kept under observation we saw no sign of parasite or

predator activity. However, as noted above, we found that the first

tettigoniid stored in the first burrow was fly blown. This was the prey

on which the wasp egg had been laid and the one which had an Opuntia

sp. thorn in its abdomen. Also, this prey had been stored prior to our

finding the burrow, probably the day before or on 19 June, so we

cannot be sure how or where it was originally infested. However, it

contained ten fly larvae which is, in our experience, more than is usually

found on a single prey that has been attacked by flies as it was being-

taken into the burrow. We think it more probable that it was larvi-

posited on while impaled on the Opuntia thorn.

The ten larvae had consumed all three pre}^ stored in the first nest by

9:00 p.m. on 22 June (about 3 days) and began crawling around the

dish, evidently looking for more food. Beginning at 8:20 a.m. on 23

June, these larvae were fed on fresh pupae of the geometrid moth

Eucaterva variaria Grote. One larva pupated on 27 June, four on 28

June, four on 29 June, and one on 1 July. One larva that pupated on

29 June emerged on 12 July (14 days), one that pupated on 28 June

emerged on 11 July (14 days) , and two that pupated on 29 June emerged

on 13 July (15 days). The remaining six pupae went defunct. From

this it can be seen that under artificial conditions the larval stage lasted

from about 8 to 12 days, the pupal stage from 14 to 15 days. From the

approximate date of larviposition (19 June) to the emergence of the

adults required from 23 to 25 days.

All four flies were Senotainia ( trilineata Wulp complex) sp. belong-

ing to the family Sarcophagidae. This species is very common in the

area in which these studies were made, and has been reared from the

January 1965] cazier & mortenson — fernaldina

nests of a number of other wasp species. However, in the other species

we have either observed the flies following the prey-laden wasps to their

nests, larvipositing on the prey as it was being carried or pulled into

the burrow, or briefly entering open burrows. No such behavior was

seen with Fernaldina lucae.

Behavior sequence. — Our studies on the two females of F ernaldina

lucae, observed at different stages in their nesting behavior, indicate

a rather definite behavioral sequence, at least in some aspects. We have

no idea how long it takes a female to dig her rather shallow (11.4^-15.4

cm) burrow, but with a wasp of this size it is probably a matter of a

few hours. When the burrow is complete, one prey is stored, an egg is

laid on the venter of its thorax, the burrow is closed with a compact

plug, and the female spends the night “sleeping” on vegetation (Linsley,

1962) . The next morning she returns to the burrow, removes the com-

pact plug, investigates the burrow, closes the entrance with a loose dirt

plug, and flies away in search of additional prey. Prey-collecting trips

varied in time from 10 minutes to 2.5 hours. No definite orientation

flights prior to departure or patterned approach flights were observed,

but this may have been due to the fact that neither of the burrows were

under observation when first established. The reported lack of such

behavior would indicate an overnight retention of the clues or landmarks.

The females fly in with their prey, land immediately in front of the

closed entrance, deposit the tettigoniid on the ground so that its head

is next to the entrance, remove the plug, enter the burrow and turn

around, reach out, grasp the prey by the base of its antennae with the

mandibles, and pull it head first into the burrow. The long antennae

of the prey are amputated at about the middle of the third segment

before the female returns to the burrow with the paralyzed victim. The

burrow is left open while the female is inside but is closed with a loose

dirt plug while she is out collecting. The prey are stored head first in

the end of the burrow or in a slightly enlarged terminal cell. Each

specimen was found to be placed on its right side, shingled over preced-

ing specimens, and with or without its posterior legs extending out

behind. The maximum number per cell was three specimens, both

nymphs and adults and male and female tettigoniids were used.

It would appear that only one accumulation of prey and one wasp

egg is placed in each burrow, and that three medium-sized katydids are

required for the development of the F ernaldina lucae larvae. When

the nest has been completed, the female closes the burrow with a compact

plug, using her head and anterior legs to push the dirt down in the

42 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1

burrow. The wasp’s prey are predatized by the sarcophagid fly Seno-

tainia ( trilineata Wulp complex) sp.

Comparison. — Bohart and Menke (1963) place the genus Fernaldina

in a position intermediate between Sphex and Isodontia on morphologi-

cal characteristics. In nesting habits and types of prey, F ernaldina

would appear to be more nearly like Sphex than Isodontia. Sphex and

F ernaldina are ground-nesting genera, they construct their own burrows,

which are not lined with plant tissues, and both stock their nests pri-

marily with Tettigoniidae. Isodontia , on the other hand, uses abandoned

burrows of ground- and plant-nesting bees, hollow stems and holes in

various plants, pitcher plants, and dead, rolled leaves of Yucca. They

evidently prefer oecanthine Gryllidae for prey but also use tettigoniids

on occasion, and line their nests with plant fibers. Some species of

Sphex are gregarious in their nesting habits, whereas F ernaldina and

Isodontia appear to be solitary.

In certain behavioral characteristics the same close relationship be-

tween Sphex and F ernaldina evidently exists, probably as a direct result

of their similarities in nesting habits and types of prey stored. Using

Sphex ichneumoneus (Linnaeus) for comparative purposes, the Peck-

hams (1898) reported that during excavation the females back out of

their burrows carrying some loose dirt in their mouths and anterior legs

and deposit this on the tumulus. When plugging the burrow, loose dirt

was pushed in and then tamped down with the head. The female deposits

her prey in front of the burrow entrance, goes inside and turns around,

then reaches out and pulls it inside by its antennae. The prey are stored

head first at the end of the burrow and the egg is laid on the venter of

the thorax. The illustrated burrow is shaped like our first burrow of

F ernaldina lucae. The egg-laying period is brief and the females evi-

dently spend the night out. These characteristics are shared with

F ernaldina lucae.

The Peckhams (1898) make no mention of antennal amputation by

Sphex ichneumoneus , and Reinhard (1929) shows pictures of the prey

of this species with the wasp egg and larvae attached, in which the

antennae are intact. The Peckhams (1905) have a drawing of a Sphex

in front of her burrow entrance with prey and both antennae of the

katydid are complete. F ernaldina lucae amputates the tettigoniid an-

tennae at about the middle of the third segment. Rau (1944) found the

egg of Sphex pensylvanicus Linnaeus on the abdominal venter of the

katydids rather than on the venter of the thorax as mentioned above for

the other two species. The Peckhams (1898) did not indicate that

Sphex ichneumoneus closed the burrow entrance while out looking for

January 1965] cazier & mortenson — fernaldina

prey, as does Fernaldina lucae. Gillaspy (1962) reported that in Sphex

tepanecus Saussure the cells ranged in depth from 31 to 60 cm. In Sphex

ichneumoneus they are 17.8 cm (Peckhams, 1898), in Sphex pensylvani-

cus 21.5 cm (Rau, 1944), and in Fernaldina lucae the linear lengths of

the burrows varied from 11.4 cm to 15.4 cm. There appears to be con-

siderable variability in biology and behavior between the various species

of Sphex , and we anticipate that when additional examples of Fernaldina

lucae are studied, some additional variability will be found in this single

species. Also, we would expect to find an orientation flight from new

burrows, spreading activities on tumulus piles, a pattern on the homing-

flights, predatory flies at the burrow entrances, and perhaps a number

of false burrow starts. What information we have presented here will

serve as a starting point for studies on this species.

Literature Cited

Bohart, R. M., and A. S. Menke. 1963. A reclassification of the Sphecinae

with a revision of the Nearctic species of the tribes Sceliplironini and

Sphecini (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Univ. of California Pubs. En-

tomol., 30 (2) : 91-182.

Evans, H. E., and E. G. Linsley. 1960. Notes on a sleeping aggregation of

solitary bees and wasps. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 59 (1) : 30-37.

Gillaspy, J. E. 1962. Nesting behavior of Sphex tepanecus Saussure. Bull.

Brooklyn Entomol. Soc., 57 : 15-17.

Linsley, E. G. 1962. Sleeping aggregations of aculeate Hymenoptera — II. Ann.

Entomol. Soc. Amer., 55(2) : 148-164.

Peckham, G. W., and E. G. Peckham. 1898. On the instincts and habits of the

solitary wasps. Wisconsin Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 2, Sci. Ser. 1.

245 pp.

1905. Wasps social and solitary. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Cambridge. 311 pp.

Rau, P. 1944. The nesting habits of the wasp, Chlorion (Ammobia) pennsyl-

vanicum L. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 37 : 439-440.

Reinhard, E. G. 1929. The witchery of wasps. The Century Co., New York.

291 pp.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41. NO. 1

Ecbletus , a Genus of Staphylinid Beetle

New to the Nearctic Region

(Coleoptera : Staphylinidae)

Ian Moore

San Diego Natural History Museum

Ecbletus was originally described by David Sharp in the Biologia

Centrali-Americana : Insecta, Coleoptera, vol. 1, pt. 2, suppl., p. 708.

It was based on three specimens of a single species, E. simplex, from

Panama, which was illustrated on plate 18, fig. 24. No other species

has been described. The new species described here was collected in

California by Frank E. Blaisdell over 50 years ago.

Ecbletus Sharp

Form. — Small, parallel, not robust. Integument very finely sculptured, shining.

Head. — Orbicular, slightly narrowed behind the eyes, without a nuchal con-

striction. Eyes moderate, somewhat prominent. Antennae hardly incrassate;

their fossae located in front of the eyes, above the bases of the mandibles, not

under a ridge or prominence. Mandibles short, stout, curved, pointed at apex.

Labrum transverse, narrowing rapidly from base to apex, which is broadly truncate.

Maxillary palpi four-segmented; first segment short; second elongate, curved,

widest at apex; third about as long as second but wider at apex; fourth almost

as long as third, at base almost as wide as third, thence rapidly narrowing to the

narrowly truncate apex. Inner lobe of maxilla not visible, outer lobe broad at

apex, which is densely ciliate. Labial palpi three-segmented; first segment

largest, others each narrower than preceding; all segments longer than wide.

Ligula shallowly but acutely emarginate at apex. Gular sutures well separated,

widely diverging behind. Infraorbital carina lacking.

Thorax . — Pronotum subquadrate. Prosternum moderate, its process short.

Lateral prosternal sutures distinct. Hypomera delimited by a carina. Trochantin

minute. Prosternal epimera not delimited by sutures. Mesosternum short, its

process short, acute, extending a very short distance between the coxae.

Metasternum large, its process short, acute, hardly extending between the coxae.

Elytra quadrate, sutural stria very fine. Scutellum small. Anterior coxae large,

prominent, transverse, extending to the hypomera, contiguous. Middle coxae

large, contiguous. Posterior coxae transverse and somewhat triangular. Tibiae

without spines except at apices. Tarsi five-segmented, posterior tarsi about as

long as tibiae, first segment a little longer than second, second to fourth decreas-

ing very little in length, fifth about as long as first four together.

Abdomen . — First five visible segments with paratergites. Fifth visible tergite

a little longer than preceding. Tergites not impressed. First visible sternite

without a small keel between the coxae. Sternites not constricted at base.

Distribution. — This anomalous genus has been previously known

only by the single species, E. simplex Sharp, which was based on

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 44-46. January 1965

January 1965] moore — new ecbletus from California

Fig. 1. Ecbletus leechi Moore.

three specimens collected by Champion in Panama in the 1880’s.

Consequently, the single specimen of the new species found by Blaisdell

in California is a very interesting addition to our fauna.

Notes. — This genus belongs in the Phloeocharinae. In many

characters it resembles members of the Pteroniinae, from which it can

be easily separated by its prominent anterior coxae and relatively

shorter elytra. Previously placed in the Phloeocharinae were Rimulin-

cola and Olisthearus. The former has been removed to the Oxytelinae

and the latter belongs in the Olisthaerinae.

Ecbletus leechi Moore, new species

Color. — Head, pronotum, and abdomen dark piceus; appendages and elytra rufo-

testaceus, with the scutellar region clouded.

Head . — Head wider than long; surface evenly convex, very finely reticulate, and

with a few almost imperceptible punctulae; a few scattered punctures and two

long setae on either side behind the eyes. Surface beneath very finely, evenly

reticulate. Eyes prominent, about as long as the tempora. Antennae slender,

hardly incrassate, about as long as the head and pronotum; the first segment

large, second almost as long and a little narrower than first, fourth to eighth

decreasing slightly in length, eighth not longer than wide, ninth and tenth some-

what longer than wide, eleventh longer than tenth.

Thorax . — Pronotum transverse, apex slightly emarginate, sides and base arcuate,

angles rounded, the entire border margined by a carina; surface evenly convex

except for a very vague central impression in the basal fourth, finely reticulate,

with scattered minute punctulae throughout. Under surface feebly reticulate.

Prosternum with scattered setose punctures.

Elytra . — Elytra conjointly one-fourth longer than wide with the sides parallel

and the angles rounded, the inner apical angle minutely so. Surface shining,

minutely irregularly wrinkled throughout. Epipleura shining. Sutural stria very

fine.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

Abdomen . — Abdomen subparallel, widest at apex of fifth segment. First four

segments subequal in length, fifth one-third longer than fourth. Surface above

and beneath minutely reticulate, with very fine scattered punctures and very

fine sparse pubescence. Side margins with long, coarse pubescence. Sternites

unmodified.

Legs.- — Femora elongate-oval, flattened dorsoventrally. Tibiae almost straight,

slightly widened apically, finely pubescent and with a few moderate apical spines.

Anterior tarsi with the first four segments moderately dilated; fifth slender,

almost as long as the first four together. Middle and posterior tarsi with the first

four segments short, decreasing slightly in length, fifth about as long as first four

together.

Length .- — 2.5 mm.

Holotype . — Sex unknown. Mokel Hill, Calaveras County,

California, VII— 18-10, Frank E. Blaisdell collector, in the collection of

the California Academy of Sciences.

Notes. — This species can be distinguished from the only other

known species, simplex, by the eyes being about as long as the tempora

and by the punctulae of the pronotum. In the latter species, the eyes

are about one-half the length of the tempora and the pronotum is said

to be impunctate.

It is a pleasure to name this interesting insect in honor of Hugh

B. Leech of San Francisco to whom I am indebted for many favors.

Two New Species of Mcicrurohelea from Chile

(Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)

Willis W. Wirth

Entomology Research Division, Agric. Res. Serv., U. S. Department of

Agriculture, W ashington, D. C.

Ingram and Macfie (1931, Dipt. Patagonia and S. Chile, part II,

fasc. 1, p. 203) proposed the genus Macrurohelea for two species,

the type species M. caudata Ingram and Macfie from southern Chile,

and M. thoracica Ingram and Macfie from southern Argentina. In this

genus the eyes are widely separated and in part finely pubescent, the legs

are slender and unarmed, the fourth tarsomere is slightly bilobed, the

fifth tarsomere is unarmed, and the female claws are small and equal.

The wing venation is similar to that of Stilobezzia, with two radial cells

present; the costa extends to about two-thirds of the wing length,

the medial fork is petiolate, and the wing surface bears microtrichia

but no macrotrichia. The female abdomen is uniquely modified distally,

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 46-50. January 1965

January 19651 wirth — macrurohelea from chile

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1, Macrurohelea kuscheli new species, female wing. Fig. 2, M. kuscheli

new species, segments 9-15 of female antenna. Fig. 3, M. setosa new species,

male genitalia.

with the tenth segment long and cylindrical and bent forward and

appressed to the venter of the preceding segments of the abdomen;

there are two or three spermathecae present. The male genitalia are

similar to those of Stilobezzia, with Y-shaped aedeagus and separate,

long, slender, distally enlarged parameres with laterally bent basal arms.

In the tribe Stilobezziini the genus Macrurohelea is separated

from Acanthohelea Kieffer, Echinohelea Macfie, and Serromyia Meigen

by the absence of femoral spines; from Stilobezzia Kieffer and

Monohelea Kieffer by the equal tarsal claws; and from Parabezzia

Malloch by the presence of two radial cells.

The genus Luciamyia de Meillon is known only from females of one

species, L. biloba de Meillon from South Africa. It is closely related to

Macrurohelea , having two radial cells, unarmed femora, equal tarsal

claws, and five-segmented palpus, but differs in having only one

spermatheca, the wing densely hairy, and the wing venation greatly

modified. Vein M2 is entirely absent and the second radial cell is

greatly prolonged and broadened distally. The costa, vein R4 + 5, and

vein M x meet in a point at the wing tip where there is a distinct

indentation at the wing margin and the fringe is modified into lanceolate

scales.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

The only other known species of Macrurohelea is commoni Lee (1962,

Proc. Linnaean Soc. N. S. Wales, 87: 339) which was recently described

from females from Australia. In the present paper two additional new

species are described from central Chile and a key is presented for the

separation of the five presently known species.

Key to the Species of Macrurohelea (Females)

1. Second radial cell of wing 2.0 times as long as first; antennal ratio 0.59,

segments 11-14 each broader than long (Chile) kuscheli new species

Second radial cell at least 3 times as long as first; antennal ratio 0.90-1.20,

segments 11-14 each at least twice as long as broad 2

2. Large species, wing 2.1-2.7 mm long; antenna long and slender, antennal

ratio 1.07-1.20 3

Smaller species, wing 1.3-1. 5 mm long; antennae shorter, antennal ratio

0.90-1.00 4

3. Legs with numerous long spinose hairs; wing brownish, the veins dark

brown; body dark brown (Chile) setosci new species

Legs with inconspicuous hairs; wings pale including veins; body yellowish

brown (Argentina) thorucica Ingram and Macfie

4. Wing with second radial cell 4.3 times as long as first; two large and one

small spermathecae present, without sclerotized necks (Australia) commoni Lee

Wing with second radial cell 3.2 times as long as first; two subequal

spermathecae present, each with distinct sclerotized neck (Chile)

caudata Ingram and Macfie

Macrurohelea caudata Ingram and Macfie

Macrurohelea caudata Ingram and Macfie, 1931, Dipt. Patagonia and S. Chile,

part II, fasc. 4, p. 205 (male, female; Casa Pangue, Chile; fig. female abdomen,

male genitalia).

New record. — Ancud, Chiloe Island, Chile, 2-7 April 1920, Cornell

Univ. Expedition, one female (Cornell Univ. coll.).

Macrurohelea thoracica Ingram and Macfie

Macrurohelea thoracica Ingram and Macfie, 1931, Dipt. Patagonia and S. Chile,

part II, fasc. 4, p. 206 (male, female, Bariloche and L. Gutierrez, Argentina;

fig. wing) .

This species is known only from the types from the Rio Negro

Territory of Argentina. I have not seen this species.

Macrurohelea commoni Lee

Macrurohelea commoni Lee, 1962, Proc. Linnaean Soc. N. S. Wales, 87: 339

(female; Clyde Mountain, N. S. Wales; fig. antenna, palpus, interorbital space,

apex abdomen, wing).

January 1965J wirth — macrurohelea from chile

I have studied this species and placed it in the key from a paratype

kindly deposited in the U. S. National Museum by Mr. Lee.

Macrurohelea kuscheli Wirth, new species

(Figs. 1, 2)

Female. — Wing length 0.94 mm. Head dark brown, including antennae and

palpi. Eyes broadly separated, two setae on anterior convex margin of frons

between them; interfacetal areas with short pubescence. Antenna (Fig. 2) very

short, lengths of flagellar segments in proportion of 20-15-15-15-15-15-14-14-

12-12-12-12-28, antennal ratio 0.59, segments 4-10 moniliform, segments 11-14

slightly broader than long. Palpi shrunken, not measured ; segments short,

apparently nearly in proportion as figured by Lee for M. commoni. Mandible

with ten teeth.

Thorax dark brown, scutellum concolorous. Legs dark brown, with sparse, fine

hairs; hind tibial comb with five spines, the second from the spur longest;

tarsi without strong, ventral, spinose setae; fifth tarsomere slender; claws equal,

small, from one-third to one-half as long as fifth tarsomere. Wing (Fig. 1) pale

grayish, veins slightly brownish; costa short, extending only to 0.68 of wing

length; second radial cell 0.5 as long as second. Halter brownish.

Abdomen dark brown; terminal segments modified as usual in the genus.

Spermathecae three, shrunken in type specimen and not measured, apparently two

subequal ovoid large ones, each about 0.50 mm long, without sclerotized necks, plus

a very small one about a fourth as large.

Male. — Unknown.

Distribution. — Chile.

Holotype female. — Algarrobo, Valparaiso, Chile, 18 September

1951, G. Kuschel (Type No. 67379, U.S.N.M.).

This species is unique in the genus for its small size, very short

antenna with transverse subapical segments, and short second radial cell.

Macrurohelea setosa Wirth, new species

(Fig. 3)

Female. — Wing length 2.1 mm. Head dark brown, including antennae and

palpi. Eyes broadly separated, a group of four setae on interocular space; inter-

facetal areas with distinct pubescence. Antenna with lengths of flagellar segments

in proportion of 15-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-14-15-16-18-28, antennal ratio 1.07 ; seg-

ments short tapering, tenth segment 1.6 times as long as broad, eleventh segment

2.3 times as long as broad. Palpal segments long and slender, lengths in propor-

tion of 5-15-20-15-25, third segment 3.3 times as long as broad, with an indistinct,

very shallow, irregular, distal sensory pit. Mandible with 12 teeth.

Thorax dark brown, scutellum concolorous. Legs dark brown; with numerous,

stout, long, setose hairs, the longest on tibia twice as long as diameter of tibia;

hind tibial comb of five spines, the second from the spur longest; hind tarsal

ratio 2.3; fifth tarsomere very slender, nearly three times as long as fourth; tarsi

with spinose ventral setae present; claws equal, strong, slightly curved, each about

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[ VOL. 41, NO. 1

half as long as fifth tarsomere. Wing pale brownish infuscated, veins dark brown;

costa extending to 0.81 of wing length; second radial cell long, 2.9 times as long as

first, relatively narrow, especially distad. Halter infuscated.

Abdomen dark brown; sparse short setae present. Terminal segments modified,

narrowed, elongated, and bent forward ventrally as in other species of the

genus. Spermathecae two, ovoid, tapering to the duct and with short sclerotized

neck, measuring 0.111 mm by 0.080 mm and 0.088 mm by 0.080 mm, including the

sclerotized necks.

Male. — Similar to the female with the usual sexual differences; claws broken

and not examined; hind tibial comb with seven spines, hairs of legs longer and

stronger than in female, forecoxa with a group of unusually stout blunt-tipped

hairs as in Parabezzia. Genitalia (Fig. 3) : Ninth sternum moderately long, with

transverse caudal margin, the posterior membrane spiculate a short way; ninth

tergum constricted subapically, with a short, bilobed distal expansion. Basistyle

stout; dististyle slender, slightly curved, with blunt-pointed tip. Aedeagus with

low, rounded, basal arch, the basal arms short and very stout; midportion gradually

tapering distally to about two-thirds total length, the distal third very slender, with

peglike distal point. Parameres each with stout curved basolateral arm, distal

portion straight, slender, without expanded tip.

Distribution. — Chile.

Holotype female ; allotype male. — Vegas de San Andres, 2,250

meters, Atacama, Chile, 28 September 1952, G. Kuschel (Type No.

67380, U.S.N.M.).

This species is easily recognized by its deeply infuscated wings, large

size, uniform dark brown body and legs, strongly setose legs,

spermathecae with short necks, elongated antennae and palpi, and

characteristic male genitalia.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

A secondary sexual character in Corythucha Stal (Hemiptera :

Heteroptera : Tingidae ). 1 — Although it is well known that there are differences

between the sexes of Corythucha Stal in the degree in which the eyes are

exposed by the pronotal hood, no mention was found to sexual differences in the

antenna. Twenty species of this genus were examined and all showed the

same characteristic antennal dimorphism. The males have two distinct types of

pilosity, long and short, scattered, erect setae whereas the females have only

long setae. Although the setation occurs on all segments, it is most readily

visible on segment three. Bailey (1951, Entomol. Amer., 31: 21) states that antennal

dimorphism occurs between the two sexes in Melanorhopala Stal and in

this case was responsible for the confusion of several species that had

been described. — John D. Lattin, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

1 Supported, in part, by the General Research Fund, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

January 1965] butler — modified malaise trap 51

A Modified Malaise Insect Trap 1

George D. Butler, Jr.

University of Arizona, Tucson

Malaise insect traps are being used by a number of entomologists with

good success (Townes, 1962, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 64 (4) : 253-

262). The trap consists of a large net stretched across an area where

insects are flying. When insects encounter the net they fly upward

and are funneled into containers at the top of either end of the

net. The trap has not gained as widespread use as its effectiveness might

warrant which is due perhaps to its cost, large size, and unavailability.

In an effort to popularize this very effective method of collecting, I have

designed an inexpensive and easily made modification from a mosquito

bed-net, with a plastic bag to hold the insects (Fig. 1) . Five of these nets

were used in the Chiricahua Mountains near the Southwestern Research

Station at Portal, Arizona during July 1964, with excellent results.

A bed-net is modified by cutting off one side, leaving a 1-foot

strip across the top. A hole is cut in the net at the center of the top, and

a coffee can, with the top and bottom removed, is firmly tied into the

opening. To provide greater strength, a 10-inch square of muslin can be

sewed to the top of the net before the hole is cut. Two light wooden

stakes, wooden dowels, or lengths of electrical conduit are permanently

tied across each end of the net on the inside, to hold the net open.

A 4-foot length of nylon cord is tied to the ends of the two stakes to make

a loop at each end of the net. These loops are used to suspend the net

from a length of closeline tied between two trees or other objects. The

angle of the net ends and their distances below the line are adjusted

with the knots of the nylon strings. Nylon is preferred as the knots

can be untied easily. A short length of string is tied around the coffee

can to permit it to be tied up tightly to the line. If the ends of the net

are tied so they hang about 18 inches from the line and the coffee can is

tied up tightly, a funnel-shaped roof for the trap is formed leading up to

the can.

The Malaise trap at the Research Station was out of operation for

several months awaiting the arrival of the special plastic collecting

containers that are mounted at the top of each end of the trap. No

special container is needed for the modified trap. A large plastic bag

is fastened to the coffee can with a heavy rubber band. Bags salvaged

1 University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 915.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 51-53. January 1965

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[ VOL. 41, NO. 1

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 1. A modified Malaise insect trap made of an insect bed-net and plastic

collecting bag.

from 5-gallon milk boxes worked well. These provided unbreakable,

transparent, waterproof, easily changed containers of light weight and

small volume for easy transport. I used a piece of cheesecloth inside

each plastic bag to keep the insects apart after they were trapped and a

small cloth bag of paradichlorobenzene as a killing agent. Cloth may

not be necessary for most collecting and a better killing agent might

be used.

Some of the advantages of the modified Malaise insect trap include

the low cost of less than five dollars each, the easy and rapid setup time

of less than 5 minutes, and the light weight and relatively small volume,

as at least six complete traps can be carried in a G. I. barracks bag.

With several of the smaller traps, collections can be made at several

different locations at the same time, and the risk of loss by vandalism or

flash flood is spread out among several installations. Where, as in

most cases, traps are to be left unattended, the relatively small value

of the trap should reduce the chances of the unit being stolen.

Several small traps were used with good success in the Chiricahua

Mountains. One trap was suspended across a small unused woodland

road and in 24 hours 80 Diptera, 25 Hymenoptera (10 families),

January 1965] butler — modified malaise trap

21 Lepidoptera, and 4 Coleoptera were collected. Another trap in a dry

wash (Fig. 1) yielded some excellent material and during one 24-hour

period 240 Diptera, 150 Homoptera (mostly leafhoppers) , and 25 each

of Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera were caught. Some

interesting material of several orders, including several aquatic orders,

was collected from traps suspended over flowing streams.

One trap was suspended between two trees at the top of a ridge at the

end of a long valley about 1 mile south of Onion Saddle. This net was

left for several days and yielded some very interesting material that had

come up the valley and over the ridge on the updraft of air. A final

example of the use of the trap illustrates an application utilizing a bait.

A net was suspended between two juniper trees on a sparsely vegetated

south slope with little apparent insect activity. A few scattered century

plants were in bloom. Two flowering stalks were cut and placed in the

opening of the trap. In a 24-hour period 300 Hymenoptera, 150 Diptera,

80 Lepidoptera, 10 Coleoptera, and specimens of several other orders

were collected from a location that would have yielded only a few speci-

mens with a lot of effort using a hand net. Among the large number

of specimens collected were several very unusual ones that I have not

previously encountered on numerous other collecting trips in the area.

The trap continued to attract insects for several days and nights and it

required but a few minutes to change the plastic bag each day.

Many insect collectors will find that the use of several of these modified

Malaise insect traps on their collecting trips would be very profitable.

They can be inexpensively made, easily transported, quickly set up, and

emptied whenever convenient, either hours or days later. This basic

design offers a good starting point for many modifications for

specialized collecting.

RECENT LITERATURE

The Ecology and Morphology of Thinobius frizzelli Hatch, an Intertidal

Beetle. By Trevor Kincaid. Cover 12 pp., pis. I-VI. Privately published.

The Calliostoma Company, 1904 East 52nd, Seattle, Washington. 1961.

The Stapfiylinid Genera Pontomalota and Thinusa. By Trevor Kincaid.

Cover -j- 10 pp., pis. I-IV. Loc. cit., 1961.

Professor Kincaid not only wrote these two useful papers, but set them in type

and printed them in limited editions. It is unfortunate that he used a rubber

cement in mounting the plates and two corrections to the bibliography of the

first. In the intervening years the cement has stained the paper, and lost its

holding power. — Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

Some Chrysomelid Beetles from East Asia

in the California Academy of Sciences

(Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae)

Michio Chujo

Entomological Laboratory, Kagaiva University, Takamatsu-shi, Japan

The chrysomelid beetles recorded in the following paragraphs were

mixed with many examples of East Asian coccinellid beetles sent from

the California Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. to Mr. M. Miyatake of the

Ehime University, Matsuyama-shi, Japan, for identification. As a

result of my examination of these examples by the kind consideration of

Mr. Miyatake, I found some noteworthy problems. Therefore, I will

describe or record here those facts, together with a list of all specimens.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Miyatake who gave me this

opportunity to study these interesting examples. Most of the examples

will be sent back to the California Academy of Sciences in San

Francisco.

Subfamily CHRYSOMELINAE

Plagiodera hanoiensis Chen

Plagiodera hanoiensis Chen, 1934, Rech. Chrys. Chine, p. 58 (Tonkin: Hanoi) ;

1936, Ann. Soc. Entomol. France, 105: 167 (key), 170-171 (Tonkin: Hanoi).

Specimens examined. — One example, Luichow-pen, Kwangtung, South China,

1 September 1950, J. L. Gressitt leg.

Distribution. — North Viet-Nam; South China.

This species may be newly added to the fauna of China by the present

paper.

Subfamily ALTICINAE

Argopistes biplagiatus Motschulsky

Argopistes biplagiatus Motschulsky, in Schrenck, 1860, Reisen u. Forsch. Amur-

Lande, 2 (2) : 236, pi. xi, fig. 25 (East Siberia: Dauria and Amur).

— Argopistes unclecimmaculatus Jacoby, 1885, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 738-739

(Japan: Sapporo).

Specimens examined. — Three examples, Hakone, Japan, April 1895, Koebele

Collection; two examples, Japan (without collecting data), Koebele Collection;

one example, China (without collecting data), Koebele Collection; one example,

Hong Kong (without collecting data), Armitage Collection; one example, Tai

Yong, East Kwantung, China, 4 August 1936, J. L. Gressitt leg.

Distribution. — East Siberia; Japan; China.

Argopistes coccinelliformis Csiki

Argopistes coccinelliformis Csiki, in Junk-Schenkling, 1940, Col. Cat., 169: 524

(Japan and Loo-Choo) (nom. nov. pro. A. coccinelloides Baly, 1874) ; Chujo

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 54-58. January 1965

January 1965] chujo — chrysomelids from east asia

and Kimoto, 1961, Pacific Ins., 3 (1) : 174 (Indo-China, South China, Formosa,

Korea, Ryukyu Islands, Japan and Bonin Island).

=: Argopistes coccinelloides ( nec Suffrian, 1868) Baly, 1874, Trans. Entomol.

Soc. London, p. 202 (Japan).

Specimens examined. — One example, Okinawa, April 1912, J. C. Thompson leg. ;

one example, Mimasaka, Japan, July 1912, J. C. Thompson leg.

Distribution. — Japan; Bonin Island; Loochoos; Korea; South China; Formosa;

Indo-China.

Argopus fortunei Baly

Argopus fortunei Baly, 1877, Trans. Entomol. Soc. London, p. 181 (China).

Specimens examined.- — One example, Foochow, China (without collecting data) ,

presented by C. R. Kellogg.

Distribution. — South China; Yunnan; North Viet-Nam.

Chilocoristes funesta Weise

Cliilocoristes funesta Weise, 1909 (1910), Verb. Nat. Ver. Briinn, 48: 41 (Burma:

Pegu) ; Chen, 1934, Sinensia, 5 (3-4) : 320-321, fig. 63 (Yunnan, Tonkin, and

Pegu) ; Heikertinger and Csiki, in Junk-Schenkling, 1940, Col. Cat., 169: 527

(Burma, Tonkin, and Yunnan).

Specimens examined. — Three examples, Hong San, southeast Kiangsi, China,

15 July 1936, J. L. Gressitt leg.; two examples, Liungchon San, southwest Fukien,

China, 21 July 1936, J. L. Gressitt leg.

Distribution.- — Burma; North Viet-Nam; Yunnan; South China.

This is a new record of this species from the South and Southeast

districts of China.

Chilocoristes pallidus (Baly)

Acrocrypta pallida Baly, 1876, Entomol. Monthly Mag., 13: 224 (Sumatra).

Chilocoristes pallidus (Baly), Chen, 1933, Sinensia, 3 (9): 240 (Island Hainan);

1934, Stylops, 3 (4) : 73 (transferred from the genus Acrocrypta to the present

genus) ; Heikertinger and Csiki, in Junk-Schenkling, 1940, Col. Cat., 169: 527

(Sumatra and Hainan).

Specimens examined. — One example, Fan Ta, Island Hainan, 17 July 1935, J. L.

Gressitt leg.; one example, Dwa Bi, Island Hainan, 20 July 1935, J. L. Gressitt leg.

Distribution. — Sumatra; Island Hainan.

Neortliaea gressitti Chujo, new species

Body very strongly rounded in its outline, only a little longer than broad,

strongly narrowed in front and behind, very strongly convex on the dorsum. General

color black, very strongly lustrous, without metallic sheen; labrum dark yellow-

brown, palpi dark red-brown, antennae dark yellow- to red-brown, with the

terminal segments slightly infuscated, scutellum piceous, and tarsi red-brown to

piceous.

Head. — Front-vertical area very highly convex, finely but sparsely punctured at

the median area, and very strongly and broadly excavated and smooth at each side

as usual; clypeus distinctly limited from frons by an interantennal transverse

inpression, gently convex, smooth and finely but sparsely punctured on the

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

postmedian area, alutaceous or roughly shagreened on the other parts. Antennae

about a half as long as the body; first segment the longest, thickened

terminally and somewhat bent, second thinner and shorter than the first, but much

thicker and not shorter than the third, third most slender, fourth the shortest but

broader than the third, fifth more strongly dilated terminally than in the fourth

and nearly equal in length to the third, sixth through tenth distinctly dilated

terminally in each and almost equal in length with one another, eleventh about as

wide as the tenth but much longer than the latter and a little shorter than the

first, with the apex pointed. Pronotum very much broader than long, strongly

narrowed anteriorly; front border narrowly bordered and deeply emarginated,

front corners nearly right angle in each, with a denticular projection which bears a

distinct setigerous pore at its outer end, lateral borders sharply ridged and slightly

rounded, basal corners rounded with a distinct setigerous pore, basal border

narrowly marginated and arched posteriorly with the median part especially

strongly arched towards the scutellum; dorsum transversely convex, finely and

closely punctured, Avith a distinct furrow closely along each lateral border and an

obtuse short notch at each side just before the inside of humerus. Scutellum

obtrigonate, with the apex not sharply angulated and the surface flattish and

rather faintly shagreened. Elytra somewhat broader at the base than the pronotum,

strongly rounded at the basal corners and also at each side and apex; dorsum

very strongly convex, distinctly and closely clothed larger punctures (these

punctures forming irregular but partly regular files) and finer punctures placed

confusedly; basal two-thirds of lateromarginal areas distinguish their convexity in a

good width from the discal area and lacking the coarser punctures on them, but

finely and sparsely punctured; humeri distinctly convex, sparsely clothed with very

fine punctures; elytral epipleura very broad and distinctly concave at the posterior

end, impunctate but not smooth.

Underside distinctly pubescent-punctate; intercoxal area of prosternum broad;

acetabula closed behind; mesosternum broad between the mesocoxae, very deeply

furrowed transversely, concealed under the very medioanterior projection of

metasternum in the natural state. Legs robust; femora distinctly grooved at the

underside respectively for the reception of the corresponding tibia when in repose;

third tarsal segment of each tarsus bilobed; claws strongly appendiculate.

Length. — 4.25-4.50 mm.

Holotype. — Mt. Dome, Island Hainan, South China, 13 July

1935, J. L. Gressitt leg.; 1 paratype, Dwa Bi, Island Hainan, South

China, 22 July 1935, J. L. Gressitt leg.

Distribution. — Island Hainan (South China).

This new species is somewhat allied to N. julva (Jacoby) from India

in the body without a metallic sheen which is commonly seen in the

other known species of this genus, but is separated from the Jacoby

species by the following characteristics: body smaller and deep black

in the general coloration, front-vertical area and the medioposterior

raised area of clypeus finely but distinctly punctured, third segment of

antenna not longer than fourth, humeri and lateromarginal areas of

January 1965] chujo — chrysomelids from east asia

elytra rather finely but distinctly punctured, elytral epipleura

impunctate, etc.

Viewed from a different point, the present species is somewhat allied

to N. micans (Baly, 1875) from India, Burma, Malaya, North Viet-Nam,

South China, Sumtra, Java, and Borneo, but is distinguished from the

Baly species in the following points: body much smaller (much less than

5.0 mm), deep black in the coloration of dorsum, without metallic

luster, front-vertical raised area finely but distinctly punctured,

pronotum more strongly punctured, characteristically punctured on

the elytra, etc.

The trivial name of this new species is dedicated to Dr. J. L. Gressitt

who is the first collector of these interesting specimens.

SCHENKLINGIA MIWAI (Chujo)

Eucycla miwai Chujo, 1937, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa, 27 (162): 52 (key),

53-54 (Formosa: Rimogan).

Specimens examined. — One example, Shinten, North Formosa, 3 February 1932,

J. L. Gressitt leg.

Distribution. — Formosa.

Sphaeroderma apicale Baly

Sphaeroderma apicalis Baly, 1874, Trans. Entomol. Soc. London, pp. 205-206

(Japan: Nagasaki).

Specimens examined. — One example, Hong San, southeast Kiangsi, China, 29

June 1936, J. L. Gressitt leg.; one example, Tai-ka, Tin-tong, Long-chong District,

Kwangtung, South China, 7 August 1947, Tseng et Lam leg.

Distribution. — Japan; South China; Formosa; North Viet-Nam. South China

may be a newly recorded locality for this species.

Sphaeroderma atrum Jacoby

Sphaeroderma atra Jacoby, 1885, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 735-736 (Japan:

Oyama, Kiga 7 Nikko).

Specimens examined. — One example, Japan (without collecting data), Koebele

Collection.

Distribution. — J apan.

Sphaeroderma fuscicorne Baly

Sphaeroderma fuscicornis Baly, 1864, Entomol. Monthly Mag., 1: 134 (China);

1874, Trans. Entomol. Soc. London, pp. 202-203 (Japan: Nagasaki and Tsu

Sima) .

Sphaeroderma fuscicornis Baly var. b. Jacoby, 1885, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.

735 (Japan: Kashiwagi, Tsumago and Fukushima, together with the nominate

form by Baly) .

Specimens examined. — -Two examples, Nikko, Japan (without collecting data),

Koebele Collection.

Distribution. — China; Japan

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

One of the present examples belongs to the form described by Jacoby,

1885, as the var. b. of S. fuscicorne Baly, 1874, which has the elytra

completely black, and the metathorax and metafemora piceous to black.

Sphaeroderma tibiale Chujo

Spliaeroderma tibialis Chujo, 1937, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa, 27 (161) :

37 (key) , 41 (Formosa: Shinchiku).

Specimens examined. — One example, Rokld, South Formosa, 14 May 1934, J. L.

Gressitt leg.

Distribution. — Formosa.

This species was described with a single example and the sex of it

was not marked in the original description. However, judging from the

structure of its anterior legs described in the original description, it

may be thought a male example. In the present (female) example the

anterior legs are not specialized.

Lachnestes singalensis (Dohrn), a Lygaeid New to the

Western Hemisphere

(Hemiptera)

James A. Slater 1 and John D. Lattin 2

University of Connecticut, Storrs; Oregon State University, Corvallis

Lachnestes singalensis (Dohrn) is a lygaeid of wide distribution in

the Oriental and Ethiopian regions. It was originally described by

Dohrn (1860) from Ceylon and subsequently has been reported from

India by Walker (1872), Atkinson (1882), Lethierry and Severin

(1894) (all as Rhyparochromus semilucens) , Distant (1901) (as

Rhyparochromus convelatus) , Distant (1904, 1913), Maxwell-Lefroy

(1909a, b) , Bergroth (1915), Chatterjee (1937), Bhasin (1953), Hober-

landt (1954), Parshad (1957, 1958); Madagascar by Distant (1904,

1913), Hoberlandt (1954); Seychelles Islands by Distant (1913);

Nyasaland by Distant (1918) (as Aphanus nigrellus ) ; French Sudan

by Hoberlandt (1954) ; Central Africa, Natal by Lindberg (1958) ;

Kenya by LePelley (1960) (see Slater, 1964, for the references cited

above) .

Therefore, it is of great interest that the junior author was able to

collect a considerable series of this Old World species on 28 July 1952

1 This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid from the National Science Foundation.

2 Supported, in part, hy the General Research Fund, Oregon State University.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 58-60. January 1965

January 1965] slater & lattin — introduced lygaeid

Explanation of Figure

Fig.

1 .

Lachnestes singalensis (Dohrn) .

at the Ferreira Ranch, 43 miles north of Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico

while on a collecting trip sponsored by the Associates of Tropical

Biogeography, University of California, Berkeley. The insect was

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

abundant, some 53 specimens were taken at light and many more were

present. The specimens were collected by placing a large bowl of water

beneath a 500-watt bulb hung in the yard of the ranch headquarters.

This bowl was full to overflowing with a wide variety of insects by morn-

ing. The locality is situated in the thorn forest belt near the coast of the

Gulf of California at an elevation of about 200 feet, well removed from

any town. Although Sehor Ferreira engages in extensive agricultural

activities in the area, it is difficult to imagine how this insect was intro-

duced into the region. Presumably the species will prove to be more

widely distributed in Mexico.

The tribe Rhyparochromini, to which Lachnestes belongs, is poorly

represented in the Western Hemisphere. Peritrechus, with four species in

the United States, the monotypic genus Uhleriola in the central and

western states, and a species of Dieuches from Arizona are the only

genera previously known. This last record is of particular importance

as Dieuches is a very large Old World genus with many closely related

species found almost throughout the tropics and subtropics of the Eastern

Hemisphere. It was unknown in the Western Hemisphere until Torre-

Bueno (19466) described Dieuches occidentalis from Madera Canyon,

Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. The formal description of this species

appeared after the citation in the Synopsis (1946a). Torre-Bueno

mentioned additional specimens from the Chiricahua Mountains, Santa

Catalina Mountains, Graham Mountain, and Globe, all Arizona localities.

The evidence upon which the original description was based leaves room

for doubt as to the correct identity of this species. Ultimately it may

be shown to be an introduction from the Old World.

Lachnestes singalensis is not closely related to any of the other

Western Hemisphere members of the tribe and can be recognized

readily by the numerous upstanding coarse hairs distributed over the

entire dorsum (Fig. 1).

Acknowledgments

We would like to extend our thanks to Sehor Ferreira for making

the collection of this species possible and to Miss Gail Skilton (Univer-

sity of Connecticut) for the preparation of the figure.

Literature Cited

Slater, James A. 1964. A catalogue of the Lygaeidae of the world. University

of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut. Volumes I and II, pp. 1-1668.

Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la 1946a. A synopsis of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of

America north of Mexico, Part III. Entomol. Amer., 26 (n.s.) : 119.

19466. A North American Dieuches (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae, Beosini). Bull.

Brooklyn Entomol. Soc., 41: 126-128.

January 1965 1 huffaker & doutt — chilocorus in olive groves 61

Establishment of the Coccinellid, Chilocorus

bipustulatus Linnaeus, in California Olive Groves

(Coleoptera : Coccinellidae)

C. B. Huffaker and R. L. Doutt

University of California , Berkeley

The coccinellid, Chilocorus bipustulatus Linnaeus, has long been

reported to be an important enemy of both armored and unarmored scale

insects in southern Europe and the general Mediterranean region ( Smith,

1915). Bouhelier (1932) cited it is as effective against Aspidiotus

perniciosus Comstock in Morocco. Likewise, Bohn (1954) credited it

with some importance in the natural control of Quadr aspidiotus

schneideri Bohn in Austria. Also, Borg (1929) considered it, along

with Exochomus quadrimaculatus Barvosky and Coccinella septem-

punctata Linnaeus, as responsible for curtailment of spring and early

summer outbreaks of various species of aphids in Malta.

There have been three distinct attempts to establish C. bipustulatus in

California orchards. The first was in 1915 when H. S. Smith received

Italian material from F. Silvestri and G. Rossetti. About 700 individuals

of this species were colonized in a mixed orchard of lemons, oranges,

and olives at Fairoaks, California, on 21 July and 17 September, the

citrus being infested with Coccus citricola Campbell and the olives

with Saissetia oleae (Bernard). It bred actively during the first season

but did not become established (Smith, 1915).

Again in 1927 (Essig, 1931), Smith received this species from

Europe and attempted to establish it in citrus groves of southern

California. Although it persisted in the vicinity of Santa Barbara for a

year at least, it apparently did not become established.

In 1952 and 1953 C. bipustulatus was released in the attempt to

control Parlatoria oleae (Colvee) on infested dooryard trees and shrubs

and in commercial orchards involving many kinds of host plants

throughout the San Joaquin Valley (Doutt, 1954) . About 41,000 of this

coccinellid were released in 1952 and 1,800 in 1953. Although re-

production was generally observed during the same summers during

which the releases were made, it was only rarely recovered the subsequent

year and not at all in 1954 or 1955. However, W. W. Wiard and C. B.

Huffaker recovered a single specimen at the Newcombe property,

Madera, California in August 1956. Later that year and during the

early spring months of 1957, C. B. Huffaker and C. E. Kennett collected

considerable numbers both at that location and at another former

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 61-63. January 1965

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

release site in Merced, California. A survey of the areas where

releases were made during 1952 and 1953 was conducted in 1957 but

no additional recoveries were made.

Insectary production from the field-collected adults was renewed

by G. L. Finney and additional attempts were made to establish the

species during 1956 to 1960. A total of 1,100 adults were released

during 1956 and 2,650 in 1957. No releases were made in 1958. In 1959

a total of 5,880 were released in Fresno (3,662), Tehama (2,100), and

Glenn (118) counties, and in 1960 the field colonization attempts were

ended with 672 being released in Madera, Tulare, and Tehama counties.

During 1958 C. bipuslulatus was found in large numbers (thousands

present) at Herndon, Fresno County, where it had been colonized on

several occasions since 1952, including 1957. In 1958 it was also

found to be abundant at the Connor and Oberti properties in Madera,

and common at the Sheeler Ranch in Madera. The Oberti property is

about 1 mile from the previous, nearest colonization site, the Connor

property, and the Sheeler Ranch is 2 to 3 miles from that location. All

of these properties are commercial olive groves.

There was then a long period, from 1960 to 1964, when no additional

releases and no recoveries of C. bipustulatus were made. In March 1964,

however, C. E. Kennett and W. Barnett found thousands of them in a

small block of scaly, untreated olives at the River Ranch about 3 miles

from the Oberti property cited above. This coccinellid was also again

recovered in large numbers in 1964 at the Herndon location for the first

time since 1958. No releases had been made at that site since 1957.

This predator seems thus to be tenuously established in three counties

of California, namely Fresno, Madera, and Merced.

Little is known about the effectiveness of this predator in this

country. It has only been taken on olives and only during years or at

locations when olive scale, Parlatoria oleae, has attained appreciable

densities. On all occasions when the coccinellid has been found in

abundance, fair to high densities of this scale were present, and, as well,

black scale, S. oleae, was in many instances somewhat more abundant

than usual. The predator seems unable to survive at low scale densities.

Also, it appears unable to rely entirely on black scale, as this species

has at times been fairly abundant continuing into the years following

the recoveries of this coccinellid at certain locations, while the pred-

ator was not found during those following years.

It is possible that the migratory habits of this species, as reported

by Borg (1929), may be a reason why its establishment in this country

has been difficult and may not even yet have been fully accomplished.

January 1965] huffaker & doutt — chilocorus in olive groves 63

If such is the case, the extensive use of insecticides in the areas in

question would seem to pose a substantial obstacle to its success.

Literature Cited

Bohn, H. 1954. Auftreten von Quadraspidiotus schneideri n. sp. (Homopt.,

Diaspidoid.) in Osterreich (Kurze Mitteilung) . Pflanzenschutzberichte,

12 (pt. 3-4) : 55-57.

Borg, P. 1929. (Report of the Plant Pathologist.) Ann. Rept. Dept. Agric.

Malta, 1928-1929, pp. 12-15.

Bouhelier, R. 1932. La lutte contre les cochenilles nuisibles aux aurantiacees.

Def. Cult. Dir. Gen. Agric. Comm. Colon. (Morocco), 6: 1-60.

Doutt, R. L. 1954. An evaluation of some natural enemies of the olive scale.

Jour. Econ. Entomol., 47 : 39-43.

Essig, E. 0. 1931. A history of entomology. The Macmillan Co., New York,

1029 pp.

Smith, H. S. 1915. Recent ladybird introductions. Monthly Bull. Calif. State

Hort. Comm., 4: 523-524.

^dttianl ©liner 35ssig

Professor Edward Oliver Essig, long-time teacher and reseacher in

the Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of

California, Berkeley, past-president and honorary member of the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society, passed away 23 November 1964,

in Lafayette, California. A biography will appear in a future issue of the

Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Contributions to establish a memorial fund

for the purchase of rare books in the entomological field are suggested

to honor his memory. These books will be placed with the E. 0. Essig

historical collection in the Entomology Library at Berkeley. Donations

to this fund may be sent to the Department of Entomology and

Parasitology, 122 Giannini Hall, University of California, Berkeley

94720. Checks should be made payable to the Regents of the

University of California.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1

BOOK REVIEW

Guide to the Insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera or True Flies

of Connecticut. 9th Fascicle. Simuliidae and Thaumaleidae. By Alan

Stone. State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut. Bulletin

Number 97, 126 pp. 1964.

This (the ninth fascicle) concludes a series of bulletins on the families of

Nematocera. As with previous bulletins, which have proved most useful to

students of Diptera, the faunal coverage and usefulness of this bulletin will extend

far from the borders of Connecticut. Following a brief introduction on family

characters, biology, economic importance, and relationships to other taxa, one

unfamiliar with the family will find an extremely useful and well-illustrated section

on the “Characters Used in Keys and Descriptions.”

An especially valuable and commendable feature of this publication is the

keys to the larvae, pupae, and adults. Keys at the generic and subgeneric

level will apply to the entire North American fauna, whereas the keys to species

undoubtedly will be most useful throughout northeastern United States. All

keys are printed in large, easy to read type.

For all except four species (three of which were well illustrated when described)

there are detailed illustrations of the important morphological characters of

larvae, pupae, males, and females. The clear reproduction of the superb specific

illustrations by several Japanese artists should prove to be extremely valuable to

workers throughout North America. Although admittedly conservative in his

recognition of genera, the author has incorporated recent knowledge recognizing

several species initially determined by cytological studies of salivary gland

chromosomes. He also has adapted the morphological terminology recently

proposed by R. W. Crosskey for the larvae.

For each species one finds a list of important synonymic references plus

a selected list of previous taxonomic references, brief but pertinent morphological

descriptions with valuable comments on relationships to other species, the type

locality, distribution, and pertinent factors on bionomics. Cnephia ( Ectemnia )

loisae Stone and Jamnback, 1955, is synonymized for the first time under

Cnephia ( Ectemnia ) invenusta (Walker), 1848, but the date of Walker’s descrip-

tion is omitted. Cnephia ( Stegopterna ) mutata (Malloch) was placed in the

subgenus Mallochianella by Stone and Jamnback, 1955, not, as stated, in

Stegopterna. Such minor errors as these and the few printing errors detected

certainly do little to detract from the overall excellence of this bulletin. The

major criticism perhaps is that the literature cited in the selected bibliography

may be too brief for one unfamiliar with the family. Although, for example, the

morphological terminology and larval illustrations of Crosskey (1960) are

used, the literature reference to this work is not cited.

This commendable treatment of the Simuliidae certainly is a fitting finale

to the series of bulletins on the Nematocera. The inclusion of the family

Thaumaleidae is an added bonus. Dipterists and simuliidologists should welcome

this very useful addition to our knowledge of the Simuliidae. — John R. Anderson,

University of California, Berkeley.

January 1965] pacific coast entomological society

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

J. A. Powell W. E. Ferguson C. S. Koeiiler P. H. Arnaud, Jr.

President Vice-President Secretary Treasurer

Proceedings

Two Hundred Eigiity-eigiith Meeting

The 288th meeting was held Friday, 14 February 1964, at 7:30 p.m. in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, with

President Powell presiding.

Members present (38) : .7. R. Anderson, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., J. Birchim, F. L.

Blanc, J. A. Boyer, J. S. Buckett, D. J. Burdick, H. V. Daly, R. L. Doutt,

J. G. Edwards, T. L. Erwin, W. E. Ferguson, R. H. Gonzales, R. H. Goodwin,

E. R. Gunderson, R. E. Hall, D. D. Jensen, C. S. Koehler, R. L. Langston,

H. B. Leech, D. L. Linsdale, A. E. Michelbacher, W. W. Middlekauff, Lois

and C. W. O’Brien, L. Parks, D. C. Rentz, E. S. Ross, Judy Ross, W. E.

Simonds, F. E. Skinner, J. B. Snell, C. Slobodchikoff, W. A. Steffan,

D. J. Sullivan, S.J., D. Veirs, V. B. Whitehead, R. H. Whitsel.

Visitors present (18) : Mrs. C. P. Alexander, Barbara Barr, R. E. Bellamy,

Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Bellamy II, Bonnie R. Billeb, R. L. Campbell, L. Etzel,

R. M. Hawthorne, Evelyn Langston, Martha Michelbacher, Mrs. LeRoy Parks,

J. H. Poorbaugh, S. Prasertphon, Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Regnart, Kathleen Rentz,

Barbara Allen Wilson.

The minutes of the meeting held 22 November 1963 were summarized.

Ten new members were elected: J. A. Boyer and E. R. Gunderson, San

Jose, California; A. R. Hardy, G. R. Noonan, and E. R. Sleeper, Long Beach,

California; R. Dolphin, Lafayette, Indiana; L. E. Eighme, Corvallis, Oregon;

J. L. Johnson, Riverside, California; F. A. Thompson, Fresno, California;

R. H. Whitsel, Burlingame, California. In addition, R. E. Eastwood and R. E. Hall,

San Jose, California, and J. Wilcox, Anaheim, California, were reinstated to

membership.

First known record of Grylloblatta from coastal U. S. — Dr. J. Gordon

Edwards displayed a nymph of Grylloblatta (Orthoptera : Grylloblattidae)

collected by Richard D. Spadoni, a student at San Jose State College. The

specimen was found along a cold creek bank near Areata in Humboldt County,

California, on 29 November 1963. This is the first known record of Grylloblatta

from the coastal region of the United States, and probably represents a new

species.

Comments on Introduction to Comparative Entomology by R. M. and

J. W. Fox. — Dr. J. Gordon Edwards circulated this new book and commented that

it offers a new approach to the teaching of general entomology, with the

primary emphasis on comparative morphology, physiology, embryology, and

evolution of all Arthropoda. There are no keys in the book, and no information

on collecting or preserving specimens, but the authors state, “should the need to

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

identify arise . . . there are excellent keys available in many books and research

papers — that is why colleges have libraries.” Similarly there is no discussion of

insect control methods and only brief generalizations concerning the agricultural

and medical importance of arthropods, for the authors point out: “serious study

of such topics properly belongs in advance courses for specialists.” The book

is well written and attractive, and presents an entirely new approach to the

study of entomology.

The guest speaker for the meeting was Dr. C. P. Alexander, Professor

Emeritus, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. His illustrated lecture was

entitled “Concerning Dipterologists.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. —

C. S. Koehler, Secretary.

Two Hundred Eighty-ninth Meeting

The 289th meeting was held Friday, 13 March 1964, at 7:30 p.m. in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, with

President Powell presiding.

Members present (41) : C. P. Alexander, R. P. Allen, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., F. L.

Blanc, R. M. Bohart, D. C. Brodahl, J. S. Buckett, L. E. Caltagirone, M. Collins,

R. L. Doutt, J. G. Edwards, T. L. Erwin, W. E. Ferguson, R. H. Gonzales, R. H.

Goodwin, A. A. Grigarick, E. R. Gunderson, K. S. Hagen, R. E. Hall, P. D.

Hurd, Jr., C. S. Koehler, J. F. Lawrence, W. H. Lange, H. B. Leech, E. G. Linsley,

C. D. MacNeill, A. S. Menke, A. E. Michelbacher, Lois O’Brien, J. A. Powell,

J. L. Reed, W. E. Simonds, F. E. Skinner, G. I. Stage, L. A. Stange, R. E.

Stecker, D. J. Sullivan, S.J., R. W. Thorp, Catherine Toschi, R. van den Bosch, D.

Veirs.

Visitors present (25) : Mabel Alexander, Barbara Barr, R. L. Beard, Bonnie

Billeb, Margaret Bohart, L. Carnes, A. E. Doremus, John and Lisa Doyen, L. Etzel,

G. W. Frankie, Julius and Elinor Freitag, Judy Froebe, D. Hille Ris Lambers,

Juanita Linsley, Martha Michelbacher, D. R. Miller, V. Moericke, R. Penrose,

E. Riek, Dorothy Tanner, M. Tauber, Janice Winston, D. Wustuer.

The minutes of the meeting held 14 February 1964 were summarized.

Two new members were elected: A. M. Barnes, Berkeley, California; D. J.

Sullivan, S.J., St. Mary’s College, California. In addition, one former member,

J. Gustafson, San Francisco, California, was reinstated to membership.

Migration of the dragonfly, Tarnetrum corruptum (Hagen). — Mr. P. E.

Turner, Jr., reported on a small libellulid dragonfly, Tarnetrum corruptum

(Hagen), which began a 3-evening migration over the San Francisco Bay area

on 24 September 1963, and which was most numerous on the third evening.

Mr. Bryan Furman collected a sample of twenty-seven specimens on 24

September in Kensington, Contra Costa County; these were badly tattered, but the

live, migrating individuals were not tattered. The migrants seem to have been

at least one day old, because the sample specimens had their full coloration. The

sample included ten males, fifteen females, and two individuals whose sexes

could not he determined. The dragonflies were flying eastward with a light

westerly breeze on these warm evenings, and passed over Kensington between

17:50 and 19:50 PDT on 24 September, crossing the Lake Drive ridge at their

January 1965] pacific coast entomological society

apparently normal flight altitude of ten to twenty feet. This seems to be the

first record of a migration by this genus, although a number of migrations by the

closely related genus Sym.petrum., excluding S. corruptum (Hagen), have been

recorded.

The direction of the breeze indicates that the dragonflies were probably

migrating from lakes and ponds in Marin County. Dr. Philip Corbet (A Biology

of Dragonflies , Quadrangle Books, Inc., Chicago, 1963) has pointed out that

odonate populations scatter after emergence and assemble before mating, and

that migration can take place because of unfavorable seasonal temperatures,

predation on tenerals by matures, long maiden flights, overpopulation, and

threatened loss of temporary habitats; the latter three of these causes seem to

offer the most plausible explanations for this particular migration.

I wish to thank Dr. D. P. Furman for the weather and migration data and

for the specimens collected by Mr. B. Furman, whom I also thank for collecting the

specimens.

The speakers for the evening were: Dr. D. Hille Ris Lambers, Entomologist,

Netherlands Agricultural Research Council, The Hague, The Netherlands,

who spoke on “Aphid Hunting,” and Dr. A. E. Michelbacher, Professor Emeritus,

University of California, Berkeley, whose illustrated lecture was entitled “Squash

Bees and General Collecting in Mexico and Central America.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. —

C. S. Koehler, Secretary.

Two Hundred Ninetieth Meeting

The 290th meeting was held Friday, 17 April 1964, at 7:45 p.m. in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, with

President Powell presiding.

Members present (37) : C. P. Alexander, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., D. C. Brodahl,

J. S. Buckett, D. J. Burdick, L. E. Caltagirone, H. V. Daly, R. L. Doutt, J. G.

Edwards, T. L. Erwin, W. E. Ferguson, R. H. Gonzales, R. H. Goodwin, E. R.

Gunderson, J. Gustafson, K. S. Hagen, C. B. Huf faker, C. D. Johnson, C. S.

Koehler, G. Kuno, H. B. Leech, A. E. Michelbacher, W. W. Middlekauff,

Lois O’Brien, T. A. Schultz, C. Slobodchikoff, J. B. Snell, R. E. Stecker,

W. A. Steffan, D. J. Sullivan, S.J., R. W. Thorp, J. W. Tilden, Catherine

Toschi, P. E. Turner, W. J. Turner, D. Veils, V. B. Whitehead.

Visitors present (26) : Mabel Alexander, G. S. Asokasrinivasan, Barbara Barr,

R. G. Brownlee, Donna Butler, R. L. Campbell, John and Lisa Doyen, LaVerne

Erwin, L. Etzel, A. Finlay, Mrs. C. D. Johnson, Helen Kretner, Martha Michel-

bacher, B. Moore, A. K. Ota, R. Penrose, R. R. Pinger, Jr., E. Riek, Bonnie

Sidloff, Karen Smith, R. D. Spadoni, M. Tallery, M. Tauber, Sandra Turner,

Barbara Allen Wilson.

The minutes of the meeting held 13 March 1964 were summarized.

Three new members were elected: C. D. Johnson and W. Turner, Berkeley,

California; T. Schultz, San Francisco, California. One former member, G. W.

Frankie, Berkeley, California, was reinstated to membership.

President Powell read parts of a letter from the Entomological Society of

India, which is celebrating its silver jubilee during the third week in April 1964.

A motion was made that the Pacific Coast Entomological Society transmit a

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

message of good will to the Entomological Society of India on this occasion.

The motion was seconded and passed by unanimous vote. The Secretary was

directed to prepare and send the letter.

Amphizoa larvae searching prey in foamy eddy at night. —Dr. J.

Gordon Edwards exhibited a Kodachrome slide of several larvae of Amphizoa

lecontei swimming and crawling about over floating debris in an eddy of

Swiftcurrent Creek, in Glacier National Park, Montana, at midnight. During

the day these larvae usually cling to partly submerged twigs and roots, with

their caudal spiracles at the surface. Because of their apparent sluggishness these

larvae were formerly believed to be scavengers; however, it was found that

both the larvae and adults of Amphizoa are strictly predaceous. Although quiescent

during the daytime, they become very active at night and can then be found

foraging for the naiads of Plecoptera and Ephemoptera upon which they feed.

Although the larvae remain in the water, the adults are often seen (at night)

running along the shore of the creek much like certain ground-beetles in search

of prey.

Sphecoid bees from nocturnal clusters on branches in Wyoming. —

Dr. J. Gordon Edwards exhibited a Kodachrome slide showing more than 100

bees of the species Steniolia obliqua clustered near the tip of a lodgepole pine

branch in Jackson Hole. This same branch has been clustered upon each

night for the past several summers, even though the nearest nesting sites

are in coarse soil some distance away. Dr. Howard E. Evans counted the

bees in this cluster and marked them with nail polish in 1961, and made the

following observations: in mid-July there were 91 females and 71 males in the

cluster, and considerable mating occurred in late afternoon at the cluster. The

proportion of females increased nightly, and eventually the cluster became

entirely female. Marked individuals from the cluster were later found in other

clusters up to a mile away, while many new individuals joined the original cluster

on this twig. The reason for this unusual behavior is not known, but it is possible

that it serves to bring the sexes together for mating purposes.

Trachykele opulenta Fall (Buprestidae) emerging from furniture. —

Mr. Terry L. Erwin exhibited a living specimen of this species which was

brought to San Jose State College by a San Jose lumber retailer for identification.

This spectacular, green, iridescent beetle had been found as a result of sounds

it made while gnawing its way out of a davenport frame constructed of incense

cedar. It emerged on 10 March 1964 and has been kept alive for a month

and a half in a small plastic box containing only a wad of cotton soaked with

sugar water. Beetles of this species usually fly about near the tops of sequoia

and incense cedar trees, hence they are relatively rare in insect collections. An

effort will be made to keep the insect alive for further observations and longevity

studies.

The principal speaker for the meeting was Mr. John F. Lawrence, a doctoral

candidate in entomology at the University of California, Berkeley. His illustrated

lecture was entitled “Host Selection in Fungus Beetles with Special Reference to

the Ciidae.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. —

C. S. Koehler, Secretary.

January 1965 ] pacific coast entomological society

Two Hundred Ninety-first Meeting

The 291st meeting was held Friday, 16 October 1964, at 7 :45 p.m. in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, with

President Powell presiding.

Members present (54) : J. R. Anderson, L. C. Armin, J. Birchim, J. A. Boyer,

G. M. Buxton, L. E. Caltagirone, D. Cavagnero, J. A. Chemsak, H. V. Daly, J. G.

Edwards, T. L. Erwin, W. E. Ferguson, D. Giuliani, R. H. Goodwin, A. A.

Grigarick, J. Guggolz, J. Gustafson, Hilary Hacker, K. S. Hagen, R. E. Hall, P. A.

Harvey, H. R. Hepburn, D. H. Janzen, C. D. Johnson, C. S. Koehler, R. L. Langston,

T. H. Lauret, H. B. Leech, C. D. MacNeill, A. S. Menke, Lois O’Brien, F.

Parker, L. Parks, Judy Perlstein, D. C. Rentz, C. J. Rogers, E. S. Ross, R. D. Sharp,

W. E. Simonds, F. E. Skinner, C. Slobodchikoff, J. B. Snell, L. A. Stange, R. E.

Stecker, R. E. Stevens, D. J. Sullivan, S.J., R. W. Thorp, J. W. Tilden, Catherine

Toschi, W. J. Turner, D. Veils, M. Wasbauer, R. H. Whitsel, R. F. Wilkey.

Visitors present (58) : Judi Anderson, Mary Benson, N. Binger, Joan Bonora,

Patricia Bragado, Cathy Bromage, R. G. Brownlee, R. L. Campbell, Milton and

Mayreece Cavagnero, Mary Ann Chemsak, Christine Clark, David and Irene

Collins, George and Jeanne Downing, A. Dunn, LaVerne Erwin, L. Etzel, R.

Garabedian, Mrs. A. A. Grigarick, Sylvia Hepburn, Karen Janzen, Margaret

Johnson, Evelyn Langston, G. E. Lindway, R. P. Maynard, Dr. and Mrs. D. McLean,

Karen Menke, P. A. Oplar, Ellen Parker, R. L. Perron, S. Prasertphon,

Mr. and Mrs. A. Raske, Mr. and Mrs. R. Rollins, Marti and Wilda Ross,

Jim, Roberta, and Barbara Savage, K. Schroen, Joanne Slansky, Dr. and

Mrs. R. Soulhwood, R. D. Spadoni, Corrine Sparks, Joyce Stevens, M. Tauber,

R. L. Tossan, Sandra Turner, Martha, Dick, and Christine Usinger, V. Vesterby.

The minutes of the meeting held 17 April 1964 were summarized.

Ten new members were elected: Miss C. S. Bolton, Davis, California; P. A.

Gieke, Hayward, California; j. Guggolz, Richmond, California; R. L. Johnson, Jr.,

Monterey, California; H. R. Hepburn, R. D. Sage, R. D. Sharp, M. R. Sparks,

and R. E. Stevens, Berkeley, California; B. Noe, Ada, Ohio. One former member,

D. Dahlston, Albany, California, was reinstated to membership.

A native cerambycirl in an imported host plant. — Dr. John A. Chemsak

reported on an adult male cerambycid, Paranoplium gracile gracile (LeConte),

which emerged from a section of large bamboo grown in La Jolla, California.

The specimen and wood were made available by R. Goodwin, University of

California, Berkeley, in September 1964. The larval gallery was exposed in the

wood which was 7 mm thick, to determine its orgin and configuration. Ovi-

position apparently occurred at a node just above the diaphragm. The larval gallery

extended across the wood near the node in a meandering manner, becoming

successively larger in diameter. After about three inches, the gallery went up a

right angle parallel to the grain of the wood for two inches. The pupal chamber

was constructed perpendicular to the horizontal burrow with an emergence hole

about one inch from its base. The larval gallery was very tightly packed with

very fine powdery frass.

This is one of the few native species thus far known to utilize a host extremely

different from its native one. The host plant of this California species is

Quercus agrifolia but information on larval habits is lacking.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

A noise-making moth. — Mr. David C. Rentz displayed an interesting noise-

making noctuid moth, subfamily Heliothidinae, collected around a black-light

in Durango, Mexico, in 1960. This insect made a low crackling sound, not

unlike that produced by crumpling cellophane, as it flew around the light.

Examination of the wings shows clear, membranous areas on the anterior of the

forewings which probably vibrate to produce the peculiar sound. Only one

specimen was collected.

Additional locality records of Trulactylus minutus . — Mr. David C.

Rentz reported that collection of the tridactylid Tridactylus minutus in northern

California has resulted in the extension of the range of that species. T. minutus was

collected recently in Mendocino County at the small town of Hansen and in the

Sierra in El Dorado County at Caldor. This extends the range somewhat

as this species was hitherto known from Calaveras, Humboldt, Los Angeles,

Monterey, Riverside, and San Diego counties.

Tridactylids can be found along streams on moist sand hanks where they

closely resemble their background. Their small size and quick jumping ability

makes them easily overlooked and thus records are scarce.

The program for the evening consisted of observations and entomological

findings resulting from the 1964 Galapagos Expedition. Illustrated reports were

presented by Dr. R. L. Usinger, Mr. David Cavagnero, and Dr. John A.

Chemsak.

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. —

C. S. Koehler, Secretary.

Two Hundred Ninety-second Meeting

The 292nd meeting was held Friday, 13 November 1964, at 7:45 p.m. in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, with

President Powell presiding.

Members present (26) : P. H. Arnaud, Jr., J. Birchim, J. S. Buckett, L. E.

Caltagirone, J. A. Chemsak, H. V. Daly, W. E. Ferguson, G. W. Frankie, R. E. Hall,

C. S. Koehler, H. B. Leech, D. D. Linsdale, C. D. MacNeill, A. E. Michelbacher,

C. W. O’Brien, J. A. Powell, D. C. Rentz, E. S. Ross, F. E. Skinner, J. B. Snell,

V. Strombler, D. J. Sullivan, S.J., R. W. Thorp, J. W. Tilden, P. E. Turner, Jr.,

S. P. Welles.

Visitors present (15) : Mary Ann Chemsak, Sharon Connolley, M. R. Gardner,

D. M. Hutt, Jaquith Jones, R. M. Lloyd, Martha Michelbacher, P. H. Raven,

Kathleen Rentz, Mrs. Jon Snell, H. A. Sweet, Stella Tatro, Kenneth and Shirley

Tucker, E. G. White.

The minutes of the meeting held 16 October 1964 were summarized.

Three new members were elected: Miss B. Billeb, S. P. Welles, and Miss B.

Wilson, Berkeley, California.

Females of Melanoplus borealis palaceus Fulton with frayed wings. —

Mr. David C. Rentz diplayed a series of specimens of the above species, collected

in early October 1964, in a meadow at Plaskett Meadows Campground in Glenn

County, California. The females had tattered wings, whereas the wings of the

males were normal. Some females, which are normally fully alate, had their

wings gone almost to the bases. They gave the apparance of having been chewed.

January 1965 ] pacific coast entomological society

It is well known that certain male crickets ( Orocharis ; Hapithus ) are commonly

found with chewed wings. They are eaten by the female during mating. However,

it is not known that grasshoppers engage in this activity. Since the male grass-

hopper assumes the dorsal position in mating and since the specimens mentioned

above did show this peculiarity only in the males, it seems that there is a

possibility of the female wings serving as food during mating. Only further

observation in the field will determine the cause of this interesting occurrence.

Orchelinium delicatuin Bruner in California . — Orchelimum delicatum

Bruner, a conocephaline katydid, not previously known from California, was

collected 8 miles north of Lone Pine, Inyo County, 24 July 1964, by Jim Birchim. A

series of ten katydids was taken at night while the males were stridulating. The

katydids were perched on the tops of cattail ( Typha ) in a roadside trench

that was choked with aquatic vegetation. Two females and eight males were

collected. Five of the males collected were stridulating loudly on the top sections

of the Typlia, and the other three were observed eating the pistillate spike of the

Typha. Two color phases were collected, a dominant green phase (two females

and six males) and a straw-brown phase (two males). Previous to this collection

of 0 . delicatum , only one other member of that genus had been found in

California, 0. gladiator.

Habits of Phymatodes decussatus decussatus (LeConte). — D r. John A.

Chemsak showed slides of adults of the cerambycid, Phymatodes decussatus

decussatus (LeConte), emerging from logs of Prunus. Subsequent to the emergence

of dozens of adults, the nature of the larval work was observed. Larvae feed

upon the cambium layer, scoring the underlying wood to form irregular galleries

tightly packed with fine frass. The pupation chambers are initiated at a shallow

angle into the heartwood, then curve gradually to become parallel with the grain

of the wood. These chambers are about 15-20 mm in length, 4 mm in diameter,

and extend into the heartwood about 4 mm below the feeding surface. All

previous host records for the species are Quercus spp.

Dr. H. V. Daly read a letter which had been prepared by the Society officers

of 1963 and sent to the Entomological Society of Canada and to the Entomological

Society of Ontario in recognition of the centennial year of entomology in Canada.

The letter is printed in The Canadian Entomologist, 1964, 96: 83.

The principal speaker for the meeting was Dr. Peter H. Raven, Division

of Biological Sciences, Stanford University. This illustrated lecture was entitled

“Pollination Studies, Behavior of Bees, and Onagraceae.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. —

C. S. Koehler, Secretary.

Two Hundred Ninety-third Meeting

The 293rd meeting was held Friday, 11 December 1964, at 7:45 p.m. in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, with

President Powell presiding.

Members present (41) : R. P. Allen, J. R. Anderson, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., Mary

Benson, J. Birchim, R. M. Bohart, j. S. Buckett, L. E. Caltagirone, H. V. Daly, D. G.

Denning, J. G. Edwards, T. L. Erwin, W. E. Ferguson, J. Guggolz, J. Gustafson,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 1

K. S. Hagen, R. E. Hall, H. R. Hepburn, P. D. Hurd, Jr., C. S. Koehler, R. L.

Langston, H. B. Leech, D. D. Linsdale, C. D. MacNeill, A. E. Michelbacher, Lois

O’Brien, F. H. Parker, R. L. Penrose, J. A. Powell, J. L. Reed, D. C. Rentz, C. J.

Rogers, E. S. Ross, F. E. Skinner, C. Slobodchikoff, R. W. Thorp, Catherine

Toschi, P. E. Turner, Jr., D. Veirs, S. P. Welles, R. H. Whitsel.

Visitors present (13) : J. K. Anderson, W. R. Bauer, G. Buckingham, J. T. Doyen,

M. R. Gardner, Martha Michelbacher, Frances Powell, Kathi Rentz, A. Slate,

L. Stipe, H. A. Sweet, Stella Tatro, M. Tauber.

The minutes of the meeting held 13 November 1964 were summarized.

Two new members were elected: Miss Mary Benson, Davis, California; R. L.

Penrose, San Jose, California.

The Secretary noted with regret the death of E. O. Essig, Professor Emeritus,

University of California, Berkeley, on 23 November, in Lafayette, California.

President Powell announced that Dr. W. H. Lange, Jr. had been elected

Chairman of the Advertising Committee. Dr. H. V. Daly, noting the important

duties of this office, expressed sincere appreciation, on behalf of the Society, to

Dr. J. E. Swift, who has served as Chairman during the past 7 years.

President Powell announced the appointment of Dr. David H. Kistner and Dr.

K. S. Hagan (Chairman) to the Publication Committee, with terms to expire

in 1967.

The report of the auditing committee was given by Dr. E. S. Ross, and Dr.

P. H. Arnaud, Jr., read the financial report of the Treasurer. The financial records

of the year 1964 are in order, and both reports were accepted by the Society.

K. S. Hagen, Chairman of the Nominating Committee, presented the names

of the nominees, and the following persons were elected as Society officers

for 1965: President, William E. Ferguson; Vice-President, C. D. MacNeill;

Secretary, C. S. Koehler; Treasurer, P. H. Arnaud, Jr.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. J. A. Powell, University

of California, Berkeley, and President of the Society. His illustrated lecture was

entitled “Yucca Moths in California.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. —

C. S. Koehler, Secretary.

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PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL

SOCIETY.

Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (numbers 1-9, 131

pages). 1921-1930. Price $2.50 per volume.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vol. 1 (1924) to present. Price $6.00 per volume of 4 numbers, or

$1.50 per single issue.

MEMOIR SERIES.

Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. A 320-page book which

summarizes the knowledge of the Anoplura of the world. Published

October 1951. Price $6.00.

Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family T etranychidae by A. Earl

Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. This worldwide treatment deals

with the systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red

Spiders” and includes descriptions of 33 new species. 472 pages.

Published July 1955. Price $10.00.

Send orders to :

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

c/o California Academy of Sciences

Golden Gate Park

San Francisco, California 94118

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including

articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history, and

distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and may be charged to the author.

Papers are published in approximately the order that they are received. Immediate publi-

cation may be arranged after acceptance by paying publication costs. Papers of less than

a printed page may be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the

Editor, Howell V. Daly, 112 Agriculture Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California

94720.

Typing . — All parts of manuscripts must be typed on bond paper with double-spacing and

ample margins. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 8 Y 2 X 11 inches are not

accepted. Do not use all capitals for any purpose. Underscore only where italics are

intended in the body of the text, not in headings. Number all pages consecutively and

put author’s name at the top right-hand corner of each sheet. References to footnotes in

text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes should be typed on a separate sheet.

First page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript should include (1) the

complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses, (3) the author’s name or

names, (4) the institution with city and state or the author’s home city and state if

not affiliated, (5) the shortened title (running headline) not to exceed 38 letters and

spaces when combined with the author’s last name or names, (6) the complete name

and address to which proof is to be sent.

Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should

include the full scientific name with the author of a zoological name not abbreviated.

Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style.

References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig, 1958), should be listed

alphabetically under Literature Cited in the following format:

Essig, E. 0. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

2 : 211 - 212 .

1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev.

ed. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1050 pp.

Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts , 1963,

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Vol. 41 April 1965 No. 2

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

TAUBER AND TOSCHI — Life history and mating behavior of Tephritis

stigmatica (Coquillett) 73

PRICE — A Review of Comatomenopon, with descriptions of two new species 80

McPHERSON — Notes on the life history of Notonecta hoffmanni 86

DODGE — A new Tricharaea Thomson with unusual variation in male

chaetotaxy 90

CHEMSAK — Notes on the habits of Trichoderes pini Chevrolat 93

PETERSON — A new Phenacoccus from southern California 96

BAILEY AND CAMPOS-S.— The Thysanoptera of Chile 101

BOHART — Synonymy of North American Odynerini described by

Peter Cameron 107

USINGER AND UESHIMA — New species of bat bugs of the Cimex

pilosellus complex 114

ZWICK AND PEIFER— Observations on the emergence and trapping of

male Pleocoma minor Linsley with black light and female-baited

traps 118

KISTNER — A revision of the species of the genus Phyllodinarda

Wasmann with notes on their behavior 121

POWELL — Rearing records for five conifer feeding buprestids in California 133

SCIENTIFIC NOTES 100, 132, 139

BOOK REVIEW 140

RECENT LITERATURE 89, 113

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 106

OBITUARIES 85, 95

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1965

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. 41 April 1965 No. 2

Life History and Mating Behavior of

Tephritis stigmatica (Coquillett)

(Diptera : Tephritidae)

Maurice J. Tauber and Catherine A. Toschi

University of California, Berkeley, California

Tephritis is a genus of flies which is worldwide in distribution. Eleven

species have been recorded from California and of these T. stigmatica

(Coquillett) has the largest individuals (Foote and Blanc 1963). Foote

(1960) published the most recent taxonomic review of the genus Teph-

ritis. He gives the Western United States as the area of distribution of

T. stigmatica. Foote and Blanc (1963) in their bulletin on California

tephritids compiled the most complete list of collection and rearing rec-

ords in California. Senecio integerrimus Nuttall, Senecio douglasii

Candolle, and Senecio sp. are given as larval hosts. The adults are re-

ported to have been collected from Achillea sp., Chrysothamnus sp.,

Eriogonum sp., Grindelia sp., Lepidospartum squamatum (Gray) Gray,

Medicago sativa Linnaeus, Pinus coulteri D. Don, and Pinus lamhertiana

Douglas.

We found larvae in the composite host Senecio integerrimus at Sage-

hen Creek Wildlife and Fisheries Station. This locality has an elevation

of approximately 7,000 feet and is about 12 miles north of Truckee,

Nevada County, California. Flower heads containing larvae were col-

lected on 27 June 1964 and the insects were reared in the laboratory.

This paper gives an account of the life history based on a single gen-

eration obtained from these plants. The mating behavior of T. stig-

matica is described. This species shares some elements in its behavior

with another tephritid Euleia fratria (Loew) (Tauber and Toschi,

1965). These activities are compared.

Life History

The head of Senecio integerrimus consists of many flowers each of

which has a corolla. The young larva mines down one corolla to the

ovary. After mining the ovary the larva moves laterally to the ovary of

an adjacent flower. This lateral movement is repeated and results in

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 73-79. April 1965

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 1. Copulatory position of T. stigmatica. The two arrows indicate fore and

mesotarsi. Actual size of male is 10 mm.

damage to a localized area. Feeding by the older larva is largely con-

fined to the ovaries, but the receptacle and the corolla also are slightly

affected. The flower heads that we collected were usually mined by one

larva, but some contained two to four larvae. When more than two

larvae were present the damaged areas tended to merge. It was noted

that multiple infestations were associated with large flower heads.

The puparium is usually found partly embedded in the receptacle. On

occasion pupation occurs just below this region. However, in all cases

noted, the longitudinal orientation of the pupa is vertical and the ante-

rior end is up. Under laboratory conditions (temperature 24 ± 4° C ; re-

lative humidity 55 ± 8%) the time spent within the puparium is approxi-

mately 14 days. Samples of flowers were dissected beginning 27 June

but puparium formation was not observed until 30 June. Adult emer-

gence began on 14 July and was completed within 7 days.

Eighty-six adults were reared (49 females and 37 males). The days

of initial and terminal emergence as well as the 3 days of maximum

emergence coincided for the two sexes. This emergence pattern differs

from that of E. jratria in that the males of E. fratria emerge earlier

(Tauber and Toschi, 1965).

Adults were fed water, sugar, and enzymatic protein hydrolysate of

yeast. The range of longevity was 6 to 187 + days.

Parasites. — Four species of chalcidoid parasites were reared from

T. stigmatica during this study. Two individuals belonging to the tribe

April 1965] tauber & toschi — tephritis behavior

Table 1. Comparison of mating activities in T. stigmatica and E.

jratria.

T. stigmatica E. jratria

Activity (1), slight lateral wing dis-

placement

Activity (2), alternate wing wave ini-

tiated from midline of body

Activity (2), wing vibration during

wing wave

Activity (3), dorsoventral movement of

abdomen

Male steps to one side while advancing

towards female (rare)

Turning to face each other while on

same plane

Male and female assume “head up-tail

down” stance (abdomen close to

substrate, forelegs extended), wings

parted; not seen in same context as in

E. jratria

Males court males, no attempted

mounting

Not observed

Alternate wing wave initiated after both

wings are extended laterally

No vibration during wing wave

Not observed

Male and female step to one side and

back again, while advancing (common)

Same as T. stigmatica

Male assumes “head up-tail down”

stance, keeping body length orientated

to moving female, wings fully extended

laterally

Males court and mount males

Merisini (Pteromalidae) and three specimens of Tetrastichus sp. (Eu-

lophidae) emerged from puparia about 14 days after collection. After 8

months in the laboratory seven Habrocytus sp. (Pteromalidae, tribe

Pteromalini) and one Eurytoma sp. (Eurytomidae) emerged from

puparia. In all cases the hosts were taken from the field as eggs or

larvae. The trophic relationship between these parasites and the fly is

not known.

Mating Behavior

Males and females of T. stigmatica show a complex courtship display

which consists of recurring, specific types of activity. These activities

were observed when the insects were subject to natural and artificial

illumination simultaneously. The courtship sequence is as follows:

Heterosexual behavior. — Activities (1), (2), (3), and (4) below

are performed by both sexes.

(1) Both wings are moved laterally, at the same time, either to the

left or to the right (i.e., like windshield wipers moving synchronously

in the same direction) . The angle of displacement from the longitudinal

axis of the body is slight. The plane of the wings is parallel to the

substrate. This act is more frequent at the beginning of courtship.

76 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

Table 2. Comparison of T. stigmatica and E. fr atria copulatory

positions.

T. stigmatica E. jratria

Male

Head held above female scutellum

Mouthparts associated with dorso-

central bristles of female thorax

Wings completely overlap

Fore tarsi along notal and pleural

region of anterior segment of female

abdomen

Mesotarsi along pleural and sternal

region of posterior part of female

abdomen

Hind tarsi on substrate

Female

Wings parted

Ovipositor telescoped

Male and Female

Both sexes quite separate except for

these points of contact: female bris-

tles, fore and mesotarsi, and genitalia

Head above anterior abdominal nota of

female

Not observed

Wings parted

Fore tarsi along pleural region of ante-

rior segments of female abdomen

Mesotarsi on substrate

Hind tarsi on substrate

Wings parted

Ovipositor telescoped

Male forecoxae appear to rest on female

abdomen; male foretarsi and genitalia

also in contact

(2) One wing at a time is moved laterally from the longitudinal axis

of the body until it forms a 90° angle. As the wing passes laterally to or

fro through the 45° point it vibrates rapidly. The plane of the wing is

rotated so that it forms a right angle to the substrate, with costal margin

up, when the wing is fully extended. The wing may be held in this pose

for a few seconds or it may be returned immediately to the original

position. In the meantime the other wing is held resting above the body.

When the extended wing is returned it may either repeat the original

movement or the other wing may repeat this movement.

(3) During activity (2) rapid dorsoventral movements of the abdo-

men are often seen.

(4) It appears that either sex makes the initial approach. When an

individual passes within % to 1 inch of another of the opposite sex

either one or both may turn and approach the other so that they come

face to face. During the approach the male may take a few rapid steps

to one side while still facing the female. Activity (2) continues through-

out this performance. However wing movement is frequently in phase

when the face to face position is assumed. That is, either both left wings

April 1965] tauber & toschi — tephritis behavior

Table 3. Summary of T. stigmatica life history.

Species

Distri-

bution

Hosts

Egg Stage

Larval

Stage

Puparium

Adult

Longevity

Parasites

Western

Senecio

probably

mainly

approx. 14

187 + days; on

T etrasticlius

U. S. A.

integerrimus

within

days;

water, carbo-

sp.

corolla

ovaries

partly in

hydrate, enzy-

Senecio

receptacle

matic protein

Merisini

douglasii

hydrolysate

Eurytoma

of yeast

Habrocytus

Senecio sp.

or the apposed wings (e.g., female left and male right) may be moved

out and back, synchronously. It appears that courtship may be broken

off as well as recur at any point along the above sequence.

(5) After a number of bouts of activity (4) the following may ap-

pear. The male moves closer to the female and she decamps. He follows

her and attempts to copulate.

The copulatory position is shown in Fig. 1 and certain of its features

are described in Table 2. We have observed individual T. stigmatica

pairs to remain in copulation for at least 3 hours.

Homosexual behavior. — Activities (1), (2), and (3) are performed

by males or females when they are reared in isolation from the opposite

sex. In the presence of females, the males were also observed performing

action (4) . This was followed by disengagement. Males were never

observed mounting males as was seen by Tauber and Toschi (1965) in

the case of E. jratria.

Discussion

A comparison of the activities found in the mating behavior of T.

stigmatica and E. jratria in Table 1 reveals similarities and differences.

Table 2 compares their copulatory positions.

Spieth (1952) surveyed the courtship and copulatory behavior of 21

species groups of the genus Drosophila. He states that some elements

of their mating behavior are widespread but that qualitative and quan-

titative interspecific differences exist. A comparison of courtship pat-

terns of T . stigmatica and E. jratria reveals such differences between

the two species.

Qualitative characteristics present in T. stigmatica and absent in E.

jratria are: wing movements as in activity (1), wing vibration during

activity (2), and abdomen vibration as in activity (3). A qualitative

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

character present in E. fratria and absent in T. stigmalica is mounting

of males by males.

Quantitative differences in the mating behavior of the two species

are present in the wing waving movements, “side stepping” by the ad-

vancing male, and characteristics of the copulatory position (e.g., T.

stigmatica holds the female abdomen with two pairs of legs rather than

one pair) .

Feron (1962) investigated specific stimuli involved in the mating of

the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata Wied. He found that both

males and females react to chemical stimuli and that the males react to

visual stimuli as well. The specific stimuli leading to successful mating

in T. stigmatica have not been investigated. However, we can try to

relate the discrete courtship actions with the category of stimuli that

they might subserve.

Wing vibration during activity (2) and abdomen movement in activ-

ity (8) may serve to produce auditory stimuli. Waldron (1964) has

shown that sound production is significant in the mating behavior of

certain Drosophila species. It is conceivable that auditory as well as

visual stimuli could, for example, be implicated in keeping male and fe-

male wing movement in phase during activity (4) .

The precise and immediate orientations of either sex to its partner, the

wing display, and the “side step” during activity (4) strongly suggest

that vision plays an important role in mating. In the case of the “side

step” the male while changing his direction of movement remains oriented

to a motionless partner.

Chemical stimuli have been implicated in the behavior of other

tephritids (Feron, 1962) . Spieth (1952) in his consideration oi Drosoph-

ila speculates that wing action by the male could direct odorous sub-

stances towards the female. In T. stigmatica wing movement could also

serve this function in both sexes.

Summary

The known life history of T. stigmatica is summarized in Table 3.

This table is styled after Christenson and Foote (1960) who may be con-

sulted for comparison with 14 other tephritids. For comparison with

E. fratria see Tauber and Toschi (1965). The mating behavior of T.

stigmatica has been described. A comparison was made between the

courtship display and copulatory position of T. stigmatica and those of

E. fratria. Stimuli which may be involved were discussed.

April 1965 ] tauber & toschi — tephritis behavior

Acknowledgments

We want to thank Dr. J. A. Powell for reading the manuscript and

Drs. Ray F. Smith and W. W. Allen for encouragement. Dr. F. R. Cole

determined the fly and Dr. G. I. Stage determined the parasites. The

help of Miss Theresa Toschi is acknowledged with thanks. This work

was done during the appointments of C. A. T. as a Hilgard Scholar and

of M. J. T. as a University Fellow.

Literature Cited

Christenson, L. D., and R. H. Foote. 1960. Biology of fruit flies. Ann. Rev.

Entomol., 5: 171-192.

Feron, M. 1962. L’instinct de reproduction chex la Mouche mediterraneene des

fruits Ceratitis capitata Wied (Dipt. Trypetidae) . Comportement sexuel.

Comportement de ponte. Rev. Path. veg. Ent. agric. France, 41 (1 and

2) : 1-129.

Foote, R. H. 1960. The genus Tephritis Latreille in the Neararctic region north

of Mexico: descriptions of four new species and notes on others.

(Diptera: Tephritidae) J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 33(2) : 71-85.

Foote, R. H., and F. L. Blanc. 1963. The fruit flies or Tephritidae of California.

Bull. Calif. Insect Survey, 7 : 1-117.

Spieth, H. T. 1952. Mating behavior within the genus Drosophila (Diptera).

Bull. Amer. Mus. Hist., 99: 401-474.

Tauber, M. J., and C. A. Toschi. 1965. Bionomics of Euleia fratria (Loew)

(Diptera: Tephritidae). I. Life history and mating behavior. Canad. J.

Zool. 43: 369-379.

Waldron, I. 1964. Courtship sound production in two sympatric sibling Drosoph-

ila species. Sci., 144: 191-193.

NEW JOURNAL

Publication of a new entomological journal entitled u Quaestiones Entomoligicae,

a periodical record of entomological investigations” will start in January 1965, from

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intended to provide prompt low-cost publication for accounts of entomological

research of greater than average length. Subscription rates will be the same

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appearing at quarterly intervals; single issues $1.00. An abstract edition will be

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index cards (at $1.00 per volume) or on 5 X 8 inch standard single row punch

cards ($1.50 per volume). Communications regarding subscriptions and exchanges

should be addressed to the Subscription Manager at the above address.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

A Review of Comatomenopon , with Descriptions

of Two New Species 1

(Mallophaga : Menoponidae)

Roger D. Price

University of Minnesota, St. Paul

The amblyceran genus Comatomenopon Uchida, 1920, is currently

recognized as containing three species restricted in their known

distribution to the heron family (Ciconiiformes : Ardeidae) (Emerson,

1957). In the course of revisional studies of the genera within the

large Colpocephalum complex, to which Comatomenopon belongs, I have

obtained specimens representing these known Comatomenopon species as

well as those of two undescribed species and one species not hitherto

included within this genus. It is my purpose to present here the

results of my study of these lice.

Genus COMATOMENOPON Uchida

Comatomenopon Uchida, 1920, Annot. Zool. Japan, 9: 648.

Type species: Comatomenopon elongatum Uchida.

The original description of this genus (Uchida, 1920) is as follows:

“Menoponidae with elongate, whitish translucent body. Head long, rounded

at anterior margin; temples prominent; lateral margin with a deep, distinct

notch just in front of eye. No spines on ventral surface of head. Mesothorax

small, scarcely separated from metathorax. A series of combs upon the ventral

surface of posterior femora, and also on each side of certain abdominal sternites.

Gastric teeth present at the distal end of crop. Male genitalia consisting of a very

long and slender basal plate, continuous distally with a broad lamina, at the base

of which elongate and inwardly curved parameres are set.”

In addition to the above, the known members of this genus have the

following pertinent features in common:

Head with (1) occipital setae all long; (2) three very long marginal temple

setae; (3) terminal antennal segment undivided, at least a third longer than width

of second segment; (4) weakly developed preocular nodi, and occipital nodi and

associated carinae essentially absent; and (5) only one to two medium setae

immediately anterior to subocular comb row. Thorax with only two minute

median prosternal setae. Abdomen with (1) tergites undivided and approximately

equal in length; (2) sternite III with two lateroposterior comb rows on each side;

(3) vulva without lateral auxiliary row of hooked setae; (4) no ventral plates

bearing setae between vulva and anus; (5) absence of internal reticulate structure

1 Paper No. 5539, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Paul,

Minnesota 55101.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 80-85. April 1965

April 1965]

PRICE REVIEW OF COMATOMENOPON

in female genital chamber; (6) anus of female essentially oval, without inner

setae; (7) male genitalia close to Fig. 2, with genital sclerite having pair of

pointed lateroposterior projections and a longer median process, and with

an unbarbed penis; and (8) generally little sexual dimorphism other than that

associated with ventral terminalia.

The affinities of this genus seem closest to Ciconiphilus Bedford,

especially to Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus (Boisduval and Lacordaire),

a species also common to the Ardeidae. However, the consistently

different Comatomenopon head shape and the tendency for a pro-

portionately longer slender abdomen, along with other minor features

of structure and chaetotaxy, enable separation from the known species of

Ciconiphilus.

Comatomenopon elongatum Uchida

Comatomenopon elongatum Uchida, 1920, Annot. Zool. Japan, 9: 649.

Type host: Sterna sinensis Gmelin — probably error. True host probably

Egretta garzetta (.Linnaeus) (see Emerson, 1957: 710).

Illustrated and discussed by both Uchida (1920) and Emerson (1957).

Head with 4 rather short middorsal setae ; male with about 15 short dorsal

anterior head setae. Margin of pronotum with 4-5 long setae on each side

in addition to 2-4 short setae near lateral angle (no short seta between second

and third long setae) ; minute inner dorsal pronotal setae, much shorter than

outer dorsal setae. Metanotum with 8-9 long marginal setae and 45-50 medium

anterior setae, sparse medially; posterior margin of femur III with 2-3 short

setae. Abdomen with postspiracular setae very long on I— VIII ; 6-8 uniformly

long tergocentral setae on I-VII, 5-6 on VIII; 18-28 anterior tergal setae on I— II,

11-16 on III- VI, 6-7 on VII, and 3 on VIII (Fig. 8). Tergite IX with 2 very

long setae on each side and 2 short inner posterior setae. Sternal setae: I, 9-12; II,

44-54; III, 33-37, including 4 or so median marginal setae distinctly longer than

others; IV, 50; V, 37; VI-VII, 22-23. Posterior comb row on III with 1-3 short

fine outer marginal setae (as in Fig. 1). Ventral terminalia of female much

as in Fig. 1. Vulva with 18 medium evenly spaced marginal setae, 27 anterior

setae. Anus of female with 37 short ventral setae, shorter medially, and 42

medium dorsal setae.

Material. — 1 2, 1 $ (types), Sterna sinensis (but probably Egretta

garzetta ), Formosa; 2 $2, Demigretta gularis (Bose), Annobon Is.,

Gulf of Guinea.

Comatomenopon xenicum (Kellogg), new combination

Colpocephalum xenicum Kellogg, 1910, Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Zool. Exped.

Kilimandjaro, 3 (15) : 52.

Type host: Ardea ( Ardetta ) sturmi — Ixobrychus sturmii (Wagler).

Very close to C. elongatum. Longer tergocentral setae, especially on posterior

segments, with some extending across at least following two tergites (Fig. 9) ;

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

Figs. 1-2. Comatomenopon exilis Price. 1, Female, dorsoventral (X54);

2, Male genitalia (X98). Figs. 3M<. C. elbeli Emerson. 3, Sternite III,

lateroposterior ( X 86 ) ; 4, Female, complete dorsal, terminalia ventral (x40).

Figs. 5-7. C. ibis Emerson. 5, Female terminalia, dorsoventral ( X 64 ) ; 6,

Female head, prothorax, dorsal ( X 64) ; 7, Sternite III, lateroposterior (XllO).

Fig. 8. C. elongatum Uchida, female terminalia, dorsal ( X 37 ) . Figs. 9-10. C.

xenicum (Kellogg). 9, Female terminalia, dorsal (x44); 10, Male tergite IX,

dorsal (X47). Figs. 11-12. C. grayi Price. 11, Sternite III, lateroposterior

(Xl30) ; 12, Male head, prothorax, dorsal (X64).

April 1965] price — review of comatomenopon

those on IX extending well beyond tip of abdomen. Tergite IX of male (Fig. 10)

with six setae medioanterior to very long setae.

Material. — 1 2, 1 $ (types), Ardea sturrni, East Africa.

Comatomenopon ibis Emerson

Comatomenopon ibis Emerson, 1958, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (12) 10: 711.

Type host: Bubulcus ibis ibis (Linnaeus).

Close to C. elongatum, but differing in the following: Head with 4 long

middorsal setae (Fig. 6). Pronotum (Fig. 6) with 6-8 long marginal setae on

each side and 5-9 shorter setae; inner dorsal pronotal setae longer, almost

length of outer. Femur III of male with 5 posterior marginal setae. Most

sternites each with up to 10-15 more setae; marginal setae on sternites IV-VII

much longer laterally than in median area. Sternite III marginally with uniformly

long median setae between comb rows, except for 1 very long seta on each

side; 3-5 long and few shorter setae outside posterior comb row (Fig. 7). Female

terminalia (Fig. 5) with inner posterior setae on tergite IX of 1 long and 1-2

shorter setae on each side; vulva marginally with 24-28 medium setae; anus

somewhat protruding, with 32-33 short to medium ventral setae and only 26-27

longer dorsal setae.

Material.- — -1 $ (paratype), 2 2 2, Bubulcus ibis coromandus

(Boddaert), Thailand.

Comatomenopon grayi Price, new species

Type host. — Ardeola grayii (Sykes).

Head of female as for C. ibis (Fig. 6) ; head of male (Fig. 12) differs

from all other known species with large number (33-40) of stout dorsal

frontal setae. Pronotum (Fig. 12), as well as remainder of thorax, abdomen,

and male genitalia close to C. elongatum, differing by having female with

several long marginal setae outside of comb rows on sternite III (close to

Fig. 7) and male with somewhat longer such setae (as in Fig. 11) and longer

median projection of genital sclerite than shown in Fig. 2.

Material. — Holotype $ (in British Museum (Natural History)),

2 $ , 2 2 paratypes, Ardeola grayi , Ceylon, March 1935, Meinertzhagen

Collection, Slide 3459.

Comatomenopon elbeli Emerson

Comatomenopon elbeli Emerson, 1958, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (12) 10. 712.

Type host: Ardea purpurea purpurea Linnaeus.

Distinguished from other species in many ways. Only 2 short middorsal head

setae (Fig. 4). Pronotum marginally with 3-4 long median setae on each side

and 4-7 short setae at each lateral angle; minute inner dorsal setae and 1-2

longer outer setae. Female abdominal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 4. Postspiracular setae

very long on I— III and VII- VIII, much shorter on IV-VI. At least posterior ter-

gites partially fused with pleura. Very long median tergocentral setae on I- VI;

much shorter and uniform on VII-VIII. Tergites III-VII with 0-3 short

anterior setae, more numerous on I— II and VIII. Tergite IX with number of

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

short anterior setae in addition to marginal setae. Sparse sternal chaetotaxy, with

most sternites having fewer than 20 setae, the majority of these marginal.

Short relatively stout setae outside posterior comb row on sternite III (Fig. 3).

Vulva with 65 very long heavy marginal setae. Anus ventrally without median

setae, but with 5-6 long setae laterally plus 2-3 minute setae interspersed; 51

setae dorsally, much longer laterally. Male differs from female in having,

among other things, (1) very long postspiracular setae on I— VIII ; (2) more

uniform and shorter tergocentral setae on I-VI; and (3) posterior margin of

femur III with 7 or so setae, instead of 2-3. The genital sclerite appears to

have a longer median process than in Fig. 2, but this is not clear in specimens

available.

Material. — 1 2, 1 $ (paratypes), Ardea p. purpurea, Kenya; 2

2 2,1 $, Ardeola speciosa (Horsfield), no data; 1 $, Platalea alba

Scopoli, Kenya (probably a straggler) .

Comatomenopon exilis Price, new species

Type host. — Ixobrychus exilis (Gmelin).

As in Fig. 1 and separable from other known species as follows: Inner

middorsal head setae longer than outer. Margin of pronotum with 5 long

and 3 short setae on each side, distributed as shown; minute inner

dorsal setae. Metanotum with 9-10 marginal setae, but only 9-14 anterior

setae, most of these lateral. Generally few, if any, median anterior abdominal

tergal setae: I, 0-1; II-V, 0-3; VI, 0-1; VII- VIII, 0. Tergite IX without

anterior setae, with 2-3 long inner posterior setae. Sparse sternal setae: I, 2-5;

II- VI, 16-26; VII, 13-19. Ventral terminalia close to C. elongatum.

Material. — Holotype 2 (at U. S. National Museum), Least Bittern,

Meredosia, Illinois, 15 May 1934. Paratypes from type host: 4 2 2,

4 $ $, Meredosia, Illinois, 15 May 1934; 9 2 2,3 $ $, Durant, Bryan

County, Oklahoma, 25 June 1959, G. M. Sutton, G. M. S. 13839.

Key to the Species of Comatomenopon

1. Four long middorsal head setae (Figs. 6 or 12) 2

Either 2 or 4 shorter middorsal head setae (Figs. 1 or 4) 3

2. Each side of pronotum marginally with at least 6 long and 4 short setae and

both sides with long inner dorsal pronotal seta, almost as long as outer

dorsal seta (Fig. 6) ; male with fewer than 25 prominent dorsoanterior

head setae ibis Emerson

Each side of pronotum marginally with 5 long and 2 short setae and at

least 1 side with minute dorsal pronotal seta (Fig. 12) ; male with over

30 prominent dorsoanterior head setae (Fig. 12) grayi, n. sp.

3. Fewer than 20 anterior metanotal setae; no anterior setae on abdominal

tergites VII- VIII (Fig. 1) exilis, n. sp.

Over 30 anterior metanotal setae; anterior setae on both abdominal

tergites VII-VIII 4

4. Female with over 50 very long marginal vulval setae (Fig. 4) ; male with

5 or more setae on posterior margin of femur III elbeli Emerson

April 1965] price — review of comatomenopon

Female with fewer than 25 medium marginal vulval setae; male with only

2-3 setae on posterior margin of femur III 5

5. Both sexes with longer tergocentral setae on abdominal segments VI-VIII

(Fig. 9) ; male with over 5 setae medioanterior to very long setae on last

tergite (Fig. 10) xenicum (Kellogg)

Both sexes with shorter tergocentral setae on abdominal segments VI-VIII

(Fig. 8) ; male with only 2 setae medioanterior to very long setae on last

tergite (as in Fig. 8) elongatum Uchida

Acknowledgments

I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the following

individuals whose assistance has made this work possible: Dr. Theresa

Clay, British Museum (Natural History) ; Dr. K. C. Emerson, Still-

water, Oklahoma; Dr. Robert E. Elbel, Dugway, Utah; and Dr. Per

Inge Persson, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm.

Literature Cited

Emerson, K. C. 1957. New species of Comatomenopon (Mallophaga:

Amblycera). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (12) 10: 710-712.

Uchida, S. 1920. On a second collection of Mallophaga from Formosan birds.

Annot. Zool. Japan, 9: 635-652.

a. £arl J^ritchard

Members of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society will be saddened

to learn of the death of Dr. A. Earl Pritchard on 28 February 1965.

Dr. Pritchard became a member of the Society in 1947 and contributed

to the Memoir Series of the Society as a senior coauthor. He was well

known as a systematist of the Acarina, Cecidomyiidae, and Asilidae.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

Notes on the Life History of Notonecta hofjmanni

(Hemiptera : Notonectidae)

J. E. McPherson

San Diego State College, San Diego

The backswimmer, Notonecta hoffmanni Hungerford, is a common

inhabitant of freshwater ponds and streams in its known range. It

has a limited distribution, being found only in Arizona, southern

California, Baja California, Mexico (Hungerford, 1925) and New

Mexico (Sailer, 1942). The male and female adults were originally

described by H. B. Hungerford in 1925 and up to the present time no

further work has been done on the taxonomy or biology of this species.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the life history

of N. hoffmanni with special attention given to the length of the life

cycle and feeding habits.

The investigation was conducted in a 150-foot-long section of

Viejas Creek located 3 Vz miles east of Alpine, San Diego County,

California at an elevation of 2,230 feet above sea level. This creek is one

of the few streams in San Diego County which runs the entire year.

It originates in drainage from Chiquito Peak, the Viejas and Poser

mountains which are to the north and from mountains in the Cleveland

National Forest which are to the south, becoming a permanent flowing

stream in the Viejas Indian Reservation. It winds through the hills for

only a few miles and then joins the Sweetwater River approximately 1

mile north of the eastern end of the Loveland Reservoir.

Materials and Methods

The field observations were begun in late August of 1963 and

continued through August 1964. With the approach of the reproductive

period in late winter, weekly observations were begun. Water tempera-

tures were recorded as well as dates of copulation, oviposition, stages

of egg development (browning and eyespot appearance), and the

emergence of the different instars. All notes were taken in the late

morning and early afternoon hours.

The fact that adults were present from the previous year made detec-

tion of the newly emerged individuals difficult. The problem was

solved by screening off an outpocketing of the stream, approximately

3 feet by 3 feet, removing all stages present and replacing these with

fifth-instar nymphs.

In addition, notes were taken on the number of developmental stages

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41 : 86-89. April 1965

April 1965]

MCPHERSON — NOTES ON NOTONECTA

and the feeding habits in the laboratory as well as in the natural environ-

ment. Oviposition, hatching, and molting were observed in the

laboratory.

Life History

In the early part of March, copulation and oviposition were observed

in the stream. The water temperature varied between 14° and 18° C

during this period. Copulation takes place with the male in a dorsolateral

position to the female; the latter does the swimming for the pair.

Eggs are laid in irregular rows on the stems of vegetation beneath

the water surface. They were first found in the easternmost part of

the study area on stems of Vinca major L., a garden escape. This was

the section from which most of the observations were taken. In sub-

sequent days, I found them on stems of Juncus acutus L. var. sphaero-

carpus Englm. and Heleocharis sp.

Oviposition begins with a series of dorsoventral undulations of the

posterior third of the abdomen; these movements cease as the egg

appears. The female rests quietly for a few seconds after attaching

the egg to a substrate. The egg laying takes about IV 2 minutes.

Fresh eggs are white but darken as they mature. Following this,

the eyespots begin to appear, and just before hatching they are well

developed. Large hairs of the nymph are visible through the chorion

at this time.

Hatching occurs with the formation of a dorsoventral slit at the

cephalic (widest) end of the egg. Rhythmic movements of the head

are noticeable at this time. Body contractions are evident as the nymph

emerges through the ventral side of the cephalic end in a jerky manner.

The nymph is surrounded by an embryonic (vitelline) membrane which

is visible as it emerges from the egg. The nymph subsequently frees

itself from this membrane, with the metathoracic legs being the last to

leave the egg.

In the middle of April, I first noticed the darkening of the eggs but

was unable to detect eyespots until the first of May. On this day

I found a newly emerged nymph. It was very light in color and was

swimming beneath the surface near the shore among the stems of

Heleocharis sp. Molting takes place by the emergence of the later in-

star through a longitudinal slit in the dorsum of the earlier instar.

On 21 May I found a second nymphal instar near the shore but not

as close to the vegetation as the previous instar. The water temperature

was 22.5° C. On 8 June I observed a third nymphal instar in the deeper

part of the pool swimming among the adults. The water temperature was

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

15° C at this time. Later in the week the relative numbers of first,

second, and third nymphal instars were approximately equal.

During the following week, the fourth nymphal instars began to

appear. First and second nymphal instars were still present in small

numbers. The water temperature was 16° C. On 26 June I found

adults of different species of backswimmer, Notonecta kirbyi Hunger-

ford, which had probably migrated into the area. The water temperature

was 20.8° C on this day. On 6 July I observed the first fifth nymphal

instars in the area. The water temperature had risen to 21.2° C.

Two weeks later, the fifth nymphal instars were the most abundant

of the immature stages. Three first nymphal instars were collected

as well as older stages. Few specimens of N. kirbyi were collected.

On 29 July a newly emerged adult was collected. The water temperature

was 18.9° C at this time.

During August, the number of adults of N. hoffmanni increased;

at least some of these will remain in the area to begin the reproductive

cycle again in March of the following year. The population size at

this time was estimated to be 307 individuals by using the Lincoln

Index method. Specimens had been successfully marked with colored

fingernail polish. At the end of summer, it was no longer possible to

collect adults of N. kirbyi.

Feeding Habits

N. hoffmanni normally feeds on insects which fall to the surface of

the water ; these are abundant in the spring and appear to be adequate to

sustain all stages of the species. I have found them feeding on

Hymenoptera, mainly ants, Diptera, and Hemiptera, especially mirids,

which had fallen from the overhanging branches or had been blown

into the water by the wind. Clark (1928) reported that Notonecta

undulata Say was attracted to its prey by sight and by vibrations due to

the hapless insect’s movements on the surface of the water. This is prob-

ably true of N. hoffmanni. It grabs the prey with the prothoracic and

mesothoracic legs and then inserts its proboscis as the animal is dragged

beneath the water surface. It does not return to the surface until the

prey has ceased struggling.

Summary

It was found that at Viejas Creek, the life cycle of Notonecta

hoffmanni began in the early part of March with copulation and ovi-

position occurring simultaneously. Eggs were found on the submerged

parts of stems of Vinca major, Helocharis sp., and ] uncus acutus var.

sphaerocarpus.

April 1965]

MCPHERSON NOTES ON NOTONECTA

A first nymphal instar was captured on the first of May followed by

the first noted appearances of the second, third, fourth, and fifth

nymphal instars and the adults on 21 May, 8 June, 18 June, 6 July, and

29 July, respectively. N. hoffmanni normally feeds on insects which fall

from the overhanging branches or are blown into the water by the wind.

Literature Cited

Clark, L. B. 1928. Seasonal distribution and life history of N otonecta undulata

in the Winnipeg region, Canada. Ecology, 9: 383-403.

Hungerford, H. B. 1925. N otonecta hoffmani [sic] sp. n. Can. Entomol., 57 :

241.

Sailer, R. I. 1942. Distribution record for Notonecta hoffmanni Hungerford

1925. Jour. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 15: 6.

RECENT LITERATURE

Occasional Papers, Bureau of Entomology, California Department of

Agriculture.

Six numbers of the Occasional Papers of the Bureau of Entomology of the

California Department of Agriculture have been published during the past five

years. These are :

No. 1, Eriophyid studies XXVII, by H. H. Keifer, 18 pp., 1959.

No. 2, Eriophyid studies XXVIII, by H. H. Keifer, 20 pp., 1960.

No. 3, The United States species of fire ants of the genus Solenopsis, subgenus

Solenopsis Westwood with synonymy of Solenopsis aurea Wheeler, by Roy R.

Snelling, 11 pp., 12 figs., 1963.

No. 4, Three new tubuliferous thrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) , by Tokuwo

Kono, 8 pp., 6 pis., 1964.

No. 5, An index of the Acridoidea (Orthoptera) of California, with selected

references, by R. M. Thompson and Geo. M. Buxton, 62 pp., 1964.

No. 6, Thysanoptera studies 2, The new generic status and synonymy of

Anapho thrips arizonensis Morgan, with the description of the male

(Thysanoptera, Thripidae), by Tokuwo Kono and Kellie O’Neill, 4 pp., 2 pis.,

1964.

The masthead states that individual copies will sent free of charge upon request

and a regular mailing list will be maintained, including libraries and specialists,

by writing to: R. F. Wilkey, Editor, Bureau of Entomology, State Department of

Agriculture, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, California 95814. — P. H. Arnaud,

Jr., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

A New Trichar aea Thomson with Unusual Variation

in Male Chaetotaxy 1

(Diptera : Sarcophagidae)

H. Rodney Dodge

Washington State University, Pullman

The following species of T richaraea appears to be nndescribed. Pre-

viously known species are from east of the Andes. This species agrees

with them in general characters (the male genitalia are not useful in this

group) but the body is darker grey, with thoracic vittae well defined,

wing veins yellow only before the level of the costal spine, the front over

0.40 of the head width, the frontal vitta black on most of its length and

wider, almost as wide as a parafrontal before the ocelli. In Townsend’s

(1935) key to Agriini (p. 176 et seq .) the larger males will run to either

T richaraea or Mallonotum Aldrich in couplet 2, depending on the

presence or absence of median marginal bristles on the third abdominal

segment; the small males and females trace to Sarothromyia Brauer and

von Bergenstamm in couplet 31. Xenagria mallogaster Blanchard is a

related species with setules on vein 3 beyond the anterior cross vein, the

prosternum bare, and body pile apparently longer.

Tricharaea penai Dodge, new species

Length 4.5-8.25 mm. A blackish grey species with thoracic stripes and

abdominal tessellation weak but distinct, the latter in certain views; male

with all femora enlarged, femora, pleurae, and abdomen wholly with erect,

short, woolly hairs except on the smallest males; frontal vitta wholly black

or reddish at lunule; vibrissal axis longer than antennal axis (epistoma strongly

protuberant, metacephalon moderately so) ; parafrontofacials with dense black

setules. Male foretarsi with erect setules, segments 2-4 globular.

Male. — Front at narrowest 0.40 to 0.44 (average 0.425 of seven specimens)

of head width; frontal rows of 4-7, usually 5 or 6 bristles, parallel, reaching base

of second antennal segment; frontal vitta velvety black or reddish near lunule,

which is concealed; proclinate frontoorbitals usually 1; reclinate frontoorbital 1;

ocellars very strong; outer vertical 0.6 of inner; parafrontofacials bright grey

pollinose with numerous scattered black setules; antenna black, third segment 0.82

to vibrissa and 1.5 X second segment; arista short plumose on basal 0.67;

vibrissae at epistoma, which is strongly warped forward; vibrissal span 1.33 X

width of parafacial; cheek black-haired, 0.25 of head height, constricted just

before metacephalon, the latter with black beard ventrally; occiput convex, with

few pale hairs below the neck; palpus blackish, clavate, slightly shorter than width

of eye in lateral view. Head as long as high at both antennal and vibrissal angles;

in some specimens longer than high.

1 Scientific paper 2612, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Project No. 9043.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41; 90-92. April 1965

April 1965]

DODGE — NEW TRICHARAEA

Thorax black with grey pollen, distinctly trivittate. Chaetotaxy: acrostichals

0:0; dorsocentrals 2:3; intraalars 1:2; supraalars 1:3; humerals 2; notopleurals 2;

postalar declivity bare; scutellars 2 marginal, no apical, 1 weak discal; propleuron

bare; prosternum and metasternum setuled; sternopleural 1; beret bare;

hypopleurals 4-5; infrasquamals present, few. Wing hyaline, veins yellow basad

of the costal spine, which is as long as anterior cross vein; vein 3 setuled above

about 0.5 or less to cross vein; vein 1 with 0-3 setules beyond the node; posterior

cross vein oblique, straight; vein 4 bent at obtuse angle; costal sections (from

base) 20/35/15/57/17/5; basicosta yellowish-white; epaulet pale brown; squama

yellowish white, fringed with white hairs. Legs black, femora enlarged; middle

femur without comb; hind tibia not villous; foretarsus five-sevenths of tibia, with

erect setules, segments 2-4 globular, together only 0.75 of basitarsus; hind coxae

setuled posteriorly. Chaetotaxy variable, as described beyond.

Abdomen grey pollinose with slight pattern, in posterior view uniformly

grey with a median dark line; entirely clothed with erect pile and nearly bristle-

less (large males) varying to small males with marginal rows on last two segments;

sterna without bristles. Genital segments small, black, with fine hairs, no bristles.

Forceps with a small internal tooth subapically.

Female. — Front 0.43 of head width, with 2 proclinate frontoorbitals; frontal vitta

like male, slightly narrowed towards the ocelli and about 0.33 of frontal width at

any point; head may be longer than high; sternopleurals always 2; sides of

thorax and venter of abdomen with erect pile; legs with femora slender, fore-

tarsus equal to tibia, the joints not modified; abdomen broad and flat, basal 2

segments with weak lateral marginal bristles; segments 3-4 with marginal rows

and 4th with a more or less complete row of discal bristles; sterna 2-4 with 1

pair bristles; genital orifice small, rather narrowly triangular; genital segments

black, pollinose, the tergum divided, the last sternum ( ? ) deeply notched.

Otherwise much like the male.

Type series. — Twenty-one males, 25 females, Maullin (Coast of

Llanique Province, below Maullin River), Chile, 16-21 February

1957, Luis Pena collector. Holotype male and other types at Washington

State University; sets of paratypes showing variation to be sent to U. S.

National Museum, California Academy of Sciences, Instituto Oswaldo

Cruz, and Canadian National Collection.

Variation in chaetotaxy is remarkable and is described as follows.

Six males have 3-6 bristles in MR (marginal row) of the fourth tergum,

a LD (lateral discal) and perhaps a LM (lateral marginal) pair on the

first, and no other abdominal bristles. These are the largest males. One

male as above but with MM (median marginal) pair on third tergum.

One male like the 6 but with LM on the intermediate segments, no MM.

One male had MR on last two terga, no LM on second tergum. One

male had LM on terga 1-2 and 3 bristles on left half of MR of tergum 3.

Two males had MM on third tergum and LM on terga 1-3. Nine males

had MR on terga 3-4, LM on terga 1-2. These are the smallest males,

the largest 6 mm long; they are also the least “woolly.” The basic

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

minimum pattern of bristles in the male sex is therefore a MR on tergum

4 and a LD pair on tergum 1. To this may be added a variable number

of marginals on tergum 3 and/or LM on terga 1-3.

The females all have MRs on terga 3-4 and weak LM on terga 1-2.

They also have a more or less complete row of weaker discal bristles on

tergum 4.

Variation in male femoral bristles is also remarkable. The largest

male has 2 preapical bristles on anterior side of hind femur and a trans-

verse row of 3 preapicals on posterior side of mid femur, the femora con-

spicuously swollen and densely furry. The smallest male has an antero-

dorsal row of 3—4 on apical half of hind femur and two weaker bristles

in the anteroventral row, one at basal third of length, and 2 subapica]

bristles on posterior side of hind femur; the middle femur with a weak

anterior bristle at middle; the vestiture much less conspicuously furry.

All tibiae bear erect ventral pile (furry) in the large males, but have

only recumbent setules in the small males and in the females. Males

have but one sternopleural bristle (one male had two on one side only) ;

females always have two. By contrast, related species such as Saro-

thromyia femoralis (Schiner) have two or two with a weak third in

both sexes.

The males varied from 4.5 to 8.25 mm in length; females from 5 to

6.7 mm. There are no females comparable in size to the largest males.

The largest male has the abdomen wholly furry ; most specimens have at

least some reclinate setules along the middorsal line and the small males

have only a few erect hairs laterally above the level of the LM.

The dorsal setules on the apical section of vein 1 (beyond the node)

are a noteworthy and variable character. Twenty percent of the females

had 1—3 setules on at least one wing, whereas 48% of the males possessed

these setules. I have designated the largest male as holotype; it has an

apical setule on one wing.

Literature Cited

Townsend, C. H. T. 1935. Manual of myiology, Vol. II. Itaquaquesetuba, Brazil.

April 1965]

DODGE — NEW TRICHARAEA

Notes on the Habits of Trichoderes pini Chevrolat

(Coleoptera : Cerambycidae)

John A. Chemsak 1

University of California, Berkeley

A few field observations were made on the habitat and habits of

the prionine species Trichoderes pini Chevrolat at a site 10 miles

west of El Salto, Durango, Mexico during July of 1964. The area is

near the southern end of the Sierra Madre Occidental just east of the

western escarpment at an elevation of about 9,000 feet. Vegetation is

pine-oak forest, now interrupted by open meadows. Extensive lumbering

in the area has left many large fallen pine logs and standing stumps

in various stages of decay. Since adults of T . pini were attracted in

numbers to lights here, efforts were made to obtain the immature stages.

The habitat was quite similar to that illustrated by Palm (1951, Opusc.

Ent., 16: 55) for Tragosoma depsarium Linnaeus.

Larvae were first encountered in a large decaying pine log. Most

of the wood had been reduced to a spongy mass but one area located at

the side near the top was infested with larvae. The wood here was soft

but firm and easily pulled apart. The moisture content was high with

water appearing from a squeezed handful of the woody material. No

definite larval galleries were observed since the moist darker frass

material completely filled in the areas behind the feeding larvae (Fig. 1) .

Burrowing appeared to be random except that later instar larvae were

found closer to the surface than the earlier ones.

A large number of larvae were also found in a standing stump. The

decayed wood was moist and soft but firm. Excavation of the stump

verified the observations made in the log, that is, the later instar

larvae occupied the areas near the top of the stump and successively

earlier instars were found progressively lower.

Pupae and teneral adults were found in pupal chambers about an

inch below the cut surface of the stump. The consistency of the wood

at these upper levels was firmer and less moist with meandering larval

galleries obvious.

The oblong pupal chamber was constructed parallel with the grain

of the wood and plugged at the lower end with coarse fibrous woody

particles (Fig. 1) . The chamber has a diameter of almost 0.5 inches and

1 National Science Foundation Grant GB-2326 on North American Cerambycidae is gratefully

acknowledged.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 93-95. April 1965

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 2

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1. (upper) , Portion of decaying Pinus wood with longitudinal section of

pupal chamber of Trichoderes pini (natural size). Fig. 2. (lower), Larva of

T. pini in situ in a decayed pine log (natural size).

April 1965] chemsaic — habits of trichoderes pini

is about 2 inches long. The pupa is oriented with the head toward the

top and emergence is through the top.

Of the dozens of pine stumps and logs in the immediate area,

only a few were found to contain larvae of T. pini. In all cases the

infested wood was in a similar stage of decay with the texture and

moisture content the same as described above. Other stumps and logs

were either fresher or much older. This would indicate that requirements

for larval development are rather narrow and oviposition will occur only

in substrate meeting optimum conditions.

The duration of larval life was not determined but it would appear

to require at least 2 years. Adult emergence is spread over a fairly

long period as indicated by the fact that adults were active at least

from June through August. Also, numerous instars of larvae were found.

One fully developed pupa was found which had been half devoured by

a woodpecker. These birds were observed to work the pine stumps on a

number of occasions. The proximity of the pupating beetle to the outside

surface appears to make them easy prey for the birds.

James 2L (5. Helm

Readers will be saddened to learn of the death, on 25 January 1965,

of Mr. James Abram Garfield Rehn, authority on Orthoptera, editor of

the T ransactions of the American Entomological Society for many years,

and Curator of Insects, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

A New Phenacoccus from Southern California

(Homoptera : Coccoidea : Pseudococcidae)

David M. Peterson

University of California, Riverside

On 22 June 1963, R. L. Westcott found this mealybug infesting He-

lianthus tephrodes Gray in the sand hills of Imperial County, California,

west of Yuma, Arizona. Westcott gave this catch along with an ant

found in association with it to Roy Snelling of the Los Angeles County

Museum. I volunteered to identify the mealybugs and found they

resembled Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend and Cockerell, especially with

respect to the circulus. Not satisfied with their identification, I sent

them to Richard Wilkey of the California Bureau of Entomology, Sacra-

mento, for comment. Finally, H. L. McKenzie of the University of Cali-

fornia, Davis, was consulted and he found the species to be new.

I wish to express my gratitude to all the above-mentioned people but

especially to H. L. McKenzie who extended to me the privilege of

describing this species and who reviewed the manuscript. I take this

opportunity to name this species for C. F. Harbison, curator of ento-

mology at the San Diego Natural History Museum.

Phenacoccus harbisoni Peterson, new species

Holotype female. — Range of lengths of 31 mounted specimens: 3.25 to 5.60 mm,

mean: 4.46 mm. Dorsum with 18 pairs of cerarii, one pair between frontal and

ocular pairs, each usually with two cerarian setae hut occasionally more on ante-

rior cerarii (up to five), and three larger conical cerarian setae on anal cerarii; all

cerarii with slight concentration of trilocular pores. Dorsal multilocular disk pores

absent on body anterior to third abdominal segment, a few laterally and occasion-

ally absent on third segment, gradually increasing in number posteriorly, absent on

ninth segment. Dorsal setae small and sparse. Trilocular pores sparse, evenly

spread over dorsum showing slight segmental concentrations on abdomen. Oral

collar tubular ducts loosely follow segmentation on abdomen, present on thorax

from sixth cerarius back. Anal ring of normal size and form for genus; with six

setae, all about twice anal ring opening diameter.

On venter, no multilocular disk pores present anterior to third abdominal seg-

ment, a few laterally placed multilocular pores present on third segment, increas-

ing posteriorly with median pores from fifth segment to ninth. Quinquelocular

pores present from interantennal area to eighth abdominal segment along median

area bounded roughly by spiracles. Medium-sized oral collar ducts present laterally

throughout body showing segmental concentrations; smaller oral collar ducts pres-

ent from fourth adbominal segment to anal lobes. Ventral body setae longer, more

numerous than on dorsum. Trilocular pores evenly distributed, replaced by quin-

queloculars medially anterior to sixth segment.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 96-100. April 1965

April 1965 ]

PETERSON — A NEW PHENACOCCUS

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 1. Phenacoccus harbisoni Peterson.

Circulus medium sized with tendency for ox-yoke like anterolateral extensions as

in Phenacoccus gossypii though much less pronounced; not divided by inter-

segmental fold. Antennae average size for genus, nine segmented. Legs short,

femora extending only halfway or less to body margin from coxae in mounted

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

specimens; plantar surface of claw with denticle or tooth; ends of claws occasion-

ally appearing “worn down.”

The unmounted, alcohol preserved, adult female with well-defined hody segmen-

tation. Head appears dorsally as a flat anterior extension; pronotum with some-

what rectangular raised hump, its bordering sutures well defined medially;

mesonotum and metanotum each less well defined, shorter humps with sutures

partly obliterated; abdominal segments two to nine easily discernible as short

humps; two series of punctures located on intersegmental sutures divide dorsum

longitudinally in thirds and become slit-like on abdomen. Subcutaneous clear

circular spots extend laterally across each body segment; venter appears similar

to dorsum except two additional rows of punctures are present and well defined

laterally making four rows of longitudinal punctures in ail; circulus well defined

and sclerotized. All preserved specimens in the type series lacked evidence of wax.

Holotype adult female (mounted on a slide by itself) and paratypes

(31 mounted and about 73 preserved in alcohol) have been deposited in

the University of California collection at Davis. Additionally, five para-

types have been deposited in the Los Angeles County Museum, Los

Angeles, California; two with the San Diego Natural History Museum,

San Diego, California; five with the California State Department of

Agriculture, Sacramento; two with the United States National Collection

of Coccoidea, Washington, D. C.; and two in the British Museum (Natu-

ral History) , London, England. This accounts for all type material.

Type and paratype adult females were collected by R. L. Westcott

from a sunflower, Helianthus tephrodes Gray, in the sand hills 0.8 MILES

east of Gray’s Well, 3.5 miles east of Gordon’s Well, and 18 miles

west of Winterhaven on State Highway 80 located in southeast Imperial

County, California, on 22 June 1963. Paratypes were also collected

by the author from the same locality and host and from a second host,

Petalonyx Thurberi Gray, the sandpaper plant, as identified by Miss

Bonnie Templeton. This area could be characterized as rolling, shifting

sand dunes, very dry, with sparse vegetation, subject to great tempera-

ture changes, and probably as unlikely a spot for mealybugs as could be

imagined.

On 28 December 1963, the author visited the type locality and found

the mealybugs abundant on a few Helianthus tephrodes and less numer-

ous on Petalonyx Thurberi. The mealybugs had a small amount of

powdery wax on them but no filaments. Later, on specimens collected

live, filaments of wax were exuded enveloping the insect and an orange

egg mass. The mealybugs produced an abundance of honeydew which

coated the leaves below and formed a crust on the sand beneath the

infested plants. They were present mainly on the stems near the leaf

nodes. The author estimated that an average heavily infested plant had

April 1965]

PETERSON — A NEW PHENACOCCUS

at least 150 individuals. The plants which were infested appeared some-

what more protected from the wind than noninfested plants but that

this favored the insect is conjecture. An ant, Myrmecocystus semirufus

Emery, as determined by Roy Snelling, was seen in association with the

mealybugs.

This species, as pointed out by H. L. McKenzie in personal corre-

spondence, keys to Phenacoccus infernalis McKenzie (McKenzie, 1964:

239), but differs by the greater numbers and extent of quinquelocular

pores over the ventral median surface. It is also related to Phenacoccus

graminosus McKenzie but has quinquelocular pores more extensive on

the abdomen, a larger and more laterally extended circulus, and is with-

out the multilocular disk pores along the lateral margin of the thorax

both dorsally and ventrally. Phenacoccus eremicus Ferris, though close,

differs from Phenacoccus harbisoni in not having ventral quinquelocular

pores in the head region or on abdominal segments seven and eight, and

by having very restricted multilocular disk pore distribution dorsally.

Phenacoccus harbisoni differs from Phenacoccus gossypii in lacking

the greatly expanded circulus, though Phenacoccus harbisoni has some

lateral elongation ; by lacking the row of setae possessed by Phenacoccus

gossypii along the anterior margin of the circulus ; by lacking the extent

of small trilocular pores lateral to the anal ring; and by having a more

uniform distribution of pores, ducts, and setae on the median ventral

surface of the thorax. Lastly, both Phenacoccus hurdi McKenzie and

alleni McKenzie have eight rather than nine antennal segments.

The following is a modification of McKenzie’s (1964) key to North

American species of Phenacoccus which includes Phenacoccus harbisoni.

16 (14)

Dorsal multilocular disk pores occurring for the most part along

posterior border of segments six and seven; cerarii with little con-

centration of trilocular pores and with cerarian setae small and

inconspicuous eremicus Ferris

Dorsal multilocular disk pores present in considerable numbers on

most abdominal segments; cerarii distinct, with medium trilocular

pore concentration, and with larger cerarian setae 16a

16a (16)

Quinquelocular pores present over entire median ventral portion of

body from head through eighth abdominal segment; circulus not

divided by segmental line, slightly produced anterolaterally ; three

large anal lobe cerarian spines present harbisoni, new species

Quinquelocular pores on venter present only near mouth parts, few

in number; circulus divided by segmental line; two large anal lobe

cerarian spines present infernalis McKenzie

The suggested common name is Harbison’s mealybug.

100

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

Literature Cited

McKenzie, H. L. 1964. Fourth taxonomic study of California mealybugs, with

additional species from North America, South America, and Japan (Ho-

moptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) . Hilgardia, 35 (10): 211-272.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

New host plant for Tephritis araneosa (Diptera : Tephritidae) - 1 — In

his 1951 study of the genus Tephritis, Quisenberry (Jour. Kansas Entomol. Soc.,

24: 56-72) noted that Tephritis araneosa (Cocquillett) was widely distributed in

western United States and had been reported from Lander, Farson, and Big

Creek, Wyoming. He recorded the following as host plants of the larval stage:

Artemisia dracunculoides in Colorado, Tanacetum huronense and Arnica foliosa in

Oregon.

During the spring of 1960 it was observed that the flowers of Erigeron pumilus,

near Dwyer, Wyoming, were infested with an organism which caused a rotted

appearance at the base of the disc flowers. Removal of the disc flowers laid

bare oval, black puparia. Several infested plants were brought into the

laboratory in mid- June, where they were transplanted into a box covered with

cotton mesh screening. A few days later, nine adults of Tephritis areneosa

emerged from the infested flower heads.

In 1961, Erigeron pumilus began to blossom in the Dwyer area about 2 June.

Examination of the blossoms at this time revealed that the plants are damaged

before the blossoms open, since damage was already apparent and only mature

larvae and puparia were found. The larvae feed at the base of the disc flowers,

which soon rot leaving a streak across the blossom which is readily visible from

several feet away. Infested blossoms were collected to determine how many larvae

invade a single blossom. Out of 32 blossoms, 26 contained one larva or puparium;

5 contained 2 and 1 contained 4. Random counts were made of 695 blossoms on

16 June; 7% were found to be infested.

General blossoming of E. pumilus occurred around 25 May in the spring of

1962. A random sample of 221 blossoms on this date indicated that 20.8% were

infested with T. araneosa. Of 216 blossoms examined on 1 June, 13.9% were in-

fested. A final count was made on 8 June, when 48 blossoms were examined, of

which 10.4% were infested.

The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. Cedric L. Porter, of

the Rocky Mountain Herbarium, for identifying Erigeron pumilus, and to Dr. R. H.

Foote, of the U. S. National Museum, for identification of Tephritis araneosa.

— R. J. Lavigne, University of Wyoming, Laramie.

1 Published with the approval of the Director, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, as

Journal Paper No. 232.

April 1965] bailey & campos-s. — thysanoptera of chile

101

The Thysanoptera of Chile

Stanley F. Bailey and Luciano E. Campos-S . 1

University of California . Davis

More than 100 years have elapsed since the first study of this group

of insects was made in Chile when Blanchard (1851) described seven

species from this country. In 1919, Porter summarized the knowledge

of the group and pointed out the economic importance of two species.

Moulton (1926, 1930) described two new species and recorded four

additional species as occurring in this part of South America. Hood

(1931) added one new species. In 1932-1933, Moulton brought together

all the information on this group of insects in a series of articles. We

now add seven additional species to the list which brings the total to 22.

The paucity of knowledge of the thrips of this country points up the

opportunity for future study as there are doubtless many more species

present in Chile. The species previously reported from Chile are Aeolo-

thrips jasciatus Linnaeus, Anaphothrips secticornis Trybom, Chirothrips

manicatus Haliday, Dorythrips chilensis Hood (Bailey, 1954) Graphido-

thrips stuardoi Moulton. Blanchard (1851) described (in addition to

Aeolothrips fasciatipennis ) Thrips femoralis, T. annulicornis, T. striati-

ceps, T. rugicollis, T. tibialis , and T. laevicollis. Moulton (1933) stated

that “The descriptions (of Blanchard) are incomplete and the species

cannot be properly identified or placed.” The location of the types is

unknown to us. During 1956-1958, 56 thrips collections were made

principally by J. Matte. Other collectors were J. Lopez, M. Mario, F.

Larrain, G. Herrera, N. Hichins, L. Campos, and R. Gonzalez. Our re-

port is based on this material.

Aeolothrips fasciatipennis Blanchard, 1851. — This species of Aeolo-

thrips is very close to A. fasciatus. In 1933, Moulton pointed out some

comparative characters. The six specimens we have at hand have been

compared with typical A. fasciatus. Comparative measurements (in

mm) are as follows:

Antennal Segments Sensoria

(length)

III

VI to IX

III

A. fasciatus

0.118-

0.086-

0.073-

0.067-

0.025-

0.032-

0.124

0.109

0.080

0.073

0.044

0.054

A. fasciatipennis

0.135-

0.099-

0.076-

0.044^

0.048-

0.054-

0.160

0.102

0.086

0.060

0.067

0.064

The antennae are longer in the Chilean species. (Figs. 1 and 2). The

1 Graduate student, 1957-1959 ; presently Professor, Escuela de Agronomia, Universidad de Chile.

Santiago.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 101-106. April 1965

102

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1. Antenna of female Aeolothrips fasciatipennis Blanchard, Segments III—

IX. Fig. 2. Antenna of female A. fasciatus Linnaeus, Segments III-IX. Fig. 3.

Meso- and metanota of female A. fasciatus. Fig. 4. Meso- and metanota of female

A. fasciatipennis. All drawings made with camera lucida. Magnification: refer-

ence line (see Fig. 2) equals 0.01 mm.

total length of segments III— IX ranging from 0.378 mm to 0.418 mm: in

A. fasciatus the measurements vary from 0.351 to 0.378 mm. In addition

to the bases of the femora being light brown in Blanchard’s species, the

bristle pattern on the mesonotum is another character of use in separat-

ing them. The center pair of bristles are much more delicate and shorter

than the heavy mid-laterals and posterior pair. Furthermore, the sculp-

turing on the mesonota and metanota is much fainter and nearly without

polygonal areas, clearly seen on A. fasciatus (Figs. 3 and 4). When

males are available for study the genitalia should exhibit additional

differences. This species having been practically unknown for over 100

years, now appears to be a common insect in this country. We are desig-

nating one of the six female specimens studied as the neotype. It was

April 1965] bailey & campos-s. — thysanoptera of chile

103

collected at Ocoa, Province of Valparaiso, 17 December 1957, on Mar-

rubium vulgare by J. Matte. Other specimens were from Hijeulas,

Quillota, and Pocochay on Rosa , Salix, and Spartium in November and

February, all taken by J. Matte. This neotype is in the senior author’s

collection.

A further comment may be made on the difficulty of making positive

identifications in the Aeolothrips fasciatus complex. It now appears

that, as more specimens become available, “series” or other categories

will have to be established for this group to better handle taxonomically

the variations on such a polymorphic species. Based on the information

available at present, we consider A. fasciatipennis and A. fasciatus to be

distinct species.

Like its common and widespread relative it appears to have general

distribution as the following records indicate:

Valparaiso: Hijuelas, on Mimbre (Salix viminalis L.) and Boldo (Boldea boldus) ;

Ocoa, on maicillo ( Sorghum halepensis) and cicuta ( Conium maculatum L.) ;

Pocochay, on retamo ( Spartium junceum ) ; Quillota, on rose; San Isidro (Quil-

lota), on corn.

New Records for Chile

Limothrips cerealium Haliday, the European grain or cereal thrips.

Valparaiso: Ocoa, on tomato, maicillo ( Sorghum, halepensis) , and cicuta ( Coni-

um maculatum L.). Talca: Pencahue, under grape bark.

Limothrips angulicornis Jablonowski.

Valparaiso: Ocoa, on wheat; Pocochay, on alcayota ( Cucurbita sicifolia Buche).

Drepanothrips reuteri Uzel, the European grape or vine thrips. It is very likely

it was introduced in soil with grape seedlings.

Valparaiso: Pocochay, on grape.

Anaphothrips zeae Moulton

Valparaiso: Hijuelas, on junco ( J uncus graminifolius E. Mey) ; Ocoa, on cicuta

( Conium maculatum L.) ; Pocochay, on lirio ( Iris cristata) . Santiago: La Rincon-

ada, on corn.

Heterothrips sp. It is not surprising to find this genus represented. There are

many species known from Brazil. It is interesting to note that, to date, none of the

North American species (Bailey & Cott, 1954) are known in South America or vice

versa.

Santiago: San Jose de Maipo, on bollen o guaye ( Kageneckia ohloga) .

Liothrips sp. This representative of the very large, worldwide genus which con-

tains over 115 species, reminds one of the large L. varicornis Hood.

Valparaiso: La Cruz, on avocado (palto) ; Lliu-Lliu, on Peumus holdus.

Haplo thrips niger (Osborn). It is not surprising that this common European and

North American thrips has found its way to Chile.

Valparaiso: La Cruz, on alfalfa.

104

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

Other Species Identified

Aptijiothrips rufus Gmelin

Valparaiso: Hijuelas, on junco ( Junco graminifolius E. Mey).

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Bouche, greenhouse thrips. It is to be expected

that this common economic species would be transported about on potted plants,

ornamentals, etc. It apparently was well established when first reported by Porter

in 1919.

Coquimbo: Haullillinga, on chirimoya ( Anona cherimolia) . Valparaiso: La

Cruz, on avocado (palto). Santiago: Maipo, on pears. O’Higgins: La Rosa, on

grapes.

Frankliniella cestrum Moulton. The very large genus of flower-inhabiting thrips,

Frankliniella, is abundantly represented in South America. In Chile, F. cestrum

Moulton, appears to be the most common. Together with the cosmopolitan onion

thrips, it has a long list of hosts and can he expected to be a garden and orna-

mental pest some seasons (Porter, 1923, 1924). The species in this large genus

are variable and difficult to identify.

Coquimbo: Los Cruces, on grape flowers; Ovalle, on grape. Aconcague: Los

Andes, on corn. Valparaiso: Hijuelas, on wheat, Peumus boldus, artichoke

( Cynara scolymus L.), mimbre ( Salix viminalis L.), and junco; Ocoa, on cicuta

( Conium maculatum L.) and toronjil cuyano ( Marrubium vulgar e) ; Pocochay, on

grape, beans, gladiolus, and retamo ( Spartium junceum ) ; Puchuncavi, on lentils

( [Lens sculenta L.) ; Quillota, on rose; San Isidro (Quillota), on cala lily ( Zante -

deschia aethiopica) ; Tabolango, on Peumus boldus. Bio-Bio: Mulchen, on beans.

Santiago: Cajon del Maipo, on Trevoa toinervis.

Thrips tabaci Lindeman, onion thrips.

Atacama: Copiapo, on onion. Coquimbo: Ovalle, on grape. Valparaiso:

Hijuelas, on mimbre ( Salix viminalis L. ) , junco (J uncus graminifolius E. Mey),

potato, and hinojo ( F oeniculum vulgare Hill) ; La Cruz, on alfalfa; Llay-Llay, on

sunflower ( Helianthus anuus L.) and onion; Ocoa, on garlic, tomato, wheat,

maicillo ( Sorghum halepensis) , cicuta ( Conium maculatum L.), and toronjil

cuyano ( Marrubium vulgare ); Pocochay, on grape, retamo (Spartium junceum),

beans, peas, gladiolus, lirio ( Iris cristata) , and alcayota ( Cucurbita sicifolia) ;

Puchuncavi, on lentils ( Lens sculenta L.) ; Quillota, on onion and rose; San Isidro

(Quillota), on parsley, oreganum, cabbage, squash, and beans. Bio-Bio: Mulchen,

on beans.

Remarks on future thrips collecting: There remain large numbers of

species to be collected from Chile. Collections made from the flowers of

shrubs and perennials at or near the end of the rainy season should in-

clude several aeolothripids related to and including Dorythrips as well as

the widespread Taeniothrips species. Spider mite infestations on trees

and vines perhaps will show Scolothrips or possibly Franklinothrips

species to be beneficial.

Fungus feeding species in the suborder Tubulifera should be found in

the regions of higher rainfall, such as those south of the Bio-Bio river

and the foothills of the Andes as far north as San Fernando. In the

April 1965] bailey & campos-s. — thysanoptera of chile 105

drier portions of the country, namely north of the River Mauie, such

common genera as Haplothrips, Leptothrips, and Phlaeothrips will un-

doubtedly be collected near the end of the rainy season. Collections

should be made by beating dead bushes and limbs, shaking loose bark

over white cloth or paper, screening leaf mold and sweeping perennial

and annual plants. Burned-over areas as well as land which is flooded

annually should be avoided. Special collecting methods should be em-

ployed for cacti, as well as the examination of leaf galls, hollow stems,

and beetle burrows. The most unusual and interesting types of thrips

probably will be discovered in such niches. In general, the greatest

number of species could be expected in the temperate regions of the

country with 500-1,000 mm of rainfall, mild winter temperatures, and

the greatest variety of native plants. The promising collecting areas,

following Almeyda’s division of the country (1958) should be the south-

ern part of the “matorral” and northern portion of the “parques” zones.

The most productive local collecting areas should be the margins of

moist meadows at the edge of native woods and streams. Thrips usually

reach their greatest seasonal abundance in early summer (November in

Chile) in a climate having a definite dry season following a mild, rainy

winter. Such conditions will be found at elevations below 200 m in the

province of Bio-Bio and up to 1,500 m in the province of Santiago.

Literature Cited

Almeyda A, Elias y Fernando Saez S. 1958. Recopilacion de datos climaticos

de Chile y mapas sinopticos respectivos. Ministerio de Agricultura.

Proyecto 14: Investigaciones economicas agricolas. Santiago, Chile. 165

pages.

Blanchard, E. 1851. In Tome VI, pp. 148-52, of Historia Fisica y Politica de

Chile Zoologia, Claudio Gay.

Bailey, S. F. 1954. A review of the Melanthripinae with descriptions of two new

species (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia) . Entomol. Soc. Wash., 56(2): 78-

85, PI. I, figs. 1-8, PI. II, figs. 1-16.

Bailey, S. F. and H. E. Cott. 1954. A review of the genus Heterothrips (Thy-

sanoptera: Heterothripidae) in North America, with descriptions of two

new species. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 47 (4) : 614-635.

Hood, J. D. 1931. A new genus and species of Aeolothripidae (Thysanoptera)

from Chile. Bull. Brook. Entomol. Soc., 26 (1) : 1-3, fig. 1, a-c.

Moulton, D. 1926. A new species of Frankliniella from Chile. Revista Chilena

Hist. Nat., 30: 9-10, figs. 1-3.

1930. A new genus and species of Thysanoptera from Chile with notes on

other species. Ibid., 34: 272-275.

1932. The Thysanoptera of South America. Rev. de Entomol., 2 (4) : 463-4,

466.

1933. Ibid., 3 (1) : 100, 101, 108, 119-120, 132. (This series presents keys

to genera and species as well as hosts and distribution, and an index.)

106

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

Porter, C. E. 1919. Los Tisanopteros. Act. de la Soc. Scien. du Chili, 25 : 64-

83. (This reference has a bibliography and reviews the subject to date.

The same article was published in Revista Chilena Hist. Nat., 23: 55-73.)

1923. Los Tisanopteros. Ann. Zool. apl., Santiago, 7: 21-32 (1920?).

1924. Los estudios sobre tisanopteros Chilenos. Revista Chilena Hist. Nat.,

38: 36-42.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Notice of proposed use of plenary powers in

certain cases (A. [n.s.] 66).

In accordance with a decision of the 13th International Congress of Zoology,

1948, public notice is hereby given of the possible use by the International Com-

mission on Zoological Nomenclature of its plenary powers in connection with the

following cases, full details of which will be found in Bulletin of Zoological No-

menclature, Yol. 21, Part 5, published on 26 November 1964.

(2) Designation of a neotype for Lygaeus quadratus Eabricius, 1798 (Insecta,

Hemiptera). Z.N. (S.) 1560;

(9) Suppression of Laemophloeus immundus Reitter, 1874 (Insecta, Coleoptera).

Z.N. (S.) 1649.

Any zoologist who wishes to comment on any of the above cases should do so in

writing, and in duplicate, as soon as possible, and in any case before 26 May 1965.

Each comment should bear the reference number of the case in question. Com-

ments received early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomen-

clature. Those received too late for publication will, if received before 26 May

1965, be brought to the attention of the Commission at the time of commencement

of voting.

All communications on the above subject should be addressed as follows: The

Secretary, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British

Museum (Natural History) , Cromwell Road, London, S. W. 7, England. — W. E.

China, Acting Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen-

clature.

April 1965]

BOHART SYNONYMY OF ODYNERINI

107

Synonymy of North American Odynerini Described by

Peter Cameron

(Hymenoptera : Eumenidae)

R. M. Bohart

University of California, Davis

In the short period of seven years, 1905 to 1912, the prolific Hyme-

nopterist, Peter Cameron, described 99 species of Odynerus- like wasps

from North America. His work was careless, his descriptions poor, his

locality data were often vague or omitted, his generic assignments were

characteristically erroneous and contradictory, and he eschewed illus-

trations. Consequently, it is not surprising that only 28 of the 99 names

which he proposed are still in use for species or subspecies. Four others

are unrecognized, and the rest are synonyms.

One additional name was a typical Cameron mistake. The holotype

of his Odynerus simplicipes (1905b: 380) is a male specimen of Eupa-

ragia maculiceps (Cameron), a masarid.

In 1960, with the help of a Guggenheim Foundation grant I was able

to study about 500 type specimens of American wasps in European mu-

seums. The bulk of the Cameron material is located at the British Mu-

seum of Natural History, London (BMNH), where Dr. I. Id. H. Yarrow

and Mr. J. F. Perkins were most helpful during my stay and subse-

quently through correspondence. Also, a significant number of type

specimens are in the collection of the Entomology Institute of the Tech-

nische Hochschule in Zurich, Switzerland (indicated below as Zurich),

where I was assisted by Dr. P. Bovey and Dr. Willie Sauter.

Many of Cameron’s American wasps were sent to him by C. F. Baker

of Pomona College, Claremont, California (indicated below as Pomona) .

I have examined the few types which were returned there.

The following list contains all of the known Cameron names assignable

to North American species of the genera, Odynerus Latreille, Stenodyn-

erus Saussure, Parancistrocerus Bequaert, Euodynerus Dalla Torre,

Ancistrocerus Wesmael, Pachodynerus Saussure, Symmorphus Wesmael,

Leptochilus Saussure, Dolichodynerus R. Bohart, Maricopodynerus

Viereck, and Pterocheilus Klug. Each item contains the name with its

original generic placement, reference, sex, locality, present location of

the type or types, presently used equivalent name, and pertinent syno-

nyms.

acanthopus (Odynerus), 1908: 223. 5 2, Fedor, Texas. Lectotype 2, BMNH;

paralectotype 2, Zurich; paralectotype 2, tristylopized, Pomona #4465.

Parancistrocerus pedestris (Saussure), 1855, new synonymy.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 107-113. April 1965

108

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

acapulcoensis (Nortonia), 1907: 186. 2, Acapulco. Holotype, BMNH. r= Eu-

menes sp. (probably) .

acuticarinatus (Odynerus), 1909a: 82. 2, Nogales, Arizona. Holotype, BMNH.

= Pachodynerus astraeus (Cameron), 1905, new synonymy,

aequalis (Odynerus), 1906b: 329. 2, New Mexico. Type location unknown; pseu-

dotype $ , Copper Basin, Arizona, BMNH. = Euodynerus foraminatus aequalis

(Cameron), which predates E. sapelloensis (Cameron), 1909b, E. deficiens

(Cameron), 1909b, and E. jeromensis (Cameron), 1909b.

antheus (Ancistrocerus) , 1908: 210. $, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Lectotype $, Zu-

rich; paralectotype $, Pomona #4842. = Stenodynerus kennicottianus an-

theus (Cameron) which was selected by first reviser over S. tityrus (Cam-

eron), 1908, and S. satyrus (Cameron), 1908.

approximatus (Odynerus), 1909a: 79. $, Fedor, Texas. Holotype, BMNH (head-

less) ; pseudotypes, “Lee Co., Tex.” and “Colo.,” BMNH and Zurich. = Steno-

dynerus anormis (Say), 1824.

argelus (Odynerus), 1905c: 391. $, “Mexico.” Holotype, BMNH. = Stenody-

nerus otomitus (Saussure), 1857.

arizonaensis (Odynerus), 1908: 208. $ 2, Congress, Arizona. Lectotype, BMNH;

2 2 from Congress, Arizona in Pomona College are not this species but

Parancistrocerus toltecus (Saussure). = Par ancistrocerus leionotus yumus

(Viereck) , 1908 which predates Cameron’s name. Revised synonymy,

astraeus (Odynerus), 1905c: 390. 2, “Mexico.” Holotype, BMNH. r= Pachody-

nerus astraeus (Cameron) which predates P. pulverulentus (Viereck), 1908,

and P. acuticarinatus (Cameron), 1909.

auranus (Odynerus), 1906a: 148. $, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Holotype, Pomona

#3956. — Euodynerus auranus Cameron s.s.

bakeri (Pterochilus) , 1909b: 123. 2, Claremont, California. Holotype, BMNH.

= Pterocheilus bakeri Cameron.

bakerianus (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 220. $, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Holotype,

BMNH. — Leptochilus bakerianus (Cameron) which predates L. occidentalis

Bohart, 1955, new synonymy.

basimacula (Nortonia?), 1908: 224. 2, Fedor, Texas. Holotype, BMNH. = Ste-

nodynerus histrionalis paenevagus Viereck), 1906, new synonymy,

belizensis (Ancistrocerus), 1907: 189. $, Belize. Holotype, BMNH. = Stenody-

nerus (or a new genus) belizensis (Cameron),

belti (Odynerus), 1907: 189. $, San Marcos, Nicaragua. Holotype, BMNH.

= Euodynerus crypticus (Say), 1823, new synonymy,

birkmanni (Odynerus annulatus), 1909b: 124. No sex, Fedor, Texas. Holotype

2, BMNH. = Euodynerus annulatus (Say) s.s., 1824.

blakeanus (Odynerus), 1909a: 80. 2, Lee Co., Texas. Holotype, BMNH. = Eu-

odynerus foraminatus blakeanus (Cameron) which predates E. fedoris Bohart,

1945, new synonymy.

bradleyi (Odynerus?), 1909a: 81. 2, Durango, Colorado. Type location un-

known. Unrecognized species.

bruesi (Odynerus), 1909a: 81. S, Claremont, California. Holotype, BMNH.

Leptochilus rufobasilaris (Ashmead), 1896.

chelonogastrus (Odynerus), 1908: 202. 2, Jerome, Arizona. Holotype, BMNH.

=: Maricopodynerus maricoporum (Viereck) , 1908, which predates Cameron’s

name.

April 1965]

BOHART SYNONYMY OF ODYNERINI

109

claremontensis (Odynerus), 1905a: 122. 2, mountains near Claremont, Califor-

nia. Holotype, BMNH. zz Stenodynerus claremontensis (Cameron),

cockerelli ( Ancistrocerus) , 1908: 220. 2, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Holotype, Zurich,

zz Euodynerus cockerelli (Cameron) which predates E. infuscipennis (Bo-

hart) , 1942, new synonymy.

cogitans (Symmorphus) , 1906b: 325. 2, Canada. Holotype, BMNH. zz Sym-

morphus canadensis (Saussure), 1855.

congressensis (Odynerus), 1909b: 132. $ 2, Prescott and Congress, Arizona.

Lectotype 2, BMNH #18.543a, Congress, Arizona; paralectotype $, BMNH

#18.543b, Prescott, Arizona. zz Euodynerus pratensis (Saussure), 1870.

cosmiogaster (Odynerus), 1905a: 123. $, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Holotype,

BMNH. zz Pterocheilus decorus Cresson, 1879.

crassispinus (Odynerus), 1909b: 130. £, Claremont, California. Holotype,

BMNH. zz Stenodynerus anormis (Say), 1824, new synonymy,

cratocerus (Leptochilus) , 1909b: 122. $ $, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Lectotype $ ,

BMNH, and 1$ paralectotype (no abdomen), BMNH. zz Pterocheilus pro-

vancheri (Huard), 1897.

cressoni (Odynerus), 1908: 198. $ 2, Las Vegas, New Mexico. Type location

unknown, pseudotype from Congress, Arizona in BMNH is not this species but

Euodynerus oslarensis (Cameron). zz Stenodynerus taos (Cresson), 1868.

crotchii (Odynerus), 1908: 197. $ 2, Lee Co., Texas. Lectotype 2, BMNH (no

head or abdomen on lectotype or lectoparatype $ ) . Unrecognized species be-

cause of condition of type specimens, possibly a Leptochilus.

cytainus (Odynerus), 1906a: 149. 2, Claremont, California. Lectotype 2,

BMNH #18.553; paralectotype 2, topotypic, Pomona #3948. zz Ancistroce-

rus adiabatus cytainus (Cameron).

deficiens (Odynerus), 1909b: 126. $ , Prescott, Arizona. Holotype, BMNH

(cyanided). zz Euodynerus joraminatus aequalis (Cameron), 1906, new

synonymy.

durangoensis (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 216. $, Durango, Colorado. Holotype, Zu-

rich. = Ancistrocerus durangoensis Cameron,

edwardsii (Odynerus), 1908: 207. 2, mountains near Claremont, California.

Holotype, BMNH. zz Ancistrocerus spilogaster Cameron, 1905, new synonymy,

fedorensis (Odynerus), 1908: 200. $, Fedor, Texas. Holotype, BMNH. zz Lep-

tochilus bellulus (Cresson), 1872.

flavobalteatus (Pterochilus) , 1909a: 84. 2, Durango, Colorado. Holotype,

BMNH. zz Pterocheilus morrisoni Cresson, 1879, new synonymy,

foxeanus (Ancistrocerus) , 1906b : 333. $ , Sunbury, Pennsylvania. Holotype,

Zurich. zz Par ancistrocerus pedestris (Saussure), 1855, new synonymy,

fulvicarpus (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 222. 2, southwest Colorado. Holotype, Zu-

rich. zz Ancistrocerus durangoensis Cameron, 1908, new synonymy,

fulvitarsis (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 205. $ 2, Santa Clara Co., California. Lecto-

type 2, Ziirich; paralectotype $, BMNH. zz Ancistrocerus catskill halophila

(Viereck) , 1902.

gunnisonensis (Ancistrocerus), 1906a: 146. $, Gunnison, Colorado. Holotype,

Zurich. zz Ancistrocerus catskill (Saussure), s.s., 1853.

halmus (Odynerus), 1905c: 389. $ 2, Mexico. Lectotype $ , BMNH. zz Euody-

nerus alvarado (Saussure), 1857, new synonymy.

110

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 2

harringtoni (Odynerus), 1906b: 327. 2, New Mexico. Type location unknown;

pseudotype from Colorado in BMNH. = Euodynerus foraminatus (Saussure),

1853, s.s. new synonymy.

heterospilus (Odynerus), 1908: 201. $ 2, Fedor, Texas. Lectotype, BMNH;

paralectotype 2 , Zurich. = Leptochilus monolobus Bohart, 1951, new name

for heterospilus Cameron, preoccupied.

hornii ( Symmorphus ) , 1909b: 123. 2, Gunnison, Colorado. Holotype, BMNH.

= Symmorphus cristatus (Saussure), 1855.

howardi (Ancistrocerus) , 1909a: 78. 2 2, Lee Co., Texas. Lectotype 2, BMNH

#18.562a; paralectotype 2 (headless), topotypic, BMNH #18. 562b. rr Ancis-

trocerus adiabatus (Saussure), 1853, s.s., new synonymy,

iolans (Odynerus), 1905b: 389. 2, Mexico. Holotype, BMNH. = Stenodynerus

iolans (Cameron) which predates S. pulchricornis (Cameron), 1905, new

synonymy.

jeromensis (Odynerus), 1909b: 131. $, Jerome, Arizona. Holotype, BMNH.

— Euodynerus foraminatus aequalis (Cameron), 1906.

lecontei (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 218. 2 2, Orrnsby Co., Nevada; Berkeley and

Golden, Colorado (latter was a $). Lectotype $ (Golden, Colorado),

BMNH. = Ancistrocerus antilope (Panzer) s.s., 1798.

leensis (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 215. $, Lee Co., Texas. Holotype $, Zurich; a

pseudotype 2 from Lee Co., Texas in Pomona #4869. = Par ancistrocerus

saecularis (Saussure) s.s., 1853.

leucospilus (Odynerus), 1909: 133. $, Prescott, Arizona. Holotype, BMNH.

Pterocheilus laticeps Cresson, 1872.

lindemanni (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 219. $, Lee Co., Texas. Holotype, Zurich.

= Stenodynerus lindemanni (Cameron).

lineativentris (Ancistrocerus), 1906a: 146. S, Mountains near Claremont, Cali-

fornia. Holotype, Pomona #3949. = Ancistrocerus lineativentris Cameron s.s.

longipilosus (Odynerus), 1908: 199. 2 2, Golden, Colorado; San Miguel, Colo-

rado. Lectotype 2 , Golden, Colorado, BMNH. r= Ancistrocerus catskill albo-

phaleratus Saussure, 1855.

luteicollis (Pterochilus) , 1909a: 84. 2 2, Orrnsby Co., Nevada and Claremont,

California. Lectotype 2 , Claremont, California, BMNH. = Pterocheilus mi-

randus Cresson, 1879.

macfarlandi (Odynerus), 1909a: 79. 2, Sapello Canon, New Mexico. Holotype,

BMNH. — Parancistrocerus macfarlandi (Cameron) which predates P. chiri-

cahuae Bohart, 1949, new synonymy.

maculifrons (Pterochilus), 1908: 226. 2, Berkeley, Colorado. Holotype, BMNH.

rr Euodynerus annulatus (Say) s.s., 1824.

managuaensis (Ancistrocerus), 1906a: 145. 2, Managua, Nicaragua. Holotype,

BMNH. = Stenodynerus otomitus (Saussure) , 1857.

mathewi (Odynerus), 1906d: 268. $, Vancouver’s Island. Holotype, Zurich.

rr Stenodynerus blandus (Saussure), 1870.

mediatus (Odynerus), 1909a: 79. $2, Three Rivers, California. Lectotype $,

BMNH. = Stenodynerus claremontensis (Cameron), 1905, new synonymy,

minnesotaensis (Odynerus), 1908: 231. $ , Minnesota. Holotype, Zurich. = Pa-

rancistrocerus perennis (Saussure), 1857 (cyanided), new synonymy,

nearcticus (Ancistrocerus), 1906b: 332. $, Wilmerding, Pennsylvania. Type

location unknown; pseudotype from Jeannette, Pennsylvania in BMNH is not

this species. = Ancistrocerus adiabatus (Saussure) s.s., 1853.

April 1965]

BO HART SYNONYMY OF ODYNERINI

111

nevadaensis (Nortonia), 1905a: 124. $, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Holotype, Pomona

#3453. = Symmorphus cristatus nevadaensis (Cameron),

nigrohirsutus ( Ancistrocerus ?), 1908: 203. 2, Boulder, Colorado. Holotype,

Zurich. = Euodynerus morelios (Saussure), 1857.

orasus (Odynerus), 1908: 196. $, Fedor, Texas. Holotype, BMNH; pseudotype

9, Pomona #4653 is same species. = Euodynerus annulatus arvensis (Saus-

sure) , 1870, variety, new synonymy.

ormsbyensis (Ancistrocerus), 1905a: 120. £ £, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Lectotype

£, BMNH #18.570a; paralectotype $ , topotypic, Pomona #3451. = Ancis-

trocerus catskill (Saussure) s.s., 1853, revised synonymy,

oslarensis (Odynerus), 1908: 199. 2 2, Congress, Arizona. Lectotype 2, Po-

mona #4468; specimen in BMNH mislabeled “type” of cressoni Cameron may

be part of type series, also. = Euodynerus oslarensis (Cameron),

packardi (Odynerus), 1906c: 335. 2, “North Mexico.” Type locality unknown.

= Parancistrocerus toltecus (Saussure), 1857, new synonymy,

pallidipictus (Odynerus), 1909a: 83. 2, Hot Springs, Arizona. Location of type

2 unknown; pseudotype 2 2, Lee Co., Texas, Zurich, and Pomona, rr Steno-

dynerus taos (Cresson), 1868, new synonymy,

parvispinosus (Ancistrocerus), 1906b: 332. 2, New Mexico, Santa Fe District.

Holotype, Zurich. = Parancistrocerus pedestris (Saussure) s.s., 1855.

pelias (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 208. 2 9, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Lectotype 2,

BMNH; pseudotype $, Zurich is not this species. = Stenodynerus cochisen-

sis (Viereck), 1908, which predates Cameron’s name,

philetas (Odynerus), 1908: 214. 2 2, Fedor, Texas. Lectotype 2, Zurich; para-

lectotype 2, topotypic, Pomona #4874. = Stenodynerus anormis (Say), 1824.

phoenixensis (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 225. $ 2, Phoenix, Arizona. Lectotype £,

BMNH. = Stenodynerus microstictus (Viereck) , 1906.

pictiventris (Odynerus), 1906b: 331. 2, New Mexico. Type location unknown;

pseudotype 2 from Thumb Butte, Arizona in BMNH agrees with original

description. “ Ancistrocerus bustamente (Saussure) , 1857, new synonymy,

pilosellus (Odynerus), 1912: 221. 2, Costa Rica. Holotype, BMNH. = Ancis-

trocerus parredes (Saussure), 1857.

pruinosus (Pterochilus) , 1908: 227. 2, Prescott, Arizona. Holotype, BMNH.

rr Pterocheilus pruinosus Cameron.

pulchricornis (Ancistrocerus), 1907: 187. £, Belize. Holotype, BMNH. = Ste-

nodynerus iolans (Cameron), 1905b, new synonymy,

pulchrinervis (Odynerus), 1906b: 328. 2, New Mexico. Type location unknown.

Unrecognized species.

quebecensis (Ancistrocerus), 1906b: 333. £, Montreal, Canada. Holotype, Zu-

rich (headless specimen). = Ancistrocerus catskill albophaleratus (Saus-

sure) , 1855, new synonymy.

rivularis (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 215. £, Three Rivers, California. Holotype,

BMNH. = Euodynerus foraminatus scutellaris (Saussure), 1870, new syn-

onymy.

rnficaudis (Odynerus), 1906b: 328. 9 2, New Mexico. Type location unknown;

pseudotypes from Texas at BMNH and Zurich. = Euodynerus annulatus Say,

5 . 5 ., 1824.

santafeae (Odynerus), 1906b: 330. 2, New Mexico. Location of type unknown;

pseudotype from Salida, Colorado in BMNH. r= Euodynerus foraminatus

(Saussure) s.s., 1853.

112

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

sapelloensis (Odynerus), 1909b: 125. 9, New Mexico. Holotype, Zurich; pseu-

dotype $ , Las Vegas, New Mexico, BMNH, is the same subspecies. = Euody-

nerus foraminatus aequalis (Cameron), 1906.

satyrus (Ancistrocerus) , 1908: 211. No sex, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Holotype 8,

Zurich. = Stenodynerus kennicottianus antheus (Cameron), 1908, selected

by first reviser.

sayi (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 221. 8, “southwest of the United States.” Holotype

(Ormsby Co., Nevada), BMNH. = Leptochilus sayi (Cameron) which pre-

dates L. williamsi Bohart, 1955, new synonymy,

scudderi (Odynerus), 1908: 196. 2, “southwest of the United States.” Type lo-

cation unknown; pseudotype 2, Chimney Gulch, Colorado, BMNH #18.541,

does not agree with original description. Unrecognized species,

simplicipes (Odynerus), 1905b: 380. 8, Mexico. Holotype, BMNH. = Eupara-

gia maculiceps (Cameron) (Masaridae).

simulator (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 222. $, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Holotype,

BMNH. = Ancistrocerus simulator Cameron,

spilogaster (Ancistrocerus), 1905a: 121. 8, “Nevada or southern California.”

Lectotype 8 , Zurich, Ormsby Co., Nevada. =r Ancistrocerus spilogaster Cam-

eron which predates A. edwardsii (Cameron), 1908.

sulciventris (Odynerus), 1909b: 130. 2, Nogales, Arizona. Holotype, BMNH.

= Euodynerus annulatum (Say), 5.5., 1824.

tanynotus (Odynerus ?), 1909b: 133. 2, Congress, Arizona. Holotype, BMNH.

= Dolichodynerus tanynotus (Cameron).

tityrus (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 211. 2 9, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Lectotype 2,

BMNH; paralectotype 2, topotypic, Zurich; paralectotype 2, topotypic, Po-

mona College. = Stenodynerus kennicottianus antheus (Cameron), 1908, se-

lected by first reviser.

tosquineti (Odynerus), 1909a: 82. $, Claremont, California. Holotype, BMNH.

= Leptochilus tosquineti (Cameron).

trichionotus (Ancistrocerus), 1905a: 120. 8, Stanford University, California.

Holotype, Pomona College, Claremont, California. = Ancistrocerus catskill

halophila Viereck, 1902.

trichiosomus (Odynerus), 1909b: 127. 8, Gallinas Canyon, New Mexico. Holo-

type, BMNH. Euodynerus tempiferus Viereck, 5.5., 1908.

trisulcatus ( Symmorphus ) , 1906b: 327. 8, mountains nr. Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Type location unknown; pseudotype from Nevada at BMNH is not this spe-

cies. = Symmorphus meridionalis (Viereck) , 1906, which predates Cameron’s

name.

trituberculatus (Ancistrocerus) , 1907 : 188. 8 , Belize. Holotype, BMNH. =r Eu-

odynerus trituherculatus (Cameron).

truncatus (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 217. 2, Berkeley, Colorado. Holotype, Zurich.

= Stenodynerus anormis (Say), 1824.

vegasensis (Odynerus), 1908: 210. No sex, Las Vegas, New Mexico. Lectotype

8, Ziirich; pseudotype 2, topotypic, BMNH is Stenodynerus papagorum

(Viereck). = Stenodynerus taos (Cresson), 1868.

ventones (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 209. 8, Fedor, Texas. Lectotype, Zurich; para-

lectotype 8 , Pomona #4844. = Stenodynerus ventones (Cameron),

viereckii (Odynerus), 1909b: 127. 2, Claremont, California. Holotype, BMNH.

Euodynerus hidalgo viereckii (Cameron).

April 1965]

BOHART SYNONYMY OF ODYNERINI

113

visellus (Odynerus), 1906a: 147. $ $, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Lectotype $,

BMNH; paralectotype $, Ormsby Co., Nevada, Pomona #3954. = Euody-

nerus foraminatus scutellaris (Saussure), 1870, new synonymy.

Literature Cited

Cameron, Peter. 1905a. (October 27). On some Hymenoptera (chiefly un-

described) collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nevada and southern Califor-

nia. Invertebrata Pacifica, 1: 120-132.

1905b. (October). Descriptions of new species of neotropical Hymenoptera.

Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 31: 373-388.

1905c. (October). Descriptions of four new species of Odynerus from Mexico.

Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 31: 389-391.

1906a. (May 24). On new Vespidae collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in west-

ern North and Central America. Invertebrata Pacifica, 1: 145-150.

1906b. (December). A contribution towards a knowledge of the nearctic

Odynerinae. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 32: 325-334.

1906c. (December) . Description of a new species of Odynerus from north

Mexico. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 32: 335.

1906d. (December). Description of a new species of Odynerus from Van-

couver’s Island. Entomologist, 39: 268.

1907. (October 8). On some Diplopteryga of Belize and Nicaragua. Inverte-

brata Pacifica, 1: 183-190.

1908. (July). A contribution towards the knowledge of the Odyneridae of the

southwest of the United States. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 34: 195-228.

1909a. (October). On some Diplopteryga from the southwest of North Amer-

ica. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 1: 78-85.

1909b. (December). Some Odynerinae of the southwest United States. Po-

mona Jour. Entomol., 1: 122-135.

1912. The Marabunta or wasps. Part III. Timehri. Jour. Roy. Agric. and

Commercial Soc. British Guiana, 2: 207-231.

RECENT LITERATURE

The Cerambycidae of North America. Part IV. Taxonomy and Classifica-

tion of the Subfamily Cerambycinae, Tribes Elaphidionini through

Rhinotragini. By E. Gorton Linsley. University of California Publications in

Entomology, vol. 21 : x + 165 pp., 52 figs, in text. 27 March 1963. Price $3.50.

Part V. Taxonomy and Classification of the Subfamily Cerambycinae,

Tribes Callichromini through Ancylocerini. By E. Gorton Linsley. Ibid.,

vol. 22: frontispiece in color, viii 197 pp., 60 figs, in text. 19 March 1964.

Price $4.00.

These parts are in the format of earlier ones noticed in this journal. Part IV

includes the proposal of a new tribal name and the descriptions of two new

species and two new subspecies. Part V contains the descriptions of a new tribe

and a new genus. New synonymies are announced in both, especially in the

Clytini. — Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

114

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 41, NO. 2

New Species of Bat Bugs of the Cimex pilosellus Complex

(Hemiptera : Cimicidae)

Robert L. Usinger and Norihiro Ueshima

University of California, Berkeley

For many years North American bat bugs were considered to belong

to a single species, Cimex pilosellus (Horvath). In 1939 a second spe-

cies, Cimex adjunctus Barber, was recognized with distribution largely

in the eastern United States. As a result of experimental crosses and

cytogenetic studies (Ueshima, N. 1963, Chromosoma, 14: 511-521) it

now appears that four additional species should be recognized. Descrip-

tions are given at this time in order to make the names available for a

forthcoming monograph. Types are deposited in the United States Na-

tional Museum.

Cimex latipennis Usinger and Ueshima, new species

Female. — Head 0.76 mm wide, 0.63 mm long, the ratio of width to length 23 : 18;

interocular space five times as wide as an eye, 16 : 3. Antennae 1.53 mm long;

proportion of segments 5 : 15 : 17 : 12. Rostrum with second segment reaching

about to base of head; proportion of segments 7:6:7.

Pronotum 1.2 mm wide, 0.46 mm long; ratio of width to length 36 : 14; ratio of

pronotal width to head with 36 : 23; sides broadly rounded on anterior half, less

so posteriorly, subdepressed laterally and subbasally; longest bristles at sides

about 0.166 mm, distinctly longer than width of first antennal segment, 5:3;

bristles on disk fine and much longer than distance between bristles.

Hemelytral pads 1.85 times as wide as long, 25 : 13.5; bristles on disk much

longer than distance between bristles.

Abdomen with longest bristles at hind margins of anterior tergites approximately

0.13 mm, exceeding hind margins by three-fourths their lengths. Paragenital

sinus very broad and shallow, the ectospermalege transverse and tubular.

Legs with hind femora 2.84 times as long as wide, 27 : 9%. Bristles of hind

tibiae shorter than thickness of tibia, 2 : 2%.

Male. — Like the female but with longest bristles at sides of pronotum slightly

shorter and longest bristles of hind tibiae about as long as thickness of tibia.

Size. — female, length 5 mm, width (pronotum) 1.2 mm, (abdomen) 2.5 mm;

male, length 4.8 mm, width (pronotum) 1.2 mm, (abdomen) 2.2 mm.

Holotype female , allotype male, and eleven paratypes (slide mounted) ,

near Klamath Lake, Oregon. Specimens are also at hand from Vale,

Oregon, May 1934, French Glen, Flarney Co., Oregon, 14 Aug. 1954

(G. G. Hansen) , and Miami Ranger Station, Mariposa Co., Calif., 23 July

1946 (R. L. Usinger). These agree with the types but are not included

in the paratype series.

This species is closest to typical C. pilosellus but differs in the wider

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 114-117. April 1965

April 1965] usinger & ueshima — new species of bat bugs

115

hemelytral pads, smaller size and distinctive chromosome pattern, the

haploid number at second metaphase being 14A + XY.

Cimex antennatus Usinger and Ueshima, new species

Female. — Head 0.85 mm wide, including eyes; ratio of width to length (exclud-

ing labrum) 34 : 28; width of interocular space 0.65 mm, 6 times as wide as an

eye. Antennae 1.7 mm long; proportion of segments 6 : 22 : 23 : 17. Rostrum 0.75

mm long; second segment reaching hind margin of head; proportion of segments

approximately 9 : 8 : 10.

Pronotum 1.3 mm wide and 0.55 mm long at middle; ratio of width to length

50 : 22 and ratio of pronotal width to head width 50 : 34; sides evenly arcuate and

narrowly sublaterally depressed; disk with bristles longer than distance between

bristles except at middle; side bristles relatively stout, truncate and serrate, the

longest 0.31 mm, exceeding width of first antennal segment.

Hemelytral pads nearly twice as wide as long, 37 : 20; disks with bristles over

twice as long as distance between bristles.

Abdomen with bristles of terga about 0.25 mm long, much longer than distances

between bristles; posterior rows of bristles exceeding edge by much more than

half the length of bristles.

Ectospermalege tubular beneath asymmetrical emargination of hind margin of

4th visible ventral segment.

Legs stout; hind femora 2.5 times as long as wide, 40 : 16.

Male. — Like the female but pronotum 1.26 mm wide.

Size. — male, length 5.8 mm, width (pronotum) 1.26 mm, (abdomen) 2.6 mm;

female, length 5.35 mm, width (pronotum) 1.3 mm, (abdomen) 2.6 mm.

Holotype female , allotype male, and 19 paratypes (slide mounted),

Pope Valley, California, ex Antrozous pallidus (A. Beck and N.

Ueshima) . This species has a haploid chromosome count of 11A + XY.

It differs from C. pilosellus and C. ad functus in the relatively narrower

pronotum. It differs from C. incrassatus of Arizona and Southern Cali-

fornia in having shorter bristles and less incrassate hind femora.

Additional specimens are at hand as follows: 1 adult and 4 nymphs, San Jose,

Calif., 24 April 1942; 1 specimen, near Woodland, Yolo Co., Calif, ex Tadarida

mexicana ; 1 specimen, Alameda Co., Calif., 5 April 1945, ex Antrozous, No. AP

21677; 1 specimen, Gualala River, Mendocino Co., Calif. (H. S. Fuller).

Cimex incrassatus Usinger and Ueshima, new species

Female. — Head 0.8 mm wide, 0.625 mm long; ratio of width to length 32 : 25;

interocular space 0.60 mm, six times as wide as an eye. Antennae 1.5 mm long;

proportion of segments 6 : 18 : 20 : 16. Rostrum with second segment not quite

reaching hind margin of head; proportion of segments 8 : 8 : 10.

Pronotum 1.2 mm wide and 0.5 mm long, the ratio 48 : 20; ratio of pronotal

width to head width 48 : 32 ; sides slightly more arcuate anteriorly, feebly depressed

laterally, the longest side bristles about 0.28 mm, distinctly longer than width of

first antennal segment, 23 : 18, relatively stout and serrate on outer edges; bristles

of disk generally longer than distance between bristles except at middle.

116 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

Hemelytra nearly twice as wide as long, 36 : 19; disk with bristles generally

over twice as long as distance between bristles.

Abdomen with bristles about 0.25 mm, much longer than distance between

bristles, the posterior row of bristles on each segment exceeding hind margin by

much more than half a bristle length. Ectospermalege tubular beneath the rather

broadly and evenly emarginate hind margin of fourth visible ventral segment.

Legs stout; hind femora 2.17 times as long as wide, 37 : 17.

Male. — Similar to female but with lateral bristles of pronotum somewhat thinner

and hind femur 0.40 times as stout as long.

Size. — male, length 5.2 mm, width (pronotum) 1.1 mm, (abdomen) 2.49 mm;

female, length 5.25 mm, width (pronotum) 1.2 mm, (abdomen) 2.8 mm.

Holotype female , allotype male, and 16 paratypes, St. David, Cochise

Co., Arizona, ex Eptesicus fuscus (N. Ueshima). The haploid chromo-

some complement is 10A + XY at 2nd metaphase.

This species differs from C. antennatus not only in number of auto-

somes but also in the slightly longer bristles, stouter hind femora, and

different antennal proportions.

Additional specimens in the U. S. National Museum are: 34 specimens, Mine

tunnel, Picacho Peak, Arizona, 24 May 1940 (G. M. Kohls), No. AP17865; 5

specimens, near Red Rock, Picacho Peak, Arizona, 1940, biting Myotis velifer

velifer (J. Bequaert) ; 2 specimens, Salt Lake City, Utah, 4 Oct. 1948 (K. R.

Kelson) No. 90876; 5 specimens, Vidal, Calif., 7 June 1940 (G. M. Kohls), Cory-

norhinus rafinesquii pallescens, No. AP17886; 2 specimens, Mine tunnel, Laguna

Dam, Calif., 21 May 1940 (G. M. Kohls), No. AP17859; Miescal, Arizona, July

1928 (R. H. Beamer) ; 1 specimen, Mine tunnel, Arivaca, Arizona, 27 May 1940

(G. M. Kohls), No. AP17873; 1 specimen, Nogales, Ariz., 7 Oct. 1940' (Ehinger) ;

2 specimens, Wilcox, Ariz., 4 Aug. 1909 (A. K. Fisher) from Antrozous ; 1 specimen,

Wilcox, Ariz., July 1961 (C. R. Ash) ; 4 specimens, Burney Mine Rd., Pinal Co.,

Ariz., Eptesicus fuscus (G. Vr. Bradshaw) ; 1 specimen, Graham Mtns., Graham

Co., Ariz., Aug. 1951, Myotis ; 1 specimen, Mexico: 9 mi. N. E. Acatzingo, Puebla,

13 Aug. 1954 (A. A. Alcorn), Eptesicus ; 1 specimen, Santa Catarina, Nueva Leon,

Mexico, Apr. 1940 (E. V. Miller) on Pipistrellus hesperus; 3 specimens, 8 mi. S.

Winkleman, Pinal Co., Arizona, 23 May 1959 (A. Ross) ex Myotis velifer ; 1 speci-

men, Willcox, Cochise Co., Ariz., 1 Aug. 1959 (A. Ross) ex Eptesicus fuscus; 1

specimen, Madera Canyon, Pima Co., Ariz., 15 April 1959 (A. Ross) ex Eptesicus

fuscus; 3 specimens under bridge, near Willcox, Cochise Co., Ariz., 30 July 1959

(A. Ross), ex Antrozous pallidus; 3 specimens, same data but 10 June 1959 (L.

Cockrum) ex Eptesicus fuscus; 13 specimens, Willcox, Cochise Co., Ariz., 21 June

1959 (G. Vr. Bradshaw) ex Eptesicus fuscus; 3 specimens, White Oak Mine, Walker

Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., 28 May 1959 (A. Ross) ex Eptesicus fuscus; 3

specimens, Hiway Bridge, U. S. 70, 7.3 mi. N. W. of Pima, Arizona, 20 Sept. 1959

(G. Vr. Bradshaw) ex Myotis yumanensis No. 1754; 1 specimen, Beehive Mine,

Tucson Mt., Pima Co., Ariz., 30 May 1959 (G. Vr. Bradshaw) ex Myotis velifer;

1 specimen, Twin Windmills, 5 mi. S. E. Kingman, Mohave Co., Ariz., 11 July

1959 (Wm. Musgrove), ex Pipistrellus hesperus; 1 specimen, Panaca, Lincoln Co.,

Nevada, 2 Sept. 1955 (R. F. Koontz) ; 2 specimens, Alice Mine, 2 mi. S. W. Vidal,

San Bernardino Co., Calif.

April 1965] usinger & ueshima — new species of bat bugs

117

Cimex brevis Usinger and Ueshima, new species

Female. — Head 0.675 mm wide, 0.55 mm long; ratio of width to length 27 : 24;

interocular space 0.525 mm wide, seven times as wide as an eye. Antennae 1.425

mm; proportion of segments 4 : 18 : 19 : 16. Rostrum with second segment sur-

passing base of head; proportion of segments 8:7:8.

Pronotum 1.1 mm wide, 0.45 mm long; ratio of width to length 44 : 18; ratio

of pronotal width to head width 44 : 27 ; sides almost evenly arcuate, subdepressed

laterally, the longest bristles at edges 0.437 mm, very thin, twice as long as width

of first antennal segment; bristles on disk generally longer than distance between

bristles, even at center.

Hemelytra over twice as wide as long, 34 : 14, the disk with bristles generally

twice or more as long as distance between bristles.

Abdomen with bristles over 0.25 mm long, those near hind margins of segments

surpassing the margin by more than half their length. Ectospermalege widened,

the notch in hind margin of fourth visible ventral segment rather narrowly

emarginate.

Legs with hind femora slightly more than 2*4 times as long as wide, 32 : 12.

Male. — Like the female but pronotum 42 : 18. Hemelytra twice as wide as long,

32 : 16.

Size.— male, length 4.85 mm, width (pronotum) 1.1 mm, (abdomen) 2.2 mm;

female, length 4.75 mm, width (pronotum) 1.1 mm, (abdomen) 2.3 mm.

Holotype female , allotype male, and 23 paratypes, Staples, Minnesota

(R. Ryckman) associated with unidentified bat. Haploid chromosome

complement at second metaphase, 14A + X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 Y.

This species is closest to C. adjunctus but differs in the long tibial

bristles and smaller size.

118

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

Observations on the Emergence and Trapping of Male

Pleocoma minor Linsley with Black Light and

Female-Baited Traps 1

(Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae)

R. W. ZwiCK AND F. W. Peifer

Mid-Columbia Branch Experiment Station

Hood River, Oregon

Further investigations into the emergence and possible existence of

a female sex pheromone of Pleocoma minor Linsley were conducted

during the fall of 1964 in the Hood River valley of Oregon. Since the

earlier work of Fisher (1961) and Ellertson (1964) indicated that males

of Pleocoma are attracted to black light during emergence flights, this

method of estimating peak periods of adult activity has been employed

in continuing studies of their biology and distribution. Existence of a

female sex pheromone which enables the winged male to seek out the

flightless females in the soil is also being investigated and preliminary

observations are reported.

A black light trap was suspended from a pear tree 3 feet above ground

level in a 4-acre mixed D’Anjou and Bartlett pear orchard 1.5 miles

southwest of Oak Grove, Oregon, at an elevation of 1,560 feet above

sea level. A General Electric F15T8/BL flourescent tube fixed horizon-

tally over a metal funnel trap with power supplied by a drop cord from

an outbuilding at the edge of the orchard was used in this area. This

black light trap was in almost continuous nightly operation beginning

30 September 1964, from dusk to after dawn. A second black light trap

of the type used by Ellertson (1964), with identical 15-watt tube

mounted vertically over a metal collecting funnel, was operated for 2

weeks in early October in the Pine Grove, Oregon, area with negative

results. The Pine Grove orchard of Newtown and Delicious apples is

located 2.5 miles directly south of the town of Hood River, Oregon at

an elevation of 440 feet above sea level.

Female-baited traps were set out in the Pine Grove area on 12 Sep-

tember and at Oak Grove on 5 October 1964. Traps using live females

were of two types. Most were constructed of 14 ounce polystyrene

beverage containers in which a live female of P. minor was confined in

soil 2 inches under a tight-fitting wire mesh screen baffle. An overlap-

ping plastic container top with 2-inch diameter entrance hole permitted

males to drop into traps which were buried to soil level in each study

1 Technical Paper No. 1928, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 118-120. April 1965

April 1965] zwick & peifer — notes on pleocoma

119

</>

llJ

IOO,

80,

■» BL Capture

• Female-baited

Capture

40,

30, I •

tliii.Ui. i

SEP

5 15 25

OCT

Explanation of Figure

NOV

Fig. 1. Male Pleocoma minor captured at black light and female-baited traps in

Hood River valley, Oregon, 1964.

area. This buried trap proved to be more effective in catching males

than several other above ground types constructed of metal funnels on

stands under screen baffles with a female confined in a screen mesh cage

wired to the funnel or baffle. Females used for baiting these traps were

dug from soil during emergence activity in several locations. It is not

known if they had been inseminated or were virgin. Up to 12 female-

baited traps were in position at Pine Grove and six at Oak Grove during

the periods of trapping. These numbers varied however, since some of

the females died, other traps were robbed by skunks, and several females

burrowed through the sides of the polystyrene containers and escaped.

Replacement of female beetles was made as they became available.

120

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

Emergence of P. minor at the Pine Grove area was first observed with

the finding of a single male on 9 September 1964, in an adjacent orchard

block. The first female-baited trap was installed on 12 September at

Pine Grove and most were in position by 17 September. Sprinkler irri-

gation of a portion of the area on 24 September failed to increase beetle

emergence which apparently was largely completed at Pine Grove by

October. Male activity in the higher Oak Grove location was first noted

on 30 September with the black light catches reaching a peak during

the second week of October.

Figure 1 indicates the totals caught in black light and female-baited

traps at both areas. Of a total catch of 500 males, 461 were taken from

black light at Oak Grove and 39 in female-baited traps at both areas.

Of the latter number, only the four at Pine Grove and five at Oak Grove

were captured in the female-baited traps located over 10 feet from Oak

Grove black light trap when the two types of trap were being operated

concurrently at this site.

These observations indicate that the emergence of P. minor males

occurs earlier at the lower elevations in the Hood River valley as com-

pared with the higher elevations. Existence of a female sex pheromone is

suspected, but further investigation as to its attractancy to males and

source, and more definitive methods of bioassay are needed.

Literature Cited

Fisher, Jean. 1961. Attraction of Pleocoma dubitalis dubitalis Davis to black

light (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) . Pan-Pac. Entomol., 37 (3): 164.

Ellertson, F. E. 1964. Trapping male Pleocoma with black light. Pan-Pac.

Entomol., 40 (3) : 171-173.

April 1965] kistner — revision of phyllodinarda

121

A Revision of the Species of the Genus Phyllodinarda

Wasmann with Notes on Their Behavior 1

(Coleoptera : Staphylinidae)

David H. Kistner

Chico State College, Chico, California

The genus Phyllodinarda was first described by Wasmann (1916:

105) to contain two species, P. xenocephala Wasmann from Cameroun

and P. kohli Wasmann from the Congo Republic. In the same paper,

he described the tribe Phyllodinardini to contain only this genus. In

the original description of the genus, he compared it with the genus

T rilobitideus Raffray and to the Cephaloplectinae. Trilobitideus was

placed in its own subfamily, the Trilobitideinae in the same paper.

Later (Wasmann, 1917: 328) he redescribed the genus and each of the

two species as new again under the same names and then proceeded to

a detailed morphological comparison of the genus with various genera,

including Dinarda Mannerheim, Rhoptrodinarda Brauns, Allodinarda

Wasmann, Trilobitideus Raffray, T ermitodiscus Wasmann, Discoxenus

Wasmann, and the tribes Trichopsenini and Termitopsenini. After doing

all this, he came to the conclusion that Phyllodinarda was not very

closely related to any of these and hence justified his inclusion of the

genus in a tribe all by itself. There the matter has rested for some time.

Bernhauer, Scheerpeltz, and Schubert (1926) recognized the tribe and

placed it in their catalog almost 200 pages from the tribe Myrmedoniini

to which it is probably most closely related and of which it is probably

a member.

Students of the Coleoptera will recognize that the Cephaloplectinae

was placed in the family Limulodidae by Seevers and Dybas (1943),

and that Seevers (1965) has reduced the Trilobitideinae to a tribe,

Trilobitideini, of the subfamily Aleocharinae. Also since Wasmann’s

time, Rhoptrodinarda and Allodinarda have been stated to be more

closely related to Zyras Stephens than to Dinarda Mannerheim (Bern-

hauer, Scheerpeltz, and Schubert, 1926), thus placing them in the tribe

Myrmedoniini. So the whole classification has shifted in such a way as

to make a new study of the genus appropriate and to try to place it in

relation to its Aleocharine relatives. The purpose of this paper is to re-

describe and illustrate the generic characters of Phyllodinarda , to re-

describe the old species and describe a new species, and to provide

1 This study was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (Grant NSF-GB-1366) .

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 121-131. April 1965

122

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

Fig. 1. Phyllodinarda kohli Wasmann, dorsal aspect of whole animal. Photo

taken with an Exacta XVIIa with a 50 mm lens at 32 cm of extension.

behavioral notes about the genus which provide some insight about its

relations to its ant hosts.

Some of the specimens included in this paper were studied at the Chi-

cago Natural History Museum (C.N.H.M.) where both Dr. Rupert L.

Wenzel and Dr. Charles H. Seevers were helpful in allowing the investi-

gator use of the collections and library of that institution. Other specimens

were borrowed from the collections of the Musee Royal de l’Afrique Cen-

trale, Tervuren (M.R.A.C.) for which I am grateful to M. P. Basilewsky,

Curator and Chief of the Section of Entomology of that institution. Most

of the specimens were collected by my wife, myself, and assistants in

Africa, in which case they are in my collection (D.K.). The initials

given above indicate the location of specimens cited. The ant hosts were

determined for the material which we collected by Professor J. K. A.

Van Boven, Universite de Louvain. We are extremely grateful for these

determinations. The assistance provided by Mr. Paul Edmiston and Mr.

John Shower, Chico State College, in the preparation and dissection of

material for study is also gratefully acknowledged. Certain concepts in

the behavior section have been made clearer by discussion with numer-

ous colleagues, but principally Professor Charles H. Seevers of Roose-

velt University. However, any errors eventually uncovered are my

responsibility as the advice of colleagues was not always followed.

April 1965]

ICISTNER REVISION OF PHYLLODINARDA

123

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 2-8. Phyllodinarda kohli Wasmann: 2, head, ventral, mouthparts, and

antennae removed; 3, pronotum, right half, dorsal, legs removed, 4, elytron, right

dorsal; 5, antenna; 6, labrum; 7, right mandible; 8, left mandible. All micro-

photographs on this plate and the following were taken with a Leitz Orthomat

Computerized Photomicrography Apparatus.

124

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 9-14. Phyllodinarda kohli Wasmann: 9, maxilla; 10, prothoracic leg; 11,

mesothoracic leg; 12, metathoracic leg, without coxa; 13, labium; 14, details of

spatulate setae on pronotum.

Genus Phyllodinarda Wasmann

Phyllodinarda Wasmann, 1916, p. 105; 1917, p. 329-349.

Type of the genus: Phyllodinarda xenocephala Wasmann, fixed by Blackwelder,

1952, p. 307.

April 1965] kistner — revision of phyllodinarda

125

The genus is distinguished from all other staphylinid genera by many

characteristics (see Fig. 1). The main problem has been to determine

its relationships. Distinguishing characteristics include its very small,

elbowed, and compressed antenna; its dorsoventrally flattened shape;

its unique setae on the head, pronotum, elytra, and abdomen; and the

way in which the eye has a ventral window.

Head triangular in shape, dorsoventrally flattened (Figs. 1 and 2). Gular sutures

all but obliterated, with just a bint of a median line where the gula ought to be.

Eyes directed forward along the narrow anterior axis with a ventral window so that

certain facets are directed ventrally. Antennae reduced in size and inserted be-

tween the eyes on the ventral surface of the head. Antennae with a very large

first segment which forms an elbow, rest of the segments strongly compressed

with the lateral edges expanded so as to cover the petioles; 11-segmented; shaped

as in Fig. 5. Labrum shaped as in Fig. 6. Mandibles are not symmetrical; left

mandible shaped as in Fig. 8; right mandible shaped as in Fig. 7. Maxillae

shaped as in Fig. 9; palpi 4-segmented. Labium shaped as in Fig. 13; palpi 3-

segmented.

Pronotum dorsoventrally flattened and expanded laterally; shaped as in Fig. 3.

Prosternum extremely small, subtriangular in form and fits in the median area

shown in Fig. 3. Mesothoracic peritremes also extremely small but sclerotized.

Elytra expanded laterally; shaped as in Fig. 4. Meso- and metasternum flat and

without distinguishing features. Leg axis greatly shortened so that the legs do not

usually protrude from under the pronotum and elytra and are hence usually invis-

ible from the dorsal side. Proleg shaped as in Fig. 10. Mesoleg shaped as in

Fig. 11. Metaleg shaped as in Fig. 12 with a flattened subtriangular coxa. The

femora of all legs are expanded so as to form a shield for the tibiae in repose.

Tarsal formula, 4-5-5.

Abdomen dorsoventrally flattened and expanded laterally. Overall shape as in

Fig. 1. Two pairs of paratergites on segments III-VI, one pair of segment VII. The

pairs of paratergites are extremely wide on segment III, each pair on each side

making up about % of the total width of the segment. The width of these para-

tergites narrows drastically on each succeeding segment contributing greatly to

the posterior tapering of the abdomen. Segment VIII without paratergites. Seg-

ment IX without paratergites and shaped as in Fig. 15. The anterior edge of the

sternite of segment IX is evenly rounded in females (as in the figure) but contains

a long process on each side in males. Tergite VII with a tergal gland at the mid-

line. Male genitalia tubular, variable by species. Spermatheca of female with a

sclerotized tip leading to a long many coiled but not twisted spermathecal duct.

The sclerotized tip of this is variable by species whereas the coiled portion does

not appear to vary.

The whole dorsal surface of the animal and the ventral surface of the

head contains two kinds of setae. One kind is not unusual as they are

found on many staphylinids. These are best seen in the photos of the legs

(Figs. 10, 11, and 12) but are also to be seen on the photos of the head,

pronotum, and elytra. The other kind is a large spatulate seta which

can be seen in the photos of the head, pronotum, and elytra. This seta

126

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 15-20. Phyllodinarda kohli Wasmann: 15, 9th abdominal segment, female,

dorsal view; 17, median lobe of the male genitalia; 18, spermatheca, coiled sperma-

thecal duct removed. P. xenocephalla Wasmann: 16, median lobe of male genitalia.

P. alzadae Kistner: 19, median lobe of the male genitalia; 20, spermatheca, coiled

spermathecal duct removed. Each scale represents 0.25 mm. The larger scale refers

to Figs. 18 and 20, while the smaller applies to all other figures.

emerges from a puncture which penetrates the exoskeleton. Each seta

has a hollow tube running through it which emerges at the apex and

when enlarged (Fig. 14) can be seen to have a fimbriated tip. Wasmann

(1917) showed that there were gland cells underneath the skeleton at

the base of these setae. Our investigations confirm this. The ventral

surface of the abdomen, and the ventral surface of the thorax does not

April 1965] kistner — revision of phyllodinarda

127

contain the spatulate type of setae but does contain the more usual kind

of setae.

Relationships. — This genus has many specialized features which

are unique to it and have obscured its relationships for many years.

If the specialized head shape and the unique setae are ignored, then

many resemblances of the genus to Zyras ( Batsa ) Blackwelder (= W ats a

Bernhauer) are seen. The latter should probably be a genus instead of

a subgenus. However, only two or three specimens have ever been

captured and a detailed comparison will have to await more specimens.

Only the characteristics which, in my opinion, place it in the tribe Myr-

medoniini are listed: (1) Mouthparts: Labium and labrum closely ap-

proximate those of Zyras ( Aulacocephalonia ), Myrmechusa , and other

Myrmedoniini. The maxilla has the extra long galea which also approxi-

mates all other Myrmedoniini. (2) Legs: Coxal structure with the short

internal processes. Tarsal formula, 4-5-5. (3) Abdomen: Shape of

the abdominal segment IX complex, even to the sexual difference of

the anterior border. Highly coiled spermathecal duct with a sclerotized

spermatheca. Tergal gland on abdominal segment VII.

Any of these characteristics taken individually would not define the

Myrmedoniini but when they are considered as a group, they adequately

define the Myrmedoniini. The species present a rather uniform external

appearance. P. kohli is a little larger on the average but small specimens

are caught and these fall within the range of the other two species. The

easiest way to determine them is to dissect out the genitalia and compare

them with the figures. In the field, a generic determination plus a local-

ity is about all that can be done.

Phyllodinarda xenocephala Wasmann

(Fig. 16)

Phyllodinarda xenocephala Wasmann, 1916, p. 107, Plate 3, fig. 4 (Cameroun:

Grand Batanga, with Dorylus {Anomma) nigricans ssp. sjoestedti var. rufescens

Wasmann, Coll. G. Schwab; Lolodorf, Coll. Miss Makenzie) ; 1917, p. 330,

plate 9, figs. 35 and 36 (same data) ; Mann, 1922, p. 628 (Cameroun: Akono-

Olinga, with D. (A.) nigricans ssp. sjoestedti Emery).

Distinguished from all other species by the shape of the median lobe

of the male genitalia.

Color varies from light reddish brown to dark reddish brown. Head

somewhat darker than the rest of the body. Dorsal surface of the entire

animal glistening underneath the mat of spatulate and pointed setae.

Median lobe of the male genitalia shaped as in Fig. 16. Spermatheca

unknown.

128 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

Measurements. — Protonum length, 0.93-1.00 mm; elytra length, 0.55-

0.66 mm. Number measured, 4.

Material examined.— Cameroun : 2, with no further locality data, Coll. Thaxter

(C.N.H.M.) ; 1, Akono-Olinga, with Dorylus ( Anomma ) nigricans ssp. sjoestedti

Emery, Coll. G. Schwab (C.N.H.M.) ; 1 male, Edea, 27 July 1962, from the end

of a raiding column of D. (A.) nigricans ssp. sjoestedti var. rufescens (Wasmann)

Emery, nest No. 85, Coll. D. H. Kistner (D.K.).

Phyllodinarda kohli Wasmann

(Figs. 1-15, 17-18)

Phyllodinarda kohli Wasmann, 1916, p. 107 (Congo Republic, St. Gabriel near

Stanleyville, 20 August, 29 August 1910, with Dorylus ( Anomma ) wilverthi

Emery, Coll. P. H. Kohl) ; 1917, p. 330, Plates 9 and 10, figs. 37-51 (same data,

added that the specimens were taken from the end of a raiding column).

Color varies from a light reddish brown to dark reddish brown. Head

usually a little darker than the rest of the body. Dorsal surface of the

entire body glistening underneath the mat of spatulate and pointed

setae. Median lobe of the male genitalia shaped as in Fig. 17. Sperma-

theca shaped as in Fig. 18.

Measurements: Pronotum length, 1.00-1.15 mm; elytra length, 0.65-

0.70 mm. Number measured, 10.

Material examined. — Congo Republic: 2, Cotypes, P. kohli Wasmann, det. E.

Wasmann, St. Gabriel near Stanleyville, 20 August 1910, with Dorylus ( Anomma )

wilverthi Emery, Coll. P. H. Kohl, (C.N.H.M.) ; 1, Cotype, P. kohli Wasmann, det.

E. Wasmann, same data but lacking a date (C.N.H.M.) ; 1, Stanleyville, Coll.

Fr. Majelka (C.N.H.M.) ; 1, Yangambi, March 1955, with ants, (Coll. J. Decelle)

(M.R.A.C.) ; 29 (12 males, 11 females), Yangambi, 2 July 1960, from the end of

an emigration column of D. (A.) wilverthi Emery, nest No. 19, Coll. D. H. and A.

C. Kistner and R. Banfill, (D.K.) ; 1 female, Yangambi, 3 July 1960, from the end

of a raiding column of D. (A.) wilverthi Emery, nest No. 24, Coll. D. H. and A. C.

Kistner and R. Banfill (D.K.) ; 2 males, 9 July 1960, from the end of a raiding

column of D. (A), nigricans ssp. sjoestedti var. rufescens (Wasmann) Emery, nest

No. 35, Coll. D. H. and A. C. Kistner and R. Banfill (D.K.).

Phyllodinarda alzadae Kistner, new species

(Figs. 19-20)

Color varies from light reddish brown to dark reddish brown. Head

darker than the rest of the body. Dorsal surface of the entire body

glistening underneath the mat of spatulate and pointed setae. Median

lobe of the male genitalia shaped as in Fig. 19. Spermatheca shaped as

in Fig. 20.

Measurements: Pronotum length, 0.96-1.05 mm; elytra length, 0.65-

0.68 mm. Number measured, 6.

April 1965] kistner — revision of phyllodinarda

129

Holotype. — female, No. 11328, Uganda, Kisubi Forest near

Entebbe, 19 July 1960, from the end of an emigration column of

Dorylus ( Anomma ) wilverthi Emery, nest No. 37, Coll. D. H. and A. C.

Kistner and R. Banfill (D.K.). Paratypes: 5 (4 males), same data as

holotype.

Behavior of the Species

All records of all the species show that the specimens were only seen

at the ends of raiding and emigration columns. We never saw them in

the central parts of any columns. This indicates that these myrmeco-

philes do not participate in the raiding and emigration aspects of colo-

nial behavior. They would therefore fall into the category of what I

have called the nonintegrated groups.

All groups of myrmecophiles, at least as far as those con-

cerned with Driver Ants in Africa are concerned, fall into two general

categories. The integrated groups are those that participate in the raid-

ing and emigration activities of the colony and are thus seen in the

columns at all times except perhaps when the ants are at their highest

level of excitation, namely at the raiding head. Two staphylinid groups

make up the majority of the integrated forms, namely the Pygostenini

and the Dorylomimini. The Dorylomimini are morphological mimics

of the ants and achieve integration by means of passing antennal scru-

tiny by the ants. The Pygostenini are what I have called primarily be-

havioral mimics in that they fold their abdomens (the tips of which are

morphologically narrowed) over their backs when in contact with the

ants and thus present an ant-like “appearance” to the antennae of the

ants. Both groups have evolved phoretic members from ancestral types

which had these basic modifications. The Dorylomimini has evolved one

genus, Dorylocratus Wasmann (Kistner 1964), which has secondarily

evolved a glandular abdomen. The glands of the females are attractive

to worker ants. The basic modification (morphological or behavioral

mimicry) has been evolved independently in at least two other staphy-

linid groups in Africa but on a limited basis both host-wise and geo-

graphically. All of this has been documented in a series of papers which

are in various stages of completion. The whole concept of integrated

myrmecophily can thus be viewed as adaptations to the predominant

integrating mechanism of the society. In African Driver Ants, where

trophallaxis is poorly developed at best, and sight is nonexistent among

both queens and workers, antennal palpation seems to play a dominant

role and thus the majority of the integrated myrmecophiles “feel” like

130

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

ants. In many North American and European ants, as well as termites,

trophallaxis appears to play a more dominant role and the myrmeco-

philes and termitophiles display more glandular development.

The nonintegrated forms are represented by an even larger number of

myrmecophiles, each genus of which has its own story or series of adap-

tations to the ant colony. When the whole picture is gradually assem-

bled, we shall see a whole series of relationships from facultative preda-

tion to obligate predation, from facultative scavenging to obligate scav-

enging with quite a few of the different groups of Staphylinidae and

other insects involved and with phylogenetic series representing progres-

sive degrees of adaptation. The detailed analysis of these interrelation-

ships, both phylogenetic and ecologic, has just been started with the

description of the behavior of Myrmechusa Wasmann (Koblick and

Kistner, 1965) as the first completed work.

In Phyllodinarda then, we have a nonintegrated genus with a whole

series of structural modifications which are perhaps more bizarre than

those of many integrated forms. We attempted in the field to determine

how the beetle uses these.

The following protocols have been extracted from our field notes on

Phyllodinarda kohli Wasmann in Yangambi, Congo Republic, 2 July

1960. The end of the emigration column that we sampled on the previ-

ous day commenced about 8:00 o’clock in the morning. Among literally

thousands of myrmecophiles that streamed by, the Phyllodinarda were

very noteworthy. Most of the specimens (18 of 29) streamed by during

the first hour of observation and collecting. They have a “halt, take

cover, and proceed” kind of gait. They lurked under blades of grass,

dead leaves, and twigs along the trail, then when they detected a break

in the activity they would lumber along for awhile and then take cover

again. Twice we saw an ant move toward a Phyllodinarda whereupon

the Phyllodinarda would depress itself against the ground. When it did

this, in each instance we saw the worker ant approach the beetle and

move its mouthparts and antennae over the dorsal surface. After a

brief instant of this, the ant pulled back and departed. We attempted to

smell the beetle but no odors were detectable either in the air or in the

aspirator when the beetle was captured, although it was apparent that

the ant was repelled.

Protocols on the other species yield no new data, although we did see

one more ant-beetle encounter as described above for P. alzadae Kistner.

For the Kisubi captures (P. alzadae ), we noted the manner of walking

which consists of each tagma raising and lowering in sequence and

thereby producing a dorsoventral undulating appearance. We were not

April 1965 J kistner — revision of phyllodinarda

131

fortunate enough to see them eating, and stomach analysis yielded noth-

ing that was identifiable. Phyllodinarda is probably either an obligate

predator or scavenger associated with driver ants since they have never

been captured in any other situation. Because it follows so closely upon

the end of the column where there are straggler ants, we are inclined to

the view that it is a predator. The scavengers are typically farther away

from the ants or making their way between the small dirt particles of

the trail roadway. Its method of eluding stray ants consists of the obvi-

ous avoiding reaction in hiding under debris along the trail and proceed-

ing when there are few ants passing. However, its legs are so short and

it is so slow that chance encounters with ants seem to be not infrequent.

When an encounter occurs, its depression on the ground may prevent

the ant from picking it up, but this I doubt because the ants are quite

capable of picking up similarly shaped insects such as roaches which

are a regular feature of their diet. The dorsoventral compression when

depressing on the ground may squeeze the products of the glands at

the base of the hollow spatulate setae up through the setae. This the

ant finds unattractive and hence pulls back away from the beetle.

In his analysis, Wasmann (1917) considered the genus to be a

“V ertreter des extremsten T rutztypus” (a representative of the extreme

defensive form) . It is hard to conceive how the flattened form could

serve to protect this insect from the ants, but the shortening of the legs

and antennae as well as the compression of the antennomeres could have

a protective value. In any event, the concept of a specially adapted

predator or scavenger with an obligate relationship to driver ants is an

idea that has wider currency in biology and describes its situation better

than the word synoeckete or synecthran.

The records from Cameroun for P. xenocephalla and from the Congo

for P. kohli indicate that host specificity applies only at the subgeneric

level.

Literature Cited

Bernhauer, Max, 0. Scheerpeltz, and K. Schubert. 1926. Staphylinidae. Cole-

opterorum Catalogus, pars 82: 499-988. W. Junk, Berlin.

Blackweller, R. E. 1952. The generic names of the beetle family Staphylinidae.

U.S.N.M. Bull., 200, iv -j- 483 p.

Kistner, D. H. 1964. New species of the genus Dorylocratus with notes on their

behavior. (Coleoptera Staphylinidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 40 (4):

246-254.

Koblick, T. A. and D. H. Kistner. 1965. A revision of the species of the genus

Myrmechusa Wasmann from tropical Africa with notes on their behavior

and their relationship to the Pygostenini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae).

Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 58 (1) : 28-44.

132 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

Mann, W. M. 1922. Notes on a collection of West African myrmecophiles. Bull.

Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 45: 623-630.

Seevers, C. H. 1965. The systematics, evolution, and zoogeography of Staphylinid

beetles associated with Army Ants. (Coleoptera : Staphylinidae) . Field-

iana: Zool., 47 (2) : 137-351.

Seevers, C. H. and H. S. Dybas. 1943. A synopsis of the Limulodidae (Coleop-

tera) : a new family proposed for the myrmecophiles of the subfamilies

Limulodinae (Ptilliidae) and Cephaloplectinae (Staphylinidae). Ann.

Entomol. Soc. Amer., 36 (3) : 546-586.

Wasmann, Erich. 1916. Neue dorylophile Afrikas (Col.) (217. Beitrag zur

Kenntnis der Myrmekophilen) . Entomol. Mitt., 5 (1-8): 92-109, 134—

147.

1917. Neue Anpassungstypen bei Dorylinengaste Afrikas. (Col. Staphylinidae).

(218. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Myrmekophilen) . Zeitschr. wissenschaftl.

Zool., 117 (2) : 257-360 + 4 plates.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

A new locality record of Mohavacris timberlakei Rehn, at Bishop,

Inyo County, California (Orthoptera : Tanaoceridae) . — Mohavacris tim-

berlakei was described in 1948 from a unique male specimen captured near

Highway 138, Mohave Desert, California, 3,600 feet elevation (Edith M. Timber-

lake, 20 April 1947), probably a few miles east of Llano near the course of

Rock Creek wash. Additional specimens have since been captured by Grant, Heifer,

Hubbell, Rentz, and Tinkham in the near vicinity and as high as 5,750 feet at

Cactus Flat in the San Bernardino National Forest on Highway 18. Rentz has

taken specimens from the Cajon Pass area well after dark on Artemisia tridentata.

We were surprised to find a male of this rare species from a fluorescent black

light trap at Bishop in April of 1964. The trap, operated by Mrs. Ruth Keleman,

was situated on a porch 3 feet above ground level. The trap rim, an additional

3 feet high, was successfully negotiated by this strong jumper. After the

capture, the trap was placed among the native vegetation and, although a

diligent search was made, no additional specimens were found or taken in the trap.

Bishop has an average rainfall of 5 inches annually and is about 4,500 feet

above sea level. This capture suggests the possibility of the discovery of additional

specimens of Mohavacris timberlakei from within, and areas immediately surround-

ing, the Mohave Desert.

Mohavacris timberlakei is not known to be sound producing; however, Rentz

states that Tanaocerus, the other known genus of the family, will drum upon a

branch and make a knocking sound. — G. M. Buxton, California Department

of Agriculture, Sacramento.

April 1965] powell — conifer feeding buprestids

133

Rearing Records for Five Conifer Feeding Buprestids

in California

(Coleoptera : Buprestidae)

Jerry A. Powell

University of California, Berkeley

During the past few years several species of flat-headed borers have

been obtained from conifers of secondary importance, as a result of

California Insect Survey investigations in various parts of the state.

Some of these records represent previously unrecorded host associations

for the beetles involved. Rearing was accomplished by placing bulk

material in screen cages or cardboard boxes in a greenhouse at Berkeley,

where they were subjected to broad temperature fluctuations and ex-

treme drying. Since March 1963, an insectary building with controlled

temperature (66—68° F) has been used.

Acknowledgment is made to the following, who provided identifica-

tions: G. H. Nelson (Buprestidae), Loma Linda University; D. E.

Bright (Scolytidae) and J. A. Chemsak (Cerambycidae) , University of

California, Berkeley. Dr. Chemsak also helped with surveillance of the

rearing materials. Additional thanks are extended to those who assisted

with field collections, cited below, and to D. L. Wood, University of

California, Berkeley, who read the manuscript and offered helpful

suggestions.

Chrysobothris purpurata Bland

During examination of Cupressus goveniana in San Luis Obispo

County in early May 1962, a number of oval emergence holes were

observed at the distal ends of cones (Fig. 1). Adult buprestids were

discovered concealed in the clumps of cones. The beetles taken repre-

sented three species, single individuals of an Anthaxia and Chrysobothris

mali Horn, together with several C. purpurata Bland. The collection site,

which has been described elsewhere in connection with a study of the

cerambycid Callidiellum (Chemsak and Powell, 1964), is located at

about 2,500 feet elevation some 2 miles northwest of Cuesta Pass in the

southern Santa Lucia Range. Material containing larvae of the ceram-

bycid was obtained mainly from slash left by roadwork, but the Chryso-

bothris were found among cones of healthy, primarily young trees.

A number of clumps of unopened, green cones which showed scattered

emergence holes were collected. Sectioning the cones revealed that larval

feeding had resulted in replacement of developing seed and scales by

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 133-138. April 1965

134

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 1-3. Mature, green cones of Cupressus goveniana, showing work of

Chrysobothris purpurata Bland; collected near Cuesta Pass, San Luis Obispo

County, California, 5 May 1962. 1, Distal end with emergence hole; 2, 3, longitu-

dinal sections through pupal chambers.

frass in approximately the distal one-third or one-half of the cone

(Figs. 2, 3), with the pupal chamber subtending the characteristic

emergence hole (Fig. 1). One adult of C. purpurata was found in a

pupal chamber, but no larvae were discovered. Evidently the spring

emergence was near completion at the time of the collection, since no

beetles issued from these cones during the first few months. Two adults

of C. purpurata were reared late in 1962, possibly the result of oviposi-

tion in the field during April or May.

The locality was revisited in early April 1963, and buprestid larvae

were located in the current season’s green cones, but none showed emer-

gence holes. Thus cones evidently are used by C. purpurata in a typical

fashion from year to year, a rather peculiar habit for Chrysobothris.

Keen (1958) does not record any Buprestidae in cones of Cupressus in

his cone and seed insects summary. I have not encountered these char-

acteristic emergence holes in cones elsewhere during the examination of

a number of cypress species in California and Baja California.

Adults of C. purpurata were also reared incidentally from cypress

slash caged for Callidiellum. This material, which was collected on 5

May 1962, consisted of dying or recently killed branches some of which

had partially opened cones from previous years. Eight C. purpurata

emerged between 12 May and 20 June 1962, and adults representing sub-

sequent generations issued in February and December 1963, and in

April and May 1964. Later generations used branches for larval feeding,

but it is not certain that this is true of all those reared from this material

in 1962. Old cones on these branches contained emergence holes, none

of which appeared recent. Emergence from cones usually occurs adja-

April 1965] powell — conifer feeding buprestids

135

cent to or across the margins of scales, so that the holes are later bisected

by cone dehiscence. Opened cones are not used for larval feeding. Suc-

cessful pupation occurred in the larger sticks (15 to 25 mm in diameter)

that were caged. Emergence did not occur from the many smaller

branches and twigs which were also present in the same containers.

Pupation galleries in the dry wood were of about the same configuration

as those in the cones; they entered the branches nearly perpendicularly

to the grain and ranged 8 to 10 mm in length, with a slight curvature.

Chrysobothris ignicollis Horn

This and the following species were reared from the same lot of Junip-

erus calif ornicus collected on the western edge of the Mojave Desert in

October 1960. Keen (1952) lists C. ignicollis as a species which works

in unseasoned logs of juniper and cypress in the Southwest and Rocky

Mountain regions.

The collection site, near Desert Springs (now “Pinon Hills”), San

Bernardino County, was visited on 17 October, when it was observed

that numerous dying or dead, brown branchlets and terminals were

present on these trees. Several small branches were barked and bupres-

tid larvae were discovered. A collection of the affected branches was

made with the assistance of P. D. Hurd, Jr. on 20 October.

Rather than buprestids, however, the principal insect reared proved

to be a cerambycid which has subsequently been described as Callidium

powelli by Linsley and Chemsak (1963), and habits of which have been

briefly recorded (Chemsak and Powell, 1964) . Emergence of the ceram-

bycid began soon after the collection date and that of the Chrysobothris

was delayed. The delay may have been the result of an extended feeding

cycle on the part of the buprestids, and the primary cause of the dieback

is unknown. Members of the genus Callidium characteristically feed in

the sapwood region but apparently normally work in dead or already

dying material. No scolytids were reared from the collection.

Emergence of C. ignicollis occurred both in April and in late 1961,

and again in April and in late 1962.

Chrysobothris speculifera Horn

This little-known species was obtained in the same collection as C.

ignicollis , discussed above. About a dozen individuals of C. speculifera

were reared from Juniperus calif ornicus ; all emerged in April 1961,

except one which was obtained late the same year.

Evidently C. ignicollis was better adapted than was C. speculifera

under the rearing conditions to the use of dry host material which was

136

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

severely affected by larval feeding in the cambium area. No emergence

of C. speculifera was noted in 1962, although individuals representing

additional generations of C. ignicollis were still appearing. By this

time at least two generations of Callidium had also utilized the small

sticks, and virtually all the sapwood and peripheral heartwood to a

depth of 3 or 4 mm had been replaced by tightly packed frass.

Chrysobothris caurina Horn

Chrysobothris caurina is listed as a widespread species in the western

United States utilizing unseasoned logs or lumber of pines and other

conifers (Essig, 1926; Keen, 1952). During the summer of 1961 I had

the opportunity to make use of the University of California, Crooked

Creek Physiology Research Station, located at 10,150 feet elevation in

the White Mountains, Mono County, and to survey the insect fauna of

the area. The endemic bristle-cone pine, Pinus aristata, was examined

on numerous occasions but with surprisingly negative results. Fallen

limbs were exceedingly rare, although the ancient trees featured exten-

sive standing dead portions, and almost no evidence of wood-boring

beetle activity could be found.

On one occasion, however, a large, recently fallen limb was discovered

and with the assistance of members of the entomology summer field

course, portions of the main branch were examined in late June. Numer-

ous buprestid and occasional cerambycid larvae were found under the

bark. A few small side branches (mostly 2-10 cm diameter) were boxed

on 4 July 1961 for rearing. A cerambycid of the genus Callidium , the

widespread C. antennatum hesperum Casey, again proved to be the pre-

dominant species in the emergences (Powell, 1962; Chemsak and Powell,

1964) . Although scores of this beetle were obtained, only a few individ-

uals of the buprestid, Chrysobothris caurina , matured; these emerged in

April 1962. The P. aristata material was retained until 1963, but no

further Chrysobothris emergences were recorded. Possibly larvae of C.

caurina were relatively more common in the main trunk of the fallen

limb, or were adversely affected by rearing conditions in the greenhouse.

Individuals of two species of Scolytidae were also reared from this

material, but it appeared as though wind was the primary cause of the

limb’s falling. The scolytids, members of the genera Carphoborus and

Pityophthorus, have subsequently been described as new by Bright

(1964).

Melanophila californica Van Dyke

This beetle is widespread in the western United States, where it

April 1965] powell — conifer feeding buprestids

137

reportedly utilizes pines, primarily Pinus ponderosa and P. jeffreyi ;

secondary hosts include P. tuberculata, P. sabiniana, and P. radiata

(Keen, 1952) . A detailed study of the species’ biology was conducted by

West (1947), who stated that M. californica cannot regularly be shown

to be abundant wholly as the result of some preceding primary factor.

Monterey pine, Pinus radiata, is grown extensively as an ornamental

and shade tree in inland Coast Range valleys of central California, even

though climatic conditions in these areas differ appreciably from those

of native sites along the immediate coast. Weather at localities such as

the Monterey coast is characterized by cool, foggy summer days, mod-

erate winter temperatures, and heavy rainfall, while inland valleys ex-

perience hot, dry summers, subfreezing winter temperatures, and some-

what lower annual precipitation. Despite these differences, the trees do

fairly well in Contra Costa County, and the species is preferred, owing

to its rapid growth. During 1961 and 1962, however, a large number of

Monterey pines in the Walnut Creek area abruptly died or suffered ab-

normal limb dieback. Although the cause of this sudden dying is not

known, and the ultimate agent may have varied from tree to tree, it

seems likely that the overall decline was the effect of drought conditions

during the preceding 3 years, coupled with an abnormally hot summer

in 1961. Some trees which died abruptly contained a tremendous num-

ber of pitch tubes developed by adults of Dendroctonus valens LeConte

in the basal trunk region, and this scolytid was indicated as the final

cause of death. In other instances trees survived the presence of numer-

ous D. valens , but many large limbs died. Often dead trees or those

with flagged branches were left standing, contributing to the buildup of

secondary insects likely to migrate to other weakened individuals.

Several trees planted 50 or 60 years ago in shallow soil on a limestone

spur ridge of Shell Ridge near Walnut Creek were among those involved.

At least two died and were left standing for one season. Another, which

was severely affected by Dendroctonus before receiving treatment in

1961, lost many larger limbs during 1961 and 1962. Two of the

branches which faded during 1962 were removed from the tree in Octo-

ber and caged. Six individuals of Melanophila californica were reared

during 1963. The only other species obtained from these branches was

the large scolytid, Ips mexicanus (= radiatae) Hopkins, also represented

by only six specimens.

During 1963 and 1964 no additional trees were observed to die in the

vicinity, but some additional branches were killed on weakened trees.

Another large limb was removed from the previously sampled tree, in

October 1963. Foliage on this branch turned brown during the summer,

138

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

and examination of the cambium region revealed two adults of Ips

mexicanus in egg galleries and a large number of both adults and larvae

of a small scolytid, Pityophthorus gracilis Swaine. Again, only a few

adults of Melanophila calif ornica emerged from the caged material dur-

ing the following year. Although P. gracilis was also obtained only in

small numbers, emergence and reentry into the bark by this beetle may

have escaped notice owing to its small size. In any event, the low nu-

merical density of M. californica in recent dieback suggests that the

species is a secondary one in this complex. Melanophila consputa

LeConte and M. acuminata DeGeer, have been attracted to smoke at this

same site (Powell, 1963) but were not obtained from the weakened

Pinus radiata.

Literature Cited

Bright, D. E. 1964. Descriptions of three new species and new distribution

records of California bark beetles (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) . Pan-Pac.

Entomol., 40: 165-170.

Chemsak, J. A., and J. A. Powell. 1964. Observations on the larval habits of

some Callidiini with special reference to Callidiellum cupressi (Van

Dyke) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) . Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc., 37: 119-

122 .

Essig, E. 0. 1926. Insects of western North America. Macmillan Co., New York,

1035 p.

Keen, F. P. 1952. Insect enemies of western forests, rev. ed. U. S. Dept. Agric.,

Misc. Publ., 273, 280 p.

1958. Cone and seed insects of western forest trees. U. S. Dept. Agric., Tech.

Bull., 1169, 168 p.

Linsley, E. G., and J. A. Chemsak. 1963. Some new North American Cerambyc-

idae. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 39: 207-212.

Powell, J. A. 1962. (Rearing of Callidium antennatum hesperum Casey). In

Proc. Pacific Coast Ent. Soc., 277th meeting. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 38: 70.

1963. (Attraction of Melanophila to a small, smoky fire). In Proc. Pacific

Ent. Soc., 283rd meeting. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 39: 64-65.

West, A. S., Jr. 1947. The California flat-headed borer ( Melanophila californica

Van Dyke) in ponderosa pine stands of northeastern California. Canad.

Jour. Research, D, 25: 97-118.

April 1965]

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

139

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

An unusual pattern of behavior for the solitary wasp Stenodynerus

claremontensis (Hymenoptera : Vespidae). — During the summers of 1962 and

1963, while conducting a biological study on the ground-nesting vespid wasp

Stenodynerus claremontensis (Cameron) in the Parma region of southwestern

Idaho, a previously unrecorded behavior pattern for solitary wasps was observed.

On 14 different occasions while excavating nests the disturbed female wasp was

seen to concentrate her attention on a newly laid egg, eventually carrying it off.

The nesting site at which the observations were made was located in a clay

bank, approximately 1 meter high, in which each female constructed a single

nest containing up to 12 cells. A nest consisted of a short, 2 to 3 cm,

horizontal tunnel, turning downward to a 5 to 14 cm vertical tunnel with

closed side branches at the bottom containing pairs of completed cells. In

constructing the nest the female started a single cell at the bottom of the

vertical shaft, suspended an egg from the upper third of one of the walls,

provisioned the cell with 14 to 46 small caterpillars, and finally sealed it.

A second cell was started immediately above the first and was similarly

provisioned and sealed. Above this pair of cells a new side tunnel was

started and the process repeated.

Several hundred of these nests were excavated during the two summers, the

majority of them in the evening between 6 and 8 p.m. after the female wasp had

entered the burrow for the night. The female was usually found facing outward

within a few centimeters of the entrance. As excavation progressed she backed

down the tunnel and into the cell at the bottom. With care this cell could be

opened enough on one side to observe what happened inside without disturbing

the contents. If no quick or threatening movements were made by the observer

the female wasp usually did not immediately leave.

On two occasions when the egg was attached to the removed section of cell

wall the wasp thoroughly examined the inside of the cell, the edges of the

opening, and searched among the caterpillars in the cell bottom for 2 or 3

minutes before leaving. When the cell still contained an egg she soon

centered her attention on it, touching it with her antennae and tentatively

pulling on it with her mandibles. The egg eventually was freed and fell to

the bottom of the cell, forcing the female to hunt for it. When the egg was

relocated she reexamined it and attempted to grasp either the egg or the

filament on the posterior end by which it was attached to the cell wall.

For a wasp which easily carried and maneuvered caterpillars and pellets of dirt

as small as the egg, she appeared to have great difficulty with the smooth egg.

Eventually the wasp obtained a secure grip on the middle of the egg (a

slightly curved, round-ended cylinder 0.7 mm in diameter and 2.7 mm long)

and either flew off with it immediately, or while carrying it examined the

broken cell and surrounding area for up to 30 seconds before leaving. In only

one case did the female drop the egg and fly off without it, and only once did

the female return (without the egg) to the site of the destroyed nest.

This behavior was entirely restricted to newly laid eggs. Never was it

seen associated with eggs estimated to be over 40 hours old (eclosion took

place in 70 to 80 hours) , with early instar larvae, or the prey stored in the

cell. What eventually became of the egg, or why the wasp behaved in this

manner were not determined. — George P. Markin, University of Idaho, Moscow.

140

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2

BOOK REVIEW

An Introduction to the Study of Insects. By Donald J. Borror and Dwight

M. DeLong. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, ed. 2, xii -}- 819 pages,

illus. 1964. $10.75.

This updated revision of this well-known text has made a good book even better.

Although it remains a book which is primarily useful for identification of insects,

it contains a wealth of information on distribution and biology, much of which has

been augmented.

The sections concerning morphology, physiology, and development are minimal.

They cover only the information needed to make use of the main body of the book

dealing with classification and identification. However, even these sections have

been improved and brought up to date. Perhaps the most important addition to

these sections is the increase in the references following each of these chapters.

But what of the classification portion of the book? This too has been expanded

and has been greatly modified as well. Most of the keys have been changed and

many now deal with a greater number of taxa. The key to orders now includes four

more orders, Protura, Embioptera, Zoraptera, and Strepsiptera, which had been

omitted from the first edition. The Orthoptera keys deal with more families, and

keys to the subfamilies are now separate and more extensive in coverage. The

classification is still conservative (e.g., the Mantodea, Blattaria, and Phasmodea

are still considered suborders) but the expanded coverage makes up for this

and in many cases the authorities responsible for the classifications used are named.

There are of course errors of commission and omission. In spite of the expansion

in the classification of the Homoptera, two families of North American Fulgoroidea

are omitted (Kinnaridae and Tropiduchidae) although two families included are

not found in North America according to Metcalf (Lophopidae and Ricaniidae) .

The Coleoptera key now treats all the North American families and has been

greatly modified. Unfortunately, at least in the case of the Curculionidae, the key

to subfamilies is quite misleading. Only 15 of the 42 North American subfamilies

are included, but the key implies that all are treated. Some spelling errors are as

follows: p. 212, Acanaloiidae, read Acanaloniidae ; p. 242, Machilidae, read

Malachiidae; p. 285, Clambidiae, read Clambidae; and p. 329, Curculionoidae,

read Curculionoidea.

Finally concerning this portion of the book, we must not neglect the excellent

enlarged section dealing with Arthropoda other than insects.

The final sections of the book dealing with the relations of insects to man, col-

lecting and preserving insects, and activities, projects in insect studies, and the

glossary have been only slightly modified. The chapter on insect control has been

omitted.

In general, as has been indicated above, the errors are relatively minor and the

additions more than make up for them. Here is a book which will serve well in

many entomology courses just as the first edition has in the past. — Charles W.

O’Brien, University of California , Berkeley.

PATRONIZE

OUR

ADVERTISERS

Advertisers Index

Name Page

Colloidal Products Corp. i

Shell Chemical Company ii

California Chemical Company — Ortho Division iii

American Cyanamid Company iv

Velsicol Chemical Corp. v

Mountain Copper Company, Ltd. vi

Trojan Laboratories vi

Hercules Powder Company vii

Niagara Chemical Division — Food Machinery Chemical Corp. viii

Chemagro Corporation ix

United States Rubber x

Insect Pins xi

D-Vac Co. xi

Leitz, Inc. xii

Rohm & Haas Company xiv

What is a spray

adjuvant ?

A substance added to a spray

formula to improve the

performance of the active

ingredient.

Your Agricultural Chemical

Distributor will be happy

to supply literature and

recommendations as to

the proper Multi-Film

Spray Adjuvant for your

specific application, or write

direct to :

Colloidal Products Corporation

100 Gate 5 Road, Sausalito, California

How to put the finishing touch on any

insect control program

D on't run a needless risk. Complete your

program by making sure that empty in-

secticide containers won’t cause problems.

The picture above shows how easily a

tractor wheel crushes an empty 5-gallon pail.

Puncturing, burying, or burning are other

positive ways to deal with containers or

packages.

By eliminating the possibility of misuse

of a pesticide container, you protect yourself,

your family, workers and livestock.

The destruction of empty containers — or

disposal by other recognized methods— is one

of the essential parts of any pesticide pro-

gram.

For safety and effectiveness throughout

your program, follow these simple steps:

( 1 ) read the label on any pesticide carefully,

before you start, (2) follow the directions

and precautions exactly, (3) make sure your

application goes only on the crop to be pro-

tected; drift to neighboring cropland or

streams is bad business, (4) never clean or

flush out your equipment near a stream, and

(5) complete the job by crushing and bury-

ing all small empty containers.

To dispose of drums: return them to the

formulator, sell them to a cooperage equipped

to decontaminate them, or destroy them ac-

cording to procedures recommended by the

U.S.D.A.

Play it safe and you do a great deal to en-

sure the efficient and profitable performance

of any pesticide.

Shell Chemical Company

Agricultural Chemicals Division

Ill

By Wt.

'-dlpyridylium dibromide* 40%

60%

Diquat ion per gallon as 4 lbs. salt

ORTHO'

DEPTH OF WATER

« -t)

lONTENTS 5 GALLONS

USE STRICTLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH

WARNINGS AND DIRECTIONS; AND IN

FEDERAL /LND STATE REGULATIONS.

Y CONTAINER WHEN EMPTY. NEVER RE-USE.

lew herbicidal chemical for use in the desic-

jnts in preharvest application in order 1o

nical and hand harvesting. It is also recom-

general weed killer and as an aquatic weed

id herbicidal action is usually quite rapid

a few days. Diquat is inactivated on contact

se on lawns.

DIRECT!

activity, ORT

6 to 8 ounces

oer acre. (1 oun 1

liquat is more eff>

N-PLANTED AREAS:

4 Gardens, Buildings

nee Lines, Parkways arv^®rivew<

roadleaved and Grass-Type Weei

(2 teaspoonluls to 1 gal. water). XI

lorough weed contact. Apply prefera

p to seeding of weeds. Repeat applicatio!

nlain control, particularly on grasses and

\void spray contact with foliage of food

plants.

harvest Desiccation of Foliage— 1 quart per

•Is. water by ground application, and 10 to

20 gals, water by airplane application. Apply os plants reach

maturity and use full coverage spray. Do not apply within 7

days of harvest.

SORGHUM (Seed Crops only): Preharvest Desiccation of Foliage—

l quart per acre in 20 to 30 gals, water by ground sprayer ap-

plication and 5 to 10 gals, water by air. Apply within 1 2

weeks of harvest and when seeds have not more than 30%i

ure. Do not use. seed from treated plants for food, feed^

purposes.

9UATIC WF« (Infesting still and slol

| canalii^^ATING WEEDS (Water Led

^Apply 2 to 3 quarts per acre, 'u! _ _

TsDray per ocre for thorough coveroge. Spray floating

1 folios* is thoroughly wet. Water Lettuce— Aerial Ap-

_7-5.9ols. dilute spray per acre. Avoid drift of spray

ht Vegetation to avoid severe plant injury. Repeat treat-

ment when new Infestation occurs. SUBMERSED WEEDS— (Coon-

tail, Elodea, Pond Weeds, Southern Naiad)— Use 1.5 to 2.5

ppm (by weight) Diquat cation injected below the water surface

ond distributed as evenly as possible. Repeal treatment when

new infestation occurs. See dilution chart.

Note: Inject below *

Do not use treate

swimming, sprayinc

after treatment. Do

CAUTION: Do nol

eep livestock out;

equipment I

application

Concen

or dothii

when hone

spray ml

othing on

get medical off

water. Ke

iOlt Ovoid drift k

might be damaged

use Of Consumption.

NOTICE: The stale

□genii concerning

They are believed

tforts of use which i

trol, California Ch»

authorize any age

guarantee or repre

material, except th

the label. Neither

shall be held respc

or property damag

or to any person fre

whether or not in c

oil risk and liability

and accepts and us

Recommended reading for all ages

This is an ORTHO label. You see it on drums, cans, jugs and sacks of pesticide. And no

matter how old you are — or how long you’ve been using pesticides — you should always

read it carefully from beginning to end.

It takes ORTHO chemists literally years of testing to determine correct label directions

and cautions on new products. And they’re constantly re-testing the old ones to come up

with new uses and new label directions. So if you want to get the most effective, econom-

ical and safest performance from a pesticide, reading its label is a “must”.

If you’re too young to read, this label should never be left within your reach. You might

get hurt. And if you’re a field worker who can’t read, your boss should tell you why pesti-

cides — and even empty pesticide containers — can be dangerous.

Pesticides can only help you if you use them correctly. Make sure you do. Read the label.

CALIFORNIA CHEMICAL COMPANY ORTHO DIVISION, 200 Bush St., San Francisco 20, California

r.M, REP, V.s. PAT, QFF.: ORTHO

ON ALL CHEMICALS, READ DIRECTIONS AND CAUTIONS BEFORE USE.

HAS AN IDEAL PESTICIDE

FOR EVERY PURPOSE

INSECTICIDES

MALATHION — provides truly

broad-spectrum control, with

exceptionally low mammalian

toxicity. Available in all popular

formulations for application in

any type of equipment.

THIMET® phorate— provides sys-

temic control of many pests at-

tacking corn, peanuts, potatoes,

sugar beets, wheat, alfalfa, orna-

mentals and other crops.

CYGON* dimethoate — controls

house flies up to 8 weeks or

longer. Also used to control

many pests attacking fruit, veg-

etables and ornamentals.

THIOPHOS® parathion— one of

the first, and still highly effective

and widely-used organic phos-

phates.

FUMIGANTS

AERO® liquid HCN— controls all

common insects infesting stored

grain.

CYANOGAS® calcium cyanide-

controls rodents (A-Dust) and

stored grain pests (G-Fumigant).

FUNGICIDE

CYPREX® dodine — effectively

combats a wide number of dis-

eases attacking fruit, nuts and

ornamentals.

WETTING AGENTS

VATSOL® — useful in reducing

the surface tension of water in

order to increase the effective-

ness of insecticide and fungicide

sprays and dusts. Available in

powder, pellet, paste and liquid

forms. A 70% liquid formulation

is marketed under the trade-

name of SUR-TEN*.

HERBICIDES

AMINO TRIAZOLE-provides

outstanding control of Canada

Thistle and other weeds.

CYTROL®— a liquid form of

AMINO TRIAZOLE which is also

highly effective against quack-

grass and other weeds.

AERO CYANATE— provides out-

standing weed control in onions.

GROWTH REGULANT

CYCOCEL®— produces more

compact red poinsettias with

brighter colored bracts and

deeper green foliage. Also useful

on lilies, geraniums, chrysanthe-

mums, camellias and carnations.

VELSICOL PESTICIDES:

INSECT, WEED, AND PLANT DISEASE CONTROLS

Velsicol pesticides have demonstrated great utility, throughout the world. If you are interested in the

protection of food or fiber crops, public health, pest control operation , or related fields, we would like

to offer you technical information about these versatile compounds. Please write Velsicol Chemical

Corporation, 341 E. Ohio Street, Chicago, III. 60611

HERGldlJOES )

BANDANE®

Pre-emergence crabgrass control that's safe for new and

established lawns.

BANVEL® D

A herbicide for control of broadleaved perennial weeds

in turf.

INSECTICIDES

■ X ".■ /

CHLORDANE

A broad range chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide. The

leading lawn, garden, household insecticide.

ENDRIN

An insecticide that is effective against many hard to kill

insect pests of cotton, tobacco, tree fruits, etc.

HEPTACHLOR

A versatile chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide. Widely

used for soil insect control on major crops.

METHYL PARATHION

A versatile insecticide used in combination with Endrin

in all purpose sprays and dusts.

FUMIGANTS

ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE

An insecticidal fumigant, nematocide and soil insecticide.

Usually used in combination with methyl bromide.

PE5TM ASTER®

METHYL BROMIDE

An insecticidal fumigant, rodenticide, nematocide, and

herbicide.

;> y. c ; i; ix-: x/:':':;.

x. t-.v.jxj /:•'

: : : : i.J: ‘Sgi-g'

FUNGICIDES

’>;• •>>' •-:< '•£.

< :::• .->> ?>*

Xvv. . •.:• •• : ; v.

• ; : ' •• . ;

VELSICOL MEMMI

.B-EC MERCURIC

FUNGICIDE

Controls brown patch, dollar spot, copper spot, melting

out (Helminthosporlum), gray leaf spot of St. Augustine

Grass, and cottony blight (Pythium) or Rye grass. An

emulsifiable concentrate that mixes fast, does not need

constantagitation.and leaves no sediment in spray tanks.

FERBAM

Fungicide used in control of scab and cedar apple rust

and as a protective fungicide for other crops. Also used

to control blue mold in tobacco plant beds.

ZIRAM

Fungicide used extensively on vegetables and on some

fruit crops. Best used as a preventive treatment.

VELSICOL® 2-1

Turf fungicide used to control brown patch, dollar spot,

snow mold and other turf diseases.

PMA

An organic foliage fungicide also used for post emer-

gence crabgrass control, seed treatment, and turf disease

control.

VELSICOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION/341 E. Ohio St., Chicago, III. 60611

VELSICOL INTER NATIONAL COBP., C.A./P. O. Box 1687, Nassau, Bahamas,

VELSICOL CORPORATION OF CANADA, LIMITED /2 Carlton SI., Suite 1018, Toronto 2, Canada

VELSICOL INTERNACIDNAL DE MEXICO S.A. DE C.V./ Morelos No. 110-Desp. 209, Mexico 6, D.F.

FERRIC 27

A NEW AND IMPROVED IRON

FOR AGRICULTURE

Free flowing — granular — for easy applica-

tion by airplane or ground applicators.

MOUNTAIN Ferric 27 contains 27% Iron

expressed as metallic from Ferric Sulphate

and Ferric Oxide. Iron deficiencies in rice

and other crops are being recognized as a

limiting factor to maximum production.

Mountain Ferric 27 has been proved ef-

fective.

Samples for testing available upon request.

THE MOUNTAIN COOPER CO., LTD.

100 Mococo Road, Martinez, Calif.

A Service for the Field

Testing & Evaluation

Agricultural Chemicals

Under Western Conditions

Entomology

Chemistry

Floriculture

Engineering

Plant Pathology

Trojan Laboratories

Box 420

Montebello, California

Vll

DELNAV*

(dioxathion)

TOXAPHENE

(chlorinated camphene, 67-69% Cl)

...proved toxicants from Hercules

SV65-1 ® HERCULES TRADEMARK

Specify toxicants with proved

effectiveness. Write for

technical information and recommendations

POWDER COMPANY

120 Montgomery Street

San Francisco, California 94104

AMD BETTER 0 U AL ITfv'N IAGARA— FO R.M ORE TJslAN A

' VOUR PARTitefMN ASR^^|jR/ifi

■ • ' - ’ " ' '' ‘

CHEMICAL PROGRESS.

Putting Ideas to Work

NIAGARA CHEMICAL DIVISION

ANAHEIM • FRESNO • RICHMOND • YAKIMA

Home Office: MIDDLEPORT, NEW YORK

Recognize

this mark?

Ctiemagra,

CHEMAGRO

CORPORATION

KANSAS CITY 20 • MISSOURI

It is the Chemagro Corporation trademark.

You see it on all chemical products

manufactured by Chemagro. More often,

it is called the Chemagro bullseye.

The blue bullseye is well known throughout

all areas of agriculture. Insecticides, pesticides

. and defoliants identified by it result from

years of continuous research.

Currently we have fourteen products marked

with the familiar bullseye. Soon there will'

, be more. Watch for them. They will be

easily identified by the blue bullseye.

You will be able to rely on our new

products as completely as you do our

present ones. Because they, too, will

come from sound, basic research.

CHEMAGRO

CORPORATION

KANSAS CITY 20 • MISSOURI

Plagued by mites who seem to thrive on phosphate? Get akamite®,

effective, approved miticide. Tests in the field for the past twelve

years prove ARAMITE kills a wide variety of mites, including those who

resist phosphate, and not one has developed a resistance to aramite.

Applied as a wet spray or dust, ARAMITE has a long residual. It kills

both nymph and adult mites on cotton, ornamentals, fruit and shade

trees. Approved by the U.S.D.A. for mite control of cotton, aramite

is safe to use and does not harm bees or other beneficial insects. For

effective, economical mite control, order aramite from your local

supplier.

NAUGATUCK CHEMICAL DIVISION

United States Rubber

Dept. 9141 AR Elm Street Naugatuck, Connecticut

DISTRICT OFFICES: Akron • Boston • Portland • San Francisco • Chicago • Detroit

Gastonia • Los Angeles • Dallas • New Brunswick, N.J. • Dominion Rubber Company,

Ltd., Montreal • CABLE: Rubexport, N.Y.

INSECT PINS

$4./ M — (1 0 Packages)

PROMPT DELIVERY

CLAIR ARMIN

417 PALM AVE.

LOWEST PRICES IN U.S. REEDLEY, CALIF.

COMMERCIAL AND RESEARCH

ENTOMOLOGISTS

Obtain more accurate population counts

with a light-weight motor-fan unit

which sucks insects into nets

D-VAC

MOTOR-FAN VACUUM INSECT NETS

BACK-PACKS AND HAND MODELS

—i also -

BENEFICIAL INSECTS

INSECTORY GROWN AND FIELD COLLECTED

Trichogramma sp. and Green Lacewings

Write for Brochures

D-VAC CO.

P. O. BOX 20295

RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA

Xll

(1) New Microprojector XIc (2) Ortholux Microscope with Orthomat Automatic Micro-camera (3) Prado Microprojeclor (4) Micro-

manipulator (5) Base Sledge Microtome (6) SM Microscope (7) Dialux-pol Large Polarizing Microscope (S) Panphot Large Camera

Microscope (9) Inverted Microscope (10) Aristophot Universal Photomicrographic and Macrophotographic Camera (11) Interference

Microscope (12) Large Minot Rotary Microtome type 1212 (13) Labolux Microscope (14) Ortholux Microscope with Heating Stage

LEITZ INSTRUMENTS FOR BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

These are basic tools designed to assist in every area where

research takes you. Biologists will find a precision Leitz

instrument that exactly fits their requirements.

Every Leitz microscope, from the Universal Research

Ortholux to the SM-f, is available equipped for practically

limitless applications. Whether you require only bright-field

viewing or fluorescent and phase contrast methods, you

will find that all Leitz stands can be fitted to handle each

technique easily.

Leitz laboratory instrumentation permits research in depth:

-A superb micromanipulator with motion reduction to

1:1/800. -Several microtomes are available for the flaw-

less preparation of microsections for applications in elec-

tron, phase contrast, research, and routine microscopy.

-Heating and cooling stages for high- and low-temperature

thermal observations. -The ultimate in microprojection

for teaching and conference purposes. -A complete range

of photomicrographic cameras— including the exclusive,

automatic Orthomat.

These are but a few examples from the complete line of

Leitz scientific instruments. Write for complete descriptive

information of the individual instrument which you require.

54164

Xlll

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL

SOCIETY.

Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Yol. 2 (numbers 1—9, 131

pages) . 1921-1930. Price $2.50 per volume.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vol. 1 (1924) to present. Price $6.00 per volume of 4 numbers, or

$1.50 per single issue.

MEMOIR SERIES.

Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. A 320-page book which

summarizes the knowledge of the Anoplura of the world. Published

October 1951. Price $6.00.

Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family T etranychidae by A. Earl

Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. This worldwide treatment deals

with the systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red

Spiders” and includes descriptions of 33 new species. 472 pages.

Published July 1955. Price $10.00.

Send orders to:

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

c/o California Academy of Sciences

Golden Gate Park

San Francisco, California 94118

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including

articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history, and

distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and may be charged to the author.

Papers are published in approximately the order that they are received. Immediate publi-

cation may be arranged after acceptance by paying publication costs. Papers of less than

a printed page may be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the

Editor , Howell V. Daly, 112 Agriculture Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California

94720.

Typing. — All parts of manuscripts must be typed on bond paper with double-spacing and

ample margins. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 8% X 11 inches are not