Vol. 52 APRIL 1976 No. 2

THE

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

GRIGARICK AND SCHUSTER—A revision of the genus Oropodes Casey

\((Geleeptera: = Pselapiigae) ty. «t= -. selene a Nine vet 97

CLEMENT AND RUST—The nesting biology of three species of Hoplitis

Klug (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) 110

MAYER AND JOHANSEN—Biological observations on Anthophora urbana

urbana Cresson (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) 120

MATHIS AND WIRTH—A new Neotropical shore fly genus with two new

Specitsea( Diptera: “Ephydridae). ° 42.20 eS tn ee 126

ALLEN AND EDMUNDS—AS)yrtanella: A new genus of Ephemerellidae

irormeMalaysia. (Hphemeropitera)a oe. = i a a ae 133

BARR AND WESTCOTT—Taxonomic, biological and distributional notes of

North American Chrysobothris, with the description of a new species

from California (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) 138

CHANDLER—New species of Caccoplectus (Coleoptera: Pselaphidae) 154

RUST—Notes on the biology of North American species of Panurginus (Hy-

TRENOPLELA ty ANCLEMIC AC) Ores en Sk ae oh eee Pa 159

FELIX ET AL.—Population genetics of Mexican Drosophila. II. A new

species of the obscura group of the genus Drosophila (Diptera: Dro-

STOEL OTM 5 eye le Aetaiaee ae Mie ok SA ire an AN Ae TNA es er el SE: 167

VOIGT AND GARCIA—Keys to the Notonecta nymphs of the West Coast

United States (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) — 172

SCLEN GiniG: NOTES ce. ae ee ee ee 137, 177, 178, 179

Lait Ge pI Ea Tt 7a OS 0 eee eRe ll aD Pe 153, 166

SOG RUE: VoEG NW: «op Debrecen. MANE. TS ye Se Sg ae Ta ee 158

FOOT OECICAT NOMENCIFATI WIRE. 22 ee ee Oe 180

TE BALIN Ona Les Lage COSC] SES ae ol oe eae lek Se A eee 125

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA ¢ 1976

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

VoL. 52 APRIL 1976 No. 2

A Revision of the Genus Oropodes Casey

(Coleoptera: Pselaphidae)

ALBERT A. GRIGARICK AND ROBERT O. SCHUSTER

Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616

Oropodes was proposed for a single species from southern California.

A second species, from Oregon, was added by Park and Wagner in

1961 but it was sufficiently different for the authors to consider it

necessary to establish the subgenus Euplecturga for its placement. A

study of the characters discriminating 75 genera of the Euplectini

showed the differences between Oropodes (sensu strictiore) and Oro-

podes (Euplecturga) to be adequate for generic status. The genera and

their type species are redefined, three new species from northern

California and one from Oregon are assigned to Oropodes, and two

new species, one from Oregon and one from northern California are

placed in Euplecturga.

The holotypes of all new species are slide-mounted and deposited

at the Department of Entomology Museum at the University of Calli-

fornia at Davis unless otherwise indicated. Methods of measurement

and slide mounting techniques are as stated in Grigarick and Schuster,

1971.

OrOPODES CASEY

Oropodes Casey, 1893. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 7: 453.

Foveation of head limited to a pair of vertexal and gular foveae; the latter with

a single exterior opening. Venter of head with normal acuminate setae except

gular foveae guard setae, no median carina. Antennal club three segmented, seg-

ment X nearly symmetrical. Pronotum with longitudinal median depression and

biarcuate depression between lateral foveae; basal depressions present. Elytra

with sutural, two discal, and subhumeral foveae. Prosternum with procoxal foveae,

without lateral foveae or median carina. Mesosternum (Fig. 1) with a pair of

forked lateral mesosternal foveae, a pair of median mesosternal foveae with their

inner bases joined, and a pair of prominent lateral mesocoxal foveae. Without

promesocoxal or metasternal foveae. Mesocoxal cavities usually slightly open

but may be closed. Profemur without prominent sensory modifications, protarsi

with primary and accessory claw, metacoxae contiguous. Tergites I to IV sub-

Tue Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST 52: 97-109. Aprit 1976

98

Tue Pan-Pactric ENTOMOLOGIST

VoL. 52, No. 2, Apri 1976 99

equal, I (Fig. 41) with median basal depression extending to lateral foveae,

setae on apical margin, without abdominal carinae. Sternite IJ (Fig. 2) with

two setate depressions, each bordered by a medial and lateral fovea.

Oropodes shows a rather close relationship to Foveoscapha Park and Wagner

(1961) but differs from it by not having metasternal foveae and having the

first 4 visible tergites, subequal as opposed to tergite I of Foveoscapha being

noticeably larger.

Key To MALES OF OROPODES

1. WreeReguneyy: yet teint, Sepp ac Ea laces ests tent Enterta 2

profemen witht Seyiinesce2e te eel le ll le 3

2.(1) Metatrochanter with ventral spine —_. dy basi

Metatrochanter without spine arcaps

3.(1) Sternite II with paired median projections on apical margin —. 4,

Sternite II with apical margin simple _.. orbiceps

4.(3) Metatibia with apical spine subequal to apical spine of mesotibia

MRD Ls Mere AOL SiMe her ey KEE EELS RNP Ri, Pye Mn Dk se etad eee rumseyensis

Metatibia with apical spine smaller than apical spine of mesotibia

Oe ee) ee ee AL eT POO, ee Oe RSet nuclere

KEY TO FEMALES OF OROPODES

ds Fifth visible tergite with modifications — 3

Fifth visible tergite unmodified 2

2.(1) Metatrochanter rounded ventrally arcaps

Metatrochanter angulate ventrally dy basi

3.(1) Tergite V without median projection — 4,

Tergite V with prominent median projection — rumseyensis

4.(3) Tergite V with median depression, each side bordered by small pro-

TPECUON Site ee de ee ce ee, Be nuclere

Apical margin of tergite V with small indentation, without lateral pro-

ELS ALU T a Sa sD EN RO OR, WOES OE Aer Eee Oe Or Re Race Oey Ry orbiceps

OROPODES ORBICEPS CASEY

(Figs. 1-6)

Oropodes orbiceps Casey, 1893. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 7: 453-4. Holotype @,

Los Angeles County, California (USNM-38611). Type of genus.

Male.—Reddish brown. Length 1.8 mm, width .535 mm. Head 277 u long, 285 u

wide; vertexal foveae 113 « between centers, without guard setae. Ventral surface

<

Fics. 1-6. Oropodes orbiceps Casey, male. Fig. 1. Mesosternal area. Fig. 2.

Sternites I and II. Fig. 3. Projection of sternite III. Fig. 4. Genitalia, lateral

view. Fig. 5. Antennal segments IX-XI. Fig. 6. Apex of mesotibia.

Fics. 7-10. Oropodes rumseyensis, new species, male. Fig. 7. Apex of meso-

tibia. Fig. 8. Genitalia, lateral view. Fig. 9. Sternites I and II. Fig. 10. Pro-

jection of sternite III.

100 THe Pan-Pactric ENTOMOLOGIST

with simple setae, gular foveae without flattened setae. Each eye with about

52 facets, Antenna 660 » long; segment I 82 u long x 60 u wide; Il 67 w xX 48 wu;

TI 524 xX 37 4; IV 374 xX 454; V45u x 524; VI 454 xX 52y4; VIL 45 ux

55 w; VIII 52 w x 55 w; IX 52 uw & 67 uw; X 78 w X 80 w, symmetrical; XI 120 pv

x 90 uw, apical one-third conical, base of cone circled with flattened setae (Fig. 5).

Pronotum 345 uw long, 346 uw wide. Elytron 543 uw long, 270 w wide, winged.

Profemur 390 w long, prominent spine on venter, one-third from base; protibia

with weak apical spine; mesofemur 300 uw long xX 97 w wide; mesotibia (Fig. 6)

with curved apical spine 15 » long; metafemur 315 uw xX 90 yu; metatibia with

curved apical spine 32 w long.

First visible tergite 315 « wide at base; basal depression with divergent basal

peaks 120 mw apart, bordered laterally by foveae 243 w apart, setae on apical

margin. Sternite II (Fig. 2) with slight median depression; III with median

apical projection (Fig. 3) shallowly emarginate, 150 uw at base. Penial plate

asymmetrical; 127 uw long, 60 uw wide; setate area 37 w wide. Genitalia (Fig. 4)

465 w long, about 165 mw deep.

Female—Median apical margin of tergite V with small indentation. Sternite

VI with raised band projecting across basal one-third of segment to median

apex, apical margin strongly concave.

Distribution—Two males and two females were recorded from Pasa-

dena, Los Angeles County, California. A third female that appears

to be conspecific was collected on Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa County,

California on July 10, 1958 by R. O. Schuster and L. M. Smith.

Discussion.—Oropodes orbiceps appears to be most closely related

to nuclere. It is distinguished from nuclere by having the apical mar-

gin of the pygidium of the female strongly concave and by the absence

of median projections on sternite II of the male.

Oropodes rumseyensis, new species

(Figs. 7-10)

Male holotype—Red-brown. Length 1.8 mm, width 0.56 mm. Head 305 u

long, 340 « wide; vertexal foveae 130 u between centers, without setae. Ventral

surface of head with unmodified setae; opening of gular foveae with flattened

setae. Each eye with about 40 facets. Antenna 650 uw long; segment I 105 u long

< 60 w wide; II 60 » & 50 u; Tl 60 uw & 45 uw; IV 45 w & 47 w; V-VIII 150 u

long X 60 w wide; IX 50 w & 75 uw; X 58 yu 90 uw, symmetrical; XI 125 u x 92 u,

apical one-third conical, with flattened setae.

Pronotum 390 w long, 435 « wide. Elytron 600 u long, 370 uw wide. Winged.

Profemur 345 u long X 100 u wide, with spine 40 » from base. Mesofemur 355 yu

< 120 u; mesotibia with prominent apical spine (Fig. 7). Metafemur 405 u x

110 «; metatibia with prominent apical spine. Metasternum with longitudinal

median depression.

First visible tergite 390 uu wide at base, lateral foveae 330 uw between centers

forming lateral margins of basal impression, specialized setae on apical margin.

Sternite II (Fig. 9) medianly depressed, apical margin with projections 155 yu

apart; III with median apical projection (Fig. 10), bipeaked, about 150 wu at

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 101

base. Penial plate tear-drop shaped; 215 uw long, 115 uw wide; setate area 150 pu

x 190 uw. Genitalia (Fig. 8) 450 uw long, 240 w deep.

Female—Fifth visible tergite with prominent median projection.

Distribution.—The holotype male, two male and 10 female para-

types were collected three miles north of Rumsey, Yolo County, Cali-

fornia, on August 29, 1959 by R. O. Schuster and L. M. Smith. An

additional female paratype was collected on November 3, 1959 by

A. A. Grigarick. Conspecific but not included in the type series is

a female from Patton Mill, Tehama County, California on August 30,

1960, by R. O. Schuster.

Discussion.—The prominent median projection on the pygidium of

the female is distinctive for the female of rumseyensis and the sub-

equal apical spines of the meso- and metatibia separate the males

from those of nuclere.

Oropodes dybasi, new species

(Figs. 11-17)

Male Holotype—Red-brown. Length 1.85 mm, width 0.59 mm. Head 310 yu

wide; vertexal foveae 150 « between centers. Setae on ventral surface simple,

sparce. Each eye with about 12 facets. Antenna about 750 w long; segment I

118 uw long < 78 uw wide; Il 65 uw X 55 w; I 48 w x 44 u; IV Sl uw X& 36 4;

V 65 u X 44 u; VI 58 u x 40 uw; VIII 45 w & 77 uw; VII 44 4 X 55 uw; IX

60 uw X 78 uw; X 60 uw X& 92 uw, symmetrical; XI 116 uw X 110 yw, apical one-third

conical, base of cone with circle of flattened setae.

Pronotum 384 u long * 420 » wide, basal one-third with teeth on lateral margin.

Elytron 580 w long, 340 uw wide. Winged. Profemur 374 u long, 102 u wide, with-

out spine; protibia (Fig. 15) with short median spine. Mesofemur 354 w X

94 u, mesotibia with small apical spines (Fig. 13). Metatrochanter with prominent

apical spine (Fig. 17), metafemur 394 « X 109 uw, metatibia with curved apical

spine (Fig. 14) 37 wu long.

First visible tergite 385 uw at base, lateral foveae 320 « between centers forming

lateral margins of bi-peaked basal depression; specialized setae on apical margin.

Sternites II], IV medianly depressed; III with median transverse projection

(Fig. 11) 203 u across at base, apical margin straight. Sternite VI as in figure 12.

Penial plate tear-drop shaped; about 200 u long, 66 uw wide; setate area 51 uw X

58 uw. Genitalia (Fig. 16) 325 uw long, about 200 u deep.

Female.—Fifth visible tergite unmodified. Metatrochanter angulate ventrally.

Distribution The holotype male and female paratype were collected

along Well’s Creek, 9 mi. SW Philomath, Benton County, Oregon, on

June 9, 1957 by H. S. Dybas. The collection was made from fir-maple

litter. The types are deposited in the Field Museum of Natural History,

Chicago, Illinois.

102 THE PAn-PaciFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

‘ = = rearctany \

alee 44 (ye

| SS or S

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit’ 1976 103

Discussion.—The male of this species is most closely related to

arcaps but differs by having a spine in the middle of the protibia and

venter of the metatrochanter. Females of dybasi and arcaps also show

similarities but the metatrochanter is angulate ventrally on dybasi and

rounded on arcaps.

Oropodes arcaps, new species

(Figs. 18-22)

Male holotype.—Light red-brown, legs and antennal segment XI yellow-brown;

palpi yellow. Length 1.7 mm, width 0.5 mm. Head 285 w long, 315 » wide;

vertexal foveae 135 uw between centers, without guard setae. Ventral surface with

acuminate setae. Each eye with about 20 facets. Antenna 580 » long; segment

I 90 uw long < 60 w wide; II 65 w» x 50 w; III-VIII-210 uw long & 45-50 uw wide;

IX 40 w X 62 w; X 45 w X 75 w, symmetrical; XI 122 w x 90 yu, apical one-third

conical, with flattened setae.

Pronotum 350 u long, 380 « wide. Elytron 450 u long, 305 « wide. Brachypterous,

about 1 mm long. Legs without spines. Profemur 340 « X 90 w; mesofemur 315 u

xX 77 w; metafemur 375 u« X 90 uw. Metasternum with slight, median, longitudinal

depression.

First visible tergite 360 « wide at base; lateral foveae 270 « between centers,

forming lateral margins of basal depression, setae on apical margin. Sternites

II (Fig. 18), IV flattened medianly. Sternite III with median apical projection

(Fig. 21), base 60 u wide, converging to single peak. Sternite VI as in figure 22.

Penial plate tear-drop shaped; 195 uw long, 82 mw wide; setate area 50 uw long X

60 w wide. Genitalia (Fig. 20) approximately 450 w long, 195 uw deep.

Female.—Fifth visible tergite unmodified. Sternite VI rounded medianly. Meta-

trochanter rounded ventrally.

DistributionThe holotype male and two female paratypes were

collected at Casper, Mendocino County, California, on (¢) July 29,

1954 and (2 2) September 30, 1954, by J. R. Helfer. Conspecific

but not included in the type series are two males from S. P. Taylor

State Park, Marin County, California, collected on February 3, 1958

by J. R. Helfer and one male on November 1, 1953 by R. O. Schuster

and G. A. Marsh.

<<

Fics. 11-17. Oropodes dybasi, new species, male. Fig. 11. Projection of ster-

nite III (apical margin distorted in slide preparation). Fig. 12. Sternite VI.

Fig. 13. Apex of mesotibia. Fig. 14. Apex of metatibia. Fig. 15. Protibia.

Fig. 16, Genitalia, dorsal view. Fig. 17. Metatrochanter.

Fics. 18-22. Oropodes arcaps, new species, male. Fig. 18. Sternites I and II.

Fig. 19. Apex of mesotibia. Fig. 20. Genitalia, lateral view. Fig. 21. Projection

of sternite III. Fig. 22. Sternite VI.

104, THE Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

(

iF he wh, a

eee .

\\

~ a

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 105

Discussion.—The male of this species is distinguished from other

members of Oropodes by the absence of a spine on the profemur and

metatrochanter. The females differ by having the fifth visible tergite

and metatrochanter unmodified.

Oropodes nuclere, new species

(Figs. 23-24, 41)

Male holotype—Light red-brown, legs yellow-brown, palpi yellow. Length 1.9

mm. Head 305 u long, 330 uw wide; vertexal foveae 135 « between centers, without

setae. Ventral surface with all setae simple. Each eye with about 55 facets.

Antenna 634 u long; segment I 90 uw long < 65 uw wide; II 65 uw x 504; II-VI

305 uw long, 45-60 uw wide; IX 45 uw & 75 uw; X 55 w X 90 wu, symmetrical; XI

140 uw X 95 uw, apical one-third conical, with flattened setae.

Pronotum 375 mw long, 405 « wide. Elytron 585 uw long, 295 uw wide. Winged,

2.2 mm. Profemur 360 » x 110 yu, small spine 45 uw from base. Mesofemur 360 u

< 118 »; mesotibia with prominent, curved spine at apex (Fig. 26). Metafemur

395 wm X 112 uw; metatibia with curved apical spine (Fig. 27), slightly smaller

than spine of mesotibia. Metasternum with longitudinal, median depression.

First visible tergite (Fig. 41) 360 uw wide at base; lateral foveae 300 « between

centers, forming sides of basal depression, setae on apical margin. Sternite II

(Fig. 23) medianly depressed, apical margin with projections 155 uw apart; HI

with median, bi-peaked apical projection (Fig. 24), 135 » at base. Penial plate

tear-drop shaped; 120 uw long, 105 u wide; setate area 105 w X 75 w. Genitalia

(Fig. 25) 405 uw long from base to tip of right paramere, 240 uw deep.

Female.—Fifth visible tergite with median depression at base and slight pro-

jection on each side below. Sternite VI with raised median keel.

Distribution—The holotype male and two female paratypes were

collected at Lucerne, Lake County, California, June 1, 1961, by R. O.

Schuster. Conspecific but not included in the type series is a male

from Sequoia National Park, Ash Mountain Road, California on April

30, 1956 by H. R. Moffitt.

Discussion.—Oropodes nuclere shows a number of similarities to the

females of orbiceps and males of rumseyensis. The male of nuclere has

genitalic differences and posseses an apical spine on the mesotibia that

<

Fics. 23-27. Oropodes nuclere, new species, male. Fig. 23. Sternites I and II.

Fig. 24. Projection of sternite III. Fig. 25. Genitalia, lateral view. Fig. 26. Apex

of mesotibia. Fig. 27. Apex of metatibia.

Fics. 28-30. Euplecturga impressicollis Park and Wagner, male. Fig. 28. Ster-

nites I and II. Fig. 29. Projection of sternite III. Fig. 30. Apex of mesotibia.

Fices. 31-34. Euplecturga fideli, new species, male. Fig. 31. Genitalia, lateral

view. Fig. 32. Apex of mesotibia. Fig. 33. Projection of sternite III. Fig. 34. Ster-

nites I and II.

106 THE Pan-PactFic ENTOMOLOGIST

Gia

ae eel

PRA REE

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 107

is larger than the spine on the metatibia. These spines are subequal for

rumseyensis. Small lateral projections are present on the pygidium

of the female of nuclere but not orbiceps.

EUPLECTURGA, NEW STATUS

Euplecturga Park and Wagner, 1962, Univ. Wash. Publ. Biol., 16: 15.

The characteristics given for Oropodes apply to Euplecturga with

the following exceptions: antennal club consisting of 5 segments, X

prominently asymmetrical; promesocoxal foveae present (Fig. 35),

mesocoxal cavities closed; sternite II (Fig. 28), with one setate depres-

sion bordered by a single fovea on each side; basal interruption of

tergite I (Fig. 40) does not include lateral foveae or specialized setae.

Euplecturga has a number of characteristics in common with Tetra-

scapha Schuster and Marsh and Abdiungus Park and Wagner but the

presence of promesocoxal foveae distinguish it from these and all other

euplectine genera in North America except Thesium Casey.

Kry To MALEs or EUPLECTURGA

Au Sternite II] with median projection 0 2

Sternite III without median projection norstelcha

2.(1) Median projection of sternite II] near midline impressicollis

Median projection of sternite III on apical one-third — fideli

EUPLECTURGA IMPRESSICOLLIS PARK AND WAGNER

(Figs. 28-30)

Oropodes impressicollis Park and Wagner, 1962. Univ. Washington, Pub. Biol.

16: 15-16. Holotype ¢, Forest Grove, Oregon (Park Collection), Field Mu-

seum of Natural History. Type of genus.

Male—Red-brown. Length 1.6 mm. Head 315 w long, 340 «uw wide; vertexal

foveae 130 ww between centers, without guard setae. Ventral surface without

specialized setae. Each eye with 50-55 facets. Antenna 690 w long; segment

I 110 uw long & 60 uw wide; Il 70 w & 55 yw; ITI-VI 180 uw & about 50 uw; VII

45 4 X 65 w; VII 35 4 & 65 uw; IX 45 w & 75 uw; X 45 w X 81 yu, slightly asym-

metrical; XI 155 w» x 100 uw, with flattened setae at base of conical apex.

Pronotum 340 w long, 375 u wide. Elytron 545 uw long, 300 w wide. Winged.

<

Fics. 35-39. Euplecturga norstelcha, new species, male. Fig. 35. Mesosternal

area. Fig. 36. Sternites I and II. Fig. 37. Apex of mesotibia. Fig. 38. Median area

of sternite III. Fig. 39. Antennal segments ]X—XI.

Fic. 40. Euplecturga fideli, tergite I.

Fic. 41. Oropodes nuclere, tergite I.

108 THE Pan-PactFic ENTOMOLOGIST

Legs unadorned. Profemur 340 u long & 90 u wide; mesofemur 285 uw x 75 wu;

metafemur 345 uw X 85 u.

First visible tergite 325 « wide at base; lateral foveae 270 u between centers;

basal interruption 150 « wide, margins divergent; trace of basal interruption

en II, both without specialized setae; tergites I-IV subequal. Sternite II (Fig.

28) with basal depression extending beyond lateral foveae, 270 « between cen-

ters of foveae; III with median projection (Fig. 29) 35 w wide at base 60 u

from apex of segment, apex of projection on midline of segment, surrounded

by specialized setae. Penial plate asymmetrical; setate area 75 u long, 60 » wide.

Genitalia 255 mw long, 110 u deep.

Female.—Unknown.

Distribution.—Forest Grove, Oregon (type locality). One male,

Yamhill County, Oregon, collected in May, 1935 by E. S. Ross.

Discussion.—E. impressicollis is most closely related to fideli. The

tenth antennal segment of impressicollis is wider in relation to its length

than the same segment of fideli and the median projection of sternite

III of impressicollis arises closer to the center of the length of the

segment than that of fideli.

Euplecturga fideli, new species

(Figs. 31-34, 40)

Male holotype—Head 300 mu long, 335 « wide; vertexal foveae 135 « between

centers, nude. Ventral surface with aciculate setae. Antenna about 600 uw long;

segment I 80 uw long < 57 uw wide; II 60 w X 50 4; TI-VI 165 uw» x 45 uw; VIL

VII 35 w» x 50 uw; IX 35 uw & 62 uw; X 45 uw & 65 uw, asymmetrical; XI 150 » x

80 uw, flattened setae at base of cone.

Pronotum 315 uw long, 355 mw wide. Elytron 480 uw long, 288 w wide, with

sutural, 2 discal, and subhumeral foveae. Winged. Profemur 330 u long x 82 u wide;

mesofemur 310 wu X 90 uw; metafemur 360 w X 85 uw. Legs without spines.

First visible tergite (Fig. 40) 325 uw wide at base; basal interruption 124 u

wide, margins divergent; II with trace of basal interruption, both without setae;

tergites I-IV subequal in length. Sternite II (Fig. 34) with single basal im-

pression between foveae, 325 « between foveae, impression with numerous setae;

III with median rounded apical projection (Fig. 33) 29 « wide, 36 u from apex

of segment, apex of projection near apical one-third of segment, surrounded by

specialized setae. Genitalia (Fig. 31) 180 uw long, 122 wu deep.

Female.—Unknown.

Distribution The holotype male was collected 9 miles northeast of

Soquel, Santa Cruz County, California on December 31, 1956 by S.

M. Fidel.

Discussion.—The prominently asymmetrical tenth antennal segment of

fideli separates it from impressicollis. These species are similar in

many other respects with fideli being smaller.

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 109

Euplecturga norstelcha, new species

(Figs. 35-39)

Male holotype—Red-brown. Length 1.7 mm, width 0.54 mm. Head 300 u

long, 335 « wide; vertexal foveae 150 « between centers, without guard setae.

Ventral surface without capitate setae. Each eye with about 48 facets. Antenna

about 625 w long; segment I 15@G uw long « 60 w wide; II 65 w & 50 u; II-VI

180 uw & 45-50 uw; VII 40 uw x 60 uw; VII 45 w x 65 uw; IX 50 w X 80 up;

X 50 w X 85 pw, VII-X asymmetrical; XI 145 « x 105 uw, with flattened setae,

apical one-third conical (Fig. 39).

Pronotum 345 yw long, 365 w wide. Elytron 510 uw long, 315 w wide. Winged.

Legs without spines. Profemur 355 wu long &* 90 uw wide; mesofemur 325 u xX

80 uw; metafemur 375 w Xx 75 um.

First visible tergite 355 u wide at base; lateral foveae 290 mu between centers;

basal interruption 123 yw at widest part, sides divergent; basal interruption of II

145 yw wide, both without setae; tergites I-IV subequal in length. Sternite II

(Fig. 36) with single basal depression extending beyond lateral foveae, 285 yu

between centers of foveae; III without median projection (Fig. 38). Penial

plate asymmetrical; setate area 160 » long, 80 « wide; apex with round hyaline

plate. Genitalia 335 uw long, 168 » deep.

Distribution—The holotype male and a male paratype were collected

at Charleston, Coos County, Oregon on Sept. 1, 1959, by V. D. Roth.

Conspecific but not included in the type series are one male and three

females collected from Triangle Lake, Lane County, Oregon on April 13,

1947 by I. M. Newell.

Discussion.—The absence of a modification on sternite III readily

set the males of norstelcha apart from other males of Euplecturga.

LITERATURE CITED

Caszy, T. L. 1893. Coleopterological Notices V. Ann. New York Acad. Sci.,

7: 281-606.

Gricarick, A. A. AND ScHusTeR, R. O. 1971. A revision of Actium Casey and

Actiastes Casey. Univ. Calif. Pub. Entom. 67: 1-56.

Park, O. aNd Wacner, J. 1962. The family Pselaphidae. In M. H. Hatch,

the beetles of the Pacific Northwest, Part III Pselaphidae and Diversi-

cornia I. Univ. of Wash. Pub. Biol., 16: 12 + 1-503.

The Nesting Biology of Three Species of Hoplitis Klug

(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

STEPHEN L, CLEMENT

University of California, Davis 95616

AND

RicHarp W. Rust

University of Delaware, Newark 19711

Trapnesting studies conducted in Yellowstone and Grand Teton

National Parks, Wyoming, and Lake, Napa, Solano, and San Joaquin

counties in California (Table 1) have produced new or supplementary

information on the nesting biology of four Nearctic species of Hoplitis

Klug. Nests from the Grand Teton National Park area were given

to us by Professor Howard E. Evans of Colorado State University.

Evans used trapnesting techniques described by Krombein (1967).

Elderberry (Sambucus) stems were used at the other study sites in

accordance with techniques described and used by Parker and Bohart

(1966, 1968).

This paper contains information on the nesting biology of Hoplitis

hypocrita (Cockerell), H. fulgida fulgida (Cresson), H. fulgida

platyura (Cockerell), and H. sambuci Titus and discusses those nest

features which can be used to biologically separate these taxa. Thorp

(1969), Torchio (1974), and Parker (1975) have demonstrated the

use of certain nest features in distinguishing some groups of bees

and we have employed, in part, the format developed by them in

presenting and comparing the biologies of the three species discussed

in this paper. The nesting biology of a fourth species, Hoplitis (Formi-

capis) robusta (Nylander), has been discussed elsewhere (Clement and

Rust, 1975).

Stupy AREAS

Trapnesting studies were conducted at a site (elevation 2,395 m)

about 0.6 km west of West Thumb, Yellowstone National Park, Wyo-

ming. Drilled elderberry stems were randomly placed around the

periphery of a small clearing (18 X 27 m) in the predominantly

Lodgepole Pine, Pinus contorta latifolia Critchfield, forest. Interspersed

with the Lodgepole Pine were fewer numbers of Subalpine Fir, Abies

lasiocarpa (Hook.), and Englemann Spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry

ex Engelm. Dominant plants in bloom during the period the trap nests

Tue Pan-Paciric Entomowocist 52: 110-119. Aprit 1976

VoL. 52, No. 2, Apri 1976 111

were in place include: Eriophyllum integrifolium (Hook.), Trifolium

longipes Nutt., Cirsium foliosum (Hook.), Campanula rotundifolia

L., Lupinus spp., Eriogonum spp., and. Castilleja sp.

Professor Evans conducted his studies (Evans, 1973) along Pilgrim

Creek in the Teton National Forest, Wyoming, and near the Jackson

Hole Biological Research Station in Grand Teton National Park, Wyo-

ming. The elevation of both study sites is about 2,077 m. The land-

scape in both areas is dominated by large open meadows which support

numerous species of wild flowers, and groves of Lodgepole Pine and

Quaking Aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx.

California study areas 1 through 5 (Table 1) were located in a Hard

Chaparral community characterized by Adenostoma fasciculatum H.

& A., Rhamnus californica Esch., Heteromeles arbutifolia M. Roem.,

Ceanothus spp., Quercus spp., and Pinus sabiniana Dougl. Study areas

6 and 7 (Table 1) were located in the Foothill Woodland plant com-

munity. The dominant trees and shrubs in both areas are Quercus

douglasii H. & A., Quercus wislizensii A. DC., Umbellularia californica

(H. & A.), Ceanothus spp., and Rhus diversiloba T. & G. Average

annual rainfall is below 64 cm in the Hard Chaparral community and

below 103 cm in the Foothill Woodland community (Munz and Keck,

1959). Trapnests were mostly placed on easterly facing slopes.

Hopuitis HypocritTa

Hicks (1926) published a note on nests of this species taken near

Boulder, Colorado. We have examined fifteen nests from five study

sites in California (Table 1).

Nest Architecture.—Nests were obtained from vertically placed

and drilled elderberry stems with initial burrow diameters of 5—6 mm.

The number of cells per nest ranged from 3-11 with longer burrows

(range 74-220 mm) containing more cells. The linearly arranged

elliptical cells (Fig. 1) exhibited middle diameters of 6.5—-7.0 mm

with anterior and posterior ends narrowing to 5-6 mm. Female bees

carved the smooth walled cells out of the pithy portion of the stems.

Nineteen female cells averaged 13.5 mm in length (range 11.5-14.5 mm)

and fourteen male cells averaged 12.8 mm in length (range 11.8—14.0

mm).

Cells were separated by a double partition of masticated plant ma-

terial, each partition 0.2-0.6 mm thick at the center. Anteriorly,

partitions were noticeably concave with forward extending lateral

margins well-attached to the burrow wall. Posterior surfaces were

flat and rougher in texture. Numerous small pieces of pith taken

112 THE PAn-PactFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Table 1. Location and dates of study and number of Hoplitis trap

nests recovered.

Species of Hopliti

Study areas and Pier gapecs

dates of study hypocrita fulgida sambuci

1. 2.4 km SE Nichilini Winery,

Napa Co., CA. 1973. 6 - 2

2. 16 km N Pope Valley, Napa

Co., CA. 1971-73. 1 2 aE

3. 1.6 km SW Monticello Dam,

Napa Co., CA. 1968. ~ 2 8

4. 4.8 km SE Pope Valley, Napa

Co., CA. 1971-73. 4 1 —

>. 3.9 km SW Cobb Mt. Lodge, Lake

Co., CA. 1967. - — 7

6. 22.4 km SW Tracy, San Joaquin

Co., CA. 1968. 2 — -

7. 12.8 km SW Winters, Solano Co.,

CA. 1970. 2 - -

8. West Thumb, Yellowstone National

Park, WY. 1971. = 1 _

9. Pilgrim Creek, Teton National

Forest, WY. 1971. — 1 =

10. Jackson Hole Research Station,

Grand Teton National Park,

WY. 1971. - 6 -

from the burrow wall were tightly packed in between the two cell parti-

tions (Fig. 1). Cellular partitions with pith pieces interposed filled inter-

cellular connecting burrows ranging from 5—6 mm in diameter to 1-13

mm in length. The female bee placed a single thin layer (about 0.2

mm. thick) of masticated plant material at the extreme posterior end

of the burrow before carving out her first cell.

Nest plugs were usually constructed of two to five layers (0.2—0.8

mm thick) of masticated plant material with small bits of pith inter-

posed. These plugs averaged 8.4 mm in length (range 5-13 mm).

Female bees widened, to about 8 mm at the widest point, a section

(range 5-15 mm in length) of the burrow between the burrow orifice

and the outer-most layer of the nest plug, using the excess pith in

construction of the nest plug. No vestibular cells were observed in any

of the nests we examined.

Provisions and Development.—The dark brown provisions were

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 113

-ortoeeenee PO SSSR RRR MMR

[ TT UCTEL TT Mitty iit

4 a3

Fries. 1-5. Nesting biology of Hoplitis species: Fig. 1—Portion of a Hoplitis

hypocrita trap nest, the bottom cell contains a cocoon of the parasitic bee, Stelis sp.

Fig. 2—A cocoon of Hoplitis hypocrita separated from anterior collar and fecal

pack. Fig. 3—Portion of a Hoplitis fulgida trap nest. Fig. 4—Nest plug of a

Hoplitis fulgida trap nest. Fig. 5—A cocoon of Hoplitis sambuci in situ separated

from anterior collar and fecal pack.

moist and tacky but retained their original shape when removed from

the cells. The shape and size of the pollen stores was somewhat variable

but most were nearly cylindrical in cross section (range 4-5 mm) along

their entire length (range 4.0-7.5 mm). Provisions generally filled

a little more than the bottom half of a cell. A layer of dry yellow

pollen covered the lower portions of the provisions and presumably

served to prohibit them from contacting the basal cell partitions.

114 Tue Pan-PaciFric ENTOMOLOGIST

From the location of several dead eggs, it appears that an egg is de-

posited on a median lobe which projects slightly from the oblique

outer surface of the provisions. Microscopic examination of pollen

taken from several cells revealed that female bees relied almost ex-

clusively on leguminous pollen.

The dark brown to reddish-orange fecal pellets were evenly rounded

at both ends and varied from 0.2—0.25 mm in width to 0.7—1.0 mm in

length. We observed a shallow, longitudinal, groove about 0.07 mm wide

in most of the pellets. Larvae incorporated most of the pellets into a

separately woven cocoon which formed an anterior collar (range 2-5

mm in length) over the main cocoon (Fig. 2). Smaller amounts of

feces were woven into the main cocoon and smeared against cell walls

and basal cell partitions.

The anterior collar is composed of a clear matrix intermixed with

fine silk threads. It is firmly attached to the cell cap and is connected

to the anterior nipple of the cocoon by a concentrated network of

silk threads. The non-elevated nipple is composed of a dense mat of

white silk threads about 1.5 mm in diameter and is visible from both

outer and inner surfaces of the cocoon. Anterior collars do not possess

distinct anterior nipples.

The cocoon fills the cell and conforms to the shape of the cell. It

is usually thinner than the collar and translucent; basically constructed

of a single salivary matrix with white silk threads interwoven. In

some cases, a loose network of fine silk threads covered the entire

outer cocoon surface.

Hoplitis hypocrita overwinter as postdefecating larvae.

Associates.—We recovered an unidentified species of Stelis from

four nests in study area l.

HoPLITIS FULGIDA

Two nests of H. fulgida from Colorado were described by Hicks

(1926) and his notes are the only published information on this

species. We have examined thirteen nests of this species; five nests of

H. fulgida platyura from two locations in California and eight nests

of the nominate H. fulgida from the Grand Teton Park area and Yellow-

stone National Park, Wyoming (Table 1). We have been unable

to detect any differences in the nesting biology of the subspecies. The

biology of both is combined into one discussion.

Nest Architecture.—Seven nests obtained from the Grand Teton

area were in drilled pine blocks (2.5 X ale with burrow lengths

ranging from 123-133 mm and diameters of 4-5 mm. The other six

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 115

nests were in drilled elderberry stems with initial burrow diameters

of 5-6 mm; burrow lengths varied from 62—300 mm.

The number of cells per nest averaged 5.1 (range 1-10). The first

cell of a linear series is constructed in the bottom of the burrow. Seven-

teen male cells averaged 9.2 mm (range 8-11 mm) and twelve female

cells averaged 9.4 mm (range 7-12 mm) in length.

The cell partitions were composed of two layers (Fig. 3) of masti-

cated leaf material and small pebbles and/or wood chips. Partitions

varied from 0.3—2.0 mm in thickness at the center but they were similar

in shape to H. hypocrita partitions. In elderberry stick-traps the female

bees packed small pith pieces taken from the burrow wall into the space

between the two partitions, whereas in pine block stick-traps the gap

was usually filled with small pebbles, pieces of pine needles, and wood

chips (Fig. 3). The intercellular partitions plus the interposed material

filled a distance of 3-10 mm in the nests we observed. Intercalary cells

were noted between two provisioned cells in each of two nests from the

Grand Teton area. These cells measured 13 and 22 mm in length and

contained small, evenly distributed, amounts of wood chips and dirt

pebbles.

An undivided vestibular cell averaging 25.1 mm (range 11-50 mm)

extended anteriorly from the last provisioned cell to the nest plug in

nine of the nests we studied. Within vestibules, we found small amounts

of vegetative parts and dirt pebbles lightly packed against the outer

surface of the last cell partition. The nest plug was flush with the last

provisioned cell in the remaining four nests.

Nest plugs were located an average of 11.3 mm (range 5-27 mm)

inside of the burrow orifice. In most nests the plugs were composed of

the last cell cap and an outer, slightly thicker (range 1-3 mm thick),

layer of masticated green plant material. The space between the par-

titions was usually tightly filled with the same type of material found

in the vestibular cells. Double layered nest plugs averaged 5.3 mm in

total length (range 3-9 mm). In two instances where vestibular cells

were absent, the nest plugs contained 3 and 4 separate partitions an-

terior to the last cell cap (Fig. 4). These nest plugs were 16 and 21

mm in length. .

Provisions and Development.—Provisions were not recovered

and thus we have no information on the nature of the pollen-nectar

stores and the placement of eggs. |

The red-orange to black fecal pellets ranged in size from 0.2—0.3 mm

in width and 0.5—0.9 mm in length. Most were slightly curved with

rounded ends and without grooves. In most cases, a majority of the

116 THE PAn-PaciFic ENTOMOLOGIST

pellets were packed into the anterior end of the cells and held in place

by an anterior collar-like cocoon (Fig. 3). This collar covered 1-3 mm

of the main cocoon which was slightly smaller in size than the cell.

Some fecal pellets were incorporated into the cocoon, smeared into the

side walls of the cell, and scattered loosely around edges of the cell.

There appears to be some variation in cocoon construction since

a few larvae did not spin an anterior collar. When present, a collar was

composed of a clear matrix with silk threads interwoven. Cocoons

were of similar construction but were usually more pliable and trans-

parent. Outer collars were attached to the anterior nipple of a cocoon.

A dense network of silk fibers formed the slightly elevated nipple of

a cocoon; anterior collars did not have nipples. A loose network of

silk threads covered portions of the outer surface of a few cocoons.

This species overwinters in the postdefecating larval stage.

Associates.—Three parasites were reared from the Grand Teton

nests: the eulophid parasite, Melittobia sp., Sapygia aculeata Cresson,

and Stelis sp.

HopuLitis SAMBUCI

There are no published accounts on the nest architecture, provisions,

and the development of this species. Twenty-eight nests of H. sambuci

were recovered from four California study sites (Table 1).

Nest Architecture.—The nests were obtained from drilled elder-

berry stems with initial burrow diameters of 4.5-6.0 mm. Burrow

lengths averaged 117 mm (range 74-210 mm). The linear celled

nests had an average of 5.4 cells (range 2—10 cells) and the first cell

in a series was placed at the extreme posterior end of the burrow.

Twenty-five female cells averaged 11.64. mm in length (range 9.5-13.0

mm) and forty-two male cells averaged 9.55 mm in length (8-11 mm).

The cells were separated by a single or a double partition composed

of small brittle pieces of yellow or dark green to black masticated

plant material and embedded bits of pith. The dark green plant tissue

was noticeably covered with epidermal hairs, giving these partitions

a rough and hairy appearance. Between double partitions a space 1—2

mm long was filled with pithy sawdust taken from the burrow wall.

The partitions were 0.3—0.8 mm thick at the center and were similar in

shape to those of H. Aypocrita and H. fulgida. We found both single

and double cell partitions within a single linear cell series.

The nest plugs were located within the burrow and adjacent to the

last cell. However, in one nest where H. sambuci had superceded a

Trypoxylon wasp, we discovered an open vestibular cell 22 mm in

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 117

length. The plugs averaged 10 mm in length (range 6-25 mm) and

were composed of 4-10 alternating layers of masticated plant material

and elderberry pith pieces. Nest and cell partitions were similar in

shape and construction.

Provisions and Development.—tThe light yellow provisions were

placed flush against posterior cell partitions. The smooth surfaced pro-

visions were of a spherical shape and usually filled the bottom one-half

of a cell. The mixture was dough-like and slightly moist and a layer

of dry yellow pollen coated most of the outer surface. Five pollen-nectar

balls each produced a dead egg from a small shallow pocket on their outer

surface. We were unable to identify the pollen source.

Feces varied from light yellow to dark brown in color. The cylin-

drical pellets were rounded at the ends and 0.2-0.3 mm wide and

0.5-0.7 mm long. We detected no grooves or ridges. Most of the

pellets were packed in the anterior end of the cell (Fig. 5). Smaller

amounts were incorporated into the cocoon and some were scattered

loosely around the edge of the cell.

In a fashion similar to what we observed in H. hypocrita cells and

most H. fulgida cells, the anteriorly packed fecal pellets were held in

place by a separately woven anterior collar (Fig. 5). This collar was

0.8-2.0 mm in length and was composed of a thin cellophane-like

material with silk threads interwoven. It was connected to the main

cocoon by a sparse network of silk threads but the two were easily

separated. The anterior collar and attached fecal pack were firmly

connected to the cell cap (Fig. 5).

Incorporated into the single parchment-like layer of the main cocoon

were numerous silk threads. The layer was also noticeably stained

with feces. Inner surfaces were smooth and outer surfaces were covered

with a loose but fairly dense network of fine silk threads. Anterior

nipples were not detected. The cocoon fills the cell and conforms to

the shape of the cell.

Hoplitis sambuci overwinter as postdefecating larvae.

Associates.—Two nests from study area 2 each produced a meloid

larva and one nest from the same locality produced the parasitic bee,

Stelis sp.

SUMMARY

We were able to reliably differentiate nests of the three species dis-

cussed in this paper. Nest features which appear to be of diagnostic

value include: cell shape and size; nature of the plant material used

in partition construction; type of material (when present) combined

118 THE Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

Table 2. Comparisons of eleven nest characteristics between four

species of North American Hoplitis.

Species of Hoplitis

Nest Characteristic hypocrita fulgida sambuci robusta’

1. Cell shape cylindrical (+),

elliptical (—). — + + +

2. Cell partitions double layered

' with interposed material (++),

single layered (—). + +

3. Partitions composed only of

masticated: plant material (++),

other material added (—). + — —

4. Nest plugs inside of burrow

orifice. 4. ++

mo

5. Vestibular cells present. —

It

|

I+

It +

|

I+

6. Intercalary cells present. —— oh — —

7. Provisions cylindrical in

cross section. ox ? + +

8. Egg deposited on oblique

surface of provision on

median lobe (++), in pocket

on‘rounded surface (—). + ? — —

9. Feces mostly packed in anterior

end of cell. + a0 + —

10. Cocoon covered anteriorly by

separately woven collar-like

coceon with feces attached.

+

It

+

|

ll. Nipple present on cocoon. +- 4 — _-

1 Data from Clement and Rust (1975).

with masticated plant material to form partitions; nature of the ma-

terial interposed between partitions; shape of the pollen-nectar pro-

visions; position of the egg; presence or absence of a nipple on the

cocoon; and presence or absence of a separately woven collar covering

anterior portions of the cocoon. A comparison of a few neutral and

the more visible diagnostic characters are summarized in Table 2.

When bee biologists have added to the existing biological information

available on the genus Hoplitis then perhaps it may be possible to

demonstrate a biological separation of most of the species. Especially

needed are detailed studies describing the nest architecture, provisions

and development of individual species. Eickwort (1973) has published

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 119

the most thorough biological account of a species of Hoplitis found

in the Nearctic.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank H. E. Evans for providing us with the Grand

Teton material and D. S. Horning for the loan of some material from

San Joaquin, Napa, and Lake Counties in California. Mr. B. Villegas

kindly identified the Sapygia species. Authorities from Grand Teton

and Yellowstone National Parks gave permission to Professor Evans

and the co-author (S.L.C.) to undertake stick-trap studies in these parks.

LITERATURE CITED

CLEMENT, S. L. AND Rust, R. W. 1975. The biology of Hoplitis robusta (Hyme-

noptera: Megachilidae). Entomol. News, 86: 115-120.

Eickwort, G. C. 1973. Biology of the European Mason Bee, Hoplitis antho-

copoides (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), in New York State. Search:

Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta., 3(2): 1-31.

Evans, H. E. 1973. Further studies on the wasps of Jackson Hole, Wyoming

(Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Great Basin Nat., 33: 147-155.

Hicxs, C. H. 1926. Nesting habits and parasites of certain bees of Boulder

County, Colorado. Univ. Colo. Stud., Ser. A., 15: 217-252.

KromBetn, K. V. 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees: life histories, nests, and

associates. Smithsonian Press, Washington, D. C. 570 p.

Mouwz, P. A., AnD Kecx, D. D. 1959. A California Flora. Univ. Calif. Press,

Berkeley. 1681 p.

Parker, F. D. 1975. Nest descriptions and associates of three American bees

of the genus “Anthocopa” Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae).

Pan-Pac. Entomol., 51: 113-122.

Parker, F. D., anp Bowartr, R. M. 1966. Host-parasite associations in some

twig-nesting Hymenoptera from Western North America. Pan-Pac.

Entomol., 42: 91-98.

Parker, F. D., anp Bonart, R. M. 1968. Host-parasite associations in some

twig-nesting Hymenoptera from Western North America. Part Il. Pan-

Pac. Entomol., 44: 1-6.

Tuorp, R. W. 1969. Ecology and behavior of Anthophora edwardsii (Hyme-

noptera: Anthopnoridae). Amer. Midl. Nat., 82: 321-337.

Torcuto, P. F. 1974. Notes on the biology of Ancyloscelis armata Smith and

comparisons with other anthophorine bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophor-

idae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc., 47: 54-63.

Biological observations on Anthophora urbana urbana Cresson

(Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) *

D. F. Mayer anp C. A. JOHANSEN

Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163

The genus Anthophora is distributed throughout the world, except

Australia, with an estimated 60 species in America north of Mexico

(Stephen et al., 1969). Anthophora urbana urbana Cresson is reported

from Washington, Idaho, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Cali-

fornia, and Lower California (Michener, in Muesebeck et al., 1951).

Biology of certain species of Anthophora other than u. urbana has

been partially described (Linsley, 1958; Linsley and MacSwain, 1942).

Observations on A. wu. urbana, a gregarious, ground-nesting, solitary

bee have been limited to scattered notations (Stephen et al., 1969).

This paper describes some aspects of its biology in Washington.

NESTING SITE

A. u. urbana was found nesting near Touchet, Walla Walla County,

Washington, in 1974. The surrounding area is composed of alfalfa

seed fields and sagebrush desert, including such plants as sagebrush

(Artemisia), rabbitbrush (Chrysothammus), Balsamroot (Balsamo-

rhiza), and starthistle (Centaurea).

Nest CONSTRUCTION

Active burrows were found in dry, packed, sandy soil on a horizontal

ground surface essentially free of vegetation, and on a nearby vertical

bank of a railroad cut. Both horizontal and vertical nesting has been

previously recorded for A. wu. urbana and other species of Anthophora

(Stephen et al., 1969).

The circular (average % inch diameter) entrance holes varied from

0-6 per square foot with the tunnels occurring at a 45 degree angle to

the surface. Our observations agree with those of Linsley et al. (1952)

that this species does not construct surface turrets or tumuli.

Within the burrows, several cells were found at the 3-inch level,

none below 7 inches, with most occurring at 4 to 7 inches. Each cell

appears urn-shaped (Fig. 1), and measures an average length of %

inch and %e inch at the widest point. Cell walls are lined with a white,

1 Work conducted under Washington Agricultural Research Center Project No. 0147, Scientific

Paper No. 4498.

Tue Pan-Paciric ENtomouocist 52: 120-125. Aprit 1976

VoL. 52, No. 2, Apri 1976 121

Fics. 1-3. Anthophora urbana urbana. Fig. 1. Completed cell (upper left).

Fig. 2. Egg on pollen-nectar mixture in cell (lower left). Fig. 3. From bottom

to top, prepupa, early pupa, late pupa (right).

waxy material. Earthen walls of the cell are much stronger than the

surrounding soil, retaining their shape when they are removed from

the ground which is typical of Anthophora (Stephen et al., 1969).

Each cell is plugged with a soil cap 2 inch thick which appears

nearly flat from the outside. Inside the cell cap is concave with a

slight impression near the center. Cells are arranged in a linear series

with 4 cells the longest series found.

ADULT ACTIVITY

Adults were first observed at the nest site 10 July 1974. Since good

numbers of both sexes were seen, emergence had undoubtedly started

somewhat earlier. Observations were conducted weekly from 10 July

to 7 September. Two distinct adult flight peaks were evident. The first

flight was from 10 July to 23 July and the second was from 7 August

to 21 August. There are 2 generations per year in the Touchet area of

Washington with a sex ratio of approximately 1:1. Most North Amer-

122 THE PAn-Pactric ENTOMOLOGIST

ican Anthophora have one generation per season, but other bivoltine

species have been recorded (Stephen et al., 1969). A few adults were

first observed at the nest site 23 June 1975. On 30 June 1975 the

number of emergence holes ranged from 0-3 per square foot and by

8 July emergence holes ranged from 0-7 per square foot. Adults did

not renest at this site during 1975.

Males emerged earlier than females and were observed at the nest

site a maximum of 7 days earlier than females. Males milled around,

on and above the nesting site and nearby vegetation and were observed

taking nectar from alfalfa flowers. They pounced on both male and

female bees on the nest site and were often seen looking into entrance

and emergence holes and under dirt clods apparently in search of

females.

Stephen et al. (1969) stated that multiple mating occurs from 10 to

15 minutes after female emergence, but the female is never approached

after that time. They did not say where mating occurs. We observed a

number of matings, all of which occurred at the nest site with newly-

emerged females. We were unable to determine if multiple matings of

females occurred. Males pounced on females on the nest site and

immediately initiated copulation. Females remained passive. During

copulation males assumed the dorsal position with forelegs wrapped

around and above the female wings, middle legs about the center of

the female abdomen, and hind legs used to stroke the sides of the

female abdomen. Males apparently produce a vibrating noise with

their wings which accompanies each pulsation of their abdomens.

Mating lasted from 55 to 90 seconds. After copulation males im-

mediately flew away, while females remained on the ground grooming

themselves.

Linsley (1962) observed the unusual situation of female and male

A. u. urbana sleeping gregariously together in the open in Arizona. We

observed males sleeping gregariously on tumblemustard (Sisymbrium) ,

but no females were found in the aggregations.

A. u. urbana is a highly polylectic species. It has been reported col-

lecting pollen from evening primrose (Oenothera) in the Great Basin

(Linsley et al., 1963), from onion (Allium) in Utah (Bohart ez al.,

1970), and from cresote bush (Larrea) in Arizona and California

(Hurd and Linsley, 1975). In California it collects pollen from

alfalfa (Medicago) only when plants with more readily-available pollen

are absent or through blooming (Linsley, 1946). This bee was ob-

served tripping alfalfa flowers in Oregon (Tysdal, 1940). In Wash-

ington we found it collecting pollen from starthistle (Centaurea),

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 123

Table 1. Proportion of different stages of A. wu. urbana found in

samples taken at the nest site in 1974 and 1975.

3 58 2 E

a ee ee Ee

2 og 2 SS BE BE 82 3 &

ea) 4 Ay Ha AD AA Hs a

23 July (1974) 2 8 40 18 32 - — — —

30 July — — 14 — 14 21 15 36

14 August 12 — BY 5l a

28 August — — 80 20 —

14 March (1975) — — 88 12

10 June 100 — —

himblenmetard (Sisymbrium), and sunflower (Helianthus). We ob-

served females taking nectar from alfalfa (Medicago) before the wild

hosts bloomed.

DEVELOPMENT

The proportion of different life stages of A. u. urbana found in

1974 and 1975 are given in Table 1. Unemerged adults were present

in cells as late as 28 August, 1974, though this species is unable to

overwinter as adults.

The pollen-nectar mixture is not shaped but packed tightly into the

lower half of the cell and is neither dry nor moist but gruel-like in

consistency. A single white, sausage-shaped egg is laid centrally on

top of the pollen mass (Fig. 2). Each emerging larva consumes all of its

provisions, then defecates. The feces are a viscous fluid deposited in the

lower quarter of the cell.

Prepupae were collected and reared in chambers under different tem-

perature ranges with 100% relative humidity. At 65 degrees F the

prepupal stage lasted 26 days (range 21-40) and the pupal stage 42

days (range 35-46). At 75 degrees F the prepupal stage lasted 18

days (range 9-29) and the pupal stage 27 days (range 22-33). At

80 degrees F the prepupal stage lasted 16 days (range 15-23) and the

pupal stage 11 days (range 8-12) (Fig. 3). The average temperature

at 6 inches below the soil surface during the time of season involved

is 79 degrees F in the Touchet area.

Adults which emerged in the laboratory were not fed and died after

5-6 days.

124, THE Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

PARASITES, PREDATORS, AND OTHER NEST ASSOCIATES

The cleptoparasite Xeromelecta (Melectomorpha) californica Cresson

was found in less than 1% of A. u. urbana cells, but was observed en-

tering entrance holes. It appeared to be closely synchronized with its

host as adults were most abundant at the nest site during the peak

flight periods of the host. This cuckoo bee only attacks species of

Anthophora (Hurd and Linsley, 1951) and has been previously reported

from A. wu. urbana by Linsley (1939).

Larvae of Trogoderma inclusum Lec. destroyed the contents of a

number of A. u. urbana cells in the vertical bank. This is a first record

of T. inclusum from Anthophora. T. ajax Csy. has been found destroying

A. linsleyi cells, though it is primarily a scavenger (Linsley and Mac-

Swain, 1942) and T. sternale Jayne occurs in the nests of Anthophora

(Linsley, 1944).

The coarctate larval stage of Meloe niger Kirby was found in the

A. u. urbana nest site. This is a new host record for the black blister

beetle. High numbers have been found attacking alkali bees, Nomia

melanderi Ckll., in the Touchet area in recent years (Mayer et al., 1975).

Adult A. wu. urbana were sometimes parasitized by a conopid fly,

probably Zodion obliquefasciatum (Macq.). This is the prevalent

species which attacks alkali bee females in the area.

We also noted the occurrence of fungi infesting the pollen stores in-

side the cells, a Eurotiaceae and Aspergillus flavus Link.

Galleries of A. wu. urbana in the vertical bank were readily utilized

by the introduced alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile (rotundata) pacifica

Panzer.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank W. J. Turner, Department of Entomology, Washington

State University for identification of the Anthophora and Xeromelecta

and suggestions concerning the manuscript, J. M. Kingsolver, USDA,

for identification of the Trogoderma, and L. R. Batra, USDA, for

identification of the fungi.

LITERATURE CITED

Bowart, G. E., Nye, W. P., anp Hawrtnorn, L. R. 1970. Onion pollination as

affected by different levels of pollinator activity. Utah Agr. Exp.

Sta. Bull. 482, 57 pp.

Hurp, P. D., Jr., anp Linstey, E. G. 1951. The Melectine bees of California

(Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Bull. Calif. Insect Surv., 1: 119-140.

Hurp, P. D., Jr., anp Linstey, E. G. 1975. The principal Larrea bees of the

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 15

southwestern United States (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian

Contr. Zool., 193: 1-74.

Linstey, E. G. 1939. <A revision of the nearctic Melectinae. Ann. Entomol.

Soc. Amer., 32: 429-468.

Linstey, E. G. 1944. Natural sources, habitats, and reservoirs of insects associ-

ated with stored food products. Hilgardia 16: 187-224.

Linstey, E. G. 1946. Insect pollinators of alfalfa in California. J. Econ.

Entomol. 39: 18-29.

Linstey, E. G. 1958. The ecology of solitary bees. Hilgardia 19: 543-599.

Linsey, E. G. 1962. Sleeping aggregations of aculeate Hymenoptera: II. Ann.

Entomol. Soc. Amer., 55: 148-164.

LinstEy, E. G., anp MacSwain, J. W. 1942. The parasites, predators, and

inquiline associate of Anthophora linsleyi. Amer. Midland Nat. 27:

402-417.

Linsey, E. G., MAcSwain, J. W., AND Raven, P. H. 1963. Comparative behavior

of bees and Onagraceae. I. Oneothera bees of the Colorado desert. II.

Oenothera bees of the Great Basin. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 33:

1-58.

Linstey, E. G., MacSwain, J. W., anp Smith, R. F. 1952. The bionomics of

Diadasi consociata Timberlake and some biological relationships of

emphorine and anthophorine bees. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 9:

267-290.

Mayer, D., Jonansen, C., and Retan, A. H. 1975. The black blister beetle.

Wash. Agr. Ext. Ser. EM 3813, 2 pp.

Mueseseck, C. F. W., Krompern, K. V., ann Townes, H. K. 1951. Hyme-

noptera of America north of Mexico. U.S.D.A. Agr. Monograph 2,

1,420 pp.

STEPHEN, W. P., Bouart, G. E., anp Torcuio, P. F. 1969. The biology and

external morphology of bees. Agr. Exp. Sta., Oreg. State Univ., 140 pp.

TyspaL, H. M. 1940. (cited in Linsley, 1946).

EDITORIAL NOTICE

The editorship of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist will change hands beginning

with the October, 1976 issue (Vol. 52, No. 4). New manuscripts should be sub-

mitted to Drs. Thomas Eichlin and Alan Hardy, California Department of Food

and Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry, Laboratory Services, 1220 N Street,

Sacramento, California 95814.

A New Neotropical Shore Fly Genus with Two New Species

(Diptera: Ephydridae)

Wayne N. Matuis

Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331

AND

Witus W. WIRTH

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agr. Res. Serv., USDA,

c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560

Shore flies of the Neotropical and southern Nearctic Regions are

poorly known. It is likely that more than half of their fauna is still

undescribed; biologically they are even less well studied. The purpose

of this paper is to describe a new genus and two new species from this

geographic area. We wish to acknowledge Dr. James C. Hitchcock, Jr.

of the World Health Organization in Nuku’alofa, Tonga Islands, South

Pacific, for the gift of specimens, and Drs. R. O. Schuster and Saul I.

Frommer, University of California, Davis (UCD), and University of

California, Riverside (UCR), respectively, for lending specimens from

their collections.

Diedrops, new genus

Type-species, Diedrops aenigma Mathis and Wirth, new species, by present

designation.

Description—Moderately large flies, length 2.78 to 4.53 mm, females usually

larger than males; generally dark colored dorsally, contrasting with lighter

venter.

Head (Figs. 8, 10): Head wider than high; face protruding, arched with

scattered setae; oral margin setulose, setae larger than facial setae, becoming

stronger posteriorly; frons over three times wider than long, mesofrons de-

pressed; ocelli on sides of median prominence which is raised above level of

mesofrons; two larger pairs of lateroclinate fronto-orbitals but also with three to

four smaller bristles anterior and between larger pair; vertical bristles somewhat sep-

arated from each other, distance between divergent and convergent vertical bristles

equal to distance between divergent vertical and first large fronto-orbital; frons

with some additional, very small, and for the most part indistinct, scattered

setae, lacking postocellar setae or bristles and well developed postoculars. An-

tennae widely separated, ratio of distance between eyes to distance between

antennal bases approximately 1:0.30 from a cephalic view; segments dark in

color, third segment subequal to length of first and second; arista pubescent.

Face large, the dominating head feature, arched and somewhat protruding with

semiflattened area between antennae and with slight depressions beneath antennae;

face much lighter in color and contrasting distinctly with frons, sparsely setulose

to setulose. Eyes bare; eye to cheek ratio more than 1:0.75. Gena very wide,

THe Pan-Paciric ENTromo.wocist 52: 126-132. Aprit 1976

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 127

with one prominent bristle but with only a few scattered, small setae, concolorous

with face. Maxillary palpi very small, only slightly longer than wide; prementum

large, bulbous, setulose; clypeus a fairly narrow band.

Thorax: Mesonotum, scutellum, notopleuron and dorsal portion of meso-

pleuron distinctly darker than remainder of pleura, unicolorous, dark brown;

pleura otherwise mostly gray. Presutural bristles weak; acrostichal setae in two

rows, becoming stronger posteriorly; dorsocentral setae stronger posteriorly; one

pair of prescutellars lateral of line of dorsocentrals; one pair of bristles between

acrostichal and dorsocentral rows and just anterior to level of prescutellars; one

pair of small presutural setae just anterior to dorsal angles of notopleuron; one

row of inter-alars, becoming stronger posteriorly; one pair of postalars; scutellum

setulose dorsally, rounded apically, with two pairs of lateral bristles, posterior

pair larger. Notopleuron generally with two pairs of bristles, approximately

equidistant from corners; mesopleuron setulose toward posterior margin and

with one prominent bristle along posterior margin just above mid-height level;

sternopleuron mostly bare except for one small bristle toward posterodorsal corner

and two to three very small, scattered setae anterior to larger bristle; remainder

of pleuron bare. Legs dark, femora mostly gray, setulose; tibiae and _ tarsi

darker; terminal tarsal segments becoming wider; tarsal claws equal in length

to last tarsal segment; pulvilli well developed. Wing (Figs. 9, 11) as long or

longer than body length; veins R2+ 3 and R4+-5 subparallel to each other,

closely approximate at end of wing; costa extending to M1 + 2 vein.

Abdomen: Dark above. Male with five visible segments; female with seven visi-

ble segments; female postabdomen composed of segments six, seven, and eight plus

terminal cerci and possibly the ninth sternum; eighth sternum large, subquadrate

and without spines; female ventral receptacle with small operculum which is

trapezoidally shaped in profile, large extending process shaped like a “Lazy J”

(Figs. 2, 3). Male postabdomen symmetrical; surstyli apparently fused with

epandrium (Figs. 1, 15); epandrium with few setae, scattered randomly toward

middle, cerci protruding, setulose, located toward dorsal edge of epandrium;

aedeagal apodeme (Figs. 6, 13) very large, J-shaped, becoming wider ventrally;

basiphallus of aedeagus sclerotized, subelliptical; distiphallus membranous, much

smaller than basiphallus; hypandrium more or less U-shaped from a caudal view;

both hypandrial arms with median lobe; gonal arch extending across hypandrial

arms, arch with pointed median projection; between base of hypandrial arms

is an oval, sclerotized process that could be the sixth sternum. See species de-

scriptions and figures for further details concerning the male genitalia.

Entomology—Diedrops, a combination of diedros (Gr., “setting apart’’)

plus ops (Gr., “eye’”) in reference to the eyes which are well separated. To

promote uniformity with the recent catalog of North American Diptera we con-

sider this genus-group name to be masculine (see Stone, et al., 1965: 10).

Discussion.—Diedrops apparently belongs in the subfamily Pary-

drinae, although in many respects it is intermediate between Parydri-

nae and the subfamily Ephydrinae. The reduced mesonotal and ce-

phalic chaetotaxy, undivided eighth sternum of the female postabdomen,

the absence of prominent setae extending from the eighth and/or ninth

sterna of the female postabdomen, and the presence of a “gonal arch”

128 THE Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

(after Clausen and Cook, 1971) in the male genitalia, are all characters

which ally Diedrops with the subfamily Parydrinae. Characters which

Diedrops shares with genera in both Parydrinae and Ephydrinae are

as follows: The face is prominent, slightly protruding, and setulose;

the fronto-orbitals are lateroclinate; the prementum is large, well sclero-

tized, and bulbous; the clypeus is well :developed, band-like. The

setulose oral margin is characteristic of Ephydrinae (for additional

details on Parydrinae and Ephydrinae, see Clausen and Cook, 1971,

and Dahl, 1959).

Within the subfamily Parydrinae, Diedrops is most closely allied

with Psilephydra Hendel, an Oriental shore fly genus. Externally, this

relationship is especially apparent. The overall appearance of both

genera is very similar, and the resemblance of their head features is

particularly noteworthy. The shallow, depressed, fuscous frons; widely

separated eyes; and large, arched, setulose, and niveous face are

similarities of both genera. The head of Diedrops differs from that of

Psilephydra in the presence of well developed, lateroclinate fronto-

orbitals and a setulose oral margin.

The reduced chaetotaxy of the thorax is usually characteristic of

the subgenus Parydrinae and both Diedrops and Psilephydra have

poorly developed setae on the presutural portion of the mesonotum.

However, some genera of Ephydrinae also have reduced thoracic chae-

totaxy, i.e. Apulvillus, Scatophila. The acrostichal setae of Psilephydra

are very small, whereas in Diedrops many acrostichal setae are sub-

equal to the dorsocentrals. In addition there are two, sometimes three,

notopleural bristles in Diedrops, but Psilephydra has only one.

Structures of the male and female postabdomens of Diedrops are

more similar to the subfamily Parydrinae than to Ephydrinae. The

absence of the large, prominent setae which extend posteriorly from

either eighth or ninth sterna, or both, of the female postabdomen is

characteristic of Parydrinae. Ephydrinae typically have these promi-

nent setae. The “gonal arch” of the male genitalia of Diedrops also

allies this genus with the Parydrinae. The male genitalia of Diedrops

and Psilephydra are quite dissimilar. The enlarged, J-shaped aedeagal

apodeme, the large hypandrial arms, and the fused epandrial plate are

characteristic of Diedrops and distinguish it from Psilephydra.

In summary, Diedrops is probably most closely allied with the sub-

family Parydrinae, but it shares many characters with the Ephydrinae

and perhaps is an annectant genus. It may be distinguished from any

known genus of Parydrinae by the unique wing venation, chaetotaxy,

and diagnostic male and female postabdomens.

VoL. 52, No. 2, Apri 1976 129

Key To DIEDROPS SPECIES

l. Length 4.13 to 4.53 mm; wing apex rounded, vein R2-+ 3 nearly parallel

to vein R4+5 (Fig. 9); length of basitarsus equal to or shorter than com-

bined length of remaining tarsomeres for each leg (Mexico) —. aenigma n. sp.

Length 2.78 to 3.52 mm; wing apex bluntly rounded, apex of vein R2-+ 3

slightly sinuous (Fig. 11); length of basitarsus larger than combined

length of remaining tarsomeres for each leg (Peru) hitchcocki n. sp.

Diedrops aenigma, new species

(Figs. 1-10)

Description—As in generic description but with the following additional details.

Length 4.13 to 4.53 mm.

Head: Head width to height ratio 1:0.71; frons width to length ratio 1: 0.83;

eye width to face length ratio 1:0.43. Face mostly niveous to almost silvery,

dorsal and lateral margins dark, concolorous with frons; oral margin from

cephalic view becoming slightly emarginate at midpoint; setae along oral margin

not more than twice the length of facial setae.

Thorax: Length averaging 1.80 mm; lacking any strong dorsocentrals. Wing

length to width ratio 1:0.39; costal vein ratio 1:0.50; M1 -+ 2 vein ratio 1: 1.35.

Halter mostly pale yellow but with some dark, dustlike areas on capitellum.

Abdomen: Dark colored above, concolorous with mesonotum; fifth tergum

of male almost as long as wide. Male postabdomen and male fifth sternum as

in figs. 1, 4-7. Female ventral receptacle as in Figs. 2-3.

Holotype male, allotype, 11 paratypes (3 males, 8 females) : Mexico, MicHoacan,

Puerto Moritios, 24 August 1959, A. S. Menke and L. A. Stange (USNM, UCD).

One female paratype: Mexico, Sinaloa, 1.7 mi W Potrerillos, Rt. 40, 22 August

1964, P. A. Rauch (UCR). One female paratype: Mexico, Sinaloa, 4.6 miles

east of Chupaderos, Route 40, 22 August 1964, M. E. Irwin (UCR). Holotype

deposited in California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, type number 12426.

Etymology.—aenigma, a nominative singular Latin noun meaning “obscure”

or “mystery,” referring to the puzzling relationship this species has with other

shore fly genera and species. The name stands in apposition to the generic name.

Remarks.—Nothing is known about the biology or natural history

of this species. Puerto Morillos is a park workers’ settlement in Atzimba

National Park, located on Mexico Route 15, approximately 28 miles

east of Morelia, and about a mile west of the Summit of Puerto Garnica

at 9272 feet.

The large size and diagnostic male postabdomen will serve to dis-

tinguish D. aenigma from its congener, D. hitchcocki.

Diedrops hitehcocki, new species

(Figs. 11-15)

Description—As in generic description but with the following additional details.

Length 2.78 to 3.52 mm.

Head: Head width to height ratio 1:0.70; frons width to height ratio 1:0.30;

130 THE Pan-Pactric ENTOMOLOGIST

Fics. 1-7. Diedrops aenigma: 1, male epandrium, ventral view; 2, female

ventral receptacle, ventral view; 3, same, lateral view; 4, male postabdomen,

lateral view; 5, male fifth sternum; 6, male hypandrium, gonal arch, aedeagus,

and aedeagal apodeme, lateral view; 7, same, ventral view.

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 131

Fics. 8-15. Diedrops aenigma: 8, head, anterior view; 9, wing; 10, head,

lateral view. Diedrops hitchcocki: 11, wing; 12, male fifth sternum; :13,. male

hypandrium, gonal arch, aedeagus, and aedeagal apodeme, lateral view; 14,

same, ventral view; 15, male epandrium, ventral view. Comparable structures

for both species are drawn to the same scale.

132 THE PAn-PAciFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

eye ratio 1:1.1; eye to cheek ratio 1:0.95; eye width to face length ratio 1 : 0.67.

Face from cephalic view appearing silvery mesad, otherwise niveous, setulose;

distinctly protruding from lateral view; setae along oral margin well developed,

becoming much stronger posteriorly, well over twice the length of facial setae.

Cheek very wide.

Thorax: Length averaging 1.25 mm. Chaetotaxy of mesonotum with distinct

bristles; at least one pair of presutural dorsocentrals and two or three pairs of

postsuturals, several setae of varying lengths in between larger bristles. An-

terior pair of lateral scutellar bristles considerably smaller than posterior pair. Wing

length to width ratio 1:0.39; costal vein ratio 1:0.37; M1-+2 vein ratio 1:1.

Halter mostly dark brown but with some pale areas. Basitarsus of each leg

longer than combined length of remaining tarsomeres.

Abdomen: Darker above but not concolorous with mesonotum, usually lighter;

length of third segment but slightly smaller than combined length of fourth and

fifth segments; fifth segment truncate apically, not longer than wide. Male post-

abdomen and fifth sternum of male as in Figs. 12-15.

Holotype male, allotype, 17 paratypes (10 males, 7 females): Peru, Moquecua,

Yacanco, 5-9 October 1965, J. C. Hitchcock, Jr., coll. (USNM). Holotype de-

posited in National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., type number

71116.

Etymology.—hitchcocki is a Latin genitive patronym in honor of the collector

of the type series, James C. Hitchcock, Jr.

Remarks.—D. hitchcocki is distinguished from D. aenigma by its

smaller size, by the more protruding face, by the stronger setation

on the head and thorax, by the shape of the wing and venation, and by

the distinctive male postabdomen. The biology of this species is un-

known. Yacango is a village in the arid zone of Peru, in Torata

District, Mariscal Nieto Province, Department of Moquegua in the

valley of the Rio Osmore at 6150 foot elevation on the west slope of

the Andes. Collecting was done in the village in what approximated

oasis conditions in a desert countryside (Buck, Sasaki, and Anderson,

1968).

LITERATURE CITED

Buck, A. A., Sasaki, T. T., AnD ANpDERSON, R. I. 1968. Health and Disease in

Four Peruvian Villages. 142 pp. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.

CiLausen, P. J., anD Coox, E. F. 1971. A revision of the Nearctic species of

the tribe Parydrini (Diptera: Ephydridae). Mem. Amer. Entomol.

Soc., 27: 1-150.

Dant, R. G. 1959. Studies on Scandinavian Ephydridae (Diptera, Brachycera).

Opusc. Entomol. (Soc. Entomol. Lund), Suppl., 25: 1-225.

Stone, A., Saprosky, C. W., Wirto, W. W., Foote, R. H., anp Coutson, J. R.

1965. A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. U.S.

Dept. Agr., Agr. Handb. no. 276, 1696 pp.

Hyrtanella: A New Genus of Ephemerellidae from Malaysia

(Ephemeroptera) *

RicHarp K. ALLEN? AnD G. F. Epmunps, Jr.®

Collections of mayflies from Malaysia by a party composed of G. F.

and C. H. Edmunds (University of Utah), and W. L. and J. G. Peters,

and W. M. Beck, Jr. (Florida A. & M. University) included nymphs

and female imagoes of an undescribed genus and species.

Hyrtanella, new genus

Female Imago. General color brown. Body small to moderate in size. Eyes small,

not divided. Claws dissimilar. Fore wings with short marginal intercalaries,

crossveins moderate in number; one intercallary between IMP and MPs», none

between MP2 and CuA, and only three between CuA and CuP (Fig. 2a). Hind

wings proportionately small with small, sharp costal projection at wing mid-

length; hind wings with few crossveins (Figs. 2b-3). Abdominal segments with

irregular lateral margins; segments 1-5 broadly expanded laterally, segments

6-7 narrow, segment 8 broad, expanded posteriorly, and segment 9 concave and

narrow posteriorly; abdominal tergum 8 with sharp median posterior tubercle

(Fig. 4). Caudal filaments pale, lateral cerci and median terminal filament

subequal.

Nymph. Head with frontal and occipital tubercles (Fig. 1); labrum entire,

with shallow median emargination and anterior surface with setae; mandibles

with well developed incisors and molar surface, base produced into lateral tooth-

like protuberance; maxillae with well developed apical incisors; maxillary palpi

l-segmented, with apical spine. Thoracic segments with dorsal and ventral

tubercles (Figs. 5-6). Fore femora with tubercles on anterior surface; tarsal

claws with palisade of subapical denticles. Abdominal segments with dorsal

(Fig. 1) and ventral (Fig. 5) tubercles; lamellate tracheal gills on segments 3-6;

gills operculate on segment 3, imbricated on segments 4-6; abdominal terga

4-8 depressed sublaterally with lateral margins forming distinct excavation

(Fig. 6). Caudal filaments with setae, shorter than body.

Male Imago. Unknown. Eyes divided, as seen in nymph.

Type Species. Hyrtanella christineae Allen and Edmunds, new species.

The genus belongs in the subfamily Ephemerellinae and is closely

related to Ephemerella Walsh, 1862. The taxon is distinguished

from Ephemerella, and all other Ephemerellidae, in the adult stage by

the reduced number of marginal intercalaries between CuA and IMP

1 The University of Utah collections were obtained with National Science Foundation grant

support to the junior author, and the research and writing was supported by NSF grants to both

authors. The Florida A. & M. collections were obtained with aid of grant no. 516-15-25 from the

Cooperative State Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture to W. L. Peters.

2 California State University, Los Angeles, 90032.

3 University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112.

Tue Pan-Pactric ENTOMOLOGIST 52: 133-137. Aprit 1976

134 THe Pan-PactFic ENTOMOLOGIST

Fic. 1. Hyrtanella christineae, mature nymph, dorsal view.

in the fore wings, the number of crossveins and the sharp, mid-length,

costal projection in the hind wings, and the shape of the abdomen

with enlarged 8th and 9th segments preceded by narrowed and short-

ened segments. Nymphs are distinguished by possessing operculate gills

on segment 3, by the shape of the abdominal segments and the posses-

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 135

sion of a dorsal sublateral depression on segments 4-8, and by the

mandibles bearing a lateral toothlike protuberance.

Hyrtanella is the sixth genus of Ephemerellidae to be reported from

Asia. Ephemerella is widely distributed from Russia to Southeast Asia

and eight of the thirteen subgenera have been reported from this part

of the world. The subgenera Cincticostella Allen, 1971, Drunella

Needham, 1905, Ephemerella s. s., Serratella Edmunds, 1959, Teloganop-

sis Ulmer, 1939, and Torleya Lestage, 1917, are known from the

nymphal and adult stages, and Acerella Allen, 1971, and Crinitella

Allen and Edmunds, 1963, are known only from nymphs. The genus

Ephemerellina Lestage, 1924, known from nymphs and adults, is re-

ported from eastern China, and Vietnamella Tshernova, 1972, was

described from nymphs collected in Vietnam and is tentatively placed

in the subfamily Teloganodinae. Hyrtanella is known from female

imagoes and male and female nymphs from Malaysia. Hyrtanella chris-

taneae is described from Sabah, East Malaysia (6°03’ N. and 116°32’

E.), and an undescribed species was recently discovered in the John E.

Bishop collection from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (3°08’ N. and 101°42’

E.). Teloganodes Eaton, 1882, known from all developmental stages,

has been reported from Ceylon, Java, the Philippines, and Sumatra,

and specimens of an undescribed species were collected from the

same stream as Hyrtanella near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The genus

Teloganella Ulmer, 1939, is known from a single female imago collected

in Sumatra, and the placement of this taxon to family is provisional

until the male imago and nymph are discovered.

Etymology. Hyrtanella is from the Greek work hyrtane meaning

potlid, and the Latin diminutive ella which conforms to generic names

common in the family.

Hyrtanella christineae, new species

Female Imago. Length: body 3.5-4.5 mm; fore wing 6.0-7.0 mm; caudal

filaments 3.0-4.0 mm. General color brown. Head brown. Pronotum brown;

mesonotum brown with dark linear markings along sutures; fore wings hyaline,

basal 40% brown, apical portion hyaline (Fig. 2a); longitudinal veins brown;

hind wings hyaline, marked with brown except at apex (Fig. 3); longitudinal

veins brown; legs light brown. Abdomen brown, without markings. Caudal

filaments dark brown.

Mature Nymph. Length: body 6.5-7.5 mm; caudal filaments 2.5-3.5 mm.

General color brown to dark brown. Head brown; head with paired occipital

tubercles; genae produced anteriorly; clypeus with paired submedian projections

(Fig. 6). Thorax brown; nota brown with irregular brown markings; prothoracic

nota with paired anterior and posterior submedian tubercles; mesothoracic nota

with median and paired submedian posterior protuberances, thoracic sterna brown;

136 Tue PAn-PacitFic ENTOMOLOGIST

Fics. 2-6. Hyrtanella christineae. Fig. 2a, fore wing female; Fig. 2b, hind

wing female; Fig. 3, hind wing female (enlarged); Fig. 4, abdomen female,

dorsal view; Fig. 5, body nymph, ventral view; Fig. 6, head and body nymph,

lateral view.

prothoracic sterna with double sublateral sharp protuberances; meso- and meta-

thoracic sterna with single sublateral blunt protuberances; legs light brown,

margined with setae; fore femora with median and basal anterior tubercle

(Fig. 1); tarsal claws with palisade of 6-8 submarginal denticles. Abdominal

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 yi

terga brown; terga 4-7 with paired submedian tubercles; terga 8-9 with median

tubercle; abdominal segments 8-9 with posterolateral projections (Fig 1); ab-

dominal sterna 2-7 with paired sublateral protuberances (Fig. 5). Caudal fila-

ments brown with fine setae.

Holotype: mature nymph, Liwacu River nr. Liwacu Cave, SE HEADQUARTERS,

KrnapaLu Nati. PK., 1525 m, Sapan, East Maraysia, 14/15-VIII-72, G. F. and

C. H. Edmunds, and W. L. and J. G. Peters in collection University of Utah,

Salt Lake City. Paratopotypes: 50 nymphs, same date and locality as holotype, G. F.

and C. H. Edmunds and/or W. L. and J. G. Peters, 17 nymphs in collection Florida

A. & M. University, Tallahassee, 10 in collection California State University, Los

Angeles, 2 each in collections California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco,

Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, and Smithsonian Institution, Washington,

D. C., remainder in collection University of Utah. Paratypes: 4 nymphs, 46

female imagoes, Liwagu River N. Kundassan, 915 m, Sabah, East Malaysia

16/17-VITI-72, W. M. Beck, Jr. or W. L. and J. G. Peters, or G. F. and C. H.

Edmunds, 5 female imagoes each in collections University of Utah and California

State University, Los Angeles, 2 each in collections California Academy of Sciences,

Canadian National Collection, and Smithsonian Institution, remainder in collection

of Florida A. & M. University.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

A New Recorp oF ACANTHOCININE CERAMBYCID FROM AMERICA NORTH OF

Mexico.—Over the past four years, several specimens of a distinct cerambycid

have been collected by the author in Santa Cruz County, Arizona. These specimens

have been tentatively identified as Lepturges infilatus, Bates, previously recorded

from Nicaragua, Guatemala and Mexico. The northern most record is listed from

Misantla, a small town near the Gulf of Mexico north of Vera Cruz. Dillon,

(1956, Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 49:332-355), in his revision of the Tribe Acantho-

cini, lists six species of Lepturges from America North of Mexico, and only one

from Arizona.

Since the initial record in July 1971, seven specimens have been taken at black

light and mercury vapor light in Southern Arizona. Specimens are in the collec-

tions of: D. G. Marqua; A. E. Lewis; J. E. Wappes; University of California,

Berkeley.—Davip G. Marqua, Los Angeles County Nature Centers, 1000 N. Durfee

Ave., S. El Monte, Ca. 91733.

Taxonomic, biological and distributional notes of North

American Chrysobothris, with the description

of a new species from California

(Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Wituiam F. Barr

University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843

AND

Ricuarp L. WESTCOTT

Oregon Department of Agriculture, Salem, Oregon 97310

Although Fisher’s (1942) revision of the North American species

of Chrysobothris was a very important contribution towards a classifi-

cation of the group, a number of taxonomic problems were left un-

answered and new ones came into being. In recent years some of

these problems have been directly or indirectly resolved through the

descriptions of new species, the revision of species groups, faunistic

studies, the establishment of new synonymies, and the presentation of

biological and distributional information. Much work remains to

be done on the species, however, before a definitive classification

is prepared.

The present paper is intended to add to a further understanding of

the genus Chrysobothris by the designation of a lectotype, by dis-

cussing taxonomic characters of two species, by correcting several pub-

lished misidentifications, by removing two species from synonymy,

by proposing two new synonymies, and by providing information on

the distribution and biology of 22 species. In addition, one new

species is described.

The abbreviated collection designations of Arnett and Samuelson

(1969) have been used. However, in four instances it was necessary

to establish abbreviations for collections previously not so designated

(WFBC = W. F. Barr, FTHC = F. T. Hovore, RHTC = R. H. Turnbow,

Jr., and DSVC =D. S. Verity). Where a collection designation is not

given, the specimens are in the collection of the collector.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Special appreciation is expressed to R. D. Pope, British Museum

(Nat. Hist.) ; J. Jelinek, National Museum of Natural History, Prague;

1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station as

Research Paper No. 7564.

Tue Pan-Paciric Entomo.tocist 52: 138-153. Apri 1976

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 139

and A. Descarpentries, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris,

for allowing one of us (WFB) the opportunity of studying type speci-

mens in their care. G. H. Nelson, Kansas City College of Osteopathic

Medicine, J. A. Chemsak and J. A. Powell, University of California,

Berkeley, and D. S. Verity, University of California, Los Angeles have

provided us with specimens and collection information for which we are

deeply grateful. Other material has come to us through the courtesy

of P. J. Clausen, University of Minnesota; Byrd Dozier, USDA, San

Diego, Calif.; K. J. Goeden, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Her-

miston, Oregon; F. T. Hovore, Placerita Canyon Nature Center, New-

hall, California; R. S. Lavigne, University of Wyoming; H. B. Leech,

California Academy of Sciences; L. L. Pechuman, Cornell University ;

Loren Russell, Oregon State University; V. M. Tanner, Brigham

Young University; and R. H. Turnbow, Jr., University of Georgia.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS AXILLARIS HORN

Chrysobothris axillaris Horn, 1886, Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 13: 75.

Fisher (1942) questioned the several literature records of this spe-

cies occurring in Texas, because upon examination of one of the speci-

mens involved he found that it was C. acaciae Knull. Therefore, it is

of importance to establish the presence of C. axillaris in Texas. Speci-

mens of axillaris bearing the following collection data have been ex-

amined: Davis Mountains, 6000 ft., July 11, 1958, W. F. Barr, on

Quercus; 9 miles south of Ft. Davis, Hwy 17, June 12, 1968, June 14,

1963, June 18, 1965 and June 29, 1971, G. H. Nelson, on Quercus; 4

miles southeast of Ft. Davis, Hwy 118, June 15, 1963, G. H. and D. E.

Nelson, on Quercus (GHNC); 18 miles west of Ft. Davis, Jeff Davis

County, July 8, 1961, R. L. Westcott, on Quercus; and Deadman’s

Canyon, Davis Mountains, July 28, 1972, R. L. Westcott, on Quercus.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS AZUREA LECONTE

Chrysobothris azurea LeConte, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 8.

This widely ranging species is recorded from two southern states

for the first time. Specimens have been seen from LaF ollette, Campbell

Co., Tennessee, June 25, 1973, R. H. Turnbow, Jr. (RLWE) and a

specimen from Montgomery, Alabama, May 2, 1948, R. W. Dawson

(GHNC) is reported to us by G. H. Nelson.

140 THE Pan-PaciFic ENTOMOLOGIST

CHRYSOBOTHRIS BARRI WESTCOTT

Chrysobothris barri Westcott, 1971, Coleopt. Bull., 25:131-136.

This species was described from material collected in Nevada and

California mostly on slash and cut stumps of pinyon pine, Pinus mono-

phylla Torr. and Frem. The assumption that this is a host plant is con-

firmed by a series of specimens reared from P. monophylla collected

at Mahogany Flat, Panamint Range, Inyo Co., California, 8000 ft.,

May 6, 1970, F. T. Hovore (FTHC, RLWE).

CHRYSOBOTHRIS BREVILOBA FALL

Chrysobothris breviloba Fall, 1910, Jour. N. Y. Entomol. Soc., 18: 51.

Two male specimens from Lee Canyon, Charleston Park, Spring

Mountains, Clark Co., Nevada, May 29, 1950, C. D. MacNeill (CASC)

closely match specimens of C. breviloba from Colorado. This new

state record not only represents a considerable westwardly range ex-

tension but one of a discontinuous nature. The occurrence of C.

breviloba in the Spring Mountains is not unexpected, as this area of

Nevada is known to have faunal affinities with the Rocky Mountains.

The many records of C. breviloba in the Pacific Coast and Pacific

Northwest states are based on erroneously identified specimens.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS BIRAMOSA CALIDA KNULL

Chrysobothris biramosa calida Knull, 1958, Ohio J. Sci., 58: 96.

This subspecies is recorded from the Pacific Northwest for the

first time. Specimens from 5 miles southeast. of Grandview, Owyhee

Co., Idaho and 30 miles south-southwest of Vale, Malheur Co., Oregon,

previously referred to C. b. biramosa (Fisher) by Barr (1971) should

be placed under C. 6b. calida. The Idaho specimens (UICM) were

reared from roots of Atriplex canescens (Torr. and Frem.) Wats.

Additional Oregon collections (ODAC), all from Malheur Co., and

on A. confertifolia by K. J. Goeden, include the following: 15 miles

southwest of Vale and 40 miles south-southwest of Vale, July 16, 1974;

4. miles south of Burns and 15 miles northwest of Burns, July 31,

1974; and Basque Station, Highway 95, July 3, 1974.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS CHRYSOELA (ILLIGER)

Buprestis chrysoela Illiger, 1800, in Wiedemann, Arch. Zool., 1: 122.

Two new host records are here recorded for this widely distributed

species which has been associated with a rather large number of hard-

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 141

wood trees and shrubs. Specimens were reared from dead wood of

the Florida fish poison tree, Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg., collected

on December 5, 1970 at Brickell Hammock, Miami, Dade Co., Florida,

R. L. Westcott. Emergence took place from August to December,

1971. Another specimen reported to us by G. H. Nelson bears the

label, Baldwin Co., Alabama, 1971, reared ex pecan (GHNC).

Chrysobothris cupressicona, new species

(Figs. 1-5)

Holotype male.——Moderately elongate, convex; dark purplish-brown, slightly

shining, front of head brassy-green, vertex becoming cupreous, pronotum with

cupreous areas near sides, apical fourth of elytra broadly cupreous in certain

lights, ventral surface purplish with prosternum brassy-green at middle.

Head finely, densely punctured, more sparsely punctured at middle of front,

densely but inconspicuously clothed with short, suberect and subrecumbent

white hairs that are directed inferiorly; vertex with median, longitudinal dark

purple integumental line, not carinate; front without callosities, subflattened at

middle; clypeus with front margin acutely incised at middle, broadly, nearly

semicircularly rounded laterally; antenna conspicuously serrate from 4th segment

which is subequal in length to 2nd and slightly shorter than 3rd segment,

3rd segment elongate, subcylindrical, segments 4-10 slightly wider than long.

Pronotum one and three-fourths times wider than long, widest near front,

irregularly convex with very finely impressed median line on basal half and

broad, shallow sublateral depression near middle; sides broadly, feebly bisinuate

except at front where they are broadly rounded and at base where they are

slightly constricted; hind angles subrectangular, blunted; hind margin strongly

lobed at middle, evenly arcuate in front of each elytron; lateral margin associated

with slightly elevated, arcuate smooth ridge that extends from beneath hind

angle to about middle; front margin shallowly emarginate with broad median

lobe; surface rather finely, densely punctured, with irregular impunctate area on

disk on either side of middle, lateral areas more densely and coarsely punctured,

pubescence consisting of few scattered short white hairs that are indistinct but

become more evident near hind angles.

Elytra slightly more than one and three-fourth times longer than wide; base

of each elytron nearly semicircularly rounded; sides subparallel behind humeri,

then broadly but feebly expanded to behind middle and then broadly narrowing

to apices which are separately rounded, indistinctly serrate and which are without

sutural tooth; each elytron irregularly contoured, with small subbasal circular

depression near scutellum and a very shallow, irregular, and elongate depression

along humerus and broad, shallow discal depression in front of middle, foveae

not evident, sutural and sublateral costae weakly developed behind middle,

humeral costae weakly developed on apical fourth, sutural and humeral costae

forming indistinct “Y” in front of apex, discal costa evident on apical half only

in certain lights, humeral costa broken by small, dense concentration of punc-

tures at about apical third; surface finely, densely punctured becoming more

shallowly and finely punctured apically, uniformly clothed with rather sparsely

placed, short, suberect white hairs.

142 Tue Pan-PacitFic ENTOMOLOGIST

3

Fics. 1-6. Fig. 1. C. cupressicona, male genitalia, ventral view. Fig. 2. C.

cupressicona, male protibia, rear view. Fig. 3. C. cupressicona, male protibia,

front view. Fig. 4. C. cupressicona, apex of female abdomen, ventral view.

Fig. 5. C. cupressicona, apex of male abdomen, ventral view. Fig. 6. C. lata,

dorsal view.

Prosternum densely but inconspicuously clothed with short, subrecumbent white

hairs; anterior half with two transverse depressions at middle; front margin

with well developed, broad median lobe which is subtruncate at middle and

obliquely directed downward.

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 143

Abdomen finely, sparsely shallowly punctured, becoming more finely and

densely punctured at sides of sternites 1 and 2; sternites 1-5 with faintly indi-

cated, slightly elevated elongate smooth area near sides; last sternite with

lateral margins not serrate, hind margin broadly very shallowly emarginate

(Fig. 5).

Legs short and stout; femora cupreous, tibiae and tarsi aeneous black; pro-

femur with broad, subacutely developed triangular tooth at middle, outer margin

of which is not serrate; protibia arcuate with conspicuous, semicircularly de-

veloped lobe on inner margin at about apical three-fourths, beyond which margin

is emarginate (Fig. 3); mesotibia slightly arcuate and with slight apical dilation

on inner margin; metatibia straight, first segment of metatarsus without evidence

of small plantula at apex. Length 8.7 mm., width 3.45 mm.

Female.—Similar to male except for the following: the front of head is uni-

formly coppery-purplish and ventral surface is without greenish reflections;

protibia lacks subapical dilation; hind margin of last abdominal sternite is

faintly notched or has distinct acute or broadened notch at middle (Fig. 4).

Holotype male (California Academy of Sciences) from Santa Lucia Range, 2

miles northwest of Cuesta Pass, San Luis Obispo County, California, J. Powell

(#62E3) reared from Cupressus goveniana cone collected May 5, 1962 and

emerged May 15, 1962. Twelve male and 11 female paratypes from type-locality

on C. goveniana May 5, 1962 or reared from cones of C. goveniana collected May

4 and 5, 1962 by J. Powell and emerged May 12, 15, and 21, 1962, by June 20,

1962, in late 1962 and in late 1963. One male paratype from same type-locality

reared from cones of C. sargenti collected May 10, 1975 and emerged June 5,

1975, Westcott and Hensley. Seven male and 7 female paratypes from Cuesta

Ridge, San Luis Obispo County, California, April 27, 1973, F. G. Andrews and

D. Shaw, reared from cones of C. sargenti. Paratypes in the collections of the

California Department of Agriculture, the University of California, Berkeley,

W. F. Barr, G. H. Nelson and R. L. Westcott.

This species was erroneously treated as C. purpurata Bland by

Powell (1965) who reported on its biology. It is however, distinct

from that species which was described from specimens collected in

Nebraska. Its closest relationships appear to be with C. fragariae

Fisher which is known from the Pacific Northwest and from the

roots of species of Fragaria and Eriogonum. In Fisher’s key (1942),

C. cupressicona will run out to C. fragariae regardless of one’s in-

terpretation of the convexity of the pronotum as detailed in couplet 5.

However, the two species can easily be separated by differences in

coloration, form of the antenna and structure of the male genitalia.

In C. cupressicona the elytra tend to be darkened, the ventral surface

is shining purplish and the front of the head of the male is distinctly

ereen. The elytra of C. fragariae tend to be coppery in color, the

ventral surface is blackish and the front of the head of the male is

dark purplish. The third antennal segment of C. cupressicona is sub-

cylindrical and only slightly enlarged apically, whereas it is distinctly

144, THE Pan-PaciFic ENTOMOLOGIST

subtriangular on C. fragariae. The male genitalia of C. cupressicona

are less elongate than those of fragariae, lack a conspicuous lateral

constriction, and have the distinctive apical section of the parameres

relatively much longer (Fig. 1).

As with so many species of Chrysobothris, considerable variation is

evident in C. cupressicona. Notably the elytra range from dark coppery-

purplish to brassy black in color. The sides of the pronotum vary from

an evenly rounded to a bilobed condition, with a slight construction

at the middle; the upper surface of the pronotum is slightly convex

to longitudinally flattened at the middle; anteriorly the pronotum

may have a small and rounded or obliquely transverse, feebly elevated,

non-punctured area on either side of the middle rather than being

uniformly punctured. Finally, the lateral margins of the last abdominal

sternite are entire to feebly or irregularly serrate.

The discrepancy in the use of names for the host plant of C. cupres-

stcona is attributed to differences in species concepts of Cupressus rather

than with identifications. Powell (in litt.) indicates that he followed

Little (1953) and thus referred to the host as C. goveniana. The

other collectors who cite the host plant as C. sargenti have followed

the concepts of Wolf and Wagener (1948) and others.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS DELETA LECONTE

Chrysobothris deleta LeConte, 1860, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., (n.s.) (1859)

lis 255,

Rearing records indicate that this species utilizes several woody

rangeland shrubs of the family Compositae as host plants. The host

records of yellow pine and mesquite as cited by Fisher (1942) are

surely erroneous.

Specimens have been reared from the crown of Gutierrezia sarothrae

(Pursh.) Britt. and Rusby collected 25-26 miles east of Mitchell,

Wheeler Co., Oregon during May 1972, R. L. Westcott and R. L.

Penrose (RLWE, ODAC) and from the upper root of Chrysothamnus

nauseosus (Pallas) Britt. collected 3 miles south of Raft River, Cassia

Co., Idaho on June 21, 1961, W. F. Barr (UICM). Barr (1971)

listed the only other confirmed host plants of C. deleta as Artemisia

tridentata Nutt. and A. tripartita Rydb.

The recorded association of this species with the shrub Purshia triden-

tata (Pursh.) DC. probably is not indicative of a true host plant re-

lationship. Interpretation of several collections made recently in Oregon

suggest the association to be one relating to adult feeding or behavior

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 145

rather than larval development. Large numbers of C. deleta were col-

lected from the tips of live twigs of P. tridentata in the late afternoon

and early evening near Boardman and Hermiston, Umatilla Co., June

29 and July 7, 1969 by K. J. Goeden (ODAC, RLWE). The known

host plant G. sarothrae is abundant at these two collection sites.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS EDWARDSII HorN

Chrysobothris edwardsii Horn, 1886, Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 13: 71.

Chrysobothris chamberlini Obenberger, 1940, Sbornik Entomol. Odd. Nar. Mus.

Praze, 18: 93. New synonym.

This species has been recorded from Arizona, California, New Mex-

ico and Texas. It has been reported to utilize the widely distributed

desert shrub Ocotillo, Fouquieria splendens Engelmann as its host. A

large series of specimens was reared in 1965 and 1966 from dead and

dying branches of F. splendens collected 26 miles south of Needles,

San Bernardino County, California in April 1965, W. F. Barr (UICM,

WFBC, RLWE).

Obenberger based his description of C. chamberlini on a male speci-

men from “California.” This specimen, which is located in his collection

in Prague, does not differ from C. edwardsii.

Chamberlin’s record (1926) of C. edwardsii from Baja California

was based on a misidentification. This record should be referred to

C. schaefferi Obenberger.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS FISKEI FISHER

Chrysobothris fiskei Fisher, 1942, U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. 470, p. 221.

Fisher described this species from specimens that had been reared

from Cercis reniformis Engelmann, collected at Montell, Texas. A new

host record and an extension of its known distributional range are

based on a male specimen reared July 1974 from dead wood of Quercus

sp., collected in the Davis Mts., Jeff Davis Co., Texas, 6000 ft., F.T.

Hovore (RLWE).

CHRYSOBOTHRIS IGNICOLLIS Horn

Chrysobothris ignicollis Horn, 1885, Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 12: 145.

In his revision of the genus Fisher (1942) stated that he had not

seen specimens of this species from Nevada, although he indicated

that Chamberlin (1926) had recorded it from the state. Because

many of Chamberlin’s identifications and records are suspect it seems

146 THe PAn-Pactric ENTOMOLOGIST

worthwhile to confirm the occurrence of C. ignicollis in Nevada. Speci-

mens have been identified from Pioche, Lincoln Co., June 25, 1966,

R. L. Westcott on Juniperus sp.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS INAEQUALIS WATERHOUSE

Chrysobothris inaequalis Waterhouse, 1887, Biol. Centr._Amer., Ins., Coleopt.,

Buprestidae, vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 42.

Chrysobothris vandykeana Obenberger, 1940, Sbornik Entomol. Odd. Nar. Mus.

Praze, 18: 94. New synonym.

This Mexican species differs from most others in the nature of the

dimorphism between the sexes. Although the male lacks an apical

dilation of the protibia, it can be distinguished from the female by

having the front of the head finely, densely punctured and very densely

clothed with short, erect yellowish hairs and by having the hind margin

of the last abdominal sternite broadly arcuately emarginate. In addi-

tion, the upper, inner margin of each eye of the male is slightly emarg-

inate. The ventral surface of each sex is shining cupreous but the

thoracic sternites of the female tend to be greenish, especially medially.

Specimens have been seen from 40 miles east of Mexico City, Mexico

D. F., 9500 ft., July 3, 1955, D. Giuliani (CASC).

The new synonymy is proposed after examining the type specimen

of C. inaequalis at the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) and the type speci-

men of C. vandykeana in the Obenberger collection at Prague. The

latter, described from a male specimen from San Diego, California,

probably is incorrectly labeled.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS LARICIS Van DYKE

Chrysobothris laricis Van Dyke, 1916, Entomol. News, 27: 409.

New state and provincial records for this species include Arizona,

Wyoming, Montana and Alberta. Specific collection records are Greer,

Apache Co., Arizona, 8000’, July 3, 1953, A. and H. Dietrich (CUIC) ;

Centennial, Albany Co., Wyoming, August 11, 1967, D. Ribble and

August 17, 1968, R. J. Lavigne (ESUW); Yellow Bay, Flathead Lake,

Lake Co., Montana, July 25, 1967, R. L. Westcott; and Waterton Lakes

Nat. Park, Alberta, July 31, 1965, R. L. Westcott on Pinus contorta

slash.

The only previous Utah record for this species is that of Chamberlin

(1926). Confirming records for the state are: Long Hollow, Dixie

Nat. For., June 23, 1960, Brigham Young University Bark Beetle

Exped.; The Pass, Table Cliff Mt., Garfield Co., 9300’, June 1936;

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 147

and Aquarius Plateau, Garfield Co., 9-10,000’, June 1936, V. M.

Tanner (all BYUC).

The California records for C. laricis (Van Dyke, 1916 and Chamberlin,

1917) undoubtedly are referrable to C. caurina Horn. The occurrence

of C. laricis in California is yet to be established.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS LATA KERREMANS

Chrysobothris lata Kerremans, 1899, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Belg., 43: 336.

Chrysobothris lata was treated as an unrecognized species by Fisher

(1942). Examination of the type specimen from “Florida” in the

British Museum (Nat. Hist.) indicates that it is indeed different from

any of the known U.S. species. On the other hand, it does appear to

be closely related to C. rotundicollis Laporte and Gory, from “Santo

Domingo,” especially in size and coloration, in the shape and sculptur-

ing of the pronotum and in the presence and development of elytral

costae and foveae. The two type specimens of these species differ

mainly in the nature of the costae near the elytral apices. With C. lata

(Fig. 6) the sutural costae are interrupted and joined with two dis-

tinctly elevated and recurved discal costae that present a somewhat

““mesh-like” pattern before their juncture with the sutural costa. With

C. rotundicollis the sutural costae are the most strongly elevated and

are entire and slightly sinuate apically. Each of these costae joins

with a slightly elevated discal costa in front of the apex. These dif-

ferences must be regarded as species distinctive for the present. How-

ever, the possibility of C. lata being a junior synonym of C. rotundicollis

cannot be dismissed.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS NEOTEXANA B. DOZIER

Chrysobothris neotexana B. Dozier, 1955, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington, 57: 75.

Chrysobothris texana, Franklin and Lund, 1956, Georgia Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech.

Bull., n. s. 3, p. 31. (misidentification).

This species has been known only from its type locality in North

Carolina except for a possible record in South Carolina (Kirk, 1970).

The record of C. texana LeConte in Georgia by Franklin and Lund

undoubtedly refers to C. neotexana. An additional Georgia record is

from Whitehall Forest, Clarke Co., June 5 and September 16, 1972,

R. H. Turnbow, Jr. (RHTC, RLWE).

New state records are based on specimens from Montgomery Co.,

Arkansas, May 24, 1963, L. A. Combre, on Juniperus virginiana (RHTC,

148 THe Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

RLWE), and from Carthage, Smith Co., Tennessee, June 2, 1955, B.

Dozier (BKDC, RLWE).

CHRYSOBOTHRIS PENINSULARIS SCHAEFFER

Chrysobothris peninsularis Schaeffer, 1904, Jour. N. Y. Entomol. Soc., 12: 207.

Apparently this Sonoran Desert species has not as yet been recorded

from California. Collection records from this state include: Imperial

County: Mt. Springs, June 2, 1961, G. H. Nelson. Riverside County:

Pinyon Flats, June 10, 1962, D. S. Verity; 1 mile south of Palm

Desert, June 5, 1958, G. H. Nelson; 2.5 miles south of Palm Desert,

July 8, 1958, G. H. Nelson, on Hymenoclea salsola Torr. and Gray; 2.7

miles south of Palm Desert, May 20, 1949, D. S. Verity; Snow Creek,

June 1 and 2, 1957, R. L. Westcott and June 13, 1958 and 19, 1960,

D. S. Verity. San Bernardino County: Morongo Valley, June 1, 1957,

R. L. Westcott and July 22, 1949, D. S. Verity; Cedar Canyon, Provi-

dence Mountains, June 10, 1940, W. F. Barr and June 17, 1962, G. H.

Nelson, D. S. Verity; 5 and 12 miles northwest of Essex, June 16, 1962,

G. H. Nelson; Mitchell Caverns, Providence Mountains, June 16, 1962,

G. H. Nelson, D. S. Verity. San Diego County: Mountain Springs,

August 1, 1961, D. S. Verity, 4 miles east of Banner, June 2, 1968, D. S.

Verity. All collections except for one from 2.5 miles south of Palm

Desert were made from Acacia greggii Gray which undoubtedly is the

host of this species.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS PIUTA WICKHAM

Chrysobothris piuta Wickham, 1903, Canad. Entomol., 35: 67.

The known distributional range and ecological occurrence of this

species is expanded with the following additional collections: Pioche,

Lincoln Co., Nevada, July 9, 1965, W. F. Barr on branches of Cowania

stansburiana Torr. and on flowers of Penstemon sp.; Kyle Canyon,

Clark Co., Nevada, July 29 and 30, 1961, R. L. Westcott on Cercocarpus

ledifolius Nutt. and 3 miles south of Levan Jct., Juab Co., Utah, June 18,

1969, M. M. Furniss on limbs of Cercocerpus ledifolius Nutt. (UICM).

CHRYSOBOTHRIS PRASINA Horn

Chrysobothris prasina Horn, 1886, Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 13: 118.

This species has been recorded from numerous localities in southern

California and there is one record of its occurrence in northern Arizona,

(Nelson, 1967). A collection from Benton, Mono Co., California, June

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 149

30, 1960, W. F. Barr, on Ephedra sp. constitutes an extension of its

known range in that state and one from Fiery Furnace, Arches Nat.

Park, Grand Co., Utah, June 26, 1972, R. L. Westcott (RLWE) and

Ichthyosaur State Mon., Nye Co., Nevada, 7000 ft., June 21-24, 1960,

R. L. Westcott, on Ephedra viridis Cov. represent new state records and

considerable overall range extensions for this species.

Chamberlin’s records (1917 and 1926) of C. prasina, having been

collected in Sonoma County and at Alameda, California should be re-

garded as misidentifications or as being based on mislabeled specimens.

These localities in northern California are ecologically very different

from known collection sites of this species and its known host plants

Ephedra spp. do not occur at either location.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS PUSILLA LAPORTE AND GORY

Chrysobothris pusilla Laporte and Gory, 1837, Hist. Nat. icon. insectes Coleopt.,

2: 532.

This species, well known from the eastern United States, is recorded

from Minnesota and from west of the Mississippi River for the first

time. A single specimen from Pelican Lake region, Crow Wing Co.,

Minnesota, July 7, 1910, Robert H. Wolcott (DEFW) has been

examined.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS QUADRILINEATA LECONTE

Chrysobothris quadrilineata LeConte, 1860, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., (n.s.)

(1859) 11: 233.

The known distributional range of this widely ranging but uncom-

mon species is extended approximately 420 miles southeastward by

specimens collected at 23 miles north of Uvalde and Garner State Park,

Uvalde Co., Texas, June 18, 1968, G. H. Nelson and June 22-24, 1961,

R. L. Westcott, on Juniperus sp. These collections constitute a new

state record.

Linsley and Ross (1940) established the first and only record of

C. quadrilineata from California. A second collection approximately

400 miles northwest from the first can now be reported from Arroyo

Bayo, Mt. Hamilton, Santa Clara Co., May 12, 1951, J. W. Tilden

(CASC).

Chamberlin (1926) listed this species from Goldfield, Nevada, 7000

ft.; the only record for the state. The material on which this record

is based must have come from nearby mountains, because the community

of Goldfield is at an elevation 5700 ft. A confirming record for Nevada

150 THE Pan-Pacitric ENTOMOLOGIST

extends this beetle’s range in the state approximately 80 miles to the

north. A specimen was collected at Ichthyosaur State Mon., Nye Co.,

7000 ft., June 21-24, 1960, R. L. Westcott, on Juniperus sp.

Inasmuch as exact collection records for this species are scarce it

seems appropriate to present the following: 5 miles west of Portal,

Cochise Co., Arizona, June 20, 21 and 26, 1958, W. F. Barr, on Juni-

perus pachyphloea Torr.; Payson to Pine, Gila Co., Arizona, July 12,

1964, J. A. Robertson (DSVC); and 7 miles south of Jemez Springs,

Sandoval Co., New Mexico, June 7, 1962, S. G. Watkins (DSVC).

Tanner’s (1928) record for this species’ occurrence in Utah and its

association with western yellow pine is based on a misidentification.

The specimen involved is C. woodgatei Champlain and Knull. There-

fore, it should be emphasized that to our knowledge the only known

hosts for C. quadrilineata are several species of juniper.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS ROSSI VAN DYKE

Chrysobothris rossi Van Dyke, 1942, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4) 24: 117.

A specimen of this species has been reared from the wood of Junip-

erus californica Carr. collected near Llano, Los Angeles Co., Calif.,

F. T. Hovore. Emergence took place on August 2, 1971. This host is

notable because C. rossi has been collected and reared previously only

from leguminous trees and shrubs. Other California records are: 1

mile south of Palm Desert, Riverside Co., June 5, 1958, G. H. Nelson,

on Cercidium floridum Benth.; 2 miles south of Palm Desert, Riverside

Co., May 10, 1958, R. L. Westcott; and 1 mile south of Frink Springs,

Imperial Co., July 14, 1974, D. S. Verity, on Cercidium floridum. These

distributional records are new for California. Until now this species

has been known from Baja California, Arizona and Texas.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS ROTUNDICOLLIS LAPORTE AND GorRY

Chrysobothris rotundicollis Laporte and Gory, 1837, Hist. Nat. icon. insectes

Coleopt., 2: 51.

Two specimens, a male and a female from “Santo Domingo,” which

constitute the type series of this species, are located in the Museum

National d’Histoire Naturelle. The female specimen most closely

maiches the original description especially in the shape of the pronotum

and overall length, and is here designated the lectotype. This specimen

definitely is not C. dentipes (Germar). Therefore, C. rotundicollis

must be removed as a synonym of that species where it was placed by

Fisher (1925). Until C. rotundicollis can be studied in relation to the

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 151

West Indian Chrysobothris fauna and properly placed, it must be

accorded specific status. Its relationships with C. lata have been dis-

cussed under that species.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS SEXFASCIATA SCHAEFFER

Chrysobothris sexfasciata Schaeffer, 1919, Jour. N. Y. Entomol. Soc., 26: 212.

No host plant has been recorded for this species which has been

known from Key West, Florida, South Bimini and several localities in

Cuba. A specimen was reared July 10, 1971, from a branch of button-

mangrove or buttonwood, Conocarpus erectus L. collected November

29, 1970, at Tavernier, Key Largo, Monroe Co., Florida, R. L. Westcott

and one was beaten from this plant at the same locality May 31, 1969.

Another specimen was beaten from white mangrove, Laguncularia

racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f. on Crawl Key, Monroe Co., Florida, R. L.

Westcott.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS SUBCYLINDRICA MoTSCHULSKY

Chrysobothris subcylindrica Motschulsky, 1859, Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow Bull. 32,

p. 182.

As pointed out by Fisher (1942) the name C. subcylindrica has been

listed as a synonym of C. deleta LeConte since the 1886 publication

of Horn. This synonymy is untenable. First, on a priority basis

Motschulsky’s name was proposed in 1859 and LeConte’s in 1860.

Secondly, there is evidence that each of the two names represents a

different species. Chrysobothris subcylindrica, from Nova Helvetia

[Sacramento, California], was described from a locality that falls

outside the known geographical and ecological range of C. deleta.

Therefore, we are resurrecting Motschulsky’s name, but must regard it

as representing an unknown species for the present. Perhaps it is close

to or synonymous with C. grindeliae Van Dyke which is known from

the lower Sacramento Valley of California or perhaps with C. bisinuata

Chamberlin, also from the Sacramento Valley.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS TEXANA LECONTE

Chrysobothris texana LeConte, 1860, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., (n.s.) (1859)

li: 234,

This species is recorded from Nevada for the first time on the basis

of specimens from Pioche, Lincoln Co., August 9, 1965, W. F. Barr

and R. L. Westcott, on Juniperus sp. and June 25, 1966, R. L. Westcott.

Laz THE Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

This record is not unexpected because C. texana is widely distributed

in the southwestern and southern Rocky Mountain states and it occurs

as far north as southern Idaho. References to this species in the

southern states are attributable to C. neotexana B. Dozier.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS ULKEI LECONTE

Chrysobothris ulkei LeConte, 1860, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., (n.s.) (1859)

11: 240.

Although described from Texas and commonly collected in extreme

southeastern Arizona, this species has not been recorded from New

Mexico. New records for that state include: 1 mile north of Rodeo,

Hidalgo Co., Sept. 5, 1963, D. S. Verity, on Ephedra trifurca Torr.;

3 miles north of Rodeo, Hidalgo Co., July 29, 1972, R. L. Westcott, on

Ephedra trifurca; and 2 miles west of Gage, Luna Co., July 28, 1972,

R. L. Westcott, on Ephedra sp.

To our knowledge, C. ulkei has not been reared. However, in the

vicinities of Portal, Cochise Co., Arizona and Rodeo, New Mexico,

large numbers have been collected almost exclusively from E. trifurca.

There is little doubt that this is a host plant.

Chamberlin’s (1926) record of this species from Amedee, [Lassen

Co.] California has to be regarded as a misidentification. Any speci-

mens resembling C. ulkei from that locality most likely would be C.

biramosa calida.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS WOODGATE CHAMPLAIN AND KNULL

Chrysobothris woodgatei Champlain and Knull, 1922, Entomol. News, 33: 144.

Chrysobothris quadrilineata Tanner, 1928, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 21: 274

(misidentification) .

The specimen from Zion National Park, Washington Co., Utah,

collected on May 17, 1924, by V. M. Tanner and identified by him

as C. quadrilineata has been examined. It has proved to be C. woodgatei.

The correction of this identification thus establishes the presence of

this species in Utah for the first time. Tanner indicated that his speci-

men was associated with Pinus ponderosa Lawson.

LITERATURE CITED

Arnett, R. H., Jr., anp Samuetson, G. A. 1969. Directory of Coleoptera col-

lections of North America (Canada through Panama). Purdue Univ.,

pp. 1-122.

Barr, W. F. 1971. Family Buprestidae, in Hatch, Beetles of the Pacific North-

west, part V. Univ. Washington Press, pp. 55-89.

VoL. 52, No. 2, Apri 1976 153

CHAMBERLIN, W. J. 1917. Notes on some Buprestidae of northern California

(Col.). Entomol. News, 28: 129-139.

CHAMBERLIN, W. J. 1926. Catalogue of the Buprestidae of North America,

North of Mexico. Corvallis, Ore., pp. 291.

Fisner, W. S. 1925. A revision of the West Indian Coleoptera of the family

Buprestidae. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 65: 1-207.

Fisner, W. S. 1942. A revision of the North American species of buprestid

beetles belonging to the tribe Chrysobothrini. U. S. Dept. Agric.

Misc. Publ. no. 470, pp. 1-275.

Horn, G. H. 1886. A monograph of the species of Chrysobothris inhabiting the

United States. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 13: 65-124.

Kirk, V. M. 1970. A list of the beetles of South Carolina, part 2—Mountain,

Piedmont, and Southern Coastal Plain. So. Carolina Agric. Expt. Sta.

Tech. Bull. 1038, pp. 1-117.

Linstey, E. G., anp Ross, E. S. 1940. Records of some Coleoptera from the San

Jacinto Mountains, California. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 16: 75-76.

Lirttr, E. L., Jr. 1953. Check list of native and naturalized trees of the

United States (including Alaska). U.S. Dept. Agric. Handbook 41,

pp. 1-472.

Netson, G. H. 1967. Notes on the Buprestidae (Coleoptera): Part V, with

descriptions of previously unknown sexes. Coleopt. Bull., 21: 23-27.

Powe.tt, J. A. 1965. Rearing records for five conifer feeding buprestids in

California (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Pan—Pac. Entomol., 41: 133-135.

Tanner, V. M. 1928. The Coleoptera of Zion National Park, Utah. Ann.

Entomol. Soc. Amer., 21: 269-279.

Van Dyke, E. C. 1916. New species of Buprestidae (Col.) from the Pacific

States, with notes concerning a few others. Entomol. News, 27:

405-412.

Wotr, C. B. anp Wacener, W. W. 1948. The New World Cypresses. Aliso,

1: 1-444.

RECENT LITERATURE

A CATALOGUE OF THE STAPHYLINIDAE OF America Nortu oF Mexico (COLEOPTERA).

J. Moore and E. F. Legner. University of California Special Publication 3015.

514 pp., 1975.

Unlike most catalogues, which compress a maximum amount of information into

a minimum of space, this work is double-spaced throughout, and contains numerous

unfilled pages. Consequently its weight is almost as great as that of the Leng

Catalogue (with supplements). The bibliography, which was published previously

(Hilgardia, 42:511-563) includes only North American literature, omitting

references from the “exctic literature to those North American species and their

synonyms which have a more extended range.”—KEditor.

New Species of Caccoplectus

(Coleoptera: Pselaphidae)

DonaLp S. CHANDLER

Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210

Since my recent revision of Caccoplectus (Chandler, 1975), two

more specimens which are members of the genus were found. Although

each species is represented by only a single specimen, numerous char-

acters set them off from the other species. Both new species combine

some of the characters that were used to separate the celatus- and orbis-

groups. These two groups are here united to form the celatus-group.

The genus now contains only two groups: the spinipes-group, separated

by the vertexal sulci being hooked ventrolaterally and inhabiting the

dry southern portions of the Nearctic region, and the celatus-group, sepa-

rated by the vertexal sulci not being hooked and inhabiting the

Neotropics.

So far the only known means of collecting the genus has been the

use of an ultra-violet light. One of the new species was definitely col-

lected by this means while the other was probably collected this way,

but no such information was on the label. The southern range of the

genus is extended from Panama to Trinidad by the collection of C.

probus.

The new species can be separated by the following changes in

Chandler’s (1975) key to species:

5. Pro- and mesotibiae with ventral spur or protuberance near apex; an-

tennal tubercles depressed from vertex — 5a

Pro- and mesotibiae without ventral spurs near apex; antennal tubercles

projecting anteriorly in same plane as vertex 6

da. Antennal segments disk-like; pronotum without median longitudinal

sulcus at base; Panama —...0 SS orbis Chandler

Antennal segments obconical to cylindrical (Fig. 2); pronotum with

median. longitudinal, swheus: <...0 5b

ob. All femora with spines (Figs. 3-5) ; head abruptly indented at apex (Fig.

Oe Eos ct ee A OO Me oR, A eee OR LR rel WA improvisus n. sp.

Femora without spines; head straight at base (Fig. 6); Trinidad _.

probus n. sp.

All measurements are in millimeters. The holotypes were dissected

and placed into genitalia capsules with glycerin. The heads, femora

and tibiae were all drawn at the same magnification. References to

pubesence in the following descriptions refer to squamous pubescence.

Tue Pan-Paciric Enromopoctst 52: 154-158. Aprit 1976

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 155

/3

Fics. 1-5. Caccoplectus improvisus. Fig. 1. Head. Fig. 2. Antenna. Fig. 3. Pro-

femur. Fig. 4. Mesofemur. Fig. 5. Metafemur.

156 THE Pan-PaciFIc ENTOMOLOGIST

I would like to thank Dr. C. A. Triplehorn and Christine A. Janus for

checking the manuscript.

Caccoplectus improvisus, new species

(Figs. 1-5)

Male holotype—El Salto de Agua, S.L.P., MEXICO. Brunnescent; pubescence

filling median notch at base of head and extending in complete circle to the venter,

median crest above eyes descending to oblique, flattened antennal tubercles;

eyes large, approximately 50 facets; antennomeres IV—XI obconical, XI rounded

at apex. Pronotum with short median longitudinal sulcus at base, pubescence

filling median antebasal fovea and extending to base through median sulcus,

pubescence unbroken from lateral margins across anterior margin of prosternum.

Elytron with all striae reaching apex, apex with margin of pubescence. Pubes-

cence filling prepectoid and mesosternal foveae. Pro- and mesofemora each with

two ventral spines, one near base and another near middle, metafemora with

spine near base; protibiae and mesotibiae with ventral spur near apex.

Visible sternites II-V with one lateral fovea on each side, VI bisinuate at apex,

anterior margins of II-V with band of pubescence, band on IV-V broken at

middle, I-II with band of pubescence at apex, II with band broken for one-fourth

of width at middle, III-IV with small tufts of pubescence near lateral margins;

tergites I-IV with one lateral fovea on each side, II-III with pubescent bands on

anterior margins, III with band broken for one-third of length at middle, I with

apical band broken for one-fourth of length at middle, II with small bands of

pubescence near lateral margins.

Length 2.22. Head 0.39 long, 0.56 across eyes, 0.20 wide across base of an-

tennal tubercles, median antennal sulcus 0.11 long, length antennomeres IJ-XI:

I 0.12, II 0.06, III 0.12, IV 0.13, V 0.13, VI 0.14, VII 0.14, VIIT 0.14, IX 0.14,

X 0.14, XI 0.22. Pronotum 0.41 long, 0.42 wide at base, 0.30 wide at apex, width

between pubescence in median fovea and lateral foveae 0.06, median longitudinal

sulcus 0.06 long. Elytra 0.72 long at median suture, 0.56 wide across humeri.

Lengths from base to spines on profemur: spine 1 0.08, spine 2 0.14; lengths

from base to spines on mesofemur: spine 1 0.50, spine 2 0.18; 0.70 long from

base to spine on metafemur; spur on protibia 0.35 from base, spur on mesotibia

0.32 from base.

Female——Unknown.

Distribution—Holotype male: El Salto de Agua, San Luis Potosi, MEXICO,

20 June 1975, UV It., D. S. Chandler. The holotype is to be deposited at the

Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.

Caccoplectus probus, new species

(Figs. 6-10)

Male holotype—Simla, TRINIDAD, West Indies. Brunnescent; head with

pubescence in two small tufts at middle of base, continuing from behind eyes

across venter; median crest above eyes descending to oblique, flattened antennal

tubercles; eyes large, approximately 5@ facets; antennomeres IV—X obconical,

XI pointed at apex. Pronotum with short median longitudinal sulcus at hase,

pubescence filling median antebasal fovea and extending to base through median

VoL. 52, No. 2, Apri 1976 157

Fics. 6-10. Caccoplectus probus. Fig. 6. Head. Fig. 7. Antenna. Fig. 8. Pro-

tibia. Fig. 9. Dorsal view genitalia. Fig. 10. Lateral view genitalia.

sulcus, pubescence in lateral foveae extending to lateral margins, pubescence

broken for wide distance on anterior margin of prosternum, present only at

lateral margins. Elytron with all striae reaching apex, apex with margin of

pubescence, pubescence filling prepectoid and mesosternal foveae; pro- and

mesotibiae with spur on ventral side near apex; no modifications of femora.

Visible sternites II-V with one lateral fovea on each side, VI evenly rounded at

apex, anterior margin of II-V with bands of pubescence, separated at center by

one-third sternite width on IV—V, I-III with bands of pubescence at apex, band

on II separated by one-fourth of width, band on III by one-third of width;

tergites I-IV with one lateral fovea on each side, II-III with bands on anterior

margin slightly interupted at center, [-II with bands at apex, interrupted at

center in II, V with small dorsal projection at center of lateral margins.

158 Tue Pan-PactFic ENTOMOLOGIST

Length 2.16. Head 0.32 long, 0.50 across eyes, 0.16 wide across base of an-

tennal tubercles, median antennal sulcus 0.06 long, length antennomeres I—XI:

I 0.14, If 0.04, IIT 0.12, IV 0.12, V 0.12, VI 0.12, VII 0.12, VIII 0.12, IX 0.12,

X 0.12, XI 0.20. Pronotum 0.37 long, 0.36 wide at base, 0.30 wide at apex, width

between pubescence of median fovea and lateral foveae 0.10, median longitudinal

sulcus 0.04 long. Elytra 0.64 long at median suture, 0.52 wide across humeri;

spur on protibiae 0.31 from base, spur on mesotibiae 0.29 from base. Genitalia

with penis extruded, penis consisting of several sclerotized parts.

Female—Unknown.

Distribution—Holotype male: Simla, TRINIDAD, West Indies, 24/30 April

1963, M. Emsley. The holotype is to be deposited in the Museum of Comparative

Zoology, Harvard University.

LITERATURE CITED

CHANDLER, Donatp S. 1975. A revision of Caccoplectus (Coleoptera: Pselaph-

idae). Coleopt. Bull. 29: 301-316.

BOOK REVIEW

BroGrarriti: A NaturaL SELEcTION. John M. Burns. Quadrangle/The New

York Times Book Co., 10 East 53 Street, New York, New York 10022. xv + 112

pages; 52 illustrations. $6.95.

Thomas Hood, in his memoirs, wrote, “The sense of humor is the just balance

of all the faculties of man, the best security against the pride of knowledge and

the conceits of the imagination...” It might be added that well concocted humor

serves an even more important function of providing enjoyment and _ pleasure.

Unhappily, biologists are mostly a serious lot who have chosen to view their

discipline with a stern eye. This little volume by John Burns is a decided

exception, which is destined to join Garstang’s Larval Forms and Stumpke’s

The Snouters as a classic of biological tongue-in-cheek. The form of humor

most utilized is the pun, and BioGraffiti could be compared with Felicia Lamport’s

Scrap Irony. But Burns’ economical verse conveys more than double entendre.

Each poem stands independently as an irreverant ode to some organism, or in

some cases to an abstract biological concept, such as group selection, speciation

or biomodelling. Selections range in length from the pithy “To a Lonely Her-

maphrodite” (Know Thyself) to “Drosophila in Paradise,” a three page epic

tale of the adaptive radiation of fruit flies on the Hawaiian Islands. Burns’

broad knowledge of natural history and unpretentious views of modern biology

shine through all. Complementing the verse are cleverly chosen illustrations

gleaned from old monographs, reports of expeditions and other works. A glossary

explaining specialized terms follows the text, and contains one or two additional

bits of humor. For the stolid and lighthearted alike, for the professional biologist

as well as the interested layman, BioGraffiti offers a creative departure from the

humdrum certainty of daily endeavor.—EbIToR

Notes on the Biology of North American Species of Panurginus*

(Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

Ricuarp W. Rust

Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology, University of Delaware

Newark DE 1971]

The holarctic genus Panurginus is represented by 17 species in North

America north of Mexico (Muesebeck ef al., 1951). The status of our

knowledge concerning the biology of these taxa is limited to one

eastern species Panurginus potentillae (Crawford) (Rozen, 1967).

Rozen (1966, 1967 and 1971) has collected all published information

on the biology and immature forms of the genus and also has synthe-

sized and compared the biological information on all known panurgine

bees. The present paper treats the mating behavior of Panurginus

occidentalis (Crawford) and the biology of a second North American

species Panurginus atriceps Cresson. The post-defecating larva of P.

atriceps is described and figured.

PANURGINUS OCCIDENTALIS (CRAWFORD)

Observations on P. occidentalis were made on 2 April 1973 and 8-11

April 1974, 3.2 miles south of Pope Valley, Solano County, California.

Sixteen mating pairs were observed between 1100 and 1500 Pacific

Standard Time. Mating took place on the flower of Limnanthes douglasii

Brown (Limnanthaceae), the pollen and nectar source of P. occidentalis.

The male approached from above the female when she was on a Lim-

nanthes flower. Most approaches were unsuccessful with both bees

flying from the blossom. When initial approach and contact were

successful, the male’s fore legs held the female’s pronotum, the middle

legs wrapped around her propodeum and the hind legs grasped her

second or third abdominal terga (Fig. 1). Then the female became

motionless, and the male released the grip of his hind legs and held

them outstreatched over the female’s abdomen. He held his antennae

forward over the female’s head and moved them up and down between

her antennae. If the female was still receptive, the male curled his

abdomen down and under one side of the female’s to copulate. The

mating position was maintained from 35 to 95 seconds.

1 Published as misc. paper No. 741 with the approval of the Director of the Delaware Agric. Exp.

Stat. Publication No. 443 of the Dept. of Entomology/Applied Ecology.

Tue Pan-PaciFric ENTOMOLOGIST 52: 159-166. Aprit 1976

160 THe Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

Fics. 1-6. Fig. 1. Mating pair of Panurginus occidentalis (Crawford) in

flower of Limnanthes douglasit Brown. Fig. 2. Nesting site of Panurginus atriceps

Cresson. Fig. 3. Defecating larva of Panurginus atriceps. Fig. 4. Cell of Panur-

ginus atriceps. Fig. 5. Cell cap of Panurginus atriceps showing spiral construction.

Fig. 6. Fecal smear of Panurginus atriceps on posterior dorsal surface of cell.

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 161

PANURGINUS ATRICEPS (CRESSON)

Nest Site—A nesting site of P. atriceps was discovered on 20 April

1973, 11 miles south of Dixon, Napa County, California. The sur-

rounding area is referred to as “hog wallows,” or vernal pools, a local

habitat and a part of the Valley Grassland plant community. The

community is a subtropical open treeless grassland characterized by

winter rains averaging 15 to 50 cm and hot dry summers and with

rich floral displays in wet springs (Munz and Keck, 1965). The site

occupied a high mound of approximately 8 square meters (Fig. 2).

The area was covered sparsely with vegetation and the soil surface was

dry and hard packed. The vegetation consisted of scattered patches

of Bromus mollis Linnaeus and individual plants of Orthocarpus

erianthus Bentham. Other plants common in the immediate area were

Muilla maritima (Torrey) and species of Festuca, Hordeum, Deschamp-

sia, Brodiaea, Sisyrinchium, Limnamthes, Plagiobothrys, Trifolium

and Lasthenia.

Soil temperatures between depths of 5 and 15 cm were measured

between 1300 to 1600 hours during active nesting (27 April) and again

during the hot period of the summer (25 August). Spring temperatures

ranged from 26° to 22°C and summer from 32° to 29°C.

Adult Activity—The exact date of appearance was not determined.

Males were at the nest site and attempting to mate with females when

the site was discovered. Males were not observed approaching females

collecting pollen or nectar. Pollen laden females landed on the bare

ground near one of the numerous cracks in the soil and disappeared

into a crack. Five nest entrances were marked. Four nests were exca-

vated on 4 May and the fifth on 8 June 1973. Females visited a patch

of Downingia bella Hoover or D. cuspidata (Green) located about 10

to 15 meters from the nest site in one of the low, wet areas of the

vernal pools. Downingia began blooming on 12 April and all flowers

were gone by 4 May 1973. It appears that the adult activity of P.

atriceps was confined to this 4 week period, since no adult bees were

observed on or after 4 May 1973.

Pollen and nectar collecting behavior were not observed, but female

bees were collected only from Downingia flowers and stored provisions

contained only Downingia pollen grains.

Nest Architecture—The entrances to the five nests were located in

or at the bottom of cracks in the soil (Fig. 8). The cracks were gen-

erally 5 to 10 mm wide and varied in depth from 20 to 80 mm but nest

entrances were found only in cracks 20 to 30 mm deep. Use of soil

cracks for the “initial’? portion of the burrow was probably because

162 Tue Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

\" \

8

30 mm

Fics. 7-9. Fig. 7. Cell, pollen-nectar store and early instar larva of Panur-

ginus atriceps Cresson. Fig. 8. Diagram of one nest excavated indicating position

of cells. Fig. 9. Diagram of same nest showing spiral arrangement of cells (num-

bers in Figs. 8, 9 indicate same cells).

the compacted, brick-like surface layer of the soil could not be worked

by the bee. The main burrow was 3.0 mm in diameter and spiraled

irregularly downward to a maximal depth of 110 mm (Fig. 8). Open

lateral burrows were found in 3 of the nests excavated and were

located at the bottom of the main burrow and extended at a right angle

4, to 8 mm from the burrow. The open laterals were smaller in diameter

(2.0 to 2.5 mm) than the main burrow and terminated in unfinished

VoL. 52, No. 2, Apri 1976 163

or partially provisioned cells (Figs. 8, 9). After cell closure the laterals

were filled with soil and were indistinguishable from the surrounding

soil. Both burrows were unlined.

Individual cells were horizontal and radiated from the main burrow

in any direction (Figs. 4, 7,9). The cells were spheroid in shape with

a mean length of 6.12 + 0.09 mm, maximal diameter of 3.24 + 0.1 mm,

and with a neck diameter of 2.09 + 0.06 mm (14 intact cells measured )

(Fig. 7). Each cell was lined with a shiny, waterproof, wax-like layer.

Nests examined on 4 May contained 10, 8, 7 and 6 cells and the nest

of 8 June, 7 cells. The cell was completed with a spiral cap formed by

several concentric rings of loose granular soil particles and lacking the

waxy lining (Fig. 5). The inner 1 to 1.5 mm of the cap was removed

easily; however, the soil plugging beyond that point was tightly packed

and not easily loosened.

Provisions—The nearly spherical pollen-nectar store was positioned

in the posterior portion of the cell (Fig. 7). Two intact stores were

2.9 and 3.0 mm in length (diameter) and 2.0 and 2.2 mm high. They

were light yellow and relatively dry with no moist areas. Pollen from

14 cells proved to be entirely Downingia.

Immature Habits—The position of the egg on the pollen-nectar

store was not observed but, from the position of an early-instar larvae

(Fig. 7), it presumably was on the dorsal surface of the mass just off

center with its long axis paralleling the length of the cell. It was im-

possible to tell if one or both ends of the egg touched or were em-

bedded in the surface of the mass. The young larva feeding on the

store formed a concave depression on the dorsal surface (Fig. 7).

After consuming the pollen-nectar store, the flaccid pre-defecating larva

rested on its dorsum with its head in the anterior portion of the cell.

Fourteen larvae obtained on 4 May and maintained in the laboratory

defecated from 6 May to 11 May. The yellow-brown fecal pellets were

extruded singly and since the larvae were not in normal cells, the

pellets remained attached forming either a long chain or a pile on the

ventral surface of the larvae (Fig. 3). Pellets ranged from 0.6 to 0.75

mm long and 0.3 to 0.45 mm wide. Defecation terminated with a

moist droplet of whitish-grey material which dried on the tip of the

abdomen. The feces, when produced in a soil cell, were smeared onto

the posterodorsal surface of the cell to form a brown-black circular

spot about 2.5 mm in diameter. The surface of the smear was streaked

with the whitish-grey material (Fig. 6).

Ten of the larvae were maintained at 21+4°C and 75% R.H.

164 THe Pan-Pactric ENTOMOLOGIST

1mm

0.25mm

0.5mm

Fics. 10-16. Fig. 10. Post-defecating larva of Panurginus atriceps Cresson.

Figs. 11, 12, 13. Head capsule of Panurginus atriceps, ventral, frontal and lateral

views. Fig. 14. Spiracle of Panurginus atriceps. Figs. 15, 16. Mandible of Panur-

ginus atriceps, dorsal and inner views.

throughout the remainder of the summer and fall. From November

through March the temperature was lowered to 5 + 4°C with the same

R.H. and in April was returned to 21°C and 75% R.H. Nevertheless,

they had failed to pupate by June 1974 and were preserved at that time.

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 165

Comparison of Nesting Biology—The nesting biology of P. atriceps

is similar to P. potentillae (Rozen, 1967) with the following exception.

Since P. atriceps used soil cracks for the initial section of the “burrow,”

no tumulus was found, and I could not see if the burrow was plugged

with soil as found in certain nests of P. potentillae. The waxy cell

lining of the P. atriceps cell could not be peeled away from the soil

surface. The cells were larger and deeper in the soil than those of P.

potentillae and the burrow diameter was greater. The pollen-nectar

store was approximately the same size and shape as that of P. potentillae.

Post-defecating Larva—Body: Color white; shallowly C-shaped; greatest length

4.5 mm, greatest height 2.0 mm (Figs. 3, 10); spicules present, not pigmented,

more concentrated on dorsal surface near dorsal tubercles. Dorsal tubercles

present, 3 pairs thoracic and 5 pairs abdominal, others reduced; thoracic and Ist

abdominal largest, others progressively smaller. Last abdominal segment (10th)

smallest; without tubercles; anal opening a transverse slit, dorsad of midline.

Spiracles small; atrium spherical, walls smooth; rim slightly elevated, rim di-

ameter 0.03 to 0.04 mm; colar present; subatrium elongate (Fig. 14).

Head capsule (Figs. 11, 12, 13): Width 0.65 to 0.75 mm, height 0.70 to

0.80 mm. Mandibles, maxillary palpi, labial tubercles pigmented, labial palpi

faintly pigmented, antennae and parietal bands unpigmented. Vertex only slightly

produced above antennal prominence; epistomal ridge (suture) weakly developed;

clypeus protruding forward with distinct labroclypeal suture and ridge; labral

tubercles directed ventrally, apex acute (Fig. 13); maxillary palpi large, pro-

truding 0.05 mm from maxilla, apex curved ventrally; labial palpi small; salivary

opening circular; prementum distinct from postmentum; pleurostomal thickening

weak; hypostomal ridge well developed; posterior tentorial pit very evident; an-

terior tentorial pit weakly evident; posterior tentorial arms large, acutely tri-

angular; anterior tentorial arms smaller; posterior thickening of head capsule

well developed laterally, weak dorsally. Mandible (Figs. 15 and 16) slender, apex

acute, inner upper and lower apical surfaces with minute teeth; cusp produced,

minutely toothed; apex and toothed surfaces darkly pigmented.

Panurginus atriceps agrees with Rozen’s (1966) generic description

of Panurginus larvae. It is easily separated from P. potentillae and

P. melanocephalus (Cockerell) by its smaller size and distinct pre-

mentum. Panurginus atriceps is similar to the species described and

figured in Rozen as Species A.

The common method of clearing the head capsule (10% KOH)

caused the epicuticle to peel away; therefore, I used Essig’s Aphid

Fluid as described by Torchio and Torchio (1975) for a mild clearing

agent. Essig’s Aphid Fluid was also used to clear the body integument.

The 10 post-defecating larvae used in the figures and description had

progressed into the final molt and, except for the heavily sclerotic

arms, their tentoria were not intact. The spicules were noticeable

166 THE PaAn-Pactric ENTOMOLOGIST

only on cleared integument mounted and observed with a compound,

light microscope (400 X).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Special thanks is given to Drs. J. Major and R. W. Thorp for in-

troducing me to the “hog wallows’” plant-insect community and the

enjoyable hours spent working there with them. S. L. Clement and

D. Briggs helped with some of the data collection. Dr. D. Kyhos

identified the Downingia. I would like to thank E. P. Catts, R. W.

Lake and D. R. Miller for reviewing the manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

Mueseseck, C. F. W., et al. 1951. Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico,

Synoptic Catalog, U.S.D.A. Mongr. 2, 1420 p.

Munz, P. A. and Keck, D. D. 1959. A California flora. Univ. Calif. Press,

Berkeley, CA. 1681 p.

Rozen, J. C. 1966. Systematics of the larvae of North American panurgine

bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Amer. Mus. Novitates. 2259: 1-22.

Rozen, J. C. 1967. Review of the biology of panurgine bees, with observations

on North American forms (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae). Ibid. 2297:

1-44.

Rozen, J. C. 1971. Biology and immature stages of Moroccan panurgine bees

(Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Ibid. 2457: 1-37.

Torcuro, P. F. anp Torcuto, D. M. 1975. Larvae of the Apidae (Hyme-

noptera, Apoidea). Part 1. Apini, Apis. Research Report 20 Utah

St. Agr. Exp. Stat., 36 p.

RECENT LITERATURE

MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF Fijr AND Rotuma. G. S. Robinson, E. W. Classey Ltd.,

England. vii + 362 pp., 15 maps, 357 figs., index. 1975. U.S. distributor,

Entomological Reprint Specialists, P.O. Box 77971, Dockweiler Station, Los

Angeles, California 90007.

As the author states in his summary (p. 344) this is primarily a descriptive work,

over 225 pages being devoted to an extensively annotated taxonomic list. The

remainder of the text is devoted to discussions of the history of lepidopterology in Fiji

and adjacent islands, the natural history of Fiji, and an analysis of the biogeographic

relationships of the macrolepidopteran fauna.—Kditor.

Population Genetics of Mexican Drosophila. Tl. A New

Species of the obscura Group of the Genus Drosophila

(Diptera, Drosophilidae) *

R. Fewrx?, J. GuzmMAn?, L. Levine?, O. OLvera?, J. R. PoweE.',

M. E. pE La Rosa’, V. M. Satcepa®, anp TH. DoBzHANsKy®*

The obscura species group of the subgenus Sophophora of the genus

Drosophila consists of 8 Old World and 4 New World species. The latter

are D. pseudoobscura Frolova, D. persimilis Dobzhansky and Epling,

D. miranda Dobzhansky, and D. lowei Heed. They live in the Western

United States and Canada; only D. pseudoobscura extends its geographic

distribution to the highlands of Mexico, Guatemala, and the Andes above

Bogota, Colombia. The related affinis species group contains 9 species

distributed over North and Central America. We are engaged in studies

of the population genetics of species of these groups living in Central

Mexico, particularly D. pseudoobscura. In the process of collecting

population samples for these studies we have discovered a new species to

be described in the present article. It clearly belongs to the obscura

species group, and its females are very similar in external appearance

to those of D. psewdoobscura. The males have however, an extraordinary

secondary sexual characteristic, unique not only among species of

obscura and affinis groups but also in the genus Drosophila as a whole.

The new species is named in honor of Cuauhtemoc, the last emperor

of the Aztecs and a national hero of Mexico.

Drosophila cuauhtemoci, new species, Felix & Dobzhansky

Male—Head with arista with 7 branches (3 above, 2 below, and the terminal fork);

antennae brown, 3rd. joint darker; front dark brown; middle orbital less than

half as long as posterior; one prominent oral bristle; carina broadening below,

subtriangular; cheeks brown, their greatest width about 4% of greatest diameter

of eye; eyes dark red; in living specimens brighter than in D. pseudoobscura and

D. azteca.

Thorax with 8 rows of blackish brown acrostichal hairs; anterior scutellars

convergent; mesonotum brownish black, with an indistinct lighter band in the

middle; pleurae blackish brown, lighter posteriorly (longitudinal). Legs blackish

brown; two small sex combs on the front tarsi (Fig. 1A), comb on the first

tarsal joint usually with 4 but sometimes with 5 teeth, comb on the second joint

1 Research supported by National Science Foundation Grant OIP-75-06738 and El Consejo Nacional

de Ciencia y Technologia de Mexico.

2 Departamento de Radiobiologia y Genética, Instituto Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Mexico City;

3 Department of Biology, City College of the City University of New York; 4 Department of Biology,

Yale University, New Haven; ° Colegio de Postgraduados, Escuela Nacional de Agricultura, Chapingo,

Mexico; 6 Department of Genetics, University of California, Davis; 7 Deceased, December 18, 1975.

THe Pan-Paciric ENtomo.ocist 52: 167-171. Aprit 1976

168 THe Pan-PactFic ENTOMOLOGIST

with 3 teeth, the bases of the teeth in lines almost perpendicular to the axis

of the tarsal joints; tibiae with preapical bristles; tibiae of the middle legs

broadened, with rows of long bristles on either side (Fig. 1B). Wings transparent;

costal index average 2.46 (limits 2.27-2.56); 4th vein index 2.00 (1.87-2.15) ;

4c index 1.03 (0.97-1.08) ; 5x index 1.94 (1.76-2.23), appears to be greater in

dried specimens than in those cleared in glycerine; length 2.45 mm (2.22-2.54).

Abdomen dark brownish black, the last tergite more shiny than the preceeding

ones; genital arch (Fig. 2A) dark brown; toe rather short, rounded; clasper

comb with 9 dark teeth; aedeagus (Fig. 2B) long and slender, parameres long,

acuminate at the end; novasternum large, outwardly flattened. Internal genitalia

with testes bright orange, ellipsoidal or banana-shaped, seminal vesicles long,

bright orange.

Body length 1.85 mm in dried specimens, 2.65 in specimens cleared in

glycerine.

Chromosomes.—No satisfactory spermatogonial metaphase plates have

been obtained in preparations of testes of wild-collected males. The

few dividing cells that were observed appeared to show chromosomes

similar to those of D. pseudoobscura.

Geographic Distribution.—The original specimens of D. cuauhtemoci

males (including the type) were collected on July 29th, 1974, in a mixed

pine and oak forest 10 km north of Cuernavaca along Highway 95,

between Cuernavaca and the city of Mexico. Other collections were

made in the same neighborhood on several occasions in 1974: and 1975.

Some individuals were found near Lago Patzcuaro, Michoacan, and in

Parque Nacional El Chico, near Pachuca, Hidalgo.

Females: A majority of the flies in the population samples containing

males of D. cuauhtemoci belonged to the species D. pseudoobscura and

D. azteca. Since females of these species are not easily distinguishable,

they were placed individually in bottles with Drosophila culture medium.

Only one of the undoubtedly numerous females of D. cuauhtemoci

produced progeny; she was identified as belonging to that species

because her sons were unmistakably D. cuauhtemoci. Two of her

daughters, preserved in alcohol, have been carefully examined. No

clear-cut external differences from D. pseuwdoobscura females, except

perhaps for brighter red eyes, were found. Internally, the spermathecae

are darker and less convex than in D. pseudoobscura. The holotype is

deposited at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

Paratypes at the Department of Entomology, University of California,

Davis, the American Museum, New York City, and the National Museum

of Natural History, Washington, D.C.

Ayala and Powell (1972) have shown that sibling species of the

obscura and willistoni groups can be diagnosed by enzyme patterns

detected by electrophoresis. Ayala and Tracey (1974) and Ayala and

VoL. 52, No. 2, Apri 1976 169

9

“le

Uf

Fic. 1. The tibia and tarsus of the anterior leg (A), and the tibia and the first

tarsal joint (B) of Drosophila cuauhtemoci.

Dobzhansky (1974) found differences in frequencies of certain allozymes

between subspecies of D. pseudoobscura, D. willistoni, and D. equi-

noxtalis. We have used 8 males of D. cuauwhtemoci and determined the

electrophoretic pattern of 8 enzyme systems for this species. These

were run simultaneously with, and compared to, D. pseudoobscura,

D. persimilis and D. azteca.

Three of the eight systems showed clear-cut differences between

D. cuauhtemoci and D. pseudoobscura, D. persimilis and D. azteca:

(a) Leucine amino peptidase (Lap): If we designate as a standard the

most common allele in D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis as 1.00, all

170 THE PaAn-PAciFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fic. 2. The genital arch and anal plates (A), and the aedeagus with the adjacent

parts (B) of Drosophila cuauhtemocti.

8 D. cuauhtemoci specimens examined were homozygous for an allele

1.12; that is, it traveled 12% faster in our gel system. (Details of the

procedures and systems can be found in Ayala et. al., 1972). D. azteca

was polymorphic for two alleles, 1.17 and 1.22 relative to the standard.

(b) Malic dehydrogenase (Mdh): Again using the D. pseudoobscura

and D. persimilis most common allele as the standard 1.00, all 8 D.

cuauhtemocit males were homozygous for allele 1.18. D. azteca was

polymorphic for two alleles at the Mdh locus, 1.16 and 1.36.

(c) Alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh): This enzyme migrated cathodally

in our electrophoretic system and the most common allele in D. pseudo-

obscura and D. persimilis is designated —1.00 as a standard. All D.

cuauhtemoct specimens were homozygous for allele —1.23. D. azteca’s

most common allele is —1.40.

The resolution of alkaline phosphatase was not good enough to

quantify differences, but D. cuauhtemoci did appear to be different from

the other obscura group species tested. Esterases are very polymorphic

in all the obscura group species. D. cuawhtemoci has alleles in common

with D. pseudoobscura, D. persimilis and D. azteca; however, the sample

size was not large enough to determine if the frequencies of alleles are

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 VAL

greatly different in D. cuawhtemoci as compared to the other species.

For the following enzymes, all four obscura group species examined were

homozygous for the same electrophoretic allele: «-glycerophosphate

dehydrogenase, tetrazolium oxidase, and acid phosphatase.

D. cuauhtemoci is clearly a close relative of D. pseudoobscura, the

females of the two species being practically indistinguishable by exter-

nally visible traits. The males are however, easily identifiable by the

tibiae of their middle legs, their sex combs, and their genitalia.

Curiously enough, some of their characteristics are intermediate between

the obscura and the affinis groups. (D. azteca is a member of the latter

group.) The distal sex comb is smaller in D. cuauhtemoci than in any

species of the obscura group, while affinis species usually have a single

tooth in place of the distal sex comb. The testes of D. cuawhtemoci are

more elongate than in D. pseudoobscura and its relatives, while it is

spiral in affinis group species. And finally the electrophoretic mobility

of leucine amino peptidase, malic dehydrogenase, and alcohol dehydro-

genase of D. cuauhtemoci is intermediate between those of D. pseudo-

obscura and D. persimilis on the one hand and D. azteca on the other.

D. cwauhtemoci could almost be considered a species close to the common

ancestry of the obscura and affinis species group, yet its unique and

specialized secondary sexual character is not found even as a rudiment

in these species groups.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

It is a pleasure to thank Dr. Alfonso L. de Garay, Director of the

Departamento de Radiobiologia y Genetica, INEN, Mexico, for his

support of this research program on the study of Mexican Drosophila.

We wish to thank also the authorities of INEN for the laboratory and

collecting facilities used in this study.

LITERATURE CITED

Ayata, F. J., anp Tu. DoszHansky. 1974. A new subspecies of Drosophila

pseudoobscura (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol., 50:

211-219.

Ayata, F. J., anp J. R. Powerit. 1972. Allozymes as diagnostic characters of

sibling species of Drosophila. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 69: 1094-1096.

Ayata, F. J., J. R. Powerit, M. L. Tracey, C. A. Mourao, ano S. PEREz-SALAs.

1972. Genic variation in natural populations of Drosophila willistoni.

Genetics, 70: 113-139.

Ayata, F. J., AND M. L. Tracey. 1974. Genetic differentiation and reproductive

isolation between two subspecies. J. Heredity, 64: 120-124,

Keys to the Notonecta nymphs of the

West Coast United States

(Hemiptera: Notonectidae)

WILLIAM G. VoicT AND RICHARD GARCIA

Division of Biological Control, University of California, Berkeley 94720

Ecological and life history studies of any group of insects require

familiarity with the various stages of development. Of seven species of

Notonecta (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) native to the West Coast of the

U.S., the nymphs of only three species have been described. Nymphs of

N. indica Linne and N. undulata Say were described in keys of Eastern

U.S. Notonecta (Rice 1942, 1954), and McPherson (1967) described

the nymphs of V. hoffmanni Hungerford. However, there are no descrip-

tions of the nymphal stages of the other four Notonecta spp. of this area.

The purpose of this paper is to present a key to the various instars of

the seven Notonecta spp. native to the West Coast of the United States.

According to Hungerford (1933), seven species of Notonecta are

native to California, Oregon and Washington: N. hoffmanni Hunger-

ford; NV. shooteriit Uhler; N. spinosa Hungerford; N. undulata Say; and

N. untfasciata Guerin. Keys were made for the first and fifth instar

nymphs. The intermediate stages show characteristics in common with

the first or fifth instars, therefore, it was unnecessary to develop keys

for them. However, a table was included for the determination of the

instar stage of any species, based upon the wing pad/thorax length

ratios (Table 1).

It can be seen from Table | that for those species measured, wing

pad/thorax ratios for any instar remain constant from one species to

another. This contention is supported by figures of wing pad develop-

ment in NV. undulata (Hungerford, 1917; Fig. 4a-e) and N. raleighi

(Rice, 1942; Fig. 9a—e) and by the verbal descriptions of the wing

pad/thorax ratios of NV. irrorata (Hungerford, 1919; p. 188-189). It

is probably safe to assume, therefore, that those species and instars

not measured would also fit Table 1.

Since NV. shooterii has both flightless and normal morphs, careful

measurements were made to insure that concomitant wing length reduc-

tion does not occur as was described for certain flightless Buenoa

(Scudder 1965) and Anisops (Young 1961). Measurements were made

on N. shooterii nymphs from a mixed population of flightless and

normal morphs in which the former predominated. No differences

THe Pan-Pactric ENromo.Locist 52: 172-176. Aprit 1976

TABLE 1.

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976

173

Measurements of wing pads of Notonecta nymphs, and

ratios of wing pad lengths. W, T, R refer to wing pad and thorax lengths

in mm and wing pad/thorax ratios respectively.

+ one S. D. N refers to number of measurements.

Species

N. hoffmanni

N. kirbyi

N. shooterit

N. unifasciata

N. spinosa

N. undulata

todd ered earns earned Z2rH Se ZH

Values expressed

3rd 4th oth

0.83 = .02 1.44 + .06 3.34 + .16

1.75 + .04 2.41 + .07 3.09 + 17

0.47 + .01 0.60 + .02 0.94 + .04

3 7 8

0.84 + .02 1.51 + .04 3.82 + .08

1.73 + .02 2.50 + .05 3.98 + .08

0.49 + .O1 0.61 + 01 0.96 + .01

3D 5 3)

0.79 + .05 1.51 + .08 3.00 + 11

1.66 + .07 2.46 + .07 3.80 + .16

0.48 + .02 0.61 + .02 0.93 = .02

10 10 10

0.69 + .04 1.19 + .04 3.07 + .2

1.33 + .05 1.85 + .] 3.92 +. .2

0.52 + .01 0.65 + .02 0.95 + .02

5) 7 9

1.19 2.95 + .1

1.87 3.18 + .1

0.64 0.93 + .02

2 4

0.64 1.28 1.13 + .06

1.36 2.18 1.22 + .07

0.48 0.59 0.93 = .02

1 2 3

were discernible between nymphs of either morph.

noted that although NV. borealis Bueno is a flightless

no concomitant shortening of either wing.

Identification of the various species of nymphs was accomplished

through associative rearings of field collected individuals and by progeny

rearings from eggs laid by identified females. Field collected nymphs

were sorted into various groups according to shape, size and coloration,

and adults reared from each group were associated with the cast skins

left by the moulting nymphs. Only a few late instar NV. spinosa were

collected, but since adults of this species were found associated with

the nymphs, and because of the characteristic shape of the mesotro-

chanter of this species there was no doubt as to its identification.

Scudder (1966)

species, there was

174 THE PAn-Pactric ENTOMOLOGIST

Fics. 1-1]. Fig. 1-3. Right mesotrochanter and femur of 4th and 5th instar N.

untfasciata, N. spinosa and N. shooterii, respectively. Fig. 4. Fourth instar N. undu-

lata. Fig. 5. Fourth instar N. indica (Redrawn from Rice 1942 Fig. 3). Fig. 6-7.

Hind legs of N. unifasciata and N. shooterii, respectively. Fig. 8. Ventral view of

abdomen of Ist instar V. undulata. Fig. 9-11. Abdomens of 5th instar NV. undulata,

N. shooterii and N. kirbyi, respectively.

We were also unable to obtain any nymphs of NV. indica, but this species

was already distinguished from N. undulata which it closely resembles

(Rice, 1942, 1954).

The more difficult species to distinguish were NV. untfasciata from

N. spinosa, and N. indica from N. undulata. The fourth and fifth instars

of N. spinosa have a prominent tubercle or tooth at the posterior margin

of the mesotrochanter (Fig. 2), whereas in '. unifasciata the mesotro-

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 175

chanter is acutely rounded but not toothed as in N. spinosa (Fig. 1).

These differences might be less pronounced in earlier instars, however.

N. shooterii, which shows some similarities to N. unifasciata, is much

larger and has a rounded mesotrochanter (Fig. 3).

N. undulata and N. indica are very similar species, even in adult

stages. Rice (1954) was able to separate first instars of these species

by the presence of light and dark bands on the hind legs of NV. indica and

by the lack of banding on NV. undulata. She also noted that the anterior

margin of the eyes (dorsal view) of N. indica is at the same plane as the

vertex, giving the head a flattened appearance (Fig. 5), whereas JN.

undulata has a more rounded head (Fig. 4). This characteristic was

noted in all instars (Rice 1954). In most situations, a quick survey of

the adults present will give a good clue as to the probable identity of the

nymphs encountered.

A few definitions are in order for the use of this key. Wing pads

and thoracies were measured along the lateral edges of the thorax

(Fig. 4). The vertex refers to the anterodorsal interocular space (Fig.

4v), and total length is measured along the midline from the vertex

to the tip of the abdomen. The number of setae on the most proximal

mesofemoral tubercle varies from one to three depending upon instar

and species, but for the purpose of this paper, they are all counted

as one.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks are due to Laura Baker, Barbara Des Rochers and Kenneth

Hagen for their comments on this key. We also thank Mr. Bob Fisher,

Gleenwood Boys Camp, LaHonda, Calif., for providing access to the

oxidation pond to collect some of the species in this key.

Key To Some West Coast First Instar NOTONECTA

(ExcLupinc NV. SPINOSA)

4; Hind legs with conspicuous alternating light and dark banding, at least

on the tarsi, and in some species continued onto the tibiae 2

= Hind legs concolorous, metatarsi perhaps tipped with dark, but definitely

USES o LiPo cle Aces Ae eRe Sena ee ee a Nee hy AACR UR A, Rafibas ie ua, 4

2. Size small, less than 2.2 mm, metatarsi banded but not metatibiae

eT) ne De ey EE ee RR WON Cpa Wie IETS cee N. unifasciata

— Larger than 2.2 mm long, metatibiae and tarsi conspicuously banded

AN Cael S snare. RCO e ROL Ames SO OE ORIEN CO ee OR ee aR, be _ 3

3. Setae on metatibiae dark and stout 000 N. shooterii

— Setae on metatibiae pale and inconspicuous _.. N. indica

4, Metatibial setae dark and stout _ N. hoffmanni

176 THe Pan-PaciFic ENTOMOLOGIST

5. Large, greater than 2.6 mm long, epipleurae without darkened area on

posterior portions of the tergites N. kirbyi

— Medium size, less than 2.6 mm long, with light dusky marking on

posterior portions of each epipleural tergite, giving the ventral margins

of the abdomen a banded appearance (Fig. 8) N. undulata

KEY TO THE WeEsT Coast FirtH INsTaAR NOTONECTA SPP.

1. Midventral carina of 4th abdominal segment largely bare, carinal hairs

confined mostly to the sides of the carina (Fig. 9, 11) — 2

— No bare area on carina; entire area covered with long or short hairs __. by

2, Mesofemur with at least six long setae (those on the most proximal

tubercle counted as one) _....._+-=—— N. kirbyi

— Mesofemur with less than six setae __. 3

5 Mesofemur with only two setae, eyes prominent; dark conspicuous

striping on meso- and metafemora and trochanters __._____. N. hoffmanni

— Mesofemur with three large, and two small (fifth instar only) setae;

striping restricted to the metafemora if present — 4,

4, Anterior aspect of vertex flattened — N. indica

— Anterior aspect of vertex rounded __...-- N. undulata

3. Large, over 8 mm long, posterior angle of mesotrochanter rounded

SIC 8 SC ES Ee Oe ae RRL ete Chae nD ee eee N. shooterii

— Small, less than 8 mm long, mesotrochanter acutely rounded or toothed

SLE ES Delle 3 SMM Soir. SCL Oe, 9 BUR Aedes. SD ED Ree ED ee te eT A 6

6. Posterior edge of mesotrochanter produced into tooth or stout tubercle

(TS oa OR oe eC en re ss VL 8 2 AEE ed N. spinosa

— Mesotrochanter acutely rounded, but not toothed (Fig. 1) _ N. unifasciata

LITERATURE CITED

HuncerForp, H. B. 1917. The life history of the backswimmer Notonecta undulata

Say (Hem.: Het.). Ent. News 28: 267-277.

Huncerrorp, H. B. 1919. The biology and ecology of aquatic and semi-aquatic

Hemiptera. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 11: 1-341.

Huncerrorp, H. B. 1933. The genus Notonecta of the world. Kans. Univ. Sci.

Bull. 34: 5-195.

McPuerson, J. E. 1967. Brief description of the external anatomy of various

stages of Notonecta hoffmanni (Hemiptera: Notonectidae). Pan-Pac.

Entomol. 43: 117-121.

Rice, L. A. 1942. Notes on the biology and species of the three genera of

Notonectidae found at Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci.

17: 55-67.

Rice, L. A. 1954. Observations on the biology of ten Notonectoid species found

in the Douglas Lake, Michigan region. Am. Mid]. Nat. 51: 105-132.

Scupper, G. G. E. 1965. The Notonectidae (Hemiptera) of British Columbia.

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 62: 38-41.

Scupper, G. G. E. 1966. Notonecta borealis Bueno & Hussey (Hem.: Notonec-

tidae): a flightless species? Entomol. Mon. Mag. 102: 258-259.

Usincer, R. L. 1956. Aquatic Hemiptera. Jn Aquatic Insects of California. R. L.

Usinger, ed. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley and London.

VoL. 52, No. 2, Apri. 1976 i be:

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Defensive Behavior of Male Bees about Plants not Visited by Their

Females (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) .—Territorial defense of plants not visited

by the female has been mentioned for males of a number of species of bees.

For example, we have previously reported this behavior among representatives

of such diverse families as Colletidae and Oxaeidae (Linsley and Cazier, 1963,

Canadian Ent., 95: 547-556) and Xylocopidae (Linsley, 1965, Pan-Pacific Ent., 41:

158-161). In these instances, Ptiloglossa jonesi Timberlake and Protoxaea glori-

osa (Fox) were guarding plants of Cucurbita and driving away or seriously

inhibiting the regular bee visitors and Xylocopa darwini Cockerell was “pro-

tecting” plants of Alternanthera, the flowers of which are not attractive to insects.

Territoriality and scent marking have recently been studied in Centris (Antho-

phoridae) in Jamaica (Raw, 1975, Behavior, 54: 311-321). Males of C. crassipes

were recorded establishing territories at Crotallaria and Citrus, the flowers of

which were not visited by the female bees, and apparently marking their territories,

possibly from glands in the hind femora.

During 1975, incidental to other studies, a few additional but casual obser-

vations were made on territorial behavior of male bees at plants not visited by

the females. At Chebucto, Cave P.O., Westmoreland, Jamaica, on 23 and 24

March, 1975, between 0945 and 1100 hrs., males of Centris crassipes F. Smith

(det Snelling) established territories about individual rose bushes four to five

ft. tall in a large garden. The males faced the plants at a distance of 20-30

inches, and 10-15 inches below the level of the top of the bush, usually poising

on one side, but periodically darting back and forth to look for and repel in-

truders and actually guarding the whole plant. Similar behavior in males of

Centris trigonoides subtarsata Cockerell (det Snelling) was noted at Tikal, El

Petan, Guatemala, 30 March 1975, at 1115 hrs., about an unidentified purple

flowered vine, the blossoms of which were 6 to 8 ft. above the ground. In each

case the males periodically alighted on the stems of the plant and rubbed their

hind legs against them. In neither case were the plants being visited by the females

nor were their pollen plants growing in the immediate vicinity.

On 31 July 1975, at a site on the outskirts of Douglas, Cochise County, Arizona,

sampling flowers of Cucurbita foetidissima for pollinators was constantly inter-

rupted by a male of Ptiloglossa jonesi which guarded the plant against all visitors,

in particular two species of Xenoglossa (X. angustior Cockerell and X. strennua

Cresson) and Peponapis pruinosa (Say), as well as other male Ptiloglossa which

invaded the territory and attempted to displace him. The first male appeared

just after 0500 hrs., fifty minutes before sunrise (temp. 18.5°C). When it was

clear that he was interfering with the sample of Cucurbit visitors he was captured,

but was soon replaced by another. This procedure was repeated periodically

until 0630 when the last male was removed. Most of the males set up their

territories in the same site, where the plants were growing over a pile of stones

and thus highest above ground level. However, they did not poise facing one

position but oriented in several directions, perhaps influenced by movements of

the observer. When undisturbed, they periodically alighted on the Cucurbita

leaves and made a rubbing motion with the legs. Females of Ptiloglossa jonesi

were gathering pollen from Solanum eleagnifolium the nearest clumps of which

were 200 yards distant.

178 THE Pan-Paciric ENTOMOLOGIST

These observations suggest that the conformation of the plant, at least when

females are not active nearby, may be a determining factor in the establishment

of male territories near plants which are not being visited by their females.—

E. Gorton Linstey, Division of Entomology and Parasitology, University of

California, Berkeley 94720.

Biological Observations on Apiomerus crassipes (F.) (Hemiptera:

Reduviidae).—Among the more interesting aspects of the biology of predaceous

insects are the site of capture and specific identity of their prey. Perhaps due to

the readiness of Apiomerus crassipes (F.) to drop prey and take flight when

approached by an observer, relatively few records of prey have been reported for

the species. The available records have been summarized by Swadener and Yonke

(1973, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 66: 188-196), and to these should be added the

record of Ceratina sequoiae Michener reported by Daly et al. (1967, Ann. Entomol.

Soc. Amer., 60: 1273-1282) and that of Pogonomyrmex badius (Latr.) recently

reported by Morrill (1975, J. Georgia Entomol. Soc., 10: 50-51). In total, only

12 species of 10 families of Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera have been

recorded to date as prey of A. crassipes. This paper records seven additional species

in two additional families as prey of this assassin bug.

On 11 and 12 July 1962, while collecting in an old field 2 miles southwest of

McLeansboro, Illinois, I took three females of A. crassipes from the stems of

blossoming Pycnanthemum sp. These individuals were feeding on the following:

2 females, Macrosiagon dimidiatum (F.) and one male, M. limbatum (F.)

(Coleoptera: Rhipiphoridae). I returned to the old field near McLeansboro on 14

July 1963 and observed the following for A. crassipes adults (all on blossoming

Pycnanthemum spp. unless stated otherwise): two females feeding on workers of

Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae); two males feeding on males of

Sphecodes dichrous Smith (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) ; female feeding on female

Halictus rubicundus (Christ) (Halictidae) ; male feeding on male Chauliognathus

marginatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae); female of mating pair feeding on

female C. marginatus (F.); and female feeding on female Rhipiphorus fasciatus

(Say) (Coleoptera: Rhipiphoridae) on blossoming Solidago sp. I had occasion

to visit the McLeansboro site again on 5 June 1965 and while there I collected a

female A. crassipes from blossoming Euphorbia sp. (probably EF. corollata), feeding

on a female Augochloropsis sumptuosa (Smith) (Halictidae).

In Trigg County, Kentucky, on 21 July 1966 I collected a female A. crassipes

feeding on a female Halictus ligatus Say, and on 15 July 1967, while collecting

in a prairie remnant 1 mile northeast of Edgewood, Illinois, I collected a mating

pair of A. crassipes on blossoming Pycnanthemum flexwosum. The female was

feeding on an Apis mellifera worker.

The specimens cited herein will be deposited in the collection of the Section

of Faunistic Surveys and Insect Identification of the Illinois Natural History

Survey, at Urbana, Illinois.

Thanks are due to Wallace E. LaBerge, Illinois Natural History Survey, for

identification of the apoid prey of Apiomerus crassipes. I also thank George L.

Godfrey, Illinois Natural History Survey, for his comments on a version of this

VoL. 52, No. 2, Aprit 1976 179

paper.—Joun K. Bouseman, Agricultural Entomology, Illinois Agricultural Experi-

ment Station, and Section of Economic Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey,

Urbana, Illinois, 61801.

Use of Cantharidin and Meloid Beetles to Attract Anthicidae (Coleop-

tera).—Cantharidin and dead meloid beetles have been known to attract various

groups of anthicids, particularly Notoxus, for some time. Abdullah (1964, Ann. &

Mag. Nat. Hist. 7: 247-254) presented a list of European and African Anthicids

which were known to be drawn to either attractant. Groups represented were

Anthicus, Formicomus, Notoxus and Pedilus (Pedilidae, North America). Werner’s

(1964, Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 4: 193-242) collection of two species of

Anthicus and a Notoxus at drying meloids were the first such records for the New

World. J. C. van Hille (1954, South African Jour. Sci. 51: 154-5) reported that

he had collected several species of Anthicidae, which he would not have collected

otherwise, through use of cantharidin bait. The potential use of either cantharidin

or freshly killed meloid baits apparently has not been explored any further. During

the month of July in 1974 and late June and July in 1975, I had the opportunity

of using both of these in Mexico. Most collections were made in the higher areas

of central and southern Mexico, particularly in the states of Puebla and Oaxaca.

The cantharidin “trap” was made by placing a very small pinch of catharidin

powder on top of filter paper in the bottom of a petri dish. Acetone was added

to the cantharidin until it dissolved. When the filter paper was allowed to dry in

the dish, the cantharidin recrystallized in the paper. In the field the dish was

left uncovered in a shaded area while other collecting techniques were tried.

The meloid “trap” consisted of an insect box with various species of freshly

killed, pinned meloids. The insect box was placed with the top ajar in a shaded

area when in use. Meloids were frequently encountered in the field and no problem

was presented in maintaining a fresh supply. Loss of attraction was not apparent

during the month of collecting each year. Both traps were often left out for

about three hours, usually in the morning or late afternoon, checked hourly and

emptied at that time.

When present in either trap, the anthicids were often quiescent and when

disturbed would letismulate or move around quickly without leaving. In two

instances the cantharidin attracted a Notoxus species which did not appear at

the meloid bait. Anthicids collected in the cantharidin trap were: Notoxus

constrictus Casey, N. calcaratus Horn, N. hirsutus Champion, N. mexicanus Cham-

pion, V. monodon LaFerte, N. talpa LaFerte, five undescribed species of Notoxus,

Mecynotarsus balsasensis Werner, Acanthinus scitulus (LeConte) and Vacusus

infernus (LaFerte). Anthicids collected in the meloid trap were: Notoxus

constrictus Casey, N. calcaratus Horn, N. marginatus LeConte, N. mexicanus

Champion, N. murinipennis LeConte, four undescribed species of Notoxus and

several Tomoderus species. Both the Acanthinus and Vacusus records were for

single specimens attracted in an area where they were very common. Along

with Werner’s records, which were for Notoxus nuperus Horn, Anthicus nanus

LeConte and A. lutulentus Casey, a total of fifteen North American Notoxus

species were collected with these baits. Insects other than anthicids collected

180 THE Pan-PactFic ENTOMOLOGIST

were two specimens of Cymatodera (Cleridae) at cantharidin and a few species

of Miridae which: were frequently present in small numbers at both traps. No

meloids were found in or near the traps.

The sex ratio of most species collected was comparable to the ratios found by

other means of collecting, i.e. slightly more females than males. But two species,

N. talpa and N. mexicanus, were represented by all males or mostly males for

the latter. European records indicate that collections at bait there are almost

entirely males.. Most of the European species which are attracted to either bait

have apical pits on the outer apical angles of the elytra. This led Abdullah

(1964) to speculate that this structure was important in the attraction of anthicids

to these baits. Van Hille (1954) examined these pits and found living, presumably

secretory cells within them. However, none of the New World species which have

been collected so far by these traps have these modified elytra. The question

of where the odor is produced is still an open question, as up to now, the evidence

had been only circumstantial.

The number of species collected indicates that this is a useful technique.

In several cases the traps attracted a single specimen or more of a species

which was not found using other techniques. The traps often collected specimens

more quickly than the author could. There was only one case where a Notoxus

(N. eximius Champion) was known to be nearby and neither trap attracted it.

I would like to thank Dr. Floyd G. Werner, University of Arizona, for sending

me the cantharidin, the Society of Sigma Xi whose Grant-in-Aid funded the

1974 trip to Mexico and Daniel K. Young, Michigan State University, from whose

model the cantharidin trap was made.—DoNaLp S. CHANDLER, Department of

Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

ANNOUNCEMENT A (N.S.) 98

Required six months’ notice is given of the possible use of plenary powers by the

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in connection with the

following names listed by case number: (see Bull. Zool. Nom. 32, part 4, 30th

January, 1976).

260. Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, 1908 (Acarina: IXODIDAE): proposed

conservation.

2119. Lecanium acuminatum Signoret, 1873 (Hemiptera: COCCIDAE): pro-

posed designation of neotype.

2120. Cystioceras Borner, 1912 (Insecta: Collembola): proposed suppression.

Comments should be sent in duplicate, citing case number, to the Secretary,

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum

(Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7 5BD, England, if possible

within 6 months of the date of publication of this notice. Those received early

enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature—R. V.

MELVILLE, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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