Vol. 46 JANUARY 1970 No. 1

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

WILLIAMS—Three new species of Vejovis from Death Valley, California (Scor-

pionida: Vejovidae) _ 1

ICISTNER—Two new genera of termitophiles associated with Longipeditermes

longipes (Haviland) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae; Isoptera: Nasutiter-

mitinae) _ 12

BAKER—Occurrence of Malacosoma incurvum discoloration in Zion Canyon,

Utah (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) '_ 27

GARDINER—Immature stages and habits of Spondylis upiformis Mannerheim

(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) _ 33

GRIGARICK AND SCHUSTER—A new genus in the tribe Euplectini (Coleop¬

tera: Pselaphidae) _._ 36

NUTTING—Free diurnal foraging by the North American nasutiform termite,

Tenuirostritermes tenuirostris (Isoptera: Termitidae) _ 39

O’BRIEN —Pselactus spadix (Herbst), a European cossonine weevil new to

California (Coleoptera: Cucurlionidae) _ 42

HALSTEAD—A new species of the genus Largus Hahn with a key to the spe¬

cies of the genus in the southwestern United States (Hemiptera: Pyr-

rhocoridae) _ 45

WASBAUER—The type material in the collection of the California Department

of Agriculture_:_.__ 47

SLOBODCHIKOFF—A revision of the genus Grotea (Hymenoptera: Ichneu-

monidae) _ 50

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE_ 63

PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY __ 64

PROCEEDINGS _ 65

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1970

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. 46

January 1970

No. 1

Three New Species of Vejovis from Death Valley, California

(Scorpionida: Vejovidae)

Stanley C. Williams

San Francisco State College, California

During April of 1968 a one-week survey of the scorpion fauna of

Death Valley Avas made. Samples were taken along the entire length of

this desert region in as many different ecological situations as was

possible within the available time. Study of the several hundred

scorpion specimens in our samples indicated that Death Valley has a

diverse scorpion fauna. Three distinct and undescribed species be¬

longing to the genus Vejovis were found and are here described.

Vejovis gramenestris Williams, new species

(Figs. 1, 2)

Diagnosis. —Moderate to small sized species of Vejovis. Total body length

probably seldom exceeds 35 millimeters. Coloration light brownish-yellow over

most of body. Pedipalps long and slender, fixed finger longer than palm;

carapace longer than palm; keels developed on palm, medial ones being granular;

large elongate terminal tooth on distal end of fingers. First metasomal segment

broader than long; second metasomal segment as long as wide; fifth segment

longer than either carapace or fixed finger. Pectines with proximal tooth elongate

on female; 16 to 17 teeth in males, 12 to 14 teeth in females. Inferior border of

movable cheliceral finger lacking denticles. Inferior median and lateral keels of

metasoma finely serrate.

Similar to Vejovis wupatkiensis Stahnke but differing in the following

ways: smaller body size; fewer pectinal teeth; light brownish-yellow

in base color and lacking melanic markings; fifth metasomal segment

distinctly longer than movable finger of pedipalp in males and with

fifth metasomal segment approximating movable finger length in fe¬

males (in V. wupatkiensis movable finger slightly longer than metasomal

segment V in males, females with movable finger distinctly longer than

metasomal segment V).

Holotype Male. — Coloration. —Carapace, mesosoma, metasoma and walking legs

pale brownish-yellow with faint suggestion of underlying dusky pigmentation;

telson and metasomal segment V darker and more brownish than other caudal

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 46: 1-11. January 1970

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

Figs. 1 and 2. Vejovis gramenestris Williams, holotype male. Fig. 1. Dorsal

view. Fig. 2. Ventral view.

segments; pedipalp fingers slightly more brownish than palm; pedipalps whitish;

pretarsal claws whitish; cheliceral teeth light tan.

Carapace .—Anterior margin with six erect hairs and with median emargination;

median eyes less than % carapace length at that point; carapace surface irregular

and granular.

Mesosoma .—All tergites granular; tergite 7 with two pairs of dentate lateral

keels, posterior granule of each keel largest. Sternites agranular; last sternite

with one pair of smooth to crenulate lateral keels.

Metasoma .—Dorsal keels of segments I to IV serrate, last serration of each keel

largest; dorsolateral keels serrate on I to IV, last serration of each keel largest on

segments I to III, keel composed of more irregular and broad granules on V;

lateral keels serrate and almost complete on I, serrate on posterior % of II,

serrate on posterior % of III, absent on IV, crenulate on anterior % of V; inferior

JANUARY 1970] WILLIAMS-NEW CALIFORNIA SCORPIONS

Table 1 . Measurements (in millimeters) of Vejovis gramenestris

Williams, new species, holotype and allotype.

Holotype

(male)

Allotype

(female)

Total length

24.6

32.8

Carapace, length

3.0

3.7

width (at median eyes)

2.2

2.8

Mesosoma, length

7.2

12.3

Metasoma, length

11.4

13.1

segment I (length/width)

1.6/1.8

1.8/2.3

segment II (length/width)

1.8/1.8

2.1/2.2

segment III (length/width)

1.9/1.7

2.3/2.1

segment IV (length/width)

2.6/1.8

2.9/2.1

segment V (length/width)

3.5/1.7

4.0/2.1

Telson, length

3.0

3.7

Vesicle (length/width)

2.1/1.2

2.4/1.6

depth

0.9

1.2

Aculeus, length

0.9

1.3

Pe dip alp

Humerus (length/width)

2.6/0.7

3.4/1.0

Brachium (length/width)

2.9/0.9

3.7/1.3

Chela (length/width)

4.5/1.0

5.9/1.2

depth

1.0

1.3

movable finger, length

2.9

4.0

fixed finger, length

2.5

3.5

Pectines

teeth (left/right)

17/17

14/14

middle lamellae

lateral keels crenulate on segments I to IV, serrate on V; inferior median keels

smooth to crenulate on I, crenulate on II-IV, serrate on V. Each inferior median

keel on segments I to IV set with three bristles. All intercarinal spaces of segment

V granular.

Telson .—Ventral surface with eight pairs of long reddish hairs, most of these

approximate aculeus in length; vesicle quite smooth, agranular; aculeus with

pronounced curvature; broad subaculear tubercule.

Genital Operculum .—Completely divided longitudinally; set with about eight

reddish hairs; genital papillae visible externally.

Chelicerae .—Inferior border of movable finger smooth, completely lacking

denticles.

Pedipalps .—Palm only slightly swollen; keels distinct. Internal margin of fingers

not scalloped; terminal tooth of each finger distinctively elongate and overhang

each other when fingers closed.

Standard Measurements .—Table 1.

Allotype Female.— Morphologically similar to holotype with the following

exceptions: considerably larger in all body proportions as well as overall length;

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

pectines with fewer teeth (14 instead of 17) ; middle lamellae fewer (8 instead of

10) ; proximal pectinal tooth somewhat elongate; no genital papillae; genital

operculum not completely divided longitudinally.

Standard Measurements .—Table 1.

Study of 20 paratopotypes indicated little variation from the de¬

scriptions of holotype and allotype. Two males were juveniles with

carapace lengths of 2.4 millimeters while 18 females varied in carapace

length from 2.7 to 3.8 millimeters (predominantly 3.6 millimeters).

Pectine tooth count varied from 12 to 14 for the females while both

males had 16 pectinal teeth. Several specimens had small “L-shaped”

dark markings at the anterolateral corner of the carapace.

Holotype male , allotype and 20 paratopotypes were collected in

Death Valley at Travertine Spring (% mile east of Furnace

Creek Inn), Inyo County, California, 11 April 1968 by S. C. Wil¬

liams, V. F. Lee, and R. Lewert. Holotype and allotype are permanently

deposited in the California Academy of Sciences.

This species is named “gramenestris” because of its grass dwelling

habits. It was abundantly found living in the grasses adjacent to

springs. At night it was found climbing the grass stems apparently in

search of food.

Eleven additional paratypes were studied from the following locations

in Death Valley, Inyo County, California: Grapevine Spring (4 miles

east of Ubehebe Crater), 12 April 1968 (S. C. Williams, V. F. Lee,

J. Bigelow), 1 female; 20 Mule Team Canyon, 14 April 1968 (M. A.

Cazier, J. Bigelow) ,8 males, 2 females.

This very small species of Vejovis was found only around permanent

springs where it was under travertine rocks during the day and climbing

in the grasses at night. This is a very active species and is capable of

rapid locomotion for extended periods of time. While collecting sam¬

ples two members of our party were stung by this species on the fingers.

The sting was characterized by a sharp burning sensation which lasted

for five to ten minutes. No swelling, no reddening, and no urticaria

accompanied the sting. Most specimens were collected by the ultra¬

violet detection method, but several were found by rock turning.

Vejovis deserticola Williams, new species

(Figs. 3, 4)

Diagnosis.— Moderate sized species of Vejovis. General body color brownish-

amber with legs yellowish, pectines almost white and pedipalp chela reddish.

Inferior median keels of metasoma all present and crenulate or serrate; inferior

lateral keels all serrate. Movable finger of pedipalp distinctly longer than carapace,

palm or metasomal segment V. Male with 21 or 22 pectinal teeth, female with 20

JANUARY 1970] WILLIAMS—NEW CALIFORNIA SCORPIONS

Figs. 3 and 4. Vejovis deserticola Williams, holotype male. Fig. 3. Dorsal

view. Fig. 4. Ventral view.

teeth. Proximal tooth of female pectine longest. Movable finger of chelicerae with

inferior border lacking denticles.

Closest known relative is Vejovis wupatkiensis Stahnke. Distinguished

from V. wupatkiensis by the following characters: pectinal teeth greater

in number for both sexes; vesicle densely covered by coarse granules

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

on ventral and lateral surfaces; much larger species in all body propor¬

tions.

Holotype Male. — Coloration .—Base color of prosoma and mesosoma brownish-

amber; metasoma similar but more yellowish-amber; walking legs brownish-

yellow; pedipalp hands reddish-amber; pectines almost white; carapace with

faint suggestion of underlying dusky markings. Eyes black, teeth of chelicerae,

and most keel serrations reddish; aculeus reddish-brown; pretarsal claws yel¬

lowish-brown; fingers of pedipalp reddish. Keels on metasoma and pedipalps

appear contrastingly reddish-brown due to heavy development rather than to

underlying pigmentation.

Carapace .—Anterior margin with distinct broad median emargination, set with

6 bristles. Lateral eyes three per group, most anterior distinctly largest, most

posterior one greatly reduced in size; median eye diad distinctly less than 14

carapace width at that point. Carapace surface rough and uneven, covered by large

coarse granules.

Mesosoma. —Tergites densely covered by large granules, tergite 7 with two pair

of well developed conspicuous lateral keels, these serrate. Stemites agranular;

surface texture uneven; one pair serrate keels on last sternite; lateral margin of

sternites with serrate granules.

Metasoma. —Dorsal and dorsolateral keels well developed and regularly serrate

on segments I to IV; dorsolateral keels of segment V distinct, broad and more

granular than serrate. Lateral keels serrate along almost entire length of I,

posterior 14 of II and III, absent on IV, present and serrate on anterior % of V.

Inferior median keels well developed on all segments; crenulate on I to III;

crenulate to serrate on IV; serrate on V. Inferior lateral keels well developed and

regularly serrate on all segments. All inferior intercarinal spaces smooth, agranular.

Telson. —Vesicle globular and densely covered with large granules from ventral

and lateral aspect. Heavy granulation also occurs in lateral regions of dorsal

aspect of vesicle. Subaculear tubercule large, distinct. Aculeus short and well

curved.

Genital Operculum. —Completely divided longitudinally; large distinct genital

papillae visible externally. Genital operculum with six reddish bristles.

Chelicerae .—Inferior border of movable finger smooth, completely lacking den¬

ticles.

Pedipalps. —Palm only slightly swollen, keels well developed, granular. Fixed

finger same length as carapace, movable finger distinctly longer than carapace.

Caudal segment V longer than fixed finger but shorter than movable finger. In¬

ternal margin of fingers not scalloped; distal tooth of each finger greatly elongate

and overlap when fingers closed.

Standard Measurements. —Table 2.

Allotype Female.— Morphologically the same as holotype with the following

exceptions: pectinal teeth fewer (20/20 instead of 22/21) ; pectinal teeth dis¬

tinctly shorter; proximal pectinal tooth distinctly longer than others; no genital

papillae; genital operculum not completely divided longitudinally; slightly longer

total body size.

Standard Measurements. —Table 2.

The holotype male and allotype were collected at Travertine Spring,

V 2 MILE EAST OF FURNACE CREEK INN, DEATH VALLEY NATIONAL MON-

JANUARY 1970] WILLIAMS—NEW CALIFORNIA SCORPIONS

Table 2. Measurements (in millimeters) of Vejovis deserlicolci

Williams, new species, holotype and allotype.

Holotype

(male)

Allotype

(female)

Total length

42.6

45.0

Carapace, length

5.2

width (at median eyes)

3.9

4.2

Mesosoma, length

11.2

13.7

Metasoma, length

20.6

19.8

segment I (length/width)

2.9/3.2

2.8/3.3

segment II (length/width)

3.3/3.2

3.1/3.2

segment III (length/width)

3.5/3.2

3.3/3.2

segment IV (length/width)

4.7/3.1

4.4/3.1

segment V (length/width)

6.2/3.0

6.2/3.1

Telson, length

5.6

6.3

Vesicle (length/width)

3.9/2.8

4.2/2.S

depth

2.2

Aculeus, length

1.7

2.1

Pedipalp

Humerus (length/width)

5.5/1.3

5.5/1.4

Brachium (length/width)

5.9/1.6

5.9/1.7

Chela (length/width)

9.2/2.3

9.3/2.2

depth

2.7

movable finger, length

6.5

6.6

fixed finger, length

5.2

5.4

Pectines

teeth (left/right)

22/21

20/20

middle lamellae

ument, Inyo County, California, 11 April 1968, by S. C. Williams

and V. F. Lee. Both specimens were collected on a rocky slope at night

by means of ultraviolet detection. The holotype is permanently de¬

posited in the California Academy of Sciences.

This species is named “deserticola” because its only known habitat

is Death Valley, one of the harshest deserts in North America.

Vejovis shulovi Williams, new species

(Figs. 5, 6)

Diagnosis.— Moderate sized species of Vejovis in the Paruroctonus subgenus.

Base color pale yellowish with underlying dusky markings on carapace and dorsum

of mesosoma; mature females with contrasting reddish pedipalp fingers. Short

swollen pedipalp hand with fixed finger shorter than palm, carapace or caudal

segment IV; palm heavily keeled. All metasomal keels present, inferior keels

mostly crenate or serrate. Chelicerae with three small denticles on inferior border

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

Figs. 5 and 6. Vejovis shulovi Williams, holotype female. Fig. 5. Dorsal

view. Fig. 6. Ventral view.

of movable clieliceral finger, the two terminal teeth on this finger subequal.

Pectinal teeth 19 to 20 in males, 13 to 15 in females; teeth borne only on distal %

of comb in females.

Appears related to Vejovis bantai Gertsch and Soleglad but distin¬

guishable by the following characters: pectines with fewer teeth, fe¬

males 13 to 15 (not 17), males 19 to 20 (not 23) ; fewer middle lamel¬

lae; inferior median keels not essentially obsolete on metasomal segments

I and II; inferior median keels of metasomal segments I to IV with

3,4,4,5 pairs of reddish hairs (not 3,3,3,3 pairs) respectively; pedipalp

hand not nearly as wide as long.

JANUARY 1970] WILLIAMS-NEW CALIFORNIA SCORPIONS

Holotype Female. — Coloration. —Base color of cuticle pale yellow; carapace

with underlying dusky pigmentation; mesosoma with dusky underlying pigmenta¬

tion; walking legs with faint regional dusky markings; pedipalp fingers con¬

trastingly light reddish; pectines whitish; most of cuticle with polished shiny

appearance.

Carapace. —Anterior margin subtly convex, set with six bristles; median eyes

more than % but less than % carapace width at that point; carapace surface

irregular and set with coarse granules.

Mesosoma. —Tergites with relatively few granules, these small; tergite 7 with

poorly developed median keel and two pair of dentate lateral keels; sternites

agranular.

Metasoma. —Dorsal and dorsolateral keels crenulate to serrate, never ending

in enlarged tooth; lateral keels crenulate to dentate on most of segment I,

dentate on posterior % of II and III, absent on IV; irregularly crenulate on

anterior % of V. Inferior lateral keels smooth to crenulate on segments I to III;

crenulate to serrate on IV; serrate on V. Inferior median keels basically smooth

on segments I to III; crenulate to serrate on IV; serrate on V. Inferior median

keels of segments I to IV with 3, 4, 4, 5 pairs of stout reddish bristles. Inferior

intercarinal space of segment V abundantly granular.

Telson. —Ventral side basically agranular, set with about 10 pairs of moderately

long reddish hairs; aculeus long, slender; subtle broad subaculear tubercule.

Pectines. —Inferior surface densely hirsute; each fulcrum with about six reddish

hairs; each middle lamella with about four reddish hairs; 14 teeth; 12 middle

lamellae; proximal % of pectine without teeth.

Genital Operculum. —Not completely divided longitudinally; with about 15 long

reddish hairs.

Chelicerae. —Inferior border of movable finger with three small denticles;

terminal tooth on superior border smaller but still subequal.

Pedipalps. —Hand swollen, all keels distinct and granular. Both movable and

fixed finger shorter than carapace; palm longer than fixed finger but shorter

than movable finger; fixed finger shorter than metasomal segment IV. Internal

margin of fingers moderately scalloped proximally; proximal teeth do not meet

when fingers closed.

Standard Measurements.- —Table 3.

Allotype Male. —Color and morphology essentially the same as holotype with

the following exceptions: smaller total length; carapace narrower; pectines with

more teeth (19 instead of 14) ; middle lamellae more numerous (14 instead of 12) ;

genital papillae showing externally; pedipalp fingers not reddish; pedipalp keels

not as conspicuous.

Standard Measurements. —Table 3.

Study of 11 paratopotypes indicated little variation from the de¬

scriptions of the holotype and allotype. The two males had carapace

lengths of 2.6 and 3.8 millimeters and pectine tooth counts of 19/20.

Although the genital papillae were visible externally, the smaller body

sizes indicated these specimens may have been sub-adult. The nine

females varied in carapace length from 4.1 to 5.3 millimeters. Pectinal

tooth counts varied from 13 to 15 (predominantly 13 and 14). The

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

Table 3. Measurements (in millimeters) of Vejovis shulovi Wil¬

liams, new species, holotype and allotype.

Holotype

(female)

Allotype

(male)

Total length

38.3

34.4

Carapace, length

4.9

4.4

width (at median eyes)

3.5

3.2

Mesosoma, length

11.3

11.1

Metasoma, length

16.8

14.5

segment I (length/width)

2.2/2.4

2.0/2.1

segment II (length/width)

2.7/2.3

2.3/2.0

segment II (length/width)

2.8/2.1

2.4/1.9

segment IV (length/width)

3.7/2.0

3.2/1.7

segment V (length/width)

5.4/2.0

4.6/1.7

Telson, length

5.3

4,4

Vesicle (length/width)

3.2/2.0

2.6/1.6

depth

1.7

1.3

Aculeus, length

2.1

1.8

Pedipalp

Humerus (length/width)

3.7/1.3

3.4/1.2

Brachium (length/width)

4.1/1.8

3.5/1.6

Chela (length/width)

7.1/2.4

5.9/1.8

depth

2.6

1.9

movable finger, length

4.4

3.2

fixed finger, length

3.1

2.3

Pectin es

teeth (left/right)

14/14

19/19

middle lamellae

female with carapace length of 4.1 millimeters was probably a sub-adult

judging by the less swollen pedipalp hands and lack of red coloration

of the fingers.

The holotype female , allotype and 11 paratopotypes were collected in

Death Valley at Grapevine Spring (4 miles east of Ubehebe

Crater) , Inyo County, California, 12 April 1968 by S. C. Williams,

V. F. Lee and J. Bigelow. All specimens were collected by ultraviolet

detection in early evening. The holotype and allotype are permanently

deposited in the California Academy of Sciences.

This species is named “shulovi” in honor of Professor Aaron Shulov

of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel. Professor Shulov has

made many fine contributions to the understanding of basic scorpion

biology and venoms. His numerous scientific papers have been a source

of great stimulation to students of scorpions all over the world.

JANUARY 1970] WILLIAMS—NEW CALIFORNIA SCORPIONS

In addition to the holotype, allotype and 11 paratopotypes, an addi¬

tional 20 paratypes were available for study. These were collected in

the following locality in Death Valley, Inyo County, California: Scot¬

ty’s Ranch, elevation 3000 feet, 13 April 1968 (M. A. Cazier, B. Nevelyn,

J. Bigelow, G. Lytle), 20 females.

This species is known only from the north end of Death Valley,

Inyo County, California. It was found in two localities, and was not

abundant. The females greatly outnumbered the relatively rare males in

our samples. All of the specimens appeared to be mature or nearly so,

younger juveniles were completely absent. A female was selected as

the holotype of this species for several reasons. Males were very rare in

the samples available, and there was some question whether or not

these males were sexually mature. Also, the females appear to have

species characteristics as definitive or more so than the males of this

species.

The habitat in which this species was found was characterized by

fine sedimentary soil, abundantly covered with dark volcanic surface

rock. The area was hot and arid, but a small spring supplied surface

water which formed a small stream which flowed into the desert for

some % of a mile. The vegetation, except adjacent to the stream, was

very sparse.

Acknowledgments. —Much appreciation is due to Vincent F. Lee

for assistance in the field and to Charlene F. Williams for clerical

assistance. This work was partially supported by research grant GB

7679 from the National Science Foundation and by a Faculty Research

Leave from San Francisco State College.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

Two New Genera of Termitopliiles Associated with

Longipeditermes longipes (Haviland ) 1

(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae; Isoptera: Nasutitermitinae)

David H. Kistner

Chico State College, California

During his Oriental field trip in 1963, Professor Alfred E. Emerson,

University of Chicago, collected many termitophiles. Among the most

spectacular of these was a series taken in nests of Longipeditermes longi¬

pes (Haviland) from which termite genus, no previous termitophiles

had ever been taken. Needless to say, all of the genera and species col¬

lected are new, some even representing new termitophilous subtribes.

The genera and species are not only remarkable from the point of view

of termitophilous adaptations but are also remarkable because of the

number of species and genera involved. I am therefore beginning a

series of papers in which I shall describe the fauna associated with

this interesting termite. I estimate that at least 3 papers will be devoted

to the description of new forms and then the 4th and last will be devoted

to the general relationships shown by this diverse termitophile fauna.

I wish to thank Dr. Emerson for providing the specimens which form

the basis of this paper, for determining the host termites, and for reading

and commenting on this paper. All types of the species described

herein are in the collection of the author. Specimens of the host termites

are in the Emerson Collection of the American Museum of Natural His¬

tory, New York, and representative series are in the collection of the

author. All measurements are in mm and techniques involved in the

study of the specimens are given by Kistner (1968).

I wish to thank Mr. David Harwood, Miss Lynette Hawver, Mr.

Herbert Jacobson, Mr. Matthew Rees, Miss Lynn Royce, and Miss

Virginia Sleppy, all of Chico State College, for technical assistance.

All of the species herein described belong to the subtribe Termito-

zyrina, tribe Myrmedoniini, subfamily Aleocharinae.

Genus Longipedoxenus Kistner, new genus

Most closely related to Termitosymbia Seevers from which it is dis¬

tinguished by its overall appearance, the presence of only 1 pair of

paratergites on abdominal segments III—VII and the lack of a vertexal

arcade.

1 This study was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (Grant No. GB-6284).

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 46: 12-27. January 1970

JANUARY 1970] ICISTNER-NEW TERMITOPHILES

Figs. 1-2. Longipedoxenus shinneri . Fig. 1. Dorsal view. Fig. 2. Lateral

view.

Overall shape as in Figs. 1, 2, and 3. Head shaped as in Fig. 1. Dorsal sculpture

consists of a depression in middle of vertex. Clypeus membranous. Antennae

inserted in dorsal sockets at inner margin of eyes with no vertexal arcade apparent.

Ventral surface of head capsule without distinction; with no infraorbital carinae.

Gula relatively short; narrowest anteriorly, becoming wider posteriorly. Mentum

almost as long as gula, separately articulated, somewhat membranous. Antennae

11 -segmented, elongate, shaped as in Fig. 13. Labrum shaped as in Fig. 7.

Mandibles nearly symmetrical, shaped as in Figs. 4 and 6. Maxillae shaped as in

Fig. 8 with four-segmented palpi much longer than lacinia and galea. Labium

shaped as in Fig. 5; palpi 3-segmented. Both maxillae and labium somewhat

membranous.

Pronotum shaped as in Fig. 1. Details of pronotal sculpture (partially visible

in Fig. 1) consist of median ridge starting at median point of anterior border and

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

Fig. 3. Longipedoxenus shinneri. Lateral view showing abdomen in an upright

position.

a longitudinal indentation to each side of this. Prosternum acarinate, relatively

small, leaving a large amount of exposed membrane. Procoxal cavities closed

behind by membrane. Mesothoracic peritremes small, completely surrounded by

membrane, forming a strap-like process from sides of hypomera to median line.

Metasternum about twice length of mesosternum. Mesocoxal cavities in a strict

sense rather widely separated, but indentations of meso- and metasternum into

which the large coxae fit, fall rather closely together at their medial borders.

Mesosternal intercoxal process broad, blunt, acarinate. Elytra shaped as in Fig. 1,

with some median posterior indentations and sinuate lateral borders. Wings

present, of usual staphylinid venation. Legs elongate. Pro-, meso-, and metalegs

shaped as in Figs. 10, 11, and 9 respectively. Tarsal formula 4-5-5.

Abdomen both physogastric and scaphoidal and can be held partially recurved

over back or straight out; shaped as in Figs. 1, 2, and 3. Abdominal segment I

membranous. Abdominal segment II represented by tergite alone. Abdominal

segments III-VII represented by tergite, sternite, and but 1 pair of paratergites

each. Abdominal segment VIII represented by tergite and sternite only. Segment

IX trivalved, shaped as in Fig. 12. Male genitalia bulbous; specific shape variable

by species. Spermatheca present; shape variable by species.

Figs. 4-8. Longipedoxenus shinneri. Fig. 4. Right mandible. Fig. 5. La¬

bium. Fig. 6. Left mandible. Fig. 7. Labrum. Fig. 8. Maxilla.

JANUARY 1970]

ICISTNER-NEW TERMITOPHILES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

Figs. 9-11. Longipedoxenus shinneri. Fig. 9. Metaleg. Fig. 10. Proleg. Fig.

11. Mesoleg.

The abdomen is both physogastric and scapboidal at the same time.

The physogastry is achieved by the enlargement of membranes between

the abdominal segments, particularly those at the anterior of the abdo¬

men. Scaphoidal shape is achieved by broadening the tergites and

JANUARY 1970]

ICISTNER-NEW TERMITOPHILES

Figs. 12-13. Longipedoxenus shinneri. Fig. 12. Abdominal segment IX. Fig.

13. Antenna.

sternites, particularly those at the posterior of the abdomen. The accen¬

tuated folds at the anterior borders of tergite IV probably have some¬

thing to do with the glandular system of the abdomen. Evidence from

the sclerotization of abdominal tergites VI and VII indicates 2 small

defense gland reservoirs in the posterior of segment VI.

Type species. — Longipedoxenus shinneri Kistner.

Key to Species

Hairy species, abdominal sternites III-IV with 3^1 rows of long black curly

setae ___ L. entersoni n. sp.

Slightly hirsute species, abdominal sternites III-V with a sparse apical row

of short black setae and an anteapical median group of 2-3 short black

setae -- L. shinneri n. sp.

Longipedoxenus emersoni Kistner, new species

(Figs. 18, 23)

Related to L. shinneri from which it is distinguished by its smaller

size, the differences in chaetotaxy, as well as the shape of the male

genitalia and the spermatheca.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

Figs. 14-24. Male genitalia. Figs. 14-16, 22, 23. Median lobes of male geni¬

talia. Fig. 14. Longipedisymbia bouceki. Fig. 15. Longipedoxenus shinneri.

Fig. 16. Longipedisymbia carlislei. Fig. 22. Longipedisymbia bradburni. Fig.

23. Longipedoxenus emersoni. Fig. 24. Lateral lobe of male genitalia, L. shinneri.

Figs. 17-21. Spermatheca. Fig. 17. L. shinneri. Fig. 18. L. emersoni. Fig. 19.

L. carlislei. Fig. 20. L. bouceki. Fig. 21. L. bradburni. Scale represents 0.25

mm and applies to all figures.

Color yellowish-brown throughout except for black eyes, and white membranes

between abdominal sclerites. Chaetotaxy of abdominal tergites II—VIII as follows:

0, 0, 2,2,2,0,2-6. The 2 on tergites IV-VI barely visible; the 2 on tergite VIII are

anterior to row of 6. Chaetotaxy of abdominal sternites III—VIII as follows:

III-V with 3 to 4 rows of long black curly setae; VI with apical row of long

curly setae and anteapical group of 2-3; VII, 4; VIII, 6. Median lobe of male

JANUARY 1970]

KISTNER—NEW TERMITOPHILES

genitalia shaped as in Fig. 23. Lateral lobe of male genitalia shaped as in L.

shinneri. Spermatheca shaped as in Fig. 18.

Measurements .—Pronotum length, 0.33-0.35; head length, 0.30-0.32 (measured

from the edge of the vertex to the nuchal ridge). Number measured, 5.

Holotype male No. 13520, Malaya, Sungei Buloh Forest Reserve,

3° 10' N., 101° 34' E., altitude 150 feet, 18 March 1963, Coll. A. and

Eleanor Emerson, C. M. Low, and R. D. Menon, in vicinity of queen.

Paratypes. —4, same data as the holotype.

The species is named for one of the collectors, Dr. A. E. Emerson.

Longipedoxenus shinneri Kistner, new species

(Figs. 1-13, 15, 17, 24)

Related to L. emersoni from which it is distinguished by its larger

size, differences in the chaetotaxy, as well as the shape of the male

genitalia and the spermatheca.

Color yellowish-brown throughout except for black eyes, and white membranes

between abdominal sclerites. Chaetotaxy of abdominal tergites II—VIII as follows:

II-VII, 0; VIII, 6 apical, 2 anteapical. Chaetotaxy of abdominal sternites III—

VIII as follows: III—VIII all with a sparse apical row of short black setae, III-VI with

anteapical median group of 2-3 short black setae additionally. Median lobe of male

genitalia shaped as in Fig. 15. Lateral lobe of male genitalia shaped as in Fig. 24.

Spermatheca shaped as in Fig. 17.

Measurements .—Pronotum length, 0.43-0.45; head length, 0.31-0.32 (measured

from the anterior edge of the vertex to the nuchal ridge). Number measured, 10.

Holotype male No. 13521, Malaya, Sungei Buloh Forest Reserve,

3° 1CK N., 101° 34' E., altitude 150 feet, 18 March 1963, Coll. A. and

Eleanor Emerson, C. M. Low, and R. D. Menon, in the vicinity of the

queen.

Paratypes. —4, same data as the holotype; 6, Sarawak, 1° 38' N., 113°

35' E., altitude 950 feet, 7 February 1963, Coll. A. and Eleanor Emer¬

son and W. King, in cells under log near nest, vial No. 1; 9, Sarawak,

same nest, date, and collectors as previous vial, from nest in hard log,

vial No. 2.

This species is named for the late Mr. Ernest G. Shinner of Chicago in

honor of his long interest in philanthropic causes of the Chicago area.

Genus Longipedisymbia Kistner, new genus

Closely related to both Termitosymbia and Longipedoxenus from

which it is distinguished by the peculiar lateral processes of the pro¬

notum. Also distinguished from Termitosymbia by the approximately

equal-sized paratergites. Also distinguished from Longipedoxenus by

the presence of 2 pairs of paratergites on abdominal segments IV-VI

and the lack of a membranous clypeus.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

Figs. 25-27. Fig. 25. Longipedisymbia bouceki, dorsal view. Fig. 26. L.

ccirlislei, dorsal view. Fig. 27. L. ccirlislei, lateral view.

Overall shape as in Figs. 25, 26, and 27. Dorsal head shape somewhat variable

by species. Basically it is subtriangular with a depression in middle of vertex

and 2 smaller depressions on sides of vertex behind antennal fossae. Protuber¬

ances from the head vary between species. Clypeus not membranous. Gula-sub-

JANUARY 1970]

KISTNEK-NEW TERMITOPIIILES

Figs. 28-32. Longipedisymbici bradburni. Fig. 28. Right mandible. Fig. 29.

Left mandible. Fig. 30. Labrum. Fig. 31. Maxilla. Fig. 32. Labium.

mentum developed at an angle so that anterior end is lower than posterior

edge at foramen magnum. Mentum separately articulated and about half length of

gula-submentum. Sculpture of head otherwise variable by species. Antennae

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

11-segmented, shaped as in Fig. 36, with antennal fossae opening dorsally near

inner comers of eyes; without arcade but with prominence medial to each

antennal insertion. Labrum shaped as in Fig. 30. Maxillae shaped as in Fig. 31,

palpi 4-segmented, with palps much longer than lacinia and galea. Mandibles

symmetrical, shaped as in Figs. 28 and 29. Labium shaped as in Fig. 32, palpi

3- segmented.

Pronotum shaped as in Fig. 25, with lateral projection from each anterior

corner. Other sculpture consists of 2 depressions, each lateral to median keel-like

structure. Prosternum less than % length of pronotum; without carina. Pro-

thoracic coxal cavities closed behind by membrane. Mesothoracic peritremes

weakly sclerotized and not developed from lateral edges of pronotum. Meta-

stemum about twice length of mesosternum. Mesocoxal cavities widely separated

by broad, blunt, acarinate mesothoracic intercoxal process. Elytra shape variable

by species; what varies appears to be only the process at posterior lateral corner

which can be virtually absent or extremely well-developed. Wings present and

with usual staphylinid venation. Legs extremely long with elongate coxae. Pro-,

meso-, and metalegs shaped as in Figs. 37, 33, and 34 respectively; tarsal formula

4- 5-5.

Abdomen physogastric and held in extended position (at least in all of the

dead specimens) ; shaped as in Figs. 26 and 27. Abdominal segment I membra¬

nous. Abdominal segment II represented by tergite alone. Segment III repre¬

sented by tergite and sternite alone (no paratergites). Segments IV-VI

represented by tergite and sternite and 2 pairs of paratergites each. Segment VII

represented by tergite, sternite, and 1 pair of paratergites, shaped as in Fig. 40.

In one species anterior margin of the paratergites notched which may indicate

paratergites fused, and in 2 other species paratergites actually double. Segment

VIII represented by tergite and sternite only; shaped as in Fig. 39. Segment IX

trivalved and shaped as in Fig. 38. Male genitalia bulbous, specific shape variable

by species. Spermatheca present; shape variable by species.

Physogastry of the abdomen is achieved by the expansion of the

membranes. Two grooves are present in the chitin at the anterior

corners of tergite IV. These probably represent egress points for some

of the abdominal glandular system. From the sclerotization of tergites

VI and VII, there would appear to be a small median reservoir for the

defense gland.

Type species. —Longipedisymbia carlislei Kistner.

Key to Species

1. Head with well-developed angular projections from lateral border behind

eyes (Fig. 25) _ 2

Head without well-developed angular projections from lateral border be¬

hind eyes - L. bradburni n. sp.

Figs. 33-36. Longipedisymbia bradburni. Fig. 33. Mesoleg. Fig. 34. Metaleg.

Fig. 35. Lateral lobe of the male genitalia. Fig. 36. Antenna.

JANUARY 1970]

KISTNER—NEW TEKMITOPHILES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

2. Elytra with a long process from lateral posterior corner; sternites IV-VI

with but an apical and an anteapical row of short black setae _

_ L. bouceki n. sp.

Elytra with but a small bump at lateral posterior corners; sternites IV-VI

with many long, black, curly setae which are not arranged in definite

rows _ L. carlislei n. sp.

Longipedisymbia bouceki Kistner, new species

(Figs. 14, 20, 25)

Distinguished from L. carlislei to which it is most closely related by

the shape of the elytra and the chaetotaxy of the abdomen as well as the

shape of the male genitalia and spermatheca.

Color light reddish-brown throughout except for the white abdominal membranes.

Head with definite projections from anterior border of vertex median to antennal

fossae and with well-developed angular projections from lateral border behind eyes

(Fig. 25). Elytra with well-developed projections from posterior lateral borders

(Fig. 25). Abdominal segment VII with 2 distinct pairs of paratergites. Chaetotaxy

of abdominal tergites II-VIII as follows: 0, 6, 16, 14, 8, 4-0, 4-4. Sternite III with

apical row of short black setae and anteapical cluster of 4^6 setae in center.

Sternites IV-VI with apical and anteapical row of short black setae. Sternites

VII and VIII with apical and anteapical row of setae slightly longer than those

of preceding segments. Outer paratergites on segments IV-VI with 1 black

seta each. Median lobe of male genitalia shaped as in Fig. 14. Lateral lobes of

male genitalia shaped as L. bradburni (Fig. 35). Spermatheca shaped as in

Fig. 20.

Measurements .—Pronotum length, 0.65-0.67; head length, 0.31-0.32; elytra

length, 0.45-0.47. Number measured, 6.

Holotype male No. 13522, Malaya, Sungei Buloh Forest Reserve,

3° 10' N., 101° 34' E., 18 March 1963, Coll. A. and Eleanor Emerson,

C. M. Low, and R. D. Men on, altitude 150 feet, near queen. In collection

of D. H. Kistner.

Paratypes. —5, same data as holotype, (D.K.).

This species is named for Mr. George Boucek, Secretary of the

Shinner Foundation, Chicago.

Longipedisymbia bradburni Kistner, new species

(Figs. 21, 22, 28-40)

Distinguished from L. bouceki to which it is most closely related by

the lack of projections from the lateral border of the head behind the

eyes, its slenderer and smaller form, the abdominal chaetotaxy, as well

as the shape of the male genitalia and the spermatheca.

Color reddish-brown throughout except for white abdominal membranes. Pro¬

notum and appendages somewhat lighter in color than head, elytra, and abdomen.

JANUARY 1970]

KISTNER-NEW TERMITOPHILES

Figs. 37-40. Longipedisymbia bradburni. Fig. 37. Proleg. Fig. 38. Abdom¬

inal segment IX of female. Fig. 39. Abdominal segment VIII. Fig. 40. Abdom¬

inal segment VII.

Head with vertex squared behind eyes; without definite projections median to

antennal fossae. Elytra with well-developed projections from posterior lateral

borders. Abdominal segment VII with 2 distinct, although thin pairs of paratergites.

Chaetotaxy of abdominal tergites II-VIII as follows: 0, 2, 4, 4, 4, 0, 4; those on

tergites III-VI very tiny. Chaetotaxy of abdominal sternites III—VIII: 2-4, 4-6,

2-6, 0-6, 6, 4. Those mentioned first on sternites III-VI are anteapical, those

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

mentioned second are apical. Median lobe of male genitalia shaped as in Fig. 22.

Lateral lobe of male genitalia shaped as in Fig. 35. Spermatheca shaped as in

Fig. 21.

Measurements .—Pronotum length, 0.56-0.62; head length, 0.32-0.35; elytra

length, 0.40-0.42. Number measured, 5.

Holotype male No. 13523, Malaya, Sungei Buloit Forest Reserve,

3° 10' N., 101° 34' E., 18 March 1963, Coll. A. and Eleanor Emerson,

C. M. Low, and R. D. Menon, altitude 150 feet, near queen.

Paratypes.- —2, same data as the holotype; 4, Sarawak, 1° 38' N., 113°

35' E., 7 February 1963, altitude 950 feet, Coll. A. and Eleanor Emerson

and W. King, vial No. 2, ex nest in hard log.

This species is named for Mr. Robert Bradburn of Chicago, Illinois.

Longipedisymbia Carlisle! Kistner, new species

(Figs. 16, 19, 26-27)

Distinguished from L. bouceki to which it is most closely related by

its larger size, the lack of very long processes from the lateral posterior

corners of the elytra, the abdominal chaetotaxy, as well as the shape

of the male genitalia and the spermatheca.

Color reddish-brown throughout except for white abdominal membranes.

Abdominal sternites III-V and appendages are somewhat lighter in color than

rest of body. Head with vertex bearing definite projections from lateral borders

behind eyes. Vertex also with squared-off projections from anterior border of head

medial to antennal fossae. Elytra with scarcely any projections from posterior

lateral corners (Fig. 26). Abdominal segment VII with 2 paratergites fused

together but having indentation at anterior border (Fig. 27). Chaetotaxy of

abdominal tergites II-VIII as follows: 0, 6, 16, 12, 10, 0, 0-8. Setae of tergites

III-VI extremely small and quite probably give inaccurate counts as it is not

always possible to see the socket if a seta is missing. Sternites III-VI have many

setae long, curly, not arranged in definite rows, the setae 4 or more deep from

anterior to posterior. Sternite VII with apical and anteapical row of setae.

Sternite VIII with 4 setae. Median lobe of male genitalia shaped as in Fig. 16.

Lateral lobe shaped as in L. bradburni. Spermatheca shaped as in Fig. 19.

Measurements .—Pronotum length, 0.70-0.75; head length, 0.45-0.47; elytra

length, 0.50-0.55. Number measured, 5.

Holotype male No. 13525, Malaya, Sungei Buloh Forest Reserve,

3° 10' N., 101° 34' E., altitude 150 feet, 18 March 1963, Coll. A. and

Eleanor Emerson, C. M. Low, and R. D. Menon, near queen.

Paratypes. —5, same data as the holotype; 1, Sarawak, 1° 38' N., 113°

35' E., altitude 950 feet, 7 February 1963, Coll. A. and Eleanor Emerson

and W. King, vial No. 1, in cells under log near nest.

This species is named for Dr. W. T. Carlisle of Chicago.

JANUARY 1970 ]

BAKER—MALACOSOMA ECOLOGY

Literature Cited

Kistner, D. H. 1968. A taxonomic revision of the termitophilous tribe Termi-

topaedini, with notes on behavior, systematics, and post-imaginal

growth (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Amer.,

6(3): 141-196.

Occurrence of Malacosomci incurvum discoloratum

in Zion Canyon, Utah

(Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

B. H. Baker

U. S. Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ogden, Utah 1

The tent caterpillar, Malacosoma incurvum discoloratum (Neumoe-

gen), feeds on a wide variety of plant hosts (Stehr and Cook, 1968).

These authors proposed that the common name of M. incurvum be the

“Southwestern tent caterpillar” due to its range in southwestern North

America. Infestations have been reported on Fremont cottonwood, Popu-

lus fremontii S. Watson in Zion National Park, Utah and in the lower

reaches of the Virgin River as early as 1923. Unlike many tent cater¬

pillar populations, this one has not reached extremely low levels between

population peaks. When endemic levels have been reached in the Zion

population, noticeable centers of insect activity have persisted. Addi¬

tionally, the highly concentrated public use in the Park has caused

interest in population levels that might elsewhere receive little notice.

Egg masses of the insect have been identified on Populus fremontii

S. Wats., P. alba L., P. augustifolia James, Salix sp., and apricot,

(Prunus sp.). Previous synonymy included M. fragilis mus form dis-

colorata (Neumoegen) ; M. fragilis incurva var. discolorata (Neumoe-

gen) ; M. fragilis incurva (Henry Edwards), sensu Dyar; Clisiocampa

fragilis (Stretch), sensu Neumoegen and Dyar; and Clisiocampa mus

var. discolorata Neumoegen (Stehr and Cook, 1968). Local reference

to the population described herein has often been in the form of the

Great Basin tent caterpillar, Malacosoma fragile (Stretch).

The purpose of this paper is to report the insect’s occurrence on

Fremont cottonwood along the Virgin River in the main canyon of Zion

Park. This cottonwood characteristically occupies alluvial stream bot¬

toms and their borders and contributes to their stability (Sudworth,

1 Branch of Insect and Disease Prevention and Control, Division of Timber Management.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 46: 27-33. January 1970

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

STAGE

JAN-

FEB.

MAR.

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

JULY —

DEC.

EGG

LARVA

PUPA

ADULT

Fig. 1. Seasonal development of Malacosoma incurvum discoloratum on Populus

fremontii in Zion Canyon, Utah.

1934). In Zion Park and in certain other high-use recreation areas in

the arid Southwest, it is aesthetically valuable as well as being the primary

source of shade. Insect collections and measurements and field obser¬

vations of the Zion population were made in recent years to determine

its characteristics and habits.

Life Stages

Although embryological development is yet to he monitored in this

population, it has been recognized that such development in the genus

Malacosoma commences immediately following egg deposition and that

young larvae are fully formed within two or three weeks (Stehr and

Cook, 1968). Nearly 10 months are passed in the egg stage each year.

Eclosion from the egg in early spring is closely associated with initial

leaf expansion of the host tree. Although there is some annual variation

in seasonal development, Figure 1 depicts the life cycle in a typical year.

Larvae, emerging from the eggs, chew through the chorion and the

Table 1 . Head capsule widths of Malacosoma incurvum discolor¬

atum larvae.

Larval instar

Number of specimens

Head capsule width (mm)

Mean Confidence interval*

253

0.43

0.42-0.44

185

0.66

0.65-0.67

301

1.02

1.01-1.03

294

1.54

1.53-1.55

365

2.22

2.20-2.24

480

3.18

3.16-3.20

* 99 % probability level.

JANUARY 1970 ]

BAKER—MALACOSOMA ECOLOGY

Figs. 2-5. Malacosoma incurvum discoloratum. Fig. 2. Recently emerged

larvae forming tent adjacent to whitish egg mass. Fig. 3. Well developed tent

resulting from consolidated larval activity. Fig. 4. Male adult. Fig. 5. Late-

instar larva.

spumaline, the protective adhesive layer covering the mass. Most egg

masses in the same general vicinity hatch within a few days. First-instar

larvae then begin building small silken tents on the host plant (Fig. 2).

Tents are frequently abandoned and new ones established elsewhere.

Colonies originating from individual egg masses become consolidated

into larger tents as the larvae increase in size (Fig. 3).

To determine the number of instars, 1,878 larvae were collected at

intervals during two field seasons and their head capsules measured

(Table 1). These data and the resulting frequency histogram (Fig. 6)

show that there are six instars. This is in contrast with five instars of a

related tent caterpillar on P. tremuloides Michx. in New Mexico (Stelzer,

1968). As expected, development is most synchronized in the early

instars with considerable overlap prior to pupation. By 24 April 1968,

larvae were in the fifth and sixth instars (Fig. 5) and had begun the

characteristic prepupational wandering. Pupation occurs in any niche

or crevice, whether it be under bark, beneath rocks, on buildings, or on

parked vehicles. The pupal stage lasts approximately two weeks. Co¬

coons containing living pupae can, however, be found over a more

extended period. Adult emergence (Fig. 4) usually occurs late in May

or early June with oviposition beginning in late May and continuing

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

2 3 4 , 5 . 6

0.40 0.80 1.20 1,60 2.00 2.40 2.80 3.20 3.60

HEAD WIDTH IN MILLIMETERS

Fig. 6. Head capsule measurements of 1,878 Malacosoma incurvum discoloration

larvae.

through June. Seasonal development, it must be stressed, may vary con¬

siderably from year to year. Development rates are also quite localized.

While the population in Zion Park (elev. 4,048 ft.) was mostly in the

sixth instar and pupal stage on 16 May 1968, another population of

M. incurvum discoloratum 54 miles away at Littlefield, Arizona (elev.

1,858 ft.) had reached the egg stage.

Biology

Egg Masses .—The white egg masses are deposited on cottonwood

twigs. In the course of annual egg surveys, it has been found that egg

JANUARY 1970 ]

BAKER-MALACOSOMA ECOLOGY

masses are usually most abundant in the central portion of the tree

crown. It was also observed that 99.7% of the egg masses are laid

within 21 inches of the branch end. Examination of 42 randomly

selected 1967-1968 egg masses revealed a mean twig diameter at the

site of oviposition of 4.2 mm. The same egg masses were measured

and the mean mass was found to be 14.5 mm long and 10.6 mm wide.

The mean number of eggs was 163.8. Mean laboratory emergence

was 86.8 or about 53% of the mean total number of eggs.

Colonial Behavior .—An effort was made to determine behavioral

patterns of colonies on their cottonwood host. As behavioral patterns

became evident, it was also apparent that separate colonies or portions

of colonies followed different patterns at the same time. Field obser¬

vations were made during both day and night, during both rain and

clear weather, and at temperatures ranging from 46° to 80° F. Under

all conditions and at all examination times, it was possible to find some

of the tagged colonies either quiescent inside the tents or partially

inside the tents with individuals traveling or feeding outside. One

particular tent was observed to be almost entirely occupied by cater¬

pillars but two hours later most of this aggressive colony had vacated

the old tent and traveled 90 cm along adjacent twigs and had constructed

the nucleus of an entirely new tent. During a record low temperature

of 23° F on 20 April 1966, numerous larvae in the Zion population were

found motionless but perfectly healthy on tents and on leaf and branch

surfaces outside their tents. Larval activity resumed with a return to

higher temperatures. The highly variable intercolonial and intra¬

colonial behavior may possibly be explained by the individual larval

differences demonstrated by Wellington (1957). In his studies, he

categorized larvae under two general types of behavior, “sluggish” and

“active.” He found that the presence of active individuals had a

definite influence on the actions of their sluggish followers. The obser¬

vations recorded in Zion Canyon may be, to some measure, a function

of active individuals expressing a tendency to travel or forage out of

the tent under diverse conditions. Individual larval observations would

be necessary to determine this possibility.

The violent anterior “jerking” exhibited by larvae (Stehr and Cook,

1968) has been repeatedly observed on Fremont cottonwood. Various

disturbances have in the past been a possible explanation for this ac¬

tivity. No disturbances such as attacks by parasites were identified

but may well have prevailed. It was impressive to note entire clusters

of larvae exhibiting the jerking behavior simultaneously.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 46, NO. 1

Host Damage

Early-instar larvae consume expanding leaves and catkins. In the last

three instars, before prepupational wandering, damage to leaves increases

considerably. Individual leaves are either partially or entirely con¬

sumed. It is questionable how much Fremont cottonwood mortality

would result if the population went uncontrolled. Like other hardwoods,

the cottonwood has a remarkable propensity to endure defoliation and

refoliate the same season after the cessation of insect feeding. Un¬

doubtedly, certain trees or groups of trees might succumb, but most of

the host type would probably survive from year to year. Scattered

branch mortality indicates some possible evidence of past tent cater¬

pillar feeding.

Insect Mortality

Natural Factors.- —Parasites that have been recovered from larvae

and pupae in Zion Park over the past three years include a tachinid,

Chaetogaedia monticola (Big.) and the chalcid, Brachymeria ovata

(Say). Also recovered was an eulophid egg parasite, Tetrastichus

malacosomae Girault, a common parasite of the genus Malacosoma

throughout the Great Basin. Although a pathogenic virus has been

observed, recent annual biological evaluations have not revealed any

widespread occurrence of virus in the population.

Applied Factors. —Through the years the nuisance of abundant larvae

has been reduced in the heavily used recreational areas of Zion Park.

Records indicate that control was attempted in Zion Park as early as

1923. Applied control of portions of the Zion infestation has evolved

from the use of inorganic and synthetic organic insecticides to the use of

a more selective microbial insecticide. A formulation of Bacillus thurin-

giensis var. thuringiensis Berliner, Thuricide 90TS 2 , was found in 1965

to provide desirable operational characteristics and was claimed by the

manufacturer to have improved biological effectiveness (Klein and

Brueck, 1965). Control results in 1965 were considered acceptable. In

less than 24 hours, infected larvae had ceased feeding and had assumed

a moribund appearance. Applications of B. thuringiensis have achieved

the desired purpose.

Acknowledgments

Credit is due M. Minnoch, L. 0. Sandin, D. J. Curtis, and officials of

Zion National Park for their field and laboratory cooperation. Photo¬

graphic credit is due W. H. Klein. F. W. Stehr was helpful in species

determination and manuscript review.

3 Registered trademark, Bioferm Division, International Minerals Corp., Wasco, California. Does

not necessarily imply endorsement by U.S.D.A.

JANUARY 1970 ] GARDINER-IMMATURES OF SPONDYLIS

Literature Cited

Klein, W. H., and F. R. Brueck. 1965. Control of a tent caterpillar, Mctlaco-

soma incurvum discoloration, with a commercial formulation of Bacillus

thuringiensis var. thuringiensis in Zion National Park, 1965. U. S.

Forest Serv., Intermountain Region, Ogden, Utah. Unpub. Report, 7 pp.

Steiir, F. W., and E. F. Cook. 1968. A revision of the genus Malacosoma

Hiibner in North America (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) : system-

atics, biology, immatures, and parasites. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 276.

Smithsonian Institution Press.

Stelzer, M. J. 1968. The Great Basin tent caterpillar in New Mexico: life

history, parasites, disease, and defoliation. U. S. Forest Serv. Res.

Pap., RM-39.

Sudworth, G. B. 1934. Poplars, principal tree willows, and willows of the

Rocky Mountain Region. U. S. Dep. Agr. Tech. Bull., 420.

Wellington, W. G. 1957. Individual differences as a factor in population

dynamics: the development of a problem. Can. J. Zool., 35: 293-323.

Immature Stages and Habits of Spondylis upiformis

Mannerheim

(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

L. M. Gardiner

Forest Research Laboratory, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada

Three species of Spondylis Fabricius have been recognized, one from

the Palearctic Region, one from western North America, and one from

Mexico (Linsley, 1962). The larva and pupa of the European species, S.

huprestoides L., have been described (Duffy, 1953) but neither the im¬

mature stages nor food habits of the North American species have been

recognized, although the adults are commonly encountered.

In 1968, several larvae and two pupae were collected by the author

from two stumps of white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, at the

Kananaskis Forest Experiment Station, Seebe, Alberta. The stumps had

been pulled from the ground for other purposes; otherwise the presence

of the insects would have been unsuspected. One pupa was permitted to

complete development, and the adult was identified as S. upiformis , the

western North American species. The immature stages and habits of this

species are described herein.

Descriptions of Immature Stages

Advanced Larva.-— Form robust, sub cylindrical, length up to 22 mm; in all

respects, typically asemine.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 46: 33-36. January 1970

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

] 2

Figs. 1-2. Spondylis upiformis. Fig. 1. Ninth abdominal tergum and uro-

gomphi of larva. Fig. 2. Pronotum of pupa.

Head depressed; mouthframe, frons, ventral genal areas, and hypostomal bridge

piceous to dark castaneous; epistoma shallowly declivous, bearing six to eight

setae laterally, midfrontal inflection dark, frontal sutures bisecting antennal

sockets; frons roughly excavated behind antennae, genae moderately densely

clothed with golden setae; antennae minute, retractile, three-segmented, third

segment very small, almost equalled in length by conical supplementary segment;

ocelli absent; hypostoma fused with base of ventral mouthparts, gular sutures

slightly raised.

Clypeus produced at sides; labrum thick, broadly rounded; densely setose,

setae shorter and denser apically; mandible slender, apex depressed, shining;

ventral mouthparts fleshy, cardo well defined, maxillary lobe digitate, last joint

of maxillary palp shorter than second, equal to or slightly longer than last labial.

Pronotum testaceous, posterior half darker, finely asperate, lateral furrows

pronounced, converging slightly anteriorly, pubescence short and sparse between

furrows, lateral setae moderately dense, ferruginous; eusternum finely asperate,

bearing numerous fine, reddish setae; legs three-segmented, unguiculus attenuate,

imbricately spinose.

Dorsal abdominal ampullae finely asperate, very sparsely pubescent, broadly

impressed on midline; spiracles small, ovate to suborbicular, peritreme thin,

with two or three contiguous chambers on posterior rim; pleural tubercles not

evident; ninth tergum with a pair of small, blunt urogomphi separated by less

than basal width (fig. 1).

The last character readily separates this species from S. buprestoides

in which the urogomphi are separated by at least four times their basal

width (Duffy, 1953).

Pupa .—Length 18 mm, single specimen, male.

Head barely visible from above, body widest at fourth abdominal segment.

Tapering rapidly posteriorly.

Vertex of head glabrous, face and mandibles with numerous, very fine, light

setae; pronotum obtusely angled on sides which are thickly clothed with fine

setae (fig. 2), disc with numerous small spines, some with terminal setae;

scutellum with few similar spines; metatergum with broad, V-shaped band of

JANUARY 1970] GARDINER—IMMATURES OF SPONDYLIS

Fig. 3. Larval galleries and pupal cells of Spondylis upiformis in spruce root.

small spines and fine setae; femora with few small spines and a fringe of fine

setae at apex, hind femora with large, fleshy basal lobe (actually developing

trochanter).

Abdominal terga with transverse hands of slightly larger spines, sparsely

clothed anteriorly and laterally with fine setae; ninth tergum terminating in a pair

of incurved, heavily sclerotized urogomphi; third to eighth sterna with lateral

groups of small spines; ninth sternum with a pair of short setae; pleura with a

group of setae; functional spiracles on first seven abdominal segments.

The pupa is distinguished from that of S. buprestoides by the lack of

stout, curved, pronotal spines described by Duffy (1953) on the latter

specie's.

The above descriptions are based on ten larvae and one male pupa,

designated as Collection No. SI. 1.3 in the Cerambycid Collection, Forest

Research Laboratory, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

Habits

Linsley (1962) gives the range of this species as “from Alaska south¬

east to the Great Lakes region, south into the Rocky Mountains, and

along the Pacific Coast.” As well as in Alberta, I have collected adults

in mid-June in an area logged for spruce and balsam fir near Sault Ste.

Marie, Ontario.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

The stumps that yielded the immature stages described above were

from trees cut on 15 June and 16 June 1966. Both stumps were pulled

on 17 May 1968 and were examined for insects on 31 July. The larvae

apparently had entered pupal cells by the time of pulling, but were

prevented from achieving normal development and emergence by dry¬

ing of the stump. The length of the larval feeding galleries suggests that

oviposition occurred in 1966, and that this species has a 2-year life

cycle in Alberta.

The method of oviposition is unknown, but the larval galleries began

in the roots, sometimes more than a meter from the stump. Feeding pro¬

ceeded more or less straight along the root towards the stump, the

larva scoring the wood deeply and leaving the gallery filled with fibrous

frass. Pupation occurred in shallow cells excavated in the sapwood of

the stump or in roots near the stump (fig. 3). Feeding and pupation

took place as much as 50 cm below the soil surface. The adults are, how¬

ever, somewhat adapted for digging, having unusually large mandibles

and terminal lamellae on the fore tibiae.

Acknowledgment

I am grateful to W. B. Johnstone, Department of Fisheries and For¬

estry, Calgary, Alberta for information on stump history and location.

Literature Cited

Duffy, E. A. J. 1953. A monograph of the immature stages of British and

imported timber beetles (Cerambycidae). British Museum (Natur.

Hist.), London. Jarrold and Sons, Limited, Norwich. 350 pp. 8 plates.

Linsley, E. G. 1962. The Cerambycidae of North America Part II. Taxonomy

and Classification of the Parandrinae, Prioninae, Spondylinae and

Aseminae. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 19: 1-102 -)- 1 pi.

A New Genus in the Tribe Euplectini

(Coleoptera: Pselaphidae)

A. A. Grigaricic and R. 0. Schuster

University of California, Davis

This new genus has close affinities with the genus Actium of Casey.

The first visible abdominal tergite of all of the species of Actium is

essentially the same. This segment bears two basal carinae that differ

between species in length and in degree of separation. A species has

been discovered which differs from Actium mainly in that the base of

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 46: 36-39. January 1970

JANUARY 1970 ] GRIGARICK & SCHUSTER—NEW PSELAPHID GENUS

tergite I has a densely pubescent median depression and the carinae are

absent. We consider the addition of this depression and the absence

of the carinate condition fundamental differences that justify placing

the species in a separate genus.

Pilactium Grigarick and Schuster, new genus

Type of Genus. — Pilactium summersi Grigarick and Schuster, new

species.

This genus has those subtribal characteristics typical of the Trimiina

and is defined by the following combination of characters:

1) Ventral surface of head with capitate setae. 2) Two vertexal foveae, connected

by entire U-shaped frontal sulcus. 3) Gular foveae separate. 4) Antennal seg¬

ments IX to XI forming a distinct club, X nearly symmetrical, well separated

from XI. 5) Pronotum with basolateral foveae connected by transverse, slightly

biarcuate sulcus. 6) Elytron with 2 antebasal foveae; sutral stria entire; discal

fovea with sulcoid impression about one-half length of elytron. 7) Prosternum

simple, prosternal foveae large. 8) Mesosternal preplectus medianly carinate;

mesosternum anteriorly with 2 lateral and 1 median foveae. 9) Metasternum

with median paired foveae. 10) Profemur with row of specialized setae on basal

half. 11) Meso- and metacoxae contiguous. 12) Tarsal claws consist of large

primary and smaller secondary structures. 13) First visible tergite with densely

pubescent, median depression; basal carinae absent. 14) Second sternite with

pubescent, median depression.

Pilactium summersi Grigarick and Schuster, new species

(Figs. 1M0

Male.— Teneral specimen, yellow brown. Length 933 1 , width 354. Head 151

long, 181 wide; vertexal foveae 77 between centers; ventral surface with 24

capitate setae; eyes moderate. Antenna 310 long; segment I 43 long, 27 wide; II

34 long, 30 wide; III to VI inclusive 57 long, 20 wide; VII 16 long, 24 wide; VIII

16 long, 27 wide; IX 17 long, 34 wide; X 24 long, 40 wide, nearly symmetrical,

well separated from XI; XI 87 long, 54 wide, as long as preceding 5 segments.

Pronotum 208 long, 225 wide. Elytron 292 long, with 2 antebasal foveae.

Winged. Protrochanter simple; profemur 57 wide; protibia simple. Mesotro-

chanter simple; mesofemur 63 wide; mesotibia with small, blunt apical spine.

Postmesocoxal foveae with apodemes directed obliquely forward. Metafemur

50 wide.

First visible tergite 245 wide at base, without basal carinae but with dense

setae area 100 wide (fig. 4). Sternite II with median, pubescent depression; III

to V unmodified; VI deeply emarginate, with median group of broad setae (fig. 3) ;

penial plate 125 long, setate area nearly round, 93 in diameter. Aedeagus 221

long, 128 deep (fig. 1).

Female.— Segment IX as in figure 2.

1 All measurements in microns.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

s'? 71

^ h S \> V n ? / T / ' « 1

-f v ''~° / V 1 T '

9 > VV,'7 1

f \ f T \ T V-N^X

Figs. 1-4. Pilactium summersi Grigarick and Schuster, new species. Fig. 1.

Male genitalia, dorsal. Fig. 2. Female genitalia, mainly ninth segment, orienta¬

tion not established. Fig. 3. Male sternite VI. Fig. 4. Median depression of

first visible tergite.

Distribution.— The holotype male was collected at Quincy, Plumas

County, California on 1 April 1951 by F. M. Summers. A male

paratype was collected at Pine Grove, Amador County, California on

JANUARY 1970] NUTTING—TENUIROSTRITERMES FORAGING

12 February 1961 by D. W. Price from pine forest soil. A female

paratype was collected at Dunsmuir, Mt. Bradley, Siskiyou County,

California on 20 September 1961 by R. 0. Schuster. The type is deposited

with the Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis.

Discussion. —This uncommon montane species is known only from

single specimens at three widely separate localities of northern Cali¬

fornia. Expected differences in species that may be collected in the

future, as indicated by related genera, would be in the following struc¬

tures: tibial spines (male) ; number of capitate setae on venter of head;

size relationship of femora (male) ; setation of sternite VI (male) ; and

genitalic differences.

Free Diurnal Foraging by the North American

Nasutiform Termite, Tenuirostritermes tenuirostris 1

(Isoptera : Termitidae)

W. L. Nutting

University of Arizona, Tucson

Tenuirostritermes tenuirostris (Desneux) is one of at least two spe¬

cies of termites possessing nasutiform soldiers which reach the extreme

southern United States. It ranges from southern Mexico and perhaps

Guatemala (Snyder, 1949) into the Upper Sonoran Zone of south¬

eastern Arizona and similar areas in southwestern Texas. The other

species, T. cinereus (Buckley), occurs in southwestern Texas and may

range into south-central Mexico. Two additional species in this genus

are confined to ranges of undetermined extent in Central America and

perhaps the West Indies. All of the species are apparently subterranean

since they are not known to build tree nests or extensive systems of

tubes above ground as do many other genera of nasutiform termites.

Thus, although T. tenuirostris and cinereus are unusual elements in

our fauna, they are not widely known because of their cryptic habits

and limited distribution in the United States.

The following notes were made on T. tenuirostris , incidental to a

field study of termite flight behavior conducted in western Mexico,

from May to October, 1964. This termite was observed foraging on

exposed trails during daylight hours on four separate occasions. The

1 Journal Paper No. 1499 of the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station. Supported in part by

State Research Project No. 461 and a research grant from the National Pest Control Association

for travel in Mexico.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 46: 39-42. January 1970

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

first three observations were made in the mountains directly north of

the village of Ajijic, on the north shore of Lake Chapala in Jalisco.

The summer rainy season had begun with traces of rain on May 18, and

showers of more than 0.1 inch on 20 May and 2 June. On 6 June in a

steep canyon (5800 ft.), a group of several hundred workers and sol¬

diers were disturbed in a loose mat of dry leaves and grasses. They

had been operating in an irregular column several feet from galleries

under a small, deeply set stone. Although this was at 1100 hrs, and

very warm, all of the activity was in the deep shade of the canyon wall.

On 29 July after several weeks of showers totalling over 14 inches

of rain, a similar situation was discovered. The colony was located

beneath a stone wall separating pasture from a well-traveled dirt lane

(5200 ft.). A column of termites was moving to and from a hole beside

the wall to a site six feet away where workers were collecting bits of dead

grass and green leaves. Several workers were cutting semicircles, ir¬

regular circles and other shapes (1-2 mm on a side) from the hairy

leaves of a small honeysuckle plant. Some of the leaves, up to 6 inches

above the ground, had been completely removed. Soldiers were spaced

at one-half-inch intervals on either side of, and about one-half inch

from, the two-way traffic of workers. This activity was first seen at

1400 hrs under a complete overcast. When the foragers were disturbed

they quickly moved in to the end of the column and the traffic was

progressively reversed. Small groups of soldiers moved from their

lateral positions to alternate with groups of workers in a remarkably

orderly return to the hole under the wall. Two and one-half hours

later, during a light drizzle, foragers were working about two feet from

the nest in the opposite direction.

At 1045 hrs on 6 August another column was found in dense grass

beside the trail on an open ridge at 5500 ft. A 50% cloud cover pro¬

vided intermittent shade during the entire morning. The last en¬

counter occurred on 21 August in a pass (3850 ft.), 5.2 road miles

(Highway 110) south of Tecalitlan, Jalisco. A short column was found

at 1330 hrs foraging in a stony, short-grass area in an oak-pine wood¬

land. The sky was completely overcast. Each of the colonies north of

Ajijic was checked on several other occasions, and foraging was never

seen during continuous, bright sunlight.

Although these are not the first records of such activity for T.

tenuirostris, they are the first to establish that it will attack living

plants. In connection with her intensive field and laboratory work on

caste development in this species, Weesner (1953) described her ob¬

servations on its foraging behavior in southeastern Arizona. She saw

JANUARY 1970 ] NUTTING—TENUIROSTRITERMES FORAGING

workers actually cutting plant material only once. They were accom¬

panied by soldiers and were operating in daylight on a large grass

stalk under the cover of a small board. (1000 hrs, 3 September 1947,

very hot and dry; Weesner, in litt., 27 May 1969.) On another oc¬

casion at night she encountered a short, exposed column of workers

guarded by soldiers. She also noted that stores of plant fragments were

generally found in their chambers and galleries beneath stones. How¬

ever, in all cases this consisted entirely of dry, weathered plant ma¬

terials. The author has made similar observations in colonies of this

species at several localities in southeastern Arizona and in Mexico.

Considerably less is known about the distribution and biology of

T. cinereus. However, Banks and Snyder (1920) cited three early

accounts in Texas where workers, accompanied by soldiers, were found

foraging in the open: once for grass and weed seeds at about sunset,

again for dry leaves (Buckley) and, on the third occasion “destroying

living plants by sucking the juices” (Parman). Most of the observa¬

tions indicated that they probably do not forage in bright sunlight.

Ebeling (1959) mentioned Tenuirostritermes incisus (Snyder) as

having been recorded feeding on the avocado. The record comes from

some locality in the West Indies, although Snyder (1949) listed it only

from Spanish Honduras. The author has collected this species in

Guerrero, and Tenuirostritermes briciae (Snyder) in Nayarit, both in

southern Mexico. Apparently nothing else has been published on these

two species since the original descriptions (Snyder, 1922).

Snyder (1968) has continued to update a growing bibliography on

termites which damage living vegetation. The most notable among

these papers is that by Harris (1962) wherein he provided a world list

of 106 species of termites, from all six families, which feed on living

plants. Many of them are economically important pests of crops and

trees. In all of these records, reports of such damage in the New World

are surprisingly few. The two termitid genera most often mentioned

are Nasutitermes and Syntermes. Syntermes has been observed forag¬

ing from exposed trails (Emerson, 1938), while Nasutitermes generally

works from covered runways.

Although Tenuirostritermes has apparently never been observed to

attack crop plants, its abundance in certain agricultural areas certainly

provides this potential. In foothill and mountain regions of western

Mexico, tenuinostris was found several times in the vicinity of, and

sometimes within, the “milpas” or cultivated plots (chiefly corn). In

southeastern Arizona, where it occurs in areas of lower rainfall, the

land is used almost exclusively as range for cattle.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

I want to thank Frances M. Weesner of Colorado State University,

for reviewing the manuscript and confirming my own identification of

T. tenuirostris from several localities in Mexico.

Literature Cited

Banks, N., and T. E. Snyder. 1920. A revision of the Nearctic termites with

notes on biology and geographic distribution. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.,

108: 190-193.

Ebeling, W. 1959. Subtropical fruit pests. Univ. Calif. Press, Los Angeles,

p. 317.

Emerson, A. E. 1938. Termite nests—a study of the phylogeny of behavior.

Ecol. Monogr., 8: 258-259.

Harris, W. V. 1962. Classification of the phytophagous Isoptera. Symposia

Genetica et Biologica Italica. Atti IV Congr. U.I.E.I.S.-Pavia, 9-14

Sett., 1961,11: 193-201.

Snyder, T. E. 1922. New termites from Hawaii, Central and South America,

and the Antilles. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 61: 25-28.

1949. Catalog of the termites (Isoptera) of the world. Smithson. Misc.

Collect., 112: 312-313.

1968. Second supplement to the annotated, subject-heading bibliography

of termites 1961-1965. Smithson. Misc. Collect., 152: 35-40.

Weesner, F. M. 1953. Biology of Tenuirostritermes tenuirostris (Desneux) with

emphasis on caste development. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 57: 263-264.

Pselactus spadix (Herbst), a European Cossonine Weevil

New to California

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Charles W. O’Brien

International Programs in Agriculture , Purdue University

Pselactus spadix (Herbst) is a native of Great Britain and the west

coast of Europe. It has been introduced into the eastern United States,

Australia, and New Zealand, where specimens have been taken in wood

associated with salt water. Published European records are all coastal

and all directly associated with salt water. Specimens have been col¬

lected in stumps regularly covered by tide (Champion, 1871) and in

England a wharf and its piles which were regularly subjected to salt

spray and storm waves were severely damaged (Walker, 1879). How¬

ever, in a more recent work on its presence in Argentina, Viana (1961)

discusses extensive damage in Acer negundo Linne and Salix babylonica

Linne in the field and also in furniture and the flooring of houses.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 46 : 42-44. January 1970

JANUARY 1970] O’BRIEN—PSELACTUS IN CALIFORNIA

Fig. 1. Pselactus spadix, dorsal and lateral view. Note robust form, long fine

pubescence, and elongate rostrum.

In the United States the species has been collected far from the coast

as well. The economic threat is well demonstrated in the following un¬

published data, courtesy of Mrs. Rose E. Warner-Spilman, U. S. Na¬

tional Museum: Illinois, in pine in house. Maryland, basement, furni¬

ture store. Massachusetts, larvae boring in piles in Boston Harbor;

from timber in Boston and Main R.R. Pier 40 (not submerged) ; in

pile; from cellar timber, with ex. of Hadrobregnus. Missouri, from

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

pine board infested with weevils. South Carolina, under bark of dead

Morus sp. twig; in dead Ficus wood; in old pinewood porch (with

Hexarthrum ulkei Horn).

Pselactus spadix was first collected in California by Mr. William

Tyson at the salt flats in Newark, California, near the southeastern

end of San Francisco Bay on 2 January 1966 from beneath pieces

of wood. Subsequent collections of more than 150 specimens were

made in February and the late fall of 1966 at the same locality. The

area is at the south end of the Newark Slough which leads di¬

rectly into San Francisco Bay. The specimens were taken under and

in boards and timbers on levees above salt evaporation ponds. The

weevils were most common on partly buried wood where conditions

were slightly more damp. Evidence of weevil infestation was found on

all boards and timbers. Mr. Tyson indicated that during the wet win¬

ter season the weevils were common under most of the boards. The

timbers used by the salt company to support the pipes which transport

salt water to the evaporation ponds are heavily infested by the weevils

and will eventually have to be replaced.

Several other genera of cossonine weevils are common along the

west coast and in general damage driftwood in a similar manner. These

include the New Zealand Macrancylas littoralis Broun, very common in

the San Francisco Bay area, north at least to Point Reyes. Ellasoptes

marinus Horn and Rhyncholus spp. are common from Oregon to South¬

ern California. In the eastern United States, one may encounter Ma¬

crancylas linearis Leconte, Dryotribus mimeticus Horn, Anchonus spp.,

and Mesites spp. The adults and larvae may be found burrowing

through the wood and the adults are often taken on the under surface of

wood on the ground. Pselactus spadix adults may be separated from the

other cossonine genera occurring in the western United States by the

combination of a robust form and erect long fine dorsal pubescence

(Fig. 1). Anderson (1952) presents a key to and a description of some

cossonine larvae including Pselactus.

Literature Cited

Anderson, W. H. 1952. Larvae of some genera of Cossoninae (Coleoptera:

Curculionidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 45:281-309.

Champion, G. C. 1871. Pselactus spadix occurs in stumps under salt water.

Entomol. Mon. Mag., 8:85.

Viana, M. J. 1961. Presencia en la Argentina de Carcoma de la Madera

(.Pselactus spadix ). Idia, Instituto de Patologia Vegetal INTA (163):

14-16.

Walker, J. J. 1879. Phloeophagus spadix (Herbst), destructive to piles at

Harwich. Entomol. Mon. Mag., 16:40.

JANUARY 1970]

HALSTEAD-A NEW LARGUS

A New Species of the Genus Lcirgus Hahn With a Key to the

Species of the Genus in the Southwestern United States

(Hemiptera: Largidae)

Thomas F. Halstead

San Francisco State College, California

During a taxonomic study carried out as part of the requirements for

the Master of Arts degree in biology at San Francisco State College, I

examined a series of nine female and seven male specimens represent¬

ing a different form of the genus Largus Hahn, 1831. The specimens

were found among the collections of several United States museums. A

search of the literature and comparison with many determined speci¬

mens of the various established species of Largus found in North Amer¬

ica led me to consider the specimens as representative of a new species.

I am now publishing the following description so that the name will

be available for biological studies on this genus. The measurements

given below are those of the holotype or allotype followed by the range

of variation exhibited by the paratypes of the appropriate sex.

Largus semipunctatus Halstead, new species

Length of holotype male 13.5 mm (12-13.5 mm), width across pronotum 5 mm

(4-5 mm), width across corium 6 mm (5-6 mm).

Male. —Elongate oval; robust. Coloration: Black. The following all red-

orange: two small medial lines on the collum, posterior margin of pronotum,

lateral margins of posterior half of pronotum, apex of scutellum, margins of

clavus and claval suture, lateral margin of corium next to membi-ane, furrow in

corium, connexivum of abdomen, base of rostrum, base of first and second

antennal segments. Pubescence: Body and femora clothed with dense silver-gray

tomentum giving a frosted appearance. Punctation: Posterior half of pronotum

except lateral margins finely black punctate. Scutellum finely, evenly punctate.

Clavus rather coarsely black punctate. Corium along claval suture and inside of

lateral red-orange margin black punctate; center and posterior of corium im-

punctate. Hemelytra: Not quite reaching tip of abdomen. Length of antennal

segments : I: 2.9 mm (2.6—2.9 mm) ; II: 1.8 mm (1.8-1.9 mm) ; III: 1.0 mm

(0.9-1.0 mm) ; IV: 1.9 mm (1.8-1.9 mm). Total antenna 7.6 mm (7.1-7.6 mm).

Female.— Length 15 mm (15-17 mm) ; width across pronotum 5 mm (4.5-5.5

mm) ; width across corium 7 mm (6-7 mm).

Similar to male in coloration except: smaller black areas of clavus and corium;

first three ventral abdominal segments tinged with rose; posterior margin of

metathorax very slightly tinged rose. Similar to male in punctation except smaller

impunctate area of corium. Pubescence and hemelytra as in male. Length of

antennal segments : I: 2.9 mm (2.7—3.2 mm) ; II: 1.9 mm (1.8-2.2 mm) ; III:

1.1 mm (1.0-1.2 mm); IV: 2.0 mm (1.7-2.1 mm). Total antenna 8.0 mm (7.6-

8.8 mm).

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 46: 45-46. January 1970

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

Holotype male , Atascosa Lookout, Atascosa Mt., Santa Cruz

County, Arizona. Collected by Mr. W. L. Nutting, 9 October 1960,

deposited in the University of Arizona collection. Allotype, Same data

as holotype, in University of Arizona collection.

Paratypes. —One male, Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, 15 July 1924; one male,

Cochise Str., Arizona, Dragoon Mts., 24 March 1956; one male, Molino Basin

Station, Catalina Mts., Arizona, 18 October 1961, on Baccharis flower; one male,

Pena Blanca Spring, Tumacacori Mts., Arizona, 20 June 1940; one female, Pena

Blanca, 10 miles west of Nogales, Arizona, 1 August 1961; one female, Bear Val¬

ley, Arizona, Tumacacori Mts., 28 June 1940; one female, west slope Patagonia

Mts., Santa Cruz Co., Arizona, 9 August 1955; one female, Madera Canyon, Santa

Rita Mts., Pima Co., Arizona, 16 February 1956, all in the University of Arizona

collection. Two males and two females, Baboquivaria Mts., Arizona, with no

date, in the University of Kansas collection. One female, Madera Canyon, Santa

Rita Mts., Arizona, 14 October 1960, in the Oregon State University collection.

One female, San Bernardino County, California, 16 November 1936, in the Cali¬

fornia Academy of Sciences collection.

In general appearance Largus semipunctatus most closely resembles

Largus convivus Stal. However, it is separated from that species by the

absence of punctation on the corium and the very different pubescence,

as well as the coloration of the thorax and legs.

The characteristics of this new species which differentiate it from

the other members of the genus Largus of western North America are

shown in the following key:

Key to the Species of the Genus Largus Hahn

of the southwestern United States

1. Membrane clear to light tan; scutellum, hemelytra, and posterior half

of pronotum reddish to tan; corium with two distinct large black spots

at juncture of claval suture and membrane _ bipustulatus Stal

Membrane and hemelytra color variable; scutellum black; corium with¬

out black spots at juncture of claval suture and membrane _ 2

2. Thoracic sterna around base of coxae red to orange _ 3

Thoracic sterna around base of coxae black _ 4

3. Coxae often red; trochanters and femora black _ convivus Stal

Coxae, trochanters, and proximal end of femora all red to yellow-orange

__ cinctus Herrich-Schaeffer

4. Hemelytra completely covered with dense punctation; pubescence vari¬

able, but not as below; trochanters and proximal ends of femora

orange to orange-red _ succinctus Linne

Hemelytra with corium impunctate; pubescence a dense silver tomentum

over entire body giving the insect a frosted appearance; trochanters

and femora all black _ semipunctatus Halstead, n. sp.

JANUARY 1970] WASBAUER-CALIF. DEP. AGR. TYPES

The Type Material in the Collection of the

California Department of Agriculture

Marius S. Wasbauer

California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento

During the past decade, a number of primary types of insects has

accumulated in the Collection of the Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, Cali¬

fornia Department of Agriculture, Sacramento.

Although there are many cogent practical reasons for any institution

which maintains an insect collection to be interested in the retention of

holotypes, we feel that the field of insect taxonomy could best be served

by relinquishing the holotypes now housed in the California Department

of Agriculture.

In the future, it will be the policy of the Insect Taxonomy Laboratory

to require that holotypes based on our material be deposited in the col¬

lection of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, unless it

can be shown that they would be more readily accessible in an in¬

stitution where active work is being done on that particular group of

insects or where a specialized collection of the group is being housed.

A list of type material in the CDA Collection is presented here, ar¬

ranged by order of insect. Following the family name are the initials

of the institution to which the types will be transferred: CAS (Cali¬

fornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco), UCD (University of

California, Davis), USNM (United States National Museum, Washing¬

ton, D. C.).

ORTHOPTERA

Acrididae (USNM)

Melanoplus buxtoni Strohecker 1963. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 39(3) : 168.

Holotype $, allotype 2, USNM type #70510.

Melanoplus elaphrus Strohecker 1963. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 39(3) : 169.

Holotype $, allotype 2, USNM type #70517.

Melanoplus elater Strohecker, 1963. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 39(3) : 166.

Holotype $, allotype 2, USNM type #70509.

Melanoplus eremitus Strohecker, 1963. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 39(3) : 162.

Holotype $, allotype 2, USNM type #70512.

Melanoplus harperi Gurney and Buxton, 1965. Bur. Entomol., Calif. Dep.

Agr. Occas. Pap. No. 7, p. 4. Holotype $, allotype 2, USNM type

#70513.

Melanoplus siskiyou Strohecker, 1963. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 39(3) : 170.

Holotype $, allotype 2, USNM type #70511.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 46: 47-50. January 1970

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

Melanoplus wintunus Strohecker and Heifer, 1963. Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

39(3): 160. Holotype $, allotype 2, USNM type #70508.

Aerochoreute s stenometopus Strohecker and Buxton, 1963. Pan-Pac. En¬

tomol., 39(4): 261. Holotype $, allotype 2, USNM type #70514.

Hypsalonia merga Gurney and Buxton, 1963. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol.

Soc., 58(2-3): 68. Holotype $, USNM type #70515.

Boonacris ( Karokia ) bland Rehn, 1964. Nolulae Natur., 368: 3. Holotype

$, allotype 2. USNM type #70516.

THYSANOPTERA

Phlaeothripidae (UCD)

Hoplandrothrips irretius Kono, 1964. Bur. Entomol. Calif. Dep. Agr.

Occas. Pap. No. 4, p. 1. Holotype 2, allotype $, UCD type #291.

Liothrips brevitubus Kono, 1964. Bur. Entomol. Calif. Dep. Agr. Occas.

Pap. No. 4, p. 4. Holotype 2, UCD type #292.

Liothrips monoensis Kono, 1964. Bur. Entomol. Calif. Dep. Agr. Occas.

Pap. No. 4, p. 6. Holotype 2, UCD type #293.

Thripidae (UCD)

Chirothrips tuttlei zur Strassen, 1967. Senckenbergiana Biol., 48(5-6):

345. Holotype 2, UCD type #294.

HOMOPTERA

Asterolecaniidae (UCD)

Sclerococcus bromeliae McKenzie 1963. Bull. Calif. Dept. Agr., 52(1) :38.

Holotype 2, slide mount, UCD type #325.

Derbidae (CAS)

Apache californicum Wilkey 1963. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 39(2) : 99. Holo¬

type $, allotype 2, CAS type #10,196.

Diaspididae (UCD)

Diaspis gilloglyi McKenzie 1963. Bull. Calif. Dep. Agr., 52(1): 33. Holo¬

type 2, slide mount, UCD type #326.

Eriococcidae (UCD)

Cornoculus densus Miller 1967. Hilgardia, 38(13): 487. Holotype 2,

slide mount, UCD type #327.

Pseudococcidae (UCD)

Anisococcus abnormalis McKenzie 1964. Hilgardia, 35(10) : 212. Holotype

2 , slide mount, UCD type #328.

Anthelococcus simondsi McKenzie 1964. Hilgardia, 35(10): 215. Holo¬

type 2 , slide mount, UCD type #329.

Chorizococcus californicus McKenzie 1964. Hilgardia, 35(10): 221. Holo¬

type 2 , slide mount, UCD type #330.

JANUARY 1970] WASBAUER—CALIF. DEP. AGR. TYPES

Chorizococcus coxindex McKenzie 1967. “Mealybugs of California,” Univ.

Calif. Press, Berkeley, p. 96. Holotype 2, slide mount, UCD type #331.

Chorizococcus fistulosus McKenzie 1967. “Mealybugs of California,” Univ.

Calif. Press, Berkeley, p. 99. Holotype 2, slide mount, UCD type #332.

Chorizococcus interruptus McKenzie 1964. Hilgardia, 35(10): 223. Holo¬

type 2, slide mount, UCD type #333.

Chorizococcus wilsoni McKenzie 1961. Hilgardia, 31(2): 19. Holotype 2,

slide mount, UCD type #334.

Chorizococcus yuccae McKenzie 1961. Hilgardia, 31(2): 21. Holotype 2,

slide mount, UCD type #335.

Cryptoripersia tubulata McKenzie 1964. Hilgardia, 35(10): 228. Holo¬

type 2 , slide mount, UCD type #336.

Dysmicoccus vacuatus McKenzie 1967. “Mealybugs of California,” Univ.

Calif. Press, Berkeley, p. 174. Holotype 2, slide mount, UCD type

#337.

Heliococcus atriplicis McKenzie 1964. Hilgardia, 35(10) : 235. Holotype

2 , slide mount, UCD type #338.

Humococcus ceraricus McKenzie 1964. Hilgardia, 35(10): 236. Holotype

2 , slide mount, UCD type #339.

Phenacoccus cdleni McKenzie 1964. Hilgardia, 35(10): 243. Holotype

2 , slide mount, UCD type #340.

Phenacoccus nonarius McKenzie 1964. Hilgardia, 35(10): 253. Holotype

2 , slide mount, UCD type #341.

Phenacoccus aherrans McKenzie 1962. Hilgardia, 32(14) : 657. Holotype

2 , slide mount, UCD type #342.

Pseudococcus diversus McKenzie 1964. Hilgardia, 35(10) : 256. Holotype

2 , slide mount, UCD type #343.

Pseudococcus malacearum Ferris 1950. “Atlas of the scale insects of North

America,” Vol. V, The Pseudococcidae (Part I), Stanford Univ. Press, p.

185. Lectotype designated by Wilkey and McKenzie 1961, Bull. Calif.

Dep. Agr., 50(4) : 246, UCD type #344.

Pseudococcus prunicolus McKenzie 1964. Hilgardia, 35(10) : 260. Holo¬

type 2 , slide mount, UCD type #345.

Pseudococcus sparsus McKenzie 1962. Hilgardia, 32(14): 667. Holotype

2 , slide mount, UCD type #346.

Puto echinatus McKenzie 1961. Hilgardia, 31(2): 35. Holotype 2, slide

mount, UCD type #347.

Puto latricribellum McKenzie 1961. Hilgardia, 31(2): 37. Holotype 2,

slide mount, UCD type #348.

Rhizoecus bicirculus McKenzie 1967. “Mealybugs of California.” Univ.

Calif. Press, Berkeley, p. 374. Holotype 2, slide mount, UCD type

#349.

Spilococcus haigi McKenzie 1962. Hilgardia, 32(14): 679. Holotype 2,

slide mount, UCD type #350.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

Trionymus frontalis McKenzie 1967. “Mealybugs of California.” Univ.

Calif. Press, Berkeley, p. 471. Holotype 9, slide mount, UCD type #351.

Trionymus mocus Ferris 1953. “Atlas of the scale insects of North America,”

Vol. VI, The Pseudococcidae (Part II), Stanford Univ. Press, p. 490.

Slide designated as TYPE, contains 2 adult $ 9—Ferris noted on slide

“Type, the larger spm.” UCD type #352.

LEPIDOPTERA

Gelechiidae (USNM)

Periploca nigra Hodges 1962. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 38(2): 94. Holotype $,

USNM type #70546.

DIPTERA

Tephritidae (CAS)

Aciurina trilitura Blanc and Foote 1961. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 37(2): 75.

Holotype 9, allotype $, CAS type #10,197.

Neaspilota wilsoni Blanc and Foote 1961. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 37 (2) : 78.

Holotype $, CAS type #10,198.

Lonchaeidae (CAS)

Dasiops alveofrons McAlpine 1961. Can. Entomol., 93(7) : 539. Holotype

$, allotype 9 , CAS type # 10,199.

HYMENOPTERA

Andrenidae (CAS)

Perdita salicis tristis Timberlake 1964. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 28(2):

345. Holotype 9, allotype $, CAS type #10,200.

Pompilidae (CAS)

Calicurgus braziliensis Dreisbach 1961. Amer. Midland Natur., 65(2):

377. Holotype 9 , CAS type #10,201.

A Revision of the Genus Grotea

(Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae)

C. N. Slobodchikoff

University of California, Berkeley

Grotea is a small genus in the subfamily Xoridinae, tribe Labiini

(Townes et al., 1960). The genus is restricted to the Western Hemi¬

sphere, with specimens recorded from southern Canada to northern

Argentina. The last revision of the genus was by Rohwer (1920), who

listed four North American species. Townes et al. (1960) provide re¬

descriptions and additional information concerning two of the species

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 46: 50-63. January 1970

JANUARY 1970] SLOBODCHIKOFF—GROTEA REVISION

listed by Rohwer, and Townes and Townes (1966) list fives species in

the Neotropical region. The present revision treats eight species, three

previously undescribed.

Biological data on only two species, G. anguina Cresson and G.

californica Cresson, are available at present. Both of these species para¬

sitize the nest of bees of the genus Ceratina. It is probable that the

other six species in the genus parasitize twig-nesting aculeates.

Methods and Materials

All measurements were made at 40X with an American Optical Com¬

pany Spencer microscope and an ocular micrometer. Drawings were

made at the same magnification with an ocular grid. Holotypes of all

the described species were examined at the institutions where they are

deposited. The following abbreviations are used to designate collec¬

tions: AMNH, American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y.;

CAS, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; CIS, California

Insect Survey, University of California, Berkeley; Cornell, Cornell

University, Ithaca, N. Y.; Davis, University of California, Davis; MSU,

Michigan State University, East Lansing; Ottawa, Canadian National

Collection, Ottawa; Slobodchikoff, C. N. Slobodchikoff collection,

Berkeley, Calif.; Townes, H. K. Townes collection, American En¬

tomological Institute, Ann Arbor, Mich.; USNM, United States Na¬

tional Museum, Washington, D. C. The location of type specimens is

indicated by parentheses in the synonymy.

Genus Grotea Cresson

Grotea Cresson, 1864, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philadelphia, 3: 397.

Type: Grotea anguina Cresson (Philadephia).

Front wing 6.0 to 14.0 mm long; frons convex; clypeus and labrum small;

upper end of prepectal carina near ventral corner of pronotum; petiole long and

slender, upcurved in its posterior 0.5, spiracle behind middle.

Key to Species of Grotea

1. Distal tip of front wing with conspicuous brown spot _ 2

Distal tip of front wing without, or with only faint brown spot _ 4

2. Antennal flagellum yellow on distal 0.2; mesopleuron in at least posterior

0.6 with horizontal orange-brown band; second pleural area of pro-

podeum 2 or more times longer than wide (Figs. 10, 14) _ 3

Antennal flagellum black on distal 0.2, orange proximally; mesopleuron

lacking horizontal orange-brown band; second pleural area of propodeum

1.5 times as long as wide (Fig. 13) _ G. fulva Cameron

3. Distal end of genal hook an acute angle (Fig. 3) ; pleural carina of pro¬

podeum absent or incomplete (Fig. 10) _

_ G. lokii Slobodchikoff, n. sp.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 46, NO. 1

Figs. 1-8. Genal hooks of Grotea spp., lateral view. Fig. 1, G. anguina;

Fig. 2, G. californica; Fig. 3, G. lokii; Fig. 4, G. mexicana ; Fig. 5, G. fulva;

Fig. 6, G. athenae; Fig. 7, G. delicator; Fig. 8, G. perplexa.

Distal end of genal hook spatulate, ellipsoid (Fig. 6) ; pleural carina of

propodeum complete __ G. athenae Slobodchikoff, n. sp.

4. Apical transverse carina of propodeum absent _ 5

Apical transverse carina of propodeum present (Fig. 12) _._

_ G. mexicana Cresson

5. Distal end of genal hook an acute angle (Figs. 1, 3) ; antennal flagellum

yellow with black band at 0.7 its length _ 6

Distal end of genal hook spatulate, ellipsoid (Figs. 2, 7, 8) ; antennal

flagellum otherwise _ 7

6. Pleural carina of propodeum absent or incomplete (Fig. 10) ; distal tip of

front wing with faint brown spot _ G. lokii Slobodchikoff, n. sp.

Pleural carina of propodeum complete (Fig. 11) ; distal tip of front wing

without faint brown spot _____ G. anguina Cresson

Figs. 9-16. Propodia of Grotea spp., dorsal view. Fig. 9, G. californica'. Fig.

10, G. lokii, Fig. 11, G. anguina'. Fig. 12, G. mexicana-, Fig. 13, G. fulva; Fig. 14,

G. athenae'. Fig. 15, G. delicator; Fig. 16, G. perplexa. ate, apical transverse

carina; 11c, lateral longitudinal carina; ma, 1st median area; pa, 2nd pleural

area; pc, pleural carina.

JANUARY 1970] SLOBODCHIKOFF-GROTEA REVISION

1 m m

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

7. Second pleural area of propodeum open posteriorly (Fig. 16) ; propodeum

broadly quadrate in dorsal view; mesoscutum uniformly orange _

_ G. perplexa Slobodchikoff, n. sp.

Second pleural area of propodeum closed posteriorly (Figs. 9, 15) ; pro¬

podeum and mesoscutum otherwise ___ 8

8. Antennal flagellum black; second pleural area of propodeum curved up¬

ward strongly in its anterior 0.5 (Fig. 15) ; mesoscutum yellow with

median complete and pair of submedian incomplete brown-black longi¬

tudinal stripes _ G. delicator (Thunberg)

Antennal flagellum yellow; second pleural area of propodeum not curved

upward strongly in its anterior 0.5 (Fig. 9) ; mesoscutum orange with

position of notauli marked with yellow _ G. calif omica Cresson

Grotea Anguina Cresson

(Figs. 1, 11)

Grotea anguina Cresson, 1864, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philadelphia, 3: 398; $, 2.

Grotea anguincr, Cresson, 1916, Mem. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 1: 16. Lectotype

designation. Lectotype: $, New Jersey (Philadelphia).

Biology.— Graenicher, 1905, Entomol. News, 16: 43-49.—Rau, 1922, Trans.

Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 24: 43; 1928, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 21: 383.

Female.— Front wing 9.0 to 11.0 mm long. Clypeus curving-rectangular, upper

and lower margins decurved; genal hook forming an acute angle, its basal part

approximately 2.5 times wider than at 0.66 the distance from base to tip. First

median area of propodeum triangular, distal angle of triangle acute; lateral longi¬

tudinal carina in front of spiracle complete; second pleural area of propodeum

approximately 3.5 as long as wide; pleural carina present; apical transverse

carina absent.

Head yellow, suffused with orange around ocelli and behind eyes; antennal

flagellum yellow-orange, with black band at 0.7 its length. Pronotum yellow,

with yoke-like orange band dorsally, posterior margins black; mesopleuron yel¬

low, with broad horizontal orange band; mesoscutum orange, its lateral margins

black, with pair of median yellow stripes that form an elongate V; scutellum

and postscutellum yellow. Propodeum orange, with yellow markings laterally

and apically. Front and middle legs light yellow-orange; hind legs orange.

Petiole brown-black dorsally and orange ventrally, with lateral yellow stripes.

Abdominal sternites yellow; abdominal tergites brown-black medially and yellow

laterally. Distal tip of front wing lacking conspicuous brown spot.

Male.— Front wing 10.0 to 11.0 mm long. Similar to female in structure and

color.

The habits of this widespread eastern Nearctic species have been

studied by Graenicher (1905) and Rau (1922; 1928). Grotea anguina

attacks bees of the genus Ceratina , which construct nests consisting of

several to many cells in hollowed-out twigs with large pithy centers.

The parasite egg is laid on or near the bee egg in a cell. The parasite

larva consumes the bee larva, then consumes the bee-bread in that cell.

Subsequently the parasite larva destroys the partitions and contents

JANUARY 1970] SLOBODCHIKOFF—GROTEA REVISION

of one or more cells before it pupates in the twig and emerges the fol¬

lowing spring.

Collection data (4 $, 44 2) .—CONNECTICUT: Hartford, 2, (USNM). IN¬

DIANA: Lafayette, $, 14 April 1960, and 2, 20 July 1960, (USNM). IOWA:

Sioux City, 2, C. N. Ainslie (USNM). KENTUCKY: Golden Pond, 2, June

1965, H. K. Townes (Slobodchikoff). MARYAND: Beltsville, 2, 15 June 1913,

J. R. Malloch (USNM); Glen Echo, 2, 12 June 1921, R. M. Fonts (USNM);

Laurel, 2, 25 June 1933, E. B. Marshall (USNM); Meadowood, near Colesville,

2, 22 July 1961, L. M. Walkley (USNM); Plummers Island, 2 2, 1 June 1913,

H. S. Barber (USNM) and 9 June 1914, R. C. Shannon (USNM) ; Takoma

Park, 2, 28 May 1944, H. and M. Townes (Townes). MASSACHUSETTS:

Martha’s Vineyard, 2, 20 May 1937, F. M. Jones (USNM). MICHIGAN: Ann

Arbor, $, 6 June 1963 and 2 2, 6 June and 8 June 1963, H. and M. Townes

(Townes) ; Cheboygan Co., 2 2,6 July 1947, R. R. Dreisbach (MSU) ; E. Lansing,

2, 3 June 1963, R. B. Willson (MSU) ; Gull Lk. Biological Sta., Kalamazoo Co.,

3 2,23 June 1965, 12 July 1965, and 22 July 1966, R. L. Fischer (MSU) ; Midland

Co., 2, 9 June 1957, R. and K. Dreisbach (MSU), $, 5 to 11 June 1961, and

32, 12 to 21 June 1961, R. R. Dreisbach (MSU) ; Onsted, 2 2, 16 June 1959, G.

C. Eickwort (MSU) and R. A. Scheibner (MSU); Owasso, 2, 29 June 1953,

B. Wilson (MSU) ; Shiawasse Co., 2, 29 May 1959, R. and K. Dreisbach (MSU).

MISSISSIPPI: Stoneville, 2, 15 May 1958, K. Peterson (USNM). MISSOURI:

St. Louis, 2, Rau (USNM). NEW JERSEY: Moorestown, 2 2,4 June 1939 and

24 June 1939, H. and M. Townes (Townes); Ocean Grove, 2, (USNM). NEW

YORK: Buffalo, 2, 30 June 1934, Krombein (USNM) ; Ithaca, $, 10 June 1935,

H. K. Townes (Townes); New York, 2, (USNM). NORTH CAROLINA: Wake

Co., 2, 12 June 1951, H. and M. Townes (Townes). ONTARIO: Cornwall, 2,

29 June 1925, F. Ide (Ottawa); Wakefield, 2, 25 June 1946, G. S. Walley (Ot¬

tawa). PENNSYLVANIA: Dauphin, 2, May 1930, J. N. Knull (USNM); Per-

dix, 2,21 May 1911, W. S. Fisher (USNM) ; Stoverdale, 2, 13 June 1916, W. S.

Fisher (USNM). SOUTH CAROLINA: Greenville, 2, 20 June 1940, H. and G.

Townes (Townes) ; Wattacoo, near Cleveland, ?, 17 May 1959, G. F. Townes

(Townes). TENNESSEE: Knoxville, 2, 1921, C. N. Ainslie (USNM). TEXAS:

Brownsville, 2, C. H. T. Townsend (USNM); Calvert, ?, June 1961, W. W.

Yothers (USNM). VIRGINIA: Arlington, 2, 4 June 1943, R. A. C. (USNM);

Falls Church, 2 2, 30 May and 5 July, N. Banks (USNM). WASHINGTON,

D. C.: Metro area, 2, summer 1966, T. J. Spilman (USNM).

Grotea athenae Slobodchikoff, new species

(Figs. 6,14)

Female. —Front wing 10.0 mm long. Clypeus curving-rectangular, upper mar¬

gin more decurved than lower margin so that clypeus appears faintly pentagonal;

genal hook spatulate, its distal part broadly ellipsoid, its basal part as wide as at

0.66 the distance from base to tip. First median area of propodeum subrectangular;

lateral longitudinal carina in front of spiracle complete; second pleural area of

propodeum approximately 2.5 times as long as wide; pleural carina present;

apical transverse carina absent.

Head yellow, suffused with orange around ocelli and behind eyes; antennal

flagellum yellow-orange, with black band at 0.7 its length. Pronotum yellow

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

with incomplete yoke-like brown band dorsolaterally; posterior margins of pro-

notum black; mesopleuron yellow, with broad horizontal orange-brown band;

mesoscutum orange-brown, its lateral margins black, with pair of broad median

yellow stripes that form an elongate V and enclose a median brown stripe be¬

tween them; scutellum and postscutellum yellow. Front and middle legs yellow

on anterior face, orange on posterior face. Petiole brown-black on anterior 0.7,

with pair of dorsolateral yellow stripes, and orange on posterior 0.3. Abdominal

sternites and tergites orange. Distal tip of front wing with conspicuous brown

spot.

Male. —Unknown.

Nothing is known about the habits or hosts of this species.

Holotype female , Monteverde, Costa Rica, 9 February 1962, C.

Palmer (Townes).

Paratype female, MEXICO: Veracruz: Orizaba, 12 to 22 August

1961, R. and K. Dreisbach (MSU).

Grotea californica Cresson

(Figs. 2, 9)

Grotea californica Cresson, 1878, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1878: 370;

Type: $, California (Philadelphia).

Biology.— Daly et al., 1967, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 60: 1273-1282.—Slobod-

chikoff, 1967, Pan-Pac. Entomol., 43: 161-168.

Female.— Front wing 8.0 to 11.0 mm long. Clypeus curving-rectangular, upper

margin slightly more decurved than lower margin so that clypeus appears faintly

pentagonal; genal hook spatulate, its distal part ellipsoid, its basal part as wide

as at 0.66 the distance from base to tip. First median area of propodeum rec¬

tangular or subrectangular, distance between the two median longitudinal carinae

in apical part of median area greater than their combined width; lateral longi¬

tudinal carina in front of spiracle complete; second pleural area of propodeum

approximately 3.3 as long as wide; pleural carina present; apical transverse

carina absent.

Head yellow, suffused with orange around ocelli and behind eyes; antennal

flagellum orange on proximal 0.7, yellow on distal 0.3. Pronotum yellow, with

yoke-like orange-black band dorsolaterally and posterior margins black; meso¬

pleuron yellow, with broad horizontal orange-black band; mesoscutum orange,

its lateral margins black, with pair of median yellow stripes that form an

elongate V. Propodeum orange, with yellow markings laterally and apically.

Front and middle legs light yellow-orange; hind legs orange. Petiole brown-

black dorsally and orange ventrally, with lateral yellow stripes. Abdominal

sternites yellow-orange; abdominal tergites brown-black medially and yellow

laterally. Distal tip of front wing with faint brown spot.

Male.— Front wing 6.0 to 10.0 mm long. Similar to female in structure and

color.

The parasitic habits of this species, studied by Daly et al. (1967)

and Slobodchikoff (1967), are similar to those of Grotea anguina. The

female oviposits through the wall of a twig into a cell. Usually cells

JANUARY 1970] SLOBODCHIKOFF-—GROTEA REVISION

in the lower third of the nest are preferred. An average of two to three

cells, together with their contents, are destroy by the parasite larva.

The pupal cell of the parasite consists of a membranous web and thick

partitions at its upper and lower ends in the twig. Bees in cells below

the parasite pupal cell are unable to penetrate the partitions and cannot

escape from the nest. Often one third of the progeny in a nest may

be destroyed indirectly in this manner.

Collection data (39$, 30$).—BRITISH COLUMBIA: Robson, $, 29 June

1950, H. R. Foxlee (Ottawa) ; Ruskin, $, 1 July 1953, W. R. M. Mason (Ottawa).

CALIFORNIA: Alameda Co.: $, Coquillett (USNM) ; Berkeley, $, 15 June

1933, (Davis), $, 27 June 1933, G. E. and R. M. Bohart (Davis), June 1939,

(Townes), $, 17 June 1933, M. Cazier (USNM), $, 19 May 1966, J. K. Ryan

(Slobodchikoff), ?, 27 May 1934, G. E. and R. M. Bohart (Davis), ?, 3 May

1963, D. C. Rentz (Slobodchikoff); East Oakland, $, 12 June 1948, L. L. Jen¬

sen (Townes); Oakland, $, 12 June 1933, G. E. and R. M. Bohart (Davis), $,

25 May 1937, E. S. Ross (Townes) ; San Leandro, $, June 1948, C. A. Downing

(Townes), ?, 14 April 1948, C. A. Downing (Davis). Amador Co.: Volcano, 3$,

4 June 1961, R. M. Bohart (Davis). Contra Costa Co.: near Orinda, 7$, 11$,

collected over one year period, H. V. Daly (CIS). El Dorado Co.: Camino, $,

29 June 1948, H., M., G., and D. Townes (Townes). Humboldt Co.: Blocksburg,

$, 19 June 1935, E. W. Baker (USNM) ; Blue Lake, $, 20 to 27 June 1907, Brad¬

ley (Townes). Lassen Co.: Hallelujah Jet., $, 4 July 1968, R. M. Bohart

(Davis). Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, $, Coquillett (USNM). Marin Co.:

Inverness, $, 24 June 1961, C. A. Toschi (Slobodchikoff); Mill Valley, 4$, 1$,

14 May 1961, D. Q. Cavagnaro (Davis). Napa Co.: Samuel Springs, $, 9 May

1955, R. M. Bohart (Davis), $, 28 April 1956, S. M. Fidel (Davis). Orange Co.:

Green River Camp, $, 8 May 1933, E. P. Van Duzee (CAS). Sacramento Co.:

Carmichael, $, 13 May 1961, T. Gantenbein (Davis). San Bernardino Co.:

Snow Crest Camp, $, 7 July 1952, R. M. Bohart (Davis). San Lrancisco Co.:

San Francisco, $, 1 May 1947, E. S. Ross (CAS). San Luis Obispo Co.:

Atascadero, 2 $ , 1 $ , 31 May 1948, C. H. Dickenson (Townes), $ , 17 June 1948, C.

H. Dickenson (Townes). San Mateo Co.: Daly City, ?, 30 June 1961, A. K.

Lehre (Slobodchikoff). Santa Barbara Co.: Santa Ynez Mts., $, 24 June 1928,

P. M. Marsh (Davis). Santa Clara Co.: Alum Rock Park, $, 25 May 1950, J.

MacSwain (Townes). Santa Cruz Co.: Santa Cruz, ?, 1 June 1936, G. E.

and R. M. Bohart (Davis). Siskiyou Co.: $, 2 June 1911, F. W. Hunon-

rnaches (USNM). Solano Co.: Putah Canyon, $, 20 April 1959, F. D.

Parker (Davis). Trinity Co.: Carrville, 2 $, 15 and 27 May 1934, G. E. and R.

M. Bohart (Davis). Ventura Co.: Ventura, $, 4 May 1961, Gillogley (USNM).

Yolo Co.: Elkhorn Ferry, $, 12 May 1952, R. M. Bohart (Davis). IDAHO:

Banner Co.: Sandpoint, $, 21 June 1955, R. M. Bohart (Davis). NEVADA:

Douglas Co.: Valley Hot Spring, $, $,24 May 1953, R. M. Bohart (Davis).

Washoe Co.: Verdi, S, 26 June 1962, R. M. Bohart (Davis), $, 27 June 1966,

R. L. Brumley (Davis). OREGON: Benton Co.: Corvallis, $, 9 June 1909, J.

C. Bridwell (USNM), $, 23 May 1939, L. G. Hudson (USNM).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

Grotea delicator (Thunberg)

(Figs. 7, 15)

Ichneumon delicator Thunberg, 1822, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, 8:

259; 1824, Ibid, 9: 307, sex not given. Type: sex ? (abdomen missing),

(French West Indies: Saint) Barthelemy Island (Uppsala).

Atractodes lineatus Brulle, 1846, In Lepeletier: Historic naturelle des insectes,

Hymenopteres, 4: 167. 2- Lectotype: $, “Guiana” (Paris).

Grotea lineata ; Krieger, 1903, Z. syst. Hymen. Dipt., 3: 290. New synonym.

Grotea delicator-, Roman, 1912, Zool. Bidrag Uppsala, 1: 249.

Female. —Front wing 7.0 to 11.5 mm long. Upper margin of clypeus strongly

decurved, clypeus appears hemispheroid; genal book spatulate, its distal part

ellipsoid, its basal part approximately 1.3 times wider than at 0.66 the distance

from base to tip. First median area of propodeum subtriangular; lateral longi¬

tudinal carina in front of spiracle complete; second pleural area of propodeum

curved upward strongly in anterior 0.5, approximately 2.5 times as long as wide;

pleural carina present; apical transverse carina absent.

Head yellow, suffused with orange around ocelli and behind eyes; antennal

flagellum black. Pronotum yellow, black along posterior margins; mesopleuron

yellow; mesoscutum yellow, its lateral edges black, with median and pair of

submedian longitudinal orange stripes; scutellum and postscutellum yellow.

Propodeum yellow, with irregularly-shaped black band that includes first median

area, second pleural areas, and portion of propodeum posterior to basal transverse

carina. Front and middle legs yellow; hind legs orange. Petiole yellow, dorsally

with median and pair of sublateral longitudinal black stripes on anterior 0.75 and

orange on posterior 0.25. Abdominal sternites yellow; abdominal tergites orange.

Distal tip of front wing lacking conspicuous brown spot.

Male. —Front wing 7.5 to 10.0 mm long. Similar to female in structure and

color.

Nothing is known about the habits or hosts of this species.

Collection data (5d, 19 2)-—ARGENTINA: Berisso, 2, 8 December 1965,

H. and M. Townes (Townes); Entre Rios: Pronunciamiento, 2, September

1964, and 22, 3d, January 1965 (Ottawa); Jujuy: San Sebastian de Jujuy,

22, 14 January 1966, H. and M. Townes (Townes); Tucuman: S. Pedro d.

Colalao, 2, January 1951, Arnau (Ottawa). BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: Nova

Teutonia, 27°1P S, 52°23' W, 4 2, 16 October 1949, 28 November 1957, 23 De¬

cember 1959, and 9 October 1967, 1 d, 11 January 1957, F. Plaumann (Ottawa) ;

Nova Teutonia, Id, 12, 1?, 24 November 1955, 29 November 1955, and 4

December 1955, F. Plaumann (Townes). SURINAM: Kwatta, 2, 28 February

to 22 March 1964, D. C. Geijskes (Townes) ; Paramaribo, 2 2, 26 September 1963,

Broekhuizen, and 30 November 1963, D. C. Geijskes (Townes). WEST INDIES:

Trinidad: Arima Valley, 2 2, 22 May 1952 and 28 December 1952, (AMNH) ;

Arima, 2? 23 March 1961, N. Gopaul (Ottawa); Piarce, 2, 27 February 1961,

N. Gopaul (Ottawa).

Grotea fulva Cameron

(Figs. 5,13)

Grotea fulva Cameron, 1886, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Hymenoptera,

1: 309. Type: 2, Mexico: Presidio (London).

JANUARY 1970] SLOBODCHIKOFF—GROTEA REVISION

Female. —Front wing 12.0 to 13.6 mm long. Clypeus curving-rectangular, up¬

per margin only slightly more decurved than lower margin; genal hook spatulate,

its distal part ellipsoid, its basal part approximately 1.3 times wider than at 0.66

the distance from base to tip. First median area of propodeum subrectangular;

lateral longitudinal carina in front of spiracle complete; second pleural area of

propodeum approximately 1.5 times as long as wide; pleural carina present;

apical transverse carina absent.

Head yellow, suffused with orange around ocelli and behind eyes; antennal

flagellum orange on proximal 0.8, black on distal 0.2. Pronotum uniformly yellow

anteriorly, with posterior margins black; mesopleuron yellow, with black spot

near posterior margin; mesoscutum yellow, its lateral margins black, with median

longitudinal black stripe and pair of submedian longitudinal orange stripes;

scutellum and postscutellum yellow. Propodeum yellow, with irregularly-shaped

black band that includes first median area, second pleural areas, and small por¬

tion of propodeum posterior to basal transverse carina. Front and middle legs

yellow, hind legs orange. Petiole yellow-orange with dorsal and pair of lateral

black stripes. Abdominal sternites yellow; abdominal tergites orange medially

and yellow laterially. Distal tip of front wing with conspicuous brown spot.

Male.— Unknown.

In the material examined, one specimen from Coca, Ecuador is

morphologically similar to the type but represents a color variant. Its

description is as follows:

Head yellow, with black behind antennal sockets, around ocelli, and posteriorly

between eyes; scape, pedicel, and first flagellar segment black dorsally, orange

ventrally; antennal flagellum orange on proximal 0.8, black on distal 0.2. Prono¬

tum yellow, posterior margins black, with incomplete black band dorsolaterally;

mesopleuron yellow, with median black band on posterior 0.5; mesoscutum black,

with pair of yellow median stripes marking position of notauli and pair of yel¬

low lateral stripes anterior to tegulae; scutellum and postscutellum yellow.

Propodeum yellow, with dorsal mask-like black band extending over first, second

median areas, second pleural areas, second lateral areas, and portions of the first

lateral areas. Front and middle legs yellow anteriorly, black with yellow mark¬

ings posteriorly; hind coxae yellow with mediolateral incomplete black stripe

anteriorly, black posteriorly; first hind trochanter black on proximal 0.8, yellow

distally; second hind trochanter yellow; hind femora yellow with median longi¬

tudinal black stripe anteriorly, black posteriorly; hind tibiae and tarsi black.

Dorsum of petiole yellow on posterior 0.1, black on anterior 0.9 with pair of

dorsolateral yellow stripes. Abdominal sternites yellow; abdominal tergites

black anteriorly, yellow on posterior 0.4. Distal tip of front wing with con¬

spicuous brown spot.

Nothing is known about the habits or hosts of this species.

Collection data (4 2, 1?).—ECUADOR: Coca, 2, May 1965, L. Pena

(Townes); Ecuador or Peru, 2, 1963, L. E. Pena (Townes). MEXICO: Yuca¬

tan: Temax, ?, 1904, Godman-Salvin (London). PANAMA: Rovira, 2, 4

February 1960, V. W. Brown (Townes). PERU: 10 km. S. of Chiclayo, 2, 21

March 1951, Ross and Michelbacher (CAS).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

Grotea lokii Slobodchikoff, new species

(Figs. 3, 10)

Female. —Front wing 7.0 to 10.5 mm long. Clypeus curving-rectangular, upper

margin slightly more decurved than lower margin so that clypeus appears faintly

pentagonal; genal hook forming an acute angle, its basal part approximately 2.0

times wider than at 0.66 the distance from base to tip. First median area of pro-

podeum subtriangular to subrectangular; lateral longitudinal carina in front of

spiracle complete or incomplete; second pleural area of propodeum approximately

4.0 times as long as wide; pleural carina absent or incomplete; apical transverse

carina absent.

Head yellow, suffused with orange around ocelli and behind eyes; antennal

flagellum orange, with black band at 0.7 its length. Pronotum yellow, with

ellipsoid black band dorsally, posterior margins black; mesopleuron yellow, with

horizontal orange or orange-black band; mesopleuron yellow, with horizontal

orange or orange-black band; mesoscutum orange, its lateral margins black, with

pair of median yellow stripes that form an elongate V; scutellum and post-

scutellum yellow. Propodeum orange, with yellow markings laterally and apically.

Front and middle legs yellow, hind legs yellow-orange. Petiole brown or black

dorsally and orange ventrally, with lateral yellow stripes. Abdominal sternites

yellow; abdominal tergites brown or black medially and yellow laterally. Distal

tip of front wing with conspicuous brown spot.

Male. —Front wing 6.5 to 11.5 mm long. Similar to female in structure and

color.

The above description is based on the type specimen, but incorporates

the variation found in the paratype series. This species was confused

with Grotea anguina by Townes et al. (1960, pp. 538-540). Nothing

is known about the habits or hosts of the species.

Holotype female , San Pedro Iturbide, 32± icm. west of Linares,

Neuvo Leon, Mexico, 5 October 1962, H. and M. Townes (Townes).

Allotype, same data as type (Townes).

Paratypes (12$, 16$).—ARIZONA: Coconino Co.: 10 mi. W. Jacob Lake,

$, 6 June 1946, R. M. Bobart (Townes) ; Oak Creek Canyon, $, 18 May 1947,

H. and M. Townes (Townes). Gila Co.: Parker Creek, Sierra Ancha, $, 9 May

1947, H. and M. Townes (Townes). Santa Cruz Co.: Sonoita, $, 30 August 1954,

R. M. Bohart (Davis). COLORADO: Boulder Co.: Lyons, $, 25 June 1962, R.

and K. Dreisbach (MSU). Larimer Co.: near Estes Pk., $, 14 June 1948, H.,

M., G., and D. Townes (Townes). Routt Co.: Steamboat Sprs., $, 5 July 1962,

R. and K. Dreisbach (MSU). MEXICO: Distrito Federal: Atzcapolzalco, $, 5

July 1931 (Cornell). Durango: 5 mi. W. Durango, $, 14 May 1962, L. A.

Stange (Davis) ; 6 mi. S. Durango, $, 5 July 1964, W. R. M. Mason (Ottawa) ;

18 mi. W. Durango, $, 31 July 1964, H. F. Howden (Ottawa). Hidalgo: Pachuca,

$, 29 July 1954, J. G. Chillcott (Ottawa). Jalisco: Tamozula, $, 10 February

1954, R. and K. Dreisbach (MSU). Mexico: Teotihuacan Pyr., $, 7 July 1951,

H. E. Evans (Townes); Tepexpan, $, $,26 July 1963, F. D. Parker and L. A.

Stange (Davis). Michoacan: 6 mi. N. W. Quiroga, 2$, 11 July 1963, F. D.

JANUARY 1970] SLOBODCHIKOFF—GROTEA REVISION

Parker and L. A. Stange (Davis). Morelos: Cuautla, 2, 30 October 1922, E. G.

Smith (USNM) ; Cuernavaca, 2, 30 May 1959, H. E. Evans (Cornell), $, 2, 29

July 1961, R. and K. Dreisbach (Townes). Nuevo Leon: San Pedro Iturbide,

32± km. W. Linares, 2,5 October 1962 and 3 $, 12, 6 October 1962, H. and M.

Townes (Townes). Sinaloa : 6 mi. N. E. Potrerillos, 2, 19 March 1962, L. A.

Stange (Davis). Sonora: Alamos, $, 25 February 1963, P. D. Arnaud, Jr. (CAS).

Vera Cruz: “San Rafael Jilotepec,” 2, (USNM).

Grotea MEXICANA Cresson

(Figs. 4, 12)

Grotea mexicana Cresson, 1874, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1873: 418.

$, 2- Lectotype: 2, Mexico: Orizaba (Philadelphia).

Grotea mexicana ; Cresson, 1916, Mem. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 1: 42.

Lectotype designation.

Female.— Front wing 7.0 to 9.5 mm long. Upper margin of clypeus strongly

decurved, so that clypeus appears hemispheroid; genal hook forming an acute

angle, its basal part approximately 1.8 times wider than at 0.66 the distance from

base to tip. First median area of propodeum subtriangular; lateral longitudinal

carina in front of spiracle complete; second pleural area of propodeum curved

strongly upward apically, approximately 1.7 as long as wide; pleural carina

present; apical transverse carina present.

Head yellow, suffused with orange around ocelli and behind eyes; antennal

flagellum orange, with black band at 0.7 its length. Pronotum yellow, with

ellipsoid orange-brown band dorsally; mesopleuron yellow, without distinct

horizontal band; mesoscutum uniformly orange medially, its lateral margins

black; scutellum and postscutellum yellow. Propodeum orange, with yellow

lateral and apical markings. Front and middle legs yellow, hind legs orange.

Petiole orange dorsally and ventrally, with lateral yellow stripe. Abdominal

sternites yellow; abdominal tergites orange. Distal tip of front wing lacking

conspicuous brown spot.

Male. —Front wing 7.0 to 8.0 mm. Similar to female in structure and color.

Nothing is known about the habits or the hosts of this species.

Collection data (6$, 42-—MEXICO ?, (USNM). Morelos: 3 mi. N.

Alpuyeca, 2, 8 April 1959, H. E. Evans (Cornell). Sinaloa: 8 mi. S. E. Elota,

2, 19 April 1962, L. A. Stange (Davis). Vera Cruz: Cordoba, 2, 6 July 1962,

J. S. Buckett, M. R. and R. C. Gardner (Davis) ; Jalapa, 5$, 1 to 6 August, R.

R. Dreisbach (MSU 4$, Townes 1 $) ; Orizaba, $, 13 February 1954, R. R.

Dreisbach (MSU), 2, 13 February 1954, R. R. Dreisbach (Townes).

Grotea perplexa Slobodchikoff, new species

(Figs. 8, 16)

Female.— Front wing 11.0 mm long. Clypeus pentagonal; labrum lacking

dorsomedial pit; genal hook quadrate, its basal part approximately as wide as at

0.66 the distance from base to tip. First median area of propodeum subrectangular,

2 times as long as wide at its base; lateral longitudinal carina in front of spiracle

incomplete; second pleural area of propodeum open, extending back to posterior

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

margin of propodeum, approximately 2 times as long as wide; pleural carina

present; apical transverse carina absent.

Head white, suffused with brown around ocelli and behind eyes; antennal

flagellum black. Pronotum orange, white on anterior 0.1 and yellow along dorso-

posterior margins; mesopleuron orange with yellow spot along anterodorsal mar¬

gin; mesoscutum orange; metapleuron white; scutellum and postscutellum yel¬

low. Propodeum orange, apical 0.1 white. Front legs white, femora with orange

band on median 0.7 of posterior face; middle coxae white; first trochanter brown

on anterior face, white on posterior; second trochanter white; anterior face of

middle femora white, posterior face white on distal 0.6, orange on proximal 0.4;

middle tibiae white, suffused with orange along inner faces; anterior face of hind

coxae white with orange band on median 0.3, posterior face orange on proximal

0.7 and white on distal 0.3; first trochanter orange, white on distal 0.4; second

trochanter white; hind femora orange, white on distal 0.2; hind tibiae grey,

white on distal 0.2; middle and hind tarsi grey, white on distal 0.2. Petiole

orange. Abdominal sternites white; abdominal tergites brown-black, tergites 2-6

each with median cuneate white spot near posterior margin. Distal tip of front

wing lacking conspicuous brown spot.

Male.— Unknown.

This species is known from only the type specimen. Nothing is

known about its hosts or habits.

Holotype female , Nova Teutonia, 27°11 / S, 52°23' W. Santa

Catarina, Brazil, 31 December 1959, F. Plaumann (Ottawa).

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Dr. H. K. Townes, American En¬

tomological Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan, for providing specimens,

suggestions, and criticism of this manuscript, and Dr. Jerry Powell,

University of California, for critically reading the manuscript. The

author would also like to thank the following people for the loan of

specimens: Dr. R. L. Fischer, Michigan State University; Mr. H. B.

Leech, California Academy of Sciences; Dr. W. R. M. Mason, Cana¬

dian National Collection, Ottawa; Dr. J. G. Rozen, American Museum

of Natural History, New York; Mr. R. O. Schuster, University of

California, Davis; and Dr. Luella Walkley, U. S. National Museum.

Literature Cited

Daly, H. V., G. I. Stage, and T. Brown. 1967. Natural enemies of bees of the

genus Ceratina. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 60(6) : 1273-1282.

Graenicher, S. 1905. On the habits of two ichneumonid parasites of the bee

Ceratina dupla Say. Entomol. News, 16: 43-49.

Rau, P. 1922. Ecological and behavioral notes on Missouri insects. Trans.

Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 24(7) : 1-71.

1928. The nesting habits of the little carpenter bee, Ceratina calcarata.

Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 21: 380-397.

Rohwer, S. A. 1920. The North American ichneumon-flies of the tribes

JANUARY 1970]

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

Labenini, Rhyssini, Xoridini, Odontomerini, and Phytodietini. Proc.

U. S. Nat. Mus., 57: 405-474.

Slobodchikoff, C. N. 1967. Bionomics of Grotea californica Cresson, with a

description of the larva and pupa. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 43: 161-168.

Townes, H. K. and M. Townes. 1966. A catalogue and reclassification of the

Neotropic Ichneumonidae. Mem. Amer. Entomol. Inst., 8: 1-367.

Townes, H. K., M. Townes, and others. 1960. Ichneumon-flies of America

north of Mexico: 2. Subfamilies Ephialtinae, Xoridinae, Acaenitinae.

U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 216(2): 1-676.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Announcement A. (n.s.) 85

Required six-month’s notice is given on the possible use of plenary powers by

the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in connection with

the following names listed by case number:

(see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 26, pt. 2, 8 August 1969) :

1864. Suppression of Acarus telarius Linnaeus, 1758, and of neotype designa¬

tion for that species (Acarina).

1650. Type-species for Poekilocerus Audinet-Serville, 1831, and Pamphagus

Thunberg, 1815; Grant of precedence to PYRGOMORPHIDAE Brunner

von Wattenwyl, 1874, over POEKILCERIDAE Burmeister, 1840, and

PHYMATEIDAE Burmeister, 1840 (Insecta, Orthoptera).

1867. Suppression of Huebner’s pamphlet Der Schmetterlinge Lepidoptera Lin-

naei europdisches Heer, circa 1790-1793.

1875. Suppression of Papilio saportae Huebner, 1828/32 (Insecta, Lepidoptera).

1876. Type-species for Agrotiphila Grote, 1875 (Insecta, Lepidoptera).

(see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 26, pts. 3/4, 24 October 1969) :

1881. Type-species for Platybunus C. L. Koch, 1839 (Arachnida).

1882. Type-species for Rybaxis Saulcy, 1876 (Insecta, Coleoptera).

1885. Suppression of Scaeva arcuata Fallen, 1817 (Insecta, Diptera).

Comments should be sent in duplicate, citing case number, to the Secretary,

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Nat¬

ural History), Cromwell Road, London S.W.7, England. Those received early

enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. —W. E.

China, Assistant Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen¬

clature.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

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JANUARY 1970]

PROCEEDINGS

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

K. S. Hagen R. W. Thorp M. S. Wasbauer P. H. Arnaud, Jr.

President President-elect Secretary Treasurer

Dr. Charles P. Alexander—Honored Member. —By unanimous action of the

Executive Board of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society at a meeting held on

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Dr. Charles P. Alexander—Honored Member.

This honor in recognition of 60 years of work and continuous publication on the

Tipulidae, also coinciding with Dr. Alexander’s 80th birthday year, is but one of

the many honors that Dr. Alexander has received from the world entomological

fraternity.

Dr. Alexander is one of the world’s most productive systematists, having described

over 1% of the known insect species. As of 1 September 1969, he had published

932 papers on Diptera, totaling over 15,000 pages with over 12,500 figures (all

drawn by Dr. Alexander with the exception of 180 figures). These papers have

appeared in 125 separate publications in more than 30 countries and cover all

regions of the world. The two leading publications containing Alexander papers are

the Philippine Journal of Science, 1922-1969, with 89 papers (including descrip¬

tions of 2,056 new species) and the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1920-

1961, with 113 papers (including descriptions of 1,891 new species). A total of

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

9,923 new species of Diptera (all but about 100 being in the single family Tipuli-

dae) are described in the 932 papers mentioned above. It is believed that this

figure vastly exceeds the number of new species in a single family, either in zool¬

ogy or botany, ever described by a single person. One of Dr. Alexander’s recent

comprehensive works “The Crane Flies of California” published in the Bulletin of

the California Insect Survey, volume 8, pages 1-269, text figs. 1-524, 1967, is of

great value to western entomologists.

Dr. Alexander was elected to membership in the Pacific Coast Entomological

Society at the meeting of 9 November 1951. He had previously subscribed to the

Pan-Pacific Entomologist with the beginning of volume 3, in July 1926, and con¬

tributed two papers to that volume. Dr. Alexander is the nineteenth person to be

elected an Honored Member of the Society during the past 58 years. The name,

of previously elected Honored Members, listed alphabetically, with year of election,

are as follows: F. E. Blaisdell (1938), Lawrence Bruner (1935), C. D. Duncan

(1966), Alice Eastwood (1912), E. 0. Essig (1948), G. F. Ferris (1948), L. 0.

Howard (1912), 0. B. Johnston (1911), Vernon Kellogg (1912), E. G. Linsley

(1968), E. R. Leach (1948), A. E. Michelbacher (1968), R. C. Miller (1968),

J. J. Rivers (1911), R. L. Usinger (1968), E. P. Van Duzee (1938), E. C. Van

Dyke (1938) and C. W. Woodworth (1912).—P. H. Arnaud, Jr., California Acad¬

emy of Sciences, San Francisco.

Proceedings

Three Hundred and Twenty-Fourth Meeting

The 324th meeting was held Friday, 10 January 1969 at 7:45 p.m. in the Morrison

Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Fran¬

cisco, with President Hagen presiding.

Members present (49) : R. P. Allen, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., J. Benet, F. L. Blanc,

I. Boussy, T. Briggs, R. G. Brownlee, G. R. Buckingham, D. Burdick, L. E.

Caltagirone, P. Cammer, J. A. Chemsak, J. Cope, H. V. Daly, D. G. Denning, J. G.

Edwards, W. E. Furguson, M. R. Gardner, P. R. Grimstad, J. Guggolz, J. F. Gustaf¬

son, J. D. Haddock, K. S. Hagen, T. E. Hewton, K. Horn, D. S. Horning, W. H.

Lange, H. B. Leech, R. Lem, K. Lorenzen, J. W. MacSwain, A. R. Moldenke, J. A.

Powell, D. Rentz, D. Ribble, E. S. Ross, F. J. Santana, T. A. Schultz, T. A. Sears,

J. E. Slansky, C. N. Slobodchikoff, R. E. Stecker, R. L. Tassan, J. W. Tilden, W. J.

Turner, D. Ubick, M. S. Wasbauer, S. P. Welles, Jr., R. F. Wilkey, S. C. Williams.

Visitors present (32) : C. Adamson, Ana Caltagirone, K. Chen, Renae Cottam,

C. Cushner, Janie Cushner, Mr. and Mrs. P. Dana, Loretta Denning, Alice and

Janie Edwards, R. Fujii, R. Gardner, C. Glaser, Katie Henry, J. Hjelle, Carol

Horning, G. Leung, Shari Lewis, Alison Moldenke, R. Papp, W. Rausden, Kathy

Rentz, T. Rycraft, R. Smith, Anne Suguitan, Sharon Tanner, Cathy Tassan, D. Tie-

mann, B. Tilden, R. M. Vierhus, Judy Weller.

The minutes of the meeting held 20 December 1968 were summarized.

The following names were proposed for membership: Renae Cottam, William A.

Clark, John G. Franclemont; and for student membership, Bob Lem and Darrell

Ubick.

President Hagen called for introductions. Mike Gardner introduced Mr. Darwin

JANUARY 1970]

PROCEEDINGS

Tiemann from China Lake, California, who has worked on Phengodidae, especially

the genus Zccrhipis.

President Hagen called for notes and exhibits. Mr. Leech showed slides of a

common lampyrid beetle usually found early in the spring near streams and in

damp places. The immature stages have never been described. Just recently, what

appears to be the fully mature larva was brought in. When disturbed it rolls up

very much like a cutworm. It feeds on snails.

Mr. Leech also showed slides of Mr. Jack Balfour-Browne, the world specialist

on water beetles, who just retired from the British Museum and stopped by the

Academy on his way to Australia. He has been deaf since birth but is an accom¬

plished lip reader.

Dr. J. F. Gustafson showed slides of a fire damaged Yellow Pine tree. The tree

had a fire scar about 15 ft. long and 3 ft. wide at the base. (Buprestid and

Cerambycid beetles had tunneled in the scar.) Woodpeckers then made holes in

the scar in attempting to get the boring beetles and a Peromyscus mouse enlarged

one of the woodpecker holes to make its nest, an interesting case of succession.

Dr. Edwards showed some slides portraying the effects of blackfly bites on the

hand of one of the members of a recent expedition to Yucatan.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. Evert I. Schlinger, Chairman,

Department of Entomology, University of California at Riverside. His illustrated

talk was entitled “An Entomologist’s View of Chile—The University of California—

University of Chile Cooperative Project.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting.—M. S.

Wasbauer, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Twenty-Fifth Meeting

The 325th meeting was held Friday, 21 February 1969 in the Morrison Audi¬

torium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,

with President Hagen presiding.

Members present (29) : R. P. Allen, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., J. Benet, I. Boussy, T.

Briggs, G. Buckingham, D. Burdick, P. Cammer, J. A. Chemsak, J. G. Edwards,

J. F. Emmel, W. Gagne, F. Gustafson, T. E. Hewton, Jr., R. L. Langston, H. B.

Leech, R. Lem, K. Lorenzen, R. Main, D. Munroe, P. Opler, D. W. Ribble, E. S.

Ross, S. B. Ruth, F. J. Santana, Oakley Shields, Joanne E. Slansky, R. L. Tassan,

J. W. Tilden, W. J. Turner, D. Ubick, M. S. Wasbauer.

Guests present (20) : C. Adamson, C. Baum, E. E. Bedecanax, Alice Edwards,

R. C. Gardner, G. D. Hanna, R. B. Hewitt, R. Huek, M. Marquis, J. Milstead, W.

Pitcher, C. E. Reiner, Bessie D. Ruth, Suriya Sampunth, Phyllis Stecker, Emily

Stobbe, L. E. Stotelmyre, R. P. Swartzell, Cathy Tassan, Betty White.

The minutes of the meeting held 10 January were summarized.

Four new members were elected: Walter G. Goodman, Robert B. Hewitt, David

R. Meissner, Oakley Shields.

Dr. Joel Gustafson reported that the salt marsh investigations are progressing

very well. Two salt marsh investigations are being carried on locally at present.

One of these is being conducted by Guy Cameron, a graduate student at U.C. Davis.

His study area is next to Petaluma Creek on San Pablo Bay. The other is being

done by Robert Lane of San Francisco State College. His area is next to the

Dumbarton Bridge on the south bay. The two investigators have compared notes

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

and find that their areas are very different in faunal composition. For example,

Cameron’s area has no tipulids, whereas Lane’s has many. Cameron’s has anthicid

beetles, but Lane’s has none. Cameron’s has many thrips and Lane’s has only one.

Cameron’s has a few staphylinids and Lane has found none. Cameron has found no

dolichopodid flies and Lane’s area has many. As far as possibilities for fruitful

investigation are concerned, the surface has only been scratched in these two areas.

Mr. J. S. Buckett, Program Chairman, announced that in the interest of uni¬

formity, future meetings, at least for the remainder of year, will be held insofar as

possible on the third Friday of each month.

The following notes were presented:

“Flying mouse” identified as Cerogenes auricoma (Burmeister) (Ho-

moptera: Fulgoridae). —Dr. Dennis Breedlove presented to the Academy in early

1967 a series of Fulgoridae that he and an associate collected in Chiapas, Mexico.

They have recently been identified by Dr. Lois O’Brien as Cerogenes auricoma

(Burmeister). This attractive species was described in 1835 (Handbuch der Ento-

mologie 2(1) : 168) from a specimen or specimens collected “Aus Mexilco, zwischen

Villaalla und Oaxaka im Walde von Herrn Deppe entdeckt.” On 1 September 1966,

while D. E. Breedlove and John Emmel were traveling in the state of Chiapas, near

Amates, 13 mi. SE. of Tapanatepec, at an elevation of 3,300 feet, the Cerogenes

auricoma were observed on the trunk and branches of Quercus conspersa Bentham.

To prevent breakage of the long wax tails the collectors injected the specimens with

alcohol to kill them in situ. As can be noted in the display, some specimens of the

series of nine specimens have white wax tails over four inches in length. The

name “flying mouse” seemed to be an appropriate pseudonym to describe the ap¬

pearance of these large bodied and long-tailed fulgorids. They readily took to flight

when disturbed.— Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences , San Fran¬

cisco.

Giant Margarodid Scales from Yucatan. —J. Gordon Edwards exhibited pre¬

served specimens of female scale insects, Llaveia axin (Llave) from Valladolid,

Yucatan. These huge scale insects have been used for centuries by mesoamerican

Indians for various purposes. The bright orange females, each more than an inch

long, are mashed together and kneaded into a wax-like ball which forms the base

for cosmetics, has certain medicinal values, and is the major ingredient of hard

waxy finishes applied to pottery and gourds by the early Maya and Aztec Indians.

Mrs. Katherine D. Jenkins (Berkeley, California) has done more research on these

insects and their uses than anyone else, and has reared both male and female

adults in captivity, feeding them on Erythrina crista-galli (“Coral Tree”). Under

field conditions they usually live on Spondias purpurea (“Hog-plum”) in southern

Mexico and Central America, and are also sometimes found on Acacia trunks. Mrs.

Jenkins cites the name “Ni-in” or “Nije” (used by the ancient Maya) and “Axin”

or “Aji” (used by the Nahua or Aztec Indians), but Edwards questioned dozens

of Indians in Yucatan and Quintana Roo and found none who were familiar with

those names. Instead, they referred to them only as “Tuch Mucuy” (“Tuch” =

“protruding navel”; “Mucuy” = “little dove”). The Indians questioned were unan¬

imous in the opinion that the wax has NO current usage in Yucatan. They once

used it on cuts and tick-bites, but they say it “itches too much,” and they now

prefer commercial medications, instead.—J. G. Edwards, San Jose State College,

San Jose.

JANUARY 1970]

PROCEEDINGS

The principal speaker of the evening was Mr. Ron Stecker, San Jose State Col¬

lege. His illustrated talk was entitled “An Illustrated Tour to the Top of a Living

Giant Sequoia.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting.—M. S.

Wasbauer, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Twenty-Sixth Meeting

The 326th meeting was held Friday, 21 March 1969 in the Morrison Auditorium

of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with Pres¬

ident Hagen presiding.

Members present (45) : R. J. Adams, C. Annin, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., J. Benet,

F. L. Blanc, R. M. Bohart, I. Boussy, G. Brady, D. Briggs, T. Calvert, P. Cammer,

D. Carlson, R. V. Cottam, C. Dailey, T. W. Davies, R. L. Doutt, J. G. Edwards, J.

Guggolz, T. E. Hewton, Jr., K. Horn, W. H. Lange, R. Langston, R. Lem, K. Lor-

enzen, R. Main, W. W. Middlekauff, R. R. Pinger, Jr., D. W. Ribble, E. S. Ross,

F. Santana, T. A. Schulz, H. Scudder, J. H. Shepard, Joanne E. Slansky, Carolee

Start, R. E. Stecker, L. Stotelmyre, D. Ubick, M. S. Wasbauer, D. L. Wilson.

Visitors present (40) : C. Adamson, Mrs. Betty Armin, H. W. Bourne, Tina Cal¬

vert, Carolyn and Michelle Dailey, Lucinda Doutt, Alice and Janie Edwards, Peggy

Ann Ewart, Barb Glaser, R. Graatman, A. Hamblin, Katie Henry, S. R. Husted,

Katharine D. Jenkins, Ruth M. Jones, P. Jump, T. Lucas, Laurel Main, Ruth J.

Maund, M. Montgomery, M. Ogden, R. W. Pinger, W. W. Pitcher, D. A. Ramsey,

Susan Rickman, Suriya Sampunth, E. A. Schwarz, Muriel R. Sheehy, Mrs. J. H.

Shepard, F. R. Smith, Phyllis Stecker, Anne Suguitan, Richard and Kathy Swartzell,

Sharon D. Tanner, R. M. Vierhus, Betty White, Mrs. David Wilson.

The minutes of the meeting held 21 February were summarized.

Four new members were elected: Dave Carlson, Franklin Ennik, Stan Husted

and Betty White.

President Hagen announced his appointees to the standing committees as follows:

Publication Committee (1971) ; P. D. Hurd, Jr., Chairman and R. F. Wilkey; His¬

torical Committee, R. L. Doutt to replace the late R. L. Usinger.

Dr. Wasbauer announced that because the circulation of the membership book

during the meeting has been considered a somewhat disruptive influence, the book

will be placed on a stand outside the meeting room for members and guests to sign

as they enter.

Dr. Edwards introduced Mrs. Katherine Jenkins of Berkeley. Mrs. Jenkins

showed an excellent series of kodachrome slides taken in Mexico of the large coc-

coid, Llaveia. The fatty body contents of this insect are used for medicinal pur¬

poses, for waterproofing boards and wood products and in the manufacture of the

traditional lacquer ware of Mexico.

The following notes were presented:

Chlaenius tomentosus zunianus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) preying on an

adult Lacinipolia spiculosa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). —On 26 September

1966, while I walked across a cut grass field at about 12:30 p.m., west of the dining-

hall of the Southwestern Research Station, 8 km. W. of Portal, Cochise County,

Arizona, a noctuid moth and carabid were observed to be in a fluttering struggle

in the grass. The carabid, as an examination of the moth now indicates, had cap¬

tured the noctuid with its mandibles by the apical third of the right fore and hind

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

wings. Both wings show damage across their entire widths. The pair of specimens

were quickly captured in a cyanide bottle to prevent their escape; this however

precluded further observations. The moth has been determined by W. R. Bauer as

a male Lacinipolia spiculosa Grote and the carabid by Dr. R. T. Bell as a male

Chlaenius tomentosus zunianus (Casey). Only fifteen specimens of C. tomentosus

zunianus were available to Dr. Bell at the time of the publication of his revision

of the North American species of Chlaenius (1960, Miscellaneous Publications of

the Entomological Society of America, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 97-166, figs. 1-142). This

subspecies was reported as collected at Fort Wingate (type locality) in New Mex¬

ico, and the Catalina Mountains, Santa Rita Mountains, Sonoita, and Fort Hua-

chuca in Arizona. My thanks to these specialists for their determinations. This

pair of specimens is now deposited in the carabid collection of the Academy.—

P. H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. J. Gordon Edwards, Department

of Biology, San Jose State College. His illustrated talk was entitled “Entomology

in Yucatan.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting.—M. S.

Wasbauer, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Twenty-Seventh Meeting

The 327th meeting was held Friday, 18 April 1969, in the Morrison Auditorium

of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with

President Hagen presiding.

Members present (25) : R. L. Adlakha, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., I. Boussy, D. L.

Briggs, R. Bushnell, D. Carlson, J. A. Chemsak, B. J. Donovan, J. F. Emmel, J. J.

Guggolz, M. R. Gardner, G. A. Gorelick, K. S. Hagen, E. L. Kessel, R. L. Langston,

V. Lee, H. B. Leech, C. D. MacNeill, Kathleen Meehan, P. A. Opler, D. C. Rentz,

D. W. Ribhle, F. Santana, R. W. Thorp, W. J. Turner.

Visitors present (15) : D. Cigston, D. Gunther, Katherine D. Jenkins, Berta Kes¬

sel, K. McClenaghan, Irene McClenaghan, R. Miller, D. M. Muir, Phyllis L. Pas-

qualli, Kathy Rentz, Kathleen Sakai, Paula Schaller, J. Shimizu, Joyce Thorp,

Peggy Ward.

The minutes of the meeting held 21 March were summarized.

The following new members were elected: Brunson P. Bliven, Jean Marie Cadiou,

Kathleen Meehan, John F. Emmel (Student Member).

President Hagen announced that the Society’s Annual Picnic and Field Day will

be held on Saturday, 10 May, at the Recreation Beach at Monticello Dam, ten miles

west of Winters.

President Hagen asked for introductions from the floor. Dr. E. S. Ross intro¬

duced Dr. Dyrce Lacombe of Rio de Janeiro, who is interested in the histology of

barnacles, in kissing bugs of the genus Triatoma and in the internal anatomy of

the Embioptera. He also introduced Dr. E. S. Kessel, a charter member of the

Society, whom some of the newer members may not have met.

Mr. Paul Opler introduced the principal speaker of the evening, Dr. Clyde D.

Willson, Miller Fellow, Division of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley.

His illustrated talk was entitled “Scanning Electron Microscopy: Some Entomo¬

logical Applications.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting—M. S.

Wasbauer, Secretary.

JANUARY 1970]

PROCEEDINGS

Three Hundred and Twenty-Eighth Meeting

The 328th meeting, the annual picnic and field day, was held Saturday, 10 May

1969 at Recreation Beach, below Monticello Dam, Yolo County.

Members present (12) : P. H. Arnaud, Jr., I. Boussy, J. S. Buckett, G. Buxton,

T. W. Davies, M. R. Gardner, K. S. Hagen, W. W. Middlekauff, R. R. Pinger, Jr.,

E. S. Ross, R. W. Thorp, R. F. Wilkey.

Visitors present (17) : Nancy Barker, Davies family, R. Gardner, R. Good, Hagen

family, L. 0. Otero, Harriet V. Reinhard, Suriya Sampunth, Paula Schatter, Taly

Slay, Thorp family, Wilkey family.

The day was quite warm and collecting was good on the chaparral slopes and

along the margins of Putah Creek. Some members took advantage of the trout

fishing in the creek, and some swimming was noted.—M. S. Wasbauer, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Twenty-Ninth Meeting

The 329th meeting was held Friday, 17 October 1969 in the Morrison Auditorium

of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. Presi¬

dent Hagen presided.

Members present (39) : P. H. Arnaud, Jr., F. F. Blanc, I. A. Boussy, R. Bush-

nell, P. Cammer, Helen Court, D. G. Denning, J. G. Edwards, J. F. Emmel, F.

Ennik, W. Gagne, M. R. Gardner, J. F. Gustafson, J. D. Haddock, K. S. Hagen,

T. P. Heck, T. E. Hewton, W. H. Lange, R. L. Langston, H. B. Leech, D. D. Lins-

dale, R. F. Luck, P. Opler, J. A. Powell, J. Prine, D. Rentz, D. W. Ribble, C.

Rogers, R. Schoeppner, T. A. Schultz, H. I. Scudder, T. A. Sears, R. Stecker, L.

Stotelmyre, W. J. Turner, S. C. Williams, Barbara A. Wilson, Joanne Wasbauer, M.

Wasbauer.

Visitors present (38) : Nancy Blair, R. Blair, J. E. Court, Angele Dacosta, Char¬

lotte Davis, Loretta Denning, D. F. and F. L. Dunn, Alice and Janie Edwards, J. R.

Gabel, C. S. Glaser, L. Gormley, L. Green, J. T. Hjelle, Katharine D. Jenkins, Sandy

Jordan, Mr. and Mrs. Peter Jump, Ellen M. Lange, Shari Lewis, D. Merrill, S. R.

Montague, D. D. Munroe, G. Nichols, Sandra Opler, Judy Oppenheim, R. R. Papp,

P. Pasqualli, Roberta Pfadt, J. A. Scott, T. Slery, J. A. Smith, Phyllis Stecker, B.

Tilden, Marilyn Trockman, Jill Vandergrift, Judy Weller.

The minutes of the meetings held 18 April and 10 May 1969 were summarized.

Ten new members were elected: William E. Azevedo, Bruce H. Baker, Michael

M. Benzien, J. Russel Gabel, Thomas Heck, Sandy Jordan, Robert Luck, LeRoy C.

Olson, Fred Punzo, Torolf R. Torgerson.

Mr. Leech announced on behalf of the Historical Committee, a gift from Mrs.

Roxanna Ferris of individual photographs of six entomologists: J. H. Comstock,

V. Kellogg, K. Jordan, J. Waterston, A. D. Imms, F. Sylvestri, prints of H. W.

Bates and G. H. F. Nuttall and a group photograph of Dipterists at the Fourth In¬

ternational Congress of Entomology, Ithaca, New York, 1928. All the pictures are

framed.

The following notes were presented:

Gnophaela latipennis trapped by flowers of milkweed (Lepidoptera:

Pericopidae). —Gnophaela latipennis Boisduval is a common day-flying moth of

the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. Constrastingly marked in

black and white, with a wing span of 35 to 55 mm., it attracts attention from a dis¬

tance. On 5 July 1969 I was collecting beetles in Estell Creek, Logan Basin, at the

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

southwestern foot of Bearwallow Ridge in the mountains west of Elk Creek, Glenn

County, California, and saw a number of specimens of G. latipennis trapped by the

flowers of milkweed Asclepias sp. Some moths were still in nearly perfect condi¬

tion, constantly fluttering in attempts to escape, others were hanging limply; the

rest were dead, and tattered from being blown by the wind. In each case the moth

was caught by the tarsi of one or more legs in the floral parts of the milkweed, and

I was unable to release them without breaking the legs. —Hugh B. Leech, Califor¬

nia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

Status of the Oriental fruit fly in California. —On 11 September 1969, a

single male Oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, was caught in one of the

regular statewide multiple-purpose fruit fly traps in a grapefruit tree at El Monte,

Los Angeles County. Additional traps were immediately deployed in the area at a

concentration of 100 per square mile, with peripheral range of 50 and 20 per square

mile over a 64 square mile area. By 1 October a total of 18 male flies were trapped,

all within a radius of 0.92 miles which could be contained in a circle of 2.65 square

mile area. No flies have been taken since 1 October. (Colored slides of adults and

larvae were shown and pinned adult specimens were passed among the members

and guests.) — F. L. Blanc, Program Supervisor, Bureau of Entomology, California

Department of Agriculture.

Flight of Hilara sp. (family Empididae) at Webber Lake, California.—-

Webber Lake, at an altitude of 6774 feet in Sierra County, California (located

northwest of Truckee) is an historical collecting area for Dipterists. The pioneer

Dipterist, Baron Osten Sacken, collected there in the summer of 1876. Webber

Lake was on the early stage coach route over the Sierra Nevada and the hotel built

over 100 years ago is still in existence, though not in use. On 23 and 24 August

1969, I drove to Webber Lake in my camper for a weekend of collecting.

On the evening of 23 August at 1930 hours, daylight saving time, as I walked to

the western shore of the lake it was immediately evident that there was a tremen¬

dous flight of insects over the waters of the lake. The insects were flying close to

the water as though they were just skimming the surface. They were so numerous

that they produced an audible buzzing sound with their flight. They were not con¬

centrated in any one spot, but they were generally dispersed with possibly one or

more specimens flying over every square foot of water. They were flying over the

water as far out as I could see them (about 20 feet from shore). I collected a few

specimens and they were immediately identifiable as specimens of a Hilara sp.

There was some wind, and when the water surface became choppy, they probably

flew a little higher. They were much more difficult to see in the dimming light of

the approaching night. I walked northward along the shore of the lake for 490

paces and they were as abundant there as where first observed. I found a small

floating dock about 35 feet in length and walked to its end. The hilaras were fly¬

ing over the lake at that distance from shore. Returning to my camp at 2010, they

were still in flight, even though it was almost dark and a large moon was rising.

A total of 34 males and 22 females was collected at various points along the shore

of the lake. The hilaras were attracted to an 8 watt safari black light set on the

sand and gravel near the edge of the lake. Hundreds of specimens were attracted

to the black light, including mating pairs. Eighty-eight males and 79 females were

collected as a sample. By 2040 they no longer flew to the black light. In four

insect flight traps operated near the shore of the lake only a few specimens of this

JANUARY 1970]

PROCEEDINGS

Hilara were collected during portions of two days and one night of trap operation

(1 male, 2 females on the 23rd; 2 males, 1 female on the 24th). It would be of

interest to discover the resting places of such large numbers of hilaras.

The following morning, at 0745, some hilaras were seen flying over the lake.

Fifty minutes later none were seen. The lake surface was very choppy due to strong

winds.

Trichoptera were exceedingly scarce during the time of the evening flight of

hilaras as only two specimens (a male Dicosmoecus unicolor (Banks) and a female

Hesperophylax sp., both kindly determined by Dr. D. G. Denning) were attracted

to the black light and none were swept from over the water’s surface. The abun¬

dant silver flashes from jumping fish in the late afternoon probably indicated their

feeding on the Hilara since Trichoptera and other conspicuous Diptera were lack¬

ing. The fish could be seen feeding up to several hundred feet from shore, possibly

indicating the distance of the Hilara flight from shore.—P. H. Arnaud, Jr., Cali¬

fornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. Richard Garcia, University of Cali¬

fornia, Berkeley. His illustrated talk was entitled “Entomology in Western Ma¬

laysia.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting.—M. S.

Wasbauer, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Thirtieth Meeting

The 330th meeting was held at 7:45 p.m. on Friday, 21 November 1969 in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,

San Francisco. President Hagen presided.

Members present (45) : P. H. Arnaud, Jr., W. E. Azevedo, J. Benet, M. M.

Bentzien, R. G. Blair, I. Boussy, R. G. Blair, D. Briggs, T. Briggs, P. Cammer, J. A.

Chemsak, H. V. Daly, T. W. Davies, J. G. Edwards, W. E. Ferguson, J. R. Gabel,

W. Gagne, Lauren Green, P. Grimstad, J. F. Gustafson, K. S. Hagen, J. L. Joos,

P. Jump, R. L. Langston, V. Lee, H. B. Leech, P. Lem, K. Lorenzen, R. Main, P. A.

Opler, W. Pitcher, D. C. Rentz, D. W. Ribble, E. I. Schlinger, T. Schultz, R. 0.

Schuster, R. Stecker, L. Stotelmyre, R. W. Thorp, D. Ubick, Joanne S. Wasbauer,

M. S. Wasbauer, S. P. Welles, S. C. Williams, D. Wilson.

Visitors present (24) : Kathy Beeby, J. G. Brandon, A. Dacosta, W. H. Dana,

R. E. Dietz, Alice and Janie Edwards, L. A. Gormley, Mrs. J. L. Joos, Sandy Jor¬

dan, D. Merrill, R. Montagna, S. Nelson, Gay Nichols, Judy Oppenheim, Gayle Ray,

Avis Reeves, B. Reeves, S. Sims, J. Smith, Joyce Thorp, Mrs. D. Wilson, Kathy

W aeny.

The minutes of the meeting held 17 October 1969 were summarized.

Six new members were elected: Mr. Randall G. Blair, Miss Lauren Green, Mr.

Peter M. Jump, Mr. William W. Pitcher, Mr. John T. Polhemus and Mr. Gary L.

Seghi.

President Hagen called for notes and exhibits. Mr. David Rentz announced the

recent naming of a mountain peak in California after an insect—Acrodectes Peak.

It was named last year by a U. S. Government commission to provide names for

unnamed mountain peaks. The peak is in the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains.

The name Acrodectes is of Greek origin and means “summit climber.”

Mr. Leech announced two books which have just been published. The first, en-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

titled The Kodiak Island Refugium , is an interdisciplinary approach to the flora

and fauna of Kodiak Island. It contains a couple of chapters by entomologists and

includes a complete list of all the insects which were found during the course of a

study of the island. The second is The Distributional History of the Biota of the

Southern Appalachians, Part I, Invertebrates. It contains two entomological papers,

“The Evolution of the Carabidae of the Southern Appalachians” by Thomas Barr

and “The Ecological and Geographical Relations of the Southern Appalachian

Mecoptera” by George Byers.

The following notes were presented:

Habitat of Atypoides riversi (Araneida: Aiitrodiaetidae) .—A colony of

the turret-building spider Atypoides riversi Pickard-Cambridge was discovered at

Laurel Dell, Mt. Tamalpais, two miles north of Stinson Beach, Marin County, Cali¬

fornia on 8 August 1969. The colony was located on a north-facing slope heavily

forested with Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga taxifolia ) and California laurel (Umbel-

lularia californica) . The ground was covered with several inches of leaf litter but

lacked low plant cover.

The colony covered an area 100 feet wide by 300 feet long. Tire spiders’ burrows

were located at the base of trees or near fallen logs. The turrets extended as high

as two inches above the surface litter and the burrows were about 8 inches deep.

Only females were present in a sample of 8 spiders collected. One female had sev¬

eral first instar young in her burrow.— Michael M. Bentzien, San Francisco State

College, California.

Philotes enoptes bayensis and tildeni Langston—Four New Localities.—

Both subspecies are found in definite colonies associated with their Eriogonum

foodplants. Since my original 1964 and 1965 publications, additional colonies have

not been generally found by collectors. Therefore, it is of interest to note these

records: 1) P. e. bayensis —Camp Meeker, 2 mi. N., Sonoma Co., 3 July 1965, a

single female among about a dozen Plebejus acmon; Benecia State Park, Solano

Co., 15 June 1969, a single badly worn male with at least 50 P. acmon —farthest

east (and inland) record. 2) P. e. tildeni —Keene, 4 mi. SE., Kern Co., 5 Septem¬

ber 1965, 1 female, yellow-flowered Eriogonum —new county record (since the

pubs.) and farthest south; Polonio Pass, Hwy. 46, S.L.O. Co., 8 September 1969, 5

males, 5 females among more than 100 P. acmon (appears to be a stronger colony

than nearby Cottonwood Pass, both for the blue and for Apodemia mormo intermed.

to A. langei which was present in the hundreds). 3) P. e. smithi —examples ex¬

hibited from the type locality for comparison. 4) P. e. enoptes —examples shown

from the Sierra Nevada for comparison.— Robert L. Langston.

A Naturalist Returns to Tesla Canyon. —I visited Tesla Canyon of 9 November

1951 to collect living specimens for courses in Forest Entomology and beginning

Entomology. This canyon, at that time, was desolate except for the one no tres¬

passing sign where the owner insisted on permission to collect on his land. On

previous trips many groups of us had driven out Tesla Road, at the south edge of

Livermore, and crawled under the fence with its bullet-riddled sign to collect many

kinds of insects which had their most northern representatives in this dry canyon.

Traveling alone in 1951, I collected large numbers of the drywood termite,

Incisitermes ( Kalotermes ) minor (Hagen), from a solitary, wind-felled, digger pine

on the floor of the valley. At the same time, hundreds of the rare hemipterous spe¬

cies Patapius spinosa (Ross) (Leptopodidae) were found around the same tree.

JANUARY 1970]

PROCEEDINGS

Usinger had previously recorded one specimen of this species (194111) 1 as a prob¬

able immigrant into California from its only previously known home in the Canary

Islands. Numerous specimens of the California violin spider, Loxosceles unicolor

Keyserling, were also found around or in the sides of the canyon.

This year another solitary trip on 26 October 1969 revealed a vastly changed en¬

vironment. The original sign was obliterated by rust and holes. Other fences on

the south, upper end of the canyon had many new signs, and bullet holes in the

fences and signs while the northwestern side was fenced and has signs in a some¬

what similar condition. Farther down the valley it was open on the south side of

the canyon, and many hundreds of motorcyclists were carrying on their denuding

of the valley floor and north-facing slopes. On the northeast side of the valley, it

is protected by a stout fence and signs of the Atomic Energy Commission (with

fewer bullet holes) but this section is patrolled by federal agents and farther down

is a guard station and many new buildings.

Otherwise (with exceptions) the fauna and flora was the same. The digger pine

had been reduced to a long reddish brown streak of decayed wood but the termite

is surviving, in large numbers, in numerous stumps of cottonwood which had been

downed for firewood but the stumps were too large to move and were almost im¬

possible to break into with my axe and hatchet. Each had a number of termite

colonies.

Leptopodids and the violin spider were still there, but another curious arthropod

can now be added to any faunal list of this unique canyon. After crawling under

an (anonymous) fence I found two large nymphs of the famous kissing bug, Redu-

vius personatus L. This species was recorded as rare in California by Usinger

(1946h) and again by he and Wygodzinsky (from one pinned male, from Kern

County) in (1964b). Nevertheless the species is not included in Essig’s revised

edition of “Insects of Western North America” (1958) nor does Usinger et al.

(1964b) cite Usinger’s previous paper (1946h) in its Bibliography. Further the

1969 edition of Herm’s Medical Entomology lists this species as occurring only as

far west as the Middle West.

The two nymphs are now feeding on Blatella germanica L. nymphs; while the

dirt cave, from which they were removed on the south-facing slope, is heavily popu¬

lated by several species of spiders and a very large number of lepismids. Access to

another intriguing cave could not be investigated.—J. W. MacSwain, University of

California, Berkeley.

Mr. Paul Opler announced that the annual Christmas dance of the Department

of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, would be held on 13 December

at the Veterans Memorial Hall, Albany. Tickets are $2.00 and will be available at

the door.

President Hagen announced the temporary committees for the year. The nomi¬

nating committee will be Dr. J. A. Powell, Chairman, Mr. D. G. Denning and Dr.

J. W. Tilden. The auditing committee will be Mr. D. C. Rentz, Chairman, Mr. R. L.

Langston and Mr. H. B. Leech. These committees will report at the December

meeting.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. Stanley C. Williams, whose il¬

lustrated talk was entitled “Behavior of Scorpions in Relation to the Birth Process.”

1 From: R. L. Usinger’s Bibliography by P. D. Ashlock, 1969, Pan-Pac. Entomol., 45(3): 185-203.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting.—M. S.

Wasbauer, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Thirty-First Meeting

The 331st meeting was held at 7:45 p.m. on Friday, 19 December 1969 in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,

San Francisco. President Hagen presided.

Members present (23) : P. H. Arnaud, Jr., R. G. Blair, D. E. Bragg, P. Cammer,

T. W. Davies, J. G. Edwards, J. F. Emmel, J. R. Gabel, M. R. Gardner, J. D. Had¬

dock, P. Jump, R. L. Langston, H. B. Leech, W. W. Pitcher, J. A. Powell, D. W.

Ribble, T. A. Schultz, T. A. Sears, R. E. Stecker, L. Stotelmyre, R. W. Thorp, M. S.

Wasbauer, S. C. Williams.

Visitors present (16) : F. G. Andrews, J. L. Bath, G. S. Benham, Jr., Beatrice

Berry, Nancy Blair, E. A. Cameron, Alice Edwards, Marilyn Hamaker, Katharine

D. Jenkins, Harriette Jump, A. D. Moscioni, Judith Oppenheim, J. A. Smith, Joyce

Thorp, R. M. and Sharon Vierhus.

The minutes of the meeting held 21 November were summarized.

Four new members were elected: G. S. Benham, R. L. Dunn, J. E. McPherson,

Jr., K. Smith.

The following notes were presented:

Thrips “biting” man.—The purpose of this note is to present several “biting”

thrips’ records encountered in central California this fall. Bailey (1936, Canad.

ent., 68(5) :95-98) has published a resume of some of the articles reporting thrips

as attacking man in the United States and other world areas. It is of interest to

note that thrips which are ordinarily considered phytophagous and to some extent

predaceous, would attack man. The first two species recorded below appear to be

new records.

While collecting in the area of Frank Raines Park, Del Puerto Canyon, Stanislaus

County, on a field trip on 26 and 27 September 1969, with Drs. Williams’ and

Gustafson’s entomology classes from San Francisco State College, four insect flight

traps were operated in the creek bed. While operating these traps, I was annoyed

by “biting” insects on both my arms and neck which I finally detected to be thrips.

None were collected at that time. On a later field trip, on 1 November, to the exact

locality with Mr. Thomas Davies, in the mid-day, a number of sharp “bites” were

felt on my arms and three culprit thrips were successfully collected in alcohol. The

specimens were determined as presenting two species—one specimen of Franklini-

ella occidentalis (Pergande) (the western flower thrips) and two specimens of

“probfably] Anapliothrips sp., probably undescribed.” It is thought that the latter

species feeds on oaks. More recently, on 28 November 1969, in the Entomology De¬

partment, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, LaVeme Trautz, our

Entomology Department technician, felt a “bite” on her arm. It was a thrips and

this specimen was determined as Thrips tabaci Lindeman (the onion thrips). This

species has previously been reported by Bailey (1936:97) in California as “biting.”

My thanks are extended to Mr. Tokuwo Kono, of the California Department of

Agriculture, Sacramento, for his interest and prompt determination of these thrips.

—Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

Grooved Entomology.—Glancing through a recent issue of Systematic Zoology,

I was upset to find only two articles which I could read with real understanding.

JANUARY 1970 ]

PROCEEDINGS

Doubtless this is a personal failure and problem. Soon after, I chanced to read

“Living nature and the knowledge gap,” by Dr. Paul A. Weiss ( Saturday Review

for 29 November 1969, pp. 19-22, 56). Though written for a much broader view¬

point, it is possible that some of his comments could be applied to entomology.

Having in mind a noticeable trend in articles in Systematic Zoology over the past

few years, I would like to quote a few lines from Dr. Weiss. 1

(p. 19) “One of the drawbacks [of modern science] is that, by its sheer

momentum, a mass of single-tracked workers tends to amplify any trend

once that trend has started rolling. A fashionable course thus becomes

grooved ever more deeply, draining interest, attention, encouragement, and

talent away from solitary prospecting ventures. As a result of these social

dynamics, the research scenery is gradually becoming converted, meta¬

phorically speaking, from a lush mountain meadow evenly irrigated by a

profusion of anastomosing rivulets into a landscape of deep canyons with

raging rivers, separated by wastelands of arid mesas.”

(p. 21) “Education can give him [a young investigator] scope for self-

direction and creativity or it can mold him into a mere cog in a mass pro¬

duction machine. Society needs the latter kind, well-trained for practice,

in increasing numbers, but here we are concerned primarily with those

aiming at the advancement, rather than the application, of knowledge . . .

if the incipient investigator is enticed to keep on riding currents of fashion,

instead of being challenged to chart his own course toward self-chosen

destinations, it is his education that has been at fault. So what is needed

is certainly not ‘planned research,’ but sounder plans for ‘ education for

research ”- —-Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences.

The effects on man of a natural sting by the scorpion Vejovis coufusus

Stahnke.—The sting of Vejovis confusus Stahnke was experienced accidentally

while conducting field studies on the ecology of this species in the Sonoran desert

near Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona, during 1966. The sting occurred at 10:00

AM (MST), some 10 minutes after the capture of the mature specimen. The sting

was inflicted on the middle segment of the third finger of the right hand. An

immediate, intense burning sensation occurred, which lasted at the site of the sting

for some 20 minutes before beginning to lessen in intensity. Fifteen minutes after

the initial sting, swelling became visible around the knuckle above the wound. This

swelling gradually progressed over the entire finger and spread downward into the

other fingers of the same hand within one hour. Within three hours the entire hand

had become very swollen as compared to the left hand. This swelling was sufficient

to prevent effective bending of fingers and wrist. Within five hours, the swelling-

had progressed up the arm to the elbow. The swelling lasted approximately 24

hours before beginning to subside. Within 48 hours the right arm and fingers had

returned to almost normal size. Within 72 hours the hand had fully recovered from

the sting with no apparent after effects. During the period of increased swelling

the intense burning sensation gradually subsided while a general numbness of sen¬

sation developed in the fingers and spread to the elbow of the affected hand. As

the swelling began to disappear, normal sensitivity gradually returned. No indica-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

tion of convulsions or other significant systemic actions of the venom were appar¬

ent. No therapy was used to counter the effects of the venom, however, use of the

right hand was essentially discontinued for some 20 hours because of the extreme

swelling. The speed and pattern of travel of the swelling indicated that the lym¬

phatic circulation was primarily responsible for the distribution of the venom.—

Stanley C. Williams, San Francisco State College.

President Hagen called for reports from the chairmen of the standing committees.

Prof. J. G. Edwards, membership committee, reported that 36 new members were

elected and one member, Dr. C. P. Alexander, was elected to honored status during

the year.

Dr. R. W. Thorp reported on behalf of the publication committee that two manu¬

scripts were under consideration for the Memoirs series during 1969, the auto¬

biography of the late Prof. R. L. Usinger, and a revision of andrognathid millipeds

by M. R. Gardner. The publication dates have not been set on these papers, but

they will appear in 1970.

President Hagen then expressed thanks to the program committee and its chair¬

man, Mr. J. S. Buckett, for a successful year of programs.

Dr. P. H. Arnaud, Jr. read the treasurer’s financial report, and Mr. R. L.

Langston of the auditing committee reported that the financial records of the So¬

ciety for 1969 are in good order.

Mr. H. B. Leech, chairman of the historical committee, reported that the file

cases are now upstairs on the main floor of the entomology department, but 2 or

3 more file cases are needed before all the material on hand can be sorted-classified

and filed. Accessions during the year have been noted at earlier meetings. The

most recent acquisition is over 1000 glass lantern slides used in the past at Stan¬

ford University to illustrate lectures. Most are of entomological subjects and some

are of strictly historical interest.

President Hagen announced appointment to the publication committee for 1972

of Dr. Howell V. Daly and Dr. Albert A. Gregarick.

Dr. J. A. Powell, chairman of the nominating committee, presented the following-

slate of nominees for offices in the Society for 1970: Dr. R. W. Thorp, President;

Mr. F. L. Blanc, President-Elect; Dr. M. S. Wasbauer, Secretary; Dr. P. H. Arnaud,

Jr., Treasurer. There were no nominations from the floor. The nominees were

elected to office for 1970 by unanimous vote.

The principal speakers of the evening and their topics are as follows:

G. R. Buckingham-— Searching for a Parasite of the Walnut Husk Fly,

Rhagoletis completa Cresson.-—The walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa Cres-

sen, was accidentally introduced into California from the Southwestern United

States in the 1920’s. The maggots eat the walnut husk, which results in staining of

the shell in English walnuts. A native parasite, Opias juglandis Mues. (Hym.

Braconidae), has been reared for several years at the Division of Biological Control,

University of California at Albany. In September 1969 I traveled to Arizona and

New Mexico to obtain more parasite individuals and to make field observations on

the parasite and its hosts. Many parasites were observed on wild black walnut trees

in the Chiricahua Mountains of Southern Arizona. Since Rhagoletis completa does

not occur there, two other husk flies, Rhagoletis juglandis Cresson and Rhagoletis

boycei Cresson, serve as hosts. Ants and a salticid spider were observed preying

upon parasite adults and ants were very often found carrying maggots. This area

JANUARY 1970 ]

PROCEEDINGS

of Arizona is very similar to the parasite release areas in California except that it

has frequent summer thunder showers. How much effect the dry summers of Cali¬

fornia will have on the parasite is unknown. In Southern New Mexico, parasites

were found associated with both Rhagoletis juglandis and Rhagoletis complete!.

James D. Haddock — Biological traits of two species of Leptocella. —The

caddis fly genus Leptocella (Leptoceridae) consists of a number of primarily whit¬

ish colored species of insects whose larvae construct elongate, tubular, portable

cases. They are distributed throughout the western hemisphere, occurring from

Alaska to Argentina.

Species limits, based on the morphology of the adults, have been open to con¬

siderable conjecture and debate. A study of the immature stages, however, has

helped to clarify speciation in the genus in North America; two species will be

briefly discussed to illustrate this point.

The adults of Leptocella intervena and L. albida are remarkably similar in regard

to wing pattern, head structures, male genitalia and a number of other structures.

Larval morphology, case-making behavior and ecology, however, clearly separate

the two species. Leptocella intervena has a well developed swimming and feeding

brush that is located on the hind tibia, has a number of tubular tracheal gills lo¬

cated on the anterior segments of the abdomen and has a characteristic color pat¬

tern found on the dorsal portion of the head and thorax. In contrast, L. albida has

no brush, has an absence of tracheal gills and has different color patterns. Lepto¬

cella intervena constructs a larval case composed primarily of minutely cut plant

fragments, while the case of L. albida is composed almost entirely of sand grains.

Leptocella intervena is found in the western U. S. in lowland, highly silted slow

flowing rivers with midsummer water temperatures ranging from 60-102 degrees

Fahrenheit. Leptocella albida appears to be restricted to the cooler waters of the

past-glaciated midwest and east. It is apparently isolated from the western U. S.

by the head waters of the Mississippi River.

It is anticipated that a study of this nature will be useful in the applicability of

insects as indicators of thermal and organic water pollution and erosion.

Katharine D. Jenkins — The fat-yielding coccid, Llaveia, a monophlebine

of the Margarodidae. —This very large soft-scale insect of the American tropics

and subtropics, which has been exploited (sometimes cultivated) for its fat by

peoples of Meso-America since before the Spanish Conquest, has not been system¬

atically collected and studied by entomologists, and the literature on it is meagre

and unsatisfactory. 1

The material here presented was accumulated in the course of ethno-historical

research and field work—directed toward finding the sources of the fatty substance

used in Mexican lacquer-work, gourd-painting and related techniques, and record¬

ing surviving practices in the exploitation of the insect—and personal experience in

rearing progeny of insects collected.

The fat, extracted from the bodies of mature females, has remarkable properties

in forming a tough impermeable film on any surface to which it is applied and has

had many uses, not only in native arts (in waterproofing wood and gourds and

binding pigments to surfaces in a lacquer-like coating, and as a base for face- and

1 Pertinent references are cited in K. D. Jenkins, “Aje or Ni-in (the fat of a scale insect): Paint¬

ing Medium and Unguent,” XXXV Congreso Internacional de Americanisms, Mexico, 1962, Adas y

Memorias 1 (Mexico, 1964) : pp. 625-636.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

body-paint), but also in folk medicine (particularly as applied to wounds, swell¬

ings, skin afflictions, or, combined with herbs or other materials, taken internally

to cure a variety of ailments).

Both the insect and the fatty product are generally called aje, from the Nahua

(Aztec) name axin; but there are other locally used names such as ni-in, nij, or

nije, from areas of Maya influence, or kurron, among the Guaymi of Panama.

Although the substance has been a widely distributed trade item for centuries, it

has never gained economic importance and production has remained an obscure

native industry carried on by a few persons in isolated communities, where the

coccids may be cultivated or gathered from the wild. The occurrence of the insect

has been reported from widely separated localities in “hot country” (i.e., at eleva¬

tions of less than 4,500 feet), from western Mexico to Panama; but the actual dis¬

tribution of the genus Llaveia is not known; and it is not known whether the coc¬

cids of different areas are of one or several species.

The insect was first described in 1830 by Pablo de la Llave, who examined speci¬

mens from Tlacotalpan in southern Veracruz, and named it Coccus axin. In 1875,

the French entomologist Signoret erected a new genus for it, naming it Llaveia,

and he put specimens from Guatemala in a new species, Llaveia bouvari. In 1928

the late Dr. Harold Morrison, of the USDA Bureau of Entomology, suggested that

L. bouvari and L. axin were identical but, lacking adequate material for compara¬

tive study, left the question open.

These Llaveia coccids produce only one generation a year and have a long over¬

wintering egg stage. The adult females are oblong-oval in shape, usually coral-red

in color (sometimes yellow), but are covered with a powdery white wax. In the

fall, when they have attained full size (1.5 to 2.5 cms in length), they produce a

more flocculent wax and, under natural conditions, leave the host plant to go into

the ground, each female encasing herself in a cottony-looking ball in which the

salmon-colored eggs are laid. Crawlers begin to emerge in early spring, hatching-

out in separate batches over a period of about two months, so that, in any colony,

several stages of development may be seen at the same time. Females molt three

times, at intervals of about a month. After the second molt, the males no longer

feed on the host, but find protected places, in the bark of the tree, the undersides

of leaves, the detritus under the trees, where they form “pseudococoons” of a soft

white wax, in which they spend the next two stages of development, to emerge as

winged adults about two months later (July to early September), when the females

have completed their third molt and are ready for mating. The winged males live

only a few days, but the females continue to feed and fatten on the host plant for

several weeks and, by the time they are large enough to be worth gathering and

processing (late September, October or November), all males have disappeared.

Cultivation is a simple matter of setting aside a number of the fattest females at

harvest time, storing them in a gourd or other container during the dry season, and

placing them on a suitable host tree when the crawlers begin to appear in the

spring.

In field trips in the fall seasons of 1966, 1967 and 1968, 2 to places where the

insects had been exploited in the past, colonies of the coccids were found in five

distinct areas, growing under different conditions:

2 Field work made possible by two grants from the American Philosophical Society, in 1966 and

1968.

JANUARY 1970 ]

PROCEEDINGS

1. In the wet climate of southern Veracruz, at San Andres Tuxtla, where they

were being cultivated by tradition on Erythrina americana, a species of

Spondias, and Jatropha curcas— all trees which are commonly cultivated.

2. In the drier climate of the Rio Balsas Basin, at Ziritzicuaro (about 20 kms.

south of Huetamo, Michoacan), where they flourished naturally on Acacia

cochliacantha, in a “thorn forest” situation, and were gathered by persons

from Huetamo.

3. In the similarly dry climate of south-central Chiapas, near Venustiano Car¬

ranza, where they were gathered from Acacia angustissima and A. pennatula.

4. In the Department of Baja Verapaz, Guatemala, with semi-dry climate, at

Rabinal, where they were being cultivated on Spondias and Jatropha trees,

and at nearby Salama, where they grew untended on Jatropha planted in

hedgerows around houses.

5. In Yucatan, with its Gulf Coast-Caribbean climate, at Valladolid, where they

covered the branches of a large Spondias tree, growing behind a house—

again, untended, probable survivors of earlier cultivation.

These findings do not fill the gaps in our knowledge of the distribution of

Llaveia, but they raise interesting questions about the history of the insect’s culti¬

vation, which must have affected the natural distribution patterns of the genus.

Colorslides shown depict the Llaveia coccids—-adult male and female, and some

of the earlier instars—and the several habitats in which they were found, as well

as the techniques used to extract the fat and prepare it for market.

J. A. Powell — Moths of the Humboldt Bay area. —Since the insect fauna of

the north coast area of California has been poorly known, we made an effort to

collect thoroughly last summer during the field course in entomology of the Uni¬

versity of California, held at Humboldt State College, Areata. The two principal

habitats worked were the second growth redwood forest back of campus and the

beach dunes south of Samoa. Black light trapping was carried out only at Areata,

in mixed vegetation marginal to the redwoods and in the forest. Weather conditions

were generally better than anticipated; fogs were intermitent and did not prove to

be a strong deterrent. Nightly temperatures ranged in the mid to low 50’s °F.

Moth collecting was not rich in quantity or diversity (50-60 species per night

maximum), with noctuids and larger macros poor, geometrids relatively good,

tortreoids fair, and pyraloids and smaller micros poor. Nor surprisingly, many rep¬

resented range extensions of species previously known further north. The 33 spe¬

cies of Tortricidae (s.l.) and Phaloniidae may shed some light on distributional

affinities of the fauna of the area: only 39% are widespread Nearctic Boreal spe¬

cies (opposed to 55% of Tortricinae in Califoxnia as a whole), while 36% range

along the coast in a Vancouveran distribution pattern (only 10% of the California

Tortricinae).

Illustrated species included: Acleris gloverana (Wlsm.) four polymorphs taken

in late August near Big Lagoon on Picea sitchensis, indicating the California popu¬

lations probably will prove as variable as those to the north; A. hritannia Kft.,

dark forms previously only known to the north prevalent at Areata; A. maccana

(Tr.), taken at Areata in February, 1968, the first record in California for this

Holarctic, boreal species; Cnephasia longana (Haw.), collected at four localities

from beach dunes to 2000' east of Kneeland, an European species previously known

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 46, NO. 1

to be established in the San Francisco Bay area and in Oregon and Washington;

Batodes angustiorcma (Haw.), another European species introduced around the

Puget Sound and San Francisco Bay areas, but not recorded in California since

1943, abundant on cultivated Taxus at Areata in late July; Xenotemna pallorana

(Rob.), flying at Samoa dunes during the latter half of June, not previously re¬

corded south of northeastern Oregon; Pandemis limitata (Rob.), at lights during

most of July at Areata, confirming two isolated records along the California coast

ten years ago; Epinotia cruciana (L.), netted in the redwoods on July 4, an Hol-

arctic species not known south of Washington; Zeiraphera ratzeburgiccna (Ratz.)

(= pacifica Free, or canadensis Mut. & Free.), a single male at light in late July

of this Canadian species; Apotomis capreana (Hbn.), at lights in late July, also a

southward extension from Washington; Epimartyria pardella (Wlsm.), at four sites

around Areata and west of Kneeland, the first collected since the type series taken

in southern Oregon in 1872; and Arctia caja L., at light in late July.

T. A. Sears — -A possible explanation for seasonal emergence peaks of

Macrolepidoptera in southwestern Chihuahua. —My recent collecting with

black light traps (funded in part by American Philosophical Society grant #5192,

Penrose fund) in the Barranca del Cobre region of the Sierra Madre Occidental of

southwestern Chihuahua has revealed a distinctive emergence pattern for Macro¬

lepidoptera of the area, probably as a result of adaptive ecological strategies for

survival in a wet-dry climatic regime. There are no specific weather data for this

area as it is so remote, but, in general, there is a wet season of 60 to 80 days ex¬

tending from the first of July to mid-September. During the remainder of the year,

humidity is extremely low. Temperatures, of course, vary with locality and season;

but in all cases the annual variation is considerable.

In 1968 my collecting commenced 4 July, two days before the rains began, at

Choix, Sinaloa, 900 feet elevation. By 10 July, the extremely rapid budbreak and

development of vegetation so characteristic of this region of Mexico had rendered

the area verdant. From 8 July through 25 July, moth collecting was extremely good

both in numbers and diversity. However, shortly thereafter and throughout the

remainder of the summer, collecting dropped off markedly and was, in general, un¬

profitable. The same pattern was also evident at Creel, Chihuahua, elevation 7,600

feet. Around 10 September diversity and numbers of Macrolepidoptera increased

and collecting was again excellent. Since the intensity of collecting was not con¬

sistent throughout the summer, no conclusions were drawn at that time; and I at¬

tributed the poor collecting to a combination of moon phase and weather factors.

With consistent and continuous collecting throughout the summer of 1969 a gen¬

eral emergence pattern was confirmed. We collected almost continuously in all

weather at two localities—Cuiteco, Chihuahua, elevation 5,200 feet and Temoris,

Chihuahua, elevation 4,500 feet. Rough counts of the numbers of species and total

numbers reveal distinctly bimodal distribution with peaks around 20 July and 10

September. Representative counts for diversity are as follows in numbers of spe¬

cies per trap: 20 July, 150-170; 15 August, 40-60; and 10 September, 100-150. The

figure for 15 August was typical for the period from 25 July to 1 September. The

comparison shows that there is roughly a two- to threefold increase in diversity at

the beginning and again at the end of the summer. The total numbers of Macro¬

lepidoptera taken follow a similar distribution with an estimated 2,000 to 3,000 per

trap/night at the beginning of the season, decreasing to approximately 250 to 300

JANUARY 1970 ]

PROCEEDINGS

per trap/night during the middle period, and increasing to 1,000 to 2,000 per trap/

night at the end of the season.

The following interpretation is offered for these data. My collecting in the area

during the dry months of March and December indicates little insect activity dur¬

ing the dry period. One would expect the beginning of the rainy season to trigger

emergence, as food plants are only then generally available. It might be assumed

that as the rains begin to decrease at the end of the season, other species would

emerge. However, in both years the precipitation during the month of September

was fully as great as it was during the rest of the summer; so I do not feel that

decreasing humidity is the most important factor leading to this second emergence

peak.

In most areas of the United States emergence of insects and budbreak of plants

is correlated with accumulated day-degrees. There tends to be a relatively constant

turnover of species throughout the spring and summer, with attenuated emergence

peaks. However, in this region of Mexico, temperature is not the limiting factor;

and, therefore, day-degrees are of lesser importance in determining emergence.

With the addition of water to the environment, development of plants and emer¬

gence of insects is instantaneously initiated. Hence, the gradual turnover of species

is not as evident. I speculate that the two emergence peaks noted arise from the

use of two ecological strategies for survival during the dry season.

These two strategies operate as follows. As the stages of the life cycle most

resistant to desiccation are the egg and pupal stages, most moths would be expected

to pass the dry months in these states. With sufficient moisture insects in both

stages emerge. The first peak of adult emergence would then be due to the hatch¬

ing of the pupae. These adults lay their eggs at the beginning of the season, the

resultant larvae develop, and pupation until the following year takes place. The

second emergence peak is composed of the species which overwinter as eggs. The

eggs hatch with the coming of the rains, the larvae develop, there is a short pupal

stage, and the adults emerge late in the season, laying their eggs which then over¬

winter.

In summary it should be emphasized that the data and conclusions apply only to

Macrolepidoptera. However, it might be expected that other obligately phytopha¬

gous insect groups might utilize the same ecological strategies. Secondly, as this

study covered a relatively small region of Mexico subject to the climatic regime de¬

scribed (the most distant collecting localities being separated by 150 miles), it

cannot be said in how large a geographic area one would obtain the same observa¬

tions. However, the same emergence pattern might be found in general throughout

parts of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico where such cli¬

matic conditions prevail.

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting.—M. S.

Wasbauer, Secretary.

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This page is available to members and non-members who wish to advertise

entomological exchanges, sales, announcements, etc. We can offer an ad in four

issues for $1.50 per line. Ads will be arranged in order of their receipt. Contact

the Advertising Manager, W. H. Lange, Department of Entomology, University of

California, Davis, California 95616.

Research Request. —Am nearing completion a study of the Microlepidoptera as¬

sociated with oaks in California. Would appreciate the opportunity to borrow any

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THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including

articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history,

and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and may be charged to the author.

Papers are published in approximately the order that they are received. Immediate publi¬

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a printed page may be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the

Editor, Robbin W. Thorp, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis,

California 95616.

Typing. —All parts of manuscripts must be typed on bond paper with double-spacing and

ample margins. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 8% X H inches are not

accepted. Do not use all capitals for any purpose. Underscore only where italics are

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alphabetically under Literature Cited in the following format:

Essig, E. 0. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

2:211-212.

1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev.

ed. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1050 pp.

Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1966,

47(21) : 8585-8601.

Tables. —Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be

prepared as a line drawing or typed on a separate page with heading at top and foot¬

notes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecutively

for each table. Use only horizontal rules.

Illustrations. —No extra charge is made for the line drawings or halftones. Submit only

photographs on glossy paper and original drawings (no photographs of drawings).

Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimensions of the printed

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Page charges. —All regular papers of one to ten printed pages are charged at the rate of

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All articles are accepted for publication only on the basis of scientific merit

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Vol. 46 APRIL 1970 No. 2

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

SL0B0DCHIK0FF—Ratios: an intuitive vs. a quantitative approach in

Grotea (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) - 85

KINN—A new genus of Celaenopsidae from California with a key to the

genera (Acari: Mesostigmata) _ 91

KELSEY—A new Scenopinus from the 1964 Galapagos International Scientific

Project (Diptera: Scenopinidae) _ 96

CLIFFORD—Variability of linear measurments throughout the life cycle

of the mayfly Leptophlebia cupida (Say) (Ephemeroptera: Lepto-

phlebiidae) _ 98

ROBERTSON—A new species of Pleocoma from southern California

(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) _ 106

ERWIN—The Nearctic species of the genus Leistus Frolich (Coleoptera:

Carabidae) _ 111

KUMAR AND LAVIGNE—A new genus and new species of Callipterinae

from India (Homoptera: Aphididae) _ 120

LEHMKUHL—The life cycle of Rhithrogena morrisoni (Banks) in western

Oregon (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) _ 124

LINSLEY—New genera and species in the lepturine complex related to

Euryptera and Choriolaus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) _ 128

SMITH—Biology and structure of the dobsonfly, Neohermes californicus

(Walker) (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) _ 142

NEW BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ORGANIZATION _ 150

SCIENTIFIC NOTE _ 151

SOCIETY NOTICE _ 151

BOOK REVIEW _ 152

NEW BULLETIN _ 152

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1970

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES