Vol. 44 JANUARY T968 No. 1

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

PARKER AND BOHART — Host-parasite associations in some twig-nesting

Hymenoptera from western North America. Part II 1

BEDARD — Additions to the knowledge of the biology of Conophthorus lam-

bertianae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) 7

DENNING — New and interesting North American Trichoptera 17

CHEMSAK AND LINSLEY — ^New species of Elaphidionini from Mexico

(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) 26

CLEMENT AND GRISSELL — Observations of the nesting habits of Euparagia

scutellaris Cresson (Hymenoptera: Masaridae) 34

GRIGARICK AND SCHUSTER — A revision of the genus Cupila Casey (Cole-

optera: Pselaphidae) 38

THOMPSON — A new Australian Microdon with a name change (Diptera:

Syrphidae) 44

UESHIMA — New species of Paracimex (Cimicidae: Hemiptera) 47

MUCHMORE — Two new species of chthoniid pseudoscorpions from the west-

ern United States (Arachnida: Chelonethida : Chthoniidae) 51

MICHELBACHER AND HURD — Late season foraging activities of Xenoglossa

gahhii crawfordi Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) 58

SCIENTIFIC NOTES 69

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

(1967) 76

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 57

RECENT LITERATURE 68, 83

BOOK REVIEWS 72

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1968

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. 44 January 1968 No. 1

Host-Parasite Associations in some Twig-Nesting Hymenoptera

from Western North America. Part II

F. D. Parker and R. M. Bohart

Entomology Research Division, Agr. Res. Serv., USD A and

Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis

The records used in this paper were obtained from trap stems set out

in California, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico during 1964

and 1965, Our trapping and rearing procedures were reported in an

earlier paper (Parker and Bohart, 1966). The present account supple-

ments but does not repeat our previous findings.

During this two-year study, we set out nearly 10,000 trap stems and

recovered 78%. Strong winds and flash floods destroyed some, range

cattle trampled others, but the majority were lost to the human factor

(for what purpose we have not yet determined). The rate of recovery

increased at localities that were isolated or from which the general pub-

lic was excluded.

Of the 7843 stems recovered, 4059 contained nests in the end hole

(52%). An additional 1145 nests were recovered from holes drilled at

random along the sides of all the stems. These side holes were more

attractive if they were placed on a scarred node than if they were placed

along the internode.

One of the difficulties encountered in utilizing Samhucus stems for

trap nests is that the pith remaining in the holes after drilling swells

and blocks the entrance during rainy weather. We were able to over-

come this problem by blowing the pith out of the hole with compressed

air. To get the air into the bottom of the hole, we attached a long nar-

row piece of copper tubing to the air hose. The resulting blast of air

blew out most of the loose pieces of pith.

Our study of insects nesting in twigs is still far from complete. Many

areas and ecological situations have not been sampled. However, some

appreciation of this fauna and the interrelationships of its components is

beginning to appear. In bare outline, we collected nearly 7000 nests

from 5 western States over a 7-year period. A total of 127 primary

nesting species was obtained, consisting entirely of aculeate wasps and

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 1-6. January 1968

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

bees. These were Apoidea, 67; Eumenidae, 37; Sphecidae, 20; and

Pompilidae, 3. In addition, there were 68 secondary nesting species

(parasites in the broad sense) ; these were Chrysididae, 21; Chalcidoi-

dea, 11; Ichneumonidae, 8; Sapygidae, 4; Gasteruptiidae, 3; Mutillidae,

3; Trigonalidae, 1; Megachilidae, 3; Bombyliidae, 5; Sarcophagidae,

3; Meloidae, 3; Cleridae, 2; and Rhipiphoridae, 1.

Specialists not mentioned in our previous paper who identified speci-

mens are: L. M. Walkley, Entomology Research Division, ARS, USDA

(Gasteruptiidae) and W. R. Enns, University of Missouri (Meloidae).

Our thanks are due to the following persons who cooperated in setting

out and returning trap stems: M. A. Cazier, Arizona State University;

D, S. Horning, University of Idaho; and J. R. Zimmerman, University

of New Mexico.

Eumenidae

Ancistrocerus catskill (Saussure). Nevada: Nixon, Hazen. 39 nests. Parasites:

Toxophora virgata Osten Sacken; Anthrax irroratus Say (Bombyliidae) ; Mo-

nodontomerus anthidii (Ashmead) (Torymidae) ; Photopsis sp. (Mutillidae).

Ancistrocerus tuberculocephalus (Saussure). Arizona: Portal. 3 nests. No

parasites.

Euodynerus foraminatus scutellaris (Saussure). California: Banning, Carnelian

Bay (Placer Co.), Greenfield, Arroyo Seeo Camp (Monterey Co.), 15 nests.

Predator: Trichodes ornatus Say (Cleridae).

Euodynerus pratensis (Saussure). Arizona: Portal. 3 nests. No parasites.

Leptochilus chiricahua Parker. California: Brown Canyon (Inyo Co.), Palm

Canyon (Riverside Co.). 3 nests. Parasite: Macrosiagon cruentum (Germar)

(Rhipiphoridae).

Leptochilus erubescens (Bohart). California: San Felipe Cr. (San Diego Co.).

1 nest. No parasites.

Leptochilus menkei Parker. California: Panoche Pass (San Benito Co.). 1 nest.

No parasites.

Leptochilus periallis Parker. California: Banning, Brown Canyon. Nevada:

Wadsworth, Nixon, Patrick. 78 nests. Parasites: Anthrax irroratus Say (Bom-

byliidae) ; Aritranis notata sierrae Townes (Ichneumonidae) ; Monodontomerus

anthidii (Ashmead) (Torymidae) ; Ceratochrysis thysana Bohart (Chrysididae) ;

Leucospis ajfinis Say (Leucospididae) .

Leptochilus tosquineti (Cameron). Nevada: Patrick. 3 nests. Parasite: Chrysis

n. sp. (Chrysididae).

Leptochilus washo Parker. California: Westgard Pass (Inyo Co.). Nevada:

Geiger Grade (Washoe Co.), Reno Hot Springs (Washoe Co.) ; 28 nests. Para-

site: Phaenacra sp. (Pteromalidae) ; Anthrax irroratus Say (Bombyliidae) ;

Macrosiagon cruentum (Germar) (Rhipiphoridae) ; Chrysis pattoni Aaron

(Chrysididae); Sphaeropthalma sp. (Mutillidae).

Maricopodynerus sericifrons Bohart. California: 1000 Palms Canyon (River-

side Co.). 2 nests. No parasites.

JANUARY 1968] PARKER & BOHART HOST-PARASITE ASSOCIATIONS

Microdynerus bakerianus (Cameron). California: Brown Canyon, Banning,

Westgard Pass. Nevada: Patrick, Geiger Grade, Reno Hot Springs. 31 nests.

Predator: Trichodes ornatus Say (Cleridae). Parasite: Toxophora virgata

Osten Sacken; Anthrax irroratus Say (Bombyliidae) ; Chrysis pattoni Aaron

(Chrysididae) .

Microdynerus singulis (Bohart). California: Scissors Crossing (San Diego Co.).

4 nests. No parasites.

Odynerus erythrogaster Bohart. California: McKittrick, Brown Canyon, Ban-

ning, Palm Canyon, Whitewater Canyon (Riverside Co.). 34 nests. Predator:

Trichodes ornatus Say (Cleridae). Parasite: Photopsis sp. (Mutillidae) ; un-

determined sp. of Sarcophagidae.

Parancistrocerus rectangulis (Viereck). Arizona: Portal. New Mexico: Las

Cruces. 11 nests. Parasite: Toxophora virgata Osten Sacken.

Stenodynerus blandoides Bohart. Idaho: Craters of the Moon National Monu-

ment. 1 nest. No parasites.

Sphecidae

Pisonopsis birkmanni Rohwer. California: Brown Canyon, Westgard Pass,

Whitewater Canyon, Kramer Hills (Los Angeles Co.), Palm Canyon, San Felipe

Cr. Nevada: Geiger Grade, Reno Hot Springs. Arizona: Portal. New Mexico:

Las Cruces. 32 nests. Parasite: Photopsis sp. (Multillidae) .

Pisonopsis clypeata Fox. Nevada: Wadsworth, Stillwater. 7 nests. Parasite:

undetermined sp. of Sarcophagidae.

Solierella blaisdelli (Bridwell). Nevada: Reno, Geiger Grade, Patrick, Stillwater.

California: Borego (Coyote Creek), Scissors Crossing, McKittrick, Whitewater

Canyon, Carnelian Bay, Antioch, Arroyo Seco Camp, Kramer Hills. 41 nests.

Parasite: Hedychridium solierellae Bohart and Brumley; Hedychridium carril-

loi Bohart and Brumley (Chrysididae).

Megachilidae

Anthidium cockerelli Schwarz. California: Deep Canyon (Riverside Co.). 1 nest.

No parasites.

Anthidium mormonum Cresson. California: Carnelian Bay. 4 nests. Parasite:

undetermined sp. of Meloidae.

Anthocopa copelandica (Cockerell). California: Brown Canyon, Kramer Hills.

Idaho: Craters of the Moon National Monument. 41 nests. Parasites: Chrys-

ura sp. (Chrysididae) ; Sapyga pumila Cresson (Sapygidae) ; Epistenia sp.

(Pteromalidae) ; Leucospis affinis Say (Leucospididae) . Predator: Cymatodera

sp. (Cleridae).

Anthocopa hypostomalis Michener. California: Kramer Hills, Palm Canyon,

Whitewater Canyon, Deep Canyon, Borego (Coyote Creek), Glamis (Imperial

Co.). 65 nests. Parasites: Stelis sp. (Megachilidae); Photopsis sp. (Mutil-

lidae); Leucospis affinis Say (Leucospididae). Predator: Cymatodera sp.

(Cleridae) .

Ashmeadiella bigeloviae (Cocker e\l) . California: Brown Canyon, 1000 Palms

Canyon, Kramer Hills, 18 mi. W. Blythe, Borego, North Palm Desert, Palo

Verde, Scissors Crossing, Glamis. New Mexico: 5 mi. N. Las Cruces. 478 nests.

Parasite: Leucospis affinis Say (Leucospididae) ; Nemognatha nigripennis Le-

Conte (Meloidae) ; Anthrax irroratus Say (Bombyliidae) ; Monodontomerus

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

anthidii (Ashmead) (Torymidae) ; Stelis sp. (Megachilidae) ; Chrysura sonoren-

sis (Cameron) (Chrysididae) . Predator; Trichodes ornatus Say; Cymatodera

sp. (Cleridae).

Ashmeadiella bucconis denticulata (Cresson). California: Brown Canyon, 1000

Palms Canyon, Scissors Crossing. Nevada: Patrick, Reno Hot Springs, Nixon.

27 nests. Parasites: Leucospis af finis Say (Leucospididae) ; Nemognatha nigri-

pennis LeConte (Meloidae).

Ashmeadiella breviceps Michener. California: Brown Canyon, Kramer Hills,

1000 Palms Canyon, Whitewater Canyon, 18 mi. W. Blythe, Borego (Coyote

Creek) , North Palm Desert, Palo Verde, Scissors Crossing, Glamis. 92 nests.

Parasites: Stelis sp. (Megachilidae); Chrysura sp. (Chrysididae). Predator:

Trichodes ornatus Say; Cymatodera sp. (Cleridae).

Ashmeadiella cactorum (Cockerell). California: Westgard Pass. New Mexico:

5 mi. N. Las Cruces. 2 nests. No parasites.

Ashmeadiella californica (Ashmead). California: Carnelian Bay, Greenfield,

Arroyo Seco Camp. 20 nests. Parasites: Anthrax irroratus Say (Bomhyliidae) ;

Chrysura sp. (Chrysididae); Leucospis affinis Say (Leucospididae).

Ashmeadiella cazieri Michener. California: Westgard Pass, Whitewater Canyon,

Brown Canyon. 11 nests. Parasites: Nemognatha nigripennis LeConte (Meloi-

dae) ; Stelis sp. (Megachilidae).

Ashmeadiella cubiceps clypeata Michener. California: Brown Canyon, Kramer

Hills. 22 nests. Parasites: Chrysura sp. (Chrysididae) ; Leucospis affinis Say

(Leucospididae); Monodontomerus anthidii (Ashmead) (Torymidae).

Ashmeadiella eurynorhyncha Michener. California: Whitewater Canyon. 1 nest.

No parasites.

Ashmeadiella femorata Michner. California: 1000 Palms Canyon, Palm Canyon,

18 mi. W. Blythe. 3 nests. Predator: Cymatodera sp. (Cleridae).

Ashmeadiella gillettei Titus. California: Brown Canyon, Kramer Hills, North

Palm Desert, 18 mi. W. Blythe, Borego, Scissors Crossing, Glamis. Nevada:

Patrick, Wadsworth, Nixon, Hazen, Stillwater. 113 nests. Parasites: Leucospis

affinis Say (Leucospididae) ; Anthrax irroratus Say (Bomhyliidae) ; Stelis sp.

(Megachilidae); Chrysura sp. (Chrysididae). Predators: Cymatodera sp.

(Cleridae) .

Ashmeadiella meliloti Cockerell. California: Westgard Pass, Whitewater Canyon,

Deep Canyon, North Palm Desert, 1000 Palms Canyon. Nevada: Wadsworth,

Patrick, Reno Hot Springs, Nixon, Hazen. New Mexico: 5 mi. N. Las Cruces.

100 nests. Parasites: Stelis sp. (Megachillidae) ; Leucospis affinis Say

(Leucospididae) ; Anthrax irroratus Say (Bomhyliidae) ; Sapyga pumila Cresson

(Sapygidae) ; Chrysura sp. (Chrysididae) ; Nemognatha nigripennis LeConte

(Meloidae); Epistenia sp. (Pteromalidae) . Predator: Cymatodera sp. (Cler-

idae) .

Ashmeadiella occipitalis Michener. Arizona: Portal. 1 nest. No parasites.

Ashmeadiella opuntiae (Cockerell). California: North Palm Desert, Deep Can-

yon, 1000 Palms Canyon, Palm Canyon. 14 nests. Parasites: Anthrax irroratus

Say (Bomhyliidae) ; Leucospis affinis Say (Leucospididae) ; Chrysura sp.

(Chrysididae). Predator: Cymatodera sp. (Cleridae).

Ashmeadiella prosopidis (Cockerell). California: Borego, Palo Verde, 1000

Palms Canyon. 8 nests. No parasites.

JANUARY 1968] PARKER & BOHART HOST-PARASITE ASSOCIATIONS

Ashmeadiella rufipes Titus. California: Kramer Hills, 1000 Palms Canyon, 18

mi. W. Blythe, Glamis. Nevada: Nixon. 58 nests. Parasites: Monodontomerus

antliidii (Ashmead) (Torymidae) ; Stelis sp. (Megachilidae) .

Ashmeadiella salviae Michener. California: Westgard Pass, Arroyo Seco Camp.

2 nests. No parasites.

Ashmeadiella sonora Michener. California: Deep Canyon. 1 nest. No parasites.

Ashmeadiella timberlakei Michener. California: Banning, Kramer Hills, Warner

Springs (San Diego Co.). Idaho: Craters of the Moon National Monument. 55

nests. Parasites: Chrysura sp. (Chrysididae) ; Nemognatha nigripennis Le-

Conte (Meloidae) ; Rhydinofoenus sp. (Gasteruptiidae) ; Anthrax irroratus Say

(Bomhyliidae) ; Stelis sp. (Megachilidae) ; Leucospis ajfinis Say Leucospididae) .

Chalicodoma disorhina Cockerell. California: Bro^vn Canyon, Deep Canyon, Palo

Verde, 1000 Palms Canyon, Palm Canyon. 9 nests. Parasite: Leucospis af finis

Say (Leucospididae).

Chalicodoma spinotulata Mitchell. New Mexico: 5 mi. N. Las Cruces. 4 nests.

Parasite: Leucospis ajfinis Say (Leucospididae).

Hoplitis albifrons maura (Cresson). California: Arroyo Seco Camp. Idaho:

Craters of the Moon National Monument. 10' nests. Parasite: Stelis sp. (Mega-

chilidae) .

Hoplitis biscutellae (Cockerell). California: Brown Canyon, 1000 Palms, White-

water Canyon, Deep Canyon, Kramer Hills, 1000 Palms Canyon. New Mexico:

5 mi. N. Las Cruces. 175 nests. Parasites: Anthrax irroratus Say (Bomby-

liidae) ; Stelis sp. (Megachilidae). Predators: Trichodes ornatus Say;

Cymatodera sp. (Cleridae) ; Woodpeckers.

Hoplitis fulgida (Cresson). California: Banning, San Felipe Cr., McKittrick.

Idaho: Craters of the Moon National Monument. 42 nests. Parasites: Aritranis

imitator ruficauda Townes (Ichneumonidae) ; Tricrania stanshuryi (Haldeman)

(Meloidae); Stelis sp. (Megachilidae); Photopsis sp. (Mutillidae) . Predator:

Trichodes ornatus Say (Cleridae).

Hoplitis hypocrita (Cockerell). California: Banning. Idaho: Craters of the Moon

National Monument. 24 nests. Parasites: Tricrania stanshuryi (Haldeman)

(Meloidae); Sapyga aculeata Cresson (Sapygidae).

Hoplitis producta (Cresson). California: Westgard Pass. Idaho: Craters of the

Moon National Monument. 8 nests. Parasites: Anthrax irroratus Say (Bomhy-

liidae) ; Nemognatha nigripennis LeConte (Meloidae).

Hoplitis sambuci Titus. California: Banning, Whitewater Canyon, San Felipe Cr.

Idaho: Craters of the Moon National Monument. 20 nests. Parasites: Anthrax

irroratus Say (Bomhyliidae) ; Nemognatha nigripennis LeConte (Meloidae) ;

Photopsis sp. (Mutillidae) ; Stelis sp. (Megachilidae) ; Sapyga aculeata Cresson

(Sapygidae) .

Hoplitis uvulalis (Cockerell). California: Carnelian Bay. 3 nests. Parasite:

Nemognatha sp. (Meloidae).

Hoplitis viridimicans (Cockerell). Idaho: Craters of the Moon National Monu-

ment. 3 nests. No parasites.

Proteriades bidenticauda Timberlake and Michener. California: Brown Canyon.

1 nest. No parasites.

Proteriades bullifacies (Michener). California: 1000 Palms Canyon, Kramer

Hills. Nevada: Patrick, Nixon, Stillwater. 234 nests. Parasites: Photopsis sp.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

(Mutillidae) ; Leucospis affinis Say (Leucospididae) . Predator: Trichodes

ornatus Say (Cleridae).

Proteriades cryptanthae Timberlake and Michener. California: Warner Springs.

2 nests. No parasites.

Proteriades howardi (Cockerell). California: San Felipe Cr. 1 nest. Parasite:

Stelis sp. (Megachilidae) .

Proteriades mazourka Michener. California: Brown Canyon. Nevada: Nixon

(from gall on T etradymia) . 2 nests. No parasites.

Proteriades palmarum (Cockerell). California: Glamis. 10 nests. No parasites.

Proteriades pygmaea Timberlake and Michener. California: Deep Canyon. 1

nest. No parasites.

Proteriades xerophila (Cockerell). California: 1000 Palms Canyon, Kramer

Hills, 18 mi. W. Blythe, Borego (Coyote Creek), Palo Verde, Glamis. 20 nests.

Parasite: Nemognatha scutellaris LeConte (Meloidae). Predator: Cymatodera

sp. (Cleridae).

Apidae

Ceratina pacifica Smith. California: Westgard Pass. 5 nests. Parasite: Rhydino-

foenus kaweahensis Bradley (Gasteruptiidae) .

Literature Cited

Parker, F. D. and R. M. Bohart. 1966. Host-parasite associations in some

twig-nesting Hymenoptera from Western North America. Pan-Pac.

Entomol., 42: 91-98.

JANUARY 1968] BEDARD — SUGAR-PINE CONE BEETLE

Additions to the Knowledge of the Biology of

Conophthorus lambertianae Hopkins

(Coleoptera ; Scolytidae)

William D. Bedard

Pacif. SW. Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Forest Serv,, USD A, Berkeley, Calif.

The sugar-pine cone beetle, Conophthorus lambertianae Hopkins,

attacks sugar pine {Pinus lamhertiana Dough) cones in California and

Oregon. Often it will kill all cones of some trees, and thus no seed is

produced. Miller (1915) and Ruckes (1963) have summarized infor-

mation on the biology of the sugar-pine cone beetle. Their reports taken

together provide a reasonably complete description of the habits of C.

lambertianae, including appearance of its stages, attack behavior, and

seasonal development of both the insect and its damage. But the two

accounts differ in several important areas and are incomplete in others.

This study was started to clarify the biology of C. lambertianae.

Much of the life cycle of the sugar-pine cone beetle takes place 100

to 200 feet above the ground. This characteristic makes direct obser-

vation difficult and forces the observer to use more accessible indirect

evidence of beetle activity, such as fallen beetle-killed cones. Both

Miller and Ruckes collected freshly attacked cones from logging opera-

tions, but also relied on indirect evidence.

My observations will be limited largely to: (1) those that clarify

differences between the two previous reports; (2) those that are in

partial disagreement with either of the previous reports; and (3) those

covering points not previously reported on, such as internal changes of

beetles.

Materials and Methods

The seasonal biology of the sugar-pine cone beetle was studied from

populations near Strawberry, Tuolumne County, Calif., at 4200 and

6200 feet elevation in 1962. Binoculars were used to observe fading

cones and twig tips on standing trees.

Fallen beetle-killed cones were collected weekly under the study trees.

They were measured, examined for parent adult emergence holes, and

randomly distributed to either a sunny or shaded site. Each week 18

cones were dissected from each site, before the current week’s cones

were added, to ascertain the developmental stages present. As brood

adults began to appear, ten were dissected weekly to observe the condi-

tion of flight muscles and gonads. To augment field observations of

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 7-17. January 1968

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

Fig. 1. Lengths of beetle-killed cones from two different trees, 1962.

emergence dates, insects were reared from infested twig tips taken from

fallen limbs and limbs near the ground and from cones.

In 1964, periodic observations of cone and twig tip fades and fallen

cones were made near Fish Camp, Mariposa County, Calif., at three

elevations — 3500, 4800, and 6000 feet. Freshly attacked cones from

logging operations were put in rearing or dissected. Live parent adults

from such cones were dissected or allowed to attack fresh green cones.

In 1965 and 1966, in the higher study area near Fish Camp, the tip

mining and cone killing were observed periodically. An examination

was made of the internal organs of beetles found in twig tips and cones.

Results

Both males and females were found overwintering in fallen cones

and in twig tips on the tree and on the ground. Some tips still had

needles attached; others did not. No sperm was found in the sperma-

thecae of overwintering females. Beetles were not found in the duff

layer taken from under two piles of more than 300 cones each. This

search was made in late fall after many of the beetles had emerged

from the cones which were piled in summer.

Females were observed starting their attack in a head-down position

on the nearly vertical peduncle of pendant second-year cones; their

JANUARY 1968] BEDARD SUGAR-PINE CONE BEETLE

Fig. 2. Cumulative percent of beetle-killed cones fallen by given dates for

three different trees. Basis; tree No. 1, 455 cones; tree No. 2, 515 cones; tree No.

3, 630 cones.

longitudinal body axis was parallel to the long axis of the peduncle.

Once inside the peduncle, the female severed the xylem tissue by mak-

ing a circumferential gallery. Next, she excavated a longitudinal gal-

lery along the central axis of the cone through the bases of the cone

scales. After the initial circumferential gallery was formed, one or

more males or females or both entered the cone. One to nine adults

were found in freshly attacked cones. When as many as nine were pres-

ent not all had undergone the internal changes characteristic of the re-

productive phase. No more than three females were found ovipositing

in a single cone. Ovipositing females constructed individual or nearly

individual egg galleries.

Parent adult emergence from freshly attacked cones reared outside

was completed within 10 days. All of the emerged beetles that were dis-

sected were in flight condition. Females not dissected were observed

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

Table 1. Beetle-killed cones containing parent adult emergence

holes, by size classes, 1962.

Cone

size classes

(inches)

Number

cones

Percent of cones

with parent adult

emergence holes

154

197

151

to begin attacks, lay viable eggs, and reemerge in flight condition in 10

days, still with sperm in their spermathecae. Parent adults emerged

when cones had lost enough moisture to become slightly flaccid, just

before onset of hardening which characterizes advanced drying. No

live parent adults were found in hardened cones.

The internal changes associated with the activity change from flight

to reproduction and back to flight were similar to those described for

other scolytids (Atkins and Farris, 1962; Reid, 1962) and for other

Conophthorus (Henson, 1961; Schaefer, 1964). Males did not undergo

complete reduction of wing muscles, but females did.

The attacked cones fell to the ground a month or two after they were

killed (fig. 1). Between-tree variation, particularly in cone size, is seen

in the comparison of the two trees of fig. 1. This general picture was

representative of all study trees. All sizes of second-year cones were

killed; however, cones 4 to 6 inches long were the most common size

killed.

Parent adults emerged more often from smaller cones than larger

cones (Table 1).

In 1962 I found that the seasonal activity of the sugar-pine cone

beetle started 1 week later at 5200 feet elevation and 3 weeeks later at

6200 feet elevation than Miller had found. But by the end of August

1962, development in both study areas had reached about the same

point and was in agreement with Miller’s report. Half of the beetle-

killed cones had not fallen until 1 August under 1962 study trees (fig.

JANUARY 1968] BEDARD SUGAR-PINE CONE BEETLE

Fig. 3. Percent of cones with more than two brood emergence holes in various

cone size classes. Basis: 393 cones. Intermittent line connects points of 20

cones samples.

2), whereas Miller’s table shows most of his study cones fell before

mid- July.

Pupae transformed to adults from mid- July to mid-August. These

callow adults appeared fully pigmented 10 days after transforming

from pupae, but dissections and flight tests showed they could not fly

for another 3 weeks.

Emergence activity of brood adults was evidenced by the appearance

of perfectly round holes, some of which bore fine yellow frass, on the

surface of cones. These holes extended into the cone as a perfect cylin-

der. (Parent adult emergence holes do not have this perfect form be-

cause they become distorted in the process of cone drying.) The suc-

cess of broods, as indicated by brood emergence holes in cones, varied

in cones of different sizes (fig. 3).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

Starting in mid-August some brood adults left cones and flew to and

mined individually in the current year’s growth of small-diameter sugar

pine twig tips. This pattern became more pronounced as fall ap-

proached. Many faded twig tips were seen in late October, but many

beetles still remained in the cones.

Freshly mined twig tips have been found abandoned as early as Sep-

tember. In midwinter more tips were found abandoned. And by early

April — presumably before cone attack — only about one-quarter of the

mined twig tips with needles still attached were occupied.

Both male and female brood adults in both twig tips and cones had

very reduced wing muscles, large fat bodies, mature sperm in one-third

to one-half of the testes, and no sperm in the spermathecae. Two excep-

tions to this are: (1) the brief period before emergence when the shift

to flight condition is occurring and (2) the 3 to 4 weeks of adult matu-

ration following transformation from pupae.

In spring 1965, in the highest study area near Fish Camp, virtually

no second-year cones were available for the large overwintering cone

beetle population. By then faded twig tips which had contained over-

wintering beetles were found vacant, but freshly mined twig tips were

found. These twigs faded during bud or needle elongation or both (fig.

4) . They contained pitch tubes at the entrance hole and were usually

occupied by live beetles. By fall many of these tips were abandoned,

and many fresh tips were being mined. In early spring 1966, cone

beetles were still alive in these fall-mined twig tips. All this activity

occurred in areas where virtually no 1965 broods were produced in

cones.

In 1962 studies, October observation revealed that fewer beetles

emerged from cones which fell before 4 September and remained in a

cool, sbady place than emerged from cones which stayed on the trees

longer and fell after 4 September. Both groups of cones had cones that

were attacked about the same time. Presumably the two groups of cones

experienced different environments. By 20 September 1964, virtually

all beetles had left the 1964 brood cones at the lower elevation, but

some brood was still present in the brood cones of the study area at

higher elevation.

Discussion

The sugar-pine cone beetle overwinters in two known places: fallen

cones and mined twig tips (which may be either on the tree or fallen).

The proportion of the population overwintering in these locations varies.

Miller found that in the first 2 years of his study the entire population

JANUARY 1968] BEDARD — SUGAR-PINE CONE BEETLE

Fig. 4. Pinus lambertiana twig tip mined by Conophthorus lamhertianae in

spring. Pitch tube at base of bud killed during the tip’s elongation.

overwintered in cones, and that in the third year all insects overwin-

tered elsewhere (presumably in twig tips, though he did not specify).

Limited observations indicate that more beetles leave cones in the

warmer locations than in cooler locations. The fact that beetles were

not found in duff samples is certainly not a very positive indication

that hibernation in the duff does not occur. But it seems fairly certain

that beetles which leave fallen cones leave the immediate vicinity.

Miller had suggested controlling beetles by destroying cones with

broods as late as November. The method would not be effective be-

cause, generally, enough beetles leave the cones during August and Sep-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

tember. However, a high proportion of the local population could be

destroyed in cones on the ground in early August for early-falling cones,

and late August or early September for late-falling cones.

Individual beetles may mine more than one twig tip between Septem-

ber and late May. This conclusion is based on the number of recently

abandoned twig tips found during the overwintering period.

It is surprising and significant that sugar-pine cone beetle females

can change from flight condition to reproductive condition and back

again to flight in only 10 days. A single female possibly could kill as

many as five cones from late May to July. Figures for rate of internal

changes of other species under similar temperatures are not available.

However, under cooler conditions Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins

females took 10 days and males took 25 days to complete reduction of

flight muscles, and possibly 40 to 50 days to complete the cycle from

flight condition to reproductive condition and back to flight condition

(Atkins and Farris, 1962). If this duration and that of other scolytids

are considered, then the sugar-pine cone beetle’s shift from flight to

reproduction and back to flight appears remarkably rapid indeed.

Reid (1962) reported that internal changes of female mountain pine

beetle (Z). ponderosae Hopkins {= D. monticolae Hopkins) ) are in-

fluenced by host moisture content. He found drying of host tissues was

associated with the change from reproductive condition to flight con-

dition. An analagous relation may exist between the sugar-pine cone

beetle and the moisture levels in its host tissues.

My data strongly support Miller’s report that the sugar-pine cone

beetle has one generation yearly. Some brood adults are present in

cones during the last attacks on ripening cones. But, in the instances

studied, these adults were not in condition to emerge and did not start

to emerge until a month after final cone attack. These beetles attacked

twigs or remained in brood cones.

Further, the long attack period of this cone beetle can be appropri-

ately explained by the reemergence and reattack of parent adults. The

rate of elongation of second-year cones is roughly constant during the

period of beetle attack — late May to early July.^ Therefore, the hori-

zontal axis of fig. 1 and size classes of Table 1 are also a rough time

scale.

The reconstructed seasonal activity, based on the evidence offered by

these cones, is as follows; Early attacks were associated with a high

proportion of reemerging adults. But as the season progressed, both

^ Krugman, S. L. Unpublished data on file at Pacific SW. Forest and Range Exp. Sta., U. S.

Forest Serv., Berkeley, Calif. 1959.

JANUARY 1968] BEDARD SUGAR-PINE CONE BEETLE

the proportion of reemerging adults and the number of subsequently

attacked cones progressively decreased (Table 1). The parent adult

emergence holes — especially in cones > 7 inches long — demonstrate

that parent adult beetles were active when the last attacks of the season

were being made. Further, damage did not increase late in the attack

season. Such an increase would be expected if there were an increase

in the attacking population brought about by brood adults.

The internal condition of beetles in cones and twig tips suggests the

quiescency reported for C. radiatae Hopkins by Schaefer (1964). He

found reduced respiration associated with similar internal conditions

and with similar periods of feeding without reproducing.

This quiescency allows the beetles to survive when cones are not

available for insect reproduction. The period for C. lambertianae is

usually late summer, fall, and winter. But if the beetles fail to find

cones in which to reproduce, the period may extend through these three

seasons plus an additional year. This latter conclusion is based on evi-

dence provided by areas where 1964 brood adults appeared to survive

the 1965 summer without cones and without reproducing, and became

available in the spring of 1966.

Murdoch (1966) has reported that the carabid, Agonum fuliginosum

(Panzer), has similar habits. The beetles normally overwinter as young

adults which reproduce in the summer and rarely live a second winter.

But when food limits the reproductive activity of the beetles, many do

live through a second winter. Another example of adult longevity

brought about by a food-induced delay in reproduction is reported for

the coccinellid, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Hagen,

1962).

Quiescency in C. lambertianae is in agreement with similar mecha-

nisms of delayed development common in other insect species which

depend on variable cone crops. Many of these species have mechanisms

of synchronizing their seasonal development with that of their host.

And these same mechanisms may also provide a basis for synchronizing

them with the year-to-year fluctuations in food supply. For example,

Hedlin (1964) reports that populations of the cone pests Contarinia

oregonensis Foote and Barbara colfaxiana (Kearfott) vary in the pro-

portion which diapause more than 1 year. The variations are large

enough that they must be taken into account in predicting the amount

of insect damage to cone crops.

The yearly cone production in the host species of C. radiatae (Mon-

terey pine, Pinus radiata D. Don) is much more regular than in the

host species of C. lambertianae (compare Roy’s [1966] findings with

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

those of Fowells and Schubert [1956]). The biology of C. radiatae dif-

fers from the biology of C. lambertianae in three respects which could

be related to this regularity of the reproductive resource: Some C.

radiatae mate in brood cones; they do not emerge in fall to mine twig

tips; and, apparently, they therefore lack a means of surviving local

year-to-year cone crop failures. However, they do possess, as does C.

lambertianae, the capacity for quiescency. This capacity enables them

to survive the seasonal absence of the reproductive resource.

Until further information becomes available, the relative success of

broods in cones of different sizes cannot be explained. But eggs are not

laid in many of the smallest and largest cones. Premature mortality is

often associated with failure to oviposit in larger cones, whereas many

small cones are attacked, bored through, and emerged from apparently

without oviposition. This latter pattern is similar to that reported for

C. coniperda (Schwarz) (Godwin and Odell, 1965).

Literature Cited

Atkins, M. D. and S. H. Farris. 1962. A contribution to the knowledge of flight

muscle change in the Scolytidae (Coleoptera) . Can. Entomol., 94: 25-

32.

Fowells, H. A. and G. H. Schubert. 1956. Silvical characteristics of sugar pine.

U. S. Forest Serv., Calif. Forest and Range Exp. Sta. Tech. Pap., 14,

19 pp.

Godwin, P. A. and T. M. Odell. 1965. The life history of the white-pine cone

beetle, Conophthorus coniperda. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 58: 213-

219.

Hagen, K. S. 1962. Biology and ecology of predaceous Coccinellidae. Annu.

Rev. Entomol., 7 : 289-326.

Hedlin, a. F. 1964. Results of a six-year plot study on Douglas-fir cone insect

population fluctuations. Forest Sci., 10(1) : 124-128.

Henson, W. R. 1961. Laboratory studies on the adult behavior of Conophthorus

coniperda (Schwarz) (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) . I. Seasonal changes

in the internal anatomy of the adult. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 54:

698-701.

Miller, J. M. 1915. Cone beetles: injury to sugar pine and western yellow

pine. U. S. Dept. Agri. Bull., 243, 12 pp.

Murdoch, W. W. 1966. Aspects of the population dynamics of some marsh

Carabidae. J. Anim. EcoL, 35(1) : 127-156.

Reid, R. W. 1962. Biology of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae

Hopkins, in the East Kootenay region of British Columbia. H. Be-

haviour in the host, fecundity, and internal changes in the female. Can.

Entomol., 94(6) : 605-613.

Roy, D. F. 1966. Silvical characteristics of Monterey pine. U. S. Forest Serv.,

Pacific SW. Forest and Range Exp. Sta. Res. Pap., PSW-31, 21 pp.

JANUARY 1968] DENNING NEW NORTH AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA

Ruckes, H., Jr. 1963. Cone beetles of the genus Conophthorus in California.

Pan-Pac. EntomoL, 39: 43-50.

Schaefer, C. H. 1964. Physical and physiological changes in the adult Monte-

rey-pine cone beetle, Conophthorus radiatae (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) .

Ann. EntomoL Soc. Amer., 57: 195-197.

New and Interesting North American Trichoptera

D. G. Denning

Moraga, California

The new species described herein represent very interesting additions

to the known species of Trichoptera. The new Atopsyche presents sev-

eral developments not yet described in other species. A new Cyrptochia,

the fifth species in this interesting and virtually unknown genus, is de-

scribed. A new genus is erected to accommodate a new member of the

Goeridae^ — a highly specialized family of which very little is known.

I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. J. S. Buckett, University

of California; Mr. Stanley Jewett, Portland, Oregon; Mr. Joe Schuh,

Klamath Falls, Oregon and Mr. J. D. Vertrees, Roseburg, Oregon, for

making collections available from which these new species were chosen.

Unless designated otherwise, types are in the author’s collection.

Atopsyche cordoba Denning, new species

This new species belongs to the bolivari group and of the described

species is probably closest to A. dampfi Ross. Distinguishing characters

are the dentate paracercus, the spinous processes of the aedeagal lobe,

and the large pocket of scales on the hind wing. The presence of scales

has not been reported from other species.

Male. — Length 8-9 mm. Forewings brownish, densely covered with dark brown

hairs especially heavy at pterastigma; hind wing with M bearing a few black

scales at branching of Mi + 2 and Ms, stem of Cui bearing a row of black scales,

Cu 2 about midway covered by a large elliptical-shaped pocket of densely packed

black scales ; intervenous membranous area of anal veins brownish and more

heavily sclerotized than remainder of wing, these veins bear dense, long silky

brownish hairs which, near the margin, are curled and curve upward against the

membrane. Palpi and legs yellowish, densely covered with short black hair.

Sternum of segment 6 bearing a long conical-shaped process with an acute spine

apically; sternum 7 bearing a shorter, slender, conical process, fig. IB. Genitalia

as in fig. 1. Paracercus reaching caudad almost to aedeagus, dorsal margin de-

veloped into three large, one short dentate processes (size, shape somewhat vari-

able), apex setiferous. Filacercus long, slender, capitate. Basal segment of clasper

large, bulky, apex indented to receive apical segment, mesal margin slightly shelf-

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 17-26. January 1968

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

like; apical segment narrow, distally truncate, apex directed ventrad. Aedeagus

lobes lightly sclerotized, apex flared, serrate (somewhat variable in number, shape,

and size), near base a large sclerotized prong curves ventrad branching into a

short and a long accuminate spine; inner rod accuminate, long, curved ventro-

caudad, fig. lA.

Female. — General color, size, characteristics similar to the male. Sternum 6 and

7 each bear a prominent mesal process similar to the male. Sternum 8 with a

dense brush of long brownish hair. Genitalia as in fig. 2. Ninth tergum band-

like, sternum narrowed and curved caudad; a triangular-shaped flap located on

lateral aspect covering an internal sclerotized receptacle, margin of flap densely

covered with long setae. Tenth tergum trianguloid from lateral aspect, semi-mem-

branous apical portion bearing considerable long brownish setae.

Holotype male. — Cordoba, Veracruz, Mexico, 15 September 1966,

light trap, A. B. Lau. Allotype female. Same data as for holotype.

Paratype, three males, four females, same data as for holotype; two

males, same data as for holotype except 31 October 1966. (From J. S.

Buckett, University of California collection). Holotype, allotype to be

deposited. University of California at Davis, California.

Triplectides gracilis Burmeister

This species is known from southern South America to Guatemala.

The following is the first recorded Mexican record and the farthest

north the species has been taken. 1 male, Cordoba, Veracruz, Mexico,

22 October 1966, A. B. Lau (J. S. Buckett collection).

Cheumatopsyche pitella Denning, new species

This new species may be distinguished from other described Cheu-

matopsyche by the truncate apex of the ninth segmental lateral lobe, by

the coelescense of the basal part of the clasper to the ninth segment,

and by the large expanded apex of the aedeagus.

Male. — Length 7 mm. General color light brown. Wings concolorous, light

brown, legs and antennae trifle lighter in color. Spurs yellowish, large and promi-

nent. Genitalia as in fig. 3. Ninth segment with a large triangular lateral lobe,

apex blunt and directed dorsad; tergum narrowed and extended dorsad beyond

remainder; from dorsal aspect tergum divided into two triangular caudad directed

lobes. Tenth tergum lightly sclerotized, short, wide, ventral corner broadly

rounded; lateral process of tergal lobe prominent, long, slender. Clasper long;

basal segment expanded distally from a narrow base, basal third merged to a

slender sclerite attached to ninth segment, thus movement is restricted; apical

segment wide, about same width throughout, apex sub-acute; from caudal aspect,

fig. 3A, apicies convergent. Aedeagus, fig. 3B, stout, apex enlarged, ventral lobe

of apex massive, rounded, curved ventro-caudad.

Female. — Length 8 mm. General color and characteristics same as for male.

Ninth segment as in fig. 4. Lateral portion of ninth segment wide, narrowed dis-

JANUARY 1968] DENNING — NEW NORTH AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA

tally to an obtuse apex bearing a tuft of setae. Clasper receptacle opening large,

rounded, extending almost to apex.

Holotype male . — 20 miles east of Villa Union, Sinaloa, Mexico,

31 January 1964, at light, M. E. Irwin. Allotype female. Same data as

for holotype. Paratype, two females, same data as for holotype.

Limnephilus kalama Denning, new species

This species is closest to L. santanus Ross, from which it differs in

the quadrate-shaped cerci, in the long narrow tenth tergal lobes, in the

lateral arms of the aedeagus and other details.

Male. — Length 15 mm. General color dark brown. Palpi and legs yellowish;

spurs 1-3-4. Antennae dark brown, moderately setose. Wings irregularly irrorate

with brownish and luteus spots. Fore basitarsus almost twice length of second;

femur with a short line of black spinules along posteromesal margin. Eighth

tergum sclerotized much heavier than the other abdominal segments, no postero-

mesal modifications. Genitalia as in fig. 5. Ninth segment narrowed ventrally to

a narrow strap, expanded dorsally and curved caudad, distal corner bent strongly

mesad. Cerci large, quadrate from lateral aspect, directed caudad, distal margin

blackish and irregular; viewed dorsally, fig. 5A, cerei convex, not contiguous,

meso-distal corner curved ventrad; mesal surface concave, glabrous. Tenth ter-

gite stout, curved dorsad apically to a black acute apex; from dorsal aspect, fig.

5A, narrowed distally to a sub-acute blackish apex, setation sparse. Claspers nar-

row, about same width throughout, apex truncate; from ventral aspect apicies

curved mesad. Aedeagus, fig. 5B, with basal portion striated, apex curved dorsad

and not striated; lateral arms sinuate, apex divided into a long narrow acute dor-

sal branch and a shorter narrow acute ventral branch, each margin bearing a

dense row of long, flattened, appressed setae.

Holotype male . — Near head of Kalama River, Skamania County,

Washington, 11 September 1965, Stanley S. Jewett, Jr. Type will be

deposited in California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California.

Paratype, one male, two miles east of Elsie, Clatsop County, Oregon,

23 September 1967, Stanley S. Jewett, Jr.

Limnephilus sierrata Denning, new species

This species is a relative of L. tarsalis Banks. Diagnostic characters

exist in the triangular lobe of the clasper, in the longer than wide cerci,

in the apparent two long setae at the apex of the aedeagal lateral arm.

Male. — Length 10 mm. General color dark brown. Wings dark brown with

luteus speckling, heavily pilose. Macrochaetae of head large, dark. Fore femur

with a linear row of black spinules along mesal surface for about three-quarters

of length, basitarsus almost one-half length of second segment. Spurs 2-4-4. Eighth

tergum with mesal patch of dense black short setae. Genitalia as in fig. 6. Ninth

segment wide laterally, tergum reduced to a thin brownish strap, sternum reduced

to a narrow band. Cerci directed dorso-caudad, convex from dorsal or lateral

view, distal margin rounded; from dorsal aspect cerci widely separated, mesal

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 44 , NO. 1

Fig. 1. Atopsyche cordoba Denning, male genitalia, lateral view. lA, aedeagus,

lateral view. IB, sternum 6 and 7, lateral view. Fig. 2. Atopsyche cordoba Den-

ning, female genitalia, lateral aspect. Fig. 3. Cheumatopsyche pitella Denning,

male genitalia, lateral view. 3A, claspers, caudal aspect. 3B, aedeagus, lateral

view. Fig. 4. Cheumatopsyche pitella Denning, female ninth sternum, lateral

view. Fig. 5. Limnephilus kalama Denning, male genitalia, lateral view. 5A, tenth

JANUARY 1968] DENNING — NEW NORTH AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA

margin curved ventrad; from ventral aspect mesal surface concave. Tenth tergal

lobes thin, ventro-distal margin curved dorsad to an acute apex; from caudal as-

pect sclerites have developed a large obtuse ventral lobe located on caudal surface

of capsule. Clasper merged into posterior margin of ninth segment, dorsal portion

expanded into a large triangular lobe. Aedeagus, fig. 6A, long, central portion

lightly sclerotized; lateral arm long, cylindrical, sclerotized entire length, tapering

to an acute apex. Apex of aedeagus appears to bear two long-curved setae, how-

ever each is composed of several long, slender tightly appressed setae, which may

be separated as in fig. 6B.

Holotype male. — Nelson Creek, SW of Johnsville, Plumas

County, California, 1 September 1965, J. S. Buckett. Type will be

deposited in University of California collection, Davis, California.

Limnephilus alvatus Denning, new species

This new species is closest to L. tarsalis Banks, from which it differs

in the deeply emarginated cerci, in the quadrate-shaped tenth tergite,

and the apex of the lateral arm of the aedeagus.

Male. — Length 11 mm. General color light brown. Wings tan, veins dark brown

with considerable black setae. Femur of forelegs bearing an inner dense row of

black spinules, corresponding portion of tarsi also bearing a row of black spinules;

fore basitarsus half length of second. Eighth tergite simple, only a few scattered

setae. Genitalia as in fig. 7. Ninth segment narrowed ventrally to a narrow tergal

strap, meso-distal corner obtuse, curved mesad. Cerci distal margin with wide

arcuate indentation resulting in a prominent digitate dorsal lobe and a narrow

truncate ventral lobe whose mesal corner is developed into a black acute spine

directed mesad, almost confluent with tenth terga; from dorsal aspect cerci sepa-

rated, apicies obtuse, divergent. Tenth tergite heavily sclerotized, short, wide, dis-

tal margin truncate, dorso-distal corner produced dorsad into an acute apex, best

seen from ventro-lateral aspect, fig. 7A; from dorsal aspect lobes divergent, apicies

almost touching ventral lobe of cerci. Clasper a long narrow selerite merging with

posterior margin of ninth segment. Aedeagus long, eentral portion lightly sclero-

tized; lateral arms sclerotized, as long as central portion, slender, cylindrical, apex

bearing a dense brush of long, tightly appressed yellowish setae, fig. 7B.

Female. — Length 10 mm. General color, and characteristics of wings, appen-

dages, and body similar to male. Genitalia as in fig. 8. Eighth tergum, dorsal

view, fig. 8A, with mesal margin emarginate. Ninth segment generally wide

throughout except sternum which is reduced to a narrow strap. Tenth tergum

long, lateral portion produced caudad as a digitate lobe, apex acute, setose; from

dorsal aspect, fig. 8B, mesal lobe short, rounded. Tenth sternum trough-like, pro-

tergite, dorsal view. 5B, aedeagus, lateral view. Fig. 6. Limnephilus sierrata

Denning, male genitalia, lateral aspect. 6A, aedeagus, lateral view. 6B, apex of

aedeagus. Fig. 7. Limnephilus alvatus Denning, male genitalia, lateral view. 7A,

tenth tergite, ventro-lateral view. 7B, apex of aedeagus. Fig. 8. Limnephilus

alvatus Denning, female genitalia, lateral view. 8A, eighth tergum, dorsal view.

8B, tenth tergum, dorsal view. 8C, tenth sternum, ventral view.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

jected caudad beyond remainder, from ventral aspect, fig. 8C, distal margin bifur-

cate.

Holotype male . — Near Lethbridge, Alberta, 29 July 1965, light

trap (J. S. Buckett collection). Allotype female. Same data as for holo-

type.

Cryptochia califca Denning, new species

This, the fifth species in the genus, is the second species discovered

in California. This new species is closest to C. furcata Denning. Diag-

nostic characters are the short tenth terga, the long caudad curved ninth

tergum, the deeply furcated ventral portion of the aedeagus, and several

other details. In the 1964 Key to Species Based on Males, C. califca

keys to C. neosa Denning.

Male. — Length 9 mm. General color blackish. Wings dark, heavy black

pilosity; head, mesathorax, and metathorax black, prothorax golden; macrochaetae

of prothorax and head golden colored, legs tan. Spurs brown, 1-3-4. Antennae

dark brown. Eighth segment not modified. Genitalia as in fig. 9. Ninth segment

sternum narrowed, laterally tergal portion widely expanded, curved caudad; from

dorsal aspect a wide circular incision narrows tergum to a narrow band. Tenth

tergum short, stout, brownish pigmented, directed ventro-caudad, apex blunt; from

dorsal aspect, fig. 9A, cleft nearly to base, tapering slightly to an obtuse apex.

Cerci short, sub-triangular, inconspicuous. Ventrad to cercus is a complex struc-

ture, as follows: (1) a large stout horn -like dorsad curved spur reaching caudad

almost as far as tenth tergum and (2) a short heavily sclerotized digitate process,

which arises from basal portion of (1). Clasper is a long, slender lightly sclero-

tized sclerite attached to posterior margin of segment 9, filamentous process short,

slender, curved dorso-caudad; from caudal aspect sclerite is wide, flat, appressed

to caudad surface of segment 9, an apodeme connects mesal margin to ventral por-

tion of aedeagus. Aedeagus, fig. 9B, with a dorsal pair of heavily sclerotized

acuminate blades, apex acute and curved ventrad; ventral portion massive, heavily

sclerotized, furcate to base, dorso-distal portion semi-membranous.

Holotype male . — Two miles West of Sierra City, Sierra County,

California, 7 June 1965, S. G. Jewett, Jr.

Goeridae

This is a small family consisting of four genera and eight species

found from the Atlantic to the Pacific coastal areas. Four of the spe-

cies and two genera are confined to the eastern area, the known re-

mainder are found in the northwestern coastal region.

The new genus, Goeracea, is of interest because its two species possess

scales on the forewings, a phenomenon not recorded in the other genera

of the family. The possession of scales on the wings are found in very

few of the Trichoptera — as for example, in some Lepidostoma of the

Lepidostomatidae, in one known species of Atopsyche of the Rhyaco-

philidae and in this genus of this family.

JANUARY 1968] DENNING — NEW NORTH AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA

Fig. 9. Cryptochia califca Denning, male genitalia, lateral view. 9A, tenth ter-

gum, dorsal view. 9B, aedeagus. Fig. 10. Goera archaon Ross, maxillary palpus,

ventral view. lOA, aedeagus. Fig. 11. Goera archaon Ross, female genitalia, lat-

eral view. IIA, tenth tergum, dorsal view. IIB, bursa copulatrix. Fig. 12.

Goeracea genota (Ross), aedeagus, ventral aspect. 12A, tenth tergum, dorsal view.

Fig. 13. Goeracea genota (Ross), female genitalia, lateral view. 13A, tenth ter-

gum, dorsal view. 13B, bursa copulatrix. Fig. 14. Goeracea oregona Denning,

male genitalia, lateral view. 14A, tenth tergum and clasper, dorsal view. 14B,

clasper, ventral view. 14C, aedeagus, ventral view. Fig. 15. Goeracea oregona

Denning, female genitalia. 15A, tenth tergum, dorsal view. 15B, bursa copulatrix.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

Goera archaon Ross

This species is currently known from scattered localities in western

Oregon. In addition to the description of the male by Ross (1947) a

few additional details may be added.

Male. — The maxillary palpus, fig. 10, consists of three segments; first segment

short, narrow, second segment quadrate, third segment long, tapering; all segments

setose especially the third which is densely covered with closely appressed scale-

like yellowish setae. First antennal segment longer than width of head, covered

with fine yellowish hairs. Spurs prominent, 2-4-4. Sixth sternum bearing 7 long

spines, the center 2 or 3 are long, flat, wide. Aedeagus, fig. lOA, cylindrical, long,

tapering toward center, apex blunt, dorso-distal portion semi-membranous.

Female. — Length 9 mm. General color and characteristics similar to male ex-

cept usual antigenetic differences. Abdominal segments have no modifications; a

fairly dense tuft of fine whitish hairs present on sternum 7. Genitalia as in fig.

11. Ninth sternum, lateral aspect, wide; narrowed distally. Tenth tergum elon-

gate, ovoid, apex sub-acute; from dorsal aspect, fig. 11 A, divided into two triangu-

lar caudad directed lobes, quite densely setose. Bursa copulatrix, fig. IIB, con-

stricted laterally, no dorsal arm, lateral lobes elliptical, aperture long and slender.

Description of female based on one specimen from seven miles north-

west of Roseburg, Oregon, 17 June 1964, J. D, Vertrees. Black light

trap.

Goeracea Denning, new genus

This genus differs from male Goera by the absence of abdominal or-

namentation; by the third segment of the maxillary palpus being only

a trifle longer than the second, none of the segments are modified; and

by the presence of scales on the forewings. It differs from female Goera

by the reduction of segment 9, by the blunt, declivous tenth tergum,

and by the long dorsal arm of the bursa copulatrix. The genus differs

from male Goerita, to which it is related, by the above mentioned char-

acters and in addition by the small eyes and resultant wide malar space

which is at least three times the length of the eye, by the first antennal

segment being longer than the length of the eyes and by the branching

of Ml + 2 in the forewing before crossvein rm rather than at the cross-

vein.

Type of the Genus; Goerita genota Ross

Goeracea genota (Ross)

In addition to the description of G. genota Ross (1941) additional

details may be given. In the males a fairly dense row of scales present

on Sc and a few scattered scales on R 2 and R 3 of the forewings. Tenth

tergite, dorsal aspect, fig. 12A, lightly sclerotized, distal margin with

ovate incision; cerci are large lateral expansions and arise from base of

JANUARY 1968] DENNING — NEW NORTH AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA

tergum. Aedeagus, ventral aspect, fig. 12, short, cylindrical; a pair of

short triangular sclerotized structures and a flat ovate process occur

internally.

Female. — Genitalia as in fig. 13. Ninth tergum reduced to a slender

elongate sclerite, sternum reduced to an elliptical sclerite ventrad to

tenth tergum. From lateral aspect, tenth tergum almost quadrate; from

dorsal aspect, fig. 13A, mesal portion with a clear non-pigmented area

margined hy hrown pigment. Bursa copulatrix, fig. 13B, with a long

slender dorsal arm, rounded lateral lobes, and a very slender median

aperture. Drawings from a collection of 7^, 1$ from Wood River

Spring, Klamath County, Oregon, 12 June 1964, Joe Schuh.

The species is known from scattered localities in southern and west-

ern Oregon to Vancouver, British Columbia (collected 6 April 1957,

H. B. Leach) .

Goeracea oregona Denning, new species

This new species differs from the male G. genota (Ross) in a lighter

brown color and less pilosity of wings and appendages. In the male

the meso-basal portion of the basal segment of the clasper is developed

into an acute spine-like prong instead of the massive sclerotized process

of G. genota-, ninth tergum more constricted; distal margin of tenth

tergum with a deep triangular incision. In the female the eighth tergum

is narrow, crescent-shaped not wide as in G. genota, the mesal non-pig-

mented area of the tenth tergum rounded and wide, the bursa copulatrix

is much more slender.

Male. — Length 7 mm. General color light brown. Wings, antennae, appen-

dages, about same color, thorax and head dark brown. Maxillary palpi, held in

front of face, three segmented and not modified. Forewings with row of small

dark scales along Sc for about half length of vein, a few scattered dark scales on

R 2 and Rs. Spurs 2-4-4. Eighth tergum sclerotized heavier than others, somewhat

crescent-shaped, bearing long setae. Genitalia as in fig. 14. Ninth segment

abruptly narrowed dorsally to a narrow strap ; sternum wide, lateral margin

rounded. Tenth tergum, dorsal aspect, fig. 14A, lightly sclerotized, distal margin

with deep mesal incision, apical lobes triangular; from lateral aspect dorsal mar-

gin irregular with a notch toward apex. Cerci, lateral aspect, large, consists of a

lateral basal expanded portion and a basal digitate lobe; from dorsal aspect, fig.

14A, cerci project beyond tenth tergum, bilobed, apices sub-acute. Clasper with

basal segment robust, meso-ventral corner produced caudad as a slender mesad

curved prong, apical segment long, slender; from ventral aspect, fig. 14B, mesal

margin of basal segment with a wide arcuate incision resulting in an acute mesad

spine. Aedeagus short, cylindrical; from ventral aspect, fig. 14C, a pair of inter-

nal short brownish triangular processes and a single very faintly pigmented process

are discernible.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

Female. — General size, color, and characteristics similar to male. Length 7

mm. Maxillary palpi five segmented, third segment about equal in length to fifth.

No scales on wings. Genitalia as in fig. 15. Eighth tergum crescent-shaped, curved

ventrad further than others; sternum semi-circular lateral portions joined by a

narrow strap; entire mesal sternal area incised to form a large arcuate light sclero-

tized area. Ninth tergum reduced to a slender sclerite, ninth sternum an elongate

narrow sclerite ventrad to tenth. The tenth tergum declivous, truncate distally,

from dorsal aspect, fig. 15A, mesal area non-pigmented, the clear membranous area

appears as a narrow incised notch. Bursa copulatrix, fig. 15B, narrow, dorsal arm

long, narrow, rounded, lateral lobes triangular, median aperture narrow.

Holotype male. — 16 miles S. E. Ruch, Jackson County, Oregon,

French Gulch Road, 22 May 1961, Joe Schuh. Allotype female. Same

data as for holotype. Paratypes nine males, one female, same data as

for holotype.

New Species of Elaphidionini from Mexico

(Coleoptera : Cerambycidae)

John A. Chemsak and E. G. Linsley

University of California, Berkeley

The following new species of Mexican elaphidionine Cerambycidae

are described at this time to make their names available for other stud-

ies now in progress.

Support through National Science Foundation Grant GB-4944X is

gratefully acknowledged. Material was also collected during expedi-

tions sponsored by the Associates in Tropical Biogeography, Univer-

sity of California, Berkeley.

Aneflus (Protaneflus) sericatus Chemsak and Linsley,

new species

(Fig. 1)

Male. — Form large, subcylindrical; integument reddish brown, appendages

darker; pubescence white, uniformly fine, silky, appressed, obscuring surface.

Head almost impunctate on vertex, median channel extending to about posterior

margin of eyes; pubescence dense, appressed, ivory colored, erect hairs very sparse;

antennae 12-segmented, longer than body, segments three to five spined internally,

sixth dentate, segments from third expanded at apices, pubescence dense, very fine,

pale, appressed, also with very short, yellowish, erect pubescence on each segment,

apices of segments with a few long suberect hairs which diminish in length toward

apex, third segment subequal to scape in length, fourth slightly longer than third,

fifth longer than fourth, sixth to eleventh subequal to fifth, twelfth subequal to

fourth. Pronotum longer than broad, cylindrical, sides feebly rounded, apex with

a narrow, glabrous, impressed margin, base slightly constricted ; disc almost plane.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 26-34. January 1968

JANUARY 1968] CHEMSAK & LINSLEY — NEW ELAPHIDIONINI

finely, shallowly, transversely rugulose, center with a glabrous line and two vague

shallow calluses on each side at anterior end of median line forming a T ; pubes-

cence dense, appressed, fine erect hairs sparse; prosternum deeply impressed,

transversely rugose with several coarse, shallow punctures near base of prosternal

process, front coxal cavities widely open behind; pubescence dense, appressed;

meso- and metasternum densely clothed with appressed, silky pubescence. Elytra

over three times as long as broad, subparallel; basal punctures coarse, shallow,

irregular, each puncture bearing a suberect yellowish seta; pubescence uniformly

dense, silky, white, appressed, with yellowish suberect hairs sparsely interspersed;

each elytron vaguely bicostate; apices bispinose, outer spine longer. Legs stout,

densely pubescent. Abdomen densely clothed with pale appressed pubescence

which obscures the surface; apex of last sternite emarginate truncate. Length, 29

mm.

Holotype male (California Academy of Sciences) from 49 miles S.

Muna, Yucatan, Mexico, 14 July 1963 (W. A. Foster).

The combination of characters of this species make it difficult to

place into the key to Protaneflus (Chemsak & Linsley, 1965) . It is quite

distinctive by the fine silky pubescence which obscures the surface. In

quality this pubescence is similar to that of Aneflus prolixus prolixus

LeConte from Baja California.

Aneflus (Aneflus) maryannae Chemsak and Linsley,

new species

(Fig. 2)

Male. — Form stout, somewhat compressed; color dark reddish brown, shining;

pubescence moderately dense, consisting of an irregular layer of fine appressed

hairs with longer recurved, golden hairs numerously interspersed. Head coarsely,

shallowly, confluently punetate on vertex, fine depressed pubescence sparse ;

antennae longer than body, segments three to seven spinose at apex, carinae promi-

nent beginning with fifth segment, basal segments thinly white pubescent, outer

segments clothed with very short, appressed, golden pubescence, scape subcylindri-

cal, third segment slightly shorter than first, fourth suhequal to third, fifth longer

than fourth, sixth and seventh subequal, longer than fifth, eighth to tenth sub-

equal, shorter than seventh, eleventh longest, strongly appendiculate. Pronotum

slightly broader than long, sides sinuate, base feebly impressed; disc shining,

transversely, confluently rugose, sides coarsely punctate; pubescence fine, yellow-

ish white, depressed with long erect hairs interspersed, depressed pubescence

denser at sides; prosternum strongly impressed, irregularly, shallowly punctate,

moderately densely pubescent, coxal cavities open behind; meso- and metasternum

shallowly punctate, finely densely pubescent. Elytra about three times as long as

broad, subparallel; basal punctures coarse, subconfluent, becoming fine and shal-

low toward apex; each elytron vaguely costate; pubescence fine, dense, appressed,

irregular, not obscuring surface, with longer suberect hairs interspersed through-

out; apices prominently bispinose. Legs slender, moderately densely pubescent.

Abdomen finely punctate, moderately pubescent, shining; apex of last sternite

truncate. Length, 23-30 mm.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

Fig. 1, left: Aneflus {Protaneflus) sericatus Cliemsak and Linsley, male; Fig.

2, right: Aneflus {Aneflus) maryannae Chemsak & Linsley, male.

Female. — Antennae extending a little beyond middle of elytra; abdomen with

last sternite truncate at apex. Length, 28 mm.

Holotype male (California Academy of Sciences) from 5 MILES N.

Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, 1 July 1965 (J. A. & M. A. Chemsak,

E. G. & J. M. Linsley) ; allotype, 5 miles N. Mazatlan, 27 June 1965

(J. A. & M. A. Chemsak, E. G. & J. M. Linsley) ; paratypes as follows:

15 males, 5 miles N. Mazatlan, 1 July 1965 (Chemsaks & Linsleys) ; 1

male, 10 miles S. Mazatlan, 3 July 1965 (Chemsaks & Linsleys) ; 1

male, 1 female, 6 miles E. Villa Union, Sinaloa, 30 June 1965 (Chem-

saks & Linsleys) ; 2 males, 5 miles N. Mazatlan, 24 July 1964, 27 July

1964 (J. A. Chemsak, J. A, Powell).

Structurally this species is near A. calvatus Horn but the fine ap-

pressed pubescence of A. maryannae will readily separate the two. In

the key to Anejlus (Chemsak & Linsley, 1963) A. maryannae comes out

in the couplet with A. paracalvatus Knull. However the non-callused

JANUARY 1968] CHEMSAK & LINSLEY NEW ELAPHIDIONINI

pronotal disc and more uniform pubescence of A. maryannae will serve

to separate the two species.

We dedicate this species to Mrs. J. A. Chemsak whose collecting ef-

forts are greatly appreciated.

Ironeus submetallicus Chemsak and Linsley, new species

(Fig. 3)

Male. — Form moderate sized to large, sides tapering posteriorly; integument

dark reddish brown to black with a submetallic violaceous to greenish luster,

femora reddish. Head with front sparsely punctate and pubescent; vertex plane,

sparsely, irregularly punctate, subglabrous; palpi unequal, apical segments not

dilated; eyes moderately finely faceted, upper lobes small; antennae slender, ex-

tending about 4 segments beyond elytra, third segment with a moderate sized spine

at apex, spines on segments 4 to 7 gradually decreasing in length, segments 3 to

10 carinate above and below, third segment much longer than scape, fourth shorter

than third, fifth subequal to third, eleventh slightly appendiculate, segments from

third moderately densely clothed with short pale appressed pubescence, long erect

internal hairs decreasing in length and number toward apex. Pronotum longer

than broad, widest at middle, sides rounded, apex and base slightly constricted;

disc transversely plicate with scattered punctures; sides closely, subopaquely punc-

tate; sides and base clothed with very fine appressed, pale pubescence, long erect

hairs numerous at sides over apical half; prosternum impressed, deeply punctate

over basal two-thirds, apical third glabrous, punctate area densely clothed with

fine appressed pubescence, intercoxal process barely expanded at apex, coxal cavi-

ties wide open behind; meso- and metasternum densely pubescent at sides, middle

of metasternum subglabrous. Scutellum densely white pubescent. Elytra about 3

times as long as broad, sides tapering; basal punctures well separated, becoming

closer toward middle but still separated by at least a puncture diameter; pubes-

cence rather sparse, fine, fairly short, suberect and recurved; apices obliquely

emarginate, outer angles spined, inner angles dentate. Legs slender, femora shal-

lowly punctate, tibae carinate. Abdomen subglabrous medially, densely clothed

with fine appressed pubescence at sides; apex of last sternite truncate. Length,

11-19 mm.

Female. — Form similar. Antennae shorter. Prosternum not deeply punctate.

Abdomen with apex of last sternite narrowly rounded. Length, 11-18 mm.

Holotype male, allotype (American Museum of Natural History) and

29 paratypes (15 males, 14 females) from Armeria, Colima, Mexico,

21 July 1953 (D. Rockefeller Mex. Exp. 1953, C. and P. Vaurie).

Additional paratypes as follows: 1 male, 2 females, 6 miles S. Culiacan, Sinaloa,

6 August 1964, at black and white lights (J. A. Chemsak, J. Powell) ; 1 female,

Escuinapa, Sinaloa (J. H. Batty) ; 1 female, 8 miles S. Elota, Sinaloa, 2 July 1963

(F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange) ; 1 male, Los Mayos, Sinaloa, 24 July 1952 (J. D.

Lattin) ; 1 male, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, 27 June 1956 (R. and K. Dreisbach) ; 1 fe-

male, 4 miles S. Villa Union, Sinaloa, 23 June 1963 (J. Doyen) ; 1 female, 27 miles

E. Villa Union, 26 July 1964 (H. F. Howden) ; 1 male, 4 females, Apatzingan,

Michoacan, 5 August 1940 (Hoogstraal Expd. 40) ; 1 male, Apatzingan, 5 August

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 44, NO. 1

JANUARY 1968] CHEMSAK & LINSLEY NEW ELAPHIDIONINI

1941, at light (R. Haag) ; 1 female, Acapulco, Guerrero, 21 June 1935 (M. A.

Embury) ; 1 female, Alpuyeca, Morelos, 3 July 1951 (P. D. Hurd) ; 1 female,

Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, 26 May 1951 (Ana Maria de Buen) ; 1 male, Tehuantepec,

24 June 1955; 2 females, Tehuantepec, 23 June 1965 (A. Raske) ; 1 female, El

Salto, Escuintla, Guatemala, 1934 (F. A. Bianchi),

The transversely wrinkled pronotum, submetallic luster of the in-

tegument, and apparently always reddish femora will distinguish this

species from the other known Ironeus.

Aneflomorpha rufipes Chemsak and Linsley, new species

(Fig. 4)

Male. — Form elongate, sides subparallel; integument dull black, femora red-

dish; pubescence short, pale, recurved. Head with front rather finely, densely

punctate except for glabrous median area, vertex confluently punctate, sparsely

pubescent; interantennal impression deep; palpi unequal, apical segments dilated;

eyes prominent, as broad across as width of pronotum; antennae extending about

2 segments beyond elytra, third segment with a short spine at apex, remaining

segments unarmed, segments from third carinate above, segments from third

opaque, densely clothed with minute appressed pubescence, basal segments with

a few long erect hairs internally, third segment longer than fourth or fifth, fifth

longer than fourth, eleventh appendiculate. Pronotum as long as broad, sides

broadly rounded; disc deeply, contiguously punctate except for glabrous median

callus and two vague calluses on each side of middle; pubescence sparse, very

short and appressed with a few long suberect hairs interspersed; prosternum im-

pressed, finely, scabrously punctate on basal half, pubescence fine, appressed,

intercoxal process barely expanded at apex, coxal cavities wide open behind; meso-

and metasternum finely, scabrously punctate, densely clothed with pale appressed

pubescence especially at sides. Elytra about 3 times as long as broad; surface

finely, densely but separately punctate; pubescence rather dense, short, recurved

and depressed, longer suberect hairs sparsely arranged in rows down suture and

middle of each elytron; apices obliquely emarginate. Fegs slender, femora reddish,

densely punctate; tibiae carinate. Abdomen finely, densely punctate, densely pu-

bescent; apex of last sternite shallowly emarginate. Length, 12-16 mm.

Female. — Form similar. Antennae about as long as body. Abdomen with apex

of last sternite truncate. Length, 15-17 mm.

Holotype male, allotype (Canadian National Collection, Ottawa)

from 5 MILES N. Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, 5-7 August 1964 (H. F.

Howden). Paratypes as follows: 1 female, 5 miles N. Mazatlan, Sinaloa,

9 August 1964 (Howden and Lindquist) ; 1 male, Mazatlan, 22 July

1954 (M. Cazier, W. Gertsch, Bradts) ; 1 male, “Venedio” (El Vene-

Fig. 3, upper left: Ironeus submetallicus Chemsak and Linsley, male; Fig. 4,

upper right: Aneflomorpha rufipes Chemsak & Linsley, male; Fig. 5, lower left:

Aneflomorpha martini Chemsak & Linsley, male; Fig. 6, lower right: Anelaphus

nitidipennis Chemsak & Linsley, male.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

dillo, near Mazatlan), 10 July 1918; 1 male, 4 miles S. Villa Union,

Sinaloa, 23 June 1963 (J. Doyen) ; 1 female, 33 miles E. Villa Union,

9 August 1964 (Howden).

This is the most distinctive species of Aneflomorpha known. The

rather dull black integument, reddish femora, and short pubescence

make A. rufipes readily recognizable.

Also assignable to this species but possibly subspecifically distinct is

a population from the state of Oaxaca. These specimens are similar in

form and color but tend to have the elytral punctures more widely sepa-

rated, shorter, sparser elytral pubescence, and barely emarginate apices

of the elytra. Because of the lack of material from intermediate areas,

we do not choose to treat the Sinaloa and Oaxaca populations as dis-

tinct at this time. Material examined: Oaxaca; 1 male, Tehuantepec,

12 July 1955 (P. and C. Vaurie) ; 1 male, 1 female, Tehuantepec, 30

June, 2 July (Fredk. ICnab) ; 1 male, 1 female, 56 miles NW. Tehuan-

tepec, 27 July 1963 (J. Doyen) ; 3 females, 8 miles N. La Ventosa, 20

July 1963 (J. Doyen, W. A. Foster) ; 1 female, 23 miles S. Matias

Romero, 14 August 1963 (F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange) ; 1 male, 20 miles

E. El Cameron, 21 July 1956 (J. W. MacSwain).

Aneflomorpha martini Chemsak and Linsley, new species

(Fig. 5)

Male. — Form elongate, moderate sized, sides subparallel; integument shining,

dark reddish brown, antennae paler; pubescence moderately dense, depressed and

erect. Head with front irregularly punctate except for median glabrous impressed

area; vertex impressed, shallowly punctate; pubescence sparse, depressed, with

a few long erect hairs interspersed; palpi slightly unequal, apical segments broadly

dilated; upper lobes of eyes very small, widely separated dorsally; antennae stout,

extending about one segment beyond elytra, third segment with a stout spine at

apex, spines on segments 4 to 7 gradually decreasing in size, segments 3 to 10

carinate dorsally, third segment subequal to scape in length, fourth subequal to

third, fifth slightly longer, scape densely punctate, segments from third densely

clothed with short, yellowish, appressed pubescence, long erect hairs numerous

internally on basal segments. Pronotum longer than broad, sides rounded, base

shallowly constricted; disc coarsely, deeply punctate except for an elongate gla-

brous postmedian callus; sides finely rugosely punctate; pubescence rather sparse

on disc, long, erect, sides and basal margin densely clothed with fine appressed

pubescence, long erect hairs numerous at sides; prosternum impressed, densely

pubescent except apex, intercoxal process expanded at apex, coxal cavities nar-

rowly open behind; meso- and metasternum densely clothed with short appressed

pubescence except at middle. Scutellum densely clothed with white, silky, ap-

pressed pubescence. Elytra almost 3 times as long as broad; punctures behind

scutellum coarse, close; each elytron vaguely costate basally; pubescence rather

dense, short, recurved, with numerous long erect hairs interspersed; apices emar-

ginate, angles dentate. Legs moderate, femora densely punctate; tibiae carinate.

JANUARY 1968] CHEMSAK & LINSLEY NEW ELAPPIIDIONINI

Abdomen very finely, densely punctate at sides, densely clothed with short ap-

pressed pubescence; apex of last sternite shallowly emarginate truncate. Length,

16 mm.

Holotype male (Canadian National Collection) from 5 MILES N.

Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, 5-7 July 1964 (J. E. H. Martin).

This species superficially resembles A. tenuis (LeConte) but the fine

appressed pubescence of the pronotum, recurved hairs of the elytra, and

the antennal spines of A. martini will readily separate the two species.

We name this species in honor of J. E. Martin for his collecting ef-

forts.

Anelaphus nitidipennis Chemsak and Linsley, new species

(Fig. 6)

Male. — Form moderate sized, sides parallel; integument shining, dark reddish

brown, elytra paler down suture. Head coarsely, confluently punctate, antennal

tubercles obtusely elevated, vertex transversely impressed; palpi unequal, apical

segments dilated; eyes coarsely faceted, deeply emarginate, upper lobes small;

pubescence sparse, golden, short and depressed and long and erect; antennae stout,

11-segmented, extending about two segments beyond elytra, segments 3 to 7 spined

at apices, eighth segment dentate, segments 3 to 9 carinate above, scape cylindrical,

shorter than third segment, fourth shorter than third, fifth slightly longer than

fourth, eleventh segment flattened, appendiculate, segments 3 to 6 moderately

clothed with long erect hairs, short appressed pubescence sparse. Pronotum

broader than long, sides rounded; base moderately constricted and impressed; disc

convex, coarsely confluently punctate except for a vague glabrous callus behind

middle; each side of middle with two usually coalesced spots of very fine ap-

pressed pubescence, long erect hairs sparsely interspersed; prosternum impressed,

densely pubescent on apical half, basal half shining, front coxal cavities wide open

behind; meso- and metasternum deeply punctate, scabrous at sides, long suberect

hairs sparse at middle, sides densely clothed with fine appressed pubescence.

Elytra over 214 times as long as broad, sides subparallel; disc impressed behind

scutellum and on each side at basal one third; sutural pale area extending from

around scutellum usually to apical one third; punctures at base moderately coarse,

deep, well separated; pubescence sparse, consisting of short depressed, recurved

golden pubescence and long, whitish, erect hairs; apices rounded to sub truncate.

Legs stout; femora densely punctate; tibiae carinate. Abdomen shining, sparsely

punctate and pubescent; apex of last sternite truncate, very shallowly emarginate.

Length, 12-15 mm.

Female. — Form similar. Antennae shorter than body. Femora more slender.

Abdomen with apex of last sternite narrowly rounded. Length, 13 mm.

Holotype male, allotype (California Academy of Sciences) from 6

MILES S. CuLiACAN, SiNALOA, Mexico, 6 August 1964, at black and

white lights (J. A. Chemsak, J. Powell). Paratypes as follows; 1 male,

5 miles N. Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, 27 July 1964, at black and white

lights (Chemsak and Powell) ; 1 male, 10 miles W. Colima, Colima,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

Mexico, 1 August 1954 (M. Cazier, W. Gertsch, Bradts) ; 1 male, 3

miles NW. Totalapan, Oaxaca, Mexico, 6 July 1958 (Univ. Kansas Mex.

Expedition) .

The confluently punctate, subopaque pronotum, shining elytra, and

dual type of pubescence will readily separate A. nitidipennis from other

known species of Anelaphus.

Literature Cited

Chemsak, J. a. and E. G. Linsley. 1963. Synopsis of the known Mexican spe-

cies of Aneflus. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc., 63: 80-96, 3 pis.

1965. The elaphidionine subgenus Protaneflus. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washing-

ton, 67 : 24-28.

Observations of the Nesting Habits of

Euparagia scutellaris Cresson

(Hymenoptera : Masaridae)

S. L. Clement and E. E. Grissell

University of California, Davis

Discovery of a colony of the rare masarid wasp Euparagia scutellaris

Cresson in June 1966, at the University of California’s Sagehen Creek

Station, prompted a review of the published literature on this species.

We found that little is known about Euparagia life hisory except for E.

scutellaris which Williams (1927) first observed nesting in hard ground

in the vicinity of Lake Tahoe, California. The nest of each wasp was

“surmounted by a delicate and slender curved tube of clay.” These

nests were provisioned with curculionid larvae, questionably deter-

mined as Ceutorhynchus sp. This predatory habit is particularly inter-

esting since it is the only one known in the family Masaridae, all of the

other members collecting nectar and pollen.

Tbe genus Euparagia consists of seven described species and is con-

fined to the southwestern United States (California, New Mexico, Texas,

Arizona, Nevada) and northern Mexico (Richards, 1962). Bohart

(1948) referred to the plants visited by Euparagia. These included

Eriogonum trichopodum, E. trichopes, E. inflatum, E. reniforme. Eu-

phorbia, Croton, and Larrea. In personal communication with R. M.

Bohart, he mentioned collecting Euparagia on Oenothera and Calo-

chortis.

All known species of the genus are small and stout. They are dis-

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 34-37. January 1968

JANUARY 1968] CLEMENT & GRISSELL — NESTING HABITS OF EUPARAGIA 35

tinguished from other Vespoidea by the position of their wings which

are not folded longitudinally when at rest, and by the presence of a

basal ring on the midfemur (absent in all other masarids) . In the fam-

ily Masaridae there are two submarginal cells in the forewing except in

the Gayellinae and Euparagiinae which have three cells. The dorsal

margin of the clypeus in Euparagiinae is nearly straight, whereas in

Gayellinae it is bisinuate.

The nesting site studied was located on a graded bank between two

dirt roads. Near one edge of the site was a well traveled footpath. The

soil was mainly hard packed loam of volcanic origin and was inter-

mingled with small rocks. A total of 24 nests were built within the nest-

ing site which was approximately five feet in diameter and twenty

square feet in area. The distance between most turrets ranged from two

to twelve inches, but, in one instance, three turrets were constructed

touching one another.

When excavating the nest a female wasp took most of the smaller

earth particles to the ground surface and deposited them outside the

entrance. Larger sand grains and small pebbles were taken out of the

burrow in the mandibles and deposited during a circular flight a few

feet from the entrance. No cementing material was utilized in the pri-

mary or secondary tubes, but the provisioning chambers were sealed

with moist soil particles.

In building a turret, material excavated from the burrow was used.

The female wasp apparently mixed small quantities of saliva with the

soil particles, which included fine grained clay as well as coarse sand.

Then, using her mandibles, legs, and the tip of the abdomen, these moist

particles were built up around the circumference of the opening by the

wasp. After completing a section of approximately 1—2 square mm the

wasp re-entered the burrow and the process was repeated.

A complete turret took approximately 30 minutes to build and was

constructed after the burrow was partially excavated. When an unfin-

ished turret was destroyed, the female immediately began a new one

which duplicated the original almost exactly. If a completed turret was

destroyed during the provisioning process, the wasp was somewhat slow

in initiating construction of a second turret. When finally started, the

new turret was only partially rebuilt.

The turret appeared to serve as a primary landmark. In one instance,

we detached an entire turret from its original site over a burrow and

moved it one-quarter inch to one side, making sure the turret was ori-

ented in its original direction. The returning female wasp immediately

entered the detached turret when there was, in fact, no burrow under-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

Figs. 1-3. Burrow diagrams of Euparagia scutellaris Cresson (life size). Fig. 1.

Six day old burrow. Fig. 2. Fourteen day old burrow, a, sealed chamber: 12

weevil larvae, 1 wasp larva; b, recently initiated cell or burrow branch. Fig. 3.

Twenty-one (-{-) day old nest, c, sealed chamber: 32 weevil larvae, 1 wasp larva;

d, unsealed chamber: 9 weevil larvae (no wasp larva) ; e, sealed chamber: 21

weevil larvae, 1 wasp larva; /, sealed chamber: E. scutellaris prepupa.

neath. The wasp appeared confused for several minutes until she dis-

covered her burrow.

Several burrows of known ages were dug up and examined during

our observations. In general, the burrows consisted of a single, straight

tube from which provisioning chambers or other tubes radiated. The

nature of the soil appeared to dictate the direction of the branches as

well as the location of the provisioning chambers. Of the burrows ex-

amined, we did not find many nests which exceeded 60 mm in depth.

JANUARY 1968] CLEMENT & GRISSELL NESTING HABITS OF EUPARAGIA 37

Figs. 1, 2, and 3 illustrate 6, 14, and 21( + ) day old nests respec-

tively. The six day old nest (fig. 1) showed no signs of provisioning,

although a slight enlargement at the terminus suggested a possible

chamber under construction. A fourteen day old nest (fig. 2) had one

sealed chamber (a) which contained 12 weevil larvae and a wasp larva;

another cell or burrow branch (b) was apparently just being initiated.

Older nests of about twenty-one days or more consisted of a number of

chambers in various stages of development. In fig. 3, for example, two

sealed chambers (c and e) contained 32 and 21 weevil larvae respec-

tively (one wasp larva in each cell) ; another sealed chamber (f) held

a prepupa of E. scutellaris. An unsealed cell (d) contained 9 weevil

larvae but no wasp larva, suggesting that this chamber was still being

provisioned.

The provisioning chambers were only slightly larger in diameter than

the 3 mm primary tunnel and were randomly located. Prey collected

from these chambers consisted exclusively of curculionid larvae of the

genus Anthonomus (det. W. H. Anderson, USDA). These were brought

in one at a time and were carried primarily in the mandibles. A wasp

did not usually pause before alighting at the turret entrance with its

prey, and when entering the burrow, less than 30 seconds was generally

spent depositing the prey. As many as 30 or more curculionid larvae

were placed in some chambers. After a cell was provisioned, the wasp

laid her egg, sealed up the chamber, and then excavated and provi-

sioned another chamber.

Formica lasioides, F. fusca, and Mantica mutica (det. G. C. & J.

Wheeler, University of North Dakota), were frequent ant visitors

around the wasp nests; while none were observed entering any of the

burrows, M. mutica did construct several nests in the midst of the wasp

colony. A female chrysidid, Chrysis submontana Rohwer (det. R. M.

Bohart), was observed in elose proximity to the burrows. Whether it

successfully parasitized any of the Euparagia is unknown.

We would like to thank Dr. R. M. Bohart, University of California,

Davis, for suggesting this study and for reviewing the manuscript.

Literature Cited

Bohart, R. M. 1948. The genus Euparagia in North America. Pan-Pac. Ento-

moL, 24: 149-154.

Richards, O. W. 1962. A revisional study of the masarid wasps. William Clowes

and Sons, London, 294 pp.

Williams, F. X. 1927. Euparagia scutellaris Cresson, a masarid wasp that stores

its cells with the young of a curculionid beetle. Pan-Pac. Entomoh, 4:

38-39.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

A Revision of the Genus Cupila Casey

(Coleoptera : Pselaphidae)

Albert A. Grigarick and Robert 0. Schuster

University of California, Davis

Cupila is a small genus belonging to the subtribe Trimiina of the

tribe Euplectini. The genus was erected by Casey in 1897 for the single

species Trimium clavicorne described by Maklin in 1852 from material

collected in Oregon. In 1945 Park described a second species, Cupila

mexicana, in a new subgenus, Cutrimia. Cutrimia was distinguished

from Cupila primarily by the absence of basal abdominal carinae, a

character that is now known to be variable within samples of Cupila s.

str. Since the subgenus was based on a unique male, its final status

should await the study of additional specimens. The second nearctic

species, Cupila excavata Park and Wagner, was described in 1961 from

specimens collected at Charleston, Oregon.

A third nearctic species is proposed in this revision, the descriptions

of C. clavicornis and C. excavata are emended, and a key is provided to

the males of the genus. The female of C. mexicana is unknown. Differ-

ences between females of the remaining species are slight but the minor

differences are noted in the species discussion. A key to the females is

omitted pending the collection of additional material.

Cupila is closely related to the genus Actium. Mature adults of both

sexes of Cupila are usually dark brown to black whereas most Actium

are light brown and the darker species are reddish-brown. More funda-

mental differences are found in the males and mainly reflect modifica-

tions of sternites VI and VII for the relatively small genitalic structure

of Cupila as compared to the larger genitalia of Actium (approx. 2.5 :

1.0) . Sternites III to V of Cupila are modified laterally, VI is weakly

emarginate and VII is visible only as a minute transverse closure for the

emargination of VI. For Actium, one or more of sternites II to IV are

modified laterally, sternite VI is strongly emarginate and VII is ex-

posed as a large oval plate.

The following characteristics aid in identifying the genus: Head with small,

paired, distinctly dorsal vertexal foveae; ventral surface of head bearing capitate

setae; antennal club composed of the last three segments (fig. 1) with segment X

asymmetrically triangular, deeper than wide; and more or less closely appressed

to XL Pronotum with a biarcuate antebasal sulcus that extends medianly almost

to base of pronotum. Elytron with sutural, discal, and subhumeral foveae, the

discal fovea associated with a shallow depression but disc not striate. First visible

tergite with basal carinae weak or absent. Profemur with weak ventral sulcus con-

taining a row of specialized setae; protibia with minute subapical spine, procoxal

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 38-44. January 1968

JANUARY 1968] GRIGARICK & SCHUSTER REVISION OF CUPILA

cavities foveate at anterior margin (fig. 6). Tarsi terminate in large primary and

small secondary claws (fig. 2). Mesocoxal cavities broadly confluent; post meso-

coxal foveae present. Metasternum medianly depressed, the lateral margins of the

depression bordered by an irregular line of setae. Males have sternites III to V

modified (figs. 3, 4, 5), VI with shallow median emargination ; VII transverse, a

penial plate with only the distal % exposed (fig. 8). Aedeagus laterally com-

pressed (figs. 10, 11), the parameres slightly asymmetric. Six sternites of female

without special modifications, VI sinuate.

Key to Males of Cupila

Margins of sternite IV with cornute processes directed posteriorly, the

processes visible dorsally mexicana Park

Sternite IV with simple lateral margins 2

Sternite V with multiple foveae at each lateral margin; basolateral

margins of pronotum smooth multifossa new species

Sternite V with single fovea at each lateral margin; basolateral mar-

gins of pronotum tuberculate 3

Lateral depressions of sternite III distinctly carinate on median and

lateral margins; sternite IV with slight depression continuous with

that of III clavicornis (Maklin)

Lateral depressions of sternite III distinctly carinate on median mar-

gin only; sternite IV with deep depression continuous with that of

III excavata Park and Wagner

Cupila excavata Park and Wagner

(Figs. 4, 6-10)

Cupila excavata Park and Wagner, 1961, Univ. Washington Publ. Biol., 16: 18.

Male (slide). — Head 220 p long, 248 p wide; vertexal foveae 105 p between

centers; ventral surface with 14 capitate setae; eyes moderate. Antenna 270 p

long; segments I II 95 long, 38 p wide; III to VI inclusive, 75 long, 27 p

wide; VII 15 p long, 30 p wide; VIII 15 p long, 35 p wide; IX 15 p long, 45 p

wide; X 15 /v, long, 68 p wide, asymmetrical, XI 105 p long, 85 p wide; XI as long

as preceding 5 segments.

Pronotum 305 p long, 310 p wide. Elytron 435 p long. Wingless. Protrochanter

with short spine at inner posterior margin; profemur 97 p’, protibia with minute

subapical spine. Mesotrochanter simple; mesofemur 97 p wide; mesotibia simple.

Metafemur 90 p wide.

First visible tergite 302 p wide at base, without basal carinae on I or II. Ster-

nite II simple; III with prominent lateral depressions on each side of midline; IV

with deep depressions continuous with III, V with distal margin expanded, exten-

sion with circular depression; VI with shallow median emargination; VII a penial

plate 197 p long, 44 p wide. Aedeagus 155 p long, 87 p deep.

Geographic Distribution. — Oregon: Benton County: 12,4 miles S. Blodgett,

Douglas-fir litter, 26 March 1959, B. D. Ainscough. Coos County: 2$, 42,

Charleston, assorted litter including Polystichum and Tsuga, 1 October 1959, V. D.

Roth. 2 ^ , N. Bridge, 27 July 1957, V. D. Roth. Curry County: 2 2,5 miles N.

Brookings, 1 October 1959, V. D. Roth. Lane County: 4 , 5 2, nr. Florence, 21

1 .

2 ( 1 )

3(2)

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

5 multifossa

JANUARY 1968] GRIGARICK & SCHUSTER — REVISION OF CUPILA

August 1961, W. Suter. 1 ^ , nr. Belknap Springs, debris, 4 June 1957, H. S.

Dybas. Linn County: 3$, 1$, Clear Lake near Santiam Pass, log, and floor lit-

ter, 20 August 1961, W. Suter. Washington County: 1^,6 miles E. Buxton, 6

April 1965, V. D. Roth.

Discussion. — A specimen from Charleston, Oregon (type locality),

was used for the redescription of this species. The holotype is probably

in the collection of K. M. Fender. The males are easily recognized by

the modifications of sternite III. The basal abdominal carinae are not

present on specimens from Charleston, Oregon, but they are present on

a male and female from Clear Lake, Oregon, which are considered con-

specific. The sclerotized structures of the female genitalia (fig. 9) show

four pores present at the base for C. excavata, and 12 pores for C.

clavicornis.

CUPILA CLAVICORNIS (Maklin)

(Figs. 3, 11)

Trimium clavicorne Maklin, 1852, Bull. Moscou, 25: 371-372.

Cupila clavicornis (Maklin). Casey, 1897, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 9: 561.

Male (slide). — Head 200 /x long, 225 /x wide; vertexal foveae 100 /x between

centers; ventral surface with 16 capitate setae; eyes moderate. Antenna 335 p

long; segments I + II 85 /x long, 38 /x wide; III to VI inclusive, 70 /x long, 22 p

wide; VII 20 /ix long, 25 /x wide; VIII 20 long, 35 p wide; IX 25 /x long, 48 p

wide; X 27 /x long, 55 /x wide, asymmetrical; XI 92 yu long, 70 /x wide; XI as long

as preceding 5.

Pronotum 275 fi long, 272 yix wide. Elytron 385 p, long. Wingless. Protrochanter

with spine at inner posterior margin; profemur 75 p wide; protibia with minute

subapical spine. Mesotrochanter simple, mesofemur 75 /x wide; mesotibia simple.

Post mesocoxal foveae with apodemes directed obliquely forward. Metafemur 65 fx

wide.

First visible tergite 260 /x wide at base, with faint basal carinae 10 /x long, sepa-

rated by 77 yix. Sternite II unmodified; III (fig. 3) with deep longitudinal depres-

sion on each side of center and narrow setate carina laterally; IV with slight de-

pression continuous with III; V with narrow foveate depression near extended

posterolateral margin; VI transverse apically, with slight median emargination ;

VII a penial plate 105 /x long, 54 /x wide. Aedeagus (fig. 11) 190 /x long, 90 /x

deep.

Geographic Distribution. — Washington: Calallam County: 1^, 4$, 2 miles

E. Lapush Indian Reservation, coniferous litter, 9 July 1959, L. M. Smith, 3 , 1

Fig. 1. Cuplia multifossa new species, antennal club, dorsal (holotype) . Fig.

2. Cupila multifossa new species, primary and secondary metatarsal claws (holo-

type). Fig. 3. Cupila clavicornis (Maklin), sternite III, right side. Fig. 4. Cupila

excavata Park and Wagner, sternites III-V, right side. Fig. 5. Cupila multifossa

new species, sternites III-V, right side (paratype). Fig. 6. Cupila excavata Park

and Wagner, prosternum with precoxal foveae.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

7 excavata

9 excavata

10 excavata

11 clavicornis

Fig. 7. Cupila excavata Park and Wagner, sternite II. Fig. 8. Capita excavata

Park and Wagner, penial plate. Fig. 9. Cupila excavata Park and Wagner, sclero-

tized structures of female genitalia. Fig. 10. Cupila excavata Park and Wagner,

male genitalia, right lateral (dorsal in situ). Fig. 11. Cupila clavicornis (Maklin),

male genitalia, eversible internal structures not shown, dorsal (left lateral in situ) .

JANUARY 1968] GRIGARICK & SCHUSTER REVISION OF CUPILA

$ , Olympic Hot Springs, bark chips and wet floor pocket, 16 August 1961, W.

Suter. Grays Harbor County: 2^,4 miles N. Amanda Park, 9 July 1959, L. M.

Smith. Mason County: 1^, Lake Cushman Dam, 7 July 1959, L. M. Smith. Pierce

County: Id, 12, Mt. Ranier National Park (at Carbon R.), litter on and near

log, 16 July 1957, H. S. Dybas; Id, 22, Longmire Campground, 17 August 1961,

W. Suter. Spokane County: 2 2, Mt. Spokane, Bald Knob, conifer duff, 4500 ft.

elev., 22 June 1957, H. S. Dybas.

Discussion. — ^The prominent carinae on either side of the excavation

of sternite III readily separate males of C. clavicornis from the closely

related males of C. excavata. All females observed have had basal ab-

dominal carinae. The holotype was not examined and the redescription

is based on a specimen identified by 0. Park.

Cupila multifossa Grigarick and Schuster, new species

(Figs. 1, 2, 5)

Male (slide). — Head 217 /x long, 255 ii wide; vertexal foveae 112 between

centers; ventral surface with 14 capitate setae; eyes moderate. Antenna 345 ix

long; segments I + H 90 /U. long, 40 /x wide; III to VI inclusive 75 fx long, 30 fx

wide, VH 18 fx long, 33 ^x wide; VHI 18 ix long, 35 jx wide; IX 18 jx long, 45 /x

wide; X 30 /x long, 63 fx wide, asymmetrical; XI 90 /x long, 77 fx wide; XI as long

as preceding 4 segments.

Pronotum 285 /x long, 318 fx wide. Elytron 390 [x long. Apterous. Protrochanter

with short, thick spine on median posterior margin; profemur 75 /x wide; protibia

with minute subapical spine. Mesotrochanter simple; mesofemur 75 /x wide; meso-

tibia simple; metafemur 80 /x wide.

First visible tergite 320 /x wide at base; basal carinae 23 /x long, separated by

77 fx. Sternite H unmodified; HI with large inner and smaller lateral setate pro-

jections; IV simple; V with distal margin expanded laterally and bearing numer-

ous foveate structures; VI weakly sinuate; VII a penial plate 73 fx long, 45 fx wide.

Aedeagus 170 /x long, 88 /x deep.

Geographic Distribution: The holotype male, 1 paratype male and two para-

type females were collected at Freshwater, Humboldt County, California, in

redwood litter, 13 August 1953 by Gordon A. Marsh and Robert 0. Schuster.

Both males (dissected) and both females (whole mounts) are mounted on slides

in Hoyer’s. The specimens are deposited in the collection of the Department of

Entomology, University of California, Davis.

Discussion. — ^The obliquely oriented carinae of sternite III, and the

lateral projections and numerous lateral fossae of sternite V distinguish

the males of this species. The basolateral margins of the pronotum of

both sexes are smooth, while these margins on C. clavicornis and C.

excavata are tuberculate.

Literature Cited

Casey, T. L. 1897. Coleopterological notices VII. Ann. New York Acad. Sci.,

9: 285-684.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

Maklin, F. G. 1852. In Mannerheim, Zweiter Nachtrag zur Kaefer-Fauna der

Nord-Americanischen Laender des Russischen Reiches. Bull. Soc. Imp.

Moscou, 25: 283-372.

Park, 0. 1945. Further studies in Pselaphidae of Mexico and Guatemala. Bull.

Chicago Acad. Sci., 7(7): 331-443.

Park, 0. and J. Wagner. 1961. In Hatch, M. H., The beetles of the Pacific

Northwest, Part III. Univ. Washington Publ. Biol., 16: 1-380.

A New Australian Microdon with a Name Change

(Diptera : Syrphidae)

F. Christian Thompson

Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts

A new species and a new name are proposed for two Australian

Microdon flies. The new species of Microdon was noted while conduct-

ing an investigation into the generic classification of the Microdontinae.

The identification of this new form led to the discovery of a senior pri-

mary homonyn for another Australian species. Microdon modestus

Ferguson is preoccupied hy Microdon modestus Knab, described from

North America, thus I proposed the name M. fergusoni for this Aus-

tralian species.

Microdon fergusoni Thompson, new name

Microdon modestus Ferguson, 1927, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 51: 170, not

Knah, 1917, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30: 139.

Microdon browni Thompson, new species

Face yellow; cheeks brown; front, vertex, and occiput black. Antennae longer

than face; third segment more than twice as long as first, twisted longitudinally

and swollen basally. Thorax mostly dark brown, scutellum unarmed. Legs mostly

orange, femora brown except for the apices. Abdomen orange.

Male. — Head: (fig. 1) Face yellow with white pile; cheeks and edge of the

epistoma brown with white pile; front black except for a small orange spot above

the antennal bases, with golden and black pile intermixed; vertex black, with

golden and black pile intermixed; occiput black except for two large yellowish

white spots behind the cheeks, with white pile below becoming yellower above.

Face with slightly convergent sides, widest at oral margin; front short, about one-

sixth as long as face, narrowest at the constriction between the front and vertex,

about one-half the greatest width of the face at this point; vertex four times as

long as front, not produced and as wide as the face at the posterior margins of

the eyes; ocellar triangle roughly equadilateral, occupying about one-fourth the

width of the vertex. Antennal ratio: 5:1: 12.5. Antennae dark brown except for

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 44^46. January 1968

JANUARY 1968] THOMPSON — A NEW AUSTRALIAN MICRODON

Figs. 1-3. Microdon browni Thompson. 1. Male genitalia in lateral view. 2.

Ejaculatory apodeme. 3. Head of male in lateral view.

a reddish brown spot at the aristal base, with dark pile, about one and one-half

times as long as the face; third antennal segment elongate, base swollen and

twisted medially, apex rounded and twisted laterally, with a small sensory pit near

the base of the arista; arista light brown. Thorax: dark brown except for yellow

on the humeri, propleurae, pteropleurae, postalar calli, and the upper edge of the

hypopleurae; with black pile except for yellow pile on the pleurae, scutellum, and

across the dorsum anteriorly at the humeri and posteriorly before the scutellum.

Scutellum simple and unarmed. Legs: orange except dark brown bases of the

anterior four coxae and the basal four-fifths of all the femora. Leg pile white

except with black pile intermixed on the dorsal surfaces of all the tarsi. Wings:

smoky, completely microtrichose except for the bare posterior margin of the second

basal cell. Third vein (R 4 + 6 ) with a downward produced spur in the first pos-

terior cell; apical cross vein squared, with a spur at the angle and slightly recur-

rent; and posterior cross vein slightly more curved than the apical, and with a

short spur at the angle also. Squamae and Halters: white, squanial fringe with a

brownish tinge. Abdomen: oval, orange except brown first segment. Pile of the

dorsum appressed and black except for white pile on the second segment, the

lateral margins and apical corners of the third segment, and the lateral margins

and in the form of short lunate spots extending in from the lateral margins on the

apical fourth of the fourth segment. Venter orange with white pile. Postabdomen:

dark brown with light pile. Genitalia similar in general structure to M. mutabilis

Linnaeus (genotype) ; cerci simple, roughly hemispherical on outer sides, flat on

inner sides; styles simple, dorsal portions upturned and rounded at the apex, ven-

tral portions slightly excavated on the posterior half, thus forming a shallow de-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

pressed edge; penis sheath short, as long as hroad; ejaculatory hood short, dor-

sally recurved at hase, divided into tvro short processes posteriorly; chitinous box

small, spherical; and ejaculatory apodeme flat and triangularly flared on apical

portion (figs. 2 & 3). Length: 7.5 mm; antennae 2.5 mm.

Holotype male. — ^Aldgate, Lofty Ranges, South Australia, Aus-

tralia, 11 December 1950 (W. L. Brown). The type is deposited in

the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (#31575).

Discussion. — M. hrowni does not appear to be closely related to any

known Australian species of Microdon. The yellow face, nonmetallic

color of the body, and the long and unusually shaped third antennal

segment will distinctly separate M. browni from the other native spe-

cies.

I take great pleasure in naming this species after its discoverer, Dr.

Brown, a noted myrmecologist. I have been fortunate enough to have

met Dr. Brown on a few occasions and thus would like to feel that I

am not only naming this species after Brown the collector but also after

a friend, whose encouraging words have done much to help stimulate

my interest and work on syrphids.

The nomenclature used in describing the postabdomen is that of Met-

calf (1921).

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank the staff, especially Drs. Darlington, Evans, and

Lawrence, of the Entomology Department of the Museum of Compara-

tive Zoology for providing the facilities and material for this study and

others.

Literature Cited

Ferguson, E. W. 1926. Revision of Australian Syrphidae, Part I. Proc. Linn.

Soc. N. S. Wales, 51: 137-163.

Knab, F. 1917. On some North American species of Microdon (Diptera : Syr-

phidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30: 133-143.

Metcalf, C. L. 1921. The Genitalia of Male Syrphidae. Ann. Entomol. Soc.

Amer., 14: 169-228.

JANUARY 1968] UESHIMA — NEW SPECIES OF PARACIMEX

New Species of Paracimex^

(Cimicidae : Hemiptera)

Norihiro Ueshima

University of California, Berkeley

The following species were discovered since the monograph of

Cimicidae (Usinger, 1966) was published. The types of new species

will he deposited in the U. S, National Museum.

The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to Dr. R. L.

Usinger (Division of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley)

for his help in many ways. The author is also indebted to Drs. J. T.

Marshall and D. J. Gould (SEATO Medical Laboratory, Bangkok,

Thailand) and Mr. T. L. Fenner (Department of Agriculture, Stocks

and Fisheries, Port Moresby, Territory of Papua and New Guinea).

Paracimex chaeturus Ueshima, new species

(Fig. 1)

Female. — Head 1.0 mm wide, slightly wider than long; interocular space 6 times

as wide as an eye. Antennae 2.4 mm long, proportion of segments 8 : 31 : 33 ; 29.

Rostrum 1.0 mm long, proportion of segments 13 : 10 ; 10.

Pronotum 1.8 mm wide, about % as wide as long, 72 : 48; sides strongly lamel-

late in front of middle, concave behind middle; anterior lobes produced beyond

inner angles of anterior concavity by Vs of median length, the longest bristles at

sides about % as long as first antennal segment; relatively truncate and serrate;

number of prominent bristles on each side about 40.

Mesonotum-scutellum with bristles posteriorly.

Hemelytral pads about % as wide as long, 36 : 28, broadly rounded behind and

at sides, and broadly contiguous along inner margins; discal bristles a little shorter

than distance between bristles.

Legs with hind femora 3 times as long as wide; ctenidia of front and middle

femora strong, dilated from even curve of femur.

Abdominal tergites with fine bristles, those of lateral margins stouter and

serrate. Posterior margins of 4th and 5th ventrites bent forward at middle.

Ectospermalege arising from middle of a broad and deep concavity of hind margin

of 5th ventrite, membranous, oval-shape.

Male. — Bristles somewhat longer; genital segment slightly narrower than length

on left side, the paramere extending beyond middle of left side.

Size. — Male (slide-mounted), length 7.3 mm, width (pronotum) 1.6 mm,

(abdomen, 2.7 mm; female, length 7.5 mm, width (pronotum) 1.8 mm, (abdomen)

3.2 mm.

Holotype female, allotype male, Prachinburi, Thailand, 25 June

1965 (J. T. Marshall, #6317), off Chaetura gigantea (Temminck) shot

in flight. One male paratype, K. 116 on highway 23 NE Kanburi,

^ This study was supported by U. S. Public Health Service Grant GM-13197,

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 47-50. January 1968

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

Fig. 1. Paracimex chaeturus Ueshima. Female holotype. Parachinburi, Thai-

land (Celeste Green, original).

Fig. 2. Paracimex inflatus Ueshima. Female holotype. Poronbus village, New

Ireland (Celeste Green, original).

JANUARY 1968] UESHIMA NEW SPECIES OF PARACIMEX

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

Prachinburi, Thailand, 25 June 1965 (J. T. Marshall, #6318), off

Chaetura gigantea shot in flight.

P. chaeturus is very close to P. lamellatus Ferris and Usinger but

differs by lesser bristles on the pronotum and abdomen, the shape of

hemelytral pads, and by the short rostrum.

Paracimex inflatus Ueshima, new species

(Fig. 2)

Female. — Head 0.9 mm, as long as wide, interocular space 8 times as wide as

an eye. Antennae 2.0 mm long, proportion of segments 8 : 22 : 22 : 20. Rostrum

1.0 mm long, proportion of segments 16 : 13 : 13.

Pronotum 1.45 mm wide; less than twice as wide as long 58 : 35; sides concave

behind middle; anterior lobes produced % as far forward as width at base;

bristles at lateral margins 0.2 mm, serrate at apical and on outer sides; number

of bristles on each side about 35.

Mesonotum-scutellum with a few fine bristles posteriorly.

Hemelytral pads % as long as wide 26 : 35; broadly rounded posteriorly and

at sides, contiguous only adjacent to apex of scutellum; disk with long, erect

bristles at sides.

Legs with hind femora 3.5 times as long as broad, 54 : 15; ctenidia of front

and middle femora scarcely dilated from the curve of femur.

Abdominal tergites with fine bristles, those of lateral margins longer. Ecto-

spermalege arising from a broad concavity of hind margin of 5th ventrite to right

of middle. Tubular ectospermalege inclined to the right then swollen a half to

apex, particularly right side.

Male. — Genital segment about as wide as long on left side; paramere reaching

about to middle of left side.

Size. — Male (slide mounted), length 6.7 mm, width (pronotum) 1.5 mm,

(abdomen) 2.65 mm; female, length 6.0 mm, width (pronotum) 1.45 mm,

(abdomen) 2.65 mm.

Holotype female, allotype male, and a series of paratypes, PoRONBUS

VILLAGE, New Ireland, October 1965 (B. McMillan), from nests of

Collocalia sp. Additional materials of the species are at hand as follows:

cave of Nemasalang, New Ireland, 25 July 1966 (N. Ueshima), from

nests of Collocalia esculenta esculenta Linnaeus; Lorengau, Manus

Island, 28 July 1966 (N. Ueshima), from nests of Collocalia esculenta

esculenta.

This species is very close to P. capitatus Usinger but differs by longer

bristles on hemelytral pads and abdomen, slender femur, and by the

ectospermalege.

Literature Cited

Usinger, R. L. 1966. Monograph of Cimicidae. Thomas Say Foundation Vol. 7,

Entomological Society of America, 585 pp.

JANUARY 1968] MUCHMORE NEW CHTHONIID PSEUDOSCORPIONS 51

Two New Species of Chthoniid Pseudoscorpions from the

Western United States^

(Arachnida : Chelonethida : Chthoniidae)

William B. Muchmore

University of Rochester, Rochester, New York

Among the collections of the American Museum of Natural History

have been found two new chthoniid pseudoscorpions which deserve to

be described and discussed at this time. I wish to thank Dr. W. J.

Gertsch for his courtesy in allowing me to examine these collections.

Family Chthoniidae Hansen

Tribe Chthoniini Chamberlin

Genus Chthonius C. Koch

Hesperochthonius Muchmore, new subgenus

J. C. Chamberlin described Chthonius californicus in 1929, and later

(1949) published an extensive emended diagnosis. The species was

placed in the subgenus Ephippiochthonius by Beier (1932), and this

assignment was followed by Chamberlin, on the basis of the apparent

depression in the dorsum of the chelal hand (see Chamberlin, 1949;

fig. lA, p. 3) . Chamberlin at this time also pointed out that the tactile

setae ib and isb appeared to be set in another smaller depression, but

noted that “the chela in question was treated with KOH and may

merely be slightly shrunken at this point.” (1949, p. 4). In addition,

Chamberlin indicated three characters in which C. californicus differs

from C. (E.) tetrachelatus (Preyssler), namely;

1) the possession of a row of small, rounded, contiguous teeth

proximal to the large, spaced teeth on both the fixed and movable

chelal fingers.

2) the hiatus in each row of internal, genital, guard setae so as to

form two groups of two setae on each side.

3 ) the isolated sub-distal tooth on the movable finger of the chelicera

(1949, fig. 1C, p. 3).

With the discovery of Chthonius oregonicus, n. sp., described below,

it becomes apparent that this species and C. californicus are not to be

included in the subgenus Ephippiochthonius, but should be assigned to

a new subgenus, Hesperochthonius, which differs from the other sub-

genera of Chthonius in the characters listed above and in the unique

chelal hand.

1 This work was supported in part by a grant, GB5299, from the National Science Foundation.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 51-57. January 1968

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 44, NO. 1

Figs. 1 and 2. Chthonius (Hesperochthonius) oregonicus, new species, holotype

male. 1. Dorsal view of right palp. 2. Lateral view of left chela.

In whole and mounted specimens of C. oregonicus it can be seen

clearly that the dorsum of the hand is only slightly and smoothly

rounded as in the subgenus Chthonius, but that in addition there is a

well-defined and moderate-sized conical elevation just about at the

middle. Setae ih and ish are inserted side by side on the proximal side

of the base of this elevation, in an “apparent depression” as noted by

Chamberlin. In some views of the chela the elevation may not be seen

in its entirety, and the impression is easily gained that the dorsum is

depressed distal to the middorsal setae. Examination of the holotype

and the allotype of C. calif ornicus (in the Cornell University Collection)

has confirmed that the chelal hand of this species is of the same con-

figuration as described for C. oregonicus.

Chthonius (Hesperochthonius) oregonicus Muchmore, new species

(Figs. 1 and 2)

Material. — Holotype male (WM646.01002) , allotype female (WM

646.01003) and paratype male from Coos Head, and two paratype

females from Charleston, Coos County, Oregon; all specimens col-

lected on 4 September 1947 by I. Newell.

JANUARY 1968] MUCHMORE NEW CHTHONIID PSEUDOSCORPIONS

Diagnosis. — Male: (based on holotype and paratype, the latter in parentheses).

General facies typical of the genus. Carapace about as long as broad; no epistome,

but the anterior margin serrated in the medial half; surface reticulated dorsally

and hecoming scaly on the sides. Four well-developed eyes, of which the anterior

pair are slightly larger than the posterior; the anterior eyes about one ocular

diameter from the anterior carapacal margin and about one-half diameter from

the posterior. Carapacal setae 4-6-4^2-2 = 18 (in the notation of Gabbutt and

Vachon, 1963, p. 77). Coxal area typical; chaetotaxy mmm-3-0 : 2-2-cs : 2-4-cs :

2-4; each coxa II with a group of eight spines and coxa III with two to four

spines; intercoxal tubercle with two small setae.

Abdomen typical. Tergal chaetotaxy 4:4:4:4:6:6:6:6:6:6:6:0. An-

terior genital operculum with a group of three setae anteriorly, followed on each

side by a group of two to four setae and with a row of four very small setae on

each side of the hind margin; four internal, genital, guard setae on each side,

but each row with a hiatus between the anterior pair and posterior pair (as

described by Chamberlin, 1929, for C. calif ornicus) ; posterior operculum with

eight to nine setae on either side of the median opening, with a row of 12 setae

along the hind margin and three guard setae associated with each stigma; fourth

sternite with a row of eight setae and two guard setae on each side; more posterior

sternites with seven to ten marginal setae, the lateral-most on segments 5, 6, and 7

being very small.

Chelicera noticeably shorter than carapace; palm with seven setae; fixed finger

with a row of nine to eleven teeth of varied size; movable finger with a row of

six to seven teeth of which the distal one is much the largest, and a conspicuous

isolated tooth midway between the end of the row and the finger tip; galea

represented by a prominent knob; serrula exterior with 14 plates; flagellum of

nine or ten finely pinnate setae.

Palp characteristic of the subgenus; proportions of podomeres as shown in

figure 1 ; tactile setae of chela shown in figure 2. The chela is generally similar

to that of C. tetrachelatus, but without the dorsal depression characteristic of the

subgenus Ephippiochthonius. Instead, the dorsal surface of the hand is smoothly

and gently rounded, with the exception of a prominent conical elevation lying

just distal to the tactile setae isb and ib. In lateral view, the curve of the distal

face of this elevation may give the impression of an ephippiochthonian depression,

but close examination of both lateral and dorsal aspects of the chela reveals that

this is a fundamentally different structure. Fixed finger with 13-14 large, well-

separated teeth distally, followed proximally by 12 small, rounded, contiguous

teeth; movable finger with five or six large, spaced teeth and 21 small, contiguous

teeth. Trochanter 1.8, femur 5.3 (5.5), tibia 2.1 (1.9), chela 4.4 (4.4), and hand

2.1 (2.1) times as long as broad; movable finger 1.23 (1.19) times as long as the

hand.

Legs typical of the genus. Leg IV with tactile setae on tibia 0.56, on metatarsus

0.36, and on telotarsus 0.31 the length of the segment from the proximal end.

Female: (based on allotype and two paratypes, the latter in parentheses) :

Similar to male, but slightly larger. Carapacal setae of allotype 4-6-3-2-2 = 17,

of paratypes 4-6-4^2-2 = 18. Coxal area as in male ; coxa II with five to ten

spines and coxa III with two to four spines.

Tergal chaetotaxy of abdomen as in male, with the exception that the first

tergites of the two paratypes bear two and three setae rather than four. Sternal

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

chaetotaxy of allotype “ : (3)11(3) : (2)8(2) : mTin : m6m : ni4m : 6 : 7 : 7 : 0 :

mm (paratypes similar) .

Chelicera and palp essentially as in male. Dorsal elevation on the chelal hand

of same shape and in same position as described above. Fixed finger of chela

with 12 (13-14) large, spaced teeth and 12 (11-14) small, contiguous teeth;

movable finger with 6 (5-6) large, spaced teeth and 19 (18-20) small, contiguous

teeth. Palpal trochanter 1.7 (1.5-1. 7), femur 5.1 (5.3-5.5), tibia 1.9 (1.7-1.9),

chela 4.0 (4.0) and hand 1.8 (1.8-1. 9) times as long as broad; movable finger 1.15

(1.12-1.17) times as long as hand.

Legs similar to those of male. Leg IV with tactile setae on tibia 0.52, on

metatarsus 0.34, and on telotarsus 0.32 the length of the segment from the proximal

end.

Measurements (in mm). — Male: Body length 1.48 (1.62); carapace 0.41 (0.43)

long, ocular breadth 0.36 (0.41) ; abdomen 1.06 (1.20) long and 0.53 (0.68) wide.

Chelicera 0.33 (0.33) long by 0.16 (0.16) broad; movable finger 0.18 (0.19) long.

Palpal trochanter 0.16 (0.16) by 0.09 (0.09) ; femur 0.53 (0.52) by 0.10 (0.095) ;

tibia 0.23 (0.23) by 0.11 (0.12) ; chela 0.75 (0.75) by 0.17 (0.17) ; hand 0.35

(0.36) by 0.17 (0.17) ; movable finger 0.43 (0.43) long; dorsal elevation on hand

about 0.07 in diameter and 0.02 in height. Leg I: basifemur 0.32 (0.31) by 0.07

(0.07) ; telofemur 0.16 (0.15) by 0.07 (0.06) ; tibia 0.20 (0.19) by 0.05 (0.05) ;

tarsus 0.33 (0.32) by 0.03 (0.04). Leg IV: entire femur 0.51 (0.50) long; basi-

femur 0.24 (0.24) by 0.21 (0.20) ; telofemur 0.33 (0.31) by 0.19 (0.19) ; tibia 0.33

(0.33) by 0.08 (0.08) ; metatarsus 0.19 (0.18) by 0.07 (0.07) ; telotarsus 0.35

(0.35) by 0.04 (0.04).

Female: Body length 2.13 (1.90-2.06) ; carapace (0.47-0.51) long, ocular

breadth (0.36-0.41); abdomen 1.33 (1.36-1.53) by 0.80 (0.80). Chelicera 0.41

(0.37-0.41) long by (0.19-0.20) wide; movable finger 0.21 (0.20) long. Palpal

trochanter 0.19 (0.17-0.20) by 0.11 (0.11-0.12) ; femur 0.61 (0.61-0.63) by 0.12

(0.11-0.12) ; tibia 0.25 (0.25) by 0.13 (0.13-0.15) ; chela 0.84 (0.84-0.88) by 0.21

(0.21-0.22); hand 0.41 (0.40-0.43) by 0.23 (0.22-0.23); movable finger 0.47

(0.47-0.48) long; dorsal elevation on hand about 0.07 in diameter and 0.02 in

height. Leg I: basifemur 0.36 (0.36) by 0.08 (0.08) ; telofemur 0.17 (0.17) by

0.07 (0.07) ; tibia 0.21 (0.20-0.21) by 0.05 (0.05) ; tarsus 0.36 (0.36-0.37) by

0.04 (0.04). Leg IV: entire femur 0.59 (0.56-0.59); basifemur 0.28 (0.27-0.28)

by 0.23 (0.23-0.24) ; telofemur 0.39 (0.36-0.37) by 0.20 (0.21-0.22) ; tibia 0.39

(0.37-0.40) by 0.09 (0.09) ; metatarsus 0.20 (0.20-0.21) by 0.07 ( 0.08) ; telotarsus

0.37 (0.39-0.40) by 0.04 (0.04).

Remarks. — Since there is a noticeable sexual dimorphism in both

Chthonius californicus and C. oregonicus, there is considerable overlap

in the measurements and ratios for the two species. Nevertheless, com-

paring males and females separately, it is obvious that specimens of

both sexes in C. oregonicus are significantly larger than those of the

corresponding sex in C. californicus (cf. Chamberlin, 1949; p. 2-3).

For instance, in C. oregonicus the carapace of the male is 0.41-0.43 mm

and of the female 0.47-0.51 mm long, while in C. californicus the

comparable measurements are 0.33-0.37 mm and 0.385-0.445 mm.

JANUARY 1968] MUCHMORE NEW CHTHONIID PSEUDOSCORPIONS

Figs. 3 and 4. Chthonius (Chthonms) pacificus, new species, holotype female.

3. Dorsal view of left palp. 4. Lateral view of right chela.

The two known species of the subgenus Hesperochthonius can be

separated by the following key:

Larger species — carapace of male more than 0.40 mm long, of female more

than 0.46 mm; palpal femur of male more than 0.52 mm long, of female

more than 0.60 mm C. (H.) oregonicus, new species

Smaller species — carapace of male less than 0.38 mm long, of female less

than 0.45 mm; palpal femur of male less than 0.48 mm long, of female

less than 0.58 mm C. (H.) calif ornicus Chamherlin

Subgenus Chthonius

Chthonius (Chthonius) pacificus Muchmore, new species

(Figs. 3 and 4)

Material. — Holotype female (WM620.01001) collected 20 March

1960 by W. J. Gertsch, et al. east of San Juan Hot Springs, Orange

County, California (W 117°30' : N 33°35') . No other specimens

known.

Diagnosis. — Female: With the general characteristics of the subgenus Chthonius.

Carapace a little longer than broad, with a small, serrate epistome; surface nearly

smooth dorsally but becoming finely reticulated on the sides. Four well-developed

eyes of equal size, the anterior pair being about one ocular diameter from the

anterior margin of the carapace, and the posterior pair about one-half diameter

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

behind the anterior. Carapacal setae 4-6-4-2-2 = 18. Coxal area typical ; chae-

totaxy mnim-3-0 : 2-3-cs : 2-3cs : 2-3(4) ; each coxa II with a group of seven or

eight spines and each coxa III with three or four spines; intercoxal tubercle with

two small setae.

Abdomen typical. Tergal chaetotaxy 4:4:4:4:6:6:6:6:6:6:6:0. Ster-

nal chaetotaxy “ : (4) 10(4) : (2)8(2) ; m7m : mSm : m4m : 6 : 6 : 8 : 0 : mm. Gen-

ital area typical.

Chelicera shorter than carapace; palm with seven setae; fixed finger with a row

of nine teeth; movable finger with a row of seven teeth and an isolated tooth

midway between the end of the row and the finger tip; galea represented by a

distinct knob; serrula exterior with 14 blades; flagellum of eight finely branched

setae.

Palp typical of the subgenus and quite similar to that of Chthonius ischnocheles,

as described by Gabbutt and Vachon (1963, fig. 13, p. 80 and p. 81) ; proportions

of podomeres as shown in fig. 3; tactile setae of chela as shown in fig. 4. Fixed

finger with a row of 36 teeth, which are triangular and somewhat inclined toward

the base and vary in size, with small close-set ones at the distal end, becoming

larger and more widely-spaced in the distal third and then smaller, lower and

contiguous toward the proximal end. Movable finger with 32 teeth, which in the

distal half of the row are triangular and spaced but in the basal half are smaller,

rounded and contiguous. Trochanter 1.6, femur 5.6, tibia 1.8, chela 5.0, and hand

2.1 times as long as broad; movable finger 1.40 times as long as hand.

Legs typical of the genus. Leg IV with tactile setae on tibia 0.53, on metatarsus

0.58, and on telotarsus 0.33 the length of the segment from the proximal end.

Male: Unknown.

Measurements (in mm). — Female (holotype) : Body length 1.66; carapace 0.40

long, ocular breadth 0.39; diameter of eyes 0.04. Abdomen 1.26 long and 0.67

wide. Chelicera 0.35 long by 0.17 broad; movable finger 0.17 long. Palpal

trochanter 0.15 by 0.09; femur 0.50 by 0.09; tibia 0.20 by 0.11; chela 0.75 by 0.15;

hand 0.32 by 0.15; movable finger 0.45 long. Leg I: basifemur 0.28 by 0.07;

telofemur 0.13 by 0.05; tibia 0.17 by 0.04; tarsus 0.28 by 0.03. Leg IV: entire

femur 0.44 long; basifemur 0.21 by 0.17; telofemur 0.28 by 0.16; tibia 0.28 by

0.07; metatarsus 0.16 by 0.05; telotarsus 0.27 by 0.03.

Remarks. — While specimens of Chthonius (C.) ischnocheles (Her-

mann) have been collected at several places along the east coast of

North America, the specimen described here is the first recorded

representative of the subgenus Chthonius from the west coast. Inasmuch

as C. (C.) ischnocheles and the other known members of the subgenus

are native to Europe it might be supposed that the present specimen

belongs to a population introduced in some manner into California.

This possibility certainly exists, but seems unlikely for the following

reasons: 1) the specimen does not conform closely to any known species

(cf. Beier, 1963), and 2) inasmuch as other, related, and apparently

indigenous, chthoniids occur on the west coast (i.e. Chthonius calif or-

JANUARY 1968] MUCHMORE — NEW CHTHONIID PSEUDOSCORPIONS

nicus, C. oregonicus, and three species of Kewochthonius) , it is not

unreasonable to expect this species as well to be indigenous.

Chthonius [C.) pacificus resembles other members of the subgenus

in most respects, but can be distinguished by the following combination

of characters:

1 ) eighteen carapacal setae, of which two are at the posterior margin,

2) epistome small but distinct.

3) eyes of equal size and about one-half ocular diameter apart;

anterior eyes little more than one diameter from the anterior margin.

4) movable finger of the chela 1.4 times as long as hand.

Literature Cited

Beier, M. 1932. Pseudoscorpionidea. I. Chthoniinea et Neobisiinea. Tierreich,

57: 1-258.

1963. Ordnung Pseudoscorpionidea. Bestimmungs-biicher zur Bodenfauna

Europas. Lief., I: 1-313.

Chamberlin, J. C. 1929. A synoptic classification of the false scorpions or chela-

spinners, with a report on a cosmopolitan collection of the same — Part I.

The Heterosphyronida. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 10, vol. 4: 50-80.

1949. New and little known false scorpions from various parts of the world,

with notes on structural abnormalities in two species. Amer. Mus.

Novitates, 1430: 1-57.

Gabbutt, P. D. and Vachon, M. 1963. The external morphology and life history

of the pseudoscorpion Chthonius ischnocheles (Hermann). Proc. Zool.

Soc. Lond., 140: 75-98.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Announcement A. (n. s.) 80

Required six-month’s notice is given on the possible use of plenary powers by the

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in connection with the

following names listed by case number:

(see, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 24, pt. 5, 7 December 1967) :

1801. Suppression of Argynnis chlorodippe Villers & Guenee, 1835 (Insecta,

Lepidoptera)

1815. Validation of P achyrhynchus Germar, 1824 (Insecta, Coleoptera)

1822, Type-species for Lasioptera Meigen, 1818 (Insecta, Diptera)

1829. Suppression of Polanisa Walker, 1875 (Insecta, Hymenoptera)

(see. Bull, zool. Nomencl. 24, pt. 6, 18 January 1968) :

1827. Type-species for Solenius Lepeletier & Brulle, 1834 (Insecta, Hymenoptera)

Comments should be sent in duplicate, citing case number, to the Secretary,

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum

(Natural History), Cromwell Road, London S.W. 7, England. Those received

early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. — W. E.

China, Acting Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen-

clature.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

Late Season Foraging Activities of Xenoglossa gabbii

crawfordi Cockerell

(Hymenoptera : Apoidea)

A. E. Michelbacher and Paul D. Hurd, Jr.

University of California, Berkeley

Although there is some information available on the nesting hahits

for two species of the genus Xenoglossa (Linsley, MacSwain and Smith,

1955; Bohart, 1964) virtually nothing is known about the foraging

activities of these squash and gourd bees (Hurd and Linsley, 1964,

1967). The discovery of a nesting site of Xenoglossa gabbii crawfordi

Cockerell in Nogales, Sonora, Mexico on 16 September 1965 furnished

information that proved helpful in explaining many field observations

that had been previously made elsewhere at the flowers concerning the

foraging activity of this squash bee. The nesting site (Fig. 1) consisted

of 17 burrows that were confined to a low mound formed between

permanent irrigation furrows in a large home garden. The greatest

diameter of the mound was about 3 to 4 feet and it was located some

2 to 3 feet from the nearest squash plant. The garden complex consisted

mostly of an orchard of a number of varieties of fruit trees, planted

closely together, and interspersed with corn, beans, and squash. The

area was surrounded by a high walled fence which on the east side

protected the garden from both intruders and dust from an adjacent

much travelled road.

The squash plantings were the most extensive we had encountered in

the Nogales area. Most of these were fall type squashes {Cucurbita

mixta) and had made excellent growth. The oldest and largest planting

was just passed its prime although excellent bloom was present on

15 September, the day the area was first visited. Some mildew and a

virus disease were affecting some of the plants. Apparently the orchard

was irrigated 2 to 3 times a week and the entrance to the lowest burrows

on the mound were just above the high water mark. With each irriga-

tion through capillary action the soil became moist well above the zone

of the burrows on the lower portion of the mound. The soil was not

cultivated and apparently weeds were controlled by hoeing. The surface

soil in the garden compound was of a fairly heavy type, containing

considerable clay and had been hauled in and deposited over a gravelly

decomposed granitic soil. The depth of the surface soil ranged to about

18 inches.

The squash bee population was fairly large and besides X. gabbii

crawfordi at least two species of Peponapis were present in the squash

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 58-68. January 1968

JANUARY 1968] MICHELBACHER & HURD — FORAGING OF SQUASH BEE 59

Fig. 1. Diagrammatic representation of the nesting site of Xenoglossa gabbii

crawfordi indicating location of burrow entrances on soil mound described in text.

Oecupied burrows (solid circles) are numbered (^1-^4) and are shown in

relation to unoccupied burrows (open circles). Dotted line indicates approximate

height of flooding at time of irrigation.

flowers. Peponapis pruinosa (Say) occurred in fairly large numbers,

while P. utahensis (Cockerell) was relatively scarce. The squash plant-

ing was visited rather late (0730) on the morning of 15 September.

At this time all squash bees seen in the flowers were collected. On the

following day the patch was visited at 0650 and the nesting site was

discovered when a female bee with a full pollen load was seen to dis-

appear into her burrow. Collecting of bees was at once discontinued,

but by this time (about 0730) the number of females had been pretty

much depleted. A count showed that in the two mornings 39 females of

X. gabbii crawfordi had been taken. Although the mound contained 17

burrows collecting had inadvertently reduced the number of individuals

occupying the site to four. The burrows housing the four individuals

are indicated by number in Fig. 1. The squash patch was visited again

at 0720 on the morning of 17 September. There was a heavy wind and

the temperature had turned cooler (near 50° F). In fact this was the

beginning of an unusual cold spell. As the morning progressed it

became cloudy. At the start of the survey it was evident that bee #3

had been in and out of her burrow as pollen could be seen at the

periphery of her nest. At the nest entrance the bee had cut through

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

Table 1. Activity of Xenoglossa gabhii crawfordi Cockerell leaving,

returning and plugging burrows, 18 September 1965.

NEST NUMBER

Leaving

Returning

Plugging Leaving

Returning

Plugging

0655

0657

0658

0708

0703

0718

0710

0720

0722

0738

0725

0753

0739

plug

0742

started

0805

0835

plug

completed

noted

0813

plug in-

creased

to slight

mound

NEST NUMBER

3 4

Leaving Returning Plugging Leaving Returning Plugging

0659

0716

0705

0744

0717

plugged

0723

0750

0801

activity

0815 further

plug increased

started

0850

still

not com-

pletely

closed

Entered without being detected.

Burrow angles at surface making it difficult to construct the plug.

JANUARY 1968] MICHELBACHER & HURD — FORAGING OF SQUASH BEE 61

some straw. The entrance was thus partially fringed with fiber which

scraped off pollen as she entered her burrow. Of the four bees, #3 was

the only one that exhibited activity. The other females did not unplug

their burrows. Bee #3 returned to her burrow for the last time at 0815

and at 0830 started to construct the plug. To do this, she backed up

pushing the soil towards the surface, and the operation was repeated

until she brought sufficient soil to close the burrow. The period between

loads ranged from 2 to several minutes. Just below the surface the

burrow angled for a fraction of an inch and this feature appeared to

interfere with the construction of the plug. After 50 minutes of effort

the female was unable to completely plug the hole. Observations made

the following day (18 September) showed that where the burrows

tended toward the vertical the bees encountered no difficulty in manip-

ulating and constructing the plug. A survey of the squash plants

revealed practically no activity by X. gahbii crawfordi, but a number of

Peponapis, especially P. pruinosa, were seen.

The squash patch was again visited on 18 September. During the

night it had rained rather heavily in the town but only a light shower

had occurred at the nesting site. The orchard had been irrigated the

previous day. The arrival time was 0650. It was cloudy, and there was

a slight wind but it was not cold (near 60° F). However, by 0725 a

strong wind developed. All the burrows were open and as observations

later proved, all the bees had not and were not gathering pollen. A

constant surveillance of the nesting site was maintained and the results

of these observations are presented in Table 1. It was during these

observations that the nesting bees and their nests were assigned num-

bers, which were in the order of the returning bees. The individual

females behaved differently. Bee #1 made the most trips. The length

of time she required to gather a pollen load ranged from 10 to 14

minutes, while only 2 to 5 minutes were required to deposit the pollen

in the nest. Bee #2 spent 15 to 16 minutes per trip gathering pollen

and 4 to 6 minutes to deposit it in the nest. On the last trip she was so

heavily loaded with pollen that she encountered difficulty in entering

her burrow. Bee #3 spent 12 to 37 minutes to obtain a pollen load and

5 to 6 minutes to unload. Bee #4 entered her nest at 0715 from

apparently a nectar quest; she did not leave her nest so no information

in gathering and unloading pollen was obtained from this individual.

Interestingly enough, foraging activity for Bees #1 and #3 was over

at approximately 0800. After the final return to the nest a period of

at least 14 to 15 minutes elapsed before evidence of plugging the

burrow became apparent. Some of the plugs were constructed just

[vOL. 44, NO. 1

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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Burrows opened at time of arrival. Survey concluded 0950. Bee 1 still out, and no activity ever detected in nests 2 and 3.

Survey concluded 1010. Bees 2 and 3 still out. ® Burrow closed between 0917 and 0925. Temperatures at 0900 — 72.5° ; 0920 — 75.5° ; and

No pollen detectable. 0940 — 78.0° F.

JANUARY 1968] MICHELBACHER & HURD — FORAGING OF SQUASH BEE 63

below the surface of the entrance. The bees generally went directly to

their burrows and entered without any hesitation. However, bee #3

on the 0717 return circled the mound before entering and on her last

return (0801) she came in with a light pollen load, flew about hesitantly

as if aware of our presence. Because of the light pollen load and the

fact that she spent 37 minutes away from the nest it might be assumed

that part of the period was utilized in taking nectar.

The nesting site was next visited two days later on 20 September at

1530. At this time Burrow #3 was open but Burrows #1, #2, and

#4 were plugged just below the entrance. The nesting site was revisited

on 21 September from 0640 to 1020. It was a clear and windless

morning, although the cool weather of the past week continued. The

temperature at sunrise was 41° F. All burrows were open at time of

arrival, and the bees were still in them. The bees appeared reluctant

to leave the burrow and from time to time they would move towards

the entrance as if testing the situation and then retreat into the burrow.

As they approached the entrance they could be detected by a tiny light,

probably a reflection from the anterior ocellus. It was definite and

produced a rather unusual effect and showed before any part of the

bee could be distinguished. The time between making appearances

tended to shorten as the period for the bee to leave the nest approached.

This characteristic appearance and disappearance at the nest entrance

was observed shortly after arrival at the nesting site.

Bee #1 left her burrow at 0737, bee #2 at 0807, bee #3 at 0830,

and bee #4 left the earliest of all, at 0720. At the time the observations

were concluded (1020) neither bees #1, #2, or #3 had returned to

their nests. Bee #4 returned at 0920 with a light pollen load, left again

at 0940 and returned at 1000 without pollen.

The cool weather that had prevailed apparently exerted an adverse

influence on the quality of the squash flowers, but this condition also

probably involved a virus disease. Flowers on young, apparently

healthy plants, were normal.

Before leaving the squash patch, a survey at 1015 showed one X.

gabhii crawfordi working on the flowers for nectar. The three bees

that did not return were probably also visiting flowers for nectar. Dur-

ing the morning temperatures were taken at 20-minute intervals and

the results are as follows:

Time

Temp. ° F.

Time

Temp. ° F.

Time

Temp. ° ’

0640

0800

54.5

0920

63.5

0700

0820

58.5

0940

66.0

0720

0840

61.0

1000

67.0

0740

0900

61.5

1020

68.5

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

The nest site was visited again at 1245. Burrows #1, #2, and #4

were plugged about % inch below the entrance. Many flowers never

completely opened, but the pollen supply was in excess of that whieh

the bees could utilize.

On 22 September the nesting site was kept under constant observation

from 0705 until 1010. All burrows were open on arrival. The weather

was clear, calm and it was somewhat warmer than on the preceding

day. The time of appearance in the burrows, leaving and returning

to the nest along with temperatures, are given in Table 2. The informa-

tion clearly shows that there was considerable variation in the individual

action of the four bees. Bee #4 was the first to leave her burrow.

Although she was the only one that foraged for pollen she made only

two trips and returned each time with only partially completed loads.

She left her nest at 0715 for the first time and returned at 0725. She

departed for the second load at 0731 and returned in 6 minutes at 0737.

At 0757 she showed and left her burrow at 0759. At 1000 she returned

to her burrow without a pollen load, and apparently spent the time

away from the nest seeking nectar. After a number of appearances at

the nest entrance, bee #1 left at 0803 and returned without detectable

pollen at 1009. During the period she was away from her nest the

orehard was irrigated and moisture had crept for a couple of inches

beyond the entrance to her burrow. This change in conditions ap-

parently caused her to fly repeatedly around and about the entrance

before entering. Apparently the time she spent out of her burrow was

in search of nectar. Bee #2 left her nest at 0759 and bee #3 at 0825.

Neither of these returned before the survey was completed. There

is little doubt that they were seeking neetar. Late in the season there

appears to be the tendeney for the squash and gourd bees [Peponapis

and Xenoglossa) to search for nectar late into the day. At the close of

the 22 September survey (1010) the squash patch was examined and

5 female X. gabbii crawfordi were found. None of these showed any

evidence of gathering pollen. At 1245 an examination of the nesting

site revealed that the burrows of bees #2 and #3 were unplugged.

On 23 September, the nesting site was visited at 1110. It was hot

and still. The entrance to nests #1 and #4 were plugged at least %

inch below the surface, while nests #2 and #3 were open with no

evidence of activity. No change noted when the site was again exam-

ined at 1140. A survey of the garden showed that the older squash

plants were in a state of rapid decline. The flowers were few and most

failed to open in a normal fashion, probably due to virus and mildew.

In the younger planting conditions were much better. There were m.any

JANUARY 1968] MICHELBACHER & HURD FORAGING OF SQUASH BEE 65

normal flowers and there were numerous Peponapis either resting or

getting nectar. Two X. gahhii crawfordi were seen, neither gathering

pollen. One of these was encountered at 1145 and in a brief period

she moved to 3 or 4 flowers, apparently in search of nectar.

The last extensive survey was conducted from 0645 to 0950 on

24 September. The day was clear and still and the entrances to the

burrows were open at time of arrival. No activity in nests #2 and #3

was detected throughout the survey and subsequent observations in-

dicated that the bees associated with these nests were finished for the

season. The activity encountered in nests #1 and #4 together with

temperatures is given in Table 2. Bee #1 appeared at her burrow

entrance a number of times and left at 0703. She had not returned at

the time the survey was concluded at 0950. Bee #4 appeared once at

0712 and left the burrow two minutes later. She brought in two loads

of pollen. The last one was at 0730. She left again at 0733 and returned

at 0855 without a pollen load. She plugged her burrow shortly after

this.

At 0955 a survey of the squash patch showed that there were two

X. gahhii crawfordi gathering nectar. Peponapis were not as abundant

as on the previous day, and bumble bees were present. During the

survey squash flowers were removed from the plants and were placed

about the nesting site. Both Peponapis and X. gahhii crawfordi visited

these flowers. Among the flowers weire some that were normal and

others that were not. It appeared that the squash bees showed a decided

preference for the normal flowers. The X. gahhii crawfordi visiting

these flowers apparently were in quest of nectar, although at 0828 one

with a pollen load looked at a flower and continued on.

The last observation of the nesting site before the burrows were

excavated on 2 October was made on 25 September. At the time of

arrival at 1030 Burrow #4 was plugged and at time of leaving at 1100

Burrow #1 was also plugged. Flowers in the younger squash planting

were in good condition. No X. gahhii crawfordi were seen visiting

the flowers but Peponapis and bumble bees in particular were numerous

and active.

It is regrettable that the nesting site was not discovered at an earlier

date. This would have afforded an opportunity to study the activity

of the bees during the height of the pollen gathering period. As it

turned out, observations covered the end of this period and the activity

of the bees at the close of the nesting season. The behavior exhibited

through this transition was most marked. During the active pollen

gathering period the females gather pollen and nectar during the early

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

Table 3. Latest period that females of Xenoglossa gabbii

crawfordi were taken in surveys conducted in

several localities in Mexico.

Locality

Date

Sunrise

Time

period

Number of

individuals

Pollen load

Mazatan

9/ 9 /64

0730

absence to light

8 mi. S. E.

Culiacan

9/14/64

0745

0600

light to heavy

15 mi. N.

Mazatlan

9/15/64

0615

0545

light to heavy

3 mi. N.

Las Cruces

9/27/64

0700

0600

0610

heavy

7% mi. E.

Colima

10/11/64

0625

0730

light

Colima

10/12/64

0700

0745

0750

heavy

12 mi. S. E.

Manzanillo

10/14/64

0715

0805

0745

light

Playa de Santiago

Manzanillo

10/15/64

0702

0800

0715

medium

13 mi. N. W.

Mazatlan

10/21/64

0717

0730

0645

heavy

15% mi. E.

Navajo a

10/23/64

0630

0700

0620

heavy

0635

JANUARY 1968] MICHELBACHER & HURD FORAGING OF SQUASH BEE 67

morning hours and usually retreat to their burrows and plug them at

an early hour. At the close of the principal pollen gathering season

the habits of the females undergo a profound change. They no longer

leave their nests at an early hour and they may or may not gather

pollen. If they do not gather pollen there is a tendency for them to

remain away from their nest for periods ranging up to more than two

hours. During this time they visit flowers, and probably are only

interested in taking nectar.

The unusual cold period that set in shortly after the nesting site was

discovered may have hastened the close of the season. At the time the

nesting site was excavated on 2 October all evidence pointed to the

fact that activity was rapidly drawing to an end. Of the four bees

under observation only one remained. Her last observed action was

most unusual for she came out of her burrow and immediately entered

another burrow, separated from hers by 7 mm.

Evidence supporting the fact that the present season may have been

an early one is found in observations made at Cibuta, Sonora, Mexico,

on 25 October 1964. Cibuta is about 30 miles south of Nogales. A

patch of zucchini type squash was examined from 0930 to 0945 and

X. gabbii crawfordi females were observed gathering pollen.

Based on observations made in Mexico, X. gabbii crawfordi activity

in the field during the active pollen gathering period starts about 20

minutes before it is light enough to capture the bees without the aid

of a light. Such observations were made in the vicinity of Mazatan,

Culiacan, Mazatlan, Colima and Manzanillo. Activity by the females

of this species also ceased at a relatively early hour. In a number of

fields squash bee activity was followed at 15-minute intervals and the

latest period in which female X. gabbii crawfordi were taken along

with other pertinent information is given in Table 3. The data clearly

shows that the females terminate their field activity at a rather early

hour and usually long before the flowers show any signs of closing.

Observations at the nesting site clearly illustrate why in midseason

female X. gabbii crawfordi are only likely to be collected in early

morning, while in late season early morning collecting would probably

yield nothing. However, during this latter period late morning collect-

ing is likely to be fruitful.

Acknowledgments

This study was made possible and carried out by a grant from the

National Science Foundation (NSF-GB, 1021, “Insect pollinators of

the Cucurbitaceae”) . Special appreciation is expressed to Mrs. Ruiz of

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

Nogales, Mexico who accorded us full cooperation during the period

of field investigations on her property.

Literature Cited

Bohart, G. E. 1964. Notes on the biology and larval morphology of Xenoglossa

strenua (Hymenoptera : Apoidea) . Pan-Pacific Entomol., 40 (3): 174-

182.

Hurd, P. D., Jr., and E. G. Linsley. 1964. The squash and gourd bees — genera

Peponapis Robertson and Xenoglossa Smith — inhabiting America North

of Mexico (Hymenoptera : Apoidea) . Hilgardia, 35 (15): 375-477.

1967. Squash and gourd bees of the genus Xenoglossa (Hymenoptera :

Apoidea). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 60 (5): 988-1007.

Linsley, E. G., J. W. MacSwain, and Ray F. Smith. 1955. Biological observa-

tions on Xenoglossa fulva Smith with some generalizations on biological

characters of other eucerine bees (Hymenoptera : Anthophoridae) .

Bull. Southern Calif. Acad. Sci., 54 (3) : 128-141.

RECENT LITERATURE

A Classification of the Large Carpenter Bees (Xylocopini) (Hymenoptera :

Apoidea). By Paul D. Hurd, Jr., and J. S. Moure, C.M.F. University of

California Publications in Entomology, vol. 29: vi 365 pp., including a

frontispiece and 244 figs, in the text, most of them grouped terminally.

University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles; Cambridge

University Press, London. 31 December 1963. $7.50.

This remarkable work results from years of study by the authors, both in-

dependently and together, and includes a detailed investigation of the world

literature. Starting with those of the head, structural characters proven useful

in the taxonomy were designated serial numbers, with lettered subdivisions.

These numbers and letters have been used in the descriptions (designed for

computer use), each as a separate paragraph. As a result, tracing or comparison

of characters in various taxa is simple and immediate, though the descriptions

are exhaustive.

In many subgenera keys to species are provided, chiefly adapted from recent

literature with comments on later studies. Of the many new species discovered,

only those used as type species for certain new subgenera are actually described.

The work includes a synoptic catalogue of all taxa, in parts, as appropriate to

the text. The list of names as applied in the genus Xylocopa Latreille contains

many new synonymies. — Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco.

JANUARY 1968]

SCIENTIFIC NOTES

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Further Observations on Trapping Male Pleocoma with Female-Baited

Traps (Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae).^ — Zwick and Peifer (1965, Pan-Pac. Ento-

moL, 41(2) : 118-120) reported the attraction of Pleocoma minor Linsley males to

traps baited with P. minor females. They suspected that a sex pheromone was

produced by the females. In view of their work, and the current entomological

interest in sex attractants, this brief paper reports two instances where other spe-

cies of male Pleocoma were drawn to traps baited with Pleocoma females.

In conjunction with a study of the distribution of Pleocoma in Oregon, traps

baited with live females were set in the soil at two locations in western Oregon in

1960 and 1961. Each trap was constructed as follows: The top was cut out of an

ordinary tin can about the size of a 2-pound coffee can. The female was placed

on an inch or two of soil in the bottom of the can. A funnel was placed on the

can in such a way that the funnel rim could be attached to the top of the can and

the funnel spout would be about 2 inches above the soil in the bottom of the can.

The trap was then set in the ground so that the funnel rim and the top of the can

were level with the surface of the soil.

On 31 October 1960, eight such traps were set out in McDonald Forest, 5 miles

north of Corvallis. Traps number 1-4 each were baited with a freshly dug female

of P. dubitalis duhitalis Davis, the species commonly found in this area. It is not

known whether the females were virgin or inseminated. No females were placed

in traps number 5-8. During the next II days, four males were attracted to two

of the baited traps; one male entered trap number 2 and three males entered trap

number 4. No males entered traps number 5-8. Something, probably a skunk or

other predator, had ripped the funnels from traps number 1 and 3 and devoured

all but the elytra of the females which had been placed therein.

It is of interest that three males were attracted to a single female in trap num-

ber 4. In soil burrows, Ritcher and Beer (1956, Pan-Pac. EntomoL, 32(4) : 181-

184) observed two or three P. duhitalis duhitalis males attraeted to a single fe-

male. Ellertson (1956, J. Econ. Entomok, 49(3) : 431) found as many as seven to

nine P. oregonensis males burrowing down to a single female with two or more

males being crushed in the process. Ellertson and Ritcher (1959, Oregon Agr.

Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull., No. 44, 42 pp.) found females of P. minor, P. crinita, and

P. oregonensis to copulate with more than one male in the laboratory. These data

may indicate that the attractant produced by female Pleocoma, be it a sex phero-

mone or some other mechanism, is secreted even after the arrival of the first male.

On the other hand, the attractant may be secreted only once but deposited, par-

tially at least, on the substrate. In this case it could remain attractive for some

time.

In late October 1961, three traps, each baited with one P. duhitalis duhitalis fe-

male, were placed in the soil along Highway No. 99 near Stage Road Pass at an

elevation of 1,830 feet, about 3 miles north of Wolf Creek in Josephine County.

This area is within the general distribution occupied by P. simi although the

closest known P. simi site is about 25 miles to the south near Grants Pass.

The traps were examined in late November 1961. All three traps were still in-

tact, but something had entered the traps and eaten all but the elytra of the fe-

^ Supported by the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station and National Science Foundation Grant

No. G-17935.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

males. In trap number 3, however, in addition to the elytra of the P. dubitalis

dubitalis female, the elytra and metathoracic wings of a P. simi adult male were

found. In this case, then, the male probably was attracted by the female prior to

the entry of the predator which then devoured both beetles.

In view of the observations reported here, it may be noted that if the attractive

mechanism drawing P. minor males to P. minor females is the production of a fe-

male sex pheromone, as speculated by Zwick and Peifer (1965), such a pheromone

probably is produced also by P. dubitalis dubitalis females. Moreover, since in at

least one case a P. simi male was attracted to a P. dubitalis female, the attractant

may not be species-specific. — David G. Fellin,® Department of Entomology, Oregon

State University, Corvallis.

^ Presently Research Forest Entomologist, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,

Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, Montana.

Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Megaselia scalaris Infesting Laboratory

Cultures of Sciomyzid Flies^ (Acari: Acaridae; Diptera: Phoridae and Scio-

myzidae) . — The rearings of Sciomyzidae with terrestrial larvae at the limnological

laboratory of the Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

were infested by the acarid mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) and by the

phorid fly Megaselia {Megaselia) scalaris (Loew) on several occasions.

The seiomyzid flies were kept in breeding jars constructed by placing a bottom-

less jar about 7 cm high and 5 cm in diameter in a plastic Petri dish of slightly

larger diameter, containing a layer of compressed, slightly moistened, peat moss.

The jar was covered with nylon cloth fixed with two rubber bands. A narrow

margin of the peat moss layer was thus exposed to organisms outside the breeding

jar. The food for adult flies, i.e. a mixture of honey, brewer’s yeast, and dried

milk, and also both crushed and living aquatic snails were put into each breeding

jar.

Tyrophagus putrescentiae probably penetrated into the breeding jars both

through the nylon cloth and the exposed peat moss, but there is no positive evi-

dence of either of these two modes of entry. The mites were feeding on dry snail

tissue, on an organic layer covering snail shells (remnants of organic deposits,

microorganisms living in and on these deposits, and perhaps also periostracum) ,

on dry fly food, and particularly on sciomyzid eggs. Because of the latter habit,

they are not only a nuisance but serious pests in laboratory cultures.

The infestation of Megaselia scalaris was initiated by females penetrating into

the jar through the cloth and laying eggs inside the jar, and very probably also

by oviposition into that peat moss exposed outside which was soaked with fly food.

The larvae were feeding both on dead snails (either previously killed by sciomyzid

larvae or having died of drought) and fly food resting on, or mixed with, peat

moss. No killing of snails by phorid larvae was positively ascertained. Occasion-

ally, phorid larvae were observed to feed on sciomyzid adults that had died re-

cently. The damage caused by Phoridae, if any, was only indirect. The phorid

and sciomyzid larvae perhaps had to compete for food or space.

^ A by-product of studies supported by research grants AI-05923, from the National Institute of

Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U. S. Public Health Service, and GE-5452, from the Program of

Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation.

JANUARY 1968]

SCIENTIFIC NOTES

The control of phorid flies was easily accomplished by using double nylon cloth

to cover the jars, which kept ovipositing females out, and by consistent destruction

of any phorid larva or puparium found when jars were checked. The mites, on

the other hand, were very difficult to control. Whenever an infestation was found,

it was necessary to transfer sciomyzid flies into a new breeding jar immediately,

and to treat the whole old jar, including peat moss, with alcohol. Large glass con-

tainers with tight glass lids were used for this purpose. Whenever it was necessary

to keep infested jars untouched for some time, they were placed on a separate ta-

ble far from current rearings.

The help of Dr. D. E. Johnston (Columbus, Ohio), Mr. C. A. Lanciani (Ithaca,

N. Y.), and Mr. W. H. Robinson (Ames, Iowa) in the identification of infesting

species, and valuable suggestions of Dr. C. 0. Berg (Ithaca, N. Y.) are appreci-

ated. — Jan Zuska,^ Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

^Resident address: Central Research Institute of Food Industry, Department of Entomology, Na

belidle 21, Prague 5, Czechoslovakia.

The Rediscovery of Manica parasitica (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) . —

In 1932 Dr. W. S. Creighton collected a new species of Manica on the summit of

Polly Dome in Yosemite National Park, California at an elevation of about 8,600

feet. He found 13 workers in a nest of Manica bradleyi W. M. Wheeler con-

sequently he named them Manica parasitica Creighton (1934, Psyche, 41; 185).

In the intervening 35 years other American myrmecolo gists have made pilgrimages

to Yosemite, especially to Polly Dome, in vain efforts to collect more of this

species. For several years, in the course of our study of the genus Manica, we

have examined many nests of M. bradleyi in many localities always hoping that

we would find M. parasitica. Finally on 7 September 1967 our efforts were

meagerly rewarded (one worker) , but not on Polly Dome, nor even in Yosemite.

Our specimen was taken from a typical nest of M. bradleyi in an opening in a

coniferous forest in sandy loam on a rather steep slope. A cluster of ants under

a small stone was bagged with soil without close examination. We had despaired

so long of finding M. parasitica that the sample was aspirated, preserved in alcohol

and pinned several days later before we realized that we had something unusual.

We returned to the site with Mr. Oscar Stark, Laboratory of Desert Biology,

on 17 September. Further extensive excavation uncovered one more all-black

worker. The total M. bradleyi population collected was 379 workers, 1 winged

female, 53 males, 1 larva and 40 worker pupae.

We sent the first specimen to Dr. Creighton, who reported on it by letter: “I

think that there is no doubt that you have rediscovered Manica parasitica and I

congratulate you on the discovery. The specimen that you sent me is somewhat

more heavily sculptured than any member of the type series but, as there was

notable variation in the sculpture of the thirteen types, all that this means is that

the type series did not show the full range of sculpture which marks the worker

of parasitica.”

The second worker of M. parasitica, which was very similar to the first, was

kept in an observation nest with 91 workers and 22 males of M. bradleyi. It was

quite able to feed itself. It was very easy to distinguish from the M. bradleyi

workers by its quicker response to disturbances, by its faster gait and by the

bouncing of the anterior end as it walked. We thought at first that this might

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

be due to injury, but the individual outlived all of the host sample and died from

unknown causes on 6 December.

Another comment in Dr. Creighton’s letter: “I have always felt that the type

nest of parasitica was abnormally situated.” After several years of studying the

genus Manica, we heartily concur: a shallow pocket of coarse gravel and sand on

a treeless dome of solid rock is far from a typical nest site for M. bradleyi. To be

sure, we have never been able to determine the full extent of a typical nest in

a typical site, hut it would certainly ramify through several cubic meters.

Field Data: Three miles northeast of Clark Fork Campground, Stanislaus

National Forest, Alpine County, California. 7 and 17 September 1967. Elevation

6,100 feet. Opening in a coniferous forest: lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta latifolia

Engelm.), Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.), white fir (Abies concolor

Lindl.), incense cedar (Libocedrus decurrens Torr.). — George C. Wheeler and

Jeanette Wheeler, University of Nevada, Reno.

BOOK REVIEW

The Crane Flies of California. By Charles P. Alexander. Bulletin of the

California Insect Survey, Volume 8, 269 pages, 524 figures, frontispiece. 1967.

16.00.

The Tipulidae, commonly known as Crane Flies, comprise the largest family

group within the order Diptera, numbering approximately 13,000 described species.

The recent (1965) Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico reports

1458 species for the Nearctic Region. In January 1966 when the final revision of

manuscript was submitted by the author, 432 species, approximately 29 per cent

of the Nearctic fauna, were known to occur in California. Three additional

published records may be called to the attention of the reader. These additions

are: Tipula (Lunatipula) macrotrichia Alexander and Dicranota (Dicranota)

bernardiensis Alexander, both described in Great Basin Naturalist, vol. 26, pp. 2-4;

1966. The former was from Kings Canyon, Fresno Co., the latter from Thurman

Flats, Mill River, San Bernardino Co. The third addition to the state list is

Dactylolabis (Eudactylolabis) vestigipennis Alexander, as recorded hy Rentz and

Gagne in Entomological News, vol. 78, pp. 261-262; 1967. The latter, a sub-

apterous Crane Fly was taken at two localities, the first in Los Angeles County

(22 miles west of the junction of highways 138 and 14), the second in San

Bernardino County (3 miles north of Cajon Pass on Interstate highway 15).

I would like to add my voice to the chorus of praise that most certainly will

rise in response to Dr. Alexander’s significant contribution to our knowledge of

the Crane Fly fauna of California. Dr. Alexander has not limited himself to the

family Tipulidae alone hut treats as well the families: Tanyderidae, Ptychop-

teridae, Trichoceridae, Anisopodidae, and Pachyneuridae. All species known to

occur in California are considered and there are numerous instances where

extralimital species e.g. Dactylolabis vestigipennis Alexander, which was originally

known only from Arizona, find a place in the keys. This feature certainly augments

the usefulness of the keys. I have already drawn attention to the fact that this

species is presently known from California.

JANUARY 1968]

BOOK REVIEWS

Of significance to students of the Crane Flies will be the fact that with this

text and the Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VI, Conn. State Geol. and

Nat. Hist. Survey Bull., 64, published in 1942, Dr. Alexander has furnished us

with keys and figures to probably 60-70 per cent of the entire fauna; additional

species not treated in these two texts are to be found in the southeast and in

the Rocky Mountain area. Numerous illustrations of hypopygial characters and

wings, indispensable for the proper determination of species, accompany the text

and, particularly in connection with extralimital species, citations to figures in

other texts are given.

The introductory passages are both interesting and valuable to the student and

he will find the references to the literature carefully chosen.

In the course of preparing this brief review, I have attempted to test the keys

on some species. It is here that one may savor the fruits of some fifty-seven years

of diligent pursuit. The keys proved to be accurate in all instances, but that is

not to say that they will be easy to use. One will need to apply himself assiduously

and with patience in order to achieve competence. The Tipulidae offer an excep-

tionally good number of hypopygial characters, and these are difficult to

describe in words; it is here that difficulty is encountered. The numerous figures

accompanying the text will certainly be of much value. I believe these could have

been improved by additional indicators which could unequivocally draw the

reader’s attention to specific details needed for comparison,

I have not noticed any errors in the text. It seems that the generic names

Cryptolabis and Rhabdomastix were placed out of order in the arrangement of

genera on page 119. Naturally I have not had the time as yet to thoroughly

evaluate the figures of the text. Where I have made comparisons the illustrations

have for the most part been quite accurate. I should call attention to figure 220

(p. 221) of Tipula {Trichotipula) macrophallus (Dietz) where it seems that the

outer basal lobe of the dististyle has been illustrated in reverse to its natural

position with relation to the bilobed body of the style.

All students of the Diptera will want to have this text in their library and I

would urge all those vitally interested to secure a copy before it goes out of general

circulation. — Saul I. Frommer, University of California, Riverside.

Ectoparasites of Panama. By Rupert L. Wenzel and Vernon J. Tipton (editors).

Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, pp. xii -|- 861, illus.

22 November 1966. Price $25.00.

This handsome volume of 861 pages is a result of many years’ work starting

with scientific investigations in connection with building of the Panama Canal

by such pioneers as Lawrence H. Dunn. More intensive work started with the

opening of the Barro Colorado Field Laboratory in 1924 and the Corgas Memorial

Laboratory in 1929. More particularly, the present work resulted from a systematic

survey of the ectoparasites of Panama started in 1956 and carried out by Lt. Col.

Robert M. Altman, Drs. Conrad E. Yunker, James M. Brennan, Lt. Col. Vernon J.

Tipton, Phyllis T. Johnson, Craham B. Fairchild, and Mr. Eustorgio Mendez. The

Office of Research and Development of the Office of the Surgeon General, U. S.

Army provided financial aid both for the field work and publication of the book.

Great assistance was rendered by the field work of Dr. Alexander Wetmore on

the birds of Panama and Dr. Charles 0. Handley on the mammals and by the field

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

work on arthropod-borne virus diseases carried out by Mr. Pedro Galindo, Gorgas

Laboratory. The impetus for the book was supplied by Dr. Rupert L. Wenzel of

the Field Museum of Natural History and Lt. Col. Vernon J. Tipton and it is

through their efforts that it was brought to completion and published.

The subject matter is organized into chapters including an excellent introduction

by Graham B. Fairchild, a gazetteer of collecting localities by Fairchild and

Handley and a series of essentially taxonomic monographs of particular groups

of ectoparasites as follows: Mites of the Subfamily Laelaptinae by Tipton, Altman

and Keenan; Dermanyssid Mites by Yunker and Radovsky; The Genus Hirstio-

nyssus by Strandtmann and Yunker; Spinturnicid Mites by Furman; The Ticks

by Fairchild, Kohls and Tipton; The Chiggers by Brennan and Yunker; The

Mallophaga by Emerson; The Sucking Lice by Wenzel and Johnson; The Genus

Amblyopinus by Barrera; The Fleas by Tipton and Mendez; The Hippoboscidae

by Fairchild; The Nycteribiid Bat Flies by Guimaraes; and the Streblid Bat Flies

by Wenzel, Tipton, and Kiewlicz. Finally, there is a general chapter on “Some

Relationships between Mammals and their Ectoparasites” by Wenzel and Tipton

and a zoogeographic chapter “Mice, Land Bridges and Latin American Faunal

Interchange” by Hershkovitz. There is a checklist of the mammals of Panama by

Charles 0. Handley, Jr. and an appendix giving a classified list of hosts and

parasites and a very useful index.

It is difficult to generalize on such a massive work as this. Certainly it provides

the most detailed information and most useful taxonomic treatment of ectoparasites

available for any region in the tropics though the authors correctly point out that

this is only a beginning and that much remains to be done even at the exploratory

level. Furthermore, it is pointed out that more refined methods must be

used in the future for sampling ectoparasites so that the results are amenable to

statistical analysis. Host-parasite studies here as elsewhere have suffered from

failure to obtain quantitative data but the present volume eliminates some of the

worst sources of error found elsewhere in the literature. Host identifications in

the Panama work were made consistently by specialists and collections in most

cases were kept separate even while collecting in the field so that errors are likely

to be minimal. The most conspicuous gaps in this work were in collecting at high

elevations and in collections on birds and reptiles. Also, the nests and resting

places did not receive the attention that they deserve.

To the general reader the most interesting chapter will be that of Wenzel and

Tipton in which generalizations on hosts and their ectoparasites are given. Here

attention is called to such interesting complementary distributions as the relative

absence of Streblidae and Nycteribiidae on Mollossidae which are parasitized by

Polyctenidae. Also the absence of Dermanyssid mites on Oryzomyine rodent hosts

is noted. The latter are normally heavily parasitized by Laelaptid mites of the

genus Gigantolaelaps. Another interesting point in discussing Nycteribiidae

concerns the genus Basilia which occurs in both the Old and New Worlds, chiefly

on Vespertilionidae. It is remarked that “since the principal host genus, Myotis,

occurs in both hemispheres, one is tempted to conclude that the entire dispersal

is recent.” However, as pointed out by Guimaraes and D’Andretta (1956), “there

are distinctive, endemic elements of the genus in middle and South America whose

distribution suggests that there was an earlier dispersal, too. This is also suggested

by the occurrence on Myotis of Streblidae of the Trichobius major group and of

the genera Joblingia and Anatrichobius. These appear to have evolved on Myotis,

JANUARY 1968]

BOOK REVIEWS

yet have no Old World relatives.” I might add that the Cimicid genus Bucimix

occurs on Myotis in southern South America and is so distinctive that it could

best be explained by the earlier dispersal referred to above. It is further mentioned

in connection with bat fleas that “three species of Myodopsylla have been described

from South America” and one species has been taken as far south as Chocoyos in

Guatemala in the Montane zone but none have been reported between Guatemala

and Colombia. It is postulated that this genus may be found in the highlands of

Panama but the fact is that it has not been found and this same gap between

Chocoyos in Guatemala and Colombia exists for the entire family Cimicidae except

the human bed bugs.

An interesting theory is advanced as to the evolution of host specificity. Wenzel

and Tipton state that “It seems to us that such a high degree of specialization

and host specificity would usually require that throughout its life cycle (or nearly

so) the ectoparasite be closely associated with the host. The hazards of host

finding are thus greatly reduced. It hardly seems accidental that the groups which

exhibit the highest degree of host specificity are those which are host-limited or

nearly so; that is, those whose life cycle is spent on the host or whose free-living

immature stages are shortened or eliminated through ovoviviparity. This latter

condition exists in nearly all ectoparasites of bats.” It is interesting to note that

this theory does not hold for the Cimicidae which are definitely not permanently

attached to their host but which show a high degree of host specificity in many

parts of the world.

In summary, it may be said that this book provides the most elegant and

exhaustive treatment of ectoparasites of any tropical region. It will be of great

practical value to field workers for this important area and parts of it provide an

intellectual challenge to those concerned with the theoretical aspects of evolu-

tion of ectoparasites. The editors are to be congratulated for their exceptional

dedication to this project without which the book would never have been brought

to completion. — Robert L. Usinger, University of California, Berkeley.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44 , NO. 1

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

W. H. Lange, Jr. K. S. Hagen R. W. Thorp P. H. Arnaud, Jr.

President President-elect Secretary Treasurer

Proceedings

Three Hundred and Eighth Meeting

The 308th meeting was held Friday, 13 January 1967 at 7:45 p.m. in the Morrison

Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Fran-

cisco with President Lange presiding.

Members present (46) : R. L. Adlakha, J. R. Anderson, P. H. Amaud, Jr., G.

Brady, D. E. Bragg, T. S. Briggs, J. S. Buckett, G. R. Buckingham, D. J. Burdick,

J. A. Chemsak, T. W. Davies, B. J. Donovan, R. L. Doutt, J. G. Edwards, W. E.

Ferguson, W. C. Gagne, M. R. Gardner, G. A. Goerlick, J. D. Haddock, K. S.

Hagen, R. E. Hall, K. Horn, D. S. Horning, Jr., P. D. Hurd, Jr., A. Jung, C.

Kovacic, W. H. Lange, Jr., V. Lee, H. B. Leech, D. D. Linsdale, P. Lum, C. D.

MacNeill, C. W. O’Brien, Lois O’Brien, P. A. Opler, J. A. Powell, H. G. Real,

D. C. Rentz, R. E. Stecker, A. R. Stephen, R. L. Tassan, R. W. Thorp, P. E.

Turner, Jr., M. S. Wasbauer, S. P. Welles, Jr., R. S. Wielgus.

Visitors present (17) : Mr. and Mrs. C. Cushman, Laura Donovan, S. R. Dutky,

Alice and Janie Edwards, Diane Harrold, Carol Homing, A. D. Keuter, Marie

Korpita, 0. C. LaFrance, Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Love, W. Olksenski, Kathi Rentz,

Kaye Stage.

The minutes of the meeting held 9 December 1966 were summarized.

Four new members were elected: R. D. Akre, C. Dailey, A. D. Keuter, T. A.

Sears.

President Lange called for introduction of guests. Dr. K. S. Hagen introduced

Dr. S. R. Dutky of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland.

Dr. Dutky is a microbiologist who is probably best known for his work on milky

disease.

President Lange called for announcements. Dr. J. W. Tilden announced with

deep regret the death of Dr. Carl D. Duncan, an Honored Member and past

President of the Society, on 21 December 1966. He also mentioned that a memorial

service was to be held on Saturday, 14 January 1967 at San Jose State College.

Dr. Lois O’Brien extended the thanks of the California Academy in appreciation

for the free time donated by W. Gagne, G. Rotramel, and R. Brown in working

on the insect collections. She also mentioned that any such volunteer services are

always welcome at the Academy.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. Gerald I. Stage of the U. S.

National Museum. His illustrated lecture was entitled “Biosystematics of the Bee

Genus Hesperapis with Emphasis on the Relationship Between a Phenetic and a

Phyletic Classification and the Biological Data.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — R. W.

Thorp, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Ninth Meeting

The 309th meeting was held Friday, 24 February 1967 at 7:45 p.m. in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,

San Francisco, with President Lange presiding.

JANUARY 1968]

PROCEEDINGS

Members present (41) : P. H. Arnaud, Jr., E. Bergmark, G. Brady, D. E. Bragg,

T. S. Briggs, Nancy Twomey Brownfield, J. S. Buckett, J. S. Cope, T. W. Davies,

D. G. Denning, B. J. Donovan, G. J. Edwards, J. S. Fisher, M. R. Gardner, J. F.

Gustafson, T. F. Halstead, K. Horn, Kathleen Kamiya, A. D. Keuter, V. Lee, H. B.

Leech, K. Lorenzen, P. Lum, C. D. MacNeill, J. W. MacSwain, R. E. Main, A. E.

Michelbacher, W. W. Middlekauff, Lois O’Brien, H. G. Real, D. C. Rentz, E. S.

Ross, F. J. Santana, R. E. Stecker, R. W. Thorp, J. W. Tilden, W. H. Tyson,

S. P. Welles, Jr., R. H. Whitsel, R. S. Wielgus, Anita Yamamoto.

Visitors present (14) : J. W. Arnold, H. Bianconi, Sharee Cope, Loretta Denning,

Laura Donovan, Mrs. T. Halstead, Pauline S. Lange, Martha Michelbacher, W.

Olkowski, J. H. Peck, Pam Strong, B. Tilden, H. V. Weems, Jr., B. Whitsel.

The minutes of the meeting held 13 January 1967 were summarized.

Five new members were elected: J. S. Fisher, R. B. Hutt, Kathleen Kamiya,

A. G. Raske, N. C. Toscano.

President Lange called for introduction of guests. Dr. W. W. Middlekauff

introduced Dr. H. V. Weems, Jr., of the University of Florida and the Florida

Department of Agriculture.

President Lange called for announcements. Mr. J. S. Buckett, Program Chair-

man, mentioned that the annual spring picnic is being planned and suggested that

it might be held in April at Russelmann Park near Mount Diablo. He then asked

the members for any further suggestions as to time or place. President Lange

suggested that a future meeting could be held at San Jose State College and that

a collecting trip be considered as another type of Society function. Dr. Lois

O’Brien expressed the gratitude of the California Academy for volunteer work,

on the insect collections, contributed by the following: J. G. Edwards, W. Gagne,

T. Halstead, H. G. Real, B. Tilden, and Anita Yamamoto.

The principal speaker of the evening was Lt. Fred J. Santana, Naval Disease

Control Center, Naval Air Station, Alameda. His illustrated lecture was entitled

“Vector Control in Viet Nam.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — R. W.

Thorp, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Tenth Meeting

The 310th meeting was held Friday, 31 March 1967 at 7 :45 p.m. in the Morrison

Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Fran-

cisco, with President-elect Hagen presiding.

Members present (56) : J. R. Anderson, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., C. L. Armin, Mary

F. Benson, R. M. Bohart, D. E. Bragg, J. S. Buckett, G. R. Buckingham, D. J.

Burdick, L. E. Caltagirone, Carol L. Collins, C. Dailey, H. V. Daly, D. G. Denning,

R. L. Doutt, J. G. Edwards, W. K. Fox, M. R. Gardner, N. E. Gary, R. H. Gonzalez,

A. A. Grigarick, Jr., Hilary Hacker, K. S. Hagen, R. E. Hall, R. Hennessey, K.

Horn, D. S. Horning, Jr., A. Jung, Kathleen Kamiya, A. D. Keuter, C. Kovacic,

R. L. Langston, V. Lee, D. D. Linsdale, K. Lorenzen, P. Lum, J. W. MacSwain,

A. E. Michelbacher, W. W. Middlekauff, C. W. and Lois R. O’Brien, P. A. Opler,

J. A. Powell, Iris E. Savage, R. F. Schoeppner, F. E. Skinner, C. Slobodchicoff,

E. L. Smith, R. E. Stecker, A. Stephen, D. J. Sullivan, R. W. Thorp, W. H. Tyson,

S. P. Welles, Jr., R. W. Wielgus, Anita Yamamoto.

Visitors (69) : Mrs. J. R. Anderson, Barbara Barr, Margaret Bohart, R. and

Alkemene Brandar, Ana Caltagirone, Carolyn Dailey, Barbara and Diane Daly,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

R. S. Doty, Lucinda Doutt, Viola Drescher, L. Duba, Mrs. J. G. Edwards, Dr. and

Mrs. F. A. Ellis, Marie Essig, Verda L. Fletcher, Mrs. W. Fox, J. Frazer, R. C.

Gardner, Carolyn George, Barbara Grigarick, B. and Rena Hagen, Carol Horning,

Mr. and Mrs. R. M. Jackson, Julian Jenson, M. M. Judy, Pauline S. Lange, J. Lee,

G. E. Lindsay, Valerie V. Linsdale, Roberta Long, R. MacGregor, Mr. and Mrs. J.

MacKenzie, Sr., J. B. MacKenzie, Mr. and Mrs. M. Marquis, D. and Joanne

McLean, Sharon Meuth, Martha Michelbacher, Frances Morgan, W. Olkowski,

Mr. and Mrs. J. Peck, R. and Eugenia M. Pipa, B. P. and Winnifred Randall,

Roberta Savage, Mr. and Mrs. C. Schmidt, E. Show, Jean, Roger, and Susan

Skinner, Phyllis Stecker, Leslie Supaw, H. A. Sweet, Betty Swift, C. J. and Carol

L. Weinman, Alyn Wielgus, A. Whitehead, Mary E. Zimmerman.

The minutes of the meeting held 24 February 1967 were summarized.

Two new members were elected: G. Rotramel, M. K. Schiffman.

President-elect Hagen called for announcements. Dr. H. V. Daly, Editor, Pan-

Pacific Entomologist, announced the following changes in the editorial staff of the

Pan-Pacific Entomologist: “Dr. Lois O’Brien retired after serving as Editorial

Assistant from July 1962 to October 1966. The Society owes a heavy debt to Dr.

O’Brien for her help in reviewing manuscripts and for her preparation of the

annual index and table of contents. Mr. George Rotramel has been appointed as

her replacement for one year. Also retiring is Dr. John Anderson who has served

as Assistant Editor from January 1964 to October 1966. Dr. Anderson’s special

contributions to the quality of the journal have been through his conscientious and

critical review of manuscripts. Dr. Robbin Thorp has been appointed as his

replacement for one year.”

Dr. Lois O’Brien expressed the gratitude of the California Academy for volunteer

work, on the insect collections, contributed by the following: R. Brown, W. Gagne,

and H. Real.

The following note was presented:

Discovery of Esperia sulphurella (F.) in California.- — ^This peculiar orange

and black moth, which is a widespread European species of Oecophoridae has

not heretofore been recorded in North America. The first specimen, a female, was

collected by C. D. MacNeill in his yard at El Cerrito, Contra Costa County, on

10 April 1966. Then, in February of this year, Powell found larvae feeding

beneath bark of a fallen Quercus agrifolia in the Berkeley Hills, Alameda County,

back of The California School for the Deaf. A series of adults was reared between

21 February and 6 March 1967. The two sites are about 5.25 airline miles apart.

— J. A. Powell, University of California, Berkeley.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. E. S. Ross, California Academy of

Sciences. His illustrated lecture was entitled: “An entomologist’s view of western

Africa. Pictorial highlights of an Embioptera survey from the Sahara to Cape-

town.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — R. W.

Thorp, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Eleventh Meeting

The 311th meeting, the annual picnic and field day, was held Saturday, 20 May

1967 at Russelmann Park near Mt. Diablo.

Members present (19) : D. E. Bragg, D. L. Dahlsten, H. V. Daly, W. E. Fer-

guson, A. P. Gutierrez, K. S. Hagen, J. E. Laing, W. H. Lange, Jr., E. G. Linsley,

JANUARY 1968]

PROCEEDINGS

W. W. Middlekauff, P. A. Opler, J. A. Powell, D. C. Rentz, E. S. Ross, G. Rot-

ramel, R. E. Stacker, R. E. Stinner, R. W. Thorp, R. L. Usinger.

Visitors present (48) : Lynne Ausmann, W. Batiste and family, D. Calvert,

W., June, Kris and Mindy Copper, C. and Jeanie Cushner, Barbara and Diane

Daly, H. V. Davis, Pat Felche, Mavis B. Fitch, A. Gutierrez family, K. and Maxine

D. Hagen, B. Jordan, Mr. and Mrs. C. F. Kelly, Ruth Laing, Pauline S. Lange,

Nellie B. Lee, Peter Linsley, B., Diana and M. Messenger, Frances Powell and

children, Kathleen Rentz, Anne Rotramel, J. Soholomachia, Phyllis Stecker, Judy

Stinner, H. A. Sweet, J. W., Kay, Kelly and Katy Thorp, B. and B. Tilden, Martha

Usinger, Linda Vargas, and John Wenz.

Facilities at the park which were available to the members and their guests

included a swimming pool, picnic areas and a grassy slope for the softball game.

Insect collecting sites included meadow, chaparral, and stream habitats. — R. W.

Thorp, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Twelfth Meeting

The 312th meeting was held Friday, 18 August 1967 at 7 :45 p.m. in the Morrison

Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Fran-

cisco, with President Lange presiding.

Members present (23) : P. H. Amaud, Jr., G. Brady, R. M. Brown, J. S. Buckett,

G. R. Buckingham, D. J. Burdick, T. W. Davies, R. L. Doutt, W. C. Gagne, M. R.

Gardner, J. Guggolz, K. S. Hagen, W. H. Lange, Jr., D. D. Linsdale, P. A. Opler,

J. E. Prine, H. G. Real, D. C. Rentz, R. F. Schoeppner, E. L. Smith, D. J. Sullivan,

R. W. Thorp, J. W. Tilden.

Visitors present (13) : J. W. Armstrong, Jan Bonssy, D. L. Briggs, P. P. Bur-

butis, D. Calvert, L. R. Ellis, R. W. Harper, Pauline S. Lange, Anita Real, D.

Sanders, R. E. Somerby, B. Tilden, Tina Vargas.

The minutes of the meeting held 31 March were summarized.

Four new members were elected: H. V. Davis, W. G. Evans, M. D. Jha, and

H. I. Scudder.

President Lange called for introductions. Dr. Hagen introduced Dr. Paul

Burbutis from the University of Delaware who is working in the area of biological

control and visiting the Division of Biological Control at Albany. Dr. Arnaud

introduced Mr. Ronald Somerby from U. C. Riverside who is working with

tenehrionids.

The following note was presented:

Myrmecophily reported for Icaricia acmon and Philotes enoptes bayensis

(Lycaenidae, Lepidoptera) . — Larvae of Icaricia acmon (Doubleday & Hewitson)

were found on flower clusters of Eiogonum latifolium var. nudum in Tilden Park,

Contra Costa County, California on 8 August 1967. These larvae were being visited

by workers of Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr. This is the first known ant-lycaenid

relationship for either species despite their widespread occurrence and abundance.

On 11 August 7. acmon larvae found near Lafayette, Contra Costa County on

Eriogonum flowers were being closely attended by workers of Crematogaster

coarctata Mayr. These ants were seen straddling the larvae and were observed

pumping their abdomens up and down while soliciting from a larva. Ants of the

genus Crematogaster have been found in symbiotic relationships with many species

of Lycaenidae.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

On 15 August larvae of I. acmon and Philotes enoptes bayensis Langston were

discovered on flowers of Eriogonum latifolium at Point Richmond, Contra Costa

County. The Philotes larvae were being visited by Iridomyrmex humilis workers.

The ant workers were usually out of sight between the florets, hence their behav-

ioral charactristics near the lycaenid larvae were not observed. It is possible that

the relationship of Iridomyrmex to the lycaenid larvae is fortuitous.

Determination of the ants was provided by Mr. George L. Rotramel, University

of California, Berkeley. — Paul A. Opler, University of California, Berkeley.

The principal speaker of the evening was Mr. R. W. Harper, Chief, Bureau of

Entomology, California State Department of Agriculture, Sacramento. His illus-

trated lecture was entitled. “The Pink Bollworm in California — its probable origin,

spread, present control measures and possible severity of losses in our major cotton

growing areas.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — R. W.

Thorp, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Thirteenth Meeting

The 313th meeting was held, Friday, 20 October 1967 at 7:45 p.m. in the Mor-

rison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President-elect Hagen presiding.

Members present (32) : R. L. Adlakha, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., G. Brady, T. S.

Briggs, R. M. Brown, J. S. Buckett, L. E. Caltagirone, H. V. Daly, B. J. Donovan,

R. L. Doutt, W. C. Gagne, M. R. Gardner, G. A. Gorelick, J. F. Gustafson, K. S.

Hagen, P. A. Harvey, K. Horn, D. S. Horning, Jr., R. L. Langston, V. Lee, H. B.

Leech, K. Lorenzen, P. Lum, P. A. Opler, H. G. Real, D. C. Rentz, C. Slobod-

chikoff, L. W. Swan, R. W. Thorp, P. E. Turner, Jr., S. P. Welles, Jr.

Visitors present (18) : P. P. Burbutis, Laura Donovan, R. Gardner, E. Huffman,

P. Jump, G. Leung, W. Lum, A. Muldenky, J. L. Nayar, R. P. Papp, Anita Real,

Kathi Rentz, T. A. Sears, Arlene Stern, Joyce Thorp, J. Tom, S. C. Williams, M.

Wong.

The minutes of the meeting held 18 August were summarized.

Three new members were elected: D. L. Briggs, E. Huffman, R. I. Lanse.

President-elect Hagen called for introductions. Dr. Daly introduced Dr. J. L.

Nayar, a syrphid specialist from India visiting the Berkeley campus. Other guest

introductions included: Dr. Stan Williams of San Francisco State College intro-

duced by Dr. Hagen; Mr. Richard Papp introduced by Dr. Arnaud; and Mr.

Andrew Muldenky introduced by Mr. Leech.

Mr. H. B. Leech announced the death of Father Edward F. Guedet, retired

pastor of Holy Cross Church of San Francisco, which occurred in this city on

4 September 1967. Father Guedet had been associated with the California Acad-

emy of Sciences for many years, and donated much time to curating the Lepi-

doptera collection, including a rearrangement on the basis of the McDunnough

checklist. He gave his collection of over 6,000 moths in 1944; it is strong in his

favorite group, the Geometridae. Father Guedet joined the Pacific Coast Ento-

mological Society in 1945.

Mr. Leech also noted that Dr. F. X. Williams, an Honored Member of the

Society, is quite ill and bedridden at home. The Secretary was directed to send

a card to Dr. Williams in the name of the Society.

JANUARY 1968]

PROCEEDINGS

The following notes were presented:

Distributional information on Hydrometra martini Kirkaldy. — A specimen

of Hydrometra martini Kirkaldy was collected on 8 April 1967 by Dave Quick and

Angelo Casaburri at White’s Bridge Slough, 33 miles southwest of Fresno. The

known distribution of this species is the Colorado River drainage, Yuma to

Needles, Death Valley, and a disjunct record from Corvallis, Oregon. The Fresno

County record helps fill the gap since it occurs about midway between the extreme

localities. — Donald J. Burdick, Fresno State College, Fresno.

Rearing of Er gates spiculatus spiculatus (LeConte) from a house beam

at Saratoga, California (Coleoptera ;Cerambycidae) . — A large cerambycid

was sent for identification to the California Academy of Sciences at the beginning

of August 1967, by Mr. Ross L. Campbell, Jr., of 19808 Oakhaven Drive, Saratoga,

Santa Clara County, California. The specimen, a male of Ergates spiculatus

spiculatus (LeConte) (determined by John A. Chemsak and Hugh B. Leech;

C. A. S. collection), emerged from a beam of the Campbell’s new home, on or

about 24 July 1967. The house was built in March and April of 1967. The

emergence hole in the beam made by the beetle was reported to be about one and

one-half inches aeross and elliptical in shape. The tunnel was at an angle to the

outer surface of the beam. The origin of the beam and the species of tree from

which it came is unknown to the writer. E. spiculatus spiculatus has a recorded

distribution along the Pacific Coast from British Columbia to southern California,

and the northern Rocky Mountains.

The elytra of this male appear to be shorter than usual for specimens of this

species. Only one male, collected in nearby Campbell, on 4 July 1925, collected

by Mrs. G. L. Marsh, deposited in the Academy Collection, has similar short

elytra. — Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

Notes on the crepuscular nature of the species of Celaenorrhinus group

(Lepidoptera : Hesperiidae) . — Members of the Celaenorrhinus group are rare in

collections. Prior to 1963, the California Academy of Sciences, for example, had

only 17 specimens of the group from the neotropics. Half of these were collected in

Peru by E. S. Ross and E. 1. Schlinger in 1954.

In 1963 David Cavagnaro collected 64 specimens at the research station on

Barro Colorado Island in only five days. Based on the observations and reports

made by Cavagnaro, C. D. MacNeill suspected that the species of the group may

be early morning fliers. While collecting in Panama and Costa Rica during the

summer of 1965, I was able to make further observations which confirmed Mac-

Neill’s suspicions.

On Barro Colorado Island almost 30 specimens were taken in a few days. Most

of them were collected at about 5:30-5:45 a.m. They came to a flowering bush

near the main building when it was still very dark. It was, therefore, necessary

to listen for their flight sounds and estimate their location on the bush. At the

Interamerican Institute of Agriculture (1. 1. C. A.) in Turrialba, Costa Rica, I was

able to take several specimens on acacia blossoms in the late afternoon (about

5 :45 p.m.) .

Under both collecting conditions, the skippers remained at the flowers for only

12 to 15 minutes. In the morning collecting, they left immediately when there was

just light enough for color perception; and in the afternoon collecting, it was the

opposite: they immediately left when color perception became impossible.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

Also at Barro Colorado Island, several specimens were taken at a mercury vapor

lamp during the evening hours of 7 to 9.

From these observations, I would conclude that the species of the group Celae-

norrhinus are crepuscular. — Herman G. Real, San Jose State College, San Jose.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. J. A. Powell, Chairman of the

California Insect Survey, Department of Entomology, University of California,

Berkeley. His illustrated discussion was entitled: “The Lepidopterous Fauna of

the Channel Islands.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — R. W.

Thorp, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Fourteenth Meeting

The 314th meeting was held Friday, 17 November 1967 at 7:45 p.m. in room 159

Mulford Hall at the University of California, Berkeley, with President Lange

presiding.

Members present (42) : R. L. Adlakha, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., T. S. Briggs, G. J.

Bringuel, R. M. Brown, J. S. Buckett, L. E. Caltagirone, J. A. Chemsak, D. L.

Dahlsten, H. V. Daly, T. W. Davies, B. J. Donovan, J. G. Edwards, W. E, Ferguson,

W. C. Gagne, M. R. Gardner, Anita Gillogly, J. Guggolz, K. S. Hagen, J. B.

Heppner, K. Horn, A. Jung, C. Kovacic, W. H. Lange, Jr., H. B. Leech, D. D.

Linsdale, K. Lorenzen, P. Lum, C. D. MacNeill, J. W. MacSwain, R. E. Main,

A. E. Michelbacher, P. A. Opler, J. A. Powell, J. E. Prine, D. C. Rentz, F. J.

Santana, R. E. Stecker, R. W. Thorp, P. E. Turner, Jr., M. S. Wasbauer, S. P.

Welles, Jr.

Visitors present (22) : J. E. Ball, Barbara Barr, D. L. Briggs, E. A. Cameron,

Laura Donovan, Alice Edwards, G. Frankie, K. Graham, A. R. Gillogly, Pauline

S. Lange, H. S. Marenstein, D. Merritt, Martha Michelbacher, R. T. Miller, Sandra

Opler, R. R. Pinger, Jr., S. B. Ruth, D. Sanders, F. M. Stephen, Joyce Thorp,

J. M. Wenz, D. L. Wilson.

The minutes of the meeting held 20 October 1967 were summarized.

Seven new members were elected: L. N. Bell, G. L. Challet, R. G. Dearborn,

A. R. Gillogly, W. G. Lehmann, H. S. Marenstein, D. L. Wilson.

President Lange called for introduction of guests. Dr. H. V. Daly introduced

Mr. Stephen Ruth. Dr. W. E. Ferguson introduced Mr. David Wilson. Dr. D. L.

Dahlsten introduced several forest entomology students from Berkeley including:

Miss Barbara Barr, and Messrs. D. Sanders, D. Merritt, E. A. Cameron, and J. M.

Wenz.

President Lange appointed two new temporary committees which are to report

at the December meeting: a nominating committee with R. M. Bohart as chairman,

J. G. Edwards, and W. W. Middlekauff; and an auditing committee with Paul

Opler as chairman, Tom Briggs, and Constantine Slobodchikoff.

The following notes were presented:

Large Costa Rican Ephemeridae. — A huge naiad of the mayfly family

Ephemeridae, with anterior tusks several millimeters long and abundant lateral

tufts of purple filamentous gills was collected in a small stream (3 feet wide) in

the jungles of Costa Rica about 15 miles from the Panama border in March 1967.

Several others were collected, ranging in length from 25 mm to 63 mm. The

specimens were taken while participating in the Tropical Entomology field school

JANUARY 1968]

PROCEEDINGS

of the Organization for Tropical Studies in March, 1967. — J. Gordon Edwards,

San Jose State College, San Jose.

Unusual numbers of Hepialus sequoiolus Behrens in Sonoma County. —

An infestation of larvae of Hepialus sequoiolus Behrens was found at Bodega Head,

Sonoma County, California. This represents a new county record for the species,

and more significantly, the highest density of larvae yet discovered.

Williams (Ent. News, 16: 285. 1905) and Powell (Pan-Pac. Entomol., 36: 45.

1960) have reported finding larvae of this species at San Francisco, San Francisco

County, California and Pt. Reyes, Marin County, California, respectively. Both

found larvae in Lupinus arboreus Sims., a yellow-flowered, perennial lupine found

along the coast from Ventura County to Del Norte County in California (Munz &

Keck, Cal. Flora, p. 823. 1959). Williams reported as many as 12 larvae per trunk,

while I found upwards of 30 per plant. Although the majority of the larvae were

found in the crown and main trunk of plants, some larvae were found more than

two feet above the ground in lateral stems no more than twice the diameter of the

larvae. Evidence of infestation was discovered to be the presence of recently killed

foliage and fresh frass deposited at the base of the plants. Infested plants were

found over an area of at least twenty acres, and quite a few plants appeared to

have died recently under the stress of such high larval densities.

A number of larvae have been preserved and will be placed in the teaching

collction at UC Berkeley. Several infested plants have been placed in an outdoor

rearing cage. These investigations are connected with an NSF sponsored project

(GB-6813) under the guidance of Dr. J. A. Powell. — Paul A. Opler, University of

California, Berkeley.

Discovery of the genus Thaumalea in central California (Diptera:

Thaumaleidae). — In May, 1967 while collecting in Mill Valley, Marin County,

California, a single specimen of a peculiar fly was found while sweeping along a

very small creek. The identification of this first specimen as belonging to the

family Thaumaleidae spurred further collecting on subsequent days. A total of 21

additional specimens were colleeted on 15, 17, and 22 May. The fly has been

determined as belonging to the genus Thaumalea, and it is believed to represent

an undescribed species.

The genus Thaumalea has been previously reported from northern California

only from Humboldt County (Wiith & Stone, in Usinger, 1956:438) on the basis

of female specimens. As determinations are based primarily on male characters,

the identity of their females could not be established. There are two species of

Thaumalea known from western North America. One of these T. fusca Garrett

1925 is known to occur in British Columbia and Idaho, and the second species,

T. elnora Dyar and Shannon 1924 is known only from Idaho.

The adults of these small flies can hold their wings rooflike over the body, in

the characteristic manner of psychodids. The larvae are found on algae covered

rocks in very shallow water where they feed on organic matter. There are about

60 species of Thaumaleidae known, distributed on all major land masses of the

world. Probably many more populations in California will be discovered. — Paul

H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

A Grylloblattid locality in Oregon. — Adults and nymphs of an undetermined

Grylloblattid were collected at 1 mi. east of McKenzie Pass, 5,324 ft., and in a

forested area in the lava beds just west of the pass, on Highway 242, Deschutes

County, Oregon. The specimens were collected on 25 October 1967 in rotting logs

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

by Mr. R. L. Rotramel and myself. Air temperatures were near freezing with

intermittent snow showers and gusting winds. About 30 specimens of all stages

excepting eggs were found individually foraging in the rotting logs; but for the

harshness of the weather, many more specimens could likely have been obtained.

The presence of the various stages might suggest that the species has an extended

life cycle. It is thought that they estivate deep in the soil (a porous volcanic ash

there) and become active as fall approaches. This is suggested because Oregon

experienced the hottest, driest summer on record in 1967, and this would seem to

preclude their estivating in logs or under rocks. It is also suggested that they are

active predators on hibernating insect larvae in the logs since individuals are

cannibalistic when confined together, they forage singly and they have been

maintained (at 40-45° F) on dog food and freshly killed Tenebrio larvae for 23

days at this writing. — ^Wayne C. Gagne, University of California, Berkeley.

The principal speakers of the evening were Drs. Kenneth Graham, University

of British Columbia and Donald Dahlsten, University of California, Berkeley,

who shared the topic “Recent Developments in Forest Entomology.”

A social hour was held in the new museum of the Department of Entomology

following the meeting. — R. W. Thorp, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Fifteenth Meeting

The 315th meeting was held Friday, 15 December 1967 at 7:45 p.m. in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,

San Francisco, with President Lange presiding.

Members present (36) : P. H. Arnaud, Jr., R. M. Bohart, T, S. Briggs, R. M.

Brown, R. G. Brownlee, J. S. Buckett, G. R. Buckingham, D. J. Burdick, L. E.

Caltagirone, C. Dailey, H. V. Daly, D. G. Denning, R. L. Doutt, J. G. Edwards,

W. C. Gagne, E. E. Grissell, J. Guggolz, J. F. Gustafson, K. S. Hagen, P. A. Har-

vey, K. Horn, A. Jung, W. H. Lange, Jr., D. D. Linsdale, C. D. MacNeill, G. A. H.

McClelland, P. A. Opler, J. A. Powell, G. Rotramel, R. F. Schoeppner, C. Slobod-

chikoff, R. E. Stecker, A. R. Stephen, R. W. Thorp, J. W. Tilden, R. H. Whitsel.

Visitors present (16) : Margaret Bohart, Carolyn Dailey, Alice and Janie Ed-

wards, Dee Grissell, Vivian Gustafson, P. Jump, G. Leunz, S. Lewis, R. P. Papp,

H. Potter, Joyce Thorp, B. Tilden, S. C. and C. F. Williams.

The minutes of the meeting held 17 November 1967 were summarized.

One new member was elected: G. B. Wrinkle.

President Lange revised the appointments to the committee concerned with

studies of the salt marsh habitat. Dr. J. F. Gustafson was appointed chairman

and asked to appoint additional members to his committee. Dr. Gustafson sug-

gested that a section of the Society’s journal, the Pan-Pacific Entomologist, be

devoted to notes on salt marsh arthropods other than Crustacea and that these

notes be published without page charges. A motion was made and seconded that

this matter be referred to the Executive Board for consideration. The motion

carried.

President Lange called for the 1967 committee reports from the chairman of

standing committees. The report of the auditing committee was then given by

Mr. Paul A. Opler; and Dr. P. H. Arnaud, Jr., read the financial report of the

Treasurer. The financial records for 1967 are in good order, and both reports

were accepted by the Society.

JANUARY 1968]

PROCEEDINGS

Dr. R. M. Bohart, as chairman of the nominating committee, presented the

names of the nominees. Two names were proposed for the office of Secretary,

Drs. D. J. Burdick and M. S. Washauer. The vote on these candidates was con-

ducted first and Dr. Washauer won the nomination. The following slate of

nominees were then unanimously elected to office for 1968: President, K. S.

Hagen; President-elect, H. L. McKenzie; Secretary, M. S. Washauer; Treasurer,

P. H. Arnaud, Jr.

President Lange announced with regret the retirement of Dr. H. V. Daly from

the office of Editor of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Dr. Daly was thanked for

the excellent joh he has done as editor of the journal for the past four years.

Dr. R. W. Thorp was appointed as the new Editor and Mr. R. 0. Schuster as

the new Assistant Editor.

President Lange thanked all the committees for their work during the year and

also thanked his wife Pauline Lange for her work in providing refreshments for

the social hours following the meetings.

The meeting was then turned over to President Hagen.

The following notes were presented:

A record of Zeiraphera hesperiana Mutuura & Freeman in California. —

Three specimens of this tortricid moth were taken in a light trap at Walnut Creek,

Contra Costa County, on 3 and 5 August 1965. This species was recently described

(1967, J. Res. Lepid., 5: 174 [‘T966”]) from British Columbia, where it has been

reared from Pseudotsuga at several localities. This is the first recorded Zeiraphera

from California; and although a more or less continuous light trapping program

was conducted at the Walnut Creek site for more than five years, 1961-1966,

Z. hesperiana was taken only during the one three-day period. This, togethei with

the absence of native Pseudotsuga in this area of central California, suggests that

the present collection was the result of an introduction. — J. A. Powell, University

of California, Berkeley.

Occurrence of Parade jeania rutilioides nigrescens (Diptera:Tachiniae)

in San Francisco, California. — Paradefeania rutilioides nigrescens Arnaud is

one of California’s largest Tachinidae. The host of this parasitic fly is unknown,

but it is suspected to be the larva of some Heteroceran. It is a fall flying species

and may at times be collected in relative abundance. It is most commonly seen

while feeding at flowers of Compositae. It is known to occur in most of the

counties surrounding San Francisco Bay, but specimens have not previously been

reported from San Francisco. It was with great surprise (not only from the view-

point of locality, but also the lateness of season) that two female specimens were

collected in San Francisco by the writer in the winter of last year. The first female

was collected on 30 December 1966, and the second on the following day of 31

December, in Golden Gate Park, while in close association with foliage of Quercus

agrifolia Nee. The locality is a small oak and eucalyptus covered knoll located

between Kennedy Drive and Middle Drive, in the vicinity of 6th Avenue, and east

of the California Academy of Sciences buildings. The specimens in each instance

were collected around 1300 hours, in the same area of the same tree, on foliage

approximately six or seven feet above the ground. These two nigrescens were

collected on warmish sunny days. It is not known whether nigrescens should be

considered a resident, or if it is a migrant to San Francisco. The female collected

on 31 December was dissected and the uterus was found to contain many dozens

of small active larvae. There is the possibility that this female may have been

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1

attaching maggots to the leaves of the oak at the time of its collection. — Paul H,

Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

Distribution of the cerambycid beetle Ergates pauper Linsley. — Linsley

described E. pauper from three specimens in 1957 (Amer. Mus. Novitates, No.

1828: 5-6) : the types from Tulare County, the paratype from Ojai, Ventura

County, California. The species has been taken by several persons since then, but

only Tinsley’s generalization of 1962, “Southern Sierra Nevada and Coast Range

mountains of California,” has been cited for distribution (Univ. California Publ.

Entomol. 19: 29). Tyson (1967. Pan-Pacific EntomoL, 43 (2) : 124-125) described

the larva and pupa in keys, and figured some parts, but did not give his additional

localities.

On 19 November 1967 Mr. David Levin, student at San Francisco State College,

found a female dead on the ground under an oak log, two miles northwest of

Cloverdale along the road to Fort Bragg; this is on the northern border of Sonoma

County. On 19 August 1962 I took a recently dead but damaged female from a

pool in Jackass creek, 4.2 miles southeast of Priest, Tuolumne County; this is at

an altitude of 2,100 feet beside the Coulterville road. Only the elytra were sal-

vaged. — H. B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

The principal speaker for the evening was Dr. W. H. Lange, Jr., Department

of Entomology, University of California, Davis, and out-going President of the

Society. His illustrated discussion was entitled “Mysteries of the Aquatic Lepi-

doptera.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — R. W.

Thorp, Secretary.

RECENT LITERATURE

Comparative Behaviour of Bees on Onagraceae. I. Oenothera Bees of the

Colorado Desert. II. Oenothera Bees of the Great Basin. By E. G.

Linsley, J. W. MacSwain, and P. H. Raven. University of California Publica-

tions in Entomology, vol. 33, No. 1: iv + 58 pp., inch 6 pis., 6 figs, in text.

12 December 1963. Price $1.50.

III. Oenothera Bees of the Mohave Desert, California. Ihid., vol. 33, No. 2,

pp. 59-98, pis. 1-3. 24 April 1964. Price $1.00.

A fruitful study, resulting from the cooperation of two seasoned hymenopterists

and a specialist on the species of Oenothera.

The Genus Baris Germar in California (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) .

By Edward E. Gilbert. Ibid., vol. 34: iv + 153 pp., 12 figs., 8 maps. 31

January 1964. Price $3.50.

One new species is described, and many new synonymies, chiefly of Casey’s

species, are announced. Biological data are stressed. The taxonomic treatment

is conservative, since the material available in collections did not enable the

author to solve some of the many problems (including hybridization) to which

attention is drawn. — Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco.

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(213) 721-9574

nmtcuuas

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Use Thuricide 90TS right up to harvest to control

worms on lettuce and many cole crops such as cabbage,

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potatoes and melons. It is used extensively on forest

trees and ornamentals for the control of gypsy moth,

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Stop imported cabbage worms and loopers in your

cole crops the safe way— use Thuricide 90TS ! If your

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Obtain more accurate population counts

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which sucks insects into nets

D-VAC

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BACK-PACKS AND HAND MODELS

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BENEFICIAL INSECTS

INSECTARY GROWN AND FIELD COLLECTED

Trichogramma sp. and Green Lacewings

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D-VAC CO.

P. O. Box 2095

RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA

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INSECT MUSEUM SUPPLY

Jewell Ave., Lake City, Minnesota— Wm. 0. Powers and

Lawrence Hoffman

LOCATION FOR:

Insect Museum Supply Schmitt-type Field Box $4.25

Insect Museum Supply Schmitt-type Field Box WITH WHITE POLY-

ETHYLENE FOAM PINNING BOTTOM $5.00

Insect Museum Supply Spreading Board $1.50

Insect Museum Supply Cornell-type glass-topped drawer $7.50

Insect Museum Supply Cornell-type glass-topped drawer WITH WHITE

POLYETHYLENE FOAM PINNING BOTTOM $8.75

Insect Museum Supply California Academy-type glass-topped drawer $7.50

Insect Museum Supply U.S.N.M.-type glass-topped drawer $8.00

Insect Museum Supply Philadelphia Academy-type glass-topped drawer $7.50

Insect Museum Supply Cabinet to hold 12 of above types of drawers $85.00

SPECIAL SIZED DRAWERS, BOXES, CABINETS CUSTOM MADE

TO YOUR LIKING. Write for information and prices.

1021 8th Ave. So., Moorhead, Minnesota— Jack R. Powers

LOCATION FOR:

CUSTOM PRINTED PIN LABELS — printed with 4 pt. type on 100% cotton fiber

ledger paper (colored papers and PRICE CARD on request)

Elephant brand INSECT PINS — Excellent quality — Sizes 00, 0, 1,2, 3, 5 —

$3.95 per 1000

Minutien nadein — $1 .00 per 500 pkg.

Custom Printed GUMMED MICROSCOPE SLIDE LABELS— $3.85 per 1000

GLASS TOPPED INSECT DISPLAYS FOR TEACHING

DRAWER LABELS, MAMMAL TAGS, ALCOHOL LABELS, Printed to your

specifications

INSECTS

Economic and Non-Economic Foreign and Domestic

Collecting Data and Scientific Names

Write tor catalogue listing — 25 orders, over 1600 items — Special Collections

Combined

Scientific

Supplies

Rosemead, California

91770

Tel. (213) 573-1680

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL

SOCIETY.

Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (numbers 1-9, 131

pages) . 1921-1930. Price $2.50 per volume.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vol. 1 (1924) to present. Price $6.00 per volume of 4 numbers, or

$1.50 per single issue.

MEMOIR SERIES.

Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. A 320-page book which

summarizes the knowledge of the Anoplura of the world. Published

October 1951. Price $6.00.

Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family T etranychidae by A. Earl

Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. This worldwide treatment deals

with the systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red

Spiders” and includes descriptions of 33 new species. 472 pages.

Published July 1955. Price $10.00.

Send orders to:

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

c/o California Academy of Sciences

Golden Gate Park

San Francisco, California 94118

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including

articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history,

and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and may be charged to the author.

Papers are published in approximately the order that they are received. Immediate publi-

cation may be arranged after acceptance by paying publication costs. Papers of less than

a printed page may he published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the

Editor, Robbin W. Thorp, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis,

California 95616.

Typing. — All parts of manuscripts must be typed on bond paper with double-spacing and

ample margins. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 814 X H inches are not

accepted. Do not use all capitals for any purpose. Underscore only where italics are

intended in the body of the text, not in headings. Number all pages consecutively and

put author’s name at the top right-hand corner of each sheet. References to footnotes

in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes should be typed on a separate

sheet.

First page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript should include (1) the

complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses, (3) the author’s name or

names, (4) the institution with city and state or the author’s home city and state if

not affiliated, (5) the shortened title (running headline) not to exceed 38 letters and

spaces when combined with the author’s last name or names, (6) the complete name

and address to which proof is to be sent.

Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should

include the full scientific name with the author of a zoological name not abbreviated.

Do not alibreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style.

References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig, 1958), should be listed

alphabetically under Literature Cited in the following format:

Essig, E. 0. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

2 : 211 - 212 .

1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev.

ed. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1050 pp.

Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1966,

47(21) : 8585-8601.

Tables. — Tables are expensive and should he kept to a minimum. Each table should be

prepared as a line drawing or typed on a separate page with heading at top and foot-

notes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecutively

for each table. Use only horizontal rules.

Illustrations. — No extra charge is made for the line drawings or halftones. Submit only

photographs on glossy paper and original drawings (no photographs of drawings).

Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimensions of the printed

page (4% X 6% inches). If possible, allowance should be made for the legend to be

placed beneath the illustration. Photographs should not be less than the width of the

printed page. Drawings should be in India Ink and at least twice as large as the

printed illustration. Excessively large illustrations are awkward to handle and may

be damaged in transit. Include a metric scale on the drawing or state magnification

of the printed illustration in the legend. Arrange figures to use space efficiently.

Lettering should reduce to no less than 1 mm. On the back of each illustration should

be stated (1) the title of the paper, (2) the author’s complete name and address, and

(3) whether he wishes the illustration and/or cut returned to him at his expense.

Cuts and illustrations not specifically requested will be destroyed.

Figure legends. — Legends should he typewritten double-spaced on separate pages headed

Explanation of Figures and placed following Literature Cited. Do not attach

legends to illustrations.

Proofs, reprints, and abstract. — Proofs and forms for the abstract and reprint order

will be sent to authors. Major changes in proof will be charged to the author. Proof

returned to the editor without the abstract will not be published.

Page charges. — All regular papers of one to ten printed pages are charged at the rate of

$13.00 per page. This is in addition to the charge for reprints and does not include the

possible charges for extra pagination or the costs for immediate publication. Private

investigators or authors without institutional or grant funds to cover this charge may

apply to the Society for a grant to cover the page charges. A mark in the appropriate

box (society grant desired) on the reprint order form will suffice as an application.

All articles are accepted for publication only on the basis of scientific merit

and without regard to the financial support of the author.

for low cost residual

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Vol. 44 APRIL T968 No. 2

THE

Pan-Pacefic Entomologist

AKRE — The behavior of Euxenister and Pulvinister, histerid beetles associated

with Army ants (Coleoptera: Histeridae; Hymenoptera : Formicidae:

Dorylinae) 87

SMITH — The Arctopsychinae of Idaho (Trichoptera: Hy dropsy chidae) 102

SCHUSTER AND GRIGARICK — A new genus of pselaphid beetle from south-

east United States (Coleoptera: Pselaphidae) 112

NAYAR — Two new species of Eristalis from India (Diptera: Syrphidae) 119

ALLEN AND COLLINS^ — A new species of Ephemerella (Serratella) from

California (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) 122

NAYAR — ^Abdominal band-variations in Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus) (Diptera:

Syrphidae) 125

LEHMKUHL — Observations on the life histories of four species of Epeorus in

western Oregon (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) 129

SCHUSTER — The identity of Roncus pacificus Banks (Arachnida: Chelo-

nethida) 137

TYSON — New California Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) 140

LINSLEY AND MacSWAIN — A new species of Onagrandrena associated with

Camissonia campestris (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) 144

UESHIMA — Cytology and bionomics of Primicimex cavernis Barber (Cimic-

idae: Hemiptera) 145

NAYAR — Male genitalia of Eristalinae from California (Syrphidae: Diptera) 153

SCIENTIFIC NOTES 168

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1968

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

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