Vol. 45 JANUARY 1969 No. 1

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

HYNES — The immature stages of Arctoconopa carbonipes (Alex.) (Diptera:

Tipulidae) — 1

TINKHAM AND RENTZ — Notes on the bionomics and distribution of the

genus Stenopelmatus in central California with the description of a new

species (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) 4

JENSEN — A new species of Pseudocloeon from Idaho (Ephemeroptera:

Baetidae) — 14

GAGNE — A review of the genus W alshomyia including a new species reared

from Cupressus galls in California (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) 16

ELLIS AND BORDEN — Effects of temperature and other environmental

factors on Notonecta undidata Say (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) 20

NELSON AND HANSON — The genus Utaperla (Pleeoptera: Chloroperlidae) 26

BRIGGS — A new holarctic family of Laniatorid phalangids (Opiliones) 35

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 56

ALEXANDER — A new subfamily of winter crane flies (Diptera: Tricho-

ceridae) 51

JOHNSON — Horn’s Bruchidae type-material in the Ulke Collection (Coleop-

tera) : 54

BOHART — A new species of Dufourea from California (Hymenoptera:

Halictidae) 57

BUGBEE — New species of the genus Eurytoma from California (Hymenop-

tera: Eurytomidae) 60

SCIENTIFIC NOTE 64

PROCEEDINGS 65

CORRECTION AND ADDITION 80

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1969

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

R. W. Thorp, Editor

E. G. Linsley R. 0. Schuster, Asst. Editor E. S. Ross

P. D. Hurd, Jr. D. L. Briggs, Editorial Assistant H. B. Leech

P. H. Arnaud, Jr. Treasurer W. H. Lange, Jr. Advertising

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed-

ings appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt

of numbers, requests for sample copies, and financial communications should be

addressed to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of

Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118.

Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be

addressed to the Secretary, Dr. Marius S. Wasbauer, Bureau of Entomology, Cali-

fornia Department of Agriculture, 1220 N. St., Sacramento, California 95814.

The annual dues, paid in advance, are $5.00 for regular members of the Society

or $6.00 for subscriptions only. Single copies are $1.50 each or $6.00 a volume.

Make checks payable to Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

The Pacific Coast Entomological Society

Officers for 1969

K. S. Hagen, Jr., President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer

R. W. Thorp, President-elect Marius S. Wasbauer, Secretary

Statement of Ownership

Title o£ Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October).

Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher, Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast

Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California

94118.

Editor: Dr. Robbin W. Thorp, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California

95616.

Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: None.

This issue mailed 16 April 1969.

Second Class Postage Paid at Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. 66044.

ALLEN PRESS, INC. LAWRENCE, KANSAS

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. 45

January 1969

No. 1

The Immature Stages of Arctoconopa carbonipes (Alex.)

(Diptera : Tipulidae)^

C. Dennis Hynes

California State Polytechnic College, San Luis Obispo

Recent collections of the immature stages of certain species of crane

flies along the Nooksack River in northern Washington, resulted in the

discovery of the larval and pupal stages of Arctoconopa carbonipes

(Alex.) .

The immature stages were found in a seepage area with a substrate

of fine sand mixed with leaf debris and silt. Of six larvae collected,

two were preserved, three died in rearing cages and were then preserved,

and one was reared through the pupal stage. Just prior to emergence,

the pupa died. However, the genitalia of the developing adult within

the pupa had sufficiently matured so that Dr. C. P. Alexander could

give a specific identification to the specimens concerned. Because of

the scarcity of specimens, the following descriptions are based on five

larvae and two pupae. The description of the head capsule is based

on one specimen.

Arctoconopa carbonipes (Alexander)

Last Instar Larva . — Length 14.0-14.5 mm; dorsoventral and dextrosinistral diam-

eters both 0.6-0.7 mm. Body elongate, cylindrical, with numerous golden setae

closely appressed to integument. Chaetotaxy reduced or absent in many segments.

Spiracular disk with five fleshy lobes; dorsal lobe with heavily sclerotized, thick,

and elongate spine which turns ventrally, ending parallel to surface of disk,

length spine subequal to length of dorsal lobe; darkened area, with four to six

spines at outer margin between each fleshy lobe, central spine larger and darker

than those on either side. Spiracles with reddish-brown centers, outer rims whitish-

yellow. Remainder of markings on disk black (fig. 1). Anal gills expanded at

bases, extending laterally to blunt, fleshy point. Head capsule narrow anteriorly,

wider posteriorly, greatest width occurring at about three-quarters of head capsule

length, length 0.708 mm; dextrosinistral diameter at mandible 0.187 mm, dorso-

ventral diameter at mandible 0.126 mm; clypeal area slightly sclerotized with two

small indentations on caudal margin; frontal area membranous; antennal buttress

sclerotized, curves medially becoming less sclerotized at antennal bases; post-

antennal buttress sclerotized continuing back to junction of dorsal and dorsolateral

^ This investigation is supported by National Science Foundation Grant GB-4532.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 1-3. January 1969

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

Fig. 1. Spiracular disk of A. carbonipes (three-quarter view). Fig. 2. Lateral

view of pupal head region of A. carbonipes. Fig. 3. Lateral view of male cauda

of A. carbonipes.

bars, which are much darker and more heavily sclerotized; dorsal bars are longest

posterior extensions of head capsule, dorsolateral bars spatulate caudally, ending

just before caudal tips of dorsal bars, caudal margins of ventral (maxillary) bars

ending short distance anterior to those of the dorsolateral bars, ventral bars greatly

spatulate at posterior ends; lateral area between posterior mandibular articulation

and ventral bar heavily sclerotized; ocular plate membranous except for sclerotized

area just anterior to premaxillary suture; maxillary plate not toothed.

Pupa . — Length 6.8-8.3 mm; dextrosinistral diameters at base of wing pads both

0.9 mm. Sheaths of labial palps not curved, armed with small spine at tips,

haustellar sheaths forming small triangular area on either side of facial point,

eye sheath with spine at middle of cephalic margin, antennal sheath with blunt,

laterally directed spine both basally and distally on scape, pedicle and flagellar

JANUARY 1969] HYNES — IMMATURE STAGES OF ARCTOCONOPA

segments with dorsolateral spines between anterior and posterior margins of

segments, with spines becoming progressively smaller to flagellar tip; cephalic

crest with two blunt nodes occurring at either side of midline. Central anterior

area of mesonotum surrounded by raised, rugose ridge forming just below meso-

notal breathing horns and sweeping cephalad to base of pronotal spines (fig. 2) ;

median carina blunt and slightly sclerotized to level of the pseudosuture, medial

area above the pseudosuture abruptly and broadly white with white area narrowing

and continuing to posterior margin of mesonotum as a thin line; lateral areas of

dorsal crest heavily ridged with patch of short spines arising on either side of

midline; heavily sclerotized ridges formed from dorsal crest to about midlength

of mesonotal surface; lateral carina slightly raised from surface of pupal case.

Mesonotal breathing horns with globular, black bases, entire horn short and

stubby. Leg sheaths end near posterior margins of third abdominal segment;

male and female pupal cauda with dorsal area having five heavily sclerotized

tubercles, which are homologous with the larval spiracular lobes, and bearing

small sclerotized spine, directly caudally at each tip. Dorsal tubercle in addition

with small caudal point (fig. 3).

The body form and structures described above for the genus Arc-

toconopa illustrate a close affinity to Psiloconopa. The closeness of this

relationship is also indicated by the taxonomic history of the group.

Arctoconopa carbonipes was originally described from the adult stage

as a member of the genus Erioptera (Alexander, 1929) and later placed

in Psiloconopa, considered by Alexander (1949) as a subgenus. This

evidence supports Alexander in his regarding Arctoconopa as a valid

genus (Alexander, 1965), since it shows a distinct morphology not

only in the adult stage (Alexander, 1955), but also in the larval and

pupal stages.

Literature Cited

Alexander, C. P. 1929. Undescribed species of Eriopterine crane-flies from the

United States and Canada (Tipulidae, Diptera). Part I. J. N. Y.

Entomol. Soc., 37: 49-50.

1949. Records and descriptions of North American crane-flies (Diptera) Pt.

VIII. The Tipuloidea of Washington, I. Amer. Midland Natur., 42:

257-333.

1955. The crane flies of Alaska and the Canadian Northwest (Tipulidae,

Diptera). The genus Erioptera Meigen. Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool. Misc.

Publ., 90: 1-33, figures.

1965. Family Tipulidae. In, Stone, A., et al. (ed.) A Catalog of Diptera of

America North of Mexico. U. S. Dep. Agr. Handb. No. 276, pp. 16-90.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

Notes on the Bionomics and Distribution of the

Genus Stenopelmatus in Central California

with the Description of A New Species

(Orthoptera : Gryllacrididae)

Ernest R. Tinkham and David C. Rentz

Indio, California and Berkeley, California

During the course of the first author’s studies in Nearctic Desert

Sand Dune Orthoptera series, the discovery of a new genus and several

new species of arenicolous stenopelmatine crickets necessitated a study

of the genus Stenopelmatus Burmeister. These studies, begun in 1952,

were greatly aided by four National Science Foundation grants during

the years 1957—1960. To date ten parts have been published in this

series including the description and bionomics of the above mentioned

new genus.

The new species discussed in this paper was first recognized by the

second author while curating Orthoptera in the California Academy of

Sciences. Three specimens collected by E. C. Van Dyke at Coalinga,

Fresno County, California provided the impetus for further investiga-

tion. Mr. Lee D. Wilson, then a California Department of Agriculture

entomologist living in the area, made several trips with the second

author and aided in locating the habitat of the species.

Life History and Distribution of Stenopelmatus

Hebard (1916) was the first to suggest that the life cycle of species

of Stenopelmatus extended over a period of several years. As a result

of numerous roarings, we can now definitely confirm Hebard’s early

observation.

If second or third instar nymphs are collected in the field and

brought into the laboratory they take up to four or five additional years

to mature. Immature specimens are placed in individual jars and fed

lettuce and oatmeal. All species studied, including the new species, took

similarly long periods of time to mature. It is believed that six or more

larval instars occur in the species of this genus. The exuvium may be

either eaten or not eaten after molting.

Frequent confusion in the past, and the resulting large number of

synonyms, has existed due to the failure of students of the group to

recognize adult specimens of Stenopelmatus species. The multi-annual

life history and wingless condition of the adults further adds to the

confusion. There is still no known certain way to determine from

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 4-14. January 1969

JANUARY 1969] TINKHAM & RENTZ STENOPELMATUS SYNOPSIS

Table 1. Seasonal occurrence of species of Stenopelmatus based on

adult and near adult specimens, mostly males. I-indicates initial record

of adult activity, F-indicates final record. See discussion.

(S. interraedius)

(S. intermedius)

(S. pictus)

(S. longispina)

--F

I F

(S. fuscus)

--F

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May

Jun.

Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

external features whether a specimen is an adult. Hebard (1916) was

the first to discover that adult and last instar males possess hooks on

the dorsolateral margins of the supra-anal plate. These hooks appear

as swellings or ridges in earlier instars. Adultness of females cannot

be determined with certainty. Only an estimation of overall size and

development of the ovipositor can help to determine the maturity of

females. Investigation of the development of the internal reproductive

organs (testes, ovaries) might be of great use here.

An attempt was made to determine if geographical separation of

species existed. This was accomplished by examining specimens in the

California Academy of Sciences, California Insect Survey, and the

authors’ personal collections, and then plotting the distributions. At

once tendency towards sympatry became apparent, especially in the

San Francisco Bay Region. Figure 1 shows the distributions of the

species. It must be noted that this map represents the specimens

available to us at the time of the study and must not be taken to

represent the complete range of the species involved or the distribution

of the species in California. Other specimens, which were not seen,

exist in various collections and this group of insects is under study

at The University of Michigan. The genus has a broad distribution in

the state. Our map only represents what we feel is a likely trend towards

sympatry in the distribution of tbe species in central California.

With such sympatry indicated, one immediately seeks to discover

isolating mechanisms. Some ecological separation seems to exist.

S. longispina seems to be limited to coastal areas and is frequently

associated with chaparral; S. intermedins, apparently closely related

to S. longispina, is found at lower elevations in sandy areas but in

relatively the same geographic area. The large species, S. fuscus, occurs

more inland and seems to inhabit a wide variety of habitats. Although

described from San Francisco, S. pictus is likely found only inland

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 45, NO. 1

Fig. 1. Distribution of Stenopelmatus species in central California. (See text.)

JANUARY 1969] TINKHAM & RENTZ STENOPELMATUS SYNOPSIS

and appears to be most common in the northern portion of the San

Joaquin Valley and western foothills of the Coast Ranges. It is possible

that the type of the latter species is mislabelled since the second author

has lived his entire life in the San Francisco Bay Region and has

collected species of Jerusalem crickets since boyhood. At no time was

S. pictus taken and there are no records of it occurring there in any

of the collections studied.

When the seasonal distribution of mature or nearly mature specimens

is plotted, seasonal isolation is also indicated. Table 1 shows the

resulting chart when adult or subadult males and certain females are

used to plot the seasonal distribution. It is interesting to note that

when the relatively extensive collections listed above were studied it

was found that more than half the specimens examined were immature.

The table is therefore composed from a rather small number of speci-

mens. Mature females may live considerably longer than males if for

no other reason than the cannibalistic habits of certain females (to be

discussed under mating habits) . Table 1 is based largely on males

since this likely gives a better indication of the breeding period.

Mating Behavior in Species of Stenopelmatus

Although Davis and Smith (1926) observed mating of both S. inter-

medins and S. fuscus, they gave no detailed description of their differ-

ences and similarities. They did note that in S. intermedins the male

pursues the female prior to mating and in S. fnscns the reverse was

true. The specimens they referred to as S. fnscns may in fact have

been S. longispina.

The second author twice observed mating of Jerusalem crickets, once

involving S. intermedins, the other occasion involving S. nigrocapitatns

Tinkham and Rentz, new species. Although no comparisons have been

made and it is not known how mating differs specifically from one

species to the other, a pattern was seen in the two matings and several

phases of the act occurred in both observations. A composite descrip-

tion is given below of events seen to be common to both.

A male and female were placed in a wooden observation “arena.”

On several occasions cannibalism occurred promptly. This was prob-

ably due to one or both of the partners not being mature. Immediately

upon detecting the presence of an acceptable mate, the male drummed

his abdomen against the substrate creating an audible sound. This

abdominal drumming can be noted when adult males are kept in jars

or cages with plenty of soil. They form burrows and drum against

the sides, apparently to attract females. This habit is also observed in

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

Fig. 2. Stenopelmatus pictus. Fig. 3. S. nigrocapitatus Tinkham and Rentz,

new species.

JANUARY 1969] TINKHAM & RENTZ STENOPELMATUS SYNOPSIS

Gammarotettix, an arboreal raphidophorine of the same family which

drums against branches and leaves. If receptive, the female Steiiopel-

matus responds by searching for the male. The male also actively

seeks the female using his palpi and drumming while searching. In

addition to the drumming of the male, his abdomen pulsated laterally

almost continually during this period.

Upon encountering one another what appeared to be a mortal combat

began. Clicking of the mandibles of the male and occasionally of the

female was very noticeable at a distance of up to four feet. The female’s

mandibles were agape during most of the encounter as if in defensive

position, but at no time did she attempt to attack the male. Both sexes

clasped the legs of the other with the mandibles but there was no

visible damage at all seen when incompatible pairs were placed together.

These brief “wrestling matches” occurred three to four times prior to

actual mating. They lasted from a few seconds up to a minute after

which the pair would separate, run away, and then commence searching

for one another again. Attainment of the proper mating position

seemed to be lacking in all of these instances.

Successful copulation was accomplished with male atop female, facing

her posterior, grasping the hind legs (left in cases observed) in his

mandibles. The abdomen of the male then curled to meet her genitalia.

During the entire act the hind legs of the male were placed dorsally

between the middle and hind legs of the female at their bases. At the

instant of genitalic contact, the male ejected a fleshy sac possessing

finger-like appendages. A white milky substance, the spermatophore

was then affixed to the genitalia of the female; the male pumped fluid

onto the female’s posterior. A good portion of his abdomen seemed

to be emptied during this process. Pulsations of the abdomen of the

male were most noticeable at this time. The copulation period lasted

for approximately five minutes after which the pair separated and

moved a short distance away. Shortly the female began eating the

external visible portions of the spermatophore.

After one copulation of S. nigrocapitatus the male was immediately

attacked by the female and partially devoured. We believe that this

happens frequently in nature. This would seem to explain the great

scarcity of adult males both in collections and in the field.

The evolutionary significance of a single mating per male is as yet

unclear. Were it not for the multi-annual life history, this could

geographically limit the populations. A detailed investigation of the

internal reproductive system of the male would likely determine whether

multiple matings are likely to occur.

Fig. 4. Front view of head of 5. nigrocapitatus Tinkham and Rentz, new species,

holotype male. Fig. 5. Ventral fore tibia allotype S. nigrocapitatus Tinkham and

Rentz, new species; note apical spurs and calcars of right leg. Fig. 6. Ventral view

fore tibia 5. pictus, from Stockton, Calif.; note one pair of apical and subapical

teeth and calcars of right leg. Fig. 7. Ventral view hind tibia S. pictus, Stockton,

JANUARY 1969] TINKHAM & RENTZ STENOPELMATUS SYNOPSIS

Key to Adult and Subadult Stenopelmatine

Crickets of California

1. Tibial spines vestigial or lacking on apical dorsal margins of hind tibia.

Ringlet of six apical calcars of hind tibia equal in length, broadly

spatulate, suited for arenicolous habitus. Median or presubapical spur

on ventral surface of fore tibia absent. Pronotum not expanding ante-

riorly. Coloration uniformly orange. (Kelso Dunes, San Bernardino

County, California.) Ammopelmatus kelsoensis Tinkham

Tibial spines prominently developed on apical dorsal margin of hind tibia.

Ringlet of six apical calcars of hind tibia unequal in length, conical

or subconical in form, innermost calcar longest (figs, 7, 13). Median

or presubapical spur on ventral surface of fore tibia present (except

in S. nigrocapitatus Tinkham and Rentz, new species) . Pronotum

expanding anteriorly concealing posterior portion of the large head.

Coloration usually dark, especially on abdomen. (Widely distributed

in the western United States and Mexico.) Stenopelmatus Burmeister (2)

2. Fore tibia bearing only two ventral apical spurs posterior to calcars III

and IV (fig. 5). Hind tibia usually with a single ventral apical spur

(if two, the second very minute) positioned immediately anterior to

calcars III and IV (fig. 13). Occiput uniformly dark black in adults

and late instars (figs. 3, 4). Pronotum reddish

Stenopelmatus nigrocapitatus Tinkham and Rentz, new species

Fore tibia bearing three ventral apical and subapical spurs posterior to

calcars III and IV (fig. 6). Hind tibia with two median equal, ventral

apical spurs of equal length immediately proximal to calcars HI and

IV (fig. 7) 3

3. Adult size very large (35-50 mm in body length) . Color of head and

pronotum orange red. Head often megacephalic 4

Adult size medium to small (usually less than 35 mm in body length).

Color of head and pronotum not orange red but piceous or shining

black, the black isolated into irregular areas by pale sutures 5

4. Calcars of the hind tibia forming a semi-ringlet of six long spurs, the inner-

most two longer, cylindrical in form Stenopelmatus longispina Brunner

Calcars of the hind tibia forming a semi-ringlet of six spurs, these spatulate

or trowel-shaped on inner faces, the inner three relatively equal, but

longer than three outer spurs Stenopelmatus fuscus Haldeman

5. Entire head and body uniformly dark brown with black abdominal tergites.

Hind tibia with four to five internal and two to three external apical

Calif.; note apical pair of spurs and six calcars. Fig. 8. Lateral view of pronotum

S. nigrocapitatus Tinkham and Rentz, new species. Fig. 9. Lateral view pronotum

S. pictus. Fig. 10. Lateral view hind tibia of holotype male S. nigrocapitatus

Tinkham and Rentz, new species. Fig. 11. Lateral view fore tibia holotype male

S. nigrocapitatus Tinkham and Rentz, new species. Fig. 12. Ventral view sub-

genital plate holotype male S. nigrocapitatus Tinldiam and Rentz, new species.

Fig. 13. Ventral view hind tibia holotype male S. nigrocapitatus Tinkham and

Rentz, new species.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45 , NO. 1

dorsal teeth Stenopelmatus intermedius Davis and Smith

Upper part of head shining black with tan sutural areas. Pronotum dor-

sally with irregular areas of shining black. Outer face of femur with

pale brown fasciations (fig. 2). Hind tibia with three to four internal

and two external apical dorsal teeth (fig. 7)

Stenopelmatus pictus Scudder

Stenopelmatus nigrocapitatus Tinkham and Rentz, new species

(Figs. 1, 3-5, 8, 10-13, Table 1)

Diagnosis. — Hind tibia usually with single, median, ventral, apical spur im-

mediately basad or proximad to the base of calcars HI and IV. A minute second

spur may be present. In all other species of the genus there are two median

ventral spurs. The fore tibia is distinctive in having only two apical spurs unequal

in length, one slightly basad of the other. All other Californian species possess

in addition, a ventral subapical spur placed just beyond the median portion of

the ventral surface of the fore tibia.

Holotype Male. — (Measurements in millimeters made with Golgau callipers.)

Body length 28.2; width of head 8.7 X II-7 in total depth; pronotum 6.1 long X

8.8 wide; hind tibia 10.0 X 2.6 wide.

Form typical, medium in size for genus. Head typical of genus, depth of head

from occiput to upper margin of ocular breadth (4.7 mm) measured at narrowest

points. Eyes inverted, pyriform, slightly prominent, similar to S. fuscus and S.

longispina. Head in other structural features typical of other Stenopelmatus

species.

Thorax typical in form. Pronotum not ampliate forward as in S. longispina and

S. fuscus, lateral margins not at all broadened at the ventrad projecting bulge on

anterior lateral third of pronotum. In lateral profile, dorsum of pronotum arcuately

humped in posterior five-sixths, only slight evidence of median suture or groove

as seen in paratypes. Anterior margin of pronotum gently emarginate, typically

fringed with fine decurved hairs. Posterior margin slightly less emarginate than

anterior margin.

Supra-anal plate of abdomen broadly triangulate with typical uncinate hooks at

lateral bases. Cerci acuminate, erect, pubescent. Subgenital plate broadly

spatulate.

Fore legs, with femur in lateral profile, with upper margin strongly arcuate,

ventral margin very slightly arcuate, without spination. Fore tibia unspined dor-

sally with typical apical calcars, three inner long, two outer short, dorsal external

shortest. Ventral surface of fore tibia with two, unequal apical spurs, distal spur

larger.

Median femora typical. Median tibia with five calcars (smaller than those of

fore tibia) , preceded by two apical spurs of similar size, placed approximately in

apical two-thirds of dorsal margin. Ventral surface with pair of apical spurs (only

one on one tibia), smaller than calcars, placed at base of calcars III and IV.

Hind legs typical in form. Femora unarmed. Hind tibia with six apical calcars,

increasing in size gradually from outer-external to innermost calcar. Dorsal surface

with three outer apical and subapical spines, three inner ones more widely spaced,

apical internal spines with apices even with external apical spur. Number II spur

subequal to number HI. Basal spur small, slightly proximal of center. Ventral

JANUARY 1969] TINKHAM & RENTZ — STENOPELMATUS SYNOPSIS

surface of tibia with only one apical, distinctive spur situated at base of and

between calcars III and IV (one hind tibia with additional minute spur).

Allotype Female.^ — Total length to apex of ovipositor 31.0; length to base of

ovipositor 29.1; pronotum 4.75 long X 7.0 wide; hind femur 8.1 long X 3.4 wide;

hind tibia 12.2 X 2.0 wide.

Allotype similar to holotype except as follows: size larger, abdomen with supra-

anal plate and cerci smaller; subgenital plate very shallowly and broadly triangular

with acute apex; ovipositor typical, short, recurved, unarmed; median tibia with

pair of apical ventral spurs, hind femora similar to holotype. Hind tibia with

single apical ventral spur on each leg.

Type Data. — Holotype male and allotype, Jacalitos Canyon 6 miles

SSW OF CoALiNGA, Fresno County, CALIFORNIA, 27 January 1961,

D. C. Rentz, collector.

Type Locality. — The type locality is a portion of the Jacalitos uplift,

an area of Paleocene sediments. It is under exploitation by oil com-

panies at the present time. The species seems restricted to the areas

where sandstone occurs and is found under such rocks especially at the

bases of hillsides. The Jacalitos uplift extends to the north for some

50-75 miles and this species should be looked for in these areas. Type

deposition. The holotype and allotype are deposited in the California

Academy of Sciences, number 10,120.

Paratypes.— Same locality data as holotype but with following dates and

collectors: 4 $ $ , 18 2 ? , 27 January 1962, D. C. Rentz, J. R. Heifer, collectors;

7 2 2,1 February 1962, D. C. Rentz, R. Bandar, collectors. Additional paratypes

from Fresno County as follows: Jacalitos Creek road. Rocky Buttes, 20 February

1960, 1 2, H. L. Wilson. Near Coalinga, 31 March 1960, 2 2 2 , H. L. Wilson.

Coalinga, Oil City, 18 March 1931, 3 2 2 , E. C. Van Dyke.

Range of Variation. — Eleven females were measured by the first

author and range as follows; body length 22.6-28.6; pronotum 7.8-8.1

wide X 4.8-5.2 long; hind femur 7.5-9.2; hind tibia 7. 6-8.2 X 1.4-1. 8

mm. Some paratypes, as seen in fig. 3, have the pronotum with brownish

areas but never developed as in S. pictus (fig. 2). Paratypes are

deposited in the authors’ collections, California Academy of Sciences,

and J. R. Heifer collections.

A single female, likely adult, from Visalia, Tulare County, California,

collected on 25 November 1948, W. D. Murray collector, could possibly

represent this species. The specimen is pinned and poorly preserved.

The head and pronotum are similar to the species herein described but

the calcars of the hind tibiae are a bit shorter, perhaps due to wear.

Another specimen, a female from Hot Springs, Tulare County, Califor-

nia, 15 April 1938, collected by E. C. Van Dyke is definitely this species

and demonstrates that the species occurs on the fringes of the San

Joaquin Valley.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

Literature Cited

Davis, A. C., and L. M. Smith. 1926. Notes on the genus Stenopebnatus with

description of a new species (Orthoptera) . Pan-Pac. Entomoh, 2: 174-

181.

Hebard, M. 1916. A study of the species of the genus Stenopebnatus found in

the United States. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc., 24: 70-86.

A New Species of Pseudocloeon from Idaho^

(Ephemeroptera : Baetidae)

Steven L. Jensen

University of Utah, Salt Lake City

While studying the mayflies of Idaho, I found two male images that

represent an undescribed species of Pseudocloeon. I take extreme

pleasure in naming this species for Dr. George F. Edmunds, Jr., in

recognition for his many contributions to the study of Ephemeroptera.

I express my appreciation to Mr. Arwin Provonsha for aid in prepar-

ing the illustrations.

Pseudocloeon edmundsi Jensen, new species

Male Imago (in alcohol). — Length: body 4.5-5.0 mm; forewings 4.5-5.0 mm.

General color light brown. Head light brown; antennae light brown basally, pale

apically; ocelli white; compound eyes divided, upper portion turbinate, separated

dorsally at midline, pinkish -tan, lower portion black (figs. 1-2) . Thoracic notum

reddish-brown; pleural sclerites light reddish-brown, membranes white; thoracic

sterna light reddish-brown. Forewings hyaline, stigmatic region cloudy white,

longitudinal and crossveins hyaline, stigmatic crossveins slightly anastomosed

(fig. 3) ; hind wing absent. Legs white, faintly brown at apex of tarsi. Abdominal

tergum 1 subhyaline light brown; terga 2-6 subhyaline white with very faint

black spiracular markings; terga 7-10 light tan, opaque. Abdominal sterna 1-6

same color as terga; sterna 7-9 white, opaque; subgenital plate and forceps white

(fig. 4). Caudal filaments white.

Types. — Holotype male imago. Snake River at U. S. Highway

#20-26, 8 MILES NW. Parma, Canyon County, Idaho, 29 August 1958,

G. F. Edmunds, Jr., and R. K. Allen, in collection of University of Utah,

Salt Lake City. Paratopotype : I male imago, same data and deposition

as holotype.

Remarks. — Pseudocloeon edmundsi is the fourth species in the genus

known from western North America. The other three species, P. futile

McDunnough, P. ruhrolaterale McDunnough, and P. turbidum McDun-

^ The research upon which this report is based was supported in part by a University of Utah

Graduate Research Fellowship.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 14-15. January 1969

JANUARY 1969] JENSEN A NEW PSEUDOCLOEON FROM IDAHO

Figs. 1—4. Pseudocloeon edmundsi, male imago, paratype: Fig. 1. dorsal view

of head; Fig. 2. lateral view of head; Fig. 3. forewing; Fig. 4. male genitalia.

nough, were originally described from Alberta, Canada. P. edmundsi

can easily be distinguished from these species by thoracic and abdominal

color pattern. The following key, adapted from Traver (1935), serves

to distinguish the male images of the four species.

1. Abdomen mostly or completely white or yellowish-white 2

Abdomen clay-colored or dark olivaceous brown 3

2(1). Abdomen subhyaline white with very faint black spiracular markings;

thoracic notum reddish-brown P. edmundsi, new species

Abdomen yellowish-white with lateral maroon patches; thoracic notum

black P. rubrolaterale McDunnough

3(1). Thorax and abdomen dull olive brown or clay-colored, terga 7-10 pale

ochreous; forelegs greyish-white P. futile McDunnough

Thorax dark brown; abdomen dark olivaceous brown, terga 7-10 similar

to preceding segments; forelegs with femora olive brown, tibiae and

tarsi white P. turbidum McDunnough

Literature Cited

Traver, J. R. 1935. Systematic, Part II, pp. 267-739. In: J. G. Needham, J. R.

Traver, and Yin-Chi Hsu, The Biology of Mayflies. Ithaca; Comstock

Publishing Co. XVI + 759 pp.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

A Review of the Genus Walshomyia Including A New

Species Reared from Cupressus Galls in California

(Diptera : Cecidomyiidae)

Raymond J. Gagne

Entomology Research Division, Agr. Res. Serv.,

USD A, W ashington, D. C.

The western North American genus Walshomyia Felt (Cecidomyi-

inae: Oligotrophidi) may he distinguished from all other North

American Oliogotrophidi by the following combination of characters:

palpus short, one or two segmented ; R 5 curved distally to j oin C behind

wing apex; claws short, each about one-half as long as empodium;

ovipositor short, barely protrusible, the upper lamella entire or bifurcate.

The species comprising Walshomyia are gallmakers on species of

Juniperus and Cupressus. The genus differs from Oligotrophus Kieffer

only in the number of palpal segments. In more important characters,

such as the genitalia, Oligotrophus hetheli Felt and Oligotrophus patter -

soni White, both reared from Juniperus, actually show a greater re-

semblance to species of Walshomyia than to the other Nearctic species

of Oligotrophus. Nevertheless, Walshomyia does key down well as a

group, and its possible synonymy with Oligotrophus should await a

generic revision of the super-tribe Oligotrophidi.

Felt assigned three species to Walshomyia: W. juniperina Felt (the

type species), W. texana Felt, and W. insignis Felt. I am here trans-

ferring Rhopalomyia sahinae Patterson to Walshomyia and describing

one new species, Walshomyia cupressi, to bring the total number of

species in the genus to five. A yet undescribed species belongs here;

it was reared from Libocedrus decurrens Torr. in Yosemite Park, Cali-

fornia and referred to by Felt (1940: 46) as Rhopalomyia sp. Felt’s

specimens of this species consist only of several pupae and several very

teneral adults that I pulled out of the pupal skins. Although it is obvious

that they are a new species of Walshomyia, they are not in good enough

condition to warrant a description and are left undescribed for the

present.

I can find no morphological differences to separate W. juniperina

from W. sahinae and would consider them synonyms except that W.

juniperina was reared from fruit of Juniperus (Felt, 1908) and W.

sahinae from apical bud galls (Felt, 1921) of Juniperus. Although

Felt stated that the palpi of W. juniperina were one segmented (Felt,

1915) and those of W. sahinae two segmented (Felt, 1921), both one

and two segmented palpi are present in both type series.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 16-19. January 1969

JANUARY 1969] GAGNE— REVIEW OF GENUS WALSHOMYIA 17

Fig. 1. Female antennal flagellomere VIII of JF. insignis. Figs. 2-5. Antennal

flagellomere V of IF. cupressi: Figs. 2-3, female, ventral and dorsal view, respec-

tively; Figs. 4-5, male, ventral and dorsal view, respectively.

Key to Adults of Species of Walshomyia

1. Ovipositor (fig. 7) partially sclerotized, dorsal lamella entire or bifurcate,

ventral lamella small, less than half as long as dorsal; male sternum X

entire 2

Ovipositor (fig. 9) completely soft, dorsal lamella bifurcate, ventral lamella

large, almost as long as dorsal; male sternum X bifurcate; reared from

apical bud galls on Cupressus spp. JF. cupressi, new species

2. Female antennal flagellomeres (fig. 1) with interconnected striations (a

second, smaller set of circumfila?) crisscrossing each flagellomere;

setulae on flagellomeres present only laterad and proximad of basal row

of setae; dorsal lamella of ovipositor entire, similar to that of JF.

juniperina; reared from oval, apical bud gall on Juniperus scopulorum

Sarg. (only female known) JF. insignis Felt

Female flagellomeres without striations and covered with setulae; dorsal

lamella of ovipositor entire or bifurcate 3

3. Dorsal lamella of ovipositor bifurcate; aedeagus and claspettes nearly

straight, posteriorly directed (as in fig. 11) ; reared from apical bud

galls on Juniperus ashei Buckholz (= Sabina sabinoides L.)

W. texana Felt

Dorsal lamella of ovipositor entire (fig. 7) ; aedeagus and claspettes re-

curved dorsally (fig. 6) 4

4. Reared from fruit of Juniperus utahensis Engelm. JF. juniperina Felt

Reared from conical apical bud galls of J. ashei and /. monosperma

(Engelm.) Sarg. JF. sabinae (Patterson) n. comb.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

Figs. 6-7. Lateral view of male genitalia and female ovipositor, respectively, of

flF. juniperina. Fig. 8. Dorsal view of lamellae of ovipositor of W. cupressi. Fig.

9. Lateral view of same. Fig. 10. Dorsal view of male genitalia of IF. cupressi.

Fig. 11. Lateral view of same.

JANUARY 1969] GAGNE — REVIEW OF GENUS WALSHOMYIA

Walshomyia cupressi Gagne, new species

Adult. — Head . — Male antenna with 17 flagellomeres, each closely girdled by

2 circumfila (figs. 4-5) ; female antenna with 17-18 flagellomeres, each with

circumfila forming a reticulate pattern ventrally (figs. 2-3) ; eyes many facets

long at vertex but separated by about diameter of one eye facet; palpus with one

short, cylindrical segment; labella small, only slightly longer than palpus, rounded

apically, covered with setae as long as labella. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentral setae,

95-125; parascutal: anterior, 23-34, posterior, 12-19; mesanepimeral, 24-36;

dark scales covering legs, wing membrane, halter, and pregenital segments of

abdomen; scales absent from thoracic sclerites. Wing length, 3.75-4.40 mm.

Proportions of segments of foreleg: femur, 1.00; tibia, 1.10-1.14; tarsomere I,

0.09; II, 0.64-0.70; III, 0.29-0.33; IV, 0.21-0.23; V, 0.08-0.09. Male genitalia

(figs.) 10-11) ; tergum X bilobed, the lobes rounded, setose; sternum X bifurcate;

basimere long, cylindrical; distimere long, flattened-cylindrical, covered dorsally

with many short setae ; aedeagus long, straight, tapering gradually to rounded apex,

many small, postero medially pointing setulae present apicodorsally; claspettes

very short, setose. Female postabdomen: tergum VIII quadrate, covered with setae

and scales; ovipositor short, unsclerotized, about 0.2 length of entire abdomen,

barely protrusible; dorsal lamella (figs. 8-9) bifurcate, setose; ventral lamella

almost as long as dorsal, setose ventrally.

Larva. — Spatula absent. Papillae: two groups of three laterals each on either

side of median line of thorax; six haired dorsals; two haired hind ventrals; four

unhaired fore ventrals on abdominal segments; and four terminals with hairs no

longer than diameter of papillar bases.

Material Examined.- — Holotype male, ex Cupressus pygmaea. Ft. Bragg,

Mendocino County, California, 21 April 1967, G. W. Frankie, U.S.N.M. Type

No. 69984. Paratypes: 4 ^ 4 2 2,1 larva, same data as holotype; 6 2 2,

ex Cupressus sargentii, 3 mi. SE Occidental, Sonoma Co., Calif., collected 1 March

1968, G. W. Frankie, emerged 10 to 18 March 1968.

Mr. Gordon W. Frankie, University of California, Berkeley, collected

and reared the specimens described and kindly submitted them to me

for description. This species causes a gall on buds of Cupressus

pygmaea (Lemmon) Sarg. and C. sargentii Jeps. The gall is a greatly

swollen bud. Mr. Frankie is presently studying the biology of this

species.

Literature Cited

Felt, E. P. 1908. Appendix D. N. Y. State Mus. Bull., 124: 286-422.

1915. Appendix: A study of gall midges. III. Ihid., 180: 127-288.

1921. New species of reared gall midges (Itonididae) . J. N. Y. Entomol.

Soc., 29: 115-118.

1940. Plant Galls and Gall Makers. Ithaca, N. Y., 364 pp.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

Effects of Temperature and Other Environmental Factors

on ISotonecta undulata Say

(Hemiptera: Notonectidae)

R. A. Ellis and J. H. Borden^

Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia

Notonecta undulata Say is widely distributed throughout North

America (Brooks and Kelton 1967, Bueno 1905). Exhaustive studies

of external anatomy, life history and some briefer notes on the ecology

and behavior of this aquatic insect have been made (Hungerford 1919,

Clark 1928 and Essenburg 1915). This paper concerns the importance

of temperature as a factor in this species’ distribution as determined by

both field and laboratory measurements.

Materials and Methods

Specimens were collected mainly from Lost lake, B. C., a small bog

pond rich with aquatic insects. About 15 adults per 15 gallon aquarium

could be maintained without significant cannibalism if a surplus of

fresh food was provided daily. Flour beetles, bark beetles, ants, cori-

xids, aphids, Daphnia sp. and fry of the common guppy, Lebistes reti-

culatus Peters were supplied as prey. The aquaria were provided with

sand, filters, aerators, heaters and lighted canopies. Water temperature

was maintained at 25 ± 2'’C, pH at 6.6 and water hardness at 25 ppm.

Bunches of Anacharis canadensis Michx. were provided as sites for

oviposition and protective cover. Notonecta undulata will oviposit on

a wide variety of objects in captivity including the glass walls of aquaria,

plastic filter boxes and rubber sink matting. It appears to prefer

plants to these, however, probably because plants are easier to cling to.

When eggs were oviposited on plants they could then be transferred

without damage to an incubation aquarium.

In spring and summer, 1967, a survey was made of fresh water habi-

tats in the Lower Fraser Valley, B. C., to determine where and under

what conditions N. undulata was most abundant. Water temperature,

pH, and hardness were measured and notes on the major flora and

fauna recorded whenever this species was found.

A simple temperature preference apparatus, similar to that used by

Omardeen (1957) for Aedes aegypti (L.) was set up in the laboratory

under constant light. An aluminum trough filled with wet sand was

^ Graduate student and Assistant Professor respectively, Department of Biological Sciences.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 20-25. January 1969

JANUARY 1969] ELLIS & BORDEN NOTONECTA ECOLOGY

placed with one end on a hot plate, the temperature of which could be

controlled and the other end in an ice bath. An aluminum based glass

trough (15 X 15 X 60 cm) was placed on top of the sand and filled to

1.5 cm with filtered aquarium water. This allowed free horizontal move-

ment by the backswimmers, while limiting convection currents which

occurred in deeper water. Temperature was measured by 8 thermom-

eters suspended at equal intervals throughout the length of the apparatus.

With this set-up a temperature gradient (eg. 15-20°C) could be estab-

lished in 30 minutes by adjusting the control dial of the hot-plate.

Insects tested for temperature preference were 18 first instars, 4 fifth

instars and 7 adults in 42, 33 and 65 trials respectively. Insects were

introduced into the middle of the gradient apparatus and left approxi-

mately 5 minutes before their position was recorded. The difference

in temperature between the two ends of the apparatus varied from 13.0

to 27.0°C (first instars), 7.5 to 10.0°C (fifth instars) and 4.0 to 5.0°C

(adults). Counts of individuals at each temperature were made every

5 minutes after shifting the gradient several degrees for each trial; no

2 gradients were the same.

The upper limit of water temperature in which N. undulata can sur-

vive was determined using large glass beakers (3000 ml) heated with

standard aquarium heaters and gently aerated to ensure uniform water

temperature. The number of survivors at each temperature was noted

hourly, for nine hours. Death was verified by returning an insect to

25°C to check for revival. Temperatures and number of adults tested

were 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, and 40°C and 6, 22, 13, 17, 20, and 19

respectively.

Results

Temperature Preference. — The mean preferred temperatures for

first and fifth instar nymphs and adults were 27.5, 27.1 and 27.0°C

respectively (Fig. 1). None of the insects tested ventured into water

exceeding 39°C and only one was found at 16°C, the lowest temperature

recorded. As the temperature of the ‘hot’ end was slowly increased or

decreased (2-5°C per 5 minutes) the majority of the individuals (es-

pecially first instar nymphs) grouped in the optimum area would, al-

most as a unit, shift their position to the water temperature at which

they had just been.

Upper Limits of Temperature. — All six adults tested at 34°C sur-

vived over 9 hours (Fig. 2) . Mortality slowly increased above this tem-

perature, while the premortality exposure time decreased. At 9 hours,

percent mortality varied almost directly with temperature.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

100

“o 70

E 60 -

50 -

First Instars

Mean = 27.5°C

(N=778)

15 20 25 30 35 40

Fifth Instars

Mean = 27.1°C

(N = 132)

15 20 25 30 35 40

Preferred Temperatures (°C)

Adults

Mean-27.0°C

(N=451)

15 20 25 30 35 40

Fig. 1. Temperature preference of N. undulata nymphs and adults in a tem-

perature gradient.

At high temperatures the backswimmers repeatedly tried to escape.

They swam excitedly below the surface, climbed up the air-line out of

the water, or swam dorsal side-up on the surface. The beakers were

covered with paper towelling to prevent any of the insects from es-

caping.

Distribution and Habitat Conditions. — The wide variety of aquatic

habitats in which N. undulata exists and reproduces is illustrated by 4

examples. In early May it was found in a swimming pool (Coquitlam,

B. C.) with a high chlorine content (approx. 40 ppm) relative to natural

waters. The water temperature was 10.0°C, water hardness 28 ppm

(very soft) and the pH 6.0. Vegetation was limited to a variety of fresh-

water algae (e.g. Nostoc and diatoms). Two species of dytiscids and

several gerrids were abundant in the same pool. All were observed feed-

ing on terrestrial insects trapped in the surface film. Mating and ovi-

position of N. undulata began in mid-May. First instars were observed

in this pool when the water was 17°-20°C in later May.

Lost Lake (B. C.), a bog pond 150 x 200 m, contained hundreds

of backswimmers in various instars throughout May, June and July. N.

undulata was the predominant backswimmer but a Buenoa sp. was rela-

tively numerous for about three weeks. All the major orders of aquatic

insects were present. The water was very soft (30 ppm) , the pH 6.0, and

JANUARY 1969] ELLIS & BORDEN NOTONECTA ECOLOGY

40°

39°

38°

37°

36°

35°

34°

Fig. 2. Effect of exposure to high temperatures on the survival of N. undulata

adults.

when the air temperature was 22.0°C the shallow water near the shore

inhabited by the N. undulata was 24.0°C. A varied and luxurient array

of aquatic plants grew around the shallow margins.

Deer Lake (Burnaby, B. C.) contained relatively few N. undulata.

Other aquatic insects (mainly corixids) were present but not in large

numbers. When the air temperature was 29.0°C the surface water was

21.0°C, water hardness was 34 ppm; pH was 7.1. Food was abundant

at this time as evidenced by large plankton hauls of Daphnia sp. Vegeta-

tion also was plentiful.

Several hundred N. undulata in the later instars were found in an ex-

cavation pond (10 m^ and 0-25 cm deep), and a shallow drainage ditch

leading from it on Burnaby Mountain, B. C., during late July. Also

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

found in the pond were several hundred tadpoles, several dytiscids and

a few gerrids. When the air temperature was 28.0°C the pond was

32.5°C and the ditch 29.0°C. Both pond and ditch had a pH of 7.0 and

water hardness of 220 ppm (very hard) . Only a few emergent plants

were present.

Discussion

Laboratory trials and field measurements indicate that N. undulata

is able to sustain itself over a wide range of water temperature (4-

32°C), water hardness (28-220 ppm) and pH (6.0— 7.1). The temper-

ature range in which mating and oviposition can occur appears nar-

rower, 10-32°C (Hungerford 1919). Four generations per year can be

reared in laboratory aquaria kept at 25°C but there are usually only

two generations per year in Southern British Columbia habitats — ^one

in late spring and the other in late summer.

Although N. undulata can withstand relatively high temperatures lor

short periods of time (Fig. 2), 34°C is the highest temperature at which

no mortality occurred in the 9 hour trials. Exposure for this period would

not normally occur in backswimmer habitats. Above 34° C the survivor-

ship decreased rapidly. These findings are consistent with the observa-

tion that at a cuticle temperature between 32-34 °C there is a sharp

increase in water evaporation rate in Notonecta sp. This is probably

because of changes in molecular orientation of the cuticular lipid mono-

layer and in nature would result in lethal water uptake (Beament 1961) .

In nature N. undulata will attempt to escape from water at 34°C. When

the water in the excavation pool, mentioned above, reached 32.5°C many

adults were observed swimming rapidly at the surface and flying away.

Habitats in S. W. British Columbia, would seldom reach 34° C.

The ability to reproduce over a fairly wide range of temperatures and

to withstand high temperatures during the reproductive season would

allow N. undulata to inhabit small, sometimes temporary, bodies of

water where the temperature may rise far above the preference level and

vary considerably in a short time.

Notonecta undulata often occurs in the same interior B. C. lakes as

Notonecta kirhyi Hungerford which lives in waters with a pH of 7.0 to

9.2 (Scudder 1965). Thus, N. undulata, can probably live and repro-

duce in water with a pH of 6.0-9.2. It would appear then that pH, as

well as water hardness, has little direct effect on the habitat preference

of N. undulata. These factors may indirectly influence prey abundance

and protective cover by determining the abundance and species com-

position of shore plants.

JANUARY 1969] ELLIS & BORDEN NOTONECTA ECOLOGY

Clark (1928) summarized the characteristics of an optimum habitat

for N. undulata in the Winnipeg region: a pool teeming with aquatic

life, vegetation, no current, ample sunlight and a certain amount of

water not covered by algae. Lost Lake (B. C.), which fits this descrip-

tion very well, supported the largest population of N. undulata in the

survey, yet the excavation pool had almost as dense a population but

with very little vegetation. However, the presence of N. undulata in

almost all types of relatively static waters in S. W. British Columbia is

evidence of its tolerance of a wide range of environmental character-

istics.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Dr. R. Sadleir for advice and assistance, to Dr.

F. S. Truxal for taxonomic information, and to Drs. N. H. Anderson,

G. G. E. Scudder and S. B. Haven for review of the manuscript.

Literature Cited

Brooks, A. R. and L. S. Kelton. 1967. Aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera

of Alberta. Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can.,

51: 38-42.

Beament, J. W. L. 1961. The waterproofing mechanism of arthropods II. The

permeability of the cuticle of some aquatic insects. J. Exp. Biol., 38:

277-290.

Bueno, J. T. de la Torre. 1905. The genus Notonecta in American north of

Mexico. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc., 13: 143-167.

Clark, L. B. 1928. Seasonal distribution and life history of Notonecta undulata

in the Winnipeg region, Canada. Ecology, 9: 383-403.

Essenburg, C. 1915. Habits and natural history of the backswimmers. J. Anim.

Behav. (Cambridge), 5: 381-390.

Hungerford, H. B. 1919. The biology and ecology of aquatic and semi-aquatic

Hemiptera. Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull., 2: 1-341.

Omardeen, T. a. 1957. The behavior of larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti

(L.) in light and temperature gradients. Bull. Entomol. Res., 48:

349-357.

Scudder, G. G. E. 1965. The Notonectidae (Hemiptera) of British Columbia.

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia, 62: 38-41.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

The Genus Vtaperla^

(Plecoptera : Chloroperlidae)

Charles H. Nelson^ and John F. Hanson

Department of Entomology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

The genus Utaperla was proposed by Ricker (1952) for a single new

western North American species Utaperla sopladora Ricker. Recently,

while examining some stonefly material from China, it was our good for-

tune to encounter a species new to science that belongs in this formerly

monotypic genus. The discovery of the new species has led the authors

to review the genus Utaperla in order to more clearly characterize this

group.

Utaperla Ricker

1952, Utaperla Ricker, Indiana Univ. Publ., Sci. Ser., 18: 174 {U. sopladora type

species by original designation and by monotypy) .

1964, Gaufin, Gewasser Abwasser, 34/35: 39.

1965, lilies, Annu. Rev. EntomoL, 10 : 134.

1966, lilies Das Tierreich, 82 : 428, fig. 19 (distribution map).

1966, Gaufin, Nebeker and Sessions, Univ. Utah Biol. Ser., 14 (1) : 21, 25, 28, 72.

Ricker (1952) based on his study of U. sopladora, placed Utaperla

within the subfamily Paraperlinae of the Chloroperlidae and character-

ized it as follows, “The head capsule is slightly elongated, but much less

so than in Paraperla and there is no straight sided section behind the

eyes. The general aspect, in fact, is that of an Alloperla of the subgenus

Sweltsa. However, the basal body of the male supra-anal process is sus-

pended at the anterior edge of the 10th tergite and lies free in the deep

median cleft, instead of being attached to the sides of the cleft as in Allo-

perla. On the 7th sternite there is a raised knob, thickly covered by

spines. The venation also is much like Paraperla, though with fewer

crossveins.”

Of the preceding characters only those involving the head capsule

clearly distinguish U. sopladora from the species of other paraperline

genera, especially from those of Paraperla. The supra-anal process, con-

trary to Ricker’s observation, does not lie free in the median cleft, but

is typical of the processes of most stoneflies in that it is held to the

hemitergites of the tenth segment by the cowl which attaches to the

^ Contribution No. 1396 from the Department of Entomology (Systematics and Morphology Research

Laboratory), University of Massachusetts. Published with the aid of the Guy Chester Crampton

Research Fund of the University of Massachusetts.

^ Personal contribution No. 2 from the senior author.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 26-34. January 1969

JANUARY 1969] NELSON & HANSON UTAPERLA REVISION 27

0.2 5 mm

Figs. 1-3. Utaperla sopladora Ricker. Fig. 1. Head, dorsal view. Fig. 2.

Thoracic sterna. Fig. 3. Thoracic terga. (eel =: ecdysial cleavage line; pocs rz post-

occipital suture; sut = mid-ventral suture of meso thoracic furcasternum; scl' =

scutellar ridge) .

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

basal lateral sides of the free part (basal body). The slight ventral

production of the posterior half of the seventh sternite and its covering

of long thick setae are characteristic of the males of Utaperla and of

Paraperla frontalis (Banks). The variational tendencies in the number

of wing crossveins of both Utaperla and Paraperla are great enough to

have overlapping ranges so that no crossvein character can be applied

consistently enough to distinguish these genera from each other. Gaufin,

et al. (1966) use in their key to the genera of Utah Chloroperlidae their

observation that P. frontalis possesses three or more crossveins in the

costal area beyond the subcosta, as opposed to fewer than three in U.

sopladora. However, their own figure of the wing of P. frontalis shows

only two crossveins. During this study an examination of available

specimens of P. frontalis revealed that the number of crossveins in the

apical part of the costal area may range from two to four.

In addition to the above mentioned similarities between Utaperla and

Paraperla it should be mentioned that the coloration, especially the

abdominal patterning, of both of these genera is also very closely similar.

At the present time the following unique features appear best for

distinguishing Utaperla from the other genera in the Paraperlinae.

First, the length of the stem of the cranial Y-shaped ecdysial cleavage

line (eel) from the postoccipital suture (pocs) to the arms of the cleav-

age line is greatly reduced, less than one-fifth the length of each arm

extending to the ocellus. Unfortunately, the head and prothorax of the

only specimen of the new Chinese species of Utaperla had been broken

off. Thus, it is not known how similar the head structures of the North

American and the Chinese species of Utaperla are to each other. How-

ever, since both species greatly resemble each other in all observable

details, it is fairly certain that the head of this new species will be found

to be nearly identical to that of U. sopladora. Second, the mesothoracic

furcasternum (fig. 2) is divided along the mid- ventral line by a suture

(sut) which from the spinastemum extends anteriorly to lie between

the furcal pits, but it does not reach the sternacostal suture that extends

from one furcal pit to the other. Third, the metathoracic scutellar ridge

(fig. 3 scT) on each side of the insects mid-dorsal line is produced

meso-posteriorly into a strongly sclerotized somewhat digitate protrusion

bearing a sharply pointed “finger.” Fourth, the male supra-anal process

(fig. 6, 10) is apically bifurcate.

Utaperla sopladora Ricker

(Figs. 1-8)

1952, Utaperla sopladora Ricker, Indiana Univ. Publ., Sci. Ser., 18: 174-176, figs.

125 (male terminalia, dorsal), 126 (head and prothorax, dorsal), 127

JANUARY 1969] NELSON & HANSON — UTAPERLA REVISION

Figs. 4f-6. Utaperla sopladora Ricker. Fig. 4. Male terminalia, ventral view.

Fig. 5. Male terminalia, dorsal view. Fig. 6. Male terminalia, lateral viet^. (ap =

apical piece; bp = basal piece; ip = inner part.)

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

female terminalia, ventral) , 128 (male terminalia, lateral) , 129 (wings of

male holotype) , 130 (wings of female allotype) .

1955, Gaufin, Proc. Utah Acad. Sci., 32: 120.

1959, Jewett, Oreg. State Monogr., Stud. EntomoL, 3: 77, figs. 29 e (after Ricker

1952, fig. 125), 29 f (after Ricker 1952, fig. 127).

1962, Jewett, Pan-Pac. EntomoL, 38 (1) : 20.

1963, Ricker, Photo Offset, presented to third international symposium on

Plecoptera, pp. 14, 15, 19, and distribution map.

1964, Gaufin, Proc. Utah Acad. Sci., 41 (2) : 225.

1964, Gaufin, Gewasser Abwasser, 34/35: 39.

1964, Ricker, Gewasser Abwasser, 34/35: 55 and 68, fig. 11 (distribution map).

1965, Knight, Nebeker and Gaufin, EntomoL News, 76 (4) : 108, fig. 21 (egg,

lateral) .

1966, Nebeker and Gaufin, EntomoL News, 77 (2) : 42.

1966, lilies. Das Tierreich, 82: 428, fig. 19 (distribution map).

1966, Gaufin, Nebeker and Sessions, Univ. Utah Biol. Ser., 14 (1) : 12, 17, 19, 21,

72, 75, 77, figs. 2 (after Knight, Nebeker and Gaufin 1965, fig. 21), 203

(head, dorsal) , 235 (male terminalia, lateral) , 236 (female terminalia,

ventral), 238 (male terminalia, dorsal).

Ricker (1952) originally described and figured this species. Gaufin,

et al. (1966) recently refigured the head as well as the male and female

terminalia of JJ. sopladora and slightly paraphrased the text of Ricker’s

earlier work. Although both the description of Ricker and the figures

of all the above workers are adequate for the recognition of this species,

certain critical and fine structural details that might make this species

better known have heen overlooked. Therefore, it seems that further

comment on U. sopladora would be useful.

Male. — Length of the body varies from 5 to 7 mm. Supra-anal

process (fig. 5, 7) and its surrounding cowl are situated largely between

the tenth hemitergites. The process is composed of two major portions.

The very short “inner part” (Smith, 1917) is truncated at its anterior

margin and is held to the body by membrane from the tenth segment

(fig. 5 ip) . From its apex two very thin and sharply pointed lateral

braces arise one on each side (fig. 5). The “free part” (Smith, 1917)

viewed laterally is hook-shaped and is held to the body by membrane

from the cowl which attaches to its basal lateral sides. The free part

can be further divided into a single basal piece (bp) and two apical

pieces (ap). The hasal piece extends from the lateral braces and is a

long slender sclerite bearing a bluntly rounded apical margin. The two

apical pieces arise one on each side from the lateral apical margins of

the basal piece and each is a narrow sclerite which dorso-apically be-

comes slightly expanded. It is possible that the apical pieces may have

been derived from “lateral stylets” such as those associated with the

supra-anal process of P. frontalis. The cowl of the tenth segment is com-

JANUARY 1969] NELSON & HANSON UTAPERLA REVISION

Fig. 7. Utaperla sopladora Ricker, male supra-anal process, lateral view. Fig. 8.

Utaperla sopladora Ricker, female terminalia, ventral view. Fig. 9. Utaperla orien-

talis Nelson and Hanson, wings.

UI1IIS20

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

posed of membrane and two distinct paragenital plates. Ricker (1952)

mistakenly thought that the paragenital plates were the darkly sclerotized

inner mesal margins of the hemitergites. However, close examination

of this area reveals that these plates are separated from the true inner

mesal margin of each hemitergite by a thin strip of membrane.

Female. — Length of the body varies from 6 to 8 mm. Subgenital plate

(fig. 8) extending over the anteriormost portion of the ninth sternite,

with posterior margin convex. The specimens examined during this

study conform with Ricker’s figure of the allotype in having a slight

median emargination in the posterior margin of the subgenital plate.

No such emargination is shown in the figures of female terminalia of

U. sopladora by Gaufin, et al. (1966), thus this characteristic may be

variable.

Material Examined. — 10 males, 7 females, North fork of 12-mile creek, Steese

Highway, milepost 94, Alaska, 11 July 1952 (C. P. Alexander, M. E. Smith, D. L.

Carson) ; 1 male, Chatanika River, Steese Highway, milepost 39, Alaska, 10 July

1952 (D. L. Carson) ; 1 male, Alaska Highway, milepost 413, British Columbia,

Canada, 26 June 1954 (M. E. Smith) ; 1 male, Alaska Highway, milepost 430,

British Columbia, Canada, 27 July 1954 (C. P. Alexander) ; 1 male, Mendeltna

Creek, Glen Highway, Alaska, 8 August 1954 (C. P. Alexander). Of the preceding

material 5 males and 3 females of the “North fork” collection are in the C. H.

Nelson collection, the remaining material is in the J. F. Hanson collection.

Utaperla orientalis Nelson and Hanson, new species

(Figs. 9-12)

Only one specimen of this species, a male, is known. The important

differences by which U. orientalis can be distinguished from U. sopladora

concern the supra-anal process (see figs. 4-7, 10-12) : (1) the sharp

pointed lateral braces of U. orientalis are much the larger and more

distinct; (2) the basal piece of the hook-shaped free part is much the

broader and shorter in U. orientalis ; (3) the apical pieces of U. orientalis

are broad basally, become narrower apically and are more heavily

sclerotized as well as longer than those of U. sopladora. In all other

morphological details U. orientalis, with the possible exception of the

missing head and prothorax, is nearly identical to U. sopladora.

Holotype Male. — Yalu Station, altitude 2200 feet. Greater

Khingan Mountains, Manchuria, China, July 1940 (M. A. Weymarn) .

The type will be retained in the collection of the senior author.

Distribution of Utaperla

The present known distribution of U. sopladora is from Alaska to

Utah and within this range this species is closely associated with the

JANUARY 1969] NELSON & HANSON — UTAPERLA REVISION 33

Figs. 10-12. Utaperla orientalis Nelson and Hanson. Fig. 10. Male terminalia,

ventral view. FiG. 11. Male terminalia, dorsal view. Fig. 12. Male terminalia,

lateral view. (ap= apical piece; bp = basal piece; ip = inner part.)

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO, 1

Rocky Mountains. Ricker (1963, 1964) speculated that during the

Pleistocene glaciation JJ. sopladora was confined in the ice-free areas of

Yukon River Valley and as the ice melted this species moved southward

from its unglaciated refuge. Ricker considered the north to south move-

ment of U. sopladora more likely than a south to north one since this

species lacks close relatives in southwestern North America and becomes

rarer in the southern part of its range. The discovery of closely related

U. orientalis in the Greater Khingan Mountains of China lends addi-

tional support to Ricker’s conjecture concerning the dispersal of U.

sopladora.

Quite possibly, to expand slightly upon Ricker’s thinking, during the

Pleistocene glaciation the progenitor species of V. sopladora and V.

orientalis took refuge either in the unglaciated areas of northwestern

North America or those of northeastern Siberia. This ancestral species

subsequently divided, conceivably, into two populations, one of which,

U. orientalis, extended southward into Asia, and the other, U. sopladora,

extended southward in North America. However, any more secure

conclusion concerning the distribution and origin of Utaperla will have

to wait until more information on the range of both species, especially

that of TJ. orientalis, and on the probability of the existence of more

species belonging to this genus is available.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Mr. F. Christian Thompson and the

wife of the senior author, Elaine S. Nelson, for critically reading and

correcting this manuscript.

Literature Cited

Gaufin, a. R., a. V. Nebeker and J. Sessions. 1966. The Stoneflies (Plecoptera)

of Utah. Univ. Utah Biol. Ser., 14: 1-93.

Ricker, W. E. 1952. Systematic Studies in Plecoptera. Indiana Univ. Puhl. Sci.

Ser., 18: 1-200.

1963. Distribution of Canadian Stoneflies. Photo Offset (paper presented to

third international symposium on Plecoptera published in shorter form

as Ricker 1964) . 24 pp. 46 distribution maps.

1964. Distribution of Canadian Stoneflies. Gewasser Abwasser, 34/35: 50-71.

Smith, L. W. 1917. Studies of North American Plecoptera (Pteronarcidae and

Perlodini). Amer. Entomol. Soc. Trans., 43: 433-489.

JANUARY 1969] BRIGGS — A NEW PHALANGID FAMILY

A New Holarctic Family of Laniatorid Phalangids

(Opiliones)

Thomas S. Briggs

Galileo High School, Lux Laboratory, San Francisco

The taxonomy of phalangids of suborder Laniatores in America and

Europe has been impeded by the presence of a moderately large un-

described family on both continents. Many workers have been aware

of this group but its presentation into the literature is difficult without

considerable revision in adjacent families and reexamination of poorly

described Laniatorid phalangids from all parts of the world. This

problem has been particularly acute in the United States where several

abundant species which properly belong in this family have been in-

correctly placed in a genus that differs at the superfamily level. There-

fore, the designation of this new family is needed for most future studies

of American Laniatores lest past errors be perpetuated and perhaps

compounded.

This paper will assign the name Erebomastridae to the undescribed

family and will present the revisions and additions of genera and species

for known members of the family in the United States. European place-

ment in the family will be limited to two species in my possession, but

additional described species may belong here. The European members

of subfamily Tricommatinae in family Phalangodidae should be re-

examined. The new family differs from described families by having

a distally bifurcated single claw on the hind tarsi. It belongs in super-

family Travunoidea because musculature exists in the penes of males.

The only previous effort to place a member of this family in an ap-

propriate category was made by J. Hadzi (1935) in bis monumental

description of Cladonychium corii Hadzi (synonymized under Ereho-

master acanthina (Crosby and Bishop) in this paper). Among other

distinctive characters he noted that this species had bifurcated single

posterior claws and musculature in the penis. Family Triaenonychidae

Soerensen was the only member of Travunoidea described at this time,

so Hadzi established the subfamily Cladonychinae in Triaenonychidae

for his species. Unfortunately, this subfamily was not widely recognized.

Because Travunoidea has been subsequently subdivided on the basis of

the structure of the posterior claws, and typical Triaenonychids lack a

juvenile aroleum, I do not believe Erebomastridae can now be con-

sidered a subfamily of Triaenonychidae.

The known Ameriean Erebomastrids include established species from

eastern United States and a remarkable new species encountered in dense

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 35-50. January 1969

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

forests along the Oregon Coast. While some of these species have heen

described from caves, none are significantly troglohitic. The Oregon

species is larger than all United States Laniatorids except the Cosmetids.

It is found among dense fern and rhododendron litter in well established

spruce forests, often clinging to the undersurface of fallen bark.

The two European species studied differ at the generic level, but have

in common several structures including a shortened stem on the posterior

claws. It is difficult to distinguish these claws from those of certain

members of Phalangodidae in which the normally separate claws are

fused well before their point of attachment. However, by careful posi-

tioning under the compound microscope I have found a suture between

the fused claws of each such Phalangodid examined. In any case, exami-

nation of the claws of early juvenile instars reveals obvious differences

in structure and development. Phalangodid claws are embedded in a

central pad of soft tissue while Erebomastrid claws are firmly attached

to a central stem in each instar. The juvenile of at least one species of

Erebomastridae has a posterior claw with the characteristic six branches

of juvenile Triaenonychids, but they also possess an aroleum. Need-

less to say, many more juvenile examples are needed and should not

be overlooked by collectors.

Key to the Families of Suborder Laniatores of the World

1. Third and fourth tarsi of adults with two simple claws having separate points

of attachment or fused at proximal extreme, penis without muscles between

dorsal and ventral plates (Oncopodoidea) 2

Third and fourth tarsi of adults with a complex claw having a single point

of attachment, penis with muscles between dorsal and ventral plates

(Travunoidea) 7

2. Last two to four abdominal tergites moveable, the anterior tergites forming

an abbreviated scute 3

Only the last tergite (the anal plate) moveable, the remaining eight forming

a dorsal scute Oncopodidae Thorell, 1897 (Southeast Asia)

3. Last four abdominal tergites moveable 4

Last two abdominal tergites only are moveable

Paralolidae Kratochvil, Balat and Jaroslav, 1958 (Bulgaria)

4. Third and fourth tarsi of adults with a dorsal projection between the claws

(a pseudonychium) , fourth coxae broad 5

Third and fourth tarsi of adults without a pseudonychium (except for

Trionyxellinae of Assamiidae) , fourth coxae normal 6

5. Tibia of palpi compressed, armed with fine setiform spines

Cosmetidae Simon, 1879 (New World)

Tibia of palpus not compressed, armed with stout spines

Gonyleptidae Sundevall, 1833 (Central and South America)

6. Anterior margin of scute with three, five or seven prominent spines, palpi

weakly armed Assamiidae Soerensen, 1884 (Old World)

JANUARY 1969] BRIGGS — A NEW PHALANGID FAMILY

Anterior margin of scute without prominent spines, palpi armed with

elongate spines Phalangodidae Simon, 1879 (Cosmopolitan)

7. Third and fourth tarsi with a claw bearing a median prong, usually with

paired branches 8

Third and fourth tarsi with a bifurcate claw having no median prong

Erebomastridae new family (Europe and United States)

8. Claws of third and fourth tarsi with a broad median plate or thickened

prong having more than two branches 9

Claws of third and fourth tarsi with a continuous median prong, usually bear-

ing two branches Triaenonychidae Soerensen, 1886 (Old and New World)

9. Claws of third and fourth tarsi with two well developed branches that

approach length of median prong

Synthetonychidae Forster, 1954 (New Zealand)

Claws of third and fourth tarsi with pairs of small dorsolateral branches

which are shorter than median prong

Travuniidae Absolon and Kratochvil, 1932 (Europe)

Superfamily Travunoidea Absolon and Kratochvil

Erebomastridae Briggs, new family

Anterior margin of scute with recess above each chelicera bordered by a spur,

three spurs present on margin. Scute with five indistinct, undivided areas. Eye

tubercle well behind anterior margin of scute. Four moveable tergites on abdomen.

Fourth coxa only slightly broader than anterior coxae, spiracles exposed. Sternum

with slender anterior section joining depressed broadened posterior portion lying

between fourth coxae, not extending along posterior of fourth coxae.

Third and fourth coxae of adults with bifurcated claws having single stem

entering distal tarsal segment, stem and prongs of claws slender and tubular, stem

folds upward into distal tarsal segment. Calcaneus present on all metatarsi. Juve-

niles with aroleum and additional branches on claw during early instars.

Palpal tarsi with more than four prominent spines, palpal tibia spinose, palpi

robust.

Ovipositor with four distal divisions; one anterior, one posterior and two lateral.

Penis with articulated distal segment controlled by longitudinal muscles. Basal

and distal segments slender.

Type genus . — Erebomaster Cope.

Key to Genera of Erebomastridae

1. Claws of third and fourth tarsi with stem short, less than half length of

lateral prongs (Europe) 2

Claws of third and fourth tarsi with stem nearly equal in length to lateral

prongs (United States) 3

2. First tarsus with four segments Querilhacia (Lucas)

First tarsus with five or more segments Holoscotolemon Roewer

3. Prongs on hind claws meet in 180° opposition, male with distal swelling on

tibia of second leg Cryptomaster, new genus

Prongs on hind claws meet at angle near 90°, male without distal swelling

on tibia of second leg 4

4. Ovipositor with setose lateral lobes, penis cultriform Erebimaster Cope

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

^ 3

5 ' 6

Figs. 1-7. Holoscotolemon unicolor Roewer: Fig. 1. Dorsum. Fig. 2. Ventral

view of penis. Fig. 3. Lateral view of penis. Fig. 4. Ventral view of ovipositor.

Fig. 5. Lateral view of fourth claw. Fig. 6. Dorsal view of fourth claw. Fig. 7.

Lateral view of male.

Ovipositor with but one seta on lateral lobes, penis not cultriform

Theromaster, new genus

Genus Holoscotolemon Roewer

Holoscotolemon unicolor Roewer

(Figs. 1-7)

Holoscotolemon unicolor Roewer, 1915, Arch. Naturg., 81A: 5. Roewer, 1923, Die

Weberknechte der Erde, p. 102.

Male. — Total body length, 3.14 mm. Scute length, 2.60 mm. Length of eye

JANUARY 1969] BRIGGS — A NEW PHALANGID FAMILY

tubercle, 0.26 mm. Scute width, 2.00 mm. Length of second leg, 7.12 mm. Width

of eye tubercle, 0.38 mm.

Anterior margin of scute with deep recesses above chelicerae bordered laterally

by sharp projections; shoulders without tubercles. Scute yellow, mottled with

light brown pigment which decreases anteriorly allowing yellow background to

appear. Areas bordered by tubercles. Tergites yellow, with light brown pigmenta-

tion and lateral rows of small tubercles. Eye tubercle a low mound recessed from

anterior margin by space equal to its length. Eyes ringed by narrow circle of dark

pigment.

Sternum medially narrow, broadens slightly anteriorly and becomes depressed

posteriorly into a broad pentagonal zone. Maxillary processes from second coxa

large, separate and setose.

Chelicerae with smooth basal segments having socket-shaped juncture with

scute. Distal segments tuberculate.

Palpal tarsus with four prominent posterior lateral spines and two somewhat

reduced anterior lateral spines; tibia with seven lateral spines; patella with two

mesial spines; femur with one mesial spine, three dorsal spines and four ventral

spines; trochanter with one mesial spine; coxa with small spines.

Tarsal formula for male 7, more than 13, 4, 6. Distitarsi of first legs with three

segments, of second with three segments. Basal segment of third tarsus stout.

Tarsal claw of hind legs bifurcate, branches meet at angle near 90°. Stem pivots

upward into tarsal apex.

Penis a narrow stalk having articulated distal portion with arrowhead-shaped

apex bearing two setae. Musculature articulates distal portion of penis.

Female. — (Possibly not same species as male.) Similar to male but dorsal spines

on palpal tarsus much reduced, tarsal count 5 to 6, more than 13, 5, 6. Distitarsi

of first legs not well defined, tarsi of third legs normal.

Ovipositor with four distal projections as in fig. 4. Lateral projections bear

inwardly curved tips.

New records. — Austria. Karnten. One male, Sudhang der Koralpe bei St.

Vinzens (X1625), 14 August 1965, H. Franz; one female, Koralpen: Sudhang,

St. Lorenzen, Magdalensberg, August 1965?, H. Franz. W.-Steiermark. Two

females, St. Oswald ob Eibiswald, Mischwald nake Krummbach: graben, 850m.

(X1632), 21 August 1966, H. Franz. Deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum,

Wien, Austria.

Genus Querilhacia Roewer

Querilhacia querilhaci (Lucas)

(Figs. 8-14)

Scotolemon querilhaci Lucas 1866 (non Simon 1872) , Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr, ser.

4, 6: 216. Roewer, 1912, Arch. Naturg., 78A: 140. Roewer, 1923, Die Weberk-

nechte der Erde, p. 102.

Phalangodes querilhaci Simon, 1879, Arach. France, 7: 153. Simon, 1913, Arch.

Zool. Exp., 52: 382 .

Querilhacia querilhaci Roewer, 1935, Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen., 78: 12, 38. Dresco,

1959, Notes Biospeol., 7 : 81.

Male. — Total body length, 2.22 mm. Scute length, 1.69 mm. Length of eye

0.19 mm. Scute width, 1.80 mm. Length of second leg, 4.21 mm. Width of eye

tubercle, 0.34 mm.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 45, NO. 1

Figs. 8-14. Querilhacia querilhaci (Lucas) : Fig. 8. Dorsum. Fig. 9. Lateral

view of penis. Fig. 10. Ventral view of penis. Fig. 11. Ventral view of ovipositor.

Fig. 12. Lateral view of fourth claw. Fig. 13. Dorsal view of fourth claw. Fig. 14.

Lateral view of male.

Anterior margin of scute with three prominent projections edging two socket

shaped recesses above chelicerae, thin dark line parallels edge of each recess. No

tubercles on shoulders. Scute smooth with areas poorly delineated with small spines.

Scute narrows behind eye tubercle. Tergites bordered by small tubercles. Eye

tubercle lightly tuberculate, low, with eyes widely separated. Tubercle recessed

from anterior margin of scute.

JANUARY 1969] BRIGGS — A NEW PHALANGID FAMILY

Sternum narrow with slight anterior broadening, depressed posteriorly. Maxillary

processes on second coxa prominent. Palpal coxa with two ventral projections.

Operculum small, rounded anteriorly and truncated posteriorly.

Chelicerae elongate, distal segment slightly roughened by small tubercles and

spines. Basal segment with prominent dorsal spine.

Palpal tarsus with four large posterior lateral spines and two smaller anterior

lateral spines; tibia with seven lateral spines; patella with two mesial spines;

femur with one mesial spine, four ventral spines and four dorsal spines; trochanter

with one mesial spine and coxa with small spines.

Tarsal formula 4, 8 to 9, 4, 5. Distitarsi of first legs with two segments, of second

with three segments. Tarsal claw of hind legs with short solid stem and two

elongate branches which meet at angle close to 90°. Stem retracts into apex of

tarsus by pivoting upward.

Penis slender, with articulated distal section having pointed apex bearing two

setae.

Female. — Similar to male. Ovipositor with four distal lobes, each lateral lobe

bearing inwardly curved tip.

Specimens examined. — France. Correze, three males and one female, C. Juberthie.

Deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria.

Cryptomaster Briggs, new genus

Scute smooth, with segmental areas obliterated. Eye tubercle smooth, low mound

well separated from anterior margin of scute. Sternum with setae on center of

broad posterior plate. Operculum small.

Palpal tarsi with five prominent spines, two anterior pairs and one posterior

mesodorsal. First tarsus with five segments, second tarsus with more than eight

segments, third tarsus with less than six segments, fourth tarsus with more than

five segments. Distitarsus of first legs with two segments, of second with three

segments. Tibia of second leg with distal swelling. Tarsal claw of hind legs with

two branches, meeting at 180° on stout stem nearly equal in length to branches,

no medial spurs on branches.

Penis with cultriform distal appendage. Ovipositor with few setae on lateral lobes.

Juveniles with aroleum on posterior claws.

Type species. — Cryptomaster leviathan Briggs.

Cryptomaster leviathan Briggs, new species

(Figs. 15-25)

Male. — Total body length, 3.98 mm. Scute length, 3.18 mm. Scute width, 3.33

mm. Length of eye tubercle, 0.44 mm. Width of eye tubercle, 0.65 mm. Length

of second leg, 10.85 mm.

Anterior margin of scute with three prominent projections edging two socket

shaped recesses above chelicerae. One tubercle on each shoulder. Scute broad,

uniform, slightly granular, sparsely adorned with setae which poorly delineates

dorsal areas. Tergites sparsely bordered with small spines. Eye tubercle a low

mound separated by distance equal to its length from anterior margin of scute.

Eyes widely separated, bordered by black pigment and elevated above eye tubercle.

Sternum broadened anteriorly and broadly depressed posteriorly. Pentagonal

section between fourth coxae bears two setae. Posterior maxillary processes appear

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 45, NO. 1

Figs. 15-24. Cryptomaster leviathan Briggs: Fig. 15. Lateral view of male.

Fig. 16. Mesial view of palpal tarsus. Fig. 17. Dorsal view of fourth claw. Fig. 18.

Lateral view of fourth claw. Fig. 19. Distal portion of second tibia of male. Fig. 20.

Ventral view of penis. Fig. 21. Lateral view of penis. Fig. 22. Dorsum. Fig. 23.

Ventral view of fourth claw of juvenile. Fig. 24. Ventral view of ovipositor.

disconnected from second coxa and fused to sternum. Operculum small and

rounded.

Chelicerae with elongate basal segment and spinose distal segment.

Palpal tarsi with five prominent lateral spines, two ectoventral and three meso-

JANUARY 1969] BRIGGS — A NEW PHALANGID FAMILY

dorsal; tibia with five large and four small spines; patella with two mesial spines;

femur with three dorsal spines, one mesial spine and ventral row of spines with

prominent basal pair; trochanter with small mesial spine; coxa with small spines.

Tarsal formula 5, 11 to 15, 5, 6. Distitarsi of first legs with two segments, of

second with three segments. Tibia of second leg with distal swelling bearing en-

larged setae, with largest seta twisted. Tarsal claw on hind legs with two branches

meeting at 180° on solid stem equal in length to branches.

Penis with articulated distal section, broad in lateral view, narrow in ventral

view. Ventral plate slightly flared laterally at apex, with dorsal process extending

beyond apex of ventral plate.

Female. — Similar to male except tibia of first leg is normal. Ovipositor with four

distal lobes. Lateral lobes bear one to two setae.

Juvenile. — Instars at about half adult size lightly pigmented; posterior legs

possess prominent aroleum under bifurcated claw having ectomedial tooth on each

branch and ribbed central fiber supporting aroleum.

Holotype male, allotype female and eleven paratypes, 4.5 MILES SOUTH

Gold Beach, Curry County, Oregon, 29 January 1967, under fallen

bark and in litter in primary spruce forest, T. Briggs, V. Lee and K.

Horn. One juvenile, same data as holotype, 28 January 1967, T. Briggs.

Adults collected, same data as holotype, 19 June 1966, K. Horn, T.

Briggs and V. Lee. Deposited in the California Academy of Sciences.

Genus Erebomaster Cope

Erebomaster Cope, 1872, Amer. Natur., 6: 420. Roewer, 1923, Die Weberknechte

der Erde, p. 107.

Phalangodes (part) Simon, 1879, Arach. France, 7: 156. Goodnight, 1958, Proc.

Indiana Acad. Sci., 67 : 323.

Scotolemon (part) Banks, 1901, Amer. Natur., 35: 672.

Scute smooth, with segmental areas delineated by shallow grooves. Eye tubercle

well separated from anterior margin of scute and well elevated. Sternum with

narrow anterior and broad, depressed posterior. Maxillary processes from second

coxae large. Operculum small.

Palpal tarsus with three prominent pairs of spines. Sexual dimorphism in palpal

or cheliceral spination absent. First tarsus with four to six segments, second tarsus

with more than eight segments, third tarsus with less than five segments, fourth

tarsus with less than five segments. Tibia of second leg normal. Tarsal claw of

hind legs with two branches meeting at angle near 90° on tubular stem nearly

equal in length to branches. Juveniles with aroleum. Distitarsus of first leg with

two segments, of second leg with three segments.

Penis with cultriform distal appendage which lacks lateral setae. Ovipositor with

numerous setae on lateral lobes.

Note. — This genus has recently been synonymized with Phalangodes

Tellhampf, the type species of which is Phalangodes armata Tellkampf.

This species has been examined by me and clearly is a member of

Oncopodoidea.

Type species. — Erebomaster flavescens Cope.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 45, NO. 1

Fig. 25. Sternum and opercular opening of Cryptomaster leviathan Briggs,

operculum removed.

Erebomaster flavescens Cope

(Figs. 26-32)

Erebomaster flavescens Cope, 1872, Amer. Natur., 6: 420. Roewer, 1923, Die

Weberknechte der Erde, p. 107.

Phalangodes flavescens Simon, 1879, Arach. France, 7 : 156. Packard, 1888, Mem.

Acad. Natur. Sci. Wash., 4: 52. Roewer, 1912, Arch. Naturg., 78A: 142. Good-

night, 1958, Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 67 : 323.

Scotolemon flavescens Banks, 1901, Amer. Natur., 35: 362.

Male. — Total body length, 2.00 mm. Scute length, 1.44 mm. Scute width,

JANUARY 1969] BRIGGS — A NEW PHALANGID FAMILY

Figs. 26-32. Erebomaster flavescens Cope: Fig. 26. Dorsum. Fig. 27. Lateral

view of penis. Fig. 28. Ventral view of penis. Fig. 29. Dorsal view of third claw.

Fig. 30. Lateral view of third claw. Fig. 31. Lateral view of male. Fig. 32. Lateral

view of ovipositor.

1.25 mm. Length of eye tubercle, 0.34 mm. Width of eye tubercle, 0.44 mm.

Length of second leg, 5.37 mm.

Anterior margin of scute with shallow recesses above chelicerce. No tubercles

on shoulders. Scute smooth with shallow grooves bounding areas. Little pigment

beneath light yellow chiton. Tergites smooth, with inconspicous setae. Eye tubercle

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

conical, separated by its length from anterior margin of scute. Eyes present at

base of cone. Sternum narrow anteriorly with a broad pentagonal posterior be-

tween fourth coxae. Maxillary processes from second coxae prominent, separate

and setose. Operculum setose, small, rounded anteriorly and truncated posteriorly.

Chelicerae elongate, basal segments smooth, anterior segments with distal tuber-

cles. Palpal tarsus with six major spines; tibia with seven major spines; patella

with two mesial and one ectal spine; femur with one mesial, four to five ventral

and four blunt dorsal spines; trochanter with one ventral spine. Ectoventral spines

of palpal tarsus in advance of mesodorsal spines.

Tarsal formula: 4, more than 8, 4, 4. Tarsal claw of hind legs with central

stem and two prongs about equal in length to stem which meet at angle near 90°,

no spurs on prongs.

Penis with short, articulated distal section on narrow stem which curves upward

to acute apex. Apical section with jagged, cultriform dorsum.

Female. — Similar to male. Ovipositor with four distal projections, ventral pro-

jection narrowed at tip, lateral projections rounded and bearing numerous elongate

setae.

Specimens examined. — Indiana. Crawford County. One male and one female.

Crater Room of Wyandotte Cave, 9 May 1948, C. and M. Goodnight. Deposited in

the American Museum of Natural History.

Erebomaster ACANTHINA (Crosby and Bishop) , (new combination)

(Figs. 33-41)

Phalangodes acanthina Crosby and Bishop, 1924, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 40:

11. Roewer, 1926, Abh. Naturwiss. Ver. Bremen, 26: 285. Goodnight and

Goodnight, 1942, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 1188.

Cladonychium corii Hadzi, 1935, Biologia Generalis, 11: 49-72.

Male. — Total body length, 1.69 mm. Scute length, 1.30 mm. Scute width,

1.27 mm. Length of eye tubercle, 0.22 mm. Width of eye tubercle, 0.28 mm.

Length of second leg, 4.80 mm.

Anterior margin of scute with recesses above chelicerae bordered laterally by

sharp projections. Shoulders smooth. Scute bears light brown mottling with circu-

lar spaces anteriorly and behind eye tubercle, smooth in texture with shallow

grooves bounding dorsal areas. Tergites with smooth margins, and brown mottling

becoming a uniform band posteriorly. Eye tubercle conical, eyes surrounded by

dark pigment, tubercle very lightly pigmented. Body reddish orange. Sternum

narrow, broadens posteriorly, with small pentagonal region on posterior area

which differs in surface texture from sternum and bears two setae. Maxillary

processes on second coxa directed prominently forward. Operculum small, sub-

triangular, and setose.

Chelicerae with smooth basal segment and tuberculate distal segment.

Palpi with three pairs of prominent spines on tarsus; two mesial spines on

patella; one mesial spine on trochanter; four to five dorsal spines on femur.

Tarsal formula: 4, 9 to 15, 4, 4. False articulations present on metatarsi of

posterior legs. Tarsal claw of hind legs with central stem and two branches about

equal in length to stem; each branch bears ventral spur near midpoint.

Penis with narrow stalk, articulated distal section narrower in ventral view than

in lateral view with sharp, jagged dorsal edge.

JANUARY 1969] BRIGGS — A NEW PHALANGID FAMILY

Figs. 33-41. Erebomaster acanthina (Crosby and Bishop) : Fig. 33. Dorsum.

Fig. 34. Ventral view of penis. Fig. 35. Lateral view of penis. Fig. 36. Ventral view

of ovipositor. Fig. 37. Dorsal view of fourth claw Fig. 38. Lateral view of fourth

claw. Fig. 39. Lateral view of fourth claw of juvenile. Fig. 40. Dorsal view of

fourth claw of juvenile. Fig. 41. Lateral view of male.

Female. — S imilar in structure to male. Ovipositor with four rounded distal

lobes, lateral lobes bear numerous setae.

Juvenile. — Instars less than half adult size lack pigment; claws of posterior

legs possess distal aroleum on central prong having three pairs of lateral branches.

Specimens examined. — North Carolina. Wake County. Three fe-

males and one male, Walnut Creek near Raleigh, 26 October 1923, S. C.

Bishop (Paratypes). Durham County. One male and one juvenile, 7 mi

S.W. Durham in beech-oak litter, 5 December 1965, N. Heshima and

P. Rubtzoff. Paratypes are in the American Museum of Natural History.

Notes. — Erebomaster acanthina differs from Erebomaster flavescens

in possessing a distinct medial spur on the prongs of the claws on the

hind tarsi as well differing in several minor features. Hadzi (1935)

describes specimens of Erebomaster acanthina having five or six seg-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 45, NO. 1

Figs. 42-48. Theromaster brunnea (Banks) : Fig. 42. Dorsum. Fig. 43. Lateral

view of penis. Fig. 44. Ventral view of penis Fig. 45. Ventral view of ovipositor.

Fig. 46. Lateral view of male. Fig. 47. Dorsal view of fourth claw. Fig. 48. Lateral

view of fourth claw.

JANUARY 1969 ] BRIGGS A NEW PHALANGID FAMILY

ments on the first tarsi. Other workers have not noted these variations

and they were not present in the specimens examined hy me. Pending

further investigation these variations are acknowledged in the generic

description of Erebomaster.

Theromaster Briggs, new genus

Scute smooth, with segmental areas obliterated. Eye tubercle smooth, low

mound well separated from anterior margin of scute. Sternum with narrow anterior

and broad, depressed posterior. Operculum broad.

Palpal tarsus with three prominent pairs of spines. Palpi and chelicerae with

sexual dimorphism in spination. First tarsus with four segments, second with seven

to nine segments, third and fourth with less than five segments. Distitarsus of first

legs with two segments of second legs with three segments. Tibia of second leg

normal. Tarsal claw of hind legs with two branches meeting at angle near 90° on

tubular stem nearly equal in length to branches.

Penis with setose, blunt distal appendage. Ovipositor with one or no setae at

apex of lateral lobes.

Type species. — Theromaster brunnea (Banks).

Notes. — Theromaster differs significantly from Erebomaster in the

lack of demarked dorsal areas on the scute, sexual dimorphism and

genital structure. It differs from Cryptomaster in segmentation on the

first tarsi, structure of the posterior claws, sexual dimorphism and struc-

ture of the penis.

Theromaster brunnea (Banks), (new combination)

(Figs. 42-48)

Scotolemon brunnea Banks, 1902, J. New York Entomol. Soc., 10: 142.

Phalangodes brunnea Roewer, 1912, Arch. Naturg., 78A: 142. Roewer, 1923, Die

Weberknechte der Erde, p. 105.

Male. — Total body length, 2.34 mm. Scute length, 1.57 mm. Length of eye

tubercle, 0.23 mm. Scute width, 1.52 mm. Length of second leg, 4.95 mm. Width

of eye tubercle, 0.36 mm.

Anterior margin of scute with recesses above chelicerae bordered laterally by

sharp projections. Shoulders smooth. Scute with numerous small tubercles. Color

dark, with brown mottling beneath surface of chiton which diminishes anteriorly

Tergites with surface similar to that of scute, with posterior tubercles. Eye tubercle

rounded mound with eyes widely separated. Eyes ringed with black pigment.

Area between eyes with less brown mottling than area posterior to eyes. Dorsal

areas scarcely outlined by small tubercles. Sternum narrowed anteriorly, broadened

and depressed posteriorly. Maxillary processes from second coxa truncate and

meet along their entire length. Operculum overlaps slightly with fourth coxa;

rounded anteriorly, slightly rounded posteriorly and bears setae.

Chelicerae with smooth basal segment, two elongate anterior tubercles and

swollen movable finger on distal segment.

Palpal tarsus with six prominent lateral spines, two anterior ectoventral spines

fused at their bases; terminal spine of tarsus bears posteriorly directed spur which

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

prevents spine from being extended forward. Femur of palpus with dense row of

reduced ventral spines.

Tarsal formula: 4, 8 to 9, 4, 4. Distitarsi of first legs with two segments, of

second with three segments. Tibia of first leg normal. Tarsal claw of hind legs

with central stem and two branches about equal to length to stem; each branch

bears small ventral spur near midpoint.

Penis with narrow basal segment. Ventral plate of distal segment with two to

six prominent setae and two lateral projections near apex which arch beyond

blunt apex.

Female. — Similar to male except palpi and chelicerae normal. Anterior ecto-

ventral spines on palpal tarsus not fused at base, terminal spine of tarsus without

posterior spur, femur with four elongate ventral spines; chelicerae with normal

movable finger and without two elongate anterior tubercles. Ovipositor with pointed

lateral lobes with or without apical setae.

Specimens examined. — North Carolina. Watauga County. Two

males and one female, Blowing Rock, 10 October 1923, Crosby and

Bishop. Buncombe County. Four females. Montreat, 16 October 1923,

S. C. Bishop. Alabama. Jackson County. One male, McFarland Cave

near Garth, 22 August 1966, K. Horn. North Carolina specimens de-

posited in the American Museum of Natural History, Alabama specimen

deposited in the California Academy of Sciences.

Notes. — Phalangodes archeri Goodnight and Goodnight (1942) was

not examined by me, but is likely a member of Theromaster on the basis

of iheir description.

Acknowledgments

I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. W. J. Gertsch of the American

Museum of Natural History for his efforts in securing essential material

from Eastern United States and to Mr. Jurgen Gruber of the Naturhis-

torisches Museum, Wein, Austria for his systematic advice and loan of

European material. Art work was performed by Jack Tom and Kevin

Horn.

Literature Cited

Goodnight, C. J. and M. L. Goodnight. 1942. New Phalangodidae (Phalangida)

from the United States. Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 1188.

Hadzi, j. 1935. Ein eigentumlicher neuer Hohlen-Opilionid aus Nord-America,

Cladonychium corii g.n. sp. n. Biologia Generalis, 11: 49-72.

JANUARY 1969] ALEXANDER — NEW CRANE FLY SUBFAMILY

A New Subfamily of Winter Crane Flies

(Diptera ; Trichoceridae)

Charles P. Alexander

Amherst, Massachusetts

The Trichoceridae, or so-called winter crane flies, include five genera

with approximately one hundred species, the great majority being in

the typical genus Trichocera. One of these genera, Kawasemyia Alex-

ander, is so different from the others that a new subfamily, the Kawase-

myinae, is here proposed for it.

The four genera retained in the older subfamily Trichocerinae are

T richocera Meigen, 1803, which is chiefly holarctic in distribution, with

slight extensions southward into the oriental and neotropical regions,

and with certain species that have been transported evidently through

commerce to certain remote islands in the southern hemisphere. One

of these, T. regelationis (Linnaeus) was placed in a supposed new genus,

T richocerodes, by Brethes, 1925 from the South Georgia and Falkland

islands in the south Atlantic, while another, T. maculipennis Meigen,

similarly was described in a supposed new genus, Palaeopetaurista, by

Seguy, 1940, from the Kerguelen islands in the Indian ocean. The sec-

ond genus is Diazosma Bergroth, 1913, with a single species that is

widespread throughout the Holarctic region. Paracladura Brunetti,

1911, with relatively few species, has a very discontinuous distribution

that includes the oriental and eastern palaearctic regions, western North

America, southern South America, eastern Australia and New Zealand.

The fourth genus, N othotrichocera Alexander, 1926, has a few species

in eastern Australia and the subantarctic islands of New Zealand. The

outstanding present student of the family is Dr. Christine Dahl, of the

Zoological Institute of the University of Lund, Sweden (Dahl, 1966,

1967).

Dr. Masaaki Tokunaga (1935) described as Alfredia imanishii, a

remarkable subapterous Trichocerid fly from the Japanese Alps. The

following year Tokunaga (1936) placed this species in the genus Tri-

chocera based on the female sex, the male being unknown to him at that

time. The discovery of this sex in 1935 by Mr. Eiji Kawase and its

later study by Alexander (1952) showed that in wing venation and

structure the fly was entirely different from all other members of the

family and a new genus Kawasemyia was proposed for it. More recently

Dr. Kintaro Baba secured further materials of both sexes and the

fly is known satisfactorily (Alexander, 1956: 79-80). The range of

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 51-53. January 1969

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 45, NO. 1

SCi

Fig. 1. Venation of Trichocera hiemalis (De Geer). Figs. 2, 3. Venation of

Kawasemyia imanishii (Tokunga). Venational symbols: A, Anal; Cu, Cubitus;

M, Media; R, Radius; Sc, Subcosta.

Kawasemyia imanishii (Tokunaga) in Japan as known to me is re-

stricted to the province of Echigo in Honshu but undoubtedly it will be

found to have a wider range. From analogous distribution patterns of

certain other Diptera, the genus might conceivably be found to occur in

western North America.

As has been emphasized in earlier papers, the general features are

much as in Trichocera, including the antennae, legs, and genitalia of

both sexes. The subapterous condition of the female is unique in the

family while the wing structure and venation precludes its inclusion in

the Trichocerinae. The venation of Trichocera and Kawasemyia are

shown herewith for comparison.

Trichocera, and all other genera in the Trichocerinae (fig. 1) show

the venation with twelve veins that attain the margin, with R and M

each with four branches, and with two complete Anal veins. Vein Sc is

elongate, with Sc 2 far retracted, vein R 2 always preserved, and with the

prearcular field short but with all elements of venation preserved and

distinct. Kawasemyia (figs. 2, 3), the only genus in the Kawasemyinae,

has only seven veins attaining the margin, R with three branches,

M with two branches, and without Anal veins. Vein Sc is short, with

JANUARY 1969] ALEXANDER — NEW CRANE FLY SUBFAMILY

Sc 2 close to the tip of Sci, vein R 2 lacking, and the prearcular field

greatly reduced. There evidently is much variation in the venation, as

shown, for example, by the figure provided earlier (Alexander, 1952:

15) as contrasted with the two provided at this time. The short series

of males available to me appears to indicate that the normal venation is

about as in fig. 2. In fig. 3 cell Rs shows an adventitious vein. Also of

note in the wing are the elongate marginal trichia that completely en-

circle the wing, these being very long and sparse, widely spaced and in a

single row, being of approximately equal length on both the costal and

posterior margins. In the Trichocerinae the costal trichia are short and

very numerous and in several rows, those of the posterior margin longer

and more delicate, approaching the condition found in Kawasemyia but

more numerous and crowded.

Additional important references include: Alexander (1927), Alexan-

der and Alexander (1967), Esaki (1950), and Tokunaga (1938).

Literature Cited

Alexander, C. P. 1927. The Trichoceridae of Australia (Diptera). Proc.

Linnean Soc. N. S. W., 51: 299-304, 11 figs.

1952. A new genus of Trichoceridae from Japan (Diptera). Trans. Shikoku

Entomol. Soc., 3: 14^16, 1 fig. {Kawasemyia).

1956. Undescribed species of Nematocerous Diptera. Part IV. Bull. Brook-

lyn Entomol. Soc., 51: 75-81.

Alexander, C. P. and M. M. Alexander. 1967. A catalogue of the Diptera of

the Americas south of the United States (Sao Paulo). Ease. 3. Family

Trichoceridae, pp. 1-4.

Dahl, C. 1966. Notes on the taxonomy and distribution of Swedish Trichoceridae

(Dipt., Nemat.). Opuscula Entomol., 31: 93-118, 72 figs.

1967. Notes on the taxonomy and distribution of Arctic and Subarctic Tricho-

ceridae (Dipt. Nem.) from Canada, Alaska and Greenland. Opuscula

Entomol., 32: 49-78, 83 figs.

Esaki, T., et al. 1950. Iconographia Insectorum Japonicorum, Ed. 2: 1-1738,

4937 figs., 15 col. plates (reference p. 1512, fig. 4337; adult 2, as

Trichocera ) .

Tokunaga, M. 1935. Three new crane-flies from Japan. Annot. Zool. Jap., 15:

194-198, 6 figs., 2 plates (pi. 14, fig. 2, adult 2, as Alfredia imanishii) .

1936. Three marine crane-flies from Japan. Annot. Zool. Jap., 15: 460-468,

18 figs.; Appendix, p. 468 (as Trichocera imanishii).

1938. New or little-known Trichoceridae from Japan (Diptera). Tenthredo,

2: 137-148, 2 pis., with 31 figs.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

Horn’s Bruchidae Type-Material in the Ulke Collection

(Coleoptera)

Clarence D. Johnson

Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff

As pointed out by Bottimer (1968) and Johnson (1968), problems

exist concerning the location of type-specimens of G. H. Horn’s bruchid

species. Both Bottimer and Johnson designated lectotypes and indicated

that specimens forming the basis for Horn’s species descriptions were

deposited in the LeConte Collection, Harvard University, Cambridge,

Mass. (MCZ) ; The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.

(ANS) ; The California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Calif.;

and the Ulke Collection, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. This paper

is an attempt to clarify further where bruchid types are located by de-

scribing Horn bruchid type-material in the Ulke Collection.

A study of the Bruchidae in the Ulke Collection revealed that it con-

tains specimens of 27 Horn species. Of these, one is the holotype of

Sennius discolor (Horn), one is perhaps a type of Cercidiestes ulkei

(Horn), others are possible syntypes of other Horn species and some

cannot be considered as types. According to G. E. Wallace, the small,

red, square or rectangular pieces of paper attached to some of the speci-

mens are possibly the specimens examined by Horn. These bits of paper,

the locality labels, the determination labels, and a comparison of the

specimens with the original descriptions were used in determining

whether the specimens were indeed types.

Horn Bruchid Type-Material in the Ulke Collection

(1) Below are the Horn specimens that merit special discussion to

clarify their status as type-material.

Acanthoscelides perforatus (Horn), 1873. Two specimens. One has

the labels “Va.” and ^^Bruchus perforatus Horn” attached to it. The

other has the labels “Md.” and ‘‘^perforatus H. type” attached to it.

Neither of these conform to Horn’s published type-locality of “Arizona”

and an “unknown locality” and neither can be considered as a type.

Cercidiestes ulkei (Horn), 1873. One specimen. Attached labels:

“Ariz.,” “red square,” “ulkei Horn.” From Horn’s original description

of this species it is not possible to determine whether more than one

specimen was described. As both this specimen and the specimen labeled

type and deposited in the MCZ (Johnson 1968) are members of the

same species, problems should not develop concerning species concepts.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 54^56. January 1969

JANUARY 1969] JOHNSON HORN’s BRUCHIDAE TYPE-MATERIAL

Megacerus impiger (Horn), 1873. Two specimens. One has the

labels “Cal.,” “red square,” ‘‘‘‘Bruchus ramicornis Boh. = impiger Horn”

attached to it. This specimen and the specimens deposited in the MCZ

and ANS (Johnson 1968) should he examined by the first revisor of

the genus before a lectotype is selected. The other specimen is labeled

“Ariz.” and cannot be considered as a type as it is not from Horn’s

published type-locality.

Merohruchus julianus (Horn), 1894. One specimen. Attached labels :

“San Julio,” “Typical spec,” ‘‘^Bruchus julianus^ This specimen is

evidently a syntype.

Sennius discolor (Horn), 1873. One specimen. Attached labels:

“Tex,” “red square,” “Bruchus discolor Horn type” I consider this

specimen to be the holotype of this species as it conforms to Horn’s

original description and statement “One specimen from Texas in the

cabinet of Mr. Ulke.”

(2) Listed below in the genus to which they are presently assigned

are specimens of species that could be considered as syntypes because

they have both the correct type-locality label and a red, square or rectan-

gular label attached to them. (The publication date of the original

species description, if other than 1873, is in parentheses in the follow-

ing lists. )

Acanthoscelides alboscutellatus, A. aureolus, A. floridae, A. fratercu-

lus, A. longistilus, A. seminulum, Merohruchus placidus, Mimosestes

amicus, Sennius cruentatus. Stator pruininus and Stylantheus macro-

cerus.

(3) Specimens of the following species have labels attached to them

which indicate they are from the type-locality, and, for this reason may

be syntypes, but they do not have a red, square or rectangular label

attached to them.

Acanthoscelides calvus, A. exiguus and Sennius bivulneratus.

(4) The following species are represented by specimens but the

locality label is not that published by Horn and they cannot be con-

sidered as types.

Acanthoscelides bisignatus, A. distinguendus, Sennius nigrinus. Stator

limbatus, S. sordidus, Zabrotes ohliteratus (1885), Z. spectabilis (1885)

and Z. suhnitens (1885) .

Specimens of Species of Other Authors

Specimens of species of authors other than Horn (some with red,

square or rectangular labels attached to them) are pinned after the

following labels in the Ulke Collection.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

Bruchus pisi Linnaeus, B. mimus Say, B. scutellaris Fabricius, B.

quadrimaculatus Fabricius, B. discoideus Say, B. coryphae Olivier, B.

desertorum LeConte, B. pauperculus LeConte, B. prosopis LeConte, B.

uniformis LeConte, B. ohsoletus Say, B. hihisci Olivier and B. musculus

Say.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank G. E. Wallace, Carnegie Museum, for lending me the

specimens for this study.

Financial assistance for this paper was provided by the Entomology

Research Division, U. S. Department of Agriculture, under Grant 12-14-

100-9187 (33).

Literature Cited

Bottimer, L. J. 1968. On the location of types of five species of Bruchidae with

notes on early American literature of Acanthoscelides ohtectus. Can.

EntomoL, 100 (3) : 284-9.

Horn, G. H. 1873. Revision of the Bruchidae of the United States. Trans.

Amer. EntomoL Soc., 4: 311-42.

1885. Contributions to the coleopterology of the United States. Ibid., 12:

128-62.

1894. The Coleoptera of Baja California. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4: 302^49.

Johnson, C. D. 1968. Bruchidae type-specimens deposited in United States

museums, with lectotype designations. Ann. EntomoL Soc. Amer., 61

(5) : 1266-72.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Announcement A. (n.s.) 82

Required six-month’s notice is given on the possible use of plenary powers by the

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in connection with the follow-

ing names listed by case number:

(see Bull. zool. Nomencl. 25, pt. 2/3, 27 September 1968) :

1838. Type-species for Oligolophus C. Koch, 1872 (Arachnida).

1843. Validation of Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Insecta, Hemiptera).

1845. Type-species for Anoplius Dufour, 1834; Neotypes for Sphex niger Fabricius,

1775, and Sphex nigerrimus Scopoli, 1763 (Insecta, Hymenoptera) .

(see Bull. zool. Nomencl. 25, pt. 4/5, 17 January 1969) :

1852. Suppression of Siphocoryne angelicae del Guercio, 1911 (Insecta, Hemiptera).

1853. Validation of emendation to Hyposmocoma of Hyposmochoma Butler, 1881

Insecta: Lepidoptera) .

Comments should be sent in duplicate, citing case number, to the Secretary,

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum

(Natural History) , Cromwell Road, London S. W. 7, England. Those received early

enough will be published in the Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature. — W. E.

China, Acting Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen-

clature.

JANUARY 1969] BOHART NEW DUFOUREA FROM CALIFORNIA

A New Species of Dufourea from California

(Hymenoptera ; Halictidae)^

George E. Bohart

Entomology Research Division, Agr. Res. Serv., USD A, Logan, Utah

The following description of a new species of Dufourea is published

to make the name available to J. W. MacSwain of the University of

California for his study of bees pollinating the onagraceous genus

Clarkia.

Dufourea macswaini G. E. Bohart, new species

Holotype male. — Length 9 mm, length of anterior wing 6 mm; integument in-

tense black, shining, without distinct microscopic crenulation or tesselation;

pubescence of dorsum mostly dark, that of pleura, venter and legs, mostly pale;

body elongate. Head'. Face and antenna seen from in front as in fig 1, in profile

with eye four-fifths as broad as cheek; the segments proportionately broader

laterally; mouthparts in profile as in fig. 2, in dorsal view with galea slightly

over 3 times as long as broad, lacinia equal in length to hindtibia; pubescence

dark brown but mixed with long, pale hairs on vertex, dorsal margin of scape,

ventral portion of cheek; punctation of clypeus close and fine, elsewhere close

and moderately fine except a little sparser between scape and eye, quite sparse

below median ocellus, irregular in size and distribution between lateral ocellus

and margin of vertex. Thorax: Pronotal angles unusually produced (right-angled

in dorsal view, narrowly rounded in lateral view) ; scutum with punctures irregular

in size and distribution, averaging slightly more than one large puncture width

apart, sparser postmedially, those of scutellum sparse sublaterally, otherwise

moderately close, those of metanotum fine, close, uniform, those of pleura fine,

mostly very sparse, except absent ventrally on hypoepimeral area; forefemur a

little more than, and mid- and hindfemora a little less than twice as long as broad;

foretibia more than twice and hindtibia about three times as long as broad, the

latter longer than hindfemur (7:5.8) ; midtibial and outer hindtibial spurs as in

figs. 3, 4; tarsomere I of all legs slightly more than three times as long as broad,

that of hind leg gently bowed and with posterior hair fringe over twice as long

as width of segment; tarsomeres II-IV of foreleg, and II-III of mid- and hindlegs

broader than long; tarsomeres II-IV of hindleg produced posteroapically ; pubes-

cence of scutum dark, sparse, mostly short, that of pleura pale, sparse, longer;

wings uniformly brownish infuscated, the veins dark brown; venation as in fig. 5.

Propodeum: Sides, posterior face with pale, rather long, sparse pubescence; dorsal

enclosure carinate behind, coarsely striate throughout, with about 12 striae on

each side. Abdomen: Terga shining, with moderate-sized, deep punctures, close

basally, becoming sparse apically, absent on posterior impressed borders which

are dark piceous; pubescence of terga I-IV dark, short, semierect except each

with single row of short, stiff, white hairs basally; sterna without sublateral hook-

1 In cooperation with the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 57-59. January 1969

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

lets; sterna VI-VIII and genitalea as in figs. 6-13, the ventral tuft on sternum VI

with mixed dark and light hairs.

Female. — Differs from holotype in usual characters influenced by sex but other-

wise similar except as follows: Postocellar area more rounded, only slightly de-

pressed sublaterally, and only slightly over twice as long as an ocellar diameter;

facial punctures sparser between scape and eye (about two puncture diameters

apart) ; clypeus more convex, very sparsely punctured distally but coarsely, more

closely punctured basally; width of cheek subequal to that of eye in profile;

flagellomere VII unusually broad, at least twice as broad as long; pronotal angles

more rounded but unusually prominent for female; short spines on apical margins

of fore- and midtibiae numerous and well developed; tibial scopa light brown to

pale, suberect, unusually long, sparse, not at all concealing integument in any view;

dorsal fringe of hind tarsomere I light brown, slightly appressed, about half as

long as tarsomere; tarsomeres II-IV of all legs at least slightly longer than broad;

dorsal enclosure of propodeum more closely striate on median half; tergal pubes-

cence very short and sparse, anal fimbria dark brown; tergum III definitely broader

than others.

Holotype male, (deposited in Calif. Acad. Sci.) 4-8 miles north of

North Fork, Madera County, California, 20 June 1963, on Clarkia

dudleyana (Abrams) Macbr. (J. W. MacSwain). Paratypes: (Housed

at U. C. Berkeley, U. C. Riverside, Utah State U., Logan) four females

and one male, same locality and date as holotype, on Clarkia dudleyana

and C. purpurea (Curt.) A. Nels Macbr. (J. W. MacSwain, J. A. Chemsak,

and R. W. Thorp) ; one female, 1.5 miles northwest of Tollhouse, Fresno

Co., Calif., 20 June 1963, on Clarkia cylindrica (Jepson) Lewis & Lewis

( J. A. Chemsak) .

The type series is uniform. The single paratype male, like the females,

has closer median striations on the propodeum than has the holotype.

D. macswaini is probably related most closely to D. echinocacti Tim-

berlake but it differs in having darker integument, shorter, darker

pubescence, shorter antennae, less modified legs, less flattened face, and

no modified flagellar hairs on the male. Other species in the same group

include D. vernalis Timberlake and D. vandykei Bohart.

Fig. 1. Face and antenna of male in frontal view. Fig. 2. Mouthparts distal to

car do in lateral view. Fig. 3. Midtibial spur of male. Fig. 4. Outer hindtibial spur

of male. Fig. 5. Forewing of female. Fig. 6. Sixth abdominal sternum of male in

ventral view. Fig. 7. Sixth abdominal sternum of male in lateral view. Fig. 8.

Seventh abdominal sternum of male in dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right) .

Fig. 9. Seventh abdominal sternum of male in lateral view. Fig. 10. Eighth ab-

dominal sternum of male in ventral view (left) and dorsal view (right). Fig. 11.

Eighth abdominal sternum of male in lateral view. Fig. 12. Genital capsule of

male in ventral view (left) and dorsal view (right) . Fig. 13. Genital capsule of

male in lateral view.

JANUARY 1969] BOHART NEW DUFOUREA FROM CALIFORNIA

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

New Species of the Genus Eurytoma from California

(Hymenoptera : Eurytomidae)

Robert E. Bugbee

Department of Biology, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania

The following two new species and one subspecies were included in a

large sample of specimens sent to me for determination by Mr. D.

Charles Dailey of Davis, California. The new material was collected and

reared by him from six species of cynipid galls occurring on oaks

[Quercus] in the central valley of California.

Eurytoma f oligalla Bugbee, new species

(Fig. 3)

Female. — Length 2.7 mm (average 2.9, range 2.3-4.0) . Black except for yellow

scape, light brown to brown wing veins, and femora and tibiae which may vary

from all orange yellow, to yellow on distal and proximal extremities only. Pile

on face silvery white. Abdomen 1.5 mm in length (average 1.5, range 1.1-1. 9) ;

shape, deeply oval to circular from lateral view; lateral compression moderate;

wide sixth tergum 0.62 mm (average 0.57, range 0.47-0.70) at widest point; lateral

surface of sixth with fine scaling that thins out dorsally, but extends over dorsal

surface covering up to anterior one-half of surface; ninth tergum, short, pointed,

and 0.13 mm in length (average 0.17, range 0.12-0.22) with small, oval yellow

cercus on either side; ninth tergum and ventral valves extend upward at about 45

degrees from horizontal axis of abdomen. Internal genitalia average 1.4 mm (1.1-

1.7) in length and 1.1 mm (0.90-1.3) in height; dorsal valves narrow and black

for horizontal length but turn dorsally, anteriorly, with ventral valves at approxi-

mately a right angle; stylet arch in vertical plane. Propodeum with wide median

furrow narrowing gradually ventrally; central carina complete to base of furrow

or limited to upper one-third to one-half; lateral surfaces irregularly ridged and

punctate giving rough surface. Lower face not striate. Antennal flagellum filiform

with first five segments truncate distally and longer than wide, and terminal unit

of three segments, with most proximal separated from two closely fused distal seg-

ments by shallow but distinct annulation. Marginal and postmarginal veins of

wings linear, marginal 0.27 mm (average 0.30, range 0.22-0.35) and postmarginal

0.25 mm (average 0.23, range 0.17-0.30) in length, stigmal club small and usually

rectangular.

Male. — Length 2.4 mm (average 1.8, range 1.5-2. 5). Pile on face silvery white.

Flagellum of antenna with five pedicellate, dorsally produced segments and termi-

nal unit of two closely fused segments. Legs with black infuscation on all femora

and tibiae, but occasionally front tibiae all yellow.

Types. — Holotype female and allotype are from Folsom Lake, Placer

County, California, emerged 20 and 24 May 1962 from Callirhytis

pomiformis (Ashm.), (bisex, generation), on Q. wislizeni. Paratypes

include 15 females and 65 males, from the same locality, host gall and

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 60-64. January 1969

JANUARY 1969] BUGBEE NEW EURYTOMA FROM CALIFORNIA

Fig. 1. Abdomen, lateral view, female, Eurytoma flavifacies Bugbee. Fig. 2.

Flagellum of antenna, male, Eurytoma flavifacies Bugbee. Fig. 3. Abdomen, lateral

view, female, Eurytoma foligalla Bugbee.

oak, but emergence dates ranged from 14 and 29 April, 1, 20, 22, 24,

and 27 to 29 May, 2 June 1962 and 21 February 1967. Types in the

United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. with paratypes in

the Bugbee collection, Meadville, Pennsylvania and in the University of

California at Davis. Additional paratypes include: Rocklin, Placer

County, California, 13 females, 7 males, emerged 5 December 1966,

16 and 22 April 1962 and 3 May 1962, from galls of Antron douglasii

(Ashm.) on Q. lobata, and 1 female, 3 males, emerged 12 and 16 April

1962, and November and December 1961 from galls of Disholcaspis

eldoradensis (Beuten.) on Q. lobata; Folsom Lake, Placer County, Cali-

fornia, 10 females, 4 males, emerged December 1961, 19 and 21 April,

and 27 May 1962 from galls of Antron echinus (Ashm.) on Q. douglasii,

and 2 females reared March 1962 from galls of Besbicus multipunctatus

(Beuten.) on Q. douglasii.

Hosts. — Callirhytis pomiformis, bisexual generation on Q. wislizeni;

Antron douglasii on Q. lobata-, A. echinus and Besbicus multipunctatus

on Q. douglasii and Disholcaspis eldoradensis on Q. lobata.

Range. — Known only from the Sierran foothills east of Sacramento,

California.

Remarks. — In the key to the females of the genus Eurytoma (Bugbee

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

1967) this new species would run to E. querciglobuli (Fitch). It differs

from E. querciglobuli, however, in averaging noticeably smaller in

practically all of its dimensions, especially the very short and stubby

ninth abdominal tergum. The sixth abdominal tergum is wider both

dorsally and laterally than the fifth, in contrast to the condition in E.

querciglobuli where the fifth and sixth are about equal in width

dorsally.

Eurytoma flavifacies Bugbee, new species

(Figs. 1 and 2)

Female. — Length 2.8 mm (average 3.0, range 2.4-3.4). Black except for yellow

tegula, scape, frons from base of scape, ventrolaterally to below compound eye

and surrounding a black spot just above clypeus, narrow band along anterior

and posterior margin of compound eyes, legs except for black spot on outer face

towards distal end of hind femur or some black may occur on base of fore femur

and in middle of mid and hind femur and sometimes on middle of mid tibia,

medial edge and base of fore coxa and mid coxa, exposed tips of ventral valves

and dark brown wing veins. Abdomen oval from lateral view and with slight lateral

compression so it appears quite plump; 1.6 mm in length (average 1.5, range 1.3-

1.7) ; wide sixth tergum 0.60 mm (average 0.62, range 0.57-0.67) at widest point;

sculpturing on lateral surface of sixth recedes towards anterior margin not reaching

dorsal surface; ninth tergum short and blunt, 0.10 nun (average 0.12, range 0.07-

0.15) in length. Abdominal petiole about half the length of the hind coxa. Internal

genitalia widely spread; wide dorsal valves are black along lower ventral margin

for about three-fourths horizontal length; stylet arch oblique; total length averages

1.5 mm (1. 4-1.6) and height averages 0.85 mm. Propodeum with shallow concavity

containing wide median furrow, furrow complete to base or indicated by lateral

Carina in upper one-third only; central carina distinct in upper one-third, and

below, surface crossed by irregular horizontal ridges; lateral areas narrow and

surface irregularly ridged. Head with wide, smooth, shiny area from below angle

of compound eye to base of mandible. Antennal flagellum six segmented; first

longer than wide; two to five about equal in length and width and moniliform;

sixth separated by shallow annulation from two closely fused terminal segments.

Wing veins with marginal wider than postmarginal; marginal 0.37 mm (average

0.35, range 0.32-0.40) and postmarginal 0.22 mm (average 0.17, range 0.15-0.22)

in length.

Male. — Length 2.0 mm (average 1.8, range 1. 3-2.0). Black except for yellow

scape, tegula, frons, and median surface of fore coxa; front legs may be all yellow,

or black infuscation on all femora and mid and hind tibia; mid coxa may be all

yellow, black, or combination of both. Flagellum with first four segments longer

than wide, dorsally raised, and pedicellate; fifth longer than wide and separated

from two closely fused terminal segments by deep annulation instead of short

pedicle Wing veins dark brown and relationships of lengths of veins about as

in female.

Types. — Holotype female and allotype from 5 miles s.w. of Madison,

Yolo County, California. Emerged 9 and 20 April 1967 from gall of

Andricus chrysolepidicola (Ashm.) on Q. douglasii. Paratypes 16 fe-

JANUARY 1969] BUGBEE — NEW EURYTOMA FROM CALIFORNIA

males and 7 males from same locality. Emerged 3 to 22 April 1967,

from same host gall maker and oak. Holotype and allotype in United

States National Museum, Washington, D. C. Paratypes in Bugbee col-

lection, Meadville, Pennsylvania and University of California at Davis.

Host. — From gall of Andricus chrysolepidicola (Ashm.) on Q.

douglasii.

Remarks. — This new species runs to Eurytoma flavovultus Bugbee

in the key to Eurytoma (Bugbee 1967). It may be easily distinguished

from E. flavovultus by the very short stubby ninth tergum, the dark

brown wing veins with the much wider marginal vein in relation to the

linear postmarginal and the dark brown antennae.

Eurytoma californica nana Bugbee, new subspecies

Female. — Length 2.7 mm (average 2.5, range 1.9-3.0). Black except for yellow

tegula and lower half of scape, yellow extremities of femora and tibia and brown

wing veins. Abdomen deeply oval in lateral view; 1.2 mm (average 1.3, range

1.2-1.4) in length; sculpturing covers lateral surface of sixth tergum but recedes

towards anterior margin on dorsal surface; ninth tergum very short and stubby,

0.07 mm (average 0.07, range 0.05-0.10) in length; ninth tergum and tips of

ventral valves extend dorsally forming angle of 45-50 degrees with the horizontal

axis of the abdomen. Internal genitalia average 1.2 mm in length and 1.0 mm in

height; narrow dorsal valves black for entire length and with ventral valves turning

dorsally, anteriorly, at approximately a right angle; stylet arch in a vertical plane.

Propodeum with shallow, wide, complete median furrow that narrows gradually

ventrally; central carina complete to base; lateral areas irregularly ridged, with

punctations between. Head showing a few weak striae converging on clypeus from

below and between compound eyes. Flagellum of antenna filliform and consisting

of five, longer than wide, distally truncate segments, and sixth segment separated

by distinct annulation from terminal unit of two closely fused segments. Black

on femora and tibia of all legs, sometimes present as a splotch on larger specimens

or more diffuse in smaller specimens. Wing veins with marginal wider and usually

twice as long as postmarginal; marginal 0.25 mm (average 0.27, range 0.25-0.30)

and postmarginal 0.12 mm (average 0.12, range 0.11-0.15) ; stigmal club approxi-

mately square.

Male. — Length 3.0 mm (average 2.0, range 1.5-3.0). Black except for yellow

tegula and lower one-half or one-third of scape; leg color quite variable but often

all femora and tibia with brown to black infuscation and only extremities yellow;

front and mid coxa may be yellow or only front coxa; less often front legs all

yellow and black present as spots on mid and hind femora and tibia. Antenna

with flagellum of five pedicellate, dorsally raised, longer than wide segments;

sixth segment separated from the terminal segment by deep annulation. Wing

veins brown and length relationships same as in the female.

Types.— Holotype female and allotype from Folsom Lake, Placer

County, California. Emerged 3 June and 24 May 1962 from galls of

Callirhytis pomiformis (bisexual generation), on Q. wislizeni. Para-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO, 1

types, 14 females and 6 males from same locality, emerged in March,

April and May 1962 from the same host gall on the same oak species.

Types in United States National Museum, Washington, D. C, Paratypes

in Bugbee collection, Meadville, Pennsylvania and University of Cali-

fornia at Davis.

Host. — Callirhytis pomiformis (Ashm.) (bisexual generation).

Remarks. — This new subspecies differs from Eurytoma californica

Ashmead chiefly in its average smaller dimensions in all of the char-

acteristics measured (total length, length of abdomen, sixth and ninth

terga, wing veins, and internal genitalia) . Wing veins are lighter brown

and the sculpturing on the surface of the broad sixth abdominal tergum

spreads onto the anterior dorsal surface.

Literature Cited

Bugbee, R. E. 1967. Revision of the chalcid wasps of the genus Eurytoma in

America north of Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 118 (3533) : 433-552.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Occurrence of Labidura riparia (Pallas) in Baja California, Mexico

(Dermaptera: Labiduridae). — On 9 April 1968, the Riparian earwig, Labidura

riparia (Pallas) was collected near kilometer marker 100, highway number 5,

south of Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico, by William Clark and Gene Ralston.

Twenty specimens were collected about 10 a.m. The site was below the highway

on the east side at an elevation near sea level. There was a small puddle of water

here at the end of a highway culvert. The earwigs were collected around the

puddle where the soil was damp. All of the specimens were collected under flat

rocks. There was no vegetation in the immediate area.

No mention could be found in the literature of Labidura riparia being collected

in Baja California, Mexico.

Heifer (1963, How to Know the Grasshoppers, Cockroaches and Their Allies,

Brown, Dubuque, Iowa) states that Labidura riparia has been found from Texas

to North Carolina. Schlinger et al. (1959, Jour. Econ. Ent., 52(2) : 247) mentions

that this species is known from Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Texas, and Louisiana.

Schlinger et al. also reports that the first collection of Labidura riparia in Califor-

nia was at Calexico on 21 November 1952. Nutting (1960, Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

36: 203) documented several collection sites in Arizona for Labidura riparia. The

first collection was at Yuma on 24 July 1952.

The authors would like to thank Irving J. Cantrall for the identification of

Labidura riparia. Two specimens were sent to Dr. Cantrall, University of Michigan,

and the remaining specimens are in the collections of Clark and Ralston. —

William H. Clark and Gene L. Ralston University of Nevada, Reno.

JANUARY 1969]

PROCEEDINGS

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

K. S. Hagen

President

H. L. McKenzie

President-elect

M. S. Wasbauer

Secretary

P. H. Arnaud, Jr.

T reasurer

Fig. 1. Edwin R. Leach — Ninetieth Birthday.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

Edwin R. Leach — Ninetieth Birthday. — The Pacific Coast Entomological

Society extends Congratulations and Best Wishes to its Honored Member, Mr.

Edwin R. Leach of Piedmont, California, on his 90th Birthday. Both, at the Execu-

tive Committee meeting, and in the General Meeting held on 15 November 1968,

motions were made and unanimously passed to extend these greetings to Mr. Leach.

Mr. Leach was born in Vallejo, California, on 3 May 1878. His family moved to

Oakland in February 1886. It was in this city that he attended grammar and high

school. He is a graduate of the University of California, Berkeley. He majored in

the field of mining and received the Bachelor of Science degree in 1901.

Mr. Leach, a 52 year member of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, joined

the Society in 1916. His friendship with the late F. W. Nunenmacher, “won him

over to insects” and led to his attending the annual field trip of the Society held on

7 May 1916, at Pilarcitas Lake, San Mateo County, California. On this occasion he

recalls meeting Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke, Dr. F. E. Blaisdell and Mr. Lawrence

Reynolds. At the sixty-first meeting of 26 August 1916 he was proposed (by Mr.

Nunenmacher) and elected to membership in the growing Society. Even though Mr.

Leach was interested in Entomology and Natural History at an early age, it was not

until he joined the Society that he decided to specialize in Coleoptera, particularly

the Lucanidae and cetonid Scarabaeidae. At this time he acquired the Lawrence

Reynold collection which also contained the Carl Fuchs generic series of Coleoptera.

Testimony of this zeal in these groups of Coleoptera is his collection which is one

of the finest in the country.

Mr. Leach served as treasurer of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society from

1931 through 1942. He has been active on its committees and also interested in the

finances of the Society. He became a Life Member in 1943. At the one-hundred

and ninety-seventh meeting, held 17 January 1948, Mr. Leach was elected to Hon-

ored Membership, the Society’s highest award.

The Pacific Coast Entomological Society extends to Mr. Leach best wishes for

many years of continued good health and activity. — Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

Proceedings

Three Hundred and Sixteenth Meeting

The 316th meeting was held Friday, 16 February 1968 in the Morrison Auditorium

of the California academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with

President Hagen presiding.

Members present (35) : R. P. Allen, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., J. D. Birchim, T. Briggs,

R. M. Brown, R. Brownlee, G. Buckingham, G. M. Buxton, L. E. Galtagirone, W. E.

Ferguson, W. Gagne, M. R. Gardner, A. R. and Anita Gillogly, G. A. Gorelick,

J. Guggolz, J. F. Gustafson, K. S. Hagen, K. Horn, D. S. Horning, Jr., C. R. Kovacic,

Jr., W. H. Lange, R. L. Langston, V. Lee, H. B. Leech, K. Lorenzen, P. Lum, A. R.

Molenke, J. A. Powell, D. C. Rentz, E. S. Ross, R. Schoeppner, R. 0. Schuster, T.

A. Sears, W. E. Simonds, R. W. Thorp, J. W. Tilden, M. S. Wasbauer, R. F. Wilkey.

Visitors present (21) : Karen Allen, R. C. Gardner, W. Goodman, Carol Horning,

G. Jeung, Pauline Lange, Shari Lewis, R. T. Miller, R. P. Papp, R. R. Pinger, Jr.,

Kathy Rentz, R. C. Riley, R. B. and M. G. Roberts, Suriya Sampunth, R. Laud,

Cathy Tassan, Joyce Thorp, B. Tilden, J. Tom, M. J. Wong.

JANUARY 1969]

PROCEEDINGS

The minutes of the meeting held 15 December 1967 were summarized.

Mr. Hugh B. Leech noted with profound regret the passing of the well-known

Hymenopterist, Francis X. Williams, on 16 December 1967 at Chula Vista, Cali-

fornia.

The following note was presented:

Prey hunting and courtship of Cyrtopogon vanduzeei Wil. & Mart. — Ob-

servations were made on the perch behavior of this small asilid at Blodgett Forest,

13 miles east of Georgetown, El Dorado County, where the flies were active along a

logging road in late June, 1967. Prey consisting of leafhoppers and small nema-

tocerous Diptera, was captured in flight, and was held on the beak during feeding.

Courtship followed a regular pattern in which a male followed a female in flight,

then perched behind her, oriented in the same direction, usually about 5 mm back.

The positioning was usually repeated several times by a male after flights by the

female. The sequence often progressed to one in which the male slowly approached

so as to rest his fore tarsi on the folded wings of the female. At this point the

female invariably flew off, terminating the association. Although mating pairs, in

typical tail-to-tail position, were observed, consumation of the courtship sequence

in mating was not seen. It is interesting that the same courtship pattern obtained

in a larger robberfly, C. montanus Loew, which was active at the same site, yet

several other species of Cyrtopogon have been reported to carry out courtship in

a face-to-face position (Wilcox and Martin, 1936, Ent. Amer., 16:4). Some members

of the genus have the legs ornamented in the male, and at least one of these species

is included in the latter behavioral group. The two Blodgett species have no obvious

secondary features in the male. (Determinations by J. Wilcox). — J. A. Powell,

University of California, Berkeley.

The principal speaker of the evening was Mr. G. M. Buxton, California Depart-

ment of Agriculture, Sacramento. His illustrated talk was entitled “Grasshopper

collecting in montane California.”

Three Hundred and Seventeenth Meeting

The 317th meeting was held Friday, 15 March 1968 in the Morrison Auditorium

of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. President

Hagen presided.

Members present (44) : R. P. Allen, R. Anderson, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., L. N.

Bell, F. L. Blanc, R. Briggs, J. S. Buckett, W. L. Chase, Jr., H. V. Daly, D. G.

Denning, Carol L. Duba, J. G. Edwards, D. P. Furman, M. R. Gardner, Anita and

A. R. Gillogly, K. S. Hagen, K. Horn, A. Jung, W. H. Lange, R. L. Langston, V. Lee,

H. B. Leech, P. Lum, H. Marensten, A. E. Michelbacher, W. W. Middlekauff, W. D.

Murray, P. A. Opler, J. E. Prine, Sister Eugenie Rohner, S. B. Ruth, F. Santana,

T. A. Schulz, Joanne Slansky, C. Slobodchikoff, R. E. Stecker, A. Stephen, J. W.

Tilden, W. H. Tyson, M. S. Wasbauer, R. E. Wheeler, Barbara Wilson, E. C. Zim-

merman.

Visitors present (38) : S. Anderson, H. A. Appleton, H. R. Appleton, Mrs. H.

Appleton, Connie Bell, R. Bruce, D. Byrne, P. Gammer, R. Chavez, Loretta Den-

ning, J. Doyen, L. L. Duba, Alice and Janie Edwards, Mr. and Mrs. F. Ennik, Kay

Furman, Priscilla Gallego, R. Gardner, W. Goodman, E. E. Grissell, Kent Hagen,

Harriette Jung, P. Jung, Paulene Lange, D. W. Lee, Mr. and Mrs. Manuel Marquis,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

Mr. and Mrs. D. A. Ramsey, Roberta Sears, Mr. and Mrs. D. A. Shrout, Jan Snyder,

Anne Sugintas, R. Tenaga, Hazel, Jan and Bruce Tilden, J. Tom, Eleanor Wheeler,

Mrs. E. C. Zimmerman.

The minutes of the meeting held 16 February 1968 were summarized.

Seven new members were elected; Steven B. Ruth, R. E. Rice, Richard W. Fin-

ger, Robert R. Finger, Brian S. Cheary, Don Calvert, James Robertson.

Dr. E. S. Ross introduced Dr. E. C. Zimmerman, a long time member of the So-

ciety, visiting from New Hampshire. Fresident Hagen pointed out that Dr. Zimmer-

man is the founder of the series “Insects of Hawaii.”

Mr. Hugh Leech announced some accessions to the Society’s historical file: A

plate of A. Boving’s original drawings, a small file of letters from M. R. Smith to

Thomas Cook, donated by Mrs. Cook, and some photographs donated by John

Thomas.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. E. S. Ross, California Academy of

Sciences. His illustrated lecture was entitled “An Entomologist’s View of South-

west Africa.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — M. S.

Wash AUER, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Eighteenth Meeting

The 318th meeting was held at 7 ;45 p.m. on Friday, 19 April 1968 in the Morrison

Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Fark, San Fran-

cisco. Fresident Hagen presided.

Members present (36) : R. L. Adlakha, F. H. Arnaud, Jr., T. S. Briggs, R. G.

Brownlee, J. S. Buckett, G. R. Buckingham, D. Calvert, H. V. Daly, T. W. Davies,

B. J. Donovan, J. G. Edwards, W. E. Ferguson, W. Gagne, M. R. Gardner, E. E.

Grissell, J. Guggolz, J. F. Gustafson, K. S. Hagen, K. Horn, A. Jung, V. Lee, H. B.

Leech, F. Lum, R. E. Main, R. W. Finger, R. R. Finger, J. A. Fowell, S. B. Ruth,

F. J. Santana, R. 0. Schuster, T. A. Sears, Joanne E. Slansky, R. L. Tassan, R. W.

Thorp, J. S. Tilden, M. S. Wasbauer.

Visitors present (17) : Michele Benson, J. A. Caylor, Mary Davies, R. Gardner,

G. Jeung, H. Meyer, L. M. Middleman, Mrs. L. M. Middleman, R. B. Roberts, Bessie

D. Ruth, Suriya Sampunth, L. Stotelmyre, Joyce Thorp, Tina Vargas, S. C. Williams,

Charlene Williams.

The minutes of the meeting held 15 March 1968 was summarized.

Four new members were elected: Mr. Lee Middleman, Mr. Jule A. Caylor, Mr.

Robert Lame and Mr. David N. Ferro.

Mr. Hugh B. Leech showed Kissinger’s recently published monographic revision

of the curculionid subfamily Apioninae. This remarkable work contains over 2800

illustrations. It was published privately by the author and is available from him.

The following notes were presented:

New distribution records of two Nearctic Acalypta Westwood (Heterop-

tera: Tingidae). — A brachypterous $ of this primarily muscicolous genus of

tingids was collected from a berlese sample of a stream-side moss by Mr. G. L.

Rotramel. He had taken the sample from The Geysers, Sonoma Co., Calif., 13 April

1968. The species runs readily A. saundersi (Downes) in Drake and Lattin (Froc.

U. S. Nat. Mus. 115:334) where it is cited as feeding and breeding on moss. In the

1965 world catalogue of the family (Drake and Ruhoff, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 243)

its distribution is listed as B. C., Wash., and Ore. This then constitutes a new

JANUARY 1969]

PROCEEDINGS

state record and its most southern point. A search through the exhibitors material

revealed another, macropterous d running to A. barberi Drake from Thessalon,

Ontario, 10 June 1965, W. Gagne, taken in an insect pitfall trap from an aban-

doned pasture invaded by moss and Carex. Its host preferences are listed as moss

and hops. The species is previously recorded from B. C., Oreg., N. Y., and N. B.

This then constitutes a new provincial record. — Wayne C. Gagne.

In Memoriam — ^Elwood Wendell Molseed (5 August 1938 — 4 April

1967) . — Dr. Elwood Wendell Molseed, 29, Assistant Professor of Botany at the

University of San Francisco, died on 4 April 1967 of cancer, after an illness of

several months. He was a keen field botanist and one of those rare modern taxono-

mists with a green thumb. During his all-too-short career he made significant con-

tributions to our knowledge of Mexican and Central American Iridaceae. He did

undergraduate work at the University of San Francisco and received his degrees

at the University of California, Berkeley.

Dr. Molseed’s research interests centered in the family Iridaceae, particularly

the genera Tigridia and allies, such as Rigidella and Nemastylis, and their insect

pollinators. He made several extensive trips to Mexico, from Chihuahua to Chiapas,

to study these plants. His last field trip, assisted by three students, Luis F. Baptista,

Steven Kirchanski, and Robert Cruden, was in the summer of 1966. They collected

in areas along the main road from Durango to Mazatlan, the states of Nayarit,

Jaliseo, Colima, Michoacan, Puebla, Oaxaca, and Chiapas. The Kodachrome slides

here projected (loaned by Mr. Luis Baptista) include pictures of Tigridia areas in

Oaxaca, Nayarit, and Chiapas; the flower of Tigridia pavonia with a honey bee at

nectary; fields of Rigidella orthantha in the Sierra de Juarez, Oaxaca, at 7,000

feet elevation; flower of the red Rigidella orthantha with a new species of wasp

and a variegated morph of this species; and the flower of Tigridia dugesii var.

passif lor aides taken at Campastella, Nayarit. The southern portion of the trip

was to collect flowers and insect pollinators of Iridaceae, while the return trip

north was to collect seeds and corms.

Deposited with the Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences,

are approximately 830 specimens collected as insect pollinators or flower visitors

of Iridaceae. Each specimen is labeled with flower collection data. The majority

of specimens belong to the families of Apoidea, with various wasps, Coleoptera,

Diptera, and Hemiptera represented by smaller numbers. Regrettably, Dr. Molseed

did not have the time to publish on this planned phase of his research. — Paul H.

Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

A 1968 flight of Vanessa cardui Linnaeus in San Francisco and Pacifica,

California (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae). — April 9, 1968 was Vanessa cardui

day in San Francisco and vicinity. This was an especially warm day with some

breeze. The official high temperature recorded by the weather bureau at Civic Cen-

ter in San Francisco was 78°F., with a light wind averaging 4 miles per hour from

the northeast at 1100 to 1200 hours and averaging 5 to 6 miles per hour from the

north at 1200 to 1600 hours. Telephone calls received by the Department of

Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, included those from local residents

as well as from newspapers in San Francisco and Pacifica. One at 1200 hours re-

ported a flight in the vicinity of Taraval Street and 30th Avenue, another at 1230

hours reported a flight at the stables between Skyline Boulevard and the Pacific

Ocean just south of the San Francisco city and county line flying from “southwest

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

to east of northeast into a warm breeze,” and another at 1320 hours reported a

flight in the vicinity of Ortega Street and 9th Avenue moving in a north easterly

direction. Earlier a lady had telephoned Mr. George Draper (reporter of the San

Francisco Chronicle) that butterflies were flying in the vicinity of Twin Peaks.

In the afternoon a reporter from the Pacifica Tribune reported butterflies in flight

in the coastal community of Pacifica.

The article in the Pacifica Tribune on April 10th, “Pacifica Goes Buggy with

Painted Ladies” contained much misquoted information. An article written by

Mr. Draper entitled “A Butterfly Invasion” and “ ‘Painted Lady’ Migration” ap-

peared in the April 10th San Francisco Chronicle. Because of general interest

among the citizenry, newspaper articles and television coverage was made of the

details of this flight.

In San Francisco, personal observations of the cardai flight were made with

the assistance of Mr. Dennis Murphy in Golden Gate Park, from the Morrison

Planetarium roof of the California Academy of Sciences. This roof overlooks to the

southwest the Academy court, and to the southeast Middle Drive. At 1315 hours,

89 cardui were counted to pass between the Academy buildings and Middle Drive,

in a one-minute period. The flight was oriented into the wind in a north-north-

west direction. In another one-minute period, at 1325 hours, 91 cardui flew through

the Academy court and over the Planetarium building. A total of ten specimens

(seven females and three males) were successfully netted as they flew over the top

edge of the building wall and over the roof. Cardui does not appear to be deterred

from flying up and over objects in its path of flight. The roof of the Planetarium

is about 40 feet above ground and numbers of specimens flew over the dome of

the Planetarium which is over fifty feet above the surrounding land surfaces. A

single male Monarch, Danaus plexippus Linnaeus, flew over the roof and was also

collected while flying with the cardui. On April 10th no further flight of cardui was

observed at the Academy. It was a cooler day and there was a coastal morning fog.

All times given are Pacific Standard Time. — Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

Occurrence of Cacoeciamorpha pronubana (Hbn.) in Oregon. — This

Palearctic tortricine moth has distinctive bright orange hindwings. Its presence in

Oregon (and in North America) was first noted three years ago when Kenneth

Goeden sent two female specimens which had been reared from pine in a Portland

nursery, in May, 1964. Establishment and spread of the species was confirmed this

past year, when specimens were received from Stanley G. Jewett, Jr. which had

been collected in August, 1967, near Elsie, Clatsop County, about 50 miles north-

west of Portland. The species is a polyphagous foliage feeder which is widespread

in the Palearctic and is known to be introduced in other areas, having first made its

appearance in England in 1905. — J. A. Powell, University of California, Berkeley.

President Hagen called for reports of the standing committees. Dr. H. V. Daly,

Chairman of the Membership Committee, made a motion that Drs. E. G. Linsley, A.

E. Michelbacher and R. L. Usinger be given honored member status in the Society.

It was further moved that an account of the contributions each of these men has

made to the Society be submitted to the Secretary for publication in the Proceed-

ings. Both motions passed unanimously.

Mr. J. S. Buckett, Chairman of the Program Committee, reminded the member-

ship that the Society’s annual picnic will be held at Russelmann Park on May 11.

JANUARY 1969]

PROCEEDINGS

Dr. J. F. Gustafson, Chairman of the Salt Marsh Committee, gave a report on his

studies on salt marsh habitats and made a plea for help in collecting and identifi-

cation of insects that occur in salt marsh habitats. He pointed out that perhaps a

third of the insects of this habitat are undescribed.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. Radcliffe B. Rorerts. His in-

formative talk was entitled, “Opportunites in Tropical Biology.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — M. S.

Wasbauer, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Nineteenth Meeting

The three hundred and nineteenth meeting was the annual field day and picnic

and was held Saturday, 11 May 1968 at Russelmann Park, near Mount Diablo.

Members present (12) : P. H. Arnaud, Jr., H. V. Daly, J. Haddock, K. Hagen,

W. W. Middlekauff, A. Moldenke, P. A. Opler, R. E. Stinner, R. W. Thorp, M. S.

Wasbauer, P. Welles, R. F. Wilkey.

Visitors present (36) : J. Ball, D. Beaver, Barbara and Diane Daly, L. Edson,

Patricia Felch, Alan Garren, Steve and Donna Gary, Mr. and Mrs. Andy Gutierrez,

Helen Haddock, Maxine and Kent Hagen, G. M. and M. Hassell, J. Hendrickson,

Shari E. Lewis, Mrs. A. Moldenke, Chris, Sandra and Tim Opler, Terri Orr, R. P.

Papp, D. Sanders, Marilyn Sanders, D. Sehwartz, K. P. Shea, H. Stainbrook, Judy

Stinner, Y. Tanada, Joyce Kelly, Jeff and Katy Thorp, Patricia Welles.

The weather on picnic day was unsettled. The early morning was clear but later

there were clouds and some intermittent rain. The inclement weather seemed

not to dampen the spirits of those attending, and baseballs, bats and other sports

equipment were much in evidence. Between showers, some interesting insects were

collected, especially from the chaparral slopes. Very little swimming was noted,

however. — M. S. Wasbauer, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Twentieth Meeting

The 320th meeting was held Friday 13 September 1968 in tbe Morrison Audito-

rium of the California Academy of Seiences, Golden Gate Park, San Franeisco.

President Hagen presided.

Members present (31) : P. H. Arnaud, Jr., Mary F. Benson, F. L. Blanc, D.

Briggs, R. M. Brown, J. S. Buckett, G. M. Buxton, T. W. Davies, D. G. Denning,

J. G. Edwards, M. R. Gardner, J. Guggolz, J. Gustafson, K. S. Hagen, K. Horn, R.

L. Langston, V. Lee, H. B Leech, K. Lorenzen, P. Launibos, P. Lum, A. E.

Michelbacher, J. A. Powell, D. C. Rentz, E. S. Ross, R. 0. Schuster, Joanne

Slansky, C. Slobodchikoff, R. W. Thorp, J. W. Tilden, M. S. Wasbauer

Visitors present (18) : T. Bartolomei, R. Chavez, P. R. Grimstad, A. B.

Gurney, B. Hill, G. Julian, R. Lem, Martha Michelbacher, P. L. and Mary E. Nel-

son, R. P. Papp, Kathy Rentz, Joyce Thorp, B. Tilden, J. Tom, D. Ubick, L. Wehin,

M. J. Wong.

The minutes of the meeting held 19 April 1968 were summarized.

Thirteen new members were elected: Ian A. Boussy, R. L. Blickle, Annette

F. Braun, Robert W. Cruder, Eric M. Fisher, Melville H. Hatch, Stanley G.

McGregor, Theodore B. Mitchell, Charles H. Nelson, David R. Smith.

President Hagen announced the appearance of the Society’s third volume of

the Memoirs series entitled “Revisionary Studies in the Nearctic Decticinae,” by

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

David C. Rentz and James D. Birchim (173 pp. illus.). The publication sells for

$4.00 to the public and is available to Society members at a 20% discount. He

also pointed out that back issues of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist (vols. 1-16)

are available to the membership at $1.50 per volume. This is a large saving over

the regular price of back issues.

Dr. J. W. Tilden announced that the recent annual meeting of the Pacific Slope

Section of the Lepidopterists’ Society was held at the Berkeley campus of the

University of California September 6 to 8 and was well attended.

Mr. Hugh B. Leech noted with profound regret the passing of the well-known

Coleopterist, John Wagner Green on 20 June 1968 at Orinda, California.

Mr. J. S. Buckett, Program Committee Chairman, announced that the next meet-

ing of the Society is scheduled for 11 October and will consist of several short

papers. He suggested that those interested in participating contact him with their

suggested topic as soon as possible.

Dr. Joel Gustafson, Chairman of the Salt Marsh Study Committee, reported on

faunal surveys currently being conducted at the Audubon Sanctuary, Kent Island in

Bolinas Lagoon and some of the difficulties encountered in collecting insects in

this habitat.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. Ashley B. Gurney, U. S. National

Museum, Washington, D. C. His illustrated talk was entitled “Faunal Relation-

ships of Some Orthoptera Encountered During Field Experiences in the U. S. and

Abroad.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. —

M. S. Wasbauer, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Twenty-First Meeting

The 321st meeting was held Friday, 11 October 1968 in the Morrison Audito-

rium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.

President Hagen presided.

Members present (40) : P. H. Arnaud, Jr., 1. A. Boussy, T. Briggs, R. M.

Brown, D. J. Burdick, G. M. Buxton, C. Dailey, T. W. Davies, R. L. Doutt, J. G.

Edwards, W. E. Ferguson, G. T. Ferrell, M. R. Gardner, G. A. Gorelick, J. Guggolz,

J. L. Gustafson, K. S. Hagen, K. Horn, D. H. Kistner, R. L. Langston, V. Lee, H.

B. Leech, K. Lorenzen, P. Lum, A. E. Michelbacher, A. R. Moldenke, P. A. Opler,

R. R. Pinger, Jr., J. A. Powell, D. C. Rentz, D. W. Ribble, S. B. Ruth, L. A. Ruud,

Jr., L. G. Santana, T. A. Sears, J. Shepard, C. N. Slobodchikoff, A. Stephen, J.

W. Tilden, M. S. Wasbauer.

Visitors present (48) : A M. Abrams, C. Adamson, Mellissa Boussy, J. G.

Brandon, P. Gammer, Carolyn Dailey, J. De Lana, E. Jimaeus, T. Dimock, J. F. Em-

mel, D. A. Evans, C. Ferrell, Helen Ferrell, S. Ferrell, R. C. Gardner, J. Geddes, C.

S. Glaser, Betty Guggolz, T. E. Hewton, Jr., J. Jones, P. Jung, N. M. Kindig, R.

Lem, D. Machado, Martha Michelbacher, Alison Moldenke, Sandra Opler, R. P.

Papp, J. M. Pasteels, R. Peterson, W. Rauscher, Kathy Rentz, Anne Rotramel,

Suriya Sampunth, Paula Schaller, Sigrid Shepard, Melissa Sheehan, W. E. Stewart,

Jr., Sharon Tanner, B. Tilden, J. Tom, D. Ubick, W. Velasquez, R. Vierhus, M. J.

Wong, W. Wright, W. L. Wright.

The minutes of the meeting held 13 September 1968 were summarized.

Eight new members were elected: Kenneth W. Cooper, Johannes L. Joos, Ray

JANUARY 1969]

PROCEEDINGS

Peterson, Billy H. Pettit, Michael H. Robinson, R. G. Rosenstiel, Alan R. Stephen,

Stanley C. Williams.

President Hagen announced with profound regret the death on 1 October 1968

of Dr. R. L. Usinger, an honored member of the Society. Memorial services will

be held at the First Congregational Church of Berkeley at 11 a.m. on Monday, 14

October 1968.

President Hagen announced that the New York Entomological Society is cele-

brating its 75th anniversary on 29 October 1968 with a membership dinner. He

noted that the Pacific Coast Entomological Society will be celebrating its 75th

anniversary in 1976.

Dr. W. E. Ferguson introduced Dr. William G. Evans, University of Alberta,

Edmonton, and Mr Louis Ruud, Arvin, California.

Dr. D. H. Kistner introduced Dr. Jacques M. Pasteels, visiting from Brussels

University.

Mr. Leech mentioned the newly formed Coleopterists’ Society, sparked by Dr.

Lee H. Herman, Jr., and open to all interested persons. Upon payment of dues,

members will receive the journal The Coleopterists’ Balletin, currently in its

twenty-second volume. Locally, people may contact Dr. J. Gordon Edwards, San

Jose State College. Full information may be had from Dr. Robert T. Allen, Ento-

mology Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701.

Dr. P. H. Arnaud announced that volumes 1-16 of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist

are now available to the membership at $1.50 per volume.

President Hagen called for notes and exhibits. The following note was presented:

Cave adaptations in phalangids of genus Taracus (Opiliones: Ischyrop-

salidae). — Specimens of the genus Taracus taken from two widely separated caves

(Snake Cave in eastern Nevada and the White Chief Caves in the southern Sierra

Nevada Mountains) have similar external morphology. They both have entirely

black cephalothoraces and chelicerae with white or off-white abdomens, legs and

palpi. Their size is two to three times greater than known species of Taracus, all of

which are epigaeic. This increased size agrees with the usual directions of cavernic-

olous adaptation.

The White Chief specimens were discovered during a National Speleological

Society (San Francisco Bay Chapter) trip to the Mineral King area limestone caves

(Tulare Co., Calif.). They were encountered by Warren Rauscher, Bruce Rogers,

William Lum and I on the walls of passages in areas of total darkness or near

darkness. In spite of the high elevation of 11,000 ft, and the presence of snow

in the caves throughout the year, much life is evident in the caves. — Thomas S.

Briggs.

The principal speakers of the evening and their topics are given in the order

of their appearance:

J. A. Powell and W. J. Turner — Observations on oviposition behavior in

Orussus accidentalis . — Observations on Orussus occidentalis Cresson, in El Do-

rado County, California, during late June and early July, 1967, corroborate previous

findings on the behavior of 0. sayii Westwood, of the eastern United States. The

methods of patrolling (a means of reconnaissance), selection of oviposition sites,

and oviposition are exactly like those described for 0. sayii. The latter two

processes were observed about 20 times for 0. occidentalis. This species selected

bark-free areas on conifer logs of widely variable ages. The target of oviposition

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

was, in all four cases where it was traced, a frass-packed gallery of a wood-boring

insect, at distances from 59 to over 150 cm from the living occupant. The galleries

were those of Siricidae, Cerambycidae, and Buprestidae. One larva of 0. occiden-

talis was recovered from a target gallery where oviposition had been observed

15 days previously. The immature larva was found feeding on the distal abdominal

segments of a buprestid larva. The data suggest that suppositions of both

Burke (1918, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 19:87) and Cooper (1953, Proc. Roches. Acad.

Sci., 10:38) were correct and not necessarily incompatible, i.e., oviposition and

possibly early instar feeding of Orussus occurs in frass-packed galleries, and

feeding by at least later instars takes place in the form of an external para-

sitoid on larvae and pupae of wood-boring insects.

G. Rotramel — Orientation and coupling in Dilophus orhatus (Diptera:

Bibionidae). — Dilophus orhatus Osten-Sacken (Det. confirmed by D. E. Hardy)

appeared in abundance from the turf in front of Wellman Hall on the Berkeley

campus this autumn. Daily observations revealed that copulation takes place in

flight with the male beneath the female. Male D. orhatus fly in a characteristic

pattern, dancing up and down. When there is a breeze, they head into it and use

swarm markers to maintain their positions. In still air they may be oriented in any

direction. Virgin female D. orhatus fly more slowly and tend to drift with pre-

vailing air currents. In the absence of a breeze, they fly shorter distances, fol-

lowing a straight path. Females have blackish wings and are distinguishable in

flight from males, which have transparent wings. This dimorphism may aid males

in visual discrimination of the sexes. The simple flight pattern of females

probably facilitates orientation and coupling by the males.

A male, which has recognized a female flying above him, makes an abrupt

approach from below and slightly to the rear. A male which recognizes a female

flying beneath him must drop below her before approaching. Striking modifica-

tions of the compound eyes and forecoxae are associated with orientation and copula-

tory behavior in the males. The eyes are composed of an upper turbaniform portion

which is made up of larger facets, and a lower portion which is set off by a band

of undifferentiated cuticle and consists of smaller facets. The coxal bases have an

enlarged membranous area which permits the males to fly with the forelegs

above their heads. The males appear to grasp the thorax of females before geni-

talic contact is achieved. I believe that each portion of the divided eye of the

male plays a special role in the sexual behavior of D. orhatus^ The lower portion

appears to assist in orienting to swarm markers on the ground and in recognizing

females at a distance. The upper portion of the eye apparently operates as a

wide angle scanning device allowing the male to home on the female flying above

him. I attempted to test this idea by presenting crude models of females to males in

flight, using elliptical black spots painted on white bristol board. When the models

were presented just beneath or slightly to on side of flying males, I frequently

obtained a response identical to the one elicited by a flying female.

P. A. Opler — Status of knowledge of the leaf-mining Lepidoptera of Cali-

fornia. — Tonight I would like to briefly summarize the current state of knowledge

about the leaf-mining Lepidoptera that occur in California. These creatures, which

include representatives of over twenty families of Lepidoptera in the state, are

known to feed on plants of at least forty-five families in California. This sizeable

fauna has been almost universally ignored by entomologists in general and lepidop-

JANUARY 1969]

PROCEEDINGS

terists in particular. These insects are very rarely collected as adults due to their

small size and the fact that they fly primarily at dusk in the near proximity of

their hosts. They are seldom attracted to light and even then they can be easily

overlooked on a light sheet.

Fortunately several features make leaf-mining Lepidoptera attractive to the

entomologist. These are as follows: 1) Many are beautifully colored and patterned

— ^the most beautiful lepidoptera in the state are leaf -miners; 2) their small

size makes the rearing of a large number of individuals a relatively easy task;

3) most species are quite specific in their host choice, thus making them ideal

subjects for host specificity, ecological or phyletic studies; 4) their biologies

are varied, often bizarre, and always intriguing; 5) most of the primitive groups

of Lepidoptera are leaf -miners; and finally 6) because these insects have been

little studied, one is not confronted with a ceaseless parade of literature muddles,

thereby keeping library hours to a minimum and field and laboratory hours

at a maximum.

My own research dealing with microlepidoptera associated with oaks has raised

the leaf-mining fauna on these hosts from twelve to more than fifty, a fourfold

increase ; approximately seventy per cent of these species are undescribed. A

similar ratio for the rest of the leaf-mining fauna in the state should prevail

when attention is eventually given to it.

J. F. Gustafson — Rearing observations on the madrona shield bearer Cop-

todisca arbutiella (Heliozelidae). — One hundred and thirty pupae of the

madrona shield bearer were collected during April of 1967. Observations were made

daily until 2 June 1967, and occasional observations were made thereafter. The

larva of this moth is a leaf-miner. Prior to reaching its full larval growth the cater-

pillar completely mines a small (2x3 mm) area of the leaf. The remaining upper

and lower epidermis are cut from the leaf and sewn together by the caterpillar.

This “shield” containing the caterpillar is lowered by a strand of silk toward

the ground, frequently interrupted in its descent by branches or other structures.

Pupation presumably occurs after the shield case is attached.

The moths emerge 22-34 days following “pupation.” The shield cases contain

strands of silk which protrude from the case and therefore the handling of these

tiny objects is made awkward because they stick to whatever object touches them.

Consequently 2 of the cases were lost during the examination period — probably

dropping off of a camel’s hair brush used to transfer the cases during a number

of observations. Cases were reared in units of 10 in small stoppered vials. Sixty-

four adult moths emerged — an emergence rate of 49%. Four parasitic wasps

also emerged during this period, for an emergence rate of 3%. One of the 4 wasps

was a chalcid, the other 3 were not identified. Wasps emerged 23-27 days fol-

lowing host pupation. At some time between October, 1967, and August of 1968,

31 additional chalcid wasps emerged. This raised the parasitism rate to 26.6%.

Of 21 of the host cases, examination of the contents disclosed: 7 were empty —

no evidence of the caterpillar; 10 semi-dehydrated moth larvae; 4 moth pupae —

dead. No evidence of parasites in these 21 were noted.

Several alternative interpretations are suggested to account for the delayed

emergence of the parasites. All of the suggestions were suppositions.

One point is made clear from this report. That is, if the combined emergence

of hosts and parasites is low in a rearing experiment, it is strongly suggested that

the specimens be kept for an additional year to permit possible later emergences.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting.- — M.S.

Wasbauer, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Twenty-Second Meeting

The 322nd meeting was held Friday 15 November 1968 in the Morrison Audito-

rium of the California Academy of Seiences, Golden Gate Park, San Franeisco, with

President Hagen presiding.

Members present (39) : R. P. Allen, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., N. Bell, F. L. Blanc,

G. Brady, D. L. Briggs, T. Briggs, R. M. Brown, R. G. Brownlee, J. S. Buckett,

T. W. Davies, D. G. Denning, M. R. Gardner, G. Gorelick, J. Guggolz, J. Haddock,

K. S. Hagen, K. Horn, W. H. Lange, R. L. Langston, V. Lee, H. B. Leech, C. D.

MacNeill, A. R. Moldenke, P. A. Opler, R. W. Pinger, R. R. Pinger, Jr., J. A.

Powell, D. C. Rentz, D. W. Ribble, E. S. Ross, T. A. Schulz, R. 0. Schuster,

Carolee Ann Start, R. E. Stecker, R. W. Thorp, M. S. Wasbauer, S. P. Welles, Jr.,

S. C. Williams, Barbara Wilson.

Visitors present (35) : Dr. and Mrs. A. J. Beattie, Connie Bell, J. Benet,

Michele Benson, P. Cammer, Renae Cottam, W. Davies, Loretta Denning, Mr. &

Mrs. John Doyen, J. Geddes, H. Gibbs, Mrs. D. A. Haddock, Mrs. J. D. Haddock, J.

Henrickson, A. Jung, R. Lem, Shari E. Lewis, T. Lucas, M. Marquis, Mrs. A. R.

Moldenke, S. R. Montague, M. Montgomery, Sandra Opler, R. P. Papp, W. Raus-

den, Kathy Rentz, Pam Robie, Suriya Sampunth, Barbara Subak, Joyee Thorp, J.

Tom, Darrell Ubick, Mrs. S. C. Williams, M. J. Wong.

The minutes of the meeting held 11 Oetober were summarized.

President Hagen announced with deep regret the death of Mr. H. L. McKenzie

on 17 October 1968 at Sacramento.

Letters of acceptance for honored member status by Drs. Usinger, Linsley and

Michelbacher were then read to the membership.

It was announced that the executive board has elected Dr. R. Miller as an hon-

ored member.

Dr. P. H. Arnaud, Jr. exliibited a photograph of Mr. E. R. Leach and made a

motion that it be published in a forthcoming issue of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

The motion passed by unanimous vote.

President Hagen announced the appointment of Dr. J. A. Chemsak as Chairman

of the Membership Committee to succeed Dr. Daly who is retiring from this post

at the end of the year, and his appointments of the Auditing and Nominating

Committees. These committees will be: Nominating: Dr. R. L. Doutt, Chairman,

Mr. H. B. Leech and Dr. W. E. Ferguson; Auditing: Mr. H. V. Davis, Chairman,

Dr. J. F. Gustafson and Mr. D. G. Denning.

Mr. H. B. Leech drew attention to part 5 of Lindroth’s series on “The ground

beetles (Carabidae, excl. Cicindelinae) of Canada and Alaska” (Opuscula Entomo-

logica, supplements). Part 5 includes Amara, Harpalus, Selenophorus, Anisodacty-

lus, Dicheirus, Bradycellus, Stenolophus, Acupalpus, etc. As usual, there are keys

to species, descriptions with ecological and other data, and excellent illustra-

tions. There are almost 300 pages ; price 60 Swedish crowns.

Mr. Leech showed kodachrome slides of the larva, pupa and adult of the omniv-

orous looper, Sabulodes caberata Guenee, from a specimen feeding on a garden rose-

bush in San Francisco.

The following notes were presented:

Callophrys dumetorum (Bdv.) and Callophrys viridis (Edw.) in Califor-

JANUARY 1969]

PROCEEDINGS

nia. — A series of twelve color slides were shown of the adults and young stages of

Callophrys dumetomm and Callophrys viridis, two commonly-occurring Bay Area

bycaenid butterflies, characterized by the green scaling of the wing undersides.

The green color seen on the undersides of C. dumetorum appears grass-green in

most cases whereas the color of C. viridis is almost always dark green or blue-green.

The latter, found along the immediate coast from San Mateo County to Mendocino

County in California, oviposits on both Lotus scoparius and Eriogonum latifolium

latifolium (predominantly the latter). Callophrys dumetorum is more widely dis-

tributed, occurring primarily in the Coast Ranges and in the Sierra Nevada foot-

hills of California. Unlike C. viridis, however, it never occurs along the immediate

coast and oviposits mainly on Lotus scoparius. Although the two entities were

believed to be synonymous by many lepidopterists in past years, the segmentation

and color patterns seen in the larvae of both species differ from one another,

providing additional evidence that the two allopatric populations are sibling species.

— Glenn A. Gorelick, University of California, Berkeley.

Compsilura concinnata (Meigen) (Diptera: Tachinidae) reared from

Agraulis vanillae incarnata (Riley) (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae) at San

Leandro, California. — Compsilura concinnata (Meigen) is one of the most widely

distributed species of Tachinidae. It was described from Europe in 1824, and is

known to occur naturally in Europe, Asia, Japan and South Africa. Compsilura

concinnata was first intentionally introduced into eastern North America in 1906 as

a parasite of gypsy moth larvae. Subsequently, it was liberated in the western

United States — in New Mexico, Arizona, California, Idaho, and Oregon. It is rarely

encountered in California collecting; there are no determined California specimens

of this species in the California Academy of Sciences or California Insect Survey

Collections.

In Eurpoe, according to Herting (1960, Biologic der westpalaarktischen

Raupenfliegen, Dipt., Tachinidae, Monog. z. Angeiv. Ent. 16:55-57) C. concinnata

is recorded as parasitizing about 100 different species of lepidopterous hosts

and a few Tenthredinoidea. In the United States and Canada it is recorded from

over 200 lepidopterous host species and also some Tenthredinoidea.

Fifty mature caterpillars of the Passion Flower butterfly, Agraulis vanillae

incarnata (Riley) were collected on Passiflora caerulea Linnaeus at San Leandro

Alameda County, California, in October, 1968. A mature larva of the tachinid

issued from the side of the chrysalis and was found as a puparium in the rearing

container on the 28th of October. The adult female emerged at some time during

the period of November 4th through 8th. Only this one female C. concinnata was

obtained, so parasitism of the Agraulis larvae was very low. — P. H. Arnaud, Jr.,

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

The principal speakers of the evening were Ron Gardner and Terry Sears,

University of California, Davis. Their illustrated talk was entitled “Collecting

in the Grand Canyons of Northern Mexico.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — M.S.

Wash AUER, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Twenty-Third Meeting

The 323rd meeting was held Friday, 20 December 1968 in the Morrison Audito-

rium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with

President Hagen presiding.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

Members present (28) : R. J. Adams, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., J. Benet, F. L. Blanc,

1. Boussy, T. Briggs, P. Gammer, J. A. Caylor, D. G. Denning, J. G. Edwards, W.

E. Ferguson, M. R. Gardner, J. F. Gustafson, K. S. Hagen, C. R. Kovacic, Jr. V.

Lee, H. B. Leech, K. Lorenzen, P. Lum, R. E. Main, A. E. Michelbacher, D. W.

Ribble, E. S. Ross, S. D. Smith, Carolee Ann Start, R. W. Thorp, D. Ubick, M. S.

Wasbauer.

Visitors present (11) : C. Adamson, J. G. Brandon, Midori Caylor, R. C.

Gardner, W. C. Heath, M. Lim, W. Rauscher, G. Resnick, Joyce Thorp, B. Tilden,

T. D. White.

The minutes of the meeting held 15 November 1968 were summarized.

Twelve new members were elected: Richard J. Adams, Jason Benet, Ralph J.

Bushnell, Paul A. Gammer, Robert S. Erdmann, Paul R. Grimstad, Kenneth Groeppe,

Theodore W. Jones, David G. Marqua, Tom Newton, Gaylan Queirola, Russell A.

Rahn.

Two student members were elected: Richard Anderson and Darrell Ubick.

Mr. Leech exhibited two recent publications: Invertebrate Zoology, volume

2, by Alfred Kaestner (Translated by Herbert W. and Lorna R. Levi. Interscience

Publishers, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York; released November 11, 1968.

x-)-472 pp., 252 figs. $22.95. Treats of the Phyla Onychophora, Tarigrada, Penta-

stomida, Arthropoda, the last from the Triobites through Araneae to Symphyla,

with a final 3 pp. on Insecta.) ; and The carabid beetles of New Guinea Part III.

Harpalinae (continued) : Perigonini to Pseudomorphini, by P. J. Darlington, Jr.

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. 137, no. 1, pp. 1-253, inch

186 figs, and 3 pis. in color. 30 July 1968.

The following notes were presented:

Salt marsh insects. — As part of the activity of the salt marsh habitat committee

of the Society, an insect survey of a local salt marsh has been initiated.

Standard methods of sampling insect populations have been employed. Of the

three major plants of the salt marsh community, cord grass, Spartina foliosa Trin.,

by far supports the highest insect populations.

It was our custom to make insect collections during periods of low tide.

Late in November, 1968, aerial net sweeping was conducted on an in-coming tide.

The rising waters drove the insects up high on the plants. Consequently, the

November collections show an apparent great increase in the populations of the

insects. Actually, we witnessed what must be a commonplace event in this habi-

tat. The respective populations of insects on each of the three major plants of

this salt marsh community, all demonstrated the same response — that of insects

being concentrated toward the tops of the plants by the rising tide.

We take this opportunity to express our great appreciation for assistance of

the classification of the salt marsh insects as indicated:

Dr. Stanley F. Bailey (Thysanoptera) ; U. C. Santa Cruz

Dr. A. C. Cole, Jr. (Formicidae) ; University of Tennessee

Dr. Frank Cole (Diptera ) ; U. C., Berkeley

Dr. Ralph H. Davidson (Cicadellidae) ; Ohio State University

Mr. Wayne C. Gagne (Miridae) ; Bishop Museum, Honolulu

Mr. Gail Grodhaus (Chironomidae) ; Calif. Dept, of Public Health, Bureau of

Vector Control, Berkeley

Mr. Hugh Leech (Coleoptera) ; Calif. Academy of Sciences, San Francisco

Dr. Edward L. Mockford (Psocoptera) ; Illinois State University

JANUARY 1969]

PROCEEDINGS

Mr. Lawrence J. Pinter (Salticidae) ; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard

Univ.

Mr. John T. Polhemus (Saldidae) ; Englewood, Colorado

Dr. Jerry Powell (Lepidoptera) ; U.C., Berkeley

Dr. Edward S. Ross (Embioptera) ; Calif. Academy of Sciences, San Francisco

Mr. Curtis W. Sabrosky (Chloropidae) ; U.S. National Museum

Mr. David B. Scott (Collembola) ; Soilserv, Inc., Salinas, Calif.

Dr. Willis W. Wirth (Ephydridae) ; U.S. National Museum.

— Robert S. Lane and Joel F. Gustafson, San Francisco State College.

Occurrence of the genus Enlinia Aldrich in the western Nearctic (Dip-

tera: Dolichopodidae). — The genus Enlinia, which contains some of the smallest

Dolichopodidae, is known only from the Americas. There are three species pres-

ently known from the United States. The genus was described in 1932 by Aldrich.

The type species is magistri Aldrich, described from specimens collected in the

state of New York and the District of Columbia. Two additional species are

known from the southern United States. The new Enlinia displayed this evening,

collected at Redwood City, San Mateo County, California, on 21 March 1952, by

the author, is the first to be discovered in the western Nearctic. A series of

specimens was collected on the rock wall of a pond near the top of a serpentine

hillside. This species, at the present time, is known only from specimens collected

during California’s rainy season. — Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of

Sciences, San Francisco.

President Hagen called for the 1968 reports from the chairmen of the stand-

ing committees. Dr. J. G. Edwards, Membership Committee, reported that 60 new

members were elected in 1968 and four members — E. G. Linsley, A. E. Michel-

bacher, R. C. Miller, and R. L. Usinger — were elected to honored status. Mr. Leech,

Chairman of the Historical Committee, reported on important acquisitions to the

Society’s historical files during 1968, which included in addition to those things

mentioned in previous meetings, original photographs by A. L. Melander; from E.

S. Ross, a large photograph of Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, Mr. J. W. Green and of Dr.

Ross himself; from E. C. Zimmerman, miscellaneous colored plates and figures

of insects and from the Department of Entomology of the Academy, the original

figures from a posthumous paper on the thrips of Australia by Dudley Moulton,

published this year by the Academy; and from the Secretary of our Society, various

records and papers, some having to do with the founding of the Pan-Pacific

Entomologist. The files should obtain a new lease on life in 1969; additional

rooms in the Entomology Department should allow them to be brought up from the

basement, spread out and sorted.

Dr. W. E. Ferguson gave a brief report of the Publication Committee and

mentioned that the first 16 volumes of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist are on sale

to members at very reduced prices. He also mentioned that the Society produced,

during 1968, one of the Memoirs series, volume 3 entitled “Revisionary Studies

in the Nearctic Decticinae,” by David C. Rentz and James D. Birchim.

Dr. P. H. Arnaud, Jr. read the financial report of the Treasurer, and Mr.

D, G. Denning gave the report of the Auditing committee stating that the finan-

cial records for 1968 are in good order.

Mr. J. S. Buckett, Chairman of the Program Committee, announced that the

next meeting will be held 10 January 1969 which may seem rather soon, but fits

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 1

the schedule of our guest, Dr. Schlinger, who will be coming up from Riverside to

speak to us.

Dr. J. F. Gustafson reported that the Salt Marsh Study Committee has com-

pleted its annotated bibliography of the insects of salt marsh habitats which

will appear in volume 44, no. 4 of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist. He reported

that approximately 90 notices of the activities of this project of the Society

have been sent out to journals throughout the coimtry, with the hope that it will

engender similar activities in other parts of the United States.

Mr. Leech, representing the Nominating Committee, presented the slate of

nominees for offices in the Society during 1969. Because of the untimely death

of Howard L. McKenzie, President Hagen agreed to run for the office of President

for another year. The nominees were: Dr. Hagen, President; Dr. R. W. Thorp,

President-Elect; Dr. M. S. Wasbauer, Secretary; and Dr. P. H. Arnaud, Treasurer.

There were no nominations from the floor. The nominees were unanimously elected

to office for 1969.

President Hagen thanked all the committees for their work on behalf of the

Society during the year.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. K. S. Hagen, Department of

Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley, and President

of the Society. His illustrated talk was entitled “Some beetle relics from the shores

of ancient inland seas.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — M. S.

Wasbauer, Secretary.

CORRECTION AND ADDITION

Fisher, T. W. and R. E. Orth. 1966. A new species of Pteromicra from western

North America and resurrection of Pteromicra pleuralis (Cresson). Pan-Pac.

Entomol., 42(4) : 307-318.

Page 309, fourth line above legend: change 45° to 41° 30'. The holotype and

allotype of Pteromicra siskiyonensis F & 0 have been consigned to California

Academy of Sciences as CAS # 10168. — T. W. Fisher, University of California,

Riverside.

PATRONIZE

OUR

ADVERTISERS

Advertisers Index

Name

Colloidal Products Corporation i

American Cyanamid Company ii

Combined Scientific Supplies iii

Trojan Laboratories iii

Hercules Powder Company iv

Stauffer Chemical Company v

Insect Pins vi

D-Vac Company vi

Insect Museum Supply vii

Publications of the Society viii

Society Announcements ix

Velsicol Chemical Corporation Back cover

What is a spray

adjuvant ?

A substance added to a spray

formula to improve the

performance of the active

ingredient.

Your Agricultural Chemical

Distributor will be happy

to supply literature and

recommendations as to

the proper Multi- Film

Spray Adjuvant for your

specific application, or write

direct to :

Colloidal Products Corporation

100 Gate 5 Road, Sausalito, California

Now a new name stands out

on the pesticide label . . ♦

CYTHION

THE PREMIUM GRADE MALATHION*

* TRADEMARK

The name ''Cythion'" on the label means the

product is premium-grade.

Cythion is manufactured under our exclusive

patented process that assures maximum quality

and superior reliability.

Low in odor and low in hazard— only Cythion is

registered for use on stored grain, recommended

for use inside homes, and accepted for use on

humans. Registered for use on a wider range of

pests than any other product, and on a larger

number of crops and animals, with no residue

problems for close-to-harvest uses.

Look for Cythion, the premium-grade malathion,

on pesticides for agricultural, home and garden,

pet, stored product, ULV and public health use-

in liquids, wettable powders, dusts, aerosols and

low-pressure bombs. Cythion is your assurance of

the highest quality.

AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY

PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY

Before using any pesticide, stop and read the label.

Ill

INSECTS

Economic and Non-Economic Foreign and Domestic

Collecting Data and Scientific Names

Write for catalogue listing — 25 orders, over 1600 items — Special Collections

Combined

Scientific

Supplies

P. O. Box 125

Rosemead, California 91770

PLEOCOMA BADIA

A rain beetle

Exceptionally restricted locality

For more information contact

TERRY W. TAYLOR

8529 Norwood Place

Rosemead, California 91770

A Service for the Field

Testing & Evaluation

Agricultural Chemicals

Under Western Conditions

Entomology

Chemistry

Floriculture

Engineering

Plant Pathology

Trojan Laboratories

Box 518

Montebello, California 90640

(213) 721-9574

HmClJLKS

ptmicwES

PROTECT

HIGH YIELDS

HERCULES TOXAPHENE

(insecticide-toxicant)

Controls more than 200 harmful

insects . . . Protects cotton, lettuce,

seed alfalfa, tomatoes, lima beans

and many other western crops.

HERCULES DELNAV®

(insecticide-miticide)

Controls citrus red mites and thrips

. . . Kills grape leafhoppers.

FAST m EFFICIENT ■ ECONOMICAL

Write for technical information and recommendations.

HERCULES INCORPORATED

THE ALCOA BUILDING • ONE MARITIME PLAZA • GOLDEN

GATEWAY CENTER • SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 94111

Keep worms out ... predators in...

profits up with THURICIDE 90TS*

MICROBIAL INSECTICIDE

Here is an effective way to control tomato

hornwonn and cabbage looper . . . with-

6ut a chemical residue problem.

Thuricide 90TS, the microbial insec-

ticide, provides excellent control of the

larvae of lepidopterous insects . . . tomato

hornworm, cabbage looper, imported

cabbage worm, grapeleaf folder and

many more. Harmless to beneficial pre-

dators, humans, fish, birds and warm-

blooded animals. So safe, it can be used

right up to . . . and including the day of

harvest on lettuce, cole crops such as cab-

•THURICIDE is a trademark of Bioferm Division,

International Minerals & Chemical Corp.

bage and cauliflower, broccoli. Can also

be used on tomatoes, potatoes and melons.

And on forest trees and ornamentals for

the control of gypsy moth, cankerworm

and linden looper. There are no tolerance

requirements.

If your dealer doesn’t stock THURicroE

90TS, he can get it for you. Write for

literature.

Stauffer Chemical Company, Agricul-

tural Chemical Division, San Francisco,

Los Angeles, Fresno, Bakersfield, Cali-

fornia; North Portland, Oregon.

Stauffer

Read the label, heed the label and GROW WITH STAUFFER CHEMICALS

INSECT PINS

$4. / 1000 (10 Pkgs.)

(Plus Postage)

PROMPT DELIVERY

CLAIR ARMIN

191 W PALM AVE.

LOWEST PRICES IN AMERICA REEDLEY, CALIF. 93654

2% Discount tor mentioning this Ad

COMMERCIAL AND RESEARCH

ENTOMOLOGISTS

Obtain more accurate population counts

with a light-weight motor-fan unit

which sucks insects into nets

D-VAC

MOTOR-FAN VACUUM INSECT NETS

BACK-PACKS AND HAND MODELS

-also-

BENEFICIAL INSECTS

INSECTARY GROWN AND FIELD COLLECTED

T richogramma sp, and Green Lacewings

Write for Brochures

D-VAC CO.

P. O. Box 2095

RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA

Vll

INSECT MUSEUM SUPPLY

Jewell Ave., Lake City, Minnesota— Wm. 0. Powers and

Lawrence Hoffman

LOCATION FOR:

Insect Museum Supply Schmitt-type Field Box $4.25

Insect Museum Supply Schmitt-type Field Box WITH WHITE POLY-

ETHYLENE FOAM PINNING BOTTOM $5.00

Insect Museum Supply Spreading Board $1.50

Insect Museum Supply Cornell-type gloss-topped drawer $7.50

Insect Museum Supply Cornell-type gloss-topped drawer WITH WHITE

POLYETHYLENE FOAM PINNING BOTTOM $8.75

Insect Museum Supply California Academy-type glass-topped drawer $7.50

Insect Museum Supply U.S.N.M.-type glass-topped drawer $8.00

Insect Museum Supply Philadelphia Academy-type glass-topped drawer $7.50

Insect Museum Supply Cabinet to hold 12 of above types of drawers $85.00

SPECIAL SIZED DRAWERS, BOXES, CABINETS CUSTOM MADE

TO YOUR LIKING. Write for information and prices.

1021 8th Ave. So., Moorhead, Minnesota— Jack R. Powers

LOCATION FOR:

CUSTOM PRINTED PIN LABELS — printed with 4 pt. type on 100% cotton fiber

ledger paper (colored papers and PRICE CARD on request)

Elephant brand INSECT PINS — Excellent quality — Sizes 00, 0, 1,2, 3, 5 —

$3.95 per 1 000

Minutien nadein — $1.00 per 500 pkg.

Custom Printed GUMMED MICROSCOPE SLIDE LABELS— $3.85 per 1000

GLASS TOPPED INSECT DISPLAYS FOR-TEACHING

DRAWER LABELS, MAMMAL TAGS, ALCOHOL LABELS, Printed to your

specifications

Vlll

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL

SOCIETY.

Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (numbers 1-9, 131

pages) . 1921-1930. Price $2.50 per volume.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vol. 1 (1924) to present. Price $6.00 per volume of 4 numbers,

or $1.50 per single issue.

MEMOIR SERIES.

Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. A 320-page book

which summarizes the knowledge of the Anoplura of the world.

Published October 1951. Price $6.00. (Plus 350 postage.)*

Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family T etranychidae by A. Earl

Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. This worldwide treatment deals

with the systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red

Spiders” and includes descriptions of 33 new species. 472 pages.

Published July 1955. Price $10.00. (Plus 500 postage.)*

Volume 3. Revisionary Studies in the Nearctic Decticinae hy David

C. Rentz and James D. Birchim. This 173-page revision of Nearctic

shield-back katydids includes descriptions of one new genus and

13 new species and subspecies. Published July 1968. Price $4.00.

(Plus 250 postage.)*

* (Add 5% sales tax on all California orders. Members of the Society will

receive a 20% discount.)

Send orders to:

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

c/o California Academy of Sciences

Golden Gate Park

San Francisco, California 94118

ENTOMOLOGICAL EXCHANGES AND SALES

Small Carpenter Bees (Ceratina) of the World. — ^Wanted for purchase or

exchange for California insects. Write H. V. Daly, Division of Entomology, Univ.

California, Berkeley 94720.

SOCIETY NOTICES

Advertisement of Exchanges. — A special advertising page is,: now available to

members who wish to advertise entomological exchanges, sales, announcements,

etc. We can offer Society members an ad in four issues for |1.50 per line. Ads

will be arranged in order of their receipt. Contact the Advertising Manager, W. H.

Lange, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California

95616.

Sale of Past Issues. — We are overstocked in early issues of the Pan-Pacific

Entomologist, and need to reduce our inventory to provide more storage space.

Therefore, we can offer Society members complete sets of volumes 1 through 16

(1924 through 1940) at the extremely reduced rate of $1.50 per volume or $24.00

for the entire first 16 volumes. These are available to Society members only,

on a first-come, first-serve basis as long as the surplus lasts. Contact the Treasurer,

P. H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, California 94118.

New Memoir. — The third volume of the Memoir Series published by the Pacific

Coast Entomological Society was published on 12 July 1968. It is entitled “Re-

visionary Studies in the Nearctic Decticinae” and is authored by David C. Rentz

and James D. Birchim- The authors revise the Nearctic shield-back katydids

(Orthoptera) in this 173-page memoir which is illustrated by 37 figures. Twenty-

two genera and 112 species and subspecies are discussed. One genus and 13 species

and subspecies are described as new. The price is $4.00 plus 250 postage (and

5% sales tax on all California orders). Society members will receive a 20%

discount. Contact the Treasurer, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences,

Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118.

The Salt Marsh Habitat Committee. — At a meeting in 1966 of the Society,

a lecture on the ecology of the mud flat-salt marsh habitat was presented. Follow-

ing this meeting a number of the members expressed concern regarding the rapid

disappearance of this habitat due to commercial development. Subsequently, the

salt marsh habitat committee was appointed.

The first recommendation of the committee was that the Society encourage

studies concerning the salt marsh habitat in central California. The Society

approved this in 1968 and recommended that notes and observations of salt marsh

insects (and other terrestrial arthropods) be submitted to the editor of the Pan-

Pacific Entomologist for publication.

It is our hope that this action, an indication of scientific concern and interest,

will stimulate similar concerns by entomological societies in other geographic

locations. — Joel F. Gustafson, chairman, San Francisco State College, California.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including

articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history,

and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and may be charged to the author.

Papers are published in approximately the order that they are received. Immediate publi-

cation may be arranged after acceptance by paying publication costs. Papers of less than

a printed page may be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the

Editor, Robbin W. Thorp, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis,

California 95616.

Typing. — All parts of manuscripts must be typed on bond paper with double-spacing and

ample margins. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 8% X H inches are not

accepted. Do not use all capitals for any purpose. Underscore only where italics are

intended in the body of the text, not in headings. Number all pages consecutively and

put author’s name at the top right-hand corner of each sheet. References to footnotes

in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes should be typed on a separate

sheet.

First page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript should include (1) the

complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses, (3) the author’s name or

names, (4) the institution with city and state or the author’s home city and state if

not affiliated, (5) the shortened title (running headline) not to exceed 38 letters and

spaces when combined with the author’s last name or names, (6) the complete name

and address to which proof is to be sent.

Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should

include the full scientific name with the author of a zoological name not abbreviated.

Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style.

References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig, 1958), should be listed

alphabetically under Literature Cited in the following format:

Essig, E, 0. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

2 : 211 - 212 .

1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev.

ed. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1050 pp.

Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1966,

47(21) : 8585-8601.

Tables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be

prepared as a line drawing or typed on a separate page with heading at top and foot-

notes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecutively

for each table. Use only horizontal rules.

Illustrations. — No extra charge is made for the line drawings or halftones. Submit only

photographs on glossy paper and original drawings (no photographs of drawings).

Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimensions of the printed

page (4% X 6% inches) . If possible, allowance should be made for the legend to be

placed beneath the illustration. Photographs should not be less than the width of the

printed page. Drawings should be in India Ink and at least twice as large as the

printed illustration. Excessively large illustrations are awkward to handle and may

be damaged in transit. Include a metric scale on the drawing or state magnification

of the printed illustration in the legend. Arrange figures to use space efficiently.

Lettering should reduce to no less than 1 mm. On the back of each illustration should

be stated (1) the title of the paper, (2) the author’s complete name and address, and

(3) whether he wishes the illustration and/or cut returned to him at his expense.

Cuts and illustrations not specifically requested will be destroyed.

Figure legends. — Legends should be typewritten double-spaced on separate pages headed

Explanation of Figures and placed following Literature Cited. Do not attach

legends to illustrations.

Proofs, reprints, and abstract. — Proofs and forms for the abstract and reprint order

will be sent to authors. Major changes in proof will be charged to the author. Proof

returned to the editor without the abstract will not be published.

Page charges. — All regular papers of one to ten printed pages are charged at the rate of

$13.00 per page. This is in addition to the charge for reprints and does not include the

possible charges for extra pagination or the costs for immediate publication. Private

investigators or authors without institutional or grant funds to cover this charge may

apply to the Society for a grant to cover the page charges. A mark in the appropriate

box (society grant desired) on the reprint order form will suffice as an application.

All articles are accepted for publication only on the basis of scientific merit

and without regard to the financial support of the author.

for low cost residual

larvae control

If you are interested in residual mosquito larvae con-

trol at low cost, we would like to send you information

about Heptachlor. Heptachlor granules have proved

effective and low in cost for residual control in irriga-

tion ditches, log ponds, fields that required flooding,

and other problem areas. Heptachlor has remained

effective for as long as 13 weeks, in tests. Best results

are obtained if Heptachlor is applied before flooding

occurs. For technical literature, we invite you to mail

the coupon.

Another product from

THE GnaWIIMC3 WORLD OP

O-VELSICDL

FOR MOSQUITO ABATEMENT USE

CHLORDANE— Chlordane is highly effective for

control of mosquito larvae and adults in residential

areas and parks. For complete information, please fill

out and mail the coupon.

p ,

I Velsicol Chemical Corporation I

I 341 E. Ohio Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611 |

I Gentlemen: Please send me literature and j

I technical information on : I

! □ Heptachlor for low cost residual mos- •

I Quito larvae control. |

! □ Chlordane for mosquito abatement. ■

r(AME j

AFFILIATION |

ADDRESS I

CITY STATE ZIP I

. — — — — — —

Vol. 45 APRIL 1969 No. 2

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CHEMSAK — Notes on the habits of Astromula nitidum Chemsak and Linsley

with descriptions of the immature stages (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) 81

THORP — The identity of Bombus vandykei (Hymenoptera: Apidae) 86

WIRTH AND BLANTON — A new Nearctic species of the genus Paradasy-

helea Macfie (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) 97

GILLOGLY — Taxonomic notes on Nitidulidae of California (Coleoptera) 100

MAYO — Nymph of Thraulodes speciosus Traver with notes on a symbiotic

Chironomid ( Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) 103

STRUBLE — Gall wasp infestations in forest trees, chiefly pines, of Californa

(Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) 112

HYNES — The immature stages of Gonomyodes tacoma Alex. (Diptera: Tipu-

lidae) 116

FENDER — New California Malthodes and distribution notes on other species

in California (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) 119

CRUDEN — A new species of Cordulegaster from the Great Basin region of

the United States (Odonata: Cordulegasteridae) 126

DAILEY — Synonymy of Dryocosmus attractans (Kinsey) and Callirhytis

uvellae Weld (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) 132

ZIMMERMAN — Francis Xavier Williams, 1882-1967 — 135

PHILIP — New or little-known Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera) 147

FISHER AND ORTH — Two new species of Sepedon separated from S. armipes

Loew in western North America (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) 152

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1969

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

R. W. Thorp, Editor

C. G. Linsley R. O. Schuster, Asst. Editor E. S. Ross

\ D. Hurd, Jr. D. L. Briggs, Editorial Assistant H. B. Leech

P. H. Arnaud, Jr. Treasurer W. H. Lange, Jr. Advertising

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed-

ngs appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt

»f numbers, requests for sample copies, and financial communications should be

iddressed to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of

Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118.

Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be

iddressed to the Secretary, Dr. Marius S. Wasbauer, Bureau of Entomology, Cali-

ornia Department of Agriculture, 1220 N. St., Sacramento, California 95814.

The annual dues, paid in advance, are $5.00 for regular members of the Society

)r $6.00 for subscriptions only. Single copies are $1.50 each or $6.00 a volume.

Hake checks payable to Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

The Pacific Coast Entomological Society

Officers for 1969

K. S. Hagen, President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer

R. W. Thorp, President-elect Marius S. Wasbauer, Secretary

Statement of Ownership

Title of Publication : The Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October).

Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher, Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast

Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California

94118.

Editor: Dr. Robbin W. Thorp, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California

95616.

Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders : None.

This issue mailed 18 July 1969.

Second Class Postage Paid at Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. 66044.

ALLEN PRESS, INC. LAWRENCE, KANSAS

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

VoL. 45 April 1969 No. 2

Notes on the Habits of Astromula nitidum Chemsak and

Linsley with Descriptions of the Immature Stages

(Coleoptera : Cerambycidae)

John A. Chemsak

University of California, Berkeley

The elaphidionine ceramhycid, Astromula nitidum Chemsak and

Linsley (1965), is known thus far only from several localities in south-

ern California, Joshua Tree National Monument, Riverside County, and

Pearblossom and Valyermo, Los Angeles County. Adults are rarely en-

countered in the field but are occasionally attracted to ultra-violet lights.

Until Tyson (1966) reported the rearing of this species from trunks of

Yucca brevifolia Engelman, the habits were completely unknown.

During the first part of May, 1968, numerous infested trunks of

Y. brevifolia were observed at Valyermo and near vicinity. Successful

rearings of adults were accomplished during August and September,

1968 and observations were made on adult and immature behavior.

In the field, infested trees were relatively easy to spot after the initial

encounter. In all observed cases, the trees were standing and at least

partially alive. In most cases, most of the leaves of the trees were either

chlorotic or partially dead and the initial attack by the beetles had oc-

curred at least one season before. Evidence of infestation was readily

apparent by the emergence holes of the adults. These were visible near

the bases of the trees and very rarely above 2-3 feet from the ground.

These emergence holes were the only visible indications of beetle injury

on the trunk.

The larvae bore longitudinally through the heartwood, filling the

galleries with hard, compacted frass (fig. 2, upper) . Although the con-

dition of initially attacked trees is not known, the areas of larval boring

become necrotic and quite hard. Apparently after several successive

years of attack, the trees die and eventually fall over. The dead centers

of the trunks become reddish brown and filled with larval frass (fig. 1,

upper) . A number of trees had numerous longitudinal galleries in them.

These were very close to each other but never transecting. Infestation

apparently begins near ground level and proceeds up the trunk to about

halfway during successive years.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 81-86. April 1969

£2

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

Pupation occurs in the heartwood at the end of the larval gallery.

I he pupal chambers are constructed longitudinally and are about 40

r im long and 15 mm in diameter. The upper end of the chamber is

stuffed with very fine loose frass and the pupa is oriented with the head

toward the top of the tree (fig. 2, lower). Adult emergence is through

the thick bark out of round holes about 10 mm in diameter.

Mating behavior of freshly emerged adults was observed in the labora-

tory. A. nitidum is characterized by the very slow, sluggish movements

t)f the adults. During the day or in a brightly lighted room, the beetles

made no attempts at activity and remained motionless in niches and

crevices in the Joshua tree trunks (fig. 3, upper). Mating was induced

]iy darkening the room and placing the males and females next to each

((ther.

Upon contact the male exhibited signs of excitement and mounted

the female. She remained motionless and appeared to be unaware of

the male’s presence. The position of the male’s legs was as follows:

ihe hind legs around the female and on the substrate; the middle pair

vere positioned around the elytra and under in front of the middle legs

of the female; the front legs were on the female pronotum (fig. 3,

lower) . After assuming this position, the male backed down, extended

he penis and inserted it between the apical abdominal sclerites of the

emale. After joining, the male moved the apex of his abdomen slowly

and gently up and down. The body was gently rocked back and forth

also. The initial motions of the male were rather fast. These gradually

slowed down, almost ceasing for a brief time and became rapid again.

These motions consist of a series of short and gentle pullings by the

nale. In the first pair observed, the male pulsations were very slow

after about five minutes. After eight minutes, the motions quickened

For a period and ceased in about two minutes. The male withdrew his

genitalia at this time but remained on the female. During this entire

process the female remained motionless. If she was disturbed and

moved, the male immediately attempted to couple again. If he was suc-

cessful, the entire mating procedure was repeated. No palpating by

the male was observed but the mouthparts were placed on the female’s

pronotum when she moved.

Mating behavior was very similar both in action and duration in

Fig. 1. Upper: Cut away section of Yucca brevifolia showing dark, necrotic

center resulting from larval borings of Astromula nitidum. Lower: Full grown

larva of A. nitidum.

APRIL 1969] CHEMSAK — ASTROMULA NITIDUM HABITS

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 45, NO. 2

Fig. 2. Upper: Larva of 4. nitidum in gallery in trunk of Y. brevifolia. Lower:

Pupa and pupal chamber of A. nitidum in trunk of Y. brevifolia.

3ther pairs. All coupled again after a period of no activity and all re-

mained in the mating position for at least 20 minutes after disjoining.

Attempts to observe oviposition were unsuccessful. This was probably

due to the fact that A. nitidum is nocturnal or that the host material

APRIL 1969] CHEMSAK — ASTROMULA NITIDUM HABITS

Fig. 3. Upper: Adult of A. nitidum resting in bark crevice of Y. hrevifolia.

Lower: Mating position of A. nitidum before coupling.

was unacceptable. Judging from the locus of infestation in the field,

eggs are probably laid in crevices in the bark at the base of the host

trees. No immature larvae were found in any of the trees which sug-

gests a one year life cycle for the species. However, as is the case in

156

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

]iiany xerophytic species, some individuals do not emerge until the

r econd year.

Description of larva (fig. 1, lower). — Form robust, rather elongate; integu-

ment tough, shining, milky white. Head rectangularly rounded, slightly narrowed

it apical half; mouth frame heavily corneous, dark brown; labrum oblong rounded,

arownish hairs dense, erect, arranged in an arc over apical one-third; mandibles

: hort, stout, apex roxmded, inner face shallowly excavated, basal piece one-half

length of distal, outside face of distal piece smooth; antennae slender, first seg-

nent arising out of rather large fleshy lobes, third segment very small; ocelli large,

oaired, not enveloped by genae; ventral mouthparts heavily sclerotized, rather

lensely clothed with stiff setae; hypostoma shallowly transversely rugose; gula

anteriorly emarginate, about as long as broad; epistoma projecting over mandibles;

jides and edge of front with numerous long erect setae. Prothorax depressed, over

wice as hroad as long; hairs along lateral and apical margins dense, rather long,

lark golden; apical margin broadly sclerotized, interrupted at middle and sides;

pronotum much broader than long with a sparse band of long hairs along anterior

iiargin, surface shallowly rugose, median suture deep; prosternum rectangular,

broad, median line elevated, rather densely pubescent except for central basal

portion; meso and metasternum transversely, arcuately impressed. Legs rather

short, four segmented, two basal segments with a small tuft of erect setae on

inside. Abdomen with dorsal ampullae prominent, oval, marked by one lateral

and two transverse impressions; epipleurum non-protuberant. Spiracles oval, peri-

treme corneous.

Pupa. — Pronotum transversely, shallowly rugulose, anterior margin with a short

median impression, each side of impression with about 20 very small, seta-bearing

asperites, a small band of short setae also present on each side just before middle.

Abdomen dorsally with acute, recurved, sclerotized spines which increase in size

posteriorly, these arranged somewhat circularly, several spines present on eighth

segment.

The field assistance of J. A. Powell is gratefully acknowledged. These

studies were made during the course of National Science Foundation

Grant GB-4944X on North American Cerambycidae.

Literature Cited

Chemsak, j. a. and E. G. Linsley. 1965. New genera and species of North

American Cerambycidae. Pan-Pac. EntomoL, 41 : 141-153, 4 figs.

Tyson, W. H. 1966. Notes on reared Cerambycidae. Pan-Pac. EntomoL, 42;

201-207.

APRIL 1969]

THORP BOMBUS VANDYKEI IDENTITY

The Identity of Bomhus vandykei

(Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Robbin W. Thorp

Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis

The descriptions, sex association and discussion of color variation in

Bomhus (Pyrohomhus) vandykei (Prison) are presented at this time in

order to clarify the use of the name for subsequent publications in prep-

aration on the pollination of Clarkia (Onagraceae) and on the system-

atics and ecology of the Bombini of California.

Prison (1927) described Bomhus vandykei as a “new variety” of B.

flavifrons Cresson on the basis of two workers from Mt. Adams, Wash-

ington. He correctly recognized the affinities of his new variety to the

Plavifrons group, as well as the superficial similarities in color pattern

to both R. hifarius nearcticus Handlirsch and B. edwardsii Cresson.

Stephen (1957) elevated B. vandykei to specific rank after examining

an additional five workers and one queen all taken in northcentral

Oregon. His decision was based on several slight, but consistent, struc-

tural and color pattern differences and the lack of intergrades between

B. vandykei and variants of B. flavifrons. He suggested that B. vandykei

was more likely an “aberrant form” of B. caliginosus, and most closely

resembled certain “color variants” of this species from Riverside and

San Bernardino Counties, California.

Examination of Bombini in numerous collections in western North

America has produced a number of female specimens from California

and southern Oregon which bear a superficial color resemblance to the

color patterns found in B. vosnesenskii Radoszkowski and B. caliginosus

(Prison) and have been variously assigned by previous workers to

these two species. These specimens are the “color variants” of B.

caliginosus discussed by Stephen (1957). Prom females of both B.

vosnesenskii and B. caliginosus they may be readily separated by the

position of the band of yellow hairs on the metasoma. This band is on

tergum 4 in the former species and on tergum 3 in the “color variant”

females. It is my contention that these females are actually a southern

color form of B. vandykei. Recent field collections have not only con-

firmed this idea, but have allowed the association of these females with

the previously unknown male.

Bombus (Pyrobombus) vandykei (Prison)

Bremus flavifrons vandykei Prison, 1927: 375,

Bomhus vandykei, Stephen, 1957 : 106-109.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 87-96. April 1969

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

c o

c a

I'ombus caliginosus, Stephen (non Prison, 1927), 1957: 10(1-104. (females, in part,

misidentification. )

I'remus centralis var, monardae, Prison (non Cockerell and Porter, 1899), 1927:

372. (males, misidentification; distribution.)

I'omhus flavifrons dimidiatus, Stephen (non Ashmead, 1902), 1957: 92-95. (males,

in part, misidentification.)

Queens and Workers. — Ocelli located at supraorbital line; malar space 1.3 to

1.5 times as long as apical width; first flagellomere 1.5 times as long as third;

tegula black; wing dark brownish stained; nervures black. Vertex and face with

ling, dense, yellow hairs, each with few dark hairs peripherally. Gena with black

1 air. Thoracic dorsum with broad black interalar band; long, dense, yellow hair

cn scutum anterior to tegular, scutellum and pleura. Metasomal tergum 1 with

predominantly black hair, extreme lateral margins with some yellow hair; meta-

somal tergum 2 with predominantly black hair, extreme lateral and apical fringes

with yellow hair; metasomal tergum 3 with predominantly yellow hair, black

liair on basal third extending apically as narrow V-shaped interruption of yellow

liand; metasomal terga 4-6 with hair black. Apical fringes of metasomal sterna

2-5 with yellow hair. Legs with hair all black; corbicular fringe black. Sting

capsule with inner margin of second valvular ramus slightly notched, sting of

queen with pair of narrow elongate sclerotized plates in coxosternal fascia.

Males. — Ocelli located at supraorbital line; malar space approximately 1.6

imes as long as apical width ; first and third flagellomeres subequal in length ;

egula black; wing lightly stained with brown. Vertex and face with long, dense,

ellow hairs, each with few dark hairs peripherally. Gena with predominantly

ellow hair, few black hairs along outer margin of eye. Thoracic dorsum with

narrow, moderately distinct black interalar band behind tegula and across posterior

end of scutum; rest of scutum, scutellum and pleura with long, dense, yellow hair,

iorne black mixed peripherally on scutellum. Metasomal terga 1-4 with long, dense,

ellow hair; terga 5-7 with predominantly black hair, except extreme apicolateral

nargins fringed with yellow. Legs with hair on coxae, trochanters and femora

"ellow; tibiae and tarsi with hair predominantly rust-brown, except posterior fringe

of mid and hind tibiae with yellow hairs.

Male genitalia. — Apex of penis valve sickle-shaped and broadly dilated; gono-

stylus broader than long; seventh metasomal sternum shallowly medially emargi-

late apically with subapical fringes of long hairs on lateral lobes; eighth meta-

somal sternum hairy and trilobed apically with apex almost membranous and often

lent over with subapical margin shallowly medially emarginate.

Type material. — Holotype worker from Mt. Adams, Yakima Indian

Forest Reservation, Washington, 3,000 feet elevation, taken on 30 June

1925 by E. C. VanDyke is in the collection of the California Academy

of Sciences, San Francisco. A paratype worker with the same collection

Map 1. Geographic distribution of Bombus vandykei. Dots represent the paler

Qorthern female color form of the type; circles represent the darker southern

female color form; circles containing an X are localities represented by males only.

APRIL 1969 ]

THORP — BOMBUS VANDYKEI IDENTITY

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

c ata is in the collection of the Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana.

'^^'he description of the male is based on a specimen from Surin

( = Swim ? ) , near Government Camp, Mt. Hood, Oregon, taken on 25

July 1937 by E. C. VanDyke and in the collection of the California

/tcademy of Sciences.

Distribution. — This species occurs in the Cascade Ranges from

southcentral Washington to northeastern California, the Klamath

Ranges of southern Oregon and northern California, the eastern slope

c f the Sierra Nevada Ranges of California, the Transverse Ranges of

southern California and sparingly in the Coast Ranges of California

I Map 1). Material examined includes 247 males, 85 queens, and 216

1 , orkers from the following localities :

CALIFORNIA: Alameda Co.: Berkeley. Butte Co.: Chico and 12 miles N.E. ;

Jarboe Pass and 6.2 miles N.E. Calaveras Co.: Mokelumne Hill. Contra Costa

Co.: Lafayette. El Dorado Co.: Fallen Leaf Lake; Pilot Hill, 6 miles S. ; Placer-

\ille; Pollock Pines; Riverton; Snow Line Camp. Fresno Co.: Dunlap; Hunting-

tm Lake; Orange Cove, 4 miles N. ; Pinehurst, 2 miles E. ; Tollhouse and 1.5

1 riles N.W. and 2.3 miles E. ; Trimmer, 7 miles S.W. and 10 miles W. Glenn Co.:

iJder Springs, 7 miles E. Lassen Co.: Bridge Creek Camp. Los Angeles Co.: Bell

Canyon, San Dimas Experimental Forest; Claremont; Crystal Lake; Glendale;

Prairie Fork, San Gabriel Mountains; Tanbark Flat. Madera Co.: Lake Millerton;

San Joaquin Experimental Range. Mariposa Co.: Bagby, 17.3 miles N. ; Coulter-

ville, 5 miles W. ; Exchequer Dam and 4 miles W. ; Mariposa; Mariposa Grove,

^ miles E.S.E. ; Midpines Summit; Peregoy Meadows; Wawona; Yosemite Na-

tional Park, Camp Curry, and Valley, and Wawona Tunnel. Merced Co.: Hilmar.

Modoc Co.: Canby, 17 miles W. Mono Co.: Sonora Pass. Monterey Co.: Arroyo

^eco; Arroyo Seco Camp; Carmel; Limekiln Creek. Nevada Co.: Grass Valley;

Nevada City; Sagehen, near Hobart Mills. Placer Co.: Auburn and 10 miles S.E. ;

Dutch Flat; Foresthill and 5 miles W. ; Green Valley; Lake Forest, 0.5 miles

N. ; and Tahoe City. Plumas Co.: Blairsden; Greenville, 2 miles W. ; Johnson-

^ille; Lake Almanor; Quincy and 1.3 miles N. and 4 miles W. ; Taylorville.

Pdverside Co.: Riverside; Tahquitz Peak. Sacramento Co.: Andrus; Folsom and

10 miles N.E. ; Sacramento; Sherman Island. San Bernardino Co.: Barton Flats;

liear Flat, Mt. San Antonio, 5,500 feet; Big Bear City; Big Bear Valley, Pine

I 'rest Golf Course; City Creek Road; Dollar Lake Trail; Falls Public Camp-

ground; Fallsvale; Lake Baldwin; Lytle Creek; Mill Creek, 6,000 feet; Mojave

Iiiver above Deep Creek, Mojave Desert; San Bernardino Mountains, Little Mojave

River; Sugar Loaf Mountain; Vivian Creek Trail, 6,500-6,600 feet; Wildwood

(!anyon, 5 miles E. Calimesa. San Luis Obispo Co.: Atascadero, 5 miles W. ;

Santa Margarita, 5 miles N.E. Santa Barbara Co.: Cachuma County Park; Canada

c el Venadito ; Canon del Refugio ; San Marcos Ranch Headquarters, Santa Inez

Mountains; Santa Ynez Mountains. Santa Clara Co.: Alum Rock Park; Los

iLltos; Los Gatos; Mount Hamilton; Palo Alto; San Antonio Canyon; San Jose;

Stanford University. Shasta Co.: Cassel; Hat Creek Post Office; Hell Creek, 16

iiiles E. Trinity Center. Sierra Co.: Downieville; St. Charles Hill. Siskiyou Co.:

Bartle, 3 miles E. ; Deep Lake ; Etna, 2 miles N. ; Hilt, 17 miles W. ; Klamath

I liver P. 0., 6 and 15 miles E. ; Mount Shasta City ; Sky High Lake, Marble Moun-

APRIL 1969]

THORP BOMBUS VANDYKEI IDENTITY

tains; Yreka, 8 miles N. Sonoma Co.: Glenn Ellen; Petaluma; Sobre Vista.

Stanislaus Co.: La Grange. Trinity Co.: Carrville; Coffee Creek R. S., and 10

miles N. ; Nash Mine. Tulare Co.: Aukland; Fairview, 9 miles S. ; Kaweah;

Mineral King; Porterville; Sequoia National Park, 2,000-3,000 feet, and Ash

Mountain, and Potwisha, 2,000-5,000 feet; Springville; Three Rivers. Tuolumne

Co.: Camp Bob MacBride, Pinecrest, 5,400 feet; Columbia, and at Old Catholic

Church; Dodge Ridge; Eleanor Lake; Groveland, 6 miles E. ; Jacksonville, 2.5

miles W.; Mather; Pinecrest; Stanislaus River; 5 miles N.W. of Columbia; Straw-

berry; Tuolumne Camp; Twain Harte; Yosemite National Park, near Crane Flat.

Ventura Co.: Wheeler Springs, Ojai. OREGON: Benton Co.: Corvallis; Marys

Peak. Clackamas Co.: Surin (=Swim?), near Government Camp, Mt. Hood.

Douglas Co.: Azalea; Crystal Spring, 1 mile E. Lemolo Reservoir; Roseburg, 10

miles N.W. and 15 miles E., Whistler’s Bend; Siskiyou Summit near Oakland;

Spencer Creek near Smith River. Hood River Co.: Cloud Cap Inn, Coopers Spur,

Mount Hood, 6,000 feet; Parkdale. Jackson Co.: Butte Falls, and 11 miles W.;

Gold Hill; Gold Ray Dam; Griffin Creek; Laurelhurst State Park; Medford;

Mt. Ashland, 2 miles W. ; Siskiyou Pass; Talent, 2 miles E. ; Trail, 4 miles E.

Jefferson Co.: Warm Springs. Josephine Co.: Grants Pass. Klamath Co.: Beatty,

7 miles S.W. ; Bonanza, 5 miles N. ; Crater Lake National Park; Gearhart Moun-

tain; Keno Springs Ranch; Klamath Falls, Berkeley Springs, and Geary Canal,

and above Geary Ranch; Klamath River, 12 miles S.W. Keno. Lane Co.: Blue

River, Lucky Boy Camp; McKenzie Bridge. Wasco Co.: Mark A. Meyer Park

near The Dalles, 600 feet; Rowena. WASHINGTON: Yakima Co.: Mount Adams,

Yakima Indian Forest Reservation, 3,000 feet; Nile.

Flight season. — Queens may be found in almost any month from

late March to early October with peak records for the spring queens

being during April and for the overwintering queens being late June

and early July. Workers have been recorded from early March to early

September with most records in late June and early July. Males fly from

early May to early September reaching their peak in early July (fig. 1) .

Flower records. — Floral associations are available for 16 queens,

62 workers, and 69 males. The records include flowers from 15 families

and 34 genera. Flower records for queens are mostly with Labiatae

(3), Leguminosae (3), Hydrophyllaceae (2), and Saxifragaceae (2);

those for the workers are predominantly with Leguminosae (16) , Hydro-

phyllaceae (14), Labiatae (12), and Scrophulariaceae (8); those for

the males are primarily with Onagraceae (20), Compositae (18), Legu-

minosae (15), and Labiatae (11). The following records are listed

alphabetically with the number and sex of the specimens associated:

Berberidaceae: Berberis aquifolium Pursch., 1 $. Boraginaceae: Amsinckia

sp. 1 Compositae: Anaphalis margritacea (L.) Beth. & Hook., Id ; Aster sp.,

1 ^ , 5 d ; Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt., 1 $ ; Cichorium intybus L., 3 ^ ,

1 d ; Cirsium sp., 6 d ; Grindelia sp., 1 d ; Senecio douglasii DC., 3 d ; Taraxacum

sp., 1 2. Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos sp., 1 2- Hydrophyllaceae: Eriodictyon sp.,

2 ^ ; E. calif ornicum (H. & A.) Torr., 1 ^ ; E. trichocalyx Heller, 1 ^ ; Phacelia

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

70-

Fig 1. Seasonal distribution of the castes of Bombus vandykei from March to

C'ctober with collection records combined into semimonthly segments.

sp., 9$ ; P. alba, 1 $ ; P. grandiflora (Benth.) Gray, 1$, 1^. Hypericaceae:

Pypericum formosum HBK var. scouleri (Hook.) Coult., 1 ^ ; H. perforatum L.,

1 Labiatae: Agastache urticifolia (Benth.) Kuntze, 2 1 $; Monardella

sp., 25 , 1 ^ ; Salvia carduacea Benth., 1 9 ; S. columbariae Benth., 1 $ ; S.

smomensis Greene, 1 $,69; Stachys albens Gray, 19,9^; S. rigida Nutt, ex

I enth., 19- Leguminosae: Cercis occidentalis Torr. ex Gray, 2 9 ; Lotus sp.,

1 $ ; L. scoparius (Nutt, in T. & G.) Ottley, 1 $ ; Lupinus albifrons Benth., 1 $,

1 9 ; Trifolium pratense L., 1 $ , 8 9 , 9 ; T. variegatum Nutt., 3 9,5^; T.

v'ormskioldii Lehm., 1 9 ; Vida sp., 1 9- Liliaceae; Calochortus sp., 1 $. Mal-

vaceae: Althaea fidfolia Cav., 1 9- Onagraceae: Clarkia biloba (Durand) Nels.

& Macbr., SS; C. dudleyana (Abrams) Macbr., ; C. unguiculata Lindl., 39,

13 ; C. rhomboidea Dough, 1 $ ; Epilobiuni sp., 2 Polygonaceae: Eriogonum

S D., 1 $. Rosaceae: Pyrus sp., 1 $ ; Rubus sp., 1 ^ ; R. parviflorus Nutt., 1 9-

S AxiFRAGACEAE : Ribes sp., 2 $. Scrophulariaceae: Collinsia concolor Greene,

1 9 ; Linaria sp., 1 $ ; Penstemon sp., 1 $ , 1 9 , 1 ^ ; P- brevifloris Lindl., 2 9 >

1 ^ ; P. palmeri Gray, 19;^- richardsonii Dough 3 9 •

APRIL 1969]

THORP — BOMBUS VANDYKEI IDENTITY

Systematics

Bomhus vandykei belongs to the Flavifrons group of Pyrobomhus

which includes B. flavifrons, B. centralis Cresson, B. caliginosus, B.

vagans F. Smith and their varieties in California, Oregon and southern

Washington. Within this group it appears most closely related to B.

caliginosus. It may be separated from the above species by the charac-

ters in the following key:

Females - 1

Males 6

1. Metasomal terga 3 and 4 with reddish hair 2

Metasomal terga 3 and 4 with yellow or black hair 3

2. Scutum anterior to tegula with black and yellow hair intermixed giving

clouded appearance flavifrons flavifrons Cresson

Scutum anterior to tegula with yellow hair only centralis Cresson

3. Metasomal tergum 1 with yellow hair 4

Metasomal tergum 1 with black hair 5

4. Face with black hair; thoracic dorsum with yellow hair, except for median

patch of black; metasomal terga 1 and 2 with yellow hair

vagans F. Smith

Face with grayish -yellow hair; thoracic dorsum with broad black interalar

band, some black hair intermixed over anterior face of scutum and

scutellum; metasomal terga 1 and 2 with black hair centrally

flavifrons dimidiatus Ashmead

5. Metasomal tergum 3 with yellow hairs apically; tergum 4 with black

hair vandykei (Frison)

Metasomal tergum 3 with hairs black; tergum 4 with predominantly yel-

low hair caliginosus (Frison)

6. Metasomal terga 3 and 4 with reddish hair 7

Metasomal terga 3 and 4 with yellow or black hair 8

7. Interalar band usually distinct laterally to wing base; scutum anterior to

base of tegula with yellow hair, little or no black intermixed

centralis Cresson

Interalar band obscure, abundant light hair intermixed laterally; scutum

anterior to wing base with some black hair intermixed, often giving sur-

face clouded appearance flavifrons flavifrons Cresson

8. Metasomal terga 1-3 with two or more segments bearing yellow hair 9

Metasomal terga 1-3 with black hair only caliginosus (Frison)

9. Metasomal terga 3 and 4 with black hair, at least basally with at most only

small fringes of yellow hair apicolaterally 10

Metasomal terga 3 and 4 with all yellow hair, rarely with few black hairs

medioapically on tergum 4 vandykei (Frison)

10. Metasomal terga 3-7 with black hair vagans F. Smith

Metasomal terga 3-7 with at least some segments bearing yellow hair

peripherally flavifrons dimidiatus Ashmead

I have not found any distinguishing characters for members of this

group in male genitalia or female sting. As in other members of the

9i THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

group, B. vandykei exhibits considerable color variation in and between

populations throughout its geographic range. The descriptions above

are based on the type worker and male from southern Washington and

northern Oregon.

The principal color variation in females of this species is due to the

r ^placement of yellow hair by black hair on the thoracic pleura, scutel-

lum and the lateral margins of metasomal terga 1 and 2 and the apex

cf tergum 2. This is the principal color form of B. vandykei in southern

C>regon and throughout California. A few workers from these popula-

t ons retain the apicolateral yellow fringes on the second metasomal

tergum. The color pattern of southern females places them in the

mimetic complex which includes: B. caliginosus, B. vosnesenskii and

F. californicus F. Smith as well as two species of Psithyrus. Bomhus

landykei is not abundant in the coastal areas where B. caliginosus

c ccurs, it is most abundant in collections from the Transverse Mountain

Ranges of southern California and along the western foothills of the

Sierra Nevada below 6,000 feet in elevation.

Most of the males in Southern Oregon and California possess the

same color pattern as the male from near Mt. Hood, Oregon. These

^'ere, in part, assigned by Stephen (1957) to B. flavifrons dimidiatus

/Lshmead. Earlier determinations by Frison (1927) assigned males of

B. vandykei from California to B. centralis monardae Cockerell and

I’orter. The “5. centralis^^ recorded by Stephen (1957) from western

e nd southern California are also males of B. vandykei. This color vari-

ant of B. centralis was described from northern New Mexico and I have

not seen any valid specimens from California. Fresh males of B.

vandykei possess brilliant lemon-yellow pile as opposed to the more

straw-yellow hairs in other males of the Flavifrons group.

A few males from California exhibit additional darkening through

the replacement of yellow hairs with black hairs on the scutellum. A

laale from Bear Flat and another from Lake Baldwin have mostly

])lack hairs on the scutellum, except apically, and medially on metasomal

terga 1 to 3. A male from near Bagby, Mariposa County, California

lias additional areas of dark hairs completely replacing the yellow on

1 he metapleura, metasomal tergum 1 and basally on terga 2 and 4. Two

males from near Tollhouse, Fresno County, and Grass Valley, Nevada

County are darker with the pleura almost completely covered with black

hair except for an anterior fringe of yellow, the dorsum of the thorax

posterior to the tegulae and metasomal tergum 1 are completely covered

vith black hair, metasomal tergum 2 has only an apicolateral fringe of

, ellow hair, metasomal tergum 3 has considerable black hair intermixed

APRIL 1969]

THORP BOMBUS VANDYKEI IDENTITY

with the yellow basally and metasomal terga 4 and 5 have yellow only

on the extreme lateral margins the rest of these segments being covered

with black hair. Typical males predominate in all these localities.

One male labeled “Imperial Co., Calif.” and assigned by Stephen

(1957) to B. centralis belongs to B. vandykei, but the locality is doubtful.

Discussion

Although the present paper attempts to clarify the variations in color

and to associate the sexes of B. vandykei, its taxonomic rank in the Flavi-

frons group of Bomhus cannot at this point be determined. The entire

Flavifrons group contains a number of taxa variously recognized as

species, subspecies and color variants. The taxa recognized as species

and subspecies are for the most part allopatric. In addition there appear

to be no consistent morphological features other than patterns of hair

color which will allow separation of the various taxa. Structural features

in the females such as: the malar spaces being longer than their apical

widths, the first flagellomere being longer than the third, the paired

elongate sclerotized plates in the coxosternal fascia of the sting of the

queens; and in the males: the sickle-shaped, broadly dilated apex of

the penis valve with a distinctly serrate basolateral margin in the genital

capsule, and the shape of the apex of the eighth metasomal sternum; are

characteristics of the entire group which allow easy separation from

other species groups in the subgenus Pyrobombus, but are not diagnostic

within the Flavifrons group. The range of structural variation within

and between populations of any taxon completely overlaps the reported

differences between the taxa presently designated as species.

The figures of male genitalia and seventh and eighth ventral plates

of B. flavifrons, B. centralis, B. caliginosus and B. vagans in Stephen

(1957) exhibit the range of differences within the Flavifrons group.

However, the subtle differences between species expressed in these

diagrams do not hold. The serrate basolateral margins of the head of

the penis valve is reputed to be diagnostic for B. vagans according to

Stephen (1957). But I find this character in the penis valves of all the

species of the Flavifrons group, as well as in other North American

Pyrobombus, Cullumanobombus, Separatobombus and F raternobombus .

The figures of the eighth ventral plates in Stephen (1957) indicate

greater variation than really exists unless the situation is clearly under-

stood and closely examined. His figure for B. caliginosus is typical for

the group. But the trilobed or at least medially acutely pointed apex is

thin and almost membranous and is frequently folded over. The result-

ing subapical margin is truncate or shallowly emarginate medially. This

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

condition is figured by Stephen (1957) for B. flavifrons and B. centralis.

Thus, the separation of these taxa is dependent on differences in

color pattern. In areas where their distribution overlap integradation

in color patterns occurs between some of the taxa. Stephen (1957)

mentions the occurrence of intergrades between the subspecies of B.

jlavifrons, B. /. flavifrons, and B. f. dimidiatus, pointing out that the

lypical forms of these taxa predominate. He also states, “A great num-

]»er of specimens from eastern slopes of the Cascades in southern Oregon

end northeastern California could be either /. flavifrons or centralis,

]»ut the blending of diagnostic characters applicable to northern popu-

lations of the 2 species makes separation impossible.” Bombus f.

dimidiatus and B. vagans are phenotypically similar, but can be sepa-

rated by the characters used in the key above. Females of B. vandykei

Irom southern Oregon and California are phenotypically similar to

ihose of B. caliginosus except for the position of the yellow band on the

inetasomal dorsum as indicated in the key. Males of B. vandykei exhibit

rome resemblances in color to the lighter males of B. f. dimidiatus, but

they always have the third metasomal tergum completely covered with

^^'■ellow hair, while the latter possess some black hairs at least basally

on this segment. In addition the fourth tergum in B. vandykei never

attains the extensive coverage of black hairs which are found in the

lightest males of B. f. dimidiatus.

At our present state of knowledge it is not possible to satisfactorily

solve the systematic position of the various taxa of the Flavifrons group.

Additional species, B. pleuralis Nylander and B. frigidus F. Smith, and a

number of varietal and subspecific designates of the species in this group

have not been discussed here since they are not in the geographic range

of B. vandykei. In order to clarify the limits and rank of the various

axa, we will need more extensive field collections and ecological studies

rom areas of sympatry among populations of the taxa, detailed biologi-

cal studies, laboratory colonizations and controlled cross matings.

Literature Cited

PRISON, T. H. 1927. Records and descriptions of western bumblebees (Bremidae).

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., 16 (12) : 365-380.

Stephen, W. P. 1957. Bumble bees of western America (Hymenoptera: Apoidea).

Oreg. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull., 40: 1-163.

APRIL 1969] WIRTH & BLANTON NEW NEARCTIC PARADASYHELEA 97

A New Nearctic Species of the Genus Paradasyhelea Macfie

(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)^

Willis W. Wirth and Franklin S. Blanton

Entomology Research Division, Agr. Res. Serv., USD A" and

Department of Entomology, University of Florida, Gainesville

The genus Paradasyhelea has been known until now from only four

species restricted to the southern part of the Southern Hemisphere:

The type species D. brevipalpis (Ingram and Macfie) from Patagonia,

P. egregria (Macfie) from New Zealand, and P. albipunctata Wirth

and Lee and P. minuta Wirth and Lee from Australia. On a recent col-

lecting trip to the Pacific Northwest one of us had the good fortune to

pick up a fine series of an undescribed species belonging to this genus.

This new North American record extends the range of the genus in a

most unexpected and remarkable manner.

Instances of taxa with distributions mainly in the “Southern End of

the World” (Darlington, 1965) but with one or a few species on the

Pacific Coast of North America are extremely rare and of consequent

great zoogeographic interest. One example is the genus Bequaertomyia

with one Pacific Coast species (Philip, 1965), the only member of the

family Pelecorhynchidae found outside Australia (27 species) and

southern Chile (5 species) (Hennig, 1960). The genus Parochlus in

the chironomid subfamily Podonominae has 44 species in the temperate

parts of the Southern Hemisphere but only one in the northern part of

the Holarctic Region (Brundin, 1966). We have recently found a new

species of the biting midge genus Leptoconops in southern California

greatly resembling the species in the subgenus Styloconops found in

Australia, New Zealand, and the Oriental Region. The Pelecorhynchidae

and Podonominae are cold-adapted groups resembling Paradasyhelea

in distribution patterns, while Styloconops is warm-adapted with dis-

tribution accordingly. Whether the groups mentioned are “relicts” of

previously widespread ancestors of northern origin, or originated in the

south and are present in the north as “immigrants” (terminology from

Darlington, 1965, p. 153 and elsewhere) is still a moot question with

little data from animals as ancient as insects to form a basis for con-

clusions.

Paradasyhelea seems to be a relict ceratopogonid of an extremely

annectent type with characters cutting across three subfamily lines. It

1 This investigation was supported in part by U. S. Army Contract No. DA-49-193-MD-2177.

-Mail address: c/o U. S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 97-100. April 1969

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

lesembles Forcipomyia (subfamily Forcipomyiinae) in the vestiture of

the wings, oblique r-m crossvein, broadly separated eyes, presence of

scattered, slender, byaline, sensory pegs on the antenna, and in structure

of the male basistyles and parameres. It resembles Dasyhelea (sub-

family Dasyheleinae ) in the slender 3-4 segmented palpus, hairy eyes,

short proboscis with rudimentary mouthparts, presence of basal verticils

on all of antennal segments three to fifteen, male antenna with last four

segments elongated, and the shape of the apicolateral processes of the

male genitalia. It resembles Culicoides (subfamily Ceratopogoninae)

m the presence of well-developed humeral pits, presence of minute distal

liensory pits bordered by fine setae on certain antennal segments, distal

antennal segment without terminal papilla, and the V-shaped or Y-shaped

aedeagus. It differs from all these genera by having both radial cells

obliterated and tbe costa extending less than halfway to wing tip.

Genus Paradasyhelea Macfie

^aradasyhelea Macfie, 1940, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 34: 17. Type-species,

Dasyhelea egregria Macfie (by original designation) .

Wirth and Lee (1959) reviewed the genus with a diagnosis of the

male, female, and pupa, and a table comparing the four known species,

;o which the reader is referred for a full discussion of the genus.

Paradasyhelea olympiae Wirth and Blanton, new species

(Figs. 1-5)

Female. — Wing length 0.82 mm. Head-. Brown. Eyes broadly separated, with

dense, fine, interf acetal hairs. Antenna (fig. 3) with lengths of flagellar segments

in proportion of 25-15-15-15-15-15-15-16-18-20-23-25-36; proximal segments slightly

longer than broad, gradually becoming longer and slenderer through eleventh;

three distal segments stouter, each a little more than twice as long as broad; only

third segment bearing a pair of small sensory pits bordered by minute setae. Only

three distinct palpal segments (fig. 2), the first (primitive third) about as long

as distal two combined, bearing a small round distal pit containing a few long-

stalked hyaline sensilla. Thorax: Shining brownish black; scutum with sparse

vestiture of long, suberect, brownish hairs; scutellum with four long bristly hairs.

Legs yellowish brown, with sparse vestiture of short hairs; hind tibial comb with

five spines, the second from the spur longest; hind basitarsus 2.2 as long as

second tarsomere; claws short and sharp, nearly straight, a minute, branched

empodium present. Wing (fig. 4) : Uniformly grayish brown, with rather long,

fine, decumbent, brown hairs, dense distally but sparse on proximal portion of

wing; costa extending to 0.47 of wing length; radial cells obliterated. Halter

grayish. Abdomen: Pale brown. One retort-shaped spermatheca (fig. 1) present,

the large distal end directed caudad, the spermatheca thus bent back along the

slender neck at base of the duct; spermatheca relatively large, measuring 0.058

by 0.038 mm.

APRIL 1969] WIRTH & BLANTON NEW NEARCTIC PARADASYHELEA 99

Figs. 1-5. Paradasyhelea olympiae Wirth & Blanton. Fig. 1. Female spermatheca.

Fig. 2. Female palpus. Fig. 3. Female antenna. Fig. 4. Female wing. Fig. 5.

genitalia, ventral view

Male.^ — Similar to the female with the usual sexual differences; antennal plumes

well developed, distal three antennal segments elongate, in proportion of 62-44-44.

Genitalia (fig. 5) : Ninth sternum with moderately deep caudomedian excavation,

the ventral membrane spiculate for half the height of aedeagal arch; ninth tergum

long and tapering, with well separated, large, angular, apicolateral processes, the

eaudal margin between them nearly straight. Basistyle moderately stout, inner

margin with sharp dorsomesal process directed toward and nearly meeting the

triangular, well-sclerotized, median sclerite of parameres; dististyle with stout

base, distal portion slightly curved, tapering to quite slender, pointed tip. Aedeagus

V-shaped, basal arms nearly straight, the basal arch extending to about two-thirds

of total length of aedeagus; distal process pointed, with a few fine subapical

spicules and a pair of short, blackish, sharp-margined lips on ventral side proximad

of the spicules.

Types. — Holotype female, allotype male, on slides, Elwha River,

Olympic National Park, Washington, 6 July 1968, W. W. Wirth,

swept from boggy seepage area in open forest near Lake Mills (Type

no. 70340, USNM). Paratypes, 21 males, 2 females pinned; 37 males,

11 females on slides; same data as type. Paratypes will be deposited in

the U. S. National Museum, Washington; British Museum (Natural

History), London; California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco,

and the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

Discussion. — Paradasyhelea olympiae, although agreeing well in the

generic characters of the male genitalia with the four known species,

differs from all of them in the shape of the apicolateral processes of the

ninth tergum, the aedeagus, and the median sclerite of the parameres.

J^emales are known of only the two Australian species; P. olympiae

iiffers from both of them in the shape of the spermatheca, in the com-

rlete reduction of the palpal segments proximad of the one bearing the

sensory pit, in the less hairy wings, in the shorter female antennal seg-

iients, and by the only slight lengthening of segment twelve in the male

antenna.

Literature Cited

Brundin, L. 1966. Transantarctic relationships and their signifieance, as evi-

denced by chironomid midges vfith a monograph of the subfamilies

Podonominae and Aphroteniinae and the Austral Heptagyiae. Kgl.

Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl., Band 11, Nr. 1, 472 pp., 30 plates.

Darlington, P. J., Jr. 1965. Biogeography of the Southern End of the World.

236 pp. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.

Hennig, W. 1960. Die Dipteren-Fauna von Neuseeland als systematisches und

tiergeographisches Problem. Beitr. EntomoL, 10: 221-329. (translation

by P. Wygodzinsky in Pacific Insects Monograph 9: 1-81, 1966).

Philip, C. B. 1965. Family Pelecorhynchidae. p. 319. In Stone, et al. A catalog

of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. U. S. Dep. Agr. Handb.

276, 1696 pp.

WiRTH, W. W., AND D. J. Lee. 1959. The genus Paradasyhelea Macfie, with

descriptions of two new species from eastern Australia (Diptera:

Ceratopgonidae) . Bull. Brooklyn EntomoL Soc., 54: 114-121.

Taxonomic Notes on Nitidulidae of California

(Coleoptera)

Alan R. Gillogly

University of California, Riverside

In my studies of the nitidulids of California, two items of taxonomic

importance have come to my attention. The first of these is an error in

synonymy, and the second is the presence of an undescribed species in

the southwestern United States.

The genus Cateretes Herbst is represented in California by two sub-

species placed under the name Cateretes pennatus (Murray) by Dr. Hatch

in 1961. Although I agree with the subspecific status of these, I believe

that the resulting specific name should be the older Cateretes sericans

(LeConte), and that the subspecies should be called Cateretes sericans

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 100-102. April 1969

APRIL 1969]

GILLOGLY- — NOTES ON NITIDULIDAE

101

sericans (LeConte, 1859) and Cater etes sericans pennatus (Murray,

1864) .

The new species belongs to the genus Colopterus Erichson, bringing

to seven the number of known species in the United States. Two of these,

including the new species, occur in California.

Colopterus testaceus A. R. Gillogly, new species

Male (holotype ) . — Oblong oval, moderately depressed, testaceous, pubescence

thick, golden. Head coarsely punctate, punctures oblong, separated by one-third

diameter or less, intervals between punctures reticulate; terminal segment of anten-

nae acutely angled at apex.

Prothorax width at widest point to length at midline as 1.9 to 1, apex shallowly

emarginate, base feebly bisinuate ; sides of prothorax arcuate, most strongly in basal

third, widest at basal third; ciliate laterally, forming band as wide as widest part

of third antennal segment; hind angles broadly rounded, not projecting backward.

Disk of pronotum shallowly punctate, punctures oblong, distinctly separated by

one-half to one puncture diameter, intervals between punctures mixed reticulate

and transversely alutaceous. Scutellum moderately punctate, impunctate in apical

fifth, punctures separated by at least one-half diameter, intervals between punc-

tures transversely alutaceous, apex evenly, narrowly rounded.

Elytra closely, serially punctate and setose, intervals between punctures finely

reticulate; lateral margins eiliate, apices broadly rounded, sutural angles obtusely

rounded. Abdominal tergites sparsely punctate and setose, each puncture with a

small, seta-bearing granule at anterior end, intervals between punctures retieulate.

Pygidium truncate at apex, very shallowly emarginate at middle of hind margin.

Prosternum sparsely punctate, anterior one-half almost impunctate in middle,

intervals between punctures alutaceous. Prosternal process between coxae bearing

a number of strong setae. Abdominal sternites obsoletely, shallowly ptmctate,

densely setose, each seta on a small, raised granule, intervals between granules

mostly reticulate, almost transversely alutaceous near midline of each sternite.

Hypopygidium shallowly emarginate, distinctly sinuate; lateral margins with

seven small spines on left side and nine on right side. Length 3.7 mm, width 2.0

mm.

Female {allotype ). — Differs from holotype in the following respects: disk of

pronotum slightly more closely punctate, apex of scutellum broadly rounded, apex

of pygidium broadly rounded, hypopygidium not emarginate; length 4.0 mm, width

2.0 mm.

Holotype male. Sycamore Canyon, Atasco Mts., Arizona, 22 May

1954, bait trap, G. D. Butler. Allotype female same data as holotype.

Paratypes, 14 males, 7 females: Arizona: 1 male, 1 female, same data as holotype;

1 female, Arivaipa, 25 August 1933, Bryant; 1 male, Canelo, 10 July 1957, G. D.

Butler; 1 female, Chiricahua Mts., Cochise Co., 3.5 mi. S.W. Portal, 5000 ft.,

13 August 1952, H. B. Leech; 1 male, 2 females, Cochise Stronghold, Dragoon Mts.,

U.V. light trap, 21 July 1961; 4 males. Globe, rotten watermelon, 7 October 1949,

F. H. Parker; 1 male, Graham Mts., Moon Creek, bait, 8 July 1955, G. Butler and

F. Werner; 1 male Hk. Hwy. mi. 5, Santa Catalina Mts., U.V. lite, 11 August 1961,

]02

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

T7erner and Nutting; 1 male, 1 female, Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., 5000 ft.,

U.V. lite and trap, 18-23 June 1962, F. Werner; 1 male, Patagonia, Santa Cruz Co.,

iO May 1955, G. Butler; 1 male, Santa Rita Mts., 5-6, Hubbard and Schwarz; 1

lemale, 9 mi. east Superior, 23 July 1956, Butler and Gerhardt. California: 1 male,

( .4 mi. S. E. Houser Creek Public Camp near Campo, San Diego Co., el. 1800 ft.,

August 1965, R. Somerby and B. Ruge. Utah: 1 male, Leeds Cyn., Washington

Co., light trap, 14 August 1961, G. F. Knowlton.

Additional specimens referred to this species: Mexico: 1 male, 1 female, 44 mi.

IJ. E. Villa Union, Sinaloa, el. 4400 ft., 9 July 1962, E. Sleeper, R. Anderson, A.

Hardy, R. Somerby.

The holotype and allotype have been deposited in the California

Academy of Sciences, and paratypes have been placed in the following

collections: California State College at Long Beach, A. R. Gillogly,

R. Gillogly, C. T. Parsons, United States National Museum, University

of Arizona, University of California at Berkeley, and University of

California at Davis.

The variation in the paratype series is limited, as follows: form

oblong oval to elongate oval; pronotal punctures from one-third to one

liameter apart; elytral apices occasionally slightly obliquely rounded;

nale pygidium sometimes shallowly emarginate; prosternum sparsely

o moderately punctate in middle; spines on margin of hypopygidium

sometimes very small, worn, variable in number; apex of female scutel-

lum narrowly to broadly rounded; color from light testaceous to casta-

tieous; male length 2.9-4.4 mm, width 1.7— 2.2 mm; female length 2.9-

4.0 mm, width 1. 7-2.2 mm.

C. testaceus is most similar to C. unicolor (Say) from the eastern

United States, but can be distinguished by its serially punctate and setose

elytra, and the broadly rounded hind angles of the pronotum. From

C. truncatus (Randall), the most common western species, C. testaceus

can be separated by its serially punctate and setose elytra, broadly

rounded elytral apices, and lack of maculation.

Literature Cited

Hatch, M. H. 1961. The Beetles of the Pacific Northwest, Part HI: Pselaphidae

and Diversicornia I. University of Washington Press, Seattle, 503 pp.

(specifically, pp. 127-128).

LeConte, J. L. 1859. Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 69.

Murray, A. 1864. Monograph of the family Nitidulariae. Trans. Linn. Soc.

London, 24, p. 235.

APRIL 1969]

MAYO THRAULODES SPECIOSUS NYMPH

103

Nymph of Thraulodes speciosus Traver with Notes

on a Symbiotic Chironomid

( Ephemeroptera : Leptophlebiidae)

Velma Knox Mayo

Tucson, Arizona

Rustler Park, altitude 8,000 to 9,000 feet on the east side of the

Chiricahua mountains of Arizona is the type locality of the adults of

Thraulodes speciosus Traver. Near there, at an altitude of 5,400 feet at

the Southwestern Research Station of the American Museum of Natural

History in Cochise County, five miles west of Portal, Arizona, the

nymphs of this species were found in abundance and reared as follows :

one female imago, 25 June 1960; one male and one female imago, 10

July 1960; two female subimagos, 26 July 1960. They were the most

common mayfly nymph in the region.

Thraulodes speciosus Traver

(Figs. 1-17, 19-25)

Nymph (fig. 1). — Length: body 8-9 mm; caudal filaments 15-16 mm. General

color brown on dorsal surface. Head: color brown mottled with dark brown;

midline pale; epicranial suture white; ocelli white with wide black crescent at

base; area between medial ocellus and lateral ocelli dark brown; dark brown

around bases of antennae; first two segments brown, other segments pale yellow

basally, brown distally. Antennae twice as long as width of head. Mouthparts

(figs. 2-5, 7, 11). Labrum and mandibles prominent from dorsal view. Maxillae

with dense, thick brush of bright rust hairs (fig. 11) ; ventromedially with row

of about 14 large, toothed spines, inner margin with long, single row of pale

hairs; labrum (fig. 7) with apical margin slightly emarginate, with 5 small

crenulations. Thorax: pronotum brown with variable pattern of dark brown

streaks; posterior border pale yellow with pale area extending anteriorly at

midline; pale areas along anterior and lateral borders; anterior border slopes

rearward laterally; short hairs along anterior lateral borders. Intersegmental areas

of thorax pale yellow. Mesonotum dark brown, darker than pronotum, mottled

with lighter brown laterally; long, pale yellow, prominent U-shaped mark at

midline (fig. 1) ; midline pale. Scutellum yellow between wing pads; suture

between scutum and scutellum marked with wide dark reddish-brown streak

extending on either side of midline laterally and anteriorly to base of each wing

pad; large yellow spot on base of each wing pad with black spot at lateral pos-

terior corner; hind wing pads on metanotum covered by forewing pads. Thoracic

pleuron sclerites dark brown, some with black borders; unsclerotized areas

yellow. Legs paler than body, with fringe of fine, long pale hairs along postero-

lateral margins of coxae, and along outer margins of femora and tibiae; femora

and tibiae with heavy, reddish-brown spines among marginal hairs; coxae dark

brown with small black patch basally and black along posterolateral margin;

trochanters brown, paler than coxae; femur I with a gray to black spot dorso-

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 103-112. April 1969

]04

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. 45, NO. 2

Fig. 1. Thraulodes speciosus Traver, female nymph. Fig. la. Gill

APRIL 1969] MAYO THRAULODES SPECIOSUS NYMPH

105

medially near base (figs. 20, 21) ; some specimens with light brown area medi-

ally with yellow area anterior and posterior to this spot, other specimens with

light brown area over entire femur except for pale strip along posteriorapical

border; femora II and III lacking black spot near base, with yellow strip along

anterior border extending medially near base, and yellow area along posterior

border as in femur I (figs. 19, 22, 23) ; some specimens with two more extensive

yellow areas separated by light brown medially; specimens with more extensive

brown areas most common; pale areas variable from side to side on some nymph;

tibia I yellow with black band apically, narrowly margined with reddish-brown;

tibiae II and III yellow, narrowly penciled with reddish-brown dorsobasally ; all

tarsi pale to dark brown except for pale yellow basal one-fifth, narrowly margined

with reddish brown at base; denticles and tips of all claws reddish-brown. Spines

on legs: dorsal surface of trochanters with three groups of grooved spines (figs.

8, 9) : longitudinal row on side that attaches to femur, oblique row parallel to

posterior margin that attaches to coxa, and a group near dorsal margin; all

grooved spines probably pinnate; trochanter I with from 6-10 spines in longi-

tudinal row, from 7-8 in oblique row and from 0-4 in group near dorsal margin;

trochanter II with from 4-9 in longitudinal row, from 4-7 in oblique row, and

from 1-4 in dorsal margin group (figs. 8, 9) ; trochanter III with from 4-8 in

longitudinal row, 0-1 in oblique row, 0-1 in dorsal margin group. All femora

with short, grooved fairly blunt-tipped spines (fig. 17) irregularly spaced over

dorsal surface, except femur I with spineless area near base; outer border with

long spines among hairs, some spines slightly narrowed near tip, spine tips

widened and somewhat spoon-shaped or spatulate, some long spines appear sharper

at tips, not spatulate; femur I with fewer spines along outer border than femora

II and III, with single row of pinnate spines on dorsobasal one-third near outer

border, some specimens show these among hairs; without spines on ventral sur-

face; ventral surfaces of femora II and III, between midline and inner border

with small comb-like pinnate spines slightly curved with spinelets on inner side

only (fig. 15) occurring in irregular rows about 3-5 deep, all spines curved and

pointed uniformly. Tibiae and tarsi, leg I: tibia with 3-4 irregular rows of

many coarsely pinnate spines crowded together (fig. 16) along entire inner

border, with even row of long pinnate spines (fig. 24) dorsoposteriorly, apical

inner corner of tibia with cluster of both types of spines with pinnate spines longer

than border spines and curved inward (fig. 25) ; ventral surface of tarsus near

midline with 5-7 short pinnate spines and one coarsely pinnate spine; ventral

apical margin of tarsus with blade-like spine (fig. 12), claw with 6-7 large

denticles and 4-5 minute basal ones (as in fig. 6) ; tibiae and tarsi leg II: tibia with

one long pinnate spine on ventral apical margin and eight smaller pinnate spines

along midline; tarsus with three nonpinnate spines; claws with seven large den-

ticles and six minute basal ones; (one specimen tibia with one long and one

short pinnate spine on apical margin near inner border) ; four pinnate spines

along midline, seven nonpinnate spines along inner border; tarsus with blade-like

spine (fig. 12) on apical border and five additional small nonpinnate spines;

tibiae and tarsi, leg III: tibia with five to seven pinnate spines across ventral

apical margin (fig. 10), thirteen specimens with five spines across, two with six,

and one with seven, one long nonpinnate sturdy spine in same row at one end,

one specimen with twenty eight long pinnate spines along two-thirds of shaft

from near midline to outer border on one specimen, not in rows, but irregular;

1D6

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

Figs. 2-17. Thraulodes speciosus. Fig. 2. Left mandible. Fig. 3. Right man-

c ible. Fig. 4. Hypopharynx. Fig. 5. Labium. Fig. 6. Claw from leg III. Fig. 7.

Labrum. Fig. 8. Trochanter, leg I. Fig. 9. Trochanter, leg II. Fig. 10. Ventral

APRIL 1969] MAYO THRAULODES SPECIOSUS NYMPH

107

eighteen specimens with from thirteen to thirty pinnate spines along two-thirds of

shaft, tarsus with five small nonpinnate spines and one long blade-like spine at

apical ventral border (fig. 12) ; claws with average of seven large denticles and six

minute ones nearer base; of twenty seven specimens: four with five denticles,

eight with six, eleven with seven, four with eight, all with three to seven minute

denticles near base. Abdomen: few specimens with abdominal tergite 1 yellow to

pale brown, some specimens with tergites 1-3 yellow to pale brown; most specimens

with tergites brown except for tergites 4-5 and 9; tergites 4-5 of most specimens

with variable yellow triangular area at midline, with base of triangle along

posterior border, in some specimens with pale areas on either side of midline,

and absent from a few specimens; tergite 9 with yellow area at midline; tergite

10 narrowly yellow along anterior margin, rimmed with black along posterior

border. Some specimens with dark brown spots near base of gills on tergites

1-7 ; pale streak under gills extending from posterior margin to two-thirds distance

to anterior margin, very close to medial side of gill attachment. Minute spines

present on posterior borders of abdominal tergites; intersegmental areas pale

with diffuse, transverse, penciled streaks. Posterolateral spines on tergites 2-9,

those on 2-8 small; spine projects rearward laterally on tergite 9, length equal to

depth of tergum at midline. Gills double, lanceolate, widest on segments 1 and 2,

decreasing in size rearward with edges white; main tracheae dark gray with

delicate branches obscured by the gray pigmentation (fig. la). Ventral surface

of body pale yellow. Ganglia on cervix, one on prosternum, two on mesosternum

and one on abdominal sternite 7 prominent dark gray, other ganglia on abdomen

faint, on some specimens not apparent. Mesosternum lateroposteriorly with wide,

light brown longitudinal streaks. Abdominal sternites 2-8 laterally with light

brown streaks about midway between anterior and posterior borders, slightly

diagonal to pleural fold (apparent on most specimens). Caudal filaments pre-

dominantly light brown, with dark brown on alternate segments basally, every

fourth segment medially, with apical third entirely light brown; spines on pos-

terior border of each segment in basal half; apically with fine white hairs in

place of spines ; terminal filament more stout than cerci.

apical margin tibia, leg III. Fig. 11. Maxilla. Fig. 12. Blade-like spine on tarsus,

leg I. Fig. 13. Coarsely pinnate spine on tarsus, leg I. Fig. 14. Coarsely pinnate

spine on tarsus, leg I. Fig. 15. Comb-like spine on ventral surface femora II, III.

Fig. 16. Coarsely pinnate spine on leg I. Fig. 17. Spine on dorsal surface femur.

Fig. 18. Oak Creek Canyon specimen, spine on dorsal surface femur. Figs. 19-25.

Thraulodes speciosus. Fig. 19. Pattern on dorsal surface femur, leg II. Fig. 20.

Pattern on dorsal surface femur, leg. I from same specimen as fig. 19. Fig. 21.

Pattern on dorsal surface femur, leg I showing variation from fig. 20. Fig. 22.

Pattern on dorsal surface femur, leg III. Fig. 23. Pattern on dorsal surface femur,

leg II. Fig. 24. Pinnate spine on ventral surface tibia, leg III. Fig. 25. Group of

pinnate spines on tibia I. Figs. 26-30. Oak Creek Canyon specimens. Fig. 26.

Pattern on dorsal surface femur I. Fig. 27. Pattern on dorsal surface femur I

showing variation from fig. 26. Fig. 28. Pattern on dorsal surface femur leg II,

left side. Fig. 29. Pattern on dorsal surface femur leg II right side same specimen

as fig. 28. Fig. 30. Pattern on dorsal surface femur leg III.

138

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

Figs. 31-40. Symhiocladius sp. Fig. 31. Larva. Fig. 32. Caudal end, larva.

Fig. 33. Anterior proleg larva. Fig. 34. Caudal end, pupa. Fig. 35. Lateral view

APRIL 1969] MAYO THRAULODES SPECIOSUS NYMPH

109

Variations. — In male pale yellow of posterior border of head extends anteriorly

between dark red turbinate eyes; area between anterior border of eyes dark

brown; in female area between eyes mottled with brown near midline.

The description of the nymph was based on 220 nymphs taken by V.

K. Mayo 4 June 1959, 25 and 26 June 1960, 9 and 10 July 1960, and 10

September 1960 from a stream that runs through the American Museum

Research Station near Portal, Arizona; in entomological collection

University of Utah, Salt Lake City, and 6 nymphs in collection of Jay R.

Traver, Amherst, Mass.

Nymphs which were taken at Oak Creek Canyon near Sedona, Coco-

nino County, Arizona 23 June, 1951 were tentatively described by

Traver (1967) as belonging to the species Thraulodes arizonicus

McDunnough. These are very similar to the nymphs of T. speciosus

and the following are the differences between the two series. The only

difference between the spines of the two series seems to be between the

small grooved spines on dorsal surfaces of femora. The tips of these

spines on Oak Creek Canyon specimens (fig. 18) are more blunt than

those of T. speciosus (fig. 17) and are nearly as wide as the base and

slightly flattened across the end. On femur II of two specimens of

T. speciosus, one blunt tipped spine like those on Oak Creek Canyon

specimens was found and on Oak Creek Canyon specimens there was an

occasional spine more pointed, somewhat resembling those on T. speci-

osus. There seem to be more spatulate spines among hairs on the outer

margin of Oak Creek Canyon specimens than on T. speciosus. The

color pattern of abdominal terga differs with more yellow on Oak

Creek Canyon specimens: tergite 7 with faint yellow area close to pos-

terior margin at midline; tergite 8 with yellow area at posterior margin

extending midway to anterior margin, with a narrow brown streak along

midline. Tergites of T. speciosus 7-8 are brown. Laterally on either

side of the gill attachment, abdominal terga of Oak Creek Canyon

specimens are yellow; T. speciosus has only a pale streak under the gill.

Posterior margins of tergites 7-10 of Oak Creek Canyon specimens are

narrowly rimmed with dark brown; only tergite 10 of T. speciosus is

rimmed with black posteriorly. Caudal filaments of Oak Creek Canyon

specimens dark brown; those of T. speciosus are yellowish-brown.

A symbiotic relationship was found between a large number of

nymphs of T. speciosus and a chironomid larva belonging to the genus

labial plate of larva. Fig. 36. Labial plate of larva, dorsal view. Fig. 37. Mandible,

larva. Fig. 38. Larva on nymph of Thraulodes speciosus. Fig. 39. Antenna, larva.

Fig. 40. Pupa on nymph of T. speciosus.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

S ymbiocladius Kieffer (Kieffer, 1925). The chironomid larvae and

some pupae were found attached along the sides of the abdominal tergum

0 the nymphs of T. speciosus, medial to the bases of the gills. A few

s])ecimens had two larvae attached, one on either side. On one nymph

a larva was found attached along the abdominal sternum ventral to the

bases of the gills. In some cases the chironomid larvae had prevented

the gills from developing and some nymphs were found on which the

gills were atrophied on one side. The larvae and pupae are encased in

a yellowish granular membrane, and where this is attached to the nymph

there is a deposit of silt; figs. 38, 40 show the larva and pupa on the

a bdomen of the nymph, the coarse stippling representing the silt. In

f]g. 38, a large larva is shown attached to an immature nymph: head

lies along side of wing pad between second and third legs; a thick

c umpled deposit with silt extends beyond head and is firmly attached

aiong side of wing pad close to second coxa; the silt is cemented down

s de of tergum; caudal end of larva has broken out of case and is

s ightly raised. The drawings were made from specimens that had been

i;i alcohol for some time and parts of membranous cases had been

broken. On the same specimen there is evidence that a second larva

lad been attached to the right side where part of the membrane with

S ilt is deposited near the bases of the gills on tergites 1—5. The specimen

V as collected at the Southwestern Research Station on 9 July 1960.

(ihironomid larvae were found attached to 9 additional nymphs.

Following are descriptions of pupae in relationship to nymphs: in fig.

40 a pupa is shown attached to the left side with head rearward; caudal

end is between second and third coxae and a thick membranous deposit

\dth silt extends along side of wing pad nearly to second coxa; there

is a deposit of silt along the tergum with a thickened deposit extending

leyond head to middle of ninth tergite; head of pupa lies on posterior

1 order of seventh tergite ; head has broken away from tergum and

f ppears in fig. 40 to be on gills but is not attached to them. The speci-

men was collected on 26 June 1960. On another nymph a chironomid

] upa adheres by posterior end to side of wing pad near second coxa;

lest of pupa is extended out laterally from tergum of nymph; head

extends to middle of seventh tergite over to one side above gills. One

specimen broken away from nymph collected 26 June 1960; ventral

surface of head and thorax not covered by membrane which covers

caudal end and tergum up to third segment where it is broken away;

membrane covers thoracic tergum; extends beyond head with crumpled

area and much silt for a length equal to length of head and thorax

combined. Same yellowish granular membrane as on larvae; ventrally

APRIL 1969] MAYO THRAULODES SPECIOSUS NYMPH

111

the membrane covers head capsule of larva of which the two halves

are flattened out on fourth abdominal sternite with tips bearing claws

of prolegs lying in center on unsclerotized area between fourth and

fifth sternites; membrane does not seem to cover the abdominal sternites

below fourth segment but envelopes caudal end.

A pupa in an early stage of development was collected 26 June 1960;

entirely encased in a colorless membrane except for head of larva which

is still free; there is no silt in membrane but a small patch on one side

of caudal end where: it had probably attached to nymph. Nymph on

which pupa had been attached with evidence of larvae having been on

both sides. Pupa witi wings and legs developed in early stage; abdomen

widened out. Claws of anterior and posterior prolegs are in membrane

covering pupa.

There is no hole in chitin of nymphs. The larvae have apparently

not fed on nymphs and are therefore not parasitic, but symbiotic. Pen-

nack (1953 : 650) states that ^^Symhiocladius and some species of Spani-

otoma are commensals on mayfly and stonefly nymphs.” The term

symbiotic is preferred in this paper. Other examples of symbiotic

relationships between chironomid larvae and mayfly nymphs are cited

by Johannsen (1937) as follows: larvae of Spaniotoma sp. E. group

Epoieocladius Zavrel were found clinging to the legs and gills of an

ephemerid nymph, Hexagenia recurvata. The larva of a European

species, Spaniotoma ephemerae has been described as living in symbiotic

relation with Ephemera vulgata. Spaneotoma {Dactylocladius) brevi-

palpis (Goetg.) of Europe has been found living under wing covers of

mayflies. Another symbiotic relationship is mentioned by Claassen

(1922) in which the larvae and pupae are carried under the wing pads

of mayfly nymphs belonging to the genus Rhithrogena.

Traver sent to the writer a Thraulodes nymph collected by F. Plau-

mann from Rio Jacutinga, Brazil, April 1962. This had a chironomid

pupa attached to the abdominal tergum. After being preserved in

alcohol the pupa dropped off, but it was evident that it had been attached

on the right side adjacent to the midline. It appears to have been

cemented to the abdomen with traces of cement still adhering to tergites

1—9. This does not resemble the silt deposited on the tergites of T.

speciosus where the larvae and pupae had been attached; neither does

it correspond in position on the abdomen to that of the larvae and pupae

on T. speciosus. The pupa does not appear to be encased in a membrane,

but a small amount of fine silt remains on head.

The writer is indebted to Jay R. Traver for her suggestions in the

preparation of this paper.

112

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

Literature Cited

Claassen, P. W., 1922. The larva of a chironomid {Trissocladius equitans n. sp.)

which is parasitic upon a mayfly nymph (Rhithrogena sp.) Univ. Kans.

Sci. Bull., 1, 14: 395-405.

JoHANNSEN, 0. A., 1937. Aquatic Diptera III. Chironomidae : subfamilies

Tanypodinae, Diamesinae, and Orthocladiinae. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp.

Sta. Mem., 205: 1-84, plates I-XVIII.

E lEFFER, J. J., 1925. Deux genres nouveaux et plusieurs especes nouvelles du

groupe des Ortho cladiariae {Dipteres, Chironomides) . Ann. Soc. Sci.

Bruxelles, 44: 555-566.

1 ENNAK, R. W., 1953. Freshwater invertebrates of the United States. Ronald

Press Co., New York, 1-769.

1 RAVER, J. R., AND G. F. Edmunds, Jr., 1967. A revision of the genus Thraulodes

{Ephemeroptera : Leptophlehiidae) Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Amer.,

5 (8): 351-402.

Gall Wasp Infestations in Forest Trees,

Chiefly Pines, of California

(Hymenoptera : Eurytomidae)

George R. Struble

Pacif. SW. Forest and Range Exp. Sta.,

Forest Serv., U.S.D.A., Berkeley, Calif.

According to recently published reports, the phytophagous gall wasps,

Eurytoma spp. (Eurytomidae), attack introduced pines in California.

But unpublished notes^ show that these insects also attack native pines:

(Coulter pine, Pinus coulteri D. Don: Figueroa Mtn., Los Padres Natl.

Forest, 1937. Jeffrey pine, P. jeffreyi Grev. & Balf. : Mt. Laguna, Cleve-

land Natl. Forest, 1940; Lee Vining, Inyo Natl. Forest, 1958; Big Pine

Jdat, San Bernardino Natl. Forest, 1959; Prairie Forks, Angeles Natl,

l^orest, 1959. Ponderosa pine, P. ponderosa Laws.: Bogard, Lassen

Natl. Forest, 1959. Scotch pine, P. sylvestris L. : Ben Lomond, Santa

Cruz Co., 1960. Italian stone pine, P. pinea L. : Woodside, San Mateo

Co., 1968. Quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx. : Lee Vining,

j-nyo Co., 1956. The first such infestations were found in Coulter pine,

E^inus coulteri D. Don in 1937. In addition, gall wasps have been found

attacking quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx.

Among the introduced pines, the most recent infestations have been

1 Hopkins’ note series on file at Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest

Service, U. S. Dep. Agric., Berkeley, Calif.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 112-115. April 1969

APRIL 1969]

STRUBLE — GALL WASPS IN PINES

113

Fig. 1. Eurytoma sp. galls in sapwood of infested Coulter pine limb.

Fig. 2. Eurytoma sp. infestations cause swelling, pits, and gall formations in

Digger pine.

114

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

Fig. 3. Larval form and setal pattern of: (A) Eurytoma tumoris (Stark and

ioehler, 1964) ; (B) Eurytoma sp. in Coulter pine (drawing by Donald DeLeon

n 1937).

•eported in Scotch pine, P. sylvestris L. (Stark and Koehler, 1964), and

Italian stone pine, P. pinea L. (Agr. Res. Serv., 1968) .

Most Eurytoma species that attack native pines have similar habits,

although their life cycles are not known. Their infestations cause galls

;o form in the living sapwood (Fig. 1). Healing tissue, recognized by

irregular swellings, surrounds the stem area holding galls. Deep pits in

the cambium area mark the presence of galls buried in the sapwood

(Fig. 2). The wood graining surrounding each gall resembles the

“bird’s-eye” configurations often observed in pines and other tree species.

APRIL 1969]

STRUBLE- — GALL WASPS IN PINES

115

The life history and damage of E. tumoris Bugbee, identified in 1962

(Stark and Koehler, 1964) in Scotch pine, provide the only source of

biological information on infestations in California pine species. The

infestations in Scotch and stone pine probably originated in Monterey

pine, suggesting a similar biology in this native host tree and in the two

introduced host trees planted nearby.

E. pachyneuron Gir., identified in 1959 from Jeffrey pine, and E.

tumoris are the only two species described as infesting pines in Cali-

fornia. Drawings of E. tumoris larvae infesting Scotch pine compared

with those of larvae infesting Coulter pine showed sharp differences in

the second through the sixth abdominal segments (Fig. 3) .

Gall-forming Eurytoma infestations found in indigenous and intro-

duced pines in California occurred in stems up to 4 inches in diameter.

Although the smaller stems in Christmas tree plantings (Stark and

Koehler, 1964) were heavily damaged, less than 10 per cent of the

trees were infested.

Thomas and Herdy (1961) reported E. calycis Bugbee attacking jack

pine, P. banksiana (Lamb.), in northwestern Ontario, Canada. Their

report is the only other published record of phytophagous Eurytoma

attacking pines in North America.

Literature Cited

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dep. Agr. 1968. Coop. Econ. Insect Rep.,

18(7) : 78.

Stark, R. W. and C. S. Koehler. 1964>. Biology of the gall wasp, Eurytoma

tumoris, on Scots pine. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 40(1) : 41-46.

Thomas, J. B. and H. Herdy. 1961. A note on Eurytoma calycis Bugbee

( Hymenoptera : Eurytomidae) occurring in shoots of jack pine {Pinus

banksiana Lamb.). Can. Entomol., 93(1): 34^39.

116

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

The Immature Stages of Gonomyodes tacoma Alex.

(Diptera : Tipulidae)^

C. Dennis Hynes

California State Polytechnic College, San Luis Obispo

Collection of the immature stages of Gonomyodes show them to be

s rikingly different from all other genera found within the tribe Erio-

p terini. The larvae and pupae of Gonomyodes tacoma were taken at the

type locality (Alexander, 1949), along the banks of the White River in

Mount Rainier National Park, Washington. All stages of immatures

\ ^ere found in quantity in silt impregnated leaf drift, and were especially

rumerous where the leaves were caught between the rocks through

\^hich the water moved slowly. Both larvae and pupae were found

cccasionally around rocks in sandy areas where they had been washed

c uring higher water conditions, but neither were ever found in the

swifter and deeper parts of the stream. The following descriptions

Mere based on ten last instar larvae and will serve for all but the first

iastar. The pupal description is based on one female and five male

specimens.

Gonomyodes tacoma Alexander

Last Instar Larvae. — Length 7.0-8.5 mm; dextrosinistral and dorsoventral di-

E meters both 0.5-0.6 mm. Cuticle colorless, covered with very short, pale yellow

pubescence, pencils of elongate setae not evident. Body cylindrical, slightly

tapered at anterior end, posterior end truncate. Spiracular disk with seven lobes,

those homologous with those found in other Eriopterini with thick setal pro-

tuberance at tip. Clear plate-like protuberance between ventral lobes, ventral and

lateral lobes, and lateral and dorsolateral lobes, none between dorsal and dorso-

lateral lobes; tuft of setae subequal to length of lobe forming setal fan around

inargins of outer half of lobe; each lobe with light yellowish-brown markings,

marking of dorsal lobe slightly bifurcate at base of lobe, remainder of markings

,LS indicated (Fig. 1). Spiracles very small (diameter = 0.017 mm), set widely

apart, outer rim light brown, center black. Anal lobes short, blunt, fused along

nidline to a terminal point. Head capsule typically eriopterine; length 0.332-

0.391 mm; dextrosinistral diameter at mandibular articulation 0.061 mm; dorso-

entral diameter at mandibular articulation 0.111 mm; anteclypeal fold arched

dorsad and cephalad from the anterior mandibular articulation; antenna cylin-

irical, an elongate papilla at tip curved mesad and ventrad; dorsal, lateral and

1 This investigation is supported by National Science Foundation Grant GB-4532.

Fig. 1. Spiracular disk of Gonomyodes tacoma. Fig. 2. Dorsal view of cauda of

male pupa of Gonomyodes tacoma. Fig. 3. Lateral view of pupa of Gonomyodes

tacoma.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 116-119. April 1969

APRIL 1969] HYNES IMMATURE STAGES GONOMYODES

117

118

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

ventral bars curving sharply mesad at caudal ends, caudal ends spatulate; anten-

r al buttress curved mesad with no apparent break or suture between buttress and

junction of dorsal and lateral bars; clypeal region lightly sclerotized with frontal

legion membranous anteriorly; posterior fourth of frontal region sclerotized with

c ark stripe on either side of median suture, stripes pointed caudally, not joining

corsal bars; anterior margin of ventral bars not toothed, curving sharply mesad at

junction with mandibular strengthening ridge; two eye spots present on each side,

I'osterior spot nearly twice size of anterior spot; maxillae bilobed and blunt;

laandibles with standard slant for Eriopterini, strengthening ridge seen as simple

strip expanded slightly at midlength to dorsal tip, the ventral tip pointed; antennal

length 0.059 mm; width 0.017 mm.

Pupa . — Length 3.30-3.95 mm; width 0.5-0.8 mm. Body liglit yellow, darker

-when mature. Cephalic crest armed with two tubercles, each with one seta

cephalad and one ventrad. Pronotum standard; mesonotum (Fig. 3) with median

Carina sharp, mesonotal face before dorsal crest patterned with brown, whitish

vitta continuous with median carina to slightly heyond dorsal crest, face and crest

vith very small spines, more numerous medially. Mesonotal breathing horns

straight, delicate, base slightly expanded, stem directed anteriorly and laterally,

surface pitted; mesonotum patterned with brown, but pattern not constant.

Dorsum of abdominal segments two through seven unarmed, unmarked except for

ransverse row of small black spines on posterior margin of segments; sternal

areas of abdominal segment four with transverse row of spines; abdominal segments

ive through seven with transverse row of small spines along posterior margins

with middle third of each row devoid of spines; pleural region unmarked, unarmed,

spiracular opening prominent; wing pads end slightly beyond junction of abdominal

segments three and four. Eye sheath smooth; antennal sheath with scape slightly

enlarged; pedicle greatly expanded compared to flagellar sheath; flagellar

sheath crenulate on dorsal margin with crenulation ending four to five segments

before base of wing pad; marked grooves between eye sheaths, antennal sheaths,

and coronal suture. Leg sheaths ending at posterior margin of abdominal segment

four, prothoracic leg sheaths and metathoracic leg sheaths subequal, mesothoracic

leg sheaths slightly shorter. Male cauda (Fig. 2) with basistyle expanded,

slightly perceptable indentation separating outer dististyle from inner dististyle,

two sheaths of outer and inner dististyles not turned mesad as in many eriopterines.

Tergal arms with two large spines, dark at tips, directed laterally and dorsally, two

setae directed laterad at midlength of each spine of tergal arm. Area between

eighth abdominal segment and tergal arms with transverse foldings. Female cauda

with spiracular disk area similar to that pictured for male, with short anteapical

spine directed dorsally and laterally at the tip of each tergal valve.

The presence of the seven lobes of the spiracular disk of the larva

and the homologous structure of the pupa readily separate the immature

stages of this genus from the known immature stages of all other genera

of the tribe Eriopterini. The larva has several characteristics in common

with the genus Ormosia, particularly the subgenus Parormosia as repre-

sented by Ormosia {Parormosia) divergens. In both, the spiracles are

widely set apart, the surface area of the spiracles is very small, and the

setal fan at the tips of the spiracular lobes are constructed similarly.

APRIL 1969]

FENDER — NEW CALIFORNIA MALTHODES

119

Literature Cited

Alexander, C. P. 1949. Records and descriptions of North American craneflies.

(Diptera) Pt. VIII. The Tipuloidea of Washington, 1. Amer. Midland

Natur., 42(2) : 257-333.

New California Malthodes and Distribution Notes on

Other Species in California

(Coleoptera : Cantharidae) ^

Kenneth M. Fender

Linfield Research Institute, McMinnville, Oregon

The following new species and records are mainly from two large

collections of Cantharidae loaned me by Mr. Robert 0. Schuster of the

University of California at Davis and Mr. T. N. Seeno of the Bureau of

Entomology, California Department of Agriculture at Sacramento. In

addition are some records of collections of G. H. Nelson, Kansas City,

Missouri. For these loans, I am most grateful. Included, also, are

recent collection notes of mine. The distribution notes often extend the

previously known range of the species (Fender 1951, 1968) . Types of

the new species are deposited in the collections of the California Academy

of Sciences, San Francisco (CAS) or the University of California,

Davis (UCD).

Malthodes bissellarum Fender, new species

(Figs. 1, 2)

Piceous, head black, mandibles testaceous. Pronotum flavous with sides narrowly

black on anterior half, prosternal episternum flavous, seventh sternite and sixth

sternite at top of emargination flavous. Pubescence cinereous, fine, sparse, incon-

spicuous. Length 2.75 mm.

Male. — Shining. Head finely sparsely punctate in front of antennae, micro-

reticulate and finely punctured behind, eyes moderately large and prominent,

antennae of type partially concealed, second and third segments equal, fourth

evidently longer, intermediate segments about four and a half times as long as

wide. Pronotum transverse, nearly half again as wide as long, slightly narrower

than head, sides sinuately divergent from obtuse and explanate basal angles to

sharply rounded and narrowly reflexed anterior angles, basal and apical margins

finely beaded, lateral margins more widely so. Scutellum semicircular, finely

closely punctured. Elytra extending to base of sixth abdominal sternite, finely

rugose basally, becoming more coarsely so apically. Thorax beneath finely sparsely

punctured. Abdominal sternites alutaceous and finely punctured.

r This study was supported by National Science Foundation Grant GB-6283X.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: II9-I26 April 1969

120

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

Figs. 1-10. Male terminal abdominal segments. Fig. 1. Malthodes bissellorum,

ventral view. Fig. 2. same, lateral view. Fig. 3. Malthodes arieticornus, ventral

view. Fig. 4. same, lateral view. Fig. 5. Malthodes bifurculus, ventral view. Fig.

6. same, lateral view. Fig. 7. Malthodes immodestus, ventral view. Fig. 8. same,

lateral view. Fig. 9. Malthodes angustifurcus, ventral view. Fig. 10. same, lateral

view.

Male Terminalia.— Ventral view: sixth abdominal sternite broadly deeply

emarginate, apex of emargination rounded; seventh sternite terete, elongate,

moderately slender, slightly expanded apically, apex deeply narrowly notched,

apex of notch rounded, tips rounded. Lateral view: last three tergites normal;

sixth sternite normal; seventh sternite elongate podiform, apically ascending;

dorsal accessory process dual, a somewhat foliate thin plate, beneath and abutting

this, a bispinose thicker appendage.

APRIL 1969]

FENDER — NEW CALIFORNIA MALTHODES

121

Holotjpe male, Kings River Canyon, California 25 June 1948,

collected by A. T. McClay (UCD) ,

This species, with the last three tergites normal, seventh sternite

terete and apical notched, keys to my group five of the genus. From the

other known members of that group it may be readily recognized by the

podiform seventh sternite. The other members do not have the seventh

sternite enlarged apically. Named for the Fred Bissell family who have

added numerous specimens to my collection.

Malthodes arieticornus Fender, new species

(Figs. 3, 4)

Piceous, head black behind antennae, mandibles testaceous apically. Pronotum

flavous, anterior margin narrowly, lateral margins and broad median longitudinal

infuscate stripe black, extending from base to apex, varying in breadth from

specimen to specimen. Prosternal episternum flavous, margins black. Abdominal

sternites through fifth with apical margins rather broadly testaceous, apical half

of seventh sternites somewhat paler, spongiose portion of ultimate and penultimate

tergites whitish. Legs piceous to piceous with apices of femora narrowly and

basal half or more of tibiae testaceous. Pubescence cinereous, very fine, sparse

and inconspicuous. Setiferous hairs of sheath of seventh sternite black. Length

3.5 to 4 mm.

Male. — Shining. Head smooth in front of antennae, finely sparsely punctured

behind, eyes moderately large and prominent, antennae extending to base of sixth

abdominal sternite, second and third segments equal, fourth segment about one

third longer, intermediate segments about three and a half times as long as wide.

Pronotum transverse, lateral margins shallowly concave, diverging from nearly

rectangular hind angles to rounded anterior angles, marginal bead fine, coarser

on sides near angles and along basal margin, disc finely sparsely punctured.

Scutellum subtriangular, apex sharply rounded, finely closely punctured. Elytra

short, extending to about middle of second abdominal sternite, finely rugose basally

becoming more coarsely so to tumid and finely punctured apices. Thorax beneath

finely, sparsely punctured. Abdomen dull, little more coarsely punctured.

Male Terminalia. — Ventral view: sixth abdominal sternite broadly deeply

emarginate, apex of emargination sharply rounded, sides of emargination concave;

seventh sternite extending beyond sixth by almost twice length of sixth, wide

basally, evenly narrowed to deeply triangularly notched tip; beneath basal half

of seventh sternite a translucent, shallowly emarginate skirt with apical margin

armed with long setigerous black hairs. Lateral view: seventh sternite evenly

arcuately ascending apically, evenly narrowed from base to tip; translucent basal

skirt curved above sternite; ultimate and penultimate tergites produced and

somewhat arched, on ventral surfaces a common spongiose area, dorsal accessory

process strongly chitinized, somewhat arched and digitate, apically pointed,

bearing on ventral surface a less strongly chitinized process narrowing to suddenly

elevated and filamentous tip, ventral accessory process strongly chitinized, thick

basally, narrowing evenly to suddenly bent up tip.

Female. — Similar to male. Eyes smaller and less prominent; antennae extending

to base of metacoxse, intermediate segments about 2.7 times as long as wide, median

122

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

broad stripe of pronotum usually narrower to occasionally absent. Elytra shorter,

pitending to middle of second visible abdominal sternite. Terminal abdominal

segments normal for the sex.

Holotype male, allotype female and twenty paratypes Ramshorn

I OREST Camp (for which species is named), Tahoe National Forest,

California, 9 June 1968, collected by K. M. and W. M. Fender (CAS).

This species should by the conformation of the seventh sternite key

to group I. The arched last tergites would place it in group V. However

t ie exposed accessory processes remove it from group I. The presence

cf a ventral skirt outside the seventh sternite and the spongiose area

common to the ventral or inner face of the ultimate and penultimate

tergite remove it from any previously known group.

Malthodes bifurculus Fender, new species

(Figs. 5, 6)

Black, shining. Mandibles testaceous. Pronotum flavous, anterior and basal

margins widely darker, lateral margins widely black, elytra becoming paler

toward apices. Apices of first three visible sternites narrowly testaceous towards

s des, seventh sternite testaceous becoming infuscate beyond middle, produced

s de pieces of penultimate tergite testaceous. Pubescence cinereous, fine sparse

a ad inconspicuous. Length 2.5 to 3.5.

Male. — Shining. Head slightly narrower than pronotum, finely sparsely

punctured, eyes moderately wide and prominent, antennae long and slender, ex-

tending to tips of wings in repose, second segment seven-tenths as long as third

and three-fifths as long as fourth, intermediate segments about four times as

long as wide. Pronotum transverse, widest near rounded anterior angles, sides

feebly sinuately convergent to obtusely rounded hind angles, sides shallowly

reflexed near each angle, apical margin very finely beaded, basal margin a little

more coarsely so, disc finely, very sparsely punctured. Scutellum wider than long,

s ubtriangular, apex rounded, finely moderately closely punctured. Elytra extending

to base of seventh sternite, a little more coarsely closely punctured basally,

becoming finely rugose apically. Thorax beneath finely sparsely punctured. Basal

abdominal sternite transversely microstrigulose. Femora of all legs with virtually

r o pubescence.

Male Terminalia. — ^Ventral view: sixth sternite broadly deeply emarginate,

e inargination shallow to near middle, abruptly deepened to truncated apex;

seventh sternite unusually elongate and slender, extending beyond produced

t srgites by nearly half its length, broadly deeply forked, apex of furcation rounded,

t ps of forks rounded. Lateral view: sixth sternite short, somewhat oblique

seventh sternite unevenly sinuately ascending towards apex, becoming broadly

f attened at middle, tips sharply rounded; sides of penultimate tergite sub-

t iangularly produced downward and apically somewhat caudad tips acute.

Female. — Similar to male, head narrower than pronotum, eyes small and less

irominent, antennae extending nearly to elytral apices, intermediate segments

about two and a half times as long as wide, apical abdominal segments normal

f^r the sex.

APRIL 1969] FENDER — NEW CALIFORNIA MALTHODES

123

Holotype male, allotype female and one male and two female para-

types; Lake Lagunitis, Marin County, California, 30 March 1961,

collected by D. Q. Cavagnaro (UCD). One male paratype, Davis,

Yolo County, California, May 11, 1964, collected by Serje Seminoff.

The paratype from Davis differs from the others in having the

pronotum flavous with sides rather broadly black at the anterior angles.

This species is most closely related to M. visceratus Fall and M.

spinicaudus Fender. It may be separated from each of these by its

larger more slender, more widely, deeply forked seventh sternite which

in lateral view is more widely flattened. Too, the side pieces of the

penultimate tergite are narrower and apically more acute. Malthodes

spinicaudus also has an acute spine medially on the dorsal surface of the

seventh sternite.

Malthodes immodestus Fender, new species

(Figs. 7, 8)

Head piceous, elytral apex paler, mandibles testaceous, underside of basal

antennal segment paler. Pronotum yellow. Scutellum and elytra dark testaceous,

prosternum testaceous, mesosternum, metasternum and legs dark brown, abdominal

sternites testaceous, segments one to five becoming infuscate towards sides, the

lateral margins flavous, apices of seventh sternite becoming infuscate beyond

middle, penultimate tergite pale yellow. Pubescence cinereous, fine, sparse and

inconspicuous. Length 3.25 to 3.5 mm.

Male. — Shining. Head finely punctured in front of antennae, rather sparsely

but coarsely pustulate behind; eyes very large and prominent (ocular index 45) ;

antennae slender, extending to base of sixth abdominal sternite, segments two

to four progressively longer, intermediate segments four and a half times as long

as wide. Pronotum narrower than head, transverse, sides nearly straight, converging

somewhat from rounded anterior angles to obtusely rounded basal angles, marginal

bead thin, a little wider near angles, disc finely sparsely punctured, scutellum

triangulcu-, apex sharply rounded, finely closely punctured. Elytra extending to

base of sixth sternite, finely rugose to tumid and finely punctured apices. Thorax

beneath smooth, and hare. Basal abdominal sternites rugose.

Male Terminalia. — Ventral view: sixth sternite widely, deeply, arcuately

emarginate, seventh sternite elongate, stout, extending heyond sixth by about one

and a half times length of sixth, forked at about apical two thirds, narrowed to

furcation, forks twisted about 45 degrees and flattened into spatulate plates;

basal half with broad, elongate, shallow oval impression. Lateral view: seventh

sternite slender basally, gradually expanding to broadly beveled beneath apex,

arcuately ascending apically. Side pieces of penultimate tergite bent down and

caudad into seemingly crumpled oval processes. Ultimate tergite small, rounded;

ventral accessory process slender, feebly sinuate, rod-like, apically ascending

above seventh sternite.

Female. — Unknown.

Holotype male. Running Springs, 15 miles north of Redlands, San

Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California, 5 June

124

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

1945, 6000 feet, on Ceanothus integerrimus Hooker and Arnott, collected

ly G. H. Nelson (CAS). One paratype, Wrightwood, San Bernardino

County, California, June 28, 1964, collected by J. S. Buckett.

The paratype is darker than the type, the head being nearly black

£nd the scutellum and elytra piceous, the dark areas towards the sides

cf the basal five sternites are more pronounced.

This species keys out to my group X, but it can’t be closely associated

\ ith any member of that or any other group. It can readily be differenti-

ated from any other known North American species by the spatulate

£nd twisted forks of the seventh stemite of the male.

Malthodes angustifurcus Fender, new species

(Figs. 9, 10)

Black, mandibles testaceous, pronotum flavous, large median X-shaped black

soot, lateral margins narrowly black, widely so just behind anterior angles; elytra

ficeous with apices black; seventh sternite, median portion of sixth sternite and

produced side-pieces of penultimate tergite testaceous.

Male. — Head shining, wider than pronotum, finely sparsely punctured, a

1 ttle more coarsely so behind antennae, eyes large and prominent, antennae slender,

extending to tips of wings in repose, segments two to four progressively longer,

intermediate segments about three times as long as wide. Pronotum shining,

t .ansverse, about one-third wider than long, anterior margin narrowly arcuate,

finely beaded, anterior angles rather sharply rounded and explanate, lateral

margins sinuately narrowed to prominent and rounded hind angles, sides beaded

i 1 apical half, unbeaded in basal half, basal margin strongly arcuate, unbeaded

medially, becoming deeply so towards angles, disc finely sparsely punctured,

elytra parallel sided, extending to about base of sixth abdominal sternite, finely

1 agose basally, becoming a little more coarsely so apically, thorax beneath rather

coarsely closely punctured. Abdominal sternites more finely so.

Male Terminalia. — Ventral view: sixth sternite widely deeply emarginate,

e inargination U-shaped. Seventh sternite elongate, slender, forked at about apical

t rird, forks narrowly separated, slightly convergent apically, tips of forks rounded,

spex of furcation rounded, sides of penultimate tergite slightly enveloping seventh

sternite near middle. Lateral view: seventh sternite straight in basal half,

lisinuately ascending to sharply rounded tips in apical half. Side pieces of

penultimate tergite abruptly descending as rather broad subovate plates, on plates

£11 elongate venose ridge arising medially at top, splitting and diverging apically.

Ultimate sternite small subtriangularly rounded, feebly produced.

Holotype male, Echo Lake, El Dorado County, California, 23 July

1955, E. I. Schlinger collector (UCD).

Most closely related to M. contortus Fender, this species can readily

1 e separated from that species by the seventh sternite being bisinuately

lent beyond middle in lateral view, the last abdominal tergites less

strongly extended, the produced side pieces with a venous forked ridges.

APRIL 1969]

FENDER NEW CALIFORNIA MALTHODES

125

In ventral view, the forks of the seventh sternite are less widely separated,

converging somewhat near tips.

California Distributional Records

Malthodes jracidus Fender. Crystal Lake, Los Angeles County.

Previously known from Donner Pass and Fallen Leaf Lake.

Malthodes evanidus Fender (?). Sagehen Creek, near Hobart Mills,

Nevada County and near Clayton, Contra Costa County. This species

was described from Duck Creek Forest Camp, Dixie National Forest,

Utah. If this is the same species, and there is little to suggest otherwise,

this is a considerable westward extension of the range of the species.

It is thus a new record for the state.

Malthodes basalis Fall. 4 miles west of Woodward, Alpine County.

Malthodes pictithorax Fender. Knight’s Landing, Yolo County;

Putah Creek, Yolo County.

Malthodes vigilans Fall. Echo Lake, El Dorado County. Previously

recorded from the San Bernardino Mountains and Dalton Creek, Fresno

County.

Malthodes pictus Fender. Previously known from the types collected

at Doner Pass, new records are: Davis, Yolo County; Mt. Diablo,

Contra Costa County; 4 miles west of Zamora, Yolo County; 5 miles

northwest of Winters, Yolo County; Michigan Bar, Sacramento County

and Rutherford, Napa County.

Malthodes vapidus Fall. Fall (1919) described this species from

Lake Tahoe and noted the pronotum as being yellow. He knew only the

type. Several examples were studied from Fallen Leaf Lake and Tallac,

El Dorado County. Whereas there was some variation in the pronotal

coloration, I found none in which I could call the pronotum yellow.

At best they could be described as pale brownish-yellow. Three examples

were recently seen from Silver Lake, Amador County, in which the

pronota were pale brownish-yellow, each with a large median black

spot. About 12 specimens from Little Greyback Mountain, Del Norte

County have the pronota pale yellowish-brown. No structural differences

could be found to separate these. This extends the range of this species

from the Lake Tahoe area to the northwest corner of the state.

Malthodes mollis Fall. New localities are: Courtland, Sacramento

County; 8 miles south of Trinidad, Humboldt County.

Malthodes williami Fender. Described from McBride Spring Forest

Camp, Mount Shasta, this species was abundant at McArthur-Burney

Falls Memorial, Shasta County on June II, 1968.

Malthodes oregonus Fender. Little Greyback Mountain, Del Norte.

County. This is the first California record for this species.

126

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

Malthodes fusculus (LeConte). Previously recorded west of Novato,

]V arin County. New Records: Alameda, Alameda County; near

Clayton, Contra Costa County.

Malthodes bicurvatus Fall. Forestville, Sonoma County.

Malthodes visceratus Fall. Davis, Yolo County; Twin Peaks, San

Francisco County.

Malthodes spinicaudus Fender. New localities: Echo Summit, El

E orado County; Huntington; Silver Lake, Amador County; Yuba Pass,

Sierra County; 3 miles southeast of Quincy, Plumas County.

Malthodes blackwelderi Fender. Previously known only from the

type, collected in the Argus Mountains, Death Valley, an additional

sjiecimen has been examined from High Grove, Riverside County.

Literature Cited

Fall, H. C. 1919. The California Species of Malthodes. Ann. Entomol. Soc.

Amer., 12: 31-42.

Fender, K. M. 1951. The Malthini of North America (Coleoptera-Catharidae) .

Amer. Midland Natur., 46(3) : 513-629.

1968. New Malthodes from Western North America (Coleoptera : Can-

tharidae). Northwest Sci., 42(3) : 108-111.

A. New Species of Cordulegaster from the Great Basin Region

of the United States

(Odonata : Cordulegasteridae)

Robert William Cruden

Department of Botany, University of Iowa, Iowa City

Literature dealing with the distribution of Cordulegaster in the Great

I asin presents two quite different pictures. The first shows the distribu-

t on of C. dorsalis Hagen restricted to regions west of the crest of the

Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range (Kennedy, 1917; Fraser, 1929; La

l ivers, 1941; and Walker, 1958). Further, Fraser and La Rivers sug-

gested that C. dorsalis is replaced east of the Sierra Nevada by C.

erroneoA Hagen. This latter species was previously reported only from

tie Appalachian region of the eastern United States. In the second

picture, C. dorsalis extends from California east through Nevada to

Utah (Needham and Westfall, 1955; Musser, 1962) and Wyoming

1 The greek -gaster is feminine and the adjectival specific epithet should agree with it in gender,

hence erronea rather than erroneus.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 126-132. April 1969

APRIL 1969]

ORUDEN A NEW CORDULEGASTER

127

(Smith and Pritchard, 1956). Needham and Westfall side step the

problem of C. erronea by attributing the western records to cases of

incorrect determination and suggest that records of C. erronea from

Nevada and Utah need verification.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the distribution pattern of

Cordate faster in the Great Basin. Underlying the present differences

of opinion concerning distribution patterns in that region is a here-

tofore unrecognized and undescribed species. First, I will consider the

initial report of C. erronea from the Great Basin. This is followed by the

description of a new species and comparison of the new species with

the closely related C. dorsalis.

The initial steps leading to todays confusion concerning C. erronea

were formalized by Fraser (1929). Although Fraser was apparently

a victim of circumstance, he must still bear the responsibility for creating

the problem. Fraser (1929) credits Selys as the author of “C. erroneus”

and assumed that Selys had annotated particular specimens from the

western United States in the Brussels Museum. He states, “The original

description is very brief and appears to have been made from a single

specimen, although not one of the nine males in the Selysian collection

agree entirely with it.” There is suggested in Fraser’s words that he

thought one of the nine males might have been a type. Obviously

Fraser overlooked several things: (1) Selys credits the authorship of

C. erronea to Hagen (1878, p, 688-89), (2) The description is based

on a minimum of three, not one specimen, (3) the holotype and two

paratypes, including two males and one female are in the type collection

of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (Evans,

pers. commun.). It seems quite unlikely that Selys had either seen or

possessed material in his collection of C. erronea at the time of its

description.

The notation “(Coll. Selys, Hagen)” in the original description

would indicate that Selys expected to have at least one of the type speci-

mens for his collection and would explain why he prepared a label for

the species and presumably left a space for it in a cabinet drawer. It

has been said that when the Selysian collection was reorganized to

conserve space, some specimens were moved from one drawer or space

to another without moving the species labels (Gloyd, pers. commun.).

The supposition being that someone other than Selys moved the series

of nine males cited by Fraser (1929, p. 134) into a space labeled in

Selys’ hand “C. erroneus.’’’’

Fraser’s redescription of C. erronea based on the nine males from

western North America in the Brussels Museum and one male from

128

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

Figs. 1-4. Cordulegaster deserticola Cruden. Fig. 1. Holotype: male. Lateral

view of thorax and abdomen. Xl-4. Fig. 2. Holotype: male. Dorsal view of abdomen

>'1.4. Fig. 3. Allotype: female. Lateral view of thorax and abdomen. Xl-4. Fig.

4 Allotype: female. Dorsal view of abdomen. Xl-4.

California in the British Museum should he rejected. Specimens from

the Great Basin in Utah and California are specifically distinct from

loth C. erronea and C. dorsalis. A new species is proposed below to

include such specimens.

Cordulegaster deserticola Cruden, new species

Male.— total length 73-79 mm; abdomen 53-59 mm long; hindwing 43-48

r.im long.

Head: Labrum yellow with narrow brown margin; anteclypeus dark brown

to black; postclypeus yellow; frons yellow, sometimes with a smudge of brown

at top of vertical surface as in C. dorsalis; vertex black with yellow dashes above

antennal sockets; occiput yellow to brown with long pale hairs at rear; eyes

riilky blue in life; rear of head yellow.

Prothorax: brown with dorsum of front and rear lobes yellow, two L-shaped

yellow dashes on center lobe.

Thorax (Fig. 1) : black with yellow markings; antehumeral stripe parallel

sided or slightly widened or tapered downward, in some specimens nearly covering

front of thorax; lateral stripes quite wide; a small spot dorsally between ante-

APRIL 1969]

CRUDEN A NEW CORDULEGASTER

129

humeral stripe and first lateral stripe ; a narrow continuous or broken stripe

between lateral stripes. A thin dash beneath spiracle; small spots above 1st and

2nd coxa; these coxae each with a spot on outside; rest of legs dark brown to

red brown.

Wings: Costa yellow to beyond stigma, nearly to tip; triangle two celled in

both wings; anal loop with 4-5 cells (in one wing 6) ; antenodal crossveins

16-20/10-14; postnodal crossveins 10-14/10-14. Second thickened antenodal

crossvein 5-7. (One male from Zion National Park with 15 antenodal crossveins

in one fore wing and 9 postnodal crossveins in one hind wing).

Abdomen (Figs. 1, 2) : Segment 1 brown, 2-10 black, marked with yellow as

follows: 1) a horse shoe or nearly closed ring on side; 2) pale spot on oreillets,

triangular spot at rear angle, large spot on dorsum with two elongate spots near

posterior edge; 3) large spot nearly covering middle half of dorsum, elongate

spot near posterior edge, streak along ventral margins; 4-6) large oval spots

which fuse on dorsum, covering about middle % of segment, small spots along

posterior margin; 7) spots similar to 6 with narrow extension downward to

ventral margin, thus encircling segment, posterior spots greatly reduced; 9)

irregular shaped spot with projection to rearward, not meeting on dorsum; 10)

two large spots, the upper not meeting on dorsum.

Caudal appendages: black, superiors with prominent downward pointing tooth

toward base and smaller, basally directed tooth near middle; inferior appendage

% as long as superior.

Female (Figs. 3, 4). — length including ovipositor 76-81 mm; abdomen 57-61

mm; hind wing 47-49 mm.

Color pattern similar to male with spots larger. Spots on 1-8 yellow, on 9 and

10 whitish yellow. On segment two, anterior spots fused; segment 3, the spot

continues downward to meet streak along ventral margin.

Wings: Anal loops of females examined from California have 5 & 7, 9 & 9,

and 9 & 11 cells respectively, those from Utah 5 & 6, 7 & 7.

The haploid chromosome number of C. deserticola is 13. This agrees

with other species in Cordulegasteridae which have been studied cyto-

logically (Cruden 1968, and unpubL).

Holotype Male, Batchelder Spring, Inyo County, California, ca.

6,000 feet; 29 July 1967, R. W. Cruden 67-885. To be deposited at

UMMZ. Allotype female. Antelope Springs, Inyo County, California,

ca. 5,700 feet, 29 July 1967, R. W. Cruden 67-892. To be deposited

at UMMZ.

Paratypes. — CALIFORNIA: Inyo County: Antelope Springs: male and female,

15 June 1961, C. A. Toschi, (Calif. Insect Survey, Berkeley) ; male, 29 June 1961,

G. I. Stage (CIS) ; male 29 June 1961, J. Powell, (CIS) ; male, 10 July 1961,

R. M. Bohart (Univ. Cal. Davis) ; 2 males, 29 July 1967, R. W. Cruden (pers.

col.; UMMZ). Toll House Spring ( =:Batchelder Spring) 4 mi W of Westgard

Pass: female, 19 June 1961, J. Powell (CIS) ; 2 males, 29 July, R. W. Cruden

(pers. col.; UMMZ). Independence, male, 17 June 1937, (CIS). UTAH: Sevier

County: 3 males, above Clear Creek, 5 -j- miles east of Cove Fort, 7 July 1960,

G. G. Musser (UMMZ) ; 2 males and 1 female. Service Berry Creek, Monroe

Mt., elev. 6,500 feet, 15 June 1960, G. G. Musser (UMMZ). Salt Lake County:

130

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

male and female, Red Butte Canyon, stream above Ft. Douglas, reared from nymphs,

J Musser (UMMZ). Washington County: Zion Nat. Park: male, near Temple

oE Sinawava, 30 July 1933, C. J. D. Brown (UMMZ) ; 2 males, below Weeping

lock, 17 June 1968, R. W. Cruden (CIS, pers. col.).

Cordulegaster deserticola, in California, is found in springs in the

c esert regions east of the Sierra Nevada. The Inyo County localities

£re in shad-scale scrub between 4,000 and 6,000 feet. In Utah, this

species inhabits streams in mountainous areas between 4,000 and 6,500

feet. Unfortunately the specimens of C. erronea from Nevada (La Rivers,

1941) were destroyed in a fire in the early 1940’s (La Rivers, pers.

commun.). It seems probable that those specimens would now be

leferred to C. deserticola.

Two distinct forms are represented in the material studied. A majority

of the Utah specimens fall in the upper limits of size for the species.

' he antehumeral stripe of these specimens is more divergent and tends

to be slightly tapered or wedge shaped. The narrow stripe between the

two lateral stripes is usually reduced to three irregular dashes. The

dorsal, posterior spots extend to segment 6, rarely to segment 7. In

nearly half the male specimens segment 10 was unmarked. Although dis-

inct forms are found on opposite sides of the Great Basin it is premature

to propose subspecific status for the two populations. It seems likely

hat geographically intermediate populations will eventually be found.

J^ormal subspecies would obscure clinal variation if the geographically

intermediate populations were also morphologically intermediate.

Cordulegaster deserticola is easily distinguished from other western

species of Cordulegaster and the eastern C. erronea. A western species,

C. diadema Selys, and C. erronea belong to a group of species charac-

terized by narrow yellow bands which encircle each segment. Further,

he backs of the eyes of C. erronea are black, an unusual condition in

the genus. Cordulegaster erronea is known only from the Appalachian

region of the eastern United States.

Although there are no obvious structural differences between C.

dorsalis and C. deserticola they are easily separated on color pattern,

ecology and distribution. Individuals of C. deserticola are more spotted

than those of C. dorsalis. Specimens of C. deserticola have yellow on

the rear lobe of the prothorax, a continuous or broken stripe between

the two lateral stripes on the thorax, posterior spots on abdominal

segments 3 to 6 or 8, and a spot which extends downward and en-

circles segment 7. These yellow markings are usually lacking in

individuals of C. dorsalis.

The distribution ranges of the two species are allopatric. The geo-

graphical isolation is associated with ecological differences. In Cali-

APRIL 1969]

GRUDEN A NEW CORDULEGASTER

131

fornia, C. dorsalis usually inhabits streams west of the crest of the Sierra

Nevada and Cascade Range which are not subject to continuous or

repeated winter freezing. Cordulegaster deserticola is found east of

these mountains. I have collected it at two locations, both spring fed

streams which are subject to winter freezing. It is likely that the Utah

streams inhabited by C. deserticola are also subject to winter freezing.

Perhaps the differences noted by Musser (1962) between Utah ^‘deserti-

cokd’ nymphs and the C. dorsalis nymphs described and illustrated by

Walker (1958) are related to the different environmental conditions

experienced by the nymphs.

Despite the lack of structural differences in the adults, the eco-

geographical disjunction is apparently an effective isolating mechanism.

Cordulegaster dorsalis can reach the Great Basin (La Rivers, 1941).

Also in northern California, where the crest of the mountains breaks

down, C. dorsalis has successfully crossed and become established east

of the crest. This shows that the mountains are not an absolute barrier

to migration and establishment. Secondly, it emphasizes the general

failure of C. dorsalis to become established on the Great Basin side of

the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range.

I believe there has been sufficient time and opportunity for C. dorsalis

to become established in the Great Basin if it were adaptively and com-

petitively able to do so. The species failure to successfully invade desert

habitats is strong evidence to support the idea of ecological isolation

between C. dorsalis and C. deserticola.

I suggest that the coloration differences between western and eastern

C. deserticola with respect to C. dorsalis are evidence for a past sepa-

ration and ecological divergence of a common ancestor into two popu-

lations. Later the two populations became sympatric although occupying

quite different habitats. At this time selection for behavioral and

other recognition characters would have been of great adaptive value

in maintaining genotypes already adapted to quite different habitats.

Thus in the western Great Basin selection favored amplification or

exaggeration of the C. deserticola color pattern. To the east no such

selection pressures were experienced and in Utah the color pattern is

superficially still like that of C. dorsalis.

In general, the distribution of Cordulegaster in the western United

States is as follows: C. dorsalis, with some exceptions, west of the

Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range from British Columbia south into

Baja California; C. deserticola in the Great Basin from eastern California

and western Nevada east to Utah; and C. diadema, southern California

east through Arizona to southern Utah and south into Mexico.

132

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Dr. George Bick, St. Mary’s College, Notre

I*ame, Indiana and Mrs. Leonora K. Gloyd, University of Michigan,

/.nn Arbor, for their critical suggestions concerning the manuscript.

The illustration was prepared by Mrs. Ann Schoner, Iowa City. This

study was supported in part by an Old Gold Summer Faculty Research

I ellowship from the University of Iowa.

Literature Cited

CAuden, R. W. 1968. Chromosome numbers of some North American dragonflies

(Odonata). Can. J. Genet. CytoL, 10 : 200-214.

Iraser, F. C. 1929. A revision of the Fissilabioidae, Pt. 1, Cordulegasteridae.

Mem. Ind. Mus., 9: 69-167.

Hagen, H. 1878. In Selys. Quatriemes additions an Synopsis des Gomphines

(suite et fin), Legions: Lindenia-Chlorogomphus — Cordulegaster et

Petalura. Bull. Acad. Belg., (2 ) 46 : 658-698.

l.ENNEDY, C. H. 1917. Notes on the life history and ecology of the dragonflies

(Odonata) of central California and Nevada. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

52: 483-635.

La Rivers, I. 1941. Additions to the list of Nevada dragonflies (Odonata).

Entomol. News, 52: 126-130.

Musser, R. J. 1962. Dragonfly nymphs of Utah (Odonata : Anisoptera) . Univ.

Utah Biol. Ser., 12(6) : 1-66.

Needham, G. and M. Westfall. 1955. A manual of the dragonflies of North

America (Anisoptera). Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, 615 p.

Smith, R. F. and A. E. Pritchard. 1956. Odonata — in Usinger, R. L. (ed.)

Aquatic insects of California. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, 508 p.

^V^alker, E. M. 1958. The Odonata of Canada and Alaska, 11. Univ. Toronto

Press, Toronto, 318 p.

Synonymy of Dryocosmus attractans (Kinsey) and

Callirhytis uvellae Weld

(Hymenoptera : Cynipidae)

D. Charles Dailey

University of California, Davis

The ecological similarity of Dryocosmus attractans (Kinsey) (1922)

and Callirhytis uvellae Weld (1944) and the indistinct separation of

American species of these genera, based on scutum texture, suggested

they might be the same species. Type insects and galls of both were

examined and on the following evidence they are synonymized, the

name becoming Callirhytis attractans (Kinsey).

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 132-134. April 1969

APRIL 1969] DAILEY CALIFORNIA CYNIPID SYNONYMY

133

Galls. — Both descriptions indicate the monothalamous bud galls

develop in the spring on Quercus wislizetiii A. DC., often more than

one in a bud. They are marked with red and are about 2 mm in diam-

eter by 3 mm long. Kinsey collected galls on 2 April 1920 at Redding,

Shasta County, California with emergence occurring later. Weld found

his at Lakeport, Lake County, and Ukiah, Mendocino County, California

on 10 and 12 May 1922 respectively, emergence also was later. The

latter two locations are about 75 miles closer to the ocean, 500 to 1,000

feet higher in elevation, and usually cooler than Redding which helps

explain the difference in emergence dates. A series I reared from

Folsom Lake, Placer County, California emerged 13 to 21 April 1967.

The emergence time, galls and habitat agree closely with Kinsey’s

description, including the sticky secretion the galls produce which is

attractive to ants. The one D. attractans cotype gall in the California

Academy of Sciences showed double cavities when dissected, the lower

being the larval cell, similar to C. uvellae galls figured in Houard ( 1940,

1946) and Weld (1944).

Galls from Ukiah which Weld thought to be D. attractans were

figured by Houard (1935). There is one female in the U. S. National

Museum collection (Hopk. 15640*^) reared from similar galls submitted

by Weld. When he recognized this was not D. attractans he assigned

it field number 1690. Thus the apparent contradiction in Weld (1957)

stating he had not recognized D. attractans in the field and the reason

for the note on figure 194 “This is not D. attractans which secretes

copius honeydew.”

Insects. — Kinsey’s 13 males were imperfect, having issued, died, and

molded in the rearing container. The type probably is the cleanest and

most nearly whole specimen. The small carina separating the foveae of

the type is not typical for the species. The cotypes examined do not

have the carina and it is present on only one male from my series.

Weld’s notes on the D. attractans type indicate it fits in Dryocosmus

though no mention of scutum texture is made. As only males were known

and generic keys are based on females, and as sculpturing of males is

sometimes smoother, his generic assignment was speculative. The C.

uvellae description (mesoscutum microcoriaceous) would by Weld’s

own key place it in Dryocosmus though he placed it in Callirhytis and

it agrees with other species in the latter genus. His insects were not

described until 1944 and apparently had faded to brown. Disregarding

color, if both D. attractans and C. uvellae are keyed in Weld’s manu-

script species keys they run to the same couplet depending on which

generic key is used.

134

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

Lyon (personal communication) has shown Dryocosmus grumatus

\7eld to be the alternate generation of Callirhytis serricornis (Kinsey)

and as more life histories are worked out, generic concepts will be

clarified. Since Lyon has taken a C. attractans female ovipositing in

tie underside of a leaf of Quercus agrifolia Nee (new host record) at

l a Canada, Los Angeles County, California, the unknown alternate

i nisexual generation probably develops in a leaf gall.

Acknovi^ledgments

The author is grateful to Dr. J. G. Rozen, Jr. of the American Museum

of Natural History for the loan of the D. attractans holotype, H. B.

l^eech of the California Academy of Sciences for the loan of D. attractans

cotypes. Dr. R. M. Bohart of the University of California at Davis for

assistance in obtaining specimens, and R. J. Lyon of Los Angeles City

College for use of the Weld collection and notes, and assistance in the

study.

Literature Cited

Houard, C. 1935. Marcellia 28(4-6) : 162, figs. 191-194.

1940. Les zoocedidies des plantes de I’Amerique du Nordi, p. 413, figs.

1641-1645. Privately printed, Paris.

1946. Les collections cecidologiques du laboratoire d’entomologie du Museum

d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Ann. Entomol. Soc. France, 112: 54,

figs. 298-300.

&NSEY, A. C. 1922. New Pacific Coast Cynipidae. Bull. Amer. Mus. Natur.

Hist., 46: 279.

W^ELD, L. H. 1944. New American cynipids from galls. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

95: 23.

1957. Cynipid galls of the Pacific Slope. Privately printed, Ann Arbor,

Michigan.

APRIL 1969] ZIMMERMAN FRANCIS XAVIER WILLIAMS

135

JfranrtH iXauwr HilltamH

IBB2-13fir

Fig. 1. Francis Xavier Williams, 1882-1967. Photo taken circa 1960 by Dr.

George E. Lindsay, Director, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

Elwood C. Zimmerman

Bishop Museum, Honolulu

Dr. Francis Xavier Williams (Fig. 1), a distinguished son of Cali-

fornia and an entomologist and naturalist of rare ability and notable ac-

complishment died, following a stroke, at Chula Vista, California on 16

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 135-146. April 1969

]36

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

December 1967 at age 85. Three nephews and a sister, Mother Louise of

the Convent of the Sacred Heart at El Cajon, California, survived him.

He was, with C. E. Pemberton, one of the two remaining members of the

c istinguished team of biologists who did so much pioneering and success-

ful work on the biological control of insects in Hawaii, and his research

£nd publications on the faunas of the Galapagos Islands, California,

Hawaii, the Philippines and other Pacific islands and on Hymenoptera

are widely known.

Dr. Williams was born in the small town of Martinez, near the north-

eastern end of San Francisco Bay, California, on 6 August 1882. His father

was Welsh, and he died at age 89. He was a farmer who became an ac-

countant, and he served with the Board of Supervisors and as secretary

to the Board of Health in San Francisco. His mother, Georgina Mel de

Fontenay, was bom on Staten Island, New York. She was educated in

T^rance, and she sailed around Cape Horn and married in Cailfornia. She

lied at age 94.

When Dr. Williams was about five years old, the family moved to San

Francisco. There he later entered St. Ignathius College where he went

hrough the lower grades and high school and obtained an AB degree in

1903 with classical training in Latin and Greek. The devout Catholic

family hoped that he would enter the priesthood, and he gave the pro-

posal serious consideration. After St. Ignathius College, Williams went

;o Stanford University where he studied under Prof. Vernon Lyman

Kellogg, the noted zoologist, and botanist Prof. LeRoy Abrams. At Stan-

ford he associated with fellow students David T. Fullaway and Cyril E.

Pemberton with both of whom he was later to be closely associated in

Hawaii. He graduated from Stanford in 1908, and Fullaway was in his

class. Fordyce Grinnell was also a student friend at Stanford.

Williams very early became associated with the California Academy of

Sciences. He was introduced to the Academy by Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke

(later Professor of Entomology at the University of California, Berkeley)

who was a practicing physician and then a skilled amateur entomologist

with an extraordinary knowledge of the insects of California. Williams

used to visit Dr. Van Dyke in his office where they would discuss ento-

mology, and Dr. Van Dyke gave him much assistance and encourage-

ment as he did to many young entomologists of western North America,

including the biographer. Van Dyke’s enthusiasm and intense interest in

insects was contagious, and no serious student of entomology could avoid

gaining greatly from his association with Dr. Van Dkye.

Williams’ interest in natural history began at an early age, and in later

APRIL 1969] ZIMMERMAN FRANCIS XAVIER WILLIAMS

137

life he would recall with pleasure his collecting butterflies at Martinez

between the ages of four and five years. He began serious collecting and

study as a small boy, and his father gave him great encouragement. He

had insect boxes made for young Francis, and he had an attic room

modified as a laboratory where the budding scientist could house his col-

lections, study and carry on his experiments. The family lived within

eight blocks of Lone Mountain in San Francisco, where Francis collected

repeatedly and extensively. He also did much collecting at Land’s End,

and he collected aquatic insects in Mountain Lake (Marine Hospital

Lake) and in the stream and pools in the Presidio. He became interested

in aquatic insects as a school boy, and that interest stayed with him all

of his life. His extensive collections of San Francisco insects were made

at a time when there was much open space and much natural vegetation

in areas now covered by roads and buildings, and his valuable collec-

tions were given to the California Academy of Sciences. J. A. Powell

(Univ. California Pubs, in Entomology 32:5, 1964) has said “In 1908

and 1909, F. X. Williams made extensive collections [of Tortricidae] in

San Francisco, together wih a few others from central California locali-

ties. His material, which is the best sample of the now essentially extinct

Lepidoptera fauna of the San Francisco sand dunes, is at the California

Academy of Sciences.”

In 1905-1906, when a student at Stanford, Williams joined the Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences’ Galapagos Island Expedition as entomolo-

gist. About a year was spent in the Archipelago, and all of the islands were

visited. Williams’ work on the insects of the Galapagos was outstanding,

and other workers have profited greatly from his extensive collections.

An account of the expedition was published by J. R. Slevin in 1931 in

his Log of the Schooner “^Academy’’ on a Voyage of Scientific Research

to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906 (Occas. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 17:

1-162, pis. 1-16). Williams published The Butterflies and Hawk-Moths

of the Galapagos Islands in 1911 (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (IV) 1:289-

322, pis. 20, 21), and in that worthy paper he gave an excellent discus-

sion of the Islands. In 1926, he published The Bees and Aculeate Wasps

of the Galapagos Islands (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (IV) 2(2) : 347-

357). In 1907, Williams published a short report on the Expedition

(Entomol. News, 18: 260-261) in which he mentioned having collected

about 150 species of Coleoptera, but it was not until the publication of

Prof. Van Dyke’s posthumous The Coleoptera of the Galapagos Islands

(Occas. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. 22: 1-181, pis. 1-7) in 1953, nearly half

a century after their collection, that the Williams’ Galapagos Coleoptera

138

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

were reported upon. Van Dyke noted that the Williams’ collection of

C oleoptera was the largest ever made in the Galapagos.

After graduating from Stanford University in 1908, Williams worked

until 1910 as a plant inspector at the Ferry Building in San Francisco

under E. M. Ehrhorn, who later also went to Hawaii where he served as

a Hawaiian Government entomologist for many years. Williams then

went to the University of Kansas at Lawrence as an Assistant Curator of

tl e Snow Entomological Collection, and he there conducted with grad-

uate students three summer expeditions to western Kansas. The late

Prof. H. B. Hungerford, the noted heteropterist, was one of the graduate

students on the first field trip in 1910. Williams and Hungerford then

gathered details for their Notes on C oleoptera from Western Kansas (En-

tomol. News, 25; 1-7, pis. 1, 2, 1914) in which they discussed Ambly-

c.iila cylindriformis Say, a tiger beetle, and Hornia gigantea Wellman,

a meloid beetle predator of Anthophora bees. Williams obtained his MS

degree at Kansas, and his thesis was his classical work on the Larridae

of Kansas (Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., 8(4) : 121-213, figs. 1—120, 1913).

1 1 that thesis work his characteristic method of lucid illustration was

already well developed. It was at Kansas that he took up his life-long

studies of Hymenoptera, and before that period he favored the Lepidop-

tera more than any other group of insects.

In 1910 (Entomol. News, 21(1): 30^1), Williams published The

hiitterflies of San Francisco, California. He listed 43 species of butter-

flies that were known at that time to inhabit or to have inhabited the

area, and he said that perhaps not more than 30 species could be found

there in 1910. He also said “Before a decade has passed away there will

b e little left of the insect fauna of our city, and therefore the importance

and necessity of making local insect lists while the fauna is still extant

and in an undiluted condition cannot be too much emphasized.” His

valuable comments on the vegetation and conditions prevailing in San

I rancisco in 1910 are in striking contrast to what one can now say of the

area.

In 1913, Williams left Kansas to accept an assistantship at Harvard

Ifniversity under Prof. William Morton Wheeler in the Bussey Institu-

tion, and he also served as an assistant in the beginning course in general

Zoology under G. H. Parker. Also while at Harvard, he had a part-time

j oh as a teacher of entomology in the Lothrop School of Landscape Ar-

cliitecture for women at Groton, Massachusetts. Williams received his

D.Sc. under Prof. Wheeler in 1915, and his thesis was the outstanding

and often quoted work on the embryology, development and habits of

APRIL 1969] ZIMMERMAN — FRANCIS XAVIER WILLIAMS

139

fireflies. This work, Photogenic Organs and Embryology of Lampyrids

(J. Morphol., 28(1) : 145-186, 1916) resulted from two years of study

on Photuris pennsylvanica (DeGeer) and Photinus consanguineus Le-

Conte. One of his close Harvard associates was W. W. Mann, the distin-

guished student of ants who later became the popular director of the Na-

tional Zoological Gardens at Washington, D.C. Williams’ association

with Prof. Wheeler meant much to him and greatly influenced his later

career. Prof. Wheeler conducted numerous field trips for his students

to the Blue Hills Reservation and other areas near Boston, and these

field trips were a particular joy to Williams. Prof. Wheeler considered

Williams to he one of his most promising students, and his faith was

not misplaced.

After receiving his doctorate, Williams found it difficult to find em-

ployment, but L. 0. Howard assisted him in obtaining a position, at a

very low salary, under A. F. Burgess in the United States Department

of Agriculture’s Gypsy Moth Laboratory in Massachusetts, in 1915.

Within a year, however, Frederick Muir, Entomologist at the Hawaiian

Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station in Honolulu (and the noted English

entomologist, David Sharp’s son-in-law), wrote to Prof. Wheeler asking

him to recommend a student who could be assigned to foreign travel to

search for parasites and predators that might be introduced to Hawaii to

assist in the control of insect pests of sugarcane. Prof. Wheeler recom-

mended Williams, and Williams was appointed Assistant Entomologist

and arrived in Honolulu in May, 1916, at age 34.

When Williams arrived in Hawaii, Muir and H. T. Osborn were search-

ing for parasites and predators in the Philippines, and 0. H. Swezey in-

troduced him to Hawaii and the insect problems of sugarcane and took

him into the plantations to demonstrate the damage being done by

Anomala orientalis beetles. Williams stayed in Honolulu only about 10

days, and then he sailed for the Philippines where he stayed from June

1916 to September 1917. In the Philippines he worked mostly with

Tiphia and Scolia wasp parasites of Anomala scarabs, and most of his

work was done in the Los Banos area. Williams sent Tiphia^ Dolichurus

and N otogonidia wasps to Honolulu, and they became established

and remain today familiar members of the introduced Hawaiian

fauna. It was during this work in the Philippines that he gathered

the data for his well known Philippine IV asp Studies (Experi-

ment Station, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Assoc., (Entomol. Ser.) Bull.,

14: 1-186, figs. 1-106, 1919). In that paper, S. A. Rohwer described

many of the new species discovered by Williams. Williams collected

140

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

riore than 180 species of aculeate wasps in the Philippines, and he in-

cluded accounts of the biologies of 52 of the species in the monograph.

Much of what he had to report was new and original, and it makes

the paper one of the more important contributions to the study of acule-

ate wasps. Howard Evans, the noted Harvard authority on wasps, told

r ie that Philippine Wasp Studies includes much that has never been re-

peated or surpassed. The section on Methocha, the tiphiids that attack

tiger beetle larvae, has been added to little (Williams had earlier pub-

1 shed a report on the north eastern United States species, in 1916, as a

lesult of studies he made while at Harvard). The section on mud-using

p ompilids is unrivalled, even today, as is the section on ampulicids. The

studies of Stenogaster were, until quite recently, the only information

available concerning the behavior of these wasps, and even now little

more is known than what Williams reported. Prof. Wheeler used William’s

information and illustrations of Stenogaster in his book The Social In-

sects ”

In 1917, Williams returned to Honolulu, and in early 1918 he was sent

to Australia to search for insect enemies of sugarcane leafhoppers and

aphids. He sent a number of parasites and predators back to Honolulu, and

a mongst them were the now familiar and widely spread brown lacewing,

Micromus navigatorum Brauer, and the ladybird beetle, Coccinela ar-

cuata Fabricius. He was in Queensland about six months, and he spent

1 inch of his time there studying wasps.

After returning to Honolulu from Queensland, he went to Pahala,

Hawaii, for about three months to work on the sugarcane leafhopper. In

1920, he went again to the Philippines where he searched unsuccess-

fully for wireworm parasites, and he studied fig-pollinating insects. He

discovered a new speices of larrid wasp (now Larra luzonensis Rohwer)

c Hacking the mole cricket, Gryllotalpa africana (Palisot de Beauvois),

ivhich was later introduced to Hawaii where it continues to be a valued

fid in the control of the destructive mole crickets. Williams visited about

10 Philippine islands and climbed many mountains to study altitudinal

faunal changes. On this trip he gathered material which he used for his

delightful and highly informative paper on The Natural History of A

Philippine Nipa House With Descriptions of New Wasps (Philippine J.

Sci., 35(1) : 53-118, pis. 1-8, 1928). This monograph reveals Williams’

ccute powers of observation and his very broad interests in natural his-

tory. Williams said of his nipa palm hut that “The building, to receive

the full benefit of such occupancy [by animals], must be an open nipa

l ouse . . ., preferably of some antiquity. No doubt the modernized

APRIL 1969] ZIMMERMAN — FRANCIS XAVIER WILLIAMS

141

screened-in structures with ceilings and tight wooden floors are more

durable and in some ways excel in comfort, but they exclude such inter-

esting household pets as the larger lizards, the banana frog, and the

several bats, as well as the greater bulk of winged insects that are at-

tracted to lights.” Williams told me that one night when he was quietly

writing notes by lamp light that he heard a slight noise, and, looking up,

he saw, just over his head, an enormous cobra searching for rats in the

the thatch of his hut.

Williams returned to Hawaii in 1922 and then went to the U.S. Na-

tional Museum to study the collections, and from there he went to

South America to search for wireworm parasites. He first went to

Ecuador, he crossed the Andes to the Amazon Basin, and he went to

Trinidad for about 10 days, to British Guiana for three or four months,

thence to Bardbados and to Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Pernambuco and

to Belem where he studied mole cricket and cockroach parasites. He re-

turned to Honolulu via New York and San Francisco in 1924 with co-

coons of various parasites, including larrid wasps and a Podium (a good

cockroach parasite) , but the parasites did not travel well during the long,

slow trip, and they were in poor condition when they arrived in Hono-

lulu and nothing became established from the attempted introductions.

Between all of his overseas assignments and other duties, Williams

found time to prepare his unsurpassed Notes on the Habits of the Bees

and Wasps of the Hawaiian Islands (Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc., 6

(3) : 425-464, figs. 1-15, pis. 13-17, 1927) .

In 1928, Williams outstanding monograph Studies of Tropical Wasps

— Their Hosts and Associates {With Descriptions of New Species) ap-

peared (Experiment Station, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Assoc. (Entomol.

Ser.) Bull., 19: 1-179, figs. 1-14, pis. 1-33). This work (a collection of

eight high-quality essays on a variety of wasps ranging from fig wasps to

the Larridae of the Philippines to parasites of tiger beetles and other sub-

jects in various places from the Philippines to Queensland to South

America) is a mine of information and includes an abundance of highly

instructive illustrations. Howard Evans has told me that “Williams treat-

ment of the biology of Larra remains the standard reference (these wasps

are among the most primitive sphecids in nesting behavior). He also

treated the taxonomy of the South American Larra and all of the Philip-

pine Larrinae. The section on Podium remains very valuable. The paper

includes about all that is known about Notocyphus, a parasite of avicu-

larid spiders, all that is known of the nests of Priochilus (placed by

142

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

^J'^illiams in Pseudagenia) , and there is an extended, never repeated ac-

count of Aporus hirsutus at San Francisco.”

In 1928, Williams went to Webster Groves, Missouri, to study pred-

ators and parasites with A. F. Satterthwait. He introduced several spe-

cies, including Anaphoidea calendrae Gahan, to Hawaii, but they failed

to become established.

In 1934, Williams went to Guatemala in an attempt to discover pos-

s ble parasties and predators that could be used against Anomala scarabs.

I here he bred an Elis scoliid wasp which appeared to be a highly promis-

ing parasite. It was sent to Honolulu in numbers, but it failed to become

established. Williams also studied Pyrophorus elaterid beetles in the

1 ope that they might be used for wireworm control.

In 1939, Williams married Louisa Lewis Clark, of Honolulu. In July,

1940, they went to New Caledonia to study sugarcane insects, because

the establishment of the trans-Pacific air service posed a threat to the

Hawaiian sugar industry. In November, 1940, the Williams returned to

Honolulu with a valuable general collection of insects and living speci-

riens of Ampulex compressa (Fabricius), a large, beautiful, brilliantly

colored wasp which he found parasitizing large cockroaches in New Cal-

edonia. This fine parasite soon became established and spread widely in

Hawaii where it is now one of the most conspicuous insects of the low-

land fauna and is very common about houses and gardens in Honolulu.

His field work resulted in his paper The Aculeate Wasps of New Cale-

donia (Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc., 12(2) : 407—452, figs. 1-8, 1945),

the only work of its kind on the New Caledonia fauna.

In October, 1947, at the request of the National Research Council and

the United States Navy, the Williams went to East Africa to study the

giant African snail, Achatina fulica, and its parasites and predators. The

pest snail was introduced by the Japanese to Micronesia where it was

found widely spread at the end of the second world war, and it became

established in Hawaii where it soon became a garden pest. Early in 1948,

the Williams returned to Honolulu.

Later in 1948, having retired from the Experiment Station, Hawaiian

Sugar Planters’ Association, the Williams moved to Danville, California,

near the base of Mt. Diablo and east of San Francisco Bay. Williams

vished to be near the California Academy of Sciences, to which he had

such a long and close attachment, and he wished to resume his studies of

California Hymenoptera. Danville is not far from Martinez, where

iV^illiams was born. The climate did not appear to agree with Mrs.

Williams, and they leased out their house for two years and bought a

APRIL 1969] ZIMMERMAN FRANCIS XAVIER WILLIAMS

143

house in Mill Valley, Marin County, and closer to San Francisco. This

location also proved unsuitable to Mrs. Williams, and they sold the Mill

Valley house and moved into a flat nearby. Williams then accepted an

an appointment from the Peruvian sugar growers to go to Peru for two

years to study methods of biological control of the serious sugarcane pest

Diatraea. However, Mrs. Williams had an eye operation and then devel-

oped arthritis, and Williams had to cancel his plans for the Peruvian

work. The Williams returned to the home in Danville, and then moved

to La Mesa, near San Diego, California, in search of a climate that ap-

pealed to Mrs. Williams. After several years at La Mesa, Mrs. Williams

health and eyesight continued to deteriorate, and they moved into a re-

tirement home in Chula Vista, also near San Diego. Tragically, Mrs.

Williams lost her eyesight and became bedridden with arthritis and was

confined to the hospital for a very long time. She died in September, 1965.

After the move to southern California, Williams associated closely with

the San Diego Museum of Natural History and continued his studies of

wasps, particularly his favorite larrids. By 1963, Williams had lost the

sight of one eye, but he continued collecting and his studies, and he

usually visited the Museum two days a week. His intense interest in nat-

ural history never faltered, and his observations and study continued

with keen devotion as long as he was physically able to work. His latter

California researches led to the publishing of The Wasps of the Genus

Solierella In California (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (IV) 26(11) : 355-417,

pis. 11—21, figs. 1-3, 1950) ; Life History Studies of Pepsis And Hemi-

pepsis Wasps In California (Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 49(5) : 447-466,

figs. 1-26, 1956) (this is a summary of his studies in 1937 and 1951-54,

and it is an excellent example of his work and his ability to convey im-

portant details accurately and lucidly to his readers) ; and The Wasps of

the Genus Plenoculus (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (IV) 31(1): 1-49, 90

figs., 1960) .

I first met Williams upon my return from Bishop Museum’s Mangare-

van Expedition to southeastern Polynesia in the autumn of 1934. I found

him to be a storehouse of biological information, and I drew heavily

upon this source of knowledge during all of our years together in Hawaii.

I considered Williams to be the best informed, most broadly based and

his field work the most carefully done of any of his Hawaiian contem-

poraries. He was an extraordinarily keen observer and a most diligent

and persistent worker. He was a shy, very quiet, extremely modest and

retiring person. He had a gaunt appearance that may have resulted from

attacks of malaria. He was a lover of classical music, and he played the

144

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

flute. It was almost unknown of him to speak a harsh word or to reveal

any feeling of anger. He was a devout catholic, and in some ways, no

doubt because of his training and early consideration given to entering

the priesthood, he retained various qualities generally associated with

priestly ideals. Mrs. Williams was a protestant, and it appeared to be

with a great feeling of satisfaction to Williams that she was converted to

Catholicism just before her death.

Williams’s long years of bachelorhood and his being unburdened by

care of property or family responsibilities made possible his spending an

unusual amount of time in the pursuit of entomological investigations,

h e made many trips into the Hawaiian fields and mountains, particularly

during his long researches on the aquatic insects. Most weekends found

\/illiams in the field. On Sundays, before he was married, he attended

early Mass and then he frequently went alone into the mountains. He was

often also in the field on Saturdays. Scores of collecting trips during a

long period of years were made with Otto H. Swezey, his colleague at

the Experiment Station and very close friend and for whom Williams

4 ad the greatest admiration and respect. I accompanied Williams at var-

ious times, and I learned how careful and thorough were his methods of

study. I have considered his discovery of the highly unusual terrestrial

larva of the damselfly Megalagrion oahuense (Blackburn) to be the

crowning achievement of his Hawaiian field studies. Williams had been

collecting data for his classic series Biological Studies in Hawaiian Wa-

ter-Loving Insects (Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc., 9(2) : 235-349, figs.

1-10, pis., 1-18, 1936; 10(1): 85-119, fig. 1, pis. 1-9, 1938; 11(3):

313-338, figs. 1-8, pis. 8-13, 1943; 12(1) : 186-196, figs. 8-16, 1944),

and he had studied the life histories of all of the Odonata on the island

cf Oahu with the exception of this fine, large, endemic damselfly. Al-

though the adults could be found without great difficulty, Williams was

i nable to discover larvae in any of the known or suspected odonate habi-

tats. Over and over again he searched for larvae in the areas where the

z dults flew, but all his attempts were failures. He noted that the adults

\/ere often to be seen on steep mountainsides far from water, and week

cfter week he studied their movements. He found that the females were

sometimes seen on dense thickets of the pestiferous staghorn fern, Gleiche-

ida linearis, which forms tangled masses in openings in the lower and

raiddle forests. By persistent observation he found that some females de-

scended into the masses of ferns. Armed with this information, he began

£. search of the damp trash and leaf mold beneath the fern thickets. With

extraordinary patience and after repeated and laborious searches that

APRIL 1969] ZIMMERMAN FRANCIS XAVIER WILLIAMS

145

would have defeated a lesser man, Williams finally succeeded in discov-

ering that the nymphs of this damselfly are highly unusual because they

are terrestrial and are capable of living far from water. The nymphs

are very hairy, and their gills are shortened, thickened and hairy and

are adapted for a life in the damp ground litter beneath dense masses of

vegetation. Most of his other studies on the Hawaiian water-loving in-

sects are the first and only of their kind in Hawaii. His studies are of

great value and have added much to our knowledge of the Hawaiian

fauna.

In spite of all of his travels, other duties and many other research proj-

ects, Williams wrote the excellent and basic Handbook of the Insects and

Other Invertebrates of Hawaiian Sugar Cane Fields (Hawaiian Sugar

Planters’ Association Experiment Station, pp. 1-400, figs. 1-190, pis. 1-

41, 1931) . This book has been the standard text on the common insects

of Hawaii since its publication, and it is an invaluable source of informa-

tion on the Hawaiian fauna.

After their marriage, the Williams built a small cottage near the

Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station in Honolulu and sur-

rounded it with flowers, shrubs and trees. Here they fed and attracted

to their garden many birds, and they planted various flowers (and some

weeds ! ) to attract insects. They raised an orphan mynah bird as a pet,

and this led to a detailed study of the mynah {Acridotheres tristis) in

Honolulu. They printed privately their entertaining and informative book

Mike The Mynah in 1946. In their garden they built a small pool to at-

tract birds and invertebrates. The introduced tropical American toad,

Bufo marinus would frequently swarm into the pool, and Williams would

periodically carry away for release elsewhere numbers of the toads. He

noted that one of the toads he had carried to the grounds of the Experi-

ment Station (about a half mile away and across several roads and a

busy highway) had a deformed foot. Much to his astonishment, he found

the toad again in his pool, and he thus determined that the toads have a

homing instinct and although carried a considerable distance away,

some of them found their ways back through many hazards to his pool.

Williams name is fixed firmly in the annals of hymenopterology, and

many of his studies include original and unique discoveries and observa-

tions. Howard Evans told me that Williams often sent him wasp larvae,

which Evans described in his outstanding series on larvae, and Williams

was always “exceedingly generous” in sending him specimens for study

and took special care to write to him to tell him how much he enjoyed

reading his papers. This was characteristic of Williams. Evans also told

146

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

me that “Williams paper on Epyris extraneous is one of the few detailed

s udies of a bethylid wasp and the only one for that genus. He described

t VO unusual genera of pompilids from Fiji, N esopompilus and Dendro-

pompilus, and, as usual, his descriptions and abundant illustrations make

it unnecessary to see the types to be able to place the genera. He dis-

CDvered a striking new genus of sphecids {Xenosphex) in southern Cali-

fornia which still cannot be placed satisfactorily in the classification of

t ie family. His last paper is an excellent report on an otherwise un-

studied spider wasp that nested in milkweed stems in the garden of his

retirement home at Chula Vista.”

Williams developed a highly distinctive artistic style early in his ca-

1 eer, and his hundreds of published illustrations are mostly recognizable

cS his at a glance. They are clear, crisp, highly instructive and as per-

sonal as his signature.

Williams was such an excellent, broadly based researcher that it is

perhaps regretable that his employment was not in a museum or a uni-

versity instead of a commerical agricultural experiment station. Although

he was employed as an economic entomologist assigned to devote his

labors to the protection of the sugarcane crop, he was able to make more

original observations, make more high quality illustrations and publish

more excellent monographs on ethology, ecology and taxonomy than

many persons accomplish when employed to concentrate on such sub-

jects. All who have to work with his many publications have reason to

thank that exceedingly modest, sensitive, highly competent, devoted nat-

uralist for what he has left to posterity. A bibliography of his published

vritings and a list of the new taxa he described has been prepared by Dr.

Paul H. Arnaud, Jr. and will appear in the Occasional Papers of the

California Academy of Sciences for 1969.

APRIL 1969]

PHILIP NEW NEOTROPICAL TABANIDAE

147

New or Little-Known Neotropical Tabanidae

(Diptera)

Cornelius B. Philip

National Institutes of Health, Pub. Health Serv.

U.S. Dept. H.E.W., Hamilton, Montana

Descriptions and comments on Neotropical Tabanidae are provided

below.

Esenbeckia (Ricardoa) potrix Philip, new species

(Fig. 1)

Robust, blackish species with beard, chest and narrow abdominal incisures, all

whitish-haired, Irons with tall, narrow blackish keel, antennae and palpi red, latter

short and pointed, about one-fourth as long as proboscis, proboscis subequal to

height of head ; legs dark brown to black with black hairs.

Female. — (Holotype, 19 mm). Frons yellow pollinose, slightly widened above

and below, keel narrow with small irregular expansion near base but widely sep-

arated from the upper margin of the yellow pollinose subcallus; 3 ocelli at vertex.

Face and cheeks buff-gray pollinose with red quadrate bare area above mouth

parts. Shapes of antennae and palpi as figured, scapes and pedicels mostly yellow-

haired changing to black distally; basal annuli of flagellum somewhat fused; apical

palpal segments mostly black-haired intermixed with yellow hairs dorsally and

around ovoid, deep lateral grooves. Labella almost completely sclerotized.

Notum and scutellum dull black with narrow brown margins around former,

and covered with short black and yellow hairs. Pleura sooty-brown, with

mostly pale yellow pile which extends onto blackish coxae. Femora and hind tibiae

black with concolorous hairs ; fore and midtibiae dark brown with short black hairs.

Wings suffused with yellow, intensified in costal cells. Halteres reddish.

Abdomen subshiny black with indefinite red-brown shades widely on sides of

tergite 2, incisures above and below with narrow pale-haired bands which could

disappear with wear.

Holotype Female, Sinaloa, Mexico, 37 miles east of Concordia, 2

September 1957, R. E. Widdows. In collection of L. L Pechuman.

This species would run to couplet 15 in my key to North American

species (1954) . There E. incisuralis var. tinkhami Phil, has considerable

resemblance, but, in addition to being smaller, the palpi are longer, the

knees and tibiae are reddish and all appendages predominantly yellow-

haired.

Esenbeckia filipalpis divergens Philip, new subspecies

(Fig. 2)

Though Philip (1954) included both sexes of E. filipalpis (Will.) in

keys to North American species, and Hine (1925) included reference to

a specimen from Costa Rica, Fairchild does not include it in several

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 147-152. April 1969

148

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

Fig. 1. Frons, antenna and palp of Esenbeckia {Ricardoa) potrix Philip, female.

Fig. 2. Antenna and palp of Esenbeckia filipalpis divergens Philip, male. Fig. 3.

Frons of Catachlorops (Psalidia) medemi Philip, female, a. wing; h. antenna and

palp. Fig. 4. Frons, antenna and palp of Stypommisa (Styphocera) antennina,

Philip, female.

publications dealing with other species in the better known fauna of

Panama. Until confirmatory specimens are studied, occurrence of the

typical, more southern form in Central America and Mexico remains

doubtful.

Further collecting of both sexes is also needed to determine whether

2 males from Nayarit, Mexico, received from L. L. Pechuman, which

pear close resemblance, are distinct specifically; for the present, they

are described below as subspecies.

Medium-sized fly with brown notum; bicolored legs with bright yellow tibiae;

palpi slender, spatulate and blunt apically and half or more as long as proboscis;

abdomen yellow on basal 3 segments with narrow middorsal black triangles, re-

inaining segments black.

Male. — (Holotype, 15 mm). Head but little wider than thorax, eyes bare with

uniformly small facets; 3 prominent ocelli at occipital notch. Face and cheeks buff-

gray with yellow hairs. Antennae and palpi red with black hairs, shaped as figured,

palpi bare laterally for about two-thirds their lengths.

Notum and scutellum brownish-red with sparse short yellow and black hairs;

pleura dark red, mostly dark brown-haired. Coxae and femora dark brown, black-

haired; tibiae contrasting bright yellow with short concolorous hairs. Wings with

customary venation, except cells M^^ pointed at base, cross-vein at apex of discal cell

thus eliminated; spur veins present and cells Rg closed; suffused with brown, inten-

sified costally and hasally. Halteres red.

APRIL 1969]

PHILIP NEW NEOTROPICAL TABANIDAE

149

First tergite and first 2 sternites yellow, predominantly yellow-haired inverted

dark triangle with black hairs on first not as wide as scutellum. Second and third

tergites yellow, mostly black-haired with tall median inverted black triangles, not

quite crossing tergites, black spot on each outer upper corner. Sternite 3 yellow,

mostly black-haired. Remaining segments black with black hairs and small tufts

of yellow hairs on outer corners of tergites.

Holotype Male, San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico, 2 July 1956, R. & K.

Driesbach. In the collection of L. L. Pechuman.

Paratype male, same data, in close agreement; in collection of the

author. The median spot on tergite 3 is not narrowed behind and the

outer dark spots on tergite 2 are evanescent.

The resemblance to typical E. filipalpis is striking, but the brown not

blackish notum, broader blunt palpi, and bicolored legs of this subspecies

are distinctive and may ultimately justify specific differentiation. A

typical male from Formosa, northern Argentina, is available for com-

parison.

Cataclilorops (Psalidia) medemi Philip, new species

(Fig. 3)

Rather large, predominantly brown fly with reddish-brown appendages, pictured

Avings with lighter areas more reduced than usual in this group, and antennal spine

reaching beyond base of style.

Female. — (Holotype, 19 mm). Eyes bare, no bands revived. Front tall and nar-

row, parallel-sided, buff-gray pollinose with strong median, red keel reaching almost

to vertex and not touching eyes; index 1:5.8. No ocelli. Subcallus small, buff-pol-

linose laterally, and sharply bare in middle. Face and cheeks buff -yellow pollinose,

brown pilose below. Antennae shaped as figured, red, annuli dark brown, black

hairs on 2 basal segments and tip of spine. Palpi long and slender, blunt, red with

black hairs on apical segment, and reaching base of sclerotized black labella.

Thorax reddish-brown with sparse, short, mixed black and yellow hairs dorsally,

light brown pile on pleura. Forelegs brown with black hairs, basal half of foretibiae

pale yellow. Two hind pairs red with concolorous hairs, darkening on tibiae with

black hairs. Wing mottled brown, more yellow hasocostally, irregular paler but not

clear, fenestrae across cross-veins in middle and centers of cells Rg, Rg and M^;

apex beyond tip of vein R 4 + 5 , and anal area similarly suffused, pale. Cell Rg nar-

rowed at margin to about half its maximum Avidth; no spur veins. Halteres yellow.

Basicostas bare.

Abdomen uniformly reddish-brown, predominantly black-haired above, yellow on

venter.

Holotype Female, La Pedrera (Amazonas) Lower Rio Caqueta,

Colombia, 29 September 1968, F. Medem. “In a hut at night.” In col-

lection of the author through courtesy of the collector, a student of cai-

mans from which he has taken T. fervens Linn, and T . modestus Wied.

while they were biting these reptiles.

150

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

Paratype females (on loan from G. B. Fairchild) ; 16-19 mm. 3, Rio

de Janeiro, 12 October 1917, E. M. Miller. In collections of Stuttgart

J 'Natural History Museum and of G. B. Fairchild, who had also decided

lheir distinctness. 1, Brazil, in Lutz Coll.; label indistinct but inter-

preted by G. B. F. as “Estrada Ferro Madeira Mamore” (between Porto

Yelho and Guajara Mirim, Rondonia) . In good agreement with the holo-

type. The vestiture of body and appendages may be entirely orange-

laired, and the bare area in middle of the subcallus may be reduced

and shield-shaped but is not separated from the frontal carina in any.

Dr. Fairchild has suggested this species may not have been noticed

joefore because of nocturnal (or crepuscular) habits, indicated by data

on the holotype.

The closest relative appears to be C. (P.) scurra (Fchld.) from Pan-

ama which, however, has the basal cells entirely dark to the apices with

sharper substigmal, subapical and apical fenestrae, as well as closed

cells Rf,, and the bare median area of the subcallus is separated from the

median keel by an upper pollinose margin.

Tabanus (Neotabanus) xerodes Philip. — ^This was described from a

single worn female from Arica (Philip, 1967) . A better-preserved speci-

men was loaned me by Dr. Sixto Coscaron, collected at Azapa, Cata-

raarka Prov., by Etcheverry (no date) which permits augmenting the

description.

The callosity is cherry red, more quadrate than in the type and with

the median extension obscured by sparse pollen. Palpi a little less

swollen than figured. Notum with 3 gray notal lines prominent, vesti-

ture with brassy appressed hairs among gray pile. No spur veins. Hind-

tibial fringes whitish, darker hairs only distally. Median abdominal

line with gray pollinosity ; tergite 1 predominantly black, sides of tergites

2 and 3 widely red with diagonal dashes of yellow hairs, the trivittate

pattern evident from tergite 4 caudad. The Neotabanus eye pattern was

confirmed.

Tabanus monotaxis Philip. — This likewise was based on a unique

female with broken antennae from Antofagasta Prov. A well-preserved

specimen, also from Antofagasta Prov., Calama, 7 December 1959, Inst.

Pedagogico, was also received from Dr. Coscaron, which permits figur-

ing of the complete antennae and some additional comments. Length

15 mm. Single eye-band confirmed, and lower border darkened. Neither

the figure nor this specimen confirm the original statement of front “. . .

strongly convergent below . . .” though there is mild convergence. Cal-

losity a little narrower, more conical. Palpi more drawn out into an

APRIL 1969]

PHILIP — NEW NEOTROPICAL TABANIDAE

151

attenuated point than figured and entirely pale-haired. Abdominal pub-

escence pale yellow; sternite 7 not inconspicuous and noticeably, but

not excessively narrower than 6.

Stypommisa Enderlein

Styphocera Philip, new subgenus

Antennae shorter than height of fronts, with triannulate styles (named in refer-

ence to the contracted flagellum), fronts wider than typical Stypommisa, about

twice taller than wide, small but distinct ocellar tubercle, eyes sparsely pilose, un-

handed, wings tinted with isolated clouds and spur veins at bases of veins R^, basi-

costas with few setae and abdomen without patterns other than pale incisures.

The triannulate antennal styles and relatively broad fronts set this sub-

genus apart among other Stypommisa species, analogous to separation

of subgenera Brachytahanus Fchld. and novum A Fchld. in Steno-

hanus which otherwise have clear wings without spur veins and com-

pletely bare basicostas and eyes. Stypommisa subgenus novum B

Fchld. also has broad fronts and basicostas often with some setae, but

the eyes are bare, wings clear without spur veins, styles quadriannulate,

and abdomens with median stripes.

Type Species. — Stypommisa [Styphocera] antemiina Philip.

Stypommisa (Styphocera) antennina Philip, new species

(Fig. 4)

Small, dark brownish-black species with narrowly pale-banded abdomen, suffused

wings with intensified clouds on cross-veins, short spur veins, basicostas with few

setae, sparsely hairy eyes, and short all-red antennae.

Female. — (Holotype, 8 mm; wings 8.5 mm) . Head small, hardly as wide as notum

between wings; eyes with short brown sparse hairs; no bands revived. Frons buff-

gray to brown pollinose mesally; slightly widened below, index 1:2.2; indistinct

tubercle near vertex; callosity black triangular, not touching eyes and attenuated

about midway to vertex. Subcallus dull brown pollinose. Face dull sooty-gray to

brown pollinose, the apodemal pits unusually large and sunken but pollinose;

cheeks mostly brown-haired. Antennae bright orange-reddish, small apical annulus

black; scapes sub cylindrical, nearly twice longer than thick and subequal to plates

in length, covered with shaggy black hairs; pedicels somewhat bead-like with low

dorsoapical points, also coarsely black-haired; flagellums robust, not excised dor-

sally, style chunky and indistinctly 3-annulate. Palpi brown, shaggy-black-haired,

falcate and tapered to blunt point nearly to tip of short fleshy black proboscis.

Thorax blackish, unpatterned (apparently discolored), pronotol lobes yellow,

prealar ones and scutellum black; vestiture sparse yellow and black-haired. Legs

brownish-black, the tibiae more dull reddish; mostly black-haired. Wings with

normal venation, suffusion intensified anteriorly, costal cells and isolated clouds

brown. Basicostas pointed with few black setae apically. Halteres brown.

Abdomen above and below dark brown to black with narrow yellow incisures,

narrowest caudally; sternite 2 with yellow crossing it sublaterally ; tergite 1 divided

152

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

nesally by deep sulcus which forks peculiarly on anterior third; scattered yellow

and black hairs ; tergite 7 broad and extruded as long as 6.

Holotype Female, Huanuco, Peru. 17 September 1954. 7,500 ft. In

c Dllection of L. L. Pechuman.

The eyes are more plainly hairy than most species now assigned to

Stypommisa, while the cheeks, palpi and antennae basally are much more

shaggy-haired. The shapes of the antennae diverge from those known in

ether species in the more compact red triannulate flagellums with dorsal

Hunt angles near the middle of the plates, and styles short and robust.

Change of name. — As called to my attention by both Drs. Alan Stone

end G. B. Fairchild, my recently described T. attenuatus from Honduras

is preoccupied by Walker (1848, List 1: 159). Therefore T. abattenuis

new name is proposed for the former.

Literature Cited

Hine, J. S. 1925. Tabanidae of Mexico, Central America and the West Indies. Univ.

Mich., Decas. Paper Mus. Zool. No. 162, 35 pp.

Philip, C. B. 1954. New North American Tabanidae. VIII. Notes on and keys to

the genera and species of P angoniinae exclusive of Chrysops. Rev. Brasil.

Entomologia, 2: 13-60.

1967. Species of Tabanus related to T. xanthogaster Philippi in Chile. J. Med.

Entomol., 4: 463.

Two new species of Sepedon separated

from S. armipes Loew in Western North America

(Diptera: Sciomyzidae)

T. W. Fisher and R. E. Orth^

University of California, Riverside

Sepedon armipes Loew, a nearctic species, is widely distributed in the

Jnited States and Canada (Steyskal 1951; Foote 1951; Neff and Berg

1966). Neff and Berg, however, expressed caution regarding the total

acceptance of this concept in a footnote to a distribution map (p. 112)

for the species which states: “The recent discovery of a sibling species

in Utah and southern Idaho casts some doubt on armipes records in that

area.” Although our records of species of Sepedon collected in California

( — a result of a survey in progress^ of the marsh flies of California to

I Specialist and Laboratory Technician, respectively.

“Univ. Calif. Agric. Exp. Sta. Project No. 2037.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 45: 152-164. April 1969

APRIL 1969]

FISHER & ORTH — TWO NEW SEPEDON

153

be reported in a forthcoming issue of the California Insect Survey Bul-

letin — ) had been forwarded to Neff and Berg for inclusion in their

paper, we were suspicious that our California “armipe^,” too, was dis-

tinct from eastern United States representatives of the species (Fisher

1966). Subsequent correspondence and exchange of material and draw-

ings with L. V. Knutson confirmed the existence of three forms of

“armipes,” the nominal typical species and the two distinct species de-

scribed herein.

The terminalia and/or hind femur and tibia of S. armipes have been

figured by Cresson (1920, fig. 39), Steyskal (1951, fig. 1; 1956, fig.

17), and Foote (1961, fig. 16). These workers and Melander (1920)

also provided keys to the species. Loew (1859) described the species

from a male taken by Osten Sacken at Washington, D. C. and it is as-

sumed the specimens used by Steyskal and Cresson for illustration were

from eastern United States and are conspecific with Loew’s type. In

order to standardize our basis of comparison with the two new species,

S. armipes is refigured in this paper in the hope that characters hereto-

fore not, or minimally, used will facilitate future comparative studies in

the Armipes group.

Characteristics of the Genus Sepedon. — Propleuron without strong-

bristle; first segment of foretarsus not of a color strongly contrasting

with remaining segments. Vallar bristles absent. Ocellar and humeral

bristles absent. Post ocellar bristles well-developed. Frons with one pair

of fronto-orbital bristles. One pair of scutellar bristles. Posterior cross-

vein arcuate, or slightly so. The three species of concern here run to 5.

armipes in existing keys.

Characteristics of the Armipes Group. — Supraspiracular convex-

ity with black hairs. Medifacies with scattered black hairs. Second an-

tennal segment slender, nearly round in cross section. Body less than

six mm. long. Approximately midway on ventral surface of hind femur

of the male is a deep indentation (notch) whose basal margin is de-

marcated proximally by a heavy process (basimedian prong) (Steyskal

1951) which may be clearly bifid, as in S. bifida Steyskal, or nearly

simple as in S. melaaderi Steyskal. A single simple process (basal

prong) is likewise located on the ventral surface of the hind femur and

is situated between the basimedian prong and the base of the femur. The

basal prong is lacking in S. haplobasis Steyskal. Hind femur of female

simple. Hind tibia of both sexes distinctly curved forward in distal

third. A freshly pinned specimen of S. capellei (Fig. 1) illustrates well

the hind leg characteristic of the Armipes group.

154

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

Fig. 1. Sepedon capellei Fisher & Orth { $ ) Calif., Mono Co., NW. comer Mono

Lake, 11 July 1968, (T. W. Fisher and R. E. Orth), AS-715. Dextral appendages

removed.

Species of Sepedon placed in the Armipes group are S. anchista Stey-

skal, S. armipes, S. bifida, S. capellei, S. haplobasis Steyskal, S. meland-

tri, and 5. pseudarmipes. Some of the males can he separated by

differences in the hind femur. All can be separated by morphological

differences in the genitalia.

Figs. 2-7. Ventral and sinistral views of male terminalia: Figs. 2-3. Sepedon

crmipes Loew, New York, Tompkins Co., 29 June 1958 (no coll.). Figs. 4-5. Sepe-

don pseudarmipes Fisher & Orth, paratopotype, Washington, Grant Co., O’Sullivan

Dam, 18 July 1954 (H. G. Davis). Figs. 6-7. Sepedon capellei Fisher & Orth, para-

topotype California, Inyo Co., 2.5 mi. W. Bishop, 1 August 1965 (T. W. Fisher and R.

E. Orth) AS-344. aed, aedeagus; ap, anterior process of surstylus; ce, cercus; ep,

epandrium; s, surstylus; vp, ventral process of hypandrium.

APRIL 1969] FISHER & ORTH TWO NEW SEPEDON

155

156

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[voL. 45,

APRIL 1969] FISHER & ORTH — TWO NEW SEPEDON

157

All are considered to be nearctic species, with the possible exception

of S. haplobasis which Steyskal (1960) described from material taken 15

km. east of Mexico City, Mexico, a locality which we estimate to be ap-

proximately 7,500 feet in elevation.

Morphological Differences Between S. armipes, S. capellei, and

S. PSEUDARMIPES. — Size differences between these three species are vir-

tually nil. The average wing length of 20 males of S. armipes from Utah

and Idaho was 4.37 mm. Male paratypes of S. capellei and S. pseudar-

mipes had average wing lengths of 4.43 and 4.34 mm, respectively. Stey-

skal (correspondence) earlier had suggested to Knutson that the distance

from the base of the hind femur to the distal portion of the notch relative

to the total length of the femur might be useful in the separation of S.

armipes from S. capellei. However, at that time, S. pseudarmipes was un-

known. On the other hand differences in the terminalia (Figs. 2-7) , with

particular emphasis on the aedeagi (Figs. 8-11), provide a high level of

confidence for postive placement of the three species. By these criteria

all but 4 of 1,357 males were placed without hesitancy.

Characteristics of the aedeagus used to distinguish the three species

are (1) angle a b d and (2) the distance between points e (gonopore)

and / (basal anterior process) relative to the distance between points b

and d. In S. armipes angle ab d approximates 85 °;c/< bd; and point /

is short, blunt, and directed ventrally. Point c varies in its position be-

tween b and d in different specimens in all three species, and is of no

diagnostic value.

We found no reliable morphological differences to distinguish females

of the three species.

Sepedon capellei Fisher and Orth, new species

Holotype male. — Postabdomen as in Figs. 6, 7. Aedeagus as in Fig. 11; angle

ah d approximately 137°; ej'^hd; point massively dentate, directed anteroven-

trally. Wing length 4.4 mm. External morphology as in S. armipes, except uniformly

darker color.

Allotype female. — Terminalia as in Fig. 13. Wing length 5.2 mm. Coloration

same as male.

Figs. 8-11. Aedeagi, sinistral views: Fig. 8. Sepedon armipes Loew, Utah, Cache

Co. (no locality), 13 September 1964 (K. Capelle). Fig. 9. S. pseudarmipes Fisher

& Orth, holotype, Washington, Grant Co., O’Sullivan Dam, 11 October 1953, (M. T.

James). Fig. 10. S. capellei Fisher & Orth, Utah, Cache Co. (no locality), 13 Sep-

tember 1964, (K. Capelle). Fig. 11. S. capellei Fisher & Orth, holotype, Calif.,

Inyo Co., 2.5 mi. W. Bishop, 1 August 1965, (T. W. Fisher and R. E. Orth), AS-

344. (See text for significance of lettered points of reference.)

158

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

Holotype male, 2.5 miles west of Bishop, Inyo County, California,

Line Street, Elevation, 4,250 feet; Latitude, 37° 20' North; Longi-

ti de, 118° 22' West approximately; 1 August 1965; (T. W. Fisher and

R. E. Orth) ; field notes Accession No. AS-344. Allotype female same

data. The type locality is a roadside ditch with shallow, flowing clear

water, and bordered by low sedges and grasses.

Paratypes. — 35, all from California. Wing length 22 $ , 4.1^.7 mm, average

4.43. Wing length 13 2, 4. 7-5.1 mm, average 4.96. Inyo Co.: 1 , 12 mi. W. Big-

pine, Glacier lodge, 7,800'; 12 August 1966 (T. W. Fisher), MA-118; 2 same

locality, (T. W. Fisher and R. E. Orth) (hereafter stated F & 0), AS-640; 2 2

(Paratopotypes) , 2.5 mi. W. Bishop, 4,250', 1 August 1965, AS-344, (F & 0).

]V. ODOC Co.: 2 ^,2 2,1 mi. S. Alturas, 4,300', 21 September 1966, (F & 0), AS-

533. Mono Co.: 3 $,2 2, Hot Cr., 2 mi. E. Hatchery, 6,940', 20 September 1966,

( " & 0), AS-522; 2 ^,1 2, NW. corner Mono Lake, 6,440', 2 August 1965, (F &

0), AS-347 ; 2 i5, 1 2, same locality, 20 September 1966, (F & 0), AS-523; 4 $ ,

12,2 mi. W. Bridgeport, 6,500', 6 June 1966, (F & 0), AS-437. Plumas Co.: 2 $ ,

1 2, Rock Creek, Hwy 36, 4,900', 4 August 1965, (F & 0), AS-359. Shasta Co.:

1 2,3 mi. E. Anderson, 430', 12 June 1965 (T. W. Fisher), AS-313; 2 $ , Red-

ding, 560', 12 June 1965, (T. W. Fisher), AS-312; Sierra Co.: 2 ^,3.5 mi. NW.

Sierraville, 4,935', 22 September 1966, (F & 0), AS-538; 2 2 , 1.6 mi. W. Sierra-

ville, 4,940', 23 August 1967, (F & 0), AS-627.

Deposition of Type Material. — Holotype and Allotype, California Academy of

Sciences, CAS 10166 — also, 6 paratypes; 8 paratypes, USNM; 4 paratypes, Cornell

Lniversity; 16 paratypes. Museum of Department of Biological Control, University

0 California, Riverside.

Material was also examined from the following localities and in the number in-

dicated in parenthesis: — California (1464 total). Alpine Co. (79) : Heenan Lake,

1 mi. E. Luther Pass, Markleeville, Sorensen’s, 2 mi. S. Woodfords, Silver

Creek. Inyo Co. (34) : Big Pine, 2.5 mi. W. Bishop, 1.7 mi. N. Cartago, Buclchorn

Spring (Deep Springs Lake), 12 mi. W. Big Pine. Lassen Co. (32): 2 mi. W.

h allelujah Jet., Smith Flat Reservoir, 16 mi. N. Susanville, 6 mi. E. Bieber, 12 mi.

S Ravendale. Modoc Co. (107) : Alturas, Cedar Pass Camp Gnd, S. Cedarville, 3

n i. N. Eagleville, 8 mi. SW. Eagleville, 1.5 mi. E. Buck Creek Ranger Sta., Lake

City, Lily Lake Rd., Likely, So. Fork Pit River, Willow Ranch. Mono Co. (534) :

Bridgeport, 2.5 mi. S. Coleville, Fish Slough, Hot Creek, 3 mi. NW. Topaz, Topaz,

^ W. corner Mono Lake, E. Sonora Pass. Nevada Co. (20) : 1 mi. SW. Boca Spr.,

h obart Mills, Sagehen. Placer Co. (1): 3.5 mi. SE. Truckee (Martis Cr.).

Plumas Co. (45) : Chester, Crescent Mills, 3 mi. S. Graeagle, Meadow Valley,

(Quincy, Rock Cr. (Hwy 36). Shasta Co. (10) : Anderson, 5 mi. SW. Redding, Red-

ding, 2 mi. S. Pondosa, Cassel. Sierra Co. (154) : Sierraville. Siskiyou Co. (20) :

Pray (Butte Cr.), 20 mi. SW. Gazelle, Grass Lake, Grenada (Shasta Riv.), Meiss

lake, Orr Lake. Tehama Co. (1) : 4 mi. SE. Vina. Tuolumne Co. (5) : E. Doug-

Ifss. Plus 77 from inexact localities.

IDAHO (23). Blaine Co.: Picabo (Silver Cr.), Gannett. Canyon Co.: Succor

Cr. (?). Caribou Co.: Bancroft. Cassia Co.: Elba Basin Pass. Elmore Co.: Lake

Camas Res., Dixie. Franklin Co.: Cub River Canyon. Gooding Co.: 2 mi. S.

P agerman. Hailey Co.: 16 mi. S. Hailey (Wood River). Lake Co.: Fish Haven.

APRIL 1969] FISHER & ORTH TWO NEW SEPEDON

159

0.3mm

Figs. 12-13. Ventral views of female terminalia: Fig. 12. Sepedon armipes Loew,

New York, Tompkins Co., McLean, 24 June 1958, (no coll.). Fig. 13. S. capellei

Fisher & Orth, allotype, Calif., Inyo Co., 2.5 mi. W. Bishop, 1 August 1965, (T. W.

Fisher and R. E. Orth), AS-344. The characteristics of tergites VIII and X vary

significantly between- and within species and geographic areas.

NEVADA (17). Douglass Co.: 4 mi. E. Stateline. Elko Co.: Deeth, 10.7 mi. S.

Elko. Ormsby Co.: Carson City. Washoe Co.: Wadsworth.

OREGON (18). Crook Co.: Ochoco Cr. Deschutes Co.: Bend, 20 mi. S. Bend.

Grant Co.: 8-10 mi. N. Seneca. Hood River Co.: Hood River. Josephine Co.:

1/2 mi. S. Cave Jet. Klamath Co.: Fort Klamath (Crooked Creek), Harpold Dam,

Klamath Marsh, 4 mi. E. Sprague River. Lake Co.: 9 mi. S. Lakeview. Malheur

Co.: Malheur River Canyon. Union Co.: Anthony Lake, 10 mi. N. Powder (?),

North Powder. Wallowa Co.: Enterprise, Minam. Wheeler Co.: 5 mi. SE. Rich-

mond.

UTAH (83). Box Elder Co.: Brigham Canyon. Cache Co.: Blacksmith Fork and

Curtis Creek, Logan, Logan Canyon, Providence. Emery Co.: Moab. Iron Co.:

Cedar City. Millard Co.: Delta. Rich Co.: Garden City. Sevier Co.: Salina. Utah

Co.: Spanish Fork. Washington Co.: Leeds. Wayne Co.: Lyman Milleville (no

county determined) .

The patronym is after Mr. Kenneth J. Capelle, Wildlife Research Biol-

ogist, Bear River Research Station, Brigham City, Utah. He provided ex-

cellent series of specimens which materially broadened this study.

Sepedon pseudarmipes Fisher and Orth, new species

Holotype male. — Postabdomen as in Figs. 4, and 5. Aedeagus as in Fig. 9;

angle a b d approximately 100°; e j — h d; point sharply pointed, directed

anteriorly. Wing length 4.6 mm. External morphology and color as in S. armipes.

Allotype female. — Not designated.

150

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

Holotype male, O’SuLLivAN, Dam, Station #2, Grant County Wash-

inton, 11 October 1953; (M. T. James) ; (elev. ca. 1,100'; Latitude 47°

^ ., Longitude 119° W., approximately).

Paratypes. — 28. Wing length 27 $, 4.1-4.7 mm, average 4.34. One $, 4.9 mm.

IDAHO. Bonner Co.: 2 ^,8 mi. N. Sandpoint, 8 July 1959, (B. A. Foote).

OREGON. Umatilla Co.: 9 $, Cold Springs, 11 April 1954, (M. T. James and J.

J Davis). WASHINGTON. Grant Co.: O’Sullivan Dam, — 2 $, 11 October 1953,

m. T. James) ; 1 2 April 1954, (MTJ) ; 1 $, 22 May 1954, (MTJ) : 2 $,22

J rly 1954, (MTJ) ; 1 <^ , 18 August 1954, (H. G. Davis) ; 1 $ , 6 September 1954;

(HGD) ; 1 ^,28 May 1955, (HGD). 1 $, Willow Cr., LaCrosse-Hooper, 13 April

1951, (J. J. Davis) ; 1 $ , \ $ (common mount). Coulee, 16 September 1940, (F .C.

F armston). CANADA. British Columbia: 1 $, Oliver, 5 August 1959, (G. G. E.

Scudder) ; Robson, — 1 $, 6 May 1958, (H. R. Foxlee) ; 1 $,28 May 1958,

( HRF) ; 1 5 , 4 September 1958; 1^,4 October 1958, (HRF) .

Deposition of Type Material. — H olotype, California Academy of Sciences, CAS

#10167 — also, 4 paratypes; 8 paratypes, USNM; 4 paratypes, Cornell University;

2 paratypes. University of British Columbia; 10 paratypes, Museum of Department of

Eiological Control, University of California, Riverside.

Material was also examined from the following localities: — IDAHO. Kootenae

Co.: 2 $, Hauser Lake, 22 May 1959, (H. W. Homer). OREGON. Umatilla Co.:

16 $ , Cold Springs, 11 April 1954, (M. T. James and J. J. Davis). WASHINGTON.

G rant Co.: O’Sulbvan Dam, (M. T. James) — 4 $, 11 October 1953; 1 ^ , 22 July

1954. Same locality, — 5 $, 8 July 1954; 1 i5, 11 May 1954; 1 $,29 July 1954;

1 15 July 1955; 2^,6 September 1954, 2 ^ , 12 August 1956, (H. G. Davis).

Sepedon armipes Loew

Males we examined from west of the Continental Divide include: COLORADO

(1). Gunnison Co.: Gunnison. IDAHO (36). Blaine Co.: 10 mi. S. Galena, Gan-

nett. Boundary Co.: Bonners Ferry. Caribou Co.: Bancroft. Gem Co.: Emmett.

C coding Co.: Bliss, 5 mi. S. Hagerman. Jerome Co.: Hazelton. Lemki Co.: 2 mi

ri. Salmon (nr. pseudarmipes) . Lincoln Co.: 4 mi. E. Shoshone. MONTANA (2).

G allatin Co.: Bozeman. Granite Co.; Bennett ( 2 ). UTAH (50). Box Elder Co.:

Irigham City (Bear Riv. Ref.). Cache Co.: Clarkston, Logan, Logan Canyon,

Ilacksmith Fork & Curtis Creek. Duchesne Co.: Duchesne, Myton. Emery Co.:

Moab. Millard Co. : Delta. Salt Lake Co. : Midvale. Summit Co. : Coalville.

Uinta Co.: Leeton, Verval. Wasatch Co.: Current Creek. Weber Co.: Hooper,

Ogden, Ogden Canyon, Plain City. MEXICO. Sonora (I) : Imuris. CANADA.

British Columbia (1) : Merritt.

Males we examined from east of the Continental Divide include: COLORADO

(5). Boulder Co.: Valmont. El Paso Co.: Manitou, Colorado Springs. Larimer

(! o.: Fort Collins. Weld Co.: Roggen. MONTANA (6). Dawson Co.; Beaver

Creek. Gallatin Co.: Three Forks. Jefferson Co.; Whitehall. NEW MEXICO.

Rio Arbiba Co. (8): (Males and females). Sandoval Co. (16): (Males and fe-

rrales). WYOMING (13). Niobrara Co.: 12 mi. N. Lusk. Also, we examined an

I dditional 151 males from the states of Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky,

Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey,

New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Wiscon-

APRIL 1969] FISHER & ORTH TWO NEW SEPEDON

161

sin. CANADA (45). — New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Manitoba, Northwest

Territory (Good Hope) (plus 3 females).

Discussion

Geographic Distribution. — Sepedon capellei occurs in a horseshoe

shaped pattern from mideastern California northward, including western

Nevada, through southern and eastern Oregon, into Idaho, thence south

through Utah and eastern Nevada. Its occurrence is always west of the

Continental Divide.

Sepedon pseudarmipes occurs in the general vicinity of the Columbia

River basin in extreme northern Oregon and south central Washington,

thence easterly and northerly into northern Idaho and British Columbia.

Its occurrence, too, is always west of the Continental Divide.

Sepedon armipes is widely distributed throughout North America east

of and a shoit distance west of the Continental Divide. The northern-

most specimens we examined were 5 females and 3 males labeled Good

Hope, NWT., Canada, 27 August 1929, (0. Bryant) (CAS). This loca-

tion is approximately 66° N., 129° W., approximately 20 miles south of

the Arctic Circle and probably along the MacKenzie River. The south-

ernmost specimens we examined from North America were labeled Im-

uris, Sonora, Mexico, 11 May 1953, (R. C. Bechtel and E. I. Schlinger)

(UCB) — approximately 31° N. Latitude, and a male labeled Cameron

Co., Texas, 3 August 1928 (J. G. Shaw) (UK) — approximately 26° N.

Latitude. West of the Continental Divide S. armipes is sympatric with S.

capellei in Utah and southern Idaho. Both S. armipes and S. pseud-

armipes occur in northern Idaho and in British Columbia, but ac-

tual overlap of populations has not been established. Sepedon armipes

does not occur in California but it is probably present in extreme eastern

Oregon and Washington and northeastern Nevada. The distribution of

S. armipes as reported by Foote (1961) and Neff and Berg (1966) must

now be tempered to include S. capellei and S. pseudarmipes west of the

Continental Divide.

Of these three species only S. capellei occurs in California. The type

material was restricted to that state because, if it included specimens

from throughout the entire range of the species, the possibility would be

greater that discrete populations could be represented, thus complicating

future studies on subspeciation.

Seasonal Distribution. — Collecting dates, other than those for para-

types, have not been indicated because most occurred between April and

September, the expected spring and summer collecting period, and

hence probably do not reflect a true picture of seasonal spread. On 13

L62

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

Fig. 14. Representative western north American distribution of the three species.

Good Hope, N.W.T., and Merritt, B. C., localities for S. armipes not shown. The

Continental Divide is indicated by:

September 1968, adult S. armipes and S. capellei were collected simul-

taneously (in the same aerial-sweep net) by R. E. Orth when sampling a

habitat near Logan, Utah. This record may indicate that the two spe-

cies can coexist in a rather restrictive habitat. It is assumed, therefore,

that species-separative mechanisms are functioning at adult and possibly

at subimago levels.

Atypical Specimens. — From a total of 1,357 males of the three spe-

cies examined, only four could not be placed definitely. These were from

APRIL 1969] FISHER & ORTH TWO NEW SEPEDON

163

areas of distributional overlap. One male, the only specimen from the

area, labeled 2 mi. N. Salmon, Idaho, 25 May 1959, 3,995' (B. A. Foote) ,

had point / (refer to Figs. 8-11) on the aedeagus closer to e than was

typical for pseudarmipes, yet / was too distant from e for typical S. arm-

ipes. Two males from a total of 25 taken at Cold Springs, Oregon, Uma-

tilla Co., 11 April 1954, (M. T. James and J. J. Davis), tended from S.

pseudarmipes toward S. capellei in that angle a h d oi the aedeagus was

greater than that in typical S. armipes and S. pseudarmipes. In these two

males, point / was situated characteristically as in S. pseudarmipes.

Another male, the only specimen from the area, labeled Troy, Idaho,

Latah Co., 5 September 1958, (B. A. Foote) also showed aedeagal

characteristics of S. capellei and S. pseudarmipes. Northerly from Cold

Springs and Troy only S. pseudarmipes occurred, and southerly only S.

capellei.

Acknowledgments

Without the generosity and cooperation of L. V. Knutson, Systematic

Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, this

paper would be noticeably narrower in scope. He discovered the form we

call S. pseudarmipes and independently recognized the form we call S.

capellei. We are grateful for the many specimens of the three taxa

provided through him for this comparative study from the following

sources; Canadian National Collection (Ottawa), K. J. Capelle, Cornell

University, Kent State University (Ohio), Oregon State College, Univer-

sity of Idaho, University of Minnesota, University of Wisconsin, Utah

State University, and Washington State University. Institutions from

which we were able to obtain additional material directly were Univer-

sity of California (Berkeley, Davis), California Academy of Sciences,

Kansas State University, University of Kansas, and University of British

Columbia.

Not only was the manuscript reviewed by L. V. Knutson, and J. C.

Hall but they gave freely of their counsel during its preparation. Others

who have either offered helpful taxonomic or editorial suggestions are

E. 1. Schlinger, J. W. MacSwain, E. R. Oatman, and G. C. Steyskal.

Literature Cited

Cresson, E. T. 1920. A revision of the Nearctic Sciomyzidae (Diptera: Acalyp-

tratae) . Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 46(799) : 27-89. 3 plates. March, p. 86.

Fisher, T. W. 1966. A preliminary list of the Sciomyzidae of California (Diptera).

Pan-Pac. Entomol., 42(4) : 318-20.

Foote, B. A. 1961. The marsh flies of Idaho and adjoining areas (Diptera: Sciomy-

zidae). Amer. Midland Natur., 65(1) : 144-67.

164

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 45, NO. 2

Loew, H. 1859. Die nordamerikanisclien Arten der Gattungen Tetanocera und Sepe-

don. Wien. Entomol. Monatsschr. Nr. 10. Ill Band. October, pp. 289-300.

Helander, a. L. 1920. Review of the nearctic Tetanoceridae. Ann. Entomol. Soc.

Amer., 13(3) : 305-332. 1 plate. September.

Neff, S. E. and C. 0. Berg. 1966. Biology and immature stages of malacophagous

Diptera of the genus Sepedon (Sciomyzidae) . Agr. Exp. Sta., Blacksburg,

Va., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. Bull. 566, pp. 1-113.

Steyskal, G. C. 1951 (1950). The genus Sepedon in the Americas (Diptera:

Sciomyzidae). Wasmann J. Biol., 8(3) : 271-97.

1956. New species and taxonomic notes in the family Sciomyzidae (Diptera:

Acalyptratae) . Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, Lett., vol. 41, part II. pp. 73-

87. (1955 meeting).

1960. New North and Central American species of Sciomyzidae (Diptera:

Acalyptratae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 62(1) : 33-43.

PATRONIZE

OUR

ADVERTISERS

Advertisers Index

Name

Colloidal Products Corporation i

American Cyanamid Company ii

Combined Scientific Supplies iii

Trojan Laboratories j iii

Hercules Powder Company iv

Stauffer Chemical Company v

Insect Pins vi

D-Vac Company vi

Entomological Research Institute vii

Chemago Corporation viii

Entomological Exchanges and Sales ix

Velsicol Chemical Corporation Back cover

What is a spray

adjuvant ?

A substance added to a spray

formula to improve the

performance of the active

ingredient.

Your Agricultural Chemical

Distributor will be happy

to supply literature and

recommendations as to

the proper Multi-Film

Spray Adjuvant for your

specific application, or write

direct to :

Colloidal Products Corporation

100 Gate 5 Road, Sausalito, California

Now a new name stands out

on the pesticide label ♦ ♦ *

CYthion

THE PREMIUM GRADE MALATHION*

* TRADEMARK

The name 'Xythion'" on the label means the

product is premium-grade.

Cythion is manufactured under our exclusive

patented process that assures maximum quality

and superior reliability.

Low in odor and low in hazard— only Cythion is

registered for use on stored grain, recommended

for use inside homes, and accepted for use on

humans. Registered for use on a wider range of

pests than any other product, and on a larger

number of crops and animals, with no residue

problems for close-to-harvest uses.

Look for Cythion, the premium-grade malathion,

on pesticides for agricultural, home and garden,

pet, stored product, ULV and public health use-

in liquids, wettable powders, dusts, aerosols and

low-pressure bombs. Cythion is your assurance of

the highest quality.

AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY

PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY

Before using any pesticide, stop and read the label.

Ill

INSECTS

Economic and Non-Economic Foreign and Domestic

Collecting Data and Scientific Names

V/r/fe tor catalogue listing — 25 orders, over 1600 items — Special Collections

i'ombined

ikientific

ilupplies

l . O. Box 125

Ilosemead, California 91770

A Service for the Field

Testing & Evaluation

Agricultural Chemicals

Under Western Conditions

Entomology

Chemistry

Floriculture

Engineering

Plant Pathology

Trojan Laboratories

Box 518

Montebello, California 90640

(213) 721-9574

HERCULES

PESTICIDES

PROTECT

HIGH YIELDS

HERCULES TOXAPHENE

(insecticide-toxicant)

Controls more than 200 harmful

insects . . . Protects cotton, lettuce,

seed alfalfa, tomatoes, lima beans

and many other western crops.

HERCULES DELNAV®

(insecticide-miticide)

Controls citrus red mites and thrips

. . . Kills grape leafhoppers.

FAST ■ EFFICIENT ■ ECONOMICAL

Write for technical information and recommendations.

HERCULES INCORPORATED

THE ALCOA BUILDING • ONE MARITIME PLAZA • GOLDEN

GATEWAY CENTER • SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 94111

Keep worms out ... predators in...

profits up with THURICIDE’SOTS*

MICROBIAL INSECTICIDE

Here is an effective way to control tomato

hornwc on and cabbage looper . . . with-

out a cliemical residue problem.

Thu <icide 90TS, the microbial insec-

ticide, provides excellent control of the

larvae ( f lepidopterous insects . . . tomato

hornwc rm, cabbage looper, imported

cabbage worm, grapeleaf folder and

many i lore. Harmless to beneficial pre-

dators, humans, fish, birds and warm-

bloodet animals. So safe, it can be used

right u]» to . . . and including the day of

harvest on lettuce, cole crops such as cab-

♦THURIC tDE is a trademark of Bioferm Division,

Internatic nal Minerals & Chemical Corp.

bage and cauhfiower, broccoli. Can also

be used on tomatoes, potatoes and melons.

And on forest trees and ornamentals for

the control of gypsy moth, cankerworm

and linden looper. There are no tolerance

requirements.

If your dealer doesn’t stock THURicroE

90TS, he can get it for you. Write for

literature.

Stauffer Chemical Company, Agricul-

tural Chemical Division, San Francisco,

Los Angeles, Fresno, Bakersfield, Cali-

fornia; North Portland, Oregon.

f ^

Stauffer

Read the label, heed the label and GROW WITH STAUFFER CHEMICALS

INSECT PINS

$4. / 1000 (10 Pkgs.)

(Plus Postage)

PROMPT DELIVERY

CLAIR ARMIN

191 W PALM AVE.

LOWEST PRICES IN AMERICA REEDLEY, CALIF. 93654

2% Discount for mentioning this Ad

COMMERCIAL AND RESEARCH

ENTOMOLOGISTS

Obtain more accurate population counts

with a light-weight motor-fan unit

which sucks insects into nets

D-VAC

MOTOR-FAN VACUUM INSECT NETS

BACK-PACKS AND HAND MODELS

-also-

BENEFICIAL INSECTS

INSECTARY GROWN AND FIELD COLLECTED

T richogramma sp. and Green Lacewings

Write for Brochures

D-VAC CO.

P. O. Box 2095

RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA

V]1

ENTOMOLOGICAL

RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Box 375 Lake City, Minnesota 55041

DCATION FOR:

Schmitt-type Field Box

Schmitt-type Field Box WITH WHITE POLYETHYLENE FOAM

PINNING BOTTOM

Spreading Board

Cornell-type glass-topped drawer

Cornell-type glass-topped drawer WITH WHITE POLYETHYLENE

FOAM PINNING BOTTOM

California Academy-type glass-topped drawer

U.S.N.M.-type glass-topped drawer

Philadelphia Academy-type glass-topped drawer

Cabinet to hold 12 of above types of drawers

SPECIAL SIZED DRAWERS, BOXES, CABINETS CUSTOM MADE

TO YOUR LIKING.

V/rite for information and prices.

INSECT MUSEUM SUPPLY

1021 8th Ave. So., Moorhead, Minnesota— Jack R. Powers

lOCATION FOR:

C USTOM PRINTED PIN LABELS — printed with 4 pt. type on 100% cotton fiber

ledger paper (colored papers and PRICE CARD on request)

Elephant brand INSECT PINS — Excellent quality — >Sizes 00, 0, 1,2, 3, 5 —

$4,25 per 1000

Minutien nadein — $1 .00 per 500 pkg.

Custom Printed GUMMED MICROSCOPE SLIDE LABELS — $4.50 per 1000

C LASS TOPPED INSECT DISPLAYS FOR TEACHING

[ RAWER LABELS, MAMMAL TAGS, ALCOHOL LABELS, Printed to your

specifications

Every product

bearing the Blue Bullseye

has been proved

and proved again

before it is offered to you.

You can count on it.

At Chemagro, test tube to test plot to market

Is a never ending process. As makers of chemicals

for agriculture, we are acutely aware of the

responsibilities and opportunities we face. So we

keep scientists very busy in the laboratories, testing,

testing. And our field testing and demonstration

forces prove the dependability and effectiveness of

every product time and again before we release

it for general use. This takes years ... not just a

little time. Years that pay off in a better product for

you, a proud reputation for us. We work at

making the Blue Bullseye a meaningful trademark.

Look for it when you need an insecticide, miticide,

fungicide or herbicide.

CHEMAGRO

CORPORATION

® KANSAS CITY. MISSOURI 64120

ENTOMOLOGICAL EXCHANGES AND SALES

This page is available to members who wish to advertise entomological exchanges,

sales, announcements, etc. We can offer Society members an ad in four issues for

^ 1.50 per line. Ads will be arranged in order of their receipt. Contact the Advertis-

ing Manager, W. H. Lange, Department of Entomology, University of California,

Davis, California 95616.

Research Request. — Am nearing completion a study of the Microlepidoptera as-

sociated with oaks in California. Would appreciate the opportunity to borrow any

naterial associated with oaks or to receive any biological information on these

species. Appropriate acknowledgments accorded. P. Opler, Division of Ento-

mology, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720.

San Francisco on a Budget? Charming, centrally located. Hotel Beresford, 635

Sutter Street.

Zoologist going to Central and South America undertakes all collectings.

rite: M.de Munter 1040 Chaussee d’Alsemberg, Bruxelles 18 Belgium

l.ARGiD AND Pyrrhocorid Hemiptera — Will purchase or trade. T. F. Halstead, 103

Madison Ave., San Mateo, Calif. 94402

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including

articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history,

and distribution. Excess pagination must he approved and may be charged to the author.

Papers are published in approximately the order that they are received. Immediate publi-

cation may be arranged after acceptance by paying publication costs. Papers of less than

a printed page may be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the

Editor, Robbin W. Thorp, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis,

California 95616.

Typing. — All parts of manuscripts must be typed on bond paper with double-spacing and

ample margins. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 8^ X H inches are not

accepted. Do not use all capitals for any purpose. Underscore only where italics are

intended in the body of the text, not in headings. Number all pages consecutively and

put author’s name at the top right-hand corner of each sheet. References to footnotes

in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes should be typed on a separate

sheet.

First page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript should include (1) the

complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses, (3) the author’s name or

names, (4) the institution with city and state or the author’s home city and state if

not affiliated, (5) the shortened title (running headline) not to exceed 38 letters and

spaces when combined with the author’s last name or names, (6) the complete name

and address to which proof is to be sent.

Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should

include the full scientific name with the author of a zoological name not abbreviated.

Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style.

References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig, 1958), should be listed

alphabetically under Literature Cited in the following format:

Essig, E. 0. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

2 : 211 - 212 .

1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev.

ed. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1050 pp.

Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1966,

47(21) : 8585-8601.

Tables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should he

prepared as a line drawing or typed on a separate page with heading at top and foot-

notes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecutively

for each table. Use only horizontal rules.

Illustrations. — No extra charge is made for the line drawings or halftones. Submit only

photographs on glossy paper and original drawings (no photographs of drawings) .

Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimensions of the printed

page (414 X 6% inches). If possible, allowance should be made for the legend to be