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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. 48 January 1972 No. 1

A Review of the Genus Arhaphe Herrich-Schaffer

(Hemiptera: Largidae)

Thomas F. Halstead

Arizona Commission of Agriculture and Horticulture, Phoenix 85005

Herrich-Schaffer originally described the genus from “Carolina” in

the form of Arhaphe Carolina. In 1873 Walker described A. cicindeloides

from Mexico; and in 1911 Barber united Japetus Distant with Araphe

(apparently following Uhler’s 1872 misspelling of the generic name)

and described A. mimetica , thus including /. sphaerodes in Araphe. In

1924 Barber described A. breviata from Kansas and again separated

Japetus from Arhaphe , including J. sphaerodes Distant and J . mimeticus.

In 1956 Bliven added Jarhaphetus argutus. This paper again unites the

two genera, places Jarhaphetus Bliven as a synonym of Arhaphe , and

describes two new species.

The set of characteristics which sets this genus apart from other

Largidae is the combination of the absence of any pronotal or thoracic

spination and the possession of a stridulatory apparatus consisting of

ridges or corrugations along the edge of the corium with accompanying

rasp on hind femora.

Arhaphe Herrich-Schaffer

Arhaphe Herrich-Schaffer, 1850: IX: 175 and 183.

Araphe, Uhler, in Hayden, 1872 : 471.

Japetus Distant, 1883: 227; Barber, 1924: 227.

Arrhaphe, Bergroth, 1913: 166.

Jarhaphetus Bliven, 1956: 10. (New Synonymy) .

Key to Species of Arhaphe

1. Head and prothorax coarsely punctate 2

Head impunctate (prothorax impunctate except in A. capitata) 4

2. Membrane white with central black spot mexicana Halstead, n. sp.

membrane with base white and tip apparently black 3

3. Entire corium brick-red sphaerodes Distant

Corium yellow to white with medial black fascia Carolina Herrich-Schaffer

4. Membrane very much reduced, if present at all represented only by narrow

band 5

Membrane entire 6

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48: 1-7. January 1972

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

5. Row of puncta along claval suture entirely immersed in black band; pos-

terior femora almost reaching abdominal apex cicindeloides Walker

Row of puncta along claval suture black, each surrounded by white of

corium; posterior femora not extending beyond fourth abdominal seg-

ment breviata Barber

6. Head level between and behind eyes mimetica Barber

Head rising to an elevated knob between and behind eyes

capitata Halstead, n. sp.

Arhaphe CAROLINA Herrich-Schaffer

Arhaphe Carolina Herrich-Schaffer, 1850: IX: 183, tab. 315, fig. 968.

Araphe Carolina Barber, 1911: 28.

Diagnosis. — Known from North Carolina south to Florida, thence

west through Tennessee to Arizona and Baja California. Cited from

“Mexico” by Stal (1870). Easily distinguished from other punctate

forms by coloration of corium and by characters in key. Length

7-10 mm.

Arhaphe cicindeloides Walker

Arhaphe cicindeloides Walker, 1873: VI: 36.

Jarhaphetus argutus Bliven, 1956: 10. (New Synonymy) .

Diagnosis. — Known from Arizona and New Mexico, thence south

into Mexico at least as far as Sinaloa. Large and black, elongate oval,

head and prothorax impunctate, variously pubescent. Corium white

with central broad black fascia from side to side. Anterior femora armed

with single more or less obvious tooth near apex. Head as broad as or

broader than pronotum. Length 9-12 mm. Bliven’s description and

photograph of Jarhaphetus argutus clearly match A. cicindeloides.

Barber is the only one to mention or use the femoral tooth as a char-

acter in separation of the genera, and he must have had individuals of

A. cicindeloides in which the spines were very small to have missed

them. Bliven based his new genus and species on presence of the spine

and width of the head, both very variable in this species.

Arhaphe sphaerodes (Distant)

Japetus sphaerodes Distant, 1883: 227; Barber, 1924: 227.

Araphe sphaerodes Barber, 1911: 28.

Diagnosis. — The following description of the unique type deposited

in the British Museum (Natural History) by Distant was kindly fur-

nished by Mr. W. R. Dolling of that institution: Entirely black except

hemelytra. Thorax, abdomen and legs fine silvery recumbent pubescent.

JANUARY 1972] HALSTEAD REVIEW OF ARHAPHE

Head, thorax and femora fine sparse erect pubescent. Head shining,

coarsely reticulate sculptured. Many interstices of sculpturing bearing

single large punctures, each separated from its neighbors by two-thirds

to one and one-half times its own width. Hemelytra reaching about %e

the distance from pronotal posterior to abdominal apex. Corium en-

tirely and uniformly clear brick-red. Angle of clavus between pronotum

and scutellum infuscate, sharply marked off from rest of clavus, clavus

concolorous with corium except at its inner edge, where fuscus color

runs along innermost line of punctures and fades out just beyond

scutellar apex. Basal third of each membrane ivory white; apical two-

thirds dark brown. A narrow ivory band borders apical margin; but

resulting diamond-shaped spot appears as dark apex, not dark mark in

middle, as apical marginal band very narrow. Ratio of antennal seg-

ments 45:35:22:50 (basal first, arbitrary units). Basal segment of

posterior tarsus accounting for three-fifths of its length. Ratio of head

width ( across eyes) to anterior thoracic lobe to posterior thoracic lobe

33:23:26% (different units than above). Rostrum just surpassing an-

terior coxae. Length 9 mm.

Type.— S. Geronimo, Guatemala, Champion.

Arhaphe mimetica (Barber)

Araphe mimetica Barber, 1911: 28.

Japetus mimeticus Barber, 1924: 227. New Synonymy.

Diagnosis. — Known from the Huachuca, Santa Rita and Atascosa

Mountains of southern Arizona, but very probably more widespread

into south and east. Encountered in oak leaf litter in numbers at Madera

Canyon, Arizona, in August. Well differentiated from other species by

characters in key. Length 6-8 mm.

Arhaphe breviata Barber

Arhaphe breviata Barber, 1924: 227.

Diagnosis.— Known only from Kansas. Well differentiated from A.

Carolina by absence of head and anterior pronotal punctation and from

A. cicindeloides by characters in key. Length 7.3-8.25 mm.

Arhaphe mexicana Halstead, new species

(Fig. 1)

Diagnosis. — Known from two male specimens taken near Cuernavaca,

Morelos, Mexico. Very distinct from A. sphaerodes , the most similar

species in genus.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 48, NO. 1

JANUARY 1972] HALSTEAD REVIEW OF ARHAPHE

Length of holotype male 8.3 mm (paratype 8.3 mm), width across head (in-

cluding eyes) 1.9 mm (paratype 1.9 mm), ratio of head to anterior thoracic lobe

to posterior thoracic lobe 24:17:21. Width across corium 1.7 mm (paratype

1.7 mm) .

Male. — Linear elongate, black. Head, entire thorax and scutellum coarsely

punctate. Corial margins with line of punctures; scattered punctation on re-

mainder. Clavus with marginal lines of puncta; diagonal line of puncta from

mid-anterior margin to apex. Anterior femora armed with minute spine near

apex. Entire body except corium covered with fine closely appressed silver

tomentum, this absent on large circular patches of sides of third through sixth

ventral segments and anterior margins of abdominal dorsal segments, appearing

as black spots on silver background. Head and thorax sparsely covered with long

black hairs. Corium pale orange with black line along apex and circular black

spot in middle. Clavus pale orange with black triangle, wider at base and fading-

out to apex, along its inner margin. Rostrum reaching iust beyond anterior coxae.

Antennal ratio 27:23:15:31 (basal first, different units than above), reaching

somewhat beyond pronotal posterior, first segment somewhat curved.

Female. — Unknown.

Holotype male , 3-6 mi. S. Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. 1 April

1959. 4,000 ft. H. E. Evans (Cornell type number 4609).

Paratype male. — Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. 17 March 1959.

5,000 ft. H. E. Evans and D. M. Anderson collectors. Deposited in the

author’s collection.

Arhaphe capitata Halstead, new species

Diagnosis. — Known from two male specimens taken in Morelos,

Mexico. Similar in appearance to A. mimelica but differing by scattered

punctation on pronotal anterior, elevated knob between and behind eyes,

and hemelytral membrane surpassing abdominal apex.

Length of holotype male 6.67 mm (paratype 6.9 mm) . Width across head

(including eyes) 1.9 mm (paratype 1.9 mm). Ratio of head to anterior thoracic

lobe to posterior thoracic lobe 22:17:23. Width across corium 1.9 mm.

Male. — Elongate, black. Head shining black, impunctate, with rather sparse

short fine white pubescence on sides and front, with rounded knob between and

behind eyes. Collar and prothoracic anterior black, sides sparingly punctate, silvery

pubescent. Prothoracic posterior velvety black, coarsely punctate, without pubes-

cence. Scutellum black, silvery pubescent, coarsely punctate. Ventrum black

except white posterior margin of metathorax, silvery pubescent, shining. Clavus

black, with three lines of punctation running from base to apex along margins and

in middle. Femora armed with minute spine. Corium white, with transverse

broad black fascia from side to side, row of black puncta along calaval suture,

Fig. 1. Arhaphe mexicana Halstead, n. sp.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

otherwise heavily punctate. Membrane white with very large central black or

dark brown circular spot; surpassing abdominal apex. Rostrum reaching halfway

to mesocoxae. Antennae slender, fourth segment brown ; lighter in color than

others. Antennal ratio 27:25:17:30 (basal first, different units than above), first

segment strongly curved.

F em ale . — U nknown.

Holotype male , Huajintlan, Morelos, Mexico. 14 May 1959.

2,500 ft. H. E. Evans (Cornell type number 4610).

Paratype male. — Same data, deposited in the author’s collection.

Discussion. — In 1911 Barber described A. mimetica and placed

Distant’s Japetus as a synonym of Arhaphe. In 1924 he re-erected

Japetus , including /. sphaerodes and /. mimetica. He separated Japetus

as follows, “Head more globose, as long as but considerably wider than

pronotum; membrane less abbreviated; body and legs without profuse

coating of long setae, almost nude; posterior lobe of pronotum not at

all or very sparsely tomentose; anterior femora armed with a single

small tooth near apex; rostrum short.” If an attempt is made to separate

specimens on this basis, one immediately runs into many incongruities.

Arhaphe mexicana , closest relative to A. sphaerodes , has a very heavily

tomentose posterior pronotal lobe and long setae on the legs and body.

Arhaphe cicindeloides does have anterior femoral spines, and the head

width is variable. The rostrum of the species apparently falling into

Japetus is shorter, usually only attaining the anterior coxae; but that of

A. capitata almost reaches the mesocoxae. The head of A. mexicana

is very flattened, that of A. mimetica less so, and that of A. capitata

even less — approaching A. cicindeloides in globosity. In addition, I

have a single as yet undescribed Mexican specimen of Arhaphe closely

resembling A. cicindeloides , but possessing hemelytra complete with a

fully developed membrane which surpasses the abdominal apex. At-

tempts to separate specimens by use of a length-to-width ratio result in

some males of A. Carolina being placed with Japetus. I have examined

slide mounts of the parameres of A. Carolina, A. cicindeloides, A.

mimetica, A. mexicana , and A. capitata and can find little of use in

specific, let alone generic, differentiation. These very similar parameres

do show a uniform variation from those of Largus and Stenomacra

species examined. From the above data it becomes clear that separation

cannot reasonably be continued, and members of this homogeneous

group must be placed in a single genus.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank Dr. R. C. Froeschner, Mr. H. B. Leech, Dr. L. L.

Pechuman, and Dr. F. G. Werner for the loan of specimens; Mr. W. R.

JANUARY 1972 ] HALSTEAD — REVIEW OF ARHAPHE

Dolling of the British Museum (Natural History) for examining the

type of A. sphaerodes and sending me a description of that specimen;

Mr. J. A. Childers for the fine illustration; and my wife for typing the

manuscript.

Literature Cited

Barber, H. G. 1911. Descriptions of some new Hemiptera-Heteroptera. J. N. Y.

Entomol. Soc., 19: 23-31.

1924. The genus Arhaphe in the United States (Hemiptera-Pyrrhocoridae) .

Can. Entomol., 56: 227-228.

Bergroth, E. 1913. Supplementum catalogi Heteropterorum Bruxellensis, II:

Mem. Soc. Entomol. Belg., 22: 123-183.

Bliven, B. P. 1956. New Hemiptera from the western states with illustrations

of previously described species and new synonymy in the Psyllidae.

Occidental Entomol., Nov. 1956: 1-27.

Distant, W. L. 1880-1893. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Heteroptera I. London,

462 p.

Herrich-Schaffer, G. A. W. 1850. Die Wanzenartigen Insecten. IX. Nurnberg.

Stal, C. 1870. Enumeratio Hemiptorum. I. Kongliga Svenska Yetenskaps

Akademiens Handlingar. 9 (1).

Uhler, in Hayden. 1872. Preliminary report of the U. S. Geological Survey of

Wyoming.

Walker, F. 1873. Catalog of the specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera in the

collection of the British Museum. VI. London.

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8 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

Resurrection of Sepedon pacifica Cresson and Redescription

of Sepedon praemiosa Giglio-Tos with Biological Notes

(Diptera: Sciomyzidae)

T. W. Fisher and R. E. Orth 1

Division of Biological Control, University of California, Riverside, 92502

Giglio-Tos (1893) based the original description of Sepedon

praemiosa on a single male from Morelia, Mexico, and later (1896)

elaborated on the description of the type. Neither verbal treatment is

adequate to distinguish S. praemiosa from similar species. The type

specimen is believed to be in the museum of the University, Turin, Italy.

However, unanswered correspondence makes confirmation impossible.

Cresson (1914) described S. pacifica from a male collected in Marin

Co., coastal central California. We have examined this specimen. Its

color is somewhat faded, but the terminalia agrees with our concept

of this taxon. Interestingly, Melander (1920) accepted Cresson’s

designation of S. pacifica. Apparently both workers were aware of

S. praemiosa only from the catalogue by Aldrich (1905), and assumed

from the type locality that it was a different species. It is doubtful

that either worker had seen the Giglio-Tos type, and they, therefore,

considered S. pacifica a distinct species. It is fortuitous that all of

the localities listed by Cresson and Melander fell within the area of

distribution we now ascribe only to S. pacifica.

Steyskal (1950) placed Sepedon relictus van der Wulp (v. d. Wulp,

1897) and S. pacifica Cresson (Cresson, 1914) in synonymy with

S. praemiosa. Through the courtesy of K. G. V. Smith, British Museum

of Natural History, we have examined the van der Wulp type specimen

which is a female (not a male as recorded in Biologia Centrali-

Americana) and have compared it with a number of females of S.

praemiosa taken at various localities from Oaxaca, Mexico, to Colorado,

U. S. A. and cannot assign it to S. praemiosa. We recommend that

S. relictus van der Wulp be removed from synonymy. The S. relictus

type fits very well the description of S. haplobasis Steyskal (Steyskal,

1960) , and we suspect that it is conspecific with that species. However,

at this writing (6 October 1971, revision of the original manuscript)

specimens of S. haplobasis are not at hand for comparison.

Although neither Steyskal nor we have seen the S. praemiosa type

1 Specialist and Staff Research Associate, respectively, Department of Entomology, Division of

Biological Control, University of California, Riverside, California 92502.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48: 8-20. January 1972

JANUARY 1972] FISHER & ORTH SEPEDON SYSTEMATICS

4 5 6

Figs. 1-6. Sepedon praemiosa Giglio-Tos, U.S.A., Colorado, Fremont Co., 20

Aug. 1959 (N. Marston). Wing length of this specimen, 7.0 mm. Fig. 1. Termi-

nalia, sinistral view, inverted. Fic. 2. Aedeagus, sinistral view. Fig. 3. Aedeagus,

oblique anterior view from direction of arrow in Fig. 2. Fig. 4. Hypandrium,

sinistral view, inverted. Figs. 5-6. Hypandrium viewed from directions of arrows

in Fig. 4.

specimen, examination of a rather large amount of material from

western North America, including specimens from Morelia, which we

designate as topotypes of S. praemiosa, persuade us that the appelation

is correct.

We became aware of two forms of S. praemiosa in 1966, and since

have had at hand over 4,000 specimens which we assign to the taxon

S. pacifica and 267 specimens to S. praemiosa. Both are clearly sep-

arated by differences in distribution and in the morphology of primary

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

10 11 12

Figs. 7-12. Sepedon pacifica Cresson, U.S.A., Colorado, Ft. Collins, 16 April

1958 (N. Marston). Wing length of this specimen 8.3 mm. Fig. 7. Terminalia,

sinistral view, inverted. Fig. 8. Aedeagus, sinistral view. Fig. 9. Aedeagus,

oblique anterior view from direction of arrow in Fig. 8. Fig. 10. Hypandrium,

sinistral view, inverted. Figs. 11 and 12. Hypandrium viewed from directions of

arrows in Fig. 10.

and secondary sexual structures of the males. Although the specimen

drawn by Steyskal (1950, fig. 13) and labelled S. praemiosa cannot

now be located, that illustration agrees well with our concept of S.

pacifica.

Other than the material collected by us during the survey phase of

California Experiment Station Project No. 2037, “Biological Control

of Non-marine Mollusks,” material was kindly provided by C. 0. Berg

JANUARY 1972] FISHER & ORTH SEPEDON SYSTEMATICS

(Cornell University), N. Marston (Kansas State University), L. V.

Knutson and G. C. Steyskal (Systematic Entomology Laboratory,

USDA), P. H. Arnaud (California Academy of Sciences), W. F. Barr

(University of Idaho), and entomological collections of Illinois Natural

History Survey, Oregon State Department of Agriculture, South Dakota

State University, Texas A. & M., University of Minnesota, University

of Wisconsin, and the University of California at Berkeley, Davis, and

Riverside. Material from S. S. Roback (Academy of Natural Sciences,

Philadelphia) included the type of S. pacijica Cresson.

Comparison of S. pacijica and S. praemiosa reveals consistent differ-

ences in primary and secondary genitalic structures in the males (Figs.

1-12) . With the genitalia extruded — as with fresh material, or with

dried material after light boiling in 10% KOH — the lateral and oblique

anterior aspects of the aedeagus are diagnostic (Figs. 2, 3, 8, 9).

In general S. pacijica appears to be a larger and darker species

than S. praemiosa. The relative sizes of the sexes are also different.

In S. praemiosa the males are smaller than the females, but the reverse

occurs in S. pacijica. However, in proportion to their size, the male

genitalic structures of S. praemiosa are larger than those of S. pacijica.

This size relationship is illustrated by comparing the terminalia and

especially the hypandria of the two species (Figs. 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12 —

all drawn to the same scale) .

Neallotype, S. PACIFICA. — female, % mi. w. Valley Ford, Sonoma

County, California, 100 ft., 13 June 1966, AS-485 (T. W. Fisher &

R. E. Orth) , plus 20 California specimens were deposited in the Academy

of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. In addition 20 California specimens

were deposited at the United States National Museum.

Topotypes, S. praemiosa. — 1 2,2 $, 8 mi. e. Morelia, Michoacan,

Mexico, 1 May 1953 (R. C. Bechtel & E. I. Schlinger). Specimens were

collected in sweep nets while sampling the edge of a bean and squash

field which was adjoined by a swampy river and marsh. 1 9,1 A

plus 10 additional specimens deposited in United States National

Museum. 1 $ topotype plus 10 specimens to the University of California

at Berkeley.

Variation. — Unlike most specimens seen, certain specimens from

several localized populations of S. pacijica in northern California,

Oregon, Washington, and Idaho possess prominent black parafrontal

spots. [We have also seen this variation in occasional specimens of

S. fuscipennis from Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and New Mexico.]

The ability to separate S. praemiosa from S. pacijica on genitalic

characteristics has made it possible to reevaluate certain superficial

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST | VOL. 48, NO. 1

characters to the degree that such characters now assume a diagnostic

role of some importance. One such character pertains to the facies.

In S. praemiosa the color of the facies is much lighter, almost yellowish,

when compared to the darker, brownish face of S. pacifica. All the

S. pacifica we have seen have from few to many fine hairs on the

medifacies, but approximately 25% of the specimens of S. praemiosa

we have seen from several localities have no hairs on the medifacies.

Localities where barefaced S. praemiosa were collected include :

Mexico. — Durango (Durango); Michoacan (Morelia). U.S.A . — Ari-

zona (Lake Mary nr. Flagstaff) ; Colorado (Las Animas and Walsen-

burg) ; Nebraska (North Platte) ; New Mexico (Las Cruces, Bob

Crosby Draw) .

Because of the occurrence of a rather large percentage of barefaced

S. praemiosa , it now seems advisable to utilize a key character other

than “medifacies with fine black (scattered) hairs” to lead to this

species, or if key characters currently in use are perpetuated, mention

should be made of the rather common occurrence of glabrous medi-

facies in S. praemiosa in the same couplet wherein hairy medifacies

are referred to. In similar context, parafrontal spots become of question-

able value as primary criteria to separate species of Sepedon.

The following key is adapted from Steyskal 1950, with particular

emphasis on robust species. The wing length is measured from the

basal fracture line. The stated measurements represent the extremes

as based on the specimens at hand. The means fall well within the

extremes which constitute a very small percentage of total numbers

examined. In most species females are larger than males. S. pacifica

occasionally overlaps the size range of S. praemiosa , but since the two

do not overlap in distribution to our knowledge, size alone will not

be a critical determinative factor. Determination of material from

areas of known or potential overlap should be based primarily on

proper examination of male genitalia.

In the area covered by our key taxa currently included in the armipes

group are S. anchista Steyskal, S. armipes Loew, S. bifida Steyskal,

S. capellei Fisher and Orth, S. haplobasis Steyskal, S. melanderi Stey-

skal, and S. pseudarmipes Fisher and Orth. Sepedon haplobasis Steyskal

is reported only from Mexico, D. F. ; male hind femur notched, wing

length 4.6 to 5.5 mm, females 5.1 to 5.9 mm. The pusilla group consists

of S. borealis Steyskal, S. lignator Steyskal, S. neili Steyskal, and S.

pusilla Loew. Sepedon guatemalana Steyskal was reported by Neff

and Berg (1966, p. 41) from Las Cruces, Chiapas, Mexico, approxi-

mately 17° latitude, and thus is the most northern taxon known of the

JANUARY 1972] FISHER & ORTH SEPEDON SYSTEMATICS

lindneri group. A presumed range extension of S. macropus Walker

is provided by a single female collected by the senior author on the

west coast of Mexico, Sonora, 0.5 mi. s. of sign to Potam, 300 feet,

5 October 1967.

Publications which contain illustrations of adult Sepedon are those

by Steyskal (1950, 1956, 1960), Foote (1961), Yano (1968), and

Fisher and Orth (1969). Biologies and distribution maps for 14 taxa

of North and Central America are reported by Neff and Berg (1966).

Key to the Nearctic and Mexican Species

of Sepedon Latreille

1 Supraspiracular convexity of metathorax with black hairs 2

Supraspiracular convexity of metathorax without black hairs 10

2 Robust species; wing length 5.8 to 8.9 mm; hind femur of males without

midventral notch 3

Smaller species; wing length 3.6 to 5.5 mm; hind femur of males with or

without midventral notch. North of Tropic of Cancer 8

3 Medifacies with or without fine black hairs; femora orange-yellow to

reddish brown with or without bicoloration of black 4

Medifacies, females, without fine black hairs; femora yellowish, not bi-

colored; wing length 5.5 to 6.4 mm, (smaller females and all males

covered by 2') . U.S.A. north of 38° latitude and Canada. [Steyskal,

1950] S. spinipes americana Steyskal

4 Hind femur slender, much longer than abdomen, length — 69-78% wing

length, black apically with or without distinct black annulus. Subtropical

to tropical 5

Hind femur thickened, not or but little longer than abdomen, length

= 56-59% wing length. Subtropical to temperate 7

5 Middle femur with strong midanterior spinule 6

Middle femur without strong midanterior spinule. Trinidad. [Steyskal,

1950] S. trinidadensis Steyskal

6 Hind femur with blackish pre-apical annulus. Tropical lowlands of eastern

Mexico north to extreme southern Texas, Central America, Columbia.

[Walker, 1849, p. 1078] S. macropus Walker

Hind femur black on apical third. Puerto Rico, Dominica, Haiti. [Melander,

1920] S. caerulea Melander

7 Face yellowish to amber, with or without scattered fine black hairs on

medifacies — may be totally bare; wing length males 5.8-7.2 mm, females

6.3-7.3 mm; hind femur usually less than 4 mm; genitalia as Figs. 1-6.

Southwestern Nebraska, western Kansas, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico,

Mexico highlands to Oaxaca; 1,100-8,000 feet. [Giglio-Tos, 1893, 1896]

S. praemiosa Giglio-Tos

Face amber to brownish, medifacies with fine black hairs scattered to

moderately dense; wing length males 7.2-8.9 mm, females 7. 0-8.0 mm;

hind femur usually greater than 4 mm; genitalia as Figs. 7-12. All

states west of Rocky Mts. (no records from Arizona) ; east of Rocky Mts.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

north of 40° latitude and east to 96° 28' longitude; extreme southern

portions (50° latitude) of western Canadian Provinces; sea level to 10,150

feet. [Cresson, 1914] S. pacifica Cresson

8 Male hind femur emarginate ventrally; female hind femur simple; hind

tibia distinctly more curved in distal third; abdomen brown with little

more than a trace of bluish reflection; oral margin usually raised,

rectangular in profile ; tp almost straight. Canada, U.S.A., Mexico.

[Steyskal, 1950, 1956, 1960; Fisher and Orth, 1969] S. armipes group

Hind femur of both sexes simple 9

9 Hind tibia more or less evenly arcuate; abdomen frequently almost black

with bluish reflections; oral margin usually low, the angle with face

acute; wing length males 3. 6-4. 5 mm, females 3. 9-4.9 mm; femora orange-

yellow to dark brown; medifacies with fine black hairs. North of 37°

latitude. [Steyskal, 1950] S. pusilla group

Wing length males 5.0 to 5.5 mm, females 5.5 to 6.4 mm; femora yellowish;

medifacies without fine black hairs. U.S.A. north of 38° latitude, Canada.

[Steyskal, 1950] S. spinipes americana Steyskal

10 Robust species; wing length 6.3 to 7.6 mm. U.S.A., Canada 11

Smaller species. South America, Central America, Mexico (Chiapas, 2,200

feet) . [Steyskal, 1950] S. lindneri group

11 Second antennal segment compressed, about three times as long as wide

(viewed laterally), near base much wider than first segment. Widespread

in U.S.A. and Canada, rare in California (Plumas, Sierra counties) and

New Mexico (Rio Arriba, Sandoval counties), no Arizona or Nevada

records. [Loew, 1859; subspecies Steyskal, 1950] S. fuscipennis Loew

Second antennal segment almost cylindrical, nearly five times as long as

wide, basally not thicker than first segment; oral margin in profile acute.

U.S.A. and Canada east of 101° longitude. [Cresson, 1920]

S. tenuicornis Cresson

Biology, laboratory. — In late July 1970 we collected 50 S. praemi-

osa at Lake Mary, near Flagstaff, Arizona, and brought them to River-

side for propagation in the laboratory. Upon our return to Riverside

we collected S. pacifica locally. The object of these collections was to

initiate reciprocal cross mating studies. Many progeny of S.

praemiosa were produced, and on 24 August 1970, 60 F x puparia were

sent to Honolulu, Hawaii, c/o C. J. Davis, Chief Entomologist, for prop-

agation and release against Lymnaea ollula Gould. There were enough

F x adults of S. pacifica produced to enable us to set up reciprocal

crosses of groups of four females and four males as well as control

groups of both species. The results indicated interspecific mating

incompatibility, but were inconclusive. The Fi controls of S. praemiosa

mated and produced viable eggs but all the larvae died before or during

the third instar. The Fj controls of S. pacifica mated but no eggs were

laid. In the reciprocally cross mated groups no mating of Fi adults

was observed and no eggs were laid.

JANUARY 1972] FISHER & ORTH — SEPEDON SYSTEMATICS

Although the reasons for failure of these attempted crosses are

obscure, certain comments are considered appropriate. The Fj larvae

were reared on a diet of virtually 100% Physa virgata Gould, and a

high percentage of both species attained the third instar and then

died. Many successfuly pupated, but emerged deformed and soon died.

Curiously, our insect pathologist colleagues at Riverside could identify

no pathogens in moribund or recently dead material. Possibly, the

diet solely of P. virgata did not provide all the nutrients required for

normal development. Another factor we have recognized in these and

other species of sciomyzid flies — as also reported by Neff and Berg

(1966) — is that late season (September, October) attempts at laboratory

propagation often fail, even with fresh appearing adults. Perhaps a

form of ovarian diapause is responsible — a possible survival factor in

species suspected of overwintering as adults, and whose immatures

could not survive.

We concur with the generalized observations reported by Neff and

Berg (1966) for their laboratory rearings, i.e., 3 to 5 days egg incuba-

tion period, 12 to 20 days in the three larval stadia, and 5 to 9 days

in the pupal stage. In their paper, the biology of S. praemiosa , includ-

ing descriptions of the immature stages, was presented in considerable

detail. However, we call attention to the facts that their cultures

consisted of material from three localities — (1) Oxaca, Mexico, col-

lected August 1958; (2) Cypress Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada,

collected July 1957; and (3) Riverside, California, collected January-

February 1961. [Larvae from the Riverside material were taken to

Hawaii and Australia by Berg the following August for testing against

the freshwater snails Lymnaea ollula Gould and L. tomentosa Pfeiffer,

respectively. Ref. Neff and Berg (1966, p. 48) ]. Although no biological

or morphological differences between immatures from the three localities

were reported, we consider the first to be S. praemiosa , and the second

and third to be S. pacifica.

Biology, field. — The general statement by Neff and Berg (1966,

p. 48) that “the species ( praemiosa , = pacifica ) breeds throughout

the year in southern California . . .” may hold for coastal or low eleva-

tions, but it does not pertain to the higher elevations, such as Big

Bear Lake at 6,750 feet in the San Bernardino Mts. or to Lake Hemet,

at 4,500 feet in the San Jacinto Mts. We have sampled both localities

extensively over a period of years. Our contention is particularly true

at Big Bear Lake which sometimes is frozen over, and nearly every year

has substantial snow cover during December, January, and February.

Water temperatures during these months are in the low 40’s °F or

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

upper 30’s °F. At comparable and higher elevations in the northern

parts of the state where S. pacifica occurs winter conditions are more

severe. Because of these observations we are reluctant to comment on

the exact mode of overwintering in cold areas.

It seems reasonable that the onset of winter would find eggs, larval

stadia, and pupae present as well as adults. To begin elucidation of

the mechanisms involved, temperature tolerances of all stages require

critical study as do other ecological parameters such as day length,

light intensity, etc., and the interactions of such stimuli. Perhaps all

stages are merely arrested developmental^, perhaps developing a little

on warmer winter days. What the larvae would feed on is another

question, since at many sites migrating water fowl consume most of

the exposed mollusks during the fall and early winter. Surviving

aquatic mollusks are buried in the mud, or are on rocks below the mud

line, or in lakes they may be in vegetation well below the surface.

In such situations they are beyond the reach of bird or fly-maggot

predators.

Distribution and Relative Abundance of S. praemiosa, S.

pacifica, and S. fuscipennis. — These three large and superficially

similar species are usually encountered in open, unshaded marshes.

Most such habitats contain aquatic pulmonate snails of the families

Planorbidae, Lymnaeidae, and/or Physidae. In the laboratory the

larvae of the three species of marsh flies consume a wide variety of

aquatic snail species (Neff and Berg, 1966). Although precise host

associations in nature or nutritional requirements remain to be eluci-

dated, the assumption presently is that since the larvae of these species

feed as overt predators, their nutritional requirements are not tied

to any particular species of mollusk.

We know of no locality (microhabitat) where S. pacifica and S.

praemiosa occur together. A waterway common to both appears to be

the South Platte River. Sepedon pacifica occurs along its western reaches

in northeastern Colorado, and S. praemiosa occurs at North Platte in

southwestern Nebraska. The intermittent nature of the river during

the summer may serve to keep the species separated, but it is possible

that seasonally the two species may coexist along this watercourse as

well as the North Platte River possibly in the vicinity of the western

boundary of Nebraska.

Sepedon fuscipennis is widespread in the U.S.A. and Canada. It is

found in association with S. pacifica in several localities west of 100°

longitude. In the Pacific states the two species occur together in Cali-

fornia (south of Crescent Mills, Plumas Co.; west of Sierraville, Sierra

JANUARY 1972] FISHER & ORTH — SEPEDON SYSTEMATICS

Fig. 13. Distribution of S. pacijica and S. praemiosa. We have seen specimens

from all localities indicated by the blackened circles and stars. Clear circles

indicate material not seen but referred to in the literature as S. praemiosa or

S. pacifica and which because of distribution, we assign to pacifica.

Co.), Oregon (Eugene, Lane Co.; Klamath Game Refuge, Klamath Co.),

and in Washington (south of Kalama, Cowlitz Co.). Foote (1961)

reported S. praemiosa (= S. pacifica ) and S. fuscipennis from Idaho

(Coeur d’Alene and Robinson Lake) and Alberta, Canada (Lethbridge) .

The only sites where we are certain S. praemiosa and S. fuscipennis

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

occur together is a roadside marsh just east of North Platte, Nebraska,

and in the Jemez Mts., Sandoval Co., New Mexico. In spite of rather

intensive collecting efforts by us and others in the western states and

Canada it is curious that S. fuscipennis has been reported together with

S. pacifica or S. praemiosa at relatively few sites.

Localities where the three species have been reported singly hut

where overlap may be anticipated are as follows. We have taken only

S. fuscipennis at Amargosa and Pike’s Stockade in southern Colorado;

at Chehalis, Centralia, and Silver Lake in Washington; and at Cave

Junction, in Oregon. Foote (1961) reported only S. fuscipennis from

six localities in Idaho, one in Montana, four in Washington, two in

Oregon, two in Alberta, and three in British Columbia. We have taken

only S. praemiosa at Walsenburg, Colorado, and at Lake Mary (8 miles

southeast of Flagstaff), Arizona. Only S. pacifica (= S. praemiosa,

Foote, 1961) was reported by Foote (1961) from 14 sites in Idaho,

28 in Utah, five in Washington, two in Oregon, and one in Alberta.

Material we have seen, and assumptions from literature records

(Steyskal, 1950; Neff and Berg, 1966; Foote, 1961) indicate that in

the U.S.A. S. praemiosa occurs east of the Rocky Mts. at North Platte,

Nebraska, (approximately 41° latitude, 120° longitude), in eastern

Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and along the Rio Grande watershed

in New Mexico. West of the Rocky Mts., S. praemiosa occurs in Arizona

near Phoenix and Flagstaff and in the southeastern portion of the state.

The gorges of the Colorado River and Little Colorado River appear

to be the northern limit of its distribution in Arizona, but a male was

seen from Moab, Utah. South of the International Border, S. praemiosa

occurs in the central highlands of Mexico to Oaxaca, 17° latitude. The

present occurrence of isolated populations of S. praemiosa in well sep-

arated drainages suggests that there may have been wet periods in

the geological past that would have effected a continuous suitable habitat

from Oaxaca to Nebraska, or possibly farther north. Although we

have seen no material from Texas or Mexico from the Rio Grande or its

tributaries, this watershed probably enabled the species to penetrate

as far north as it has.

Sepedon pacifica occurs west of the Rocky Mts. from northern Baja

California del Norte, Mexico, 32° latitude, to 50° latitude, becoming

rare in northwestern Washington and western British Columbia, Canada.

East of the Rocky Mts. it occurs between 40° and 50° latitude. Its

easternmost confirmed occurrence is Sioux City, Iowa, 96° 28' longitude.

We saw the material on which the Neff and Berg (1966) record from

JANUARY 1972] FISHER & ORTH — SEPEDON SYSTEMATICS

North Dakota and records in South Dakota and northeast Colorado

were based and assign it all to S. pacifica.

The arid southwestern U.S. — Sonoran Desert creates the zoogeo-

graphic barrier which effectively separates S. pacifica from S. praemiosa.

A curious fact is that we have never collected either species, nor do we

know of any confirmed records, along the Colorado River which bisects

this desert, nor in the high or low deserts of southeastern California

and the contiguous areas of Nevada and Arizona.

The paucity of S. praemiosa and S. pacifica in the Colorado River

drainage system may be caused by the intermittent turbulence and

velocity with the heavy load of silt carried by that river which is a

deterrent to snail development. The dams which have been constructed

over the past forty years are holding much of the silt that otherwise

would flow the length of the river. The result is that relatively calm

and clear water habitats are becoming more common. Perhaps in time

this alteration of the habitat will be taken advantage of by species of

pulmonate gastropods which are suitable, if not necessary, host of

S. pacifica and S. praemiosa, namely planorbid snails, and these sciomy-

zid flies will thus be able to extend their range.

Literature Cited

Aldrich, J. M. 1905. A catalogue of North American Diptera. Smithson. Misc.

Collect., 46 (2— publ. 1444) : 1-680. Sciomyzidae, pp. 577-581.

Cresson, E. T., Jr. 1914. Descriptions of new North American Acalyptrate

Diptera — I. Entomol. News, 25(10) : 457.

1920. A revision of the Nearctic Sciomyzidae (Diptera: Acalyptratae) . Trans.

Amer. Entomol. Soc., 46: 27-89.

Fisher, T. W., and R. E. Orth. 1969. Two new species of Sepedon separated

from S. armipes Loew in western North America. Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

45(2) : 152-164.

Foote, B. A. 1961. The marsh flies of Idaho and adjoining areas (Diptera:

Sciomyzidae). Amer. Midland Natur., 65(1): 144^167.

Giglio-Tos, E. 1893. Diagnosi di nuovi generi e di nuove specie di Ditteri.

Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, 8(158) : 1-14.

1896. Ditteri del Messico. Parte IV. Muscidae, Calypteratae. Muscidae

Acalypteratae. Mem. Reale Acad. Sci. Torino, Serie seconda., 45: 1-74.

Loew, H. 1859. Die nordamerikanischen Arten der Gattungen Tetanocera und

Sepedon. Wien. Entomol. Monatsschrift, 3(10) : 289-300.

Melander, A. L. 1920. Review of the Nearctic Tetanoceridae. Ann. Entomol.

Soc. Amer., 13(3) : 305-332.

Neff, S. E., and C. 0. Berg. 1966. Biology and immature stages of malaco-

phagous Diptera of the Genus Sepedon (Sciomyzidae). Va. Agr. Exp.

Sta. Bull., 566, 113 pp.

Steyskal, G. C. 1950. The genus Sepedon Latreille in the Americas (Diptera:

Sciomyzidae) . Wasmann J. Biol., 8(3) : 271-297.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

1956. New species and taxonomic notes in the family Sciomyzidae (Diptera:

Acalyptratae) . Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett., (1955), 41: 73-87.

1960. New North and Central American species of Sciomyzidae (Diptera:

Acalyptratae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 62(1): 33^43.

Walker, F. 1849. List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection

of the British Museum. Part IV: pp. 689-1172.

Wulp, F. M. van der. 1897. Sciomyzinae, pp. 354-360. In Biologia Centrali-

Americana. Diptera. II. Godman, F. D. and 0. Salvin, [editors].

489 pp. 1888-1903. London.

Yano, K. 1968. Notes on Sciomyzidae collected in paddy field (Diptera) , I.

Mushi, 41(15) : 189-200.

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RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA

JANUARY 1972] RASKE BIOLOGY OF ANELAPHUS

Immature Forms, Genitalia, and Notes

on the Biology of Anelaphus albofasciatus Linnell 1

(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

A. G. Raske

Canadian Forestry Service, Department of Fisheries and Forestry,

Edmonton, Alberta 2

Long-horned beetles of the genus Anelaphus generally feed on various

hardwood trees (Linsley, 1963). Anelaphus albofasciatus (Linnell)

is unique within this genus for its habit of feeding on cactus. Adults

have previously been collected on Opuntia bigelovii Engelmann (Davis,

1928) and on Echinocactus sp. (Linsley, 1963). This paper reports

my observations of A. albofasciatus on Opuntia whipplei Engelmann

and Bigalow (3 to 6 miles west of Seligman, Yavapai County, Arizona,

during mid July and early September 1964 and mid June 1966) and

describes characters that separate Anelaphus from Moneilema, another

cerambycid genus which may occur on the same host.

Notes on the Biology

The adult beetles are active in June and July, the larvae are present

in July and the pupae appear from late July and throughout the fall.

These observations suggest that there is one generation per year on

Opuntia whipplei.

The adults become active after dusk, and are usually found near

the top of the cactus where they feed on the newest growth. They are

most often found crawling slowly over the host plants but are also

often motionless on the top of a branch with their legs extended

and their bodies held high off the substratum; the antennae are held

high in the air at a 45° angle. The beetles may remain montionless

in this position, which resembles preflight posture, for up to five hours.

Several mating pairs were observed, all at night and on the top of

the cacti.

The size and shape of larval mines at early larval instars indicate

that eggs are deposited near or on the surface of the host plant. The

young larvae apparently mine directly into the pith of the host through

an opening of the lace in the cactus skeleton, and proceed either up or

1 The work was started at the University of California, Berkeley, and completed at the Canadian

Forestry Service, Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Calgary, Alberta.

2 Present address: Canadian Forestry Service, Department of Fisheries and Forestry, P. O. Box

6028, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48: 21-26. January 1972

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

Fig. 1. Anelaphus alhofasciatus Linnell, a) adult, b) pupa, c) larva (X4)

(Photos by P. Debnam, Canadian Forestry Service).

down from this point of entry. In contrast, the larvae of the cerambycid

Moneilema sp. first mine the exudate produced by the plant and then

proceed into the pith (Raske, 1966). The larvae of A. albofasciatus

constructs a pupal cell from pith and frass, usually at the bottom of

the larval mine (Fig. 2).

The cerambycid Moneilema semipunctatum forte LeC. (Raske, 1966)

attacks O. whipplei in the same area. The larvae of the two species

can be distinguished by the presence ( Anelaphus ) or absence ( Monei-

lema ) of prolegs. Generally, A. albofasciatus larvae are found in the

upper, smaller stems and branches of the plant, while M. semipunctatum

forte larvae tend to be in the main stem near the ground or in the roots.

Larvae of A. albofasciatus were reared successfully in the laboratory

on the artificial diet used by Lyon and Flake (1966). From one of

the larvae, 41 adults of the internal parasite, Tetrastichus holbeini

Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), emerged in early August.

JANUARY 1972]

RASKE — BIOLOGY OF ANELAPHUS

Fig. 2. Larval mine of A. albofascicitus in Opantia whipplei with pupal cell (a)

and adult exit hole (b) . (X 1.3) (Photo by A. A. Blaker, Univ. of California).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

ventral

Fig. 3. Antenna of larva of A. albofasciatus. Fig. 4. Male genitalia of A.

albofasciatus, a) aedeagus, b) intromittent structures, c) endophallus (dorsal

and lateral), d) tegmen (ventral and lateral), aed — aedeagus, ejd — ejaculatory

duct, endph — endophallus, ints — internal sac, tg — tegmen.

Description of Life Stages

Adult. — Linsley (1963) described the external characters of adult

A. albofasciatus (Fig. la), but the internal reproductive structures of

taxonomic value were not included. These are illustrated in Figs. 4

and 5.

Mature larva. — Length 18-22 mm. (Fig. lc). Head transverse, moderately

depressed. Genae testaceous behind ocelli for about one-fourth distance between

ocelli and base of mandible; sclerotization of mouth frame narrow, setae scattered,

most not in testaceous area; antennae three-segmented (Fig. 3) ; mandible short,

stout, cutting edge “gouge-like”; labrum setose, evenly rounded anteriorly, sud-

denly constricted posteriorly ; clypeus transverse, four times as wide as long,

anterior margin sclerotized; ligula obtusely conical, tip setose; labial palp two-

JANUARY 1972] RASKE — BIOLOGY OF ANELAPHUS

Fig. 5. Anelaphus albofasciatus, female genitalia, a) ovipositor (dorsal),

b) ovipositor (ventral), c) stylus, d) internal genitalia, accgl — accessory

gland, ovd — oviduct, sp = spermatheca, spd = spermathecal duct, spgl —

spermathecal gland.

segmented, lightly sclerotized; maxillary palp three-segmented, lightly sclerotized,

process of palpifer prominent, maxillary lobe, cardo, and stipes sclerotized

basally, with scattered setae; mentum and submentum membranous; gula with

sides widely diverging posteriorly; ocelli two, pigmented, subcontiguous. Pronotum

transverse, moderately setose, distinctly raised from pleural regions, dorsal plate

divided, with two distinct light testaceous areas, longitudinally striate; eusterna

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

rugose. Abdomen rugose, with ampullae shining, bilobed with transverse and

lateral deep grooves, subtuberculate; epipleura inconspicuous; pleural disc a

deep pore with radial striations; spiracles broadly oval to suborbicular ; peritreme

not raised above general level of cuticle.

Pupa (female ?) — Length 13-15 mm. (Fig. lb). Head with labrum subequal

to clypeus in length, clypeus with deep longitudinal groove; antennae reaching

to third abdominal segment. Pro-, meso- and metanotum with few inconspicuous

setae. Abdominal terga with heavily sclerotized incurved spines, fewest and

smallest on first abdominal segment, increasing in size and number on posterior

segments; most spines with subapical setae; posterior margin of eighth tergite

with row of large spines; sterna glabrous, tenth sternum deeply, irregularly

furrowed, with pronounced median blister-like structure, bearing two small setae

posteriorly.

Acknowledgments

Financial assistance from the National Science Foundation Grant

# GB 2326 is gratefully acknowledged. For the identification of the

adults and for helpful advice, I thank Dr. E. G. Linsley and Dr. J. A.

Chemsak, both of the University of California, Berkeley. Thanks to

Dr. L. Gardiner, Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie, for check-

ing the description of immature forms. The parasites were identified

by Dr. B. D. Burks of the U. S. National Museum.

Literature Cited

Davis, A. C. 1928. Southern California collecting notes. Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

4(4) : 183.

Linsley, E. G. 1963. The Cerambycidae of North America, Pt. IV. Univ. Calif.

Publ. Entomol., 21 : 1-165.

Lyon, R. L., and H. W. Flake. 1966. Rearing Douglas-fir tussock moth larvae

on synthetic media. J. Econ. Entomol., 59(3) : 696-998.

Raske, A. G. 1966. Bionomics and Taxonomy of the genus Moneilema (Cole-

optera: Cerambycidae). Univ. Calif., Berkeley, Ph.D., 268 pp.

JANUARY 1972] SCHROETER & HEWITT — GRASSHOPPER CYTOLOGY 27

Cytology of Some California Grasshoppers.

1. Taxonomic Considerations

(OrthopterarAcridoidea)

Gilbert L. Schroeter and Godfrey M. Hewitt

Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, and

School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, England

The purpose of this paper is to call attention to the extent of chromo-

somal variation, both structural and numerical, in several species of

grasshoppers and its bearing on orthopteran taxonomy.

Many grasshoppers have evolved novel genetic systems which are

not only of intrinsic interest to evolutionary biologists but in many

cases can be taxonomically useful (White, 1951, 1954). During the

course of studying the effects of chromosome rearrangements on genetic

recombination in various species (Hewitt, 1967; Hewitt and Schroeter,

1968) , numerous other species were collected in California which had

not been previously studied cytologically. The taxonomic status of

some of these has remained in doubt due to the fact that morphological

features considered alone have not proved reliable enough in establish-

ing phylogenetic relationships. Six species are reported on here which

make clear that a chromosomal analysis could, indeed should, be used

in any serious taxonomic treatment.

Materials and Methods. — The species discussed, sites and dates

of collection, and number of individuals examined cytologically are

given in Table 1.

Testes from adult male grasshoppers were removed following a

mid-dorsal incision and immediately placed in a fixative of 3:1

absolute ethyl alcohol: glacial acetic acid. Ovarioles of females were

removed by vivisection under insect saline and then cultured for 30

minutes in 0.05% colchicine in insect saline to arrest and accumulate

mitotic metaphases before being similarly fixed. A detailed description

of the reproductive anatomy of grasshoppers is to be found on pages

138-150 in Uvarov (1966).

In our experience young male imagines are a good source of meiotic

material but meiotic divisions can usually be found even in the testes

of males collected late in the season. Only young female imagines

have proved to be satisfactory for the study of ovariole wall mitosis.

Following fixation the material was stored in the fixative or 70%

ethanol in a refrigerator and subsequently squashed in acetic-orcein.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48: 27-36. January 1972

[VOL. 48, NO. 1

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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JANUARY 1972] SCHROETER & HEWITT GRASSHOPPER CYTOLOGY 29

For details concerning stain preparation and the squash technique the

reader is referred to pages 199-205 in Lewis and John (1964).

Cytological Observations and Discussion

Tanaocerus koebelei Bruner. — The family Tanaoceridae contains but

three species, two of which are found in California. The relationship

of these desert longhorns to the rest of the Acridoidea remains obscure.

In examining the proventricular region of the tanaocerids and compar-

ing it with other grasshoppers, Grant and Rentz (1967) concluded

that the tanaocerids are quite different from both the acridids and

eumastacids. On the other hand, Dirsh (1956, 1961) considers the

Tanaoceridae to be more allied to the eumastacids and includes them

in the Eumastacoid section of his taxonomic scheme which is based

upon comparative studies of the phallic complex. It should be pointed

out that only the epiphallus of Tanaocerus koebelei was studied, a

structure considered by Dirsh (1956) to be a taxonomic character

reliable enough for differentiating families or even groups of families

in some cases.

Figure 1 shows an ovariole colchicine-arrested (c-mitotic) metaphase

with 22 acrocentric chromosomes. In the past the term “acrocentric”

has been used to describe chromosomes with visible short arms and

also those in which short arms were not able to be resolved with the

light microscope but presumed to be present. This is discussed by John

and Hewitt (1968) and White (1969). To avoid confusion, the term

acrocentric will be used in this paper in its broad sense, realizing that

rod-shaped chromosomes in many instances may possess truly terminal

centromeres (i.e., are telocentric) . Until a male individual of Tanaocerus

is studied, a decision concerning the sex-determining mechanism cannot

be made. However, if it is the same as in most other grasshoppers,

it is an XO S /XX 9 system, with the X in this case also being acro-

centric.

Hundreds of acridid species have been studied and most have a

karyotype consisting of 2n$ = 23 (2n2 = 24) acrocentric chromo-

somes (White, 1969). Although fusions between chromosomes have

occurred in many species, thus reducing the chromosome number, this

does not explain the peculiar karyotype of T anaocerus koebelei in

which all the chromosomes are acrocentric. A reduction in number from

22 to 20 by “centric fusion” would be expected to result in a pair of

chromosomes with median or sub-median centromeres.

On the other hand, the chromosome complement of Tanaocerus

koebelei graded in size is very similar to what could be argued as the

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

JANUARY 1972] SCHROETER & HEWITT— GRASSHOPPER CYTOLOGY 31

basic karyotype in the Eumastacidae. It closely resembles that of the

Pseudoschmidtiinae and Mastacideinae subfamilies, the cytogenetics

of which have been described by White (1970a). As his study makes

clear, however, the eumastacids are chromosomally quite varied and

a morphologically diverse group.

Certainly more information about the cytogenetics of these groups

needs to be obtained before any conclusion concerning their phylogenetic

interrelationships can be made.

Dracotettix monstrosus Bruner. — White (1954) has drawn attention

to the discussion as to whether the Old World subfamily Pamphaginae

is represented in the New World by such genera as Plirynotettix and

Dracotettix , or whether these belong in the subfamily Romaleinae. He

points out that the Old World Pamphaginae have 21 (20 + X) chromo-

somes in males while the Romaleinae possess 23 (22 + X). Since

Phrynotettix males also have 22 + X chromosomes (McClung, 1914)

its inclusion in the latter subfamily seems warranted. Consequently

we have determined the basic karyotype of Dracotettix monstrosus and

found a male to have 22 + X acrocentric chromosomes (Fig. 2). This

clearly indicates that its inclusion in the Romaleinae is warranted

and both cases together argue against the presence of the Pamphaginae

in the New World.

Oedaleonotus borckii (Stal).- — A total of 20 individuals from two

populations on either side of the Central Valley of California has

been examined and both samples appear to be cytologically uniform

with males having 22 + X acrocentric chromosomes (Fig. 3).

Oedaleonotus enigma (Scudder). — Over 1,000 males of this species

have been collected in the lower San Joaquin Valley near Coalinga.

This particular species exhibits considerable chromosome variation

and differs strikingly from other members of the genus so far studied

in its sex-determining mechanism (Hewitt and Schroeter, 1968). In

contrast to the XO & /XX $ sex-chromosome systems common to most

4 -

Fig. 1. Mitotic complement of T anaocerus koebelei. 2n $ =: 22. Note the

terminal or near-terminal position of the centromeres. X 1125. Fig. 2. First

meiotic metaphase of Dracotettix monstrosus. 2n $ — 23. Eleven bivalents and

a single unpaired sex chromosome (arrow). X 925. Fig. 3. First meiotic metaphase

of Oedaleonotus borckii. 2n $ = 23. All chromosomes possess terminal or near

terminal centromeres, including the X chromosome. X 1250. Fig. 4. First meiotic

metaphase of Oedaleonotus enigma with the ‘basic’ karyotype of 2n $ — 22. Note

the neo-XY sex bivalent (X'Y')- All chromosomes are aero- (telo-?) centric except

the neo-X. X 850. (Line scale rr 10/x.)

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

grasshoppers, 0. enigma possesses a neo-XY (X'Y') S /Neo-XX (X'X') 2

mechanism which has evolved from the former by the fusion of the

heterochromatic X with an autosome to form the Neo-X, the homologous

autosome becoming the Neo-Y. Instead of possessing an unpaired

X-chromosome, males of this species are characterized by having a

heteromorphic sex bivalent at the first meiotic metaphase composed

of a metacentric Neo-X and an acrocentric Neo-Y (Fig. 4). The few

females which have been examined possessed two Neo-X’s. Thus,

instead of males having 23 (22 autosomes + X), both males and females

of this species have 22, 20 autosomes plus the two sex chromosomes.

While 2n = 22 is considered to be the basic chromosome number for

this species, male individuals have been found in all populations so

far sampled with 20 and 21 chromosomes. This variation in chromo-

some number is due to the fact that 0. enigma is polymorphic for a

centric fusion involving two non-homologous acrocentric chromosomes,

numbers 4 and 5. A fusion between these two chromosomes has oc-

curred at or near their centromeric regions resulting in one large

metacentric chromosome. An individual may (i) possess the basic

karyotype of 20 acrocentric autosomes, (ii) be heterozygous for the

fused and unfused chromosomes or, (iii) be homozygous for the two

fused metacentric chromosomes. Those individuals which are heter-

ozygous for the fusion possess nine chromosome pairs and a V-shaped

chain-of-three at Ml of meiosis (Fig. 5), while those homozygous for

the fusion have 10 pairs, one of which is a large ring bivalent made up

of the two fused metacentrics (Fig. 6) .

The frequencies of the two types of chromosomes involved in this

fusion polymorphism vary from population to population, but no

population so far sampled has become fixed for either of the two types,

i.e., no monomorphic population has been found. There are, however,

differences in frequencies between populations for the fused and

unfused chromosomes (Schroeter and Hewitt, in preparation).

Although the Neo-XY sex-determining mechanism and the fusion

polymorphism are the most conspicuous cytological features of O.

enigma, there are several other chromosomal alterations for which the

species is also polymorphic.

The first of these is a centromere ‘shift’ in the third smallest chromo-

some (no. 8) . Whereas all the chromosomes of the basic karyotype

are acrocentric, a transposition of the centromere has occurred in the

number 8 chromosome presumably by means of a pericentric inversion,

resulting in a chromosome with the centromere in a sub-median position.

Again, in all samples studied, three types of individuals have been

JANUARY 1972] SCHROETER & HEWITT — GRASSHOPPER CYTOLOGY 33

observed: (i) those homozygous for the two acrocentric no. 8 chromo-

somes; (ii) heterozygous for the acrocentric and submetacentric

forming a heteromorphic bivalent (Fig. 5) and, (iii) homozygous for

the two submetacentrics.

In some individuals one member of the smallest chromosome pair,

no. 10, has an additional heterochromatic segment attached to it,

resulting in a conspicuous unequal bivalent at Ml of meiosis (Fig. 6).

While this enlarged chromosome has been found in all but one of the

populations sampled to date, its frequency is usually so low that only

a very few individuals have been found to be homozygous for it.

The last chromosomal variable to be mentioned is that some in-

dividuals in some populations possess heterochromatic supernumerary

or B-chromosomes which do not pair with any member of the standard

chromosome complement. The occurrence of these B-chromosomes is

even lower than that of the segment attached to chromosome 10, its

frequency not exceeding 2.5% in any of the populations so far sampled.

The meiotic behavior of these and the other variable components of

the chromosome complement of O. enigma and their possible role in

the population dynamics of the species have been discussed in a

previous paper (Hewitt and Schroeter, 1968). However, it is worth

emphasizing that these B’s are both metacentric and rare, and conse-

quently, unlikely candidates for the extra sex chromosome arm de-

scribed in three individuals of this species (Hewitt and Schroeter,

1968) as has been suggested by White (1970b) .

Oedaleonotus orientis Hebard. — Only two individuals of this species

have been collected, but both exhibited a striking chromosomal feature

which may prove to be of considerable taxonomic importance. This

is the ditactic bivalent (Fig. 7). This peculiar type of bivalent has

been thought to be due to chiasma formation between the short arms

of two acrocentric chromosomes, but John and Hewitt (1966, 1968)

have interpreted ditactic bivalents to result from chiasma formation

within truly terminal centromeres. Whatever interpretation may ulti-

mately be applied, in this instance the ditactic bivalent is a feature

that was consistently observed in all Ml cells of both individuals and

has not been observed in any of the allied species so far analyzed. As

in 0. borckii, males of this species possess 23 acrocentric chromosomes.

Oedaleonotus phryneicus Hebard. — Only a single population of this

species has been sampled to date with a total of 96 males having been

examined cytologically. The chromosome complement, typical of most

acridids, consists of 22 autosomes and one unpaired sex-chromosome

in males, all being rod-shaped with terminal centromeres. There is

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

JANUARY 1972] SCHROETER & HEWITT — GRASSHOPPER CYTOLOGY 35

one feature which this species shares with O. enigma, i.e., a super-

numerary chromosome segment attached to a member of the smallest

autosomal pair. About 12% of the individuals observed were found

to be heterozygous for this segment, resulting in an unequal bivalent

as seen in Fig. 8. Each of two individuals also possessed an unpaired

heterochromatic supernumerary chromosome.

Four of the seven presently recognized species of Oedaleonotus

having been studied cytologically, the fact emerges that these four

differ in some unique way from each other. 0 . enigma contrasts

strikingly with the others by possessing a Neo-XY sex-determining

mechanism and being polymorphic for an autosomal centric fusion.

O. orientis is the only species so far studied in which a ditactic bivalent

is formed at Ml of meiosis. O. phryneicus differs from 0. enigma in

its sex-determining mechanism (X0$/XX9) but is similar to the

latter in that it also is polymorphic for a supernumerary chromosome

segment and supernumerary chromosomes. 0 . borckii differs from

the other three in its being monomorphic, there being no apparent

chromosome polymorphism nor any type of peculiar bivalent formation

or sex-determining mechanism. Thus the Oedaleonotus complex would

seem to be a most suitable and extremely rewarding area for cytogenetic

and evolutionary investigations.

Based on the studies made, it is clear that cytological techniques

can be used to great advantage in a serious taxonomic treatment of

this genus. Indeed, we would consider any such study to be lacking

if the chromosome complement was not taken into account. Strohecker,

et al. (1968) state that “satisfactory treatment of the forms of this

genus will require comprehensive study not feasible at present. Speci-

mens from widely separated localities appear to represent quite distinct

species but many intermediate forms occur and we have not been able

to find sets of characters consistent enough to be regarded as of specific

worth.” It may well be that the chromosome complement will prove

to be a worthy character.

«-

Fig. 5. Metaphase I of Oedaleonotus enigma which is heterozygous for the

4-5 fusion forming a chain-of-three (large arrow) and a centric shift in chromo-

some no. 8 (small arrow). X 1050. Fig. 6. Metaphase I of Oedaleonotus enigma

which is homozygous for the 4^5 fusion (large arrow) and heterozygous for the

supernumerary segment on chromosome no. 10 (small arrow). X 1000. Fig. 7.

Metaphase I of Oedaleonotus orientis. 2n $ = 23. Note the ditactic bivalent

(arrow). X 1700. Fig. 8. Metaphase I of Oedaleonotus phryneicus. 2n $ = 23.

Note the unequal bivalent (arrow). X 1350. (Line scale = 10,u.)

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

Literature Cited

Dirsh, V. M. 1956. The phallic complex in Acridoidea (Orthoptera) in relation

to taxonomy. Trans. Roy. Entomol. Soc. London, 108: 223-356.

1961. A preliminary revision of the families and subfamilies of Acridoidea.

Bull. Brit. Mus. Natur. Hist. Entomol., 10: 349^419.

Grant, H. J., and D. C. Rentz. 1967. A biosystematic review of the family

Tanaoceridae including a comparative study of the proventriculus. Pan-

Pac. Entomol., 43: 65-74.

Hewitt, G. M. 1967. An interchange which raises chiasma frequency. Chromo-

soma, 21: 285-295.

Hewitt, G. M., and G. L. Schroeter. 1968. Population cytology of Oedaleonotus.

I. The karyotypic facies of Oedaleonotus enigma (Scudder). Chromo-

soma, 25: 121-149.

John, B., and G. M. Hewitt. 1966. Karyotype stability and DNA variability

in the Acrididae. Chromosoma, 20: 155-172.

1968. Patterns and pathways of chromosome evolution within the Orthoptera.

Chromosoma, 25: 40-74.

Lewis, K. R., and B. John. 1964. The matter of Mendelian heredity. Little,

Brown, and Co., Boston. 269 pp.

McClung, C. E. 1914. A comparative study of the chromosomes in orthopteran

spermatogenesis. J. Morphol., 25: 651-749.

Strohecker, H. F., W. W. Middlekauff, and D. C. Rentz. 1968. The grass-

hoppers of California (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). Bull. Calif. Insect

Surv., 10: 1-177.

Uvarov, B. 1966. Grasshoppers and locusts. Vol. 1. Cambridge Univ. Press,

London. 481 pp.

White, M. J. D. 1951. Cytogenetics of orthopteroid insects. Advan. Genet., 4:

267-330.

1954. Animal cytology and evolution. Cambridge Univ. Press, London. 454 pp.

1969. Chromosomal rearrangements and speciation in animals. Ann. Rev.

Genet., 3: 75-98.

1970a. Karyotypes and meiotic mechanisms of some eumastacid grasshoppers

from East Africa, Madagascar, India and South America. Chromosoma,

30: 62-97.

1970b. Asymmetry of heteropycnosis in tetraploid cells of a grasshopper.

Chromosoma, 30: 51-61.

JANUARY 1972] HALL — NEW HETEROTROPINE BOMBYLIIDAE

New North American Heterotropinae

(Diptera: Bombyliidae)

Jack C. Hall

Division of Biological Control, University of California, Riverside, 92502

The subfamily Heterotropinae is for the most part made up of an

anomalous group of microbombyliids, rarely exceeding 5 mm in length.

The anomaly is attested to by the fact that Prorates Melander was

described as an empidid, Caenotus Cole as a therevid and Apystomyia

Melander runs to the Scenopinidae in most keys to families.

Melander (1950) gave an account of the Heterotropinae together

with a rearrangement of Curran’s (1935) key to genera. Since 1950

none of the species belonging to the various genera comprising the

Heterotropinae have been reported upon. The following account not

only describes a new genus and several new species but greatly extends

the range of distribution of the genus Prorates , hitherto known only

from New Mexico and southern California.

The Heterotropinae may be separated from other Bombyliidae by

the following combination of characters: Occiput flattened, not or

only slightly foveate behind ocellar tubercle; eyes bisected into two

sizes of facets, small below, large above, but without dividing line;

inner margin of eyes usually indented opposite antennal bases; eyes

of male usually holoptic, female dichoptic, wing with two submarginal

cells; four posterior cells with first always open; anal cell closed before

the margin and petiolate or closed at wing margin; anal lobe greatly

developed; legs without conspicuous bristles; body not densely hairy.

Key to Heterotropine Genera

1. Second posterior cell petiolate at base 2

Second posterior cell sessile, medial crossvein between fourth and fifth

veins arises from discal cell 3

2. Third vein forks closer to r-m crossvein than to tip of wing Prorates Melander

Fork of third vein closer to tip of wing than to r-m crossvein

Apystomyia Melander

3. Arista terminal, normal, of one or two segments 4

Third antennal segment terminates in microscopic tuft of hair

Caenotoidcs Hall. n. gen.

4. Proboscis projects well beyond oral margin Heterotropus Loew

Proboscis at most only slightly projecting beyond oral margin Caenotus Cole

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48: 37-50. January 1972

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

Apystomyia Melander

(Fig. 1)

Apystomyia Melander, 1950: 146.

Melander based this genus on a number of specimens collected along

streams in the mountains of southern California. Apystomyia was

placed by Melander (1950) in the Heterotropinae “because it does

not conform with any other subfamily . . . .” An examination of part

of the type series confirms its placement but if and when additional

species are discovered the genus should be reevaluated.

Known only from the genotype species- — A. elinguis Melander.

The genus may be recognized not only by the characters given in

the key to genera but also by the delicate neuration in the wing, the

small second basal cell and consequently large discal cell. The head

and thorax are polished black and the abdomen subopaque; the hair

on the head and thorax is black and quite coarse, that on the abdomen

is white. The knob is entirely black and the proboscis is short and

non-projecting.

Heterotropus Loew

(Fig. 2)

Heterotropus Loew, 1873: 182.

This genus contains a large number of Palearctic species. It is

represented in the Nearctic region by a single species, H. senex Melander.

Melander’s specimen was collected in Arizona at flowers of Baileya

multiradiata.

Heterotropus senex has the second posterior cell sessile and the anal

cell closed at the wing margin ; proboscis long ; body black with yellow

markings and white hair. The halters are whitish.

Type locality, Headquarters Organ Pipe National Monument, Arizona.

The fly was collected on 16 April.

Prorates Melander

(Fig. 3)

Prorates Melander, 1906: 372 (as an empidid) , 1927: 377; 1950: 145.

Alloxytropus Bezzi, 1926: 186.

Originally described as an empidid but later transferred to the

Bombyliidae because of the short costal vein. For many years the

genus was known from a single species, P. claripennis Melander.

Efflatoun (1945) under the name Alloxytropus Bezzi, recorded two

species from Egypt. Melander (1950) synonymized this latter genus

JANUARY 1972 J

hall — new

HETEROTROPWE EOMBYLItDAE

Prorates frommeri

elin

'guis. Pig o tv

Heterotropus

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

with Prorates. Five additional species are described below bringing

the total known species to eight.

Prorates may be diagnosed as follows: Proboscis projecting usually as far as

or farther than the tip of the antennae, except in P. boydi Hall described below.

Antennae with three segments, (not two as originally stated) first two very small,

third elongate conical and covered with minute pubescence. Scutellum with two

apical marginal bristles. Costal vein extends to or only slightly beyond the third

longitudinal vein; wing usually with darkened stigma below apex of first vein;

branch of fourth vein closer to r-m crossvein than to tip of wing; second posterior

cell petiolate at base; discal cell smaller than second basal cell. Vestiture of

short, fine, scattered hair, longer on underside of head and at base of abdomen.

Genotype species — P. claripennis Melander.

Key to Species of Prorates

1. Proboscis projecting well beyond oral margin 2

Proboscis short, at most labellae extend beyond oral margin; body and

legs black with white hair; knob of halter pale boydi Hall, n. sp.

2. Hair on mesonotum white or yellow, may reflect brownish in some

lights 3

Hair or mesonotum and scutellum black; scutellar bristles of male black,

of female testaceous; abdominal hair white nigrescens Hall, n. sp.

3. Proboscis projecting beyond oral margin for a distance equal to or less

than height of eye 4

Proboscis projects twice eye height beyond oral margin; palpi long,

extending as far as first antennal segment; legs fuscous; hair on

abdomen yellow arctos Hall, n. sp.

4. Legs fuscous, testaceous or dark brown, never mostly pale 5

Legs and thoracic pleural area pale, sternopleura and femora may be

dusky; basal antennal segments pale yellow; abdominal hair yellow

frommeri Hall, n. sp.

5. Abdominal hair golden yellow; proboscis usually extending beyond tip of

antennae; legs or at least the tibiae usually yellowish brown; wing veins

light brown melanderi Hall, n. sp.

Hair on abdomen pale yellow to white; proboscis extends as far as tip of

antennae or only slightly beyond; legs brownish yellow, tibiae of female

lighter; wing veins dark brown claripennis Melander

Prorates boydi Hall, new species

Immediately separable from the congeners by the short, non-protruding

proboscis and the entirely black body with pale hair.

Male. — Black, knees and tibiae brownish. Eyes contiguous down front for

distance greater than length of ocellar tubercle. Ocellar tubercle and small

triangular front bare. Antennae black, third segment may appear lighter in some

lights; basal segments short, without apparent vestiture; third segment, in lateral

view conical, broadest at base then tapering to narrow apex, at least twice as long

as wide, microscopically pubescent; arista terminal, as broad as apex of third

JANUARY 1972] HALL — NEW HETEROTROPINE BOMBYLIIDAE

segment. Face retreating, bare above, scattered short white hair below. Proboscis

short, not projecting beyond oral margin. Palpi nearly as long as proboscis, one

segmented. Occiput white pilose, hair not dense, nearly bare above.

Mesonotum dull, when viewed from in front brownish pollinose becoming

whitish laterally; hair short, scattered, yellowish, longer and tending towards

white near scutellum; bristles wanting (may be broken off). Pleura white

pollinose, bare except for few thin whitish hairs on mesopleuron. Legs with

short pale yellow hair, that on tibiae setaceous; bristles other than apical tibial

bristles wanting; hind tarsus longer than hind tibia. Pulvilli as long as claws.

Halter stem brownish, knob white. Squama white with fringe of white hair.

Scutellum dull with long, erect, white hair, bristles wanting.

Wing hyaline, stigmal area faintly yellowish; anterior veins brown, rest pale.

Costa terminates at fourth vein; second posterior cell short petiolate, and petiole

shorter than r-m crossvein; r-m crossvein at middle of discal cell; discal and

second basal cells of nearly equal length; petiole on anal cell longer than

posterior crossvein; anal lobe large; alula moderately well developed.

Abdomen with short, erect, scattered white hair; posterior margin of second

segment narrowly pale. Venter with posterior margins of second and third

segments narrowly pale; short white hair overall. Genital capsule brownish,

round, lateral plates moderately truncate at apex.

Female. — Unknown.

Holotype and two paratypes from P. L. Boyd Desert Research

Center, (Deep Canyon), 3 mi. S. Palm Desert, Riverside County,

California, 20 June 1969 (S. Frommer and B. Worley), malaise trap

at marker 57. One paratype male from Fish Springs, Imperial County,

California, 13 September 1965 (R. C. Dickson), from a yellow sticky-

board trap. Type deposited in U. S. National Museum.

Prorates claripennis Melander

Melander, 1906: 373.

Differs from the congeners by the black legs and black halters. The

basal antennal segments are also black. Prorates claripennis is very

similar to P. melanderi Hall. From this latter species claripennis may

be separated by the shorter proboscis, which does not extend beyond

the tip of the antennae and by the pale yellow to white, not golden,

abdominal hair.

Melander’s original description is short and as such incomplete. A

full redescription of both sexes follows :

Male. — Black, knees and fore coxae a little lighter. Halter stem and knob

black. Eyes in contact down front for distance equal to length of ocellar tubercle;

inner margin of eyes at most only slightly indented opposite antennal bases.

Small triangular front bare. Basal antennal segments short, equal in length,

each segment with two or three short yellowish hairs; third segment in lateral

view elongate conical, flattened, one and one-half times longer than two basal

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48 , NO. 1

segments combined, microscopically pubescent; arista terminal, minute, not

distinctly separated from third segment. Face receding, bare above, pale yellow

to white hair below. Proboscis projecting, short, not reaching beyond apex of

antennae; hair on labellae pale. Palpi testaceous, approximately one-third length

of proboscis, hair short, pale. Occiput vaguely cinereous pollinose with short,

scattered white hair.

Mesonotum vaguely cinereous pollinose with two median darker vittae; hair

short, yellow; bristles yellowish. Pleura cinereous pollinose, essentially bare.

Hair on legs pale yellow; hind tibia and tarsus of equal length. Pulvilli as long

as claws. Squama pale, whitish with fringe of long pale hair. Scutellum cinereous

pollinose, hair short, fine, scattered, pale; two apical bristles dark brown.

Wing hyaline, stigma dark brown, veins dark, only vaguely reaching posterior

margin. Costa terminates at fourth vein; petiole at base of second posterior

cell shorter than r-m crossvein; discal and second basal cells of nearly equal

length; petiole on anal cell one and one-half times longer than posterior crossvein;

alula moderately well developed.

Hair on abdomen pale yellow to white; posterior margin of third segment

narrowly white in ground color. Venter with white hair. Genital capsule with

y ellowish hair, elongate and narrowly rounded apically.

Female. — Very much like male except legs lighter colored. Knob of halter

brownish yellow. Eyes at narrowest point separated by nearly one and one-half

times width of ocellar tubercle. Eyes definitely emarginate opposite bases of

antennae. Posterior margins of third and fourth segments narrowly pale; lateral

margin from base to sixth segment pale; basal sternites with posterior margins

narrowly pale. Otherwise as described for male.

Other than the holotype and allotype, both from New Mexico, I have

seen no other specimens. Both are in the U. S. National Museum.

Prorates arctos Hall, new species

The long proboscis, dark color, well pronounced wing venation and

the northern distribution will serve to distinguish this species.

Female. — Black, tips of tibiae, knees and knob of halter pale; legs fuscous;

head and thorax somewhat grayish pollinose. Eyes at narrowest point separated

by more than width of ocellar tubercle. Front bare, slightly concave in front of

ocellar tubercle. Eyes emarginate opposite bases of antennae. Basal antennal

segments equal in length, each with a few short pale hairs; third segment slightly

longer than two basal segments combined, elongate oval, microscopically pubescent;

arista small, terminal. Face bare above, scattered pale hair below. Proboscis

projecting nearly twice eye height beyond oral margin. Palpi testaceous, tips

darker, with pale hair. Hair on occiput pale, short, scattered.

Mesonotum with two dark median vittae; hair short, yellowish; bristles brown.

Pleura bare. Coxae and hind femur with short pale hair; hind tibia and tarsus

of nearly equal length; pulvilli as long as claws. Squama white with fringe of

long white hair. Scutellum with yellow hair (bristles apparently broken off) .

Wing veins dark; stigma well pronounced. Wing hyaline; petiole at base of

second posterior cell extremely short; second basal cell slightly longer than

JANUARY 1972] HALL— NEW HETEROTROPINE BOMBYLIIDAE

discal cell ; petiole on anal cell much longer than posterior crossvein ; alula

well developed.

Abdomen rather evenly blackish brown; hair golden yellow; venter with lateral

margins of segments one to four pale; hair pale yellow.

Male. — Unknown.

Holotype female from 10 mi. S. Shoshoni, Fremont County,

Wyoming, 3 July 1965 (F. R. Holland) as prey of the robberfly

Heteropogon wilcoxi James. Deposited in the U. S. National Museum.

This fly represents the most nothern record for the genus Prorates

which was hitherto known only from New Mexico and southern Cali-

fornia. It seems probable that specimens should be found throughout

the Great Basin.

Porrates melanderi Hall, new species

This species consists primarily of the series of specimens which

Melander collected in Borrego, California and which he considered to

be the same as P. claripennis from New Mexico. I have three additional

specimens from Borrego.

The resemblance to P. claripennis is remarkably close. Prorates

melanderi may be distinguished from P. claripennis by the golden

yellow hair on the abdomen, the lighter colored legs and the slightly

longer proboscis.

Male. — Brownish black; basal antennal segments light brown; legs testaceous;

knob of halter dark. Eyes in contact in middle of front for a distance shorter

than ocellar tubercle. Inner margin of eyes incised opposite bases of antennae.

Small triangular front bare, cinereous pollinose. First two antennal segments

equal in length, first segment with a few short, fine, pale yellow hairs at apex;

third segment twice as long as two basal segments combined, in lateral view

elongate conical, microscopically pubescent; arista minute, terminal. Face bare,

few scattered pale hairs below oral opening. Proboscis projecting shorter than

height of eye beyond oral margin but reaching beyond tip of antennae. Palpi

yellowish, at least half as long as proboscis, with short pale yellow hair. Occiput

cinereous pollinose with short pale hair, that on ocellar tubercle yellowish.

Mesonotum cinereous with two darker median vittae; hair short, yellow;

lateral bristles yellow. Pleura cinereous especially below, bare except for few

pale hairs on mesopleura. Coxae and legs with short pale yellow to white hair,

that on femora very short and setiform; hind coxa darker than fore and mid-

coxae; hind tibia longer than hind tarsus. Pulvilli as long as claws. Squama white

with fringe of long pale hair. Scuttellum blackish brown, somewhat cinereous

pollinose ; two marginal bristles testaceous ; hair white.

Wing hyaline, veins pale brownish; petiole of second posterior cell longer

than r-m crossvein; discal cell small, nearly one-half length of first basal cell;

petiole on anal cell longer than posterior crossvein; alula developed, rounded.

Abdomen dark brown with golden-yellow hair, may be lighter towards base

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

of abdomen; posterior margins of second and third segments narrowly white;

lateral margin of first three segments white; posterior margins of second and

third sternites narrowly whitish. Genital capsule brown with yellow hair, tri-

angular in lateral view with apex bluntly rounded.

Female. — Grayish-black; basal antennal segments darker than in male; knob

of halter pale yellowish. Eyes separated at narrowest point by at least width

of ocellar tubercle ; lateral margin of abdominal segments one to five white.

Otherwise as described for the male.

Holotype male and allotype from Palm Canyon, Borrego, Imperial

County, California, 3 May 1945 (A. L. Melander) . In U. S. National

Museum.

Nine paratopotypes and three paratypes, Borrego, Imperial County,

California, 3 May 1956 (P. H. Timberlake) in the authors collection.

Prorates nigrescens Hall, new species

This species is readily differentiated from the others by the black

hair on the mesonotum and the black scutellar bristles as well as by

the darker knob of the halter.

Male. — Blackish brown; palpi and legs brownish yellow; posterior margins

of first four abdominal segments narrowly white. Eyes contiguous down most

of front. Ocellar tubercle and small triangular front bare. First two antennal

segments short, small, of nearly equal length, both microscopically white

pollinose; third segment in lateral view conical, a little more than twice as

long as wide, microscopically pubescent; arista apical, minute. Face receding,

cinereous pollinose below. Proboscis projecting, reaching beyond tip of antennae.

Palpi nearly one-third length of proboscis. Underside of head and lower half of

occiput with whitish hair.

Mesonotum when viewed from in front shows three grayish brown median

vittae which do not reach scutellum; mesonotal hair short, scattered, erect, black,

longer towards scutellum; one prealar and one postalar bristle, both pale in color.

Pleura whitish pollinose, bare with few short, fine, pale hairs on mesopleuron.

Legs apilose and asetose, covered with minute hair-like setulae; posterior tarsus

a little longer than posterior tibia; pulvilli nearly as long as claws. Stem of

halter pale, knob black or dusky. Squama dusky with fringe of long pale hair.

Scutellum with short black hair with two median, strong, black, marginal bristles.

Wing hyaline, stigma dark brown, anterior veins brown, rest pale; petiole on

second posterior cell longer than r-m crossvein; vein M 3 +Cui reaches hind

margin of wing; petiole of anal cell longer than posterior crossvein; discal cell

a little shorter than second basal cell; anal lobe large; alula moderately developed.

Abdomen sparsely white haired. Genital capsule with yellowish hair, in lateral

view elongate, narrowed apically.

Female. — Eyes at vertex separated by one and one-half times width of ocellar

tubercle. Head cinereous pollinose. Front bare with a narrow longitudinal median

depression. Lower half of pleura and all of legs yellowish; spines on ovipositor

pale yellow. Otherwise as described for the male.

JANUARY 1972] HALL NEW HETEROTROPINE BOMBYLIIDAE

Holotype male and allotype from Riverside, Box Springs Mts.,

Riverside County, California, 4 July 1969 (J. C. Hall, M. E. Irwin)

malaise trap. Both in U. S. National Museum.

One paratopotype and one paratype, topotypic except collected 3

October 1967, in the author’s collection.

Prorates frommeri Hall, new species

This species differs from the congeners by the pale yellow basal

antennal segments, pale hair on the mesonotum and by the pale legs.

Male. — Brownish, legs, basal antennal segments, thorax somewhat, venter of

abdomen and genitalia pale yellow. Eyes contiguous down most of front; ocellar

tubercle and small triangular front bare. Basal antennal segments small, at most

with few short hairs; third segment long conical, nearly four times longer than

wide, microscopically pubescent; arista terminal, minute. Proboscis projecting

beyond oral margin for distance nearly equal to height of eye. Palpi short, pale

with pale hair. Face bare. Underside of head and lower half of occiput with

white hair.

Mesonotum, when viewed from in front, with three lighter colored median,

longitudinal vittae which become coalesced in front of scutellum, lateral margin

brownish yellow; hair short, fine, erect, yellow; bristles yellow. Pleura bare

small patch of fine hair on mesopleuron. Long hair on legs wanting, femora

and tibiae with small setaceous hair; bristles wanting. Pulvilli as long as claws.

Halter stem and knob yellowish white. Squama white with fringe of white hair.

Scutellum brownish, hair short, scattered, yellow, two convergent marginal

bristles testaceous.

Wing hyaline, stigmal area at most only faintly colored; anterior veins brown,

rest pale; second posterior cell long petiolate, petiole as long as posterior cross-

vein; second basal cell much longer than discal cell; petiole on anal cell much

longer than length of posterior crossvein; no veins reach posterior margin of

wing; alula moderately well developed.

Abdominal dorsum with short, scattered yellow hair; posterior margins of

nearly all segments narrowly pale in ground color. Venter with yellow hair.

Genital capsule brownish, in lateral view elongate triangular, lower apical corner

slightly elongated.

Female. — Head cinereous pollinose; eyes widely separated. Body and legs

entirely pale yellowish or straw colored. Otherwise as described for male.

Holotype male and allotype, from P. L. Boyd Desert Research

Center, (Deep Canyon) 3 mi. S. Palm Desert, Riverside County,

California, 1 October 1969 (S. Frommer), malaise trap at marker

#57. In U. S. National Museum.

Two hundred twenty-one paratopotypes collected from 1 June 1969

to 4 October 1969, in a malaise trap.

There is a rather wide range of color expressed from nearly entirely

brown (except the legs) to entirely straw colored. The majority of the

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

specimens are of this latter color, although the males generally tend

to be darker. I can find no structural differences between the color

variants of this species.

Caenotus Cole

(Figs. 4, 8)

Caenotus Cole, 1923: 14; Melander, 1950: 148.

Caenotus was originally described as a therevid. Cole based his

decision on the placement of the genus in the Therevidae primarily

because of the five posterior cells found in the wing of the genotype

species, C. inornatus Cole. An examination of part of the type series

of C. inoratus shows that although there are five posterior cells in each

wing the longitudinal veins forming the extra cell arise from the discal

cell. In the Therevidae the posterior vein forming the fifth posterior

cell arises from the small crossvein at the base of the discal cell. The

other three species of Caenotus : C. canus Melander, C. minutus Cole

and C. hospes Melander, all have only four posterior cells.

Melander (1927) transferred Caenotus to the Bombyliidae. In 1950

he recharacterized the genus and gave a key to the species together

with the descriptions of two new species. I can add nothing more to

Melander’s remarks.

Caenotoides Hall, new genus

(Figs. 5, 6, 7)

The new species described below were discovered during the course

of study for this report. The one striking difference noted about the

specimens was that the third antennal segment terminated in a

microscopic tuft of hair. The only other genus of bombyliid sharing

this characteristic is Anthrax, a group to which these specimens ob-

viously do not belong.

Caenotoides is similar in habitus to Caenotus but differs by the

shorter and less abundant pile on the body, the shorter one-segmented

palpi, the tuft of hair at the tip of the third antennal segment which

is not separated by a distinct suture and by the costa terminating at

the third longitudinal vein or only slightly beyond.

Small flies, up to 4 mm in length. Eyes of male contiguous, widely separated

on female; lower half of eye of male more finely faceted than upper half,

facets of female uniform in size. Ocellar tubercle large, ocelli form equilateral

triangle. Antennae approximate at base, first two segments nearly equally short,

both broadened apically; basal half of third segment short, broad, apical half

styliform, about as long as basal portion, terminating in tuft of minute hair.

JANUARY 1972] HALL— NEW HETEROTROPINE BOMBYLIIDAE

Figs. 4 & 5, wing of holotypes. Fig. 4. Caenotus hospes. Fig. 5. Caenotoides

californica. Figs. 6-8, lateral view of antenna. Fig. 6. Caenotoides califormca.

Fig. 7. Caenotoides idahoensis. Fig. 8. Caenotus hospes.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

Oral opening reaches base of antennae. Proboscis short, about half as long as

oral opening; palpi very small, one-segmented. Face rounded, not protruding,

receding below. Occiput flat. Head slightly wider than width of thorax. Mesonotum

rounded, without apparent bristles, hair short and sparse. Legs with short

setula-like hair; pulvilli present, much shorter than claws. Scutellum rounded

without marginal bristles. Wing hyaline, at most stigmal area slightly colored;

two submarginal cells; four posterior cells, all open in wing margin; costa

terminates at tip of third vein or only slightly beyond; apical portion of vein R 5

from branch of R* to tip of wing longer than basal portion from branch of R* to

r-m crossvein; medial crossvein at base of third posterior cell arises from discal

cell; discal cell much smaller than either basal cell; anal cell closed before

wing margin and petiolate; anal lobe large; alula small. Abdomen of male with

seven visible segments, female with eight. Genital capsule large, rounded,

medially divided.

Genotype . — Caenotoides calif ornica Hall, described below.

Key to Caenotoides Species

1. Third antennal segment gradually attenuated to styliform apical one-half,

legs not black 2

Base of third antennal segment broad then suddenly constricted to apical

styliform portion; legs black, tibiae testaceous californica Hall, n. sp.

2. Legs flavo-testaceous ; abdomen pale yellowish with basal black stripe

on second segment mexicana Hall, n. sp.

Legs dark brown; abdomen white or whitish, base of second segment

black , idahoensis Hall, n. sp.

Caenotoides californica Hall, new species

(Figs. 5, 6)

Male. — Black, subshining, abdomen other than base of second segment, venter

and genitalia, white. Legs black, tibiae testaceous; halter stem brown, knob

white. Vertex vaguely whitish pollinose. Hair on ocellar tubercle short, erect,

white. Small triangular front bare, whitish pollinose. Basal antennal segments

equal in length, second segment much broader apically than the first, both with

few minute pale hairs; base of third segment, in lateral view, not as broad as

second segment but broadly flattened, suddenly and sharply constricted to apical

styliform half which terminates in a tuft of microscopic hair or setae (Fig. 6).

Face whitish pollinose laterally near antennae, white hair at sides below. Oral

opening wide, reaching base of antennae or nearly so. Proboscis short, black.

Palpi extremely small, black. Lower half of occiput with long pale hair, upper

half nearly bare except for a few short hairs next to eye margin.

Mesonotum, when viewed from in front, with three vague brownish median

vittae which do not reach scutellum; pile pale, short, scattered. Pleura hare

with few short fine hairs on meso- and stenopleurae. Hair on legs setiform,

not long or dense; apical tibial bristles small, fine. Squama white with fringe

of white hair. Scutellum brownish pollinose, hair white, scattered, fine, those

hairs along posterior margin a little stronger but not bristle-like.

Wing hyaline, veins brown ; costa terminates slightly beyond apex of third

JANUARY 1972 ] HALL NEW HETEROTROPINE BOMBYLIIDAE

longitudinal vein, ambient vein not evident; third posterior cell of nearly equal

width throughout; petiole on anal cell equal to length of posterior crossvein.

Abdomen elongate, cylindrical with short, fine, scattered pale hair. Venter

with much shorter pale hair. Genital capsule rounded, shiny, lateral pieces with

short white hair, apex rounded.

Female. — Front whitish yellow pollinose, small, narrow, median black stripe

just below median ocellus. Mesonotum brownish yellow pollinose without apparent

vittae; humeral and postalar calli a little lighter in color than notum; hair on

mesonotum pale yellow. Pleura black, upper part of sternopleuron and small

spot on posterior portion of mesopleuron yellowish. Abdominal dorsum with

small blackish spots on sides of second to fifth segments, sixth and following

segments entirely black as is middle of venter. Each side of ovipositor with

five stout, blunt spines. Female otherwise as described for male.

Holotype male and allotype from 3 mi. N. of North Palm Springs,

Riverside County, California, 25 February 1968 (M. E. Irwin).

Both in U. S. National Museum.

These specimens were take in copulo and are mounted on one pin,

the male being uppermost.

These flies were collected in a sand dune association. They were

flying close to the ground among the sparse grass and when captured

they were very reluctant to rise into the net. Only one other male was

collected at the same time. There were probably more specimens but

because of their small size and camouflaged appearance they were

overlooked. Repeated attempts to collect more specimens have brought

negative results.

Caenotoides idahoensis Hall, new species

(Fig. 7)

Very similar to C. calif ornica. Differs primarily in the shape of the

third antennal segment and the blunt apices of the lateral pieces

enclosing the genitalia.

Male. — Basal portion of third antennal segment gradually constricted to apical

styliform one-third. Mesonotum entirely black. Wing veins yellow. Black mark

at base of second abdominal segment not dark, rather obscure. Extreme lateral

margins of abdominal segments four to seven yellowish. Legs dark brown.

Otherwise identical to description of C. calif ornica.

Holotype male from Bruneau, Owyhee County, Idaho, 23 June

1938 (H. M. Harris). In U. S. National Museum.

Caenotoides mexicana Hall, new species

Quite similar to the congeners. Differs mainly by the flavotestaceous

legs and the absence of the black stripe across the base of the second

abdominal segment.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

Male. — Palpi pale yellow. Abdomen yellowish not white; mesonotum vaguely

brownish yellow pollinose without vittae. Antennae like that in C. idahoensis

except styliform portion equal in length to broadened basal portion. Body with

white hair except that on scutellum yellow. Dark stripe across base of second

abdominal segment wanting. Venter dark in middle of fourth segment only.

Specimen otherwise as described for C. californica.

Holotype male from 23 mi. E. San Luis, Baja California, Mexico,

24 April 1962 (M. E. Irwin). In U. S. National Museum. Type was

collected in a sand dune association.

Literature Cited

Bezzi, M. 1926. Notes additionelles sur les Bombyliides d’Egypte. Boll. Soc.

Roy. Entomol. Egypt, 18: 244—273 (1925).

Cole, F. R. 1923. A revision of the North American two-winged flies of the

family Therevidae. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 62(4) : 1-140.

Efflatoun, H. C., Bey. 1945. A monograph of Egyptian Diptera. Part VI.

Family Bombyliidae. Sec. 1: Subfamily Bombyliidae Homeopthalmae.

Bull. Soc. Fouad d’Entomol., 29: 1-483.

Loew, H. 1873. Beschreibung europaischer Dipteren. Systematische Beschrei-

bung der bekannten europaischen zweifliigeligen Insecten, von Johann

Wilhelm Meigen. Vol. 3, 320 pp. Halle.

Melander, A. L. 1906. Some new or little known genera of Empididae. Entomol.

News, 17: 370-379.

1927. Diptera. Fam. Empididae. Fasc. 185, 434 pp. In Wytsman, P., ed.,

Genera insectorum. Bruxelles.

1950. Taxonomic notes on some smaller Bombyliidae. Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

26: 134-144, 145-156.

JANUARY 1972]

WILCOX SINTORIA REVISION

The Genus Sintoria Hull

(Diptera: Asilidae)

J. Wilcox

Anaheim, California 92806

The genus Sintoria Hull (1962) was proposed for S. emeralda Hull

from Mexico. Material collected in recent years has extended the range

of the genus to Baja California and north to Utah. Six species are

described as new and a key to the species is given.

Sintoria is closely related to Cyrtopogon Loew. In both genera the

mystax is composed of hairs, there is a comb of about five curved

bristles at the apex of the tibiae, and they lack strong dorsocentral and

scutellar bristles. In Sintoria the facial gibbosity arises abruptly below

the antennae to a height subequal to the length of the first antennal seg-

ment from which it recedes gradually to the oral margin ; in Cyrtopogon

the gibbosity is usually evenly rounded with the greatest height at the

middle. There are weak occipital bristles in Sintoria while in Cyrtopogon

they are usually long dense hairs. In Sintoria the scutellum is more or

less flattened and the disc largely bare of pollen and with short discal

and long marginal hairs; in the groups of Cyrtopogon with flattened

scutellum, the disc is pollinose and the hairs long erect on the disc and

posterior margin. In Sintoria the head, thorax and coxae are largely

pollinose; spots on the mesonotum, the abdomen largely and the legs

are bare of pollen, and these areas are shining black with metallic

reflections of blue, green or purple; no Cyrtopogon have been noted with

these metallic colors.

Sintoria is mainly a fall genus, occurring from August to November.

Cyrtopogon occurs mainly in the spring and summer and until recently

had not been collected in Mexico. Its range in North America in the

west, is from New Mexico to Baja California Norte and north to Alaska;

in the east it occurs from Florida to Nova Scotia and occurs in all the

Canadian Provinces; it is not found in Texas and is absent or rare in

the Great Plain States.

I am indebted to the following persons for the loan of specimens:

J. G. Rozen, American Museum of Natural History, AMNH; Mont A.

Cazier, Arizona State University, ASU; Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California

Academy of Sciences, CAS; J. A. Powell, California Insect Survey, Uni-

versity of California, Berkeley, CIS; E. L. Sleeper, California State

College, Long Beach, CSCLB; Eric Fisher, Long Beach, Calif., EF ;

Charles H. Martin, Tucson, Arizona, CHM; P. H. Timberlake, University

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48: 51-58. January 1972

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

of California, Riverside, UCR; W. W. Wirth, Entomology Research

Division, Agr. Res. Serv., U. S. D. A., USNM, W. J. Hanson, Utah State

University, USU.

Measurements were made with an ocular micrometer: of the face

and wings at 40 times, and of the antennae at 75 times.

Key to Species

1. Mesonotum behind suture largely bare of pollen; wings lightly infuscated 2

Mesonotum behind suture largely pollinose, small intermediate spot and

postalar calli bare; wings hyaline 3

2. Hairs of face light yellow; hairs of mesonotum yellowish; abdomen bluish

green, posterior corners of male tergites 1-5 and female 1-6, yellowish

pollinose; length 8-9 mm. (Mexico) emeralda Hull

Mystax largely black; anterior mesonotal hairs on central stripe largely

black; abdomen blue black, small posterior corners of tergites 2-5, gray

pollinose; length 7-9 mm. (Baja California Sur) lagunae Wilcox, n. sp.

3. Central mesonotal crest of hairs largely black and nearly as long as antennal

segments 1-3; mystax largely and hairs of frons and ocellar tubercle,

black; length 9 mm. (Mexico) rossi Wilcox, n. sp.

Central mesonotal hairs white or yellowish and subequal in length to antennal

segments 1-2 ; mystax, hairs of frons and ocellar tubercle, white or

yellowish 4

4. Pollen on sides of abdominal tergites 2-6 extending inward on anterior

margins - 5

Pollen on sides of abdominal tergites if extending inward, on posterior

margins 6

5. Anterior pollinose fascia on male abdominal tergites 2-6 broadly separated,

entire on female 2-5; central stripe of mesonotum bare of pollen anterior

to suture and in male confluent with intermediate spots, posterior inter-

mediate spots narrowly separated from postalar calli ; length 8 mm.

(Arizona, Utah) cazieri Wilcox, n. sp.

Anterior pollinose fascia on male abdominal tergites 3-5 entire; central stripe

of mesonotum pollinose, intermediate spots small and widely separated from

each other and from postalar calli; length 7 mm. (Texas)

pappi Wilcox, n. sp.

6. Scutellum all pollinose; broad sides of abdominal tergites 1-6 gray pollinose,

broadly extending inward for short distance on posterior corners of 2-6;

length 10 mm. (California) mojavae Wilcox, n. sp.

Disc of scutellum largely bare of pollen, narrow posterior margin and basal

central spot on disc, gray pollinose; sides of abdominal tergite 1 and pos-

terior corners of 2-6, gray pollinose, the pollen extending narrowly forward

to anterior margins on most specimens; length 7-8 mm. (Arizona)

cyanea Wilcox, n. sp.

Sintoria cazieri Wilcox, new species

Male. — Length 8 mm. Head black, densely white pollinose. Hairs and bristles

white; 8 erect bristles on ocellar tubercle. Face at antennae 21/30 width of one

JANUARY 1972]

WILCOX — SINTORIA REVISION

eye. Antennae black; hairs white; two yellowish biistles below on segment 2;

segment 3 of nearly uniform width, narrowed on apical fourth; segments 10:11:

33:16 in length.

Mesonotum black, gray pollinose, central stripe anteriorly brown, area between

humeri and central stripe golden. Anterior intermediate bare spots broadly con-

nected across dorsum and narrowed laterally; posterior spots connected narrowly

with bare postalar calli. Hairs white, short sparse, not much longer than antennal

segment 1, longer in posterior dorsocentral rows and long erect on humeri. Two

presutural bristles yellowish, supraalars and postalars white, hair-like. Pleura and

coxae densely gray pollinose, hairs white. Disc of scutellum bare, posterior margin

and narrow base gray pollinose, 6 long white marginal hairs.

Abdomen black with greenish reflections; sides of tergites 1-7 densely gray

pollinose, pollen extends inwards narrowly on anterior margins of 1 and 3-5,

interrupted at middle by about half width of segments. Hairs short sparse white,

longer laterally; lateral bristles on tergite 1 white. Sternites 1-7 densely gray

pollinose, hairs white. Genitalia black, hairs white.

Legs black, reflections blue, on hind femora greenish. Hairs white; bristles

yellowish white; pulvilli and empodia whitish; claws black, base narrowly reddish.

Halteres yellowish brown, lower stem brown. Wings hyaline, veins brown, an-

terior crossvein at 42/66 length of discal cell, third vein branched beyond end

of discal cell, anal cell open, posterior cell 4 narrowed at wing margin.

Female. — Length 8 mm. Bristles on ocellar tubercle and hairs below on antennae,

yellowish. Anterior intermediate bare spots not connected dorsally, and posterior

spots separated from bare postalar calli. Anterior pollinose bands on abdominal

tergites 2-5 entire, narrowly separated on 6; segments 7-8 bare; apical spines

brown. Anterior crossvein at 40/67 length of discal cell, minute stump vein on

one side, posterior cell 4 not narrowed at margin.

Holotype male , Holden, Utah, 18 September 1959, CIS. Allotype

female, Beryl, Iron County, Utah, 27 September 1953 (M. Cazier)

AMNH.

Paratypes. — 1 female, Five Points, Utah, 5 September 1931 (G. F.

Knowlton, M. J. Jones) beets; antennal segment 3 missing, JW; 2

females, House Rock, Arizona, 14 September 1946 (F. H. Parker) A. L.

Melander Collection, USNM.

Named in honor of Mont A. Cazier, Arizona State University, Tempe,

a most persistent and productive collector who has supplied me with

innumerable Asilidae in the last ten years.

Sintoria cyanea Wilcox, new species

Male. — Length 8 mm. Head black, densely grayish white pollinose, frons with

slight golden tinge. Hairs white, in mystax longer on oral margin; 4^5 yellowish

lateral hairs on frons; about 6 erect yellowish bristles on ocellar tubercle; oc-

cipitals white. Face at antennae 21/33 width of one eye. Antennae black, segment

1 grayish and remainder brownish pollinose; sparse hairs below on segments 1-2

white, above brownish; two brownish bristles below on segment 1 and one on

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

segment 2; segment 3 slightly coarctate, tapering on apical fourth; segments

14:13:39:17 in length.

Mesonotum black, densely grayish brown pollinose; central stripe subshining;

small intermediate spots before and behind suture and postalar calli, shining

black. Hairs erect yellowish, as long as antennal segments 1-2. Bristles yellowish,

2 presutural, 2 supraalar, 3 postalar. Pleura and coxae grayish pollinose, hairs

white. Scutellum shining black, narrow posterior margin and basal semicircular

spot, grayish brown pollinose; hairs yellowish white, on disc as long as mesonotal

hairs, posterior margin with fringe of about 20 longer erect hairs.

Abdomen shining blue-black, sides of tergites 1-6 gray pollinose widening

slightly on the posterior corners of 2-5. Hairs white, long laterally, short sparse

dorsally. Sternites 1-7 gray pollinose with long white hairs. Genitalia black, long

hairs white.

Legs blue black; hairs white; bristles white becoming yellowish brown on tarsi;

claws black; pulvilli and empodia light brown.

Halteres yellowish, base brown. Wings hyaline, veins brown, anterior crossvein

at 36/70 length of discal cell, third vein branched opposite end of discal cell.

Female. — Length 7 mm. Apical spines of abdomen black. Third vein branched

beyond end of discal cell.

Holotype male , Sabino Canyon, Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, 25

October 1962 (J. Wilcox) CAS. Allotype female, same locality, 20

October 1962, CAS.

Paratypes. — Arizona: 9 males, 19 females, same locality, 19 to 25 October 1962,

22 October 1965 (Itol J. and J. Wilcox) JW ; 3 males, 3 females, same data, 11

October 1964 (Eric Fisher) EF ; 1 female, 1.5 mi. N. E. Carrizo, Navajo Co., 28

September 1962 (P. H. Timberlake) UCR; 1 female, Huachuca Mts., 13 October

1931 (E. D. Ball) USNM; 2 males, 2 females, 3 mi. E. Pantano, 20 October 1962,

22 October 1965 (J. Wilcox) JW ; 1 male, 1 female, 7 mi. W. Peach Springs,

Mohave Co., 28 September 1964 (P. H. Timberlake) UCR; 14 males, 21 females,

2 mi. N. E. Portal, 10 October 1964 (Eric Fisher, R. R. Snelling) late afternoon

and evening, some by sweeping Tar Bush, and 3 at light, EF ; 1 male, 2 mi. N. E.

Portal, 22 October 1960 (M. A. Cazier) ASU ; 1 male, 3 females, 2 mi. N. E.

Portal, 23 October 1962 ( J. Wilcox) JW ; 1 male, 2 females, Tucson, September

1939 (R. H. Crandall) AMNH; 1 male, Tucson, 31 September 1958 (R. S. Beal)

ASU ; 1 male, Tucson, 9 July 1920, JW.

The specimens collected at the mouth of Sabino Canyon, elevation

about 3,000 feet, were mostly on the dead stems down in or among the

seed clusters and flowers of Burro Brush. Near Portal, they were found

on the stems and leaves of Tar Bush. On hot days, they were not found

until 3:30 or 3:45 p.m., but on a cloudy day they appeared at 11:30

a.m., but soon disappeared when it became cooler. Another time a few

were collected resting on the green foliage of mesquite about four

feet high at 11:00 a.m. on a warm day. Metapogon punctipennis

Coquillett was collected at the same time in both localities.

The specimens from near Portal have only the posterior corners of

JANUARY 1972]

WILCOX SINTORIA REVISION

abdominal tergites 2-5 pollinose and some of the specimens from Sabino

Canyon do not have the pollen on tergites 2—3 extending forward to

the anterior margins on the sides of the tergites.

SlNTORIA EMERALDA Hull

Sintoria emeralda Hull, 1962, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 224: 199.

Type $, Nepantla, Mexico, 28 October 1923 (E. G. Smith) USNM; Allotype $,

La Cascada, Mexico, 28 October 1922 (E. G. Smith) USNM.

Male. — Length 7 mm. Face and frons golden, occiput gray pollinose; hairs all

yellowish: face at antennae 19/28 width of one eye. Antennae black, hairs brown;

segments 14:15:41:10 in length.

Mesonotum golden pollinose; central stripe, broad anterior and posterior inter-

mediate spots and postalar calli, shining purple, anterior spots extend narrowly

to humeri. Hairs white to yellowish and subequal in length to antennae 1-2.

Scutellum shining bluish purple, very narrow posterior margin golden pollinose;

discal and about 12 longer marginal hairs yellowish.

Abdomen bluish green; narrow posterior corners of tergite 1 and posterior

corners of 2-5, golden pollinose. Genitalia blue black, hairs yellowish.

Legs bluish green, hairs and bristles yellowish.

Halteres lemon yellow, base and lower stem brown. Wings light brown; veins

brown, at base anteriorly yellowish; anterior crossvein at 35/59 length of discal

cell; third vein branched before end of discal cell, in one wing with minute stump

vein.

Female. — Length 7 mm. Posterior corners of tergites 1-6 yellowish pollinose.

Anterior crossvein at 39/70 length of discal cell, third vein branched opposite

end of discal cell.

Additional specimens. — Mexico, Aguascalientes, 19 mi. S. Aguascalientes, Hy.

45, Km. 508, 19 August 1962 (Dorothy and C. H. Martin) ; Zacatecas, 10 mi. S.

Jalapa, 17 September 1970 (G. E. and R. M. Bohart) , Rio Grande, 4 September

1966 (G. E. and A. S. Bohart), 5 mi. N. Zacatecas, 19 September 1970 (G. E. and

R. M. Bohart) .

The following records were kindly supplied by Eric Fisher. Mexico: Guanajuato,

41 mi. N. Queretaro, 6,950 ft., 3 September 1963, (Scullen and Bolinger) ; Jalisco,

10 mi. S. W. Lagos de Moreno, 8 September 1970 (E. M. and J. L. Fisher) ; San

Luis Potosi, 19 mi. S. San Luis Potosi, 7,200 ft., 4 September 1963 (Scullen and

Bolinger) .

Sintoria lagunae Wilcox, new species

Male. — Length 8 mm. Head black, grayish white pollinose. Hairs of mystax

black, the lower fourth white; hairs on frons black; about 12 long slender black

bristles on ocellar tubercle; occipitals, beard and hairs on palpi and proboscis

white. Face at antennae 21/38 width of one eye. Antennae black, brownish

pollinose; hairs black, two bristle-like below on 2; segments 15:15:45:16 in

length.

Mesonotum black; yellowish pollinose; central stripe subshining; intermediate

spots with blue reflections, anterior ones twice as broad as long, posterior ones

longer than broad and include postalar calli. Hairs on the anterior central stripe

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

erect black and as long as antennae 1-2 with few yellowish anteriorly and mostly

yellowish posteriorly ; lateral hairs yellowish. Bristles yellowish, 2 presutural,

others not separable from the hairs. Pleura and coxae yellowish pollinose; hairs

on coxae white, on hypopleura yellowish. Scutellum black, narrow posterior

margin yellowish pollinose; hairs yellowish, discal hairs sparse semierect, about

20 long erect marginals.

Abdomen blue-black; posterior corners of tergites 2-5 gray pollinose. Hairs

yellowish, long on sides and short on dorsum. Sternites yellowish pollinose; hairs

long erect yellowish. Genitalia black; hairs yellowish.

Legs black with blue reflections; hairs yellowish white; bristles yellowish; claws

black ; pulvilli and empodia light brown.

Halteres yellowish red, lower stem brown. Wings very light brown, veins brown,

anterior crossvein at 37/62 length of discal cell, third vein branched slightly

beyond end of discal cell.

Female. — Length 8 mm. Face and frons with golden tinge; mystax black, hairs

on sides below yellowish. Abdominal hairs white, short on sides of tergites 6-8;

sternites 7-8 bare with short hairs; apical spines black. Anterior crossvein at

41/66 length of discal cell, third vein angulated and with suggestion of a stump

vein.

Holotype male, Mexico, Baja California Sur, Sa. Victoria, La

Laguna, 5,500 ft., 20/23 October 1968 (E. L. Sleeper, F. J. Moore)

CSCLB. Allotype female, same data, CSCLB. Types to be deposited in

Los Angeles County Museum.

Paratypes. — 92 males, 79 females, same data, CSCLB; 7 males, 2

females, La Laguna, Sierra Laguna, L. Calif., 14 October 1941 (Ross

and Bohart) CAS.

The mystax of both sexes varies from all black to the lower half

white in the males and some of the oral hairs as well as the lateral hairs

yellowish in the females. Some of the specimens show a distinct brown

tinge in the wings while others are nearly hyaline.

Sintoria mojavae Wilcox, new species

Female. — Length 10 mm. Head black, densely white pollinose. Hairs and

bristles white; 6 bristles on ocellar tubercle. Face at antennae 24/40 width of

one eye. Antennae black, brownish pollinose; hairs white; two yellowish white

bristles below on segment 2; segment 3 tapers from base to apex; segments 18:18:

45:20 in length.

Mesonotum black, gray pollinose; central stripe indistinctly brown; small inter-

mediate spots and postalar calli, shining black. Hairs white; bristles white, 2

presutural and 2 fine supraalar and postalar. Pleura and coxae gray pollinose,

hairs white. Scutellum gray pollinose, hairs white, about 12 long crinkly marginal

hairs.

Abdomen purple-black; broad sides of tergites 1-6 expanded inward on posterior

margins of 2-6, gray pollinose, fascia separated by about half width of abdomen on

2, widening gradually to 6; 7-8 bare; apical spines black. Hairs white, long on

JANUARY 1972]

WILCOX — SINTORIA REVISION

sides of basal segments becoming short apically ; lateral bristles on 1 white.

Sternites 1-7 gray pollinose, hairs long erect white on 1-5, dense on 1.

Femora greenish black, tibiae and tarsi blue black; hairs white; bristles yellowish

white; claws black; pulvilli and empodia light brown.

Halteres light brown, lower stem brown. Wings hyaline, veins brown, anterior

crossvein at 48/84 length of discal cell, third vein branched opposite end of discal

cell.

Holotype female , Grapevine Springs (Cushenbury Springs), San

Bernardino County, California, 10 September 1948 (J. Wilcox) CAS.

Sintoria pappi Wilcox, new species

Male.— Length 7 mm. Head black, densely white pollinose, frons with slight

golden tinge. Hairs and bristles white, on frons and 6 bristles on ocellar tubercle

yellowish. Face at antennae 19/29 width of one eye. Antennae black, gray pol-

linose; hairs and one bristle on segment 2 yellowish white; segments 13:13:36:14

in length.

Mesonotum black, densely gray pollinose; divided central stripe and broad area

behind humeri brown; small intermediate spots and postalar calli shining black.

Hairs white, anteriorly in central stripe as long as antennae 1, longer posteriorly.

Bristles yellowish, 2-3 presutural, 1 supraalar, 2-3 postalar and 3-4 anterior

dorsocentral. Pleura and coxae grayish golden pollinose, hairs white. Scutellum

black; narrow posterior margin and base of disc extending narrowly to posterior

margin at middle, gray pollinose; hairs white, about 8 longer bristle-like marginals.

Abdomen blue-black; sides of tergite 1, broad sides of 2-7 and anterior margins

of 2-6, gray pollinose, anterior fascia narrow at middle and interrupted on 2 and

6-7. Hairs long white laterally becoming shorter apically ; 4-5 white lateral

bristles on 1. Sternites gray pollinose, hairs white. Short genitalia blue black,

hairs white.

Legs green black, hairs and bristles white; claws black; pulvilli and empodia

light brown.

Halteres yellowish, base brown. Wings hyaline, veins brown except basally;

anterior crossvein at 40/66 length of discal cell; third vein branched slightly

beyond end of discal cell; anal cell broadly open.

Female. — Length 6 mm. Face 16/24 width of one eye; antennal segments

11:11:25:15 in length. Central bisecting pollen on scutellum broad. Abdomen

with blue-purple reflections; broad sides of tergites 1-6 gray pollinose, extending

inward anteriorly on 2-6, narrowly entire on 3-5; sternites 1-6 gray pollinose;

apical spines black. Halteres yellow, lower stem brown. Anterior crossvein at

28/46 length of discal cell.

Holotype male, 8.6 mi. S. W. of New Mexico State Line, Hwy. 180,

Culberson County, Texas, 2 October 1962 (Chas. S. Papp) UCR.

Allotype female, 2 mi. N. W. Mesa, Chaves County, New Mexico, 10

September 1961 (P. D. Hurd) Gutierrezia lucida, CIS.

The facial gibbosity of this species is very weak.

Named in honor of Charles S. Papp, scientific illustrator, University

of California, Riverside and noted Coleopterist.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

Sintoria rossi Wilcox, new species

Female. — Length 10 mm. Head black (greased), pollen on face and frons

yellowish, on occiput gray. Mystax long dense black with some yellowish white

hairs intermixed on oral margin; hairs on frons and about 10 bristle-like on ocellar

tubercle, black; occipitals yellowish white; beard and hairs on palpi and proboscis

white. Face at antennae 23/34 width of one eye. Antennae black (greased) ; hairs

black, three or four long ones below on segment 1 and two or three on 2 ; segment

3 narrowed on apical fourth; segments 15:17:45:18 in length.

Mesonotum black (largely greased), golden brown pollinose; bare intermediate

spots before and behind suture confluent and postalar calli in part bare. Central

line with dense crest of black hairs as long as antennal segments 1-3; long sparse

hairs otherwise yellowish. Two yellowish presutural bristles, supraalars and

postalars hair-like. Pleura and coxae yellowish gray pollinose, hairs yellowish

white. Scutellum black with some gray pollen laterally; dense short discal hairs

and about 20 long crinkly hairs on posterior margin, white.

Abdomen black with green-blue reflections; narrow sides of tergites 2-5 ex-

panded a little on posterior corners, grayish pollinose; 1 and 6-8 bare; apical

spines black. Hairs long yellowish white becoming shorter apically, bristles on

1 hair-like. Sternites 1-6 grayish pollinose, long sparse hairs yellowish white.

Legs black with blue reflections; hairs white; bristles yellowish; claws black;

pulvilli and empodia light brown.

Halteres light brown, lower stem brown. Wings hyaline, veins brown; anterior

crossvein at 46/79 length of discal cell; third vein branched a little beyond end of

discal cell; anal cell broadly open.

Holotype female, N. Slope, 11,000 ft., Mt. Popocatepetl, Mexico,

20 November 1946 (E. S. Ross) CAS.

Named in honor of Edward S. Ross, California Academy of Sciences,

who frequently collects rare specimens of insects other than his speciality

on his many trips to numerous parts of the world.

Literature Cited

Hull, F. M. 1962. Robberflies of the World. The genera of the family Asilidae.

Part 1; Part 2. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 224: 1-430, figs. 1-29, 1 pi.;

431-907, figs. 30-35 and 1-2536.

JANUARY 1972]

ARNAUD— G DALLAS HANNA

(D SaUas Harnta,

lssr-iam

Paul H. Arnaud, Jr.

California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco 94118

Doctor G Dallas Hanna, a “renaissance man,” biologist, geologist,

micropaleontologist, diatomist, malacologist, ornithologist, instrument

maker and inventor, expert in optics, printer, photographer, was born

on 24 April 1887 in Carlisle, Arkansas, and died in San Francisco, Cali-

fornia, on 20 November 1970, during his 83rd year. He joined the

Academy staff in 1919, and continued this association for 51 years. The

diversity of his interests also included the planning and direction of the

construction of the star projector for the Morrison Planetarium at the

Academy’s Instrument Shop. He adapted an Eastman Kodak Company

three color printing process for illustrating the Academy’s scientific

publications (he and his wife Margaret produced approximately 165,000

color prints). Dr. Hanna received his A.B. (in 1909) and A.M. (in

1913) from the University of Kansas and the degree of Doctor of Philos-

ophy (in 1918) from George Washington University. In May, 1970, Dr.

Hanna was presented with the honorary degree of Doctor of Sciences

by the University of Alaska.

For most of the period between 1911 and 1919, Dr. Hanna was em-

ployed by the United States Bureau of Fisheries in Alaska (first in the

Bristol Bay area and from 1913 on in the Pribilof Islands). It was on

the Pribilof Islands and later on Guadalupe Island and the adjacent

Mexican West Coast Islands that he made his most significant contribu-

tions to the field of Entomology. During 1913-1914, he made important

collections of insects and other arthropods from St. George Island,

Alaska, and these were eventually published on in 1923 by various

specialists in volume 46 of North American Fauna. Many species were

recorded from these islands for the first time, including 17 species new

to science; these collections are deposited in the United States National

Museum. A second collection, made in the Pribilofs in 1920 was pre-

sented to the California Academy of Sciences. In 1921, 86 species (16

of them new) were recorded in the Proceedings of the California Acad-

emy of Sciences, ser. 4, vol. 11, no. 14, pp. 153-195. Dr. Hanna contrib-

uted an introduction to this paper on pages 153-155. From these

combined Pribilof collections the following new species were dedicated

to him: family Tipulidae — Pedicia hannai (Alexander), family Helco-

myzidae — Heterocheila hannai (Cole), and family Muscidae — Mydaea

hannai (Malloch).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

Fig. 1. G Dallas Hanna. Photograph taken in 1966.

JANUARY 1972]

BOOK REVIEWS

In 1922, Dr. Hanna was a key member of an expedition to Guadalupe

Island and the islands of the west coast of Mexico aboard the motorship

Tecate, from July 9th— August 16th. An article by Hanna and A. W.

Anthony entitled, “A Cruise Among Desert Islands” was published in

the National Geographic Magazine (vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 71—99, July 1923) .

On this expedition 1138 insects and arachnids were taken by Hanna and

J. R. Slevin. The General Report of this expedition also was published

by him in the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (ser. 4,

vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 217-275, text figs. 1—2, pis. 15—19, 1925). Dr. Frank

E. Blaisdell, Sr. published an article in the same volume (pp. 321-343),

recording 57 species of Coleoptera, of which 14 were new to science,

including the patronym S tibia hannai Blaisdell (family Tenebrionidae)

collected on Angulo Rock, Asuncion Island. In subsequent years, Dr.

Hanna continued to collect small lots of insects which he presented to the

Department of Entomology, the last received in 1968.

On the occasion of Dr. Hanna’s seventy-fifth birthday, volume 32 of

the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences was dedicated as

a “G Dallas Hanna Anniversary Volume.” The first number, published

on April 24, 1962, pages 1 through 40, contains a portrait, biography

(written by Dr. Robert C. Miller) and bibliography of 438 writings and

other scientific contributions through the year 1961. An additional 40

writings have been published, making a total of 478 contributions in a

61 year period, 1909 through 1970.

Dr. Hanna is survived by his wife, Margaret (nee Moore) Hanna,

three sisters, a brother, Dr. Marcus A. Hanna, two granddaughters, and

four great grandchildren.

BOOK REVIEW

CURCULIONIDAE TRIBE OpHRYASTINI OF NORTH AMERICA (COLEOPTERA). David G.

Kissinger, Taxonomic Publications, South Lancaster, Mass. 1970. 8 %" X 11",

238 pp., 128 figures and groups of figures. $12.00 (paper).

This is the latest of Dr. David Kissinger’s several substantial contributions to the

knowledge of the Curculionidae and, at the same time, it constitutes the first part

of a proposed revision of the weevil subfamily Leptopiinae in North and Central

America. The major portion of this book is devoted to a revision of the 48 species

of Ophryastes. These are large, broadnose weevils occurring in the arid regions

of the western United States and northern Mexico. In addition to the thorough

taxonomic treatment of Ophryastes, information is included on the generic char-

acters and relationships of Deracanthus, a Central Asian genus which shares the

tribe with Ophryastes.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48 , NO. 1

In a section entitled “Ecology” Kissinger summarizes what little is known about

the biology of Ophryastes. The paucity of information on this subject reflects the

general lack of attention which entomologists have given to the study of weevil

biology. The weevils under consideration here would seem to lend themselves well

to such studies as they are large, sometimes relatively abundant, tend to form

well-defined local populations, and above all, they should be interesting. Perhaps

the present revision will provide the necessary impetus for investigation of their

biology.

Four species of Ophryastes are described as new. Nomenclatural changes involve

new synonymy for 3 generic and 20 specific names and new combinations for 29

names. Most of the species are placed in 3 species-groups on the basis of characters

of the female genital tube; each of the 3 groups is further divided into species-

subgroups. Eight species are not assigned to groups. The key works quite well

for the determination of species of Ophryastes. One should have little or no diffi-

culty correctly determining the large majority of members of the genus, especially

if the key, descriptions and the many illustrations are carefully used together. The

male and female genitalia are described more thoroughly than is usual in papers on

weevils; otherwise the species descriptions and other taxonomic data are of the

usual kind for such studies. Twelve pages are devoted to a summary of measure-

ments of external characters of both sexes (where available) of the 48 species.

The list of references includes only those not cited by Kissinger in his 1964

generic key to the Curculionidae in America north of Mexico. It appears to me that

the desirability of having this book complete within itself would have overshadowed

the cost of adding the few additional pages required for a complete reference list.

The present book is profusely illustrated with photographs and line drawings in a

manner similar to Dr. Kissinger’s earlier work on weevils of the subfamily Api-

oninae. These illustrations and their accompanying explanations cover 142 pages.

The photographs (of which there are several hundred) show dorsal, lateral and

sometimes ventral habitus views, as well as views of specific external structures of

taxonomic importance, and male and female genitalia. These photographs are

mostly of excellent quality and add greatly to the taxonomic value of the publica-

tion. Because of the exceptionally large number of illustrations included, those

referring to a given species are often arranged on widely separated pages. This,

however, is only a minor inconvenience and does not detract from the general

usefulness of the work.

Distribution maps, and tables and figures of statistical data involving principal

component and multiple discriminant analyses cover 22 pages. An index to the

new species described and new nomenclatural changes is also included.

Dr. Kissinger has once again demonstrated his ability to do high quality work

on a taxonomically difficult group of weevils. The present revisionary study

places the taxonomy of Ophryastes on firm ground and provides the information on

which subsequent workers may base much-needed biological and population studies

of the genus. — Horace R. Burke, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843.

JANUARY 1972]

SCIENTIFIC NOTES

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Thomas Wrentmore Cook Entomology Library. — The entomological library

of the late Dr. Thomas Wrentmore Cook (188T-1962) was donated to the California

Academy of Sciences by his widow, Mrs. Mary Manning Cook (now Mrs. George

Wale) of Oakland, California. Arrangements for this important donation were

made by Dr. and Mrs. Edward L. Kessel.

The Cook library on Formicidae, Hymenoptera, and General Entomology con-

sists of 289 bound volumes (including 51 books and bound volumes of the papers

of the renowned ant authority William Morton Wheeler), 25 parts of serials,

11 unbound volumes, and 1312 “reprints.” The 51 volumes of the books and

papers published by Dr. Wheeler are a virtually complete collection of the 470

items by this world ant authority, and there are probably few such sets in

existence.

The library also includes numerous papers on world ants by many authors,

including bound volumes of the works of Arnold, Clark, Creighton, Donisthorpe,

Emery (7 volumes), Escherich, Fielde, Forel, Huxley, Janet (2 volumes), Mayr,

McCook, M. R. Smith, and Wasmann; titles on Hymenoptera such as “Catalogus

Hymenopterorum,” vols. 1-10, by Dalla Torre, 1892-1902, “Nouvelle Methode de

Classer les Hymenopteres et les Dip teres,” vol. 1, “Hymenopteres,” by L. Jurine,

1807, and “Additions et Corrections au Volume II de la Faune Entomologique du

Canada traitant des Hymenopteres” by L’Abbe L. Provancher, 1889; and general

works as “The Class Insecta” by Baron Cuvier (with supplementary additions by

Griffith, Pidgeon, and Gray), 1832, “Uber entomologische Sammlungen,

Entomologen & Entomo-Museologie” by Walther Horn and Ilse Kahle, 1935-1937,

and “Histoire Naturelle des Fourmis, et recueil de Memoires et d’Observations sur

les Abeilles, les Araignees, les Faucheurs, et autres insectes” by P. A. Latreille,

1802.

Dr. Cook, who wrote the book “The Ants of California” (Pacific Books, Palo

Alto, pp. i-xiii, 1-462, illustrated, 1953), had a life-time interest in the Formicidae,

having first undertaken graduate studies on this group of insects with Wheeler

in 1932. It was mainly during the last fifteen years of his life, from 1948 on, that

he assembled this extraordinary library on the ants of the world and on the

order Hymenoptera. — Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco, 94118.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

The Lost Type of Brachinus sallei Chaudoir (Coleoptera: Carabidae). —

In my 1970 revision of North and Middle American Bombardier Beetles (Quaest.

Entomol., 6: 4-215) I stated that the type(s) of Brachinus sallei Chaudoir was

presumed lost. The basis for this statement was, first, the indication by Chaudoir

that he saw the specimens he described in Salle’s collection, and second, the sub-

sequent search in parts of this collection by George E. Ball in the Museum National

d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris and by E. Taylor in the Hope Museum, Oxford, at my

request. The specimen was not found in either museum where the type(s) should

have been. Then, quite unexpectedly, during a recent visit to the British Museum

(Natural History), supported in part by the American Philosophical Society, I

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

discovered a specimen of Brachinus sallei labelled “Orizaba, Mexico, Salle Coll.,

type,” “108” on green paper, and further labelled “Brachynus Sallei Chd. after

Salle, Sallei Chaud.”

Consequently, this specimen, a male, is herewith designated LECTOTYPE. The

type locality was originally stated by Chaudoir to be Mexico, and later restricted

by me to Tabasco, Mexico on the basis of material seen; but Salle’s label “Orizaba,

Mexico . . indicates the real TYPE LOCALITY. This locality record also

indicates a wider distribution than I previously reported; the northern most

locality then known was Lake Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico. — T. L. Erwin,

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., 20560.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Observations on the Life History of Bombardier Beetles: Mechanism

of Egg-Hatching (Coleoptera: Carabidae). — In 1967 Dr. George Ball and I

collected live specimens of various species of Brachinus throughout Mexico. These

were kept alive in plastic bags until we returned to the University of Alberta,

Canada. Subsequently, the specimens were sorted to species and placed in

refrigerator trays containing moist peat, and maintained at room temperature. The

specimens were fed injured insects and various cuts of beef. The colony of

Brachinus mexicanus Dejean subsequently began mating and ovipositing, in a

manner I have described previously [Erwin, 1967. Coleopt. Bull., 21(2): 41-55].

The eggs in this case were not rolled in mud as they normally would be, because

the peat substrate was unnatural. This allowed me to make continuous observations

on the developing embryo through the very thin-walled egg. The development of

the embryos required 7-10 days.

Most carabid larvae have one or two egg-bursters or spines on the frons with

which the egg membranes are rasped and broken. The frons of known Brachinus

larvae are smooth with no evidence of egg-bursters.

The young embryo of B. mexicanus develops in a C-shape within the ellipsoid

egg; the frons, clypeolabral area, and dorsum of the mandibles are against the

side wall, rather than one end. As the young larva grows, the point of one mandible

presses against the egg membrane. At the proper growth stage, the wall is pierced

by this mandible, and is probably helped by some muscle contraction. In dry,

mud-encased eggs (the normal condition) the amniotic fluid moistens the dry mud

covering the egg and allows the first instar to struggle free. It’s subsequent be-

havior and development has been described before (Erwin, ibid.). — T. L. Erwin,

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., 20560.

JANUARY 1972]

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Announcement A. (n.s.)88

Required six-month’s notice is given of the possible use of plenary powers by

the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in connection with the

following names listed by case number:

(see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 28, pts. 1/2, 10 August 1971) :

1937. Suppression of Papilio actaeon Fabricius, 1775 (Insecta, Lepidoptera)

(see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 28, pts. 3/4, 8 December 1971)

1954. Type-species for Sminthurinus Borner, 1901 (Insecta, Collembola)

1962. Validation of Polyzonium germanicum Brandt, 1837 (Diplopoda)

(see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 28, pts. 5/6, 31 December 1971)

1966. Type-species for Heniola Uvarov, 1940 (Insecta, Orthoptera)

Comments should be sent in duplicate, citing case number, to the Secretary,

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Natural

History), Cromwell Road, London S.W. #7, England. Those received early enough

will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. — W. E. China,

Assistant Secretary.

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THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

F. L. Blanc D. G. Denning M. S. Wasbauer P. H. Arnaud, Jr.

President President-elect Secretary Treasurer

Proceedings

Three Hundred and Thirty-Eighth Meeting

The 338th meeting was held Friday, 19 February 1971, at 7:45 p.m. in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,

San Francisco. President Blanc presided.

Members present (34) : R. P. Allen, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., W. E. Azevedo, D.

Bacon, J. Benedict, G. S. Benham, Jr., F. L. Blanc, I. Boussy, G. Brady, R.

Bush'nell, S. L. Clement, Karen S. Corwin, A. R. Dutton, J. F. Emmel, F. Ennik,

K. E. Frick, E. Grissell, J. Guggolz, K. S. Hagen, J. T. Hjelle, E. A. Kane, R. L.

Langston, H. B. Leech, R. Lem, D. P. Levin, A. E. Michelbacher, A. R. Moldenke,

C. B. Philip, H. I. Scudder, R. E. Stecker, J. W. Tilden, M. S. Wasbauer, S. C.

Williams, D. L. Wilson.

Visitors present (10) : V. Cheney, Alexandria Ennik, T. M. Glenine, K. Heston,

Netta Leong, Martha Michelbacher, Alison Moldenke, Hazel Tilden, Constance

Wilson, R. Wong.

The minutes of the meeting held 18 December, 1970, were summarized.

The following names were proposed for membership: C. D. Langston, Jeannette

N. Wheeler, Harriet B. Reinhardt.

President Blanc asked for introductions from the floor. Mr. Steve Clement

introduced John Benedict, a graduate student at U.C. Davis. Dr. Ron Stecker

introduced Don Henley, a student at San Jose State College, recently returned from

Viet Nam.

President Blanc read an announcement of the First International Congress of

Systematic and Evolutionary Biology which will be held at the University of

Colorado, Boulder, from 4-11 August 1973. The Society of Systematic Zoology

and the International Association for Plant Taxonomy are co-sponsors of this

midterm congress of botanical and zoological interaction at the international level.

President Blanc announced that the first thirteen volumes (1924-1937) of the

Pan-Pacific Entomologist are still on sale to members at the reduced price of $1.50

per volume or $19.50 for the entire thirteen. At today’s prices, these would run

$10.00 per volume.

President Blanc announced his appointment of Dr. J. W. Tilden to the Program

Committee, and Dr. Fred G. Andrews to head up an ex-officio refreshment com-

mittee.

He also pointed out that the date given on the meeting notice cards for the

March meeting was in error. There will be no March meeting. The next scheduled

meeting will be 16 April. Mr. Ian Boussy asked why we are having so few meetings

and was answered by Dr. Stecker, who stated that the number of meetings follows

the tradition of past years with three meetings in the Spring and three in the

Fall, but that the policy is flexible, and if the membership wishes to have more

the Program Committee will do its best to find additional speakers. Dr. Stecker

JANUARY 1972 ]

PROCEEDINGS

then asked that anyone with suggestions on a site for the annual picnic and field

day contact him as soon as possible, so plans can be made for this year.

The following notes were presented:

The red dragonflies of Tokyo. — There was an apparent mistaken reference

to “red horseflies” (Diptera: Tabanidae) in a recent World Press broadcast, rather

than to red dragonflies (Odonata) which was actually intended. The reference was

in a broadcast on Channel 9 Television in early November, and a letter of inquiry

to the participant, Professor Chalmers Johnson at the Center for Chinese Studies,

University of California, Berkeley, brought a letter and a copy of the Japanese

paper Asahi used. The insect pictured was the characteristic and well-known red

dragonfly of Tokyo, which had made the news because it has largely disappeared

as a result of air pollution. Dr. Johnson commented: “The government is making

an effort both to control smog and to bring back red dragonflies.” The newspaper,

showing a photograph of a man holding a red dragonfly on the Ginza in Tokyo,

was exhibited at the meeting. — C. B. Philip, California Academy of Sciences.

F. C. Hottes, 1899—1970. — Frederick Charles Hottes, born October 20, 1899,

died at Grand Junction, Colorado, 27 October 1970. His brother, Howard H. Hottes,

has sent the following information to the Pacific Coast Entomological Society.

Fred Hottes was born at Mascoutah, Illinois. He graduated from Mt. Lincoln

High School in Palisade, Colorado, in 1919, obtained his B.S. from Colorado

Agricultural College (now Colorado State University), Fort Collins, in 1923,

his M.S. from Iowa State College in 1925, and his Ph.D. in entomology from the

University of Minnesota in 1927. He was Professor of Biology at James Milikin

University, Decatur, Illinois, 1928-1947, and head of the department from 1929

until his retirement in 1947. At that time he returned to Grand Junction, Colorado,

to care for his widowed father, H. G. Hottes, who passed away in 1957. Fred

Hottes began publishing descriptions of new species of aphids before receiving

his doctorate, and one of his early major papers was ‘The plant lice, or Aphididae

of Illinois’ with T. H. Frison, 1931. He continued to publish after his retirement,

and had a lifelong special interest in the genus Cinara. He published on aphids

in co-authorship with other workers, notably E. 0. Essig, and on surface and

shore bugs (veliids, halobatids, saldids, etc.) with C. J. Drake.— Hugh B. Leech,

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

The Sonora Blue — 1971 the earliest season for the north. — Philotes

sonorensis (Felder & Felder) adults were collected in late January in Santa Clara

County, California, and in abundance in early February in El Dorado and Placer

counties. It appears that the “peak” flight for 1971 has already occurred, and

adults will be scarce in March or April at the lower elevations. Almost half of the

males in these northern colonies have a few orange scales on the hindwings cor-

responding to the prominent orange splotch on the females. This has not been

observed on numerous Southern California specimens. There is also variation in the

number and location of the black spots on the forewings within the colonies through-

out the species range from Northern to Baja California. Although the percentages

may vary from coast to desert, or from north to south, no subspecific status seems

to be warranted. These populations are referred to as “colonies,” as P. sonorensis

is a very weak flier and is seldom found far from its Dudleya host. The acceptable

stonecrop species (Crassulaceae) have such a spotty distribution, that one wonders

why the insect shows so little variation, or how some of the more isolated colonies

could have become established. — Robert L. Langston, Kensington, California.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. J. W. Tilden, San Jose State

College, emeritus. His beautifully illustrated talk was entitled “Insects and their

Western Habitats.”

Coffee and other refreshments were served during a social hour in the entomology

rooms following the meeting. — M. S. Wasbauer, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Thirty-Ninth Meeting

The 339th meeting was held Friday, 16 April 1971, at 7:45 p.m. in the Morrison

Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President Blanc presiding.

Members present (28) : R. P. Allen, F. G. Andrews, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., W.

Azevedo, F. L. Blanc, G. Brady, T. Briggs, S. L. Clement, J. E. Cronin, D. G.

Denning, A. R. Dutton, J. F. Emmel, F. Ennik, W. E. Ferguson, J. R. Gabel, L.

Gormley, T. E. Hewton, Jr., R. L. Langston, H. B. Leech, G. A. H. McClelland,

A. E. Michelbacher, C. B. Philip, E. S. Ross, 0. Shields, R. Stecker, R. W. Thorp,

M. S. and J. S. Wasbauer, R. H. Whitsel, S. C. Williams.

Visitors present (21) : Madelaine Arnaud, J. Bass, Grace Bass, D. Carroll,

C. Crawley, T. W. Davies, Sue Dolcini, Alexandria Ennik, Stephenie Ferguson,

Toni Gabel, D. Jolly, W. Rausden, Pam Ringhoff, Ann Sibole, Karen Stecker,

R. Stecker, R. Taylor, Ruth Taylor, Joyce Thorp, W. Vaundell, R. L. Wong.

The minutes of the meeting held 19 February 1971 were summarized.

The following names were proposed for membership: David W. Berggren,

Jacques Chassain, J. Eric Cronin, Carol D. Crosswhite, Timothy L. Delgman,

Dennis R. Engel, Carl Goodpasture, Donald J. Jolly, James D. Marshall, Albert

E. Rackett, Keith B. Taylor, Richard J. Taylor, Norman E. Woodley.

Dr. Ferguson announced that Dr. J. W. Tilden, recently emeritus from San

Jose State College, had undergone open heart surgery at the Stanford Medical

Center last week. Dr. Stecker added that blood donations in Dr. Tilden’s name

would be gratefully accepted.

Mr. Leech exhibited some cardboard boxes with pinning bottoms suitable for

temporary storage of Lepidoptera, etc. Twenty-five of these are available from the

Academy at $0.20 each.

The program chairman, Dr. Stecker, announced the forthcoming picnic and

field day is to be held at Del Puerto Canyon, Stanislaus County on Saturday,

15 May. President Blanc had been there earlier today and described the area

as one of an abundance of various plants, notably digger pine, Senecio and

manzanita, with a picnic area and paved roads. Dr. Stecker announced that the

speaker for the next regular meeting on 15 October will be Rick Main, who will

speak on insect collecting in the Grand Canyon of Mexico.

President Blanc called for introductions. Dr. Wasbauer introduced Miss Pam

Ringhoff and Miss Sue Dolcini, both of the California Department of Agriculture.

These girls serve the Society well in that they do all of the typing and record

keeping for the Secretary and so leave him free to concentrate on other duties.

The following notes were presented :

Oviposition of the California Damsel fly, Archilestes californica Mac-

Lachlan. — On 25 September 1968, while collecting insects in the stream bed

of Alameda Creek in Sunol Valley Regional Park, Alameda County, California, I

JANUARY 1972]

PROCEEDINGS

observed a pair of Archilestes calif ornica MacLachlan in the process of oviposition

on the small stems of White Alder, Alnus rhombifolia.

The White Alder found along inland foothill and mountain streams in California

is a large upright growing tree. The Alder in this observation was a small (about

V -2 meter in height) immature plant or the leafed sucker stems of a larger tree.

The plant grew out from beneath a large rock and hung over a shallow pool in

the stream.

Closer observation of this plant showed three and sometimes four pairs of

A. californica, the males riding tandem with females in oviposition. Almost all

the small stems of this miniature Alder were girdled by egg punctures.

The male California Damsel fly seizes the female by the prothorax with the

clasping terminal appendages of the abdomen and maintains this posture all

through oviposition. The female arches her long abdomen so that the ovipositor

rests on the bark of the plant stem. She lays six eggs in each puncture that is

made with an incising tool, the terebra of the ovipositor. The punctures are

easily recognizable by the reddish puckered scars on the twigs. The flat elongated

ovate eggs are inserted beneath the outer bark and into the cambium layer in fan-

like fashion three on each side from the puncture. As many as seventy five to one

hundred seventy five eggs may be inserted by one female in numerous incisions

on the twigs. The eggs lie dormant beneath the bark through the winter.

Hatching in spring the young naiads then drop to the water below.

A return trip on 5 October 1968 revealed only one pair of Damsel flies in oviposi-

tion on the same plant. The terminal twigs of the branches of the larger alders

hanging over Alameda Creek were examined at this time but no indications of

scarring by Archilestes could be found. The supposition proposed herein is

that Archilestes californica prefers only the small tender shoots of the immature

alder trees for ovipositing in this area. — T. W. Davies, California Academy of

Sciences , San Francisco.

Sound production in Agrilus pulchellus Bland (Coleoptera: Bupresti-

dae). — At the American Museum’s Southwestern Research Station, 5 miles west

of Portal, in Cochise County, Arizona, on 11 September 1966, while inspecting

an insect flight trap situated in a small meadow, partly surrounded by Salix sp.,

I sighted a specimen of a beautifully colored Agrilus resting on one of the inside

panels of the flight trap. The specimen was collected by hand and held between

my thumb and index finger. To my surprise I could discern stridulatory sounds.

The specimen was held so that the elytra and abdomen were tightly held, with

the head of the beetle free. The stridulatory sounds were produced at the time the

Agrilus rotated its head from side to side in its prothoracic socket. The specimen

was subsequently determined as a female of Agrilus pulchellus Bland.

Carlson and Knight (1969, Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., 4(3) : 69-71) discuss

stridulation in four sympatric species of Agrilus in Michigan. The method of

stridulation is apparently unique to Agrilus. The sounds produced are considered

stress sounds, are identical in both sexes, and are not species specific. With their

Agrilus species the stridulations could not be heard without amplification or by

placing the insect next to the ear. In the case of Agrilus pulchellus the stridulatory

sounds were audible at a distance of at least 15 inches. — Paul H. Arnaud, Jr.,

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

The principal speaker of the evening was to have been Mr. Michael R. Gardner,

but Mr. Gardner was taken ill the day of the meeting and Dr. G. A. H. McClelland

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

very kindly offered to fill in by narrating a film he had made on his mosquito

research in Africa.

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting.- — M. S.

Wasbauer, Secretary.

Three Hundred and Fortieth Meeting

The 340th meeting was the annual field day and picnic. It was held on Saturday,

15 May 1971 at Frank Raines County Park in Del Puerto Canyon, Stanislaus

County, California.

Members present (19) : F. L. Blanc, R. J. Bushnell, J. E. Cronin, A. R. Dutton,

J. G. Edwards, F. Ennik, W. E. Ferguson, J. R. Gabel, A. Gillogly, Anita Gillogly,

H. B. Leech, C. B. Philip, Harriet Reinhard, R. E. Stecker, R. Taylor, K. Taylor,

M. Wasbauer, Joanne Wasbauer, R. F. Wilkey.

Visitors present (17) : Fern Blanc, Marcia Cronin, Pam Dutton, Alice Edwards,

Sasha Ennik, J. Ennik, A. Ennik, Stephenie Ferguson, Toni Gabel, Gladys Philip,

Karen, Phyllis, Susan and R. Stecker, Jean Walker, Carol and D. Wasbauer.

The day was pleasant, clear and warm. A west wind came up in the afternoon

which kept temperatures down to a pleasant level. Insects were in evidence

throughout the area. Craneflies were particularly abundant in the grass sur-

rounding the irrigated picnic area. Insect collecting and photography were major

activities noted during the day. Frisbee games and sunbathing were also en-

joyed by some. Franklin Ennik reported collecting a number of scorpions in

the canyon and Dr. Edwards collected some interesting aquatic Coleoptera. Dr.

Wasbauer reported that, despite the wind, he took nearly a thousand specimens in

two Malaise traps operated in the Canyon for three hours.- — M. S. Wasbauer,

Secretary.

Three Hundred and Forty-First Meeting

The 341st meeting was held Friday, 15 October 1971, at 7 :45 p.m. in the Mor-

rison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President Blanc presiding.

Members present (29) : F. G. Andrews, C. Armin, F. L. Blanc, R. M. Bohart,

I. Boussy, T. Briggs, R. M. Brown, K. S. Corwin, J. Eric Cronin, A. R. Dutton,

W. E. Ferguson, J. R. Gabel, M. R. Gardner, L. Green, J. Guggolz, J. T. Hjelle,

E. A. Kane, H. B. Leech, R. Main, A. E. Michelbacher, C. B. Philip, H. G. Real,

E. S. Ross, R. B. Stecker, K. Taylor, R. Taylor, R. W. Thorp, S. C. Williams.

Visitors present (31) : H. P. Allemndrizen, Fern Blanc, Mr. and Mrs. G.

Cabral, Kathy Cheap, M. P. Cronin, T. Delaman, Thomas Dimock, Cristine Duncan,

Janie Edwards, Beverly Ehreth, Don Emlay, Stephenie Ferguson, P. C. Galam,

T. M. Glimme, Roberto H. Gonzalez, Sue Goodwin, Martha Hjelle, Bob Hishop,

Ron Limandde, Dennis Merrill, Martha Michelbacher, Wayne Nelson, Carl Pinto,

Phyllis Stecker, Don Streke, Joyce Thorp, Marilyn Trochman, Darrell Ubick,

Gregory H. Walker, Wendy Hof man, Robert Wong.

President Blanc announced that Secretary Wasbauer is recovering from a back

operation and is not able as yet to resume his duties as Secretary. President Blanc,

therefore, appointed Michael Gardner acting interim Secretary for the duration of

Dr. Wasbauer’s recuperation.

The minutes of the meeting held 16 April 1971 were summarized. The annual

Field Day and Picnic (340th meeting) was also reviewed.

JANUARY 1972]

PROCEEDINGS

The following names were proposed for membership: Student members: John

MacDonald, Carl Goodpasture, Steven Haskett. Regular members: George

Tamaki, C. E. Langston, John D. Glaser, Wayne L. Vaundell, Donald V. Jolly,

Beverly Ehreth, David E. Foster, Fred Roberts, Jim Batts.

Program Chairman Ron Sleeker announced that the next meeting may he held

on the 12 November 1971 and that the principal speaker would be Dr. Henry

Robinson. Dr. Robinson is expected to speak on his work in medical entomology

done for the World Health Organization in Southeast Asia. Dr. Stecker also

announced that the following meeting’s main speaker will be the outgoing President,

Louis Blanc, who will deliver the traditional presidential address.

Dr. Stecker announced that the San Jose Entomology Club had torn 30,000

reprints from excess issues of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist. These were to go on

sale, and the proceeds to benefit both the Pacific Coast Entomological Society

and the San Jose State Entomology Club.

President Blanc expressed his appreciation on behalf of the Society to the

San Jose State Entomology Club for their fine job in making these papers available.

President Blanc announced that the Treasurer, Dr. Arnaud, had received cor-

respondence from the Internal Revenue Service concerning the status of the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society as a non-profit organization. President Blanc

proposed an addition to the Society’s Articles of Incorporation to meet the federal

requirements for a tax-exempt corporation. The addition to the Articles was

thereupon put to the vote of the members and unanimously approved.

President Blanc called for notes and exhibits. The following notes were sub-

mitted :

Some Observations on Tarantula Behavior. — On 27 July 1971, a large,

brown tarantula (Araneae: Theraphosidae) was given to the Department of

Entomology of the California Academy of Sciences. Unfortunately, the origin of

the spider is unknown because it was originally purchased from a biological supply

company. Also, due to the incomplete knowledge of the systematics of this group,

the generic and specific assignment is not known.

On 7 September 1971, the tarantula constructed a whitish egg sac which was

approximately 1.75 in. long, 1 in. wide and % in. thick. The sac was flaccid,

assuming, to some degree, the shape of whatever substrate it was placed on. The

egg sacs of many other spiders, such as the Black Widow ( Latrodectus mactans ) ,

Argiope spp., and the wolf spiders, are strong enough to maintain a circular

shape. It was not tightly packed with eggs, since the contents would shift from

one end to the other when handled. The sac was carried about at times, held

tightly by the chelicerae, and at other times it was left on the ground, seemingly

ignored.

On 1 October 1971, the tarantula destroyed and ate the egg sac and much

of its contents. At this time, I salvaged a portion of the sac and was able to

determine that it consisted of five separate layers of silk, the outermost layer

being thicker than the others. The space inside would have had an approximate

diameter of IV 2 in. if circular.

The eggs were a shimmery yellowish-green with irregular white spots which

moved, as the egg was moved, as if suspended between the “shell” and an inner

central mass. Of the several eggs examined, none showed any trace of embryonic

development.

This spider had been kept as a pet for two years prior to coming to the California

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

Academy of Sciences, and during that time never came in contact with a male.

Thus, even though copulation had not occurred, an egg sac was constructed to

accommodate infertile eggs. — John T. Hjelle, California Academy of Sciences,

San Francisco.

High Flight of Butterflies in San Francisco, California. — The purpose of

this note is to report observations made by Mr. Russell W. LaBelle, a stock broker,

who has an office in the Bank of America building in the Business district of

San Francisco. The Bank of America building is San Francisco’s highest; 52

stories and 779 feet in height. It is located in the block surrounded by California,

Kearny, Pine, Montgomery Streets. From his 43rd story window, which is at a

elevation of over 600 feet, on 4 and 5 October 1971, Mr. LaBelle noted butterflies

flying in sufficient numbers to warrant telephoning the Academy to report this

occurrence. During mid-day a butterfly was seen every few minutes. He observed,

from his windows facing on California Street, that the butterflies were flying mostly

from west to east. This direction of flight would direct them inland rather than

towards the coast.

The species involved in this flight is not definitely known. It was not possible

to collect voucher specimens, and an entomologist did not view the flight. It was

at first thought that the Monarch, Danaus plexippus (Lin'naeus) was responsible

for this flight. However, from information on extensive flights of the California

Tortoise Shell, Nymphalis californica (Boisduval) reported in the bay area by

Dr. J. Powell at this same time, this latter species may have been involved in this

flight. — Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

Mass movements of Nymphalis californica . — Nymphalis californica under-

goes periodic or sporadic massive population increases and mass movements which

have been called migrations in the literature. The last time this occurred in the

San Francisco Bay area was in 1960, when several aggregations of the butterflies

were observed in spring, followed by tremendous populations developed in June.

During intervening years the species is scarce and may not be a breeding resident

here. Data which will be published elsewhere were given concerning movements

of the butterflies in the Berkeley Hills during 5-14 October 1971. A request was

made for recording of any observations of Nymphalis, particularly mass move-

ments, during this fall and next year. Circumstances indicate that the note given

earlier in this meeting, on high-flying butterflies over San Francisco, involved

observations on N. californica. — J. A. Powell, University of California, Berkeley.

Further Observations of Theraphosid Tarantula Burrows. — Two groups of

colonies of tarantulas are being observed; one is located at Frank Raines County

Park in Stanislaus County, 17 miles west of Patterson. The other is at Los

Gatos Creek County Park, Fresno County, 21 miles west of Coalinga. These

colony sites have been visited once a month since their discovery over a year ago.

Usually the observations have been made during the first weekend of each month.

The Frank Raines Park colonies are on grassy slopes in oak woodlands with

a mixture of digger pines, juniper and chamise and are on the north facing slopes.

At Los Gatos Park, the area is an almost level grassland with oak- juniper wood-

lands having a sparse distribution of digger pine and chamise. Both areas have

been disturbed by man in the making of the parks, but this apparently has had

little effect on the existence of the tarantula colonies.

In late summer and early fall, the tarantula burrow is easy to distinguish because

its occupant has woven a collar of webbing around the edge of the opening and

JANUARY 1972]

PROCEEDINGS

usually has a thin veil of webbing across the entrance. If the veil web is destroyed

by inquisitive poking with a twig, the tarantula will usually emerge, examine its

doorway and then descend head-first and spin a new veil web. The constant

respinning of the veil web builds up the collar around the opening. On several

occasions it has been observed that rosettes of dried leaves have been created

around the burrow opening, particularly if the hole emerges on a grassless, hard,

earth-surface of a campground or picnic area. Late in the summer, some of the

tarantulas at Los Gatos Park pushed empty egg cases out of the burrows and

left them beside the entrances. Mature females and males usually have a burrow

entrance about the size of a 250 piece (2.4 cm) . However, when the webbing

collar is removed, the burrow may be as much as 6 to 7.5 cm in diameter.

With the onset of winter, several tarantulas closed their burrows. It has not

been observed how they do this, and there is variation in their techniques. Some

plug their burrows at the surface, while others plug the entrance from 2 cm

below the surface to 20 to 25 cm below the surface. The veil web and collar

are destroyed in the plugging. Sometimes the burrows will develop a growth of

grass around the edges or across the plug. Relocation of the burrows is difficult

unless they are marked.

What the stimulus for reopening the holes may be has not been determined,

nor has the stimulus for plugging the holes been determined. So far there is

little indication of correlation between hole-plugging activities and temperature

drop. Some tarantulas remained active all winter, even when temperatures at

Frank Raines Park dropped to below freezing at night. Others plugged their

holes early in the Fall and remained closed through May. Rain doesn’t seem to be

a direct cause of closure. At Frank Raines Park there was much more rain, yet all

occupied burrows observed at Los Gatos Park, were closed this winter and the

rainfall there has been extremely sparse this year. In the laboratory “colony”

of 13 female and 5 male tarantulas, six females were stimulated to dig holes

after an artificial “rainy season” was created by pouring water on them every

other day for two weeks. In the field, spiders sometimes plug their burrow

entrances after water was poured into the burrow in attempts to wash them out

of the tunnel. One female in the laboratory closed her burrow entrance after a

“rainstorm” where both the ground and the tarantula were well dampened by

water.

The “watering” technique has proved to be a good mea'ns of “sexing” colony

members. Theraphosid tarantulas usually emerge from the burrow when water is

poured into the opening; sometimes half a liter is all that is necessary to bring

emergence and at other times it has been necessary to pour over three to five

liters into the burrow. This technique saves the need to dig out the tarantula

and thus destroy its home. Sometimes, these spiders will plug the entrance with

their bodies when water is introduced — the hairy body forming an impenetrable

plug. This may be a “defensive” mechanism against sudden flash flooding.

It is unwise to poke fingers into open burrows because the tarantula is often

quite agressive when in the burrow. When teasing spiders out of the entrance

with a twig, pencil or similar tool, the tarantula frequently attacks the object with

its chelicerae. It has been observed that the spider can sink its fangs into the wood

of a pencil. However, once the spider has emerged from its burrow, it then usually

assumes the docile attitude of the Theraphosidae. — J. Russel Gabel, San Francisco

State College, San Francisco.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. 48, NO. 1

Death of E. R. Leach. — Mr. Edwin R. Leach of 217 Hillside Avenue, Piedmont,

California, died the 22nd of July 1971, age 93. He was a member of the Pacific

Coast Entomological Society for 55 years, having joined in 1916. He later became

a Life Member, and in 1948 was elected an Honored Member. His interest in the

society was an active one: he helped it with gifts of money, and served as

Treasurer from 1931 to 1942.

Mr. Leach joined the California Academy of Sciences in 1920, became a Life

Member and Patron in 1946, and a Fellow in 1955. Through the kindness of

his wife and daughter, his wish that his collection of beetles be given to the

Academy has been complied with, and the material not yet accessioned but esti-

mated to be between 40,000 and 50,000 specimens, has just been received. His

interest centered in the Cetoninae of the Scarabaeidae, and the Lucanidae, in each

of which he had outstanding world wide collections of identified species. In

addition, there are strong collections of the black tiger beetles, Omus spp., and

the rain beetles, Pleocoma spp., as well as ruteline Scarabaeidae, Australian

Cerambycidae, etc. With the collections there is a fine working library. — Hugh

B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

The principal speakers of the evening were Mr. Richard Main and Mr. Herman

Real, of San Jose State College. Their illustrated talk was entitled “5,000 Miles

Through Baja California.”

Coffee and other refreshments were served during a social hour i'n the entomology

rooms following the meeting. — M. R. Gardner, Acting Secretary.

Three Hundred and Forty-Second Meeting

The 342nd meeting was held Friday, 12 November 1971, at 7:45 p.m. in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,

San Francisco, with President Blanc presiding.

Members present (32) : J. D. Anderson, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., J. W. Bass,

M. Bentzien, R. G. Blair, F. L. Blanc, T. Briggs, R. M. Brown, R.

Bushnell, D. C. Dailey, D. G. Denni'ng, A. R. Dutton, J. G. Edwards, F. Ennik,

W. E. Ferguson, M. R. Gardner, A. R. Gillogly, L. Green, J. T. Hjelle, D. Jolly,

E. A. Kane, R. L. Langston, H. B. Leech, R. Lem, A. E. Michelbacher, C. B.

Philip, F. C. Roberts, H. I. Scudder, R. B. Stecker, K. Taylor, R. Tassan, S. C.

Williams.

Visitors present (25) : G. M. Bass, Fern Blanc, L. Campbell, T. Delgman,

L. Denning, A. Edwards, S. Ferguson, B. Gushkowitz, L. S. Hawkins, D. Jamieson,

P. Jamieson, A. Jung, E. Kemz, A. H. Kreuger, M. A. Kwok, C. LaPoint, L. B.

Mak, M. Michelbacher, R. L. Peterson, R. Poole, H. W. Robinson, R. P. Swaitzell,

L. Tassan, D. Tiemann, R. Zaiate.

The minutes of the previous meeting held 15 October 1971 were summarized.

The following names were proposed for membership: Student members: Albert

Jung, Carolyn Rees, Robert Wong, Steven Haskett; Regular members: Fred C.

Roberts, Lyndon Hawkins, Dean Jamieson, and Raymond L. Peterson.

The following notes were presented:

Contiguous Areas of Arizona and Pacific Slope Floras in Northern Baja

California, Mexico. — Quercus turbinella Green is a common shrubby oak of the

Southwestern U. S. and was described from “'northern Baja California,” but Weld

(1960) in Cynipid Galls of the Southwest indicated he didn’t think Q. turbinella

JANUARY 1972]

PROCEEDINGS

occurred in Baja because he had never seen it or it’s distinctive cynipid fauna

there. However, it does occur throughout the Sierra de Juarez of northcentral

Baja California, Mexico. In two papers on the interrelationships between Quercus

dumosa Nutt, (a California oak) and Q. turbinella , Tucker (Madrono, 1952, 11:

234-251; 1953, 12: 49-60) stated that Wiggins thought these two oaks were

isolated in Baja California. During a trip to this area in August 1969, I found

members of the Arizona flora including Q. turbinella, Artemisia tridentata Nutti.,

Pinus quadrifolia Park, and Quercus dunnii Palmer, ( = Quercus palmeri Engelm.)

directly adjacent to representatives of the California flora including Adendostoma

fasciculatum H. & A. and Quercus dumosa. Within five miles southwest of El

Condor, Baja California, (approx. 32° 25' N. Lat., 116° 9' W. Long.), I found

three areas where Q. turbinella and Q. dumosa occur within two feet of each

other. This would be an ideal area to study the environmental conditions restricting

these two floras and associated faunas.

Because of morphological and ecological similarity between Q. turbinella and

an oak in a relict section of the Great Basin flora in the Inner South Coast Range

of California, Tucker described it as Quercus turbinella calif arnica . Although

Munz (1963), A California Flora, (p. 906) and Benson (1967, Amer. J. Bot.,

54(8) : 1017-1026) accept this classification, Jepson (1966, Manual of the

Flowering Plants of California, p. 274) refers to it as a variety of Q. dumosa.

Most oaks in any single subgenus of Quercus with contiguous distributions have

a large percentage of their total gall-making cynipid wasps in common (between

40 and 100% on California oaks). Tucker (1970, Amer. J. Bot., 57(1): 74-84)

and Tucker and Muller, (1958, Evolution, 12: 1-17) have used cynipid host pat-

terns in the analysis of hybrid oak populations. The distinctive faunas of Q.

dumosa and Q. turbinella in northern Baja California suggest host-parasite rela-

tionships might be an additional means of evaluating the taxonomic status of Q. t.

californica. Since Tucker has shown Q. t. californica to have an overlapping

distribution with Q. dumosa (1953, Madrono, 12 : 49-60) these contiguous areas

of distribution could also provide a means of studying the development of these

oak and cynipid patterns and the role of isolation in the development of Pacific

Slope and Southwestern floras and faunas.— D. Charles Dailey, Sierra College,

Rocklin, California.

Mass movement of Sympetrum corruotum (Hagen) (Odonata: Libel-

lulidae) in central California. — The observations of unidirectional mass move-

ments of the dragonfly Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen) have been reported in

the Kensington-Albany-Berkeley area in central California in recent years in notes

by Turner (1965, Pan-Pac. Entomol., 41: 66-67) and Opler (1971, Pan-Pac.

Entomol., 47: 223). In these references the species corruptum was assigned

to the genus Tarnetrum .. Turner suggested that these dragonflies were “probably

migrating from lakes and ponds in Marin County.”

Records of a flight of Sympetrum corruptum in the fall of 1969 in Marin County

are presented. On 11 October 1969 at 17:15 hours, Daylight Saving time, while

traveling north on Dais Road, just south of the intersection of Sequoia Valley Road

and Muir Woods Road (which is in an area west of the city of Mill Valley),

hundreds of dragonflies were observed flying uphill and eastward. It was possible

to look westward, with the sunlight shimmering on their wings, where they could

be seen for a distance of more than a hundred yards — it was a mignificent sight and

flight. At the road level the dragonflies flew from about 4 to 25 feet in height.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

Looking west and downhill some were flying one hundred and more feet above

the dried grassy fields. Rarely a specimen was observed to settle on some vegeta-

tion. The flight was continuing at 17:40 hours when I had to leave. The afternoon

was warm with only the lightest breeze. A continuation of their flight in an easterly

direction would have brought them into the areas where Turner and Opler had

reported their flights in other years.

Sympetrum corruptum is a species with a very wide distribution. It occurs

from Canada to Honduras and is also known from Asia. The single female speci-

men, collected at the time of the observed flight, was confirmed as belonging

to this species by Dr. D. R. Paulson of the University of Washington, in April 1970.

Dr. Paulson reported that he and other Odonata specialists now prefer to include

corruptum in the genus Sympetrum Newma'n: — Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

On the photocopying of entomological literature. — Apart from its legal

and ethical aspects, photocopying is of real significance to our society. We have

kept a stock of back issues of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist in the expectation

of future sales of single copies and complete sets. Copying machines are now

installed not only in research and business centers but also in many stores, and

are inexpensive to use. If students have library volumes of our journal available,

and photocopy the pages of interest, this may well affect the value of our back

issue holdings, and policy on how many extra copies we should order in the future.

Photocopying can be also of great value of our Historical File. We have many

newspaper clippings, some dating back 75 years and more. Newsprint deteriorates

and discolors rather quickly, but bond paper can be used in “Xerox” machines

so it may be highly desirable to copy such articles, and in the future put photo-

copies rather than the original newsprint into the files.

The following clear and pertinent statements are from the journal Philatelic

Literature Review (Vol. 20, No. 3, 30 September 1971), from John Alden’s letter

to the Editor “On the photocopying of Philatelic Literature,” and comments thereon

by the editor, Charles J. Peterson, to whom I an indebted for permission to quote.

Page 133 (Alden) “. . . Readers should perhaps also be reminded that the photo-

copying of copyrighted material, though often ignored in practice, is still illegal.

Although the American library profession has attempted to have incorporated in

American copyright law a ‘fair use’ provision to permit an individual to make such

copies, it has not yet been passed. The economic effect on publishers caused by

the electrostatic copying (by ‘Zerox’ or other comparable processes) have become

increasingly serious, and have led to the devising of paper which will forestall

such copying. Potential . . . clients . . . might bear in mind that in many

countries — particularly the United Kingdom — registration is not required to

secure copyright: publication is in itself sufficient.” Page 134 (Peterson)

“. . . There are broad questions here involving principles of copyright law and

of personal ethics: Is it all right for a non-profit organization to make photocopies,

but not business firms? Can an individual make a copy for himself, but not for a

third party? What about the copying machines which are now being installed

in public libraries as a customer service: isn’t this tactic endorsement of the

practice?” — Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

The Australian sod fly Altermetoponia rubriceps (Macquart) in Marin

County, California. — Altermetoponia rubriceps was first recorded from the New

World by E. L. Kessel (1948, Science, 108(2813) : 607-608) on the basis of speci-

JANUARY 1972]

PROCEEDINGS

mens from San Francisco. It proved to be already widespread within the city; in

a mimeographed article, “A study of the Australian sod fly” (1959, Occas. Pap.

No. 1. Student Section, Calif. Acad. Sci., p. I— VII) D. C. Rentz cited its economic

importance in Australia and New Zealand, and gave field notes for San Francisco,

including localities. Part of this appeared in somewhat different form in the

Proceedings of the 272nd Meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society in

the Pan-Pac. Entomol., 37(1): 65. Subsequently it has occurred in numbers at

Berkeley, Contra Costa County, and presumably in adjacent areas on the east

side of San Francisco Bay. It is still very numerous in San Francisco, and in 1971

the spring brood congregated in such numbers on the taller grass stems as to make

black patches on many lawns.

On 9 October 1971, adults were abundant at Black Point, Marin County, at a

parking area and boat ramp under the western end of the bridge by which High-

way 37 crosses the Petaluma River at tidewater. The day was hot and almost

windless; at noon A. rubriceps singletons and some pairs in copulation were

flying in all directions and could easly be picked out of the air by hand. This

locality is in the north western corner of San Pablo Bay, only about 20 miles air-

line north of San Francisco, but Dr. Kessel thinks the species has not been

recorded from Marin before. It is probable that it occurs in adjacent southern

Sonoma County, and in Napa and Solano counties just east of there. — Hugh B.

Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

The evening’s main speaker was Dr. Henry W. Robinson, Professor of

Parasitology, San Jose State College, who spoke on “Epidemiologic Aspects of

Parasitic Infections in Developing Nations — Some Personal Reflections.”

Coffee and other refreshments were served during a social hour in the entomology

rooms following the meeting. — M. R. Gardner, Acting Secretary.

Three Hundred and Forty-Third Meeting

The 343rd meeting was held Friday, 17 December 1971 at 7:45 p.m. in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,

San Francisco, with President Blanc presiding.

Members present (26) : F. G. Andrews, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., J. W. Bass, R. G.

Blair, F. L. Blanc, J. A. Chemsak, H. V. Davies, D. G. Denning, A. R. Dutton,

F. Ennik, W. E. Ferguson, J. R. Gabel, L. Gormley, E. A. Kane, H. B. Leech, P. A.

McClelland, R. Main, R. L. Peterson, C. B. Philip, J. A. Powell, H. G. Real,

F. C. Roberts, R. E. Stecker, R. W. Thorp, M. S. Wasbauer, S. C. Williams.

Visitors present (11) : Nancy Blair, Anna-Marie Bratton, Kathy Cheap, L.

Hawkins, Sandy Jordan, Pat McClelland, S. Montague, L. Roberts, Mollie Schneider,

R. Swaitzell, Joyce Thorp, Barbara Towbridge, Barbara VanKirk.

The minutes of the meeting held 19 November, 1971 were summarized.

Drs. Stecker and Williams introduced the following guests: Anna-Marie Bratton,

Kathy Cheap, Sandy Jordan, Mollie Schneider and Barbara Trowbridge.

The following names were proposed for membership: Mr. Don Dilley, Mr.

Charles Farrell (student membership) .

The following notes were presented :

Distribution of Enlinia calif ornica (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) in

Oregon. — The genus Enlinia contains some of the smallest species of Dolicho-

podidae. The small size of the species — about a millimeter in total body length —

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 48, NO. 1

can account for their infrequent collection. It was in the Proceedings of the

meeting of 20 December 1968 (1969, Pan-Pac. Entomol., 45(1): 79) that I

reported the first occurrence of this genus in the western Nearctic. 1970, Robinson

and Arnaud (1970, Occas. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., No. 83: 2-7) described Enlinia

calif ornica from one locality in central California — from a spring in Arroyo Ojo

de Agua, at Redwood City, California. It is now possible to report a major

extension in the distribution of this species by recording it from Oregon. On 1

July 1969, Mr. Kenneth Goeden, of the Oregon State Department of Agriculture,

collected a single male 10 miles north of Imnaha, in Wallowa County, at a waterfall.

Wallowa County is in the north-eastern portion of Oregon, and is partly bordered

by the states of Washington and Idaho. — P. H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy

of Sciences, San Francisco.

Butterflies at flowers of Escallonia rubra (Saxifragaceae) in central

California. — In October 1971, my wife, Madelaine Milliet-Arnaud mentioned

that she had seen a flowering shrub in the Strybing Arboretum and Botanical

Garden, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, that was especially attractive to butter-

flies. On 22 October at noon, we visited the area. It was noted that at one large

shrub, which attained a height of about fourteen feet, at least 15 Monarchs,

Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus), nymphalids, pierids, and hesperiids were visiting

its reddish flowers. The plant was identified by Dr. Elizabeth McClintock as

Escallonia rubra (Ruiz and Pavon) Persoon. It is a native of Chile. The genus

Escallonia is widely distributed in the Andes and in eastern South America.

There are several species of Escallonia that are grown in the cool coastal regions

of California, and they are widely planted in Golden Gate Park. Escallonia rubra

can be recommended as a butterfly plant for gardens. — Paul H. Arnaud, Jr.,

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

President Blanc called for reports from the Chairmen of the standing committees.

Mr. Hugh B. Leech, chairman of the Historical Committee stated that the fol-

lowing items were received during 1971 :

From new members of the society, personal data sheets; over the years these

membership records will form one of our most valuable accessions. Through

the kindness of Dr. John Thomas, botanist at Stanford University and at the

California Academy of Sciences, a large number of original pen and ink drawings

of scale insects, lice, etc., by the late Professor G. H. Ferris; there are also a

number of zinc cuts of his figures, and drawings by others, which were used

in the journal Microentomology. In addition there is an old (undated) student

notebook containing the late L. H. Knoche’s notes on Professor Vernon Kellogg’s

lectures in entomology; Mr. Knoche was a botanist who left a very large collection

of plants to Stanford. Through the kindness of Mrs. J. Birchim, we received a

file of correspondence and notes from the effects of the late Jim Birchim; they

relate chiefly to his interests in Diptera and Orthoptera. Also added are a few

photographs of entomologists, gift of Dr. E. S. Ross, and a miscellany of newspaper

clippings and small items.

Dr. P. H. Arnaud, Jr., read the treasurer’s financial report and Mr. H. Vannoy

Davis, chairman of the auditing committee reported that the financial records of

the Society for 1971 are in good order.

President Blanc announced his appointment to the publication committee for

1972 through 1974 of Dr. J. A. Powell and Mr. M. R. Gardner.

Mr. M. R. Gardner, chairman of the nominating committee presented a slate

JANUARY 1972]

PROCEEDINGS

of candidates for offices in the Society for 1972: Dr. D. G. Denning, President;

Dr. J. A. Chemsak, President-Elect; Dr. M. S. Wasbauer, Secretary; Dr. P. H.

Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer. There were no nominations from the floor. The nominees

were unanimously elected to office for 1972.

The principal speaker of the evening was the outgoing president of the Society,

Mr. F. L. Blanc who presented his presidential address entitled “Human in-

fluences on endemic and exotic insect distributions in California.”

A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting.: — M. S.

Wasbauer, Secretary.

ENTOMOLOGICAL EXCHANGES AND SALES

Space is available to members and non-members who wish to advertise entomo-

logical exchanges, sales, announcements, etc. We can offer an ad in four issues

for $1.50 per line. Ads will be arranged in order of their receipt. Contact the

Advertising Manager, W. H. Lange, Department of Entomology, University of Cali-

fornia, Davis, California 95616.

Lepidopterist needed to describe new species in genus Comadia (Cossidae). All

stages, life history, and preliminary manuscript available; genus needs revision.

R. P. Allen, California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento 95814.

Need 2x2 color slides of economic insects and damage other than California;

borrow and loan for duplicating; exchange duplicates. R. P. Allen, Calif. Dept, of

Agriculture, Sacramento 95814.

SHARP & MUIR: THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE MALE GEN-

ITAL TUBE IN COLEOPTERA. The classic 1912 monograph and six other papers

by the same authors; 304 pp., 43 pis., bound. $10.00. An essential book for all

coleopterists. Entomological Society of America, 4603 Calvert Road, College Park,

Maryland 20740.

Current developments in the sugarbeet industry in the United States are pin-

pointed in ADVANCES IN SUGARBEET PRODUCTION: PRINCIPLES AND

PRACTICES, just published by the Iowa State University Press. The control of

insects, plant diseases, nematodes and weeds are discussed in addition to other

phases of production. Available at $12.50 from bookstores or from the Iowa

State University Press.

FOR SALE. Orders solicited for Pacific Northwest terrestrial and aquatic insaects.

Queries answered promptly. S. G. Jewett, Jr., Route 1, Box 339, West Linn,

Oregon 97068.

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THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including

articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history,

and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and may be charged to the author.

Papers are published in approximately the order that they are received. Immediate publi-

cation may be arranged after acceptance by paying publication costs. Papers of less than

a printed page may be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the

Editor, Robbin W. Thorp, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis,

California 95616.

Typing. — All parts of manuscripts must be typed on bond paper with double-spacing and

ample margins. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 8% X H inches are not

accepted. Do not use all capitals for any purpose. Underscore only where italics are

intended in the body of the text, not in headings. Number all pages consecutively and

put author’s name at the top right-hand corner of each sheet. References to footnotes

in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes should be typed on a separate

sheet.

First page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript should include (1) the

complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses, (3) the author’s name or

names, (4) the institution with city and state or the author’s home city and state if

not affiliated, (5) the shortened title (running headline) not to exceed 38 letters and

spaces when combined with the author’s last name or names, (6) the complete name

and address to which proof is to be sent.

Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should

include the full scientific name with the author of a zoological name not abbreviated.

Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style.

References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig, 1958), should be listed

alphabetically under Literature Cited in the following format:

Essig, E. 0. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

2 : 211 - 212 .

1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev.

ed. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1050 pp.

Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1966,

47(21) : 8585-8601.

Tables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be

prepared as a line drawing or typed on a separate page with heading at top and foot-

notes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecutively

for each table. Use only horizontal rules.

Illustrations. — No extra charge is made for the line drawings or halftones. Submit only

photographs on glossy paper and original drawings (no photographs of drawings).

Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimensions of the printed

page (4% X 6% inches) . If possible, allowance should be made for the legend to be

placed beneath the illustration. Photographs should not be less than the width of the

printed page. Drawings should be in India Ink and at least twice as large as the

printed illustration. Excessively large illustrations are awkward to handle and may

be damaged in transit. Include a metric scale on the drawing or state magnification

of the printed illustration in the legend. Arrange figures to use space efficiently.

Lettering should reduce to no less than 1 mm. On the back of each illustration should

be stated (1) the title of the paper, (2) the author’s complete name and address, and

(3) whether he wishes the illustration and/or cut returned to him at his expense.

Cuts and illustrations not specifically requested will be destroyed.

Figure legends. — Legends should be typewritten double-spaced on separate pages headed

Explanation of Figures and placed following Literature Cited. Do not attach

legends to illustrations.

Proofs, reprints, and abstract. — Proofs and forms for the abstract and reprint order

will be sent to authors. Major changes in proof will be charged to the author. Proof

returned to the editor without the abstract will not be published.

Page charges. — All regular papers of one to ten printed pages are charged at the rate of

$18.00 per page. This is in addition to the charge for reprints and does not include the

possible charges for extra pagination or the costs for immediate publication. Private

investigators or authors without institutional or grant funds to cover this charge may

apply to the Society for a grant to cover the page charges. A mark in the appropriate

box (society grant desired) on the reprint order form will suffice as an application.

All articles are accepted for publication only on the basis of scientific merit

and without regard to the financial support of the author.

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL

SOCIETY.

Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (numbers 1-9, 131

pages) . 1901-1930. Price $2.50 per volume.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vol. 1 (1924) to present. Price $10.00 per volume of 4 numbers,

or $2.50 per single issue.

MEMOIR SERIES.

Volume 1 . The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. A 320-page book

which summarizes the knowledge of the Anoplura of the world.

Published October 1951. Price $6.00. (Plus 350 postage.)*

Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family T etranychidae by A. Earl

Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. This worldwide treatment deals

with the systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red

Spiders” and includes descriptions of 33 new species. 472 pages.

Published July 1955. Price $10.00. (Plus 500 postage.)*

Volume 3. Revisionary Studies in the Nearctic Decticinae by David

C. Rentz and James D. Birchim. This 173-page revision of Nearctic

shield-back katydids includes descriptions of one new genus and

13 new species and subspecies. Published July 1968. Price $4.00.

(Plus 250 postage.)*

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APRIL 1972

Vol. 48

No. 2

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

HUCKETT — Notes on Bigot’s North American type-specimens at the Uni-

versity Museum, Oxford (Diptera: Anthomyiidae, Muscidae) 81

CHEMSAK — Review of the genus Cirrhicera Thomson (Coleoptera: Cerambyc-

idae) 86

LINSLEY — The robber fly Callinicus calcaneus (Loew) as a predator on

Andrena omninigra Viereck (Diptera: Asilidae; Hymenoptera:

Andrenidae) 94

JVtOSER AND ROTON — Reproductive compatibility between two widely sepa-

rated populations of Py emotes scolyti (Acarina: Pyemotidae) 97

PARKIN, PARKIN, EWING, AND FORD— A report of the arthropods col-

lected by the Edinburgh University Galapagos Islands Expedition, 1968

100

SPILMAN — A new genus of jumping shore beetle from Mexico (Coleoptera:

Limnichidae) 108

GILLOGLY— A new species of My strops from Costa Rica (Coleoptera:

Nitidulidae) 116

BROTHERS — A new species of Thaumalea from California (Diptera: Thau-

maleidae) , 121

COHEN AND ALLEN — New species of Baetodes from Mexico and Central

America (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) 123

EDMUNDS AND KOSS — A review of the Acanthametropodinae with a

description of a new genus (Ephemeroptera: Siphlonuridae) 136

BOHART AND GRISSELL — Nesting habits and larva of Pulverro monticola

(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) 145

CHEMSAK — A new seed inhabiting cerambycid from Costa Rica (Coleoptera)

150

BOOK NOTICES 85, 96, 120

NOTICE 107

SOCIETY ANNOUNCEMENT— Usinger Autobiography 135

SCIENTIFIC NOTES 144, 149

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1972

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES