VoL 42 JANUARY 1966 No. 1

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

LINSLEY, RICK, AND STEPHENS — Observations on the floral relationships

of the Galapagos carpenter bee 1

JAYCOX — Observations on Dioxys productus productus (Cresson) as a

parasite of Anthidium utahense Swenk 18

SMITH AND KNOWLTON — The genus Aspidaphium Bdmer 20

STROHECKER — New Timema from Nevada and Arizona 25

O’BRIEN AND O’BRIEN — Observations on territoriality and a new nesting

substrate of Xylocopa californica arizonensis Cresson 27

HOY AND DALY — Premature eversion of the ovipositor in a pupa of

Tribolium confusum Duval 29

GRIGARICK AND SCHUSTER — A new genus of the tribe Euplectini in

California 31

HUCKETT — Two new flies from California 33

CHEMSAK AND POWELL — Studies on the bionomics of Tragidion armatum

LeConte 36

ROOT — The avian response to a population outbreak of the tent caterpillar,

Malacosoma constrictum (Stretch) 48

MCPHERSON — Notes on the laboratory rearing of Notonecta hoffmanni 54

BUCKETT — The mantid Stagmomantis limbata (Hahn) in California 57

SCHUSTER — Description of immature stages of three California species of

phytoseiids including notes on their biology 58

BUTLER AND THORP — Correction 53

RECENT LITERATURE 24

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 66

PROCEEDINGS, PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 67

ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION AND BYLAWS, PACIFIC COAST

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 74

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1966

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. 42 January 1966 No. 1

Observations on the Floral Relationships of the

Galapagos Carpenter Bee^

(Hymenoptera : Apidae)

E. G. Linsley, C. M. Rick, and S. G. Stephens^

The Galapagos carpenter bee, Xylocopa darwini Cockerell, was not

named and characterized until 1926, although its presence in the archi-

pelago was reported as early as 1887 by Frederick Smith under an-

other name. The status of the species has been discussed by Hurd

(1958b) and its recorded distribution in the islands summarized by

Hurd (1958b) and Linsley (1966). Nothing was known of its floral

relationships until Rick (1963) reported sporadic visits to the Gala-

pagos tomato, Lycopersicum pimpinelli folium, and more intense activity

about plants of the genera Piscidia, Momordica, and Cryptocarpus.

Subsequently, in the course of a study of some plant— animal relation-

ships in the Galapagos, he has recorded X. danvini as a pollen vector

of Castela galapageia, Cardiospermum galapageium, Opuntia echios,

Cordia lutea, Periloba galapagensis, Justicia galapagana, Scalesia af-

finis, and S. helleri (Rick, 1966), all but one of these being endemic.

Up to the present time, honeybees are not established in the Gala-

pagos, attempts to introduce them having failed — presumably as a re-

sult of predation by mockingbirds. Only one species of bee, Xylocopa

darwini, has been formally reported from the islands, although from

local residents we heard reports of the so-called “dwarf bee of Floreana.”

We did not encounter it in any of our transects of that island made

during February, and tentatively concluded that if there is indeed an-

other species of bee on Floreana, it must be rare, or localized, or active

at some other season.

In any event, the Galapagos carpenter bee, Xylocopa darwini

Cockerell, is undoubtedly the principal pollen vector associated with

plants of the Galapagos flora. Both males and females transport sig-

nificant amounts of pollen on their body hairs as they move from

^ Contribution No. 29 from the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands.

-University of California, Berkeley; University of California, Davis; and North Carolina State Uni-

versity, respectively.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 1-18. January 1966

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

flower to flower in search of the nectar required to sustain them in

their adult life, and the females systematically collect and store pollen

for the immature stages of the next generation. Insect competitors for

pollen are few — mainly beetles. Competitors for nectar, though more

numerous, are limited largely to a few species of butterflies, moths,

wasps, and flies (Linsley, 1966) .

Origin of the Galapagos Carpenter Bee

Little may be said with confidence about the origin of the Galapagos

carpenter bee beyond the fact that it belongs to the exclusively New

World subgenus, Neoxylocopa, a very large group, the systematics of

which are poorly understood (Hurd and Moure, 1963). However,

when the relationships of its meloid parasite of the genus Cissites have

been determined, they may shed some light on this problem, since its

habits are such as to make it extremely unlikely that it arrived in the

archipelago independently of its host.

Hurd and Moure (1963) have commented that “although a number

of the Pacific oceanic island groups seem to offer suitable environ-

mental conditions for occupancy by at least certain species of the genus

Xylocopa, relatively few have been successfully invaded. In the eastern

Pacific only two, the Galapagos Islands, situated on the equator, 650

miles west of the Ecuadorean coast, and the Revillagigedo Islands,

located between 400 and 600 miles off the western Mexican coast near

18° N. and 112° W., have been occupied. In both of these archipelagos

the genus is represented by a single species. Interestingly, these species,

as well as the Hawaiian and Marianas islands adventive, belong to the

chiefly Neotropical subgenus Neoxylocopa. All three species appear to

have established themselves within historic times, though very possibly

Xylocopa darwini Cockerell of the Galapagos Islands may have become

adventive much earlier (Hurd, 1958b :250, 251). It is curious that no

species of other New World subgenera of the genus Xylocopa are known

from any of the islands of the eastern Pacific, including the continental

islands.”

Perkins (1899), who first studied the habits of the Hawaiian carpen-

ter bee in any detail, believed it to have been imported by man in lum-

ber, but at the same time he pointed out that its habits are such as

might have enabled it to reach the islands by natural immigration, for

it is particularly fond of breeding in dead logs on the seabeaches, es-

pecially in the very light, dry logs of Erythrina.

While all agree that the Hawaiian carpenter bee is adventive, having

been identified with an American bee currently known as Xylocopa

January 1966] linsley, rick & Stephens — galapagos bee 3

hrasilianorum sonorina Smith (see Hurd, 1958b for references), it

should be pointed out that the Galapagos carpenter bee, X. darwini

Cockerell, and the Revillagigedo carpenter bee, X. clarionensis Hurd,

have not yet been identified with mainland species or subspecies. Our

field studies, although preliminary and incomplete, suggest that the

Galapagos carpenter bee may have been in the archipelago for a rela-

tively long time, although not so long as the older elements of the

endemic flora (see below).

Basic Ecological Requirements of the Carpenter Bee

The Galapagos carpenter bee, like its relatives elsewhere, has three

basic requirements which must be met in order to sustain the popula-

tion, regardless of how otherwise favorable or hostile the physical and

biotic environment in which it lives may be. These are (1) a source

of food (principally nectar) to sustain the adults during the active

period of their lives, (2) a suitable substrate (wood) in which to con-

struct the burrows and cells in which the young develop, and (3) a

source of food (pollen and nectar) which can be stored for the larvae,

since the larvae cannot forage for themselves. The habits of carpenter

bees in general have been summarized by Malyshev (1931), Hurd

(1958a) and Hurd and Moure (1963).

Although our principal concern in this report is with those activities

of carpenter bees involved in attempts to meet the first and third of

these requirements, it should be mentioned that on most of the islands

where carpenter bees were observed, availability of suitable nesting

substrate did not appear to be a limiting factor. There was an abun-

dance of dead wood, both standing and fallen, especially Bursera

graveolens and Croton scouleri which are commonly used for nesting.

Williams (1926) reported that Galapagos carpenter bees were using

these same species for nesting in 1905-1906, along with Hibiscus

tiliaceus, but he emphasized especially their use of the very soft wood

of Erythrina velutina. We found carpenter bees nesting in all of these

plants, as well as in Scalesia affinis, Castela galapageia, and Maytenus

ohovata. However, we did not find them utilizing agave, as reported

by Garth (1933). As generally reported for other carpenter bees, their

nest burrows run with the grain and thus are vertical in standing dead

wood, horizontal in fallen logs and branches.

Flower-Visiting Habits of the Galapagos Carpenter Bee

The Galapagos carpenter bee as a species is polylectic and visits a

wide variety of plants in search of pollen as well as nectar (60 of these

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

plant species, representing 28 plant families, are enumerated in Table

4) . However, at various times of day, depending upon availability of

pollen or nectar, individual bees may concentrate their activity on a

single species of plant. For example, on Santa Cruz Island during Jan-

uary and February 1964, a favored early morning nectar source in the

lowland areas near the beach was Hibiscus tiliaceus (Malvaceae), a

flowering shrub or tree which, at least in the vicinity of Academy Bay,

does not appear to produce pollen. Along the trails to the highlands, in

the arid and transition zones, a favored early morning nectar source

was Boerhaavia scandens (Nyctaginaceae) , a weedy species with clus-

ters of small flowers. This plant has long, slender, tough peduncles

which bend under the weight of the bee, so as to invert the flowers, but

do not break. The bees work each flower in a cluster, flying from one

to another quickly and alighting on the next flower before the stem,

which springs back when relieved momentarily of the weight of the bee,

is fully erect. Although the bees appear to be attracted to this plant

primarily for nectar, captured individuals frequently had small amounts

of pollen packed into the hairs of the posterior basitarsi. Growing

near patches of Boerhaavia, scattered plants of Bacopa moniera

(Scrophulariaceae) were often visited for nectar at the same time. Bee

samples from this plant had no pollen on the basitarsi. On several oc-

casions it was noted that bees taking nectar from Bacopa were constant

to it, those taking nectar from Boerhaavia constant to it. None were

seen to switch plants, but they undoubtedly do so on occasion. How-

ever, the most abundant flowering plant along the trail, Portulaca

oleracea, also a weedy species, did not appear to be visited by bees in

spite of the yellow flowers. Boerhaavia flowers are pink to our vision,

Bacopa flowers, white; they must also appear different to the bees in

order to permit the flower constancy observed in mixed populations.

As the day progresses other sources of nectar are utilized — as would

be expected — and this sequence will not be detailed here since no doubt

it varies from season to season and certainly differs from place to place

(e.g., Santa Cruz vs. Floreana Islands) . However, two special situa-

tions may be mentioned. The shrub Clerodendron molle has white

flowers with a deep, narrow corolla tube, four long exposed stamens,

and a stigma of about equal length, characteristics usually associated

with moth-pollinated plants. In order to extract nectar from this plant,

the carpenter bees alight on the flowers, curving the stamens and stigma

beneath and forward by means of the abdomen, bite the corolla tube

and insert the tongue, which is then pushed forward making a fine

longitudinal slit to the base of the tube where the nectar is available.

January 1966] linsley, rick & Stephens — galapagos bee

Table 1. Sample of Xylocopa darwini females working Geoffroea

striata, 8:20 a.m., Floreana Island, 17 February 1964, elevation 150

meters.

Wings

Intact

Wings with

Tips Slightly

Worn

Wings

Frayed

Totals

Collecting pollen

(pollen on legs)

Taking nectar

(pollen on venter only)

—

Totals

The whole process is so rapid that it is difficult to observe in detail.

Although carpenter bees were seen at Clerodendron at various times

of day, only once was it convenient to observe the change from bees to

moths at the end of the day. Over a 2-hour period beginning at 5 p.m.

(on an overcast day), observations were made of insect activity about

two large plants in full bloom. At 5 p.m., five female carpenter bees

were taking nectar; at 5:20 p.m., four; at 5:40 p.m., two; at 5:52 p.m.,

only one; and the latest individual left at 5:56 p.m. By 6 p.m. geo-

metrid and noctuid moths were visiting the flowers (the sun set at

6:05), by 6:20 sphinx moths were active, by 6:30 it was too dark to

see insect activity without a light. At 7 p.m. when observations were

terminated moth activity was fairly intense, although it could not be

determined whether they were successfully extracting nectar from

flowers already visited by carpenter bees. In this instance bee activity

terminated abruptly just before sunset — perhaps because the sky was

obscured by overcast — and then the moths took over. In other situa-

tions, carpenter bees were seen in flight after sunset but there was no

opportunity to determine whether or not they are active on warm, clear,

moonlight nights as has been reported for some other species. Although

both sexes of carpenter bees visit Clerodendron for nectar, males do so

primarily near midday, when they are extremely active, and they could

not be approached closely enough to see whether they slit flowers in

the manner of the female or visited flowers which had already been

slit. However, at Tortuga Bay, where the endemic Periloba galapagensis,

which also has a deep, tubular corolla, was under observation, both

sexes visited the flowers and males were seen puncturing the corolla

(Rick, 1966; also, see Fig. 1).

Intensity of pollen-collecting activity about plants which produce

pollen acceptable to Xylocopa not only varied, as would be expected.

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1. Upper: Xylocopa darwini Cockerell, female (left), male (right), approxi-

mately twice natural size. Lower: Male X. darwini puncturing corolla of Periloha

galapagensis in order to gain access to nectar, Tortuga Bay, Santa Cruz Island

(C. M. Rick).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 42, NO. 1

January 1966] linsley, rick & Stephens — galapagos bee

Table 2. Sample of Xylocopa darwini females working Sida panicu-

lata, 9:00 a.m., Floreana Island, 17 February 1964, elevation 210 meters.

Wings

Intact

Wings with

Tips Slightly

Worn

Wings

Frayed

Totals

Collecting pollen

(small amount on legs)

Taking nectar

(pollen on venter only)

—

Totals

in relation to the time of day when fresh pollen is presented (for exam-

ple, Sida angustifolia and Sida rhombifolia (Fig. 2) grow intermixed,

but one opens at 7:30 or 8:00 a.m., the other not until midmorning or

later; the bees respond accordingly), but also to some extent according

to the age and possibly the experience of the bee. For example, of a

morning sample of 24 females taken from Geoffroea striata at 8:20

a.m. on Floreana Island, 15 were collecting pollen and only six of these

were presumably recently emerged (wing tips intact; mandibles un-

worn, etc.), a number about equal to the recently emerged bees taking

nectar only (Table 1). On the other hand, at 9:00 a.m., of a sample

of 22 females taken from Sida paniculata, 16 were presumably recently

emerged, and only six in various age categories were gathering pollen

(Table 2). A sample from Prosopis dulcis, taken in the late afternoon

when one would expect pollen collecting to he tapering off and nectar-

taking activity high, yielded results similar to those from Geoffroea

(Table 3) .

Table 3. Sample of Xylocopa darwini (both sexes) from Prosopis

dulcis, 4:00-5:00 p.m., Floreana Island, 17 February 1964, elevation 50

meters.

Wings

Intact

Wings with

Tips Slightly

Worn

Wings

Frayed

Totals

$ $ taking nectar

(pollen on venter)

$ 2 collecting pollen

(loads smaller than in a.m.)

$ 2 taking nectar

(pollen on venter only)

—

Totals

■tl *

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 42, NO. 1

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 2. Two views of a female Xylocopa darwini gathering pollen from Sida

rhombifolia, Bella Vista, Santa Cruz Island (D. Q. Cavagnero).

January 1966] linsley, rick & Stephens — galapagos bee

Among the vine-type legumes, two pollen sources actively worked in

the latter part of the morning in the Transition Zone of Santa Cruz

are Galactea jussiana var. voluhilis and Rhynchosia minima. The

former is pink-flowered and climhs over lava and bushes but the flowers

are hidden below and must be searched out below. They are small

(about 15 mm long) but they hang from well-supported peduncles

which hold the weight of the bee easily. The latter is yellow-flowered

and also grows over bushes but the flowers are exposed from above,

and although even smaller than those of Galactea they are quite con-

spicuous, being arranged in series. When visited by the carpenter bee

the stem usually bends to the underlying foliage to support the bee.

Bees working Galactea had large pollen loads, those at Rhynchosia quite

small loads. The bees visiting these and other low-growing plants fly

and forage close to the ground far below the forest canopy. This is in

marked contrast to their activity around large trees and about such

tree legumes as Geojfroea jussiana and Prosopis dulcis, which they

approach and leave near treetop level, and are consequently difficult

both to observe closely and to capture. Nevertheless, on Floreana, low-

growing Geojfroea and Prosopis yielded good samples (Tables 1, 3).

When visiting Passiflora foetida for nectar, which the Galapagos

carpenter bee does early in the morning [unlike the Hawaiian carpenter

bee which visits the passion fruit, Passiflora edulis f. flaviearpa^ in the

afternoon when the flowers begin to open at about 1 p.m. (Nishida,

1963)], the dorsum becomes heavily dusted with pollen, a fact which

may be recognized at a distance of several yards. The same is true of

bees which visit flowers of the tree cactus, Opuntia echios, as they bur-

row into the flower among the anthers. When visiting Jiistieia galapa-

gana, the bees alighting on the flowers brush the stamens with the head

and thus carry considerable pollen from each flower (Fig. 3). As they

elevate the legs to brush pollen on them, the head touches the stigma.

With regard to the native Galapagos cotton {Gossypium harbadense

var. darwinii) , the role of the carpenter bee in pollination is not well

understood. However, recently acquired information concerning

nectaries of the latter hints as to its pollination relations (Stephens,

unpublished) . Observations in the field and on cultures grown from

seeds collected in the wild reveal that nectaries (extrafloral, as well as

foliar) may vary from near absence to a degree of development ap-

proximating that in cultivated G. harbadense. This entire range in

nectary development has been found in populations on San Cristobal

and Floreana. Reduced nectaries also characterize G. tomentosum

endemic to Hawaii (Stephens, 1964) and forms of G. hirsutum on

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42 , NO. 1

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 3. Upper: Female Xylocopa darwini approaching flower of Justicia gala-

pagana with pollen on the head. Lower: Female visiting Justicia flower, bending

it downward and touching stamens and stigma with head (G. M. Rick).

January 1966] linsley, rick & Stephens — galapagos bee

Table 4. Summary of flower records for Xylocopa darwini, 20 Jan-

uary-28 February 1964.

Family

Species

Sites

Nature of

Visits

Level of

Activity

Cannaceae

Canna sp.

Santa Cruz Is.: Forest

Zone above Acad-

emy Bay

Not determined

Moderate

Nyctagi-

Boerhaavia

Santa Cruz Is.: Arid,

Mainly nectar.

Intense;

naceae

scandens

Transition Zones

above Academy Bay

some pollen

bees very

numerous

Mirabilis

jalapa

Santa Cruz Is. : Acad-

emy Bay

Nectar, pollen

Moderate

Portulaca-

ceae

Portulaca

oleracea

Santa Cruz Is.: Acad,

emy Bay to Tran-

sition Zone

Not determined

Very low

Laura-

Persea

Santa Cruz Is.: Forest

Pollen (?),

Moderate

ceae

gratissima

Zone above Bella

Vista

nectar

Cruciferae

Brassica

campestris

Floreana Is. : Moist

Forest nr. Saddle

Point

Nectar, pollen

Low

Legumi-

Acacia

Santa Cruz Is. : Acad-

Pollen, nectar

Low to

nosae

macracantha

emy Bay, Arid Zone

Floreana Is. : Black

Beach to Saddle

Point

Pollen, nectar

moderate

Moderate to

intense

A cacia

tortuosa

Santa Cruz Is. : Acad-

emy Bay

Pollen, nectar

Moderate

Cassia occi-

dentalis

Santa Cruz Is. : Tran-

sition Zone above

Academy Bay

Not determined

Low at mid-

morning

Crotolaria

setifera

Santa Cruz Is.: Tran-

sition Zone above

Academy Bay

Not determined

Low

Galactea

jussiana

Santa Cruz Is. : Tran-

sition Zone above

Academy Bay

Pollen, nectar

Moderate to

intense

Geoff roea

striata

Floreana Is.: 100-200

m above Black

Beach

Pollen, nectar

Intense ;

bees very

numerous

Inga edulis

Santa Cruz Is.: Forest

Zone above Bella

Vista

Floreana Is. : Moist

Forest nr. Saddle

Point

Pollen, nectar

Intense

Parkinsonia

aculeata

Santa Cruz Is. : Acad-

emy Bay

Pollen, nectar

Moderate

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 42, NO. 1

Table 4. Continued.

Nature of

Level of

F amily

Species

Sites Visits

Activity

Floreana Is. : Black Pollen, nectar

Moderate

Beaclr

Espanola Is.: East end Not determined

Low

Legumi-

Prosopis

Santa Cruz Is. : Acad- Pollen, nectar

Moderate

nosae

dulcis

emy Bay

Floreana Is. : Black Pollen, nectar

Intense;

Beach

bees very

numerous

Rhynchosia

Santa Cruz Is. : Tran- Pollen, nectar

Intense

minima

sition Zone above

Academy Bay

Zygophyl-

T rib ulus

Santa Cruz Is. : Acad- Not determined

Low

laceae

cistoides

emy Bay

Simaru-

Castela

Santa Cruz Is. : Acad- Pollen, nectar

Intense

baceae

galapageia

emy Bay; Arid Zone

to 300 m.

Bui'sera-

Bur sera

Santa Cruz Is. : Acad- Pollen, nectar

Moderate to

ceae

graveolans

emy Bay to Transi-

tion Zone

intense

Floreana Is. : Black Pollen, nectar

Moderate

Beach

Sapinda-

Cardiospermum

Santa Cruz Is.: Acad- Pollen, nectar

Moderate

ceae

galapageum

emy Bay

Malvaceae

Abutilon

Santa Cruz Is. : Tran- Pollen, nectar

Moderate

depauperatum

sition Zone above

Academy Bay

Bastardia

Santa Cruz Is. : Arid Pollen, nectar

Moderate

viscosa

Zone nr. Academy

Bay

Gossypium bar-

Isabela Is. : Tagus Nectar

Low

badense var.

darwinii

Cove

Hibiscus

Santa Cruz Is.: Forest Nectar

Moderate

manihot

Zone above Bella

Vista

Hibiscus

Santa Cruz Is.: Acad- Nectar

Intense

tiliaceus

emy Bay

Malvastrum coro-

Santa Cruz Is. : Tran- Pollen, nectar

Moderate

mandelianum

sition Zone above

Academy Bay

Sida acuta

Santa Cruz Is. : Tran- Pollen, nectar

Moderate to

sition Zone above

Academy Bay

intense

Sida angustifolia

Santa Cruz Is. : Tran- Pollen, nectar

Moderate to

sition Zone above

intense

January 1966] linsley, rick & Stephens — galapagos bee 13

Table 4. Continued.

Nature of

Level of

F amily

Species

Sites

Visits

Activity

Academy Bay

Floreana Is. : 200-300

Pollen, nectar

Moderate

m above Black

Beach

Malvaceae

Sida paniculata

Floreana Is.: 200-290

Pollen, nectar

Intense;

m above Black

bees very

Beach

numerous

Sida

Floreana Is. : 200-300

Pollen, nectar

Moderate

rhomhifolia

m above Black

Beach

Sterculi-

W altheria

Santa Cruz Is. : Arid

Nectar

Moderate

aceae

reticulata

Zone above Acad-

emy Bay

Passiflora-

Passiflora

Santa Cruz Is.: Vicin-

Pollen, nectar

Intense

ceae

foetida

ity of Academy Bay

Loasaceae

Mentzelia

Santa Cruz Is.: Arid

Pollen, nectar

Moderate

aspera

Zone nr. Academy

Bay

Cactaceae

Opuntia

Santa Cruz Is.: Acad-

Pollen, nectar

Moderate

echios

emy Bay to Transi-

tion Zone

Opuntia

San Cristobal Is.

megasperma

Myrtaceae

Psidium

Floreana Is. : Moist

Pollen, nectar

Intense

guayava

Forest nr. Saddle

Point

San Cristobal Is.

Melasto-

Miconia rob-

Santa Cruz Is.; Upper

Nectar

Moderate

maceae

insoniana

Zone between Bella

Vista and Cerro

Camote

Apocyna-

V allesia

Santa Cruz Is. : Acad-

Not determined

Low

ceae

glabra

emy Bay nr. beach

Convolvu-

Ipomoea

Santa Cruz Is. : Acad-

Nectar

Low

laceae

pes-caprae

emy Bay, sandy

beach

Boragina-

Cordia lutea

Santa Cruz Is. : Acad-

Nectar (?)

Very low

ceae

emy Bay and

vicinity

Verbe-

Clerodendron

Santa Cruz Is.; Acad-

Nectar

Moderate to

naceae

molle

emy Bay to Upper

Transition Zone

intense

Lantana pedun-

Santa Cruz Is.: Acad-

Nectar

Moderate

cularis

emy Bay

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 42, NO. 1

Table 4. Continued.

Family

Species

Sites

Nature of

Visits

Level of

Activity

Verbe-

naceae

Stachytarpheta

cayannensis

Floreana Is. : Edge of

Moist Forest nr.

Saddle Point

Nectar

Moderate

Nolana-

ceae

Periloba

galapagensis

Santa Cruz Is. : Tor-

tuga Bay, beach

Pollen, nectar

Intense

Solanaceae Physalis

pubescens

Santa Cruz Is. : Acad-

emy Bay

Nectar

Low

Scrophu-

lari-

aceae

Bacopa

monniera

Santa Cruz Is. : Upper

Arid and Transition

Zones above Acad-

emy Bay

Nectar

Moderate

Acantha-

ceae

Justicia

galapagana

Santa Cruz Is. : Tran-

sition and Forest

Zone nr. Bella Vista

Pollen, nectar

Intense

T etramerium

hispidium

Santa Cruz Is. : Vicin-

ity of Academy Bay

Not determined

Low

Rubiaceae

Chiococca

alba

Santa Cruz Is.: Vicin-

ity of Academy Bay

Nectar

Low

Coffea

arabica

Santa Cruz Is.: Forest

Zone above Bella

Vista

Nectar

Moderate

Psychotria

rufipes

Santa Cruz Is.: Forest

Zone above Bella

Vista

Pollen, nectar

Intense

Cucurbi-

taceae

Cucurbita pepo

Santa Cruz Is.: Forest

Zone above Bella

Vista

Pollen, nectar

Moderate

Momordica

indica

Santa Cruz Is. : Tran-

sition Zone above

Academy Bay

Nectar

Low

Goodeni-

aceae

Scaevola

plumieri

Floreana Is. : Black

Beach

Nectar

Low

Compos-

itae

Bidens pilosa

Floreana Is. : Edge of

Moist Forest nr.

Saddle Point

Nectar

Low

Macraea

laricifolia

Floreana Is. : 100 m

above Black Beach

Nectar

Low

Scalesia

affinis

Santa Cruz Is. : Upper

Arid Zone above

Academy Bay

Floreana Is. : Vicinity

of Black Beach

Pollen, nectar

Moderate to

intense

Low to

moderate

Scalesia sp.

Santa Cruz Is. : Dar-

"win Research Sta-

tion; Puerto Nunez

Pollen, nectar

Low to

moderate

January 1966] linsley, rick & Stephens — galapagos bee 15

Table 4. Continued.

Family

Species

Sites

Nature of

Visits

Level of

Activity

Compos-

Scalesia

Santa Cruz Is. : Tor-

Pollen, nectar

Low to

itae

helleri

tuga Bay

Santa Fe Is. ; Cliffs

above Barrington

Cove

Pollen, nectar

moderate

Low

Scalesia

pedunculata

Floreana Is.: Forest

Zone nr. Saddle

Point

Santa Cruz Is.: For-

est Zone above

Bella Vista

Pollen, nectar

Low to

moderate

Low to

moderate

various Pacific islands. Although the significance of these observations

is not entirely clear, they suggest evolutionary stages in the elimination

of nectaries. In such insular habitats a deficiency or lack of insect

pollinators might possibly have resulted in reduced selection pressure

to retain nectaries.

Possible Role of the Carpenter Bee in the

Establishment and Evolution of the Galapagos Flora

At the present time, the Galapagos carpenter bee occurs on all major

islands in the archipelago and in all vegetational zones from littoral to

the Miconia forest, visiting small flowers and large, weedy adventives

and endemics, plants which present their pollen or nectar at sunrise,

others which have food available at sunset.

However, since the bees require nectar for their own sustenance,

nectar and pollen for their young, and wood in which to nest, they

could not have been permanently established in the Galapagos until

woody plants were present which either produced sufficient nectar and

pollen to sustain the species, or were growing among flowering plants

that did. In the case of butterflies and hawkmoths, both an abundance

of nectar and appropriate larval food plants would have been a pre-

requisite to establishment, thereby demanding a more diverse flora

than necessarily would have been required by the carpenter bee, and

taxonomic evidence suggests that they are more recent arrivals (Linsley,

1966).

Rick (1966) made pollination tests on 18 native species of flowering

plants in the vicinity of Academy Bay, Santa Cruz Island. He con-

sidered results with four of these species to be inconclusive, but flowers

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 42, NO. 1

of 13 proved capable of automatic self-pollination and the remaining

species was demonstrated to be self-compatible but apparently not auto-

matically selfed. Although this sample was small, the absence of any

evidence for self-incompatibility and the lack of dependence on insect vis-

its contrast with general pollination relations known of other species in

the tested families. This is consistent with the principle expressed by

Baker (1955) relative to self-compatibility and establishment after long-

distance dispersal. Flowers of nine of the tested species were visited by

the only species of bee known to be native, Xylocopa darwini; birds

and possibly flies and moths accounted for the pollination of two; he

found no pollinators for the remainder. Many of these are woody plants

suitable for carpenter bee nesting and they produce nectar and/or pol-

len acceptable to the bees. However, most are small-flowered or drab.

Not being dependent upon cross-pollination, their flowers have not

been selected for the attraction of insects. We take this as evidence

that they preceded the bees on the islands.

On the other hand, the abundance of weedy plants and other adven-

tives suggests that they were established wth ease, and their general

attractiveness to the carpenter bees indicates that the bees may have

helped materially or accelerated the process of establishment (butter-

flies and hawkmoths have probably helped to some extent also). This

obviously applies to those plants requiring cross-pollination among

species deliberately introduced by man, including various agricultural

crops, since honeybees are absent.

It is of interest in this connection to compare the proportion of

endemic species among the plants in the observed list of plants visited

by X. darwini (27 per cent of those in Table 4) with that in the Gala-

pagos flora as a whole (41 per eent of the species listed by Stewart,

1911). A test of significance applied to the deviations from values

expected from a 2 X 2 contingency table of these two sets of data

yields a of 4.08 with a probability of 0.02 to 0.05 that such a devia-

tion could result solely from random distribution. Since the regions

sampled were exceptionally rich in endemic species, the difference can-

not be attributed to a bias of sampling against endemics. In our esti-

mation, it most likely reflects a preference of the bees for the non-

endemic plant species.

We tentatively conclude, therefore, that the Galapagos carpenter bee

probably played a greater role in the establishment of immigrant plant

species than of ancestors of the older endemic species and that evolution

among at least some of the endemic elements could have taken place

without the aid of the carpenter bee. More definite conclusions must

January 1966] linsley, rick & Stephens — galapagos bee

await more definitive information on the taxonomic status of the Gala-

pagos carpenter bee and data indicating to what extent immigrant ele-

ments in the Galapagos flora are actually dependent upon insects for

cross-pollination.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their appreciation to the University of

California and the National Science Foundation (through grant GE-

2370) for the opportunity to participate in the Galapagos International

Scientific Project (during January and February 1964). We are also

indebted to the Charles Darwin Foundation for assistance in the field,

as well as to various colleagues on the project for aid in various ways,

especially Ira Wiggins of Stanford University, who not only made or

confirmed most of the plant identifications but also noted a number

of important observations on carpenter bee-plant relationships. Her-

bert F. Baker, Director, Botanical Garden, and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., au-

thority on carpenter bees, both of the University of California, Berkeley,

lent much encouragement to us in relation to this and related projects.

Finally, we acknowledge the assistance of Mr. David Q. Cavagnero who

kindly provided us with photographs of the carpenter bee visiting Sida.

Literature Cited

Baker, H. F. 1955. Self-compatibility and establishment after long distance dis-

persal. Evolution, 9: 347-349.

Cockerell, T. D. A. 1926. Descriptions and records of bees — CXI. Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist., (9) 17: 657-665.

Garth, J. S. 1933. Insects. In Banning, G. H., Hancock Expedition of 1933 to

the Galapagos Islands. Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego, 10: 18-20.

Hurd, P. D., Jr. 1958a. Observations on the nesting habits of some New World

carpenter bees with remarks on their importance in the problem of

species formation. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 51: 365-375, 5 figs.

1958b. The carpenter bees of the Eastern Pacific Oceanic Islands. Jour. Kan-

sas Entomol. Soc., 31: 249-255.

Hurd, P. D., Jr., and J. S. Moure. 1963. A classification of the large carpenter

bees (Xylocopini) . Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 29; 1-365, 244' figs.

Linsley, E. G. 1966. Pollinating insects of the Galapagos Islands. In Bowman,

R. I. (Ed.), The Galapagos: Proceedings of the Galapagos International

Scientific Project. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley-Los Angeles. (In press).

Malyshev, S. J. 1931. Lebensgeschichte der Holzbienen, Xylocopa Latr. Zeitschr.

Morphol. Okol. Tiere (A) 23: 754-809, 15 figs.

Nishida, T. 1963. Ecology of the pollinators of passion fruit. Tech. Bull. Hawaii

Agr. Exp. Sta., no. 55. 38 p., illus.

Perkins, R. C. L. 1899. Hymenoptera Aculeata. Fauna Hawaiiensis, 1: 1-115.

Rick, C. M. 1963. Biosystematic studies on Galapagos tomatoes. Occ. Pap. Calif.

Acad. Sci., 44: 59-77.

18 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 42, NO. 1

1966. Some plant-animal relationships in the Galapagos Islands. In Bowman,

R. I. (Ed.), The Galapagos: Proceedings of the Galapagos International

Scientific Project. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley-Los Angeles. (In press).

Smith, F. 1877. Hymenoptera and Diptera. In Gunther, Account of the Zoological

collection made during the visit of H.M.S. “Peterel” to the Galapagos

Islands, VIII. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887 : 82-84.

Stephens, S. G. 1964. Native Hawaiian cotton {Gossypium tomentosum Nutt.)

Pacific Science, 18: 385-398.

Stewart, A. 1911. A botanical survey of the Galapagos Islands. Proc. Calif Acad.

Sci., (4) 1: 7-288.

Williams, F. X. 1926. The hees and aculeate wasps of the Galapagos Islands.

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4) 2: 347-357.

Observations on Dioxys productus productus (Cresson) as a

parasite of Anthidium utahense Swenk

(Hymenoptera : Megachilidae)

Elbert R. Jaycox^

University oj Illinois, Urbana

Bees of the genus Dioxys are “parasites,” or depredators of larval

food, of several genera of megachilid bees, including Anthidium, Mega-

chile, and Osmia (Hurd, 1958). The biology of the genus is not well

known although Dioxys adults have been observed in the field and

reared from nests of their hosts (Newberry, 1900; Hicks, 1929). In

1962, I observed Dioxys females visiting nests of Anthidium utahense

Swenk at North Logan, Utah, and later obtained adults from the nests.

The following observations are offered as an addition to our knowledge

of the biology of these bees.

Female Anthidium utahense nest in the ground in holes and crevices,

frequently using cavities made by other insects and animals. They

readily accept artificial nest cavities which offer vertical holes at ground

level. I used short lengths of 2- by 4-inch lumber drilled with holes 1

to 3 inches apart along one of the narrow sides and buried so that this

side was even with the surface of the ground. Soda straws 6.5 and 7.5

mm in diameter and 70 to 75 mm long were inserted in the holes to

facilitate removal of completed nests. Blocks of wood so prepared were

1 Associate Professor of Apiculture. These observations were made while the author was employed

by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wild Bee Pollination Investigations, Utah State University,

Logan, Utali, in cooperation with the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 18-20. January 1966

January 1966] jaycox — dioxys and anthidium

placed in sandy areas close to Phacelia and Melilotus plants which the

bees visited for nectar and pollen. Thistles (Cirsiuin) and sagebrush

{Artemisia) were also available nearby as sources of down which

Anthidium females use for nest material.

On 21 June while eolleeting completed nests, I notieed a female A.

utahense with a load of down entering the easternmost hole in a nest

block on a sandy ridge. Two days later I observed nesting aetivity at

the bloek for about 2 hours in the early afternoon. A female bee, pre-

sumably the same one, was carrying pollen into the hole at the end of

the wooden block. She spent about 10 to 27 minutes gathering a load

of pollen. A second female, carrying loads of down, was working in

two other holes in the same block a few inches away. To obtain a load

of down, the female spent about IV 2 to 8 minutes away from the nest.

During one of these trips, a female Dioxys entered the nest briefly and

flew away. About an hour later a female Dioxys entered the nest into

whieh the first Anthidium was carrying pollen. She stayed in the nest

1 minute 35 seconds and was caught as she emerged. The three pos-

terior segments of her abdomen were noticeably smeared with pollen.

The following day at 11 a.m. I observed that this nest was completed,

with fine gravel filling the straw to the top.

I collected the nests from this block, and others nearby, on 24 July

1962. When I examined them on 10 August, four nests contained

cocoons lacking the nipple found on cocoons of Anthidium and some

other related genera. Each of the four nests contained two completed

cells and, in each case, the atypical cell was the bottom one. One of

these atypieal cells was extremely small, even for A. utahense^ and an-

other was misshapen. All the cells were cold-conditioned at 55° and

42° F for about 5 months and then incubated at 84° F for emergence.

After 19 days at the last temperature, three A. utahense females emerged

from the normal, upper cells of the parasitized nests. At the same time,

I also found a male Dioxys which had apparently emerged earlier and

was dead and dry. When adults did not emerge from the other three

eells, I opened them. The small cell eontained an undeterminable bee

larva which apparently died in the process of pupation. The other two

cells contained dead, fully developed, female Dioxys.

Completed nests of A. utahense contained 1 to 4 cells and averaged

2.1 cells per nest. The top cells or single cells produced a 4 : 1 pre-

ponderance of females. In the lower cells the ratio was reversed in

favor of the males. Linear cell series in nests of most aculeates produee

more males than females in the outermost cells, just the opposite of A.

utahense.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 42, NO. 1

In my collection of immature specimens of Anthidium I found two

mature larvae which have been identified by Dr. Jerome G. Rozen, Jr.,

The American Museum of Natural History, as Dioxys sp. They were

found in nests of Anthidium collected at Smithfield, Utah, in 1961 and

1962. These larvae, probably Dioxys productus productus, will be de-

scribed by Dr. Rozen.

Additional observation of Dioxys are needed to determine the site

of egg deposition and its relation to the position, in a cell series, of the

parasitized cell. The pollen on the abdomen of the female Dioxys which

I collected may indicate that the egg is laid deep in the pollen mass or

in the down beneath it. The nature of the early instar larvae and their

relationship with host eggs or larvae also need investigation.

Literature Cited

Hicks, C. H. 1929. Notes on the habits of Anthidium collectum Huard. Canadian

EntomoL, 61 (4) : 84-86.

Hurd, P. D., Jr. 1958. American bees of the genus Dioxys Lepeletier and Serville

(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) . Univ. Calif. Pub. EntomoL, 14 (4):

275-302.

Newberry, Minnie. 1900. Notes on the nesting of Anthidium paroselae Ckll.

Psyche, 9 : 94.

The Genus Aspidaphium Burner

(Homoptera : x\phididae)

Clyde F. Smith and George F. Knowlton^

The genus Aspidaphium which occurs on mosses was originally de-

scribed by Borner (1939) with A. escherichi as the type of the genus.

A. jeschkei was described at the same time. Later, A. cuspidati was

described by Stroyan (1955). Borner and Heinze (1957) and Heinze

(1960) discussed the genus and presented a key to the species. Stroyan

(1963) studied the material he had been able to collect during recent

years as well as the Borner types and he concluded that A. jeschkei

Borner was a synonym of A. escherichi Borner. This paper presents the

description of a new species of Aspidaphium and a key to the known

species.

^ Contribution from the Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University at Raleigh,

North Carolina, and the Department of Zoology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

This work was partially supported by a grant from the American Philosophical Society.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 20-24. January 1966

January 1966] smith & knowlton — genus aspidaphium

Genus Aspidaphium Burner, 1939

The genus is redescribed as follows; Head of young nymphs with or without

sculpturing; antennae four-segmented; abdomen without sculpturing or papillae;

hind tibiae spinulose. Aptera with vertex broadly arched, head and body granu-

lated or covered with head-like papillae especially on the sides of the body.

Antennae may be five- or six-segmented in aptera and alate. Media one- or two-

branched. Siphunculus with opening oblique or on the side. Cauda small, blunt,

constricted before the apex.

Type of the genus. — Aspidaphium escherichi Borner, 1939.

Key to Species of Aspidaphium

1. Processus terminalis of alate and aptera 2.00 or more times as long as

base of antennal segment V ; opening of sipbunculus at tip and

slanted utahensis Smith and Knowlton, new species

Processus terminalis less than 2.00 times as long as base of antennal

segment V ; opening of siphunculus tending to be toward the side and

partially covered at tip 2

2 (1). Processus terminalis from 1.20 to 1.50 times as long as base of anten-

nal segment V in aptera and 1.67 to 2.18 times as long as base in

alate; aptera with very strong and regular papillar sculpture, the

lateral papillae being flat- or convex-topped and with a basal con-

striction cuspidati Stroyan

Processus terminalis 0.78 to 1.16 times as long as base of antennal

segment V in aptera and 1.00 to 1.18 times as long as base in alate;

aptera with very variable sculpture, but with the lateral papillae not

regularly flat-topped or constricted at the base escherichi Borner

Aspidaphium utahensis Smith and Knowlton, new species

Apterous vivipara. — (Table 1 and Fig. 1.) Dark brown, appendages generally

lighter than the body, siphunculi and cauda nearly as dark as the body. Lateral

papillae very conspicuous, especially on specimens collected in fall of year, mid-

dorsal papillae less pronounced; siphunculi dark, with squamiform sculpturing,

opening oblique, with only a slight indication of the opening having migrated to

the side; cauda dark, apparently bearing three or four hairs which are small and

difficult to see.

Some of the apterae were conspicuously smaller than others (see Table 1, Nos.

7 and 11) but no morphological differences which were considered significant

were observed.

Alate vivipara. — Mounted specimen. Head dark brown; antennae light brown,

five- or six-segmented as this specimen has five segments in one antenna and six

segments in the other, antennae of alatoid nymphs with five or six segments.

Sensoria oval, scattered irregularly over antennal segments HI and IV, and V

when antennae are six-segmented. Thorax dark brown, wings hyaline, veins con-

spicuous, media with one branch, legs pale brown. Abdomen pale, with dark,

broken sclerites on dorsum; siphunculi dark brown, without flange and with an

22 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 42, NO. 1

Table 1. Measurements in millimeters of Asphidaphium utahensis.

Body Head

Length Width

Antennal Segments

Rostral

IV +

Hind

Tibia

Hind

Tarsus

Si-

phun-

culus

No.

Cauda

Apterous vivipara

1.00

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.07 -f- 0.18

0.07

0.41

0.08

0.15

0.05

1.09

0.32

0.24

0.11

0.07 + 0.20

0.06

0.34

0.08

0.18

0.05

1.00

0.32

0.15

0.08

0.06 -f- 0.13

0.07

0.36

0.07

0.14

0.06

1.08

0.35

0.28

0.15

0.09 -b 0.21

0.07

0.48

0.09

0.17

0.06

1.09

0.32

0.25

0.12

0.08 + 0.18

0.07

0.48

0.10

0.17

0.07

1.06

0.36

0.27

0.14

0.08 -t- 0.20

0.07

0.50

0.10

0.16

0.05

0.70

0.27

0.13

0.07

0.06 -f 0.13

0.06

0.30

0.06

0.09

0.94

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.07 + 0.16

0.07

0.41

0.07

0.15

0.06

1.10

0.34

0.18

0.09

0.07 + 0.14

0.08

0.43

0.08

0.18

0.06

1.05

0.32

0.21

0.09

0.07 + 0.15

0.07

0.45

0.07

0.16

0.06

0.85

0.12

0.06

0.05 + 0.13

0.06

0.29

0.06

0.11

0.05

Alate vivipara

1.15

0.32

0.37

0.13

0.09 -1- 0.22

0.57

0.06

0.13

0.06

^ Spf

3cimens no?

;. 1-6 from collection

no. 60-948; nos.

7-8, coll. no. K

63-197;

no. 9,

coll. no.

K 63-3; nos. 10-11, coll. no. K 39.

2 Holotype.

3 Alate vivipara coll. no. K-43. The antenna on the right side was five-segmented and six-segmented

on the left side. Measurements of segments 111— VI were 0.27, 0.16, 0.17, 0.09 plus 0.22, respectively.

oblique opening; cauda dark, apparently bearing three small and inconspicuous

hairs, two on one side and one on the other side.

Types. — Holotype (Coll. 60-948), United States National Museum.

Paratypes (Coll. 60-948) North Carolina State University at Raleigh,

and the collections of the authors.

Type locality. — Aspen Grove, Mt. Timpanogos, Utah. Collec-

tions: Holotypes and paratypes were collected individually from moss

{Cratoneuron filicinum (Hedw.) Roth, determined by Lewis Anderson,

Duke University, Durham, N. C.). Mt. Timpanogos (Aspen Grove),

Utah, 26 August 1960 (Coll. 60-948 C. F. Smith and C. K. Smith), holo-

type and 16 paratypes mounted on 11 slides.

The other collections were made by G. F. Knowlton (K) and cohorts (Mrs. M.

W. Knowlton = MWK; W. J. Hanson = H; K. Tilley = T) from field collections

of moss placed in a Berlese funnel. Utah: American Fork Canyon, 7/19/51 (K)

1 slide. Blacksmith Fork Canyon, 5/3/63 (K 63-9) 1 slide; 5/3/63 (K 63-11) 1

slide; 10/8/63 (K 63-77 K.-Hanson) 1 slide; 10/8/63 (K 63-82 K.-Hanson) 6

slides; 10/8/63 (K 63-83 K.-Hanson) 4 slides; 10/14/63 (K 63-107) 2 slides.

East Canyon, 10/22/60 (K 454) 1 slide; 10/23/60 (K 452) 1 slide; 10/24/62 (K

62-85) 1 slide. Logan Canyon (Ricks Spring), 9/18/63 (K 63-112) 4 slides;

9/21/63 (K 63-110) 4 slides; 9/24/63 (K 63-70) 4 slides. Logan Canyon (Rt.

Fork), 10/23/60 (K-464) 1 slide. Logan Canyon (Spring Hollow), 9/6/59 (K-55)

1 slide; 9/24/63 (K 63-65) 4 slides; 9/24/63 (K 63-75) 10 slides; 9/30/63 (K

January 1966] smith & knowlton — genus aspidaphium

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 1. Aspidaphium utahensis Smith and Knowlton, new species. Photograph

made by A. T. Olive.

63-73 K-MWK) 10 slides. Logan Canyon (3rd Dam Area), 9/25/63 (K 63-74 K-

MWK) 4 slides. Logan Canyon, 8/29/59 (K-38) 2 slides; 8/29/59 (K-39) 4

slides; 10/15/60 (K-451) 1 slide; 10/21/60 (K-453) 1 slide; 10/26/60 (K-465)

1 slide; 8/13/62 (K 62-70} 2 slides; 4/30/63 (K 63-4) 2 slides; 5/2/63 (K 63-3)

3 slides; 5/8/63 (K 63-2) 4 slides; 9/11/63 (K 63-64) 2 slides; 9/14/63 (K 63-

200) 1 slide; 9/18/63 (K 63-111) 7 slides; 9/20/63 (K 63-105) 6 slides; 9/20/63

(K 63-108) 2 slides; 9/26/63 (K 63-72) 9 slides; 9/28/63 (K 63-69 K-MWK) 9

slides; 10/1/63 (K 63-71) 6 slides; 10/3/63 (K 63-81) 3 slides; 10/4/63 (K 63-

76) 6 slides; 10/7/63 (K 63-80); 10/8/63 (K 63-78 K-MWK) 2 slides. Idaho:

Cub River Canyon, 12/9/58 (K.-Tilley) 3 slides; 8/30/59 (K-40) 1 slide; 8/30/59

(K-41) 1 slide; 8/30/59 (K-42) 1 slide; 8/30/59 (K-43) 3 slides; 9/8/59 (K-57)

9 slides; 9/7/63 (K 63-60) 4 slides; 9/7/63 (K 63-62) 4 slides; 9/7/63 (K 63-63)

4 slides; 9/7/63 (K 63-197) 4 slides; 10/12/63 (K 63-106) 3 slides; 10/12/63 (K

63-113) 2 slides.

Acknowledgments

The writers wish to thank Drs. D. Hille Ris Lambers, H. L. G.

Stroyan, and Kurt Heinze for their opinions and loan or gift of speci-

mens.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

Literature Cited

Borner, Carl. 1939. Neue Gattungen und Arten der Mitteleuropaisclien Aphiden-

fauna. Arb. iiber Physiol, u. Angew. EntomoL, 6: 75-83.

Borner, Carl, and Kurt Heinze. 1957. Aphidina-Aphidoidea. Blattlause, plant-

lice (aphids), pucerons (aphides). Sorauer, Handbuch der Pflanzen-

krankbeiten 5 (5) : 1-322. Paul Parey, Verlag fiir Landwirtschaft,

Veterinarmedizin, Gartenbau und Forstwesen, Berlin und Hamburg.

Heinze, Kurt. 1960. Systematik der Mitteleuropaischen Myzinae I. Teil Brachy-

colini. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 10 (7/8) : 743-842.

Stroyan, H. L. G. 1955. Recent additions to the British aphid fauna. 11. Trans.

Roy. EntomoL Soc. London, 106 (7) : 283-339.

1963. Notes on the species of Aspidaphium Borner, 1939 (Homoptera :

Aphididae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 13 (1/2): 81-88.

RECENT LITERATURE

The Ground-Beetles (Carabidae, excl. Cicindelinae) of Canada and Alaska.

Part 3. By Carl H. Lindroth. Opuscula Entomologica, Supplementum XXIV.

P. 201-408, text figs. 102-207, many compound. 18 October 1963. Price 35

Swedish crowns. For sale at the Zoological Institute, University of Lund, Lund,

Sweden.

Students interested in the tribe Bembidiini of the United States proper should

not overlook this important work. Just as the genus Bembidion is the largest in

the family Carabidae on a world basis, so it is in the Nearctic fauna. Despite this,

only two attempts have been made to treat a majority of our species in the past

70 years: Hayward in 1897 and Casey in 1918 et. seg. Both are terribly out-of-

date; Hayward’s series were often composite and Casey had an unusual concept

of species.

Lindroth’s masterly study is based on a knowledge of the Palearctic fauna and

literature, extensive fieldwork in Canada and Alaska, examination of the major

collections in the United States, and examination of the types. He has dissected

the genitalia of most of the male types and gives illustrations for a great many

species. There is a key to groups and a key to species which runs to 225 couplets

and covers over 200 species and subspecies. Ten of the new species occur in the

USA, four of them only there, and several species recorded for southern Canada

may be expected in adjacent states. A number of the type localities are designated

for old species. In addition to taxonomic notes, each species recorded from Canada

and Alaska (total 162) has data under the headings Distribution, Ecology.

This Part 3 also contains the last two pages on Trechus and treatments of

Asaphidion and Phrypeus . — Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco.

January 1966]

STROHECKER — NEW TIMEMA

New Timema from Nevada and Arizona

(Phasmodea : Timemidae)

H. F. Strohecker

University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida

Tinkham in 1942 published a synopsis of the species of Timema

known up to that time. Heifer in his manual on orthopteroid insects

illustrated the male abdominal appendages of all species described up

to 1963.

Tinkham, in his discussion of the genus, predicted the finding of

species of the genus in the Hualpai Mountains and in the mountains of

southern Nevada. This forecast was fulfilled by the capture of a male

specimen of Timema in the Hualpai Mountains by Dorothy and Joseph

Knull. The collection of a series of specimens in Nevada was made by

R. C. Bechtel and R. W. Lauderdale.

Timema dorotheae Strohecker, new species

(Fig. 1)

Pale brown with a dark median stripe on head and pronotum, and a narrow

dark line on the lateral areas of each abdominal tergite. The insect is similar in

all respects to Timema ritense Hebard from southeastern Arizona, the only salient

difference being in the form of the left cercus of the males. The great similarity

suggests racial status of the Hualpai form but the limited vagility of these insects

and their occurrence in mountains separated by semidesert areas argues against

present genetic continuity of the populations of Timema in southeastern and

northwestern Arizona.

The single specimen at hand is somewhat teneral, with abdominal appendages

distorted. Drawings were made after the last few abdominal segments had been

removed, treated in 10% KOH and preserved in glycerol. Length 14.5 mm.

Holotype male. — Hualpai Mountains, Mohave County, Arizona, 4

July 1937, D. J. and J. N. Knull (author’s collection).

The species is named for Dr. Dorothy Knull.

Timema nevadense Strohecker, new species

(Figs. 2, 3)

Male. — Large and robust for genus. Head wide, the areas behind the eyes in-

flated. Entire upper surface shining, smooth, without the tubercles seen in some

species. Right cercus similar to that of T. podura but with internal apical angle

more acute and produced. Left cercus subcylindric with broad internal flange and

very large basal tooth. Intradextral process somewhat foot-shaped, its outer mar-

gin with seven or eight sharp denticles. Length (exclusive of cerci) : 16.2 mm.

Female. — Head proportionally smaller than in male. Subgenital plate triangu-

larly produced with narrowly rounded tip. Apex of tenth tergite rather deeply

emarginate. Length (exclusive of cerci) : 24 mm.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 25-26. January 1966

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

Fig. 1. Timema dorotheae Stroliecker, new species, abdominal appendages of

male, dorsal view. Fig. 2. Timema nevadense Strohecker, new species, abdominal

appendages of male, dorsal view. Fig. 3. Timema nevadense Strohecker new spe-

cies, apex of abdomen of female, dorsal view.

The dried male holotype is now huffy hrown with sides of head and body dark

brown, and with a median dark stripe on head and pronotum. The other speci-

mens were collected in alcohol, subsequently cleared in xylene, and dried. Bechtel

reports that in life four of the males were green, of the color of juniper foliage,

and one was brown. The females were gray and white.

Holotype male . — Mt. Springs Summit, Clark County, Nevada,

5,400 feet, 26 May 1961, on Finns monophylla, R. C. Bechtel (Califor-

nia Academy of Sciences). Allotype female, Mt. Springs Summit, Clark

County, Nevada, 5,400 feet, 22 May 1963, on juniper at night, R. W.

Lauderdale (California Academy of Sciences). Paratypes, one pair in

coitu with data as for holotype, and three males and two females taken

on juniper, 22 May 1963 by Bechtel and Lauderdale (Nevada Depart-

ment of Agriculture and author’s collection).

Bechtel notes {in litt.) that the six specimens collected in 1963 “were

obtained at night — we spent about 3 hours in getting them. I tried

during a cloudy day on the 23rd but had no success.

“Some of the larger vegetation in the area in addition to Finns mono-

phylla and three species of Jnniperns are Arctostaphylos pnngens, Cer-

cis occidentalism Cowania stanshuriana, Fallngia paradoxa, Fraxinns (2

spp.), Qnercns (2 spp.), Frunns fascicnlatam Rhns trilohata anisophylla,

and Yncca — the names are taken mostly from Clokey: Flora of the

Charleston Mountains.”

Literature Cited

Helper, J. 1963. How to know the grasshoppers, cockroaches and their allies.

W. C. Brown, Dubuque.

Tinkham, E. R. 1942. A new California species of Timema with zoogeographical

notes. Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci., 41: 72-79.

January 1966] o'brien & o’brien — carpenter bee behavior

Observations on Territoriality and a New Nesting Substrate of

Xylocopa calif ornica arizonensis Cresson

(Hymenoptera : Apoidea)

Lois Breimeier O’Brien and Charles W. O’Brien

University of California, Berkeley

On 10 April 1965 at 10 a.m. at the northwest clump of trees at

Twentynine Palms Oasis, Joshua Tree National Monument, we ob-

served 20 to 30 Xylocopa {Xylocopoides) calij ornica arizonensis Cres-

son buzzing and flying in and out between the green leaves and skirt

area of the fan palm, Washingtonia filifera (Lindl.) Wendl. This in-

dicated a possible nesting site since the palms were not in bloom. When

the fallen palm fronds were examined, several were found with old nest

entrances.

While trying to catch one of the carpenter bees for identification,

several bees were noticed to have established territories. One hovered

approximately seven feet off the ground in front of the branches of a

dead tree (probably Salix) . In a period of about 15 minutes it chased

eight or nine bees and always returned to what appeared to be the

exact spot. Two other bees were seen hovering at about 15 feet off the

ground about 1 foot in front of the skirts of two palm trees. These

also chased other bees and returned to the same place. Another pa-

trolled an area of about 5 by 8 feet about a foot above a blooming

Salix shrub (10 feet above the ground). The bee flew off and returned

about 4 times during the same period. During one of its absences an-

other bee flew into the blossoms, but we disturbed it while trying to

catch it. A male was caught and subsequently identified by Dr. Paul

D. Hurd, Jr. This bee was feeding at Salix blossoms 20 feet away.

Several long flights away from the palms were seen with one bee in

the lead and two to four others following. Twice clusters of bees were

observed tumbling in a roiling mass as they flew upward out of sight

(once three bees, once five). Although we assume these were mating

attempts, we were unable to observe their sex in flight.

The two fronds subsequently cut open showed typical excavations.

The entrance was on the under (inner) side of the frond with the bur-

row extending downward toward the pendant fan leaf. One showed a

2.5-cm excavation upward toward the trunk as well as a 15-cm excava-

tion down the stem. A second frond (Fig. 1) contained undamaged

cells with decayed contents; apparently contact with the ground had

made environmental conditions unsuitable for development. The length

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 27-29. January 1966

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 1. Counterpart longitudinal sections of the nesting burrow of Xylocopa

{Xjlocopoides) calif ornica arizonensis Cresson in a frond of fan palm, Washing-

tonia filifera.

January 1966] hoy & daly — aberrant tribolium pupa

of the gallery was 21.7 cm, each cell was 1.8 to 2.2 cm long and 1.7 or

1.6 cm wide. In this specimen the frond had broken off the palm at the

entrance area.

Bees of this subspecies are known to nest also in Agave, Yucca,

Dasylirion, redwood, and Populus fremontii (Hurd, 1955: 45). The

first three plants, in common with the palm, have a hard exterior sheath,

a soft pithy interior, and a relatively small diameter.

The authors especially wish to thank Dr. Paul D. Hurd, Jr. His

interest in carpenter bees stimulated these observations and he iden-

tified the bee involved. We are also grateful to Mr. William R. Super-

naugh, Superintendent, Joshua Tree National Monument, for granting-

permission to conduct these observations of National Monument prop-

erty. We further acknowledge the National Science Foundation (Grant

GB 2973, “Carpenter Bees of the World”) for assistance with funds for

photography and publication. One frond is being returned to the Joshua

Tree National Monument, the other, with the bee, is being maintained

in the voucher collection of the University of California.

Literature Cited

Hurd, P. D., Jr. 1955. The carpenter bees of California (Hyraenoptera : Apoidea).

Bull. California Insect Surv., 4: 35-72.

Premature Eversion of the Ovipositor in a Pupa of

Tribolium confusum DuvaP

(Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae)

Marjorie A. Hoy and Barbara B. Daly

University of California, Berkeley

Normal female pupae of Tribolium confusum Duval are characterized

by the possession of large, ventral genital lobes anterior to the promi-

nent urogomphi (Fig. lA) . A female pupa has been discovered which

differed from this normal condition (Fig. IB). The pupa had de-

veloped to the point of having a pigmented compound eye; mandibles

were dark brown in color, and tarsal segments and tarsal claws were

visible through the pupal cuticula. It was estimated from these criteria

that this female was a day short of completing pupal development. The

^ This investigation was supported by USPHS grant GM 08942 to Dr. I. Michael Lerner.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 29-30. January 1966

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

1 A 1 B

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1. The posterior ends of a normal female pupa (lA) and the aberrant fe-

male pupa (IB) of T. confusum, ventral views. [Cxb = coxital baculus; Cxt =r

coxite with its plates (PI, P2, P3, P4) ; Gib = genital lobe; Lap lateral

abdominal projection; Mb = membrane; Sty = stylus; Uro = urogomphus;

Vlb = valvifer baculus; Vlf = valvifer; Vul = vulva.]

pupa completely lacked urogomplii, but all lateral projections of the

abdominal tergites were present. The posterior part of the pupa ended

in an extruding adult-like ovipositor which was not seen retracted while

the female was alive, although the ovipositor was seen to move from

side to side when it was touched. The various sclerites of the ovipositor

(as drawn in Figs. 50, 51 in El Kifl, 1953) were identifiable, including

the valvifers, valvifer baculi, the two coxites with their plates, and the

coxital baculi. The adult-like styli were in their normal position, as was

the anus.

The literature on teratologies of Coleoptera, including the mono-

graph by Balazuc (1948), appears to be lacking in examples of the

type of malformation described here.

The female died a few hours before ecdysis so it is not known whether

the premature eversion of the ovipositor had any genetic basis.

Fiterature Cited

Balazuc, J. 1948. La teratologic des Coleopteres et Experiences de Transplanta-

tion sur Tenehrio molitor. L. Mem. Museum National d’Histoire

Naturelle Paris, 25: 1-293.

El Kifl, A. H. 1953. Morphology of the adult Tribolium confusum Duval and its

differentiation from Tribolium (Stene) castaneum Herbst. Bull. Soc,

Fouad 1®'' Entomol., 37: 173-249.

January 1966] grigarick & schuster — rare new beetle

A New Genus of the Tribe Euplectini in California

(Coleoptera : Pselaphidae)

A. A. Grigarick and R. 0. Schuster

University of California, Davis

The Pselaphidae of California have been more thoroughly sampled

along the coast of Mendocino County than elsewhere. Most of the spe-

cies taken in this area are represented from numerous localities and

have been collected in large series. An exception to this is Pselaptrichus

helferi Schuster and Marsh. It is relatively abundant but it known to

inhabit only one particular place, a marsh that requires but a few

minutes to walk across. This species could be called an ecologically and

geographically “rare” species. The new species to be described here as

the type of a new genus is known from a single specimen and must be

quite “rare” from the standpoint of abundance, or occupy a habitat as

yet unrecognized. This species is somewhat similar to Ahoeurhexius

crenulatus Park, known from San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Dr. Park has

examined the specimen and suggested that its abdominal structures differ

significantly from Ahoeurhexius to justify a generic separation.

Euboarhexius Grigarick and Schuster, new genus

Type genus. — Euboarhexius sinus, new species.

Diagnosis. — Trogastrina with the following characters: (1) pronotum with

median longitudinal sulcus; (2) prosternum without longitudinal carina; (3)

posterolateral pronotal margin crenulate; (4) tergites I to IV decreasing in size;

(5) fourth tergite not sulcate, and without special setate areas on male; (6) with

seven sternites. This genus is similar to Ahoeurhexius except that tergites I to IV

become successively shorter (tergite IV of Ahoeurhexius is conspicuously longer

than the others). Euboarhexius will key to the couplet containing Rhexidius in

Park’s (1952) key to the genera of Trogastrina, but it differs from the latter genus

by having a modified antenna and unmodified tergite IV.

Euboarhexius sinus Grigarick and Schuster, new species

Male. — Head and pronotum black; antennae, palpi, appendages, and elytra

reddish; tergites I-IV black with intersegmental membrane yellow, posterior

margin of IV and pygidium reddish. Head transverse, 235 fx long, 336 ji wide

excluding eyes and mouthparts, eyes prominent, postantennal and vertexal foveae

present; vertexal foveae over twice as far apart as distance from fovea to eye; venter

with numerous long setae; mandibles with six or seven teeth. Antennae 635 /x

long with segments III and IV smaller than I or H; remaining segments wider

than long, nearly as wide as XI; V and VI prominently asymmetrical; margins of

expanded side of segments VI-IX bearing thickened, curved setae; IX to XI with

large specialized setae in addition to normal setae and those modified on VI to

IX. Maxillary palpal segment I short, elbowed, H long, curved and widened dis-

Tiie Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 31-33. January 1966

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 42, NO. 1

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 1-4. Euboarhexius smus Grigarick and Schuster, new genus and species.

1, antenna; 2, pronotum, dorsal aspect; 3, aedeagus, dorsal aspect; 4, primary

and secondary claw of mesotarsus.

January 1966] huckett — new California flies 33

tally, III and IV bulbar, IV larger and with short cone. Pronotum 473 long,

430 wide; medianly and basally sulcate; postlateral margins crenulate; baso-

lateral foveae present. Winged. Elytra 537 long; each elytron with four ante-

basal foveae and a subhumeral fovea; sutural stria complete; three discal striae

present, the laterad shortest. First visible tergite 200 long, with short basal

carinae enclosing median pubescence; tergite II 141 ijl long, III 135 jx, and IV

125 IX. Seven sternites present, with I longer than metacoxae, VII forms a penial

plate closing a nearly symmetrical emargination in VI. Metacoxae contiguous;

mesocoxae very slightly separated, the coxal cavities not confluent; postcoxal

apodemes lacking. Pro-and mesofemur grooved to accommodate tibia. Tai'si with

primary claw and curved accessory claw nearly one-third length of primary. Pro-

sternum not carinate. Aedeagus 400 /x long, 240 il wide; parameres slightly asym-

metric; internal sac tridentate.

Holotype male. — Little River, Mendocino County, California,

4 August 1957, J. R. Heifer. The specimen is cleared, lightly stained

with lignin pink, and mounted in Piccolyte. It is deposited with the

Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis.

Literature Cited

Park, Orlando. 1952. A revisional study of neotropical pselaphid beetles. Part

II Tribe Euplectini sensu latiore. Chicago Acad. Sci., Special Publ.,

No. 9: 53-150.

Two New Flies from California

(Diptera : Anthomyiidae and Muscidae)

H. C. Huckett

Riverhead, New York

During the preparation of a survey of the families Anthomyiidae and

Muscidae occurring in California the following two taxa were found,

evidently unrecorded in the literature, and are herewith proposed as

being new to science.

Hylemya (Delia) glabritheca Huckett, new species

Male and female resembling H. triseriata Malloch, from which they

differ in having polished haustellum, and in the female by presence of

one or more posteroventral bristles on hind femur.

Male. — Grayish black, head with interfrontalia reddish cephalad and cheeks

with rufous reflections, antennae and palpi black, haustellum polished; mesonotum

subshining, with brownish median vitta and trace of darker lines along postsutural

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 33-35. January 1966

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

series of dorsocentral bristles; abdomen with denser and paler gray pruinescence,

and with blackish subtriangular marks on each segment, incisures lacking, hypo-

pygium blackish and shiny. Legs black. Wings slightly grayish, brownish tinged

basad, veins dark brown; calyptrae whitish or tinged, knobs of halteres dull yellow

to yellowish brown and with trace of purple.

Narrowest part of frons about equal to distance between posterior ocelli, inter-

frontalia uninterrupted caudad, postocular setulae fine and mostly short, profrons

and anterior part of cheeks much longer and higher respectively than width of

third antennal segment, parafacials at narrower part as wide as the latter, cheeks

abruptly tapering caudad below eye, ventral border of face not curved forward,

facial margins polished at base of vibrissae, third antennal segment about 1.5

times as long as at widest, arista minutely haired; mesonotum with series of

acrostichals narrowly separated, and having one median stronger and two weaker

presutural pairs of bristles, prealar bristle shorter than posterior notopleural;

abdomen as in H. platura (Meigen), processes bare on inner half except for two

or more fine firm preapical setulae on inner margin, outer half with bristles

gradually becoming longer from base to apex, gonostyli slender, styliform.

Foretibia with weak apical and one mid-posteroventral bristle, mid-femur with

proximal series of weak anteroventral and more extensive series of longer postero-

ventral bristles, mid-tibia with one anterodorsal, one or two posterodorsal, two

posterior bristles, hind femur with full series of lengthy anteroventral and shorter

posteroventral bristles, hind tibia with extensive series of anteroventral bristles

that become fewer on distal half, with full posteroventral series and partial,

proximal, posterior series of finer setulae.

Wings with costal setulae and thorns weak, m-cu crossvein semierect and slightly

sinuous; calyptral scales subequal.

Female. — Parafrontals and parafacials slightly brownish, mesonotum with three

faint vittae, abdomen silky, subshining, with brownish dorsocentral stripe, halteres

purplish; frons across middle slightly wider than one-third maximum diameter

of head as viewed from above, ventral border of face curved cephalad; sterno-

pleural bristles 2 : 2, ventral bristle in each case weak or setulose, marginal bristles

of abdominal terga weak, sclerites of ovipositor shiny and at apex with slender

setulae. Foretibia with mid-anterodorsal, mid-femur with two or three weak

anteroventral and four or five longer posteroventral bristles on proximal half, mid-

tibia with one or two anterodorsal, distal of two posterior bristles short and oc-

casionally more posteroventral, hind femur with full series of anteroventral, the

bristles becoming shorter proximad, two or three fine short posteroventral bristles,

hind tibia with three to five anteroventral, five or six anterodorsal, three or four

posterodorsal bristles.

Length, ca. 6 mm.

Holotype male. Redwood City, San Mateo County, 29 March

1948 (P. H. Arnaud, CAS). Allotype female, same locality as holotype,

27 March 1948 (P. H. Arnaud, CAS). Paratypes, five females, same

locality as holotype, 24 April 1948 (P. H. Arnaud, CAS). One male,

Tesla, Alameda County, 22 March 1953 (J. G. Rozen, UCB). One fe-

male, Oakland, Alameda County, 19 March 1957 (J. F. Lawrence,

H.C.H.).

January 1966] huckett — new California flies

Coenosia (Limosia) conforma occidentalis Huckett,

new subspecies

The species Limosia conforma Huckett and L. compressa (Stein) are

readily separable from other species in the subgenus Limosia by the

presence of a slender lengthy preapical posterodorsal bristle on hind

tibia. In addition there is usually present a weak bristle at middle of

posterodorsal surface of hind tibia. The hind tarsi are nonslender,

metatarsus being foreshortened. The femora are all fulvous or yellow.

The anal segment (tergum 9) in male is swollen and bare, nearly

bristleless.

The subspecies, C. c. occidentalism differs from typical specimens of

C. conforma and C. compressa in having a black patch along dorsum of

forefemora, or, as in the holotype, the forefemora may be extensively

black. I have yet to see a specimen of C. conforma from California

having forefemora entirely yellow.

Length 5.5 mm.

Holotype male, Dollar Lake Trail, San Bernardino Mountains,

California, 10 July 1956 (G. 1. Stage, UCB). Allotype female, Biledo

Meadow, Madera County, 27 July 1946 (H. Chandler, UCB). Para-

types: California: One female, Santa Ana River, South Forks Meadow,

San Bernardino County, 25 June 1948 (A. L. Melander, USNM). One

female, Carnelian Bay, Lake Tahoe, Placer County, 17 June 1958 (R.

M. Bohart, UCD). One male, Sagehen, near Hobart Mills, Nevada

County, 2 July 1954 (J. C. Downey, UCD). One male, 5 miles east of

Webber Lake, Sierra County, 30 July 1955 (E. A. Kurtz, UCD). One

female. Summit Lake, Marble Mountains, Siskiyou County, 23 August

1962 (E. Mezger, UCD). Washington: One female, Mt. Adams, 24

July 1921 (A. L. Melander, USNM). Alaska: One female, Wrangell

Island, 1 August 1951 (B. Malkin, H.C.H.).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

Studies on the Bionomics of Tragidion armatum LeConte

(Coleoptera : Cerambycidae)

John A. Chemsak and Jerry A. Powell

University of California, Berkeley

Tragidion armatum LeConte, a large bright orange and black beetle,

is widespread in desert areas from western Texas to southern California.

Despite its showy appearance, the habits of this species have remained

poorly known. Biological information is summarized by Linsley (1962)

who states that the larvae make conspicuous burrows in dry stalks of

Yucca and Agave. Of the six known species of Tragidion in the United

States, only T. armatum uses Yucca and related plants as hosts. The

remaining five are recorded as utilizing Quercus, Rhamnus, Prosopis,

and Baccharis.

The broad geographical distribution of T. armatum indicates that a

number of host species are used. In New Mexico, Townsend (1892)

reared the beetle from Yucca angustifolia, while in California it has

been recorded in association with Yucca whipplei (Coquillett, 1893;

Fall, 1901; Hicks, 1929) and Y. brevifolia (Linsley, 1957, 1962).

Linsley, et al. (1961) reported the rearing of T. armatum from an Agave

in Arizona. Specimen records in the California Academy of Sciences

and California Insect Survey indicate that Agave deserti is a host in

southern California on the western margin of the Colorado Desert and

that both Agave and “Dasylirion^ are used in southern Arizona.

During extensive surveys in 1963 and 1964 of the three dominant

California yuccas, Y. schidigera, Y. brevifolia, and Y. whipplei, Tragi-

dion was found only in the latter two hosts in a restricted zone along

the western edge of the Mojave Desert. Examination of Y . whipplei at

numerous sites throughout its range in California indicated that this

host species is used only along the eastern margins of its range, pri-

marily where the distribution of Y. brevifolia or Agave deserti overlap

that of Y. whipplei (Map 1). An additional Yucca, possibly elata, was

verified as a host of T . armatum at a locality west of Wickenburg, Ari-

zona, in July 1964.

Stalks of Y. whipplei and Y. brevifolia containing larvae of T.

armatum were caged in the laboratory. Additional larvae successfully

transformed into adults in dry pillboxes or when introduced into stalks

of the same or a different host plant in the laboratory. Stalk sections

of Agave or Y. whipplei were split longitudinally and a larva was placed

in an artificial concavity gouged in the pith. The two halves were then

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 36-47. January 1966

January 1966] chemsak & powell — bionomics of tragidion

rejoined and taped together permitting the larvae to resume feeding.

Observations on larval feeding were made and behavior of subsequently

emerged adults was studied.

Adult Behavior

Flight Period. — Adults of T. armatum are reported as being active

from April to August over the distributional range as a whole. HoW'

ever, California collection records and our data indicate that the spe-

cies flies during April and early May in association with Y . brevifolia

and in June and early July where Agave and Y. whipplei serve as hosts.

It is probable that emergence is synchronized with host development in

a manner enabling adults to be active when green flowering scapes are

available. Adults have been reported on green stalks by Townsend

(1892) and Coquillett (1893). Fall (1901) stated that beetles were

active during blooming of the host.

Mating Behavior. — Observations on mating behavior were made on

freshly emerged individuals in the laboratory. Successful matings were

carried out on dry host plant material in cages and in cardboard con-

tainers as well.

Copulation was usually attempted by the males at the first physical

contact with the females. As soon as contact was made the male began

to orient himself into the proper copulatory position. After mounting,

the male clasped the female with his prothoracic and mesothoracic legs.

The front pair usually grasped the pronotum or less often, the head,

while the middle pair either hooked onto the middle coxae or went

around the middle legs of the female. The antennae of the male were

positioned out to the sides and slightly curved while those of the female

were held back toward the body. Before successful coupling was ac-

complished the male maxillated the pronotum of the female with his

palpi. This action apparently serves to pacify her since the process is

repeated during copulation at signs of agitation or attempts to break

away. A response on the part of the female was involved since success-

ful joining was initiated when the female slightly distended the abdomen

and spread the apical tergite and sternite. The male then placed the

tip of the abdomen between the open sclerites of the female and inserted

the phallus. A pulsating of the male abdomen was the only copulatory

movement evident.

The duration of actual mating varied from 30 seconds to 3 minutes,

but in most cases the pair maintained their positions for up to 10 min-

utes after disengagement of the genitalia. In many instances the same

pair copulated more than once before the female dislodged the male.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

Also a female sometimes mated with more than one male before ovipos-

iting.

OviPOSiTiON. — The oviposition habits of the Cerambycidae have been

categorized into two major types (Butovitsch, 1939; Linsley, 1959).

These types may be basically summarized as (1) searching and oviposi-

tion exclusively with the ovipositor (most Cerambycidae) and (2) egg

site selection and preparation with the aid of the ovipositor and mandi-

bles (Lamiinae). Observations on oviposition behavior of T. armatum

in the laboratory show that this function has features which are unlike

those of other known cerambycids.

The ovipositor and accessory structures of the Purpuricenini are very

distinctive, in fact may be considered as characteristic of this tribe, as

well as the closely related tribes Pteroplatini, Trachyderini, Torneutini,

some Platyarthrini, and the genera Chrotoma and Chlorida, presently

assigned to the Hesperophanini. The apex of the eighth abdominal seg-

ment protrudes visibly between the apical abdominal sclerites. Its mar-

gin is provided with a fringe of setae. Those of the ventral margin are

large, curved, and bristle-like, visible even on dried specimens (Fig. 1).

The function of this fringe has been unknown. The ovipositor is quite

short (Fig. 1) and appears to be incapable of being exerted beyond the

apex of the fringe.

A dry stalk of Yucca whipplei was introduced during the day into a

cage with a recently reared and mated female. She began searching for

oviposition niches by arching the abdomen, slightly distending the

fringed segment so the hairs were in contact with the substrate, and then

proceeded to walk over the stalk. The purpose of this “sweeping” was

not apparent until the egg was laid. When a suitable oviposition site

was found, she stopped, slightly pulsated the abodmen, and deposited

the egg. The ovipositor, though not visible during the process, probably

serves to probe the plant surface for appropriate niches as it does in

other cerambycids which lack the specialized bristle fringe of the eighth

segment. The eggs when laid on the stalk surface were completely

covered by an ovoid mount (2 mm by 1.5 mm and 1.5 mm high) of

very fine granular dirt particles (Fig. 2). Subsequent examination of

the genitalia and associated structures revealed an accumulation of fine,

dark, dustlike debris in a pouch-like concavity between the bristle fringe

and the ovipositor. Evidently the abdominal fringe when passed over

the host plant surface (or in this case, possibly other surfaces within

the cage) picks up small particles of dirt and debris. When the egg is

deposited, a glutinous secretion is probably released which binds the

January 1966] chemsak & powell — bionomics of tragidion

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 1. Distended ventral aspect of the eighth abdominal segment of female

Tragidion armatum LeConte showing the setal fringe along the outside margin

and portions of the genitalia.

particles together over the egg surface. This covering is shaped by the

action of the internal eighth abdominal segment and ovipositor.

This behavior was confirmed by subsequent discovery of the eggs in

the field at several sites, on three host species. These eggs were covered

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42 , NO. 1

January 1966] chemsak & powell — bionomics of tragidion

by a much paler material resembling the sandy substrate characteristic

of desert areas. Thus the oviposition behavior and associated structures

of T. armatum are analagous to the tortricid moth Decodes fragarianus

(Busck) (Powell, 1964). Females of Decodes and related genera were

found to accumulate debris particles on the ovipositor pads by means

of specialized setae. In most tortricids the setae of the ovipositor pads

apparently function solely as sensory organs. As in the case of the

moth, numerous genera related to T ragidion may be presumed to have

similar habits on the basis of their similar structural modification.

During field observations in early July 1964, we found eggs at several

localities. Previous knowledge of the appearance of the eggs in the

laboratory made it relatively simple to find them in the field. Numerous

eggs were found on the green, 1964 inflorescence stalks of Y. whipplei

about five miles east of Gorman, Los Angeles County, California. The

eggs were all deposited in depressions or scars on the stalk. Possibly

some of these scars were made by adult gnawing as reported by Town-

send (1892). The number of eggs ranged up to eight per stalk and

most eggs were found below the inflorescence area. On 7 July these

had not yet hatched.

At an area 21 miles east of Gorman, eggs were found on 1964 stalks

of Y. brevifolia. All had been laid in cracked or split parts of the stalks

and some were found on the side branches. These trees had six to eight

eggs per stalk and early instar larvae were present in many of them.

The presence of young larvae suggests that the eggs had been laid and

hatched some time previously. Blooming of Y. brevifolia occurs in

early April, at least a month ahead of Y. whipplei in this area. The

flight period of adult beetles appears to vary correspondingly.

Observations were also made 6 miles west of Wickenburg, Arizona,

on another Yucca, probably elata. Here also eggs were numerous on

drying stalks in pits and scars. A number of the stalks had eggs de-

posited near the top of the inflorescence area.

The young larvae hatch out through the bottom of the egg and pro-

ceed to mine their way directly into the stalk. At this time the ap-

pearance of the eggs is unchanged with no evidence of hatching apparent

externally. Those collected on 7 July were placed in salve tins still at-

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 2. Upper left: Dorsal view of eggs of Tragidion armatum LeConte laid

along scar on Yucca whipplei stalk. Upper right: Underside view of T. armatum

egg. Lower left: T. armatum egg laid in scar of a green Y. ivhipplei stalk. Lower

right: Side view of T. armatum egg on Y. ivhipplei stalk.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

January 1966] chemsak & powell — bionomics of tragidion

tached to small strips of the stalk. The emergence of larvae 2 days

later was possibly accelerated by desiccation of the plant material.

Flight records for adults suggest that a reasonable estimate of the

duration of the egg stage would be 2-3 weeks in the field. According to

Linsley (1961) the incubation period for eggs of most Cerambycidae

ranges between 2 and 5 weeks.

Larval Behavior

The larva of Tragidion armatum has been described by Craighead

(1923).

Upon hatching the larvae bore through the bottom of the egg, directly

into the plant where they begin to feed in the pith. During feeding the

larvae construct burrows which run with the longitudinal axis of the

main scape, parallel with the monocotyledonous fibers. The lumen be-

comes tightly packed with frass along most of its length, but at intervals

the gallery is empty (Fig. 3). In this study we found no cases of bur-

rows opening to the exterior for frass exudation.

In Yucca whipplei half-grown larvae were discovered at various

heights in the stalks, which usually range 2 to 3 meters in length. In

the field larvae were generally more common in the lower, larger por-

tions. In the laboratory larvae moved up and down the stalks alter-

nately. Evidently the orientation while feeding is subject to change

depending on the presence of available, unused pith. Many stalks were

found to contain several Tragidion larvae, burrows of Scyphophorus

yuccae Horn (Curculionidae) , or externally damaged portions, etc., all

of which act as factors in governing subsequent gallery formation.

In Yucca brevifolia, the larger larvae were eonsistently found at the

bases of dry inflorescence scapes, which are much shorter than in Y.

whipplei, reaching to only about % meter. The interior has a woody

consistency, much denser than the soft pith of Y. whipplei, and the bur-

rows constructed in Y. brevifolia are correspondingly shorter.

The pupation gallery is a broadened, hollow chamber which is con-

structed at the end of the feeding gallery (Fig. 3). The pupal chamber

curves towards the external surface, leaving only a thin layer to be cut

through by the emerging adult and there is no frass packing adjoining

the exit. The size of the pupal chamber varies considerably according

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 3. Larval work of Tragidion armatum in Yucca whipplei stalk with pupal

chamber and adult emergence hole at middle. Right: Pupal chamber of T. armatum

in stalk of Agave deserti.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

Map 1. Distribution records of Tragiclion armatum LeConte with the distribu-

tion limits of its host plants superimposed: 1, Yucca whipplei; 2, Agave deserti;

3, Yucca brevifolia (after Benson and Darrow, 1944).

to the size of the individual. Those feeding in Y . brevifolia apparently

tend to be smaller. This size difference was pointed out by Tinsley

(1957) in characterizing the subspecies T. armatum brevipenne, an as-

sociate of Y. brevifolia.

According to Townsend (1892) and Tinsley (1962) the life cycle of

T. armatum requires one year. However, we have no direct evidence

that larvae are able to complete development in one year. March and

January 1966] chemsak & powell — bionomics of tragidion 45

April collections of stalks produced the preceding year contained larvae

of various sizes, but these failed to produce adults until the following

year after storage at laboratory temperatures. A collection of Y. brevi-

folia scapes taken in March 1964 by R. W. Thorp included stalks of

several seasons and was the only one of our caged lots from which the

beetles emerged during the same year that the collection was made.

Host Plant Relationships

During the present investigation, we found no clear-cut preference

for one species of Agavaceae by Tragidion armatum in California. As

shown on Map 1, the occurrence of the beetle evidently is limited to the

deserts and inland mountain areas marginal to the deserts. So far as

known, the species does not follow Yucca schidigera and Y. whipplei to

the coast in southern California nor into northern portions of the latter

plant’s distribution. Yucca brevifolia was found to be the most con-

sistently used host (nearly every flowering stalk at some sites), but it

was surveyed at only a few localities. However, consistent use of Y.

brevifolia, and the restricted occurrence of the beetle on Y. whipplei,

may be the result of factors associated with a desert environment and

not to host preference.

The following is a list of localities where hosts were investigated for

presence of Tragidion armatum during 1963 and 1964. Field surveys

consisted of examination of several to many dry stalks during spring or

fall months.

Agave deserti. — Riverside County; Pinyon Flat, 16 road miles southwest Palm

Desert, Apiil, negative; Deep Creek, south of Palm Desert, April, larvae uncom-

mon. San Diego County: 5 miles east Jacumha, March, negative. Arizona; Palm

Cyn., Kofa Mountains, Yuma County, April, stalks scarce, one larva.

Nolina parryi. — Riverside County: Pinyon Flat, 16 road miles southwest Palm

Desert, April, negative.

Yucca schidigera. — Riverside County: Pinyon Flat, 16 road miles southwest

Palm Desert, April, negative. San Diego County: 4 miles west Jacumha, March,

negative; 1 mile east Boulevard, March, negative; Buckman Springs, March,

negative; Telegraph Canyon, Chula Vista, March, negative.

Yucca brevifolia. — Los Angeles County: 21 miles east Gorman, March, July,

larvae common; 22 miles east Gorman, March 1964, adults reared from old stalks.

San Bernardino County: 1 mile southeast Desert Springs (=Pinon Hills), March,

larvae common.

Yucca whipplei. — San Benito County: New Idria, April, negative. San Luis

Ohispo County: La Panza Camp, April, negative. Tulare County; Fairview, April,

negative. Kern County: 4 miles west Miracle Springs, April, negative; 4 miles

northeast Havilah, March 1963, April 1964, negative; 1 mile east Caliente, March,

negative; Dove Springs Road, 1.5 miles east Kelso Vy., May, larvae uncommon.

Los Angeles County: 5 miles east Gorman, March, larvae common; 1 mile south

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

Palmdale, March, larvae uncommon; 5 miles northwest Acton, March, negative;

5 miles north Solemint, March, negative; 4 miles northwest Topanga, April, nega-

tive. San Bernardino County: 1 mile southeast Desert Springs, March, larvae un-

common; Verdemont, March, negative. Riverside County: Citrus Exp. Sta., River-

side, March, negative; 10 miles southeast Valle Vista, April, negative; Santa Ana

Mountains, west of Elsinore, March, negative. San Diego County: 5 miles north-

east Fallbrook, March, negative; Cardiff-by-the-Sea, October, negative; 2 miles

southeast El Cajon, October, negative; Buckman Springs, March, October, nega-

tive.

As discussed elsewhere (Powell and Mackie, 1965) areas of Yucca

whipplei occupied by the subspecies Y. w. caespitosa are characterized

by much more abundant bloom each year than is consistent in the

typical race. Individual plants of the cespitose form, which occurs along

the western edge of the Mojave Desert (Dove Springs, Gorman, Palm-

dale, Desert Springs, etc.) commonly send up one to several flowering

stalks each year, with the remainder of the clump of basal rosettes

persisting. The typical form, which ranges through cismontane southern

California, is completely solitary, and each individual dies after flower-

ing once. Thus a more abundant and consistent supply of stalks is

available to Tragidion in areas of Yucca whipplei caespitosa, and these

are the populations which were found to support T. armatum during

our study. The beetle was not found to be present in the solitary, cis-

montane form, although at least one collection of adults (Laguna Moun-

tains near Mt. Laguna Post Office, San Diego County, June 1952,

Powell) may represent such an association.

Discussion

Tragidion armatum feeds in the larval stage in flowering scapes of

various species of Agavaceae, including Agave, Dasylirion, and Yucca.

The occurrence of T. armatum in California is apparently limited by

factors other than availability of suitable host plants. As indicated in

Map 1, Yucca whipplei is utilized only in areas marginal to the deserts,

where the distributions of either Y. brevifolia or Agave deserti overlap

or are nearly adjoining that of Y. whipplei.

From observations both in the field and in the laboratory, the period

of development of T. armatum from egg to adult requires 2 years, at

least for many individuals.

The modified eighth abdominal segment of T. armatum was found to

be directly related to the oviposition habits. The setose fringe serves to

accumulate sand particles from the substrate, which are then spread

over the egg, forming a peaked mound. The discovery of the function

of this fringe, as well as the oviposition behavior and the nature of the

January 1966] chemsak & powell — bionomics of tragidion 47

eggs, may be very significant. Not only may biological observations

on the groups of Cerambycinae possessing this structure be aided, but

concepts in the higher classification of the subfamily may be affected

as well.

Acknowledgments

This work was carried out in part under National Science Foundation

sponsored studies on North American Cerambycidae (Grant GB-2326).

We also wish to acknowledge R. W. Thorp, University of California,

Davis, for field collections and H. B. Leech, California Academy of Sci-

ences, for the loan of specimens.

Literature Cited

Benson, L., and R. A. Darrow. 1944. A manual of southwestern desert trees and

shrubs. Univ. Arizona Biol. Sci. Bull., 6: 1-411, figs.

Butovitscii, V. VON. 1939. Zur Kenntnis de Paarung, Eiablage und Ernahrung

der Cerambyciden. Entomol. Tidskr., 60: 206-258.

CoQUiLLETT, D. W. 1893. On the pollination of Yucca whipplei in California.

Insect Life, 5 (5) : 311-314.

Craighead, F. C. 1923. North American cerambycid larvae. Canada Dept. Agr.

Tech. Bull., (n.s.)27: 1-238, figs.

Fall, H. C. 1901. List of the coleoptera of southern California, with notes on

habits and distribution and descriptions of new species. Occ. Papers

Calif. Acad. Sci., 8: 1-282.

Hicks, C. H. 1929. On the nesting habits of Callnnthidium illustre (Cresson)

(Hymenop.) Canadian Entomol., 61: 1-8.

Linsley, E. G. 1957. New subspecies of Cerambycidae mostly from Southwestern

United States. Coleop. Bull., 11: 33-36.

1959. Ecology of Cerambycidae. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 4: 99-138.

1961. The Cerambycidae of Noi'th America. Part 1. Introduction. Univ.

Calif. Publ. Entomol., 18: 1-97, figs.

1962. The Cerambycidae of North America. Part III. Taxonomy and classifi-

cation of the subfamily Cerambycinae, tribes Opsimini through Mega-

derini. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 20: 1-188, figs.

Linsley, E. G., J. N. Knull, and M. Statham. 1961. A list of Cerambycidae from

the Chiricahua Mountain Area, Cochise County, Arizona. Amer. Mus.

Nov., 2050: 1-34, figs.

Powell, J. A. 1964. Biological and taxonomic studies on tortricine moths, with

reference to the species in California (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) Univ.

Calif. Publ. Entomol., 32: 318 p.

Powell, J. A., and R. A. Mackie. 1965. Biological interrelationships of moths

and Yucca whipplei. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. (in press).

Townsend, C. H. T. 1892. Biologic notes on New Mexico insects. Insect Life,

5 (I) : 37-40.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 42, NO. 1

The Avian Response to a Population Outbreak of the Tent

Caterpillar, Malacosoma constrictum (Stretch)

(Lepidoptera : Lasiocampidae)

Richard B. Root

Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley^

It is a widely accepted view among biologists that caterpillars which

possess numerous, long, integumental hairs are distasteful to most spe-

cies of insectivorous birds. This view, however, is poorly documented

in the literature. During the late spring and summer seasons of 1959-

1961, and throughout 1963, I was engaged in a study of the compara-

tive foraging behavior of the insectivorous birds at the Hastings Reser-

vation, Monterey County, California. In the course of this investigation,

the abundance of the tent caterpillar, Malacosoma constrictum {Stietch.) ,

fluctuated widely, thereby making it possible for me to observe how

the birds responded to different densities of the “hairy” larvae of this

species.

The Hastings Reservation is located in the central Coast Ranges of

California where one of the principal vegetation types is a deciduous

woodland dominated by blue oaks {Quercus Douglasii H. & A.), valley

oaks {Q. lohata Nee), and hybrid oaks. Coast live oaks {Q. agrifolia

Nee) are common in the draws and on the shaded lower slopes. The

south-facing slopes are covered by a dense chaparral.

During late May and early June 1961, a population outbreak of M.

constrictum resulted in the almost complete defoliation of the oaks in

the vicinity of the Hastings Reservation. Although the temperatures

which prevailed during the spring of 1961 were within the normal

range, the amount of rain which fell was well below the average for

this locality (Fig. 1). By 11 June the defoliation appeared to have

reached its fullest extent and the barren oaks were beginning to pro-

duce new leaves. At this time caterpillars were very rare, but the

ground beneath the defoliated trees was carpeted with pupae and multi-

tudes of adults were attracted to lights at night. In one 48-acre stand

of woodland, less than 15% of the individual deciduous oaks escaped

complete defoliation. In this area, all of the deciduous oaks exhibited

some damage, but scattered clumps of two or three adjacent trees had

lost less than 20% of their foliage. Most of the live oaks were attacked,

but the larger trees obviously retained more leaves than adjacent de-

ciduous oaks of a comparable size. A few of the scattered madrones

^Currently: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Some of these obser-

vations were made during the tenure of a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 48-53. January 1966

January 1966] root — bird response to tent caterpillars

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 1. A comparison of average spring rainfall and temperatures during a 6-

year period (1958-1960, 1962-1964) with conditions in 1961. The temperature

data are plotted with the mean of daily highs at the top, the average of daily

mean temperatures in the middle, and the mean of daily lows at the bottom.

{Arbutus Menziesii Pursh.) were partially defoliated. Signs of obvious

defoliation by M. constrictum were observed over an area which in-

cluded at least 1,200 acres of deciduous oak woodland. Within this

area, however, scattered enclaves of oaks, varying from a few trees to

almost 30 acres in extent, escaped serious damage.

During the spring of 1963, M. constrictum again became conspicuous

at the Hastings Reservation. This population never reached outbreak

proportions; obvious feeding damage was restricted to the foliage as-

sociated with one or two branches on scattered deciduous and live oaks.

Between 11 March and 29 September 1963 the foliage arthropods were

sampled by sweeping the oaks with a heavy insect net at approximately

biweekly intervals. A full description of these collections has been re-

ported elsewhere (Root, 1964). The first-instar larvae of M. constrictum

were first recorded on 28 March during the period when most of the

new leaf buds of the deciduous and live oaks were just beginning to

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

open. The bulk of the population had reached the penultimate and ulti-

mate instars by 8 June although a few caterpillars were observed as

late as 27 June. During the period of their occurrence in 1963, the

number of tent caterpillars taken in 40 sweeps averaged 8 (range: 1-

16) on the deciduous oaks and 11.5 (range: 2—16) on the live oaks. In

these collections, the mean abundance of lasiocampid larvae exceeded

the numbers of larvae belonging to other lepidopterous families.

Keen (1952), in considering all Malacosoma spp., has written: “Birds

also play an active part in controlling the tent caterpillars; many spe-

cies feeding on the caterpillars, others feeding on the eggs, and still

others on the moths.” At the Hastings Reservation there is good reason

to believe that the larvae of M. constricium are distasteful to the ma-

jority of the insectivorous birds. During 1963, when the caterpillars

formed a conspicuous proportion of the foliage arthropod fauna, adult

blue-gray gnatcatchers {Polioptila caerulea) were never seen to bring

tent caterpillars to their nestlings in the course of 50 hours of close

observation at ten different nests. The stomachs of four nestling gnat-

catchers collected on 1 June 1963, from a territory where tent caterpil-

lars were especially abundant, contained three noctuid and four geometrid

larvae ranging from 15.1 to 19.5 mm in total length. Lepidopterous

larvae made up 43.9% of the arthropods found in the nestlings’ stom-

achs. At this time, nearly one-third of the tent caterpillars on this ter-

ritory were less than 20.0 mm in length and yet they were absent from

the birds’ diet. On one occasion, when a tent caterpillar of intermediate

size crawled onto the nest rim, the adult gnatcatcher seized the larva

with its beak and carried it about 20 feet away. This larva was not

eaten; after seeming to squeeze it once, the gnatcatcher immediately

dropped the caterpillar and vigorously wiped its beak against the perch

for a few seconds.

On numerous occasions during 1961 and 1963 I observed foraging

warbling vireos [Vireo gilvus)^. Hutton vireos [Vireo huttoni) , orange-

crowned warblers {Vermivora celata) , plain titmice {Parus inornatus) ,

and gnatcatchers to pass within 2 feet of tent caterpillars without at-

tempting to feed upon them. The stomach contents from these bird spe-

cies (Table 1) show that larvae of comparable size in other, less

conspicious, lepidopterous families were frequently captured.

The cuckoos, Coccyzus americanus and C. erythrophthalmus, eat

large numbers of “hairy” caterpillars, including Malacosoma spp. (Beal

^ It is of interest that the stomach of one warbling vireo, collected near Berkeley, California, on

29 April 1962 contained the remains of the larvae of 14 California oak moths, Phryganidia californica

Packard (Lepidoptera : Dioptidae) . These larvae were all about 12 mm in length. Harville (1955)

states that P. californica seems to he an undesirable food of most birds.

January 1966] root — bird response to tent caterpillars

Table 1. Numbers of lepidopterous larvae in the diets of insectiv-

orous birds at the Hastings Reservation during the period of 1 May-

31 July 1959, 1961, and 1963. Certain characteristics of the sample

are also presented.

Vireo

gilvus

Vireo

huttoni

V ermivora

celata

Polioptila

caeralea

Parus

inornatus

Tortricidae

Pyralidae

Geometridae

Noctuidae

Arctiidae

No. of stomachs

examined

Per cent of stomachs

containing caterpillars

100

Length of caterpillars

14.8

16.1

15.1

14.3

20.0

in mm, X (range)

(7-30)

(9-26)

(7-26)

(8-25)

(12-26)

and Judd, 1898; Bent, 1940). Indeed, these birds seem to be attracted

to areas of eastern tent caterpillar (M. americanum (Fabricius) ) out-

breaks during the breeding season. The thin, smooth-walled stomachs

of these birds are frequently felted by the penetration of hairs from the

caterpillars; Forbush (1927) states that cuckoos are able to shed their

stomach linings when they become completely matted with these hairs.

Coccyzus erythrophthalmus does not occur within the range of M. con-

strictum, however, and C. americamis is restricted to the valley-floor

riparian woodlands in California (Miller, 1951) where it has infrequent

contact with this caterpillar.

On two occasions, Bullock orioles [Icterus bullockii) were observed

to eat late-instar larvae of M. constrictum at the Hastings Reservation

(C. G. Sibley, field notes). In each case, the oriole grasped the larva

in its beak at one end of the body and beat the caterpillar against the

perch until the integument was shucked off. The skin was left behind

while the remainder of the caterpillar was eaten. Following ingestion,

the orioles wiped their beaks against a branch. During 1961, there was

no indication of an increase in the density of Bullock orioles, suggesting

that this species is not particularly attracted to areas of tent caterpillar

outbreaks.

The nesting activities of most of the insectivorous birds in the oak

woodlands at the Hastings Reservation seemed to collapse during the

1961 defoliation by tent caterpillars. Between 11 and 15 June I ob-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

Table 2. The diets of blue-gray gnatcatchers collected in the oak

woodlands at the Hastings Reservation during June of different years.

The data are presented as the per cent of the total individuals (A^) in

each sample.

1960

1961^

1963

Hemiptera

50.8

44.3

41.2

Lepidoptera

2.5

11.4

13.7

Diptera

7.5

5.7

3.9

Coleoptera

14.6

20.0

29.5

Hymenoptera

15.6

15.7

7.8

Araneae

9.0

2.9

3.9

122

^ All specimens were collected in areas of extensive defoliation by M. constrictam.

served several pairs of gnatcatchers, vireos, and warblers which were

without nestlings or fledglings. Normally, early June constitutes the

peak of the breeding season for these birds (Root, 1964). One pair of

titmice was accompanied by fledglings. This species is a permanent

resident of the deciduous woodland, and is well adapted for foraging

in the barren limbs and branches of the oaks. At this time, all of the

gnatcatchers observed on the area were starting to build new nests in

oaks which had escaped serious defoliation.

The diet of gnatcatchers in large stands of defoliated oak woodland

during early June 1961 did not differ greatly from the June diet in

years when tent caterpillars were at lower densities (Table 2). The

widespread defoliation probably reduced the populations of the foliage

arthropods which constitute a major proportion of these birds’ diet.

Such a failure in the food supply could result in a cessation of avian

breeding activity.

Despite their extreme abundance during June 1961, the adults of M.

constrictum were not found in the stomachs of the gnatcatchers col-

lected at that time. These same stomachs, however, contained the adults

of two pyralids, one geometrid, and one noctuid.

These observations suggest that birds are not likely to be effective in

controlling populations of M. constrictum. Langston (1957) states that

the integumental hairs of tent caterpillars discourage attack by arthro-

pod parasites and predators. Judging from the behavior exhibited by

birds while handling these insects, it would appear that the hairs serve

an additional function as a protective device against avian predators.

January 1966] root — bird response to tent caterpillars 53

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the following individuals for their aid in this re-

search: R. L. Langston and J. G. Franclemont checked my identifica-

tion of different collections of M. constrictum; P. D. Hurd, Jr., made

the determinations of the birds’ stomach contents; J. Davis made the

weather records at the Hastings Reservation available for inclusion in

this paper; and J. G. Franclemont offered his critical comments on the

manuscript.

Literature Cited

Beal, F. E. L., and S. D, Judd. 1898. Cuckoos and shrikes in their relation to

agriculture. U.S.D.A. Biol. Survey Bull., No. 9: 1-26.

Bent, A. C. 1940. Life histories of North American cuckoos, goatsuckers, hum-

minghirds, and their allies. U. S. Natl. Mus. Bulk, 176: 1-506.

Forbusii, E. H. 1927. Birds of Massachusetts and other New England States. Vol.

2. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Norwood. 461 -j- vlix p.

Hakville, j. P. 1955. Ecology and population dynamics of the California oak

moth Phryganidia calif ornica Packard (Lepidoptera : Dioptidae) . Micro-

entomology, 20: 83-166.

Keen, F. P. 1952. Insect enemies of Western forests. Revised. U.S.D.A. Miscl.

Puhl., No. 273. 280 p.

Langston, R. L. 1957. A synopsis of hymenopterous parasites of Malacosoma in

California (Lepidoptera : Lasiocampidae) . Univ. Calif. Puhl. EntomoL,

14: 1-50.

Miller, A. H, 1951. An analysis of the distribution of birds of California. Univ.

Calif. Puhl. Zook, 50: 531-644.

Root, R. B. 1964. Niche organization in the blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila

caeriilea) . Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley. 124 p.

CORRECTION

The statement by Butler and Ritchie in Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41 (3) : 156,

“It {Anthrax cintalpa Cole) was reared by R. W. Thorp from both M. rotundata

and M. concinna in California” is in error. It was reared only from M. concinna .- —

G. D. Butler, University of Arizona, Tucson, and R. W. Thorp, University of

California, Davis.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

Notes on the Laboratory Rearing of Notonecta hoffmanni

(Hemiptera : Notonectidae)

J. E. McPherson

San Diego State College, San Diego

Notonecta hoffmanni Hungerford is a common back swimmer found

in freshwater pools and streams. It occurs in Southern California, Baja

California, Mexico, Arizona (Hungerford, 1925), and New Mexico

(Sailer, 1942). The only work which has been done on this species,

thus far, is an original description of the male and female adults by H.

B. Hungerford (1925) and the life history by McPherson (1965). This

paper concerns the laboratory rearing of this species.

Materials and Methods

The collection site was a 150-foot-long section of Vie j as Creek which

is located 3.5 miles east of Alpine, San Diego County, California, at an

elevation of 2,230 feet above sea level. Adult specimens were taken

from this area in late winter, brought into the laboratory and placed

in stacking dishes (Braun No. 25405) in a constant temperature room

(air temperature 25.0°C). Since I had found, from previous investiga-

tion, the sex ratio to be approximately 1, I made no effort to sex the

collected individuals. The dishes were furnished with Elodea canaden-

sis Michx., to provide an egg-laying site for the insects. They were

allowed to remain in these dishes for 24 hours after egg-laying began.

The stacking dishes were constantly illuminated with 50-watt light

bulbs (Champion) held in gooseneck lamps (Richman) during the

experiment. The light intensity was held between 750 and 1,000 micro-

amperes, averaging approximately 850 microamperes, and was deter-

mined with a General Electric photocell (PV 1) mounted in a block of

wood (13.1 cm X 13.3 cm X 1.9 cm) attached to a microammeter

(Simpson Electric Co., Model 374). This was done to eliminate two

possible variables, the light intensity and the temperature of the water

resulting from the heat of the bulbs. A water depth of 5% cm was

maintained in the dishes.

Observations were made nightly, the water temperature recorded, and

any developmental changes noted.

The nymphal instars and the adults were fed a constant diet of brine

shrimp, Artemia salina (Linnaeus).

Life Cycle

The life cycle of N. hoffmanni under laboratory conditions and in-

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 54-56. January 1966

January 1966] mcpherson — notes on notonecta

formation on the lengths of the preoviposition and oviposition periods

are given below.

The durations of the developmental stages were found to be:

12 to 13 days; first-instar nymph — 5 to 9 days; second-instar nymph —

6 to 9 days; third-instar nymph — 7 to 10 days; fourth-instar nymph —

9 to 12 days; fifth-instar nymph — 15 to 21 days. The means for these

periods were 12.80, 7.82, 8.14, 8.25, 11.22, and 18.00 days, respectively.

Fertilized eggs were found 27 days after the emergence of the adults.

Thirty adults (male and female) were collected from Vie j as Creek

on 25 March 1964, brought into the laboratory, and placed in the con-

stant temperature room. During the life cycle, the water temperature

varied between 23.0° and 26.0°C.

26 March: Oviposition began with approximately 65 eggs being laid;

nearly 100% were fertile.

29 March: About 50% of the eggs had begun to darken and during

the following 2 days, all turned dark brown.

1 April: The eyespots appeared on a few of the eggs as pink vertical

bars at the broad end.

3 April: The eyespots had become red and prominent. There was no

further change observed until hatching except for the increasing visi-

bility of the first-instar nymph through the chorion.

7 April: A total of 12 eggs hatched followed by the appearance of 48

additional first-instar nymphs the next day. Hatching begins with the

formation of a dorsoventral slit at the cephalic (widest) end of the

egg. The head can be seen moving rhythmically at this time. This is

followed by body contractions of the nymph as it emerges through the

ventral side of the cephalic end in a jerky manner. An embryonic

(vitelline) membrane surrounding the nymph is now visible. The

nymph immediately frees itself from this membrane, the metathoracic

legs being the last to leave.

12 to 16 April: One second-instar nymph appeared on the first day

and 38 additional specimens during the following days of this period;

the majority (19) emerged on 15 April.

18 April: Two third-instar nymphs emerged.

19 April : Six specimens died in the molting process from the second-

to the third-instar nymph stage. Cause of death was probably canni-

balism. Two additional third-instar nymphs did emerge successfully.

20 and 21 April: A total of 18 third-instar nymphs appeared with

the majority (16) emerging on 21 April.

22 to 24 April: Five of the third-instar nymphs died, cause unknown.

25 to 28 April: Two fourth-instar nymphs were observed on the first

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 42, NO. 1

day of this period and by the last day a total of 12 had emerged. The

greatest number (6) appeared on 26 April.

4 to 7 May: One fifth nymphal instar emerged on the first day of

this period and during the next three days, eight additional specimens

appeared. The majority (5) emerged on May 7.

18 May : One fifth-instar nymph was killed by cannibalism.

19 to 25 May: Seven adults emerged during this time. They were

all red in color, this possibly resulting from their constant diet of brine

shrimp. In the natural environment, the adults vary in color from a

light tan to a brownish black. It is possible, therefore, that this variation

in color may be due to slightly different diets.

14 June: Two females and one male were still alive, the others having

died of unknown causes.

15 June: Oviposition began; a total of 17 eggs were laid by the fe-

males who were in two separate containers. The male was moved

every few days from one container to the other.

29 June: A total of 145 eggs had been laid by the two females; the

majority were fertile. The temperature varied between 23.0° and 25.8°C

during the preoviposition and oviposition periods, averaging 24.5 °C.

Summary

In the laboratory the durations of the developmental stages of Noto-

necta hoffmanni were found to be: egg — 12 to 13 days; first-instar

nymph — 5 to 9 days; second-instar nymph — 6 to 9 days; third-instar

nymph — 7 to 10 days; fourth-instar nymph — 9 to 12 days; and fifth-

instar nymph- — 15 to 21 days. The means of these periods were, re-

spectively, 12.80, 7.82, 8.14, 8.25, 11.22, and 18.00 days. Oviposition

began 27 days after the emergence of the adults.

Literature Cited

Hungerford, H. B. 1925. Notonecta hoffmani [sic] sp. n. Canadian Entomol.,

57: 241.

McPherson, J. E. 1965. Notes on the life history of Notonecta hoffmanni (Hemip-

tera : Notonectidae) . Pan-Pac. Entomol., 41: 86-89.

Sailer, R. I. 1942. Distributional record for Notonecta hoffmanni Hungerford 1925.

Jour. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 15: 6.

January 1966] buckett — stagmomantis limbata

The Mantid Stagmomantis limbata (Hahn) in California

(Orthoptera : Mantidae)

J. S. Buckett

University of California, Davis

Late in the summer of 1964, it was the author’s pleasure to collect

a most attractive mantid species, Stagmomantis limbata (Hahn) . This

species is a medium to large mantid, the male being less spectacularly

colored than is the female. The male is apple green in general ground

color, this color being most pronounced on the costal vein of both the

forewings and the hindwings. The total length of the male is nearly

60 mm, the greatest length of the forewing being 40 mm. The forewing

is clear, as is the hindwing except for the presence of brown splotches

between the veins in the anal area.

The female is quite spectacular, particularly when the hindwing

is displayed, as this wing possesses lemon yellow or chartreuse splotches

in the otherwise clear wing, giving the impression of a netting effect.

Fig. 1. Stagmomantis limbata, male. Davis, Yolo County, California, 24 Sep-

tember 1964 (J. S. Buckett and M. R. Gardner). Fig. 2. Stagmomantis limbata,

female. Data same as in Fig, 1.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 57-58. January 1966

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

The forewing is a bright green, the costal vein being shaded with brown.

Both the wings are stubby for the size of the female mantid, not sur-

passing the terminal portion of the abdomen. The total length of the

female is 50 mm to 55 mm, the greatest length of the forewing being

25 mm. Apparently the female is not a good flier, as when one was

repeatedly thrown into the air, it Avould flutter to the ground at an

obtuse angle, and in no instance did any of the females studied exhibit

prolonged flight. It is possible that it was imported into the Davis, Yolo

County area, rather than arriving here by its own means of dispersal. S.

limhata is well established in Davis, as is evidenced by the records

listed below. Heifer (1963) does not list S. limbata from California.

The specimens were determined with the key in Heifer (1963), and

verified by Jacques R. Heifer of Mendocino, California.

Specimens examined. — 3 males, 2 females, Davis, Yolo County, 24 September

1964 (J. S. Buckett and M. R. Gardner) ; 1 male, same locality as preceding, 16

September 1954 (L. M. Smith) ; 2 males, same locality as preceding, 12 September

1959 (T. H. Gantenbein) ; 1 male, Dinuba, Tulare County, 30 November 1957

(R. E. Rice).

Literature Cited

Helfer, J. R. 1963. Hoav to know the grasshoppers, cockroaches, and their

allies. Wm. C. Brown Publ. Co., Dubuque, Iowa, v -|- 354 p.

Description of Immature Stages of Three California Species of

Phytoseiids Including Notes on their Biology

(Acarina : Phytoseiidae)

Robert 0. Schuster

University of California, Davis

Although immature stages of many species of phytoseiids have been

collected in California, their descriptions have been neglected because

of difficulties in positively associating the young stages with their

proper adult forms. The forms here described were collected from

habitats wherein the populations comprised but one species, or they were

reared from known adults. During 1964, specimens were taken from

a 60-year-old vineyard of zinfandel vines located near Lodi, San Joaquin

County, California. Observations on their biology were also made in

this vineyard.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 58-66. January 1966

January 1966]

SCHUSTER — IMMATURE MITES

The immature stages of Typhloseiopsis smitJii (Schuster), Meiaseiulus

mcgregori (Chant), and M. occidentalis (Nesbitt) are figured herein,

and measurements of their setae are included in the descriptions. The

larva of T. smithi was illustrated, and the larva, protonymphs, and deu-

tonymphs were briefly described when the species was first proposed

( Schuster, 1957 ) , but few measurements were given in the original

description. Chant (1958) described and figured the larva of M.

occidentalis. None of the immature stages of M. mcgregori have been

described heretofore.

The larvae of all three species have ten pairs of setae on the dorsal

shields (nine on the anterior shield, and one on the posterior shield) . In

addition to a pair of vertical setae there are three pairs of medians, one

pair of mediolaterals, and four pairs of laterals on the anterior section.

The peritreme and fourth pair of legs do not appear until just prior to

molting. On the venter there are three pairs of sternal setae, three pairs

of preanal setae, and the postanal and para-anal setae. These setae are

easily observed and are diagnostic.

The protonymph acquires one additional pair of prolateral setae and

a pair of submarginals. One pair of postmediolateral setae, one pair

of lateral setae, and the pair of clunal setae are added in the posterior

region (see Fig. 2) . The number of ventral setae remains the same.

Another prolateral pair of setae is added in the deutonymphal stage

for a total of six pairs. Setae added to the venter are those pairs which

correspond to the metasternal and genital setae of the adult females. Two

pairs of preanal or ventrolateral setae are also acquired. The sexes

appear to be indistinguishable until just before molting occurs, at which

time the spermathecae become evident.

The numbers of setae on the tibia, genu, and femur of the larva and

the protonymph are: leg I, 8-8-10; leg II, 7-6-7; leg III, 8-6-5; and

leg IV (protonymph only), 6-5-4. For the deutonymph, the adult male,

and the adult female these numbers are: leg I, 10-10-12 (except 11-10-12

for T. smithi) ; leg II, 7-8-9; leg III, 7-7-6; and leg IV, 6-7-6.

Two of the counts indicated above differ from those given by Evans

(1963) . First, genu II of the deutonymph and adult stages of all of the

species have eight setae (2-2/1, 2/0, -1), instead of seven (2-2/0, 2/0-1) .

Second, tibia I of T. smithi has 11 setae (2-2/2, 2/1-2) instead of the

ten setae (2-2/2, 2/0-2) typical of the family (compare Figs. 7 and 8).

The length of the dorsum is referred to as body length. This length

was averaged for 25 individuals, except for the larva of T. smithi. The

lengths of the various setae were measured for one individual only. All

of the measurements are in microns.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

Plate I. Typhloseiopsis smithi — Larva, Fig. 1, dorsum; Fig. 3, venter; Fig. 5, leg

dorsal view. Protonymph, Fig. 4, dorsum; Fig. 6, venter; Fig. 7, leg II ventral view;

Fig. 8, leg IV ventral view. Metaseiulus occidentalis — Molting larva. Fig. 2, larval

setae hollow, protonymphal setae solid, developing peritreme and leg IV indicated

by broken line.

January 1966]

SCHUSTER IMMATURE MITES

Typhloseiopsis smithi (Schuster)

Larva (Figs. 1, 3, 5). — Length 220. Vertical seta 34; prolateral seta

I 21, II 17, III 25, IV 93; postlateral seta 150; median seta I 12, 11 14,

III 85; promediolateral seta 15.

The lengths of ten individuals ranged from 188 to 245, averaging 208.

One specimen 212 long was molting. This length is consistent with lengths

observed for the smaller protonymphs. One obvious macroseta is present

on the tibia of leg III.

Protonymph (PL I, Figs. 4, 6-8).^ — Length 223. Vertical seta 17;

prolateral seta I, II 17, III 20, IV, V 26; postlateral seta I 28, II 14,

III 48; median seta I, II 14, III 19, IV 22, V 16; promediolateral seta

14, postmediolateral seta 55; clunal seta 7; submarginal seta 23. Mini-

mum length 212, average 235, maximum 265.

The macroseta of leg III, present in the larva, is absent in the pro-

tonymph but a similar seta occurs on the basitarsus of leg IV. This

macroseta, shorter promediolateral seta, and longer fifth prolaterals

make the protonymphs of T. smithi and M. mcgregori easy to separate.

Deutonymph (PI. II, Figs. 1—4) . — Length 302. Vertical seta 25; pro-

lateral seta I 30, II 20, III 29, IV, V 39, VI 41; postlateral seta I 23,

II 66; median seta I 17, II 20, III 24, IV 28; clunals 8; promediolateral

seta 19, postmediolaterals 60; prosublateral seta 29, postsublateral seta

41. Minimum length 262, average 293, maximum 322.

The first pair of lateral setae in the posterior region is clearly

submarginal in this stage. In M. mcgregori, this pair of setae is clearly

on the dorsal shield and the submarginal is absent.

The adults and immatures of this species were recovered from grape

bark by Berlese funnel extraction. Mated females were present in a

sample taken on 18 May, but immatures were not found until late June.

All stages appear to remain under the bark, and the species maintained

a rather uniformly low density throughout the summer. The species has

been observed to feed on Eotetranychus willamettei (McGregor) and on

Tetranychus pad ficus McGregor in the laboratory (Schuster, 1957), but

the natural prey is unknown. The appearance of greenish-colored in-

dividuals in samples taken soon after irrigation or rainfall indicates that

lichen or alga may be eaten under some conditions. Reproduction in-

creased slightly in late summer during the period when E. willamettei

entered hibernation.

Metaseiulus mcgregori (Chant)

Larva (PI. II, Figs. 5, 6) . — Length 180. Vertical setae 13, prolateral

seta I 9, II, HI 14, IV 48; postlateral seta 78; median seta I, II 9,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

Plate II. Typhloseiopsis smithi — Deutonymph, Fig. 1, dorsum; Fig. 2, venter; Fig.

3, leg II dorsal view; Fig. 4, leg IV dorsal view. Adult, Fig. 7, leg I tibia ventral

view. Metaseiidus mcgregori — Larva, Fig. 5, dorsum; Fig. 6, venter. Protonymph,

Fig. 11, venter; Fig. 12, dorsum. Deutonymph, Fig. 9, dorsum; Fig. 10, venter.

Metaseiulus occidentalis — Adult, Fig. 8, leg I tibia ventral view.

January 1966]

SCHUSTER — IMMATURE MITES

III 13; promediolateral seta 48. Minimum length 171, average 179,

maximum 228.

The absence of a macroseta on leg III distinguishes this larva from

that of T. smithi. The relative lengths of the median setae distinguish

larvae of M. mcgregori from larvae of M. occidentalis. The relative

lengths of the postanal and para-anal setae are also diagnostic.

Protonymph (PI. II, Figs. 11, 12). — Length 220. Vertical seta 14;

prolateral seta I, II 14, III, IV 20; postlateral seta I 19, II 23, III 12,

IV 17; median seta I 13, II 14, III, IV 20; clunal seta 4; promediolateral

seta 14, postmediolaterals 17 ; submarginal setae 20. Minimum length

178, average 195, maximum 228.

The shorter dorsal setae provide a means of distinguishing the

protonymph of M. mcgregori from that of M. occidentalis.

Deutonymph (PL II, Figs. 9, 10). — Length 245. Vertical seta 17;

prolateral seta I, II, III 18, IV 21, V, VI 26; postlateral seta I 26,

II 14, III 38. Median seta I, II 14, III 18, IV 23; clunal seta 6; pro-

mediolateral seta 14, postmediolaterals 38; submarginal setae 21.

Minimum length 225, average 246, maximum 270.

The differences in respect to lengths of dorsal setae between this

species and M. occidentalis are obvious at a magnification of 10 X.

Numbers and locations of leg setae are the same as illustrated for M.

occidentalis.

The observed population occurred on grape leaves and, generally, the

basal leaves of each cane. An initial population of adults slowly dimin-

ished throughout late spring and early summer, indicating inability to

reproduce in the absence of a prey species. The population increased

again in August when E. willamettei established on the vines. It

decreased during October although the density of prey remained higher

than at the initiation of reproduction. During six weeks, from the first

part of August to the middle of September, the proportion of immatures

increased from 0% to 41%. The population then was composed of 38%

adult females, 21% males, and 41% immatures. The numbers of males

and immatures subsequently diminished until, at the end of October,

nearly 100% of the population consisted of adult females. At this time,

and throughout most of November, the adults were concentrated along

the main veins near the petioles. This was the only time that their

distribution on the leaves was not random.

The entire population of M. mcgregori occurred on the leaves during

the growing season. This species was primarily dependent on E. will-

amettei, although feeding on T. pacificus was also observed.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 42, NO. 1

Plate III. Metaseiulus occidentalis — Larva, Fig. 1, dorsum; Fig. 2, leg III

ventral; Fig. 6, venter. Protonymph, Fig. 3, leg II ventral view; Fig. 4, leg IV

ventral view; Fig. 9, leg IV ventral view; Fig. 10, dorsum; Fig. 11, venter.

January 1966]

SCHUSTER IMMATURE MITES

Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt)

Larva (PI. Ill, Figs. 1, 2, 6). — Length 205. Vertical seta 29;

prolateral seta I 30, II, III 48, IV 50; postlateral seta 63; median seta

I 8, II 56, III 60; promediolateral seta 61. Minimum length 171,

average 192, maximum 202.

Median seta I are the only very short dorsal setae. The short postanal

and long para-anal setae on the ventral surface are diagnostic. None

of the setae of tibia III are greatly longer than the others.

Protonymph (PI. Ill, Figs. 3—5, 7). — Length 225. Vertical seta 21;

prolateral seta I 28, II 41, III 39, IV, V 47; clunal seta 8; submarginal

seta 29. Minimum length 195, average 219, maximum 245.

The length of the first median setae of this stage is nearly equal to

the lengths of its other dorsal setae, and the length of the para-anal setae

is normal.

Deutonymph (PL III, Figs. 8-11). — Length 262. Vertical seta 21;

prolateral seta I 49, II 56, III 37, IV 54, V 55, VI 63; postlateral seta

I 63, II, III 48; median seta I 30, II 45, III 55, IV 60; clunal seta 10;

promediolateral seta 45; postmediolaterals 60; submarginal seta 41.

Minimum length 225, average 256, maximum 296. The largest in-

dividual was molting.

Adults of M. occidentalis appeared concurrently with populations of

T. pacijicus early in August. At this time the population of E. willamettei

had already developed to a density of 1 mite per square inch of leaf

surface. Considering the wide host range of M. occidentalis, the prey

density was assumed to be of greater importance than the prey species in

influencing predator establishment. These predators were most prevalent

on the distal leaves of the canes where T. pacijicus and E. willamettei

occurred in mixed populations. The predators were somewhat less prev-

alent on the basal leaves where E. willamettei was the only prey.

About 1 August, before M. occidentalis had appeared, M. mcgregoi'i

had been reproducing for 3 weeks, or approximately one generation.

Later however, early in September, M. occidentalis was present in

slightly greater numbers than M. mcgregori. The reproductive peak

occurred in mid-September at which time the population of M. occi-

dentalis was composed of 41% females, 16% males, and 43% immatures.

Although the composition of the two predator populations was similar,

M. occidentalis had become the more numerous, and in a shorter period

of time. Probably faster developmental rate, not greater fecundity, was

responsible for the rapid increase of M. occidentalis. Reproduction

declined with the seasonal drop in temperature and, in October, many

individuals were found in the bark of the grapevines. The recovery of

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 42, NO. 1

gravid females and occasional larvae of M. occidentalis from the bark

indicated that they probably fed on some of the tetranychids when the

latter entered the bark to hibernate.

Literature Cited

Chant, D. A. 1958. Immature and adult stages of some British Phytoseiidae

Berl., 1916 (Acarina). Jour. Linn. Soc. ZooL, 43: 599-643.

Evans, G. 0. 1963. Observations on the chaetotaxy of the legs in the free-living

Gamasina (Acari : Mesostigmata) . Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) ZooL,

10: 277-303.

Schuster, R. 0. 1957. A new species of Typhlodromus from California (Phyto-

seiidae : Acarina). Pan-Pac. EntomoL, 33: 203-205.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Notice of proposed use of plenary powers in

certain cases (A. [n.s.] 70)

In accordance with a decision of the I3th International Congress of Zoology,

1948, public notice is hereby given of the possible use by the International

Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its plenary powers in connection with

the following case, full details of which will he found in Bulletin of Zoological

Nomenclature, Vol. 22, Part 3, published on 13 August 1965.

(2) Designation of a type-species for Anthanassa Scudder, 1875 (Insecta,

Lepidoptera) . Z.N. (S.) 1697.

Any zoologist who wishes to comment on any of the above cases should do so

in writing, and in duplicate, as soon as possible, and in any case before 13

February 1966. Each comment should bear the reference number of the case in

question. Comments received early enough will be published in the Bulletin

of Zoological Nomenclature. Those received too late for publication will, if

received before 13 February 1966, be brought to the attention of the Commission

at the time of commencement of voting.

All communications on the above subject should be addressed as follows: The

Secretary, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British

Museum (Natural History) , Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7, England. — W. E.

China, Assistant Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen-

clature.

January 1966] pacific coast entomological society

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

W. E. Ferguson

President

C. D. MacNeill

Vice-President

C. S. Koehler

Secretary

P. H. Arnaud, Jr.

T reasurer

Proceedings

Two Hundred Ninety-Fourth Meeting

The 294th meeting was held Friday, 19 February 1965, at 7:45 p.m. in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,

San Francisco, with President Ferguson presiding.

Members present (36) : J. R. Anderson, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., Bonnie Billeb,

J. A. Boyer, H. V. Daly, D. G. Denning, R. L. Doutt, J. G. Edwards, T. L. Erwin

W. E. Ferguson, K. S. Hagen, R E. Hall, P. H. Harvey, C. B. Huffaker, C. D.

Johnson, C. S. Koehler, R. L. Langston, H. B. Leech, D. D. Linsdale, C. D.

MacNeill, Lois and C. W. O’Brien, R. L. Penrose, J. A. Powell, E. S. Ross, R. D.

Sage, F. E. Skinner, C. Slobodchikoff, J. Snell, D. J. Sullivan, S.J., Catherine

Toschi, P. E. Turner Jr., W. J. Turner, D. Veirs, S. P. Welles, Barbara Wilson.

Visitors present (33) : S. L. Billeb, Catherine Bromage, R. G. Brownlee,

R. L. Campbell, W. L. Chase, S. Coscaron, Mrs. D. G. Denning, Lucinda Doutt,

T. A. Erickson, LaVerne Erwin, W. A. Foster, R. Garabedian, J. Guggolz,

K. Hirota, Cindy Kosek, G. Kuno, A. G. Marshall, P. A. Opler, A. K. Ota,

Mr. and Mrs. J. Poorbaugh, F. Proshold, H. G. Reed, Sara Rosenthal, E. L.

Smith, T. R. E. Southwood, R. D. Spadoni, R. E. Stecker, R. L. Tassan, Stella

Tatro, M. J. Tauber, E. S. Tika Singh, R. E. Wheeler.

The minutes of the meetinig held 11 December 1964 were summarized.

Six new members were elected: R. K. Allen, Los Angeles, California;

R. G. Brownlee and R. D. Spadoni, San Jose, California; W. L. Chase,

San Pablo, California; P. A. Opler, Albany, California; and R. E. Wheeler,

Richmond, California.

President Ferguson announced that a short Executive Board meeting would

precede the meeting to be held 19 march. Dr. Ferguson noted the death of

James Abram GarfieW Rehn on 25 January 1965. Mr. Rehn served for

many years as Curator of Insects, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

Announcements of the publication of the new books entitled “Natural History

of the Boulder Area,” “Butterflies of the San Francisco Bay Region,” and

“Physiology of Insecta, Vol. 3” were made by H. B. Leech, J. A. Powell, and

W. E. Ferguson, respectively.

Andrena overwintering as an unemerged adult. — Mr. W. J. Turner

exhibited a specimen of a torpid adult female bee, Andrena (Cryptandrena)

erythrogaster suhaustralis Cockerell (det. P. D. Hurd, Jr.), which was discovered

while searching for Pleocoma by excavation adjacent to El Cerrito Creek

(El Cerrito, Calif.) on 29 October 1964. The bee was located some 9 to 12

inches below the surface of the ground within a cell characteristic of those made

by many other bees of the genus Andrena. It appears that she had been over-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 42, NO. 1

wintering as an adult within her natal cell. This suggests that this species, like a

number of other members of the genus Andrena, overwinter as unemerged adults.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. T. R. E. Southwood, Lecturer

in Entomology and Visiting Associate Entomologist, University of California,

Berkeley. His illustrated lecture was entitled “The Changing Insect Fauna of

Britain.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. —

C. S. Koehler, Secretary.

Two Hundred Ninety-Fifth Meeting

The 295th meeting was held Friday, 19 March 1965, at 7:45 p.m. in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,

San Francisco, with President Ferguson presiding.

Members present (33) : P. H. Arnaud, Jr., Bonnie Billeb, J. A. Boyer, J. S.

Buckett, L. E. Caltagirone, W. L. Chase, D. L. Dahlsten, R. L. Doutt, J. G.

Edwards, T. L. Erwin, W. E. Ferguson, J. Guggolz, J. Gustafson, K. S. Hagen, R. E.

Hall, C. S. Koehler, W. H. Lange, H. B. Leech, C. D. MacNeill, Lois and C. W.

O’Brien, P. A. Opler, J. A. Powell, D. C. Rentz, E. S. Ross, F. E. Skinner, J. B.

Snell, D. J. Sullivan, S.J., R. Tassan, J. W. Tilden, R. W. Thorp, R. E. Wheeler,

Barbara Wilson.

Visitors present (16) : Catherine Bromage, T. Briggs, Lucinda Doutt, Alice

and Janie Edwards, M. R. Gardner, K. Horn, J. E. Jensen, A. Kistner, V. Lee, A.

Morrill, Jr., R. R. and Rick Pinger, Kathleen Rentz, Stella Tatro, Janet Thurston.

The minutes of the meeting held 19 February 1965 were summarized.

Five new members were elected: T. Briggs and A. S. Ochoa, San Francisco,

California; E. L. Smith, Davis, California; R. L. Tassan, Albany, California; and

L. A. Weitz, Mill Valley, California.

Dr. P. H. Arnaud, Jr. announced with regret the death of A. E. Pritchard,

a long-time former member of the Society, on 28 February 1965. Dr. Pritchard

contributed heavily in the areas of systematics of the Cecidomyidae, Asilidae, and

the Acarina. Additionally, he was co-author, with E. W. Baker, of Volume 2 of

the Society Memoir series entitled “A Revision of the Spider Mite Family

Tetranychidae.”

Cyphon sp. (Helodidae) reared from tree hole. — Mr. Terry L. Erwin

exhibited a specimen of this genus which was reared from leaves and water

taken from a tree hole in a Valley oak {Quercus lobata Nee.). Two larvae were

brought into the laboratory with several mosquito larvae and placed in a bowl

with a glass cover. The 2 helodid larvae were entirely aquatic, staying in the

mud at the bottom of the bowl. After 2 weeks, on 7 March 1965, one larva

crawled onto a leaf above the water line and pupated. The other larva was

killed and preserved. Within 24 hours the cast skin of the pupa was discovered

and the adult beetle was found on the back side of the same leaf. This specimen

is a female; identification, therefore, was not possible (without the male

genitalia). This is possibly the first rearing record of this family from a tree

hole on the west coast. An effort will be made to obtain more larvae in order

to rear an adult male.

January 1966] pacific coast entomological society

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. David H, Kistner, Chico

State College. His illustrated lecture was entitled “Studies on the Behavior and

Ecological Relationships between African Driver Ants and their Guests.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — C. S.

Koehler, Secretary.

Two Hundred Ninety-Sixth Meeting

The 296th meeting, the annual picnic and field day, was held Saturday, 22

May 1965, at Fisher’s Saratoga Springs Resort on Highway 9, Saratoga,

California.

Members present (13) : P. H. Arnaud, Jr., J. G. Edwards, T. L. Erwin, W. E.

Ferguson, C. S. Koehler, H. B. Leech, C. D. MacNeill, A. E. Michelbacher, Lois

and C. W. O’Brien, E. S. Ross, F. E. Skinner, J. W. Tilden.

Visitors present (20) : V. Davis, Christina Draper, Alice and Janie Edwards, B.

Felden, Robin and Rick Ferguson, F. Luck, Linn MacNeill, Pat Melby, Martha

Michelbacher, A. Rodriguez, Marti and Clark Ross, K. Sakimura, Jean, Susan,

Dave, and Roger Skinner, Kathy Wright.

Facilities at the resort which were available to the members included the picnic

site, harbec[ue pits, swimming pool, and swings for the children. Insect collecting

sites included the stream and canyon bottom, redwood forest fringe, and oak and

chaparral hillside. — C. S. Koehler, Secretary.

Two Hundred Ninety-Seventh Meeting

The 297th meeting was held Friday, 15 October 1965, at 7 ;45 p.m. in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate

Park, San Francisco, with President Ferguson presiding.

Members present (37) : J. R. Anderson, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., J. Birchim,

R. G. Brownlee, J. S. Buckett, W. L. Chase, H. V. Daly, D. G. Denning, J. G.

Edwards, T. L. Erwin, W. E. Ferguson, P. A. Harvey, C. S. Koehler, W. H.

Lange, R. L. Langston, H. B. Leech, C. D. MacNeill, A. E. Michelbacher, W. D.

Murray, W. H. Nutting, Lois and C. W. O’Brien, E. S. Ross, J. H. Shepard, C.

Slobodchikoff, E. L. Smith, R. D. Spadoni, G. I. Stage, D. J. Sullivan, S.J., R. L.

Tassan, J. W. Tilden, Catherine Toschi, P. E. Turner, Jr., Nancy Twomey, D. Veirs,

R. H. Whitsel, R. S. Wielgus.

Visitors present (75) : G. W. Allen, R. J. Archer, Barbara Barr, W. R. Bauer,

T. T. Brown, R. Brumley, G. Buckingham, D. Calvert, Marilyn and R. L.

Campbell, Barbara and Diane Daly, Loretta Denning, Alice Edwards, T. C.

Emmel, Linda Erhardt, Marie Essig, Stephanie Ferguson, Joyce and W. K. Fox,

Susan Friedman, M. R. Gardner, R. Gardner, Yvonne Giron, A. P. Gutierrez,

Sharon Hall, T. Halstead, Etta and C. Hansen, Ann Harvey, Joyce and Ron

Hennessey, Phyllis and D. P. Johnson, R. Kendrick, E. W. Kinchbaum, Cindy

Kosek, C. Kovacic, Jr., Pauline Lange, K. Lorenzen, R. MacGregor, Ranae

Marenga, R. Marius, J. McCarty, P. B. McGreevy, Martha Michelbacher, Marlene

and D. Murray, T. Newton, Pricilla Nutting, Janice Pauli, J. H. Peck, Barbara

Peick, Mr. and Mrs. J. Rainey, B. D. Ritchie, Mrs. J. H. Shepard, Mrs. E. and

Barbara Sherwood, C. Singley, Kay Stage, Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Stecker, A. R.

Stephen, L. Stipe, Pat and A. Tanabe, W. Tapan, M. J. Tauber, Hazel, Bruce, and

Jim Tilden, N. Ueshima, P. R. Woods, Emily Zacheile.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

The minutes of the meetings held 19 March and 22 May 1965 were summarized.

Seventeen new members were elected: R. L. Brumley, G. A. Gorelick, and

K. Lorenzen, Davis, California; T. C. Emmel and J. H. Shepard, Stanford,

California; R. S. Wielgus, San Mateo, California; W. W. Wade, Piedmont,

California; D. E. Bragg, Salinas, California; D. R. Lauck, Areata, California;

D. G. Fellin, Missoula, Montana; Mrs. 1. E. Savage, Sacramento, California;

J. A. Coffelt, Fresno, California; J. B. Heppner, Santee, California; E. J.

Dietrick, Riverside, California; A. W. Morrill, Jr., San Bruno, California; W. K.

Fox, Albany, California; and C. Kovacic, El Macero, California.

Dr. E. S. Ross announced with regret the death of Willis C. Day, a

member and past president of the Society, on 9 October 1965, in Atherton,

California. Mr. Day’s entomological interest lay in the taxonomy of the

mayflies, and his many contributions included the writing of the chapter

on this group in “Aquatic Insects of California.” Mr. Day was very helpful to

the Pacific Coast Entomological Society in supporting its publications. The

secretai*y was instructed to write a letter of condolence to Mrs. Day on behalf

of the Society.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. E. S. Ross, California Academy

of Sciences. His exceptionally well-illustrated lecture was entitled “Insect Hunting

Across Australia.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. —

C. S. Koehler, Secretary.

Two Hundred Ninety-Eighth Meeting

The 298th meeting was held Friday, 12 November 1965, at 7 :45 p.m. in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,

San Francisco, with President Ferguson presiding.

Members present (28) : P. H. Arnaud, Jr., J. Birchim, T. S. Briggs, R. G.

Brownlee, J. S. Buckett, T. C. Emmel, T. L. Erwin, W. E. Ferguson, G. A.

Gorelick, K. S. Hagen, R. E. Hall, C. S. Koehler, C. Kovacic, W. H. Lange, R. L.

Langston, H. B. Leech, K. Lorenzen, C. D. MacNeill, Lois and C. W. O’Brien,

E. S. Ross, J. H. Shepard, E. L. Smith, D. J. Sullivan, S.J., R. Tassan, R. W.

Thorp, P. E. Turner, Jr., R. S. Wielgus.

Visitors present (19) : Margaret and R. Barnett, Anne and W. Brooks, R. M.

Brown, Marcia Chambers, M. Collins, Matred and J. N. Donahue, LaVerne

Erwin, J. French, A. P. Gutierrez, R. Hennessey, K. Horn, Pauline Lange, V.

Lee, H. G. Neal, Barbara Sherwood, Stella Tatro.

The minutes of the meeting held 15 October 1965 were summarized.

Seven new members were elected: B. Clark, San Francisco, California; E.

Graham, M. R. Gardner, and D. R. Miller, Davis, California; E. Grissell, San

Anselmo, California; R. Hennessey, San Jose, California; and J. Haddock,

Berkeley, California.

Dr. Ferguson appointed R. L. Usinger, J. Gustafson, and G. M. Buxton to

a temporary committee to propose a slate of nominees to serve as officers of the

Society for 1966. A temporary committee, consisting of D. Linsdale, D. G.

Denning, and E. S. Ross, was appointed to audit the financial records of the

Society. A report of each committee will be made at the next regular meeting.

Dr. Ferguson named J. S. Buckett to fill a Membership Committee vacancy.

January 1966] pacific coast entomological society

Possible mimetic association of a mirid and a meloid. — Dk. J. A. Powell

exhibited specimens of a meloid, Lytta aeneipennis (LeConte) (det. J. T. Doyen)

and a mirid, Hadronema rohusta Uhler (det. R. L. Usinger). The Hadronema is

a rather unusual colored mirid, having black wings and a bright red thorax,

resembling the pattern of the Lytta, which has greenish-black elytra and red-

orange thorax and head. The insects were collected at flowers of Coreopis

californica in Riverside County, California in mid April, 1965, by Catherine Toschi,

Don Veirs, and J. A. Powell. Although neither species was very common, it was

noted that the bugs were present in fewer numbers and almost exclusively in flowers

occupied by the beetles. In a number of cases either one or two Hadronema

were present with a Lytta, resting inactively in the flowers, whereas no Hadronema

could be located in the numerous Coreopsis flowers not occupied by the meloids.

The association was first observed at Railroad Canyon near Elsinore and was seen

again near Sage, a locality some 25 miles to the southeast, two days later. Although

the two insects do not appear particularly similar to the human eye, in part

owing to the size discrepancy (the mirids ranged about 3.5 to 4.5 mm in

length, the meloids 5.5 to 8.0 mm) the apparent close specificity of the associa-

tion and the color similarity invite speculation as to a possible memetic relation-

ship. It is interesting that an association of members of the same two genera was

reported by Fox (1943, Canad. Ent., 75:206), on vetch in Saskatchewan, Canada.

He stated that adults of Hadronema militaris Uhler were “attacking” Lytta

nuttalli Say, but general manuals (Britton, 1923, Hemptera of Connecticut;

Blathley, 1926, Heteroptera of Eastern North America; Essig, 1926, Insects of

Western North America) list H. militaris as a plant feeder on legumes.

The principal speaker of the evening was Mr. Michael Collins, Department

of Zoology, University of California, Berkeley. His illustrated lecture was entitled

“Population Genetics of the Wild Silk Moth Genus Hyalophora — an Evolutionary

Interpretation.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. —

C. S. Koehler, Secretary.

Two Hundred Ninety-Ninth Meeting

The 299th meeting was held Friday, 10 December 1965, at 7 :45 p.m. in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,

San Francisco, with President Ferguson presiding.

Members present (34) : P. H. Arnaud, Jr., R. Brownlee, T. S. Briggs, D. J.

Burdick, L. E. Caltagirone, W. L. Chase, J. G. Edwards, T. L. Erwin, W. E.

Ferguson, G. A. Gorelick, J. Gustafson, K. S. Hagen, R. E. Hall, P. A. Harvey,

C. S. Koehler, C. Kovacic, R. L. Langston, H. B. Leech, D. D. Linsdale, K. Lorenzen,

C. D. MacNeill, Lois and C. W. O’Brien, J. A. Powell, D. C. Rentz, E. S. Ross,

G. I. Stage, D. J. Sullivan, S.J., R. L. Tassan, R. W. Thorp, J. W. Tilden, P. E.

Turner, Jr., Nancy Twomey, R. E. Wheeler.

Visitors present (24) : G. W. Allen, J. D. Brightwell, Brenda and R. M. Brown,

J. Carrillo, LaVerne Erwin, Stephanie and Rick Ferguson, R. M. Hall, K. Horn,

D. S. Horning, Jr., M. D. Jha, G. Jones, Suzanne Keenan, Louise Knobke, V. Lee,

H. Marenstein, H. G. Neal, J. E. Prine, R. E. Stecker, W. H. Tapan, Bruce

Tilden, Mrs. R. E. Wheeler, Anita Yamamoto.

The minutes of the meeting held 12 November 1965 were summarized.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 1

Eight new members were elected: A. P. Gutierrez and J. E. Liang, Albany,

California; K. Horn, San Francisco, California; T. Kono, Davis, California; J. E.

Prine, Fresno, California; V. D. Roth, Portal, Arizona; R. E. Stinner, Berkeley,

California; and W. H. Tyson, San Jose, California. One former member, A.

Ross, Yuma, Arizona, was reinstated to membership.

President Ferguson called for the 1965 committee reports from the chairmen of

standing committees. The report of the auditing committee was then given by

Dr. D. D. Linsdale and Dr. P. H. Arnaud, Jr., read the financial report of the

Treasurer. The financial records for the 1965 year are in good order, and

both reports were accepted by the Society.

Dr. Joel Gustafson, acting Chairman of the Nominating Committee, presented

the names of the nominees, and the following persons were elected as Society

officers for 1966. President, C. D. MacNeill; President-Elect, W. H. Lange;

Secretary, R. W. Thorp; Treasurer, P. H. Arnaud, Jr. H. B. Leech, in referring

to the many important contributions made by the retiring president in 1965, ex-

pressed sincere appreciation on behalf of the Society, to W. E. Ferguson.

President Ferguson turned the meeting over to the in-coming president,

C. D. MacNeill, who called for notes and exhibits.

Bed bugs and other insects in abandoned cliff swallow nests. — Nests of

the cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, are known to harbor a number of

arthropods which infest the birds. In an effort to find the tick, Argas cooleyi Kohls

& Hoogstraal, which is a parasite of cliff swallows, a number of nests were

collected from beneath a bridge 18 miles west of Williams, Colusa County,

California on 5 December 1965. This area previously had been reported as a host

area for Argas cooleyi Kohls & Hoogstraal. No ticks were found; however,

countless numbers of living eggs, nymphs and adults of the swallow bed bug,

Oeciacus spp.?, were collected and displayed by Mr. Mahesh Datta Jha. The

fact that the nest had been abandoned by the cliff swallows would seemingly

substantiate the belief that this bed bug can survive for long periods without a

blood meal. In other nests in this same vicinity a variety of insects was found,

including moths (Gelichiidae) two species of beetles {Ptinus) , firebrats [Ther-

mobia spp.? ) , fleas, and flies.

Large mites of the family Trombidiidae. — Dr. Joel F. Gustafson

displayed several mites of the family Trombidiidae which are known as harvest

mites or chiggers. The larvae of these mites are believed to be parasitic, feeding

on insects and other invertebrates. The adults and nymphs feed on eggs and

immature stages of various invertebrates, especially insects. Unlike most of the

other mites, the Trombidiformes retain a considerable degree of segmentation.

This is best shown by distinct dorsal terga and a fairly distinct separation of the

body into three regions. The setae are of the primitive pilose or attenuate type and

are usually set in rows at the anterior margin of each body segment. The setae

are long and hair-like and in some they produce a velvety appearance.

In the arid west from Texas and New Mexico through Arizona, Mexico and

southern California the nymphs and adults of a giant-sized mite are sometimes

collected following a heavy rain. These mites, Trombidium magnificum Lee.,

are 5-8 mm in length and are a bright red in color. They appear on the surface

of the ground only immediately after a rain. These giants, however, are small

January 1966] pacific coast entomological society

in comparison to a mite with similar habits which were collected by Dr. Margaret

Bradbury in Polonnaruwa, Ceylon, in 1964. Professor Bradbury of San Francisco

State College was a member of the Te Vega expedition in the summer and fall

of 1964 in its operations in the Indian Ocean. On one of their days ashore they

visited a Buddhist temple on a bright, sunny morning following a heavy rain, and

saw these large red mites crawling over the lawns and pebble walks. These mites

are about 15 mm in length.

Brachinus pallidus Erwin, a carabid beetle with an entomophagous

larva. — Mr. Terry L. Erv^^n exhibited a sequence of 35 mm slides showing the

complete life cycle of this beetle. The descriptions of the larvae and a complete

biology will be published elsewhere, but a few of the details were given at the

meeting. The first instar Brachinus larva seeks out the pupa of a Hydrophilid

beetle {Tropisternus ellipticus or Berosus punctatissimus) and begins feeding

on it ectophagously. Twenty-four hours later the fifth instar stage is reached.

The fifth instar rests for 4^5 days and then pupates. The pupal stage lasts 10

days under laboratory conditions after which time the insect ti'ansforms to the

adult stage. The adult overwinters and begins the new cycle the next summer

by laying eggs along the side of the stream.

Correspondence files of Dr. A. L. Melander — Dr. P. H. Arnaud, Jr. reported

on the correspondence files of the late Dr. Axel Leonard Melander which were

recently donated to the Pacific Coast Entomological Society by Mrs. Melander.

These files cover a period of over 60 years, relating primarily to his Diptera

correspondence. Dr. Melander was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1878. He was a

student and friend of William Morton Wheeler, and actually received his M.S.

degree at the University of Texas, as one of Wheeler’s students. From 1904 to

1926 he was at Washington State University serving as professor and Head of the

Department of Biology. He was then Head of the Department of Biology at the

College of the City of New York from 1926 until his retirement in 1945. From

1945 until his death in 1962 he resided at Riverside, California. Dr. Melander

built up one of the world’s largest private collections of Diptera, which numbered

approximately a quarter of a million specimens. His collection and library

are now deposited at the United States National Museum.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. W. E. Ferguson, San Jose State

College, and out-going President of the Soeiety. His illustrated lecture was entitled

“The Distribution of Regional Protective Coloration Patterns in Mutillid Wasps

of the United States.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — C. S.

Koehler, Secretary.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 42, NO. 1

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Organized 15 August 1901

Articles of Incorporation

Know All Men by These Presents:

That we, the undersigned, do herehy voluntarily associate ourselves together for

the purpose of forming a nonprofit corporation under the laws of the State of

California, and we herehy certify that:

First: The name of this corporation shall be Pacific Coast Entomological Society.

Second: The purposes for which this corporation is formed are to promote,

sponsor, foster, and stimulate research in the field of entomology; to provide

facilities and opportunities for research and analysis of any and all phases of

entomology by lectures, forums, discussions, experiments, surveys, public meetings,

exhibitions, courses, classes, conferences, symposia, and analyses; to publish hooks,

pamphlets, monographs, and in general to disseminate information about entomology

and the results of entomological research; to accumulate and record historical facts

and materials relating to entomology in general; to give, grant, and sponsor the

granting of fellowships and awards for study or research in the field of entomology ;

and, in general, to act as a medium for the exchange of information and knowledge

and research in entomology between the members of this corporation and scientists

and entomologists throughout the world. To do any and all things necessary,

suitable, convenient, or proper for or in connection with or incidental to the

accomplishment of any of the purposes, or the attainment of any one or more of the

objects herein enumerated or designed, directly or indirectly to promote the

interests of this corporation, and to do any and all things and to exercise any and

all powers which may now or hereafter be lawful for this corporation to do or to

exercise under the laws of the State of California; provided, hoivever, that this

corporation is and shall he a corporation which does not contemplate pecuniary

gain or profits to the members thereof. No part of the net earnings of this

corporation shall inure to the benefit of any member whatsoever, and no part of the

activities of this corporation shall be or constitute carrying on propaganda or

otherwise attempting to influence legislation.

Third: Tire county in the State of California where the principal office for the

transaction of the business of this corporation is to be located is the City and

County of San Francisco.

Fourth: The number of this corporation’s directors who shall be known as the

members of the Executive Board of this corporation is eleven (11), and the names

and addresses of the persons who are to act in the capacity of members of the

Executive Board until the election of their successors are:

E. Gorton Linsley, University of California, Berkeley.

H. M. Armitage, State Dept, of Agriculture, San Francisco.

Peter C. Ting, State Dept, of Agriculture, San Francisco.

E. R. Leach, 217 Hillside Avenue, Piedmont, California.

R. L. Usinger, University of California, Berkeley.

E. 0. Essig, University of California, Berkeley.

January 1966]

INCORPORATION AND BYLAWS

Goi'don F. Ferris, Stanford University, California.

Ed’ward S. Ross, California Acad, of Sciences, San Francisco.

Carl D. Duncan, San Jose State College, California.

The number of the members of the Executive Board may be changed from time

to time by the bylaws duly adopted; provided, however, that the number of the

members of the Executive Board shall not be less than three (3).

Fifth-. The authorized number and qualifications of the members of this corpora-

tion, the different classes of membership, if any, the property, voting, and other

rights and privileges of each class of membership, and the liability of each and all

classes of members to dues or assessments, and the method of collection thereof,

shall be as may be set forth in the bylaws of this corporation.

Sixth: The name of the existing unincorporated association which is hereby

being incorporated is Pacific Coast Entomological Society.

In Witness Whereof, the president and secretary of Pacific Coast Entomological

Society, an existing unincorporated association, have hereunto set their hands

this 28th day of August, 1940.

E. Corton Linsley,

President of Pacific Coast Entomological

Society, an Existing Unincorporated

Association

Peter C. Ting,

Secretary of Pacific Coast Entomological

Society, an Existing Unincorporated

Association

Endorsed and filed in the office of the

Secretary of State of the State of

California, 11 September 1940.

Paul Peek, Secretary of State

By Chas. J. Hagerty, Deputy

Bylaws

Incorporating Amendments dated 16 February 1951; 28 November 1953; 29

October 1955; 15 February 1963; 12 November 1965.

Article I

Offices

Section 1. The principal office for the transaction of the purposes of the corpora-

tion is hereby fixed and located at the California Academy of Sciences, Colden Cate

Park, in the City and County of San Francisco, State of California. The Executive

Board is hereby granted full power and authority to change said principal office

from one location to another in said county.

Article II

Executive Board

Section 1. Subject to the limitation of the Articles of Incorporation, the

Bylaws, and the laws of the State of California, all corporate powers shall be

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 42, NO. 1

exercised under the authority of the hoard of directors who shall he known as and

who are herein designated as the members of the Executive Board of the corpora-

tion. Without prejudice to such general powers, but subject to the same limitations,

it is hereby expressly declared that the Executive Board shall have the following

powers :

First: To select or remove all the other officers, agents, and employees of

the corporation, prescribe such powers and duties for them as may not be

inconsistent with law, with the Articles of Incorporation, or Bylaws, fix their

compensation and require from them security for faithful service.

Second: To make such rules and regulations in respect to the management

of the affairs of the corporation not inconsistent with law, with the Articles

of Incorporation, or the Bylaws, as they may deem best.

The action of the members of the Executive Board shall be subject to the holders

of the membership of the Society and none of its acts shall conflict with action

authorized by such membership.

Sec. 2. The authorized number of members of the Executive Board shall be

eleven (11) until changed by an amendment of the Articles of Incorporation or by

an amendment of this section as provided by law.

Sec. 3. The Executive Board members shall consist of the chairmen of standing

committees, the officers of the Society, and the editors of the Pan-Pacific

Entomologist. In the event that one person holds two or more of the above positions,

additional members-at-large shall be elected in the same manner as the regular-

elective officers, to fill the Executive Board of eleven (11) members. Tire members

of the Executive Board who shall be officers of the corporation shall serve until the

next annual meeting of the members of the Society, and until their successors

are duly elected and qualified. The members of the Executive Board who serve

as such because of their positions as chairmen of the standing committees, shall

serve until their successors have been appointed by the president and confirmed by

the Executive Board, and have qualified.

Sec. 4. Meetings of the members of the Executive Board for any purpose or

purposes shall be called at any time by the president, or if he be absent, unable, or

refuse to act, by any three (3) members of the Executive Board.

Notice of the time and place of any such meetings shall be given so that it will be

delivered to the Board members or to their addresses at least twenty-four (24)

hours prior to the time fixed for such meeting, but preferably seven (7) days or

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PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL

SOCIETY.

Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (numbers 1-9, 131

pages). 1921-1930. Price S2. 50 per volume.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vol. 1 (1924) to present. Price $6.00 per volume of 4 numbers, or

$1.50 per single issue.

MEMOIR SERIES.

Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. A 320-page book which

summarizes the knowledge of the Anoplura of the world. Published

October 1951. Price $6.00.

Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family Tetranychidae by A. Earl

Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. This worldwide treatment deals

with the systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red

Spiders” and includes descriptions of 33 new species. 472 pages.

Published July 1955. Price $10.00.

Send orders to:

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

c/o California Academy of Sciences

Golden Gate Park

San Francisco, California 94118

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of emtomology are favored, including

articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history, and

distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and may be charged to the author.

Papers are published in approximately the order that they are received. Immediate publi-

cation may be arranged after acceptance by paying publication costs. Papers of less than

a printed page may be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the

Editor, Howell V. Daly, 112 Agriculture Hall, University of California, Berkeley,

California 94720.

Typing . — All parts of manuscripts must be typed on bond paper with double-spacing and

ample margins. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 8% X H inches are not

accepted. Do not use all capitals for any purpose. Underscore only where italics are

intended in the body of the text, not in headings. Number all pages consecutively and

put author’s name at the top right-hand corner of each sheet. References to footnotes in

text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes should be typed on a separate sheet.

First page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript should include (1) the

complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses, (3) the author’s name or

names, (4) the institution with city and state of the author’s home city and state if

not affiliated, (5) the shortened title (running headline) not to exceed 38 letters and

spaces when combined with the author’s last name or names, (6) the complete name

and address to which proof is to be sent.

Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should

include the full scientific name with the author of a zoological name not abbreviated.

Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style.

References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig, 1958), should be listed

alphabetically under Literature Cited in the following format;

Essig, E. 0. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. EntomoL,

2 : 211 - 212 .

1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev.

ed. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1050 pp.

Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1963,

43 (1) : 5-11.

Tables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be

prepared as a line drawing or typed on a separate page with heading at top and foot-

notes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecutively

for each table. Use only horizontal rules.

Illustrations. — ^No extra charge is made for the line drawings or halftones. Submit only

photographs on glossy paper and original drawings (no photographs of drawings).

Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimensions of the printed

page (4% X 6% inches) . If possible, allowance should be made for the legend to be

placed beneath the illustration. Photographs should not be less than the width of the

printed page. Drawings should be in India Ink and at least twice as large as the printed

illustration. Excessively large illustrations are awkward to handle and may be damaged

in transit. Include a metric scale on the drawing or state magnification of the printed

illustration in the legend. Arrange figures to use space efficiently. Lettering should

reduce to no less than 1 mm. On the back of each illustration should be stated (1) the

title of the paper, (2) the author’s complete name and address, and (3) whether he

wishes the illustration and/or cut returned to him at his expense. Cuts and illustrations

not specifically requested will be destroyed.

Figure legends. — Legends should be typewritten double-spaced on separate pages headed

Explanation of Figures and placed following Literature Cited. Do not attach

legends to illustrations.

Proofs, reprints, and abstract. — Proofs and forms for the abstract and reprint order

will be sent to authors. Major changes in proof will be charged to the author. Proof

returned to the editor without the abstract will not be published.

Page charges. — All regular papers of one to ten printed pages are charged at the rate of

$10.00 per page. This is in addition to the charge for reprints and does not include the

possible charges for extra pagination or the costs for immediate publication. Private

investigators or authors without institutional or gTant funds to cover this charge may

apply to the Society for a grant to cover the page charges. A brief statement by the

author on the reprint order form will suffice as an application. All articles are

accepted for publication only on the basis of scientific merit and without regard to

the financial support of the author.

KELTHANE* stops mites that attack

On these and many other crops, Kelthane controls more

mite species than any other miticide available. For a success-

ful mite control program, thorough coverage sprays of proper

dosage should begin early and be repeated as necessary.

You can recommend Kelthane with full assurance of

its safety on foliage, fruit and beneficial insects when used

according to label directions.

ROHM

HRRS

PHILAQELPHIA. PENNSYLVANIA 1B105

APRIL 1966

Vol. 42

No. 2

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

GRANT AND RENTZ — The katydid genus Platylyra

CHANDLER — The female of Andrena cerebrata Mitchell

PARKER AND BOHART — Host-parasite associations in some twig-nesting

Hymenoptera from western North America 91

CHEMSAK — Immature and mating behavior of Neocompsa alacris (Bates) 98

LANGSTON AND COMSTOCK — Life history of Philotes enoptes bayensis 102

SPENCER — A new Phytomyza species from California 108

CRUDEN — Observations on the behavior of Xylocopa c. ccdifornica and X.

tabaniformis orpifex 111

MARTINS AND CHEMSAK — Revision of the genus Micropsyrassa Linsley 120

WILCOX — New species and a key to the species of Sarapogon Loew 127

LEECH — Ochthebius bruesi Darlington in California and Utah 137

BAILEY AND KONO — Toxonothrips gramineae, a rare thrips rediscovered

in western North America 139

CALTAGIRONE — A new Pentalitomastix from Mexico 145

CHEMSAK AND LINSLEY — The genus Callidiellum in North America 151

RUCKES OBITUARY 156

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

GRANT OBITUARY

BOOK REVIEW

157, 158

158

159

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

161

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1966

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

H. V. Daly, Editor

E. G. Linsley J. R. Anderson, Asst. Editor E. S. Ross

P. D. Hurd, Jr. L. B. O’Brien, Editorial Assistant H. B. Leech

P. H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer W. H. Lance, Advertising

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed-

ings appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt of

numbers, requests for sample copies, and financial communications should be

addressed to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Amaud, Jr., California Academy of Sci-

ences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118.

Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be

addressed to the Secretary, Dr. Bobbin W. Thorp, Department of Entomology, Uni-

versity of California, Davis, California 95616

The annual dues, paid in advance, are $5.00 for regular members of the Society

or $6.00 for subscriptions only. Single copies are $1.50 each or $6.00 a volume.

Make checks payable to Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

The Pacific Coast Entomological Society

Officers for 1966

C. Don MacNeill, President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer

W. H. Lange, Jr., Vice-President Bobbin W. Thorp, Secretary

Statement of Ownership

Title of Puplication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October)

Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher, Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast

Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California

94118.

Editor: Dr. Howell V. Daly, Room 214 T-9, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720

Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: none.

This issue mailed 14 June 1966.

Second Class Postage Paid at Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A.

ALLEN PRESS INC. LAWRENCE, KANSAS

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. 42 April 1966 No. 2

The Katydid Genus Plalylyra

(Orthoptera : Tettigoniidae)

Harold J. Grant, Jr.^ and David C. Rentz

The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

and, University of California, Berkeley

Although described in 1898 by Samuel Scudder, this monotypic

genus has been mentioned only infrequently in the literature. Despite

its apparently wide distribution all the known collections together

total only a few more than 200 specimens. We have examined all

the specimens presently in collections and have observed the species

in the field. Even though our observations are meager, we have

written this paper to sum up what is known of Plalylyra calif or nica

Scudder. In this way we hope to encourage future observations and

collections.

Perhaps the most interesting aspect of this genus and species is the

puzzle presented by its morphological relationships with other katy-

dids. The species most closely related to P. californica are found in

Chile and Ecuador. The Chilean genus Cosmophyllum, for example,

shares with Plalylyra a number of characters which suggests close

relationship: ovoid wings with similar venation; transverse meso-

and metasternal lobes; a low, broad, weakly developed fastigium;

processes on the second and third abdominal tergites; pronotal lobes

longer than deep. Relationship is also indicated with the Chilean gen-

era Stenophyllia, Marenestha, and a genus not yet described. An un-

described genus from Ecuador also shows fairly close relationship to

Plalylyra. In North America no genus suggests relationship to

Plalylyra, in this sense making it our most distinctive phaneropterine.

Plalylyra Scudder

Plalylyra Scudder, 1898: 288.

Type species: Plalylyra californica Scudder (monotypy).

Diagnosis. — Wings fully developed, but short, the anterior ones broad in rela-

tion to length. Stridulating field dark brown, contrasting with green wing color.

Pronotal lobes longer than deep (Fig. 1).

1 Deceased, see obituary in tliis issue.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 81-88. April 1966

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 2

DescFiIPTION. — Vertex domed, higher than the dorsal surface of the eyes.

Fastigium of vertex broad, little elevated, scarcely compressed laterally, weakly

sulcate dorsally, anteriorly blunt. Fastigium of frons weakly expressed, dorsally

blunt. Eyes small, elliptical.

Pronotum with lateral carinae obsolete or missing anteriorly, weakly expressed

in posterior quarter. Disc plane, broadening posteriorly. Anterior border truncate,

posterior border arcuate. Lateral lobes longer than deep, with a poorly developed

dorsal sinus, outline as in Fig. 1.

Anterior wings short and broad in relation to length. Venation and proportions

as in Fig. 1. Stridulating field large.

Mesosternal and metasternal lobes poorly developed, transverse in form.

Anterior coxal spine variable. Anterior femora more than one-third as long as

posterior femora. Posterior femora without ventral spines. Posterior tai'si with

two apical spurs on each lateral face.

Male. — Second and third abdominal tergites each with a middorsal process

which is highly developed on the third tergite (Figs. 2, 3). Tenth abdominal ter-

gite normal, posterior border truncate. Cerci elongate, sinuate, apically somewhat

flattened and sclerotic, with a sharp, sclerotic, pigmented terminus. Subgenital

plate elongate, upturned, apically emarginate, styles absent. (See Figs. 5, 6.)

Female. — Ovipositor broad, apically acute and dentate. Basal lobes of ovi-

positor simple. Subgenital plate simple, trigonal. On either side of the base of

the ovipositor is a prominent, fleshy, ventrally directed process. (See Fig. 4.)

The insect is typically “katydid green,” relieved only by a thin, light-

colored strip behind each eye (sometimes absent) which continues

along the lateral borders of the pronotal disc. Males have the stridulat-

ing field mottled with dark brown.

April 1966]

GRANT & RENTZ GENUS PLATYLYRA

Figs. 2, 3. Basal abdominal tergites of Platylyra californica. Fig. 2, dorsopos-

terior aspect; Fig. 3, lateral aspect.

Platylyra californica Scudder

Platylyra californica Scudder, 1898: 288; 1900: 69; 1901: 268. Woodworth,

1902: 14. Kirby, 1906: 447. Caudell, 1908: 78. Woodworth, 1913: 318. Heifer,

1963: 275.

Type: Lectotype male (here designated), Mt. Wilson, Altadena,

2,400 feet, Los Angeles County, California, 27 July 1897. Lectotype

in the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Uni-

versity, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Specimens examined. — California. Alameda Counta": Alameda, 1^ [CAS];

Berkeley, 27 June 1925 (H. H. Keifer), 13 [CAS]. Contra Costa County:

Mount Diablo, 16 July 1933 (R. H. Beamer) , 13; Mount Diablo, Juniper

Camp, 13 August 1965 (D. C. and K. A. Rentz) , 7 3,4? [Rentz Coll.]. Kern

County: Havilah, 21 June 1905 (F. Grinnell, Jr.), 13- Lake County: Austin’s

Resort, 23 June 1958 (D. C. Rentz), 13 [CAS]; West of Lakeport, 19 July 1962

(Jon B. Snell), 1 3 [CAS]; 8 miles west of Oasis, 26 June 1961 (D. C. Rentz),

13 [CAS]; 5 miles west of Oasis, 27 June 1961 (D. C. Rentz), 13 [CAS];

1 mile east of Oasis, 27 June 1961 (D. C. Rentz), 13,1? [CAS]. Los Angeles

County: Beverly Glen Canyon, 22 July 1956 (R. X. Schick), 13 [LACMUS] ;

Claremont, 26 July 1935 (Jack Beamer), 1? [MICH]; Glendora (at light), 1

July 1951 (G. Henno), 13 [LACMUS]; Los Angeles County only, 10 June 1952

(Coquillet, B. Lazaroff, R. Laxineta), 2 3, 2? [ANSP, LACMUS, USNM] ;

Mint Canyon, 6 May 1933, 25 May 1937 (R. H. Beamer, E. P. Van Duzee), 3?

[ANSP, CAS] ; Mount Wilson, 2,400 feet, Altadena, Los Angeles, 27 July 1897

(S. H. Scudder), 13 (Lectotype) [MCZ] ; San Gabriel Mountains, 5,500 feet.

Strawberry Ridge, 23 June 1910 (F. Grinnell, Jr.), 1 3 ; Sepulveda Canyon, 5 June

1941 (Don Wasem), 1 ? [LACMUS]; Sierra Madre, 11 July 1940, 1 9 [LAC-

MUS] ; Tanbark Flat, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 30 June 1950, 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 13, 14 July

1950, 23 July 1952 (J. D. Paschke, J. W. MacSwain, H. L. Hansen, T. R. Haig,

F. X. Williams, P. D. Hurd, D. C. Blodget, E. G. Lindsley, W. A. MacDonald, W.

V. Garner), 34 3, 1? [CAS, CIS, LACMUS]. Madera County: Sugar Pine,

4,300-5,000 feet, 24, 31 August 1914 (J. C. Bradley) 23, !?• Marin County:

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

Figs. 4, 5, 6. Genitalia of Platylyra calijornica. Fig. 4, base of ovipositor;

Fig. 5, male genitalia, ventral aspect; Fig. 6, the same, lateral aspect.

Alpine Lake, 20 August 1959 (D. C. Rentz), [CAS]; 5 miles north of Alpine

Lake, 8 August 1960 (E. P. Catts), 1 [CAS]; Cypress Ridge, 21 September

1930 (E. P. Van Duzee), 1^ [CAS]; Mill Valley, 19 July 1925, July 1948, 27

September 1948 (E. P. Van Duzee, E. S. Ross, Hugh B. Leech), 3$ [CAS];

Mount Tamalpais, 20 June 1909, 23 June 1918 (E. C. Van Dyke, E. P. Van Duzee),

1^, 1$ [CAS]. Mariposa County: 5 miles west of El Portal, 2,000 feet, 20

July 1957 (T. J. Cohn), 1^,12 [MICH]; Miami Ranger Station, 6 August 1946

(T. 0. Thatcher), 1 [CIS]; 2.2 miles east of Mount Bullion, 2,500 feet, 11

August 1957 (T. J. Cohn), 2$ [MICH]; Yosemite National Park, El Portal,

1,550 feet, 23 July 1938 (C. L. Hubbs family), 1 [MICH]; Yosemite National

Park, 2.9-5. 9 road miles north of Wawona, 21 July 1957 (T. J. Cohn) , 1 $ [MICH] ;

Yosemite National Park, 10 August 1939, 1 August 1940 (R. H. Beamer) , 2 2

[UT, ANSP]. Mendocino County: Sherwood, 31 July 1927 (J. C. Bradley), 16'-

Monterey County: Carmel, 1 August 1923 (L. S. Slevin), 1^ [CAS]; Chew’s

Ridge Lookout, Santa Lucia Range (18 air miles west of Greenfield, 5,000 feet),

29 July 1957 (T. J. Cohn), 4)$ [MICH]; Del Monte, in grasses and plants among

sand dunes, 20 August 1909, 1^ ; Del Monte, 20 feet, 21 July 1957 (T. J. Cohn),

10^ [MICH]; Erances Simes Hastings Natural History Reserve, 14 August 1938

(J. M. Linsdale) 4^, 12 [MICH]; Jamesburg, 11 August 1938 (L. W. Henner) ,

1 2 [K] ; Lockwood, 24 July 1935 (Jack Beamer), 3 $ ; Monterey, 27 July 1935

(E. 1. Beamer), 1 ; 2 miles east of United States Route 1 in Palo Colorado

Canyon (12 miles south of Carmel), 800 feet, 2 August 1957 (T. J. Cohn), 5^

[MICH]; 2 miles northeast of Prunedale, 250 feet, 31 July 1952 (T. J. Hubbell) ,

3 [MICH]; Seaside (behind beach dunes), 20 feet, 24 June 1957, 3, 5 August

1957 (T. J. Cohn), 3^ [MICH]; 5 road miles north of Tassajara Hot Springs,

Tassajara Summit (18 air miles west-southwest of Greenfield, 4,650), (T. J.

Cohn), 1^ [MICH]; White Oaks Camp, Santa Lucia Range (18 air miles west

of Greenfield, 4,150 feet), 28 July 1957 (T. J. Cohn), 1^ [MICH]. Riverside

County: Anza, 29 July 1938 (R. H. Beamer, R. 1. Sailer), 1^,12 [K] ; Cabezon,

1 June 1941 (E. C. Van Dyke), 2$ [CAS]; Idyllwild, 3 August 1935 (R. H.

Beamer), 1 ; 114 miles west of Perris, 29 May 1946, 1^ ; 2 miles south of

Temecula, 2 July 1963 (H. L. Griffin), 1^ [CIS]. San Bernardino County: Big

Bear Lake, 26 July 1932 (J. D. Beamer), 1 ; San Bernardino Mountains, north-

east (desert) slope, 6,500 feet, 29 July 1952 (T. H. Hubbell), 1^ [MICH]; San

Bernardino Mountains, south slope, 4,900 feet, 28 July 1952 (T. H. Hubbell), 1 2

April 1966]

GRANT & RENTZ — GENUS PLATYLYRA

[MICH]; San Bernardino County only, May (Coquillet), 3^, 2$ [ANSP,

USNM] ; Rim Summit, south rim of San Bernardino Mountains (on California

Route 18) 5,756 feet, 22 August 1951, 1$. San Diego County: Boulevard, 26

July 1938 (R. H. Reamer, D. W. Craik), 13,2$ [K] ; Campo, 10 August 1935

(Jack Reamer, R. H. Reamer), 33; Laguna Mountains, 1 mile north of High-

way 80, 18 June 1960 (Gayle H. Nelson), 1$ [MICH]; Nellie, 23, 25 July 1917,

4, 23, 25, 27, 29 August 1917, 3 September 1917 (E. P. Hewlett), 33 3, 3$ ; Oak

Grove, 5 June 1941 (D. J. and J. N. Knull), 13 [USNM]. San Luis Obispo

County: Atascadero, 28 June 1940, 13 [CIS]. San Mateo County: Crystal

Lakes, 18 June 1916 (E. P. Van Duzee), 13- Santa Barbara County: Sunset

Valley, 4 July 1939 (E. C. Van Dyke), 1$ [CAS]. San Benito County: Pinnacles

National Monument, Chalone Camp, 8 April 1964 (D. C. and K. A. Rentz), 13

[CAS]. Santa Cruz County: Hecker Pass, Coast Range, 1,750 feet, 20 August

1941 (Rehn and Rehn), 1$ ; Santa Cruz Mountains, 1$ [CAS]. Solano County:

Vacaville, Solano, 21 June 1932 (A. S. Harrison), 13, 1$ [CIS]. Tuolumne

County: Strawberry, 11 August 1960 (C. A. Toschi), 13 [CIS]. Twain Harte, 8, 9

August 1958, 11 August 1959, 20 August 1960, 26 July 1961 (D. C. Rentz, M. Lund-

gren), 8 3,1$ [CAS]. Tulare County: Midfork of Kaweah River, Sequoia Na-

tional Park, 1,700 feet, 6 August 1914, 13 - Ventura County: Lake Sherwood, 29

August 1952, 1 $ [LACMUS] ; Wheeler Hot Springs, 30 July 1943 (Don Meadows) ,

13 [LACMUS]. California only, 1 $ [USNM].

Distribution. — This species is known from California only from

the Sierra west to the coast. It has been collected in Mendocino and

Lake counties in the north, south to San Diego County (Map 1).

Habitat and life history. — Nymphs appear in early spring and

are found on a variety of herbaceous shrubs, frequently on monkey

flower of several species in the genus Mimulus. It also occurs in

chaparral on scrub oaks and Ceanothus. The young katydids are rather

robust and uniform green color. They could easily be mistaken for

Microcentrum nymphs in their general appearance. Their characteristic

posture keeps the body upraised on the plant as if on stilts, possibly

eliminating shadows. In the nymphal stage, Platylyra is extremely

sluggish. If prodded the nymphs will reluctantly jump and often will

land on their backs and have great difficulty righting themselves.

While rearing the nymphs in the laboratory, it was noticed that pres-

ence of a moisture source such as a water dish or wet cotton resulted

in the loss of specimens due to drowning. The young katydids would

jump into the liquid and made little or no attempt to get out of the

situation, and they eventually died.

As the nymphs mature, they move to larger plants. In coastal areas

maturity is reached by mid- June and in the higher areas, such as the

Sierra Nevada Mountains where Platylyra is found, mature specimens

are not found until the beginning of August. The winged adults fly

to the tops of trees and only infrequently are again found on low

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 42, NO. 2

Map 1. Distribution of Platylyra calif ornica. Base map courtesy California

Insect Survey.

bushes. However, they are often found, in the late summer at night

around electric lights. There seems to be a preference as to the type

of tree desired by the adults. They have never been taken in conifers

but seem to be always found in broad-leaved trees.

The adults are not sluggish as are the nymphs and the male calls

loudly and frequently and is fairly active, moving back and forth

along a branch while stridulating. Males answer one another and it

is often quite difficult to locate a given male in a tree in which several

are calling. The calling song consists of repeated “zwicks” not unlike

April 1966]

GRANT & RENTZ — GENUS PLATYLYRA

Table 1. Measurements of seven characters of Platylyra californica.

The number in parentheses following range (R) is the number of

specimens measured. Means (M) are based on original values. All

measurements are in millimeters.

Total length

Length pronotum

Width pronotum

Length posterior femur

Width posterior femur

Length anterior wing

Length ovipositor

R (38) 20.0-26.7, M 24.4

R (40) 3.7-4.7, M 4.2

R (40) 3.0-3.8, M 3.5

R (37) 14.9-20.2, M 17.4

R (37) 1.5-2.3, M 1.9

R (39) 15.5-20.5, M 18.2

R (19) 21.6-26.4, M 23.9

R (19) 3.7-5.2, M 4.4

R (19) 3.2-4.0, M 3.6

R (19) 15.3-19.3, M 17.2

R (19) 1.8-2.4, M 2.1

R (20) 16.2-20.3, M 18.3

R (15) 5.4-7 .9, M 6.4

those of Neduha which occurs in low bushes throughout the range of

Platylyra.

Although the oviposition habits of this species are unknown, it is

interesting to speculate about where the eggs might be laid. The very

broad ovipositor seems adapted for laying eggs between leaf tissues.

Since nymphs are found in low bushes and shrubs, it would not seem

likely that the eggs are laid high in the trees. Perhaps eggs are placed

in the leaves which drop from the trees in the fall and remain on the

ground providing the nymphs with tender grasses in the spring. It is

also possible that females fly down to lower bushes to oviposit, but

there are no observations to support these ideas.

Measurements. — See Table 1. All measurements were made using

the precision device recently described by Grant (1965).

Variation. — Conspicuous variation occurs in several characters of

P. californica. The anterior coxal spine varies from a short and well-

developed condition to being almost absent. The fastigium of the

vertex varies in the degree of its expression, but is never more than

weakly developed. Anterior wings are variable in length, usually not

reaching the apices of the posterior femora when these are drawn up

on the long axis of the body, but occasionally exceeding them. The

dorsoposterior sinus of the pronotal lobes varies in the degree of its

development, but is always shallow.

There appears to be little correlation between variation and geo-

graphical placement. Two populations possibly possessing the least

ability to exchange genes are those from Monterey and Tuolumne coun-

ties. The San Joaquin Valley is an impassable ecological barrier sep-

arating the two and any gene flow between them would have to take

place around the northern or southern ends of the valley. Yet, a sample

of 10 males from each population indicates only that the Tuolumne

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

population is slightly larger, has longer anterior wings, and slightly

different posterior femoral proportions.

Acknowledgments

We are especially indebted to Mr. David Nickle for his technical

assistance (including the taking of all measurements) and to Mrs.

Mary Fuges for the illustrations. To the various curators of collec-

tions who have loaned us material we extend our thanks. Ownership

of the material here reported is indicated as follows: ANSP, Academy

of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; CAS, California Academy of

Sciences; CIS, University of California, Berkeley; K, University of

Kansas; LACMUS, Los Angeles County Museum; MCZ, Museum of

Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; USNM, U. S. National

Museum. Where no ownership is indicated, the material belongs in

the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Finally, we gratefully acknowledge support of this research under

grant GB-4027 of the National Science Foundation.

Literature Cited

Caudell, a. N. 1908. Notes on some western Orthoptera; with the description

of one new species. Proc. U. S. National Museum, 34: 71-81.

Grant, H. J., Jr. 1965. A measuring device for use in insect systematics.

Entomol. News, 76: 249-251.

Helfer, J. R. 1953. How to know the grasshoppers, cockroaches, and their

Allies. Wm. C. Brown Co., Duhuque, Iowa. 353 pp.

Kirby, W. F. 1906. Orthoptera Saltatoria. Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera,

2: 447. British Museum (Natural History), London.

ScUDDER, S. H. 1898. The orthopteran group Scudderiae. Proc. Amer. Acad.

Arts Sci., 33: 271-291.

1900. Catalogue of the described Orthoptera of the United States and Canada.

Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., 8: 1-101.

1901. Alphabetical Index to North American Orthoptera. Occasional Pap.

Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, 436 pp., Boston.

Woodworth, C. W. 1902. Grasshoppers in California. Univ. Cal. Coll. Agric.

Bulk, Berkeley, 142: 1-36.

1913. Guide to California Insects. Law Press, Berkeley. 360 pp., 36 figs.

April 1966] chandler — female andrena cerebrata

The Female of Andrena cerehrata Mitchell

(Hymenoptera : Andrenidae)

Leland Chandler

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana

The bee, Andrena cerebrata Mitchell (1960), was described from a

unique male collected on Malus by W. P. Stephen at Waynesville,

North Carolina (altitude 3,000-4,000 feet) on 30 April 1952. The

most striking features of this specimen were the large genal protuber-

ances which projected at right angles to the lower ends of the eyes.

On 8 May 1962, Dr. C. E. McCoy, University of Arkansas, collected

a series of five males of A. cerehrata on the flowers of the garden

radish, Raphanus sativus L. This collection was made at the University

of Arkansas Agronomy Farm near Fayetteville in Washington County.

The specimens agreed in every way with the original description except

for two minor variations. One male had the genal protuberances re-

duced to short, truncate lobes which were about one-third the length

of those found in the other specimens. A second male had small, yellow

maculae between the clypeus and the eye, which did not extend to the

eye margin.

Since this species was first recognized as occurring in Arkansas with

indications that it was locally abundant, a concentrated effort was made

to obtain the undescribed female. This endeavor was successful in 1965.

These records, all from Washington County, Arkansas, are as follows:

21 April (one male, C. E. McCoy) ; 22 April (3 males, C. E. McCoy) ; 28 April

(32 males on Spirea, H. E. Dodge) ; 30 April (6 males on Spirea, H. E. Dodge) ;

11 May (14 females on Philadelphus, H. E. Dodge) ; 12 May (one male, 5 females

on Philadelphus, C. E. McCoy) ; 16 May (one female on Philadelphus, H. E.

Dodge) .

The following description is of the female of A. cerebrata:

Length 9-11 mm. Integument wholly black. Face longer than distance between

eyes, eyes slightly divergent below; diameter of lateral ocelli subequal to, or less

than, distance of ocelli from margin of vertex; cheeks rounded, unarmed, not

carinate, broader than eyes; clypeus flattened medially, tessellate, with irregular,

coarse punctures, apical edge margined with apicolateral projections; facial foveae

narrow, contiguous with eye margin, filled with appressed yellowish tomentum

and fringed mesally with long, yellowish, plumose hairs; vertex dull, irregularly

punctate, crest sharp; process of labrum trapezoidal about three times as broad

as long; mandibles overlapping about one-half, each with a strong, preapical

tooth; basal segment of flagellum equal to the second and third combined, the

latter two subequal, succeeding segments gradually increasing in length with

terminal segment equaling basal.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 89-90. April 1966

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 42, NO. 2

Mesosoma nearly devoid of hairs dorsally. Pronotum tessellate with shallow

elongate punctures, humeral angles but slightly swollen, pronotal lobes heavily

fringed with long, yellowish hairs; scutum tessellate with minute, shallow

punctures; pleura tessellate with sparse, coarse, shallow punctures and with

sparse long hairs varying from white to yellowish; scutellum tessellate with a

row of coarse punctures along posterior margin, remainder finely punctate;

metanotum roughened with coarse punctures; propodeal triangle with a strong

median ridge, otherwise weakly reticulate on anterior portion becoming trans-

versely substriate or tessellate at posterior margin, sides of propodeum dull, sub-

striate; propodeal corbiculae with fringes of long, yellow, plumose hairs.

Tegulae piceus anteriorly, amber and translucent posteriorly, with an amber,

translucent margin. Wings yellowish, infumated apically; second submarginal cell

very small, about one-fourth as long as first, one-third as long and third, receiving

first recurrent vein one-third from apex. Pro- and mesothoracic trochanters and

femora with fringes of white or yellowish hairs beneath, their tibiae and tarsi with

stiff golden hairs; metathoracic trochanters with conspicuous white flocci, femora

with long yellowish hairs, tihial scopae compact, hairs plumose, basitarsi with

blackish hairs anteriorly, stiff, golden bristles posteriorly.

Metasomal tergites 2-4 with incomplete or poorly developed white apical

fasciae, 5 with a heavy brownish fimbria, heavy brownish hairs laterally on

each side of pygidial plate of 6; pygidial plate somewhat triangular with the apex

broadly rounded and hearing a basal, median, triangular elevation; basal tergite

weakly tessellate, finely punctured, succeeding tergites becoming more tessellate,

more coarsely punctured; tergites weakly impressed, impressions extending about

one-third over tergites. Sternites tessellate, weakly punctuate, 2-4 with apical row

of long, white hairs, 5-6 with heavy, long yellowish hairs.

Except for size, little variation was noted. One female had the sec-

ond submarginal cell missing in one wing.

Of the subgenera recognized and characterized by Lanham (1949)

and LaBerge (1964), A. cerebrata is tentatively placed in Gonandrena

Viereck. The genal areas of the male are carinate (not so strongly as

in A. fragilis Smith) but are rounded in the female; the pronotal hu-

meral angles are well developed and sharp in the males (more so than

in A. fragilis) but are only slightly swollen in the females; and the

scutellum is smooth and impunctate in the males, roughened and punc-

tate posteriorly in the females.

Literature Cited

LaBerge, W. E. 1964. Prodromus of American bees of the genus Andrena (Hy-

menoptera, Apoidea). Bull. Univ. Nebraska State Museum, 4 (14) : 279-

316.

Lanham, U. N. 1949. A suhgeneric classification of the New World bees of the

genus Andrena. Univ. California Publ. EntomoL, 8 (5) : 182-238.

Mitchell, T. B. 1960. Bees of the eastern United States. Vol. 1. North Carolina

Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull., 141: 1-538.

April 1966J parker & bohart — twig-nesting wasps

Host— Parasite Associations in some Twig-Nesting

Hymenoptera from Western North America^

F. D. Parker and R. M. Bohart

University of California, Davis

A biological study of twig-nesting wasps has been underway at Davis

for about 5 years. In this time we have recorded observations on about

1,800 nests from twigs collected primarily in California and Nevada,

but also in Arizona. Although the study is being continued, we are

summarizing the information accumulated thus far in order to facili-

tate similar studies by other workers and to provide biological associa-

tion records for the forthcoming addition to the Hymenoptera Catalog.

Data from twigs collected in the field during the dormant season

and brought into the laboratory for emergence showed that the number

of nests lost as result of summer emergence (7%) did not significantly

reduce the total number of nests recovered. Since our study was pri-

marily intended to be a survey, filled stems were recovered only at the

end of the nesting season.

Natural cavities were the primary source of the nests, but during the

1963-1964 season cut and drilled stems were also used. The number of

nests recovered from natural holes was 1,376 and the number in trap

stems was 330 out of 1,000 originally placed in the field. The natural

cavities were primarily made by Hymenoptera of the genera Ceratina,

Pemphredon, Stigmus, and Eclemnius. Abandoned beetle burrows and

old galls furnished suitable nesting cavities also. In our experience the

most important plants which offer nesting sites are Sambucus, Foenicu-

lum, Eriogonum, Tetradymia, and Ephedra.

The trap nests were made by cutting Sambucus stems into 18-inch

lengths and drilling holes in one end; the opposite end was sharpened

to facilitate placement in the ground. The hole diameter varied from

one-fourth to Vw of an inch. Additional holes were made at random

along the sides of a few stems and these were utilized as well as the

terminal ones.

The cut stems were placed individually in the ground and it was found

through trial and error that the best results came from stems placed in

long rows, 3 to 5 feet apart. Also, stems set out in this manner were

more easily located the following winter. Stems tied m bundles and

placed in bushes did not yield as many nests as those set out individually.

Following collection in the dormant season, the twigs were split in

the laboratory and notes were made concerning nest structure. The cell

^ This study was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant NSF GB-3074.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 91-98. April 1966

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

contents were placed individually in gelatin capsules (sizes 000 and 00) ,

each with a corresponding rearing number placed on the outside and

held between the cap and the bottom of the capsule. We found that

if the rearing number was left inside, the emerging occupant often

shredded the paper in an attempt to get out.

Identifications have been provided from specialists as follows: R. C.

Bechtel, Nevada State Department of Agriculture — Sapygidae; G. E.

Bohart, USDA Logan, Utah — Megachilidae ; R. M. Bohart, University of

California, Davis — Chrysididae, Eumenidae, Sphecidae; B. D. Burks,

USNM — Chalcidoidea ; H. E. Evans, Museum of Comparative Zoology —

Pompilidae; W. E. Ferguson, San Jose State College — Mutillidae; A. R.

Gittins, University of Idaho — Sphecidae; J. C. Hall, University of

California, Riverside — Bomb34iidae; K. V. Krombein, USNM — Spheci-

dae; N. Marston, Kansas State University — Bombyliidae; C. D. Miche-

ner. University of Kansas — Megachilidae; T. B. Mitchell, North Caro-

lina State College — Megachilidae; F. D. Parker, University of California,

Davis — Sphecidae, Eumenidae; H. J. Reinhard, Texas A & M College —

Sarcophagidae; M. R. Smith, USNM — ^Formicidae; R. R. Snelling,

Los Angeles County Museum — Colletidae; R. B. Selander, University of

Illinois — Meloidae; H. M. Townes, American Entomological Institute —

Ichneumonidae, Gasteruptiidae ; M. S. Wasbauer, California State De-

partment of Agriculture — Pompilidae.

Nesting localities not identified with incorporated towns are as

follows: California: Boca, east of Truckee, Nevada Co.; Carnelian Bay,

Lake Tahoe, Placer Co.; Putah Canyon, west of Winters, Yolo Co.;

Arroyo Seco Camp, west of Greenfield, Monterey Co.; Whitewater

Canyon, east of Banning, Riverside Co.; Glamis, 15 miles east of Braw-

ley, Imperial Co. Nevada: Geiger Grade, near Reno, Washoe Co.;

Mustang, Washoe Co., 5 miles east Sparks; Patrick, Washoe Co., 15

miles east Sparks; Galena Creek, north side of Mt. Rose, south of Reno,

Washoe Co. Arizona: Sabino Canyon, northeast of Tucson, Pima

Co.

In the following list we have arranged the primary twig-nesting

Hymenoptera by family with indication of locality, type of nesting-

site, number of nests observed, and parasites associated.

Eumenidae

Ancistrocerus antilope (Panzer). Nevada: Verdi. Samhucus stems; one nest.

No parasites.

Ancistrocerus hustamente (Saussure). California: Borego, White-water Can-

yon. Trap stems ; four nests. No parasites.

Ancistrocerus catskill halophilus Viereck. California: Putah Canyon, Boca.

April 1966] parker & bohart — twig-nesting wasps

Nevada: Verdi. Sambucus and trap stems; 10 nests. Parasites: Chrysis derivata

Buysson (Chrysididae) .

Ancistrocerus lineativentris Cameron. Nevada: Verdi. Sambucus stems; 11

nests. Parasites: Pimpla spatulata Townes (Ichneumonidae) ; Chrysis inflata

Aaron (Chrysididae) ; Amobia floridensis Townsend, P salidopteryx sp. (Sarco-

phagidae) .

Ancistrocerus spilogaster Cameron. Nevada: Geiger Grade, Reno, Verdi.

California: Boca, Putah Canyon. Sambucus and trap stems; made mud nests on

rocks; 14 nests. Parasites: Aritranis notata sierrae Townes (Ichneumonidae) ;

Chrysis coerulans Fabricius; Chrysis pattoni Aaron (Chrysididae).

Ancistrocerus tigris cytainus (Cameron). California: Davis, Putah Canyon.

Sambucus and trap stems; old Sceliphron nests; nine nests. Parasites: Chrysis

coerulans Fabricius (Chrysididae).

Euotlynerus foraniinatus scutellaris (Saussure). California: Davis, Putah

Canyon. Nevada: Verdi. Sambucus and trap stems, and old Sceliphron nests; 40

nests. Va.b.Pi.sit'KS'. Lycogaster pullata nevadensis (Cresson) (Trigonalidae) ; Chrysis

derivata Buysson; Chrysis coerulans Fabricius; Chrysis parkeri Moore (Chrysidi-

dae) ; Amobia floridensis Townsend (Sarcophagidae) ; Anthrax irroratus Say (Bom-

byliidae) ; Epistenia sp. (Pteromalidae) .

Euodynerus oslarensis (Cameron). California: Coyote Creek, north of Borego,

18 miles west Blythe. Trap stems; two nests. No parasites.

Euodynerus pratensis (Saussure). California; 18 miles west Blythe. Trap

stems ; one nest.

Leptochilus rufinodus (Cresson). California: Carnelian Bay, Davis. Nevada:

Nixon, Mustang, Verdi. Sambucus and trap stems; 65 nests. Parasites: Epistenia

sp. (Pteromalidae) ; Clistopyga canadensis Provancher (Ichneumonidae) ; Anthrax

irroratus Say (Bombyliidae) ; Ceratochrysis tuber ella Bohart, Chrysis parkeri

Moore (Chrysididae) ; Eurytoma sp. ( Eurytornidae) .

Leptochilus tosquineti (Cameron). California: Davis. Nevada: Verdi, Nixon.

Sambucus stems and galls on Tetradymia; three nests. No parasites.

Pachodynerus acuticarinatus (Cameron). Arizona; Sabino Canyon. Holes

in wood; three nests. No parasites.

Pachodynerus pulverulenta (Viereck) . California: Borego. Trap stems;

two nests. Parasites: Sphaeropthalma (Photopsiodes) uro stenognatha Schuster

(Mutillidae) .

Par ancistrocerus acarigaster Bohart. California: Davis. Nevada: Verdi. Sam-

bucus stems and old Sceliphron nests; six nests. Parasites: Chrysis parkeri Moore

( Chrysididae) .

Parancistrocerus acarophorus Bohart. California: Putah Canyon. Nevada:

Verdi. Sambucus stems; 16 nests. Parasites: Chrysis coerulans Fabricius (Chi'y-

sididae) .

Parancistrocerus toltecus (Saussure). California: 18 miles west Blythe.

Nevada: Nixon. Tetradymia and trap stems; 16 nests. Parasites: Toxophora vir-

gata Osten Sacken (Bombyliidae); Chrysis barri Bohart (Chrysididae).

Stenodynerus hlandus (Saussure). California: Carnelian Bay, Davis, Putah

Canyon. Sambucus and trap stems; three nests. No parasites.

Stenodynerus cochiseijsis (Viereck). California: Boca. Trap stems; one

nest. No parasites.

94 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 42, NO. 2

Stenodynerus coniodes Bohart. Nevada: Nixon. Tetradymia stems; one nest.

No parasites.

Syminorphus meridioiialis Viereck. Nevada: Verdi. Sambucus stems; one

nest. No parasites.

Syminorphus cristatus nevadensis (Cameron). Nevada: Verdi. Sambucus

stems; four nests. Parasites: Chrysis derivata Bnysson (Chrysididae) .

Syminorphus projectus Bohart. California: Putah Canyon. Sambucus stems;

one nest. No parasites.

POMPILIDAE

Auplopus nigrellus (Banks). California: Davis. Sambucus stems; two nests.

No parasites.

Dipogon calipterus nubifer (Cresson). California: Putah Canyon. Sambucus

stems ; four nests. No parasites.

Dipogon parkeri Wasbauer. Nevada: Mustang. Holes in wood; one nest. No

parasites.

Sphecidae

Crossocerus fergusoni Pate. California: Putah Canyon. Nevada: Verdi. Sam-

bucus stems; 29 nests. Parasites: Diomorus zabriskiei Cresson (Torymidae) ;

Amobia floridensis Townsend, Macronichia sp. (Sarcophagidae) .

Psenulus {Diodontus of authors) alienus (Krombein). Nevada: Verdi. Sam-

bucus stems; two nests. No parasites. Prey: Adult Psyllidae.

Ectemnius spiniferus (Fox). California: Putah Canyon, Davis. Nevada:

Galena Creek, Verdi. Sambucus, Foeniculum, and Eriogonum stems; 30 nests.

Parasites: Senotainia trilineata Vanderwump, Macronichia sp., Amobia floridensis

Townsend (Sarcophagidae); Diomorus zabriskiei Cresson (Torymidae).

Crossocerus (^Epicrossocerus) insolens (Fox). California: Putah Canyon,

Davis. Nevada: Verdi. Sambucus stems; five nests. Parasites: Diomorus zabris-

kiei Cresson (Torymidae). Prey: Pachyneuron sp. (Pteromalidae) ; Tetrastichus

pattersonae Fullaway, Tetrastichus sp. (Eulophidae) .

Euplilis arapaho Pate. Nevada: Verdi. California: Putah Canyon. Sambucus

stems; six nests. Parasites: Diomorus zabriskiei Cresson (Torymidae).

Isodontia elegans (Smith). Nevada: Verdi. Sambucus and trap stems; 11

nests. Parasites: Epistenia coeruleata Westwood (Pteromalidae) ; Amobia flori-

densis Townsend (Sarcophagidae).

Pemphredoii errans Rohwer. California: Putah Canyon. Nevada: Verdi.

Sambucus stems; 105 nests. Parasites: Omalus fanus (Haldeman) ; Omalus pur-

puratus Provancher (Chrysididae) ; Anthrax irroratus Say (Bombyliidae) ; Peri-

thous mediator neomexicanus Viereck (Ichneumonidae) ; Senotainia trilineata

Vanderwump (Sarcophagidae).

Pemphredoii giffardi (Rohwer). California: Corona, Putah Canyon, Davis.

Nevada: Verdi. Sambucus stems; 130 nests. Parasites: Habrocytus analis (Ash-

mead (Pteromalidae) ; Eurytoma stigma Ashmead (Eurytomidae) ; Omalus trilo-

batus Bohart and Campos, Omalus cressoni (Aaron) (Chrysididae) ; Anthrax irro-

ratus Say (Bombyliidae).

Pemphredon lethifer (Shuckard). California: Gardenia. Foeniculum stems;

one nest. No parasites.

Pisonopsis birkmanni Rohwer. California: Davis, Blythe. Nevada: Mustang,

April 1966] parker & bohart — twig-nesting wasps

Verdi. Sambucus and trap steins; 15 nests. Parasites: Ceratochrysis antyga Bohart

( Chrysididae) .

Solierella blaisdelli (Bridwell). Nevada: Verdi. Eriogonum stems; three nests.

Parasites: Lomachaeta variegata Mickel (Mutillidae) .

Solierella similis (Bridwell). Nevada: Reno, Verdi. California: Putah Can-

yon. Sambucus, Foeniculum, Eriogonum, and trap stems; 26 nests. Parasites:

Lomachaeta variegata Mickel (Mutillidae), Eurytoma stigmi Ashmead (Eury-

tomidae) ; Senotainia trilineata Vanderwump (Sarcophagidae) .

Stigmus inordinatus Fox. California: Putah Canyon. Nevada: Verdi. Sam-

bucus stems; 25 nests. Parasites: Omalus variatus (Aaron), Omalus glomeratus

(Buysson), Omalus cressoni (Aaron) (Chrysididae).

Tracheliodes foveolineatus (Viereck) . Nevada: Verdi. California: Putah

Canyon. Sambucus stems; four nests. No parasites. Prey: Liometopum occiden-

tale luctuosum '^heeler (Worker) (Formicidae) .

Trypoxyloit. tridentatum Packard. California: Borego, Davis, Putah Canyon.

Nevada: Verdi. Sambucus and trap stems, old Sceliphron nests; 18 nests. Para-

sites: Amobia floridensis Townsend (Sarcophagidae) ; Epistenia coeruleata West-

wood (Pteromalidae) ; Chrysis pellucidula Aaron, Trichrysis deversor Bohart,

Ceratochrysis antyga Bohart (Chrysididae).

Trypoxylon aldrichi Sandhouse. California: Carnelian Bay. Trap stems; one

nest. No parasites.

Trypoxylon bidentatuni Fox. California: Boca, Putah Canyon. Nevada: Mus-

tang, Verdi. Sambucus and trap stems; 16 nests. Parasites: Trichrysis doriae

(Gribodo) (Chrysididae).

Trypoxylon frigiduin Smith. Nevada: Verdi. Sambucus stems; two nests.

No parasites.

Trypoxylon sculleni Sandhouse. California: Davis, Putah Canyon. Nevada:

Mustang, Patrick, Verdi. Sambucus, Eriogonum, and trap stems; 55 nests. Para-

sites: Aprostocetus sp. (Ichneumonidae) ; Eurytoma stigmi Ashmead (Eurytomi-

dae) ; Trichrysis doriae (Gribodo) ; Anthrax irroratus Say (Bombyliidae) ; Amobia

jloridensis Townsend (Sarcophagidae); Dibrachys sp. (Pteromalidae).

COLLETIDAE

Hylaeus (H.) cressoni (Cockerell). Nevada: Reno, Verdi, Mustang. Califor-

nia: Boca. and trap stems; 12 nests. Parasites: Rhydinofoenus visaliae

Bradley (Gasteruptiidae) .

Hylaeus (H.) rudbeckiae (Cockerell). Nevada: Verdi. Eriogonum stems-, one

nest. No parasites.

Hylaeus (H.) verticalis (Cresson). Nevada: Verdi. Sambucus stems; eight

nests. No parasites.

Hylaeus (Paraprosopis) polifolii (Cockerell)- California: Antioch. Trap

stems; two nests. Parasites: Eurytoma stigmi (Eurytomidae) .

Megachilidae

Anthidium maculosuni Cresson. Nevada: Verdi. Sambucus stems; one nest.

Parasites: Leucospis affinis Say (Leucospidae) .

Anthocopa copelandica (Cockerell). California: Boca. Trap stems; two

nests. No parasites.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

Ashineadiella aridula Cockerell. Nevada: Reno, Nixon, Mustang, Verdi. Cali-

fornia: Putah Canyon, Davis. Sambucus and trap stems; 100 nests. Parasites:

Chrysum sonorensis (Cameron) (Chrysididae) ; Leucospis affinis Say (Leucospi-

dae) ; Anthrax irroratus Say (Bombyliidae) ; Sapyga pumila Cresson (Sapygidae) ;

Epistenia sp. (Pteromalidae) .

Ashmeadiella bigeloviae (Cockerell). California: Borego, Glamis. Trap

stems; 18 nests. No parasites.

Ashmeadiella bucconis denticulata (Cresson). Nevada: Nixon. Trap stems;

four nests. No parasites.

Ashmeadiella gillettei Titus. Nevada: Nixon, Mustang, Patrick. Trap stems;

nine nests. No parasites.

Ashmeadiella inyoensis Michener. Nevada: Nixon. Old galls on Tetradymia;

one nest. No parasites.

Ashmeadiella meliloti Cockerell. Nevada: Nixon. Trap stems; one nest. No

parasites.

Ashmeadiella rufipes Titus. California: Glamis. Trap stems; two nests. No

parasites.

Ashmeadiella timberlakei Michener. Nevada: Verdi. Sambucus stems; three

nests. No parasites.

Callanthidium illustre (Cresson). California: Arroyo Seco Camp. Holes in

wood; five nests. No parasites.

Chelostoma phaceliae Michener. Nevada: Verdi. Sambucus stems; six nests.

No parasites.

Dianthidium ulkei perterritum Cockerell. Arizona: Sabino Canyon. Holes in

wood; two nests. No parasites.

Dianthidium ulkei ulkei (Cresson). Nevada: Verdi. Sambucus stems and

holes in wood; four nests. Parasites: Eusapyga verticalis (Cresson) (Sapygidae).

Hoplitis biscutellae (Cockerell). California: 18 miles west Blythe, Glamis.

Trap stems; 19 nests. Parasites: Nemognatha macswaini Enns (Meloidae).

Hoplitis brachyodonta (Cockerell). Nevada: Reno. Trap stems; one nest.

Parasites: Sfe/is sexmacu/uia Ashmead (Megachilidae) .

Hoplitis colei (Crawford). Nevada: Reno, Mustang, Nixon. Old galls on

Tetradymia and trap stems; 70 nests. Parasites: Nemognatha scutellaris LeConte

(Meloidae) ; Stelis sexmaculata Ashmead (Megachilidae).

Hoplitis fulgida fulgida (Cresson). California: Arroyo Seco Camp. Holes in

wood; one nest. No parasites.

Hoplitis fulgida platyura (Cockerell). Nevada: Verdi. Sambucus stems; 23

nests. Parasites: Anthrax irroratus Say (Bombyliidae) ; Leucospis affinis Say

(Leucospidae) ; Sapyga aculeata Cresson (Sapygidae).

Hoplitis grinnelli Cockerell. Nevada: Nixon, Patrick. Trap stems; four nests.

Parasites: Nemognatha scutellaris LeConte (Meloidae) ; Stelis sexmaculata Ash-

mead (Megachilidae).

Hoplitis hypocrita (Cockerell). California: Putah Canyon. Nevada: Verdi,

Mustang. Foeniculum, Eriogonum, and trap stems; five nests. Parasites: Nemog-

natha scutellaris LeConte (Meloidae) ; Aritranis imitator ruficauda Townes (Ich-

neumonidae) ; Stelis sp. (Megachilidae) ; Eurytoma sp. (Eurytomidae) .

Hoplitis producta gracilis (Michener). Nevada: Reno, Verdi. California:

Putah Canyon, Davis. Sambucus, Eriogonum, F oeniculum, and trap stems; 15 nests.

Parasites: Stelis sexmaculata Ashmead (Megachilidae) ; Eurytoma stigmi Ash-

April 1966] Parker & bohart — twig-nesting wasps

mead (Eurytomidae) ; Aprostocetus sp. (Ichneumonidae) ; Chrysura sonorensis

(Cameron) (Clirysididae) ; Sapyga aculeata Cresson (Sapygidae).

Hoplitis sambuci Titus. California: Putali Canyon, Antioch. Sambucus stems;

three nests. No parasites.

Megachile brevis Say. California: Davis. Nevada: Mustang. Sambucus and

trap stems; 21 nests. Parasites: Coelioxys salinaria Cockerell (Megachilidae) ;

Leucospis uffinis Say (Leucospidae) ; Anthrax irroratus Say (Bombyliidae) .

Megachile concinna Smith. California: Shafter, Putah Canyon. Sambucus

stems and bamboo; 17 nests. No parasites.

Megachile geniula Cresson. Nevada: Verdi. Sambucus stems; three nests. No

parasites.

Megachile gentilis Cresson. Nevada: Verdi. California: Antioch, Putah Can-

yon, Davis. Sambucus stems; 26 nests. Parasites: Anthrax daphne (Osten

Sacken), Anthrax melanopogon (Bigot) (Bombyliidae); Leucospis af finis Say

(Leucospidae); Aritranis notata sierrae Townes (Ichneumonidae).

Megachile inontivaga Cresson. California: Palo Verde, 18 miles west Blythe.

Nevada: Mustang, Patrick, Verdi. Sambucus and trap stems; 10 nests. Parasites:

Phaenacra sp. (Pteromalidae) .

Megachile rotundata (Fabricius). Nevada: Mustang. California: Davis.

Sambucus stems, holes in wood and old Sceliphron nests; 21 nests. Parasites:

Sapyga pumila Cresson (Sapygidae); Monodontomerus montivaga Ashmead (To-

rymidae) .

Osmia kincaidii Cockerell. Nevada: Verdi. California: Boca. Sambucus and

trap stems; 20 nests. Parasites: Chrysura halictula (Gribodo) ; C. sonorensis

(Cameron) ; Nemognatha scutellaris LeConte (Meloidae) ; Leucospis af finis Say

(Leucospidae) ; Epistenia sp. (Pteromalidae).

Osmia lignaria Say. California: Arroyo Seco Camp, Putah Canyon. Nevada:

Mustang. Holes in wood; seven nests. Parasites: Stelis sp. (Megachilidae);

Sapyga augustata Cresson (Sapygidae).

Osmia marginata Michener. California: 18 miles west Blythe, Coyote Creek

(near Borego). Nevada: Reno. Trap stems; three nests. Parasites: Nemognatha

macswaini Enns (Meloidae).

Osmia pikei Cockerell. Nevada: Mustang. Holes in wood; one nest. No para-

sites.

Proteriades bullifacies (Michener). Nevada: Nixon. Tetradymia stems; two

nests. Parasites: Anthrax irroratus Sa.y (Bombyliidae); Stelis sp. (Megachilidae).

Proteriades niojavensis (Michener). Nevada: Nixon. Old galls on Tetrady-

mia; one nest. No parasites.

Proteriades xerophila (Cockerell). California: Glamis, 18 miles west Blythe.

Trap and dead Oenothera stems; eight nests. No parasites.

Apidae

Xylocopa tabaniformis orpifex Smith. California: Yosemite Valley, Mariposa

County; redwood board under a pipeline. Parasite: Anthrax tigrinus (DeGeer)

(Bombyliidae) .

Parasites from Hosts Not Determined to Species

Omalus aeneus (Fabricius) reared from cells of Pemphredon sp. Nevada: Mus-

tang.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

Gasteruption assectator (L.) reared from cells of i?y/c(eii5 sp. Nevada: Verdi.

Chrysis irwini Bohart reared from cells of Eumenidae. California: Boca.

Grotea mexicana Cresson reared from cells of Ceratina sp. Mexico: Tuxpan.

Dibrachys sp. reared from cells of Trypoxylon sp.

Sphaeropthalma (Photopsis) nixonensis Ferguson reared from cells of Proteriades

sp. Nevada: Nixon.

Chalcidoidea

Perilampus hyalinus complex reared from Amohia floridensis Townsend (Sar-

cophagidae) . Nevada: Verdi.

Fttryfoma sp. reared from CArj6-i5 sp. (Chrysididae) . Nevada: Verdi.

Eurytoma stigmi Ashmead reared from Triclirysis doriae (Gribodo), Chrysis parkeri

Moore (Chrysididae). Nevada: Verdi.

Dibrachys sp. I'eaied ixom Chrysis derivata Buysson (Chrysididae). Nevada: Verdi.

Dibrachys cavus (Walker) reared from Amobia floridensis Townsend (Sarcophagi-

dae). Nevada: Verdi.

Epistenia sp. reared from Stelis sexmaculata Ashmead (Megachilidae) ; Chrysis sp.,

T richry sis sp. (Chrysididae). Nevada: Verdi, Mustang.

Microdontomerus anthidii (Ashmead) reared from Stelis sexmaculata Ashmead

(Megachilidae). Nevada: Nixon.

Diomorus zabriskiei Cresson reared from Omalus sp. (Chrysididae) . Nevada: Verdi.

Perilampus sp. reared from Omalus janus (Haldeman) (Chrysididae). Nevada;

Verdi.

Tetrastichus sp. reared from Sarcophagidae. Nevada: Nixon.

Leucospis af finis Say reared from Stelis sexmaculata Ashmead (Megachilidae) ;

S apyga pumila Cxesson (Sapygidae). Nevada: Nixon, Mustang, Patrick.

Immature and Mating Behavior of fSeocompsa alacris

(Bates)

(Coleoptera : Cerambycidae)

John A. Chemsak

University of California, Berkeley

The tribe Ibidionini is represented by a large number of species

and is found predominantly in the Neotropics. Information on biology

and habits is lacking for the vast majority of the group and host plant

associations are known for only a few species.

Neocompsa alacris, a species commonly attracted to light in Mexico,

occurs from Sonora to Oaxaca. On the west coast of Mexico, at least,

it is found in association with the thorn forests from June to September.

During the summer of 1965 from late June to early July, this species

was found in dead wood of Lonchocarpus (Leguminosae) , 5 miles

north of Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico. The area is a typical thorn forest

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 98-101. April 1966

April 1966]

CHEMSAK — BIOLOGY OF NEOCOMPSA

Fig. 1. Pupal chambers of N eocompsa alacris (Bates) in sticks of Lonchocarpus.

Left, 3 X ; right, 2 X-

of the region within sight of the beach. As of 26 June of this year,

the summer rains had not begun and the vegetation was totally devoid

of leaves. Examination of dead, fallen trees of Lonchocarpus revealed

the presence of fully formed, unemerged adults of N . alacris in pupal

chambers within the wood. The infested trees were small, about 2 to 4

decimeters in diameter, and probably had been cut at least 2 years ago.

The bark was firm and the wood well consolidated. Samples of the

wood were collected and adults emerged within a month.

The larvae begin feeding under the bark, shallowly scoring the wood.

The gallery is meandering and filled with fine, packed frass. The

heartwood is entered to varying depths depending on the condition

100

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

and availability of sound wood. Feeding apparently continues parallel

with the grain of the wood. At the termination of feeding an elongate

pupal chamber is constructed (Fig. 1). Depth of the chamber with

reference to the outside varied from 1—2 mm to 1-2 decimeters. Usually

the chambers are 15-20 mm long and 3-5 mm wide. The base is

tightly plugged with fine powdery frass and adults emerged through

the apical end by chewing their way to the surface.

Adult emergence is apparently synchronized with the onset of the

summer rains. At the time of these observations, adults in pupal cham-

bers were fully colored and capable of flying away as the wood was

split. The first rain in the area fell on 1 July and a few days later

adults were taken at lights. Very few larvae were encountered in the

numerous samples examined and in every case these were inside of

pupal chambers. There is apparently a single generation per year with

development from egg to adult requiring one year.

Mating behavior was observed in freshly emerged adults in the

laboratory. These were placed in either cardboard containers or in

glass-topped drawers containing sections of the host plant, Lonchocarpus.

The male showed little interest in the female when first introduced.

After the initial physical contact, however, he became stimulated and

began a rapid searching behavior until the female was again contacted.

The female was mounted in the typical manner with the front legs

around her pronotum and the other two pairs on the substrate. The

male immediately began to “lick” the front margins of the females’

pronotum and attempted to join by arching the abdomen under. The

April 1966]

CHEMSAK — BIOLOGY OF NEOCOMPSA

101

phallus was forced in between the apical abdominal sclerites of the

female and coupled with her genitalia. After successfully joining, the

male dismounted and an end-to-end position was assumed (Fig. 2).

In this position the male antennae are laid backward and those of the

female forward and out. While still joined opposite each other, the

male was observed to “bow” his head and pronotum a number of times

and the hind legs were flexed. These actions were repeated in rapid

succession at first and gradually tapered off until the female broke

contact. The time of copula was about 1 minute in one pair and 3-4

minutes in another. After uncoupling, the female wandered off but

the male remained motionless for some time and cleaned his legs and

antennae by drawing them through his mouth in a manner similar to

roaches.

Although adults of N. alacris are generally nocturnal, they have

been collected on flowers of Buddleia wrightii and Jathropa curcas

during the day. Generally, however, they rest on twigs and branches

and probably in other niches until nightfall. During periods of in-

activity, the antennae are laid straight ahead of the body and curving

slightly. The undersides of branches seem to be preferred for resting.

These observations were carried out during a trip sponsored by the

Associates in Tropical Biogeography, University of California, Berkeley.

The National Science Foundation through Grant GB-2326 is also

acknowledged. The author is grateful to B. F. Kukachka, USD A Forest

Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, for determination of the

host plant, and to Celeste Green for the illustration.

RECENT LITERATURE

Annotated List of the Diplopoda of California. By lohn S. Bucket!. Cover

+ 34 pp. [pp. 6-29 with verso blank]. Privately published. Available from

the author, 711 Boyer Circle, Davis, California. December, 1964. Price $1.25.

This annotated list records nine orders, twenty-three families, eighty genera

and one-hundred seventy-eight species and subspecies of millipeds from California.

For each species the type depository, type locality, and range in California is

given. According to the author this list was compiled primarily from the “Check-

list of the Millipeds of North America” by Chamberlin and Hoffman, 1958; how-

ever, there are many additions and corrections. — P. H. Arnaud, Jr., California

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

102

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 2

Life history of Philotes enoptes bayensis

(Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae)

Robert L. Langston and John Adams Comstock

University of California, Berkeley and San Diego Society of Natural History

The type locality of Philotes enoptes bayensis Langston was designated

as China Camp, Marin County, California (Langston, 1964) . However,

the largest colony of this blue yet discovered is across San Francisco

Bay near Point Richmond, Contra Costa County. This colony was

originally found in 1962, 4 years after the first China Camp specimen.

The subspecies is known from 13 localities in six counties: Contra Costa,

Humboldt, Marin, Mendocino, Solano, and Sonoma (Langston, 1965).

The term “^colony” is especially appropriate as the adults do not ap-

pear to stray very far from their food plants. The Point Richmond

locality actually consists of two colonies. One is on steep, south-facing

slopes, and the other is approximately one-fourth mile away on west-

facing slopes.

Host plants. — In Marin and Sonoma counties the blue is associated

with Eriognonum latifolium nudum (Douglas ex Bentham) S. Stokes.

In Solano and Contra Costa counties it is on E. latifolium auriculatum

(Bentham) S. Stokes. Depending upon the season, the E. 1. auriculatum

may come into bloom by mid-May on the south-facing slopes at Point

Richmond. Although the general area is often overcast or foggy, these

slopes become quite hot on sunny days, and warm quickly with brief

sunshine on the overcast days. The west-facing slopes are subject to

colder influences. More fog often exists and even when the sun is

shining, the slopes are subject to a cool northwest wind. As a conse-

quence, the Eriogonum blooms 2 to 4 weeks later on the west-facing

slopes, at least during the four seasons (1962-1965) observed. The

plants are in their best bloom in mid-June, and in two of the four seasons

were still in a P/^i/o^e5-attracting stage the first week of July.

Adult season. — Adult emergence is synchronized closely with the

blooming period of this Eriogonum. An appreciable number of adults

are noticed when 30 to 40% of the flowers are in early bloom, the rest

still being in the bud stage. The greatest numbers of adults occur when

40 to 60% are blossoming. By the time most plants have come into

full bloom, the earlier blossoms have dried and the adults have prac-

tically disappeared.

The advantage of the Point Richmond locality is not only the pres-

ence of dense colonies, but a spread in season between the south- and

west-facing slopes. Adults have been taken as early as 17 May on the

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 102-108. April 1966

April 1966] langston & comstock — philotes life history 103

Fig. 1. Philotes enoptes bayensis Langston: a, Egg, 2 days old, viewed from

above; b. First-instar larva, lateral.

south slopes, and as late as 4 July on the west slopes. During any single

season Philotes enoptes bayensis adults were found at any one colony

for only about 2 weeks in the year. This extended to 3 weeks if there

was a long period of cold, overcast weather. Adult activity at the south

slope colony was essentially finished when the west slope colony was

just beginning.

The adults can be considered common over this short period of time.

During the 1962 to 1965 seasons a total of 338 specimens were collected

by the senior author at Point Richmond. Attempts were made to cap-

ture every individual observed when they were scarce at the beginning

or end of the flight periods. During their peak flights, only random

samples were made over timed periods. The most productive 1-hour

period was on 15 June 1965 when 63 were taken (36 males, 27 females)

on the west-facing slope.

OviPOSiTlON. — The adults are closely associated with the Eriogonum

flowers. They take nectar, copulate, and often rest at night on the

floral heads. Females also oviposit in or on the flowers. The eggs

are usually laid singly on sepals of the newly opened flower or on the

late bud stage. Eggs are occasionally found on the white petals or a

short distance doAvn the pedicel.

104

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

Egg season. — The eggs are laid shortly after copulation. Hence

this subspecies is in the egg stage from late May to mid- June on the

south slope, and from mid- June to early July on the west slope. The

variation in time can be accounted for by the spread in adult flight

as noted above, and the exposure of the individual plants.

Larval season. — Caterpillars are present from early June to early

September. Even though there may be a rather uniform, short period

of oviposition, the larvae tend to become staggered, both in instars

and time. Several variables are encountered during the midsummer

larval season. On the hot, south slopes the eggs hatch quickly (7 to

12 days), and the larvae tend to develop rapidly. The Eriogonum

plants dry rather soon, but some larvae have slower development be-

cause of wandering to other flower heads or to different plants. On

the cooler west slopes the eggs take longer to hatch (10 to 15 days).

The larvae tend to mature more slowly under the cooler temperatures,

although the plants appear to stay in good condition much longer.

Therefore, in early July, first-, second-, and third-instar larvae were

collected on the south slopes. By mid-August, no larvae could be

found on the south slopes, but third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar larvae

were collected on the west slopes.

The larvae in all instars feed only on the flower heads. By late

August when mature larvae are found, many of the flowers are well

into the seed stage and the plants look dry. The flowers are unattrac-

tive as a nectar source, and in September even the Hymenoptera and

Diptera ignore them.

Pupal season. — The time of pupation was not determined in the

colonies. However, mature larvae were caged out-of-doors under con-

ditions somewhat simulating a natural situation. They were even fur-

nished with ants — a phenomena already known in other Lycaenidae

(Downey, 1962), Erom south slope collections in 1965, pupation oc-

curred from early to mid-August. Erom west slope collections in 1965,

pupation took place from mid- to late August, with a few stragglers

extending into the first week of September. Although pupae have not,

as yet, been observed in the laboratory throughout the winter, the only

assumption to make is that they diapause with the adults emerging

the following May, June, or early July. Either or both Point Rich-

mond sites and the Point San Pablo locality, 4.5 miles to the north-

northwest, have been checked during the four seasons under study at

least once every month of the year. The adults are not evident at any

other times than indicated above.

Obtaining early stages. — Adults were placed in screen cages with

April 1966]

LANGSTON & COMSTOCK PHILOTES LIFE HISTORY 105

their food plant to obtain eggs. However, in confinement, relatively

few eggs were laid in proportion to the large numbers of adults caged.

Four groups of adults were caged at different times during the 1964

and 1965 seasons. Two of the four groups were divided and kept in

the shade for varying intervals to obtain eggs later in the year. The

numbers varied from 12 to 36 adults depending upon availability at

time of collection. Sex ratio was essentially 1 ; 1, but sometimes

favored the female if they were slightly worn and assumed to be al-

ready fertile. Several were caged as copulating pairs. A total of 85

eggs were sent to the junior author in several batches at different

times. This was repeated more often than planned as the larvae would

not feed on substitute species of Eriogonum. Considerable difficulty

was encountered in rearing P. enoptes hayensis in the laboratory,

hence the following descriptions are based on fewer individuals than

would be significant to state size variations within each of the stages.

Egg. — Diameter, 0.5 mm. Height, approximately 0.25 mm. Flattened echinoid

form, deeply depressed in center of upper surface, with well-defined deeper

micropyle. Pale green color, with white highlights. Surface covered with a

regular network of hexagonal pits, separated by well-defined walls.

The newly hatched larva consumes the upper part of the egg, leaving the base

and part of the sidewalls intact. In the laboratory, the egg period was from 10 to

14 days (Figs, la, 3a).

First-instar larva. — Length, 1 mm. Head width approximately 0.2 mm. Head

glistening jet black. Body light yellow and comparatively wide in relation to

head. Body segments developed as transverse ridges. Setae translucent and rela-

tively long (Fig. lb).

Second-instar larva. — Length, 4 mm. Body width, 0.5 mm. Head width approxi-

mately 0.4 mm. Head and ocelli still jet black as in prior instar. Prominent

black cervical shield. Body ground color light yellow. Four dark yellow longi-

106

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 2

tudinal stripes on dorsum running length of body, and two additional stripes of

same character, but less clearly defined, running along stigmatal area. Legs

yellow, tipped with brown. Prolegs yellow. Setae white, and relatively long. To-

ward the end of the instar, the thoracic segments and the last three caudal seg-

ments become tinged with pink (Fig. 2).

Third-instar larva . — Length, 4.5 mm. Body width 1.5 mm. Head width approxi-

mately 0.75 mm. (Measurements small, as the larvae were somewhat starved

because the food plant was too dry and they would not feed on fresh substitute

Eriogonum.) Head glistening yellow-brown, ocelli black. Body ground color

light yellow. Same longitudinal darker yellow stripes present, but more clearly

defined than in second instar. Pink suffusion gradually extends over all segments.

Setae relatively short. In other particulars the body is similar in appearance to

the prior instar (Fig. 3b).

Fourth-ins tar larva . — Length, 7.5 mm. Width at third thoracic segment, 3 mm.

Head width approximately 1 mm. Head glistening yellow-brown, black mandibles,

brownish maxillae, and black ocelli. Body becoming more slug-shaped than third

instar. Ground color light yellow. Longitudinal yellow stripes somewhat obscured

as pink suffusion more extensive over all segments. Over most of the body there

is a covering of small setae, mostly yellow and some black.

Fifth-instar larva . — Length, 11.5 mm. Width at third thoracic segment, 5 imn.

Head width approximately 1.1 mm. Head glistening yellow, except for the black

mandibles, brownish maxillae, and black ocelli. Body slug-shaped as with most

Lycaenidae, but with slight tendency to taper caudally. Body color nearly uniform

rose-yellow throughout, with no spots or stripes. A few areas show slightly more

intense rose shading, but they are depressions rather than spots. Legs and pro-

legs concolorous with body. Infrastigmatal fold well developed, but has no dif-

ferentiating color. Spiracles concolorous with body, and indistinguishable without

high magnification. Venter slightly lighter than dorsum. Most of body surface

has a thick covering of small setae, many of which are yellow, some are black,

and a few are mixed. This vestiture of yellowish spicules somewhat obscures the

rose tint that constitutes the body surface (Fig. 3d).

With other members of this genus previously observed (Comstock and Coolidge,

1930; Comstock and Hammers, 1932) the mature larvae have much heavier spots,

stripes, and geometric patterns than does P. enoptes bayensis.

Pupa. — Length, 6.5 mm. Width at fourth abdominal segment, 3.5 mm. Color,

head, thorax, and wing cases translucent yellow. Abdominal segments brownish

yellow, darkest near cauda. Spiracles black and relatively inconspicuous. Head

rounded, eyes not bulging. Maxillae exposed for short distance, covered for more

than half their length. Antennae prominent, relatively wide, and terminating at

wing margins. Texture of surface appears smooth superficially, but under mag-

nification shows rugosities, particularly over head and abdominal segments (Figs.

3c, 3e) .

Summary

The adult flight of Philotes enoptes hayensis is from mid-May to

early July. In Contra Costa County, California, oviposition is on the

early flowers or late buds of Eriogonum latifolium auriculatum. Larvae

feed only on the flower heads, maturing in August or early September,

April 1966] langston & comstock — philotes life history 107

Fig. 3. Philotes enoptes bayensis Langston; a, Egg, 12 days old, viewed from side

and slightly above; b. Third-instar larva, dorsal; c, Pupa, ventral; d, Fifth-instar

larva, dorsal; e, Pupa, lateral. (Reproduced from watercolor by J. A. Comstock.)

108 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST | VOL. 42, NO. 2

depending upon locality and food-plant exposure. Pupation occurs

immediately after larval development, the pupae entering diapause

until the following May, June, or July. The egg, larval, and pupal stages

are described and illustrated.

Literature Cited

Comstock, J. A., and C. Coolidge. 1930. The life history of Philotes sonorensis

Felder. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 29 (1) : 17-21.

Comstock, J. A., and C. M. Dammers. 1932. The metamorphosis of six Cali-

fornia Lepidoptera. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 31 (3) : 88-100.

Downey, J. C. 1962. Myrmecophily in Plehejus (Icaricia) icarioides (Lepid. :

Lycaenidae). Entomol. Nev's, 73 (3) : 57-66.

Langston, R. L. 1964. Philotes of central coastal California (Lycaenidae) .

Jour. Lepid. Soc., 17 (4) : 201-223.

1965. Distribution and hosts of five Philotes in California (Lycaenidae). Jour.

Lepid. Soc., 19 (2) : 95-102.

A new Phytomyza species from California

(Diptera : Agromyzidae)

Kenneth A. Spencer

19 Redington Road, London, N.W . 3, England

Frick (1959: 436) identified as Phytomyza spJiondylii Robineau-

Desvoidy (cf. Hendel, 1931-1936: 483) a species he had bred from

leaf mines on H eracleum lanatum Michx. in California. I have recently

examined a series of this species from Strawberry Canyon, Berkeley

Hills, Alameda County, California, reared by M. J. Tauber and C. A.

Toschi and although it very closely resembles P. sphondylii from Europe

morphologically, comparison of the male genitalia with those of a

reared male of P. sphondylii shows immediately that it represents a

new species which can be briefly described as follows:

Phytomyza lanati Spencer, new species

Head. Frons broad, at least twice width of eye, not projecting above eye in

profile; one strong upper orbital bristle, dorsal bristle substantially weaker, re-

duced to a minute setula or entirely lacking; two lower orbitals, the dorsal one

strong, the ventral significantly weaker; jowls broad, one-third vertical height of

eye, deepest at rear, frequently rounded in lower corner rather than angular;

third antennal segment rounded, without conspicuous pubescence. Mesonotum:

Four strong dorsocentrals, acrostichals irregularly in four rows in front, normally

reduced to two rows at rear, ending between first and second dorsocentrals. Wing:

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 108-110. April 1966

April 1966]

SPENCER NEW PHYTOMYZA

109

Fig. 1-2. Phytomyza lanati: 1, aedeagus, side view; 2, distiphallus, dorsal view.

(Scale line ~ 0.1 mm.)

Length in male from 2.6 mm, in female up to 3.5 mm; second costal segment

long, 4 to 4.5 times length of fourth; typical ratio of second, third, and fourth

segments is 50:11:12. Color: Frons and jowls orange-yellow; hindmargin of

eye entirely black, with both vertical bristles on black backgound; black may

extend along orbits adjoining eye margin or at least basal pits of orbital bristles

are darkened; face black centrally, possibly more yellow laterally; palps and

antennae black; mesonotum and scutellum blackish gray, pruinose, anepisternum

(mesopleuron) black below, distinctly yellow along upper margin; humerus and

notopleural area variable, either largely black or in paler specimens distinctly

yellowish; legs: black, with knees of forefemora yellow and of mid- and hind-

femora only faintly yellowish; squamae pale, yellowish, fringe darker, ochreous

or brown. Male genitalia: Aedeagus distinctive, as in Figs. 1, 2.

Holotype male. — California, Strawberry Canyon, Berkeley Hills,

reared from Heracleum lanatum, 7 June 1964. Paratypes. — Six males,

11 females, March to June 1964 (all Tauber and Toschi). Holotype

and paratypes in U. S. National Museum, Washington, further para-

types in California Academy of Science, San Francisco, and author’s

collection.

P. lanati appears to be virtually identical with P. sphondylii on ex-

ternal characters but is distinctly larger; the wing length of P. sphon-

dylii is given by Hendel as 2-2.5 mm, whereas in the series of P. lanati

I have examined the size range is from 2. 6-3. 5 mm. Frick’s mis-

identification was thus entirely understandable, at a time when the

genitalia of the Agromyzidae were largely unknown.

110

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

In Frick’s (1959) key to North American Agromyzidae P. lanati

runs either to Couplet 15 or 17, according to which alternative is fol-

lowed in Couplet 12. Pale specimens can be included in a revised

Couplet 15, as follows:

15 Anepisternum dorsally one-third to one-half yellow; only one

developed upper-orhital seta P. albiceps

Anepisternum darker, dorsally not more than one-quarter yellow;

dorsal upper-orbital seta at most half length of ventral, more

frequently reduced to a mere setula or entirely absent P. lanati

Darker specimens, in which the humerus and notopleural area can-

not be considered as yellow, can be included in an extension to Couplet

16, as follows: First alternative of Couplet 16, for 17, read 16a; add

new couplet :

16a Anepisternum distinctly yellow in upper quarter P. lanati

Anepisternum at most narrowly yellow along upper margin 17

P. lanati is readily distinguishable from the other species in Couplet

15, P. albiceps Meigen, by the darker anepisternum. Whether the species

forming leaf mines on Artemesia in North America and identified as

P. albiceps is in fact the Eurojrean species clearly requires confirma-

tion from examination of the male genitalia.

The life history of P. lanati is being described in detail by Tauber

and Toschi (1966). I am grateful to Miss Toschi for sending me this

interesting species and for allowing me to describe it. I also wish to

thank my wife for preparation of the genitalia drawings.

Literature Cited

Frick, K. E. 1959. Synopsis of the species of Agromyzid leaf -miners described

from North America (Diptera). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 108: 347-465.

Hendel, F. 1931-1936. Agromyzidae in Lindner. Flieg, pal. Reg., 6: 1-570.

Tauber, M. J.„ and C. A. Toschi. 1966. Cyclic activity, behavior and life history

of Phytoniyza lanati Spencer (Agromyzidae). (In manuscript.)

April 1966 1 cruden — observations on xylocopa

111

Observations on the Behavior of Xylocopa c, californica

and X. tabaniformis orpifex

( Hymenoptera : Apoidea)

Robert William Cruden

Department of Botany, U niversity of California, Berkeley

Below I describe and interpret the behavior of the carpenter bee.

Xylocopa californica californica Cresson, and comment briefly on X.

tabaniformis orpifex Smith. The little that is known concerning the

behavior of these bees can be found in the studies of Hurd (1958),

Hurd and Moure (1963), Janzen (1964), and O’Brien and Hurd

(1965 ). I have included a description and illustrations of the primary

study area to provide orientation.

The two species of bees nest in redwood timbers and paneling in

several buildings in the ghost town, Allen Springs. This town is located

on Bartlett Creek between Bartlett Springs and Hough Springs in

Lake County, California. The original building, a hotel, was con-

structed in 1876. In the late 1940’s a series of houses were constructed

across the road from the hotel. These buildings, including the hotel,

were in use through the late 1950’s. Visitors to the hotel in the late

1940’s recall the presence of bees around the hotel porch and occupants

of the houses remember the noise of bees burrowing in the paneling.

It seems likely the original colony was located in the hotel and the

colonies in the various houses are of later origin.

The hotel porch (Fig. 1) was the major study area as it was easily

observed from all sides and allowed close observation of the bees.

Fig. 2 shows the physical plan of the porch roof supports. The numbers

indicate the position of hovering males of X. c. californica on 20 June

1965. Also indicated are the positions of various nest entrances into

which bees, both male and female, were observed to go. Only one-

fourth of the porch is now standing, the remainder has collapsed. The

standing portion is 9 feet deep and 8 feet across the front and the

second story is 914 feet above the ground. The basic support for the

porch roof is a series of seven 2 X 8-inch planks set edgewise on 7% -inch

square timbers. The vertical supports, set on stone and concrete pillars,

are also 7%-inch timbers. The bees nest in these various planks and

timbers, both standing and fallen.

Xylocopa californica californica

Territories. — -Territories of X. c. californica were recognized by

the presence of hovering males and the aggressive behavior directed at

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 111-119. April 1966

112

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 2

Fig. 1. View of hotel porch at Allen Springs from northwest. Fallen portion

of porch to right.

other X. c. calif ornica males that approached a hovering male. Aggres-

sive behavior was also elicited by various Diptera, Lepidoptera, other

Hymenoptera (with the exception of X. t. orpifex) , and even a hum-

mingbird.

On 9 May, 13 territories, and on 20 June, 15 territories were de-

fended. The increase was the result of two territories being abandoned

and four new territories being defended. On 20 June, eight territories

were located along the periphery of the porch roof, four were beneath

the porch roof, and three (13—15) were in front of various fallen

timbers, including one territory (14) located beneath a fallen portion

of the porch roof.

Within a territory a male had a focal point, namely the entrance (s) to

a nest. During periods of great activity the males hovered 2 to 10 inches

from the nest entrance. A constant position was maintained in front

of and facing the entrance. The distance from the nest was inversely

proportional to the number of males present and the number of intru-

sions into the territory at any given time. At times of maximum

and minimum activity the territorial boundaries became vague although

the focal point remained. At times of maximum activity there were so

many intrusions into a territory that it was impossible to determine

the current defender from the challengers. Indeed, the area around

April 1966]

CRUDEN ^OBSERVATIONS ON XYLOCOPA

113

Fig. 2. Diagram of timbers and planks suppoi'ting porch as viewed from above.

Fallen portion of porch to right. (See text for details.) Open oval indicates

nest entrance of Xylocopa c. californica. Solid oval indicates nest entrance of

X. tabaniformis orpifex.

and including the territory at times was filled with swarming hees.

At times of minimal activity, a male in a territory hovered for a few

minutes, then flew to nearby territories as if to find another bee to

chase. During periods of decreased activity males hovered as much as

2 feet from the nest entrances.

Intrusion of a male into, through, or close to a territory elicited one

of three distinct responses. The first was a simple chasing of the

invader with a rapid return to the nest area. Second was a circling

of the two males, with some body contact followed by a chase and

rapid return to the territory. Usually such encounters were rapid and

the bees did not rise much above the point of contact. Third, there

was a towering flight of several hundred feet into the air, preceded by

a circling flight. The first behavioral pattern is directed towards ag-

gressors of the same species or other organisms that inadvertently fly

through or near the territory. The second and third patterns are in

response to aggressors that direct their flight toward the hovering male,

including attempts to grasp the defender in a copulatory position. In the

latter two patterns the attacker often came from above and behind the

114

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

hovering male. On 22 May, a day of decreased male activity, type III

encounters removed the bees from a territory for well over 10 minutes.

This is probably significant, because on a day of great activity only

2 to 4 minutes elapsed before a new male moved into a territory

from which the original male had been artificially removed.

On 9 May and 20 June, days of intense male activity, such towering

flights occurred. If the combatants were away from the nest for long

periods of time a new male undoubtedly occupied the territory before

the defender returned. This provides an opportunity for each female in

a nest to mate with a different male, rather than each female in a nest

mating with the same male. Whether or not this is a built-in behavioral

mechanism, it does assure, in Allen Springs at least, a greater number

of possible genic recombinations, in contrast to the extreme model in

which only a single male might fertilize all the females in a given nest.

The chasing patterns do not remove a male from the territory for a

sufficiently long enough period of time for him to be replaced. Males

may also lose their territories when they visit flowers for nectar. The

towering flights following copulation also remove the males from the

territory for long periods of time.

Of particular interest during hovering was “leg dangling.” This be-

havior seemed in some cases to precede the intrusion of another bee

into the territory. In other cases the male dangled his legs repeatedly

while hovering with no subsequent change in behavior. Leg dangling

consisted of the legs more or less dangling loosely below the bee, rather

than being tucked up along the sides of the abdomen as they usually

are, and rubbing the tarsi together so that the red-brown hairs on the

inside of the tarsi were clearly visible from behind, especially if caught

in the sunlight.

As indicated above, males were artificially removed from their terri-

tories. A new male occupied the territory in a matter of 2 to 4 minutes.

The male that eventually took over the territory first hovered at the

edge of the territory displaced from the nest hole by some 6 to 12

inches. This behavior seemed to anticipate the momentary return of

the previous occupant. Very quickly the new occupant moved to a

position in front of the nest entrance and assumed the character of

the defender. When released, the former occupant, in two of three

cases, flew directly to the nest entrance where the usual behavioral

pattern of circle and chase was enacted. It was not possible to tell

which bee had prevailed as the bees were unmarked.

At times of intermediate activity, as on 20 June, when not too many

intrusions were made into a territory, males repeatedly landed on the

April 1966] cruden — observations on xylocopa

115

beams and planks and rested for upwards of 30 to 60 seconds. During

this time they brushed their hind legs over their abdomens and cleaned

their antennae.

CoPULATORY BEHAVIOR. — On 9 May and 20 June two mating patterns

were observed. The second type is probably a modification of the first.

On the earlier date males and females were observed to fall onto the

ground where copulation probably occurred. At this time I was unable

to determine from whence came the females, but they were pursued

and pushed towards the ground by repeated advances of one or two

pursuing males. In each case on this day the female was pursued by two

males, one of which did not engage the female. Very quickly the female

was forced to the ground where the male was able to secure a position

on her back. Copulation probably occurred during the 30 to 90

seconds on the ground. Then the bees suddenly broke apart with the

female rising above the two males and facing them. The three bees

occupied radii on a circle some 120° apart. The female flew back-

wards, closely followed by the males, to heights of over a hundred feet.

On several occasions the bees passed from sight, even when viewed

with seven -power field glasses. Nothing in this soaring flight indi-

cated that copulation occurred at this time although one or both of

the males might make head-to-head contact with the female.

On 20 June only once did I observe the above pattern. In this in-

stance the female flew with a slow hovering flight toward the porch

where a male pounced on her, she dropped about 3 feet, and the pattern

repeated with the two bees quickly ending up on the ground. From

nowhere it seemed a second male joined the pair but did not contact

them. Almost immediately the three rose into the air and flew over

the porch with the female flying backwards as described above. As the

trio passed over the porch the attending male returned to one of the

nest areas. Almost immediately the female turned and flew directly away

from the following male and toward a nearby tree. Immediately the

following male pounced on her back. Twice during the few seconds it

took the female to reach the tree the male had made physieal contact

with her. The female landed on a limb and the male returned to the

area of the porch.

The other male-female interactions were much less spectacular. In

each case the female approached the porch with a hesitant, hovering

flight. After approaching a female, the male either hovered in front of

and below her or returned quickly to his territory with no further

response. When the male hovered in front of the female she either

failed to respond or reacted with a backing-up flight. The latter

116

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

I" VOL. 42, NO. 2

usually caused the male to return to his territory. From the hovering

position in front of the female, the male quickly gained a position above

and behind the female, made contact with her, and returned to his

position in front and below her. Whether copulation actually took

place during these contacts is not known. After each such interaction

the female dropped a few feet and slowly recovered her former position.

There seemed to be no attempt on the part of these females to avoid

contact with the males. Such interactions occurred as many as four

or five times between the same individuals in a period of a minute or

two. Pollen-laden females returning to the nest flew with the same

slow hovering flight but rarely elicited responses from the males.

When males made aggressive advances towards these females they

rose slightly and the male usually returned to his hovering position

in front of a nest.

Attempted mating, at least, is not restricted to the nest areas. At Allen

Springs a male was observed to pounce on a female that was taking

nectar from the flowers of the milkweed, Asclepias speciosa Torr. This

male made several passes at the female and made physical contact

on at least two of these passes. After the first advance the male backed

away and hovered for a moment or two before pouncing on her a

second time.

Males of X. c. californica patrolled through and around the milkweed

plants in the same manner that males of various solitary bees do when

looking for females. This same patrolling behavior was noted around

plants of Lupinus sp. and Penstemon breviflorus Lindl. in Yosemite

National Park. The latter plant was a nectar source for at least the

females in Yosemite. The milkweed served as a nectar source for both

males and females at Allen Springs.

Time of activity. — Fig. 3 shows the degree of hovering activity

and the time of mating activity during the periods of observation with

the exception of a visit on 4 August from 0700 to 1400 hours. On 4

August only two or three males were observed around the nest sites

and their behavior was similar to that described for periods of low male

concentration. No mating was observed on this date. Owing to the

cloudiness, the hovering activity decreased on 22 May. The times given

are in Pacific Standard Time.

Hurd (1958) reports hovering activity of X. c. arizonensis Cresson

males for the few hours around noon and in the early afternoon. Hurd’s

information and my observation on 24 April and 9 May (see Fig. 3)

suggested : ( 1 ) a limited period of mating activity during the day, and

(2) that the daily hovering period decreased, during the season, to

April 1966] cruden — observations on xylocopa

117

7 9 II 13 15 17 19 hrs

24 April

9 May

high

low

high

low

Fig. 3. Hovering activity of Xylocopa c. californica males and mating activity

during periods of observation at Allen Springs. (See text for details.) Narro-w

line indicates degree of male hovering activity. Bar indicates mating activity.

more or less coincide with the daily mating period. However, my ob-

servations of 20 June seem to negate this idea. On this latter date

(see Fig. 3) hovering activity continued further into the afternoon and

mating activity started earlier and lasted later into the day. Pollen-

collecting activity occurred throughout the periods of observation on

22 May and 20 June. During the period of observation on 4 August

no pollen-laden females were observed although two females captured

and released had pollinia on their legs indicating that they had heen

taking nectar from a milkweed. Pollen from at least three species

(yet to be determined) of plants has been collected from a series of

females that were captured and released.

Xylocopa tabaniformis orpifex

In contrast to other subspecies of X. tabaniformis, X. t. orpifex is

diurnal (O’Brien and Hurd, 1965). I have observed this bee for brief

118

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 2

periods of time at Allen Springs, Yosemite National Park between

4,500 to 5,500 feet and in the San Bernardino Mountains between 5,500

and 6,500 feet. The first location is in the North Coast Ranges, the

second in the Sierra Nevada, and the last in southern California.

In all locations females were active till late in the day (1800 hours).

In the San Bernardino Mountains males also were active till this late

hour. In Lake County activity started as early as 0700 hours. No

hovering activity was observed at Allen Springs. During the morning-

hours there seemed to be a constant coming and going on the part of

the male bees, although they were never seen to enter the same en-

trances used by the females. During the afternoon they were not ob-

served as often as the females around the porch.

In Yosemite males flew from bush to bush of Penstemon breviflorus

and Eriodictyon calijornicum (H. and A.) Torr. In southern California

Penstemon Grinnellii Eastw. was patrolled in the same manner. Females

were observed taking nectar from Penstemon flowers both in Yosemite

and in southern California. At one location in the San Bernardino

Mountains males had definite territories which included two or three

bushes of P. Grinnellii. These males hovered, leg-dangled, and pursued

other males in the same manner as reported for X. c. californica.

In San Bernardino County, once about 1730 hours and once about

1245 hours, I observed a male pounce on the back of a second bee

which was taking nectar from a flower of Penstemon Grinnellii. I in-

terpret this as possible mating behavior. In one instance the attacked

bee was somewhat larger than the attacking male. In the second in-

stance the bees actually fell out of the flower and onto the ground.

The male, or aggressor, had grasped the second behind the wings so that

its abdomen protruded beyond that of the feeding bee. In neither case

was there a positive identification of the second bee as a female. In

the first case the aggressor hovered behind the feeding bee before

pouncing on it. This latter behavior was much like that described above

for X. c. californica.

Both males and females spent a great amount of time collecting nectar

from the P. Grinnellii. As much as 15 minutes were spent by an

individual collecting nectar at a single plant. Judging from the rapidity

of movement, males were just as effective as the females at gathering-

nectar. Nectar-collecting bees, except for the two mentioned above,

remained unmolested by either patrolling males or other nectar-collect-

ing individuals, whether male or female. As many as three females

and two males were observed on the same plant at the same time.

In addition to the plants discussed above, females of X. t. orpifex

April 1966]

CKUDEN OBSERVATIONS ON XYLOCOPA

119

have been observed to visit Gilia capitata Sims, for both nectar and

pollen. Further, Clarkia concimia (F, and M.) Greene has been identi-

fied from a pollen load taken from a female at Allen Springs.

It is interesting that the females of both species of Xylocopa tend

to enter the nests from a somewhat protected position. At Allen Springs

I have never seen a female of X. t. orpifex enter one of the more ex-

posed entrances, but always from beneath the porch. The majority of

X. c. calijornica females seemed to enter their nests from beneath the

porch rather than along the periphery of the porch. This, of course,

keeps the females away from the hovering bees in the case of X. c.

calif ornica.

Finally, it is interesting that bees of the two species, although their

nests are interspersed (see Fig. 2), never were seen to enter the wrong

nest, with the exception of the nest in territory 12. This entrance

was used by male X. t. orpifex and both male and female X. c. califor-

nica. Only males were observed to use the nests at 1, 2, 3, and 6;

females used the nests at 4, 5, 10, and 11; and both males and females

used the nests at 8 and 9. Males of X. t. orpifex used the nests along

the periphery of the porch while the females used the entrances along

the baseboard near territory 1 and an unindicated entrance in the

corner opposite territory 3. X. t. orpifex nests were also found in the

vertical timbers above the second story of the porch.

Acknowledgment

I wish to thank Dr. Paul Hurd, Jr. for his encouragement and sug-

gestions during the period of the field observations and for his

helpful review of the manuscript. This is one of a series of studies on

carpenter bees made possible by a grant to Dr. Hurd from the National

Science Foundation (NSF GB-2973, “Carpenter Bees of the World”).

Literature Cited

Hurd, P. D., Jr. 1958. Observations on the nesting habits of some New World

carpenter bees with remarks on their importance in the problem of species

formation. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 51 (4) : 365-375, 5 figs.

Hurd, P. D., Jr., and J. S. Moure, C.M.F. 1963. A classification of the large

carpenter bees (Xylocopini) . Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 29: vi + 365

p., 1 frontis., 244 figs.

Janzen, D. H . 1964. Notes on the behavior of four subspecies of the carpenter-

bee, Xylocopa {Notoxylocopa) tabaniformis in Mexico. Ann. Entomol.

Soc. Amer., 57 (3) : 296-301, 2 figs.

O’Brien, L. B., and P. D. Hurd, Jr. 1965. Carpenter bees of the subgenus

Notoxylocopa. Ann, Entomol. Soc. Amer., 58 (2) : 175-196, 38 figs.

120

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

Revision of the genus Micropsyrassa Linsley

(Coleoptera : Cerambycidae)

U. R. Martins^ and John A. Chemsak

University of California, Berkeley

The genus Micropsyrassa was proposed by Linsley (1961) to include

Psyrassa pilosella Bates and a number of other undescribed species.

Also in the same paper the genus H aplosphaerin was described for

Periboeum bimaculatum Bates. Subsequently much more material has

been received which greatly expands the definition of the two genera

and indicates that the two above species are congeneric. This synonymy

makes the genus Micropsyrassa a much more compact group.

The species occur from northeastern Mexico to Nicaragua and thus

far, none are known from the Mexican Plateau or the northwestern side.

Micropsyrassa Linsley

Micropsyrassa Linsley, 1961, Pan-Pacific EntomoL, 37 : 166, 170.

Haplosphaerion Linsley, 1961, Pan-Pacific EntomoL, 37: 166, 173. (Type: Peri-

boeum bimaculatum Bates, monobasic and by original designation). New

synonymy.

Size small (6-11 mm), parallel-sided, a little depressed; integument smooth,

usually shining. Head with front oblique; eyes coarsely faceted, deeply emarginate,

upper lobes consisting of three or four rows of facets, widely separated on vertex;

genae shorter than lower lohe of eyes; antennae slender, usually longer than body,

scape cylindrical, third segment with a very long usually blunt spine at apex,

segments 4 to 6 with or without small spines, third segment subequal to or longer

than third, remaining segments through tenth subequal, segments usually dis-

tinctly carinate and clothed with long erect hairs. Prothorax cylindrical, longer

than broad, sides slightly rounded, lacking tubercles or spines; disk slightly con-

vex, lacking calluses or tubercles; prosternum broadly impressed, males coarsely

punctate before coxae, front coxal cavities open behind; intermediate coxal cavities

closed externally; episternum of metathorax narrow, parallel-sided. Elytra with

apices usually unarmed; surface lacking short depressed pubescence. Legs with

femora pedunculate and clavate, unarmed; tibiae carinate; posterior tarsi with

first segment as long as two following together.

Type species. — Psyrassa pilosella Bates (hy original designation).

This genus can be separated from Conosphaerion by the presence

of the very long, blunt spine of the third antennal segment and the

rounded, cylindrical pronotum. Micropsyrassa differs from Psyrassa

by the pedunculate femora and from Stizocera and allies by the lack

of spines at the apices of the femora.

Thus far, eight species are known, chiefly from Mexico.

^ Department de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, Brasil, currently Research Fellow, University of California,

Berkeley.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 120-126. April 1966

April 1966] martins & chemsak — micropsyrassa 121

Key to the species of Micropsyrassa

1. Pronotum with disk strongly reticulate-punctate 6

Pronotum with disk smooth or with fine scattered punctures 2

2(1) Elytra with erect hairs as long as or longer than the third antennal

segment 3

Elytra with pubescence short, erect hairs shorter than third antennal

segment 4

3(2) Antennae with spine of fourth segment minute, fifth lacking spine;

pronotum with surface lacking microsculpturing; larger species,

7. 2-8.2 mm. Mexico (Puebla, Guerrero, Morelos) pilosella

Antennae with spine of fourth segment prominent, fifth segment with

distinct spine; pronotum finely microsculptured giving a sub-

opaque appearance; smaller species, 5.9 mm. Salvador minima

4(2) Antennae without spine on fourth segment, not or indistinctly car-

inate; elytra with apices rounded; surface dull, not shining.

Length, 5. 5-8. 5 mm. Mexico (Guerrero, Puebla) opaca

Antennae with fourth segment distinctly spined, distinctly carinate;

elytra with apices truncate; surface shining 5

5(4) Antenna with spines on segments 3 to 6, basal segments sparsely

clothed with short depressed pubescence and a few long erect

hairs; pronotum very finely, sparsely punctate; elytra sparsely

punctate. Length, 8.5 mm. Mexico (Oaxaca) glabrata

Antennae with spines on segments 3 and 4 only, basal segments

clothed with subdepressed to suberect short hairs and numerous

long erect hairs; pronotum distinctly, moderately coarsely punc-

tate; elytra coarsely, moderately densely punctate. Length, 7.5-9

mm. Mexico (San Luis Potosi, Chiapas) nitida

6(1) Each elytron with a pale spot; antennae and legs with same color

as body 7

Elytra unicolorous, lacking pale fasciae; antennae except scape and

legs black. Length, 8. 5-9. 2 mm. Mexico (Michoacan, Puebla,

Morelos, Guerrero) reticulata

7(6) Elytra with pale spots transverse; antennae with spine of fourth

segment much less than half the length of the spine of the third

segment; apices of elytra not dentiform at outer angle. Length,

7.5 mm. Mexico (Oaxaca) stellata

Elytra with pale spots oblique; antennae with spine of fourth seg-

ment at least half as long as spine of third segment; apices of

elytra dentiform at outer angles. Length, 7.5-11 mm. Mexico

(Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz), Nicaragua bimaculata

Micropsyrassa pilosella (Bates)

Psyrassa pilosella Bates, 1892, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1892; 153, pi. 5, fig. 11.

Micropsyrassa pilosella, Linsley, 1961, Pan-Pacific Entomok, 37: 166, 170.

Female. — Form small; integument shining, color brownish testaceous to reddish

brown; pubescence pale, long, bristling. Head about as wide as pronotum; vertex

rather finely subconfluently punctate; pubescence sparse, long and erect; palpi

unequal, apical segment slightly dilated; antennae noncarinate, third segment

122

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 2

subequal to fourth, spine of third segment as long as fourth segment, fourth

segment with a minute tooth at apex, basal segments sparsely clothed with fine

depressed pubescence with numerous long erect hairs interspersed. Pronotum

slightly broadly constricted at base, narrowly at apex; disk shining, moderately

densely clothed with very long erect hairs; punctures coarse, shallow, sparse.

Elytra about three times as long as broad; punctures over basal half coarse,

sparse, well separated; pubescence long, suberect with very long erect hairs inter-

spersed; apices truncate, unarmed. Legs densely clothed with long bristling hairs.

Abdomen shining, subglabrous; apex of last sternite rounded. Length, 7.2-9 mm.

This species is characterized by the very long erect hairs, absence

of a spine on the fourth antennal segment, and the well-separated

punctures of the elytra.

Material examined. — Mexico: Puebla: 12, Izucar de Matamoros, 3 miles

east, 25 April 1962 (F. D. Parker and L. A. Stange) ; Morelos: 12, Cuernavaca,

5,500; 28 May 1959 (H. E. Evans); Yucatan: 12, Merida, 3 June 1959 (E. C.

Welling) .

Micropsyrassa minima Martins and Chemsak, new species

Female. — Form small, integument shining, pronotum subopaque; color brownish

testaceous, head and pronotum darker. Head with vertex irregularly punctured,

microsculptured ; pubescence sparse; palpi unequal, apical segments dilated;

antennae noncarinate, third segment subequal to fourth, spine of third segment

as long as fourth segment, fourth segment prominently spined, fifth segment

spined, sixth denticulate, basal segments sparsely pubescent, long erect hairs

numerous. Pronotum broadly, shallowly constricted at base, narrowly at apex;

disk subopaque, densely microsculptured, punctures sparse, shallow; long, erect

hairs not numerous. Elytra about 2.6 times as long as broad; punctures over

basal half very coarse, separated by about a puncture diameter; pubescence sub-

erect, sparse, with very long erect hairs interspersed; apices truncate. Legs mod-

erately clothed with long bristling hairs. Abdomen shining, subglabrous; apex

of last sternite rounded. Length, 5.9 mm.

Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences) from La Lib-

ERTAD, Salvador, 15 May 1951 (E. S. Ross) .

Besides its small size, this species can be distinguished from M.

pilosella by the presence of spines on segments 3 to 6 of the antennae,

the subopaque aspect of the pronotum, shorter elytra, and by the

coarser, denser elytral punctures.

Micropsyrassa niticla Martins and Chemsak, new species

Male. — Form moderate-sized, integument shining, color reddish orange. Head

with vertex finely, densely, confluently punctate; pubescence fine, sparse, mostly

subdepressed; palpi slightly unequal, apical segments broadly dilated; antennae

carinate, third segment shorter than fourth, spine of third segment two-thirds as

long as fourth segment, fourth segment with a distinct spine, basal segments

moderately clothed with short, depressed pubescence and long erect hairs inter-

April 1966] martins & chemsak — micropsyrassa

123

spersed along inside margin. Pronotum shining, not microsculptured ; disk sparsely,

irregularly punctured; long erect hairs fairly numerous, base with fine appressed

hairs. Elytra about 2.6 times as long as broad; punctures over basal half mod-

erately coarse, separated by at least a puncture diameter; pubescence short, sub-

erect, with longer erect hairs interspersed; apices truncate. Legs clothed with

long bristling hairs. Abdomen shining, subglabrous; apex of last sternite broadly

rounded. Length, 7.5-10.5 mm.

Female. — Similar in size and form. Abdomen with apex of last sternite nar-

rowly rounded. Length, 9-10 mm.

Holotype male and allotype (California Academy of Sciences) from

El Zapotal, 2 miles south of Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico,

1 July 1957, at light (J. A. Chemsak, B. J. Rannells). Paratypes as fol-

lows: Id, 22 2, El Salto Falls, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 16 June

1955 (R. E, Beer and party) ; 3d d, 12, El Zapotal, 2 miles south of

Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, 1 July 1957 (J. A. Chemsak, B. J. Ran-

nells) ; Id, El Zapotal, 15 July 1956 (J. W. MacSwain, D. Linsdale) ;

Id, 22 2, Santo Domingo, 15 miles southeast of Simojovel, Chiapas,

8-15 July 1958 ( J. A. Chemsak) .

Paratypes are deposited as follows: 4d d, 22 2, California Insect

Survey; Id, 12, University of Kansas; Id, 22 2, Departamento de

Zoologia, Sao Paulo, Brasil.

M. nitida may be separated from pilosella and minima by the

shorter pubescence of the elytra. Additionally, the presence of a dis-

tinct spine on the fourth antennal segment and carinate antennae dis-

tinguish it from pilosella and the absence of microsculpturing on the

pronotum from minima.

Micropsyrassa glabrata Martins and Chemsak, new species

Female. — Form small, shining, color pale brownish testaceous. Head with vertex

finely shallowly punctate; pubescence very sparse; palpi unequal, apical segments

slightly dilated; antennae carinate, third segment shorter than fourth, spine of

third segment almost as long as fourth segment, segments 4 to 6 distinctly spined,

seventh denticulate, basal segments finely clothed with short appressed pubes-

cence, long erect hairs not numerous. Pronotum broadly constricted at base,

narrowly at apex; disk shining, sparsely, finely, irregularly punctate; long erect

hairs sparse, base narrowly clothed with fine appressed pubescence. Elytra about

2.6 times as long as broad; punctures over basal half rather fine, widely separated;

pubescence sparse, short, suherect with very few longer erect hairs interspersed;

apices truncate. Legs sparsely clothed with long erect hairs. Abdomen shining,

subglabrous; apex of last sternite rounded. Length, 8.5 mm.

Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences) from 8 miles

NORTH OF La Ventosa, Oaxaca, Mexico, 20 July 1963 (W. A. Foster) .

This species is closely related to M. nitida but can be distinguished

by the presence of spines on segments 3 to 6 of the antennae, the fine

124

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

VOL. 42, NO. 2

appressed pubescence of the basal segments of the antennae, and by

the finer, widely separated punctures of the pronotum and elytra.

Micropsyrassa opaca Martins and Chemsak, new species

Male. — Form small, integument dull, color brownisli. Head with vertex coarsely

punctate, surface microsculptured ; pubescence very sparse; palpi unequal, apical

segments not dilated; antennae noncarinate, third segment slightly shorter than

fourth, spine of third segment two-thirds as long as fourth segment, fourth seg-

ment denticulate, hasal segments finely clothed with short appressed pubescence,

long erect hairs sparse. Pronotum with disk opaque, very finely microsculptured;

punctures coarse, numerous, irregular; erect hairs sparse, only moderately long.

Elytra about three times as long as bi’oad; punctures over basal half coarse, well

separated; pubescence consisting of a very few long erect hairs only; apices

rounded. Legs with femora sparsely clothed with fine appressed pubescence,

longer erect hairs sparse. Abdomen shining, glabrous; apex of last sternite sub-

truncate. Length, 7-8.5 mm.

Female. — Antennae shorter than body; abdomen with apex of last sternite

rounded. Length, 5. 5-8.5 mm.

Holotype male and allotype (California Academy of Sciences) from

3 MILES EAST OF IzUCAR DE MaTAMOROS, PuEBLA, MeXICO, 25 April

1962 (F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange) ; one male and one female paratype

with same data and one male paratype from 10 miles north of Zum-

pango, Guerrero, Mexico, 22 July 1963 (F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange).

Paratypes are in the collections of the California Insect Survey

(li^ ) ; Departamento de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, Brasil (12) ; and Uni-

versity of California, Davis (1^).

The darker color, opaque appearance, reduced pubescence, and

female antennae shorter than the body will separate this species from

all other known Micropsyrassa.

Micropsyrassa reticulata Martins and Chemsak, new species

Male. — Form small to moderate-sized; integument shining, color reddish, legs

and antennae except scape black. Head with vertex coarsely shallowly punctate;

pubescence very sparse; palpi slightly unequal, apices not dilated; antennae

carinate, third segment longer than fourth, spine of third segment one-third as

long as fourth segment, fourth and fifth segments distinctly spined, hasal seg-

ments sparsely clothed with short appressed pubescence, long erect hairs numerous

especially along inside margin. Pronotum shining, disk coarsely reticulate punc-

tate; long erect hairs numerous. Elytra about 2.8 times as long as broad; punc-

tures over basal half moderately coarse, well separated; pubescence consisting of

shorter recurved hairs, longer erect hairs, and very long erect hairs; apices trun-

cate. Legs with femora sparsely clothed with subappressed pubescence with long

bristling hairs numerously interspersed. Abdomen shining, moderately densely

pubescent; apex of last sternite truncate. Length, 8. 5-9.2 mm.

April 1966] martins & chemsak — micropsyrassa

125

Female. — Abdomen with apex of last sternite narrowly subtruncate. Length,

8. 5-9.2 mm.

Holotype male (California Academy of Sciences) from 24 MILES

SOUTH OF Iguala, Guerrero, Mexico, 18 July 1963 (F. D. Parker,

L. A. Stange) ; allotype from Apatzingan, Michoacan, Mexico, 1,200

feet, 5 August 1941 (R. Haag) ; paratypes as follows; 2? 2, 12 miles

northwest of Petlalcingo, Puebla, Mexico, 3 July 1953 (Univ. Kansas

Mex. Expedition) ; 12, Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico, 23 July 1963 (F.

D. Parker, L. A. Stange) ; 34 3, 24 miles south of Iguala, Guerrero,

Mexico, 18 July 1963 (F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange) .

Paratypes are in the collections of the California Insect Survey

(14, 12); Departamento de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, Brasil (14); Uni-

versity of California, Davis (14,12); and University of Kansas (12).

This species is very distinctive by its coloration and reticulate-

punctate pronotum.

Micropsyrassa bimaculata (Bates), new combination

Periboeum bimaculatum Bates, 1872, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1872: 176; Bates,

1885, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleoptera, 5: 253, pi. 4, fig. 15.

H aplosphaeiion bimaculatum, Linsley, 1961, Pan-Pacific EntomoL, 37 : 174.

Male. — Fonu small to moderate-sized, integument shining, color dark reddish

brown, elytra with two pale fasciae. Head with vertex rather finely densely punc-

tate; pubescence fine, sparse; palpi unequal, apical segments not dilated; anten-

nae carinate, third segment subequal to fourth, spine of third segment about one-

fourth as long as fourth segment, segment 4 distinctly spined, basal segments

clothed with very fine appressed pubescence, long erect hairs numerous. Pronotum

with disk densely reticulate-punctate except for linear smooth area behind middle;

pubescence very short, fine, appressed, with long erect hairs numerous. Elytra

about three times as long as broad; each elytron with a large oblique pale fascia

before middle, pale spots surrounded by dark color; basal punctures fine, well

separated, coarser and denser on pale spots; pubescence short, recurved, with

long erect hairs sparsely interspersed; apices shallowly emarginate with outer

angles dentiform. Legs with femora sparsely clothed with subdepressed hairs and

long bristling hairs. Abdomen shining, moderately densely pubescent; apex of

last sternite rounded. Length, 8-11 mm.

Female. — Abdomen with apex of last sternite narrowly rounded. Length, 7-10

mm.

Type locality. — Chontales, Nicaragua.

The pale oblique maculae and produced outer angles of the elytra

will separate this species from all other known Micropsyrassa.

Material examined. — Mexico: Tamaulipas: 1 4 , El Limon, 9 June 1951 (H. E.

Evans). San Luis Potosi: 14, 12, El Salto, 1,800 feet, 8 June 1961 (U. Kans.

Mex. Exped.) ; 12, Valles, 21 May 1937 (K. L. Maehler). Veracruz: 12, 16.2

126

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

miles north of Puente Nacional, 21 June 1962 (D. H. Janzen) ; 3 $ $, 2$ $,

Cotaxtla Experiment Station, Cotaxtla, June, July 1962 (D. H. Janzen).

Micropsyrassa stellata Martins and CJiemsak, new species

Male. — Form small; integument shining, color reddish brown with two pale

spots on elytra. Head with vertex reticulate-punctate; pubescence very sparse;

palpi slightly unequal, apical segments not dilated; antennae carinate, third seg-

ment slightly longer than fourth, spine of third segment about one-half as long

as fourth segment, fourth segment with short spine, fifth minutely denticulate,

basal segments moderately densely clothed with short appressed pubescence,

erect hairs moderately long, not numerous. Pronotum with disk reticulate-punctate

except for irregular smooth area behind middle; pubescence at base fine, ap-

pressed, long erect hairs numerous. Elytra about three times as long as broad;

each elytron with a large rounded transverse pale spot a little before middle, pale

spots margined by dark color; basal punctures fine, well separated, coarser on

pale spots; pubescence short recurved, with a few long erect hairs interspersed;

apices emarginate-truncate. Legs sparsely pubescent. Abdomen moderately pu-

bescent; apex of last sternite rounded. Length, 8.5 mm.

Holotype male (California Academy of Sciences) from 23 miles

SOUTH OF Matias Romero, Oaxaca, Mexico, J4 August J963 (F. D.

Parker, L. A. Stange) .

The transverse elytral spots and nondentate outer elytral angles will

separate this species from M. bimaculata.

Acknowledgments

The National Science Foundation through Grant GB-2326 (Chemsak)

and the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (Martins) are

gratefully acknowledged. We wish also to thank Professor E. G.

Linsley for assistance on this project.

Literature Cited

Linsley, E. G. 1961. A reclassification of the described Mexican and Central

American Sphaerionine Cerambycidae. Pan-Pacific Entomoh, 37 : 165-183.

April 1966] wilcox — genus saropogon 127

New Species and a Key to the Species of Saropogon Loew

(Diptera : Asilidae)

J. Wilcox

Anaheim, California

The genus Saropogon Loew is worldwide in distribution but is found

mostly in temperate and tropical climates. In America it occurs from

Texas to California and adjacent states with several occurring as far

north as Colorado and Kansas and south into Mexico. Back (1909)

gave descriptions and a key to the Nearctic species described up to that

time. Curran (1930) described S. aridus and S. purus from Arizona

and gave a key to the species. Curran (1931) described S. birdi from

Oklahoma, gave notes on S. comhustus Loew and S. dispar Loew and

a revised key to the species. Bromley (1934) described S. jleicheri

and S. pritchardi from Texas and Oklahoma and gave a key to the

Texas species. Wilcox (1936) described the females of S. aridus

Curran. Bromley (1951) described S. laparoides and S. solus from

Texas.

The status of several species has been changed in recent years.

Bromley (1936) included Diogmites hypoinelas Loew in Diogmites

Loew but later that year {in litt.) he found it belonged in Saropogon

Loew. Charles H. Martin, 1960 (in litt.) found that S. aridus Curran

was a synonymn of S. senex Osten Sacken (1887) described from

Sonora, Mexico. Saropogon albifrons Back (1904) described from

Arizona was found to be a valid species; Back (1909) made S. albifrons

a synonymn of S. semiustus Coquillett (1904) described from Cali-

fornia.

Back (1909) has called attention to the tendency where the male is

black, for the female to be reddish. Males of S. combustus Loew, S.

senex Osten Sacken, S. abbreviatus Johnson, and S. purus Curran have

the abdomen black and the female abdomen largely reddish; Curran

(1931) reported a female S. combustus with a black abdomen. The

legs of the male usually are all black and the legs of the female all

reddish. Exceptions are that in the males of S. purus the hind femora

and the middle femora in part are reddish and in female S. senex only

the hind femora are largely reddish.

Another sexual character of males is the long erect or semierect

hairs on the mesonotum, abdomen, and legs of S. combustus Loew,

S. dispar Coquillett, S. coquilletti Back, S. bryanti, S. sculleni, and S.

mohawki, new species. In females of known species, these hairs are

short, appressed, and inconspicuous. Species in which the wings of

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 127-136. April 1966

128

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42 , NO. 2

the males are brown and. the wings of the female yellowish are S.

comhustus Loew, S. hypomelas Loew, S. dispar Coquillett, and S.

hryanti, new species.

Species which have brown wings in both sexes are S. senex Osten

Sacken, S. abhreviatus Johnson, S. purus Curran, and S. pritchardi

Bromley. S. luteus Coquillett has the wings yellowish in both sexes.

Saropogon has a stout spur at the apex of the fore tibiae. Of the

related genera in the subfamily Dasypogoninae it differs from Diog-

mites and Blepharepium Rondani by having an antennal style. Saro-

pogon differs from most species of Lestomyia Williston by having

the face slightly concave in lateral view and the mystax confined to

the oral margin. Most species of Lestomyia have the face convex in

lateral view and the mystax extends at least halfway from the oral

margin to the antennae. The strong anterior dorsocentral bristles will

separate the species of Lestomyia with oral bristles only.

I am indebted to the following persons for the loan of specimens:

J. G. Rozen, American Museum of Natural History, AMNH; Mont A.

Cazier, Arizona State University, ASU; Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California

Academy of Sciences, CAS; J. A. Powell, California Insect Survey,

University of California, Berkeley, CIS; A. T. McClay, University of

California, Davis, UCD; P. H. Timberlake and E. I. Schlinger, Uni-

versity of California, Riverside, UCR; W. F. Barr, University of Idaho,

UI; and Earl G. Davis, Tucson, Arizona

Four species are described as new, the males of S. hypomelas (Loew)

and S. albifrons Back are described, and a key to the Nearctic species

is given. Types of the new species will be deposited in the California

Academy of Sciences.

Key to the Species of Saropogon

1. Scutellar bristles absent or short, not more than half the length of the

scutellum 2

Seutellar bristles present, at least as long as scutellum 4

2. Scutellar bristles absent; abdomen dark reddish; legs pale reddish yel-

low; wings luteous, with gray tips; length 12 mm (Texas, Mexico)

— solus Bromley, males

Scutellar bristles present; male abdomen black, female abdomen reddish.— 3

3. Disc of scutellum with short spines, posterior margin with 8-10 spines;

mesonotum and pleura largely hare and posterior margin of scutellum

bare of pollen; male legs black, female legs red; length 9-12 mm

(Texas) abhreviatus Johnson

Disc of scutellum bare, four short marginal bristles; mesonotum, pleura

and scutellum wholly grayish pollinose; legs black, hind femora of

female and sometimes of male reddish; length 10-12 mm (Mexico,

Arizona) {aridus Curran) senex Osten Sacken

April 1966]

WILCOX GENUS SAROPOGON

129

4. Abdomen wholly or largely black 5

Abdomen largely reddish or yellowish 11

5. Bristles of the coxae black 6

Bristles of the coxae white or yellow 7

6. Two scutellar bristles; male abdomen and legs black, hind femora largely

and middle femora, in part, reddish; Avings short, broad, brown;

female head, mesonotum, and coxae densely deep golden pollinose,

abdomen and legs almost wholly yellowish red; length 11-13 mm

(Arizona) purus Curran

Four scutellar bristles; male legs dark reddish brown; length 13-19 mm

(Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas) . combustus Loew, males

7. Scutellum with four marginal bristles 8

Scutellum with two marginal bristles 10

8. Male wings brown, female wings yellowish; mesonotum black in male,

brown in female; male legs black, tibiae and tarsi brownish, female

legs reddish, fore and middle femora blackish dorsally; length 20-23

mm (Oklahoma, Texas) dispar Coquillett

Wings hyaline 9

9. Mesonotum brownish gray pollinose; legs reddish, tips of tibiae and

tarsi blackish; length 14-16 mm (Texas) laparoides Bromley, females

Mesonotum yellowish gray pollinose; femora reddish, fore and middle

ones black dorsally and middle ones black ventrally, tibiae and tarsi

blackish; length 12 mm (Texas) sculleni, new species, males

10. Legs uniformly reddish; palpi black; wings brown; length 20-23 mm

(Oklahoma, Texas) pritchardi Bromley, both sexes

Femora black above; base of palpi black, segment 2 reddish; wings

amber-colored, apex broadly infuscated; length 27 mm (Oklahoma)

birdi Curran, females

11. Wings hyaline 12

Wings blackish, brownish, or yellowish 17

1 2. Scutellum with four marginal bristles 13

Scutellum with two marginal bristles 14

13. Anterior corners of abdominal segments 2-6 and sometimes anterior mar-

gins black, posterior corners grayish pollinose; basal half or more of

male femora hlack, female legs yellowish; Avings grayish apically and

sometimes yellowish anteriorly; length 14-16 mm (Arizona, Mexico,

New Mexico, Texas) coquilletti Back

Anterior corners of abdominal segments 4-5 or 4-6 with black spots,

posterior corners of 2-4 gray pollinose; legs yellowish in both sexes,

sometimes male femora blackish basally; wings hyaline; length 10-13

mm (Arizona, California) mohawki, new species

14. Mesonotum densely yellowish gray pollinose, central stripe and small

intermediate spots indistinctly brown; male face light yellowish, frons

white, occiput gray pollinose, female frons and occiput centrally may

be yellowish; abdomen yellowish, sides of segment 1 and posterior-

corners of 2-5 white pollinose; legs yellowish; length 13-17 mm

(California) hyalinus Coquillett

Mesonotum whitish pollinose 15

15. Pleura anteriorly with a large shining black spot; male femora yellowish

130

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

red, tibiae and tarsi black; posterior corners of male abdominal seg-

ments 2-5, female 2-4, white pollinose; female legs yellowish; length

12-14 mm (Mexico, Texas) nitidus, new species

Pleura wholly pollinose 16

16. Male legs black except tips of femora, female legs reddish; pollen of

face, mesonotum, and pleura with a golden cast; mesonotal setae

golden; antennae brown; about 20 bristles in mystax; posterior corners

of abdominal segments 2-5 whitish pollinose, sometimes absent in

male; length 8-10 mm (California, Arizona) semiustus Coquillett

Legs reddish in both sexes; pollen of face, mesonotum, and pleura

white; mesonotal setae white; antennae yellowish; about 30 bristles

in mystax; posterior corners of abdominal segments 2-5 white polli-

nose in both sexes; length 9-14 mm (Arizona, Baja California, Cali-

fornia) albifrons Back

17. Two scutellar bristles 18

Four scutellar bristles 19

18. Wings slender, yellowish especially along the veins; face golden pollinose,

male frons white, female yellowish or white; abdomen reddish, slender

with gray pollinose spots on the posterior corners; length 11-17 mm

(California) luteus Coquillett, both sexes

Wings broad brown; face and frons yellowish pollinose; abdomen broad

reddish, without pollinose markings ; some specimens with four scutellar

bristles; length 11-13 mm (Arizona) purus Curran, females

19. Femora at least with a black stripe basally; male wings brown, female

wings lighter 20

Legs wholly reddish 21

20. Male femora and sometimes the tibiae black, female femora black basally

or with hlack basal dorsal stripe; male face and frons white pollinose,

female golden with ocellar tubercle and area around it white; meso-

notum yellowish gray pollinose, the divided central stripe brown ;

length 17-23 mm (New Mexico, Texas) hypomelas Loew

Femora in both sexes with dorsal hlack stripe; face and frons golden

pollinose in both sexes; mesonotum yellowish with the broad central

stripe and intermediate spots dark gray; length 16-19 mm (Arizona)

bryanti, new species

21. Large pale reddish species in both sexes; abdominal segments 2-5 nar-

rowly black on the anterior margins; wings pale reddish brown; length

24^27 mm (Texas) fletcheri Bromley

Males largely black, wings brown; female entirely reddish, anterior

corners of abdominal segments 2-5 black; wings yellowish, darker

along the veins; length 13-19 mm (Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico,

Oklahoma, Texas) combustus Loew

Saropogon albifrons Back

Saropogon albifrons Back, 1904, Canadian Entomol., 36 : 291. Type $ $ , Bill

Williams Fork, Ariz., August (F. H. Snow) UK.

Saropogon semiustus Back, 1909, Amer. Entomol. Soc. Trans., 35: 351. In part.

April 1966]

WILCOX — GENUS SAROPOGON

131

Coquillett (1904) and Back (1904) each described new species of

Saropogon Loew, Coquillett in July, Back in October. Back (1909)

made his S. albifroiis a synonym of S. semiustus Coquillett. In 1941

specimens collected 16 miles north of Blythe, California were labeled

as a new species. In 1961 specimens of the same species were received

from the American Museum of Natural History from Phoenix, Arizona,

at which time its relation to S. albifrons Back was realized. Bill Wil-

liams Fork is about 40 miles northeast of Parker, Arizona at about

the point listed on present-day maps as Alamo.

Male. — Length 10 mm. Face yellowish, Irons and occiput black in ground color;

densely white pollinose, the vertex shining black. Hairs and bristles white, about

30 bristles on oral margin. Antennae yellowish, outer half of segment 3 and style

brownish; hairs white; segments measure 23-20-65-4.

Mesonotum black, densely silvery white pollinose. Short sparse recumbent hairs

white; bristles white, three presutural, two supraalar, two postalar. Pleura black,

coxae largely yellowish in ground color; densely silvery white pollinose; hairs white.

Scutellum black, silvery white pollinose, two white marginal bristles.

Abdominal segment 1 black, remainder yellowish red; sides of 1, posterior

corners of 2-5 white pollinose; hairs short white appressed, a few longer on 1

and 4 white lateral bristles. Genitalia yellowish red, hairs yellowish on epandrium,

brownish on surstyli and hypandrium. Venter yellowish red, segments 1-4 white

pollinose.

Legs yellowish red, hairs short white appressed; bristles yellowish; claws black,

reddish basally; pulvilli whitish.

Halteres yellowish, lower stem brown. Wings hyaline, the basal anterior half

light brown; veins brown, anterior crossvein at 2^2 length of discal cell, fourth

posterior cell slightly narrowed, anal cell open.

Hypotype male. — 16 miles north of Blythe, California, 14 April

1941 (J. Wilcox) .

Specimens seen from the following additional localities:

Arizona: Aztec, 30 April 1962 (J. Wilcox) JW ; 12 miles southwest of Eloy,

9 June 1953 (T. R. Haig) LCD; Phoenix, 9, 23, and 25 May 1935 (R. H. Cran-

dall) AMNH; Yuma, 10 May 1939 (R. M. Bohart) UCD.

Baja California: 65 miles south San Felipe, 10 April 1960 (R. D. Gehring)

CIS.

California: 13 miles west of Barstow, 21 June 1942 (Guy F. Toland) JW ;

Box Cyn., Riverside Co., 26 April 1952 (P. D. Hurd) CIS; Deep Cyn., Riverside

Co., 30 May 1963 (E. I. Schlinger) UCR; 10 miles north Earp, San Bernardino

Co., 22 April 1960 (J. R. Powers) 15-watt black light, CIS; 3 miles west Indio,

30 April 1949 (E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain, R. F. Smith) Melilotus, CIS;

Palm Springs, 23 May 1943 (Guy F. Toland) JW.

Related to S. semiustus Coquillett which has two posterior dorso-

central bristles in addition to other differences in key. Coquillett

(1904) described S. semiustus in part as follows, “abdomen polished.

132

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

sides of first segment and a spot on hind angles of segments 2 to 5

gray pruinose.” Only one of the 15 males available have the posterior

spots on abdominal segments 2—5 but they are evident on the females.

These specimens were collected more than 20 years ago so the pollen

may have been lost in storage.

Saropogon bryanti Wilcox, new species

Male. — Length 16 mm. Head black, golden pollinose, occiput with grayish

tinge. Hairs and bristles yellowish white, 10 bristles on oral margin. Antennae

yellowish; hairs yellowish, 4-5 above on segment 3; segments measure 29-25-75-5.

Mesonotum yellowish, central and intermediate stripes black, densely golden

pollinose. Hairs yellowish, semierect and about as long as antennal segment 1;

bristles yellowish, one posthumeral, three presutural, two supraalar, two postalar,

3 to 4 weak posterior dorsocentral. Pleura and coxae black, golden pollinose, hairs

and bristles yellowish white. Scutellum yellowish, golden pollinose, four yellowish

marginal bristles.

Abdomen yellowish, anterior corners of 2-6 black, sides of 1 and posterior

corners of 2-4 yellowish gray pollinose. Hairs on sides of all segments dense,

crinkly yellowish and about as long as antennal segments 1-2, 3 to 4 yellowish

lateral bristles on 1. Epandrium yellowish, hairs yellowish; surstyli and hypan-

drium black, hairs brown. Venter 1-2 and posterior margins 3-5 yellowish, re-

mainder black, 1-2 and posterior margins 3-4 yellowish pollinose.

Legs yellowish, dorsum of femora and tip of hind tibiae black. Hairs and

bristles yellowish, hairs ventrally and laterally on middle and hind femora dense

erect and about as long as antennal segment 1 ; claws black, reddish basally ;

pulvilli yellowish.

Halteres yellowish red. Wings brown, lighter in center of apical cells; veins

brown, anterior crossvein at length of discal cell, fourth posterior cell narrowly

open, anal cell open.

Female. — Length 17 mm. Hairs of mesonotum, abdomen, and legs, short re-

cumbent. Basal half of dorsum of femora black, brownish on hind ones. Wings

yellowish.

Holotype male. — Baboquivari Canyon, west side Baboquivari

Mtns., Pima County, Arizona, 25 to 27 July 1952 (H. B. Leech, J.

W. Green) CAS. Allotype female, same data.

Paratypes. — Arizona: 2 males, 1 female, same data, CAS; 1 male, 5 miles

southeast Ajo, Pima Co., 1 October 1962 (W. F. Barr) UI; 1 female, Picacho,

28 September 1933 (Bryant, 220) JW ; 1 male, 12 miles north Pomerene, 12 July

1962 (J. Wilcox) JW ; 1 male, 14 miles northeast Sells, 16 July 1962 (J. Wilcox)

JW ; 1 male, 1 female. Sentinel, Maricopa Co., 12 August 1940 (B. E. White)

CAS; 1 female, Sierrita Mtns., 28 September 1962 (Earl G. Davis) JW ; 3 males,

2 females, 8 miles north Tucson, 11, 29 June, 11 July 1964 (J. M. Davidson, Jim

Haddock) ASU.

Two males and one female, Malaga, New Mexico, 11 July 1936 (J. D. Beamer,

M. B. Jackson) JW, probably belong here but are not included in the paratype

series as the legs are almost all black.

April 1966]

WILCOX GENUS SAROPOGON

133

Named in honor of the late Owen Bryant who collected and assembled

a large collection of Asilidae and who was the first to collect this

species.

Saropogon hypomelas (Loew)

Diogmites hypomelas Loew, 1866, Berlin. Ent. Ztsclir. 10: 42. Type male. New

Mexiko (Capt. Pope), MCZ.

Diogmites hypomelas Back, 1909, Amer. Entomol. Soc. Trans. 35: 360.

Translation of original description, gives type locality as Pecos River,

New Mexico.

Bromley (1934, 1936) did not identify this species from Texas and

included it in Diogmites Loew. Bromley wrote me in 1936 that he had

examined the type and that it belonged in Saropogon Loew. I have

seen a note somewhere that Capt. Pope collected on the Pecos River

in Texas rather than in New Mexico.

Male. — Length 21 mm. Head black; densely white pollinose, occiput with a

yellowish tinge. Hairs and bristles white, about 20 bristles on oral margin. An-

tennae black, apical third of segment 2 and narrow base of 3 yellowish; hairs

white, seven to eight short hairs above on 3; segments measure 33-32-92-10.

Mesonotum reddish, central stripe and intermediate spots black, all obscured

by grayish white pollen. Hairs short, sparse, recumbent, yellowish; bristles yel-

lowish, three short posthumeral, three presutural, two supraalar, two postalar,

three to four weak posterior dorsocentral. Pleura and coxae black, whitish polli-

nose, coxal hairs white, hypopleurals yellowish. Scutellum reddish, white pollinose,

four yellowish marginal bristles.

Al)domen yellowish red, anterior corners of 2-5 black; sides of 1, posterior

corners of 2-4 whitish pollinose. Hairs short appressed yellowish; six to seven

yellowish lateral bristles on 1. Epandrium reddish with yellowish hairs; surstyli

and hypandrium brownish black with brownish hairs. Venter reddish with central

black spots becoming larger apically, 1-2 thinly and posterior margin of 3-4

whitish pollinose, hairs white basally, brown to black on 4-8.

Femora black, fore and middle ones with apical anterior and posterior streaks

and apical one-fourth of hind ones, reddish. Tibiae black, hind ones except tip,

reddish. Fore tarsi black, hind ones reddish, middle ones reddish basally. Short

appressed hairs yellowish white; bristles yellowish; claws black, reddish basally;

pulvilli yellowish brown.

Halteres light brown. Wings brown, lighter apically; veins brown, anterior

crossvein at •5%7 length of discal cell, fourth posterior cell narrowly open, anal

cell closed at wing margin.

Hypotype male. — Bexar County, Texas (H. B. Parks) JW.

Males and females same data, one labeled 31 July 1929 and another 7 August

1928; female, Hidalgo Co., Texas, 6 June 1930 (.1. C. Gaines) ; female, Moore,

Texas, 24 June 1928; male, San Antonio, Texas, 4 July 1936 (R. H. Beamer),

all JW.

134

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

I VOL. 42, NO. 2

Saropogon mohawki Wilcox, new species

Male. — Length 11 mm. Head densely white pollinose, hairs and bristles white,

about 20 on oral margin. Antennae yellow, apical half of segment 3 and style

brownish, hairs white, segments measure 21-18-55-4.

Mesonotum black, densely grayish yellow pollinose. Hairs white, semierect and

about as long as first antennal segment; bristles white, three presutural, two

supraalar, two postalar, two to three weak posterior dorsocentral. Pleura grayish

yellow pollinose becoming whitish below and on coxae, hairs white. Scutellum

yellowish, grayish yellow pollinose, four white marginal bristles.

Abdomen yellowish, dorsum of 3-4 brownish, anterior corners of 4-5 black,

sides of 1 and posterior corners 2^ white pollinose. Hairs yellowish, laterally

about as long as antennal segment 1, three to four whitish lateral bristles on 1.

Genitalia yellowish, hairs yellowish. Venter yellowish, posterior margins 2-4

white pollinose.

Legs yellowish; hairs white, on femora and tibiae about as long as antennal

segment 1; bristles yellowish; claws black, reddish basally; pulvilli light brown.

Halteres yellowish, lower stem brown. Wings hyaline, veins light brown, anterior

crossvein at ^%s length of discal cell, fourth posterior cell broadly open, anal

cell open.

Female. — Length 12 mm. Face white, frons golden pollinose, 28 bristles in

mystax. Hairs of mesonotum, abdomen, and legs, short appressed.

Holotype male. — Mohawk, Arizona, 16 July 1962 (J. Wilcox). Al-

lotype female, same data, 29 August 1955.

Paratypes. — Arizona: 2 females, same data, 7 August 1962, 29 August 1955,

JW ; 1 male, 7 miles southeast Apache Jet., 6 September 1958 (P. H. Timberlake)

UCR; 1 male, Aztec, 27 August 1947 (J. Wilcox) JW ; 1 female, Granite Reef

Dam, Maricopa Co., 9 August 1964 (Jim Haddock) ASU ; 1 male, vicinity Mesa,

Maricopa Co., 2 September 1964 (Jim Haddock) ASU; 2 males, 6 females, 8

miles south, 21, 24 and 25 miles southeast Parker, 5 September 1964 (J. M. David-

son, Jim Haddock) ASU; 1 female, near Sacaton, 13 August 1955 (P. H. Timber-

lake) UCR; 5 males, 1 female, Sentinel, 27 August, 7 September 1947 (J. Wilcox)

JW. California: 1 male. Baker, San Bernardino Co., 24 June 1930 (F. H.

Wymore) UCD; 1 female, Blythe, Riverside Co., 23 June 1945, Coyote melon, CIS;

1 female, Borego Valley, San Diego Co., 26 May 1954 (F. X. Williams) CAS; 1

female. Cathedral City, Riverside Co., 16 July 1960 (J. W. MaeSwain) CIS; 10

males, 1 female. Deep Cyn., Riverside Co., 21 June, 9 August, 5 September 1963,

30 June to 23 July 1964 (E. 1. Schlinger) (G. Ballmer, K. Brown, M. E. Irwin)

one at white light, UCR; 1 male, 8 miles west Desert Center, 16 September 1959

(P. H. Timberlake) UCR; 1 female, Fish Springs, Imperial Co., 30 May 1931

(H. Gentry) CAS; 1 female, Magnesia Cyn., Riverside Co., 9 July 1950 (R. M.

Bohart) UCD; 1 male, 29 miles south Needles, San Bernardino Co., 1 July 1963

(A. E. and Martha Michelbacher) 628, CIS; 2 males, 1 female. Palm Springs,

28, 31 May 1943 (Guy F. Toland, J. Wilcox) JW ; 1 female, Palo Verde, Imperial

Co., 27 August 1946 (P. D. Hurd) CIS, I male, 2 miles southwest, 16 July 1962

(P. H. Timberlake) UCR.

Some of the males from California have the femora blackish basally,

April 1966]

WILCOX GENUS SAROPOGON

135

sometimes all but usually only the fore ones. Similar to S. coquilletti

Back: the males of which have long hairs on the mesonotum, abdomen,

and legs, basal half or more of the femora black, tips of the tibiae or

more black, and the tarsal segments black apically; the females have

short hairs and yellowish legs but usually with a small brown spot

above on the femora; in both sexes the wings vary from hyaline to light

brown but there is always a grayish clouding at the tip of the wings.

Saropogon nitidus Wilcox, new species

Male. — Length 12 mm. Head black, densely white pollinose, vertex shining

black. Hairs and bristles white, 24 on oral margin. Antennae black, hairs white,

segments measure 20-17-62-6.

Mesonotum black, densely whitish gray pollinose, the central stripe and inter-

mediate spots indistinctly black. Hairs short appressed white; bristles white, two

presutural, one supraalar, one postalar. Pleura and coxae densely white pollinose

with a shining black spot covering the anterior side of the meso- and sternopleura

and posterior side of the propleura; hairs and bristles white. Scutellum densely

white pollinose, two short white marginal bristles.

Abdomen slender, segment 1 and base of 2 black, remainder yellowish red;

sides of 1 and broad posterior corners of 2-5, white pollinose. Hairs short sparse

white, longer on sides of 1 plus four to five weak white bristles. Genitalia yel-

lowish red, hairs brownish. Venter yellowish red, posterior margins 1-5 white

pollinose.

Femora and narrow base of tibiae yellowish red, remainder of tibiae and the

tarsi black. Hairs and bristles white; claws black, reddish basally; pulvilli light

brown.

Halteres white, lower stem brown. Wings hyaline, veins brown, anterior cross-

vein at length of discal cell, fourth posterior cell broadly open, anal cell

narrowly open.

Female. — Length 13 mm. Third antennal segment missing. Abdomen and legs

wholly reddish.

Holotype ma/e.— Lajitas, Brewster Co., Texas, 4 September 1961

(J. E. Gillaspy) CAS. Allotype female. Villa Juarez, Mexico, 27 May

1937, B. Brookman Collection, CAS.

Paratypes. — One male, same data as holotype; one male, one female, same

data as allotype.

The shining black spot on the pleura is not found on any of the

closely related species.

Saropogon sculleni Wilcox, new species

Male. — Length 12 mm. Head black ; face white, frons and occiput grayish

pollinose. Hairs and bristles white, 11 oral bristles, hairs on second segment

of palpi black. Antennae brown, hairs white, segments measure 19-19-42-5.

Mesonotum black, densely yellowish gray pollinose, the central stripe slightly

darker. Hairs white and about as long as antennal segment 1; bristles white,

three presutural, two supraalar, two postalar, 2-3 posterior dorsocentral. Pleura

136

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

and coxae densely gray pollinose, pleura with golden cast, hairs and bristles

white. Scutellum densely yellowish gray pollinose, four white marginal bristles.

Abdomen slender, dull black, narrow posterior margins of segments 1-4 yellowish,

sides of 1 and 2 and posterior corners of 2-5 gray pollinose. Hairs on 1-5 white,

short sparse dorsally, long laterally, four to five white lateral bristles on 1; 6

with short black hairs; 7-8 and genitalia shining black with dense erect black

hairs longer than antennal segment 1. Venter of 1-4 with anterior and posterior

margins gray pollinose, hairs white; 6-8 shining black with black hairs.

Femora red, narrow base of all, venter of middle ones and venter and dorsum

of fore ones black. Tibiae and tarsi black, basal half of hind tibiae reddish dor-

sally. Hairs and bristles white, hairs long below on femora and tibiae; claws black,

reddish hasally; pulvilli light brown.

Halteres yellowish red, stem light brown, base darker. Wings hyaline, veins

brown, anterior crossvein at length of discal cell, fourth posterior cell open

length of anterior crossvein, anal cell narrowly open.

Holotype male. — 10 TO 20 miles south of Marathon, Texas, 7 July

1942 (H. A. Scullen) .

Named in honor of Herman A. Scullen, former professor and col-

league, and always eager to collect Asilidae on his many trips.

Apparently closely related to S. laparoides Bromley and possibly

the male of that species.

Literature Cited

Back, E. A. 1904. New species of North American Asilidae. Canadian EntomoL,

36; 289-293.

1909. The robber-flies of America north of Mexico belonging to the subfamilies

Leptogastrinae and Dasypogoninae. Amer. EntomoL Soc. Trans., 35: 137-

400, Plates 2-12.

Bromley, S. W. 1934. The robber flies of Texas (Diptera, Asilidae). Ann.

EntomoL Soc. Amer., 27: 74^113.

1936. The genus Diogmites in the United States of America with description of

new species (Diptera: Asilidae). Jour. New York EntomoL Soc., 44: 225-

237.

1951. Asilid notes (Diptera), with descriptions of thirty-two new species. Amer.

Mus. Novitates, 1532: 1-36.

CoQUiLLETT, D. W. 1904. New North American Diptera. Washington EntomoL

Soc. Proc., 6; 166-192.

Curran, C. H. 1930. New American Asilidae (Diptera). Amer. Mus. Novitates,

425: 1-21.

1931. New American Asilidae (Diptera). H. Amer. Mus. Novitates, 487: 1-25.

OsTEN Sacken, C. R. 1887. In Godman, E. D. and 0. Sabin, Biologia Centrali-

Americana. Insecta. Diptera, 1; 167-213.

Wilcox, J. 1936. Asilidae, new and otherwise from the Southwest with a key

to the genus Stichopogon. Pan-Pac. EntomoL, 12; 201-212.

April 1966]

LEECH OCHTHEBIUS

137

Ochthehius bruesi Darlington in California and Utah

(Coleoptera : Hydraenidae)

Hugh B. Leech

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco

Ochthehius hruesi Darlington is a tiny, elongate beetle occurring in

thermal and other springs and in adjacent waters. The elytra vary in

color from piceous to testaceous with piceous humeri and base, usually

with faint metallic reflections. The species was described in 1928

from material collected by C. T. Brues at a hot spring about 7 miles

south of Beowawe, Nevada ( type and 24 paratypes ) ; one additional

paratype was from a hot spring at Amedee, California, near the

eastern border of Honey Lake in Lassen County.

In his report on the fauna of the hot springs he had studied, Brues

(1928; 176) cited the Beowawe locality only. In a later paper

(1932: 26) he again listed 0. hruesi from Beowawe, and also from

hot springs near Cortez, Nevada and Cedarville, California, as well

as from a cool spring near Soldier Meadows, Nevada. To the best

of my knowledge it has not been reported since then.

Unfortunately, I overlooked the above California records and did

not include O. hruesi in my key to the species of the state (Leech and

Chandler, 1956: 333). It will trace there to 0. interruptus LeConte,

so the following modification of the key is suggested.

11. Lateral thoracic foveae united into a sinuate line on each side of

median impression [Fig. 13: 29c of 1956 paper]; southwest U. S.

lineatus LeConte, 1852

Lateral foveae not united [Fig. 13: 25d] 11a

11a. Elytra elongate, somewhat parallel-sided (Fig. 1, solid lines) ; tarsi

unusually elongate (Fig. 3) . In hot springs and spring-fed waters,

northern Utah and Nevada, eastern California hruesi Darlington, 1928

Elytra less elongate, more broadly ovate (Fig. 1, dotted outline) ;

tarsi of normal length for the Nearctic species of the genus (Fig.

2). Western U. S.; San Diego, California is type locality

interruptus LeConte, 1852

In addition to topotypic paratypes, specimens of 0. hruesi have been

seen from Saltair, on the shore of Great Salt Lake due west of Salt

Lake City, Utah, 15 July 1941 (H. P. Chandler ) ; Travertine Hot

Springs, 2 miles southeast of Bridgeport, Mono County, California,

altitude 6,700 feet, 11 August 1962 and 15 August 1963 (H. B. Leech) ;

and the spring-fed east shore of freshwater South Francis (or Grim-

shaw) Lake, Tecopa, Inyo County, California, 24 March 1964 (H. B.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 137-139. April 1966

138

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

Figs. 1-3. Ochthebius bruesi and. 0. interruptus, elytra and tarsi. Fig. 1, out-

line of elytra of 0. bruesi (solid lines), and of 0. interruptus (dotted lines);

Fig. 2, mesotarsus of 0. interruptus-, Fig. 3, mesotarsus of 0. bruesi.

Leech) — hut not in nearby North Francis Lake, which is strongly

mineralized.

The Travertine Hot Springs mentioned above is the type locality

for a new species of Hygrotus (Dytiscidae) and has been treated in

some detail, with photographs, in another paper (Leech, 1966, in press) .

Hygrotus therrrtarum (Darlington) is there recorded from southern

Oregon, and 0. bruesi should be looked for in the same waters.

Following his description of 0. bruesi, Darlington remarked on the

peculiar flattening of one side of the enlarged pseudobasal segment

of the maxillary palpi in some specimens. I have seen a male para-

type with a label in Darlington’s script reading “palpi both flat.”

When this beetle was put in hot water for a few minutes the palpi

showed normal rotundity, but as it dried out again the pseudobasal

segments became somewhat flattened. Since none of the Utah and

California specimens show the deformity, it is probably simply a

structural collapse, the result of slight immaturity or of storage in

alcohol after being collected.

April 1966]

BAILEY & KONO RARE THRIPS

139

Literature Cited

Brues, C. T. 1928. Studies on the fauna of hot springs in the western United

States and the biology of thermophilous animals. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts

and Sci., 63 (4) : 139-228, 7 text figs., pis. I-VI.

1932. Further studies on the fauna of North American hot springs. Loc. cit.,

67 (7) : 185-303, 8 text figs.

Darlington, P. J., Jr. 1928. New Coleoptera from western hot springs. Psyche,

35 (1) : 1-6.

Leech, H. B. 1966. The pedalis-gionp of Hygrotiis, with descriptions of two

new species and a key to the species. (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Proc.

Calif. Acad. Sci., 33 (15) : 481-498, 14 figs., 1 pi.

Leech, H. B., and H. P. Chandler. 1956. Aquatic Coleoptera. Chapter 13 in

R. L. Usinger et al., Aquatic insects of California with keys to North

American genera and California species. University of California Press,

Berkeley and Los Angeles, ix + 508 p. (Chapter 13, pp. 293-371, text

figs. 13-1 to 13-61. Key to California species of Ochthebius, p. 333.)

Toxonothrips gramineae^ a Rare Thrips Rediscovered in

Western North America

(Thysanoptera : Thripidae)

Stanley F. Bailey and Tokuwo Kono

University of California, Davis and California State Department

of Agriculture, Sacramento

One of the rarest western thrips known to us has been Toxonothrips

gramineae Moulton. We had searched for it many years with no suc-

cess (Bailey, 1957). In 1946, Post (1961) collected two specimens in

Oregon on sorrel, Rumex acetosella L., which he named Toxonothrips

gramineae fuscus. This stimulated us to try to find T. gramineae on

this plant as well as on “grass,” the host plant of the type specimens

taken at Lake Tahoe. However, our results were negative. The next

finding was made by Professor Carl H. Lindroth of the Zoological

Institute, Lund, Sweden. He made a small collection of thrips near

Kodiak, Alaska, 17 June 1962, by sweeping Carex and Calamagrostis

at the margin of a lake. Among the specimens was one apterous female

of T. gramineae. In 1962, also, H. H. Keifer collected a long series

of both sexes in August and September at Battle Creek, Mineral, Cali-

fornia, on Carex nudata (plants determined by John Thomas Howell,

California Academy of Sciences). Again, in 1964, Keifer collected

this rare thrips at Camp Sacramento a short distance west of the type

locality. Since Carex appears to be the preferred host, additional

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 139-144. April 1966

140

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 42, NO. 2

collections are highly probable. The distribution of this genus of

plants is circumpolar and a large number of species are known.

It is most noteworthy that Lindroth stated {in lift.) that “the south-

west part of the island (Kodiak), on geological evidence is known to

have been ice-free during the two last Pleistocene glaciations.” The

occurrence of the wingless specimen of T. gramineae on this isolated

landmass or refugium possibly would indicate its early origin phylo-

genetically. Lindroth also collected at this location two other species

of thrips, namely, the wingless, circumpolar Anaphothrips secticornis

April 1966]

BAILEY & KONO — RARE THRIPS

141

Trybom and a brachypterous Taeiiiothrips (near T. vulgatissimus

Haliday ) .

Various collections of thrips from subarctic regions have been re-

ported by Richter (1928). Hukkinen (1936), Maltbaek (1932), and

von Oettingen (1951, 1954) have added supplementary records. An

examination of these articles, as well as Priesner’s work (1928), dis-

closes that the following species have been collected from Carex and

Calamagrostis : Chirothrips hamatus Trybom, Limothrips denticornis

Haliday, Oxythrips hrevistylus (Trybom), Anaphothrips gracillimus

Priesner, Thrips fimehris Bagnall, and T. paluster Reuter. Toxonothrips

was not reported by these authors and of the above species only Limo-

thrips denticornis is circumpolar in its distribution. If Toxonothrips

were widely distributed in northern latitudes as are the genera Aptino-

thrips (wingless), Chirothrips, Limothrips, Anaphothrips, and Thrips,

the extensive collecting of the European thysanopterists most surely

would have disclosed it. Stannard (1963) has suggested that “The

present distribution of the Thysanoptera is such that the process of

movement into glaciated areas has in some cases been negligible or

slow and is not yet completed.” Eventually additional collecting on

Carex and Calamagrostis should fill in the distributional records show-

ing that this thrips probably is to be found from Alaska southward

through Yukon, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. The im-

mature stages have not been collected.

Now that a series of specimens is available, it seems desirable to re-

describe and illustrate T . gramineae in detail.

Toxonothrips Moulton

Moulton, D. 1927. Pan-Pac. EntomoL, 4: 30-31.

Bailey, Stanley F. 1957. Bull. Calif. Insect Survey, 4: 205.

Antennae seven-segmented, style one-segmented ; segment III with pedicel, III

and IV with forked sensory trichomes (that on III in the male allotype is

simple). Head slightly wider than long, rounded in front, cheeks rounded;

all bristles reduced. Ocelli present in female. Maxillary palpi three-segmented.

Prothorax wider than long; each outer posterior angle with two long bristles, all

others reduced. Tarsi unarmed. Forewings with two longitudinal veins, hind

vein regularly beset with bristles; general appearance similar to Anaphothrips.

Abdominal segment VIII with comb. Male smaller than female; ocelli, wings,

and claspers absent, abdominal sternites III and IV each with one oval sensory

area.

Toxonothrips gramineae Moulton

Toxonothrips gramineae Moulton, 1927.

Toxonothrips gramineae fascus Post, 1961.

Female (macropterous) . In general, color brown except for base of all femora.

142

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

Fig. 4. Meso- and metanota of female (125 X)- Fig. 5. Meso- and metasterna

of female (75 X). Fig. 6. Antenna of female (150 X)-

April 1966]

BAILEY & KONO RARE THRIPS

143

apex of all tibiae, all tarsi, all of antennal segment III, and basal portion of

segments IV and V which are yellowish brown. Ocellar crescents orange-red.

Forewings brown with whitish base, curved forward in many specimens.

Front of head (Fig. 2) broadly rounded and protruding in front of eyes.

Cheeks arched. Head slightly longer than wide to slightly shorter than wide.

Occiput with faint, transverse, anastomosing striae; setae outside ocellar triangle.

Antennae (Fig. 6) with forked sensory trichomes on segments III and IV; IV

with one outer, V with one inner and one outer, and VI with one inner and

two outer simple sensory trichomes. Mouth cone short and with blunted tip.

Maxillary palpi three-segmented.

Pronotum (Fig. 2) broader than long; all setae short except for the two pairs

of posteroangular setae. All legs unarmed but inside of hind tibiae with a

row of comb-like setae; all femora with translucent pores at base. Mesonota

and metanota as in Fig. 4. Mesosterna and metasterna as in Fig 5. Shape of

forewings (Fig. 1) varies from those of Anaphothrips zeae Moulton, for example,

to those that are conspicuously scythe-shaped as in the holotype of T. gramineae.

Abdominal tergum VIII with a complete comb, sometimes sparse. Segment

X with dorsal suture extending entire length.

The range in the critical measurements for specimens from Mineral and

Camp Sacramento, California and Tidewater, Oregon are given below in mm.

Those of the holotype as given by Moulton (1927) are in parentheses.

Total body length, 1.50-1.85 (1.50). Head, length 0.163-0.184 (0.175), width

0.174-0.189 (0.180). Pronotum, length 0.130-0.148 (0.130); width 0.204^0.233

(0.225). Mesothorax, width 0.278-0.315 (0.300). Greatest width of abdomen

0.278-0.348 (0.330). Length of antennal segments: I, 0.022-0.026 (0.024);

H, 0.033-0.044 (0.033) ; HI, 0.048-0.059 (0.048) ; IV, 0.046 0.052 (0.501) ;

V, 0.041-0.052 (0.045) ; VI, 0.056-0.063 (0.060) ; VH, 0.024^0.030 (0.024) ;

total length (0.270-0.317 (0.270). Outer posteroangular seta 0.044-0.070 (0.045).

Forewing, length 0.847-1.07 (0.949) ; greatest width near base 0.074V0.093 (0.089) ;

at middle 0.048-0.059 (0.059). Costa of forewing with 20-26 (22-23) setae. Fore-

vein of forewing with 9-10 (9) setae and hind vein with 8-12 (10-11) setae.

Female (apterous). Similar to macropterous female in general structure and

details of coloration. Ocelli present. Comb on abdominal segment VHI absent.

Mesothoracic pelta with lateral margins smoothly rounded.

Total length (distended), 1.53. Head, length 0.174, width 0.185. Pronotum,

length 0.141, width 0.218. Pronotal setae, length median posteromarginal seta

0.026; inner posteroangular seta 0.067; outer posteroangular seta 0.063. Me-

sothorax, width 0.211. Abdomen, width 0.340. Antennal segments: I, 0.022; H,

0.037; III, 0.052; IV, 0.044; V, 0.048; VI, 0.063; VH, 0,033; total length 0.299.

Male (apterous). Similar to female in general structure and coloration.

Ocelli wanting. Posterior margin of eighth abdominal tergum (Fig. 3) bow-

shaped and with a closely and faintly scalloped flange, which terminates in a

prominent median lobe. Ninth abdominal tergum with a median raised area

posteriad. Abdominal sterna III and IV each with one oval sensory area com-

posed of stipple membrane. Terminal abdominal sterna as in Fig. 3. Sensory

trichomes on antennal segments HI and IV variable, either simple or forked ;

usually simple on HI, forked on IV. Comh-like setae on hind tibiae absent.

The range in the critical measurements for specimens from Mineral and

144

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

Camp Sacramento, California are given below in mm. Those of the allotype

as given by Moulton (1927) are in parentheses.

Total body length, 1.07-1.26 (0.88). Head, length 0.148-0.155 (1.33), width

0.144 (0.133). Pronotum, length 0.111-0.118 (0.108); width 0.152-0.170 (0.166).

Mesothorax, width 0.170-0.185 (0.166). Greatest width of abdomen 0.226-0.241

(0.250). Outer posteroangular seta 0.022-0.026 (0.024). Length of antennal

segments: I, 0.022 (0.024) ; II, 0.031-0.033 (0.033) ; III, 0.041 (0.042) ; IV, 0.037

(0.036) ; V, 0.033 (0.033) ; VI, 0.044-0.046 (0.048) ; VII, 0.022 (0.018) ; total

length 0.232-0.234 (0.240). Outer posteroangular seta 0.022-0.026 (0.024).

The endothoracic reinforcement (Fig. 5) shows that this species

belongs to group 3 (Tribe Thripini) as established by Priesner (1957)

and the subtribe Thripina. The mesosternum has a spinula and furca

while the metasternum lacks the spinula. The pelta, a little-used charac-

ter in the Terebrantia, exhibits considerable variation between sexes

and between the apterous and macropterous female.

The Alaskan specimen is the only apterous female known. Apterous

males only have been collected. T. g. fuscus Post appears to fall within

the range of variation in the species. Three specimens are in our series

that have one antenna with a two-segmented style.

Literature Cited

Bailey, S. F. 1957. The thrips of California. Part I: Suborder Terebrantia.

Bull. Calif. Insect Survey, 4: 205.

Hukkinen, Y. 1936. Verzeichnis der Thysanopteren Finnlands. Ann. Entom.

Fenn., 2: 124-140. Tikkurila.

Moulton, D. 1927. Four new California Thysanoptera with notes on two other

species. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 4: 30-31.

Post, R. L. 1961. Five new Oregon Thysanoptera. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 37; 141-142.

Priesner, H. 1928. Die Thysanopteren Europas. Wagner, Wein, specifically

p. 137, 149, 213, 381.

1957. Zur vergleichenden Morphologic des Endothorax der Thysanopteren.

Zool. Anzeiger, 159; 159-167.

Richter, W. 1928. Die Thysanopteren des Arktischen Gebietes. Fauna Arctica,

5; 837-850. Jena.

Stannard, L. J. 1963. Post-Wisconsin biogeography in eastern North America,

based in part, on evidence from Thrips (Insecta). Proc. No. Centrl. Br.,

Entomol. Soc. Amer., 18: 31-35.

VON Oettingen, H. 1951. Geographische und okologische Analyse de Thysanop-

teren fauna der ostlichen Gebiete Mitteleuropas. Deutches Entom. Instit.,

Berlin, 1 : 44-59.

1954. Beitrag zur Tjysanopterenfauna Scbwedena. Entom. Tidskrift, 75; 134-

150.

April 1966] caltagirone — new pentalitomastix

145

A New Pentalitomastix from Mexico

(Hymenopetra : Encyrtidae)

L. E. Caltagirone

University of California, Berkeley

From late spring to late summer 1963, I searched extensively for

natural enemies of the navel orangeworm, Paramyelois transitella

(Walker) (Lepidoptera : Phycitidae), in Mexico. Among several

species of parasites, I found a polyembryonic encyrtid occurring in

most areas where the host was collected.

A critical examination of the encyrtids showed they did not fit

comfortably in any of the genera included in the keys published by

Mercet (1921), Ferriere (1953), De Santis (1965), and Peck et al.

(1964) . On consultation with Dr. 0. Peck, he placed this species in the

genus Pentalitomastix Eady. This determination was confirmed when

I had the opportunity to examine specimens of Pentalitomastix na-

coleiae (Eady), the type of the genus. I consider the species as an

undescribed one, and the name proposed for it and its description is

presented here.

The study of morphological characters in small chalcids (1 mm or

less) is a difficult one, as no single method for preparing specimens

for examination is entirely satisfactory from the taxonomist’s point of

view. Specimens for examination were mounted either on paper points

or on slides. On the slides a number of specimens were mounted whole,

others were dissected. Some slides were prepared following Quednau

(1964) ; other specimens were cleared in 5% KOH and then mounted

in either gum dammar, or in the gum-arabic medium prepared accord-

ing to Hille Ris Lambers (1950).

The point-mounted specimens were examined with a Leitz stereo

miscroscope at magnifications up to 96 X, using an incandescent lamp

illuminator with a blue ground glass filter. The slide-mounted specimens

were examined with a Tiyoda compound microscope at magnifications

up to 600 X. For measuring structures specimens that were comparably

oriented on the slides were selected. The measurements are relative,

except for the length of the specimens which is measured in mm.

Three figures are given for each measurement: the first indicates the

average; the following two, in parentheses, indicate the range.

Pentalitomastix plethoricus Caltagirone, new species

(Figs. 1-8, 10)

Female. — Length of the holotype 0.90 mm, varying from. 0.80 to 0.91 mm in

28 other specimens.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 145-151. April 1966

146

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

Figs. 1-7. P entalitomastix plethoricus. 1, forewing; 2, mesonotum; 3-5, head;

6, male antenna; 7a, female antenna, internal lateral view; 7b, club of same, dor-

sal view.

A.PRIL 1966] CALTAGIRONE NEW PENTALITOMASTIX

147

Head height 0.885 (0.840-0.980) width; genae 0.717 (0.690-0.770) longest

diameter of eye; distance from antennal sockets to oral margin 0.67 (0.57-0.80)

distance between antennal sockets, these helow level of lower margin of eyes;

ocelli in an obtuse triangle, orbit-ocellar distance shorter than longest diameter

of lateral ocelli, these very close to occipital margin; lahrum length 0.291

(0.264-0.324) its width, with three to six apical setae; mandibles three-toothed,

as in Fig. 10; eyes sparsely hairy; reticulation mostly scaly. Antennae 11-seg-

mented, counting ring segment; scape length 4.76 (3.98-5.25) times its width,

flattened on ventral side towards apex; pedicel length 0.296 (0.260-0.344)

length of scape, width at apex 0.795 (0.70.5-0.852) its length; scape and pedicel

with elongate, polygonal reticulation; ring segment small, appressed to first

funicular segment; funicle five-segmented, all segments wider than long; length

of first funicular segment 0.787 (0.733-0.827) length of pedicel; rest of funicular

segments as long as or slightly shorter than first; club three-segmented, its length

0.744 (0.643-0.803) length of funicle, long ovate, 2.55 (2.24—2.93) times longer

than wide, obliquely truncate at apex, truncature towards sagittal plane, suture

between second and apical club segments not discernible from certain angles.

Thorax as wide as head; pronotum with about 14 setae along posterior margin,

about 20 shorter ones on disc, finely scaly reticulate; mesoscutum finely reticulate

with about 85 setae; axillae barely touching each other, reticulate, with two or

three discal setae; scutellum strongly convex, polygonally reticulate, with about

18 discal setae, two apical setae curved and more erect than rest; tegulae

orbicular or short oval.

Forewings length 2.06 (2.0-2.14) times the width, hyaline; submarginal 0.47

(0.40-0.50) length of wing, with about nine setae; marginal punctiform; post-

marginal not discernible; stigmal slightly longer than marginal, gradually widen-

ing towards apex; hairs on disc as in Fig. 1.

Middle tibial spur 1.05 (1.00-1.08) length of middle basitarsus.

Abdomen ovate, slightly narrower than thorax; ovipositor barely visible.

Black, somewhat brownish on venter, head, and thorax above with purple

reflections, mesoscutum with additional bluish-greenish reflections; eyes and

ocelli red; mandibles, except teeth, apex of coxae, trochanters, base of femora

testaceous; teeth of mandibles dark brown; antennae with yellowish hue; apex

of femora, extreme base and apex of tibiae, first four tarsal segments, and tibial

spurs white; submarginal and marginal veins black, stigmal vein hyaline,

colorless.

Male. — Length varying from 0.88 to 1.06 mm in 21 specimens. Similar to

female, differing as follows: distance of antennal sockets to oral margin 0.88

(0.78-1.00) distance between antennal sockets; antennae 12-segmented, counting

ring segment; pedicel length 0.33 (0.31-0.35) length of scape; funicle six-seg-

mented, all funicular segments longer than pedicel, about as long as wide; club as

long as two funicular segments together, as wide as funiele, divided by a transverse

septum (this character not seen in some of the slide-mounted specimens) ;

genitalia as in Fig. 8.

Holotype female selected from a series reared from a larva of

Paramyelois transitella in a ripe pod of Tamarindus indica; Tehuan-

tepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; host collected 21 July 1963. Specimen

cleared in KOFI and mounted whole in yum dammar.

148

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42 , NO. 2

Figs. 8-9. Male genitalia, ventral view. 8, Pentalilomastix plethoricus. aed,

aedeagus; dig, digitus; pmr, paramere. 9, P. nacoleiae.

Figs. 10-11. Right mandible. 10, P. plethoricus. 11, P. nacoleiae.

Paratypes. — Numerous females reared from the same individual host as holo-

type, presumably these specimens developed from the same egg as the holotype,

labeled “series of the holotype.” Numerous males, same locality, date, and

host as holotype. Numerous males and females reared from P. transitella larvae

in pods of Pithe colob iuin flexicaule, Manuel, Tamaulipas, elevation 250 feet, hosts

collected 25 May 1963. Numerous males reared from larvae of P. transitella in

ripe fruits of Sapindus saponaria. Tlalixtac, Oaxaca, elevation 5,100 feet, hosts

collected 8 July 1963. Numerous females reared from P. transitella in ripe

fruits of S. saponaria, Huichihuayan, San Luis Potosi, elevation 500 feet, host

collected 26 May 1963. All types collected by L. E. Caltagirone.

Holotype and paratypes in the collection of the Division of Biolocial

Control, University of California, Berkeley. Paratype series consisting

of both slide-mounted and point-mounted specimens deposited at the

United States National Museum, Washington, D. C., Canadian National

Collection, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa and British

Museum (Natural History), London.

Additional material examined: 22 females, part of the series of specimens

reared from a Laspeyresia caryana larva on pecan, Villa de Garcfa, Nuevo Leon,

Mexico, March 1964 (H. Guajardo).

April 1966]

CALTAGIRONE — NEW PENTALITOMASTIX

149

Biological observation. — Pentalitomastix plethoricus is a poly-

embryonic egg-larval parasite. The egg is laid in the host’s egg, and a

polygerm, from which large numbers of larvae originate, develops

in the host larva. The parasites complete their larval development

after the host spins the cocoon. Pupation occurs in the host’s remains.

Normally either females or males will emerge from a single host.

As many as 1,200 individuals have been reared from a larva of P.

transitella.

This parasite is being released in several areas of the San Joaquin

Valley in California in an attempt to control the navel orangeworm.

It has been referred to as H oleothorax sp. in the literature (Caltagirone

et al., 1964) .

Systematics. — In 1960 Eady described the monobasic genus Pseu-

dolitomastix with Pseudolitomastix nacoleiae the included species. The

species had been reared from larvae of the pyralid Nacoleia octasema

(Meyr.) from Lae, New Guinea. Later, Eady (1960) proposed the new

name Pentalitomastix for Pseudolitomastix Eady which was preoccu-

pied by Pseudolitomastix Risbec 1954. In 1960 Hoffer described the

second species of Pentalitomastix, P. hohemicus, from a single female

specimen collected near Tabor, Czechoslovakia.

Pentalitomastix plethoricus can he distinguished from the other

species in the genus by characters in the following key.

Key to the Species of Pentalitomastix

1. Club of female and male antennae entire (male unknown in hohemicus) , first

funicular segment of female longer than wide 2

Club of female antenna three-segmented, of male transversely septate; first

funicular segment of female at most as long as wide plethoricus Caltagirone

2. Ocelli in a right-angled triangle; orbit-ocellar distance shorter than greatest

diameter of lateral ocellus; head and mesoscutum green, scutellum purple

with green apex nacoleiae Eady

Ocelli in an obtuse-angled triangle; orbit-ocellar distance longer than great-

est diameter of lateral ocellus; entire body pitch black hohemicus Hoffer

Pentalitomastix plethoricus can he further distinguished from P. na-

coleiae by the mandibles (Figs. 10-11) and the male genitalia (Figs.

8-9).

Specimens of P. plethoricus key out with difficulty towards several

different genera in some of the published keys, none of which include

Pentalitomastix. In Mercet (1921) the females key towards Ageniaspis

(Holcothorax) and the males towards Copidosoma. In Ferriere (1953)

the females run towards Holcothorax while the males run towards

Paraphycus (for Paraphycus the males are unknown). In Peck et al.

150

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 42, NO. 2

(1964) the females key out towards Huiigariella while the males do so

towards Copidosoma. In De Santis (1965) the females run towards

Huiigariella and the males towards Arrenoclavus.

The females of P. plethoricus differ from the species belonging in

Hungariella by the three-toothed mandibles, the punctiform marginal

vein, and the four-segmented maxillary and three-segmented labial

palpi. From H oleothorax they differ by the un discernible postmarginal

vein and the polygonally reticulate sculpturing of the scutum and

scutellum. The males of P. plethoricus differ from Copidosoma by the

septate antennal club, and the characters in the external genitalia. From

Arrenoclavus they differ by the characters in the external genitalia.

Acknowledgments. — I thank 0. Peck, Canada Department of Agri-

culture, Ottawa, for his generic determination of P. plethoricus, for his

comments and suggestions, and for the gift of specimens of Ageniaspis

fuscicollis (Dalm.). Thanks are also due B. D. Burks, U. S. National

Museum, Washington, D. C., for his invaluable comments and sugges-

tions, for the loan of specimens of Ageniaspis fuscicollis and H ol-

eothorax testaceipes (Ratzeburg), and for providing me with the speci-

mens of P. plethoricus reared from Laspeyresia caryana. My gratitude

to R. D. Eady, Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, British Museum

(Natural History), London, for his gift of specimens of Pentalitomastix

nacoleiae from the original series. My recognition to H. Compere and

P. H. Timberlake, University of California, Riverside, for the loan of

specimens of A. fuscicollis. Thanks to L. De Santis, Museo de La Plata,

Argentina, R. L. Doutt and G. 1. Stage, University of California, Berke-

ley, and Ch. Ferriere, Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneve, Switzer-

land, for their comments and suggestions.

Literature Cited

Caltagirone, L. E., K. P. Shea, and G. L. Finney. 1964. Parasites to aid control

of navel orangeworm. Calif. Agric., 18 (1) : 10-12.

De Santis, L. 1965 (1963). Encirtidos de la Republica Argentina (Hymenoptera:

Chalcidoidea) . An. Com. Inv. Cient. Prov. Bs. Aires (Argentina),

4: 9-422.

Eady, R. D. 1960. A new genus and two new species of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera,

Chalcidoidea) from the banana scab moth, Nacoleia octasema (Meyr.).

Bull. Entomol. Res., 50: 667-670.

1960. Pentalitomastix, a new name for Pseudolitomastix Eady (Hymenop-

tera, Chalcidoidea). Bull. Entomol. Res., 51; 173.

Ferriere, Ch. 1953. Encyrtides palearctiques (Hym. Chalcidoidea). Mitt.

Schweiz. Entomol. Ges., 26 (1) : 1-45.

Hille, Ris Lambers, D. 1950. On mounting aphids and other soft-skinned insects.

Entomol. Ber. Amst., 13: 55-58.

April 1966J chemsak & linsley — callidiellum

151

Hoffer, a. 1960. A revision of the Czechoslovak genera of the subfamily En-

cyrtinae with a reduced number of funicle segments. Acta. Faun.

Entomol. Mus. Nat. Prague, 6: 93-119.

Mercet, R. G. 1921. Fauna Iberica. Himenopteros, Earn. Encfrtidos. Inst. Nac.

Ciencias, Mus. Nac. Cienc. Nat. (Madrid) x + 732 p.

Peck, 0., Z. Boucek, and A. Hoffer. 1964. Keys to the Chalcidoidea of

Czechoslovakia (Insecta: Hymenoptera) . Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada,

No. 34, 120 p.

Quednau, F. W. 1964. A contribution on the genus Aphytis Howard in South

Africa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) . J. Entomol. Soc. So. Afr., 27 (1) :

86-116.

Risbec, J. 1954. Chalcidoides et Proctotrupides de I’Afrique tropicale frangaise

(4e supplement). Bull. Inst. Frang. Afr. Noire (A), 16: 1035-1092.

The Genus Callidiellum in North America

(Coleoptera : Cerambycidae)

John A. Chemsak and E. G. Linsley

University of California, Berkeley

The genus Callidiellum Linsley (1940) has been known from North

America previously by but a single species, C. cupressi (Van Dyke),

the type of the genus. Two additional species occur in eastern Asia,

C. rufipenne (Motschulsky) in Japan and adjacent areas, and C. vil-

losulum (Fairmaire) in eastern China (Linsley, 1958). All three

are associated with trees of the Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae, Callidiellum

cupressi with Sargent cypress, Cupressus sargentii Jeps. (or goveniana

Cord.), Callidiellum rufipenne with Cryptomeria japonica D. Don.

(principally) and Chamaecyparis ohtusa Sieb. Zuce. and Callidiellum

villosulum with Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook. This type of discon-

tinuous distributional relationship between East Asiatic-Western North

American biotic elements is evident among genera in several tribes

of Cerambycidae (Linsley, 19396, 1942, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1963).

Most of these were presumably associated with the Arcto-Tertiary

Geoflora (Axelrod, 1960) . In view of the biogeographic significance

of this discontinuously distributed host-specific group, we offer a

description of a new species of Callidiellum from Arizona associated

with Cupressus glabra Sudw.

^ This study is part of a broader project on North American Cerambycidae sponsored by the National

Science Foundation through Grant GB-2326. We wish to thank A. Fvaske for making the specimens

available for study and Celeste Green for preparing the illustrations.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 151-155. April 1966

152

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

Fig. 1. Mesonotal stridulatory plates of Callidiellum virescens (left) and C.

cupressi (right).

Callidiellum virescens Chemsak & Linsley, new species

Male. — Form moderate-sized, depressed; color rufous, antennae except scape,

femora at base, and mandibles often dark, elytra metallic greenish (usually) to

bluish. Head moderately, irregularly punctured on vertex; pubescence fine,

erect, of various lengths; antennae extending about two segments beyond body,

scape usually pale, sparsely punctured, remaining segments dark or pale, mod-

erately clothed with erect setae and short depressed pubescence. Pronotum wider

than long, sides subangulate, apex abruptly, narrowly constricted, base less abruptly

constricted; disk with three glabrous calluses at base joining to form a small

omega, remainder of disk coarsely, irregularly punctured with interspaces micro-

sculptured; pubescence moderate, long, erect; stridulatory plate of mesonotum

with a median longitudinal depression; prosternum with a broad band of coarse

deep punctures extending across width, anterior and posterior margins with gla-

brous, rugulose bands, prosternal process broad, concave. Elytra less than 2%

times as long as broad; surface coarsely, confluently, cribrately punctate, each

elytron indistinctly hicostate; pubescence dark, short and subdepressed with

numerous long erect hairs interspersed; apices rounded. Legs with femora strongly

clavate, moderately pubescent. Abdomen vaguely punctate, moderately pubescent;

apex of last sternite subtruncate. Length, 9-11 mm.

Female. — Antennae shorter than elytra, scape less robust. Pronotum lacking

discal calluses, surface finely, sparsely punctate; prosternum shallowly rugulose,

not punctate, prosternal process narrow. Abdomen with apex of last sternite

rounded. Length, 10-11 mm.

Fig. 2. Pronotal shapes of females of Callidiellum virescens (left) and C.

cupressi (right) .

April 1966] chemsak & linsley — callidiellum

153

Holotype male, allotype female (California Academy of Sciences)

and 13 paratypes (seven males, six females) reared from Cupressus

glabra collected near Manzanita Forest Camp, Oak Creek Canyon,

Coconino County, Arizona, 8 September 1964 (C. W. O’Brien).

Some specimens emerged in April 1965; others were collected from

pupal chambers in December 1965.

This species may be distinguished from C. cupressi (Van Dyke) by

154

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

the distinct depression in the stridulatory plate (Fig. 1), the shape of

the pronotum (Fig. 2), and by the usually greenish elytra.

Although the structural characters which distinguish Callidiellum

cupressi and C. virescens are constant throughout the series of each

which is before us, nevertheless the two give every evidence of being

very closely related. Yet the species as now known are very widely

separated geographically. C. cupressi occurs in the coastal mountain

ranges of central California from Lake County to San Luis Obispo

County (Fig. 3) attached to Cupressus sargentii (or goveniana) which

usually grows on or near serpentine ridges. C. virescens was found in

Oak Creek Canyon, south of Flagstaff in north central Arizona on

Cupressus glabra. These localities are separated by from 500-700

miles of such ecologically diverse terrain that any recent contiguity of

the populations could scarcely have been possible. This kind of dis-

continuity is evident in the genus Atimia (Linsley, 1939a, 1962)

which is also restricted to host plants in the Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae

and in that section of Callidium (Linsley, 1964) which is attached to

this same group of plants. However, both of these have more numer-

ous species and involve several host genera. It is possible, of course,

that this may yet prove to be true of Callidiellum, in North America,

as it is in Asia.

The larval habits of Callidiellum cupressi have been reported by

Chemsak and Powell (1964). As would be expected, those of C. vi-

rescens are quite similar and will not be described in detail. However,

it should be mentioned that the infested branches of Cupressus glabra

(ranging in diameter from 1 to 2 inches) were also heavily attacked

by two species of bark beetles, Phloeosinus arizonicus Blackman and P.

spinosus Blackman. In the rearing cages, Callidiellum larvae, feeding

just beneath the bark, were responsible for a high mortality among

the scolytids.

Literature Cited

Axelrod, D. I. 1960. The evolution of flowering plants. In Sol Tax (ed.),

Evolution after Darwin, 1 : 227-305. Univ. Chicago Press.

Chemsak, J. A., and J. A. Powell. 1964. Observations on the larval habits of

some Callidiini with special reference to Callidiellum cupressi (Van

Dyke). Jour. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 37: 119-122.

Linsley, E. G. 1939g. The longicorn tribe Atimiini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) .

Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 38: 63-80, 1 pi.

19396. The origin and distribution of the Cerambycidae of North America with

special reference to the fauna of the Pacific Slope. Proc. Sixth Pacific

Sci. Congr., 4: 269-282.

April 1966]

RECENT LITERATURE

155

1940. Notes and descriptions of West American Cerambycidae — IV. Entomol.

News, 253-258.

1942. A review of the fossil Cerambycidae of North America. Proc. New

England Zoological Club, 21: 17-42.

1958. Geographical origins and phylogenetic affinities of the cerambycid

beetle fauna of western North America. In Zoogeography, Amer. Assn.

Adv. Science, Publ. 51 : 299-320.

1959. Ecology of Cerambycidae. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 4: 99-138.

1961. The Cerambycidae of North America. Part I. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol.,

18: 1-135.

1962. The Cerambycidae of North America, Part II. Taxonomy and classifica-

tion of the Parandrinae, Pidoninae, Spondylinae, and Aseminae. Univ.

Calif. Publ. Entomol., 19: 1-102.

1963. Bering Arc relationships of Cerambycidae and their host plants. In

Pacific Basin Biogeography, 10th Pacific Sci. Congr., Hawaii, 1961: 159-

178.

Index Litteraturae Entomologicae, Series II: Die Welt-Liter atur iiber die

gesamte Entomologie von 1864 bis 1900. Band I, A-E. Von Walter Derksen

und Ursula Scheiding. Pp. I-XII -j- 1-697. Published by the Deutschen

Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften zu Berlin, Josef-Nawrocki-

Strasse 10, Berlin-Friedrichshagen, Deutsche Demokratische Republik, 1963.

Price 55 DM., or $13.00 U.S. direct from the publisher.

The invaluable Series I of this work (still available at a reasonable price from

the above address) was by Walter Horn and Sigmund Schenkling. In 1426 octavo

pages in 4 volumes, 1928-29, it listed the entomological papers of the world up to

the end of 1863. The Series H is in quarto size, and because of better contrast

in type faces and an indented two-column arrangement, is clearer at a glance

and easier to use. The items are not numbered, but it is expected there will be

some 90,000 titles in the 4 quarto volumes, more than three times the number in

Horn and Schenkling. A fifth volume will have a subject index and list of the

journals searched.

It is a real pleasure to browse in this first volume. The coverage is amazing,

and each reference is complete in itself, while an attempt has been made to give

them in correct chronological order for each author. Almost any taxonomist will

find titles new to him in his own specialty. Checking the listing for the late

F. E. Blaisdell, Sr., against his own numbered and bound set of his papers, one

finds 6 by him for the period covered, which he had failed to recall and include

in his personal set of publications! One has been missed (Hints about killing

Lepidoptera. West American Scientist, 6, 6, April 1889). This may not be a

typical case, but it is indicative of the care taken in preparing the work. Perhaps

the only criticism is of the poor quality of the paper used. Even so, it is cer-

tainly worth the price, and highly recommended. — Hugh B. Leech, California

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

156

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

VOL. 42, NO. 2

ifterbert Huckes, ^r.

1 February 1895 - 23 December 1965

April 1966]

OBITUARY

157

OBITUARY

Dr. Herbert Ruckes, Sr., Professor Emeritus, City College of

New York (1920-1954) and Research Associate, American Museum

of Natural History (1955-1965), died in New York City, the city of

his hirth, on 23 December 1965. Dr. Ruckes received his B.S. and

A.M. from Cornell University (1917) and his Ph.D. from Columbia

University (1929). His entomological interests included the system-

atics of the heteropterous families Pentatomidae and Coreidae, in

which field he published approximately 50 papers. Besides a nine-

month residence in New Mexico in 1932 he traveled in the United

States and Europe to study types and collections. He also visited

Panama, Mexico and Costa Rica on collecting expeditions. His re-

search collection of some 12,000 specimens is deposited in the

American Museum of Natural History. He is survived by his wife,

one son, Herbert Ruckes, Jr., and 2 granddaughters. Dr. Ruckes

was a 28-year member of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society. —

P. H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOO-

LOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. — Required six-months’ public notice is given on

the possible use of plenary powers by the International Commission on Zoological

Nomenclature in connection with the following names, listed by Case Number

(see Bull. zool. Nomencl. 22, pt. 4, 2 November 1965) ;

1625. Suppression of Drassus atropos Walckenaer, 1830 (Araneae).

1618. Neotype for Ceratophyllus soricis Dale, 1878 (Insecta, Siphonoptera) .

1706. Type-species for Phasia Latreille, 1804 (Insecta, Diptera).

1708. Suppression of Papilio lintingensis Osbeck, 1765 (Insecta, Lepidoptera) .

1709. Type-species for Monopsyllus Kolenati, 1875; Suppression of Ceratopsyllus

sciuri Kolenati, 1856, Monopsyllus sciuri Kolenati, 1857, and Ceratopsyllus

monoctenus Kolenati, 1856 ( Insecta, Siphonaptera) .

1710. Type-species for Stizus Latreille, [1802-1803] ( Insecta, Hymenoptera) .

1711. Type-species for Diodontus Curtis, 1834 (Insecta, Hymenoptera).

1712. Type-species for Trychosis Foerster, 1868 (Insecta, Hymenoptera).

1713. Type-species for Prospaltella Ashmead, 1904 (Insecta, Hymenoptera).

1716. Type-species for Chamaemyia Meigen, 1803 (Insecta, Diptera).

1720. Suppression of Xyleborus Bowdich, 1825 (Insecta, Coleoptera).

Comments should be sent in duplicate, citing case number, to the Secretary,

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum

(Natural History), Cromwell Road, London S.W. 7, England. Those received

early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature.

158

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

OBITUARY

Harolcl 5- (Brant, Jr-

4 November 1921 — 27 February 1966

The untimely death of Harold J. Grant, Jr., Chairman of the De-

partment of Insects, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,

late in February has left a great void in the progress of orthopterology

in the United States. Dr. Grant had worked at the Academy for sev-

eral years in the late 1950’s with James A. G. Rehn on revisionary

work leading to publication of the first volume of the Monograph of

the Ortho ptera of North America. He then returned to the University

of Colorado and received his Ph.D. and 4 years ago was appointed

chairman of the Department of Insects. He continued studies in prep-

aration of the second volume of the monograph and was more actively

working on a revision of the New World Phaneropterinae. He had

taken an extensive trip to study type specimens in Europe late last

year and had done fieldwork in Mexico in 1963—1964. He was visit-

ing collecting localities in the Caribbean and northern South America

when he drowned in Trinidad. His tragic death ended one of the

most promising careers in the field of orthopterological research. —

David C. Rentz, University of California, Berkeley.

ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOO-

LOGICAL NOMENCLATURE, A. (n.s.) 72. — Required six-months’ public notice

is given on the possible use of the plenary powers by the International Com-

mission on Zoological Nomenclature in connection with the following names,

listed by Case Number (see Bull. zool. Nomencl. 22, pt 5/6, 31 January 1966) ;

1564. Neotype for Acarus telarius Linnaeus, 1758 (Acarina).

1722. Suppression of Anopheles africarus Theobald, 1901 (Insecta, Diptera) .

1725. Removal of homonymy of CHRYSOPINAE in Neuroptera and Diptera.

1613. Type-species for Erbula Stal, 1873 (Insecta, Hemiptera).

Comments should be sent in duplicate, citing case number, to the Secretary,

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum

(Natural History), Cromwell Road, London S.W. 7, England. Those received

early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature.

April 1966]

BOOK REVIEW

159

BOOK REVIEW

Insect Sex Attractants. By Martin Jacobson. Interscience, New York, x 4“ 154

pp., illus. 1965. Price $7.75.

The author’s objective is to deal with chemical substances which bring the

sexes together and which promote and elicit mating responses. These substances

are generally considered to be species-specific; however, examples are cited of

interspecific activity.

Jacobson’s characterization of “attractant” is congruent with Dethier’s defini-

tion, namely, “a chemical which causes insects to make oriented movements

towards its source.” The word “excitant” is less strictly defined; either (a) it

may fall into the area of “mating stimulant” as used by Dethier or (b) it may

refer to stimuli which J. S. Kennedy states “. . . serve to ‘prime’ certain reactions.”

or (c) it may include a substance which Wilson and Bossert view as having a

“primer effect.” For example, Jacobson states that female odors may “. . . excite

the male sexually before copulation” and that male odors may make “. . . her

more receptive to the male advances; they are thus in the nature of ‘aphrodisiacs’.”

Insect Sex Attractants has sections dealing with (I) sex attractants in the

female, (II) sex attractants or excitants in the male, (III) “assembling scents,”

(IV) anatomy and physiology of glands involved in production, (V) mechanism

of perception, (VI) influence of age on production and mating, (VII) influence

of time of day on production and mating, (VIII) collection, isolation, and iden-

tification of sex attractant, (IX) synthesis of sex attractant and related com-

pounds, (X) use in insect surveys, and (XI) use in insect control.

The largest section in the book covers sex attractants produced by the female

and it mentions 159 species which have been shown to produce these substances.

The bulk of the examples are Lepidoptera (109) and the rest are Coleoptera

(17), Hymenoptera (17), Orthoptera (10), Diptera (4), and Isoptera (2).

The chapter on sex attractants and excitants which are synthesized by the male

gives examples of Lepidoptera (40), Diptera (3), Orthoptera (3), Hemiptera

(2), Coleoptera (2), Mecoptera (2), Hymenoptera (1), and Neuroptera (1).

There is a short section concerning the “assembling scents” of 10 species of

beetles, in which one sex, under certain conditions, elaborates an attractant which

lures both sexes. The opening statement in this section implies that the attractant

has the singular function of assembling the beetles for mating. This implication

is undesirable because the concentrated flight or mass attack phenomenon is

also intimately associated with a number of aspects involving the host-insect

relationship. For example. Wood and Bushing (1963, Canad. Entomoh, 95: 1066-

1078) state that this concentrated attack appears necessary in order to infest and

overcome live trees. The suggestion that the hindgut of male Ips is involved in

pheromone production has been contradicted recently (Pitman, G. B., R. A.

Klieforth, and J. P. Vite, 1965. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 23: 13-18).

The chapter on how attractants are perceived gives a concise presentation of

a variety of attempts to deal with the emission and detection of guiding stimuli.

Jacobson’s broad speculation that naturally occurring sex attractants, in most

species, are almost certainly “single highly specific compounds” (as opposed to

Wright’s theory that in most cases they are probably due to a mixture of sub-

stances) is not convincing and it is not supported by some very recent work (Wood,

D. L., and L. Browne, 1966, J. Insect Physiol, (in press), Bayer, E., 1966, J. Gas

Chromatography, 4; 67-73).

160

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 42, NO. 2

The effect of age on production and release of sex attractant, as well as its

effect on response, is the subject of a short chapter. With few exceptions, the

examples appear to illustrate release, rather than production, of pheromone, e.g.,

Lepidoptera (20), Hymenoptera (3), Coleoptera (2), and Neuroptera (1).

The next chapter emphasizes the hour of pheromone release rather than, as

stated, the hour of production. The hour of release was deduced by noting insect

response to the pheromone by various species of Lepidoptera (30), Coleoptera

(3), Hymenoptera (2), and Diptera (1).

Twenty-two pages (two chapters) are devoted to the collection, isolation,

identification, and synthesis of sex attractants and related compounds.

The last two sections consider the use of sex attractants in detecting and

estimating insect populations and their use in insect control. Specific examples

of population surveys include Lepidoptera (7), Coleoptera (4), and Diptera (1).

The discussion on control includes Lepidoptera (5) and Hymenoptera (1). It

should be mentioned that no case has been published in which control has been

achieved through the use of an insect sex attractant.

Jacobson’s treatment of chemical sex attractants results in a very useful sum-

mary of the literature pertinent to this currently active and interesting aspect

of insect communication, and it presents a picture of the research that has been

done to date. The book confronts the reader with more than 400 literature

citations and with a high price for 154 pages. — Maurice J. Tauber, University

of California, Berkeley.

Four Genera of the World Gyponinae: A Synopsis of the Genera Gypona,

Gyponana, Rugosana, and Reticana. By Dwight M. DeLong and Paul H.

Freytag. Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey, New Series, II (3). hi -j- 227

pp. 1964.

This valuable synopsis includes one new genus, five new subgenera, one new

name, and 65 new species of Cicadellidae, complementing the authors’ 1963

papers on Marganana and Zonana. The fine keys and illustrations make it

possible to identify species in these groups, except that the key to genera includes

only the four here discussed and not the 19 in the subfamily. This is regrettable:

DeLong’s 1942 key to the North American genera should be revised and re-

printed.

The introduction states that there are 18 genera, leaving it to the reader to

realize that the new genus here described, Reticana, will make 19. Nor is

Reticana discussed in the geographic distribution section of the introduction al-

though the generic description gives both species as South American.

One typographical error was found: glacua for glauca, page 8. On page 5, one

should read Ruckes for Ruches, and he and C. Don MacNeill should have their

affiliations transposed.

In most cases more information could be given on collection locality. Texas,

Arizona, and California each have too many life zones to make only the state

adequate. Some summary of the time of collection {e.g., June-July) would be

worthwhile for anyone interested in studying ecology or biology.

Females are keyed in three subgenera, a welcome addition wherever possible

in cicadellid taxonomy. — Lois Breimeier O’Brien, University of California,

Berkeley.

April 1966]

SCIENTIFIC NOTES

161

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Nesting habits of Enchemicrum australe Pate (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae,

Crabroninae) . — During early lune of 1965 two females of Enchemicrum australe

were observed nesting in the Lake Texoma area of Marshall County in south

central Oklahoma. As far as we know this is the first biological record pertaining

to this monotypic genus. The study was made as part of a project at the Uni-

versity of Oklahoma Biological Research Station.

The nests were located in white, firmly packed sand on the margin of a borrow-

pit pond some 3 miles north of Willis, Oklahoma on Highway 99. The nest sites

were in open areas surrounded at some distance by willow, cottonwood, Meiilotus

alba, Tamarix pentandra, and Lippia incisa. Specimens of both sexes of Enchemi-

crum australe were first observed at flowers of Tamarix growing on lake and

pond edges near Willis.

The two burrows were 150 feet apart and on opposite sides of the pond. Each

led to a completed cell about 3 inches straight down in moist sand. A second

cell had been started by each wasp at the time of capture. The cells contained

from 12 to 16 flies each. The size of the prey was relatively uniform, averaging

3.0 mm in length as compared with 5.0 mm for the wasp. Ephydridae of two

species, Paralimna texana Cresson and Zeros flavipes Cresson (W. W. Wirth,

det.), and one species of Dolichopodidae, Medetera calif or niensis Wheeler (G.

Steyskal, det.) were used as prey, with ephydrids predominating. During the

provisioning period, the simple nest entrances were left open at all times. When

returning with prey, the wasps flew directly into the opening without alighting

on the ground nearby as a preliminary.

No parasites were observed near the nest entrance although mutillids, bomby-

liids, and sarcophagids were pi'esent in the area. On one occasion ants, Iridomyr-

mex pruinosus analis (E. Andre) and Dorymyrmex pyramicus (Roger) (D. R.

Smith, det.), entered the open nest while the female was searching for prey.

When she returned several ants were blocking the entrance. She dropped the fly

she was carrying and buzzed toward the entrance several times. Twice she lit

briefly about 2 feet away before returning to the nest. At this point she was

captured and the nest was excavated. Many ants were in the main gallery and

the two flies already provisioned in the second cell were partially destroyed. Nest-

closing activities were not observed.

Remarks. — Points which appear to be significant are (1) the simple entrance

which is left open during provisioning, (2) the absence of males or parasites in

the vicinity of the nests, (3) the direct flight of the wasp into the nest with prey,

(4) the size of the prey and the number per cell, (5) the apparent preference

for ephydrids and dolichopodids as prey, and (6) the solitary nature of the nests.

— R. M. Boitart^' ^ AND ,T. F. Holland,® University of California, Davis.

New names for Chironoinus sepultus Meunier, 1912 and C. sepultus

Melander, 1949 (non Chironomus sepultus Heer, 1849) (Diptera : Cbiro-

nomidae). — Chironomus sepultus Heer was described in 1849 from the “Ter-

^ Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis.

“ Supported in part by NSF Grant GB-3074.

® Biology Teacher, Eastern A & M Gollege, Wilburton, Oklahoma, Research Participant. NSF

Grant GE-7602.

162

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 42, NO. 2

tiargebilde” in Yugoslavia (Die Insectenfauna der Tertiargebilde von Oeningen

u. Radoboj in Croatien; Leipzig, Engelman, Bd. 2, Heuscbrecken, Florfliegen,

Aderfliigler, Schmetterlinge und Fliegen, p. 190). In 1912, Fernand Meunier in

his studies of copal amber from Zanzibar and Madagascar described and figured

a Chironomus sepultus, new species (Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de

France, 1912 (17): 362-363, fig. 3, from “Copal recent de Madagascar”)- In

1949, Axel Leonard Melander in his studies of Miocene Diptera from Florissant,

Colorado, also described a Chironomus sepultus, new species (American Museum

Novitates, 1407: 15). To call attention to and to rectify this homonymity of

names, I herewith propose the new names Chironomus meunieri for C. sepultus

Meunier, 1912 (non C. sepultus Heer, 1849) and Chironomus almelanderi for C.

sepultus Melander, 1949 (non C. sepultus Heer, 1849 and non C. sepultus

Meunier, 1912). — P. H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco.

Caryedon gonagra (Fabricius) established in Mexico (Coleoptera :

Bruchidae). — The groundnut (peanut) bruchid, Caryedon gonagra (Fabricius),

is a serious pest of stored peanuts, Arachis hypogaea Linnaeus, in parts of

Africa. Although this bruchid is reported in the literature as being widely dis-

tributed in the Old World, there is no mention of its occurrence in North America.

Recently a number of C. gonagra were given to me by Dr. L. E. Caltagirone

of this department, which he reared from the ripe pods of Tamarindus indica

Linnaeus (Leguminosae) collected in Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, 21 July

1963. These bruchids were identified by Dr. John M. Kingsolver, Insect Identifica-

tion and Parasite Introduction Research Branch, U. S. Department of Agriculture,

who also provided the following records of C. gonagra occurring in Mexico:

Mexico, D.F., 3 August 1963 and Mexico City (sic), 6 September 1963, both

intercepted at El Paso, Texas, in Tamarindus', Acapulco, 1 October 1965, in

Tamarindus indica, intercepted at Calexico, California; Rosita, Coahuila, 31 May

1965, one live adult in Tamarindus indica intercepted at Eagle Pass, Texas.

Davey (1958, Bull. Entomol. Res., 49 (2) : 385-404) suggests T. indica, a

plant widely distributed in the American tropics and subtropics, as the primary

host of C. gonagra. The distribution of T. indica (see Shreve and Wiggins,

1964. Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert. Stanford University Press,

1740 pp.) together with the collection records of the bruchid indicate it is well

established in Mexico. — Clarence D. Johnson, Department of Entomology and

Parasitology, University of Ccdifornia.

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Advertisers Index

Name Page

Colloidal Products Corp. i

Shell Chemical Company ii

Chevron Chemical Company — Ortho Division hi

American Cyanamid Company iv

Velsicol Chemical Corp. v

Mountain Copper Company, Ltd. vi

Trojan Laboratories vi

Hercules Powder Company vii

Niagara Chemical Division — Food Machinery Chemical Corp. viii

Stauffer Chemical Company ix

United States Rubber x

Insect Pins xi

D-Vac Co. xi

E. Leitz, Inc. xii

Chemagro Corporation xiii

Rohm & Haas Company xiv

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ORTHO

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CHEVRON CHEMICAL COMPANY

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Part of the great group of Chevron Companies

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Methyl

Parathion

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BanveP D

Banver M

Banver D

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Velsicol®

Memmi .8EC

Ferbam

Ziratn

PMA

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m VELSICOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION

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Velsicol

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