Vol. 52 OCTOBER 1976 No. 4

THE

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

CLIFFORD—Observations on the life cycle of Siphloplecton basale (Walker)

(Ephemeroptera;/ Meiretopodidae)) 2) 0-0 aw se a 265

LINSLEY AND ROSS—Plant associations among adult Hippomelas (Coleop-

Leracm UPLestiducyi me. et get MAP WT ao, A a ee ee be Pe 272

ANDREWS—A new species of Alloxysta hyperparasitic on aphids associated

with South American Nothofagus forests (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) . 286

DENNIS AND LAVIGNE—Oviposition of Cyrtopogon inversus (Diptera:

DAIS TMU ete ten = ot Bs Memes oh Medel fee athe neta ae 288

YOUNG—Studies on the biology of Heliconius charitonius L. in Costa Rica

wNymphalidacs Meliconiinae) 2242.6 4 fe ee 291

STONE—Notes on the biology of the introduced elaterid Conoderus exsul

(Shanp)> (@eleopteras. Blateridae) i008 304

MIDDLEKAUFF AND LANE—A new species of Apatolestes from California

GDinteramailabanidaeyy wt ee he eel be Re a Efe. “oil

EVANS—Bembicini of Baja California Sur: Notes on nests, prey and distri-

bution (iymenoptera: Sphecidae). -i8e 00008 314

POLHEMUS AND CHENG—A new Rheumatobates from Costa Rica

Chemupterac’ Germdae) co. 0 ee at al a ie ee SURO > eee 321

MARI MUTT—A new species of Heteromurus from the Solomon Islands

(Collembolaz Entomobryidae)! 326

BOHART AND VILLEGAS—Nesting behavior of Encopognathus rufiventris

Timberlake (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) __ 331

GW YNNE—Observations on the nesting behavior of Ammophila nasalis

(Hymenopteras@ophecidac). = 8 ee ee ee ee 335

ANDREWS—A new species of Fuchsina Fall with notes on some California

Watnnidindac. <(@oleopteray' = © Wear. eg ae td es ae 339

SCIENEIFIC NOTES es -<Uec ch 271, 313, 323, 338, 347, 348

ITU TEDA GEST AS Teocas NCSI), ee Se et ea Nig A Oo oa te el oe 285

GE Nee ROACH Cie ee OE Foy ee 290, 330, 334

ZOOVO GICAL ANOMENCUATURE 20 29S ie Ne Ae 320

LID) a VO NC WIM 920 reas Leake es Le ot oe Oe AS 351

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA e 1976

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

T. D. Ercuir, A. R. Harpy, Editors

C. M. Watsy, Editorial Asst. P. H. Arnaup, Jr., Treasurer

E. G. LInsLey E. S. Ross

H. V. Day H. B. Leecu

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed-

ings appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt

of numbers, requests for sample copies, and financial communications should be

addressed to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sci-

ences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118.

Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be

addressed to the Secretary, Franklin Ennik, Vector Control Section, California

Department of Health, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, 94704.

The annual dues, paid in advance, are $7.50 for regular members of the Society,

$5.00 for student members, or $15.00 for subscriptions only. Single copies are $3.75

each or $15.00 a volume. Make checks payable to Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

The Pacific Coast Entomological Society

OFFICERS FoR 1976

F. G. Anprews, President Paut H. Arnaup, Jr., Treasurer

R. E. Strecker, President-Elect FRANKLIN ENNIK, Secretary

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP

Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October).

Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast

Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California

94118.

Editors: T. D. Eichlin, A. R. Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, Calif. Dept. of Food and Agri-

culture, 1220 N St., Sacramento, California 95814.

Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: None.

This issue mailed 24 March 1977

Second Class Postage Paid at San Francisco, California and additional offices.

ALLEN PRESS, INC. eRINTED LAWRENCE, KANSAS

US. A

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

VoL. 52 OcTOBER 1976 No. 4

Observations on the Life Cycle of Siphloplecton basale

(Walker )

(Ephemeroptera: Metretopodidae)

Hucu F. CLirrorp

Department of Zoology

University of Alberta

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

T6G 2E9

Metretopodidae is a small mayfly family placed in the major hepta-

geniod phyletic line, the metretopodids representing a special lineage

from the Siphlonurinae (Edmunds, 1972). Several workers, e.g. Berner

(1950), Burks (1953), have commented on metretopodids exhibiting

features in common with both Heptageniidae and Siphlonuridae.

Only two genera are now assigned to Metretopodidae. Metretopus, con-

taining a single North American species (M. borealis Eaton), is Hol-

arctic and mainly northern. Siphloplecton is Nearctic and contains

five species. Siphloplecton species occur east of the Cordillera

over much of North America, usually in slow-flowing streams but oc-

casionally in lakes. S. basale is the most widely distributed species, ap-

pearing to be most abundant in northern regions.

Detailed life cycle data for North American mayflies are rapidly ac-

cumulating, but there are apparently no complete studies for any

Siphloplecton species. This is especially surprising for the widely dis-

tributed S. basale, since fully grown nymphs are large, up to 20 mm,

and adults, being vigorous fliers with pronounced mottled wings, are

easily recognizable on-the-wing. The species is conspicuous enough to

be given a special name, Great Speckled Lake Olive, by fly fishermen

(Schwiebert, 1973). One reason for the paucity of information, espe-

cially nymphal data, is that S. basale populations are probably seldom

large. But another factor has to do with the habits of the nymphs. The

large streamlined nymphs are vigorous swimmers; they not only can

avoid standard netting devices, but if caught in anything other than

long deep nets they can swim against the current and out of the net. Col-

lecting medium and large size S. basale nymphs seems more comparable

Tue Pan-Paciric ENTomMoLoGiIst 52: 265-271. OctosBer 1976

266 THE Pan-PAciric ENTOMOLOGIST

to capturing small cyprinids than collecting typical bottom fauna. In

fact, Leonard and Leonard (1962) used a fine-meshed minnow seine to

collect S. basale.

Siphloplecton basale occurs in a small brown-water stream of Al-

berta, Canada, a stream that has been under continuous investigation

since 1966. Except for the initial exploratory study, in which a life

cycle approach was used to describe the fauna (Clifford, 1969), no

study was designed specifically to gather life cycle data on S. basale;

and only two S. basale nymphs were collected during the 1% years of

the initial study. However considerable information stemming from

other studies has now accumulated for S. basale. By treating the 10

years of S. basale data as an entity, S. basale’s life cycle can be described

throughout a complete year for the northern stream.

Stupy AREA

The North Fork of the Bigoray River, located in west-central Alberta

(53° 25’N, 115° 30’W), is part of the Arctic Ocean drainage. The

stream drains extensive muskeg-type terrain. The water color is dark

brown during the ice-free season, but the stream becomes quite

clear in late winter. At the sampling site, the stream is small (av-

erage base flows in winter and summer are 0.14 m?/s and 0.83

m?/s respectively), slow-moving (average gradient is 3.0 m/km) and

meandering. In late summer, aquatic macrophytes, especially Spar-

ganium, cover much of the substrate, which is mainly of sand and

silt with lesser amounts of small rubble. The Bigoray River can be

described as a chironomid-ostracod type stream, these two taxa col-

lectively comprising on a yearly basis about 49% of the total macro-

invertebrate fauna by numbers. Ephemeroptera is the third most abun-

dant taxon, making up 17% of the yearly bottom fauna. There are few

resident fish; but shortly after the ice goes out in spring, large num-

bers of white suckers, Catostomus commersoni (Lacépéde), make a

spawning run into the Bigoray River from the Pembina River.

LIFE CYCLE

Nymphs—Based on 5 years of bottom fauna samples, S. basale makes

up only a minor component of the total invertebrate fauna in the brown-

water stream. Nymphs made up 0.2% of the total yearly bottom fauna

and 1.3% of the total yearly mayfly bottom fauna. Siphloplecton

basale is a univoltine species and generations do not overlap (Fig. 1).

New generation nymphs first appear in July. They grow rapidly during

the remainder of the ice-free season. From July through November,

VoL. 52, No. 4, OctosperR 1976 267

5 =

a = a

E Me

a oe

5 2

Z <

LW ~~

oni Lu

= S

<x my

O —

be [ava

: ICE - FREE ee

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

MONTH

Fic. 1. Growth features and emergence of S. basale as related to average 5-day

water temperatures and ice conditions. Range and mean size were compiled by

measuring nymphs (numbers above range) collected from 1969 through 1975 and

treated as monthly samples. Monthly sampling date is expressed as the average

of all collecton dates within the month.

nymphs increase in size at a rate of about 0.8 mm per week. Most

nymphs appear to be fully grown by November, when the stream be-

comes completely ice-covered. Nymphs grow very little, if at all, dur-

ing the long winter. Average ice break-up time at the sampling site is

during the second week in April, and shortly after this water tempera-

tures start to rise. Nymphs do not increase very much in total length

after the break-up; however development resumes, and the adults usu-

ally start emerging during the second or third week of May.

Nymphs smaller than 9 mm seemed to be distributed in a variety of

habitats including shallow, fast-moving water; whereas nymphs 9 mm

and larger were usually found only in slow-moving water having exten-

sive beds of aquatic macrophytes. Lyman (1956), Lehmkuhl (1970)

and Hilsenhoff et al. (1972) have all commented on S. basale nymphs

being most abundant in slow-water along the banks and usually as-

sociated with shoreline vegetation. In contrast, Leonard and Leonard

(1962) found S. basale in deep water having a strong current. In the

Bigoray River, Sparganium can extend from bank to bank, and the

268 THE Pan-PaciFic ENTOMOLOGIST

Table 1. Volume of stomach content items of S. basale nymphs. Vol-

umes were determined using a Model TA II Coulter Counter.

Average Volumes (mm*) per stomach

Average Size

Month Numbers (mm) Detritus Diatoms Sand and Silt Total

Feb.-March 4 16.0 0.66 0.02 0.01 0.69

May 9 16.5 0.62 0.14 0.02 0.78

large nymphs appeared to be distributed across an entire width transect,

but the nymphs are such vigorous swimmers that it was difficult to de-

termine accurately their preferred habitat. Lyman (1955) observed

S. basale migrating shoreward just prior to emergence in a Michigan

lake. During an April-May study of Leptophlebia cupida’s upstream

migration (Hayden and Clifford, 1974), we found no S. basale nymphs

moving upstream along the banks or even congregating along the shore.

During a year’s study of the drifting organisms (Clifford, 1972),

S. basale nymphs comprised a total yearly drift density of 304 per 100

m?® of water filtered. This was 4% of the total yearly mayfly fauna

found in the drift. Only 25% of the S. basale nymphs were larger than

11 mm. Eighty percent of all drifting S. basale nymphs were collected

between sunset and sunrise; hence S. basale does exhibit a night-active

drift pattern.

Nymphs are herbivore—detritivores (Table 1). The stomach analy-

sis, although based on a small sample size, indicates that by late win-

ter the nymphs are almost entirely detritivores; but during the ice-free

season prior to emergence, they are partly herbivorous, ingesting living

diatom cells. White suckers usually make their spawning run up the

Bigoray River at about the time S. basale starts emerging, but the

nymphs are not a major food item of the suckers (Bond, 1972).

Nymphs occurred in the stomachs of 9.5% of the suckers moving up-

stream from 28 April to 26 May 1969. These nymphs accounted for

less than 1.0% of the total number of food items, but 3.9% of the total

weight of the stomach contents. There were no S. basale nymphs in

stomachs of post-spawning suckers moving downstream between 24:

May and 4 June 1969, a period when S. basale is still emerging.

Adults—Siphloplecton basale is one of the earliest emerging may-

flies of the Bigoray River. Subimagos start emerging usually during

the second or third week of May, when the water, although still quite

cold, is warming rapidly (Fig. 1). Cumulative emergence percentages

of Figure 1 were compiled from data of a 1973 emergence study (Boerger

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcToBErR 1976 269

and Clifford, 1975), in which 16 floating box traps, each 0.1 m? in

area, were arranged in four transects across the stream; the traps were

operated continuously from 25 April to 23 October 1973. Total yearly

emergence for S. basale was 44.5 (18.6 males and 25.9 females) per

square meter of substrate, and this accounted for 13% of all mayflies

emerging during 1973. Assuming the emergence traps were not some-

how biased in favor of collecting disproportionately large numbers of

S. basale, this figure indicates that S. basale is more abundant than

would be indicated by bottom fauna samples (1.3% of the total yearly

mayfly fauna) or drift samples (4% of the total mayfly fauna).

Adults are present for about 1 month, most of the adults having

emerged by the middle of June. The timing of this phenophase in the

brown-water stream agrees well with S. basale emergence timing in

other northern regions: from 23 May to 12 June in Ontario (Clemens,

1915), from 12 May to early June in a Michigan lake (Lyman, 1955),

and in early May in Wisconsin (Hilsenhoff et al., 1972).

In the Bigoray River, S. basale emerges during full daylight, usually

around midday. In Michigan, Lyman (1955) observed a nymph trans-

forming at 1100 hrs and its subimago stage lasting 48 hours. Males

have been observed swarming in full daylight of the afternoon and

early evening (Clemens, 1915; Lyman, 1955) and full daylight of the

morning (present study). Males swarm above water, usually at a height

of 3 to 6 meters. Lyman (1955) gives a description of the male’s hover-

ing and darting type flight. Leonard and Leonard (1962) noted that

once the female enters the swarm and is siezed, the pair rises to tree-

top level. Spieth (1940) determined that the S. basale pair normally

remains coupled for no more than 1% minutes; however when captured

in a net, the pair might remain in copula for up to 7 minutes. I could

not confirm Leonard and Leonard’s (1962) observation that ovipositing

females sometimes drop their eggs while in flight. In the Bigoray River,

all ovipositing females appeared to release a few eggs at a time by mo-

mentarily resting on the water’s surface or less frequently by dipping

the abdomen into the water.

Koss and Edmunds (1974) have described S. basale’s egg. For Bigo-

ray River adults, average number of eggs per subimago (average size:

15.5 mm) was 2063 (Clifford and Boerger, 1974). Total potential fe-

cundity generally varied with the female’s size. For example, average

number of eggs per millimeter size class of subimagos and imagos (that

had not oviposited) combined were 1832 (13 mm), 1633 (14 mm),

2043 (15 mm), 2168 (16 mm), 2499 (17 mm), and 3019 (18 mm).

Females have a high total potential fecundity relative to that of most

270 Tue Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

mayflies, but this is because S. basale is a large mayfly. Average num-

ber of subimago eggs per millimeter of total length was 133, which is

about in the middle of the range of all Bigoray River mayflies. The ovoid

shaped eggs had an average length of 0.21 mm and average width of

0.14 mm.

I conclude from the 10 years of data that S. basale is probably more

abundant in streams and lakes than would be indicated by bottem fauna

samples, since the large fishlike nymphs can often avoid standard col-

lecting devices. In terms of the Bigoray River’s total yearly mayfly

fauna, S. basale made up only 1.3% of the bottom fauna and 4% of the

drift fauna, but the subimagos accounted for 13% of all mayflies

emerging.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank Dr. Lewis Berner, University of Florida, for

his review of the manuscript and Mr. Hal Hamilton, University of Al-

berta, for determining the stomach content volumes. Parts of this study

were supported through grants from the National Research Council of

Canada.

LITERATURE CITED

Berner, L. 1950. The mayflies of Florida. Univ. of Florida Press, Gainesville.

267 pp.

Boercer, H. anp CiirForp, H. F. 1975. Emergence of mayflies (Ephemeroptera)

from a northern brown-water stream of Alberta, Canada. Verh. Internat.

Verein. Limnol. 19: 3022-3028.

Bono, W. A. 1972. Spawning migration, age, growth, and food habits of the

white sucker, Catostomus commersoni (Lacépéde), in the Bigoray

River, Alberta. M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Alberta. 125 pp.

Burks, B. D. 1953. The mayflies, or Ephemeroptera, of [linois. Bull. [l. Nat.

Hist. Surv. 26: 1-216.

Ciemens, W. A. 1915. Rearing experiments and ecology of Georgian Bay Eph-

emeridae. Contrib. to Can. Biol., Sessional Paper, 396: 113-128.

Currrorp, H. F. 1969. Limnological features of a northern brown-water stream,

with special reference to the life histories of the aquatic insects. Am.

Midl. Nat. 82: 578-597.

Cuirrorp, H. F. 1972. A year’s study of the drifting organisms in a brown-

water stream of Alberta, Canada. Can. J. Zool. 50: 975-983.

CuirForb, H. F., anp Borercer, H. 1974. Fecundity of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) ,

with special reference to mayflies of a brown-water stream of Alberta,

Canada. Can. Entomol. 106: 1111-1119.

Epmunps, G. F., Jr. 1972. Beogeography and evolution of Ephemeroptera. Ann.

Rey. Entomol. 17: 21-42.

Haypen, W. anp Currrorp, H. F. 1974. Seasonal movements of the mayfly

Leptophlebia cupida (Say) in a brown-water stream of Alberta, Can-

ada. Am. Midl. Nat. 91: 90-102.

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976 271

Hitsennorr, W. L., Loneripvce, J. L., Narr, R. P., Tennessen, K. J., anp WAL-

ton, C, P. 1972. Aquatic insects of the Pine-Popple River, Wiscon-

sin. Tech. Bull. 54, Dept. Nat. Res., Madison. 42 pp.

Koss, R. W. ano Epmunps, G. F., Jr. 1974. Ephemeroptera eggs and their con-

tribution to phylogenetic studies of the order. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 55:

267-349,

LeumkunL, D. M. 1970. Mayflies in the South Saskatchewan River; pollution

indicators. The Blue Jay 28: 183-186.

Leonarp, J. W. anp F. A. Leonarp. 1962. Mayflies of Michigan trout streams.

Cranbrook Inst. of Sci., Bloomfield Hills. 139 pp.

Lyman, F. E. 1955. Seasonable distribution and life cycles of Ephemeroptera.

Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 48: 380-391.

Lyman, F. E. 1956. Environmental factors affecting distribution of mayfly

nymphs in Douglas Lake, Michigan. Ecology 37: 568-576.

ScHWIEBERT, E. 1973. Nymphs. A complete guide to naturals and their imita-

tions. Winchester Press, New York. 339 pp.

SpieTH, H. T. 1940. Studies on the biology of the Ephemeroptera. II. The nup-

tial flight. J. New York Entomol. Soc. 48: 379-390.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Leucopsis klugii (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) reared from Xylocopa

brasilianorum (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in Costa Rica.—A nest containing

19 Xylocopa brasilianorum (Linnaeus) was found in a slender fence post on 24

January 1975 near the Palo Verde Research Station, Comelco Property, about 15

km SW Bagaces, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. The nest entrance led to a

burrow 1.5 cm in diameter that extended lengthwise in the post for 7.4 cm in one

direction and 10.4 cm in the other. In the latter section were two completed cells

and an incomplete loaf of pollen. In the former section was a pollen loaf with egg,

but no pith partition.

The bee larva in the first cell constructed by the female bee had been completely

consumed by 11 parasitic larvae. Judging by the amount of bee feces in the cell

and the absence of pollen, the bee larva was evidently fully grown before death.

Later 59 9,224 4 of Leucopis klugii Westwood successfully emerged. The wasps

have been deposited in the British Museum and their identity kindly confirmed

by Z. Boucek. This is the first host record for L. klugii. Host bees were previously

known for 3 of the 9 species in the Neotropical hopei group to which L. klugii

belongs (Bouéek, 1974, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Suppl. 23: 44). These

include species of Megachile (Megachilidae) and Xylocopa (Apidae).—Howetu

V. Daty, Department of Entomological Sciences, University of California, Berkeley,

California 94720.

Plant Associations Among Adult Hippomelas

(Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

E. Gorton LINSLEY

Division of Entomology and Parasitology

University of California, Berkeley, California 94720

AND

Epwarp 8S. Ross

Department of Entomology

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118

Although the genus Hippomelas contains some of the largest and

most striking buprestids in North America, relatively little is known of

their biology. Yet at times the adults are very abundant and may be

seen by the hundreds flying about shrubby plants in the desert or semi-

arid southwestern United States and northern Mexico. However, they

are usually most active in the warmest parts of the day and their readi-

ness to take flight and agility in moving around the stems of larger

plants makes feeding, mating and other activities difficult to observe

except in the late afternoon or early evening.

The adults are known to be flower visitors and because many species

have a yellow “pollinose” character to the integument it was long be-

lieved that this was simply pollen inadvertently brushed up from flowers.

However, the powdery pattern, although variable, is too consistent, the

beetles too large and the distribution over the surface too even to be

inadvertent. Furthermore, some of the species which are most heavily

““pollinose” visit the same flowers as those that are among the least

heavily “‘pollinose.” Vogt (1949), in commenting upon the Buprestidae

of the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, has not only helped to clarify

this situation in Hippomelas but also where pulverulent character ap-

pears elsewhere in the Buprestidae by pointing out that it is a secretion

(see below). His findings will probably be confirmed in future studies

of the family.

The majority of the Buprestidae are believed to be host-specific in the

larval stage, at least at the generic or family level (see, for example,

Barr, 1971; Chamberlin, 1936; Knull, 1925; Vogt, 1949). Further-

more, among those species which visit flowers in the adult stage, there

is a marked tendency among some of them to visit blossoms of the plant

Tue Pan-Paciric ENntomowocist 52: 272-285. Ocroser 1976

Voi. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976 273

species which serve as hosts for the larvae especially in such genera as

Acmaeodera, although this is by no means a general rule (cf. Beer, 1940,

1944; Linsley and Ross, 1940). As a result, it might be reasonable to

suppose that the same correlation applies to some of the species of Hip-

pomelas. However, the evidence on this point is mixed. In the hope of

stimulating further studies on the subject we are presenting a summary

of the published information known to us, together with a few original

observations and adult plant associations derived from data on speci-

mens in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, San Fran-

cisco (CAS), the California Insect Survey, Essig Museum of Entomology,

University of California, Berkeley (CIS) and the Department of Biology,

Arizona State University, Tempe (ASU).

Appreciation is expressed to W. F. Barr and Gayle H. Nelson for read-

ing the manuscript and providing helpful suggestions and to the latter

for kindly identifying much of our material. D. S. Verity provided

some useful records from his collection and Mont A. Cazier arranged

to have specimens from Arizona State University made available. Juan-

ita M. (Mrs. E. G.) Linsley ably assisted in making field observations

and collections.

HipPOMELAS (GYASCUTUS) CAROLINENSIS (Horn)

The original description of this species is correctly cited by Cham-

berlin as Horn (1883:288). The type locality given by Horn was Wil-

mington, North Carolina and was undoubtedly based upon erroneously

labeled material. It was first recorded from the West (Grand Canyon,

Arizona) by Townsend (1895).

The records at hand for plant associations for H. (G.) carolinensis

are as follows: from the collection of Arizona State University (all in

the San Simon Valley, Cochise Co., Arizona or the adjacent Chiricahua

Mountains, det. Nelson): two miles northeast of Portal, June 18, 1961

(M. A. Cazier) and 8 miles NE of Portal in Turkey Creek Wash, June

10, 1960 (M. A. Cazier) on Acacia greggii and 2.5 miles northeast of

Portal, September 6, 1960 (M. A. Cazier) and 5 miles northeast of Por-

tal, July 13, 1965 (J. H. Davidson, J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier)

on Larrea tridentata; from the California Academy of Sciences (det.

Helfer), Cathedral City, Riverside Co., California, July 16, 1950, four

on Larrea [tridentata], one on Acacia greggii (J. W. MacSwain), same

locality, July 13, 1951, three on Acacia greggii (J. W. MacSwain and

Ray F. Smith), Whitewater, Riverside Co., California, July 9, 1950, five

on Larrea tridentata (T. R. Haig, P. D. Hurd, and H. M. Graham), Palm

Springs, Riverside Co., California, July 16, 1950, five on Larrea [triden-

274 THe Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

tata] (P. D. Hurd), Palms to Pines Highway, Riverside Co., Califor-

nia, elev. 1000 ft. May 28, 1940, one on Larrea tridentata (W. L.

Swisher), Banner, [San Diego Co.], California June 25, 1953, cut from

Croton root (Helfer collection), and Borego, [San Diego Co.], Califor-

nia, May 29, 1950, reared from Encelia root (Algert).

Records supplied by D. S. Verity include one example 3 miles west

of Beaumont, Riverside Co., California, July 9, 1961 on Eriogonum fas-

ciculatum, four at 2000 ft. elev., along highway 74, Santa Rosa Mins.,

Riverside Co., California, June 17, 1961, on Tamarix, one same area

3000 ft. elevation, May 21, 1962, one 5 mi. south of Palmdale, Los An-

geles Co., California, July 6, 1957, five 2 mi. southwest of Phelan, San

Bernardino Co., California, June 14, 1959, and five specimens with the

same data, July 16, 1960. These last four collections were all taken

from Juniperus californicus.

HIpPpOMELAS (GYASCUTUS) CASTANEUS HELFER

Described originally as a subspecies of H. insularis, H. (G.) castaneus

is treated as a full species by Barr (1970). The type series consisted of

three specimens from Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of California,

taken on Larrea mexicana |=tridentata], June 30, 1921, by E. P. Van

Duzee.

HIPPOMELAS (GYASCUTUS) DIANAE HELFER

Helfer (1954) described this species from a long series of adult speci-

mens from Palm Springs and Whitewater, Riverside Co., California

mostly in July, stating that they were consistently taken on Ephedra.

Most of the types and other specimens studied by him are housed in

collections of the Essig Museum of Entomology (CIS) and the Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences (CAS). Confirming a preference for

Ephedra, we have examined material in the collection of Arizona State

University as follows: 9 miles west of Winterhaven, Imperial Co., Cali-

fornia, June 3, 1968 (R. Nevelyn) on E. trifurca 18 miles southeast of

Parker, Yuma Co., Arizona, May 14 and 18, 1966 (J. H. Davidson, J.

M. Davidson, and M. A. Cazier) on E. trifurca, and 67 miles north of

San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico, June 6, 1968 (N. Leppla, J. Bige-

low, M. A. Cazier and J. Davidson) on E. trifurca. In addition, the ASU

collection contains two specimens each from Algodones Dunes, Imperial

Co., California on Larrea tridentata, June 3, 1970 (M. A. Cazier, O.

Francke and L. Welch) and 16 miles west of Winterhaven, Imperial

Co., California, July 12, 1966 (J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier) on

Eriogonum deserticola. D. S. Verity (in litt.) collected seven specimens

Vou. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976 215

of this species on Acacia at Palm Springs, Riverside Co., California,

June 22 and 23, 1957 and seven more 2 miles south of Palm Desert,

Riverside Co., June 30, 1957.

HIPPOMELAS (GYASCUTUS) COMPACTA CASEY

A specimen in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences

identified as this species by E. C. Van Dyke, was collected on mesquite

|Prosopis| at San Pedro Bay, Gulf of California, July 7, 1921 by E. P.

Van Duzee.

HIPPOMELAS (GYASCUTUS) INSULARIS HELFER

Although Helfer (1953) does not mention the fact, some of the speci-

mens in the type series (CAS) from San Marcos Island [anglicized to

“Marcus Island” by Helfer], Gulf of California, June 19, 1921, collected

by E. P. Van Duzee, bear the label “ex Larria (sic) mexicana” |=Larrea

tridentata].

HIPPOMELAS (GYASCUTUS) FULGIDA BARR

Barr (1969, 1971) has reported finding larvae and a dead adult of H.

(G.) fulgida Barr in the roots of shadscale, Atriplex confertifolia in El-

more Co., Idaho. However, adults were also found on foliage of willow

(Salix sp.), sweet clover (Melilotus alba) and Russian thistle (Salsola

kali). These were regarded by him as visitation rather than true host

records (although he did not speculate on the reasons for the visitation,

it is possible that in one or more of the instances cited it may have been

for the purpose of adult feeding). Barr also added the observation that

many specimens had been taken from Japanese beetle traps, providing

the first record of the response of a buprestid beetle to this type of chemi-

cal attractant.

HIPPOMELAS (GYASCUTUS) JUNIPERINUS (WICKHAM)

Described from three specimens beaten from juniper in July on Chad-

burn’s Ranch in the foothills of the Pine Valley Mountains, about 22

miles from St. George, Utah, at an altitude of about 4500 feet. We are

not aware of further published plant associations nor have we seen speci-

mens bearing host data.

HIPPOMELAS (GYASCUTUS) OBLITERATA (LECONTE)

Horn (1866, 1868) reported that this species occurs rather abun-

dantly during the summer “on the low willows that are so plentiful in

the Owens Valley [California].” This observation was apparently veri-

276 THe Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

fied by J. W. MacSwain who captured nearly 250 specimens on willow

(Salix sp.) at Antelope Springs, Inyo Co., California on July 17, 1953

(CIS, Helfer det.). However, Nelson (in litt.) who examined the Mac-

Swain specimens and also collected a long series of specimens at this

locality himself does not regard them as obliterata, the type of which he

has seen, but as close to or part of the H. fulgida-H. lariversi Barr com-

plex.

Fall (1901) and Van Dyke (1942) have recorded the occurrence of

the beetles on flowers of mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) at Banning,

California, in July. Chamberlin (1926) lists this plant as the host for

the species and Van Dyke (1942) reiterates that it is normally found

about mesquite (Prosopis). Wickham (1905), without being specific

stated that it was found on several desert shrubs. Kunze (1904) ob-

served adults on little-leaf palo-verde (Cercidium microphyllum) (listed

as Parkinsonia) in Arizona. He remarked that this buprestid, “heavily

dusted with yellow powder, and the ground or body color being of a

ereenish-gray, is found on young “Palo Verde,” the stems of which are

bright green. Under a glaring hot sun in May or June this beetle is

very alert, and a silken net is soon torn to pieces by the long thorns of

this shrubby tree. The bark and thorns of very young “Palo Verde”

much resemble obliteratus.”

All of these records may require revision when the taxonomic status

of H. (G.) obliterata is clarified.

HIPPOMELAS (GYASCUTUS) PACIFICA CHAMBERLIN

Adults of this species were captured on Atriplex polycarpa in late June

and early July at a locality 5 miles south of Kettleman City, Kern Co.,

California (Nelson, 1962). The species had been reported previously

as having been collected on “sagebrush” (Chamberlin, 1938). A “co-

type” bearing this label is in the collection of the California Academy

of Sciences.

HrppoMELas (GyascuTus) PLANICOSTA (LECONTE)

The first plant association record for this species known to us is that

of Townsend (1893) who in a report on some insects of New Mexico

stated “This large buprestid was found July 8 on mesquite bushes

(Prosopis juliflora) and later on flowers of the same. On July 17 great

numbers ake seen on flowers of Larrea mexicana |=L. tridentata] or

Creosote Bush. When found on the flowers they are covered with pol-

len, sivinel them a rich yellow color.’’ In 1895, he reiterated that the

species was common at Las Cruces, New Mexico on Larrea and mes-

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976 pare

quite. Wickham (1905) stated that it frequents especially the bushes

of Larrea [tridentata]. Smyth (1934) also confirmed the association

with Larrea, stating that they usually carried pollen upon the thorax

and forepart of the elytra and commented that when alarmed they some-

times flew straight up into the air to a height of a hundred feet or more,

then took off with the wind. Hurd and Linsley (1975) reported that it

was the most abundant species of Hippomelas encountered by them at

flowers of Larrea in southeastern Arizona and New Mexico during the

summer-fall blooming period (after the arrival of the summer rains).

They also reported that in southern California it has been taken in June

and July on Larrea when the plants are not in bloom and thus they are

believed to be the larval host. They added that during this off-season,

J. W. MacSwain took long series from Atriplex at Blythe, Riverside

County, California, although these may ultimately prove to be a differ-

ent species.

Plant associations listed on specimens at hand are as follows:

Larrea tridentata: New Mexico (Granite Gap, Peloncillo Mts., Hidalgo Co.,

July 2, 1965, J. H. and J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier) (ASU); Arizona (Dia-

mond Creek and Colorado River, Mojave Co., June 18, 1972, M. Kolner (ASU) ;

9 miles SE of Bell Butte, Tempe, Maricopa Co., June 20, 1972, M. Kolner (ASU) ;

6 miles S of Parker, Yuma Co., July 22, 1967, J. H. and J. M. Davidson and M. A.

Cazier; vicinity of Portal, Cochise Co., various dates in June, July, August and

September, M. A. Cazier, E. G. and J. M. Linsley) (CIS) ; Nevada (Overton, August

22, 1930, E. W. Davis) (CAS); California (Midway Well, Death Valley, Inyo Co.,

June 11, 1970, M. A. Cazier, O. Francke, L. Welch (ASU); 5.2 miles S of Sara-

toga Springs, Inyo Co., June 12, 1970, M. A. Cazier, O. Francke, L. Welch (ASU) ;

Indian Wells, Riverside Co., June 6, 1970, M. A. Cazier and O. Francke (ASU) ;

Oasis Station, Riverside Co., June 20, 1956, M. Wasbauer (CIS); Saltdale, River-

side Co., June 8, 1940, K. S. Hagen (CIS); 8 miles NW Palm Springs, Riverside

Co., July 28, 1956, M. Wasbauer (CIS); Whitewater, Riverside Co., July 9, 1950,

P. D. Hurd, Jr. (CIS) ; 2 miles S of Bard, Imperial Co., September 15, 1951, W. L.

Swisher) (CIS); Baja California, Mexico (67 mi N of San Felipe, June 6, 1968,

N. Leppla, J. Bigelow, M. A. Cazier, J. Davidson) (ASU).

Prosopis juliflora: Arizona (9 miles SE Bell Butte, Tempe, Maricopa Co., June

21, 1972, Donna and Martin Kolner) (ASU); California (Winterhaven, Imperial

Co., July 12, 1966, J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier) (ASU).

Atriplex (various species): New Mexico (White Sands, National Monument,

Otero Co., June 29, 1947, C. P. Strand (CAS); Arizona (2 miles NE Portal, Co-

chise Co., August 5, 1965, J. Hand, J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier) (ASU);

California (Blythe, Riverside Co., July 4, 1951, J. W. MacSwain and R. F. Smith)

(CIS) ; Palo Verde, Riverside Co., July 11, 1966, J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier)

(ASU).

Tamarix pentandra: Utah (Lime Creek, 8 miles N Mexican Hat, San Juan Co.,

June 29, 1974, L. Draper, O. Francke, M. A. Cazier) (ASU); Arizona (1 mile SW

Marble Canyon, Coconino Co., July 9, 1967, J. H. and J. M. Davidson and M. A.

278 Tue Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

Table 1. Plant associations.

Plants

Cupressaceae

Juniperus californicus

Juniperus sp.

Ephederaceae

Ephedra sp.

Ephedra trifurca

Salicaceae

Salix spp.

Polygoniaceae

Eriogonum deserticola

Eriogonum fasciculatum

Chenopodiaceae

Atriplex sp.

Atriplex confertifolia (larval host)

Atriplex polycarpa

Salsola kali

Leguminosae

Acacia greggii

Acacia constricta

Acacia vernicosa

Acacia sp.

Mimosa sp.

Mimosa dyscocarpa

Prosopis sp.

Prosopis juliflora

Prosopis pubescens

Cercidium microphyllum

Cercidium floridum

Melilotus albus

Dalea spinosa

Beetles

Hippomelas carolinensis

H. juniperinus

H. dianae

H. imperialis

. cuneata

. fulgida

. obliterata

mez

H. dianae

H. imperialis

H. carolinensis

. planicosta

. fulgida

. pacifica

fulgida

by my be

carolinensis

. planicauda

caelata

. planicauda

dianae

. planicauda

compacta

cuneata

. obliterata (?)

caelata

cuneata

. planicosta

sphenica

cuneata

. obliterata (?)

caelata

fulgida

. planicosta

py BB BR

Vou. 52, No. 4, OcTroBER 1976 279

Table 1. (Cont.)

Plants Beetles

Zygophyllaceae

Larrea tridentata H. carolinensis

H. castanea

H. cuneata

H. dianae

H. insularis

H. planicosta

H. sphenica

Euphorbiaceae

Croton sp. (larval host) H. carolinensis

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix pentandra H. planicosta

Tamarix sp. Hf. carolinensis

Compositae

Encelia sp. (larval host) H. carolinensis

Cazier (ASU); Cliff Dwellers Lodge, Coconino Co., July 8, 10, 1967, J. H. and

J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier) (ASU).

Dalea spinosa: California (16 miles S of Vidal, Riverside Co., July 14, 1966, J.

M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier) (ASU).

In terms of numbers, 16 collections from Larrea are represented by 62 indi-

viduals, 3 collections from Atriplex by 58 individuals, two collections from Prosopis

by. 4 individuals, two collections from Tamarix by 5 individuals and the collection

from Dalea by a single specimen.

HipPpoMELAS (HIPPOMELAS) PLANICAUDA CASEY

Although we have not found plant associations for this species in

the literature, of 23 specimens before as bearing plant records 18 are

from Mimosa, 3 from Prosopis and two from Acacia. The collection

data as follows: Tucson, Pima Co., Arizona, “on cat claw [Acacia greg-

gii|, October 5, 1935 (O. Bryant) (CAS); Santa Rita Experiment Sta-

tion, Pima Co., Arizona, elev. 4400 ft., Mimosa dyscocarpa, September

5, 1970, Martin Kolner (ASU); Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Ari-

zona, elev. 4500 ft., Mimosa sp., September 3, 1964, W. Turner (ASU) ;

Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, Sept. 4, 1934, Mimosa, D. K. Duncan (ASU) ;

and one mile E of Portal, Cochise Co., Ariz., Acacia vernicosa, August

18, 1957, J. A. Chemsak and B. J. Rannells (CIS).

Nelson (in litt.) confirms that in his experience this species has been

consistently taken on Acacia. The adults superficially resemble those of

Hf. (H.) sphenica.

280 THE Pan-PactFic ENTOMOLOGIST

HipPpoMELAS (HIPPOMELAS) SPHENICA (LECONTE)

(Figure 2)

The first record of a plant association for Hippomelas sphenica is

apparently that of Griffith (1900), who, in discussing the Coleopterous

fauna of the Salt River Valley, Arizona, reports finding the species in

November, stating that “so closely does it resemble the branches of the

mesquite that it requires close searching to find them.” However, the

most informative statement about the habits of the beetles is that of Vogt

(1949) who observed them in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas.

He reported as follows: “very common on mesquite, especially on dec-

adent and fresh cut trees where brush is being cleared. Females were

often seen ovipositing in dead mesquite snags. These beetles seem to

feed freely on mesquite foliage as evidenced by their copious green-

colored fecula.’ Fresh emerged specimens lack the characteristic yellow

pulverulence which seems to be a secretion accumulating with age. Evi-

dently pulverulence, as it generally occurs among the Buprestidae, is

of this nature; therefore, the variations in the definition of the pulveru-

lent markings in this family. It is pointed out, however, that the pubes-

cence associated with such markings is apparently unaffected by age

but rather by abrasion.” Hurd and Lindsley (1975) while confirming

that the species is ordinarily associated with mesquite in the San Simon

Valley of Arizona and New Mexico report that it also feeds occasionally

at flowers of Larrea tridentata.

Garnett (1918) records the capture of a wasp (probably Cerceris)

near Barstow, California, carrying a small specimen of H. sphenica,

although the identification of the beetle is doubtful (Verity, in litt.).

Although we have collected this species from mesquite (Prosopis

juliflora) on a number of occasions, it was not until an hour before

sunset on September 2, 1975, at the San Xavier Mission, near Tucson,

Pima Co., Arizona that we encountered them in such large numbers that

it was possible to make a few observations on adult behavior. The sky

was broken to the west providing intermittent sun and the temperature

ranged from 22 degrees C to 20 degrees C. The beetles were flying to

low growing living mesquite plants, mostly less than 8 ft. tall in a low

area adjacent to cultivated fields, mostly planted to cotton. The beetles

ranged from one or two per plant to 12 or 15. Both sexes were repre-

sented and were mostly resting on stems or feeding on foliage, confirm-

ing the conclusion of Vogt based upon the color of their feces. Nearly

all of the plants exhibited extensive feeding damage. During the brief

periods when the rays of the sun were unobscured the beetles were more

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976 281

Fic. 1. Female of Hippomelas caelata on stem of living Acacia vernicosa, nr.

Fairbank, Arizona, July 1965 (E. S. Ross).

Fic. 2. Mating pair of Hippomelas sphenica on stem of living Prosopis juli-

flora, at San Xavier Mission nr. Tucson, Arizona, after sunset, September 3, 1975

(E. S. Ross).

282 THE Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

active in moving over the stems and leaves, flying about the plants and

were more easily disturbed. However, when they were more quiescent

they were difficult to see unless silhouetted against the sky because of

their cryptic coloration and the fact that they would move to the op-

posite side of the branch when approached. Although most individuals

observed were solitary, some mating was taking place (Fig. 2). Males

would crawl over individuals of either sex testing receptivity by probing

with the aedeagus.

Specimens available with plant association data are as follows: 2.5

miles NE Portal, Cochise Co., Arizona, Prosopis juliflora, July 29, 1959,

E. G. Linsley (CIS); 2 miles NE Portal, Arizona, Prosopis juliflora,

August 18, 1965, J. H. and J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier (ASU); 1

mile E Portal, Arizona, Acacia vernicosa, August 18, 1957, J. A. Chem-

sak and B. J. Rannells (CIS) ; Portal, Arizona, Prosopis juliflora, August

15, 1958, E. G. Linsley (CIS); San Xavier Mission, Pima Co., Arizona,

Prosopis juliflora, September 2, 1975, E. G. and J. M. Linsley and E. S.

Ross (CA5, C15) ; Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Pima Co., Arizona,

mesquite [Prosopis], September 2, 1950, W. L. Swisher (CAS); and 9

miles NNW Santa Rita Experiment Station, elevation 4150, Prosopis

juliflora, August 23, 1971, Martin Kolner (ASU).

HIPPOMELAS (STICTOCERA) CAELATA (LECONTE)

(Figure 1)

Chamberlin (1926) records the host of this species as Palo Verde

(Cercidium floridum) and Van Dyke (1942), apparently following

Chamberlin, states that “it breeds in a number of desert trees like the

Palo Verde (Cercidium floridum).’ However, this association is cer-

tainly doubtful and we regard it as regularly attached to Acacia. Cazier

(1951) reported the species rather common on Acacia at a number of

localities in north central Mexico and we have consistently found it on

Acacia constricta and A. vernicosa in southeastern Arizona. In addi-

tion to our own collections, representative data from material before

us is as follows: Granite Pass, Peloncillo Mts., Hidalgo Co., New Mex-

ico, Acacia constricta, August 6, 1963 and August 27, 1969, A. Raske

(ASU); same locality and host plant, August 31, 1965, J. H. and J. M.

Davidson and M. A. Cazier (ASU) ; same locality, Acacia greggii, July

21, 1965, A. Raske (ASU); Lake Cienega, Hidalgo Co., New Mexico,

Prosopis juliflora, July 24, 1964, J. M. Pickle, M. Mortensen and M. A.

Cazier (ASU); 3 miles E of Portal, Cochise Co., Arizona, Acacia con-

stricta, August 16, 1965, J. H. Davidson and M. A. Cazier (ASU);

Tombstone, Cochise Co., Arizona, Acacia vernicosa, August 17, 1957,

VoL. 52, No. 4, October 1976 283

J. A. Chemsak and B. J. Rannells (CIS) ; same locality, Acacia, August

13, 1940, W. L. Swisher (CAS); and one mile south of Santa Ana,

Sonora, Mexico, on Acacia constricta, September 14, 1953, N. A. Lewis

(CAS).

HIPPOMELAS (PRASINALIA) CUNEATA (Horn)

The first published plant association for this species known to us is

that of Smyth (1934) who reported collecting a series of forty examples

in an hour’s time from bull’s horn Acacia (probably A. cornigera) near

Salina Cruz, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico in August. Subsequently,

Nelson (1959) recorded finding adults abundant on Prosopis chilensis

[juliflora] and Acacia greggii at Morong Valley, San Bernardino

County, California in July. Material at hand yields the following addi-

tional information: Thermal, Riverside Co., California, on dead Proso-

pis, June 18, 1940, W. F. Barr (CAS); Borrego Valley, California,

Prosopis, June 6, 1946, Donald Davis (CAS); 2 miles S. of Bard, Im-

perial County, California, on mesquite | Prosopis], September 22, 1951,

W. L. Swisher (CAS); 0.9 miles SE of Bell Butte, Tempe, Maricopa

Co., Arizona, Prosopis juliflora, July 21, 1972, Donna and Martin Kol-

ner(ASU) ; 3 miles S of Parker, Yuma Co., Arizona, 3 examples on dead

Prosopis juliflora, July 9, 1966, J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier

(ASU); same locality, date and collectors, Prosopis pubescens; same

locality, one example on dead Prosopis juliflora, July 14, 1966, David-

son and Cazier (ASU); and 6 miles south of Parker, Arizona, Larrea

tridentata, July 21, 1967, J. H. and J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier

(ASU). D. S. Verity (in litt.) reports collecting 25 examples of this

species on Salix at Lost Hills, Kern Co., California, July 2, 1956, four

at Barstow, San Bernardino Co., California, July 7, 1963, and six at

Victorville, San Bernardino Co., July 13, 1963.

Nelson (in litt.) states that the most abundant he has ever seen this

species was in Kern Co., 4 miles E of Lost Hills, on June 25, 1961 where

he collected 80 specimens from one Prosopis juliflora tree that was ap-

proximately a quarter of a mile from any other such trees. These speci-

mens were Collected within 45 minutes.

HIPPOMELAS (PRASINALIA) IMPERIALIS BARR

When describing this species, Barr (1969) recorded two occasions on

which adults were collected from plants of Eriogonum deserticola on the

eastern slopes of the Imperial Valley, California. Subsequently, Walters

(1975) has found it on this same plant 5 miles west of Glamis, Imperial

County, California in mid-June. Verity (in litt.) collected an example

284, Tue Pan-PacitFic ENTOMOLOGIST

on Ephedra, 4 mi. west of Gordons Wells, Riverside Co., California on

July 8, 1972.

LITERATURE CITED

Barr, W. F. 1969. New species of Hippomelas and Acmaeodera from Western

North America (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc.,

42. :321—335, 2 figs.

Barr, W. F. 1970. The subgenera of Nanularia and Hippomelas (Coleoptera:

Buprestidae). Occasional Papers, Biol. Soc. Nevada, 25:1-8.

Barr, W. F. 1971. Family Buprestidae, in Hatch, M. H., The Beetles of the

Pacific Northwest, 5:55-89.

Beer, F. M. 1940. Notes on some Buprestidae of southwestern Oregon (Coleop-

tera). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 16:13-16.

Beer, F. M. 1944. Notes on the hosts, habits and distribution of Oregon Acmaeo-

dera (Coleoptera, Buprestidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 20:105—-109.

Cazier, M. A. 1951. The Buprestidae of North Central Mexico (Coleoptera).

Amer. Mus. Novitates, no. 1526, pp. 1-56, 51 figs.

CHAMBERLIN, W. J. 1926. The Buprestidae of North America exclusive of Mex-

ico. A catalogue including synonymy, bibliography, distribution, type

locality and hosts of each species. Corvallis, Oregon, 289 pp. + index.

CHAMBERLIN, W. J. 1938. New Buprestidae from California. J. New York

Entomol. Soc., 46 :445-447.

Fatt, H. C. 1901. List of the Coleoptera of southern California with notes on

habits and distribution and descriptions of new species. Occasional

Papers Calif. Acad. Sciences, 8:1—282.

Garnett, R. T. 1918. Beetle, Hippomelas sphenicus, prey of wasp (Col.),

Entomol. News, 29:142.

GriFFITH, H. G. 1900. Coleopterous fauna of Phoenix, Arizona, and surrounding

regions. Entomol. News, 11:561—570.

Herer, J. R. 1953. Two new Hippomelas (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Pan-Pac.

Entomol., 29 :34-36.

Hetrer, J. R. 1954. A new Hippomelas from California (Coleoptera: Bu-

prestidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 30:117-118.

Horn, G. H. 1866. Notes on the habits of a few California Coleoptera. Proc.

Entomol. Soc. Philadelphia, 6 :289-293.

Horn, G. H. 1868. New species of Coleoptera from the Pacific District of the

United States. Trans. American Entomol. Soc., 2:129-140.

Horn, G. H. 1883. Miscellaneous notes and short studies of North American

Coleoptera. Trans. American Entomol. Soc., 10:269-312.

Hurp, P. D., Jr. anp Linstey, E. G. 1975. Some insects other than bees associ-

ated with Larrea tridentata in the southwestern United States. Proc.

Entomol. Soc. Washington, 77:100-120.

Linstey, E. G. anp E. S. Ross. 1940. Records of some Coleoptera from the San

Jacinto Mountains, California. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 16:75-76.

Knut, J. N. 1925. The Buprestidae of Pennsylvania (Coleoptera). Ohio State

Univ. Studies, 2:1-71, 35 figs., 10 plates.

Kunz, R. E. 1904. Protective resemblance. Entomol. News, 15:239-244.

Netson, G. H. 1959. Notes on the Buprestidae. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc.,

54:21-24,

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcToBerR 1976 285

Netson, G. H. 1962. Notes on the Buprestidae: Part III. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol.

Soc., 57:56-60.

SmytuH, E.G. 1934. The gregarious habit of beetles. J. Kansas Ent. Soc., 7:102-

118.

Townsenp, C. H. T. 1893. Biologic notes on New Mexico Insects. Insect Life,

5:37-40.

Townsenb, C. H. T. 1895. On the Coleoptera of New Mexico and Arizona, in-

cluding biologic and other notes. Can. Entomol. 27:39-51.

Van Dyke, E. C. 1942. Contributions toward a knowledge of the insect fauna

of Lower California. No. 3. Coleoptera: Buprestidae. Proc, Calif.

Acad. Sci., (4) 24:97-132, pls. 6-7.

Voct, G. B. 1949. A biologically annotated list of the Buprestidae of the Lower

Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 42:191-202.

Watters, G. C., Jr. 1975. Notes on the distribution and biology of certain

Buprestidae (Coleoptera): Part I. Coleopterists Bull., 29:69-70.

WickHaM, H. F. 1905. New species of Coleoptera from the western United

States. Can. Entomol., 37:165-171.

EDITORIAL NOTICE

With this issue of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist, the editorship

changes hands. We are certain that the members of The Pacific Coast

Entomological Society and other suscribers to the journal join us in

thanking the retiring editor, John Doyen and his staff, consisting of

John Chemsak, Assistant Editor, and Rollin Coville, Editorial Assistant.

For three years John voluntarily served us in a truly professional man-

ner, producing our publication while employing his own high standards

of quality and scientific expertise. We are sincerely grateful to John

and his staff for their efforts on our behalf.—Editors.

286 THE Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

A new species of Alloxysta hyperparasitic on aphids associated

with South American Nothofagus forests

(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

FreD G. ANDREWS

California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, 95814

The following description is done as part of an effort to catalog

arthropods associated with species of Nothofagus (Fagaceae). The

material was collected by E. I. Schlinger in 1966 and 1967 while survey-

ing for insects on Nothofagus in the southernmost areas of Chile and

Argentina. The aphids Neuwquenaphis edwardsi Laing and N. schlingeri

Ris-Lambers were collected by beating, and held until mummies were

noticed. The mummies were individually isolated. Several hundred

aphids were parasitized by a species of Pseudephedrus (Hymenoptera:

Aphidiidae) ; six of these aphids were hyperparasitized by a single,

previously undescribed Alloxysta species.

The presence of a primary and secondary parasite complex on New-

quenaphis on Nothofagus was previously unknown. This was in part due

to lack of collecting and in part due to the low density and high disper-

sion of the hosts. No other hyperparasites, either cynipid or chalcidoid,

were reared, although a single specimen of an undescribed species in

the charipine cynipid genus Phaenoglyphis was collected on Nothofagus

foliage.

The high dispersion of the aphid host suggests that this new Alloxysta

has great host-finding capabilities.

This species of Alloxysta is immediately distinguishable from all other

New World Alloxystinae by its bicolorous state. The equal length of the

third, fourth and fifth antennal segments in both male and female and

the lack of curvature in any of the male segments is also diagnostic.

Alloxysta nothofagi, n. sp.

Adult female——Head above antennal insertion pale reddish-brown; frons, genae,

mouthparts and antennae straw yellow. Pleural area including pronotum straw

yellow. Mesonotum and abdomen shiny castaneous brown. Entire leg and wing

veins pale lemon yellow.

Head as wide as high; frons sparsely setose; genae, occiput and vertex glabrous.

Antennae 13-segmented, filamentous, cylindrical; segments 1-3 smooth, 4-13 longi-

tudinally ridged; segments 3-5 in ratio of 19:19:19 (19=0.1 mm) (Fig. 2);

segments 6-13 slightly wider than 3-5. Pronotum behind occiput densely clothed

with transparent decumbent setae. Mesoscutum moderately convex, longer than

wide by ratio of 17:15, glabrous. Scutellum with long decumbent transparent setae

Tue Pan-Pactric ENtomouocist 52: 286-287. Octoser 1976

Vout. 52, No. 4, Ocroser 1976 287

Fics. 1-4. Alloxysta nothofagi Andrews. 1. Antennal segments 3-5, male. 2.

Antennal segments 3-5, female. 3. Wing, female. 4. Wing, male.

on lateral posterior margins, glabrous above. Wings exceeding body as 88:57 (88 =

1.6 mm). Radial cell, elongate, 1.6 times longer than wide (Fig. 4). Ratio of

radial cell length and width to wing width 2.6 and 7.0, respectively; r-1 straight;

r-2 evenly arcuate.

Adult male.—As in female, except antennae 14-segmented, with 1-3 smooth,

4-14 longitudinally ridged, segments 3-5 without bow and in ratio of 16:16:15

(Fig. 1); radial cell 2.3 times longer than wide, ratio of radial cell length and

width to wing width 2.5 and 6.1, respectively (Fig. 3).

Types.—Holotype male, 3.7 mi. S. Puerto Moreno, Rio Negro Prov., ARGEN-

TINA, XI-17-1966, E. I. Schlinger (E66-11-17a) (Nothofagus antarctica/Neuquen-

aphis edwardsi/Pseudephedrus sp.). To be deposited in University of Chile, Santi-

ago, Chile.

Paratypes——2 males, same data as holotype. 1 female (E67-2-10g), 2 males

(E67-2-10b), 18 km W. Angol, Malleco Prov. CHILE II-10-1967, E. I. Schlinger

(Nothofagus obliqua/Neuquenaphis schlingeri/Pseudephedrus sp.). Three para-

types to be deposited in USNM and two to remain in author’s collection.

288 THE Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

Oviposition of Cyrtopogon inversus'

(Diptera: Asilidae)

D. STEVE DENNIS

Environmental Sciences Division, Stearns-Roger, Inc.,

Box 5888, Denver, Colorado 80217

AND

RosBert J. LAVIGNE

Plant Sciences Division, Univ. of Wyoming

There is a paucity of information concerning the oviposition behavior

of asilids belonging to the genus Cyrtopogon Loew. Bromley (1946)

observed that, like other members of the subfamily Dasypogoninae,

Cyrtopogon females possess spines on the ovipositor which are used to

brush soil over the eggs following oviposition.

Of the 98 described species of Cyrtopogon (Hull, 1962), detailed

observations have been made for one species in Sweden, Cyrtopogon

lateralis Fallen and a species in Russia, Grypoctonus (Cyrtopogon)

daimyo Speiser.

Cyrtopogon lateralis females deposit elongate whitish yellow eggs in

the soil (Melin, 1923). The presence of large numbers of spines on the

Ovipositor was presumed to be associated with its habit of ovipositing

in hard soil mixed with clay. Melin noted that C. lateralis used these

spines to brush soil over the eggs and to hide the oviposition hole. Lehr

(1966) made the following observations for Grypoctonus (Cyrtopogon)

daimyo (translated from the Russian) :

“Eggs are deposited in loose soil along pathways, under a grassy slope, or near

fruit trees in gardens. During oviposition, the female bends the abdomen and buries

it in the ground, often up to the very wings. Judging from the depth at which eggs

are found, one may assume that the abdomen extends slightly during oviposition.

There is one rosy-yellow egg laid in each place. During oviposition the female

crawls from place to place or flies over short distances.”

Lavigne (unpublished data) observed a Cyrtopogon sp. (probably

glarealis Melander) ovipositing at the base of a grass clump among

wood chips in soil and duff near Grassy Lake in Teton National Forest,

Wyoming. Oviposition occurred at 3:10 PM in the shade where the soil

temperature was 31°C.

The following observations were made of Cyrtopogon inversus on Elk

1 Published with the approval of the Director, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, as Journal

paper no. JA-833. This research was supported in part by National Science Foundation Research

Grant GB-29617X.

Tue Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST 52: 288-290. OctosrerR 1976

Vou. 52, No. 4, OctoBER 1976 289

Fics. 1-2. Fig. 1. Coniferous forest clearing where Cyrtopogon inversus ovi-

positions were observed. Fig. 2. Elongate creamy white eggs of Cyrtopogon

inversus (52X).

Mountain near Elk Mountain, Wyoming. The area was located in a

coniferous forest clearing at an elevation of 2,920 m above sea level

(Fig. 1). Several complete ovipositions were observed between 12:00

noon and 2:30 PM between July 18th and 21st, 1972. All eggs were

deposited in the soil or in the soil litter.

Prior to oviposition Cyrtopogon inversus females usually “‘searched”’

for suitable sites to deposit their eggs. Females flew 45 to 60 cm above

the ground in a zigzag path and made two to three 60 to 72 cm circles

about a site before landing to oviposit. Once females landed they

crawled 2.5 to 5 cm into the shade of vegetation, small pieces of wood,

or rocks. As the females crawled along the ground, some were observed

to thrust their ovipositor from side to side as we have seen other asilids

do in their search for suitable oviposition sites.

Once in the shade the flies ordinarily pushed their ovipositors directly

into the substrate. However, two females dug their ovipositors into the

soil with rapid lateral sweeping movements. It is assumed that most fe-

males did not exhibit such behavior because of the ease with which they

could insert their ovipositors into the loose litter.

While ovipositing, females rested their legs on the substrate and kept

their wings folded over their body. The arched abdomen was sunk into

the substrate up to the posterior margin of the second abdominal seg-

ment.

The average time for a complete oviposition was 2 minutes, with a

range between 1 and 3 minutes. Once eggs were deposited, females

either withdrew their ovipositor with rapid lateral sweeping movements,

which covered the eggs and oviposition hole with soil or litter, or flew

off without exhibiting such behavior.

At the time of oviposition, substrate surface temperatures ranged

290 THE Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

between 27 and 39°C. The temperature 3 to 4 mm under the surface,

at the approximate depth at which the eggs were laid, varied between

32.5 and 37°C.

The eggs of Cyrtopogon inversus are creamy white (Fig. 2). Two to

four eggs were laid per clutch and apparently “cemented” together.

Individual females were observed to oviposit up to three times before

being lost to sight.

The elongate eggs of this species ranged in length from 1.12 to 1.42

mm, with a mean of 1.31 mm. The average width was 0.48 mm, with a

range which varied between 0.42 and 0.56 mm. Eggs examined with a

scanning electron microscope, up to 2,000, showed no surface sculptur-

ing.

LITERATURE CITED

BRoMLEY, S. W. 1946. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera

or true flies of Connecticut. Third Fascicle. Asilidae. Conn. Geol. Nat.

Hist. Surv. Bull. 69: 1-51.

Hutt, F. M. 1962. Robber flies of the world. The genera of the family Asilidae.

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 224(1 & 2): 1-907.

Leur, P. A. 1966. Biology and taxonomy of robber flies (Diptera, Asilidae) of

the genera Cyrtopogon Loew and Grypoctonus Speiser of Kazakhstan

and Central Asia. Collection of Scientific Articles by Graduate Students

and Researchers, Kazakh State Univ., Alam-Ata. p. 95-101. (In Rus-

sian.)

Meuin, C. 1923. Contributions to the knowledge of the biology, metamorphosis,

and distribution of the Swedish asilids in relation to the whole family

of asilids. Zoologiska Bidrag Fran Uppsala 8: 1-317.

RECENT LITERATURE

ToxicoLocy oF INsecTicipes. Fumio Matsumura. Plenum Publishing Co., New

York, N. Y. 1975. 10011. 504 pp., 89 illustrations, 85 tables. $27.50.

Brees AND BEEKEEPING. R. A. Morse. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.

1975. 320 pp., 65 illustrations, $13.00.

BEES, THEIR VISION, CHEMICAL SENSES, AND LANGUAGE. Revised Edition. K. von

Frisch. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 1975. 176 pp., $8.75,

cloth; $3.45, paper.

Vou. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976 291

Studies on the Biology of Heliconius charitonius L.

in Costa Rica

(Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae)

ALLEN M. Younc

Division of Invertebrate Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum,

Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233

The heliconiine butterfly Heliconius charitonius L. (Nymphalidae),

is one of the most geographically widespread members of this subfamily

(Heliconiinae) throughout tropical America (e.g., Comstock and Brown,

1950; Brown and Comstock, 1952). The adult is strikingly different

in appearance from many other sympatric heliconiines by the distinct

black and yellow color pattern of the wings. Adults of this species are

known to roost communally (Jones, 1930; Poulton, 1931; Young and

Thomason, 1975), a sophisticated behavioral trait (Gilbert, 1975) it

shares with other Heliconius. Although the early stages of various Heli-

conius have been studied in Trinidad (Beebe, Crane, and Fleming, 1960;

Alexander, 196la, b) and Brazil (e.g. Brown and Mielke, 1972), little

is known about the biology of H. charitonius in Central America. The

apparent coevolutionary associations of Heliconius with certain plant

sroups in the tropics (Benson et al., 1975; Gilbert, 1975) warrants the

study of selected species. This paper summarizes studies on the adult

and juvenile biology of H. charitonius in Costa Rica.

Stupy AREA AND METHODS

Heliconius charitonius was studied near La Virgen de Sarapiqui (He-

redia Province) in northeastern Costa Rica; adults and early stages were

observed or collected from a strip of young secondary forest (5 years

old) bordering a dirt road that separates Finca La Tigre (property of

Compania Agricola Myristica, S.A.) and Finca de Oscar Arias. This

region of Costa Rica is a transitional zone between premontane and

lowland tropical wet forest; it is about 200 meters in elevation with a

short, erratic dry period during March and April. Although the area

includes primary wet forest habitat, much of it has been converted to

various successional stages of secondary forest and cultivated land.

Both field and laboratory studies on H. charitonius were carried out

from January 11 to February 15, 1976. During this period, field ob-

servations were conducted as follows: January 11-12 (2 days), Janu-

ary 15-17 (3 days), January 26—-30 (5 days), February 4-7 (4 days),

and February 11-15 (5 days). Field studies consisted of (1) searches

Tue Pan-Paciric Entomo.ocist 52: 291-303. Octroser 1976

292 THE Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

for early stages, (2) observations on oviposition behavior, (3) observa-

tions on the mortality of early stages, (4) recording of adult feeding

sites, and (5) recording of other heliconiines active in the same habitat.

Laboratory studies dealt with the rearing of individuals from the egg

stage primarily for the description of the life cycle, and the estimation

of developmental time. Individuals were reared by confining eggs and

fresh clippings of the larval host plant into a clear plastic bag kept tightly

shut. Field observations were made at several different times during

the day.

RESULTS

Habitat, Oviposition, and Larval Host Plant.—Heliconius charitonius

occurs primarily in young secondary forest tropical communities, where

adults visit various inflorescences throughout sunny hours of the day.

The primary flowers visited include several Compositae, one or more

species of Curcubitaceae and Cephaelis tomentosa (Rubiaceae). The

Compositae visited have either white or yellow inflorescences while

the other plant families visited have deep orange or red inflorescences

It is very likely that adults feed on pollen (Gilbert, 1975),

although “pollen loads” on probosci are less frequently encountered in

this species relative to other microsympatric species such as H. hecale,

which bears notoriously large pollen loads. Gilbert (1972), however,

reports heavy pollen loads for H. charitonius. Adults generally visit

flowers throughout the day on clear sunny days.

Typical flower visitations by H. charitonius relative to other Heli-

conius species, occurred on the sunny morning of February 13, 1976.

In a forest edge clearing where one curcubit species and Cephaelis

tomentosa were in bloom, with their patches separated by only four

meters of bare ground, H. charitonius visited both. There were seven

flowers of C. tomentosa with full inflorescences (although 35 in total were

present, most of these had dropped the yellow corolla tubes), and eleven

flowers of the curcubit. One “fresh” adult visited a curcubit flower at

9:05 A.M. and a “worn” adult soon followed suit at 9:15 A.M. This

same individual then flew across and visited a Cephaelis flower by 9:18

A.M. Since no butterflies were marked, “traplining” or other move-

ment patterns could not be demonstrated. Two other species active in

this area visited both flowers: at least two different adults of H. hecale

(“fresh”; “worn’) together gave a total of four visits to curcubit flow-

ers and three visits to Cephaelis, while at least two adults of H. cydno

(““fresh”; “worn”) were scored twice on Cephaelis and four times on the

curcubit. All of these visits occurred between 8:40 and 9:55 A.M. A

similar pattern of visits for the same three species was seen the following

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976 293

Fic. 1. Egg positioning and the egg stage of Heliconius charitonius. Upper left:

three eggs are shown in a folded terminal bud of leaflets of T. lobata. Upper left:

three eggs are shown; note one egg adjacent to a young extrafloral nectary. Lower

left: top view of one egg nestled down in folded leaflets; lower right: the egg.

morning. Both H. hecale and H. cydno are more frequent visitors at

these particular flowers than H. charitonius.

Adults are concentrated in large numbers on a daily basis in patches

of young secondary forest where the primary larval host plant, Tetra-

stylis lobata (Passifloraceae) is found in close proximity to adult feed-

ing sites. Tetrastylis lobata is the primary plant used for oviposition by

294, THE Pan-PaciFIc ENTOMOLOGIST

H. charitonius in this region of Costa Rica, despite the fact that it often

occurs together with other passifloraceous vines such as P. vitifolia and

P. edulis. Adult vines of 7. lobata are very large and consist of large,

bulky patches growing over other vegetation. It generally flowers dur-

ing January and February, and H. charitonius lays eggs on young and

adult vines.

Although eggs are laid singly, a female may lay several eggs on the

yet folded terminal leaf buds of T. lobata (Fig. 1). One female laid

five eggs on a single terminal leaf bud within a 20-minute period one

morning. I observed a total of four ovipositions; the first occurred on

January 11, 1976 (3:00 P.M.). The female in this instance was very

worn and tattered, and she took about 20 seconds to lay one egg. During

the oviposition, the wings were fluttering at a steep angle to the body.

Several other individuals of H. charitonius were flying in the immediate

vicinity of this female, but this did not stop the oviposition. On another

day (January 16), a female (fresh) laid three eggs in quick succession

on a single terminal unit of folded leaf buds. I have also observed that

different females very likely lay their eggs on the same unfolded leaf

units or that the same female will return to lay eggs on the same leaf

unit on different days. Individual females, presumably searching for

Oviposition sites, spend a great deal of time selecting such sites. Some-

times the egg is nestled far down into the whorl of folded leaves, making

only the apical aspect visible (Fig. 1). In addition to eggs being at-

tached to folded leaf buds, they may also be found on the stem near

the leaf bud (Fig. 1). Oviposition on tendrils has not been observed.

On large vines, eggs are often laid near the top, where most of the folded

leaf buds are found; on young vines, eggs are often laid within a few

centimeters of the ground, and amidst tall grasses that cover them. As

with feeding, I have observed oviposition throughout the day in good

weather. Although several other heliconiines lay eggs on Passiflora in

the area, none of these lays eggs on 7. lobata, and H. charitonius does

not lay eggs on Passiflora. I searched a total of eight vines of P. vitifolia

and did not find any eggs or caterpillars of H. charitonius; I did, how-

ever, find caterpillars of erato, cydno and hecale. It is noteworthy that

at least six other heliconiines occur in the same habitat: Agraulis va-

nillae, Philaethria dido, Heliconius cydno, H. hecale, H. erato, and H.

sara. All heliconiine eggs found on 7’. lobata here and reared (a total

of 15 eggs collected) proved to be H. charitonius. Caterpillars of H.

charitonius feed on both young and old leaves of T. lobata.

The following observations on the early stages were made from indi-

viduals obtained from a set of eight eggs discovered in a single unit of

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcToBEer 1976 295

Fic, 2. Caterpillars of Heliconius charitonius. Upper left: first instar just above

a young extrafloral nectary; upper right: third instar. Lower left: fourth instar;

lower right: fifth instar.

folded leaf buds; of the eight eggs, four were reared successfully to the

adult stage in the laboratory.

“Disappearances” of Eggs.—Although several eggs were collected for

laboratory rearing studies, I left a total of seven additional eggs on vines

in the field to see if they hatched successfully. These eggs were on three

296 THE Pan-PaciFIc ENTOMOLOGIST

Fic. 3. The pupa of Heliconius charitonius. Upper two and lower left photo-

graphs: lateral, ventral, and dorsal views respectively. Lower right: a pupa in the

field being attacked and eaten by Crematogaster ants. Several individuals of a

small ant are shown on and along the abdominal region of the pupa; a single

individual of a larger ant (Ectatomma) is present on the pupa along the frontal

area of the wing case (barely in focus).

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976 297

different vines of T. lobata. They all appeared about the same age from

their color. Within two days, all were gone, and no first instar larvae

were found. I had searched a total of 12 different vines for Heliconius

eggs, but found only three with eggs in the same area of habitat.

Early Stages—tThe large, yellow egg (Fig. 1) is 1.4 mm high and

0.9 mm at the base; it is elongated and truncated at the top and bottom.

It lasts five days as measured on four eggs kept in the laboratory.

The first instar larva (Fig. 2) is 3-4 mm at hatching; it is light,

translucent orange with a glossy orange-yellow head capsule. It lasts

two days (as measured on four individuals).

The second instar bears the full complement of head and body scoli,

with the ground color of the body remaining light orange. The scoli are

black and branched. The head scolus is about 1.2 times the head height.

The dorsal prothoracic plate or crest is thin. This instar lasts four days

and attains a length of 7 mm.

The third, fourth, and fifth instars are virtually identical in appear-

ance (Fig. 2). The basic color of the body is bluish-white and the head

capsule is a glossy pale lemon-yellow. All scoli are black. The head

capsule possesses two sets of black blotches. All legs are dull orange;

the anal clasper is dull orange with a black spot dorsally. The dark spots

on the body segments (Fig. 2) are very dark reddish-brown. The head

scolus is about one-half the height of the head. The third instar lasts

four days and reaches a length of 13 mm; the fourth instar lasts four

days and reaches 30 mm, and the fifth instar lasts three days and reaches

41 mm. A pinkish prepupa (30 mm long) is active prior to pupation.

The highly sculptured pupa (Fig. 3) is about 30 mm long with the

basic color being brownish-orange. It is moderately patterned with dark

lines and reflective silver spots. The silver spots are paired and situated

dorsally in the thoracic region and first abdominal segment. Fine streaks

of white occur on the wing cases. The head bears broad, well developed

spatulate appendages that are 5 mm long. Dorso-lateral flanges occur

on the third and fourth abdominal segments (smaller on the fourth) and

bearing long, outward and downward-directed spines; shorter spines

occur on the fifth, sixth, and seventh segments. Short spines with tuber-

cles as bases occur on the metathorax and also on the first and second

abdominal segments. Very short spines occur along the antenna cases

(at forewing costal sutures) ; there are very slight tubercles on the wing

cases in future cells Ms-Cu, and Cu,;-Cus. As measured on four indi-

viduals, the pupa lasts 10 days for both sexes. From four pupae two

males and two females were obtained; three of these adults are shown

in Fig. 4.

298 THE Pan-PactFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fic. 4. Adult Heliconius charitonius. Upper: an adult female just after eclosion

(part of pupa case visible to the right). Lower left: three adults reared from the

egg stage in the laboratory; lower right: a young adult feeding on a curcubitaceous

flower (February 13, 1976, near La Virgen).

Pupae as Prey.—I searched the vicinity of one vine of 7. lobata on

January 12 and discovered four pupae that later matched the description

of the pupa of H. charitonius obtained in the rearing studies. All of these

were affixed to plants very close to the vine. Two of the pupae were being

attacked by ants (Fig. 3). One pupa was virtually eaten down to the

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcToBEerR 1976 299

last abdominal segment at this time, and the other pupa (located about

one meter from the first one) was just in the initial stages of being eaten

by two different types of ants. I observed this pupa for two subsequent

days and eventually all that remained was the last two abdominal seg-

ments and cremaster. When first discovered the pupa was being eaten

near the head appendages by an ant, Crematogaster sp. (Fig. 3), but

two days later, when about half the pupa was gone, three individuals of

a much larger ant (Ectatomma sp.) were also present with the other

ants (Fig. 3). Subsequently I discovered three more eaten pupae in

the same area, giving a total of five pupae found as ant prey.

In the laboratory, three of the original group of eight individuals

being reared died as pupae as prey for cockroaches. These pupae were

kept in a small screen cage with pupae of other butterflies (Ithomiidae,

Brassolidae), but they were the first ones to be attacked by cockroaches

during the night.

DISCUSSION

In terms of phylogenetic considerations (Emsley, 1965), H. chari-

tonius is one of the advanced species of the genus, and the morphology

of its early stages illustrate close relatedness with other species such as

Hf. hecale and H. cydno, which occur in the same habitat in northeastern

Costa Rica. A good characteristic to separate later instar caterpillars of

H. charitonius from those of H. cydno or H. hecale is the relatively

shorter head scolus in the former species. Also, the pupa is more highly

sculptured in Hf. charitonius than in these other species. Recently, Brown

and Benson (1975) have argued for the operation of larval mimicry in

microsympatric species of Heliconius. Even though the caterpillars of

differently closely related species of Heliconius might be feeding on dif-

ferent host plants in the same habitat, it is held that larval mimicry can

act to reduce predation rates by vertebrates. Thus selection would favor

the occurrence of species with similar caterpillars in the same habitats.

Given divergence in host plants, to reduce competition for larval food,

several closely related advanced species might co-occur to reduce preda-

tion on caterpillars. Thus it is not unexpected to find H. charitonius

occurring with H. hecale, cydno, erato, and sara. At least one of these

species (H. hecale) feeds on Passiflora vitifolia here, and it indicates

divergence in oviposition and larval feeding from H. charitonius. In

this region of Costa Rica, there are likely no more than seven species of

Passifloraceae that could be exploited by Heliconius, so that each species

may have a different primary larval host plant (Gilbert, 1975).

The multiple oviposition of several eggs on the same vine (either by

300 THE Pan-PaciFIc ENTOMOLOGIST

the same or different female) suggests that (1) the larval host plant is

viewed by the species as an abundant resource, and (2) this species is

not food-limited in the caterpillar stage. Strict resource limitation would

be normally expected to provide selection pressure favoring a greater

scattering of the eggs. Gilbert (1975), however, points out that vines of

Passiflora generally occur at low densities. All Heliconius butterflies

are associated with Passifloraceae. Further field observations are needed

to see how egg densities of Heliconius correlate with vine size or bio-

mass. For example, H. charitonius may lay one or few eggs on smaller

vines of 7. lobata than on larger ones. Benson et al. (1975), report T.

lobata as the host plant of H. charitonius in southeastern Costa Rica

and Panama; my studies indicate that it is also the host plant in north-

eastern Costa Rica. Benson et al. (1975) also report that H. charitonius

either scatters several eggs on the meristem of 7’. lobata, or else lay a

single egg on the meristem. Despite the occurrence of other Passi-

floraceae in the habitat (and in the same vine patch), only 7. lobata is

locally used as the larval host plant; this points to specialization by H.

charitonius, something not unexpected (Gilbert, 1975). Lamas (1974)

makes some interesting comments regarding larval host plants of the

subspecies peruvianus of H. charitonius (Comstock and Brown, 1950;

Brown and Comstock, 1952): he maintains, that in addition to several

species of Passiflora, this subspecies, presumed near extinction in Lima,

Peru, may exploit other plants as larval host plants.

T. lobata is very likely the host plant for this butterfly in other life

zones (Holdridge, 1967) in Costa Rica since Standley (1937) mentions

that it also occurs in montane tropical wet forest regions. It is possible

that H. charitonius uses other Passifloraceae as larval host plants in

Costa Rica, but for montane rain forest and premontane wet forests on

the eastern slopes of the central Cordillera, the primary host plant is 7.

lobata. However, other passifloraceous host plants of H. charitonius are

known from Costa Rica (Benson e¢ al., 1975). Although T. lobata pos-

sesses large tendrils, it is interesting that H. charitonius does not lay

eges on them. Heliconius hecale and H. cydno are both known to lay

eggs singly on the tendrils of passifloraceous vines (Young, 1973; 1975).

There is divergence in the oviposition habits among advanced heli-

coniines. Brown (1973) reports that H. nattereri in Brazil oviposits on

Tetrastylis ovalis. Apparently this primitive passifloraceous genus is

not exploited as a larval host plant by many heliconians.

Larval host plant specialization (i.e., one primary host plant in a

given region), expected for most species of Heliconius (Gilbert, 1975),

couple with considerable mortality of eggs and caterpillars from preda-

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcroBEeR 1976 301

tion (Gilbert, 1975), probably keep the adult populations of individual

species at or near the carrying capacity of the environment. Predation

by ants on Heliconius pupae warrants further study in terms of its im-

pact on populations. The well developed and apparently functional extra-

floral nectaries of TJ. lobata, P. vitifolia and perhaps other

microsympatric Passifloraceae used as larval foods may serve to at-

tract pupa predators such as ants. Gilbert (1975) points out that these

glands attract predatory insects such as ants and wasps; Ehrlich and

Gilbert (1973) found that eggs of H. ethilla are eaten in large numbers

by ants in Trinidad. Thus the observed disappearances of eggs seen

here might be attributed to predation by ants. The fact that only a few

out of several vines had Heliconius eggs might be indicative of intense

egg predation. It is known that the female pupae of H. charitonius re-

lease a pheromone which attracts males (Edwards, 1881; Emsley, 1965) ;

it would be interesting to know if such a pheromone attracts potential

predators such as ants as well.

As adult longevity of H. charitonius is high (Cook, Thomason, and

Young, in prep.) and vagility generally low (Young and Thomason,

1975; Young and Carolan, 1976), there is further stress placed on

Heliconius for local species packing, promoting K-selection as the adap-

tive strategy. It is generally known that Heliconius butterflies are dis-

tasteful to vertebrate predators, since presumably cyagenic glycosides

and alkaloids from Passifloraceae are retained as “plant poisons” in the

insects (Gilbert, 1975). Certainly the vivid yellow and black wing color

pattern of H. charitonius suggests unpalatable properties. Although

K-selection might be the general adaptive strategy for these butterflies,

in regions of Central America such as northeastern lowland Costa Rica,

where a large spectrum of secondary habitats are available at the present

time, there is opportunity for species such as H. charitonius to be flex-

ible in the adaptive context.

The above considerations suggest that H. charitonius and other mem-

bers of the genus are not food-limited as caterpillars, owing to a variety

of factors primarily (1) availability of a large host plant biomass, (2)

specialization by different species on different passifloraceous species in

the same region, (3) diversity of oviposition habits by different species

(Gilbert, 1975), and (4) high levels of mortality of juvenile stages.

The large number of Heliconius species and other heliconiines that usu-

ally exist in the same region (Gilbert, 1975 mentions 10) warrants fur-

ther field study directed towards elucidating the mechanisms of co-

occurrence. At least for H. charitonius, from my preliminary studies,

(1) host plant specialization, (2) high selectivity of flower-type visita-

302 THE Pan-PaciFic ENTOMOLOGIST

tion, (3) apparent high mortality of early stages (yet to be confirmed).

(4) well developed adult population cohesiveness, and (5) micro-

sympatry with other heliconiines, with perhaps the existence of larva!

mimicry, suggests K-selection in secondary tropical habitats. Although

very preliminary and limited, the flower visitation observations sug-

gest repeated visits to the same flower patches by H. charitonius and

other species. Perhaps these butterflies are “traplining” for nectar and

pollen. Gilbert (1975) mentions that advanced species such as /7. chari-

tonius are expected to trapline daily for nectar and pollen sources. and

that they also trapline for egg laying sites. These properties contribute

to adult population cohesiveness.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research is a by-product of National Science Foundation Grant

GB-33060. I am grateful to Lenore Durkee (Grinnell College) and Luis

Poveda (Museo Nacional de Costa Rica) for assistance with the identi-

fication of plant species. The full cooperation of Dr. J. Robert Hunter

of Compania Agricola Myristica, S.A. (CAMSA) with logistic details

is greatly appreciated. Dr. Paul Kannowski identified the ants.

LITERATURE CITED

ALEXANDER, A. J. 196la. A study of the biology and behavior of the caterpillars

and emerging butterflies of the subfamily Heliconiinae in Trinidad.

West Indies. Part I. Some aspects of larval behavior. Zoologica 46:1—24.

ALEXANDER, A. J. 1961b. A study of the biology and behavior of the caterpillars

and emerging butterflies of the subfamily Heliconiinae in Trinidad.

West Indies. Part IT. Molting, and the behavior of pupae and emerging

adults. Zoologica 46:105—124.

Breese, W., Crane, J. AND FLeminc, H. 1960. A comparison of eggs, larvae and

pupae in fourteen species of heliconiine butterflies from Trinidad, Wesi

Indies. Zoologica 45:111-154.

Benson, W. W., Brown, K. S., Jr., anp Gitpert, L. E. 1975. Coevolution of plants

and herbivores: passion flower butterflies. Evolution 29:659-680.

Brown, F. M. anp Comstock, W. P. 1952. Some biometrics of Heliconius

charitonius (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Amer. Mus. Novit.

1574:1-52.,

Brown, K. S., Jr. 1973. A portfolio of neotropical Lepidopterology. Organizacao

Tecnica de Taquigrafia e Gravacoes Editora, Rio de Janeiro, 28 pp.

Brown, K. S., Jr., AND MieLkE, O. H. H. 1972. The heliconians of Brazil ( Lepi-

doptera: Nymphalidae). Part II. Introduction and general comments.

with a supplementary revision of the tribe. Zoologica 57:1—40,

Brown, K. S., Jr. anp Benson, W. W. 1975. The heliconians of Brazil (Lepidop-

tera: Nymphalidae). Part VI. Aspects of the biology and ecology of

Heliconius demeter, with description of four new subspecies. Bull.

Allyn Museum 26:1-19,

Vou. 52, No. 4, OcrosBErR 1976 303

Comstock, W. P., anp Brown, F. M. 1950. Geographical variation and sub-

speciation in Heliconius charitonius (Lep.: Nymphalidae). Amer. Mus.

Novit. 1467:1-21.

Epwarps, W. H. 1881. On certain habits of Heliconia charitonia Linn., a species

of butterfly found in Florida. Papilio 1:209-215.

ExR.IcH, P. R. ann Giipert, L. E. 1973. Population structure and dynamics of

the tropical butterfly Heliconius ethilla. Biotropica 5:69-82.

Emstey, M. G. 1965. Speciation in Heliconius (Lep., Nymphalidae) : morphol-

ogy and geographic distribution. Zoologica 50:191-254.

GitserT, L. E. 1972. Pollen feeding and reproductive biology of Heliconius but-

terflies. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69:1403-1407.

GILBERT, L. E. 1975. Ecological consequences of a coevolved mutualism between

butterflies and plants. pp. 210-240, In Coevolution of Animals and

Plants, L. E. Gilbert ed., Univ. Texas Press. 246 pp.

Hovopripce, L. R. 1967. Life zone ecology. Tropical Science Center, San Jose,

Costa Rica. 35 pp.

Jones, F. M. 1930. The sleeping Heliconias of Florida. Nat. Hist. 30:635-644.

Lamas, G. 1974. Supuesta extincion de una mariposa en Lima, Peru (Lepi-

doptera, Rhopalocera). Revista Peruana de Entomol. 17:119-120.

Poutton, E. B. 1931. The gregarious sleeping habits of Heliconius charitonius

L. Proc. Roy. Entomol. Soc. London 6:4—10.

STANDLEY, W. 1937. The flora of Costa Rica. 210 pp.

Younc, A. M. 1973. Notes on the biology of the butterfly, Heliconius cydno

(Lepidoptera: Heliconiinae) in Costa Rica. Wasmann J. Biol. 31:

337-350.

Younc, A. M. 1975. Observations on the life cycle of Heliconius hecale zuleike

(Hewitson) in Costa Rica. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 51:76—85.

Younc, A. M. ann TuHomason, J. H. 1975. Notes on communal roosting of

Heliconius charitonius (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) in Costa Rica. J.

Lepid. Soc. 29:243-255.

Younc, A. M. ann Carotan, M. E. 1976. Daily instability of communal roost-

ing in the butterfly Heliconius charitonius in Costa Rica. J. Kansas

Entomol. Soc.: In press.

304 THE Pan-PaciFic ENTOMOLOGIST

Notes on the Biology of the Introduced Elaterid

Conoderus exsul (Sharp)

(Coleoptera: Elateridae)

M. W. STONE

131 Sir Damas Dr., Riverside, California 92507

The Sugarcane wireworm Conoderus exsul (Sharp), originally from

New Zealand and later Hawaii, was first discovered in 1937 at Alameda,

California; currently it is recorded from 14 counties in California. (Stone,

1975). In the Hawaiian Islands the larvae have been found feeding on

sugarcane shoots and in Alameda Co., Calif., on grass roots. Larvae of

this species made rapid growth when reared in salve cans on wheat.

This species could become an important pest of vegetable and field crops

with an increase in numbers.

Light trap collections in 1974-75 indicate that C. exsul adults have

become increasingly abundant in Riverside and Orange counties. This

information on seasonal abundance together with preliminary data on

the biology of this insect are presented.

CONODERUS EXSUL (SHARP)

Monocrepidius exsul Sharp 1877: 20.

Monocrepidius exsul; Brown 1880. Manual New Zealand Coleoptera I: 294. (copy

of Sharp’s original description).

Monocrepidius exsul; Sharp 1908. Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. III, part V: 369 (records

it from Hawaii).

Monocrepidius exsul; Williams, 1931: 168. Reports larvae feeding on sugarcane

shoots in Hawaii.

Conoderus bicarinatus Van Dyke, 1932: 297. Type male, U.S.A. Arizona, Mt.

Washington, near Nogales, 6000’, July 8, 1919. (J. A. Kusche) No. 3107, CAS.

Monocrepidius exsul; Graves, 1938: 91. Larvae and adults collected at Alameda,

Cal. Det. by Van Dyke.

Conoderus arizonicus Van Dyke, 1939: 11. New name for C. bicarinatus Van Dyke

(nec Reitter, 1891).

Conoderus duplicatus Van Dyke, 1943: 44. Unnecessary new name for C. bicari-

natus Van Dyke (nec Reitter, 1891).

Conoderus exsul; Lane, 1954: 246. Report on distribution in Calif.

Conoderus exsul; Stone, 1975: 165. Widespread in central and southern Calif.

Conoderus bicarinatus Van Dyke appears to be a synonym of exsul.

Becker, E. C. (personal comm.) examined the type of exsul and it com-

pared favorably with California specimens. Adults collected throughout

California, Arizona, and also in Hawaii have been found to be similar

to the holotype of bicarinatus Van Dyke (No. 3107 CAS). The Van

Tue Pan-Pactric ENtomo.wocist 52: 304-310. OctToser 1976

Vout. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976 305

Dyke description of this species appears adequate. Additional notes and

measurements on both sexes follow.

MALE.—Length 8.5 to 12 mm. width 2.6 to 3.2 mm. Antenna slender and thread-

like extending 14 to 1 segment beyond apex of hind angles of pronotum. Segments

2 to 5 with following lengths in mm.; .17, .25, .46, .46. Male genitalia (Fig. 6)

FEMALE.— (Figs. 4 & 5). Length 11 to 13 mm.; width 3.8 to 4mm. More robust

and larger than male. Antenna shorter extending to apex of hind angle of pro-

notum.

BIOLOGICAL AND MorpHo.ocicaL Notes

Egg.—The egg is whitish, smooth, oval shaped and measures 0.43 by 0.53 mm.

Newly deposited eggs have a sticky coating which cause soil particles to adhere,

making the eggs difficult to locate in the soil. Adults obtained at black light and

confined indoors in 2 oz. soil-filled, salve cans laid eggs from June to early Septem-

ber. A total of 218 eggs were obtained from one large reared female.

Larva.—(Fig. 1). The newly hatched larvae are whitish, but become cream

colored after the second moult. When mature the head, thorax and terminal lobes

of the ninth abdominal segment are dark reddish. The caudal notch on the ninth

segment is nearly closed on immature larvae but gradually enlarges and is V shaped

on mature larvae (Fig. 2). Full grown larvae measure 15 to 19 mm. long by 2.2

to 2.8 mm. wide.

Pupa.— (Fig. 3). When first formed the pupa is opaque white, but later becomes

cream colored and the eyes become conspicuous as dark spots. Mouth parts, an-

tenna, wing pads and legs are all visible. A sharp spine is present near each ante-

rior margin of the pronotum and a similar spine is also present at each posterior

angle. Two stout shorter spines are located at the tip of the abdomen. Pupae vary

greatly in size: 8 to 14 mm. long by 2.5 to 3.4 mm. wide.

The duration of the larval period of Conoderus exsul was determined

by confining newly hatched larvae individually in 2 oz. salve tins con-

taining moist 30 mesh soil and wheat, which were replenished at 2 week

intervals. The larvae were confined indoors at temperatures of 15—25° C

(60 to 78° F). Of a group of 34 larvae which hatched during August

1974, 5 pupated in March 1975, 11 in April, 10 in May and 8 in June—

July 1975. The wide range in the duration of the larval period, from

8 to 12 months, is difficult to explain since the larvae, depending on

size, were fed equal amounts—2 to 5 kernels of wheat at each feeding.

The first adult was obtained on March 20, 1975 or 2.7 months before

adults were collected at light outdoors. The pupal period for 29 indi-

viduals ranged from 14 to 18 days, an average of 15.7 days. Adult

longevity varied depending upon temperature, moisture and food

availability. When confined in glass jars indoors with moistened cotton

and slices of carrot adult life ranges from 25 to 65 days, averaging 38

days.

In 1975 rearings of C. exsul were conducted to determine if the dura-

THE Pan-Pactric ENTOMOLOGIST

306

Vou. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976 307

Fics. 5-6. Conoderus exsul Sharp. Fig. 5. Body outline A. Apices of elytra

with rounded notches; found only in C. scissus Schfr. B. Unusual in that the hind

angles of the prothorax have paired carina. Fig. 6. Male genitalia (Ventral view)

Bt Toe

tion of the larval period varied according to the time at which the egg

hatched. Larvae hatching on June 15 and from August 15 to September

15 were reared indoors in containers on wheat as previously described.

In the above two groups designated as early (June 15) and late (August

15 to September 15) hatch, 15.8% and 12% of the larvae matured the

same year. The larval period in these groups ranged from 54 to 103

days. The pupal period averaged 14 days. (Table 1). In the early

Fics. 1-4. Conoderus exsul Sharp. Fig. 1. Larva, dorsal and ventral view, x 6.

Fig. 2. Larva, ninth abdominal segment, dorsal view. Fig. 3. Pupa, ventral view,

< 8. Fig. 4. Adult, female, x 7.

308 THE Pan-PaciFic ENTOMOLOGIST

TABLE 1. Duration of larval stage of Conoderus exsul Sharp. River-

side, Cal. 1975-76.

Larvae completing development in

1975 1976

ise Pupa- Larval period Larval period

hatched Records _ tions Range Ave. Pupations Range Ave.

1975 (No.) (%) (Days) (Days) (%) (Days) (Days)

June 15 38 15.8 81-103 91 84.2 218-292 251

Aug. 15 to

Sept. 15 24 IZ 54-78 62 87.5 180-214 214

hatch overwintering group, pupations began January 22 and terminated

April 1, 1976. First and last adults were obtained on February 8 and

April 20.

In the late hatch overwintering larval group, the first pupation oc-

curred a month later on February 21 and the last April 23. The above

pupae transformed to adults March 12 and May Ill. There was not

much difference in the duration of the larval period in the early and late

hatch groups, as indicated by the averages, 251 and 214 days, respec-

tively. The same was true of the pupal period for both groups, which

ranged from 17 to 23 and averaged 19 days. (Table 2).

One would expect that the higher temperatures indoors would be

responsible for accelerating larval feeding and for their reaching ma-

turity abnormally early. Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that of 10

medium size larvae dug up outdoors in January and fed lima beans, all

pupated in February and March, as was the case with specimens in the

containers kept indoors.

Information obtained to date indicates that in the presence of ample

TABLE 2. Duration of the pupal period of Conoderus exsul. River-

side, Cal. 1975-76.

Larvae completing development in

1975 1976

Date cen 8 19, SA mente tt Fe Ta a ats Pee

hatched Range Ave. Range Ave.

1975 (Days) (Days) (Days) (Days)

June 15 12-16 14 18-23 19.4

Aug. 15 to

Sept. 15 14-15 14 17-20 18.6

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976 309

€ of total catch

June July Aug. Sept, Oct.

Fic. 7. Bimonthly catches of Conoderus exsul adults at black light. Riverside,

Calif. 1974-75.

food a small percentage of C. exsul larvae mature the same season,

whereas the majority complete their life cycle in the year following.

PHENOLOGY

At Riverside adults were collected nightly at a 15 Watt florescent

black light located adjacent to a bare field formerly planted to citrus.

J. Wilcox employed a similar trap set-up in an avocado grove located

4 miles east of Olive, CA. (Orange County), about 30 miles from River-

side.

In 1974 at Riverside, adults were first collected on June 14 and were

most numerous in the period July 31 to Aug. 31. Emergence terminated

on Oct. 17. Trapping at Olive was started later—on Aug. 2—and ter-

minated Oct. 22, yielding a total of 518 adults. At Riverside 286 adults

were collected over a much longer period. Peak emergence at Olive

ocurred in the period Aug. 31 to Sept. 15.

In 1975 at Riverside the first adult was collected at light on June 11.

The largest numbers of adults were obtained when outdoor temperatures

at 8 to 9 p.m. remained at 24 to 26° C (75 to 80° F), usually after day-

time temperatures reached maximums of 35 to 38° C (95 to 100° F).

No adults were collected when evening temperatures dropped to below 15°

C (60° F). Peak emergence in 1975 occurred in the period Aug. 1 to

31, the same period as in 1974. Adult activity ceased on Oct. 6. A total

of 211 adults were collected, with males and females in equal numbers.

Fig. 7 shows catches of adults bi-monthly at Riverside in 1974-75.

At Olive in 1975 (fig. 8) adults were first collected on June 26 and

terminated Nov. 2. The peak of collections occurred Sept. 1 to 15. A

total of 1238 adults were taken—an exceptional number for an intro-

310 THE Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

% of total catch

| a

June July Aug, Sept. Uct.

Fic. 8. Bimonthly catches of Conoderus exsul adults at black light. Olive,

Calif. 1974-75.

duced species, considering that the soil in this grove was of coarse

texture, not overly moist and generally unfavorable for wireworm sur-

vival. Of the total catch 48% were females.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am especially indebted to J. Wilcox, Olive, California, for making

nightly catches of adults during the two seasons of these studies and for

his valued suggestions in the preparation and reviewing of the manu-

script. My thanks to E. C. Becker, Biosystematics Research Institute,

Ottawa, for his interest and helpful suggestions. Thanks also to D. H.

Kavanaugh (Calif. Academy of Sciences) who provided the Type of

C. bicarinatus, and to Floyd G. Werner, Univ. of Arizona, who furnished

specimens and collection records of C. exsul in Arizona.

LITERATURE CITED

Graves, H. W. 1938. A Hawaiian Elaterid introduced into California. Pan-Pac.

Entomol., 14(2): 91.

Lane, M. C. 1954. Distribution of several introduced species of wireworms. U.S.

Plant Pest Control Branch, Coop. Insect Rept. 12: 246.

SHarp, D. 1877. Elateridae of New Zealand. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19(4): 20.

Stone, M. W. 1975. Distribution of 4 introduced Conoderus species in California.

(Elateridae). Coleopt. Bull. 29(3) : 163.

Van Dyke, E. C. 1932. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4th Ser.) 20(9): 297.

Van Dyke, E. C. 1939. A new name for bicarinatus V. D. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 15:

11.

Van Dyke, E. C. 1943. Conoderus bicarinatus VY. D. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 19: 44.

WitiiAMs, F. X. 1931. Handbook of the insects and other invertebrates of Ha-

waiian sugarcane fields. Hawaiian Sugar Planters Assoc. Honolulu, 168

pp.

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcTroBER 1976 oii

A New Species of Apatolestes from California

(Diptera: Tabanidae)

Wooprow W. MIpDLEKAUFF

Department of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley

AND

Rosert S. LANE

Vector and Waste Management Section, California State Department of Health,

Berkeley.

The pangoniine genus Apatolesies consists of a primitive group of

species confined to the western United States, northern Mexico, and

southwestern Canada. It is comprised of 10 previously described species

and | subspecies, 3 of which are found only in California. The addition

of rugosus n. sp. to this list brings the total number of species to 11, with

4. of them confined to the state.

The new species was discovered while the authors were studying the

tabanid fauna of California, and is described here to make the name

available.

This species is closely related to A. willistoni Brennan to which it will

run in existing keys due to the infuscation present in the costal cells at

the bifurcation of veins R4—R; and along the apical cross veins (Fig. 1).

A. rugosus can be distinguished from willistoni by its more robust body

and average larger size (12-13 mm); wrinkled (rugose) subcallus; ex-

tensive brown pollinose areas lateral to the ocelli; and hairless middle of

the frontoclypeus in the female (Fig. 2). A. willistoni is more slender

and averages smaller in body length (8-9 mm) ; the subcallus is smooth,

not rugose; the pollinosity next to the eyes on the vertex is gray and the

frontoclypeus is hairy. The male has the area of the small eye facets

blending into that of the large facets, whereas these areas are sharply

demarcated in willistoni.

Apatolestes rugosus, n. sp.

(Figs. 1-2)

Female holotype—Body length 12 mm. Ratio of basal width of frons to its

height and width at vertex is 1:2:1.5; vertex between ocelli and eyes with rusty-

brown pollinosity, the pollinose area acutely angled below median ocellus and

adjacent to eye; remainder of frons including basal callus shiny, jet black, with a

patch of long stramineous hairs above basal callus and adjacent to each eye; basal

callus markedly swollen, laterally attaining each eye; subcallus with gray to tan

pollinosity and a characteristic pair of wrinkles (Fig. 2); frontoclypeus sparsely

THe Pan-Paciric ENtomotocist 52: 311-313. Octoser 1976

312 THe Pan-PaciFiIc ENTOMOLOGIST

Fics. 1-2. Apatolestes rugosus, female. Fig. 1. Wing, showing venation and

areas of infuscation. Fig. 2. Frontal view of head showing rugose subcallus.

covered with long, straw-colored hairs; genae with numerous black hairs especially

near eye margins; apical palpal segment with a conspicuous dorsal groove, covered

with a few pale, but mostly black hairs; scape and pedicel with gray pollinosity;

the flagellum black.

Thorax and scutellum with gray pollinosity, the former with a submedian and

a broad black line laterally on each side and both with numerous, short, appressed,

pale golden-yellow hairs; pleurae with numerous, long, white and black intermixed

hairs. Femora and dorsal surface of tarsi black; tibiae and plantar surface of tarsi

dark brown.

Abdominal tergites black, each with a transverse band of gray pollinosity expand-

ing medially on tergites II and III to form small, indistinct triangles. Wing hya-

line except for infuscated costal cell, cross veins, and a spot at bifurcation (Fig. 1).

Male allotype——Body length, 10.5 mm. Except for sexual differences similar to

female holotype. The area of small eye facets brown to black blending impercepti-

bly into the brown area of large facets above; a few short black hairs at tip of

palpi.

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcToBer 1976 313

Holotype female, University of California Field Station, Hopland, Mendocino

Co., California, June 2, 1973, John R. Anderson, collector.

Allotype male, taken in copulo with the holotype female.

Paratypes.—47 2 2 and 20¢ 64, all topotypic, collected on various dates from

late May to late July, 1966, 1969, 1972, and 1973. In addition the following speci-

mens were seen but not placed in the paratype series: 19, Red Bluff, Tehama Co.,

VI-12-51 (California Department of Food and Agriculture) and 19, 20 mi. n.w.

Macdoel, Siskiyou Co., VII-14-67, L. L. Dunning, collector (U. C. Davis).

The holotype and allotype plus some additional paratypes will be deposited in the

entomological collection, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Remain-

ing paratypes will be placed in the U.S. National Museum, Canadian National

Collection, Cornell University, and the California Insect Survey.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Liogorytes joergenseni (Bréthes), a cicada killer in Argentina (Spheci-

dae, Nyssoninae).—The only two wasp genera previously known to provision

cicadas are the well-known and widespread Sphecius, and the Australian Exeirus,

both genera in the sphecid tribe Gorytini. Now a third gorytin genus, Liogorytes,

is known to use cicadas.

A nesting colony of L. joergenseni (Bréthes) was discovered in a natural spring

zone at La Ciénaga, Catamarca, Argentina. The first sighting of this colony was

made 12 December, 1973, when Stange found a female dominated population (sex

ratio 30 females to 1 male) busily engaged in provisioning nests with a species

of Cicadidae (Chonosia sp.). This cicadid was present in tremendous numbers,

apparently having emerged from nymphs that had been feeding on the dominant

plant in the study zone, a species of Clump Grass (Sporolobus). Females were

observed carrying this medium size cicadid to its ground burrows which were about

one-half inch in diameter. Bohart and Stange revisited the site on 27 November,

1975, and found a male dominated population (38 males to 9 females). In contrast

to the first experience, only one adult cicadid was found and the population

activity was centered upon males searching for females. Based on the material

collected to date (78 specimens) the females are rather constant in size (about

22 mm long), whereas the males are highly variable (12 mm to 22 mm). When

the site was first visited in 1975, adults of LZ. joergenseni were quite abundant

(about 10 a.m.) but within an hour, after a marked increase in temperature, the

adults ceased flying. On a return to the site by Bohart on 16 December, 1975

no adults of either sex were seen and nesting was presumably complete.—R. M.

Bouart, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, 95616, and

LrioneL STANGE, Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina.

314 THe Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

Bembicini of Baja California Sur: Notes on Nests, Prey, and

Distribution

(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

Howarp E. Evans

Department of Zoology and Entomology

Colorado State University

Fort Collins, 80523

During a trip by air and rental car to Baja California Sur in early

June 1975, my assistants and I collected 9 species of Bembicini and ob-

tained nesting data on two of these. We had hoped to study Bembix

magdalenae, described from Bahia Magdalena by C. L. Fox in 1926 and

not recovered since. Although we spent several days on the shores of

Magdalena and adjacent bays, we failed to find magdalenae but did

find nesting aggregations of the related and equally unstudied species

B. rugosa Parker. This proved to be a reasonably typical member of the

genus in nesting behavior despite its unusual structural features. Brief

notes are also presented on other Bembicini collected, as there has been

little systematic collecting of Sphecidae in Baja California Sur.

BEMBIX RUGOSA PARKER

This species was described from Arizona and to my knowledge has not

previously been taken in Baja California Sur. We found it to be not un-

common in two localities on Bahia Magdalena, on the Pacific side of the

peninsula. On June 9 we took several females on tall composites along

the roadside about 3 km east of San Carlos, and later the same day we

found several females nesting in a man-made excavation into an an-

chored sand dune, about 1 km from San Carlos but only 100 m from the

shores of the bay. The wasps nested in flat or slightly sloping soil

within the excavation, but not in the steep-sloping soil walls; we did

not see any on top of the dune or in adjacent, more active dunes. The

soil in the nesting site was a whitish sand of somewhat coarse texture,

with occasional streaks of more compact clay-sand. Empty, broken

Bembix cocoons of previous generations were abundant on the sand

surface and at depths to 20 cm. Evidently they were in the process of

being exposed by the winds from the bay; the active nest-cells we found

were deeper than 20 cm.

Several of the empty cocoons dug from the sand had fragments of

prey around them. These proved to be wings and body fragments of

muscoid and syrphid flies, as well as one bombyliid. Several old but

Tue Pan-Paciric Entomo.ocist 52: 314-320. Octosper 1976

VoL. 52, No. 4, OctosBer 1976 315

unbroken cocoons were measured and found to be 8-9 mm in maximum

diameter, 20-25 mm in length; the number of pores per cocoon varied

from 3 to 6 (x =4.7, N= 12). In one old cell containing an inviable

cocoon, at a depth of 20 cm, there was a female mutillid, Dasymutilla

gloriosa (Saussure). These mutillids were also seen walking over the

sand in some numbers. We have no firm evidence that this species is

a parasite of Bembix.

From 1000 to 1130 we watched one female B. rugosa make 110 trial

burrows, no more than 0.5 cm deep, before finally remaining at one

point and digging persistently for several hours. Each trial burrow

required only a few seconds of digging, and all were within an area of

about 3 square meters. When she finally persisted at one site, she

backed out periodically, spraying the sand a considerable distance and

producing a rather flat mound. She dug intermittently and had reached

a depth of only 25 cm by 1600 hours.

We marked several apparently active nests and excavated three of

these. One which was open most of the day was found to have a straight,

oblique burrow 105 cm long that reached a depth of 40 cm and then rose

several cm before terminating blindly. We assume this to have been an

incomplete nest that had been abandoned. A second nest was of similar

structure, the burrow passing obliquely downward for 35 cm, then

obliquely upward for 9 cm, then gradually downward for 3 cm before

reaching a cell 4 cm long at a depth of 22 cm. The cell was empty, so we

assume this nest had also been abandoned, or at least temporarily evac-

uated.

The third nest was of similar structure although with two lateral turns

near the bottom. The major part of the burrow was 70 cm long, forming

about a 45 degree angle with the surface that later steepened to about 65

degrees. The female was at the bottom of this burrow, at a depth of 35

cm. Beyond her the burrow passed obliquely upward for 6 cm, then

obliquely downward for 5 cm before reaching a horizontal cell measur-

ing 4 cm long by 1.5 cm high. The cell contained a single fly, Psilo-

cephala sp. nr. tergisa (Say) (Therevidae) lying on its back, with a

wasp egg 5 mm long attached erect to its side.

We also encountered B. rugosa at a locality about 60 km further south,

at a site about 2 km south of Puerto Chale, on Bahia de las Almejas,

which is an extension of Bahia Magdalena. An estimated 12 females and

a few males occupied the top of a low sandhill only 50 m from the man-

erove-fringed bay. The hill was covered with cacti and bushes; the

wasps nested in bare areas but were much attracted to one large bush

which was in bloom. Males flew about the flowers and open areas in

316 THE Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

the morning hours of June 10, and several attempted matings were ob-

served. About 6 nests were marked in various stages of construction.

One female dug intermittently for the greater part of the day, then at

1640 made an initial closure of an apparently completed nest. The

mound at the nest entrance measured 25 cm long by 14 cm wide and 1.5

cm deep in the center. For 3 minutes the wasp passed over that half of

the mound closest to the entrance in irregular zigzag patterns, partially

leveling this half of the mound but leaving the other half intact. She

then made an elaborate closure, during which she made 18 radiating

lines, 9-14 cm long, emanating from the entrance. Between each line

she made a short flight, landing at or near the entrance and initiating

another line. The result was a small heap of sand covering the entrance

and flanked by radiating lines on both sides. This behavior also re-

quired about 3 minutes, after which the wasp dug through the entrance

and closed behind her at 1646 hours. Precisely the same behavior was

observed at the nest of a second individual that had been digging most

of the day.

We did not excavate either of these nests, but rather spent much time

digging out another nest which was being provisioned during the after-

noon. This nest was very deep and difficult to excavate because of the

dry, powdery condition of the sand and the fact that the burrow had two

sharp lateral curves. It began at about a 45 degree angle with the sur-

face, then steepened to about 60 degrees; the female was found in this

burrow about 1 m from the entrance. At 110 cm from the entrance the

burrow made a right angle turn, then went down another 10 cm, to a

vertical depth of 78 cm, before passing upward 3 cm and making

another right angle bend before passing obliquely downward 4 cm to a

cell. The cell measured 1.5 X 4 cm and contained 3 fresh flies and many

fly remains, as well as a nearly full-grown wasp larva. Two of the flies

were Asilidae (Ablautus flavipes Coquillett), one Mydidae (Pseudo-

nomoneura sp.).

We observed an apparent final closure of a fourth nest. This female

left a hole 4 cm long by 2 cm wide and 3 cm deep, to one side of which

there were about 20 radiating lines each measuring about 15 cm long.

We were unable to trace this burrow, which was tightly packed with

sand. We did attempt to excavate a fifth nest and were able to follow

the burrow for 1.3 m, to a vertical depth of 75 cm, but we failed to find

a cell.

BEMBIX SAYI CRESSON

This species has previously been reported from La Paz by C. L. Fox

(1923), and there is a pair from Cabo San Lucas in the California

VoL. 52, No. 4, OctoBer 1976 317

Academy of Sciences. Its nesting behavior has been described from

Florida, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico by Evans (1957, 1966).

We encountered the species at only one locality, 16 km west of La Paz,

on June 12. About 20 nests were scattered over the flat bottom of an

arroyo, about 0.3 km from the shore of Bahia Pichilingue. The nesting

area measured about 3 X 10 m, no nests being closer together than 0.5

m and most much more widely spaced than that. The area was sur-

rounded by tall cacti and bushes. We found no males at this site, and

all females showed much wear of the wings and mandibles.

Most nest entrances were open during the day, and a bombyliid fly,

Exoprosopa sima O.S., was observed flying from hole to hole, apparently

Ovipositing in them. Several Bembix females were provisioning during

the morning hours. One of them brought in 4 flies in a 30 minute period

from 1005 to 1035, in one instance requiring only 3 minutes to obtain

prey. In each case she plunged quickly into the open hole and emerged

within a few seconds. We dug out this nest in the afternoon, at which

time it was closed from the inside. It was surprisingly shallow consider-

ing the extreme heat and very dry soil in this locality. The burrow was

oblique, 46 cm long, reaching a cell at a vertical depth of 22 cm. The

female was about 35 cm from the entrance and there was a small closure

between her and the cell as well as one at the entrance. The cell was 4

cm long by 1.5 cm high and contained a half grown larva, 8 fresh flies,

and many fly remains.

The flies in this cell were identified as Diacrita costalis Gerstacker (4)

(Otitidae), Peleteria neotexensis Brooks (2) (Tachinidae), and Copesty-

lum isabellina (Williston) (2) (Syrphidae). We also found the remains

of flies around several old cocoons unearthed during our excavations. A

sample of these revealed the following: 14 Syrphidae of two species, 3

Sarcophagidae, 1 Callitroga (Calliphoridae), and 1 Diacrita costalis

(Otitidae).

We observed two instances in which females were engaged in building

large mounds of sand, presumably following final closure of the nest.

These females would land on top of the mound, then turn off to one side

for a distance of 7-10 cm kicking sand behind them, then make a brief

flight and land on top of the mound to repeat the performance over a

slightly different track. One female made 40 such lines radiating from

the mound over a period of 50 minutes, then started a new nest 40 cm

away. This “mound-building behavior” was reminiscent of that of B.

littoralis Turner, an Australian species which, however, performs the

behavior at the initial nest closure (Evans and Matthews, 1973). It is

also reminiscent of the still larger mound of Stictia lineata (Fabricus) in

318 THE Pan-PaciFic ENTOMOLOGIST

South America (Evans and Matthews, 1974). The function of these

large mounds is in no case understood.

Measurements of one of the B. sayi mounds showed it to be 25 cm

long by 17 cm wide and 2.5 cm deep in the center. In one case we were

able to locate an oblique, open burrow, 20 cm long, at one end of the

mound. This is presumably the “back burrow” described for U.S. popu-

lations. Although U.S. wasps make an elaborate final closure involving

radiating lines, then make a “back burrow,” leaving the mounds from

both burrows intact, there is no present evidence that they actually

build up these mounds (Evans, 1966, Fig. 157). This example of ap-

parent geographic variation in behavior seems worthy of further study.

BEMBIX OCCIDENTALIS W. J. Fox

We observed females of this species capturing flies from dead fish

lying on the beach a few km west of La Paz. We did not discover where

they were nesting. The species was not encountered within the nesting

areas of B. sayi or B. rugosa. It is, however, widely distributed in Baja

California Sur, and in fact part of the type series was from San José

del Cabo. There are specimens in the California Academy of Sciences

from Mulege and Coyote Cove (Bahia Concepcion), both on the Gulf

of California.

BICYRTES VARIEGATA (OLIVIER)

Two females of this species were seen digging on the beach, well below

the high water mark, 16 km west of La Paz. C. L. Fox (1923) recorded

variegata from La Paz and from Bahia Concepcion, both records also’

being from June.

MICROBEMBEX ARGYROPLEURA BOHART

We took 1 male of this species near San Carlos, and 4 males in dunes

near Puerto Chale, 60 km south of San Carlos. It has not previously

been reported from south of El Arco, Baja California Norte (Bohart,

1970). Quite possibly some of the Microbembex reported by C. L. Fox

(1923, 1926) from the La Paz area properly belong to this recently

described species. Alcock (1975) has studied its nesting behavior in

Arizona.

STENIOLIA DUPLICATA PROVANCHER

This is an abundant wasp in Baja California Sur. We collected 2

females and 3 males at Todos Santos, 1 female near La Paz, and 2 males

77 km northwest of La Paz. Gillaspy (1964) presented several addi-

Vou. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976 319

tional records. Evans and Gillaspy (1964) reported on several nests

from western Texas.

GLENOSTICTIA BITUBERCULATA (PARKER)

We took two males at flowers of Umbelliferae at Todos Santos. The

species has not previously been reported from Baja California, but I

have also seen a male from 1.5 mi. east of San Jorge, B.C. Sur, collected

July 25, 1971 (Real & Main) [Calif. Acad. Sci.]. Our specimens were

compared with the type in the U.S. National Museum.

GLENOSTICTIA BIFURCATA (C. L. Fox)

We also took 1 male of this little known wasp on Umbelliferae at

Todos Santos. The species was described from Baja California Norte

(Isla Angel de la Guarda and Bahia de Los Angeles). C. L. Fox (1923)

also described Stictiella directa from Bahia de los Angeles and recorded

it from Isla del Carmen and Isla Espiritu Santo, B.C. Sur. I have

studied part of his type series and regard directa as a synonym of bi-

furcata (new synonymy).

GLENOSTICTIA GILVA GILLASPY

We took a female and 3 males on flowers near La Paz, June 11-14.

This species was misidentified as exigua W. J. Fox by C. L. Fox (1923),

who recorded it from Isla Espiritu Santo and Todos Santos. Notes on

the nests and prey were presented by Evans (1966) and by Alcock

(1975).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am indebted to the following specialists for identifying the fly prey

and parasites: G. Steyskal, C. W. Sabrosky, L. Knutson, W. Wirth, and

F. C. Thompson. I am especially indebted to Darryl T. Gwynne

and William L. Rubink, who accompanied me on the trip to Baja Cali-

fornia Sur and assisted in collecting and making field observations.

This paper is part of a study of the comparative behavior of solitary

wasps, supported by the National Science Foundation, grant GB43790.

LITERATURE CITED

Aucock, J. 1975. The behavior of some bembicine wasps of southern Arizona

(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae, Microbembex, Glenostictia, Xerostictia) .

Southwest. Nat., 20: 337-342.

Bowart, R. M. 1970. New species, synonymy and lectotype designation in North

American Bembicini. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 46: 201-207.

320 THE Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

Evans, H. E. 1957. Studies in the comparative ethology of digger wasps of the

genus Bembix. Comstock Publ. Assoc., Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, N.Y.

248 pp.

Evans, H. E. 1966. The comparative ethology and evolution of the sand wasps.

Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. 526 pp.

Evans, H. E. anp J. E. Gittaspy. 1964. Observations on the ethology of digger

wasps of the genus Steniolia (Hymenoptera:Sphecidae:Bembicini).

Amer. Midl. Nat., 72: 257-280.

Evans, H. E. anp R. W. Matruews. 1973. Systematics and nesting behavior of

Australian Bembix sand wasps. Mem. Amer. Entomol. Inst., 20: 1-387.

Evans, H. E. anp R. W. Mattuews. 1974. Observations on the nesting behavior

of South American sand wasps (Hymenoptera). Biotropica, 6: 130-134.

Fox, C. L. 1923. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf

of California in 1921. The Bembicini (digger wasps). Proc. Calif.

Acad. Sci., (4)12: 429-436.

Fox, C. L. 1926. Expedition to the Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico, in 1925. The

Bembicini (digger wasps). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4)15: 219-222.

Gittaspy, J. E. 1964. A revisionary study of the genus Steniolia (Hymenoptera:

Sphecidae:Bembicini). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 89: 1-117.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

Required six months’ notice is given of the possible use of plenary powers by the

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in connection with the fol-

lowing names listed by case number.

ANNOUNCEMENT A. N. (S) 99

See Bull. Zool. Nom. 33 part 1, 26th June, 1976.

896. Tipula oleracea (Diptera: TIPULIDAE): revived proposals for stabilizing

names in species-group.

ANNOUNCEMENT A. N. (S) 100

See Bull. Zool. Nom. 33 part 2, 30 September 1976.

Z. N. (S.) 2140 ERIOCOCCIDAE Cockerell, 1899, proposed conservation of, and

Eriococcus Targioni-Tozzetti, 1868, proposed designation of type-

species for (Insecta: Homoptera).

Comments should be sent in duplicate, citing case number, to the Secretary,

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Nat-

ural History), Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, England, if possible within 6

months of the date of publication of this notice. Those received early enough will

be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. R. V. MELVILLE, Secretary

to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976 321

A new Rheumatobates from Costa Rica

(Hemiptera: Gerridae)

Joun T. PoLtHEmust

3115 So. York, Englewood, Colorado 80110

AND

LANNA CHENG

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, P.O. Box 109, La Jolla, California 92037

The water strider described here was found in a mangrove swamp.

The name is published so that it will be available for a forthcoming

work on marine insects. For all measurements 60 units = 1 mm, except

where given in mm.

Rheumatobates ornatus, n. sp.

Length, apterous male, 2.5 mm; macropterous forms unknown. Color deep brown

to black; dorsum of thorax and abdomen mostly frosted. Posterolateral portion of

thorax, head except median longitudinal black stripe, dorsum of first genital seg-

ment, connexival margins, orange brown. Broad medial area of pronotum, pleura,

most of mesosternum, prosternum and venter of head yellowish to leucine. An-

tenna brown, lighter ventrally and on base of segment I. Fore femur basally, fore

trochanter, posterior trochanter, yellowish brown; remainder of legs brown to deep

brown. Rostrum brown.

Structural characteristics. Antenna, fore and middle legs of male modified.

Antennal formula LIV: male, 40:3:48:37; female, 23:4:27:26. Male antennal

segment I as in Fig. le, with tufts of stout hairs basally on segment II directed

caudally and ventrally, also long (7) stout curved spine directed ventrally at distal

three-fourths on segment III (not visible in figure). Head (between eyes) of male

long (30), broad (27); shorter (27) but equally broad (27) in female. Male

abdominal dorsum broadly, transversely depressed, tergite II lowest; venter of seg-

ment VII modified to form a raised clasper (Figure la). Connexiva of male almost

vertical, flatter in female. Male fore femur with a dorsal knob basally; middle

trochanter with knob directed dorso-posteriorly; posterior trochanter with dorsal

knob basally. Anterior tibia of male flattened, with two stiff leucine brushes

distally, one dorsal, one ventral; adjacent to dorsal leucine brush is another brush

of short stiff black bristles; tibia and tarsus modified as shown in Figure lc, d.

Middle femur of male highly modified, excavate above medially, ridged along

entire length of caudal margin dorsally, set with two rows of recurved hairs plus

several rows of stiff setae directed both anteriorly and posteriorly (Figure 1b) ;

excavation with a brush of long, stiff black setae which are recumbent or obliquely

posteriorly directed (not visible in figure). Acetabula of male excavate laterally,

forming an oblique, almost vertical sulcus bordered anteriorly by a tumescence

1 Contribution from the Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, University

of Colorado, Boulder 80302 and Martin Marietta Corp., Denver, CO 80201.

Tue Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST 52: 321-323. OcroBEeR 1976

322 THe Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

\/@mm

Fic. 1. Rheumatobates ornatus n. sp., male. a. Seventh abdominal and genital

segments, ventral view. b. Middle femur and trochanter, dorsal view. c. Fore leg,

dorsal view. d. Tip of fore tarsus and claws. e. Antenna, dorsal view.

bearing a brush of stiff posteriorly directed black setae, which overlay the sulcus.

Female similar to male in coloration; length (3 mm). Appendages without

modification.

Material: Holotype (4), allotype (2), and paratypes, 316 6, 162 9, COSTA

RICA, Mata de Limon, 29 Dec. 1974, L. Cheng. Holotype, allotype and 2 paratypes

in California Academy of Sciences; paratypes in Polhemus Collection and Scripps

Oceanographic Institution.

Discussion: This species is the only known Rheumatobates with an

excavate and expanded middle femur, and it is not close to any described

species. R. crassifemur Esaki and its subspecies have the middle femur

swollen but not highly modified. The type locality is close to Puntare-

nas, and not far from Boca de Barranca; the latter is the type locality

of another recently described Rheumatobates associated with the marine

habitat (Polhemus, 1975).

Biological Notes: The mangrove swamp where R. ornatus was col-

lected is quite extensive, and connected to the sea only at high tide. The

insects were very abundant among the aerial roots of Rhizophora man-

gle, occurring in groups of 50-100. They came out in the open only

when chased from the roots. Both adults and nymphs were present, and

several mating pairs were captured. They were found with fish larvae

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976 323

that occurred in great numbers in certain areas. The habitat as well as

behavior of these skaters were very similar to those of Rheumatobates

aestuarius Polhemus found in Baja California (see Cheng and Lewin,

1971).

LITERATURE CITED

Cuenc, L. anp R. A. Lewin. 1971. An interesting marine insect, Rheumatobates

aestuarius (Heteroptera:Gerridae), from Baja California, Mexico. Pac.

Ins. 13(2): 333-341.

PotHemus, J. T. 1975. New estuarine and intertidal water striders from Mexico

and Costa Rica (Hemiptera:Gerridae, Mesoveliidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol.

51(3): 243-247.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Records of Rearing of Tachinids (Diptera) from Insects, Mostly

in Washington.’"—During the summers of 1965-7 numerous insects, largely

Lepidopterous larvae, were collected in the vicinity of Pullman and elsewhere in

Washington by Bert A. Freeman and reared at the laboratory in Pullman for de-

termining their tachinid parasites and parasite-host relationships. Because of the

illness of Mr. Freeman the project had to be terminated prematurely and was,

consequently, incomplete. Considerable unpublished information was obtained,

however, and this is presented here.

Various collecting methods were used, but in general larvae of different instars

and sometimes pupae and adults were collected under natural conditions and

brought into the laboratory where rearing was continued until the parasites

emerged and until adult hosts were obtained for purposes of identification or con-

firmation of their identities. Winter collecting was made under loose bark and in

leaf duff on the ground.

Some tachinid pupae do not seem very tolerant of artificial media or holding

conditions and will not emerge unless natural conditions are closely simulated.

For the most part, however, satisfactory results were obtained by exposing tachinid

pupae to temperatures of 3° C for two months and then bringing them gradually

out of the cold. For winter holding of tachinid and lepidopterous pupae sawdust

from kiln-dried lumber proved the best. It could be made to hold sufficient mois-

ture and, under eastern Washington conditions, very little fungous growth is en-

countered if the sawdust is changed every three or four weeks.

In the following annotated list common names are given only for insects other

than Lepidoptera; lack of such indicates a lepidopterous host. Unless otherwise

indicated the host is in the larval stage. Collections and rearing, unless otherwise

indicated, were done by Mr. Freeman. Some information based on rearing of in-

sects obtained other than in Washington is included. The order of listing is alpha-

betical by tachinid parasites. Dates are those of the collections of the hosts, not of

emergence of the parasites.

1 The work was supported by USDA grant 12-14-100-8005(33). Scientific paper number 4526, Wash-

ington State University College of Agriculture Research Center, Pullman, Washington. Work was

conducted under project 1852.

324, THE PaAn-PaciFic ENTOMOLOGIST

Athrycia cinerea (Coquillett), ex Prodenia praefica Grote, Prosser, WA., Sept.

3, 1965.

Bessa harveyi (Townsend), ex larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsoniit (Hartig), Mt.

Spokane, WA., July 24, 1965, and Moscow Mt., near Moscow, IDA., Aug. 6, 1967.

Bigonicheta spinipennis (Meigen), ex adult European earwig, Forficula auricularia

Linnaeus, Pullman, WA., July 5, 1965, 42 parasites obtained from 209 hosts. Ex

Archips cerasivoranus (Fitch), Puyallup, WA., summer, 1965, reared by E. P.

Breakey.

Blondelia hyphantriae (Tothill), ex Celerio lineata (Fabricius), Pullman, WA.,

July 16, 1967.

Compsilura concinnata (Meigen), ex Malacosoma disstria Hiibner, Pullman, WA.,

May 24, 1965, 37 parasites from 347 hosts; Pullman, WA., May 25 and June 1,

1965; Puyallup, WA., June 14, 1965; South Prairie, WA., June 3, 1967. Ex

Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar), Pullman, WA., June 17, 1965, 6 parasites from 87

hosts. Ex Stilpnotia salicis (Linnaeus), Pullman, WA., July 2, 1965, 19 para-

sites from 69 hosts. Ex Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus), Colton, WA., June 18, 1967.

Ex Halisidota argentata Packard, Enumclaw, WA., June 24, 1967. Ex Pieris

rapae (Linnaeus), Puyallup, WA., reared by Louis Getzin.

Doryphorophaga doryphorae (Riley), ex Colorado Potato beetle, Leptinotarsa de-

cimlineata (Say).

Eleodiphaga pollinosa Walton, ex adult tenebrionid, Eleodes hispilabris Say, Pros-

ser, WA., June 10, 1967; Snake River, near Pullman, WA., March—April, 1967,

10 parasites from about 100 hosts. Ex adult tenebrionid, Eleodes hovaverrucula

Boddy, reared “in numbers.” Ex adult tenebrionid, Eleodes sp., Steptoe Canyon,

near Colton, WA.

Erynnia tortricis (Coquillett), ex Archips cerasivoranus (Fitch), Pullman, WA.,

June 20, 1965, and July 14, 1967. Ex Lespeyresia pominella (Linnaeus), dia-

pausing larvae, Yakima, WA., Feb., 1967, R. B. Hutt.

Eusisyropa blanda (Osten Sacken), ex Hyphantria cunea (Drury), Puyallup, WA.,

June 5, 1965; Orting, WA., Oct. 11, 1966. Ex Archips argyrospilus Walker,

Orting, WA., Aug. 6, 1967.

Exorista mella (Walker), ex Halisidota maculata (Harris), last larval instar, Step-

toe Butte, WA., Oct. 6, 1966. Ex Datana ministra (Drury), Kamiak Butte, near

Palouse, WA., Oct. 4, 1966. Ex Prodenia praefica Grote, Genessee, IDA., Aug.

23, 1965.

Euexorista futilis (Osten Sacken), ex Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar), on willow,

Pullman, WA., June 17, 1966.

Gymnoclytia occidentalis Townsend, ex pentatomid, Euschistus impictiventris Stal.

Hemisturmia tortricis (Coquillett), ex Archips argyrospilus (Walker), Orting,

WA., June 4, 1965, and Aug. 6, 1967.

Hyphantrophaga hyphantriae (Townsend), ex Hyphaniria cunea (Drury), Steptoe

Butte, near Palouse, WA., Sept. 27, 1965, and Sept. 29, 1966; emerged directly

from pupa of host.

Leschenaultia americana (Brauer and Bergenstamm), ex Malacosoma disstria

Hiibner, South Prairie, WA., June 14, 1967.

Lespesia sp., ex Papilio rutilis Lucas, Pullman, WA., Nov. 26, 1965 (?overwinter-

ing pupa).

Lespesia archippivora (Riley), ex Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus), Colton, WA., June

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976 325

18, 1967. Ex Prodenia praefica Grote, Prosser, WA., Sept. 3, 1965. Ex Colias

eurytheme Boisduval, Othello, WA., June 27, 1966.

Lixophaga variabilis (Coquillett), ex Laspeyresia pominella (Linnaeus), Wenat-

chee, WA., Aug. 16-20, 1967.

Mericia ampelus (Walker), ex Peridroma saucia (Hiibner), Orting, WA., July 30,

1966. Ex Hyphantria cunea (Drury), Steptoe Butte, near Palouse, WA., Aug.

16, 1965.

Microphthalma disjuncta (Wiedemann), ex scarabaeid, Polyphylla crinita LeConte,

Westport, WA., June 5, 1967, 1 parasite from 24 larvae.

Nemorilla pyste (Walker), ex Archips cerasivoranus (Fitch), collected as pupa,

Pullman, WA., June 20, 1965.

Phryxe pecosensis (Townsend), ex Heliothis phloxiphaga G. & R., Yakima, WA.,

June 12, 1966.

Phryxe vulgaris (Fallén), ex Heliothis phloxiphaga G. & R., Yakima, WA., July

12, 1966, 1 parasite from 21 larvae. Ex Pieris rapae (Linnaeus), Prosser, WA.,

May 19, 1965.

Tachinomyia sp., ex Halisidota maculata (Harris), on willow, Steptoe Butte, near

Steptoe, WA., summer, 1966.

Tachinomyia similis (Williston), ex Malacosoma dissiria Hiibner, South Prairie,

WA., June 14, 1967. Ex Stilpnotia salicis (Linnaeus), Pullman, WA., June 2-4,

1967.

Thelymyia mathesoni (Reinhard), ex Hemerocampa pseudotsugata McDunnough,

Kamiak Butte, WA., Aug. 15, 1966, collected as last larval instar, parasite

emerged from pupa.

Uramya halisidotae (Townsend), ex Halisidota argentata Packard, under Douglas

fir on ground after windstorm, Tacoma, WA., June 10, 1966; parasites emerged

from last larval instar just prior to pupation.

Winthemia (?rufopicta Bigot), ex Peridroma saucia (Hibner), Pullman, WA.,

June 17, 1966.

Winthemia quadripustulata (Fabricius), ex Haliothis zea (Boddie), Grandview,

WA., Aug. 28, 1967.

Zenillia (? blandita (Coquillett) ), ex Hyphantria cunea (Drury).

A hyperparasite, the chalcidoid Dibrachys cavus (Walker), was commonly ob-

served and reared from puparia of Bigonicheta spinipennis (Meigen) during the

winter months. Incidence of parasitism ranged from 22 to 35 percent, with three

to nine larvae occurring in each of the parasitized pupae. Pupae of the tachinid

host were common under the loose bark of cottonwoods and poplars during the

winter months in the Pullman area.

The above rearing records extend the geographical distribution recorded in the

Stone et al. (1965 USDA Agric. Handbook, 276) catalog as follows: Eleodiphaga

pollinosa Walton, Washington, previously recorded from New Mexico and Califor-

nia; Thelymyia mathesoni (Reinhard), Washington, previously recorded from New

York to Manitoba and Ohio.— Maurice T. James, Professor Emeritus of Entomol-

ogy, Washington State University, Pullman 99163.

326 THE PaAn-PaciFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

A New Species of Heteromurus from the Solomon Islands

(Collembola: Entomobryidae)

José A. Mart Mutt

University of Illinois, and Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, 61801

Through the courtesy of Dr. P. N. Lawrence and the British Museum

(Natural History) I have studied the Orchesellini collected by the Royal

Society Expedition of 1965 to the Solomon Islands. The tribe was

represented by three species: the one described herein and two new spe-

cies of Dicranocentrus to be described in an upcoming revision of that

genus.

The species described below is named after Dr. Lewis J. Stannard, Jr.,

a leading authority on the Thysanoptera, who has recently retired from

the Illinois Natural History Survey after 30 years of service.

Heteromurus stannardi, n. sp.

Length up to 1.9 mm. General appearance typical of the genus (Fig. 4), the

fourth abdominal segment not being over 1.6 times longer than the third. Body

background color yellow, very diffuse purple pigment is distributed over the head,

body, antennae, and leg segments up to the coxae. Head, body, and appendages

(with the exception of the last two antennal segments) covered with scales (Fig.

7).. Antennae five segmented, about half as long as the body. Ant. 5 annulated.

Two eyes present on each side of the head (Fig. 5). Trochanteral organ composed

of about 26 setae. Tibiotarsi covered with ciliated setae, devoid of smooth setae

with the exception of the opposite seta to the tenent hair, which is present on the

third pair of legs. Claw structure as in figure 6. Tenent:hair apically lanceolate,

about as long as the unguiculus. Dental spines absent. Mucro as in figure 3, lack-

ing a basal spine. Head and body macrochaetotaxy as in figures 1 and 2.

Material Examined: Solomon Islands, Guadalcanal, Popamanasiu, 1,320 m. el.,

November 1-4, 1965, mossy ridge forest litter, P. N. Lawrence, coll. Royal Society

Expedition, B. M. 1966-1. Holotype and 15 paratypes. Two paratypes are deposited

in the collection of the Illinois Natural History Survey, the rest of the material is

in the British Museum.

Diagnosis: By the persistent absence of the mucronal basal spine, the

species comes closest to Heteromurus nitens Yosii (1964), from the

Tonga Islands, and to the African species Heteromurus subduvius Barra

(1968). Heteromurus stannardi may be readily separated from these

species by the structure of the claws and body macrochaetotaxy, which

by the way, is different from that of any species for which the pattern is

known.

Tue Pan-Paciric ENtomo.ocist 52: 326-330. Octoser 1976

Vou. 52, No. 4, OcTroBer 1976 327

Fics. 1-3. Heteromurus stannardi. Fig. 1. Dorsal head macrochaetotaxy, each

dot represents one seta. Fig. 2. Dorsal body macrochaetotaxy. Fig. 3. Mucro.

Fics. 4-5. Heteromurus stannardi. Fig. 4. Photomicrograph of a paratype.

100. Fig. 5. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the eyes. 3,000.

Fics. 6-7. Heteromurus stannardi. Fig. 6. SEM of the hind claw. 1,300.

Fig. 7. SEM of dorsal abdominal scales. 1,600.

328 THE Pan-PactFic ENTOMOLOGIST

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976

330 THE Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

LITERATURE CITED

Barra, J. A. 1968. Contribution a l’étude du genre Heteromurus Wankel. 1860

(Collemboles). Biol. Gabonica 4: 105-117.

Yosu, R. 1964. Some Collembola of the Tonga Islands. Kontyi 32: 9-17.

RECENT LITERATURE

AGRICULTURAL I[NsEcT Pests OF THE Tropics & THemR Controt. Dennis S. Hill.

1975. 516 pp. Cambridge University Press, 32 East 57th Street, New York,

New York 10022. Price $34.50.

Factors AFFECTING DISPERSAL DISTANCES OF SMALL ORGANISMS. D. O. Wolfen-

barger. 1975. 230 pp. Exposition Press, Inc., 900 So. Oyster Bay Road,

Hicksville, New York 11801. Price $15.00.

GuIDE TO THE ADULT AND LARVAL PLUSIINAE OF CALIFORNIA (LEPIDOPTERA:

Noctuwar). Thomas D. Ejichlin. August 15, 1975. Occasional Papers in

Entomology, no. 21, 73 pp. State of California, Department of Food and Agri-

culture, Division of Plant Industry, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, California

95814. Individual copies sent free of charge upon request.

Insect PHystoLocy AND ANATomy. N. C. Pant and Swaraj Ghai (eds.). 1973.

276 pp. Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New

Delhi 110012, India. Rs 6.00.

Livine Insects [THE AUSTRALIAN NATURALIST LiprARy]. R. D. Hughes. 1975.

304 pp. Taplinger Publishing Company, 200 Park Avenue South, New York,

New York 10003. Price $14.95.

Mires InjuR1ous To Economic Puiants. Lee R. Jeppson, Hartford H. Keifer, and

Edward W. Baker. 1975. 638 pp. University of California Press, 2223 Fulton

Street, Berkeley, California 94720. Price $30.00.

THe Woritpd oF THE HoneyBee. Colin G. Butler. 1975. 226 pp. Taplinger

Publishing Company, 200 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10003.

Price $14.95.

Tue ButTerFiies OF NortH America. William H. Howe (coordinating editor

and illustrator) and twenty contributors. 1975. 633 pp., 97 colored plates.

Doubleday & Company, Inc., Dept. ZP-510, Garden City, New York 11530.

Trade edition, price $39.95. Limited edition, limited to 200 copies, numbered

and signed by the artist, including a print of special painting suitable for

framing, price $150.00.

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976 331

Nesting Behavior of Encopognathus rufiventris

Timberlake

(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

R. M. Bowart anp B. VILLEGAS

Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis 95616

Encopognathus is a relatively primitive or unspecialized genus of

the tribe Crabronini. According to Bohart and Menke (1976), there

are 23 described species occurring in widespread temperate and tropical

regions of the world except Australia. The only biological reference

of which we are aware is a brief note by Arnold (1932) that E.

chirindensis (Arnold) provisioned with ants of several species in

Rhodesia. In light of our findings this may have been in error.

ENCOPOGNATHUS RUFIVENTRIS TIMBERLAKE

Nesting site—A small colony was observed in Arroyo Seco Camp

in the hilly Upper Sonoran Life Zone of Monterey County, California

at an elevation of 246 meters. From May 28—June 13, 1975 about 35

nests were located in a two square meter area of hard-packed sandy soil

alongside wheel tracks of a seldom used dirt road. Perhaps 20 females

were active at a time, some constructing burrows and others provision-

ing. Entrances were scattered but some were only a few cm apart. Daily

activity at the nest site extended from 10:15 AM to 5:00 PM, Pacific

Standard Time. Females were engaged mostly in nest construction

during the morning and provisioning during the afternoon. No males

were seen at the nest site but a few were collected on small yellow com-

posites several hundred feet away. Females exhibited an erratic hover-

ing flight for two to three seconds just before entering or just after

leaving nests.

Nest structure.—Ten nests were excavated and dissected, some at the

site and others after removal to the laboratory. The entrances were

about 3.5 mm in diameter, open at all times, and without a chimney

although sometimes under leaves. There was no accumulation of dirt

around the entrance since the female carried away excavated material

in her mandibles and front legs. In this process she flew backwards

from the nest opening for about 25 cm before dropping the load. Typi-

cal burrows are diagrammed in figs. 3 and 4. Each main tunnel was

relatively simple, somewhat undulate, and slanting into the ground for

9.5 to 12 cm. The tunnel ended in a whorl of three to five branches with

cells arranged in linear fashion (figs. 3, 4). Loose sandy soil was

Tue Pan-Paciric Entomotocist 52: 331-334. Octroper 1976

332 THE Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

‘et

‘ J

Crt

par.

{li

(

Lea}

—L.

Fics. 1-4. Encopognathus rufiventris Timberlake. Fic. 1, mature larva, lateral

view. Fic. 2, facial view of mature larva with enlargements of labium and mandible.

Fics. 3-4, profiles of typical nests.

placed between the cells by the wasp as she worked back toward the

entrance. Each oval cell was about 3.5 mm wide and 6.5 mm long.

The greatest number of cells observed in a single nest was 16.

Provisioning.—Prey were small Miridae, all but a few of them adults.

Four species were utilized and these were apparently obtained from

nearby plants of Verbena lasiostachys and Lotus scoparius. Most fre-

VoL. 52, No. 4, Ocroper 1976 333

quent prey were Macrotylus lineolatus Uhler. Other mirids used were

Psallus seriatus (Reuter) and several species of Plagiognathus (deter-

minations by Jon Herring, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division

of Insect Identification, etc.). The female held the paralyzed prey in

the middle legs as she returned to the nest. Near the opening the wasp

displayed a short hovering and somewhat sidewise motion before plung-

ing into the open nest. The time absent from the nest by 10 actively

provisioning females was 50 seconds to six minutes (average 136

seconds). The prey were packed tightly, head forward or the reverse,

and 12 to 18 per cell.

Immature stages —-No eggs were found. Larvae pushed the uneaten

bug remains to one end of the cell. At maturity a silk lined cocoon was

formed which was completely covered with brownish sand grains as

illustrated for Entomognathus by Miller and Kurczewski (1972:fig. 4).

The cocoons were about 3.5 mm wide and 6.0 mm long. Morphologi-

cal details of a mature larva are shown in figs. 1 and 2. Figure 1 was

drawn from a specimen preserved in alcohol. Figure 2 was drawn from

a head briefly treated in hot KOH and mounted in balsam on a slide.

Parasites —Three females of an undescribed species of Spintharosoma

(Chrysididae) were collected after they were observed repeatedly en-

tering the burrows of Encopognathus rufiventris at the nest site.

DIscUSSION

Four presumably “primitive” genera of Crabronini have the following

prey relationships: nymphal and adult mirid bugs used by Enco-

pognathus, Lygus and other adult mirids by Anacrabro, leafhoppers

by Entomocrabro, and chrysomelid beetles by Entomognathus. The use

of different orders of insects by related genera may seem unusual. How-

ever, Belomicrus, which has many points of morphological resemblance

with Encopognathus but is in a separate tribe Oxybelini, is known to

provision with beetles in one section of the genus and nymphal and adult

mirids in another section (Bohart and Menke, 1976). Among pub-

lished reports on biology and larval morphology, the greatest simi-

larities with Encopognathus rufiventris have been found in the study

of Entomognathus memorialis Banks by Miller and Kurczewski (1972).

Burrow formation, larval structure, and cocoon appearance are all

much the same as those described and figured by the above authors.

Many small sphecids do not make a formal closure of the nest on

completion and EF. rufiventris belongs to this sort. The entrance is prob-

ably filled in a short time by blowing dust or as a result of light rains.

334 THe Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

E. rufiventris females have a very short foreleg pecten as would be ex-

pected in a wasp which omits nest closure.

LITERATURE CITED

ARNOLD, G. 1932. New species of the Ethiopian Sphegidae. Occas. Pap.

Rhodesian Mus. (1)1: 38.

Bowart, R. M. anp Menke, A. S. 1976. Sphecid wasps: A world generic re-

vision. University of California Press Berkeley. 695 pp.

Mitier, R. C. anp Kurczewski, F. E. 1972. A review of nesting behavior in the

genus Entomognathus, with notes on E. memorialis Banks. Psyche 79:

61-78.

RECENT LITERATURE

Les CARABIDAE DU QUEBEC ET DU LABRADOR. A. Larochelle, Department de Biologie

de College Gourget, Rigand. Bull. I. 255 pp. 1975. Available from author,

$15.00 (Canadian).

This publication is difficult to categorize. The content is nearly evenly split

between an annotated catalogue of the species of Carabidae and Cicindelidae

known to occur in Quebec, and an atlas of distribution maps. Minor segments are

devoted to providing instructions for use of the catalogue and atlas, lists of

collections consulted, lists of species doubtfully recorded or to be expected in

Quebec, and a bibliography. Printing is by the offset process, with unjustified

right margins. A notice near the beginning of the work states that only 400 copies

have been printed, possibly explaining the relatively expensive price. Primarily

of interest to specialists of Carabidae or of the fauna of eastern Canada.—Kditor.

THE STONEFLIES, OR PLECOPTERA, OF ILLINoIs. T. H. Frison. Bulletin of the

Illinois Natural History Survey, 20:281-471. (Reprinted by Entomological

Reprint Specialists, P.O. Box 77224, Dockweiler Station, Los Angeles, California

90007). $15.00.

THe MAYFLies oR EPHEMEROPTERA, OF ILLINOIS. B. D. Burks. Bulletin of the

Illinois Natural History Survey, 26:1-216. (Reprinted by Entomological

Reprint Specialists, P.O. Box 77224, Dockweiler Station, Los Angeles, California

90007). $15.00.

These works remain useful summaries of the systematics, distribution and biology

of the taxonomic groups which are included. Despite the geographic restriction

suggested by the titles, the effective area of coverage is much larger, in terms of

the proportion of North American species included. Both volumes are generously

illustrated, and include lucid discussions of life history and ecology of these

important aquatic insects.—Editor.

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcroBER 1976 330

Observations on the Nesting Behavior of

Ammophila _ nasalis

(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

DarryL T. Gwynne!

Department of Zoology and Entomology, Colorado State

University, Fort Collins 80523

During June 8-9, 1975 I made some observations on the nesting be-

havior of Ammophila nasalis Provancher near San Carlos, Baja Cali-

fornia Sur, Mexico. These will add to the information on the nests and

prey of A. nasalis given by Hicks (1935) (under the name Sphex cras-

pedotus; see Menke 1965).

The wasps were nesting in the open spaces between low halophytic

shrubs in a large flat area of firm sand. A single nest of A. nasalis was

excavated by Dr. A. S. Menke at a similar nesting site on the University

of California at Santa Barbara campus at Goleta (June 1959) (personal

communication). Hicks’ observations were made along a sandy river-

bank of the Los Angeles river near Burbank, California.

During mid afternoon on June 8 female A was observed digging a

nest. She made several successive flights backwards from the nest

entrance dropping a spray of sand 20-30 cm from the nest entrance

and 10-20 cm above the ground. Most Ammophila species deposit soil

from burrow excavation while in flight (Evans 1959).

At 1345 on June 9 female B was observed leaving her nest, which had

a small white shell as a temporary closure. She flew about 30 meters

and started to investigate some of the nearby shrubs. During the after-

noon she was observed to return to the nest five times, carrying prey in

her mandibles. Upon landing at the nest she first dropped the prey then

removed the shell from the burrow entrance (fig. 1). She then grasped

the prey and backed into the burrow, then replaced the shell when she

left. This sequence was observed during the first four times she re-

turned to the nest. Similar observations were reported by Hicks (1935).

The hunting times ranged from 7 to 12 min. (XK =11, N=4). When

she left on the fifth hunting flight the nest was carefully excavated so

that one side was open (fig. 2); all of the caterpillar prey were removed

except the one bearing the egg. A plastic stake was used to cover the

exposed side of the burrow and both the sand and the temporary shell

closure were replaced. The female returned in 75 min. and entered the

1 Part of a study of the comparative behavior of solitary wasps, supported by the National Science

Foundation grant GB 43790 to Dr. Howard E. Evans.

Tue Pan-Paciric Entomouocist 52: 335-338. OctToser 1976

336 THE Pan-PaciFic ENTOMOLOGIST

Vou. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976 o07

nest with prey. She then made a final closure by pushing the shell down

into the burrow, depositing pieces of debris into the burrow with her

mandibles and using alternate movements of her front legs to push sand

into the burrow. The total time for the final closure was three minutes.

In his study of A. campestris Jur. (= pubescens Curtis) Baerends

(1941) found that each female takes care of more than one nest at a

time. He showed that the wasp visited each hole in the morning before

hunting. If prey were removed from a nest by an experimenter, before

the morning inspection, the female would bring in more prey than

usual to replace the missing ones. If cell contents were decreased after

the morning inspection the female did not bring in more prey. Ap-

parently A. nasalis mass provisions one burrow at a time but like A.

pubescens does not respond to the number of prey in the cell during the

day. This is evidenced by the above manipulation of cell contents; only

two small caterpillars, not enough to sustain a larva, remained with the

egg when the wasp made the final closure.

The shape of the burrow was typical of other Ammophila species as

given by Evans (1959) (fig. 2). The depth of the vertical burrows was

5.0 cm (female A) and 4.0 cm (female B). The single nest which was

excavated by Dr. Menke was 5.0 cm in depth but the three examined by

Hicks were deeper (8.2—8.6 cm).

Each burrow at the Baja California site ended in a horizontal cell

approximately 2.5 by 1 cm. The nest of female A, which was not com-

pleted when excavated, had a lump of sand as a temporary closure and

contained 10 geometrid caterpillars (identified by D. M. Weisman).

The egg was positioned transversely on the dorsal side of abdominal

segments 3 and 4 of the caterpillars. The nest of female B had a total

of 12 geometrid prey. Hicks (1935) also observed A. nasalis to use

geometrid prey but the single uncompleted nest at Goleta, California

contained a lycaenid caterpillar.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank Dr. Howard E. Evans for commenting on the

manuscript and Dr. A. S. Menke for additional information about A.

nasalis.

Fics. 1-2. Nesting of Ammophila nasalis. Fig. 1. Female B removing temporary

closure (shell) from burrow entrance. Fig. 2. Nest of female B showing the tem-

porary closure in the upper part of the burrow and geometrid caterpillars in the

cell.

338 THE PAn-PAciFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

LITERATURE CITED

Barrenps, G. P. 1941. Fortpflanzungsverhalten und Orientierung der Grabwespe

Ammophila campestris Jur. Tijdschr. Entomol., 84: 68-275.

Evans, H. E. 1959. Observations on the nesting behavior of digger wasps of the

genus Ammophila. Amer. Midl. Nat., 62: 449-473.

Hicks, C. H. 1935. Notes on rare western sphecid wasps. Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

11: 97-102.

Menke, A. S. 1965. The identity of some Ammophila observed by C. H. Hicks,

H. E. Evans and others in connection with biological studies (Hymenop-

tera, Sphecidae). Entomol. News, 76: 257-261.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Larvae of Coelus ciliatus parasitized by Reinhardiana petiolata (Coleop-

tera: Tenebrionidae; Diptera: Tachinidae). In May and June 1975 two

adults of Reinhardiana petiolata (Townsend) emerged from larvae of Coelus

ciliatus Eschscholtz collected from coastal sand dunes in California. Adults of

this fly are common over much of western North America (Stone, eé al., 1965,

Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico, U.S. Government Printing

Office), but hosts of the immature stages were previously unknown for the tribe

Melisoneurini, in which Reinhardiana is classified (P. H. Arnaud, personal com-

munication).

Flies were reared from two collections of Coleus larvae. One adult female

emerged on V-22-1975 from a dead parasitized larva collected at Dune Lakes, 3 mi.

S Oceano, San Luis Obispo County, California, IV-29-1975. One adult male

emerged about VI-18-1975 from a larva collected at Point Reyes National Sea-

shore (South Beach), Marin County, California, IV-19-1975. This larva appeared

healthy when collected, showing no evident distress until the fly maggot pupated

between May 21-28, after killing the host. These dates indicate a pupal period

of 23-30 days.

The Reinhardiana larvae inhabit the haemocoele of the long, slender host

without causing a noticeable bulge until pupation. The fly puparia are about

twice the diameter of the beetle larva, whose body wall becomes stretched around

the parasite, giving the appearance of a snake containing a recent large meal.

Both puparia were lodged in abdominal segments 4-8, at about the midregion of

the host’s body. One puparium had the anterior end directed posteriorly in the

host, the other anteriorly. Emergence was through the dried body wall near the

apex of the puparium.

The broad ecological and geographic occurrence of Reinhardiana and the limited

Pacific coastal sand dune distribution of Coelus ciliatus suggest a broad host

range for this fly, possibly including other families of ground dwelling beetles.

The research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BMS 74-

17924. P. H. Arnaud, Jr., kindly determined the adults of Reinhardiana, and assis-

tance with the fieldwork was provided by L. Fahrquar—Joun T. Doyen, Division

of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley 94720 and

C. N. Stospopcurkorr, Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University,

Flagstaff 86001.

Vout. 52, No. 4, OcTroBER 1976 309

A new species of Fuchsina Fall with

notes on some California Lathridiidae

(Coleoptera)

FRED G. ANDREWS

Insect Taxonomy Laboratory

California Department of Food and Agriculture

Sacramento, 95814

In his revision of North American Lathridiidae, Fall (1899) de-

scribed Fuchsina occulta from the coastal region of California. He

characterized this monotypic genus as “. . . the most extraordinary of

North American Corticariini” because of the 10-segmented antennae,

lack of eyes and differences in elytral and scutellar sculpture. He de-

scribed Revelieria californica in the same paper.

The Lathridiidae are known to feed on fungi in both larval and

adult stages (Hinton, 1941; Hammad, 1953). Some species are ar-

boreal while others are associated with moldy stored products, but most

are found in plant litter. Investigations of the litter fauna have largely

been in areas where there is a rich humus buildup. Along the Pacific

Coast this includes the Coastal Ranges, Transverse Ranges and west

side of the Sierra Nevada. The east side of the Sierra Nevada and the

basin ranges immediately to the east are in rain-shadow and plant litter

and humus are greatly reduced. Historically there has been little in-

vestigation of the soil fauna in this area. Recent sampling of the dry

sparse litter in this area using Berlese funnels has shown the Lath-

ridiidae to be abundant and widespread. Several new species have been

discovered, one of which will be treated in this paper.

This interesting but perplexing new desert inhabitant is a second

species in the genus Fuchsina. Inclusion of this species in Fuchsina

necessitates a slight redefinition of the genus. The following diagnosis

will suffice to separate Fuchsina from all other Corticariini.

FucuHsIna FALL

Small, reddish brown, parallel sided. Antennae 10- or ll-segmented with 3-

segmented club. Eyes absent or reduced to a single facet. Prosternal fovea

present. Scutellum transverse, without ridges or carinae, obtusely pointed poste-

riorly. Female with 5 abdominal sternites, male with a sixth present, shortened.

Fuchsina arida, new species

(Fig. 7)

Length, 1.2-1.4 mm. Width, 0.4-0.5 mm. Body elongate oval, convex, setiferous.

Cuticle shining, reddish brown. Head, thorax, scutellum and abdominal sternites

Tue Pan-Paciric ENtomo.uocist 52: 339-347. Ocrosper 1976

340 THe Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

Fies. 1-6. Fuchsina spp.: 1) arida, head, single eye facet; 2) occulta, head,

eyeless; 3) occulta, elytral setation; 4) arida, elytral setation; 5) arida, scutellum;

6) occulta, precoxal fovea.

with reticulate microsculpture. Head transverse; tempora parallel-sided; frons

anterior to eyes sharply tapering to a blunt point; clypeus trapezoidal, expanded

anteriorly. Labrum trapezoidal, somewhat surrounding anterior clypeal margin.

Antennae 1l-segmented; Ist globose, 2nd ovoid, 3rd—8th of equal width, shortening

Vou. 52, No. 4, Ocroser 1976 o41

9) Revelieria californica Fall.

WHO OT O TNT OS

EO SOHO

8) Fuchsina occulta Fall

Fics. 7-9. Habitus: 7) Fuchsina arida new species

342 THE Pan-PaciFIc ENTOMOLOGIST

apically until transverse; club segments expanding, 9th oval, 10th transverse, 11th

with width one and one-half times length. Eye a single facet (Fig. 1). Pronotum

quadrate (width to length ratio 23:20); margin subdenticulate; punctation uni-

form, punctures separated by twice their diameter, fovea anterio-lateral to procoxae

(Fig. 6). Coxae conical, intercoxal process 14 diameter of coxa, closed behind.

Scutellum wider than long, ellipsoidal, microreticulate (Fig. 5). Elytra gently

inflated, smooth. Elytral setae in 14 or 15 confused rows, (Fig. 4) each emerging

from bilobed plaque. No elytral punctures. Tarsi with last 2 segments of equal

length. Aedeagus symmetrical.

Holotype. (Calif. Acad. Sci. No. 12394) Westgard Pass, Inyo Co., Calif., XI-

1972, berlese pinyon duff. D. Giuliani. Paratypes 2 same data, 12 same locality

except XII-72 and from juniper duff, 6 same locality except XII-72 and pinyon

duff.

Additional specimens. CALIFORNIA. Inyo Co.: Coyote Cr., 7 mi. SW Bishop,

7500’, IX-1972, D. Giuliani, pinyon duff [CDFA] (2); Fall Cr., 5200’, IX-1972,

D. Giuliani, golden oak duff [CDFA] (13); Grandview Camp, White Mts., 28-

VIII-1965, O. Clarke, Juniperus occidentalis duff, [CDFA] (17); Onion Valley

nr. Kearsarge Pass, 8-VIII-1964, O. Clarke, mixed leaf litter [CDFA] (1);

Waucoba Spring, 30-IV-1975, F. G. Andrews, A. R. Hardy, Pinus monophylla litter

[CDFA] (4); White Mts., 28-VII-1965, O. Clarke, Populus trichocarpa duff

[CDFA] (1). Modoc Co.: Benton Meadow, 12-VII-1974, soil [CISC] (11); Fan-

dango Pass, 4-VII-1974, soil [CISC] (2); Long Valley, 1-VII-1974 and 18-VII-

1974, soil [CICS] (2); Shields Creek, 26-VI-1974 and 5-VII-1974, soil and litter

[CISC] (4); Snell Spring, 26-VI-1974, 1-VII-1974, 2-VII-1974, soil [CISC] (11);

So. Deep Creek, 28-VI-1974 and 16-VII-1974, soil [CISC] (16). Riverside Co.:

Whitewater Canyon, 15-I]-1959, I. M. Newell, creosote bush duff [CDFA] (11).

San Bernardino Co.: 1 mi. NE Arrowbear, 6400’, 14-ITI-1964, E. L. Sleeper, pine-

oak duff [CDFA] (30); Joshua Tree Nat’]1 Monument, Fried Liver Wash, 4-II-

1967, Pinyon Wells, 14-V-1966 and 4-ITI-1967, Pleasant Valley, 7-I-1967, .7 mi. S

Squaw Tank, 11-XII-1965, E. L. Sleeper and S. L. Jenkins [LBSC] (5); New York

Mts., Bathtub Springs, 25-IV-1971, J. D. Pinto, leaf litter [CDFA] (1). San Diego

Co.: Borrego, Palm Canyon, 25-IV-1955, R. O. Schuster [CISC] (2). NEVADA.

Mineral Co.: 2 mi. W Mina, 6700’, IIJ-1973, D. Giuliani, pinyon duff [CDFA]

(3); Montgomery Pass, XII-1972, D. Giuliani, pinyon duff [CDFA] (4). ORE-

GON. Klamath Co.: Bly Mt., 19-III-1959, J. Schuh, yellow pine duff [JSCC] (1).

REMARKS: Fuchsina arida differs from F. occulta in having eleven-

segmented antennae; it resembles occulta in having (1) elytra without

striae or punctures, (2) large number of rows of setae (12 in occulta,

15: in arida) in somewhat confused lines, (3) scutellum without carina

or fovea, exposed portion subtriangular, (4) eye reduced (absent in

occulta, a single facet in arida) and (5) abdominal sternites numbering

5 in females, 6 in males. The naming of a new genus for arida based

upon the difference in antennal segment number (Fuchsina occulta is

the only known North American Corticariini to have other than an 11-

segmented antenna), or placing it in another existing Corticariini genus

Vou. 52, No. 4, OctoBEer 1976 343

TABLE 1. Morphological characters of the various genera of Corti-

cariini in North America.

Genus: Fuchsina Corticaria Corticarina) Melanophthalma Cortilena

No, of segments

in antennae &

antennal club

10-11/3 11/3 11/3 11/3 11/2

Posternal

fovea

Abdominal Q

present present absent absent absent

sternites CO 5

Elytral 12-14 con- 8 rows 8 rows ' 8 rows 8 rows

setation fused rows, punctate punctate punctate punctate

impunctate striae striae striae striae

Coxal lines

first abdominal | absent absent

absent present present

sternite

Relative length

tarsal segments

2&3

1>2 1>2

Shape of triangular truncate truncate truncate truncate

scutellum without carinate carinate carinate carinate

carina or or ridged or ridged or ridged or ridged

ridges

First tarsal smooth smooth smooth spinal smooth

segment projection

of male

a} genitalia symmetric symmetric asymmetric symmetric symmetric

was thought unwarranted because of overall similarity to occulta and

lack of similarity to other genera.

Table 1 depicts those characters historically used (Belon, 1897; Fall,

1899; Von Peez, 1967; Dejoz, 1970) to separate the various Corticariini

genera. It can be seen that Fuchsina as constituted by both occulta and

arida shows little overall similarity to any other North American genus

with the possible exception of Corticaria where a few characters are

shared.

FUCHSINA OCCULTA FALL

(Fig. 8)

In Mr. Fall’s original description of F. occulta he listed Los Angeles,

Los Gatos and Mill Valley as localities of collection and sifting litter at

the base of redwoods as the only host data. A number of new distribu-

tional records are known (Fig. 9). In addition to the coast range collec-

344, THE Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

Fic. 10. Known geographical distribution of Fuchsina arida and F. occulta.

Dotted line depicts mountain crests with: desert climate to east.

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976 345

Fic. 11. Known geographical distribution of Revelieria californica Fall.

tion, it can be seen that it is also found on the west side of the Sierra

Nevada range and in the southern part of the Klamath Range. Host

data show records from Engelmann oak, Black oak, several undeter-

mined oak species, Pinus ponderosa, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Arcto-

staphylos and from the nest of the wood rat Neotoma fuscipes.

The pattern of distribution for F. arida and F. occulta show allopatry

with all known records of occulta being from the west side of the Sierra

Nevada and transverse ranges, while all records for arida are from the

east side of the Sierra Nevada and transverse ranges (Fig. 10). In San

Bernardino and Riverside Counties the two species are found within

8-10 miles of one another, but always on opposite sides of the moun-

tains.

346 THE Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

REVELIERIA CALIFORNICA FALL

(Fig. 9)

This easily recognizable and distinct species was also described by

Fall in 1899. He included it in Revelieria along with R. genei of

Southern Europe and Northern Africa. It was then known from two

Basidiomycetes (Pleurotus and an unidentified polypore) and at Los

Gatos and Ojai, California, both coastal locations.

Subsequent collection, mainly by berlese sampling, has shown it to

be widespread in California, occurring in the lower elevations of the

Coast Ranges, Transverse Ranges, Klamath Mountains, southern end

of the Cascades and on both the east and west sides of the Sierra

Nevada (Fig. 11). It has not yet been found outside of California, but it

seems likely to be found in the Basin Ranges of Nevada and in Southern

Oregon. I have collected it in association with Myxomycete fructifica-

tions on several occasions. It was found in El Dorado Co. on the under

surface of Fuligo septica in association with Odontosphindus clavicornis

Casey (Sphindidae), and has been taken three times at Yuba Pass,

Sierra Co. on Arcyria versicolor Phill. On two occasions adult speci-

mens were collected. The third collection was 3 X 4 inch patch of

sporangia infested with Lathridiid larvae. Rearing yielded several

hundred Enicmus cordatus Belon adults and only three Revelieria cali-

fornica adults. Revelieria larvae were not isolated and studied, but

dissection of the adult gut yielded typical Arcyria versicolor spores. It

has not been recollected in association with higher fungi, but has been

berlesed from the litter of Heteromeles arbutifolia, Juniperus sp., Pinus

monophylla, Pinus sabiana and Quercus sp. It has not been found to be

locally abundant; rarely does a one-half square yard sample contain

more than a single specimen and has never contained more than three

specimens.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am indebted to the following individuals for help in obtaining

litter samples: R. F. Wilkey, formerly of the California Department of

Agriculture; A. J. Gilbert, T. R. Haig, A. R. Hardy, R. Hobza, E. L.

Paddock and R. E. Somerby of the California Department of Food and

Agriculture; J. T. Doyen and J. D. Pinto of the University of Cali-

fornia, Berkeley and Riverside respectively; and to D. Giuliani of Lone

Pine, California.

The following institutions and individuals made specimens available

for study: H. B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences; J. Chemsak,

VoL. 52, No. 4, OctoBER 1976 347

California Insect Survey, University of California, Berkeley; Saul

Frommer, University of California, Riverside; E. L. Sleeper, Long

Beach State University and J. Schuh, Klamath Falls, Oregon.

Ms. E. Parker prepared the habitus illustrations and the photomicro-

graphs were produced on the auto-scan at the University of California,

Davis, with the assistance of Mr. R. O. Schuster.

LITERATURE CITED

Beton, M. J. 1897. Essai. de classification générale des Lathridiidae avec le

catalogue systématique et alphabétique de toutes les espéces du globe.

Rey. Entomol. Franc. 1897: 105-221.

Dasoz, R. 1970. Etude des coléoptéres Lathridiidae de |’Afrique intertropicale.

Ann. Mus. R. Afr. Centr. Sér. in-8. Zool. 184: 1-49.

Fatt, H. C. 1899. Revision of the Lathridiidae of boreal America. Amer. Ent.

Soc., Trans. 26: 101-190.

Hammapb, S. M. 1953. The immature stages of Metophthalmus serripennis

Broun. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., Proc. (A) 28: 133-138.

Hinton, H. E. 1941. The Lathridiidae of economic importance. Bull. Ent. Res.

32(3): 191-247.

Prez, A. von. 1967. Familie: Lathridiidae, p. 168-182. In Freude, Harde, and

Lohse, eds., Die Kafer Mitteleuropas, Band 7, Clavicornia. Goeke and

Evers, Germany.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Distribution and ecology of Leistus ferruginosus Mannerheim (Coleop-

tera: Carabidae) .—Leistus ferruginosus is the only widespread American Leistus.

Its range as given by Erwin includes portions of Alaska, British Columbia, Wash-

ington, Oregon, and possibly California. There is one record from western Alberta.

Most published records are coastal; the following inland localities may be isolated,

relict populations: Jasper, Alberta; Mt. Revelstoke, British Columbia; and Mt.

Bonaparte, Okanagon Co., Washington. The following new record extends the

known range to western Montana: MONTANA: Ravalli Co., 5 miles SW Florence

3700’, June 27, 1967, Loren Russell collector. The single specimen is in the Uni-

versity of Washington collection. This locality is approximately 350 miles south-

east of both Mt. Revelstoke and Mt. Bonaparte.

All of the Oregon localities given by Erwin (1970, Pan-Pac. Entomol., 46:

111-119) are located west of the Willamette Valley, with five of the six strictly

coastal. The following record establishes the presence of L. ferruginosus in the

Oregon Cascade Range: OREGON: Marion Co., Silver Creek Falls State Park,

June 26, 1972, Loren Russell collector.

Erwin (loc cit) saw specimens collected between May and August, with one

teneral specimen taken in June suggesting adult hibernation. I have found this

species active between April 4 (Seattle, Wash.) and September 20 (Whatcom

348 THE Pan-PactFic ENTOMOLOGIST

Co., Wash.). A teneral specimen was taken April 22 (Seattle), so that larval

hibernation may also occur in this species.

Lindroth (1961. Opusc. Entomol., Suppl. 20: 1-200) has described the habitat

of L. ferruginosus as “on moderately moist, half shaded ground usually near

running water.” J have found it in such situations though usually away from

water, but also in the following habitats: at the edge of a snowfield (Whatcom

Co., Wash., Hannegan Pass 3000’, Sept. 30); under large rubble constantly

drenched by spray of a waterfall (Marion Co., Ore., Silver Creek Falls) ; and on

the seabeach near the mouth of a small tidal creek in association with Dyschirius

obesus LeC. and Bembidion tigrinum LeC. (Clatsop Co., Ore.). At the first two

localities cited the Leistus were associated with staphylinids of the genus Phlaeop-

terus. Although the maritime occurrence may have been untypical, it appears

that L. ferruginosus can survive in a variety of microthermal habitats.

An unusual behavioral characteristic which seems to have escaped notice is

the pronounced tendency of L. ferruginosus to ascend moist, shaded vegetation.

I have swept or beaten this species from salmon berry (Rubus spectabilis Pursh)

thickets in Washington and Oregon. Eleven specimens were taken in 20 minutes

sweeping at sunset (Coos Co., Ore.), including one hand-collected approximately

1 meter above the ground. Scansorial behavior is somewhat surprising in the

terrestrial Nebriini, though similar behavior has been noted in the cychrine

Scaphinotus angusticollis Mnh. in coastal forests (Van Dyke, 1944. Entomol. Amer.,

24: 1-9).

Unless stated otherwise, all records are based on material in the author’s col-

lection.—LorEN RusseELi, 828 NW 27th Street, Corvallis, Oregon 97330.

Ecological Notes on Chagas’ Zoonosis in New Mexico.—While recording

the biogeographical distribution of Chagas’ zoonosis and triatome insect vectors

in New Mexico, Wood & Wood (1961, Amer. J. Trop. Med. & Hyg., 10: 155-65)

reported a collection from Chaco Canyon National Monument of 11 Triatoma

protracta protracta (Uhler), which were renamed Triatoma protracta navajoensis

Ryckman (Ryckman, 1962, Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 27: 114-15). Deducting

those specimens named 7’. p. navajoensis, Table 1 of Wood & Wood (1961, loc. cit.)

should now read 445 T. p. protracta collected, 436 examined and 16 or 3.8% infected

instead of 456-442-18-4%. Corresponding data for the 7. p. navajoensis in 1961

should be 11, 6, and 2 or 33% infected. The Navajo conenose bug has been

known for its annoyance to man in Chaco Canyon since 1952 when 1 6 and 1 @

naturally-infected with Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas were received from L. P.

Arnberger (Wood, 1953, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 52: 57-60; 56: 51, 99).

The first T. p. navajoensis reported infected with 7. cruzi in Utah was from

a cabin in Wayne County (Ryckman, 1962, loc. cit.).

During the summers of 1962 and 1963, we investigated conenose bug annoyance

to humans at Chaco Canyon, which yielded additional data. Cooperative collecting

by all personnel at the Monument produced 18 T. p. navajoensis in 1962 and 9

in 1963. Single specimens received in 1961 and 1964 raised the total for the

Chaco Canyon personnel living areas to 40 (15 ¢, 22 9, 3 5th instar nymphs)

with 34 (13 ¢, 18 @, 3 5th instar nymphs) examined including 8 (2 ¢,6 9)

or 23.5% infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Four T. p. navajoensis were taken

from house trailers and 24 from houses. These included infected bugs: 1 ¢,1 9

in bedrooms and 1 @ in bathroom, and uninfected bugs: 1 6, 49, 1 5th instar

VoL. 52, No. 4, OcToBer 1976 349

nymph in bedroom; 2 @ in kitchen and 2 @ in living room. Nine bugs were

captured outside homes. Infected were 1 ¢, 2 @ near a “blacklight” (loaned

by the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History) and white muslin “bug

sheet” and 1 @ in an empty Sherman live trap set near the canyon wall. Un-

infected were 2 $,1 2 on front porches, 1 ¢ near the blacklight and 1 5th instar

nymph in a live trap. One infected 2 was captured inside the visitor center. No

Triatoma annoyance had been noted in recent years in Chaco Canyon according

to Archaeologist J. E. Mount.

From 1957 through 1960, Superintendent R. Taylor Hoskins and Naturalist

Paul F. Spangle forwarded triatomes to us from Carlsbad Caverns National Park.

Table 1 of Wood & Wood (1961, loc. cit.) included only the 1957 and 1958 speci-

mens of Triatoma gerstaeckeri (Stal). Additional bugs received in 1959 brought

the totals to 47 collected, 43 examined with 5 or 11.6% infected with Trypanosoma

cruzt. Sites of capture, where specified, for T. gerstaeckeri were as follows: in-

side homes (25): infected: 1 ¢@ in living room; 1 ¢ in bathroom; uninfected:

1 92 in living room; 1 ¢,1 92 in bedroom; 1 ¢,1 2 in bathroom; and 1 92 among

stored carpets. Two uninfected males were from the visitor center. Twenty bugs

were captured outside houses: infected: 2 @ at the cave entrance and 1 @ col-

lected by Dr. Gerald Harwood when it flew into the open windows of a parked

car at night; uninfected: 9 ¢, 1 2 on porches, 6 ¢ from outside screens, and

1 $ behind the visitor center. An infected T. gerstaeckeri in a car in the parking

lot suggests a possible dispersal method for this insect vector. High summer

temperatures could be lethal for most specimens in cars, but many cars with air

conditioning could harbor and transport live Triatoma hundreds of miles from

Carlsbad Caverns.

Most Triatoma protracta woodi Usinger were found in Neotoma dens (Table 1,

Wood & Wood, 1961, loc. cit.) ; however, 1 ¢ and 2 2 were collected inside homes

at Carlsbad Caverns. One ¢ was taken on 24.VII.1957 from under a damp cloth

under the kitchen sink and 2 2 on 6.VI.1960 were from beds. One ¢ was found

outside a home on 6.VIII.1958. All were negative for trypanosomes.

Recent correspondence from Environmental Specialist Philip F. Van Cleve at

Carlsbad Caverns reports “no annoyance” from Triatoma since 1968, although a

few specimens were found in areas of the visitor center and residences during the

summer seasons. The reduced incidence of Triatoma seems to be associated with

a reduction of the local small mammal population through improved waste-

disposal techniques.

In southwestern United States, humans may be protected from Chagas’ disease,

because of infrequent contacts with infected Triatoma due to better housing with

screening of doors and windows, exposure to smaller contaminative droplets with

fewer infective parasites per unit volume of feces (Wood, 1960, Exptl. Parasitol.,

10: 356-65), and the rapid evaporation of infected bug feces from the surface

of the skin in hot weather. Shorter feeding times for the insect vectors, delayed

defecation (Wood, 1951, J. Econ. Ent., 44: 52-54) and rapid dispersal from the

host after feeding probably reduce the potential for bite wound contamination.

Human infection in the United States has so far been linked by Woody et al

(1961, J. Pediat., 58: 744) to association with T. gerstaeckeri (28 mm), a larger

species than 7. p. navajoensis (20-23 mm). Triatoma p. navajoensis is the largest

of the widespread North American “protracta complex” of conenose bugs (Ryck-

man, 1962, Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 27: 93-240). The blood meal size of

T. p. navajoensis has been determined by Wood (1976, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer.,

350 THE Pan-PaciFic ENTOMOLOGIST

In Press). Subspecies protracta and woodi take much less blood than navajoensis

and, therefore, presumably become infected less often from rodent parasitaemias.

The relatively smaller size of these insect vectors and consequent smaller amount

of ingested blood may assume great importance for the infrequent contaminative

transmission to man of this zoonosis of rodents in the United States.

The yet smaller size of Paratriatoma hirsuta Barber (12 mm) may explain,

in part, why it has not been found naturally-infected despite our examination of

486 specimens. P. hirsuta is readily infected experimentally with Chagas’ trypano-

some by feeding on an infected Peromyscus (Wood, 1941, Pan-Pac. Entomol., 17:

117). One negative ¢ P. hirsuta and 1 positive 5th instar T. rubida wuhlert

nymph were found in the same wood rat den at the Alvarado Mine, near Congress,

Yavapai County, Arizona on 30.V.1940. Twelve P. hirsuta nymphs taken in wood

rat dens in the same location on 2] & 22.XII.1940 were also negative. This was

at a time of winter temperature stress for the rats, a condition which should have

stimulated higher parasitaemias, as noted in Griffith Park, Los Angeles (Wood &

Wood, 1967, Pacific Insects, 9: 545). One negative @ P. hirsuta was collected

16.V.1956 from a bed in a home in Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona, where 1

positive 9 T. rubida uhleri was picked up from the cement patio on 12.VI.1970

(Wood, 1975, Pan-Pac. Entomol., 51: 167-8). One negative ¢ P. hirsuta col-

lected 9.VIII.1970 from the service room of a residence in Springdale, Washington

County, Utah, was associated with 2 positive 9 T. p. protracta collected 8 &

23.VII.1970 (Wood, 1973, Ibid, 49: 183-4). Probably heavy parasitaemias of

reservoir mammals are necessary for Paratriatoma to become infected due to its

much smaller blood meals——SHERWIN F. Woop anp Fare D. Woop, 614 PW.

Shenandoah St., Thousand Oaks, CA 91360.

MAILING DATES FOR VOLUME 52

No. 1—January _ mailed 22 April 1976

INOe sage: a at oes mailed 23 July 1976

No. 8--s)aly 5 ee mailed 8 September 1976

No. 4 October mailed 24 March 1977

Vou. 52, No. 4, OcToBER 1976

dol

INDEX TO VOLUME 52

Acanthocinus leechi 203

Adaina ambrosiae 251

Aegialites

californicus 82

fuchsi 82

subopacus 82

Alexander, California Crane Flies 244

Allen and Edmunds, A New Mayfly 133

Alloxysta nothofagi 286

Ammophila

campestris 337

nasalis 335

Andrews, A New Alloxysta 286

Andrews, Lathridiidae, esp. Fuchsina

309

Anomala

diabla 220

eximia 221

hardyorum 221

imperialae 222

kanei 223

sabinae 224

suavis 225

Apatolestes

actites 212

rugosus 311

Apiomerus crassipes 178

Aprostocetus diplosidis 80

Armstrong, Distribution of Stelidota 83

Arnaud, A Parasite of Arctidae 90

Arnaud, Charles H. Martin 90

Arnaud, Sarcophaga intercept 89

Ault, Behavior of Belomicrus 29

Barr and Westcott, Notes on Chryso-

bothris 138

Belomicrus columbianus 29

Bembex

occidentalis 318

rugosa 314

sayi 316

Bicyrtes variegata 318

Bionomics

Adaina ambrosiae 251

Aegialites 82

Ammophila nasalis 335

Anthophora urbana urbana 120

Apatolestes actites 212

Apiomerus crassipes 178

Apoidea 177

Aprostocetus diplosidis 80

Belomicrus columbianus 29

Bembix spp. 314

Chalybion californicum 229

Chrysobothris spp. 138

Coelus ciliatus 338

Conoderus exsul 304

Cyrtopogon inversus 288

Encopognathus pectinatus 331

Fuchsina spp. 339

Heliconus charitonius 291

Hoplitis 110

Hordnia circellata 33

Leistus ferruginosus 347

Panurginus atriceps 161

occidentalis 159

Pleocoma hirticollis vandykei 95

Proteriades shoshone 73

Reinhardiana petiolata 388

Revelieria californica 346

Siphloplecton basale 265

Sphaeridium spp. 14

Synnoma lynosyrana 1

Tabanidae 84

Tachinidae 323

Templemania 91

Tenebrio molitor 84

Veromessor pergandei 63

Bohart and Stange, Liogorytes in Argen-

tina 313

Bohart and Villegas, Behavior of Enco-

pognathus 331

Book Notices and Reviews 62, 158, 233

Bouseman, Biology of Apiomerus 178

Brephos infans oregonesis 83

Caccoplectus

improvisus 156

probus 156

Callophrys (Mitoura)

turkingtoni 60

Cattle droppings 13

Chagas’ disease 348

Chalybion californicum 229

Chandler, New Caccoplectus 154

Chandler, on Attracting Anthicidae 179

Charles H. Martin 90

Chemsak and _ Linsley,

Triacetelus 216

Chemsak and Linsley, Studies of Lep-

turinae 38

Cheng, A New Hermatobates 209

Chontalia 44

cyanicolor 44

Choreutis apocynoglossa 256

Choriolaus 38

derhami 40

gracilis 41

Chrysobothris

axillaris 139

azurea 139

barri 140

breviloba 140

biramosa calida 140

chrysoela 140

cupressicona 141

deleta 144

edwardsii 145

fiskei 145

ignicollis 145

The

Genus

302

inaequalis 146

laricis 146

lata 147

neotexana 147

peninsularis 148

piuta 148

prasina 148

pusilla 149

quadrilineata 149

rossi 150

rotundicollis 150

sexfasciata 151

subcylindrica 151

texana 15]

ulkei 152

woodgatei 152

Clement and Rust, Biology of Hoplitis

110

Clifford, Life Cycle of Siphloplectron

265

Coelus ciliatus 338

Coleoptera

Anthicidae 179

Bruchidae 50

Buprestidae 138, 272

Carabidae 347

Cerambycidae 37, 38, 137, 203, 216,

227

Elateridae 304

Hydrophilidae 14

Lathridiidae 339

Malachiidae 92

Meloidae 179

Nitidulidae 83

Pselaphidae 97, 154

Pyrochroidae 213

Salpingidae 82

Scarabaeidae 14, 95, 220

Staphylinidae 14, 56

Tenebrionidae 84, 338

Collembola 326

Conoderus exsul 304

Compsilura concinnata 90

Computerized Discriminant Functions

Contarinia sorghicola 80

Coville, Spider Wasp Behavior 229

Curicta

howardi 208

pronotata 207

Cyrtopogon inversus 288

Daly, Leucopsis Reared from Xylocopa

271

Deformities—Collops 92

Dennis & Lavigne, Oviposition of Cyrto-

pogon 288

Diedrops 126

aenigma 129

hitchcocki 129

Diptera 18

Asilidae 288

THE Pan-PaciFic ENTOMOLOGIST

Drosophilidae 167

Ephydridae 126, 242

Muscidae 234

Sarcophagidae 89

Tabanidae 84, 311

Tachinidae 90, 323, 338

Tephritidae 90

Tipulidae 244

Doyen, Book Reviews 158, 233

Doyen and Slobodchickoff, Parasitiza-

tion of Coleus 338

Drosophila cuauhtemoci 167

Editorial Notice 285

Encopognathus rufiventris 331

Ephemeroptera 133, 265

Ephydra usingeri 242

Epirrhoe plebeculata 83

Euplecturga 107

fideli 108

impressicollis 107

norstelcha 109

Evans, Bembicini of Baja California 314

Evodinus lanhami 227

Fannia

conspicua 238

thelaziae 235

Felix et al., Mexican Drosophila 167

Fuchsina

arida 339

occulta 343

Garrison, Variation in Libellula 181

Giuliani, Habitat of Aegialites 82

Giulianium 56

campbelli 56

Glenostictia

bifurcata 319

bituberculata 319

gilva 319

Goeden and Ricker, Ragweed Plume

Moth 251

Gregarines 84

Grigarick and Schuster,

Oropodes 97

Gwynne, Nesting Behavior of Ammoph-

ila 335

Halisidota 90

Heliconus charitonius 291

Hemiptera

Gerridae 209, 321

Nepidae 204

Notonectidae 172

Reduviidae 178, 264, 340

Heppner, A New Choreutis 256

Hermatobates singaporensis 209

Hesperoconopa anthracina 245

Heteromurus stannardi 326

Hippomelas 272

caelata 282

carolinensis 273

castaneus 274

compacta 275

Revision of

Vou. 52, No. 4, OcTOBER 1976

cuneata 283

dianae 274

fulgida 275

imperialis 284

insularis 275

juniperinus 275

obliterata 275

pacifica 276

planicauda 279

planicosta 276

sphenica 280

Homoptera

Cicadellidae 33

Hoplitis

hypocrita 111

fulgida 114

sambuci 116

Hordnia circellata 33

Hydriomena nubilofasciata 83

Hymenoptera 19

Andrenidae 159

Anthophoridae 120

Apoidea 177, 271

Chalcidoidea 271

Cynipidae 286

Eulophidae 80

Formicidae 63

Megachilidae 73, 110

Sphecidae 29, 229, 313, 314, 331, 335

Hyrtanella 133

christineae 135

Ischalia chinensis 213

James, Records of Tachinids 323

Johnson, A New Callophrys 60

Johnson, Classification of Kytorhinus 50

Kaplan, Deformities of Collops 92

Kytorhinus prolixus 50

Langston, Geometridae 83

Lee et al., A California Coastal Tabanid

212

Leistus ferruginosus 347

Lepidoptera 233, 262

Arctiidae 90

Geometridae 83

Glyphipterygidae 256

Lycaenidae 50

Nymphalidae 291

Pterophoridae 251

Tortricidae, 91

Leptochoriolaus 47

opacus 47

Lepturges infilatus 137

Leucopsis klugii 271

Lewis, A New Evodinus 227

Lewis, Female Acanthocinus 203

Libellula luctuosa 181

Linsley, Defensive Behavior of Bees 177

Linsley, Galapagos Moths 262

Linsley and Ross, Plant Associations of

Hippomelas 272

Liogorytes joergenseni 313

393

Literature Notices 12, 22, 59, 153, 166,

228, 243, 250, 290, 330, 334

Lycidocerus 44

sanguineus 45

Mannophorus forreri 37

Mari Mutt, A New Heteromurus 326

Marqua, Cerambycid Distribution 37,

137

Mathis and Wirth, New Neotropical

Ephydridae 126

Mayer and Johansen, Biology of An-

thophora 120

Megachoriolaus 41

chemsaki 41

Merritt, Book Notice 62

Merritt, Insects of Cattle Droppings 13

Metretopus 265

Microbembix argyropleura 318

Middlekauff and Lane, A New Apato-

lestes 311

Molophilus spiniapicalis 247

Moore, A New Staphylinid 56

Mordellistenomimus 43

nanus 43

Nebria desolata 91

Nemognathomimus 42

pallidulus 42

Nothofagus 286

Notonecta 172

Odonata

Libellulidae 181

Ormosia

denningi 247

loretta 248

Oropodes 97

arcaps 103

dybasi 101

nuclere 105

orbiceps 99

rumseyensis 100

Page and Fisher, Pleocoma 95

Panurginus

atriceps 161

occidentalis 159

Parker, A new Megachilidae 73

Philip, Galapagos Tabanidae 84

Pleocoma hirticollis vandykei 95

Polhemus, North American Nepidae 204

Polhemus and Cheng, A New Rheu-

matobates 321

Potts, New Anomala 220

Powell, Oviposition of Templemania 91

Powell, Biology Synnoma 1

Proceedings 83

Proteriades shoshone 73

Pseudophilotes 89

Purcell, Host Preference of Hordnia 33

Ranatra

montezuma 204

spatulata 206

texana 206

304

Reinhardiana petiolata 338

Revelieria californica 346

Rhabdomastix brevicellula 244

Rheumatobates ornatus 321

Rissing and Wheeler, Foraging of Vero-

messor 63

Russell, Biology Leistus ferruginosus

347

Sarcophaga tibialis 89

Scientific Notes 37, 80, 82, 83, 84, 89,

90, 91, 92, 95, 137, 177, 178, 179,

203, 212, 262, 264, 271, 313, 323,

338, 347, 348

Scott and Shepard, Computerized Iden-

tifications 23

Siphloplectron 265

Stelidota geminata 83

Steniolia duplicata 318

Stone, Biology of Conoderus 304

Summers, Scientific Note 80

THe Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

Synnoma lynosyrana 1

Triacetelus 216

emarginata 218

sericatus 218

viridipennis 217

Triatoma protracta navajoensis 264

Turner, on Fannia Flies 234

Verromessor pergandei 63

Voigt and Garcia, Notonecta nymphs

172

Wirth, A New Brine Fly 242

Wood, Cannibalism in Triatoma 264

Wood and Wood, Chagas’ Zoonosis in

Mexico 348

Xylocopa brasilianorum 271

Young, A New Chinese Pyrochroid 213

Young, Biology of Heliconus 291

Zhovreboff, Gregarines and Tenebrio 84

Zoological Nomenclature 28, 180, 241,

320

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in cooperation with

The California Academy of Sciences

VOLUME FIFTY-TWO

1976

EDITORIAL BOARD

J. T. DOYEN, Editor

J. A. CHEMSAK, Assistant Editor

E. G. LINSLEY

HUGH B. LEECH

E. S. ROSS

H. V. DALY

P. H. ARNAUD, JR., Treasurer

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

1976 1977 1978

J. G. Edwards J. A. Powell, Chairman T. D. Eichlin

C. B. Philip R. W. Thorp J. D. Pinto

San Francisco, California

1976

CONTENTS FOR VOLUME 52

Alexander, C. P. .

Additions to the Crane flies of California 244,

Allen, R. K. and Edmunds, G. F., Jr.

Hyrtanella: A New Genus of Ephemerellidae from Malaysia _______ 133

Andrews, F. G.

A new species of Alloxysta, aphid hyperparasite, from South

PEPTIC eed ps. pun Eee Rt er Ve elses gis hour eke 286

Andrews, F. G.

A new species of Fuchsina with notes on some California

ARPS) s abst ihakel, (co. RERUN REE SLMS Seeing eA eenc ny ee Me 339

Ault, S. K.

Nesting behavior of Belomicrus columbianus _....----- 29

Barr, W. F. and Westcott, R. L.

Notes on Chrysobothris, and new species from California _________ 138

Bohart, R. M. and Stange, L.

Liogorytes joergensent, cicada killer in Argentina _.---_=___ 313

Bohart, R. M. and Villegas, B.

Nesting behavior of Encopognathus rufiventris 331

Book Notices and Recent Literature _.. 12, 22, 59, 62, 153, 166, 228,

233, 243, 250

Boi aewiew Ue ar 28 ee ee, EOE Rh oe 158

Chandler, D. S.

New species of Caccoplectus 154,

Chemsak, J. A. and Linsley, E. G.

Mexican and Central American Lepturine Cerambycidae related

to Euryptera and Choriolaus _... 38

Chemsak, J. A. and Linsley, E. G.

The genus T'riacetelus Bates _.....---- 216

Cheng, L.

A new species of Hermatobates 209

Clement, S. L. and Rust, R. W.

Nesting biology of three species of Hoplitis _.....-----___- 110

iii

Clifford, H. F.

Life cycle of Siphloplecton basale

Coville, R. E.

Predatory behavior of the Spider Wasp, Chalybion californicum 229

Daly, H. V.

Leucopsis klugii (Chalcidoidea) reared from Xylocopa brasili-

anorum (Apoidea) in Costa Rica yar

Dennis, D. S. and Lavigne, R. J.

Oviposition of Cyrtopogon inversus __........-----------------------------------—- 288

Doyen, J. T. and Slobodchikoff, C. N.

Larvae of Coelus ciliatus parasitized by Reinhardiana petiolata _. 338

radi fora TMI fs i bas Ne, SY MSc Ee a Rae 125, 264, 285

Evans, H. E.

Notes on Bembicini of Baja California Sur 314

Felix, R., et al.

Population genetics of Mexican Drosophila. II. A new species

0 PEE GUS CHT MOT OND oct cot og a reek ee ee ET 167

Garrison, R. W.

Multivariate analysis of geographic variation in Libellula

luctuosa 181

Goeden, R. D. and Ricker, D. W.

Life history of Ragweed Plume Moth in Southern California

Grigarick, A. A. and Schuster, R. O.

Revision of the genus Oropodes ____......-.--.----------------------- 07

Gwynne, D. T.

Nesting behavior of Ammophila nasalis 305

Heppner, J. B.

A new Choreutis from the San Francisco Bay Area _...... 256

James, M. T.

Rearing records of Tachinids 323

Johnson, C. D.

Redescription and phylogenetic affinities of Kvytorhinus

PRONE). com, Deve ea) o assay Lee) Be Sond dD eras 2 50

Johnson, K.

A new species of Callophrys from Mexico 60

Lewis, A. E.

A new species of Evodinus from Wyoming 221

Linsley, E. G. and Ross, E. S.

Plant associations among adult Hippomelas _........_-______- 212

Mari Mutt, J. A.

A new species of Heteromurus from the Solomon Islands ________ 326

Mathis, W. N. and Wirth, W. W.

A new Neotropical Shore Fly Genus with two new species _____. 126

Mayer, D. F. and Johansen, C. A.

Biological observations on Anthophora urbana urbana _____-- 120

Merritt, R. W.

Food habits of insects inhabiting cattle droppings in north

eemtral “Galitormia: 08 sh ee eee Se 13

Middlekauff, W. W. and Lane, R. S.

A new species of Apatolestes from California __..__---______ 311

Moore, I.

- Giulianium campbelli, a new genus and species of Marine Beetle

ea AEE, eae Bree eee ee et oe a 56

Parker, G. D.

A new Proteriades reared from trap stems _.....-- 10

Polhemus, J. T.

Notes on North American Nepidae ___....---- 204:

Polhemus, J. T. and Cheng, L.

A new Rheumatobates from Costa Rica __._. B21

Potts, R. W. L.

New species of North American Anomala __...- 220

Powell, J. A.

Host plant preference, mating and egg development in

Synnoma lynosyrana ___.---------- nn 1

Proceedings, Pacific Coast Entomological Society __.._______»_»__ 83

Purcell, A. H.

Seasonal changes in host plant preference of blue-green Sharp-

shooter Hordnia circellata 33

Rissing, S. W. and Wheeler, J.

Foraging responses of Veromessor pergandei to changes in seed

PEER TOC) 6600) 1% i oo Seen Ee eee MCs ae OO. Nees alee ie 63

Russell, L.

Distribution and ecology of Leistus ferruginosus ___-.....--.---- 347

Rust, R. W.

Notes on biology of North American Panurginus —_.-- 159

Scott, J. A. and Shepard, J. H.

Simple and computerized discriminant functions for difficult

identifications: A rapid nonparametric method 25

Stone, M. W.

Biological notes on Conoderus exsul 304,

Turner, W. J.

Fannia thelaziae, new species of eye-frequenting fly from

California and description of F. conspicua female 234,

Voigt, W. G. and Garcia, R.

Keys to Notonecta nymphs of West Coast United States 172

Wirth, W. W.

A new species of Brine Fly from California rice fields 242

Wood, S. F. and Wood, F. D.

Ecological notes on Chagas’ Zoonosis in New Mexico __.......- 348

Young, A. M.

Biology of Heliconius charitonius in Costa Rica 291

Young, D. K.

A. new species of /schalia from Southeastern China 213

Zoological Nomenclature 28, 180, 241, 320

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including

articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history,

and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and may be charged to the author.

Papers are published in approximately the order that they are received. Immediate publi-

cation may be arranged after acceptance by paying publication costs. Papers of less than

a printed page may be published as space is available, in Sctentiric Notes.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the

Editors, T. D. Eichlin, A. R. Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, Calif. Dept. of Food

and Agriculture, 1220 N St., Sacramento, California 95814.

Typing.—Two copies of each manuscript must be submitted (original and one xerox

copy are suitable). All parts of manuscripts must be typed on bond paper with

double-spacing and ample margins. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 814

> 11 inches are not accepted. Do not use all capitals for any purpose. Underscore

only where italics are intended in the body of the text, not in headings. Number all

pages consecutively and put author’s name at the top right-hand corner of each sheet.

References to footnotes in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes should be

typed on a separate sheet.

First page.—The page preceding the text of the manuscript should include (1) the

complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses, (3) the author’s name or

names, (4) the institution with city and state or the author’s home city and state if

not affiliated, (6) the complete name and address to which proof is to be sent.

Names and descriptions of organisms.—The first mention of a plant or animal should

include the full scientific name with the author of a zoological name not abbreviated.

Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style.

References.—All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig, 1958), should be listed

alphabetically under Lirerature Cirep in the following format:

Essig, E. O. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

2:211-212.

1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rey.

ed. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1050 pp.

Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1966,

47 (21) :8585-8601.

Tables.—Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be

prepared as a line drawing or typed on a separate page with heading at top and foot-

notes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecutively

for each table. Use only horizontal rules.

Illustrations.—No extra charge is made for the line drawings or halftones. Submit only

photographs on glossy paper and original drawings (no photographs of drawings).

Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimensions of the printed

page (444 x 634 inches). If possible, allowance should be made for the legend to be

placed beneath the illustration. Photographs should not be less than the width of the

printed page. Drawings should be in India Ink and at least twice as large as the

printed illustration. Excessively large illustrations are awkward to handle and may

be damaged in transit. Include a metric scale on the drawing or state magnification

of the printed illustration in the legend. Arrange figures to use space efficiently.

Lettering should reduce to no less than 1 mm. On the back of each illustration should

be stated (1) the title of the paper, (2) the author’s complete name and addess, and

(3) whether he wishes the illustration and/or cut returned to him at his expense.

Cuts and illustrations not specifically requested will be destroyed.

Figure legends.—Legends should be typewritten double-spaced on separate pages headed

EXPLANATION OF Ficures and placed following LITERATURE CiTeD. Do not attach

legends to illustrations.

Proofs, reprints, and abstract.—Proofs and forms for the abstract and reprint order

will be sent to authors. Major changes in proof will be charged to the author. Proof

returned to the editor without the abstract will not be published.

Page charges.—All regular papers of one to ten printed pages are charged at the rate

of $18.00 per page. This is in addition to the charge for reprints and does not include

the possible charges for extra pagination or the costs for immediate publication.

Private investigators or authors without institutional or grant funds may apply to the

society for a grant to cover a portion of the page charges. In no case will society

grants subsidize more than two thirds of the cost of page charges. Pages additional

to the first ten are charged at the rate of $30.00 per page, without subsidy.

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL

SOCIETY.

Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (numbers 1-9, 131

pages). 1901-1930. Price $5.00 per volume.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vol. 1 (1924) to Vol. 51 (1975), price $10.00 per volume of 4

numbers, or $2.50 per single issue. Vol. 52 (1976) and subsequent

issues, $15.00 per volume or $3.75 per single issue.

MEMOIR SERIES.

Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. 320 pages. Pub-

lished October 1951. Price $6.00. (Plus 35¢ postage.) *

Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family Tetranychidae by A. Earl

Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. 472 pages. Published July

1955. Price $10.00. (Plus 50¢ postage. ) *

Volume 3. Revisionary Studies in the Nearctic Decticinae by David

C. Rentz and James D. Birchim. 173 pages. Published July 1968.

Price $4.00. (Plus 25¢ postage. ) *

Volume 4. Autobiography of an Entomologist by Robert L.

Usinger. 343 pages. Published August 1972. Price $15.00. (Plus

40¢ postage. ) *

Volume 5. Revision of the Millipede Family Andrognathidae in the

Nearctic Region by Michael R. Gardner. 61 pages. Published

January 21, 1975. Price $3.00. (Plus 25¢ postage.) *

* (Add 6% sales tax on all California orders (residents of Alameda,

Contra Costa and San Francisco counties add 642%). Members of the

Society will receive a 20% discount.

Send orders to:

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

c/o California Academy of Sciences

Golden Gate Park

San Francisco, California 94118