Vol. 47 JANUARY 1971 No. 1

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

RICE — Flight characteristics of Enoclerus lecontei, Temnochila virescens, and

Tomicobia tibialis in central California (Coleoptera: Cleridae, Ostomi-

dae; Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) 1

ALLEN — Insect distribution studies II 8

CAROLIN — Extended diapause in Coloradia pandora Blake (Lepidoptera:

Saturniidae) 19

FENDER — A new California species of Silis (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) 24

HORNING — -Two new species of Chrysura from western North America

(Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) 26

FISHER AND ORTH — A synopsis of the Nearctic species of Antichaeta

Haliday with one new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) 32

WILLIAMS — A redescription of the scorpion Vejovis crassimanus Pocock

(Scorpionida: Vejovidae) 44

LABERGE — A new subgenus of Andrena found in California and Oregon

(Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) 47

BRAGG — A new species of Phaeogenes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) 57

BRIGHT — New species, new synonymies and new records of bark-beetles from

Arizona and California (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) 63

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 70

PROCEEDINGS 71

SCIENTIFIC NOTE 82

BOOK REVIEWS 83

RECENT LITERATURE 84

BOOK NOTICE 84

NEW JOURNAL 84

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1971

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. 47

January 1971

No. 1

Flight Characteristics of Enoclerus lecontei , Temnochila

virescens , and Tomicobia tibialis in Central California

(Coleoptera: Cleridae, Ostomidae; Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Richard E. Rice

Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, 95616

Field experiments on the response of some predators and parasites of

bark beetles to various chemical attractants (Rice, 1969) provided op-

portunities to observe diurnal flight patterns and flight ranges of these

insects. Sex ratios of responding insects were also calculated. The pred-

ators Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), and Temno-

chila virescens chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Ostomidae), and

the parasite Tomicobia tibialis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae),

were studied at the Boyce Thompson Institute Forest Research Labora-

tory, Grass Valley, California, during 1965 and 1966.

All observations and experiments were performed in the Boyce

Thompson experimental forest at elevations of 2,200 to 2,500 feet. The

forest stand is comprised primarily of second growth ponderosa pine,

Pinus ponderosa Lawson, intermixed with incense cedar, Libocedrus

decurrens Torr., sugar pine, Pinus lambertiana Dougl., and Douglas-fir,

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Occasional stands of California

black oak, Quercus kelloggii Newb. are also present. Prevailing winds

during the summer months are generally upslope from the southwest,

varying from 0 to 5 mph during the day.

Flying insects were normally collected in field olfactometers (Vite,

Gara and Kliefoth, 1963) which were baited with chemical attractants

or with bark beetles feeding in logs. Counts were made hourly and all

insects collected were removed from the trapping area to avoid influenc-

ing later collections. For flight range and dispersal studies, the two

predator species were marked by spraying the chilled, immobile insects

with flourescent aerosol paints (Chapman, 1966) just prior to release.

Diurnal Flight Characteristics

Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott) . — Hourly collections of E. lecontei

attracted to traps baited with male Ips confusus (LeConte) were made

from sunrise until dark on several days during 1965 and 1966.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 1-8. January 1971

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1

Fig. 1. Diurnal flight patterns of Enoclerus lecontei and Temnochila v irescens.

28 August 1965; Grass Valley, California.

The diurnal flight pattern for E. lecontei (Fig. 1) is characteristic

of the flights observed for this insect throughout the summer collecting

periods. Flight normally started during morning hours when the tem-

perature approached 23° C. The number of clerids collected would build

up to a small peak at approximately 1100 hours then decrease toward

midday. During the early afternoon clerid flight again increased and

reached a maximum at approximately 1500 hours. The number de-

creased as sunset approached; by sundown very few E. lecontei were

collected regardless of the temperature. Clerids were not collected after

dark. During midsummer E. lecontei was collected at temperatures as

high as 35° C. Minimum temperatures at which this predator was col-

lected were in the range of 21° to 22° C. These collections occurred dur-

ing midday in late October.

The sex of attracted E. lecontei was determined using the method of

Berryman (1966). Of 116 clerids field-collected on 8 and 9 June 1966,

66 were males, 50 were females, for a sex ratio of 1.3 males to 1.0

female. A Chi-square test indicates that this ratio is not statistically

significant however, and a 1:1 sex ratio should be expected.

JANUARY 1971]

PREDATOR AND PARASITE FLIGHT

Temnochila VIRESCENS (Mannerheim) . — The collections from three

olfactometers for one day were pooled in order to provide sufficient

data on the diurnal flight of T. virescens. One olfactometer was baited

with 200 I. confusus males in ponderosa pine logs, one with turpentine,

and the third with n-heptane. The turpentine and heptane were placed

in 50 ml beakers containing 40 ml of dry packed ponderosa pine sawdust

soaked to saturation with the liquids.

A characteristic flight pattern (Fig. 1) is shown for T. virescens.

During the two summers of field work at Grass Valley, only slight activ-

ity by ostomids was observed in the morning hours regardless of the

temperature. The main flight during summer commenced at approxi-

mately 1400 to 1500 hours and reached a peak at about 1700 hours.

Ostomids were often collected after sundown when temperatures re-

mained high enough, but were not attracted to the traps after darkness.

In addition to the differing flight patterns shown by collections in

olfactometers, the late afternoon and evening activity of T. virescens on

bark beetle infested trees was considerably greater than that of the

clerids. Infested trees were observed during these periods or at night

with a flashlight. Ostomids could be found moving rapidly over the

bark, while clerids were seldom seen after sundown except when hiding

under bark scales. Clerid activity on trees was greater during mid-

afternoon and seemed to decrease starting at about 1700 to 1800 hours

when the ostomids’ greatest flight occurred. Activity of ostomids on

the olfactometers was similar to that observed on trees. Temnochila

virescens attracted to traps during the early afternoon would often seek

a crack or hole where they could hide and would then come out after

midafternoon and begin feeding on bark beetles lying on the apron of

the olfactometer.

Temnochila virescens had previously been observed in flight at tem-

peratures between 24° to 34° C (Gara and Vite, 1962) . This predator

was collected during this study at temperatures ranging from 21° to

35° C. Overwintered adults collected in the early spring would com-

mence flight when temperatures rose above 21° to 22° C regardless of

the time of day. This resulted in peaks of flight during midday rather

than in the late afternoon as with adults which emerged during the

summer.

The sex of T. virescens collected in Ips confusus baited olfactometers

during portions of the 1965-66 seasons was determined using the method

of Struble and Carpelan (1941). Of 760 ostomids sexed, 386 were males,

374 were females, for a 1:1 sex ratio.

THE PAH-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1

Time of Day

Fig. 2. Diurnal flight pattern of Tomicobia tibialis. 7 October 1965; Grass

Valley, California.

Tomicobia tibialis Ashmead. — -The diurnal flight pattern of this

parasite was determined by baiting field olfactometers with male Ips

confusus feeding in ponderosa pine logs. No significant seasonal changes

or deviations from the typical flight pattern (Fig. 2) were observed in

the field during 1965 and 1966.

The data indicate that T. tibialis is capable of initiating flight at

approximately 16° C. The number of parasites collected increased with

temperature until approximately 1000 to 1100 hours. After this time

the numbers collected each hour decreased, reaching the zero point at

approximately sunset each day. The sharp midday decrease in collec-

tions (Fig. 2) was apparently not due to high temperatures, as similar

drops in numbers of responding T. tibialis were observed when midday

temperatures were only 22° to 23° C. Also, low numbers of the parasites

were often collected when midafternoon temperatures were in the range

of 33° to 34°C.

It was observed that T. tibialis tended to leave the smooth surfaces of

the olfactometers as late afternoon approached even though attractive

odors were still being emitted. Although these insects were often ob-

served on mass-attacked logs during late afternoon and evening, they

JANUARY 1971]

PREDATOR AND PARASITE FLIGHT

Table 1 . Changes in the sex ratio of Tomicobia tibialis Ashm. col-

lected at different seasons of the year. Grass Valley, California.

Date

Number

Collected

Ratio of T. tibialis

males : females

1965: Sept. 13

150

1.00 : 2.96

Oct. 8

106

1.00 : 2.54

1966 : May 20

2.42 : 1.00

2.54 : 1.00

June 11

1.34 : 1.00

138

1.00 : 1.38

July 19

1.00 : 1.22

Sept. 22

1.00 : 2.51

were usually gone from the traps by shortly after sunset. However, they

would begin returning by dawn if the temperature was above 16° C.

The sex of T. tibialis attracted to Ips confusus males was determined

on several occasions during this study (Table 1), and showed a striking

shift in the ratio between the spring and fall collections.

Seasonal Occurrences of Predators and Parasites

Temnochila virescens overwinters as an adult and begins flight in the

spring with the onset of warm weather (Struble, 1942). This predator

Table 2. Summary of predator dispersal studies, Grass Valley, Cali-

fornia. 1965 and 1966.

No. Predators Distance

Date Re- Date from

Released Temp. 0 C 1 Released captured Recaptured Release (m)

1965: Aug. 31

25 ±1

120 T. virescens

Sept. 1

Sept. 2

Sept. 3

122

Sept. 11

17 ±7

75 T. virescens

Sept. 15

229

Sept. 22

229

Sept. 23

229

1966 : May 2

28 ±1

356 T. virescens

May 3

101

Aug. 9

27 ± 7

140 T. virescens

Aug. 10

490 a

75 E.lecontei

Aug. 10

2094

Aug. 19

23 ±8

45 T. virescens

Aug. 20

730

40 E. lecontei

Aug. 20

730

1 Daytime temperature mean and range while olfactometers were operating.

2 Recaptured downwind from release point; all others upwind.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. I

and six species of bark beetles were observed at Grass Valley in flight

and on a mass-attacked log on 31 March 1966. Temnochila virescens

was subsequently collected in baited traps throughout the spring and

summer until mid-October with no complete break in continuity.

Enoclerus lecontei was first collected on 3 May 1966, approximately

5 weeks after the first collections of T. virescens. This late emergence

and flight probably affects the overall efficiency of E. lecontei as a

natural control agent on scolytids because this predator is absent during

the first bark beetle mass attacks in the spring. Collections of E. lecontei

continued through October, when trapping was terminated in both 1965

and 1966.

T omicobia tibialis was collected in olfactometers on 4 April 1966 and

thereafter until late October. The number of parasites collected started

to decrease sharply from about mid-September on as the maturing larvae

began to enter diapause (Bedard, 1965) resulting in fewer numbers of

emerging adults.

Predator Dispersal

Several releases of marked predators were made to study the long-

range dispersal of the two species. Predators marked with different

colors of spray paint were released at varying distances from olfactom-

eters baited with n-heptane, monoterpenes and Ips confusus males in

ponderosa pine logs. The released beetles were placed either on logs or

on a 2 ft 2 canvas in direct sunlight and were allowed to fly at will. The

results of the dispersal studies are given in Table 2.

It is apparent from these data that movement in the forest of both

T. virescens and E. lecontei can be fairly rapid under favorable weather

conditions. Most of the studies were made when daytime temperatures

were averaging well above the minimums for good predator activity.

Under marginal temperature conditions however, such as experienced

following the 11 September 1965 release, movement is much slower,

and at least T. virescens is capable of remaining in the release area for

several days until conditions for flight improve.

Discussion

The three insect species considered in this study are often directed,

in response to their various attractants, to exactly the same host location.

As a result it might be predicted that a high degree of interspecific com-

petition for hosts could exist between these species. However, it was

shown by this study that the diurnal flight characteristics, daily activity

JANUARY 1971]

PREDATOR AND PARASITE FLIGHT

rhythms on trees, and response to environmental factors (such as tem-

perature) of the two predators and the parasite differ considerably.

These behavior patterns would tend to separate the three species, thereby

reducing competition among them. It would also seem to increase their

combined effect on their common scolytid hosts, in that at least one of

the three species is actively flying and searching for hosts at any given

time of day, given suitable temperatures.

The flight distance-time relationships shown by the two predators

were not too unexpected, as both of these species are strong, active

fliers. It was somewhat surprising though to find that T. virescens would

apparently stay in the release area as long as it did (up to 12 days) ,

even under relatively cool temperature conditions.

The reasons for the seasonal shift in the sex ratio of T. tibialis are

not known at this time. In the way of conjecture, it might be surmised

that this is a simple case of arrhenotoky, such as occurs among many

other parasitic Hymenoptera. Because of the preponderance of females

in the population in the fall, as shown by the data, it would seem logical

to assume a similar dominance of diapausing female prepupae in the

winter, and female adults in the first spring generation. Relatively low

numbers of males in the spring would then tend to let many females go

unmated, resulting in a greater proportion of males in the second genera-

tion. Such seems to be the case, as shown in the May and early June

collections. As the season progressed, however, more females would

become mated, resulting in the shift in the late summer and fall back to

greater numbers of females. That such a system of parthenogenesis is

in fact operating in T omicobia tibialis should be studied in greater detail

both in the field and laboratory.

Acknowledgments

Appreciation is expressed to the Boyce Thompson Institute for pro-

viding facilities and financial support for this work, and to Dr. G. B.

Pitman and Dr. J. P. Vite of the Boyce Thompson Institute, and Dr.

F. E. Strong, University of California, Davis, for their many helpful

suggestions during these studies.

Literature Cited

Bedard, W. D. 1965. The biology of T omicobia tibialis (Hymenoptera: Ptero-

malidae) parasitizing Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Cali-

fornia. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 23: 77-81.

Berryman, A. A. 1966. Studies on the behavior and development of Enoclerus

lecontei (Wolcott), a predator of the western pine beetle. Can. Entomol.,

98: 519-526.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1

Chapman, J. A. 1966. The effect of attack by the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron

lineatum (Olivier) on log attractiveness. Can. Entomol., 98: 50-59.

Gara, R. L, and J. P. Vite. 1962. Studies on the flight patterns of bark beetles

(Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in second growth ponderosa pine forests.

Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 21 : 275-290.

Rice, R. E. 1969. Response of some predators and parasites of Ips confusus

(LeC.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to olfactory attractants. Contrib. Boyce

Thompson Inst., 24: 189-194.

Struble, G. R. 1942. Biology of two native coleopterous predators of the moun-

tain pine beetle in sugar pine. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 18: 97-107.

Struble, G. R., and L. H. Carpelan. 1941. External sex characters of two im-

portant native predators of the mountain pine beetle in sugar pine.

Pan-Pac. Entomol., 17 : 153-156.

Vite, J. P., R. I. Gara, and R. A. Kliefoth. 1963. Collection and bioassay of a

volatile fraction attractive to Ips confusus (LeC.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).

Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 22: 39-50.

Insect Distribution Studies II

Robert P. Allen

Bureau of Entomology

California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento

Behavior of any species of insect or other organism when introduced

into a new territorial environment is often, but not always, inconsistent

with its previous history. A careful study of distributional data along

with behavioral phenomena of introduced insects is at the same time

very interesting and frustrating. When conclusions are reached, al-

though these can be only tentative, they may be helpful in learning to

live with the introduced pest species.

An earlier study (Allen, 1963) analyzed the history of olive scale in

the United States, and included essential background material applicable

to this and future efforts. This paper will attempt to bring up to date

the history and distributional patterns of several more introduced insects.

Coverage will be limited to California. This will not be so lengthy as

the work on olive scale; partly because the patterns seem less compli-

cated, and partly in the interest of covering more species. Species to

be considered here are unrelated but have the following in common:

(1) They have all been introduced into California within the last 75

years. (2) They have attracted considerable attention as actual or

potential plant pests. (3) They have been in California long enough

that a pattern is discernible.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 8-19. January 1971

JANUARY 1971] ALLEN INSECT DISTRIBUTION STUDIES

Collection records of the California Department of Agriculture, and

personal observations in the field, are the primary sources of this

material. These are supplemented with records as they appeared in

current literature. Information and advice from many Agricultural

Commissioners, Farm Advisors, coworkers and other friends are grate-

fully acknowledged.

Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (oriental fruit moth)

Introduced into the United States sometime prior to 1915, oriental

fruit moth gradually spread to all peach-growing areas east of the

Rocky Mountains (Metcalf and Flint, 1962) . This oriental pest of

rosaceous fruits also occurs in Europe, Australia, North and South

America. It is known primarily as a pest of peaches, doing serious

damage by mining the twigs and burrowing in the fruit. It is a small

olethreutid producing one to seven generations per year.

The first collection of oriental fruit moth in California was in Orange

County late in 1942. Subsequent intensive survey efforts disclosed light

infestations in neighboring Los Angeles, Riverside and San Bernardino

counties early in 1943. Before the end of that year collections in Kern,

Tulare, Stanislaus and Sutter counties precluded any possibility of an

eradication program which had been considered. Continued intensive

survey through the 1945 season added Kings, Fresno, Sacramento,

Placer, Merced and Santa Clara counties. Some of the collections were

single adult specimens from infestations so light that no more were taken

until years later. Meanwhile oriental fruit moth was found for the first

time in Colorado, Idaho, Oregon and Utah.

Until 1954 the pest was all but forgotten, although occasional col-

lections of strays came from the southern counties. Large scale libera-

tion of the introduced hymenopterous parasite Macrocentrus ancylivorus

Rohwer may have helped to keep the population to a minimum. Some-

what contrary to expectations, the parasite became established and has

persisted in some native host larvae, apparently from the last releases

in 1946 to the present.

In 1953 bait trapping in Tulare, Fresno and Merced county orchards

known to be infested several years earlier produced no specimens. But

late in the 1954 season the first heavy outbreak in the state appeared

at Kingsburg, involving Fresno, Kings and Tulare counties (Summers

et al., 1956) . Oriental fruit moth then spread throughout the peach-

growing portions of these three counties becoming heavy and general

by 1961. Riverbottom lands suffer much the worst in these counties,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

with peaches some distance from major streams consistently being only

lightly infested.

Fifteen years after collection of a lone adult at Denair, Stanislaus

County, oriental fruit moth appeared northeast of Modesto in 1958.

The following year it was troublesome. Infestation around neighboring

Escalon, San Joaquin County, was very heavy in 1963. Spread through

Madera and Merced counties also had occurred, so that 1963 was a

bad year throughout the San Joaquin Valley, including Kern County.

A similar pattern, centering around Gridley in Butte County, de-

veloped in the Sacramento Valley. Infestations apparently followed the

channels of fruit movement, developing from the first collection about

1958 to major proportions in 1962-63. This center also involves

peach-producing areas of Tehama, Sutter, Yuba, Placer and Sacramento

counties.

Apparently oriental fruit moth now occupies most of its potential

territory in central California, and has belatedly fulfilled expectations

as a major pest of deciduous fruits, especially peaches.

Elsewhere, especially nearer the coast, oriental fruit moth so far has

not appeared or has been negligible. There are scattered collection

records from San Diego, Santa Barbara, Monterey, San Benito, Santa

Clara, San Mateo and Colusa counties.

Paramyelois transitella (Walker) (navel orangeworm)

The taxonomic history of this phycitid moth dates from 1863, while

a summary of distributional records indicates its occurrence from the

southern United States to central South America (Heinrich, 1956) .

Attention was attracted in southern Arizona in 1921 by the larvae

working in navel orange fruits. Although infestation was almost

entirely limited to splits, fungus-infected or other previously damaged

fruit, California authorities issued a Quarantine Circular against

Arizona citrus. This was in effect from 1922 until 1930, when navel

orangeworm was decided to be only a scavenger and the restriction

lifted. Many other hosts are recorded. These could be summarized

as almost any damaged, overripe or mummified fruit which is neither

too wet nor too dry.

First California collections of navel orangeworm in Orange County

late in 1942 attracted little attention. Adults appeared frequently

during the next three years in diamalt bait traps used in large numbers

for oriental fruit moth. Larvae were noted in their normal role as

scavengers. Earliest records for Los Angeles, Riverside and San

JANUARY 1971] ALLEN — INSECT DISTRIBUTION STUDIES

Bernardino counties came in the summer of 1943; for Imperial and

San Diego, in February 1944.

First indications of navel orangeworm as a serious pest came with

a few collections in walnuts in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties in

late 1947. The only previous record in walnut was in Orange County

in 1943. The known host range was extended to include almonds in

the Antelope Valley of Los Angeles County early in 1948.

Appearance of navel orangeworm at Fresno in late 1948 was followed

by a survey which disclosed it in mummy fruits and walnuts at a few

scattered locations, but not of general distribution. By 1949 it was

spreading rapidly and recognized not only as a walnut pest, but threaten-

ing to almonds. New county records during that year were Tulare,

Kern, Madera, Merced, Stanislaus, San Joaquin, Sacramento, Tehama,

and Contra Costa. In the latter county it did not reach the walnut

orchards in the western portion for several more years. In the Sacra-

mento Valley, fill-in was rapid.

With minor exceptions, all walnut- and almond-growing areas in

California are now considered infested, with greater damage to almonds

in the more northern counties. Navel orangeworm is reported as of

little importance in Yolo and Shasta counties. It often penetrates walnuts

through codling moth entrance holes.

Central coast counties from Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo are

uninfested or practically so. No records from the north coast counties

are known. Thus an insect known only as a scavenger has developed

into a serious pest of walnuts and almonds in a 20-year period (Wade,

1961).

Potentialities of navel orangeworm as a citrus pest may have been

discounted too early. Substantial losses of navel oranges due to larval

infestation were reported late in 1969 from Oroville, Butte County,

and Gustine, Merced County.

RHAGOLETIS COMPLETA Cresson (walnut husk fly)

Walnut husk fly, a serious pest of walnuts and occasionally found in

late peaches, apparently is native to the Great Plains states (Boyce,

1934) . It has a definite preference for soft-hulled over hard-hulled

walnuts, with the soft blacks an important factor in population build-up

and spread. Walnut husk fly first appeared in California in the Chino-

Ontario-Pomona area in the fall of 1926, and soon became established

as a troublesome pest. Early collection records indicate that it reached

Riverside County in 1930, Orange County in 1937, and San Diego

County in 1939. Some climatic limitation appeared to be in operation,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vol. 47, NO. 1

for walnut husk fly was not found in Ventura County until the fall

of 1948.

The appearance of an infestation in Somona County, 300 miles farther

north, in late 1954 seemed to justify an eradication attempt. This was

unsuccessful. During 1957 the fly not only reached adjoining Napa

County, but appeared in distant Santa Clara, Stanislaus and Merced

counties. Collections in Santa Barbara County beginning in 1956

perhaps were the result of natural spread from Ventura.

Extension over the remainder of the state has been gradual, but by

no means consistent. Populations in Merced County were heavy in the

late 1950’s, but with an abundance of effective traps in operation each

season, the fly was not collected in Madera, Fresno, or Tulare counties

until 1963 or 1964, or in Kings County until 1965. Infestations in

Fresno, Kings and Tulare counties are still scattered and light. In

Kern County, midway between heavy infestations of long standing,

walnut husk fly has not yet been found on the floor of the San Joaquin

Valley. Several collections were taken 1955-1957 in fringe and moun-

tainous areas on both sides, including Bodfish, Tehachapi, Caliente,

Frazier Park, and Maricopa.

Extension into some northern California counties may have been

from either south or north, since walnut husk fly appeared in Oregon

for the first time at Medford, in 1963. Although some more or less

isolated walnut plantings seemingly have escaped infestation so far,

there are now collection records from nearly all California counties

where walnuts are grown. Trinity and Inyo seem to be exceptions.

Tehama County, with considerable walnut acreage and a diligent

trapping program, did not produce a collection record until September

1968. Northern county records vary from recent collections of a few

stray adults (Del Norte, Siskiyou, Humboldt, Lassen, Shasta, Glenn,

Colusa) to fairly heavy though spotty infestations of several years’

standing (Butte, Lake, Mendocino) . Sierra foothill counties from Fresno

to Sierra all have light to heavy infestations in the lower portions where

there is host material.

Of special interest are numerous collections of adult walnut husk fly

under seemingly impossible conditions, and 50 or more miles from any

possible host material. Adults are wanderers and strong fliers, but no

explanation is offered for their presence in high mountain and desert

areas. The most striking records, all since 1961, are: Coleville, Mono

County; Markleeville and Fredericksburg, Alpine County; at 7,200

feet on the Sonora Pass Highway, and at 7,500 feet on the Tioga Pass

Highway in Yosemite National Park, Tuolumne County. The latter

JANUARY 1971] ALLEN — INSECT DISTRIBUTION STUDIES

collection was repeated at the same location after a two-year interval.

The upper limit for black and English walnuts at these latitudes is

about 3,000 feet.

Cnephasia longana Haworth (omnivorous leaf tier)

The earliest American appearance of this European tortricid moth was

in 1929 in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, from whence it spread

over a large part of western Oregon and southwestern Washington

(Edwards and Mote, 1936). Young larvae mine leaves; older larvae

spin loose webbing and generally feed on growing foliage tips, and

flowers. The host list is almost interminable, but strawberries have

been the only fruit seriously attacked. There is but one annual genera-

tion. Eggs and young larvae spend summer, fall and winter in crevices

of bark, cracks in posts and similar places. Small larvae are wind-

dispersed on threads in early spring. This accounts for infestations

being heaviest near trees, fences, and wooden pole lines.

Omnivorous leaf tier first was recognized in California in the spring

of 1947 near the Stanford University campus. Obviously this appearance

was due to introduction rather than to natural spread. In this portion

of San Mateo County it did considerable damage to flax. The following

year the known range was extended northward to San Francisco, with

serious losses to flower growers in the Millbrae area (Middlekauf, 1949) .

In the early summer of 1949 large strawberry plantings near Sunol,

Alameda County, were heavily infested, with considerable fruit being

unmarketable (Allen, 1952) . About the same time omnivorous leaf

tier appeared in strawberries and numerous flower hosts from Santa

Cruz southward into northern Monterey County. For several years

there were apparently two separate infestations, centering around San

Francisco and Monterey bays, respectively. Careful inspection up to

1950 indicated the northern and eastern limits to be Petaluma in Sonoma

County, Napa in Napa County, Rockville in Solano County, and Liver-

more in Alameda County.

Considering the great abundance of host material, and the history

in Oregon, 20 years have not added greatly to the known distribution

of omnivorous leaf tier in California. There have been no outbreaks

approaching those of 1948-49. Strawberry growers have had some

sporadic trouble, but now keep this moth completely in check with

insecticides. The moth obviously requires a coastal climate and is

unlikely to move farther inland, although it occurs farther inland in

Oregon. Failure to extend its range appreciably up and down the coast

is less understandable. The two original infestations came together

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1

some years ago in Santa Clara and Santa Cruz counties. Recent surveys

in wild flowers indicate that continuous infestation extends no farther

than Healdsburg in Sonoma County, Oakville in Napa County, San Juan

Bautista in San Benito County, and Greenfield in Monterey County.

However, stray collections have been taken at Stafford 14 June 1960

and Loleta 25 May 1965 in Humboldt County, and at Edna 28 April

1967 in San Luis Obispo County.

Ceutorhynchus assimilis Paykull (cabbage seedpod weevil)

This small gray European weevil in the larval stage is destructive

to cruciferous seed crops. The first North American record (1931)

was in the heart of the major cabbage seed-growing area in Washington

state, and subsequent losses were sometimes of major proportions

(Hanson et al ., 1948) . Rapid spread is augmented by the general

abundance of wild hosts, particularly mustards and radishes. Subse-

quently the weevil appeared in Idaho and Oregon.

Appearance of cabbage seedpod weevil in the San Francisco Bay

region in the mid-1940’s was obviously due to an introduction (Hagen,

1946) . Infestation in Del Norte, western Siskiyou and northern Hum-

boldt counties by 1950 probably was the result of natural spread from

Oregon. The earliest California record is Brentwood, Contra Costa

County, May 1945. By 1950 the weevil had spread to include parts of

Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Solano, Sacramento and Yolo counties. Move-

ment southward in the San Joaquin Valley ended with very light popu-

lations in Merced County. Attempts to repeat collection of the species

at Santa Rita on Highway 152, based on a stray adult taken in May,

1950, have been futile. Apparently the line has held ever since.

Cabbage seedpod weevil spread farther southward in coastal counties,

including Santa Clara and northern San Benito, but reached a temporary

limit for some years in the vicinity of King City, Monterey County.

In 1956, what appeared to be a local infestation developed near Arroyo

Grande, San Luis Obispo County. The earliest Santa Barbara County

collection record is from Gaviota in 1961. Distribution gaps in inter-

vening coastal territory gradually filled in. Careful survey in the spring

of 1967 indicated that the distribution of the weevil was continuous as

far south as Ventura and Sespe in Ventura County, where it abruptly

terminated. However, there are collection records from Buena Park

and Fullerton in Orange County, 50 miles farther southeast, dated early

1965 ; there are none from Los Angeles County.

Since populations in central coast counties and in Washington have

been heavy, rapid and thorough occupation of intervening territory

JANUARY 1971] ALLEN INSECT DISTRIBUTION STUDIES

would be logical. This has not been the case. After 20 years, distribution

is more or less continuous through the north coastal counties, but

populations are not heavy. The weevil is continuous northward in

the Sacramento Valley only to Marysville and Yuba City. Numerous

efforts have turned up but a few isolated collections in Lake, Butte,

Tehama and Shasta counties, and none in Colusa or Glenn. The weevil

has penetrated the Sierra Nevada foothills, with collections recorded

from western Nevada, Placer, Amador, Calaveras and Tuolumne

counties.

Cabbage seedpod weevil activities in California are now of little

more than academic interest. Growers of cruciferous seed crops in the

central coast area have had sporadic trouble with this weevil in past

years. Acreages of these crops have declined, and those remaining

are well protected with insecticides.

Lepidosaphes ficus (Signoret) (fig scale)

Fig scale, probably of Mediterranean origin, is thought to have been

introduced into California at Fresno in 1905 on fig cuttings from

Algeria (Simmons et al ., 1931). It spread very slowly, the known

infestation having a radius of less than a mile in 1917. By 1931 it

had spread some 60 miles to the southeast. The pest gradually spread

over the east side of the San Joaquin Valley from Stockton to the Kern

County line. Fig scale is usually found on the leaves, twigs and fruit

of figs, but there are a few records for elm and walnut. Dispersal

beyond those geographical limits has been almost negligible, although

there is no lack of host material in most parts of the state. Fig scale

was not found in Bakersfield until 1952, and it never has been a problem

in Kern County. Although continuous on the east side, fig scale never

has been found on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley.

Within these limits fig scale apparently spread slowly but surely,

and became a serious pest where host material was contiguous. This

accounts for the spread and build-up in the fig-growing portions of

Fresno, Madera, Merced, and Tulare counties. It seems unable to move

more than very short distances unless carried. Occurrences of fig scale

outside the contiguous area are limited to very small widely scattered

spot infestations. A few specimens were taken on a ranch in central

Santa Clara County in 1939. However, a thorough search of the locality

in 1966 indicated that the scale had disappeared completely. A small

infestation found at Orland, Glenn County, in 1947 persists but has

spread little in 20 years. Fig scale was found in San Diego County as

early as 1941. By 1953 there were infestations of minor significance

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vol. 47, NO. 1

in Vista, Carlsbad, and Escondido. About the same time, specimens

were taken at three locations in central Orange County. In the city of

Sacramento, two small separated infestations appeared in 1964. An

isolated fig tree in the mountains above Jackson, Amador County, was

found to have fig scale in 1960.

Infestation of figs in the central San Joaquin Valley was generally

heavy and troublesome during the 1930’s and 1940’s. Since 1950

populations have lagged, although occasional local outbreaks have

required insecticides. A logical explanation for the decline is the intro-

duction of a hymenopterous parasite, Aphytis sp., in 1949 (Doutt, 1954) .

Previous attempts to establish parasites were unsuccessful, but this one

soon began to produce results.

There may be some climatic limitation on the spread of fig scale

out of the San Joaquin Valley. Sporadic outbreaks in its present range

are to be expected, but the presence of effective parasites may keep it

below economic levels.

Asterolecanium arabidis ( Signor et) (pit-making pittosporum scale)

Of European origin, this pit-making scale is also known in several

eastern states. The earliest American record is in 1925. The mature

scale is small, convex, creamy-white to tan, with a delicate white fringe

around the margin. The host list is very diverse, but only a few common

hosts will be considered here. Conspicuous symptoms of infestation are

pitting, swelling, and distortion of the host plant.

Two separate patterns of distribution in California must be con-

sidered: in native and in cultivated hosts. Deerweed, Lotus scoparius

(Nutt.) Ottley, a common native legume, is not the only wild host but

is the most important one. Cultivated hosts include a great diversity

of families and species, usually grown at a considerable distance from

wild hosts.

The earliest official collection of A. arabidis in California was in

western Contra Costa County on deerweed in 1940 (Essig, 1945).

Later surveys disclosed infestations on the same host in Alameda,

Marin, San Mateo, Santa Clara and Santa Cruz counties. A. arabidis

was found at Stockton in 1944, seriously damaging Pittosporum tobira

Aiton (the most commonly infested cultivated host) and privet ( Ligus -

trum sp.). Small scattered infestations in cultivated hosts were found

in Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, Santa Clara, Solano and

Sonoma counties by 1950. Only at Stockton has infestation in cultivated

hosts become widespread, and privet attacked to any extent. From

1944 to the early 1950’s most P. tobira and privet in that city were badly

JANUARY 1971] ALLEN — INSECT DISTRIBUTION STUDIES

distorted from scale infestation. There are no known wild hosts in

the vicinity.

Deerweed is a common shrub in the Coast Ranges, from Humboldt

County to the southern end of the state, and somewhat less abundant

in the Sierra foothills. Occurrence of pit-making scale on this host is

rather general from the Mendocino-Sonoma county line south to the

Carmel Valley in northern Monterey County. Although the distribution

of host material is continuous there are no records from coastal areas

farther south, excepting one on cultivated Pittosporum tobira at Paso

Robles, San Luis Obispo County, in 1963. Scattered Sierra foothill

records on deerweed, mostly dating back many years, include El Dorado,

Amador and Mariposa counties.

Infestation in cultivated plants has been of much concern because of

the severity of damage and the wide host range. Early records in San

Joaquin and the bay counties were followed by collections in the

counties of Sacramento, 1947; Yolo, 1948; Tulare, 1948; Tuolumne,

1951; Fresno, 1951; El Dorado, 1952; Butte, 1956; Yuba, 1956;

Sutter, 1959; Mendocino, 1960 and Glenn, 1969. While in mountain

counties infestation could have spread from native hosts, those on the

valley floor probably resulted from movement of scales on cultivated

host material. Only infestations in established plantings are here con-

sidered; many collection records and a greater host list could be re-

ported from nursery surveys. Large gaps in the distribution within the

San Joaquin Valley have been partially filled with collections in the

counties of Stanislaus, 1958; Kern, 1965, and Kings, 1969. There are

no records from farther south.

Although no effective parasites are known, pit-making scale has

declined sharply in recent years. Infestations are much less common

and severe, even in Stockton. Good trimming and treatment of infested

shrubs greatly reduce severity, and sometimes seem to eliminate the

scale. Present infestations in cultivated hosts, however severe, are

spotty and scattered. There is no satisfactory explanation for the means

of dispersal, the geographic limits or the current decline of this species.

Pit-making scale is a pest which might get out of control at any time.

Lecanium KUNOENSIS Kuwana (kuno scale)

Although kuno scale was not described until 1907, from Japanese

material, early authorities reported what undoudtedly was this species

in the Oakland hills in 1896 (McKenzie, 1951). Principal hosts are

rosaceous, especially plum, peach, apple, pear, quince, cherry, almond,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

hawthorn, and Cotoneaster. There are records on English walnut, and

California buckeye ( Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.). Kuno scale

builds up heavy populations, produces honeydew, and causes serious

loss of tree vitality.

Kuno scale is known to occur only in Japan and California. De-

limitation surveys in 1946 indicated an extent of about 100 square

miles involving western Contra Costa and northern Alameda counties,

at elevations not exceeding 500 feet. With an abundance of host material

in all directions, there seems to be no explanation for the failure of

this scale to spread farther by natural means in a period of 70 years.

Limited distribution in one area is no proof that an insect will not

live or do well in another. Kuno scale was found in Butte County at

Chico, 160 miles farther north and under central valley conditions, in

1960. The following year it appeared at Paradise, 15 miles northeast

of Chico, in the foothills, and at an elevation of 1,700 feet. Infestation

at Chico was limited to a few contiguous hosts in a residential district,

and apparently has been eradicated by the Butte County Department

of Agriculture. The scale has been more severe and widespread at

Paradise, and a considered eradication attempt was precluded when

the native plum Prunus subcordata Benth. was found to support scale

populations.

In 1966 kuno scale appeared at Lakeport, elevation 1,300 feet, in

Lake County. This is about 80 miles west of Paradise, and the same

distance north from the original Alameda-Contra Costa infestation.

Infestation apparently is limited to a few small properties, and eradi-

cation by county authorities is under consideration.

Sudden extension of range and distant outbreaks of a pest long resi-

dent to a limited area are unexplainable phenomena with which ento-

mologists have to deal. There is no real basis for prediction, but kuno

scale could follow the pattern of walnut husk fly and sooner or later

become general in distribution.

Literature Cited

Allen, R. P. 1952. Distributional analysis of certain insect pests introduced into

California. Unpublished MS thesis, Univ. Calif., Berkeley.

1963. Insect distribution studies I — olive scale. Calif. Dep. Agr. Bull., 52(3) :

174-181.

Boyce, A. M. 1934. Bionomics of the walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa.

Hilgardia, 8(11) : 579 pp.

Doutt, R. L. 1954. Biological control of fig scale. Calif. Agr., 8(8) : 13.

Edwards, W. D., and D. C. Mote. 1936. Omnivorus leaf tier, Cnephasia longana

Haw. J. Econ. Entomol., 29(6) : 1118-1133.

JANUARY 1971] CAROLIN — DIAPAUSE IN COLORADIA PANDORA

Essig, E. 0. 1945. The pit-making Pittosporum scale. Calif. Dep. Agr. Bull.,

34(3) : 134-136.

Hagen, K. S. 1946. Occurrence of Ceutorhynchus assimilis Paykull in California.

Pan-Pac. Entomoh, 22(2) : p. 73.

Hanson, A. J., E. C. Carlson, E. P. Breakey and R. L. Webster. 1948. Biology

of the cabbage seedpod weevil in northwestern Washington. State Coll.

Wash., Pullman, Bull. 498, 15 pp.

Heinrich, C. 1956. American moths of the subfamily Phycitinae, p. 47. US Nat.

Mus. Bull., 207, 581 pp.

McKenzie, H. L. 1951. Present status of the kuno scale, Lecanium kunoensis

Kuwana, in California. Calif. Dep. Agr. Bull., 40(3) : 105-109.

Metcalf, C. L. and W. P. Flint. 1962. Oriental fruit moth, pp. 763-765, in

Destructive and Useful Insects. 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1087

pp.

Middlekauf, W. W. 1949. The omnivorous leaf tier in California. J. Econ.

Entomol., 42(1) : 35-36.

Simmons, P., W. D. Reed and E. A. MacGregor. 1931. Fig insects in California.

US Dep. Agr. Circ., 157 : 56-61.

Summers, F. M., L. C. Brown, J. H. Foott and J. L. Quail. 1956. Flare-up of

oriental fruit moth. Calif. Agr., 10(1) : 6.

Wade, W. H. 1961. Biology of the navel orangeworm, Paramyelois transitella

(Walker) on almonds and walnuts in northern California. Hilgardia,

31(6) : 129-171.

Extended Diapause in Coloradia pandora Blake

(Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

V. M. Carolin, Jr.

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station

Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture

Portland, Oregon

The pandora moth, Coloradia pandora Blake, is a periodic pest of

pine forests in western United States. It is one of the largest defoliating

insects in North America and an obvious food source for many forest

dwellers, including man; Aldrich (1921) and Essig (1934) have

documented its use by Indian tribes. Principal hosts are ponderosa pine,

Pinus ponderosa Laws., Jeffrey pine, P. jeffreyi Grev. & Balf., and

lodgepole pine, P. contorta Dougl. Larvae feed in fall, overwinter, and

feed again in spring in an exposed position on pine branches. Pupae

are formed in early summer in loose mineral soil at a depth of 1 to 5

inches where they overwinter.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 19-23. January 1971

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

Damaging infestations were at first recorded only for southcentral

Oregon and eastcentral California. In an Oregon outbreak during

1918-26, subsequent damage to ponderosa pine stands caused by bark

beetles (genus Dendroctonus ) was far greater than the primary damage

by the defoliator (Patterson, 1929) . In 1937-39, an extensive outbreak

occurred in northcentral Colorado, the first recorded in the Rocky

Mountains, and around 4,000 lodgepole pines died as a result of the

defoliation (Wygant, 1941). In 1959-66, small outbreaks occurred

in Oregon, California, Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah; the Rocky

Mountain outbreaks were of longest duration (Carolin and Knopf,

1968) . Outbreaks have occurred only in areas of loose soils, such as

those formed from pumice or decomposed granite.

After studying an outbreak in Oregon’s Klamath County, Patterson

(1929) stated “The generations of Color adia -pandora are biennial,

the life cycle of the species covering a period of exactly two years. . . .”

He observed that flights occurred in the even-numbered years in this

particular area, although “a few stragglers departed from the cycle of

the main broods and emerged in the odd years.” Wygant (1941),

studying an outbreak in Colorado, also found major flights in the even

years but noted that a small proportion of the pupae remained in the

soil through two winters, with adults emerging the following summer.

Massey 1 estimated this holdover population in the same outbreak as

“apparently less than 5 percent.”

In recent widespread series of flare-ups, occasional deviations from

the even-year flight patterns were evident. In 1961, numerous moths

were collected at light traps in the Custer National Forest, Wyoming

(Terrell, 1962) . In 1962, both second-year larvae and adults were

reported in an infestation along the Colorado-Wyoming border (U. S.

Forest Service, 1963). Then, in 1964, surveys of pupal density in June

and September in the Sequoia National Forest, California, revealed

many unemerged pupae remaining after moth flight, indicating either

a population holdover until the third year or high mortality in the pupal

stage. 2 In 1965, an off-year flight occurred on the Winema Forest

near Chemult, Oregon (Orr, 1966) . On the basis of these reports and

a study still in progress, Carolin and Knopf (1968) concluded that in

some areas at least, a substantial part of the generation remains in

the soil for two years and some individuals for three and four years.

Flexibility in the life cycle of the pandora moth is now apparent from

1 Unpublished M. A. thesis, “The Pandora Moth ( Coloradia pandora Blake), a Defoliator of

Lodgepole Pine in Colorado.” Duke Univ., Durham, N. C. 1940.

2 Insect Evaluation Report, U. S. Forest Service, California Region, 1966.

JANUARY 1971] CARO LIN— DIAPAUSE IN COLORADIA PANDORA

the record by Aldrich (1921), which noted large larvae in the Mono

Lake, California, area only in even-numbered years. It is further sup-

ported by unpublished records, 3 beginning in 1957, which show major

flights occurring in odd-numbered years in the Mt. Laguna area of

southern California and a similar incidence in 1937 for a locality near

Prescott, Arizona. 4 These various deviations from the normal periodicity

in flight years could have significant impacts on survival of the pandora

moth, damage to host trees, and abundance of animals that feed on

this insect.

Insight into variation in population behavior, specifically in regard

to pupal diapause and moth emergence, has been obtained from a

5-year study of a sample of pandora moth pupae collected near Chemult,

Oregon, on 25 August 1964. A large moth flight, occurring as expected

in an even-numbered year, was just ending. Two of our entomologists,

R. L. Furniss and R. G. Mitchell, were visiting the area and on inspira-

tion dug into the soil to search for unemerged pupae. A total of 168

unemerged pupae was collected with little difficulty and turned over

to the author for analysis as to viability and survival.

Methods

At the start, obviously dead pupae were discarded and, over a period

of two months, seven apparently sound pupae were dissected anteriorly

to determine viability as indicated by pulsing of the aorta. The remain-

ing pupae were placed on moist soil in sturdy cardboard boxes, over-

wintered in a large open shed at Portland, Oregon, and brought into a

basement laboratory room early the following summer (1965) for moth

emergence. The boxes were stacked on a frame in a muslin-covered

cage with a sliding screened door; the soil and pupae were moistened

at approximately 7-day intervals. A single, overhead bulb provided

continuous subdued illumination, and laboratory temperatures ranged

from 21° to 25°C. over the 2-month holding period. Three weeks after

the last moth emerged, apparently dead pupae were dissected and

remaining pupae were returned to the outside shed. This procedure

was repeated through the summer of 1969.

Results

Most of the pupae proved to be holdovers, and some emergence

occurred every summer for five consecutive years. After initial dis-

3 Summary of Pandora Moth Detection Records, California Region, dated 8 March 1967, and

provided by U. S. Forest Service, Division of Timber Management, San Francisco, California.

4 Personal communication from George R. Struble, Research Entomologist, Pacific Southwest Forest

and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, California.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1

Table 1 . Emergence of Coloradia pandora from holdover pupae

collected near Chemult, Oregon, in August 1964.

Pupae

in rearing

Adults emerging

Pupae

dissected

Year

Males

Females

Living

Dead

1964

168

Number

1965

150

1966

110

1967

1968

1969

Totals

168

sections in 1965, 150 apparently sound pupae remained. From this

number of pupae, 112 adults were reared and 38 pupae were dissected

or broken open to verify obvious or suspected mortality. One pupa

remained alive after emergence ended in 1969 but was dissected.

The sex ratio of adults obtained was equal for the 5-year period,

with 56 males and 56 females emerging. However, males predominated

in the first two years, when emergence was heaviest; and females pre-

dominated in the next three years. The incidence of female emergence

increased from around 30 percent in 1965 to around 80 percent in

1968 and 1969. Data are summarized in Table 1.

No attempt was made to mate insects in 1965, but in 1966 and 1967

some females were mated and laid fertile eggs. In 1968, male and

female emergence intermeshed, and it was assumed that mating would

take place without stimulation, such as exercising the males. However,

no mating occurred. In 1969 only two males were available for mating;

one was crippled at emergence and the other emerged when no females

were available.

Oviposition from 1966 and 1967 matings appeared normal. Four

gravid females in 1966 laid an average of 77 eggs, and two gravid

females in 1967 laid an average of 118 eggs. Most of the eggs hatched,

and larvae fed normally on pine foliage provided them. Another female

in 1967 found a mate after it had laid infertile eggs, and five of 14

eggs subsequently laid proved fertile.

Discussion and Conclusions

Diapause of pandora moth pupae collected after moth flight in 1964

lasted as long as five years, with a single living pupa going into its

JANUARY 1971] CAROLIN — DIAPAUSE IN COLORADIA PANDORA

sixth year in diapause. Since the age of these pupae was unknown when

collected, the duration of diapause could be six years or longer. Diapause

under field conditions could be further extended by lack of suitable

soil temperatures for physiogenesis. In studies on Saturnia pyri Schiffer-

miiller, Rivnay and Sobrio (1967) found that termination of diapause

and activation of physiogenesis took place within a restricted tempera-

ture range.

Some emergence of pandora moth must take place every year. And,

in so-called “flight years,” the adults must stem from pupae of different

ages. The majority, however, are probably from pupae which have

been in the soil one year, as indicated by earlier observers.

These results indicate that pupal density surveys to estimate adult

populations will overestimate these populations in flight years and fail

to consider off-year flights. Until more is known about the diapause

components in different populations, correction factors should be

determined by rearing overwintered pupae found in the surveys to

estimate percent emergence for the coming summer.

Literature Cited

Aldrich, J. M. 1921. Coloradia pandora Blake, a moth of which the caterpillar

is used as food by Mono Lake Indians. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 14:

36-38.

Carolin, V. M., Jr., and J. A. E. Knopf. 1968. The pandora moth. U. S. Forest

Serv. Forest Pest Leafl., 114, 7 pp. illus.

Essig, E. 0. 1934. The value of insects to the California Indians. Sci. Mon.,

38: 181-186.

Orr, P. W. 1966. Oregon and Washington. In Forest insect conditions in the

United States — 1965. U. S. Forest Serv., pp. 7-12.

Patterson, J. E. 1929. The pandora moth, a periodic pest of western pine

forests. U. S. Dep. Agr. Tech. Bull., 137, 20 pp., illus.

Rivnay, E., and G. Sobrio. 1967. The phenology and diapause of Saturnia

pyria Schiff. in temperate and subtropic climates. Z. Angew. Entomol.,

59 pt. 1: 59-63. (Abstract in Rev. Appl. Entomol., 57: 245.)

Terrell, T. T. 1962. Northern Rocky Mountain States. In Forest insect con-

ditions in the United States — 1961. U. S. Forest Serv., pp. 13-15.

U. S. Forest Service. 1963. Central Rocky Mountains. In Forest insect condi-

tions in the United States — 1962, pp. 15-17.

Wygant, N. D. 1941. An infestation of the pandora moth, Coloradia pandora

Blake, in lodgepole pine in Colorado. J. Econ. Entomol., 34(5) : 697-702.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vol. 47, NO. 1

A New California Species of Silis 1

(Coleoptera: Cantharidae)

Kenneth M. Fender

Linfield Research Institute

McMinnville, Oregon 97128

The interesting little Silis, herein described, was taken on a collecting

trip in the San Bernardino Mountains by Frank M. Beer, Oregon State

University, and me in 1969. The excellent revision of the genus by

J. W. Green in 1966 permits the ready recognition of almost any male,

except those in which Green himself admitted difficulties with species

complexes. The terminology utilized here will follow pretty much that

of Mr. Green.

Silis (Silis) greeni Fender, new species

(Figs. 1-4)

Black. Pronotum pale rufous, explanate anterior and anterolateral margins

paler; head in front of antennae and basal two antennal segments testaceous

beneath; thorax pale rufous beneath; pubescence cinereous, depressed, fine,

short and inconspicuous. Length 5 mm.

Male. — Length : width ratio about 2.75 : 1. Antennae slender, filiform, nearly

as long as body, intermediate segments about four times as long as wide, vestiture

short and decumbent. Pronotum (Fig. 1), anterior process broad, elevated, some-

what backwardly extended, with small marginal indentation towards outer side;

excision of lateral margin narrow; apical margin of posterior process shallowly

concave. Genitalia (Figs. 2 — 4) . Dorsal plate not emarginate, apically rounded;

laterophyses short, acute, abruptly turned up near apices, not very conspicuous,

not extending beyond apical margin of dorsal plate when viewed from above;

basophyses concealed in type.

Female. Unknown.

Holotype male, Seven Oaks, San Bernardino County, California,

5,250 ft., 27 June 1969, collected by F. M. Beer and K. M. Fender, in

the collection of the California Academy of Sciences.

This species is most closely related to S. arizonica Van Dyke and

S. fenestrata Van Dyke. From each of these it may be separated by

the broad, somewhat backwardly extended anterior process with a

small indentation towards the outer side. The anterior process has a

narrow backward extension without an indentation towards the outer

side in S. arizonica and S. fenestrata. The laterophyses are conspicuous

and extend beyond the apical margin of the dorsal plate when viewed

1 This study was supported by National Science Foundation Grant: GB-6283X.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 24-25. January 1971

JANUARY 1971]

FENDER — A NEW SILIS

Figs. 1-4. Silis ( Silis ) greeni Fender, holotype. Fig. 1. pronotum, dorsal view.

Fig. 2. male genitalia, ventral view. Fig. 3. same, lateral veiw. Fig. 4. same, dorsal

view.

from above in S. arizonica and S. fenestrata. The male of S. fenestrata

has the pronotum pale fulvous with all margins black.

This species is named for Mr. J. W. Green in acknowledgment of his

fine work with the Lycidae, Lampyridae and Cantharidae.

Literature Cited

Green, J. W. 1966. Revision of the Nearctic species of Silis (Cantharidae:

Coleoptera). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 32(16): 447-513; 65 figs.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1

Two New Species of Chrysurct from Western North America

(Hymenoptera : Chrysididae)

Donald S. Horning, Jr.

Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury

Christchurch, New Zealand

The following two species are described to make the names available

for biological studies now in progress on nearctic Chrysurct. 1

The more unfamiliar terms and ratios used in the descriptions, or

those which need precise definition are: Coarse puncture: large

puncture, usually at least 0.40 times midocellus breadth. Dense puncta-

tion (spacing) : punctures nearly contiguous. Fine puncture: very

small puncture, usually less than 0.20 times midocellus breadth. Head

length: maximum length from vertex to anterolateral corner of clypeus

(Fig. 10, HEL) . Head width: maximum width in front view (Fig. 10,

HEW). Least interocellar distance: shortest distance between inner

margins of lateral ocelli (Fig. 10, GID). Least interocular distance:

least distance between inner margins of compound eyes (Fig. 10, LID).

Length: maximum length with head vertical, clypeus to apical margin

of tergite III. Malar space: shortest distance between bottom of

compound eye and mandibular articulation (Fig. 10, MS). Medium

puncture: average size puncture, about 0.30 times midocellus breadth.

Moderate punctation (spacing) : punctures separated by about one

puncture diameter. Ocellocular distance: least distance from inner

margin of compound eye to lateral ocellus (Fig. 10, OOD). Scapal

basin: in general, the area beginning a short way below midocellus,

between compound eyes, and above antennal sockets. Scape: length

of first antennal segment measured in dorsal view. Sparse punctation

(spacing) : punctures separated by an average of two or more puncture

diameters. Subantennal distance: distance from bottom of antennal

socket to lower clypeal margin (Fig. 10, SAD). Width: maximum

distance at posterior margin of tergite I.

The shape of the inner, apical, and outer margin of the cuspis (Fig.

6 a-c) and the gonostyle (Fig. 7 a-c) are of fundamental importance

in the definition of male Chrysura. The digitus (Fig. 6 d) is nearly

uniform in the nearctic species, both in length and the number of tooth-

like projections. For this study, the genitalia were cleared in hot five

per cent potassium hydroxide for ten minutes, dehydrated with absolute

1 Part of a dissertation, Biosystematics of the Nearctic Chrysura with a Consideration of Related

Palearctic Forms (Hymenoptera : Chrysididae) , submitted to the University of California, Davis, as

a partial fulfillment for the Ph.D. degree, 1969.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 26-32. January 1971

JANUARY 1971] HORNING — TWO NEW CHRYSURA

alcohol, transferred to xylene, mounted on slides, with the aedeagus

flattened, and with the gonostyle separated from the cuspis and digitus.

The mean of the ratios, and the standard deviation of the mean

for the series examined follows the ratio for the holotype, i.e., head 1.2

(x = 1.2 ± 0.04) times broader than long. The length and width

of specimens varies considerably, but the length-width ratio is relatively

constant.

Chrysura crescentis Horning, new species

Male. — Length 3.7 mm (2.5-5.0 mm, x = 4.0 mm, n = 7), width 0.9 mm

(0.8-1.2 mm, x = 1.1). Light bluegreen on vertex, green on scapal hasin and

face venter; sternite II with two elongate, noncontiguous dark violet spots (Fig.

1) ; legs blue-green, tarsi reddish-brown; flagellomeres I— III green dorsally; wings

uniformly subfuscous except darker marginal cell; scapal basin with scattered

light brown semi-erect hair, long erect brown hair on vertex and sides of head,

similar hair on thorax, whitish on abdomen. Punctures of head and thorax

moderate, of two sizes: larger ones on vertex, sides of head, pronotum, and

metanotum, medium and nearly touching; smaller punctures on frons and face

below compound eyes more separated; abdomen with dense punctation, nearly

equal, but more separated on posterior margin of tergite II; tergite III with very

fine, dense punctures behind pit row. Head 1.0 (x := 1.0 ± 0.06) times broader

than long; head width 1.9 (x rr 1.9 ± 0.06) times least interocular distance;

scape 2.5 (x = 2.4 ± 0.12) times and ocellocular distance 1.4 (x = 1.8 ± 0.29)

times least interocellar distance, respectively; flagellomere I 1.9 (x = 2.0 ± 0.14)

times as long as II in dorsal view, 1.2 (x 1.1 ± 0.18) times as long as malar

space; subantennal distance 1.8 (x 1.8 ± 0.24), and malar space 2.4 (x =r 2.8

± 0.30) times midocellus breadth, respectively; scapal basin with a small median

vertical carina (Fig. 10) , limited above by a prominent, rounded brow just above

midpoint of compound eyes, as seen in an oblique lateral frontal view; propodeal

teeth distinct, oblique, not hooked at ends; hind femur somewhat elongate, 3.3

(x = 3.1 ± 0.19) times its greatest width. Tergite II with a hardly developed

longitudinal carina, extending into tergite I; tergite III, in profile, sloping evenly

to transverse row of pits, with median pits deeper and somewhat elongate, lateral

pits smaller; pits not confluent; apical margin a smooth crescent (Fig. 12) ;

sternites II, VIII, and genitalia (Figs. 1, 3-4, 6-7).

Female. — Length 3.8-5.0 mm (x rr 4.2 mm, n = 6), width 0.9-1. 1 mm

(x = 1.0 mm). Color, vestiture, and punctation similar to males. Flagellomere I

1.1 ± 0.04 times as long as malar space; malar space 2.6 ± 0.08 times midocellus

breadth. Spots on sternite II nearly absent; thorax generally darker blue, abdomen

of some specimens dark violet dorsally; tergite IV green to golden, exerted in

all specimens examined.

Variation. — The elongate spots on sternite II range from distinct

to nearly absent due to the lack of pigmentation. The vertical median

carina on the scapal basin is absent in some specimens. The green on

the lower part of the scapal basin may have golden highlights.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vol. 47, NO. 1

JANUARY 1971]

HORNING — TWO NEW CHRYSURA

This species may be distinguished from other nearctic Chrysura by

the unusually slender form, the fine, even punctation on the abdominal

tergites, the elongate and somewhat pointed third tergite, its crescent

shaped apical margin (Fig. 12) , and the reduced pit row.

Material examined. — 7 males, 6 females. Collection data as given

below extend from 29 March (Samuel Springs, Napa Co., California)

to 8 July (Tanbark Flat, Los Angeles Co., California) .

Holotype male, (UCD) Johnsdale (2 mi. e.), Tulare County,

California, 27 April 1964, on Ceanothus sp. (C. A. Toschi).

Paratypes. — California: Los Angeles Co.: Altadena, 4 April 1911, (USNM) ;

Big Tujunga Canyon, 11 April 1953, (LACM) ; mountains near Claremont

(CORN) ; Santa Susana Pass, 4 June 1961, (M. E. Irwin, UCD) ; Tanbark Flat,

8 July 1950, (B. J. Adelson, UCD), 22 June 1950, (J. W. MacSwain, CIS).

Mariposa Co.: Miami Ranger Station, 9 June 1942, (UCD). San Benito Co.:

Pinnacles National Monument, 24 April 1948, (J. W. MacSwain, CIS). San Luis

Obispo Co. : La Panza Camp, 25 April 1968, (P. A. Opler, CIS) .

Range. — Foothills of central and southern California in the Upper Sonoran

and Transition zones.

Floral records. — Ceanothus sp., Rhus diversiloba.

Biology. — No host known.

Chrysura boharti Horning, new species

Male. — -Length 7.0 mm (5. 5-8. 5 mm, x zz: 7.5, n zz 13), width 2.4 mm (1.9—

3.1 mm, x = 2.6 mm). Light green with scattered golden reflections; sternite II

with two medium size, median dark spots (Fig. 2) ; legs green; first tarsal segment

green dorsally, remaining segments dark reddish-brown; flagellomeres I— II greenish

dorsally, remaining flagellomeres dark reddish-brown; wings uniformly subfuscous

except fuscous marginal cell; scapal basin with scattered, white erect hair, more

abundant on vertex, similar hair on rest of body, semi-erect and shorter on

abdomen. Punctures of head medium, median area of clypeus with coarser

moderate punctures, fine dense punctures laterally and below antennal sockets;

pronotal punctures coarse, intermixed with finer ones, medium and moderate on

scutum, coarse, nearly touching punctures on scutellum and metanotum; abdomen

with medium, moderate punctures, slightly coarser on tergite I. Head 1.2 (x zz

1.2 ± 0.04) times broader than long; head width 2.0 (x zz 2.0 ± 0.06) times

least interocular distance; scape 2.7 (x zz 2.5 ± 0.20) times and ocellocular

Figs. 1-9. Chrysura crescentis n. sp. Figs. 1, 3-4, 6-7. Fig. 1. Sternite II.

Fig. 3. Sternite VIII, typical form. Fig. 4. Sternite VIII, variation from Big Tujunga

Canyon, Los Angeles Co., California. Fig. 6. Left digitus (d) and cuspis (a zz

inner margin, b zz apical margin, c zr outer margin) of male genitalia. Fig. 7.

Right gonostyle (a zz inner margin, b zz apical margin, c zz outer margin).

Chrysura boharti n. sp. Figs. 2, 5, 8-9. Fig. 2. Sternite II. Fig. 5. Sternite VIII.

Fig. 8. Left digitus and cuspis of male genitalia. Fig. 9. Right gonostyle.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

Figs. 10-13. Chrysura crescentis n. sp. Figs. 10, 12. Fig. 10. Male, front view

of head. Fig. 12. Male, tergite III. Chrysura boharti n. sp. Figs. 11, 13. Fig. 11.

Male, front view of head. Fig. 13. Male, tergite III.

distance 1.3 (x =: 1.3 dt 0.05) times least interocellar distance, respectively;

flagellomere I 2.0 (x = 2.0 ± 0.16) times as long as II in dorsal view, 1.6

(x rr 1.7 ± 0.15) times as long as malar space; subantennal distance 1.5 (x = 1.7

± 0.19), ocellocular distance 2.0 (x = 2.3 ± 0.17), and malar space 1.8 (x = 1.9

± 0.17) times midocellus breadth, respectively; scapal basin nearly flat, with a

small median carina (Fig. 11), with very faint cross striae below ocelli, brow not

prominent; propodeal teeth distinct, oblique, ends rounded as viewed dorsally; hind

femur elongate, 3.3 (x =: 3.1 ± 0.12) times its greatest width. Tergite III sloping

evenly to transverse row of irregular, very small pits, some contiguous especially

medially; apical margin arcuate, no median indentation (Fig. 13) ; sternites II,

VIII, and genitalia (Figs. 2, 5, 8-9) .

Female. — Length 7.2-9. 5 mm (x = 8.1, n = 11), width 2.3-3.1 mm

(x r= 2.6 mm) . Similar to males. Flagellomere I 1.6 ± 0.09 times as long as

malar space; malar space 2.2 ± 0.14 times midocellus breadth. Color more green

blue with less golden reflections except on face; flat golden green shiny spot

JANUARY 1971]

HORNING TWO NEW CHRYSURA

above antennal sockets; vertex hair light brown. Tergite III arcuate but more

pointed medially; punctures on pit row more evident than for males, but still

indistinct.

Variation. — Some specimens are entirely medium green with no

golden highlights. The tegulae may be light green or may have a dark

blue to purple spot. The large, dark spots on sternite II vary in

intensity but they are always distinct. The metanotum is distinctly to

moderately conical.

This species can be separated from other Chrysura by the distinctly

arcuate third tergite and near absence of pits on the pit row. It can

be best separated from the closely related C. pacifica (Say) by the

malar space being 1.9 times the midocellus breadth (2.5 times in C.

pacifica ) . The male genitalia closely resemble those of C. pacifica.

However, in C. boharti , the cuspis has a characteristic bend (Fig. 8)

and the apical margin of the gonostyle is broad (Fig. 9), with no

definite indentation as in C. pacifica.

Material examined. — 15 males, 12 females. Collection data as

given below extend from 25 May (Hansen, Twin Falls Co., Idaho)

to 23 July (Bannock Pass, Lemhi Co., Idaho) .

Holotype male, (UCD) Crooked Creek Laboratory, 10,150 ft.,

White Mountains, Mono County, California, 23 June 1961, (J.

Powell) .

Paratypes. — California: Lassen Co.: Hallelujah Junction, (D. R. Westrom,

UCD) ; county only, 4 June 1913, (F. W. Nunemacher, CAS). Mono Co.: Crooked

Creek Laboratory, 10,150 ft., White Mountains, 20-29 June 1953, (J. W. Mac-

Swain, UCD, CIS, CNC) , (G. W. Frankie, UCD, CIS), 23 June 1961, (J. S.

Buckett, UCD), 26 June 1961, (J. Powell, UCD), 26 June 1961, (G. I. Stage,

CIS), 16 July 1961, (W. A. Foster, CIS). Nevada Co.: Sagehen Creek near

Hobart Mills, 23 June 1962, (M. E. Irwin, UCD), 9 July 1954, (J. A. Powell,

UCD). Idaho: Butte Co.: Craters of the Moon National Monument, 15 July

1957, (A. R. Gittins, IDAHO). Lemhi Co.: Bannock Pass, 23 July 1965, (R. L.

Westcott, IDAHO); Meadow Lake — Gilmore (6 mi. w.), 20 July 1964, (R. L.

Westcott, IDAHO). Twin Falls Co.: Hansen, 26 May 1929, light trap, (USNM).

Utah: Cache Co.: Logan, 5 June 1952, (G. E. Bohart, E. A. Cross, UCD).

Kane Co.: Navajo Lake — 9,000 ft., 19 June 1940, (R. M. Bohart, UCD).

Washington: Lincoln Co.: Sprague, 20 June 1920, (M. C. Lane, USNM).

Wyoming: Albany Co.: Foxpark — 9,100 ft., 15 June 1920, (UCD). Canada:

British Columbia: Copper Mountain, 29 June 1928, (G. Stace-Smith, CNC).

Range. — C. boharti has been collected at somewhat forested, higher elevations

in the western United States and Canada. It appears to be principally a Great

Basin species.

Floral records. — Achillea sp., Viola sp.

Biology. — No host known.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

I take pleasure in naming this species for Dr. R. M. Bohart, University

of California, Davis, who has contributed to our knowledge of Chrysidi-

dae.

Acknowledgment s

Material has been examined and deposited in the following institu-

tions: California Academy of Sciences (CAS) ; University of California

at Berkeley (CIS) ; Canadian National Collection, Ottawa (CNC) ;

Cornell University (CORN) ; University of Idaho, Moscow (IDAHO) ;

Los Angeles County Museum (LACM) ; United States National Mu-

seum (USNM) ; University of California at Davis (UCD) .

I appreciate the help of Mr. R. 0. Schuster and Miss Susan K. Senser

who gave assistance in the preparation of the illustrations.

A Synopsis of the Nearctic Species of Antichaeta Haliday

with One New Species

(Diptera : Sciomyzidae)

T. W. Fisher and R. E. Orth 1

University of California College of Biological and

Agricultural Sciences, Riverside

We refer the North American species of Antichaeta to black forms

(our designation) and the “yellow forms” of Steyskal (1960) as

follows: The black forms (A. johnsoni (Cresson), A. melanosoma

Melander, A. canadensis (Curran) ) are the dominant species east of

the Rocky Mts., and the “yellow forms” (testaceous is more accurate)

(A. fulva Steyskal, A. borealis Foote, A. testacea Melander, A. robiginosa

Mel., and A. vernalis Fisher and Orth 2 n. sp.) are the dominant repre-

sentatives of the genus from the Rocky Mts. to the Pacific Ocean.

Steyskal (1960: 25) based his interpretation of the phylogeny of the

“yellow forms” in part on the status of the anterior surstyli. We have

seen males of all five “yellow forms” and agree that these structures

are lacking in A. fulva. However, both left and right anterior surstyli

are present in the four remaining species.

1 Specialist and Laboratory Technician, respectively.

2 Fisher and Orth hereafter abbreviated F. & O.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 32-43. January 1971

JANUARY 1971] FISHER & ORTH NEARCTIC ANTICHAETA 33

Five of the eight species of Antichaeta known to occur in North

America have been collected only above 40° N. Latitude. 3 * * The southern-

most record known in California is that of A. testacea from the Laguna

Mts., San Diego Co., approximately 15 miles north of the Mexican

border, 33° N. Latitude. Antichaeta testacea is the most widespread

and numerous species collected in California, approximately 300 speci-

mens have been collected since 1962. It occurs the length of the state

and has been taken from sea level to 7,000+ feet elevation. Antichaeta

vernalis and A. robiginosa (except for an isolated male labelled Wood-

lake, Calif., approximately 36° 30 7 N. Latitude) occur north of 39°.

Antichaeta borealis was collected only once in extreme northeastern

California.

A few reference specimens of most species were loaned to us by

L. Y. Knutson (United States National Museum) and B. A. Foote

(Kent State University, Kent, Ohio) . Our assessment of these specimens

along with published keys and descriptions were used to formulate

a key based on reasonably constant gross (external) characters by

which the eight North American species can be separated. Determina-

tions can be confirmed by examination of the male postabdomen at

40-70X magnifications following excision and light boiling in 10%

KOH.

The bicolored character of the 3rd antennal segment is most pro-

nounced in A. borealis and A. fulva , less so in A. robiginosa and A.

testacea , and least in A. vernalis.

In the testaceous (“yellow”) species, females are commonly more

intensely colored than the males. The eighth and last sterna are also

helpful in distinguishing females, but are not highly reliable characters.

The aristal plumosity, i.e., length of longest aristal hairs, which grades

from rather long, as in A. robiginosa (Fig. 6) and A. testacea , to short

in A. vernalis (Fig. 7) is more reliable. Lengths of longest aristal hairs

of A. borealis and A. fulva fell between the extremes and in that order.

On the basis of characters of the immature as well as adult stages,

Knutson (1966: 72) considered H emitelopteryx brevipennis (Zett.) as

congeneric with Antichaeta analis Meigen, the type species of Antichaeta

Haliday. This corroborated the work of Steyskal (1960) who had

transferred H emitelopteryx johnsoni to Antichaeta (subgenus Par anti-

chaeta) .

3 Six species of this holarctic genus have been described from northern and central Europe, the

southernmost being A. analis (Meigen) from Lake Balaton, Hungary (47° N. Latitude)' — -(Knutson,

1966:73).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vol. 47, NO. 1

Key to the Nearctic Species of Antichaeta

1. Scutellum with 2 bristles. 1 pair dc. Head and palpi black; 1 pair fo;

antennae yellowish, aristal hairs short, dense, black. Thorax testaceous;

dorsum with 2 broad blackish stripes joined at anterior margin. Fore

coxae whitish; legs yellowish, except for black fore tibiae and tarsi.

Abdomen blackish brown. Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York,

Ontario. [Cresson, 1920: 51; Steyskal, 1960: 19] johnsoni (Cresson)

Scutellum with 4 bristles. 2 pairs dc. 2

2. 1 pair fo. Head: frons and palpi black; anterior and ventral margins of

eyes with whitish-pruinose border; antennae yellowish, aristal hairs short,

dense, black. Thorax black; forelegs black distad of middle of femur,

basal half of fore femur and middle and hind legs yellowish except for

brownish 4th and 5th tarsal segments. Abdomen black. Michigan, New

York, North Dakota, Ohio, Ontario, Quebec, Utah, Wisconsin. [Melander,

1920: 318; Steyskal, 1960, Fig. 1] melanosoma Melander

2 pairs fo. 3

3. Head: frons blackish, anterior margin extensively to slightly yellow;

medifacies black to yellow; anterior fo one-half to two-thirds length

posterior fo; palpi brown to black; antennae yellow; aristal plumosity

short, dense, black. Thorax black. Forelegs black distad of middle of

femur; basal portion of fore femur and middle and hind legs yellowish

except for brownish 4th and 5th tarsal segments. Abdomen black.

Alberta, Maine, Manitoba, Michigan, North Dakota, Ontario, Saskatche-

wan, Wisconsin. [Curran, 1923: 277; Steyskal, 1960: 20, Fig. 8]

canadensis (Curran)

Head yellow to testaceous; aristal hairs black. Thorax and abdomen mostly

testaceous; dorsum with 2 narrow brown median vittae bordered by

broader, pruinose stripes; legs yellowish to testaceous, 4th and 5th tarsal

segments brownish, forelegs infuscated (tibia and tarsus black in A.

borealis female). Females usually more intensely pigmented than males,

(“yellow forms” of Steyskal, 1960) 4

4. Anterior fo approximately half length posterior fo. Antenna testaceous,

3rd segment blackish on apical half, more or less; aristal plumosity

short, sparse (longest hairs average length 0.073 mm; range of 2 specimens

0.070 mm-0.075 mm). Abdomen brown, infuscated; male andrium and

terminal segments of female testaceous. Idaho, New York. [Steyskal,

1960 : 20, Figs. 2^4] fulva Steyskal

Anterior and posterior fo nearly equal in length 5

5. Thoracic dorsum mostly testaceous 6

Thoracic dorsum mostly cinereous blue _ 7

6. Antenna testaceous, 3rd segment blackish on apical half, more or less;

aristal plumosity sparse, somewhat longer than in A. fulva (longest hairs

average 0.095 mm; range of 3 specimens 0.090 mm-0.100 mm). Distal

portion of foretibia and entire tarsus black in female, infuscated in male,

as in other “yellow forms.” California, Idaho, Montana, Ohio, New York.

[Foote, 1961: 161-2, Fig. 1] borealis Foote

JANUARY 1971] FISHER & ORTH — NEARCTIC ANTICHAETA

Antenna testaceous; 3rd segment lightly tinged with black on apical half,

more or less; aristal plumosity sparse, long (as in A. robiginosa ) (longest

hairs average 0.116 mm; range of 15 specimens, 0.112 mm-0.127 mm).

Abdomen testaceous, mottled; andrium uniformly testaceous. California,

Idaho, Montana, Oregon, New Mexico, South Dakota, Utah. [Melander,

1920: 318; Steyskal, 1960, Figs. 5-7] testacea Melander

7. Antenna testaceous; 3rd segment usually tinged with black on apical half,

more or less, occasionally only lightly tinged with brown; aristal plumosity,

long, sparse (Fig. 6) (longest hairs average 0.129 mm; range of 16 speci-

mens, 0.120 mm-0.142 mm). Thorax testaceous; dorsum with 2 narrow

brownish vittae bordered by much broader pruinose cinereous-blue

vittae. Sides of thorax whitish-pruinose, except for upper half of pro-,

meso-, and pteropleuron. Male postabdomen, Figs. 1-4; female terminalia,

Fig. 5. California, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Nova Scotia (Stone,

et al., 1965: 688). [Melander, 1920: 317] robiginosa Melander

Apical half to two-thirds of 3rd antennal segment at most lightly tinged

with brown; aristal hairs sparse, short (Fig. 7) (longest hairs average

0.062 mm; range of 7 specimens 0.055 mm-0.067 mm). Thoracic dorsum

as in A. robiginosa ; female, sides of thorax pruinose, cinereous-blue;

upper third of pro-, meso-, and pteropleuron testaceous. Lateral coloration

not as pronounced in male, similar to male of A. robiginosa. Male post-

abdomen, Figs. 8-11 ; female terminalia, Fig. 12. California, Idaho, Oregon,

Washington (see section on variant) vernalis Fisher and Orth, n. sp.

Descriptions

The original description of Antichaeta robiginosa Melander was

based on a single female labelled 3-Forks, Montana, 1 August 1918

(Melander, 1920) [Three Forks, Gallatin Co.]. A male labelled

Roberts, Marion Co., Oregon, 5 March 1940 (coll. R. E. Rieder) assumed

to be this species, was figured by G. C. Steyskal (1960, Figs. 10-11)

and those drawings formed our concept of the species until late May

1969.

During a survey of the family Sciomyzidae in California, 4 a form

which did not fit the published descriptions of species of Antichaeta

was collected. We considered it to be a new species and the first draft

of the present paper was prepared in that context. However, after

L. V. Knutson compared Melander’s holotype female and several male

specimens of A. robiginosa in the collection of the United States Na-

tional Museum with drawings of our proposed new species, he (cor-

respondence with R. E. Orth, 27 May 1969) concluded that our presumed

“new species” actually was A. robiginosa and that Steyskal (1960) had

inadvertently figured our vernalis.

1 University of California, Agriculture Experiment Station Project No. 2037.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

We have seen the specimen from Roberts, Oregon, that Steyskal

figured, and it fits our concept of A. vernalis. Antichaeta robiginosa

and A. vernalis n. sp. are closely similar in gross aspect. Consequently,

a photo only of A. robiginosa is shown (Fig. 13) .

The original description of A. robiginosa is insufficient to separate

it from closely related species. Accordingly, we are redescribing the

species on male characters, and are designating a neallotype male.

Antichaeta robiginosa Melander

Neallotype male. — Head. Frons subshiny, yellowish except for shiny meso-

and parafrontal stripes and very narrow whitish-pruinose stripes bordering eyes.

Occiput in oblique view (looking directly down onto frons) with brown median

area bordered by two elongate whitish-pruinose spots; ochraceous laterally. Face

strongly pruinose, medifacies and oral margin largely yellow, parafacies whitish.

Palpi testaceous. Antennae testaceous; first segment very small; second bowl-

shaped, shorter than high; third compressed, ovoid, nearly twice as long as high;

first and second segments lightly pruinose; third segment pubescent, apical %

to % tinged with black; arista black, plumose (Fig. 6). Two pairs of fronto-

orbital bristles; anterior pair approximately 0.75 length of posterior pair.

Thorax. Testaceous laterally; pleura heavily pruinose below, lightly so above;

sternopleura and hypopleura darkened, pruinosity silvery. Dorsum with two

parallel brownish vittae, bordered by broader pruinose cinereous-blue vittae;

testaceous and pruinose laterally. Scutellum brownish. Forelegs brownish, partially

infuscated; mid- and hind femora and tibiae ochraceous, tarsi lightly ochraceous,

fourth segment partially infuscated, terminal segment wholly infuscated. Halters

testaceous. Wing, 5.0 mm.

Abdomen. Testaceous, mottled; andrium uniformly testaceous. Postabdomen

as figures 1-4. Wing length, 11 $ — 4.8 mm-5,5 mm (average 5.2 mm).

Female. — Color as male. Wing length, 7 $ — 5.2 mm-5.5 mm (average 5.3 mm).

Terminalia as in figure 5.

Neallotype male.- — Collected two miles south of Alturas, Modoc

Co., California, elevation 4,300 feet, Latitude 41° 28' North, Longitude

Fig. 1-4. Antichaeta robiginosa Melander. Allotype, male. U.S.A., Calif.,

Shasta Co., 5% mi- NW/Anderson, 480 feet elev., 24 May 1967 (T. W. Fisher and

R. E. Orth), AS-571. Fig. 1. Postabdomen, posterior view, inverted; Fig. 2.

Postabdomen, dextral view; as, anterior surstylus. Fig. 3. Postabdomen, sinistral

view; as, anterior surstylus. Fig. 4. Fifth sternum. Fig. 5. Antichaeta robiginosa

Melander. Female. U.S.A., Calif., Modoc Co., 2 mi. S/Alturas, 4,300 feet elev.,

6 June 1967 (TWF & REO), AS-593. Terminal sterna. Fig. 6. Antichaeta

robiginosa Melander. Female. U.S.A., Calif., Mendocino Co., 2 mi. N/Willits,

1,330 feet elev., 12 June 1966 (TWF & REO), AS-482. Dextral antenna. Fig. 7.

Antichaeta vernalis. Paratopotype, female. U.S.A., Calif., Mendocino Co., 2 mi.

N/Willits, 1,300 feet elev., 11 April 1967 (R. A. Shippey, U. C. Agr. Ext.).

Dextral antenna.

JANUARY 1971] FISHER & ORTH NEARCTIC ANTIC HAETA

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1

120° 32' West approximately, 10 June 1966 (T. W. Fisher and R. E.

Orth) Field Accession No. AS-463.

Distribution. — California : Inyo Co, : 1 $ , Deep Springs Lake, Buckhorn

Springs, 5,000 feet, 16 April 1966 (F. & O.), AS-413. Mendocino Co.: 1 2,2 mi.

north of Willits, 1,330 feet, 16 May 1966 (R. A. Shippey) ; 1 $ , 2 2 , 12 June

1966 (F. & 0.), AS-482 ; 2^,11 April 1967 (R. A. Shippey); 2 $, 23 April

1968 (F. & O.), AS-669 (Fig. 13). Modoc Co.: 2 mi. south of Alturas, 4,300 feet,

1 10 June 1966 (F. & O.), AS-463; 12,6 June 1967 (F. & O.), AS-593;

1 $, 3 mi. north of Eagleville, 4,640 feet, 10 July 1968 (F. & O.), AS-703;

1 2, north of Likely, 4,400 feet, 8 June 1966 (F. & O.), AS-453; 1 $, Willow

Ranch, 4,700 feet, 9 June 1966 (F. & O.), AS-460. Mono Co.: 1 2, Mono Lake,

21 July 1911 (J. M. Aldrich coll., det. L. V. Knutson, USNM). Shasta Co.: 1 $,

south of Redding, Mosquito Abatement District Headquarters, 480 feet, 24 May

1967 (F. & O.), AS-571. Tulare Co.: 1 $, Woodlake, in rotary trap, 24 May 1947

(no collector given, U. C. Berkeley). Montana: 1 2, Holotype, 3-Forks, (Three

Forks, Gallatin Co.) 1 August 1918 (A. L. Melander, USNM). Oregon: Lake Co.:

12,9 mi. south of Lakeview, 4,750 feet, 8 August 1968 (F. & O.), AS-748. Lane

Co.: 1 2, west of Eugene, 400 feet, 8 August 1968 (F. & O.), AS-739. Wasco Co.:

1 £ , 13 mi. north of Warm Springs, Hwy 26, 2,600 feet, 18 June 1969 (R. E. Orth),

AS-790. Washington: King Co.: Seattle, 3 $ (no date, J. M. Aldrich coll., det.

L. V. Knutson, USNM).

Deposition of neallotype and additional material.— Neallotype

and four specimens, United States National Museum; four specimens,

California Academy of Sciences; seven specimens, Department of Ento-

mology, University of California, Riverside.

Antichaeta vernalis Fisher and Orth, new species

Anticliaeta robiginosa, Steyskal 1960, figs. 10-11 (not Melander 1918; mis-

identified) .

Coloration and morphology as stated for A. robiginosa except as follows:

Holotype male. — A ntenna, apical % of third segment at most lightly tinged

with brown; arista dark brown, hairs black, short (not plumose). Tarsi, lightly

infuscated. Wing, 5.0 mm. Postabdomen as in figures 8-11.

Allotype female. — T horax, approximate upper % of meso- and pteropleura

and most of propleuron testaceous, pruinose cinereous-blue below. Wing, 5.2 mm.

Terminalia as in figure 12.

Holotype male, 2 mi. north of Willits, Mendocino County, Cali-

fornia, Hwy 101, 1,330 feet elevation. Latitude 39° 27' North, Longi-

Fig. 8-12. Antichaeta vernalis Fisher and Orth, n. sp. Holotype. Fig. 8.

Postabdomen, posterior view, inverted. Fig. 9. Postabdomen, dextal view. Fig. 10.

Postabdomen, sinistral view. Fig. 11. Fifth sternum. Fig. 12. Allotype: terminal

sterna.

JANUARY 1971] FISHER & ORTH — NEARCTIC ANTICHAETA

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

tude 123° 21' West, 23 April 1968 (T. W. Fisher and R. E. Orth),

field accession number AS-669. Allotype female, same locality, 24

April 1968 (F. & 0.), AS-671.

Paratopotypes. — 1 S , 1 May 1967 (R. A. Shippey, genitalia only — specimen

mutilated beyond repair) ; 2 2 , 11 April 1967 (R. A. Shippey) ; 1 2 , 23 April

1968 (F. & 0.), AS-670. Paratypes. — California: Plumas Co.: 1 $, 1 2, Rock

Creek, Hwy 36 (40° 20' N., 121° 06' W.) 4,900 feet, 8 June 1966 (F. & O.),

AS-451. Oregon: Marion Co.: 1 $, Roberts, 5 March. 1940 (R. E. Rieder).

Other material. — Idaho: 1 2, Moscow Mt., 10 August 1924 (A. L. Melander).

Oregon: Marion Co.: 1 2, Turner, 8 March 1942 (R. E. Rieder). [Rieder

(Personal correspondence with T. W. Fisher, 18 November 1969) fixed his collec-

tion localities as Roberts, approximately 5 miles southwest of Salem on River Road,

and Turner, approximately 10 miles southeast of Salem — both distances as measured

from the center of the city.] Washington: 1 2, Mirror Lake, (Whatcom Co. ?),

26 June 1941, Bishopp, No. 29135, Lot No. 41-13667 (Yates and Knipling; J. M.

Aldrich collection, det. L. Y. Knutson, USNM) .

Variant. — The male and female (wing lengths, 4.4 mm and 4.5 mm,

respectively) from Rock Creek, Plumas Co., California, not only are

smaller than the other paratypes, but their coloration is very similar

to that of A. robiginosa. Short aristal hairs and terminalia appear to be

identical to A. vernalis.

The name of the new species is derived from the latin vernalis (= of,

or belonging to spring) and alludes to the season when this species

was most often collected.

Deposition of type material. — Holotype and allotype, California

Academy of Sciences, CAS No. 10208. The male paratype from Roberts,

Oregon, was returned to Oregon State University.

Field Observations

The neallotype male of A. robiginosa was collected in the Modoc Na-

tional Wildlife Refuge, two miles south of Alturas. The roadside ditches

along Highway 395, which transects the refuge, were the usual collecting

sites. This location is at the western fringe of the Great Basin bio-

coenose at approximately 4,350 feet elevation on the west side of the

Warner Mountains. It is part of a broad, flat, marshy valley which is

drained by the South Fork of the Pit River. In Modoc Co. 25 of the

44 species of Sciomyzidae known to occur in California were found.

A total of 6 A. robiginosa occurred in 5 of 51 samples collected with a

D-Vac suction collector and with aerial-sweep nets near Alturas during

a four-year period. In these 51 samples, 5 A. testacea and 1 A. borealis

were collected in 2 and 1 samples, respectively. A. robiginosa accounted

JANUARY 1971] FISHER & ORTH NEARCTIC ANTICHAETA

Fig. 13. Antichaeta robiginosa Melander, male. U.S.A., Calif., Mendocino Co.,

2 mi. N/Willits, 1,330 feet elev., 23 April 1968 (TWF & REO), AS-669.

for two percent of the population of sciomyzid flies in samples in

which it occurred.

Although an uncommon species itself, considering all areas collected,

A. robiginosa occasionally occurs with other species of Antichaeta.

A. robiginosa and A. borealis occurred together in a marshy meadow

on the east side of the Warner Mountains, 3 miles north of Eagleville,

4,640 feet elevation (41° 20 / N., 120° 08' W.). At Buckhorn Springs

near Deep Springs Lake, Inyo Co., 5,000 feet elevation (37° 21' N.,

118° 00' W.), A. robiginosa and A. testacea have been collected only

on separate dates, indicating a possible difference in seasonal activity.

In Mendocino Co. at the A. vernalis type locality, A. robiginosa and

A. vernalis occur in the same marshy pasture along Highway 101 two

miles north of Willits. In the Alturas area a curious distributional rela-

tionship of A. robiginosa and A. testacea was observed. Antichaeta

robiginosa but not A. testacea was collected along Highway 395 between

Alturas and Likely, 18 miles to the south, and A. testacea but not A.

robiginosa was collected approximately 8 miles west of Alturas along

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

Highway 299. Close similarities of elevation, habitat, and snail fauna

throughout this area apparently mask the • critical factors which are

responsible for the separation of these two species.

Although A. 7 -obiginosa presently is found mainly well above 1,000

feet elevation and above 40° North Latitude, its previous distribution

probably covered a much broader geographic range, including much

of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys of California. This is

indicated by the fact that a single male was collected near Redding,

Shasta Co., 450 feet elevation (40° 39' N., 122° 24' W.) , at the northern

end of the Sacramento Valley, and that the first, and southernmost

specimen of A. robiginosa we saw was a male collected at Woodlake,

Tulare Co., California, 24-V-1947 (36° 26' N., 119° 07' W.). This

locality, at 450 feet elevation, is near the western foothills of the Sierra

Nevada Mountains well toward the southern end of the San Joaquin

Valley. Several attempts were made to collect A. robiginosa in this

area without success, but A. testacea was fairly common. A. robiginosa

probably no longer occurs in the Woodlake area for one or more

reasons. Drainage and reclamation projects associated with agricultural

development of the valley, which has been continuous from approxi-

mately 1850 to the present, may have forced A. robiginosa toward the

foothills into a more restricted habitat. There it had to compete with

an established and presumedly superior ecological homologue, A.

testacea. The species might also have been eliminated from the area

by the mosquito control program which began in 1922 when the Delta

Mosquito Abatement District (Tulare Co.) was formed. A specimen

of A. robiginosa was taken in 1947 at which time chlorinated hydro-

carbons were in vogue. In the 1950’s these pesticides were replaced

by organo-phosphates for mosquito control work. During the five-

year period 1964 through 1968, an annual average of 1,266 pounds

of liquid ethyl parathion and 6,883 pounds of liquid Baytex (pounds

of actual toxicants) were applied to aquatic habitats in the 712 square

miles comprising this single district. There are 60 such districts in

California (Anon. 1965-69), and currently, attempts are being made

to expand the use of biological or ecological methods of mosquito

control in their programs. If this trend persists, perhaps in time certain

species may reappear in the urban or suburban aquatic habitats.

The extent of this former habitat may be surmised from diaries of

early expeditions and travelers which describe a vast marsh extending

north and south from the Stockton area, requiring a trip of hundreds

of miles to go around it. The “vast marsh” implies a habitat which

probably included mud banks and hummocks, much of which was

JANUARY 1971] FISHER & ORTH — NEARCTIC ANTICHAETA

covered with thatches of dead vegetation under which hygrophilous

snails could thrive — just as they do today in marshy habitats.

Although there is no laboratory data to confirm the biologies of

A. robiginosa or A. vernalis, they are probably dependent on hygroph-

ilous snails or their eggs, e.g., Succineidae, for oviposition sites and

development of first-instar larvae which is the case with A. testacea

(Fisher and Orth, 1964). Snails of the family Succineidae were present

at all sites where A. robiginosa and/or A. vernalis were collected. These

snails were especially abundant at Alturas, Willits, and Deep Springs.

Acknowledgments

The guidance and critique of L. V. Knutson, Systematic Entomology

Laboratory, USDA, throughout the preparation of this paper is very

much appreciated. Figures 1-12 were drawn by R. E. Orth; Figure 13,

photo by E. B. White, UCR.

Literature Cited

Anonymous. 1965-1969. Year Book(s), California Mosquito Control Associa-

tion, Inc., Visalia, California. Approximately 54 pp. each.

Cresson, E. T., Jr. 1920. A revision of the Nearctic Sciomyzidae (Diptera,

Acalyptratae) . Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 46: 27-89, 3 pis.

Curran, C. H. 1923. New cyclorrhaphous Diptera from Canada. Can. Entomol.,

55: 271-279.

Fisher, T. W. and R. E. Orth. 1964. Biology and immature stages of Antichaeta

testacea Melander (Diptera : Sciomyzidae) . Hilgardia, 36(1): 1-29.

Foote, B. A. 1961. A new species of Antichaeta Haliday, with notes on other

species of the genus. (Diptera : Sciomyzidae) . Proc. Entomol. Soc.

Wash., 63(3) : 161-164.

Knutson, L. V. 1966. Biology and immature stages of malacophagous flies:

Antichaeta analis, A. atriseta, A. brevipennis, and A. obliviosa (Diptera :

Sciomyzidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 92: 67-107.

Melander, A. L. 1920. Review of the Nearctic Tetanoceridae. Ann. Entomol.

Soc. Amer., 13(3) : 305-332.

Steyskal, G. C. 1960. The genus Antichaeta Haliday, with special reference to

the American species (Diptera : Sciomyzidae) . Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci.

Arts Lett., 45: 17-26.

Stone, A., C. W. Sabrosky, W. W. Wirth, R. H. Foote, and J. R. Coulson.

1965. A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. U. S. Dep.

Agr., Agr. Handb., No. 276, 1696 pp.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

A Redesciption of the Scorpion Vejovis crcissimcinus Pococlc

(Scorpionida : Vejovidae)

Stanley C. Williams

Department of Biology, San Francisco State College

San Francisco, California

In 1898, R. I. Pocock described nine North American species of

scorpions belonging to the genus Vejovis in a brief, but important,

paper. One of these, Vejovis crassimanus Pocock, has caused con-

siderable confusion even though it supposedly occurs in the Texas

scorpion fauna. Examination of the cotypes used in the original de-

scription of this species revealed that Pocock apparently based his

description on two specimens, one he thought to be a male, the other

he thought to be a female. Study of these two specimens further

revealed that they are both female specimens, but each represents a

distinct and different species of Vejovis. To clarify this problem, the

specimen which Pocock apparently believed to be the male, and upon

which most of the description was based, is here redescribed and

designated as the lectotype of Vejovis crassimanus Pocock. The second

specimen appears to belong to the “eusthenura” group of Vejovis and

appears to be closely related to Vejovis coahuilae Williams.

Thanks are gratefully acknowledged to D. J. Clark, of the Department

of Zoology, British Museum of Natural History, for arranging the loan

of the type specimens used in this study, and to C. A. Steketee for

clerical assistance. This study was partially supported by the National

Science Foundation through research grant GB 7679.

Vejovis crassimanus Pocock

(Figs. 1, 2)

Diagnosis. — Large species of Vejovis belonging to the “p unc tip a lpi” group.

Coloration: more or less uniform yellow with faint underlying dusky markings

on carapace; fingers reddish. Metasoma with inferior median keels smooth to

crenulate on segment I, crenulate to serrate on II to IV; inferior lateral keels of

segment I crenulate to serrate, serrate on II to V. Ventral surface of vesicle

smooth, lustrous, with about five pairs long hairs. Pedipalps with movable finger

shorter than carapace length, palm distinctly swollen, fingers unscalloped.

Very closely related to Vejovis cazieri Williams in structure from which it

differs in the following characteristics: lacks pair of longitudinal stripes on

the mesosomal dorsum; vesicle not as hirsute (with about five pairs of conspicuous

hairs, not with about 30 pairs of conspicuous hairs) ; tarsomeres less hirsute;

metasoma with inferior median keels not set with long conspicuous hairs (each

segment with three pairs of hairs in V. cazieri) ; chela narrower than metasomal

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47 : 44-47. January 1971

JANUARY 1971] WILLIAMS — SCORPION REDESCRIPTION

Figs. 1 and 2. Vejovis crassimanus Pocock, lectotype female (S. C. Williams).

Fig. 1. Dorsal view. Fig. 2. Ventral view.

segment I width. Also related to Vejovis mexicanus C. L. Koch and Vejovis

granulatus Pocock, but V . crassimanus distinguished from V. granulatus by lack

of distinct longitudinal stripes on mesosomal dorsum and by more swollen

pedipalp palms. Distinguished from V. mexicanus by relatively shorter movable

finger of pedipalp, which is distinctly shorter than carapace (not equal to, or

longer than, carapace) .

Lectotype female. — Coloration. — Color pattern somewhat obscured by poor

preservation. Uniform yellow with faint indication of underlying faint dusky

markings on dorsum of carapace and mesosoma. Pedipalp fingers reddish.

Carapace. — Lateral eyes three per group; median eyes on raised ocular tubercule;

carapace surface coarsely granular.

Mesosoma. — Tergites coarsely granular; two pairs of serrate lateral keels on

last tergite. Sternites smooth and lustrous; one pair crenulate keels on last

sternite. Stigma long oval.

Metasoma. — Dorsal and dorso-lateral keels serrate on segments I to IV, each

keel ends posteriorly in very slightly enlarged tooth on segments I to III.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1

Table 1 . Measurements (in millimeters) of Vejovis crassimanus

Pocock, lectotype established by S. C. Williams.

Lectotype

(female)

Total length

55.0

Carapace, length

7.6 (approx.)

width (at median eyes)

6.0 (approx.)

Metasoma, length

26.6

segment I (length/width)

3.7/3.7

segment II (length/width)

4.3/3.6

segment III (length /width)

4.4/3.5

segment IV (length/width)

5. 8/3.4

segment V (length/width)

8.4/3. 2

Telson, length

7.8

Vesicle (length/ width)

5. 2/2.8

depth

2.6

Aculeus, length

2.6

Pedipalp

Humerus (length/width)

5. 5/2.0

Brachium (length/width)

6.0/2. 4

Chela (length/ width)

11.3/3.6

depth

3.8

movable finger, length

6.5

fixed finger, length

4.6

Pectines

teeth (left/right)

15/15

Dorsolateral border of segment V irregularly crenulate. Inferior lateral keels

of segment I crenulate to serrate, serrate on II to V. Inferior median keels smooth

to crenulate on segment I, crenulate to serrate on II to IV, serrate on V. Inferior

intercarinal spaces of segment V essentially smooth with a few scattered granules.

Telson . — Ventral surface smooth and lustrous; with about five pairs of long

hairs almost approximating aculeus length.

Chelicerae . — Inferior surface of movable finger completely lacking denticles.

Pedipalps . — Palm of chela well swollen inwardly, keels well developed and

smooth to granular. Fingers short. Internal margin of fingers not scalloped,

internal borders essentially meet along entire length when chela closed.

Standard Measurements . — Table 1.

Type data. — Vaejovis crassimanus Pocock, 1898, (lectotype female,

S. C. Williams), “San Diego, Texas, 1889, William Taylor.” Type

depository, British Museum of Natural History.

Lectotype in poor physical condition. Metasoma disarticulated be-

JANUARY 1971] LABERGE NEW SUBGENUS OF ANDRENA

tween second and third segments, large piece of carapace loose, anterior

border of carapace almost completely missing, one pedipalp missing,

chelicerae in separate vial, walking legs with most tarsomeres missing.

Base color appears darkened due to poor preservation.

Literature Cited

Pocock, R. I. 1898. The scorpions of the Genus Vaejovis contained in the collec-

tion of the British Museum. Ann. Mag. Natur. Hist., ser. 7, 1: 394-400.

A New Subgenus of Andrena Found in California and Oregon

(Hymenoptera : Apoidea)

Wallace E. LaBerge

Illinois Natural History Survey, JJrbana 61801

The three species included in Nemandrena were brought to the at-

tention of the author by R. W. Cruden, University of Iowa, who found

they are important pollinators of Nemophila menziesii H. & A. (Hydro-

phyllaceae) (Cruden, in press). Two of the bees were undescribed and

the third was known only from the holotype. The bees form a rather

unique natural grouping meriting subgeneric recognition and are of

special interest because of the convergence in the form of their mouth-

parts with other Andrena , as described below.

One of the three species has the pronotum with humeral angles and

ridges much as in the Opandrena- Andrena s. str.-Belandrena group of

subgenera. The other two species lack even a trace of these angles and

ridges and seem to be related to Melandrena (= Gymnandrena) . The

presence of this pronotal character in a species of a subgenus generally

characterized by the lack of the humeral angle is known in several

subgenera, i.e., Diandrena, Hesper andrena, Callandrena. It seems that

the three species in question are most closely related to the T ylandrena-

Melandrena group of subgenera.

The subgenus Nemandrena can be recognized readily in both sexes

by the extremely narrow, pointed galeae, a character shared with

Belandrena Ribble (1968a), A. ( Micrandrena ) lamelliterga Ribble

(1968b), Scoliandrena and, perhaps, a few other Andrena. The

Nemandrena galeae, however, are dulled by fine, regular tessellation,

whereas the other forms with small galeae have shiny galeae which

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 47-57. January 1971

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1

are at most very delicately shagreened. In addition, the labral process

of the male of N emandrena is uniquely horned, as described below, and

the mesoscutum of the female is sculptured with extremely fine, longi-

tudinal rugulae, also a unique Andrena character.

The short, narrow, pointed galea is presumably an adaptation to

the chief nectar and pollen plants visited by these bees. The three

species of N emandrena, two species of Belandrena and A. (Micr andrena)

lamelliterga all seem to he oligolectic on plants of the family Hydrophyl-

laceae, in particular species of Nemophila and Phacelia. The narrow

galeae of these three groups of bees are then a functional convergence

formed by an adaptation to the same or related plants, as the three

groups of bees are not closely related to one another.

The Scoliandrena, also with narrow galeae although somewhat wider

than in the other three groups, seem to be more closely related to the

Nemandrena. At least these two subgenera both appear to have been

derived from the Tylandrena-Melandrena stock and they resemble one

another in the lack of tergal pale fasciae and in the long, spinelike,

simple hairs of the front coxae. However, the small Scoliandrena galeae

were produced as an adaptation to the narrow-tubed boraginaceous

flowers of Cryptantha to which they are oligolectic. Also, the small

Scoliandrena galeae differ markedly from those of N emandrena by

bearing numerous, short, hooked hairs, presumably used for pulling

pollen from deep within the corolla tube of Cryptantha.

The subgeneric and specific descriptions given below follow the

form and use of terms defined in papers bearing on a monographic

revisional study of the Western Hemisphere species of the genus Andrena

previously published by the author (1964, 1967, 1969) .

Nemandrena LaBerge, new subgenus

Type species. — Andrena torulosa LaBerge.

Medium-sized bees; facial quadrangle distinctly broader than long; eyes with

inner margins parallel; vertex above lateral ocellus equals one to one and one-half

ocellar diameters; labial palpus normal; maxillary palpus longer than galea by

last two palpal segments when extended; galea extremely narrow, short and

acutely pointed; labral process triangular; clypeus relatively flat, with a low,

rounded, subapical, shiny boss; malar area linear; genal area in profile one and

one-half times as broad as eye or broader. Pronotum with or without humeral

angle and dorsoventral ridge; propodeum with dorsal enclosure finely tessellate,

rugulae, if present, extremely short and confined to extreme base. Tergal integu-

ment finely and obscurely punctate, surfaces reticularly shagreened or finely

tessellate. Hind tibial spur normal. Pterostigma about as broad as from inner

margin prestigma to anterior wing margin; with three submarginal cells; vein

1st m-cu meets second submarginal cell slightly before middle of cell. Vestiture

JANUARY 1971] LABERGE NEW SUBGENUS OF ANDRENA

variously colored; terga without trace of apical pale fasciae; sterna with single

row of subapical, extremely long, plumose hairs but not forming a dense sub-

apical fimbria.

Female. — -Facial fovea shallow, extending to below lower margins of antennal

sockets, well- separated from compound eye especially in lower half, separated from

compound eye especially in lower half, separated from lateral ocellus by at least

one ocellar diameter; labrum below process with a strong, transverse, shiny sulcus

ending at each apicolateral angle of labrum in a raised, acute process directed

apically and slightly laterally, without cristae; subgenal coronet present, well

developed. Mesoscutum between parapsidal lines to posterior margin with longi-

tudinal, parallel, extremely fine rugulae and dense tessellation; middle basitarsus

not broadened medially; tibial scopal hairs simple, rather short; trochanteral

flocculus complete, well formed; propodeal corbicula complete anteriorly with

abundant internal simple hairs. Pygidial plate without internal raised triangular

area.

Male. — Clypeus and parocular areas black; labral process with a strong

apicomedial horn on surface almost as long as process; mandibles not decussate,

femalelike; first flagellar segment at least twice as long as second. Mesoscutum

with fine rugulae as in female but much less distinct and usually reduced to short

rugulae on declivous posteromedian area. Sterna 2-5 without dense subapical

fimbriae; sternum 6 not reflexed apically. Gonohase with ventral-median processes

extremely thin and long.

Andrena (Nemanclrena) torulosa LaBerge, new species

This small gray species can be told from the other two species of

N emandrena by the presence of a strongly developed humeral angle

and dorsoventral ridge on the pronotum in both sexes. If this character

were overlooked, A. torulosa would be extremely similar to A. crudeni

whose description follows, but differs from A. subnigripes by the paler

vestiture of the metasoma and legs. So similar are A. torulosa and

A. crudeni that one wonders whether or not the complicated-looking,

pronotal character difference could not be produced by a single Mende-

lian locus with a dominant gene producing one or the other condition.

No intermediates have been found and there seems to be complete

geographic separation between the two species. It is hoped that giving

both forms specific status will keep the problem from becoming lost

in the literature.

Female. — Measurements and ratios. — N = 20; length, 9-11 mm; width, 3.0-

3.5 mm; wing length, M = 3.65 ± 0.110 mm; FL/FW, M rz 0.88 ± 0.003;

FOVL/FOVW, M = 3.17 ± 0.050.

Integumental color. — Black except as follows: tips of mandibles rufescent;

flagellar segments 3- or 4-10 dark brown below; wing membranes hyaline, veins

dark reddish-brown; terga 2-4 with apical areas slightly hyaline; sterna 2-5 with

apical areas hyaline; distitarsi slightly rufescent; tibial spurs testaceous.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

Structure . — Antennal scape length equal to flagellar segments 1-3 plus three-

fourths of segment 4; flagellar segment 1 as long as segments 2 plus 3 plus three-

fourths of 4, segment 2 about equal in length to 3 and each shorter than 4, segments

2 and 3 about as long as broad or shorter, 4-10 longer than broad. Eyes each

about four times as long as broad, inner margins parallel. Malar space linear,

width of base of mandible equals about 5.5 times minimum length of malar space.

Mandible short, in repose extending beyond middle of labrum by about one-fifth

its length. Galea dull, tessellate, short, extremely narrow and pointed. Maxillary

palpus extends beyond tip of galea by last two segments; segmental ratio about

1.0:1.0:1.0:0.8:0.5:0.7. Labial palpus with first segment slightly curved; segmental

ratio about 1.0:0. 7:0. 5:0.6. Labral process triangular, depressed medially near

apex and with a small median protuberance just basad of depression or with a

distinct median longitudinal rugula with a small lateral concavity on either side

near apex (holotype of first type) ; labrum apical to process with a strong transverse

shiny sulcus. Clypeus relatively flat, with a distinct median subapical shiny boss,

lateral to boss gibbous subapically, remainder with large, crowded punctures but

extremely shallow and obscured by fine dense tessellation. Supraclypeal area

sculptured like clypeus but punctures smaller. Genal area in profile as broad

as one and one-half times eye width, surface dulled by minute, relatively sparse

punctures and coarse reticular shagreening. Vertex short, above lateral ocellus

equal to one ocellar diameter or slightly more, surface opaque, dulled by dense

regular tessellation and small sparse punctures. Face above antennae with fine

longitudinal rugae, interrugal spaces dulled by fine reticular shagreening. Facial

fovea short, narrow, extends to just below lower margins antennal sockets, separated

from lateral ocellus by one ocellar diameter or more, well separated from margin

of compound eye.

Pronotum with well-formed humeral angle, triangular in lateral view, and

dorsoventral ridge not crossed by an impressed oblique suture; surface tessellate,

area behind dorsoventral ridge slightly roughened. Mesoscutum between parapsidal

lines except in anterior third with extremely fine, close-set, longitudinal rugulae,

with minute obscure punctures separated mostly by one to two puncture widths

or more, surface opaque, dulled by fine regular tessellation. Scutellum similar

but without rugulae or these short and evanescent. Metanotum dulled by close-set

minute punctures and dense tessellation. Propodeum with dorsal enclosure smooth,

tessellate, with a few extremely short rugulae at base; dorsolateral and posterior

surfaces with distinct sparse punctures and surface coarsely tessellate; corbicular

surface coarsely tessellate, punctures extremely sparse. Mesepisternum with fine

shallow punctures obscured by fine dense tessellation. Pterostigma about as broad

as from inner margin prestigma to anterior wing margin; vein 1st m-cu meets

second submarginal cell at or before middle of cell.

Metasomal terga with apical areas indistinct, basal areas with small punctures

separated mostly by one to two puncture widths, more crowded on terga 2 and 3

than on 1 and 4, apical area punctures sparse; punctures obscured by coarse,

irregularly and finely reticulate shagreening. Pygidial plate V-shaped with rounded

apex, without raised internal triangular area, with strongly curved rows of close-set

coarse punctures (unless worn). Sterna 2-5 with narrow impunctate apical areas,

basal areas with crowded punctures in apical halves, impunctate basally, surfaces

moderately dulled by fine reticular shagreening.

JANUARY 1971] LABERGE — NEW SUBGENUS OF ANDRENA

V estiture . — Generally cinereous but vertex and facial foveae with brown hairs,

terga 5 and 6 brown medially, tarsi with outer surfaces at least partly brown, hind

tibiae with scopal hairs below basitibial plates and along posterior border brown,

and fore and middle tibiae with outer surfaces brown at least in part. Fore coxae

(and to a lesser degree middle coxae) with long, stiff, simple hairs. Terga without

apical pale fasciae; sterna 2-5 with short hairs in basal areas and subapical

fringes of extremely long, plumose hairs. Propodeal corbicula with moderately

long, plumose hairs anteriorly, with abundant internal long simple hairs; tro-

chanteral flocculus complete; tibial scopal hairs simple, relatively short (but

along posterior margin at least as long as median width of tibia) .

Male. — Measurements and ratios . — N = 16; length, 8-10 mm; width, 2-3

mm; wing length, M = 3.43 ± 0.196 mm; FL/FW, M - 0.81 ± 0.004; FS1/FS2,

M = 2.33 ± 0.052.

Integumental color . — Black except as follows: mandibles with tips rufescent;

flagellar segments 2- or 3-11 reddish-brown to dark brown below; wing mem-

branes hyaline, colorless, veins dark reddish-brown; terga 2-5 with apical areas

slightly translucent; sterna 2-5 with apical areas hyaline or rufescent; distitarsi

rufescent; tibial spurs testaceous.

Structure . — Antennae moderately long, in repose reaching to metanotum; scape

length equals first two and one-half flagellar segments or slightly more; flagellar

segment 2 distinctly shorter than 3 and shorter than broad, segments 3-11 longer

than broad. Eyes each about three and one-third times as long as broad, inner

margins parallel. Malar space and galeae as in female. Mandible as in female

but slightly longer. Maxillary palpus as in female hut segmental ratio about

0.7:1.0:0.9:0.8:0.7:0.7. Labial palpus as in female but ratio about 1.0:0.5:0.6:0.5.

Labral process triangular with a prominent median horn half as long as length

of process rising from surface subapically; apical part of labrum not strongly

sulcate as in female. Clypeus broad, relatively flat with a prominent median

shiny elevated boss, surface elsewhere dulled by crowded, extremely shallow

punctures and fine, dense tessellation. Supraclypeal area, genal area, vertex and

face above antennae as in female except genal area slightly broader, face above

antennae with rugae weak especially near ocelli and vertex somewhat taller.

Thoracic sculpturing as in female except mesoscutum with rugulae scarcely

visible except in posterior declivity, much finer than in female and scutellum

without evident rugulae. Wing venation as in female.

Tergal sculpturing as in female except basal area punctures sparser (separated

mostly by two to four puncture widths) and apical areas of terga 2-5 shinier,

shagreening finer. Sterna 2-5 as in female but punctures extremely sparse. Sternum

6 with a broad, very shallow, apical emargination, subapically with a median,

slightly protuberant, triangular knob; medially impunctate and dull to moderately

shiny.

Terminalia as figured (Figs. 1-5), note the following: falcate apical processes

of gonocoxites; shape of volsellae; sternum 8 with apical area with short stout

pointed hairs medially.

V estiture . — Generally white to cinereous; clypeus with thick beard; terga

without pale apical fasciae; sterna 2-5 without distinct subapical fimbriae but

with a single transverse row of subapical, extremely long, plumose hairs (longest

laterally) .

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

Holotype female, 2.1 miles south of the Oakville Road on the

Silverado Trail, Napa County, California, on Nemophila menziesii

atomeria , 19 February 1967, by R. W. Cruden. Allotype, 2 2 and 3 $

paratypes same data as type. Additional paratypes include 230 2 and

15 $ as listed below.

California: Humboldt Co.: Kneeland (16.3 mi. S.) : 1 2 on A. m. atomeria,

2 May 1965, R. W. Cruden. Lake Co.: Anderson Spring: 1 2, 30 March 1961,

J. S. Buckett. Route 20 (2.1 mi. E. of Rte. 53) : 2 2 on N. m. menziesii, 26 April

1965, R. W. Cruden. Route 175 (2 mi. S. of Rte. 29) : 13 $ on N. m. menziesii,

30 April 1966, R. W. Cruden ; 19 2 on N. m. menziesii, 7 May 1966, R. W. Cruden ;

1 2 on A. m. menziesii, 5 May 1966, R. W. Cruden. Sawmill Flat, Bartlett Mt. :

2 2 on A. m. atomeria, 9 May 1965, R. W. Cruden. Marin Co.: Fort Baker: 1 2,

15 March 1925, C. L. Fox. Lake Lagunitas: 1 2 , 30 March 1961, D. Q. Cavagnaro,

Woodacre: 1 $,17 March 1929, M. C. Van Duzee. Mendocino Co.: Mendocino

Pass: 1 2 , 19 April 1948, R. M. Bohart. Ryan Creek: 1 2 , 17 April 1938, N. F.

Hardman; 8 2 , 12 April 1941, N. F. Hardman; 3 2 , 13 April 1941, N. F.

Hardman; 2 $ on Arctostaphylos sp., 26 March 1949, P. D. Hurd; 1 2 on

Nemophila sp., 18 April 1954, R. Craig. Napa Co.: Chiles-Pope Valley Road (0.2

mi. N. of Rte. 128) : 1 2 on A. m. menziesii, 27 March 1965, R. W. Cruden.

Monticello (11 mi. S.) : 8 2 , 20 March, 2 2, 25 March 1930, L. M. Smith;

2 2, 29 March 1956, E. A. Kurtz. Pope Valley (3.3 mi. S.) : 6 2 on A. m.

liniflora, 16 April 1966, R. W. Cruden; 1 2 on Platystemon californica, 2 2 on

A. m. menziesii, 8 2 on A. m. liniflora, 20 April 1966, R. W. Cruden; 1 2 on

Limnanthes douglasii, 26 April 1966, R. W. Cruden ; 1 2 on P. californica, 8 2 on

A. m. atomeria, 16 April 1967, R. W. Cruden. Silverado Trail (2.7 mi. S. of

Oakville Road) : 5 2,1 $ on A. m. atomeria, 24 March 1967, R. W. Cruden.

Sonoma Co.: El Verano (1 mi. S.) : 54 2,7 $ on Nemophila sp., 9 March 1967,

R. W. Thorp, B. J. Donovan and R. Adlakha; 37 2 on L. douglasii, 29 March

1967, R. W. Thorp and B. J. Donovan; 22 2 on L. douglasii, 3 April 1967,

R. W. Thorp and B. J. Donovan. Lichau Road (2.8 mi. E. of Pressley Road) : 1 2

on A. m. menziesii, 8 May 1965, R. W. Cruden. Triniti: 1 $,26 March 1937.

Triniti Road (2.1 mi. E. of Cavedale Road) : 2 2 , 12 April and 3 2 24 April

1965, on A. m. atomeria, R. W. Cruden. A single female paratype was collected

at Mark West Sprgs., California, on Nemophila sp., 23 April 1935, by E. P. Van

Duzee, but the author has not been able to locate this site. Oregon: W ashington

Co.: Forest Grove: 1 2,2 April, 1 $, 4 April and 2 2, 1 $, 6 April 1918,

F. R. Cole; 1 $,23 March and 1 2 , 29 March 1919, L. P. Rockwood.

The holotype and allotype are preserved in the collection of the

Illinois Natural History Survey. Paratypes are deposited in the col-

lections of The University of California at Berkeley and at Davis,

the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, Professor P. H.

Timberlake at Riverside, California, Dr. R. W. Cruden, Iowa City,

Iowa, Oregon State University at Corvallis, Utah State University at

Logan, the University of Kansas at Lawrence and the United States

National Museum in Washington, D. C.

JANUARY 1971]

LABERGE — NEW SUBGENUS OF ANDRENA

Figs. 1-15. Genital capsules (dorsal, ventral and lateral views) and sterna 7

and 8 of the following: A. torulosa (1-5), A. crudeni (6-10), and A. subnigripes

(11-15).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

Andrena (Nemandrena) crudeni LaBerge, new species

Andrena crudeni is almost indistinguishable from A. torulosa except

for the fact that A. crudeni lacks completely the pronotal humeral angle

and ridge in both sexes.

Female. — Measurements and ratios. — N = 20; length, 9-12 mm; width, 2.5-

4.0 mm; wing length, M — 3.61 ± 0.102 mm; FL/FW, M - 0.86 ± 0.003;

FOVL/FOVW, M = 3.22 ± 0.072.

lntegumental color. — As in A. torulosa.

Structure. — Structure and sculpture of head as in A. torulosa except as follows:

maxillary palpus with segmental ratio about 1.0: 1.0: 0.7: 0.7: 0.6: 0.4; labial palpus

with ratio about 1.0:0.6:0.4:0.6. Thoracic and metasomal sculpture and structure

as in A. torulosa except pronotum completely lacks humeral angle and dorsoventral

ridge, laterally pronotum rather evenly and finely tessellate.

Vestiture . — As in torulosa but head with vertex and along inner margins

compound eyes usually with abundant reddish-brown hairs.

Male. — Measurements and ratios . — N 9; length, 8-10 mm; width, 2. 0-2. 5

mm; wing length, M = 3.32 ± 0.229 mm; FL/FW, M = 0.80 ± 0.008; FS1/FS2,

M = 2.37 ± 0.087.

lntegumental color . — As in A. torulosa.

Structure. — Structure and sculpture of head as in torulosa except as follows:

maxillary palpus with segmental ratio about 1.0 : 1.0: 1.0: 0.9: 0.7: 0.6 ; labial palpus

with ratio about 1. 0:0.5 :0.4:0.4. Thoracic and metasomal structure and sculpturing

as in A. torulosa except as follows: pronotum completely lacks humeral angle and

dorsoventral ridge, surface finely and regularly tessellate; terminalia as figured

(Figs. 6-10), note apical process gonocoxite longer, less falcate; sternum 7

broader at apex; shape of volsellae; sternum 8 lacking short stout hairs medially.

Vestiture. — As in A. torulosa.

Holotype female , 10 miles north of Caliente, Kern County,

California, on Nemophila menziesii menziesii , 21 March 1965, by R.

W. Cruden. Allotype, 2 2 and 2 $ paratypes same data as type. Addi-

tional paratypes include 125 $ and 6 S from California, all collected

by R. W. Cruden on Nemophila menziesii menziesii unless otherwise

indicated.

Amador Co.: Jackson (0.5 mi. S. on Rte. 49) : 1 2 , 17 April 1966. Calaveras

Co.: Angels Camp (1.9 mi. S. at Rte. 49) : 3 2, 3 April 1965. Mokelumne River

and Rte. 29: 1 2 , 29 April 1967. Mokelumne River and Rte. 49: 4 $,17 April

1966. Fresno Co.: Fresno (Shaw Avenue): 2 2, 2 $, 5 March 1957. Watts

Valley (7 mi. W. of and near Watts Creek) : 25 2,3 $ , March 1967, on N. m.

menziesii, John Weiler. Kern Co.: Caliente (10 and 11 mi. N.) : 22 2,1 <3,6 April

1966. Glennville (3.8 mi. N.) : 2 2 , 14 April 1965, on N. m. menziesii, R. A.

Schlising. Granite-Glennville Road (8.8 mi. N.E. of Woody-Granite Rd.) : 2 2,

14. April 1965, on N. m. menziesii, R. A. Schlising. Lake Isabella (1 mi. W.) :

1 2 , 21 March 1969. Walker Basin (15.2 mi. N. of Caliente) : 4 2,6 April 1966.

Madera Co.: Bass Lake Road (Rte. 432, 0.4 mi. S. of Rte. 222): 2 2 , 15 May

JANUARY 1971] LABERGE NEW SUBGENUS OF ANDRENA

1967. Coarsegold (3.1 mi. N.E. at Rte. 41): 12 2 , 15 May 1967. Monterey Co.:

Jolon (12.9 mi. S. on Jolon-Bradley Rd.) : 1 $ , 20 March 1965. Spring Road

(1.7 mi. N.E. of Mission Rd.) : 3 2 , 19 March 1965. Nevada Co.: Route 49

(1.8 mi. N. of County line) : 1 2 , 24 April 1966. San Benito Co.: Lonoak Road

(11.3 mi. E. of Rte. 101) : 3 2 , 19 March 1965. San Luis Obispo Co.: Palo Prieto

Road (4.5 mi. S. of Rte. 466) : 1 2 , 26 March 1965. San Miguel (1.4 mi. E.) :

2 2 , 20 March 1965. Tulare Co.: Badger (2.9 mi. N.) : 1 2 , 15 April 1965, on

N. m. menziesii, R. A. Schlising. Tuolumne Co.: Black Oak Road (3.5 mi. N. of

Sonora-Tuolumne Rd.) : 4 2 , 13 May 1967, on Nemophila maculata, R. W. Cruden.

Soulsbyville Road (0.5 mi. N. of Sonora-Tuolumne Rd.) : 5 2 , 13 May 1967, on

N. maculata , R. W. Cruden. Standard Road (at Sonora-Tuolumne Rd.) : 3 2,

13 May 1967, on N. maculata, R. W. Cruden. Thell-Ward Ferry: 20 2 , 13 May

1967.

A single female in the P. H. Timberlake collection, Riverside, Cali-

fornia, bears no collection data. The paratypes are distributed to the

same collections as listed for A. torulosa. The holotype and allotype are

in the collection of the Illinois Natural History Survey.

Andrena (Nemandrena) subnigripes Viereck

Andrena ( Andrena ) subnigripes Viereck, 1916, Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci. Phila-

delphia, 68: 581.

Andrena ( Cryptandrena ) subnigripes: Lanham, 1949, Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol.,

8: 223.

This small, brightly colored species is closely related to A. crudeni.

Like A. crudeni, it differs from A. torulosa by lacking the pronotal

humeral angle and ridge. The female of A. subnigripes differs from

that of A. crudeni by having the metasomal and leg hairs black and the

thoracic hairs fulvous to fox-red. The male of A. subnigripes differs from

that of A. crudeni by having black hairs on the last few metasomal

segments and having dark ochraceous thoracic hair. Viereck’s (1916)

original description of the A. subnigripes female is excellent.

Female . — Measurements and ratios . — N rr 20; length, 10-12 mm; width,

3. 0-3. 5 mm; wing length, M zr 3.74 ± 0.099 mm; FL/FW, M rz 0.84 ± 0.003;

FOVL/FOVW, M = 3.09 ± 0.050.

Integumental color . — As in A. torulosa but terga not at all translucent apically

and tibial spurs dark reddish-brown.

Structure . — Head structure and sculpturing as in A. torulosa except as follows:

maxillary palpus with segmental ratio about 1.0:1.0:0.9:0.7 :0.6 :0.7 ; labial palpus

with ratio about 1.0:0.5:0.5:0.4. Thoracic and metasomal structure and sculpturing

as in A. torulosa except pronotum completely lacks humeral angle and dorsoventral

ridge, surface dull, finely and regularly tessellate and terga 1-4 with apical areas

slightly shinier.

V estiture . — Head hairs dark ochraceous to fulvous with dark brown hairs usually

present on vertex and on all specimens along inner margins of eyes, on lower parts

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1

of genal area, on mandibles and labrum, in facial fovea and a few dark brown

hairs mixed with the paler hairs on clypeus especially apically. Thorax fulvous to

bright fox-red above, fulvous on sides and a few dark brown hairs ventrally.

Metasomal hairs black or blackish-brown except tergum 1 basally and tergum 2

at extreme base at sides; first two sterna with hairs often pale. Leg hairs black

to dark brown except hind trochanteral flocculus ochraceous and usually some

femoral hairs pale; fore coxae with long spinelike hairs dark brown. Hair form

and pollen collecting hairs as in A. torulosa.

Male. — Measurements and ratios. — N = 4; length, 9-10 mm; width, about

2.5 mm; wing length, 3.35-3.50 mm; FL/FW, 0.78-0.79; FS1/FS2, 2.00-2.50.

Integumental color. — As in A. torulosa.

Structure. — Head structure and sculpturing as in torulosa except as follows:

maxillary palpus with segmental ratio about 0.9:1. 0:0. 9 : 0.9 :0.6 : 0.7 ; labial palpal

ratio about 1.0:0.6:0.4:0.6. Thoracic and metasomal structure and sculpturing as

in torulosa except as follows: pronotum completely lacks humeral angle and

dorsoventral ridge, surface finely and regularly tessellate; terga 1-5 with apical

areas shiny, shagreening extremely delicate; terminalia as figured (Figs. 11-15),

note gonocoxites with apical processes less falcate; note shape of volsellae;

sternum 8 with apical area with median hairs stout but not short as in torulosa.

Vestiture. — Head and thoracic hairs ochraceous to pale fulvous. Metasomal

hairs ochraceous except last three or four terga and sterna with dark reddish-

brown hairs. Leg hair ochraceous except as follows: inner surfaces tarsi dark

brown (hind) to reddish-brown (fore and middle) ; hind tibia with outer surface

with some brown hairs along posterior margin and surrounding basitibial plate;

middle tibia with outer surface with brown hairs at least apically.

Type material. — The holotype female of A. subnigripes from South-

ern California is in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural

Sciences (No. 4018) .

Distribution. — This species is known from only a few localities in

California and the data is given below in full.

Fresno Co.: Shaw Avenue east of Fresno. 37 2, 4 $, on

Nemophila menziesii menziesii , 5 March 1967, R. W. Cruden. Tulare

Co. : Strathmore. 12,1 April 1933, P. H. Timberlake.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank Dr. R. W. Cruden for the generous loan of his many

specimens collected during his studies of the plant genus Nemophila

and also for allowing me to distribute paratypes of these unusual new

bees to several museums. I wish also to thank Mr. John K. Bouseman

(Urbana, Illinois), and Mrs. Ellen Larson (Chadron, Nebraska) for

their skill in aiding in preparing the drawings for this paper. I am

grateful to the National Science Foundation (Grant GB 7374) for

continued support of a revision of the genus Andrena.

JANUARY 1971]

BRAGG — NEW PHAEOGENES

Literature Cited

Cruden, R. W. Genecological studies of Nemophila menziesii H. & A. (Hydro-

phyllaceae) . II. Pollination. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot., (in press ) .

LaBerge, W. E. 1964. Prodromus of American bees of the genus Andrena

(Hymenoptera, Apoidea) . Bull. Univ. Nebr. State Mus., 4: 279-316.

1967. A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere.

Part I. Callandrena. (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) . Bull. Univ. Nebr.

State Mus., 7 : 1-316.

1969. A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere.

Part II. Plastandrena, Aporandrena, Charitandrena. Trans. Amer.

Entomol. Soc., 95: 1-47.

Laniiam, U. N. 1949. A subgeneric classification of the New World of the genus

Andrena. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 8: 183-238.

Ribble, D. W. 1968a. A new subgenus, Belandrena, of the genus Andrena

(Hymenoptera: Apoidea). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc., 41: 220-236.

1968b. Revisions of two subgenera of Andrena : Micrandrena Ashmead and

Derandrena, new subgenus (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Bull. Univ. Nebr.

State Mus., 8: 237-394.

Viereck, H. L. 1916. New species of North American bees of the genus Andrena

from west of the 100th meridian contained in the collections of the

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci.

Philadelphia, 68: 550-608.

A New Species of Phaeogenes

(Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae)

D. E. Bragg

University of California, Davis

A new species of Phaeogenes , tribe Alomyini of the subfamily

Ichneumoninae (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae) , was discovered during

a study of the parasitoids of the artichoke plume moth, Platyptilia

carduidactyla (Riley) (Lepidoptera : Pterophoridae) (Lange, 1950).

As the new species, Phaeogenes cynarae , doesn’t conform well to the

existing key for the Alomyini (Townes, et al ., 1965) , Dr. Henry Townes

was kind enough to confirm the species as being in the genus Phaeogenes

sensu lato , as compared to Phaeogenes in the strict sense. 1 This paper

presents the description of Phaeogenes cynarae for the benefit of future

workers in the ecology of the species and its host.

1 Personal communication, 9 December 1969.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 57-62. January 1971

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

Fig. 1. Phaeogenes cynarae Bragg, Holotype: a. Clypeus; b. Right basal

antennal segments; c. Areola; d. Dorsal view of mesoscutum showing notauli;

e. Right hind coxa showing carina and secondary carinae; f. Postpetiole and

second abdominal tergite showing sculpture; g. Tyloids of male (Allotype)

antenna, flagellar segments 8-12.

Phaeogenes cynarae Bragg, new species

Female holotype. — Morphological Characters . — Gena only slightly impressed

before the hypostomal carina; clypeus prominent with sparse setation, bell-shaped

and apically thickened (Fig. la) ; basal segments of antenna quadrate, 1.5 X

JANUARY 1971]

BRAGG NEW PHAEOGENES

longer than wide (Fig. lb) ; areola longer than wide, truncate (Fig. lc) ; notauli

weakly impressed (Fig. Id) ; transverse carina of hind coxa strongly raised with

parallel secondary carinae (Fig. le) ; postpetiole sculptured with longitudinal

striae (Fig. If) ; second abdominal tergite thyridia prominent with gastrocoeli

impressed, and striae anterior to the thyridia (Fig. If). Length 9 mm.

Coloration . — ’Head and thorax black; antenna red-brown, darkened near the

apex; coxae and legs red; abdomen red-brown; postpetiole red-brown.

Male allotype.- — Morphological Characters. — Like female except lacking carina

on hind coxa; flagellar segments 8-12 with the tyloids occupying the length of

the segments, long-oval in shape (Fig. lg). Length 12 mm.

Coloration. — Frons, clypeus, and mouthparts lemon yellow; scape yellow anteri-

orly; coxae and trochanters yellow; alary sclerites yellow; head and thorax

black; legs red; postpetiole black; abdomen red.

Variation in paratype series. — C oloration is the only variable

noted. The females vary as follows; head and thorax black to light

brown; the antenna may have flagellar segments 8-10 white; abdomen

red to brown, with segments 6-7 rarely darkened; postpetiole black to

red. The males may have the frons, clypeus, and mouthparts individually

yellow or not; the alary sclerites yellow or not; the coxae and tro-

chanters yellow or not; and the abdominal segments 6-7 rarely black.

The range of length in females is 5-10 mm, and 5—12 mm in males.

Holotype female , PROGENY OF A FEMALE COLLECTED IN SALINAS,

Monterey County, California, 24 June 1969, D. E. Bragg. Allotype,

progeny of same female as holotype.

Paratypes (67 2, 78 <$). — California: Mono Co.\ Hilton Creek, $, 4 Sep-

tember 1956, R. M. Bohart (UCD). Monterey Co.: Arroyo Seco Camp, $, 5 June

1958, R. M. Bohart (UCD); Castroville, 2 2 , 29 June 1937, W. H. Lange

(USNM), 2, 8 July 1969, D. E. Bragg; Salinas, 2 2, ^ , 8 November 1968,

2 2 , 13 March, 2, 22 April, 44 2 , 52 <$,24 June (progeny of collected female,

siblings to holotype and allotype) , 2 , $ , 15 July, 2 2,4 <$ , 12 August 1969,

$, 2 March 1970, D. E. Bragg. Nevada Co.: Sagehen Creek, $, 23 August 1968,

D. S. Horning (UCD) ; Scott’s Flat, 2 , 10 July 1968, 2 , 10 July 1969, D. E. Bragg.

Plumas Co.: Antelope Valley, 2 <$ , 2 August 1969, D. E. Bragg. San Luis Obispo

Co.: Arroyo Grande, $, 7 May 1930, ? (UCB), 2, ?, R. Van den Bosch H-13-1

(USNM). San Mateo Co.: Halfmoon Bay, 2,3 $, October, 3 2, November

1936, $, 5 April 1937, W. H. Lange (USNM); Pescadero, $, 25 October 1937,

W. H. Lange (USNM). Connecticut: New Haven Co.: New Haven, $, 15

April ?, Mary Urban (USNM). Michigan: Monroe Co.: Monroe, $, 27 June

1931, L. G. Jones (USNM). Nebraska: Seward, 2 2 , 13 July 1955, C. Brand-

horst (USNM). Oregon: Benton Co.: Corvallis, 2, 6 April 1928, H. A. Scullen

(USNM); Douglas Co.: Diamond Lake, $, 23 July 1966, P. Rude (UCB).

Washington: Pierce Co.: Paradise Valley, Mt. Ranier, $, 4 September 1932,

J. F. Clarke (USNM).

Other material seen. — California: Mendocino Co.: Hopland Field Station,

8, 13 July 1956, P. D. Hurd (UCB). Monterey Co.: Salinas, $, 22 April, 3 $,

24 June 1969, D. E. Bragg. Indiana: York, $ , 5 April 1931, L. G. Jones (USNM).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1

Fig. 2. Phaeogenes ischiomelanus Wesmael: a. Clypeus; b. Right basal

antennal segments; c. Areola; d. Right hind coxa showing carina and secondary

carinae; e. Postpetiole and second abdominal tergite showing sculpture; f. Tyloids

of male antenna, flagellar segments 6-10.

Deposition of type material. — Holotype, allotype, all specimens

noted as “(UCD)” above, plus twenty other paratypes, to the Museum,

Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis. All speci-

mens noted as “(UCB)” above plus twenty other paratypes, to the

California Insect Survey Collection, Department of Entomology, Uni-

versity of California, Berkeley. All specimens noted as “(USNM)”

above plus ten other paratypes to the U. S. National Museum. Twenty

paratypes to the American Entomological Institute, Ann Arbor, Michi-

gan, and sixty-five paratypes retained by the D. E. Bragg private

collection, currently located in Davis, California.

Distribution. — Phaeogenes cynarae is a transition zone species

associated with its host on plants of the genera Cirsium Miller and

Cynara Linnaeus. Distribution seems to be limited more by favorable

physical factors, especially available water and shelters, than by host

abundance. Distribution is throughout the continental United States.

Fig. 3. Phaeogenes fuscicornus Wesmael: a. Clypeus; b. Right basal antennal

segments; c. Areola; d. Right hind coxa showing carina; e. Postpetiole and

second abdominal tergite; f. Tyloids of male antenna, flagellar segments 7-10.

Discussion

Phaeogenes cynarae is closely related to Ph. ischiomelanus Wesmael

in Perkins’ (1959) Ph. fuscicornus Wesmael group, on the basis of

morphological characters. 2 Phaeogenes cynarae is the only known

nearctic species in the fuscicornus group, and differs from Ph. ischio-

melanus and Ph. fuscicornus in several ways. Since the palearctic species

are described in Perkins’ (1959) work, only distinguishing characters

not treated by Perkins will be discussed here. Phaeogenes ischiomelanus

has the clypeus (Fig. 2a) less dome-shaped and less apically thickened;

the basal antennal segments are more elongate (Fig. 2b) ; the areola is

short and squared with thinner carinae (Fig. 2c) ; the carina of the

hind coxa, while possessing parallel secondary carinae, is less pro-

nounced (Fig. 2d) ; the postpetiole is less strongly sculptured, and the

second abdominal tergite has smaller thyridia (Fig. 2e) ; and the tyloids

2 Personal communication, 2 February 1970, Dr. R. Carlson.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

of the male antenna are on flagellar segments 6-10 and are more

slender (Fig. 2f) than those of Ph. cynarae. Phaeo genes fuscicornus

has a broader, more shallow clypeus with no apical thickening (Fig.

3a) ; the basal segments of the antenna are more squat (Fig. 3b) ; the

areola is hexagonal and as wide as long (Fig. 3c) ; the carina of the

hind coxa is prominent, but without secondary carinae (Fig. 3d) ; the

postpetiole is smooth (Fig. 3e) ; and the tyloids of the male antenna

are on flagellar segments 7-10 and are shorter and wider (Fig. 3f)

than those of Ph. cynarae. By the judicial use of Perkins’ key and the

figures shown in this paper, investigators should be able to determine

specimens of Ph. cynarae.

Phaeogenes cynarae is a pupal parasitoid of Platyptilia carduidactyla,

which species is its only known host. Females insert one egg into a

fourth instar host larva, and the adult wasp emerges from the pupa

15—30 days later. Biological data, including specific details of behavior

and ecology are still being obtained and will be published along with

data for other parasitoids of P. carduidactyla at a later date.

Acknowledgments

Gratitude must be expressed to Dr. Henry Townes, Dr. Leopoldo

Caltagirone, and Dr. Robert Carlson for advice on the preparation of

this paper. Dr. Robert Carlson of the USNM, Dr. Leopoldo Caltagirone

of UCB, and Mr. R. 0. Schuster of USD were kind enough to provide

the aforementioned paratypes and other specimens including those of

the palearctic species.

Literature Cited

Lange, W. H. 1950. Biology and systematics of plume moths of the genus

Platyptilia in California. Hilgardia, 19: 615-669.

Perkins, 1. F. 1959. Hymenoptera Ichneumonoidea Ichneumonidae: key to

subfamilies and Ichneumoninae I. Handb. Ident. Brit. Insects, 7 (2) :

p. 102, 110.

Townes, H. K., S. Momoi, and M. Townes. 1965. Eastern Palearctic Ichneu-

monidae. Mem. Amer. Entomol. Inst., 5: 592-593.

JANUARY 1971]

BRIGHT — NEW BARK-BEETLES

New Species, New Synonymies and New Records of

Bark-Beetles from Arizona and California

(Coleoptera : Scolytidae)

Donald E. Bright, Jr.

Entomology Research Institute

Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa

Continuing studies on the bark-beetle fauna of California have re-

vealed three new species and five new cases of synonymy. Also included

herein is a description of a new species of the genus Pityolrichus Wood

and a note on a species previously unrecorded from the United States.

Besides Pityotrichus, the new species and most of the synonyms represent

species in the genus Pityophthorus Blackman.

Pityophthorus brucki Bright, new species

Female. — 1.8 mm long, 2.5 times longer than wide; body reddish-brown,

vestiture yellowish.

Frons flattened from eye to eye, slightly concave in center; surface shining,

punctures moderate in size; vestiture short and sparse in central portion, with

fringe of very long, yellowish setae, longest reaching from vertex to epistomal

margin, sometimes covering entire frons. Antennal club 1.3 times longer than

wide, widest through third segment; segments one and two combined definitely

shorter than segments three and four combined; first segment notably narrower

than others; all segments strongly arcuate.

Pronotum slightly wider than long, widest behind summit; sides rather broadly

rounded, faintly constricted in front of middle; anterior margin rather narrowly

rounded, bearing two prominent asperities; asperities of anterior slope erect, rather

sharp, arranged in broken concentric rows; posterior portion shining, punctures

rather close, separated by a distance equal to their diameters; impunctate median

line broad, very faintly elevated.

Elytra about as wide as pronotum, 1.8 times longer than wide; sides parallel

on basal three-fourths, broadly rounded at apex; striae punctured in regular

rows, only the first impressed; strial punctures faint, shallow, a little larger in

first striae; interspaces wider than striae, dull, with a row of very faint punctures

on first, third, fifth and alternate interspaces; vestiture of very fine strial setae

and slightly longer interstrial setae. Declivity convex, not sulcate; suture and

first striae impressed below general elytral surface; lateral margins rounded,

devoid of granules; strial punctures not visible, indicated only by rows of very

fine setae.

Male. — Similar in size and proportions to female. Frons flattened nearly to

eyes, divided by a distinctly elevated, longitudinal carina in center, area on each

side of carina roughened by large, shallow punctures; vestiture sparse.

Pronotum similar to female except asperities more strongly elevated and sharper.

Elytra similar to female except strial punctures larger and deeper. Declivity

similar to female except suture more deeply impressed.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 63-70. January 1971

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

Type material. — Holotype female, Mt. Hawkins, San Bernardino

County, California, 23 June 1940, Pinus lambertiana, C. R. Bruck

collection, J. N. Knull collection. Allotype male, and 10 paratypes with

same data. Two paratypes, Idyllwild, Riverside Co., California, 24

October 1941, Pinus lambertiana , D. DeLeon collector. The holotype,

allotype and four paratypes are in the Ohio State University collection,

Columbus, Ohio. Additional paratypes are in the Canadian National

Collection, Ottawa, Ontario and the California Insect Survey, Berkeley.

Remarks. — P. brucki ranges in size from 1.5 to 1.8 mm, and averages

1.6 mm. In one of the males the frontal carina extends to the epistomal

margin but in three others it does not. The characters of the female

frons and the declivity of both sexes display little notable variation.

This species illustrates some of the difficulties with Blackman’s

(1928) groups. Based on antennal characters, this species clearly

belongs to group I but it lacks the elevated ninth elytral interspace

which is supposed to be characteristic of that group. Since I believe

the antennal character is more fundamental, this species is placed in

group I. It appears to show some relationship with P. scalptor Black-

man but the relationship is remote.

Pityophthorus sierrensis Bright, new species

Female. — 2.6 mm long, 2.9 times longer than wide; body black, antennae

reddish-brown, vestiture yellowish.

Frons finely, densely punctured and pubescent on a semicircular area, this

area not reaching eyes on sides and extends dorsally above upper level of eyes,

setae rather dense, the longest ones about as long as antennal funicle; surface

between eye and pubescent portion smooth with a few faint, shallow punctures;

surface above pubescent portion more densely punctured, punctures larger than

on side, more closely placed and deeper. Antennal club 1.3 times longer than

wide, widest through second segment; first segment nearly straight, second rather

weakly arcuate.

Pronotum 1.1 times longer than wide, widest behind summit; sides broadly

arcuate, faintly constricted in front of middle; anterior margin broadly rounded,

bearing numerous asperities; asperities of anterior slope rather low, numerous,

arranged in no definite order; posterior portion minutely reticulate, rather dull,

punctures close, deep; transverse impression behind summit evident; impunctate

median line broad, faintly elevated.

Elytra as wide as pronotum, 1.8 times longer than wide; sides parallel on basal

three-fourths, broadly rounded at apex; striae punctured in regular rows, first

definitely impressed; strial punctures small, separated by a distance equal to little

more than their diameters; interspaces wider than striae, minutely reticulate,

hearing row of fine punctures on first, third, fifth and alternate interspaces,

these about same size as strial punctures but much sparser; vestiture consisting

of very fine strial setae and somewhat longer interstrial setae. Declivity sloping;

first interspace elevated and granulate; second interspace sulcate and distinctly

JANUARY 1971]

BRIGHT NEW BARK-BEETLES

widened; third interspace elevated as high as first, granulate; punctures in first

striae obsolete, smaller than on disk in striae two and three; ninth interspace

faintly elevated on lateral portions; vestiture on declivity a little longer than

on disk.

Male. — Similar in size and proportions to female. Frons faintly impressed above

epistomal margin; longitudinal carina distinct, not tooth-like, elevated from

epistomal margin to above upper level of eyes; area on each side of carina

strongly punctured, punctures large, deep and close; vestiture sparse except

along epistomal margin, consisting of short setae, somewhat longer in impressed

area above epistomal margin.

Pronotum similar to female except asperities more erect and sharper.

Elytra similar to female. Declivity similar to female except second interspace

not as deeply sulcate and granules in first and third interspace a little larger.

Type material.- — Holotype female, 1 mile south of Onion Valley,

Inyo County, California (Robinson Lake, about 10,000 ft.), 4 Sep-

tember 1968, D. E. Bright, Pinus Balfouriana. No. 10777 in the Canadian

National Collection. Allotype male, same date as holotype. Paratypes:

13, same data as holotype; 48, same locality and date as holotype,

Pinus flexilis. The holotype, allotype and most of the paratypes are

in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ontario. Additional

paratypes are in the California Insect Survey, Berkeley.

Remarks. — Specimens in the type series range in size from 2.4 to 2.7

mm. The frontal carina in some males is more strongly elevated,

especially in the lower part, and may be shorter than in other speci-

mens. Usually the punctures of the first striae in the declivity are

evident and in some specimens may be as distinct as the punctures of

the second and third striae. The height and number of granules on

the declivital interspaces also varies between specimens.

Pityophthorus inyoensis Bright, new species

Female. — 2.05 mm long, 2.85 times longer than wide; body dark reddish-brown

except pronotum reddish, antennae and legs light brown; vestiture yellowish.

Frons finely punctured and pubescent on a semicircular area, this area with a

concave circular area in center and slightly protuberant above epistoma, setae

moderately abundant, longer and incurved around margin, longest setae slightly

longer than antennal funicle; surface above pubescent portion more strongly

punctured, punctures larger than in center and more strongly impressed. Antennal

club large, 1.2 times longer than wide, widest through second segment; first

segment weakly arcuate, others more strongly so.

Pronotum 1.1 times wider than long, widest at middle; sides broadly arcuate,

faintly constricted in front of middle; anterior margin broadly rounded bearing

about six asperities, the median two longest; asperities of anterior slope erect,

sharp, arranged in no definite order; posterior portion shining, densely punctured,

punctures closer than a distance equal to their diameters, moderately deep ;

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

transverse impression not evident; impunctate median line broad, faintly elevated;

vestiture abundant.

Elytra as wide as pronotum, 1.7 times longer than wide; sides parallel on

basal three-fourths, broadly rounded at apex; striae punctured in nearly regular

rows, only the first impressed; strial punctures moderate, separated by a distance

about equal to their diameters; interspaces wider than striae, minutely reticulate,

with row of punctures on first, third, fifth, and other interspaces punctured near

declivity except fourth which is impunctate; vestiture consisting of short strial

setae and longer interstrial setae. Declivity convex; second interspace barely,

if at all, widened and sulcate; strial punctures slightly reduced in size but distinct

to apex; suture and first striae depressed slightly; lateral elevations rounded,

not elevated higher than suture; first and third interspace very faintly granulate;

vestiture as on elytral disk.

Male. — Similar in size and proportions to female. Frons flattened on a semi-

circular area similar to female, with a distinct tooth-like carina on lower portion

just above epistoma; surface impressed above carina; area on each side of carina

finely punctured, more strongly so at margins of flattened area; vestiture sparse.

Pronotum similar to female except asperities a little higher and sharper.

Elytra similar to female. Declivity similar to female except second interspace

very slightly wider and less deeply sulcate.

Type material. — Holotype female, 1 mile south of Onion Valley,

Inyo County, California (Robinson Lake, about 10,000 ft.), 4 Sep-

tember 1968, D. E. Bright, Pinus Balfouriana. No. 10964 in the

Canadian National Collection. Allotype male, same data as holotype.

Paratypes; 19, same data as holotype; 27, Onion Valley, Inyo Co.,

California, 4 September 1968, D. E. Bright, Pinus Balfouriana. The

holotype, allotype and most of the paratypes are in the Canadian

National Collection, Ottawa, Ontario. Additional paratypes are in the

California Insect Survey, Berkeley.

Discussion. — Specimens in the type series range in size from 2.0

to 2.4 mm. The carina on the frons of males varies in height and

length but it is always distinctly elevated and toothlike. The amount

of pubescence on the female frons also varies. The second declivital

interspace on many specimens is not wider than it is on the disk while

in others it is slightly wider.

This species is related to P. artifex Blackman and P. venustus Black-

man but is distinguished by a shorter, higher male frontal carina, by

the somewhat less densely pubescent female frons and by the much

shallower second declivital interspace.

Dendrocranulus californicus (Hopkins)

Xylocleptes californicus Hopkins, 1915, U. S. Dep. Agr. Rep., 99: 44.

Dendrocranulus californicus, Wood, 1961, Coleopt. Bull., 15: 41.

JANUARY 1971]

BRIGHT — NEW BARK-BEETLES

Xylocleptes venturina Hopkins, 1915, U. S. Dep. Agr. Rep., 99: 44 (new synonymy).

Dendrocranulus venturina, Wood, 1961, Coleopt. Bull., 15: 41.

Types and paratypes of both of Hopkins’ species have been compared

to one another and to several series from various parts of California.

No meaningful, consistent differences were noted. This species is

somewhat variable in the depth of the concavity on the male frons

and in the features of the elytral declivity. In most series examined,

examples with various degrees of development of these features could

be found. Distribution and host plant are the same, therefore only

one species can be recognized.

Pityopiithorus monophyllae Blackman

Pityophthorus monophyllae Blackman, 1928, Bull. N. Y. State Coll. Forest., 1

(3-b) , Tech. Publ., 25: 47.

Pityophthorus socius Blackman, 1928, Bull. N. Y. State Coll. Forest., 1 (3-b),

Tech Publ., 25: 48 (new synonymy).

Pityophthorus piceus Bright, 1966, Pan-Pac. Entomol., 42(4) : 297, (new synonymy) .

The holotypes of P. monophyllae and P. socius and paratypes of

P. piceus were compared to each other. The frons of the holotype of

P. socius is less densely pubescent than that of P. monophyllae, but

the type series of both species shows a complete range of variation.

In other features, the two holotypes are identical. In addition, no

differences could be detected when comparing numerous specimens of

P. monophyllae and P. piceus. Both P. socius and P. piceus must be

considered synonyms of P. monophyllae.

Pityophthorus opimus Blackman

Pityophthorus opimus Blackman, 1928, Bull. N. Y. State Coll. Forest., 1 (3-b),

Tech. Publ., 25: 80.

Pityophthorus aristatae Bright, 1964, Pan-Pac. Entomol., 40(3) : 166 (new syn-

onymy) .

Four paratypes of P. opimus from Colorado were compared to para-

types of P. aristatae from California and found to represent the same

species. The variations seen are considered to be within the normal

range for the species. This is the first record of this species by this

name from California.

Pityophthorus tuberculatus Eichhoff

Pityophthorus tuberculatus Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, 2nd Series,

8: 498.

Pityophthorus rugicollis Swaine, 1925, Can. Entomol., 57 : 193 ; Blackman, 1928,

Bull. N. Y. State Coll. Forest., 1 (3-b), Tech. Publ., 25: 92.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

Pityophthorus novellus Blackman, 1928, Bull. N. Y. State Coll. Forest., 1 (3-b),

Tech. Publ., 25: 96 (new synonymy).

Pityophthorus novellus was described from three callow, completely

distorted specimens taken from Pinus sahinianae near Tehachapi,

California. Two of those specimens (allotype and paratype) have

been examined. The allotype is a male and displays enough features

to enable one to recognize it as P. tuherculatus. The one paratype

is a female and, although distorted, shows the characteristic frontal

features of the female P. tuherculatus. Pityophthorus tuherculatus is a

common species in California with several records from Pinus sahini-

anae. Since no essential differences were noted and since distribution

and host plant are similar, only one species can be recognized.

Pityophthorus cristatus Wood

Pityophthorus cristatus Wood, 1964, Great Basin Natur., 24(2) : 68.

This species was described from specimens collected at Perote, Vera

Cruz, Mexico (holotype), Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico and Las Vigas,

Vera Cruz, Mexico. Subsequently it was recorded from El Salto,

Durango, Mexico (Thomas, 1966) . I recently collected this species

from two localities in Arizona: Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Clara Co.

and Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise Co. The species is

known from Pinus ayacahuite, P. engelmanni and P. leiophylla. These

represent the first records of this species from the United States.

Genus Pityotrichus Wood

Pityophilus Blackman, 1928, Bull. N. Y. State Coll. Forest., ( 1 — b ) , Tech. Publ.,

25: 147 (preoccupied).

Pityotrichus Wood, 1962, Great Basin Natur., 22 (1-3) : 76.

Type species. — Pityophilus harhatus Blackman, monotypic.

Members of this genus resemble species in Pityophthorus in general

body shape but may be recognized by the enlarged pregular area of

the head, which bears a beard-like fringe of long hair-like setae on the

female, by the evenly rounded, weakly sulcate elytral declivity and by

the antennal club, which is definitely longer than wide, with the first

two sutures chitinized.

Key to the Species of Pityotrichus

1. Interstrial setae almost as long as the width of an interspace; body 1.6-1. 8

mm long; frons of male flattened, obscurely punctured, not carinate,

bearing a few longer setae on periphery of flat area; in Pinus edulis

harhatus (Blackman)

JANUARY 1971]

BRIGHT NEW BARK-BEETLES

Interstrial setae very short, much shorter than width of an interspace; body

1.8-2. 1 mm long; frons of male flattened, distinctly carinate, carina

elevated, surface distinctly punctured on each side; in Pinus flexilis

and P. strobiformis hesperius Bright, n. sp.

Pityotrichus hesperius Bright, new species

Female. — 1.9 mm long, 2.7 times longer than wide; body reddish-brown, vestiture

yellowish.

Frons flattened on rather large area, slightly concave in center; surface shining,

punctures very closely placed, distinctly impressed; vestiture sparse, consisting

of short, fine, scattered, hair-like setae with a few, longer setae intermixed,

especially around upper level of concavity. Pregular area greatly enlarged, bearing

a semi-circular fringe of long, curved setae, these long enough to nearly cover

mouthparts. Antennal club 1.25 times longer than wide, widest through third

segment; segments one and two slightly arcuate, chitinized at lateral margins.

Pronotum as long as wide, widest just behind middle; sides broadly rounded,

distinctly constricted in front of middle; anterior margin broadly rounded, bearing

six, erect asperities; asperities on anterior slope erect, sharp, arranged in broken

concentric rows; posterior portion shining, punctures rather large, distinctly

impressed, close; median line broad, impunctate, faintly elevated; vestiture on

posterior punctate portion consisting of fine, hair-like setae, one arising from

each puncture.

Elytra 1.6 times longer than wide; sides parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly

rounded at apex; striae punctured in regular rows, punctures fine, moderately

impressed, each puncture bearing a small, erect, hair-like seta, these setae usually

but little longer than a distance equal to the diameter of a puncture; interspaces

minutely rugose, opaque, distinctly wider than striae, bearing a row of scattered

punctures on first, third, fifth and alternate interspaces, each puncture bearing

a longer, hair-like seta, these setae much shorter than a distance equal to the

width of an interspace. Declivity evenly convex; suture weakly elevated, finely

granulate; second interspace widened, slightly impressed; third and remaining

interspaces as on disk; strial punctures very faint.

Male. — Similar in size and proportions to female. Frons flattened, divided by

a definite longitudinal carina in center, area on each side of carina distinctly

punctured; vestiture sparse. Pregular area enlarged, only sparsely pubescent.

Pronotum and elytra similar to female except more coarsely sculptured.

Type material. — Holotype female , Pinaleno Mtns., Graham

County, Arizona, 15 July 1968, D. E. Bright, Pinus strobiformis. No.

11445 in the Canadian National Collection. Allotype male, same data

as holotype. Paratypes: 28, same data as holotype; 5, Sandia Peak,

Bernalillo Co., New Mexico, 9 July 1968, D. E. Bright; Pinus flexilis.

The type material is in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa,

Ontario.

Remarks. — Specimens in the type series range in size from 1.8 to

2.1 mm. The female frons is sometimes completely flat with no concave

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1

center portion. The punctures of the striae on the declivity are usually

more evident than those in the holotype. The carina on the frons of

the male varies in height and length but is always distinctly visible.

Literature Cited

Blackman, M. W. 1928. The genus Pityophthorus Eichh. in North America.

Bull. N. Y. State Coll. Forest., 1 (3-b), Tech. Pub., 25, 212 pp.

Thomas, J. B. 1966. Some Scolytidae from the Sierra Madre Occidental in

Mexico. Can. Entomoh, 98(8) : 871-875.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Announcement A. (n.s.) 86

Required six-month’s notice is given on the possible use of plenary powers by

the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in connection with the

following names listed by case number:

(see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 26, pt. 6, 7 April 1970) :

1791, Suppression of Papilio aglaja Linnaeus, 1758 (Insecta, Lepidoptera) .

1889, Suppression of Culex albirostris Macquart, 1851 (Insecta, Diptera).

1892, Emendation to SPHAERIDAE of SPHAERIIDAE Erichson, 1845 (Insecta,

Coleoptera) .

1897, Type-species for Trepsichrois Hiibner, 1816 (Insecta, Lepidoptera).

1898, Type-species for Monroa Warren, 1904, and Hetererccnnis Warren, 1904

(Insecta, Lepidoptera).

1899, Suppression of Hymenitis [Illiger], 1807 (Insecta, Lepidoptera).

(see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 27, pt. 2, 10 August 1970) :

1904, Type-species for Phidippus C. L. Koch, 1846; Suppression of Salticus

variegatus Lucas, 1833 (Aranaea).

1916, Neotype for Hyocephalus ciprugnus Bergroth, 1906 (Insecta, Hemiptera).

1917, Type-species for Mimecomutilla Ashmead, 1903 (Insecta, Hymenoptera) .

1918, Suppression of Zealanclobates Hammer, 1967 ( Acari) .

1919, Suppression of Clavicera Latreille, 1802 (Insecta, Hymenoptera).

1921, Neotype for Sctperda inornata Say, 1824 (Insecta, Coleoptera).

Comments should be sent in duplicate, citing case number, to the Secretary,

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum

(Natural History) , Cromwell Road, London S.W. 7, England. Those received

early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature.

— Margaret Doyle.

January 1971]

PROCEEDINGS

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

R. W. Thorp F. L. Blanc M. S. Wasbauer P. H. Arnaud, Jr.

President President-elect Secretary Treasurer

Proceedings

Three Hundred and Thirty-Second Meeting

The 332nd meeting was held Friday, 20 February 1970, at 7:45 p.m. in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,

San Francisco, with President Thorp presiding.

Members present (43) : R. P. Allen, F. G. Andrews, C. Armin, M. Bentzien,

R. Blair, F. L. Blanc, I. Boussy, T. Briggs, R. M. Brown, G. Buckingham, P.

Cammer, W. Chase, J. A. Chemsak, R. V. Cottam, H. V. Daly, F. Ennik, M. R.

Gardner, W. G. Goodman, J. Guggolz, K. S. Hagen, T. P. Heck, M. E. Irwin,

W. H. Lange, R. L. Langston, K. Lorenzen, Kathleen Meehan, A. R. Moldenke,

P. A. Opler, Judy Perlstein, J. A. Powell, D. C. Rentz, D. W. Ribble, R. Schoeppner,

H. I. Scudder, 0. Shields, C. N. Slobodchikoff, R. G. Stecker, L. Stotlemyre,

R. W. Thorp, M. S. and Joanne S. Wasbauer, R. H. Whitsel, R. F. Wilkey.

Visitors present (37) : J. W. Banne, Mary F. Benson, Nancy Blair, Nancy

Brownfield, G. J. Guiliani, Linda Campbell, P. Chase, Barbara and Diane Daly,

W. and Patricia Dana, A. Garren, Kathy Green, C. and Etta Hansen, R. and

Valerie Hatch, Patricia Haverstock, T. G. Hentey, K. S. Heston, S. E. Heston,

Wendy Jacobs, Ellen Lange, Carol La Point, M. Marquis, Allison Moldenke,

G. Nichols, Sandra Ortega, Kathy Rentz, E. Rogers, Jr., S. Sims, Susan B.

Slightam, J. A. Smith, P. Y. So, B. Stainbrook, H. Stainbrook, V. Stanett, Phyllis

Stecker, Joyce Thorp, R. Wehrman, R. White.

The minutes of the meeting held 19 December 1969 were summarized.

The following names were proposed for membership: Carl Johansen, Fred G.

Andrews, Robert L. Mangin, Edvins Kaulens.

President Thorp asked for introductions from the floor. Mr. Leech introduced

P. Y. So from Hong Kong, interested in coccinellids and biological control of

tropical insects. Mr. R. F. Wilkey introduced three outstanding students in the

entomology program of the 4-H in Sacramento, Alan Garren, Bill Stainbrook and

Hal Stainbrook.

President Thorp announced that the next meeting would be held at Morrison

Auditorium on April 17. Three speakers are to be featured. The following meeting

will be the annual picnic and field day and will be held on Saturday, May 16.

Mr. D. C. Rentz showed six slides of the Farallone Islands and the habitat

of a crane fly which lives in the masses of mat-like algae on the rocks near shore.

Dr. Edwards announced the publication of a new book on the biology and

external morphology of bees with a synopsis of the genera of northwestern America,

by W. P. Stephen, G. E. Bohart and P. Torchio. The illustrated key is excellent

and very easy to use. This was published by the University of Oregon Press at

about $1.98.

Dr. Powell announced the appearance of the long-awaited Diptera of Western

North America by F. C. Cole. It is a UC Press release at about $25.00.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. J. Gordon Edwards, San Jose

State College. His illustrated talk was entitled, “In Search of Insects in Beautiful

Costa Rica.”

Coffee and other refreshments were served at a social hour in the entomology

rooms following the meeting. — M. S. Wasbauer, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Thirty-Third Meeting

The 333rd meeting was held at 7 :45 p.m. on Friday, 17 April 1970, in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,

San Francisco. President Thorp presided.

Members present (29) : R. P. Allen, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., W. E. Azevedo, M. M.

Bentzien, R. G. Blair, F. L. Blanc, D. L. Briggs, T. S. Briggs, R. M. Brown,

R. J. Bushnell, P. Cammer, D. C. Carlson, J. F. Emmel, F. Ennik, J. R. Gabel,

T. P. Heck, E. L. Kessel, H. B. Leech, K. Lorenzen, D. C. Rentz, D. Ribble,

R. E. Stecker, R. W. Thorp, M. S. Wasbauer, S. C. Williams.

Visitors present (25) : L. Allen, A. D. Bacon, Nancy Blair, J. Chapman, Rita

Dechene, Alexandria Ennik, Mr. and Mrs. K. Falsaulle, Mrs. J. Guggolz, H. E.

Hallett, Jr., Meredith Halliburton, R. Halliburton, J. T. Hjelle, Katharine D.

Jenkins, Lupe Nava, S. Nava, A. Nonomura, J. Nonomura, Adell Reid, Taly Slay,

S. Sims, R. C. Smith, Christie Stecketee, Debbie Sursner, Joyce Thorp.

The minutes of the meeting held 20 February were summarized.

The following new nembers were elected: Aldro Dean Bacon, John T. Hjelle,

Susan Slightam.

Mr. R. P. Allen announced a shift of policy in advertising in the Pan-Pacific

Entomologist. There will be more smaller ads in the future and less larger ads,

with an emphasis on local firms producing collecting equipment, photographic

equipment and personal ads for specimens, exchanges, etc. The rate for personal

ads will continue at $1.50 per line. He stated that the Society badly needs

advertising of this kind.

President Thorp announced that, due to increasing costs of publication of the

Pan-Pacific Entomologist, the Executive Board of the Society voted to increase

dues and subscription rates. Annual dues for regular members will be $7.50,

those for student members will be $5.00. Members in each category will receive

the journal. Subscriptions to the journal for non-members will be $10.00 per year.

These new rates go into effect with volume 47, Number 1, January 1971.

Mr. Leech announced two new publications. The first is Tuxen’s Taxonomists’

Glossary of the Genitalia of Insects, second edition, which is larger than the first.

The first had 284 pages and the second 359. The authors of the various chapters

have brought their sections up-to-date or have completely rewritten them. In

some cases, sections have new authors. For example, the Hymenoptera chapter

is authored by Dr. E. L. Smith of Chico State College. In the first edition, this

chapter was done by C. D. Michener. The other publication is A Field Guide to

the Insects of America North of Mexico by Borror and White. It is one of the

Peterson Field Guide Series and is excellent. There are over 400 pages with 16

color plates and 1300 other illustrations covering 579 families of insects. The

price is $5.95.

President Thorp called for notes and exhibits. The following notes were

presented:

January 1971]

PROCEEDINGS

A Larval Nematode Parasitic on an Anyphaenid Spider. — On 29 August

1969, a spider of the family Anyphaenidae was found on a rock along the Van

Duzen River, eight miles south of Highway 36, on Van Duzen Road, Trinity

County, California.

The spider did not react to prodding, except to move slightly. About one hour

after having been placed in a plastic box, it was noticed that the spider had died

and that four green nematodes had emerged from the abdomen. The nematodes

were moving in an agitated manner, one of them having climbed to the top of the

box. At this time, they were placed in 70% isopropyl alcohol.

The nematodes have not yet been identified, the problem being that they are

larval forms without the important sexual characteristics required for identification.

Sexual maturity is very likely attained in a final host such as a bird, small mammal,

or invertebrate predator which has eaten the spider.— John T. Hjelle, San

Francisco State College.

Note on Holes made by Tarantulas ( Thera phosidae and Dipluridae). —

During the past month and a half, fourteen tarantula holes have been excavated

and measurements taken while in search of theraphosid tarantulas. When digging

up a spider, the following procedure has been carried out:

1. The diameter of the mouth of the hole is measured before digging begins.

2. An ordinary flexible electrical wire with markings in centimeters is then

inserted into the hole until it meets with positive resistance.

3. The total depth is then read from the graduations on the wire.

4. When the direction of the hole changes, the reading is recorded and the angle

from the horizontal is measured with a protractor.

5. The excavating is continued until the bottom of the hole is reached or a

tarantula “pops” out of the hole.

During the digging, care is taken to avoid dislodging the wire since it acts as a

guide to the direction of the hole. However, sometimes I am not always successful

and the wire gets pulled out or dislodged.

On the fourteen spider holes excavated, the following data have been accumulated.

(All measurements in centimeters) : Diameter: 1.0 to 3.0; Average 1.8; Vertical:

10.0 to 40.0; Average 20.5; Angular: 10.0 to 30.0; Average 19.6; Total Length:

15 to 60; Average 33.4; Angle of Turn: 40° to 80°; Average 62.5°. Specific data

are as follows:

Hole #

Diameter

Vertical

“Horizontal”

(Angular)

Total Length

Angle from

Horizontal

1.5

—

1.0

80° E

2.5

70°

1.5

—

1.5

—

2.5

—

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1

Hole #

Diameter

Vertical

“Horizontal”

(Angular)

Total Length

Angle from

Horizontal

3.0

—

40°

(from surf.)

2.0

60°

2.0

—

1.7

60° SW

2.0

—

1.5

60° S

—

60°

—

—j

Laboratory

2.0

1.7

It is assumed that the holes dug under “laboratory” conditions are smaller

because of the somewhat confined quarters and limitation of the battery jars

used as containers. — J. Russel Gabel, San Francisco State College.

Larva and pupa of Adela septentrionella Walsingham. — Kodachrome

slides of various stages of this diurnal moth were exhibited. Females oviposit into

unopened buds of Holodiscus discolor (Rosaceae), in May in the San Francisco

Bay area. The host is a deciduous shrub, without much foliage near the ground, so

that it is probable that the younger case-bearing larval stages live on the ground,

but they have not been discovered. About a dozen full-grown larvae were recovered

from litter beneath Holodiscus near Fairfax, Marin County, on 13 March 1970.

The cases were flat, elongate, oval and slightly figure 8 shaped in outline, about

2.3-2.7 X 7. 2-7.4 mm, and were covered with bits of frass and debris. Larvae

apparently had completed feeding by this date and pupation occurred soon there-

after. The first adult emerged at the end of March, probably well ahead of sibs

in the field, as Holodiscus buds were still in an early stage there on 17 April.

The bizarre pupa features antennae which considerably exceed the body length,

extending free from the wing case tips to wrap around the caudal area of the

abdomen (about three times in the male), in the manner of many Trichoptera.—

J. A. Powell, University of California, Berkeley.

Dasypodinae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) versus Dasypodinae (Mammalia:

Edentata). — While browsing through the drawers of Hymenoptera at the Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, I was struck by the name Dasypodinae

in the bee family Melittidae. A mammalogy course at the San Francisco State

College had taught me that Dasypodinae is the name of a subfamily of edentate

armadillos (Edentata: Dasypodidae) . Reference to Simpson’s 1945 Principles of

Classification and a Classification of Mammals (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol.

85) verified this.

January 1971]

PROCEEDINGS

Dr. E. I. Schlinger thought that an emendation, rather than a complete name

change, might be desirable, based on the fact that the bee genus Dasypoda is the

name from which the subfamily name was formed, whereas in the armadillos the

subfamily name dasypodinae was based on the generic name Dasypus. The correct

names should be Dasypinae for the armadillos and Dasypodinae for the bees.

I plan to write a more extensive paper and petition the International Congress

on Zoological Nomenclature for the emendation of the subfamily Dasypodinae

(Edentata : Dasypodidae) to Dasypinae. Since there is no homonymy at the family

level, there appears to be no need to change the family name from Dasypodidae

to Dasypidae. I am. indebted to Drs. R. C. Miller and P. H. Arnaud, Jr., of the

California Academy of Sciences, and P. D. Hurd, Jr. and E. I. Schlinger of the

University of California, Berkeley, for advice. — Thomas P. Heck, Department of

Biology, Queens College, Flushing, New York, N.Y. 11367.

The principal speakers of the evening and their topics were as follows: Dr.

Norman E. Gary, University of California, Davis — “Mating Behavior of the Honey

Bee”; Mr. Michael Bentzien, University of California, Berkeley — “Biology of

Diguetid Spiders”; Mr. Franklin Ennik, Bureau of Vector Control, California

Department of Public Health, Berkeley — “Loxosceles Spiders of California.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meetings — M. S.

Wasbauer, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Thirty-Fourth Meeting

The 334th meeting was the annual picnic and field day. It was held on Saturday,

16 May 1970, at Angel Island State Park.

There were 28 members and guests present: Mr. and Mrs. F. L. Blanc, Mr.

and Mrs. Richard Brown and children, Mr. and Mrs. Franklin Ennik and children,

Mr. and Mrs. Russel Gabel, Mr. and Mrs. Ron Stecker and children, Dr. and Mrs.

Robbin Thorp and children, Dr. and Mrs. Wm. Tilden and children.

Members and guests met at the picnic area near park headquarters for lunch

at 1:30 p.m.

Collecting is not allowed in State parks so major activities were hiking and

exploring the island.- — M. S. Wasbauer, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Thirty-Fifth Meeting

The 335th meeting was held at 7 :45 p.m. on Friday, 16 October 1970, in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,

San Francisco. President Thorp presided.

Members present (32) : R. P. Allen, J. A. Anderson, F. G. Andrews, P. H.

Arnaud, Jr., F. U. Blanc, I. Boussy, G. Brady, D. L. Briggs, T. Briggs, R. M. Brown,

W. L. Chase, J. G. Edwards, W. E. Ferguson, M. R. Gardner, Lauren Green,

E. Grissell, J. F. Gustafson, K. S. Hagen, J. Hjelle, E. A. Kane, H. B. Leech,

R. Lem, R. Main, E. S. Ross, R. E. Stecker, V. Stombler, R. Tassan, R. W. Thorp,

M. S. Wasbauer, S. C. Williams.

Visitors present (25) : S. Anderson, Madeline M. Arnaud, Kathy Beeby, G. R.

Cox, Alice and Jane Edwards, D. Emenegger, Stephenie Ferguson, K. Florens,

Donna and Steve Gary, D. Guiliani, Jean Keer, Mr. and Mrs. M. Marquis, Alice E.

Munroe, F. R. Nelson, W. A. Nelson, C. B. Philip, Iris Savage, Taly Slay, Joyce

Thorp, Marilyn Trochman, K. R. Wald, A. R. Walter, D. Wasbauer.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1

The minutes of the meetings held 17 April and 16 May were summarized.

The following new members were elected: R. C. Brusca, David duBois, Alexander

R. Dutton, Mrs. Douglas Munroe (family membership) , Cornelius B. Philip.

President Thorp noted the untimely death of Prof. J. W. MacSwain of the

University of California at Berkeley, a long time member of the society. The

membership joined President Thorp in observing a minute of silence to honor

the memory of Prof. MacSwain.

Dr. J. F. Gustafson, Chairman of the Salt Marsh Study Committee made a

plea for publication of results of ecological studies on the salt marshes of California.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. Kenneth S. Hagen, University

of California, Berkeley. His illustrated talk was entitled “Recent advances in

Biological Control.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — M. S.

Wasbauer, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Thirty-Sixth Meeting

The 336th meeting was held at 7 :45 p.m. on Friday, 13 November 1970, in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,

San Francisco. President Thorp presided.

Members present (37) : R. P. Allen, J. R. Anderson, F. G. Andrews, L. C.

Annin, W. E. Azevedo, F. L. Blanc, R. M. Bohart, I. Boussy, G. Brady, T. Briggs,

R. M. Brown, R. Bushnell, W. L. Chase, A. R. Dutton, J. G. Edwards, F. Ennik,

W. E. Ferguson, M. R. Gardner, J. R. Gabel, Lauren Green, J. Guggolz, J. F.

Gustafson, K. S. Hagen, J. T. Hjelle, E. A. Kane, H. B. Leech, R. Lem, W. D.

Murray, W. H. Nutting, E. S. Ross, R. Schoeppner, C. W. Slohodchikoff, R. E.

Stecker, R. W. Thorp, M. S. Wasbauer, R. H. Whitsel, S. C. Williams.

Visitors present (47) : Lisa Anderson, S. Anderson, Margaret Bohart, Melissa

Boussy, D. Chandler, J. Chapman, Pat Chase, J. Cronin, M. E. Cronin, Janie

Edwards, Mr. and Mrs. D. Emenegger, J. Ennik, Stephenie Ferguson, Toni Gabel,

Julia Garcia, R. Gardner, Nancy Gardner, Donna Gary, Linda Goodall, T. Hammer,

Martha Hjelle, Janet Holman, D. Jolly, Patty Jones, A. Jung, L. Kane, Jo Anne

Kerr, D. Lem, Helen Lepley, Mr. and Mrs. M. Marquis, M. Maloney, Sandy Miller,

Mr. and Mrs. K. W. Miller, Judy Oppenheim, Elizabeth Register, Taly Slay,

A. Smith, J. R. Smith, D. Stead, Joyce Thorp, W. L. Vaundell, Charlene Williams,

R. Wong, Maxine Zack.

The minutes of the meeting held 16 October were summarized.

President Thorp announced his appointment of the temporary committees for

the year: Auditing committee — Mr. H. Vannoy Davis, Chairman; Mr. T. S. Briggs

and Dr. C. D. MacNeill. Nominating committee — Dr. W. E. Ferguson, Chairman;

Dr. J. F. Gustafson and Dr. K. S. Hagen.

The following note was presented:

Developmental Anomalies in the scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus

(Scorpionida : Buthidae). — Two adult specimens of Centruroides sculpturatus

Ewing which show developmental anomalies were recently collected in the Salt

River Valley of Arizona by Lorin Honetschlager. One specimen was essentially

normal with the exception of the telson which was represented as two completely

separate telsons. Each telson was fully formed and of equivalent size to that of a

normal adult telson for this species. Each telson was also fully functional and

January 1971]

PROCEEDINGS

capable of independent operation. The terminal metasomal segment (segment V)

also showed some abnormal development in that it was wider than normal and the

inferior median keel was not separate and unpaired, but was in a distinctly

paired condition. Between these paired inferior median keels there was an

additional inferior median keel (not normally present) which bifurcated posteriorly.

The other specimen showing abnormal development was normal except for

having two fully formed and separate metasomas and telsons. Each metasoma-

telson replicate was essentially normal in size and basic structure, and each

was fully functional. The terminal mesosomal segment showed a slight abnormal

development in that it was slightly wider than normal and had a distinctly

developed inferior median keel (not normally present). The dorsal median keel

of this segment was abnormal in that it extended to the posterior margin of the

tergum, ending in a distinct bifurcation (this keel is usually short, simple and

unbifurcated) .

Developmental anomalies of these kinds have only been reported in four other

species from two families of scorpions. In the Buthidae it was reported in

Buthacus leptochelys, Androctonus crassicauda, and Centruroides infamatus. In

the Chactidae it has been reported in Euscorpius carpathicus. The record of

Buthacus leptochelys was unusual in that the bifurcation and complete body

replication began at the fourth mesosomal segment. The anomalies of the other

reported species were much like the specimen of Centruroides sculpturatus reported

here with the completely replicated metasoma and telson. Such developmental

anomalies are probably attributed to an abnormal midsagittal division of the

posterior embryonic germ band. It is interesting to note that this kind of anomaly

has never been found to occur in the anterior region of the body or with the other

appendages. — Stanley C. Williams, Department of Biology, San Francisco State

College.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. E. S. Ross, California Academy

of Sciences. His illustrated talk was entitled “Entomological highlights of a trip

to Africa and around the World.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — M. S.

Wasbauer, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Thirty-Seventh Meeting

The 337th meeting was held Friday, 18 December 1970, at 7:45 p.m. in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,

San Francisco, with President Thorp presiding.

Members present (29) : R. P. Allen, F. G. Andrews, G. S. Benham, Jr., F. L.

Blanc, I. Boussy, R. M. Brown, S. L. Clement, V. Davis, A. R. Dutton, F. Ennik,

W. E. Ferguson, E. Grissell, j. Guggolz, T. E. Hewton, Jr., J. T. Hjelle, R. L.

Langston, H. B. Leech, C. B. Philip, E. S. Ross, E. I. Schlinger, R. 0. Schuster,

R. E. Stecker, V. Stombler, R. W. Thorp, J. W. Tilden, M. S. Wasbauer, Joanne

Wasbauer, R. F. Wilkey, S. C. Williams.

Visitors present (11) : Judith Benham, Irene Brauer, Karen S. Corwin, Stephenie

Ferguson, Netta Leong, P. Rauch, M. Santos, J. A. Smith, Joyce Thorp, R. L. Wong,

Virginia Woo.

The minutes of the meeting held 13 November were summarized.

One new member was elected: Karen S. Corwin.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

President Thorp called for the annual reports of the standing committees.

R. E. Stecker, chairman of the Program committee, announced the dates for the

1971 programs: 19 February, 16 April, 15 May, 15 October, 19 November, 17

December. The annual picnic will be 15 May, and Mr. Stecker called for those

who have suggestions on an area for the picnic to contact him.

Hugh B. Leech, chairman of the Historical committee, announced that the

society received some valuable material for the archives during the year. These

included from Wayne Gagne, the original illustrations for The Miridae of the

Galapagos Islands by Gagne and Carvallo ; from Cornelius B. Philip, a large amount

of material from his files at Hamilton, Montana including some valuable signatures

on letters dealing principally with Diptera and public health matters; from R. L.

Doutt, a longhand manuscript of the late T. D. A. Cockerell; from David Rentz,

the manuscript and plates of his Revisionary studies of the Nearctic Decticinae

published in the memoirs series. Considerable help was forthcoming this year

from Miss Helen Davis, a retired school teacher. Miss Davis very generously

donated a good many hours of her time in putting the E. C. Van Dyke corre-

spondence in order in files. She also went through some of the early files of

the society and arranged them.

Mr. Leech then summarized the financial statement for the year in the treasurer’s

absence.

H. Vannoy Davis, chairman of the Auditing committee presented a summary

of the Auditing committee’s review of the Society’s financial condition.

President Thorp announced his appointments to the Publication committee

through 1973: Don Linsdale, Oakland Museum and Evert I. Schlinger, University

of California, Berkeley. Fred Andrews, Bureau of Entomology, Sacramento, was

appointed to fill the remaining year of the term of R. F. Wilkey.

William E. Ferguson, chairman of the Nominating committee, presented the

slate of nominees for offices in the Society during 1971: President, F. L. Blanc;

President-elect, D. G. Denning; Secretary, M. S. Wasbauer; Treasurer, P„ H.

Arnaud. There were no nominations from the floor. The slate of candidates was

unanimously elected to office for 1971.

The incoming president, F. L. Blanc, called for notes and exhibits. The follow-

ing notes were presented:

Clarifications in the Nomenclature of Some North American Scorpionida.

— In 1836 C. L. Koch described a new genus and species of North American

scorpion based on a specimen he called Vaejovis mexicanus (Koch, C. L. 1836.

Die Arachniden. Nuremberg, vol. 3: 51). Later, in 1876, T. Thorell emended the

spelling of Vaejovis to “ Vejovis ” based on the belief that “Vejovis” would be

a more correct spelling (Thorell, T. 1876. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th. ser., 17

(97): 5, 10). In studying Koch’s manuscript, it is now clear that he definitely

intended to use the spelling “Vaejovis” as this generic name is spelled this way

uniformly in the text, index, and on the figure. Therefore, Thorell’s emendation

must he considered as an unjustified emendation according to Articles 32 and 33

of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. As such, Thorell’s

“ Vejovis ” must be considered as a junior objective synonym of Koch’s Vaejovis.

Because Vaejovis is the nominal genus of its family, this family name should be

spelled Vaejovidae, and not Vejovidae.

In the same paragraph that Thorell unjustifiably emended Vaejovis he also

changed the spelling of Brotheas to Broteas (Scorpionida: Chactidae) for similar

January 1971]

PROCEEDINGS

reasons. This should also be considered an unjustified emendation and the spelling

Brotheccs should, therefore, be retained.— Stanley C. Williams, San Francisco

State College.

Birth Behavior in the South African Scorpion Hadogenes. — During January

of 1970, Karl S. Switak, of the California Academy of Sciences staff collected a

series of scorpions of undetermined species, but belonging to the genus Hadogenes

and family Scorpionidae. These specimens were excavated from burrows two feet

deep in Kruger National Park, South Africa. One large female specimen was

given to me early in January soon after its arrival in San Francisco. On 13

January she began giving birth. The entire birth process took place over a time

interval of 10 days. On the first day only two young were born, and six was

the maximum number of young born during any one 24 hour period. During the

birth process the female never stilted above the substrate, but held the ventral

part of the body close to (but not touching) the ground. The young emerged from

the genital aperture in a somewhat precocious condition in that they were not

covered by a membrane and were capable of considerable locomotor activity.

As the young emerged, they grabbed hold of the ventral surface of the mother’s

body, walked upside down to the lateral region of the venter, then quickly ascended

to the mother’s back. On the back of the mother they assumed a random spatial

orientation, similar to that of Centruroides in die Buthidae. The young remained

on the mother’s back as first instar larvae for a minimum of 37 days (13 January

to 19 February), with some individuals remaining in this stage somewhat longer

(possibly up to 50 days) . The first instar larvae were capable of considerable

locomotion, but usually remained motionless and were on the mother’s back at

all times. Two individuals in the last first instar larval stage were removed from

the mother’s back and placed on the substrate next to the mother. These crawled

on the substrate rather quickly and soon encountered the quiescent mother, at

which time they promptly ascended her back and took their place with the

remainder of the litter. The first instar larvae began molting on 19 February,

but the last individual in the fisrt instar did not molt until 5 March. Three of

the second instars left the mother’s back four days after the first molt; others

remained longer. The birth behavior of several species of North American scorpions

has been studied and described (Williams, S. C. 1969. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser.

4, 37(1): 1-24). It is, therefore, possible to make some comparisons with the

birth process in some of the American forms. There was a striking similarity

between the birth behavior of this African species and the American forms which

have been studied. The following are some of the more important similarities:

the young are born alive; the first instar is represented as a larval form which

lacks pretarsal claws, and full development of the telson, and is soft and whitish;

the first instar larval stage ascends to the mother’s back without touching the

ground and remains on the mother’s back in a physically inactive state throughout

this stadium; the first molt produces the second instar nymph stage which appears

like a miniature adult, with pretarsal claws, and a fully developed telson; the

young leave the mother’s back as second instar nymphs; the first instars do not

feed; the mother showed no attempt to eat the young of either the first or second

instar stage.

Birth in this South African species of scorpion differed from the birth process

in North American scorpions in the following significant ways: the young were

not covered by a membrane or chorion at time of parturition; the young were

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

not caught in a cradle formed by the first two pairs of walking legs of the mother;

the first stadium was conspicuously long (37 to 51 days compared to 7 to 14

days) ; the birth process occurred gradually over a period of 10 days (not in less

than 24 hours) ; the mother did not stilt above the substrate during parturition;

the litter did not accomplish the first molt in synchrony in that individuals molted

over a time period of 13 days (not within 12 to 48 hours) ; second instar nymphs

began leaving the mother’s back in four days (not in about two weeks). — Stanley

C. Williams, San Francisco State College.

Notes on the cerambycid beetle Vlochaetes leoninus LeConte. — Larvae of

the cerambycid beetle Vlochaetes leoninus Leconte were found in large numbers

in a felled tree of Pinus ponderosa Douglas on March 28, 1970. At that time sections

of the log and pieces of the bark were collected. This material was brought to

San Jose and placed in rearing cages kept at room temperature. The locality of

the tree was 19 miles east of Red Bluff at a point one mile SW from the confluence

of North and South Antelope Creeks, Tehama County, California.

The tree, which measured 75cm d.bh., had been growing in an isolated group

of several Ponderosa pines along Antelope Creek at an elevation of 1320 feet.

Although the known hosts of Vlochaetes include Pinus ponderosa, P. Jeffreyi,

Pseudotsuga Menziesii, and Abies concolor (Essig, 1926; Craighead, 1923), the

nearest continuous stand of any of these trees is about 5 air miles away. This

would indicate that the beetle probably traveled a long distance to attack the log.

The time the tree was cut is not definitely known, but on the basis of previous

trips to the area, I estimate it had been felled about two years earlier. The trunk

of the tree was still moist from winter rains at the time the collections were made.

Extensive mining by the larvae was evident in the sapwood of the trunk. Some

mining was evident in the heartwood but was much less extensive. The larval

galleries were packed tightly with light-colored, moist, finely divided frass. The

galleries meander through the wood, intersecting galleries of other larvae, but

generally proceeded in the direction of the grain of the wood. There were some

larval excavations in the bark, which was about 4cm thick. These were filled

with reddish frass and invariably led to pupal chambers.

Full grown larvae were found in pupal chambers both in the bark and in the

sapwood. Those chambers found in the bark were located 2mm to 8mm from the

inner surface of the bark. Pupal chamber shape varied considerably, but most

chambers were elongate, the ends rounded, and the sides subparallel. They varied

in size from 3cm to 6cm long, from l 1 /2cm to 2% cm wide, and were from 1cm to

l%cm deep. The chambers, which are situated lengthwise with the grain of the

bark, are sealed from the larval galleries with a frass plug.

At the time of collection some prepupal larvae were placed on a layer of tissue

in vials which were plugged with moist cotton. These were later stored at room

temperature in the dark. One larva pupated on March 30, 1970 and transformed

to the callow adult on April 16, 1970. Normal pigmentation developed during

several following days.

Emergence of adults from pieces of bark and sections of log occurred between

April 16, 1970 and June 6, 1970. Peak emergence occurred during the last week

in April and the first week in May, in San Jose. A total of 28 adults emerged;

8 males and 20 females.

These beetles exhibit a remarkable likeness to bumblebees. They are slow

fliers with heavy bodies. When at rest if a beetle is disturbed it raises the short

January 1971]

PROCEEDINGS

elytra, curves the abdomen upward, holds the hind wings at right angles to the

body and beats them rapidly without becoming airborne. This display and the

buzzing noise which accompanies it may be effective in frightening away predators

that have had unpleasant experiences with bumblebees. — David L. Wilson, San

Jose State College.

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. R. W. Thorp, University of

California, Davis, the outgoing President of the Society. His presidential address

was entitled “Bumble Bees and their Ways.”

Coffee and other refreshments were available during a social hour in the

entomology rooms following the meeting. — M. S. Wasbauer, Secretary.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 47, NO. 1

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

A technique for the study of insect-borne pollen. — Fuchsin glycerine jelly

provides a method of transforming insect or stigma-borne pollen into a semi-

permanent mount in the field. All that is required is a container of jelly, a needle,

microscope slides, cover slips and a spirit lamp and the preparations can be made

very conveniently and very rapidly. For example, often the best method of

identifying insect-borne pollen is to make a set of reference mounts while actually

in the habitat under study.

The basic material for this technique is fuchsin glycerine jelly. The usual

method of preparation is a modification of that described by Kisser (1935, Z. wiss.

Mikr., 51: 38-40). The ingredients are: distilled water 175 cc., glycerine 150 cc.,

gelatin 50 gm., crystalline phenol 5 gm., and crystalline basic fuchsin stain. The

gelatin is added to the distilled water in a large beaker and heated until dissolved.

The glycerine and phenol are then added and the whole mixture gently warmed

and stirred. Add basic fuchsin crystals to obtain the strength of color desired; I find

that the color of claret stains most pollen grains very clearly. Too dark a color

may obscure morphological detail and too light a color may not highlight such

detail sufficiently. The decision on the strength of color does depend upon the

type pollen of grains likely to be encountered. For example, Compositae pollen

frequently absorbs very much stain, hence a standard (claret) or a weaker color

is often desirable. The contents of the beaker, which now resemble gore, must

be filtered through glass wool into containers and left to set. Remember the need

to prevent contamination: containers should be completely clean and then sealed

once the jelly is in place. Sterile plastic petri dishes are perhaps the most useful

containers.

Basic fuchsin is not the only stain that can he added, it just happens to be a

good general stain. Others may be added provided that they are soluble.

Ruthenium red has been used to stain the intine of pollen grains and fast green

has also been tried as a general stain.

A small cube of jelly is placed beside the pollen sample on a clean slide which

is then warmed very gently over a spirit lamp until the jelly melts. In the interests

of a pure sample use a flamed needle to dissect the jelly from its container. Do

not overheat the preparation or the mountant will denature and become unmanage-

able. Inversion of the slide over a glass cover slip makes a thin, bubble-free,

semipermanent mount. The stain is absorbed very rapidly so that by the time the

preparation is placed on the microscope stage the grains are clearly colored. The

time taken to absorb stain can he useful in distinguishing between difficult

pollen species.

The beauty of this technique is that parts of insects (and sometimes whole

insects) and parts of flowers, especially intact stigmas, can he mounted with the

pollen in situ. Insect integuments and floral tissue normally do not absorb the

stain hence pollen grains are instantly conspicuous in the preparation. I have

mounted whole styles direct from fresh flowers and whole flies taken in mid-visit

to a flower.

To remove pollen from an insect a small needle spearing a blob of jelly can

be applied to the integument. The jelly is then transferred to a slide with the

pollen adhering to it. Slight warming of the blob can help to trap all the pollen.

In this way individual groups of grains can be precisely identified and analysed.

- — -A. J. Beattie, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.

January 1971]

BOOK REVIEWS

Invertebrata Pacifica, Vol. I, pp. 1-197, 1903-1907. Edited by C. F. Baker.

Reprinted 1969 by E. W. Classey Ltd., Hampton, Middlesex, England. Available

from Entomological Reprint Specialists, P. 0. Box 207, East Lansing, Michigan

48823. $10.80.

Invertebrata Pacifica was a rather short-lived serial publication which was ini-

tiated by Charles Fuller Baker in 1903, the year of his arrival at Pomona College.

On accepting a position with the Estacion Agronomica Santiago de las Vegas,

Cuba, in 1904, Baker continued his editorship but abandoned the publication when

he returned to Pomona College in 1908. He was an enthusiastic and tireless

collector of insects and this trait is evident in the content of the publication which

is based mostly on material collected by Baker in California, Nevada, Mexico,

Guatemala and Nicaragua. It contains descriptions of approximately 245 new

species and 7 new genera by C. F. Baker, A. P. Morse, D. W. Coquillett, J. J.

Kieffer, Peter Cameron, J. A. G. Relin, Nathan Banks and J. C. Crawford.

The reprint edition of this difficult to obtain series was produced by photo-offset

and thus preserves the original format and pagination. The paper is of good

quality and the workmanship in the book cloth binding is fair. — Marius S.

Wasbauer, California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento.

The Kodiak Island Refugium, Its Geology, Flora, Fauna and History.

Thor N. V. Karlstrom and George E. Ball, Editors. The Ryerson Press, Toronto,

for the Boreal Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, xiv -f- 262 pp., 28 figs.,

21 tables, 1 pi. 1969. $10.00.

This is a stimulating multidiscipline study of the significance of the biota of a

refugium, a nonglaciated area which presumably acted as a refuge while the

surrounding areas were ice or snow covered for long periods. Chapter 7 is of

particular interest to entomologists.

There is a Foreword by J. J. Bond, a Preface by Ball and Karlstrom; the book

proper is divided into five Parts. Part I, an Introduction by Karlstrom, and

Chapter 1, The biological importance of Pleistocene refugia, by Carl H. Lindroth.

Part II gives the Regional setting and geology of the Kodiak Island Refugium,

lay Karlstrom. Part III comprises the Botanical investigations of the same area,

with four chapters by as many authors. Part IV is largely entomological: Chapter

7, An annotated list of invertebrates of the Kodiak Island Refugium (Lindroth

and Ball). Chapter 8, The species of the subgenus Cryobius of the Kodiak

Archipelago (Ball) . Chapter 9, An analysis of the carabid beetle fauna of the

Refugium (Lindroth) . Chapter 10, The fishes of the Kodiak Island Refugium

(J. D. McPhail). Chapter 11, Origin of the terrestrial mammalian fauna of the

Kodiak Archipelago (R. L. Rausch). Part V: Concluding remarks concerning

the importance of the Kodiak Island Refugium for the survival of the biota

(Lindroth). — Hugh B. Leeci-i, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vol. 47, NO. 1

RECENT LITERATURE

The following publications have been issued by the University of California

Press :

The Flies of Western North America. By Frank R. Cole with the collaboration

of Evert I. Schlinger, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.

693 pages, illus. 1969. $25.00.

University Publications in Entomology:

Biology and Taxonomy of Bark Beetle Species in the Genus P seudohyle sinus

Swaine (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) . By Donald E. Bright, Jr., Univ. Calif. Publ.

Entomol., 54: 1-46, 4 plates. 1969. $2.00.

Taxonomy and Biology of the Lacewing Genus Meleoma (Neuroptera : Chrysopi-

dae) . By Catherine A. Tauber. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 58: 1-94, illus.

1969. $3.50.

A Taxonomic Revision of the Weevil Genus Dorytomus in North America (Cole-

optera : Curculionidae) . By Charles W. O’Brien. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol.,

68: 1-80, illus. 1970. $3.00.

Bulletin of the California Insect Survey :

The Cephid Stem Borers of California (Hymenoptera : Cephidae) . By Woodrow

W. Middlekauff. Bull. Calif. Insect Surv., 11: 1-19, illus. 1969. $1.00.

For further information write: Publicity Department, University of California

Press, 2223 Fulton Street, Berkeley, California 94720. — Ed.

BOOK NOTICE

The Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring States. Primitive forms,

Microlepidoptera, Pyraloids, Bombyces. By William T. M. Forbes. Reprinted

by Entomological Reprint Specialists, East Lansing, Michigan. 729 pages,

illus. 1969. $17.50.

This edition is an unabridged facsimile reprint of the work originally published

in 1923 as Cornell University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Memoir 68. — Ed.

NEW JOURNAL

Scheduled for April publication is the new International Journal of Insect

Morphology and Embryology with Dr. A. P. Gupta, Department of Entomology

and Economic Zoology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903,

as its editor-in-chief. The journal will be published quarterly by the Pergamon

Press (New York, Oxford, Paris).

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logical exchanges, sales, announcements, etc. We can offer an ad in four issues

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THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including

articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history,

and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and may be charged to the author.

Papers are published in approximately the order that they are received. Immediate publi-

cation may be arranged after acceptance by paying publication costs. Papers of less than

a printed page may be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the

Editor, Robbin W. Thorp, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis,

California 95616.

Typing. — All parts of manuscripts must be typed on bond paper with double-spacing and

ample margins. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 8% X 11 inches are not

accepted. Do not use all capitals for any purpose. Underscore only where italics are

intended in the body of the text, not in headings. Number all pages consecutively and

put author’s name at the top right-hand corner of each sheet. References to footnotes

in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes should be typed on a separate

sheet.

First page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript should include (1) the

complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses, (3) the author’s name or

names, (4) the institution with city and state or the author’s home city and state if

not affiliated, (5) the shortened title (running headline) not to exceed 38 letters and

spaces when combined with the author’s last name or names, (6) the complete name

and address to which proof is to be sent.

Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should

include the full scientific name with the author of a zoological name not abbreviated.

Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style.

References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig, 1958), should be listed

alphabetically under Literature Cited in the following format:

Essig, E. 0. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

2: 211-212.

1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev.

ed. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1050 pp.

Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1966,

47(21) : 8585-8601.

Tables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be

prepared as a line drawing or typed on a separate page with heading at top and foot-

notes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecutively

for each table. Use only horizontal rules.

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photographs on glossy paper and original drawings (no photographs of drawings).

Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimensions of the printed

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placed beneath the illustration. Photographs should not be less than the width of the

printed page. Drawings should be in India Ink and at least twice as large as the

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Lettering should reduce to no less than 1 mm. On the back of each illustration should

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(3) whether he wishes the illustration and/or cut returned to him at his expense.

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legends to illustrations.

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will be sent to authors. Major changes in proof will be charged to the author. Proof

returned to the editor without the abstract will not be published.

Page charges. — All regular papers of one to ten printed pages are charged at the rate of

$18.00 per page. This is in addition to the charge for reprints and does not include the

possible charges for extra pagination or the costs for immediate publication. Private

investigators or authors without institutional or grant funds to cover this charge may

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box (society grant desired) on the reprint order form will suffice as an application.

All articles are accepted for publication only on the basis of scientific merit

and without regard to the financial support of the author.

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL

SOCIETY.

Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (numbers 1-9, 131

pages) . 1921-1930. Price $2.50 per volume.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vol. 1 (1924) to present. Price $6.00 per volume of 4 numbers,

or $1.50 per single issue.

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Volume 1 . The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. A 320-page book

which summarizes the knowledge of the Anoplura of the world.

Published October 1951. Price $6.00. (Plus 350 postage.)*

Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family T etranychidae by A. Earl

Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. This worldwide treatment deals

with the systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red

Spiders” and includes descriptions of 33 new species. 472 pages.

Published July 1955. Price $10.00. (Plus 500 postage.)*

Volume 3. Revisionary Studies in the Nearctic Dectieinae by David

C. Rentz and James D. Birchim. This 173-page revision of Nearctic

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Vo!. 47 APRIL 1971 No. 2

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

LEHMKUHL AND ANDERSON — Contributions to the biology and taxonomy

of the Paraleptophlebia of Oregon (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) 85

McFADDEN — Two new species of Ptectius with a key to species occurring in

America north of Mexico (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) 94

CHEMSAK AND POWELL — Behavior of Leptalia macilenta (Mannerheim) ,

with a description of the pupa (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) 101

MOLDENKE — Host- plant relations of phytophagous beetles in Mexico (Cole-

optera: Bruchidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae) 105

CHEMSAK AND LINSLEY — New Neotropical methiine Cerambycidae (Cole-

optera) 117

BUTLER — Fluctuations of populations of Lygus hesperus Knight in Cali-

fornia alfalfa fields (Hemiptera: Miridae) 123

MOCKFORD — Psocoptera from sleeping nests of the dusky-footed wood rat

in southern California (Psocoptera: Atropidae, Psoquillidae, Lipo-

scelidae) 127

KHALAF — Five new species of Mordellidae from Louisiana and Mississippi

(Coleoptera) 140

BRUSCA — A new species of Leptohyphes from Mexico (Ephemeroptera:

Tricorythidae) 146

CHEMSAK AND LINSLEY — Some aspects of adult assembly and sexual

behavior of Rosalia funebris Motschulsky under artificial conditions

(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) 149

EMMEL AND EMMEL — An extraordinary new subspecies of Cercyonis oetus

from central Nevada (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) 155

RITCHER AND DUFF — A description of the larva of Ceratophyus gopherinus

Cartwright with a revised key to the larvae of North American

Geotrupini and notes on the biology (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) 158

BOOK REVIEWS 100, 126, 145

BOOK NOTICES 1 116, 122

SCIENTIFIC NOTES 148, 164

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 0 1971

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

R. W. Thorp, Editor

E. G. Linsley R. 0. Schuster, Asst. Editor E. S. Ross