Vol. 53 OCTOBER 1977 No. 4

THE

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

MARI MUTT — The Taxonomic Status of A/loscopus and Redescriptions of its two

Species (Gollembola: Entomobigidae)s 5. «opie Oe a ee ales oe ce ee 241

LANDA — An Unusual Ant Nest Morphology for the Ant Formica fusca Linne in

Western Oregon (Hymenoptera: formicidae .........................0.. 250

HADDOCK — Larval Morphology, Behavior and Distribution — useful tools in the

separation of two closely related Nectopsyche Caddisflies (Trichoptera:

IEXeY ON WOXCLSTTOREYE) aero cee Madcon te aEIC ocak oh rr aemera Maees fore e en Ain ah ae Rat 253

OETTING — Immature Stages and Biology of Chionodes psiloptera a Pest in

Bluegrass Seed Fields (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)....................... 258

CHEMSAK — Records and Descriptions of some Mexican Species of the Genus

Phaea Newman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).............. 2.00 ee eee eee 269

HESPENHEIDE and RUBKE — Prey, Predatory Behavior, and the Daily Cycle of

Holopogon wilcoxi Martin (Diptera: Asilidae)................... 0. eee ee eee 277

ALLEN — New Species of Ephemerella (Ephemerella) from Alberta (Ephemeroptera:

Ephemerellidae)s etek. 222 nested ee or ee ee Fn 286

IRWIN — A New Genus and Species of Stiletto-flies from Southwestern North

America with Close Affinities to Chilean and Australian Genera (Diptera:

MNSKeVIidaeATHEreVinae) ae. sie. sp Lew cae a alegre eel oes Spree reps 287

WHARTON — Exodontiellini, a New Tribe of Opiinae with Exodont Mandibles

(Hymenoptera: Braconidae)s An. 5 fe tia. en ee aes os ks ger eee 297

ROCKWELL and GROSSFIELD — Courtship Behavior of Scaptomyza (Bunostoma)

australis Malloch (Diptera: Drosophilidae)..............-....-.--220--05. 305

SCIENMIBIGINOMES pre rec. Nats Wn nae CaO noe Cees, neces er eaeee 257, 268, 285, 303

REGEN BIER AsiU) Riera ra, acc c.citcs: «cto ttc mer eee ans hae fe a ol ae near este 311

ZO OLOGICAENOMENGEATUIRIE® - ki irae = teen nel Penuninayar ..ps28rs ee atnmee: 252, 276

[S| CIES AP tf Segre i ce at aR An emer 7 Ae Le oi «oN ee PR see. 312

EDIM@REARINOMIGES pa v0. eat, Alsat. SR ieee sae Nee ok ging esol 249

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA ¢ 1977

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

T.D. Eichlin, A.R. Hardy, Co-Editors

C.M. Walby, Editoria/ Asst.

P.H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer H.B. Leech

H.V. Daly E.S. Ross E.G. Linsley

Published quarterly in January, April, July and October with Society Proceedings

appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt of numbers,

requests for sample copies, and financial communications should be addressed to the

Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, California 94118.

Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be ad-

dressed to the Secretary, Larry Bezark, c/o Department of Entomology, California State

University, San Jose, CA. 95120

Manuscripts, proofs and all correspondence concerning editorial matters should be

addressed to either Dr. Thomas Eichlin or Dr. Alan Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory,

California Department of Food and Agriculture, 1220 ‘‘N” St., Sacramento, 95814.

The annual dues, paid in advance, are $12.00 for regular members of the Society, $7.00

for student members, or $15.00 for subscription only. Members of the society receive The

Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Single copies of recent numbers are $3.75 each or $15.00 a

volume. Write to the treasurer for prices of earlier back numbers. Make all checks payable

to Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

The Pacific Coast Entomological Society

OFFICERS FOR 1977

R.E. Stecker, President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer

C. Dailey, President-Elect L. Bezark, Secretary

Statement of Ownership

Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October).

Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast

Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,

California 94118.

Editors: T.D. Eichlin and A.R. Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, California Dept. of Food and

Agriculture, 1220 N St., Sacramento, California 95814.

Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: None.

EE ES

Second Class Postage Paid at San Francisco, California and additional offices.

Publication #419440

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. 53 OCTOBER 1977 No. 4

The Taxonomic Status of Alloscopus and Redescriptions

of its Two Species

(Collembola: Entomobryidae)

José A. Mari Mutt

Department of Entomology, University of Illinois and

Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, 61801

The taxon Alloscopus was erected by Borner in 1906 although the

first author to study a member of this group was probably Oudemans

(1890). This author studied a specimen which he identified as Temple-

tonia (=Heteromurus) sp. The specimen was very deteriorated but

Oudemans noted the presence of scales, a single eye on each side of

the head and the relative lengths of the third and fourth abdominal

segments. Oudemans probably had before him a specimen of

Alloscopus tenuicornis Borner (1906) as his sample came from the type

locality of that species.

Alloscopus was established by Bérner (supra cit.) as a subgenus of

Heteromurus Wankel to house two Javan species: Heteromurus

(Alloscopus) tenuicornis and H. (A.) tetracanthus. Handschin (1928) in a

list of the Collembola of Indonesia, gave A//oscopus full generic

status. The latter action has gone unchallenged to this day.

For sixty years A/loscopus harbored only the two original species

until 1966 when Winter described A/loscopus strebeli from Peru and

Izarra (1972) added Al/loscopus platensis from Argentina.

| have studied a series of specimens of this taxon from several

islands of Micronesia and the results of this study coupled with a

review of the literature has allowed me to arrive at the following con-

clusions regarding the taxonomic status of Alloscopus and the

species heretofore placed therein. First, A/loscopus is, de novo, re-

garded as a subgenus of Heteromurus; second, the Philippine

specimens reported as A//loscopus tetracanthus by Gapud (1971)

actually are Heteromurus (Alloscopus) tenuicornis. Third, Alloscopus

strebeli Winter is transferred to the genus /ndoscopus Prabhoo on

account of the presence of a postantennal organ in this species; and

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:241-249 October 1977

242 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

finally, Alloscopus platensis |Izarra is moved to the genus Dicrano-

centrus Schott.

The evidence that lead to these conclusions will be treated below

and under the discussion of the particular species. Specimens

reported upon in this paper have been distributed among the follow-

ing institutions: United States National Museum of Natural History,

Washington, D.C., the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago,

Illinois; the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii; and the

Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana.

The author wishes to thank Dr. Peter F. Bellinger for kindly review-

ing the manuscript and for the loan of Hawaiian Heteromurus

(Alloscopus) tenuicornis.

The Taxonomic Status of Alloscopus Borner. As noted earlier,

Alloscopus was originally conceived as a subgenus of Heteromurus, to

be separated from Heteromurus s. str. by the presence of dental

spines in Alloscopus. Although Handschin (1928) gave no explanation

for his action in raising Alloscopus to generic status, it is easy to infer

that he regarded the presence or absence of dental spines as a

character of generic rank. This, in fact, is the opinion of most present

day workers (see discussion by Salmon 1964: 102) even though it is

known that the closely related genus Dicranocentrus harbors species

which either have or lack dental spines.

A second characteristic that has been invoked to separate

Alloscopus from Heteromurus is the presence of large teeth (wing like

teeth) on the unguis and unguiculus. This characteristic is not

diagnostic because there are species of Heteromurus with wing like

teeth on the unguis (e. g. Heteromurus stannardi Mari Mutt 1977) or on

both unguis and unguiculus (e. g. Heteromurus dubius Delamare

Deboutteville and Paulian 1952, Barra 1968). Ungual wing like teeth

are also present in the genus /ndoscopus.

| have found a feature that can be used to separate A//oscopus and

Heteromurus. Alloscopus species lack macrochaetae on the posterior

dorsal medial part of the head (Figs. 1 & 2). At least two macrochaetae

are present on this area in the species of Heteromurus which | have

seen to date (i. e. Heteromurus diommatus, major, nitidus, peyerimhoffi,

schoetti (Fig. 3), sexoculatus, stannardi, variabilis, and three unde-

scribed species).

In view of the above discussion and the fact that in the genus

Dicranocentrus (Mari Mutt, in press) we find a group of Central

American and Caribbean species which lack macrochaetae on the

posterior portion of the head, | am considering A//ioscopus a subgenus

of Heteromurus. The head and body macrochaetotaxy of both sub-

genera is completely similar.

Heteromurus Subgenus Al//oscopus

Alloscopus Borner 1906: 177, as subgenus of Heteromurus Wankel.

Type Species: Heteromurus (Alloscopus) tenuicornis Borner, l.c.,

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 243

subsequent designation by Salmon 1964: 478.

Member of the family Entomobryidae, subfamily Entomobryinae, tribe Orchesellini.

Antennae five segmented due to the subdivision of the first segment (Ant. 1). Ant. 4&5

may be distinctly annulated or at least with many circular, evenly spaced, whorls of short

setae along their length. Antennae about half the length of head and body combined.

Postantennal organ absent.

Head with no more than one eye on each side or eyeless. When eyes are present they

may or may not be surrounded by red-brown pigment. Head bears upon its anterior dorsal

half many macrochaetae and a pair of lasiotrichia (Figs. 1 & 2). Medial posterior part of

head without macrochaetae. Head and body covered with apically rounded or truncate

scales. Antennae and legs possess scales but the number of these is dependent on age,

increasing as the animal grows older. Scales absent from Ant. 4 & 5 and from tibiotarsi.

Tibiotarsi with or without rows of smooth setae along inner margin. Tibiotarsus of

metathoracic legs with a smooth seta (supra empodial seta) opposite the tenent hair.

Posterior pair of legs with a well developed trochanteral organ (Fig. 8).

Fourth abdominal segment dorsally about 1.5 times longer than the third. Dentes with a

single row of spines, the number of which is variable. Mucrones always without a basal

spine.

Diagnosis: The subgenus may be separated from Heteromurus s.

str. by the presence of dental spines in A/loscopus and by the absence

of macrochaetae on the posterior dorsal half of the head also in

AllosSCoOpus.

Key to the Species of the Subgenus Alloscopus

Dorsal macrochaetotaxy of meso and metathorax as in figure 4; base

of the labium devoid of scales (Fig. 6); inner margin of tibiotarsi

with two rows of smooth setae; shape of inner ungual teeth as in

ct RL 1S ee ne a ee ie eee eae tetracanthus Borner

Dorsal macrochaetotaxy of meso and metathorax as in figure 5; base

of the labium on each side with a pair of scales (Fig. 7); inner

margin of tibiotarsi devoid of smooth setae; shape of inner ungual

téeth as (n figure 14 san sa ene ce ede was tenuicornis Borner

Heteromurus (Alloscopus) tetracanthus BOrner

Heteromurus (Alloscopus) tetracanthus Bérner 1906: 177. Handschin

1925: 266.

Heteromurus tetracanthus Borner. Imms 1912: 120.

Alloscopus tetracanthus Borner. Handschin 1928: 267. Yosii 1959: 38.

Yosii 1960: 27. Salmon 1964: 478. Yosii 1966a: 50. Yosii 1966b: 370.

Winter 1966: 167, 168. Prabhoo 1971: 33. Gapud 1971: 11. Izarra

1972: 539.

This species was redescribed by Yosii (1959) from Malaysian

specimens. Prabhoo (1971) reported the species from India, dis-

cussed the dorsal body macrochaetotaxy and provided a habitus

drawing and other drawings of the claw and mucro. Gapud (1971)

reported the species from India, discussed the dorsal body

244 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 1-7, Heteromurus sp. Fig. 1. H. (Alloscopus) tetracanthus-Dorsal head macrochae-

totaxy and distribution of lasiotrichia, each dot represents one seta. Fig. 2. H. (A.)

tenuicornis-Dorsal head macrochaetotaxy and distribution of lasiotrichia. Fig. 3. H.

(Heteromurus) schoetti Denis-Dorsal head macrochaetotaxy and distribution of lasiotrichia

based on specimens from Guatemala. Fig. 4. H. (A.) tetracanthus-Dorsal body macro-

chaetotaxy. Fig. 5. H. (A.) tenuicornis-Dorsal body macrochaetotaxy. Fig. 6. H. (A.)

tetracanthus-Chaetotaxy of base of labium. Fig. 7. H. (A.) tenuicornis-Chaetotaxy of base

of labium.

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 245

macrochaetotaxy and provided a habitus drawing and other drawings

of the claw and mucro. Gapud (1971) also redescribed the species

based on Philippine specimens but it is now evident that he was

referring to Heteromurus (Alloscopus) tenuicornis. Gapud (supra cit.)

noted several differences between: his specimens and Yosii’s

redescription but did not ascribe specific importance to these. The

species is redescribed below based on specimens from Micronesia

(Ponape). For a diagnosis see the key to the species.

Habitus typical of the genus. Length excluding antennae and furcula up to 2.1 mm.

Body devoid of dark pigment, specimens in alcohol white, yellow or brown depending on

condition of preservation. Head, body and appendages covered with scales. Apical two

antennal segments, tibiotarsi and dorsal portion of furcula devoid of scales. Collophore

with very few scales. Ant. 5 distinctly annulated, Ant. 4 not clearly annulated but with

setae arranged in whorls as in Ant. 5, latter segment without apical bulb.

Prelabral setae four in number. Labral chaetotaxy follows formula 5,5,4; all prelabral

and labral setae smooth. Labral papillae well developed into cone like bodies (Fig. 16).

Differentiated seta of the outer labial papilla apically rounded, not surpassing the apex of

its papilla. Chaetotaxy of labial base as in figure 6. Arrangement exhibits the following

variability: Seta 1 may be smooth or ciliated. Seta 3 may be present or absent, when

present it may be smooth or ciliated. Setae A-C and 1,2,4 are always present regardless of

the size of the specimen. Setae of venter of head smooth. One eye on each side of the

head or the eyes may be absent.

Head and body macrochaetotaxy and distribution of lasiotrichia as in figure 1. The

arrangement of these setae is constant in all specimens examined. Metathoracic leg with

trochanteral organ of about 15 setae (Fig. 8). All tibiotarsi with two rows of smooth setae

along inner margin; the number of these setae varies with age, largest specimen has 15

setae. Claw structure as in figure 13. Shape of ungual teeth and tenent hair constant in all

specimens examined for this character (N = 40). In one specimen the unguis of one of the

mesothoracic legs bears a median unpaired tooth upon its inner surface. All other ungues

of same specimen bidentate. Another specimen has all its ungues quadridentate. A

smooth seta present opposite tenent hair of metathoracic legs.

Corpus of tenaculum with a single smooth seta. Rami four toothed.

Manubrium dorsally with four or five pairs of smooth setae (only three pair shown in

figures 11 & 12). Proximal portion of dentes bears one of these setae and from 4-7 spines.

Mucro bidentate, devoid of basal spine.

Material Examined: Micronesia, Caroline Islands, Ponape, Mt. Tamatansakir, 180 m.,

Jan. 16, 1953, on Asplenium, J. L. Gressitt. 1 specimen. Ponape, Colonia, Agr. Exp. Sta.,

Jan. 6-17, 1953, berlese from woody compost, coffee litter, coconut litter and rotten palm,

J. L. Gressitt. Over 500 specimens. Both this species and tenuicornis occur sympatrically

in Ponape. Since both can be separated only after specimens are mounted in slides, and

since it is undesirable to mount all specimens, it is not possible to give the definite

number of specimens belonging to this species collected in Ponape. Approximately 90%

of the specimens mounted from Ponape are tetracanthus.

Geographic Distribution: Java (Borner 1906), Malaysia (Yosii 1959), Singapore (Yosii

1959), India (Yosii 1966b, Prabhoo 1971), New Britain (Yosii 1960), Micronesia (Ponape)

(new record).

Heteromurus (Alloscopus) tenuicornis Borner

Heteromurus (Alloscopus) tenuicornis Borner 1906: 177. Handschin

1925: 244, 266. Handschin 1926: 460.

Heteromurus tenuicornis Borner. Imms 1912: 120.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

|

Figs. 8-16. Heteromurus sp. Fig. 8. H. (A.) tetracanthus-Trochanteral organ present on

metathoracic legs. Fig. 9.H. (A.) tenuicornis-Abnormal metathoracic leg. Fig. 10.H. (A.)

tenuicornis-Normal metathoracic leg. Fig. 11. H. (A.) tetracanthus-Dorsal view of the dis-

tribution of smooth setae on manubrium and proximal portion of dentes. Fig. 12. H. (A.)

tetracanthus-Lateral view of the distribution of smooth setae on manubrium and proximal

portion of dentes. Fig. 13. H. (A.) tetracanthus-Claw morphology of metathoracic legs.

Fig. 14. H. (A.) tenuicornis-Claw morphology of metathoracic legs. Fig. 15 H. (A.) tenui-

cornis-Variation in the relative position and shape of the external labial papilla and its

differentiated seta. Fig. 16.H. (A.) tetracanthus-Labral papillae.

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 247

Alloscopus tenuicornis Borner. Handschin 1928: 267. Handschin 1930:

422. Salmon 1964: 478. Yosii 1966: 49. Winter 1966: 167. Gapud

1971: 12. Izarra 1972: 539.

Alloscopus tetracanthus B8rner sensu Gapud 1971: 11, nec. Bérner

1906: 177.

This species was redescribed by Handschin (1925) from Javan

specimens and Gapud (1971) presented a translation of that re-

description. Through the kindness of Dr. C. Baroni Urbani and the

Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland, | have studied the

three topotypical specimens upon which Handschin (1925) based his

redescription. The latter were found to be cospecific with a series of

Micronesian specimens and upon both sets of specimens | base the

redescription presented below.

Habitus typical of genus. Length excluding antennae and furcula up to 1.7 mm. Colora-

tion, distribution of scales, structure of Ants. 4-5, labral chaetotaxy, and structure of

labral papillae as in tetracanthus. Relative position of external labial papilla and its seta as

in figure 15. Chaetotaxy of base of labium as in figure 7. In this species setae 3 & 4 of

tetracanthus have given way to a pair of scales. Setae of venter of head smooth. | was

unable to locate eyes but Gapud (1971) found one eye on each side of head.

Head and body macrochaetotaxy and distribution of lasiotrichia as in figure 5.

Trochanteral organ as in tetracanthus. Tibiotarsi devoid of smooth setae with the excep-

tion of the opposite seta to the tenent hair found on the metathoracic legs. Claw structure

as in figure 14. Morphology of ungual teeth and tenent hair constant in 40 specimens

examined for this character. Three specimens possess a third distal unpaired tooth upon

the ungues of all legs. Another specimen had a tridentate unguis in only one of the

mesothoracic legs. No quadridentate ungues were found.

Tenaculum, distribution of smooth setae on the dorsum of manubrium, dental

spination, and mucronal morphology as in tetracanthus. Javan specimens with 6-10 dental

spines. Micronesian specimens with no more than 7 spines.

It may be of interest to note here that two specimens were found with an abnormal

metathoracic leg while the other member of the pair was completely normal (Figs. 9 & 10).

For adiagnosis of this species see the included key.

Material Examined: Java, Tjibodas, under leaves in tropical rain forest, August 19, 1921.

2 specimens. Tjibodas, May 1922, 1 specimen. Material from Java deposited in the Natur-

historisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland. Micronesia, Mariana Islands, Guam, 1 km. S. E.

of Asan, 200-250 m., Nov. 1, 1947, H. S. Dybas. 30 specimens. Palau Islands, Yap Group,

Yap |., Gagil and Ruul districts and Kanif, leaf litter, Jun. 30-Aug. 21, 1950, R. J. Goss. 23

specimens. Yap. |., Yap Hill, behind Yaptown, 50 m., Dec. 2-3, 1952, J. L. Gressitt. 5

specimens. Babelthuap, E. Ngatpang, 65 m., Dec. 7-9, 1952, J. L. Gressitt. Over 1,000

specimens. N. W. Aulup Tagel, 25 m., Dec. 13, 1952, leaf litter, J. L. Gressitt. 1 specimen.

Caroline Islands, Truk, Tol |., Mt. Unibot, Dec. 31-Jan. 24, 1952, leaf litter, J. L. Gressitt. 14

specimens. Ponape-see under material examined for tetracanthus. Kusaie, Mutunik, 22m.,

Jan. 26, 1953, rotten palm stump, J. F. G. Clarke. 30 specimens. Kusaie, Hill 1010, 300 m.,

leaves and thrash from forest floor, J. F. G. Clarke. 2 specimens. Kusaie, 22 m., Feb. 1,

1953, rotting coconut log, J. F. G. Clarke. 1 specimen. Kusaie, Jan. 1953, rotting wood of

breadfruit tree, J. L. Gressitt. 1 specimen. Hawaii, Oahu, Kuneuche banana plantation,

Jan. 4, 1969, P. M. Lee. 5 specimens. Oahu, Pukijaga forest preserve, March 9, 1969, P. M.

Lee 6 specimens.

Geographic Distribution: Java (B6rner 1906, Handschin 1925), Sumatra (Handschin

1926), Philippine Islands (Handschin 1930, Gapud 1971, as Allosco-pus tetracanthus),

Micronesia (Ngatpang, Babelthaup, Yap, Guam, Truk, Ponape, Kusaie) (new records),

Hawaii (new record).

248 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

The Javan specimens at hand are not well preserved but it was

possible to study the claw structure, tibiotarsal clothing, some

aspects of the body chaetotaxy and the dental spine arrangement. It

is the number of these spines which have been used to separate

tenuicornis and tetracanthus.

The Micronesian tenuicornis never have more than seven dental

spines. One of the Javan specimens of this species has six spines on

one dens and nine on the other. A second specimen has nine and ten

spines respectively. Following the lead of Gapud (1971) | regard this

difference as geographic variation. Such intraspecific variation | have

observed in several species of Dicranocentrus.

Handschin (1930) reported H. (A.) tenuicornis from the Philippine

Islands but Gapud (1971) did not encounter the species there even

though he collected in the area from where Handschin’s specimens

came. It is clear now that Gapud did collect tenuicornis but since his

specimens had no more than seven dental spines they were called

tetracanthus. Two of the three Javan specimens bear the label ‘‘more

of tetracanthus Borner, V. Gapud ’68’’.

Indoscopus strebeli (Winter), new combination

Alloscopus strebeli Winter 1966: 165. Izarra 1972: 539.

This species would fall within the definition of the subgenus

Alloscopus were it not for the presence of a postantennal organ (PAO).

Winter was aware of the significance of this being the first

orcheselline species with such structure.

Prabhoo (1971) erected the genus /ndoscopus for two Indian species

(I. spinosus and |. aspinosus). The genus was to be separated from

Alloscopus by the presence of a PAO and by the absence of wing like

teeth on the unguiculus.

Winter’s species differs from /ndoscopus by possessing wing like

teeth on the unguiculi. | feel that this difference is outweighed by the

presence of the PAO in all three species. /. strebeli is known from

Peru.

Dicranocentrus platensis (Izarra), new combination

Alloscopus platensis |zarra 1972: 537-539.

In arevision of the genus Dicranocentrus, now in press, | discuss in

detail the reasons that justify the placement of this species in

Dicranocentrus. Briefly these are: Antennae six segmented, claws

without wing like teeth, and eight eyes on each side of the head. The

species is known from Argentina.

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 249

Literature Cited

Barra, J. A. 1968. Contribution a l’étude du genre Heteromurus Wankel, 1860 (Collem-

boles). Biol. Gabonica 4:105-117.

Borner, C. 1906. Das system der Collembolen, nebst beschreibung neuer Collem-

bolen des Hamburger Naturhistorisches Museums. Mitt. Naturhist. Mus.

Hamburg 23:147-188.

Delamare Deboutteville, C. & R. Paulian. 1952. Faune des nids et des terriers en

Basse Cote d’lvoire. Encyclopedie Biogeogr. Ecol. Vil, Paul Le Chevalier, Ed.

12, rue de Tournon-Paris (VI*) 1952 116 pp.

Gapud, V. P. 1971. Studies on Philippine Collembola, III. Suborder Arthropleona:

Entomobryidae, with a checklist of Philippine Collembola. Philip. Entomol.

2:1-50.

Handschin, E. 1925. Beitrdge zur Collembolenfauna der Sundainseln. Treubia 6:

225-270.

Handschin, E. 1926. Ost-Indische Collembolen. Ill. Beitrag zur Collembolen-fauna von

Java und Sumatra. Treubia 8:446-461.

Handschin, E. 1928. Collembolen aus Java, nebst einem beitrag zu einer monographie

der gattung Cremastocephalus Schtt. Treubia 10:245-270.

Handschin, E. 1930. Philippine Collembola, Il. Material collected by the late Charles

Fuller Baker. Philip. J. Sc. 42:411-428.

Imms, A. D. 1912. On some Collembola from India, Burma, and Ceylon; with a

catalogue of the oriental species of the order. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 6:80-

125.

Izarra,D.C.de 1972. Alloscopus platensis, una nueva especie de La Plata, Provincia de

Buenos Aires (Collembola, Entomobryidae). Physis 31:537-539.

Mari Mutt, J. A. 1977. A new species of Heteromurus from the Solomon Islands (col-

lembola: Entomobryidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol. 52:326-330.

in press, A Revision of the genus Dicranocentrus Schott (Insecta: Collembola: Entomo-

bryidae). Bull. Agr. Exp. Sta. Univ. Puerto Rico.

Oudemans, J. T. 1890. Apterygota des Indischen Archipels. In Weber, Zool. Ergeb.

Niederlandisch Ost-Indien 1:73-91.

Prabhoo, N.R. 1971. Soil and litter Collembola of South India I|-Arthropleona. Oriental

Insects 5:1-46.

Salmon, J. T. 1964-1965. An Index to the Collembola. Bull. Roy. Soc. New Zealand

7:1-651.

Winter, C. 1966. Beitrage zur kenntnis der neotropischen Collembolenfauna. Entom.

Zeit. 76:165-169.

Yosii, R. 1959. Studies on the Collembolan fauna of Malay and Singapore, with

species reference to the genera: Lobella, Lepidocyrtus and Callyntrura. Contr.

Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 10:1-65.

Yosii, R. 1960. On some Collembola of New Caledonia, New Britain and Solomon

Islands. Bull. Osaka Mus. Nat. Hist. 12:9-38.

Yosii, R. 1966a. Check list of Collembolan species reported from Indonesia. Treubia

27:45-52.

Yosii, R. 1966b. On some Collembola from Afghanistan, India, and Ceylon collected

by the Kuphe expedition, 1960. Results Kyoto Univ. Sc. exped. Karakoram and

Kindukush, 1955 8:333-405.

EDITORIAL NOTICE

The editors would like to acknowledge with our great appreciation

the many entomologists who served as reviewers for the past year.

An Unusual Ant Nest Morphology for the Ant

Formica fusca Linne in Western Oregon’

(Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Edward R. Landa

Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 97331

The perturbation of soils by ants has long been recognized. Surfi-

cial ant nests developed in soils are generally conical - or crater-

shaped mounds. | have observed large ant nests in western Oregon

which have a cylindrical morphology that has not to my knowledge

been previously reported.

These indurated soil structures (Fig. 1) seen in the Willamette

Floodplain Natural Research Area of the William L. Finley National

Wildlife Refuge in Benton Co., Oregon (T13S, R5W, Section 28), are

developed on an uncultivated Dayton silt loam (Typic albaqualf, fine,

montmorillonitic, mesic) which shows distinct mottling at 5 cm

depth, indicative of poor drainage. Standing water is frequently seen

on this iste during the winter, high rainfall period. The density of ant

galleries is greatest in the inner portion of the cylinder, and the inha-

biting ants were identified as Formica fusca L., the silky ant common

across sub-arctic Canada and the northern half of the contiguous

United States.

The structures observed are up to 50 cm high and 130 cm in circum-

ference, and support grasses rooted in both the top- and side-walls.

Excavation of several of the nests failed to reveal any cylindrical

precursor which may have acted as a template for the construction.

The high areal density of these nests became apparent following an

experimental vegetation burning trial in 1976 (Fig. 2). AS many as 106

nests/1000 m? have been observed in the burn area. However, similar

nests are seen in the adjacent undisturbed area.

Formica fusca is Known to nest in soil, under logs and rocks and in

wood (Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963). The earthen mound nests of this

species are generally low relief structures. Wheeler and Wheeler

(1963) report F. fusca earthen mounds in North Dakota to measure

from 15 to 150 cm in diameter but only 10 to 12 cm in height. Wiken et

al. (1976) have described low conical structures developed by F. fusca

in a well-drained gravelly loam in southwestern British Columbia. The

elevated nest structures observed on this Willamette Valley site are

probably adaptations to the poorly-drained nature of the area, with

the upper portion of the mound affording the inhabitants shelter from

the periodic flooding of the lower reaches of the nest. In addition,

1Contribution from the Oregon Agr. Expt. Sta. Technical Report Series No. 4679.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:250-252 October 1977

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 251

# NY ;

: hoe : :

% i Eanes 3 abies ee SESE Roe

Fig. 1. Ant nest (each unit on scale is 10 cm). Vegetation on side-walls has been trimmed

to show nest structure. Fig. 2. Distribution of nests on the landscape.

252 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

such nesting structures may provide for a more favorable tempera-

ture regime than found in the adjacent soil (Cole, 1932; Scherba,

1962).

Acknowledgements

The invaluable assistance of Dr. George C. Wheeler Desert Re-

search Institute, University of Nevada-Reno, and Drs. Paul O. Ritcher

and George R. Ferguson, Department of Entomology, Oregon State

University is gratefully acknowledged.

Literature Cited

Cole, A.C., Jr. 1932. Observations on semi-desert ants. Ohio J. Sci., 32:533-537.

Scherba, G. 1962. Mound temperatures of the ant Formica ulkeli Emery. Am. Midland Na-

turalist, 67-373-385.

Wheeler, G.C. and Wheeler, J. 1963. The ants of North Dakota. Univ. N. Dak. Press; Grand

Forks, ND.

Wiken, E.B., Broersma, K., Laukulich, L.M. and Farstad, L. 1976. Biosynthetic alteration in

a British Columbia soil by ants (Formica fusca Linne). Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J.,

40:422-426.

THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

The draft third edition of the International Code of Zoological

Nomenclature is now abailable for comment by zoologists. Copies

may be obtained (price £2.50 surface mail, £5.00 air mail) from the

Publications Officer, International Trust for Zoological Nomencla-

ture, c/o British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London

SW7 5BD, U.K. Comments should be sent as soon as possible, and in

any case before 30 November 1978, to the Secretary, International

Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, at the above address.

A paper explaining the major changes proposed by the Com-

mission’s Editorial Committee to the existing Code has been publish-

ed in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenciature, vol. 34, part 3. Copies

may be obtained (price 50p) from the same address as copies of the

draft Code.

Larval Morphology, Behavior and Distribution — useful tools in the

separation of two closely related Nectopsyche Caddis Flies

(Trichoptera : Leptoceridae)

James D. Haddock

Indiana University-Purdue University at Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805

The genus Nectopsyche, Muller 1879, recently known as (Lep-

tocella, Flint, 1974) is presently represented on the north american

continent by twelve species (Haddock, in press). The majority are

lowland inhabiting species having a broad, transcontinental

distribution as in Mystacides (Yamamoto and Wiggins, 1964) and

related genera. Ross (1944) has discussed the eastern members of

Nectopsyche occurring in Illinois. A clear delineation of species

limits had not been previously understood because of the lack of

diagnostic information provided by adult genitalia and the paucity of

larval material and pinned adults — particularly from the western U.S.

Adults of the genus Nectopsyche are easily recognized in the field

because of the narrow, elongate, conspicuously patterned wings that

are characteristic of most species. The antennae in the males are

longer than the body length. Two frequently confused species, as

evidenced by misidentified museum material are Nectopsyche

diarina (Ross) and Nectopsyche albida (Walker) due to the very close

similiarity in adult structures including wing color patterns, genitalia

and the fact that they are sympatric over much of their range in the

midwestern United States. In this paper easily identifiable characters

present in the larvae and larval cases are given, Table 1, which readily

identifies these two easily confused species. Complete taxonomic

treatment of the 12 species in the genus is in press.

Larvae of Nectopsyche diarina can be identified by the presence of

two dorsal, longitudinal, black stripes on the head, pronotum and

mesonotum and the presence of trachael gills on the abdomen (Fig.

1). Nectopsyche diarina has a metathoracic swimming brush con-

sisting of many setae located on the lateral and ventral margins of the

femur and tibia which is used in locomotion. Larval case design is

highly variable and consists of sand with plant fragments arranged

either in a spiralling on non-spiralling whorl (Fig. 2). It is interesting

that the spiral case is similar to that of some species in the related

genus Triaenodes (Hickin, 1967, and others).

Nectopsyche albida larvae have two dorsal, longitudinal black

stripes on the head only and do not possess abdominal tracheal

gills (Fig. 3). Larvae are non-swimmers due to an absence of a

metathoracic swimming brush. Larval cases are composed of sand

grains and are therefore non-buoyant (Fig. 4).

Nectopsyche diarina occurs in lentic and lotic habitats east and

west of the Rocky Mountains in the northern United States and

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:253-257 October 1977

254 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 1&2; Nectopsyche diarina. Fig. 1, mature larva, dorsal view, X8.Fig. 2, larval cases,

X6.

Canada. Many records occur from the Snake and Missouri river

drainages. The headwaters of both systems are within a short distan-

ce of the borders of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming. Miller (1958) has

shown that a “well established” two-way faunal exchange has oc-

curred between the headwaters of the two systems among certain

primary freshwater fishes such as the mountain white fish, longnose

dace and mottled sculpin.

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 255

4

Figs. 3&4; Nectopsyche albida. Fig. 3, mature larva, dorsal view, X8. Fig. 4, larval case, X7.

Nectopsyche albida is almost entirely confined to lentic habitats

and has been collected only east of the rocky Mountains. The

southern extreme of this cold-water species occurs in central

Missouri along the Missouri river, which is congruent with the

roughly. east-west line that marks the maximum advance of the

glaciers during the Pleistocene. | believe that following the Wiscon-

sin glaciation, N a/bida dispersed northward into north central United

States and southern Canada. The effect of glaciation on drainage

reversals such as that suggested for the northward flow of the Upper

256 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Table 1. Comparative Diagnostic Chart of Nectopsyche diarina and

Nectopsyche albida.

N. diarina N. albida

Larval Morphology

dorsal color patterns black stripes on head black stripes on head

and thorax only

swimming brush on present absent

metathoracic legs

Larval Behavior

short-term swimming yes no

ability

case design and sand grains and plant frag- sand grains only

materials ments, arranged in spiral

whorl or not

Distribution

habitat lentic and lotic primarily lentic

dispersion east and west of Rocky east of Rockies only

Mountains

Missouri River (Thornbury, 1954) may also explain the distribution of

both N. a/bida and N. diarina throughout central Canada today.

Acknowledgements

The assistance of Dr. D.G. Denning, Moraga, California in providing

suggestions and material for study is appreciated. Additional

material pertaining to the species discussed was loaned from the

University of California, Berkeley (C.1I.S.), California Academy of

Sciences, Illinois Natural History Survey, U.S. National Museum,

Royal Ontario Museum and the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Literature Cited

Flint, O.S. Jr. 1974. The Trichoptera of Surinam. Stud. fauna of Suriname and other

Guyanas.

Vol. XIV No. 55. 151 pp.

Haddock, J.D. The Biosystematics of the Caddis Fly Genus Nectopsyche in North

America with Emphasis on the Aquatic Stages (in press Amer. Midl. Natur.)

Hickin, N.E. 1967. Caddis Larvae — Larvae of the British Trichoptera. Hutchinson and

Co., LTD., London. 476 pp.

Miller, A.H. 1958. Origin and affinities of the freshwater fish fauna of Western North

America in Zoogeography. Publ. No. 51 of Am. Assoc. Advan. Sci., Wash., D.C. 509 pp.

Muller, F. 1879. Ueber Phryganiden. Zool. Anz. 2:38-40.

Ross, H.H. 1944. The Caddis Flies or Trichoptera of Illinois. Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist.Surv., 23

(1). 326 pp.

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 257

Thornbury, W.D. 1954. Principles of Geomorphology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New

York. 618 pp.

Yamamoto T. and G.B. Wiggins. 1964. A Comparative Study of the North American

species in the caddisfly genus Mystacides (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae). Can. J. Zool.

42:1105-1126.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Notes on the 1973 Migration of Vanessa cardui (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Notes on

the 1973 Migration of Vanessa cardui (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). — Spring 1973 produc-

ed an extensive northward migration of this butterfly through souther California and

Nevada.

On 26 days, from March through May, the directions of flight of 5,361 individuals were

recorded at Big Pine, Inyo County, California. At times, three or four directions were

simultaneously involved with little or no activity between. The insects’ preferred direction

of flight appeared to rotate nearly 135 degrees clockwise from west to north-northeast in

ten weeks. This trend is illustrated in the percentages that flew within 45 degrees of these

two directions during six time-periods:

Mar. 18 Mar. 30 Apr. 8 Apr. 23 May 6 May 19

to to to to to to

Mar. 23 Apr. 4 Apr. 12 May 1 May 11 Jun. 2

Ww 89 51 39 6 9 6

NNE 0 4 40 53 66 78

No southward movement could be observed in summer or fall. Williams (1970, J.

Lepidop. Soc., 24:165) states that southward migration is most often reported in the more

easterly states. An increasingly eastward flight vector during late spring may carry large

numbers away from the far west before southerly flight begins.

Occasional migrators were observed in Inyo County as early as February. The number

crossing a 50-foot line reached a peak of over 50 per minute at Big Pine by mid-April; 30

per minute continued through 2 June beyond which they drifted undirectionally.

Migratory flights persisted longer at elevations above 2500 m.

Numbers decreased as cooler temperatures were encountered; winds alone did not pre-

vent flight. On 25 April, near Lida, Esmeralda County, Nevada, they flew northward against

near-gale winds. Apparently having difficulty topping an east-west ridge they were

funneled through a low pass and fanned out over the road within a foot of the surface ata

groundspeed of less than 1 mile per hour. Counts across 10-foot lines showed that about

3 million per hour were crossing a mile’s length of road.

The insects were observed settling to the desert floor and low shrubs before nightfall.

On 20 May, in Huntoon Valley, Mineral County, Nevada, | happened near dusk, to be

driving northeastward, the preferred direction of flight that day. Those within 50 feet rose

into the air and flew alongside. When | drove at their flight speed, about 15 miles per hour,

a cloud of butterflies formed on either side which soon became too dense to see through.

They settled back to earth when the car speeded ahead or turned away from their flight

direction.

Large migrations seem to occur every 4 to 7 years. The previous mass movement was in

1968. Spring 1977 produced only very small numbers. The next heavy flight is likely to 0 c-

cur in 1978 or 1979 and it is hoped that many persons will prepare themselves to accurate-

ly record numbers and flight directions. Such counts are needed from many locations and

dates before the insects’ behavior can be properly interpreted. — DERHAM GIULIANI, 770

Flower Alley, Big Pine, California 93513.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:257 October 1977

Immature stages and biology of Chionodes psiloptera

a pest in bluegrass seed fields’

(Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae)

Ronald D. Oetting?

Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, 99163

Chionodes psiloptera (Barnes and Busck) is a localized pest of

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) in the United States. The only

record of C. psiloptera being a pest of an agricultural crop is in

Spokane County, Washington. Damage in this area was first reported

by Crawford and Harwood (1959). Prior to that time it was only

reported from Canada and the host plant was unknown (Barnes and

Busck 1920). In Spokane County it is an important pest of the

Kentucky bluegrass seed producing industry. New plantings are

especially vulnerable to damage by larvae feeding near the crown and

established stands are also weakened and damaged to the point

where seed can no longer be produced economically.

Materials and Methods

Field collected larvae and adults were brought into the laboratory

for study. Rearing cages were 3/4 oz. wax lined paper creamers

placed in environmental growth chambers. Growth chambers were

set with a daily photoperiod of 16:8 LD with coincident temperatures

of 21:10°C or 21°C and 30°C constant. Larvae were reared individually

on germinated bluegrass or artificial diet similar to the diet described

by Dupnik and Kamm (1970). Diet was cut into 1 cm cubes and placed

on the bottom of the rearing cup.

Adults were kept in 1 qt. paper cartons with a clear plastic screen

cover. The bottom of the carton was removed and the carton placed in

a petri dish bottom containing a sheet of filter paper. Adults were fed

a liquid diet consisting mainly of water, beer, and honey, (described

by Reese et a/. 1972). The diet was placed in a glass vial containing a

dental wick protruding through an opening cut in the plastic snap

Cap.

An experiment was conducted to determine if females had a pre-

ference for a particular type of surface for egg deposition. Strips of

different oviposition substrates ca 2.5 x 10 cm were hung from the top

of the carton sides. The substrates were wax paper, paper toweling,

filter paper, bond paper, and corrugated cardboard. Eggs were re-

Sees litic aabernerober 4714, Project 0236, Washington State University, Agricultural Research Center.

2Assistant Entomologist. Present address: Department of Entomology, University of California, River-

side, California 92502.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:258-268 October 1977

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 259

moved from the cartons and placed in stender dishes with moist filter

paper bottoms. Newly hatched larvae were maintained in stender

dishes with moist filter paper bottoms and entire newly germinated

bluegrass plants were used as food source. Larval developmental

data were obtained from individually reared specimens and number

of instars determined by daily observation for shed of head capsules.

The site of larval feeding was studied in 2 containers. In the first

container bluegrass was planted in soil in 10 glass containers with

glass sides enclosing 1 cm of soil ca 15 cm deep and 30 cm long.

Larvae were placed on the soil surface after the grass grew until roots

reached the bottom of the container. In the second, washed plants

with ca6 cm of leaf and stem and 3 cm of roots were placed in petri

dishes and covered with moist filter paper. Ten larvae were placed in |

each dish containing 6 plants replicated 4 times. Location of larvae

and feeding was recorded at least 3 times daily.

Potential male sex attractant tests were obtained from Farchan

Research Laboratory, Willoughby, Ohio and prepared immediately

before placing them in the field. Ten p1 of each chemical were

injected into OS-6 natural polyethylene closures for 60975-L vials

(Kimble Products, La Mirada, California) or dissolved in 100 ,p1

methylene chloride and placed into the cup of a No. 1 red rubber

sleeve stopper. Both carriers worked equally well during the test

period. The carriers were placed in the center of a Howell trap coated

with Stickem® (Howell 1972). Traps were placed in bluegrass seed

fields ca 10 cm from the ground 50 m apart in one area and 25 m apart

in a second location. Traps were charged with new carriers every 2

wks, and with new Stickem® every wk.

Descriptions were made from live and preserved specimens.

Averages and ranges given in the descriptions were based on 10

measurements unless stated otherwise. Head capsule widths were

measured at the vertex as seen from above.

Descriptions

There are usually 10 or 11 larval instars but occasionally 9 or 12 are

present. Head capsule measurements of the instars are presented in

Table 1. The last-instar is described along with a brief description of

the egg, first-instar, and pupa.

Egg: 0.65 mm (0.56-0.81 mm) long, 0.35 mm (0.30-0.41 mm) diam. at

widest point; generally oval but irregular, pearly white initially but

changes to yellow.

1st instar: 1.77 mm (1.35-2.15 mm) long, head capsule width 0.20

mm (0.19-0.21 mm); head capsule and cervical plate yellowish-tan,

shiny, body transluscent white, faint reddish bands on dorsum not

noticeable in first instar but more distinct in 2nd and 3rd instar.

Last instar: Length 9.74 mm (8.34-11.83 mm), width 1.94 mm (1.84-

260 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Table 1. Head capsule widths in mm of C. psiloptera larvae

requiring 10, 11, or 12 instars for development.

Larvae with 10 instars Larvae with 11 instars Larvae with 12 instars

Instar Indiv Range Mean Indiv Range Mean Indiv Range Mean

1st 50 = =0.19-0.21 0.20*

2nd 50 0.24-0.27 0.25*

3rd 40 0.28-0.34 0.29*

4th 40 0.37-0.44 0.40*

Sth 40 0.45-0.58 0.50*

6th 17 =0.55-0.72 0.63 18 0.60-0.69 0.64 5 0.53-0.69 0.60

7th 17 0.69-0.83 0.78 18 0.69-0.84 0.76 5 0.63-0.83 0.73

8th 17 = (0.78-0.94 0.88 18 0.79-0.99 0.90 5 0.80-0.93 0.85

9th 17. 0.99-0.10 1.05 18 0.90-1.12 1.00 5 0.92-1.05 0.98

10th 17) -1.18-1.26 1.23 18 0.99-1.25 1.08 5 1.05-1.07 1.07

11th 18 9 =1.10-1.33 1.22 5 1.10-1.18 1.16

12th 5 1.22-1.34 1.30

*Head capsule widths for the first five instars were the same regardless of the total

number of instars. Therefore the widths are all presented together.

2.00 mm); head capsule width 1.23 mm (1.10-1.34 mm, n = 40). Head

capsule orange-brown blending into dark brown on posterior edge,

around mouth parts, and on clypeus; conspicuous black area in

ocellar region; ocelli arranged as in Fig. 1 and 2. Labrum width twice

the length, notched (1/3 length) medial anterior margin, each lobe

with 2 stout submarginal setae anterior, 2 lateral setae farther from

the margin, 4 central setae. Mandible orange-brown, darker and

reddish apically; teeth 5 (Fig. 3), 2nd and 3rd longest. Spinneret

orange-brown, 7 times as long as diam, slightly longer than palpi.

Maxillary cardo and stipes very light brown.

Body grayish white to cream, with reddish irregular blotchy bands

covering half of the dorsal half of each segment from 2 posteriorly.

Spiracles circular, peritreme fuscous, thoracic ca 0.06 mm diam, ist 7

abdominal ca 0.03 mm diam. Prothoracic shield sclerotized,

yellowish-brown to brown, divided by non-sclerotized midline on

dorsum. Anal plate light brown, setae arranged as in Fig. 5. Setae pale

reddish, pinacula brown, ca 0.55-0.85 mm long, longest on sclerotized

shields, arrangement as in Fig. 4. Thoracic legs light brown; ventral

prolegs concolorous with body, crochets yellowish brown, uniserial,

biordinal, arranged in acircle, about 12 large and 20 small (Fig. 6); anal

prolegs light brown laterad, crochets biordinal, uniserial transverse

band on anterior of proleg, directed caudad, ca 8 large and 8 small.

Pupa: Length 6.95 mm (6.12-7.32 mm), width 2.20 mm (2.04-2.46

mm). Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow-brown, shiny, changes to

fuscous before adult emergence. Head smooth to rugulose, exposed

maxillae 2.66 (2.40-2.82 mm) long; labial palpi very small (ca 0.03 mm)

triangular area caudad labrum, maxillary palpi ca 0.53 mm long (Fig.

7). Thorax smooth to rugulose. Abdomen rugulose, spiracles ca 0.06

mm diam.

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 | 261

Figs. 1-7. Last instar of C. psiloptera: Fig. 1. frontal view of head capsule; Fig. 2. lateral

view of head capsule and anterior thorax; Fig. 3. mesal view of right mandible; Fig. 4. setal

map (t?, T?, A’, A?, A‘); Fig. 5. dorsal view of anal plate; Fig. 6. ventral view of proleg.; Fig. 7.

ventral view of cephalic segments of pupae.

Biology — Laboratory Studies

Adults. In the laboratory females preferred to lay eggs in masses

attached to the grass stem near the ground. In some instances only

single eggs were deposited but usually a female either scattered

eggs singly or in small masses in the same night. The number of eggs

262 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

ranged from 1 to 77 and there was no trend for numbers to be high or

low. However, egg masses usually ranged from 5 to 25 eggs and the

2nd largest egg mass contained 34 eggs. The duration between

emergence to 1st egg deposition ranged from 3 to 15 days (n = 15)

but most were 7 days or less with a mean of ca 4 days. A female laid

more eggs, usually depositing eggs every night, the 1st 4 or 5 nights

after oviposition commenced and less frequently thereafter. One

female laid her last eggs 19 days after emergency. Fourteen females

were dissected before egg laying commenced and the ovaries con-

tained from 126 to 184 eggs (x = 147).

There was no preference for the different artificial substrates

presented to females for egg laying sites. All substrates were used

occasionally. However, the majority of the time eggs were oviposited

at the bottom and under the side of the cage. The eggs were attached

either to the bottom or the lower section of the side. A stem of

bluegrass was attached to the side next to the bottom of the cage by

tape. Females began attaching egg masses on the stem or next to the

stem usually beneath the tape. A few egg masses were still deposited

under the side as before. When females were placed in cages with

growing plants, eggs were deposited on the stem near the ground.

Eggs. The egg stage required an average of 17.5 days (12 to 25

days) before hatching when temperatures were 21° day 10° night. Ata

constant temperature of 21° only 10.3 days were required with a range

of 8 to 15 days. Eggs maintained at 30° constant temperature hatched

in 6.5 days, range 5 to 10 days. The hatching success was greater than

90% for all temperatures.

Larvae. First instars were placed in cups with artificial diet and

reared at 21°. These larvae were placed on the bottom of the cup next

to the diet cube. Many of the larvae crawled under or onto the diet or

died apparently trapped by excessive moisture, 54% mortality was

observed in the first instar and 51% in the second. A 27% mortality

was observed for third instars and minimal mortality in later instars.

Mortality was decreased in the early instars by feeding these larvae

on germinated bluegrass with a new leaf ca 2.5 cm long. The small

larvae fed on the roots and leaves of the bluegrass but more often

they burrowed into and fed within the seed coat. Larvae then re-

mained within the seed coat through the third instar. If bluegrass

seed was placed nearby, small larvae also burrowed into these seed

and fed. When fourth instars were observed they were transferred to

artificial diet. When held at 21° larval development took ca 140 days.

The first two stages averaged from 6 to 8 days. From the third stage

through the twelfth stage there was a broad range in the days re-

quired to complete each stage. The average time required in each

stage was between 10 and 18 days. The number of instars ranged

from 9 to 12 but usually 10 or 11 instars were required to complete

development. Larvae were also reared on germinated grass to

compare development on natural food and artificial diet. There was

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 263

no significant difference between larval size and duration of instars

among larvae reared on these two food sources.

Larvae did not necessarily remain on the diet or grass throughout

the day. They spun a silken tube which usually extended from the diet

out foracm or less. This tube would sometimes be free from the diet

along the edge of the bottom of the cup. During the day larvae were

observed within this tube and left only when disturbed. Also silken

chambers were spun in the diet where larvae had burrowed, and a silk

cap covered the cavity. When this occurred grass was incorporated

into the webbing, camouflaging the chamber. Pupation occurred

either within webbing or free from webbing on the bottom of the cup.

The location of larval feeding on the plant and depth of larval move-

ment in the soil are of major concern to effectively survey for damage

and control these pests in the field. Larvae were observed in petri

dishes containing bluegrass plants in the laboratory. In these obser-

vations 56% of the time larvae were found in the root zone either in

silken tubes or free. Twenty five percent of the time larvae were in the

crown area and 19% of the time larvae were in the stem and leaf area.

Feeding was observed 41% on the roots, 39% on the crown, and 20%

on the leaves and stems. Feeding on the leaves and stems was both

external and by burrowing into the stems, indicating that feeding is

not limited to a specific area of the plant but most damage is next to

the soil surface or just beneath the surface.

Larvae were also placed on growing plants in glass containers to

observe feeding behavior. Most of the larvae fed on secondary roots

just beneath the surface and remained in the upper 2.5 cm of soil in

silk-lined tubes. A few plants were cut off at the surface and a few

beneath the soil surface. No signs of feeding on the plants over 5mm

above the ground were observed. One larva was observed 7 cm below

the surface feeding on the root system. Most larvae pupated on the

surface but a few were within acm of the surface. Pupae were usually

free of webbing.

Pupae. Pupae were maintained at the same temperatures as the

eggs and an increase in duration with decreasing temperature was

similarly observed. At 21° day 10° night conditions the pupal stage

averaged 21.4 days with a range of 17 to 23 days (n = 88). There was

an 85% emergence success with a sex ratio of 69% males and 31%

females. At 21° constant temperature the duration of the pupal stage

averaged 12.4 days with arange of 10 to 14 days (n = 113). Emergence

was 89% successful and 61% males and 39% females emerged. At

30° the average duration was 8.0 days with a range of 7 to9 days (n =

60). Seventy five percent emergence was obtained with 64% males

and 36% females.

The duration of the egg and pupal stage in the field is affected by

the temperature. Banerjee (1969) found similar results with another

pest of bluegrass Crambus trisectus (Walker) with a shorter duration of

each stage with increased temperature. Crambus trisectus is a

264 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

A STE

P a)

8-11 a ay

ts a

3-4 eos se ke a

o sar]

1 Serre cea]

E Saaarw)

J F M A M J J A S 0 N D

Fig. 8. Field occurrence of life stages of C. psiloptera; (E) egg, (1-11) larval instars, (P)

pupae, (A) adult.

univoltine species in the Pacific Northwest and a bivoltine species in

Illinois. The temperature at the soil surface in the Spokane area in

1975 and 1976 was ca 15 to 20°C when pupation occurred and 21 to

25°C during egg laying.

Field Life History

Chionodes psiloptera is an univoltine species which overwinters as

larvae (Fig. 8). Adults in the Spokane, WA area (latitude 48°N, altitude

738m) begin flying in the field from mid-May to early June, depending

on temeperature, and are present for a month, usually reaching a

peak in mid-June. In 1975 observed adult activity peaked on June 17

and in 1976 from June 11 to 17. Eggs are attached to stems in early

June to early July and the first instars are present in mid-June to early

August. Larvae feed on the roots, crown, and lower stems through

summer and fall. In October or early November larval activity stops

and they remain in their overwintering silk-lined casing within a stem,

between stems in the crown, or in the thatch or upper 2.5 cm of the

soil. AS soon as the upper soil reaches ca 15°C in the spring larvae

start to feed. In late April or early May the last instars change into pre-

pupae and pupate in 1 to 3 days.

Larvae have been collected from soil cores primarily from the foot-

hills area northeast of Spokane, Washington. This is a nonirrigated

area and the larvae are most prevalent on the dry slopes rather than

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 265

Table 2. Chemicals tested for attractancy for C. psi/loptera in the

field.

Avg catch/trap/week

Avg total

Chemical June 11 June17 June 24 July 1 catch/trap

Area 1

(Z,Z) & (Z,E)-7,

11-Hexadecadieny! Acetate 12.5 8.5 3.5 _— 8.79

Z-7, E-11-Hexadecadieny|

Acetate 8.8 5.8 3.3 — 6.36

E-9-Dodeceny| Acetate 10.0 1.8 1.3 — 5.14

Check 7.0 1.0 0.0 — 3.29

Z-7-Dodecenyl Acetate 3.8 2.3 2.3 — 2.91

Z-7-Hexadeceny! Acetate 2.5 3.5 1.3 — 2.43

Z-9-Tetradecenyl Acetate 1.7 3.8 1.5 — 2.23

Z-11-Tetradecenyl Acetate 3.0 1.8 1.0 — 2.07

Z-9-Dodecenyl Acetate 2.8 3.3 2.0 — 1.21

Area 2

Z-7, E-11-Hexadecadienyl

Acetate 0.0 0.5 6.0 4.5 3.67

Check 0.0 0.5 2.5 2.5 1.83

Z-7-Hexadecenyl Acetate 0.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.67

7,11-Hexadecadienyl Acetate 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.50

(Z,Z) & (Z,E)

E-9-Dodecenyl Acetate — 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.50

Z-9-Tetradecenyl Acetate — 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.50

Z-9-Dodeceny! Acetate — 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.33

Z-7-Dodeceny| Acetate — 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.17

Z-11-Tetradecenyl Acetate —_— 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

the lower wetter areas. Larvae have also been collected in the irri-

gated area of the Spokane Valley east of Spokane, Washington and

nonirrigated fields around Freeman and Rockford, Washington.

Larvae have been collected from several named varieties of Kentucky

bluegrass including Adelphi, Merion, Fylking, Garfield, Nugget, and

Glade.

When disturbed, adults fly short distances (usually less than a

meter) and conceal themselves in the grass crown, under clumps of

sod, under straw, or in cracks of the soil. They move quickly and are

hard to detect. They fly close to the ground, seldom above the grass,

and are hard to capture with a sweep net. These moths are most eas-

ily observed fluttering from row to row and crawling around the young

plants. |

No host other than grass is known for this species. In addition to

bluegrass it has been reported to feed on creeping red fescue

(Crawford and Harwood 1964). In the fall, areas around grass fields

were examined to see if an alternate host could be found. Adults were

not found in any areas other than within and near the borders of seed

fields. Larvae were not found in any weedy areas or under deciduous

266 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. 9. Strip across bluegrass field treated with insecticide, with remainder of field show-

ing damage by C. psiloptera.

shrubs. However, larvae which appeared to be Chionodes were found

in debris under ponderose pine near grass fields. They were not

found under pines further from seed fields. The following spring no

gelechiid larvae were found in these areas.

Unsaturated acetate pheromones of some other gelechiids and

moths were tested for attractancy to C. psiloptera (Table 2). There was

consistently a significantly greater attraction to the traps containing

gossyplure (Z,Z and Z E-7, 11-hexadecadieny| acetate in area 1. This is

known to be the sex pheromone of another gelechiid, the pink boll-

worm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Hummel et at., 1973). The

sex pheromone of a second gelechiid, the angoumois grain moth

(Sitotroga cerealella [Olivier]), Z-7, E-11-Hexadecadienyl acetate also

consistently attracted C. psiloptera in areas 1 and 2. The check traps

contained a high number of C. psi/loptera but the average was in-

creased by a few traps containing a large number of this species. This

could be the result of a female randomly being caught in the trap and

attracting males in by the release of pheromones. A female moth was

found in one replication of the check in area 1 on June 11. This check

contained 27 moths. The other chemicals did not result in any signif-

icant attraction. Gossyplure could be used in bluegrass fields as a

monitoring tool for C. psiloptera activity and was a better indicator

than a black light trap for monitoring populations in 1976.

Damage

Chionodes psiloptera feed in the crown area of Kentucky bluegrass

similarly to other soil pests of this crop. However, damage is not as

noticeable as that caused by pests such as sod webworms. Irregular

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 267

brown areas typical of sod webworm damage are not present with C.

psiloptera feeding. Instead there is a gradual weakening of the stand

because only part of the crown is damaged by larval feeding. Signs of

C. psiloptera feeding are thinning of the stand accompanied by the in-

vasion of undesirable plant species. Damage is most noticeable in

the fall when regrowth has started or in the spring before it is warm

enough for regrowth to surpass damage. This was especially notice-

able when part of a field was treated with an insecticide reducing

damage (Fig. 9). Insecticide screening has been conducted to find a

control for this pest (Oetting 1976).

The larvae of this species can damage newly planted Kentucky

bluegrass severely. Bluegrass which is planted in the spring is still

small in the summer (ca 10 cm high) and has not developed an exten-

sive root system or crown. Damage at this time is more severe than

when a stand has matured because the smaller plants are more af-

fected by larval feeding.

Natural Enemies

There is no data on predation on this species. However, it was

noted that numbers were not reduced by birds while sod webworms

in the same field were significantly reduced. Among several hundred

larvae brought into the laboratory and reared a single Copidosoma sp.

(Encyrtidae) parasite was reared from a larva collected from the foot-

hills area northeast of Spokane, Washington in April 1975. From this

ca 30 adult Copidosoma emerged in May 1975. There are no other re-

cords of parasites from this species.

Acknowledgements

| thank Drs. R.F. Harwood and R.D. Akre for critically reading the

manuscript. | also thank Dr. G. Gordh of the USDA Insect Indentifica-

tion and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute for determinations.

Financial support was provided by the Intermountain Grass Growers

Association, Washington State Department of Agriculture, And

Washington State University.

Literature Cited

Banerjee, A.C. 1969. Development of Crambus trisectus at controlled temperatures in the

laboratory. J. Econ. Entomol. 62:703-705.

Barnes, S.B.W., and A. Busck. 1920. Notes and new species. Contributions to the natural

history of the Lepidoptera of North America. 4(3):230.

Crawford, C.S., and R.F. Harwood. 1959. Lepidoptera associated with grasses grown for

seed in Eastern Washington. J. Econ. Entomol. 52:966-969.

268 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Crawford, C.S., and R.F. Harwood. 1964. Bionomics and control of insects affecting

Washington grass seed fields. Wash. Agric. Exper. Sta. Tech. Bull. 44:25 pp.

Dupnik, T.D., and J.A. Kamm. 1970. Development of an artificial diet for Crambus trisectus.

J. Econ. Entomol. 63:1578-1581.

Howell, J.F. 1972. An improved sex attractant trap for codling moth. J. Econ. Entomol.

65:609-611.

Hummel, H.E., L.K. Gaston, H.H. Shorey, R.S. Kaae, K.J. Byrne, and R.M. Silverstein. 1973.

Clarification of the chemical status of the pink bollworm sex pheromone.

Science (Wash., D.C.) 181:873-875.

Oetting, R.D. 1976. Bluegrass seed fields, Chionodes psiloptera control; SveSHINgIon; 1975.

Ins. and Acar. Tests 1:109-110.

Reese, J.C., L.M. English, T.R. Yonke, and M.L. Fairchild. 1972. A method for rearing black

cutworms. J. Econ. Entomol. 65:1047-1049.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Report of anew host Species for the Long-Tailed Sawfly, Sirex longicauda (Middlekauff,

1948.) (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) — On 23 August 1977 a newly emerged adult female

Long-tailed Sawfly, Sirex longicauda (Middlekauff, 1948.) was collected alive from a 7.6 cm

cubed sample of Incense Cedar, Libocedrus decurrens Torr.. This wood sample was

collected at the sawmill of California Mills, Inc. at Pioneer, Amador County, California

from lumber milled from trees originally felled in the Stanislaus National Forest.

Individuals of this species had been previously reported only from White Fir, Abies

concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. (W.W. Middlekauff, 1948; Pan-Pacific Entomol. 24(4):189-

190) and Douglas Fir, Pseudotsuga Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (W.W. Middlekauff, 1960; Bull.

of Cal. Insect Surv. 6(4)).

This is the first report of S. jongicauda from Incense Cedar (W.W. Middlekauff, personal

communication), however, the Known host species A. concolor (300-8200 ft. elevation) and

P. Menziesii (3000-5000 ft. elevation) occur sympatrically with L. decurrens over much of

their ranges, including the Stanislaus National Forest. (P.A. Munz, 1959, 1968; A California

Flora with Supplement; U. Cal. Press; Berkeley, California, pp. 49, 57, 59.) — S.F. COOK,

L.W. TURLINGTON, Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton,

California 952117.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:268 October 1977

Records and descriptions of some Mexican

species of the genus Phaea Newman

(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae)

John A. Chemsak

University of California, Berkeley, 94720

The lamiine genus Phaea Newman is represented by about 30

described species occurring from the United States to Colombia. The

group attains its greatest development in Mexico and Central Ameri-

ca where a majority of the species are found.

Phaea is closely related to the genus Jetraopes Sch8herr and some

Phaea is closely related to the genus Jetraopes Schonherr and

some of the species of each greatly resemble each other. Phaea may

be characterized by the usually moderate to small size, cylindrical

form, usual slight expansion of the elytra toward the apex, com-

pletely divided eyes, convex front of the head, usually apically asper-

ate scape of the antennae, ventral flying hairs of the antennal

segments, usually well-developed thoracic umbone, short legs and

appendiculate tarsal claws. The last abdominal sternite of females is

inflated, somewhat elongate, and longitudinally, linearly impressed.

The bifid tarsal claws of Tetraopes will immediately separate that

genus.

This preliminary study is the result of many years of field collecting

and accumulating specimens from most available institutions and

collections. The basic problem in attempting to present a

comprehensive review of the genus at this time is the lack of

adequate material. Whereas some species are represented by large

series, others are still Known only from the types. For various

reasons, only a small portion of the Mexican species are treated at

this time. In addition to the descriptions of new species, several of

the less common previously described species are characterized and

new records listed.

The National Science Foundation, through Grant GB-BM574 and

previous grants, is gratefully acknowledged, as well as the authorities

of the following institutions and individuals for the loan of speci-

mens: American Museum of Natural History, New York; California

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; Canadian National Collection,

Ottawa; Essig Museum of Entomology, Berkeley; Field Museum of

Natural History, Chicago; Museum of Comparative Zooology,

Cambridge; National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.,;

Texas A. & M. University, College Station; University of California,

Davis; University of Kansas, Lawrence; Utah State University, Logan;

and H. F. Howden and G. Nelson. Celeste Green prepared the illustra-

tion.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:269-276 October 1977

270 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Phaea biplagiata, new species

Male: Form small, subparallel; integument reddish to orange, femora yellowish, apices

of mandibles, eyes, antennae and part of tibiae black, elytra usually with narrow black

stripes extending from humeri to about middle. Head with front moderately convex,

moderately densely, separately punctate, densely clothed with pale appressed

pubescence; impression between antennal tubercles shallow, vertex sparsely punctate;

antennae slender, slightly longer than body, scape moderate, apically asperate, densely

punctate, third segment subequal in length to fourth, fourth longer than fifth, succeeding

segments becoming progressively shorter, segments densely clothed with short, dark,

subappressed pubescence, grayish beneath on basal segments, ciliae numerous

beneath, becoming sparser toward apex. Pronotum slightly broader than long, sides

sinuate; umbone large, rounded, distinctly delimited at anterior half, densely punctate at

sides with a long, erect seta arising from each puncture; apical impression shallow, basal

impression moderate; sides irregularly punctate, moderately pubescent; prosternum

finely pubescent; meso- and metasternum finely punctate, moderately densely, finely

pubescent. Elytra more than 2% times as long as broad, slightly expanding at apex;

punctures moderately coarse, separated, linearly arranged, becoming obsolete toward

apex; short, pale, appressed pubescence dense behind middle, long, erect hairs denser

toward base; apices rounded. Legs short, rather slender, moderately pubescent.

Abdomen finely punctate, moderately densely pubescent; last sternite elongate, narrowly

rounded at apex. Length, 8-9 mm.

Female: Form more robust. Antennae shorter than body. Abdomen with last sternite

linearly impressed. Length, 9-11 mm.

Holotype male, allotype (California Academy of Sciences) from Taxco, Guerrero,

Mexico, 6000 ft, 24 June, 1937 (M.A. Embury). Paratypes as follows: 1d, Taxco, July, 1959

(Krauss); 1d, El Salto, Durango, Mexico, 9300 ft, 5 June, 1937 (Embury); 12, 38 miles E.

Villa Union, Sinaloa, Mexico, 9 August, 1964 (Howden); 12, Apatzingan, Michoacan,

Mexico, 1200 ft, 16 August, 1941 (Haag); 16, Santa Lucia, Sinaloa, Mexico, 4000 ft, 4

August, 1964 (Kelton); 12, San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico, 22 March, 1962 (Stange); 16, 6 miles

E. Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, 1 September, 1974 (Bohart, Hanson); 1d, 12, 7 miles SW

Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico, 3500 ft, 2 July, 1961 (U. Kansas Mex. Exped.); 19, 30 miles NE

Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, 8 July, 1955 (Guiliani); 19, Isth. of Tehuantepec

(Sumichrast); 1d, 12, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico, August, 1959 (Krauss); 1d, 19,

Suchiapa, Chiapas, Mexico, 17 July and 18 August, 1957 (Chemsak, Rannells, Hurd,

Durham). 1¢', Champerico, Guatemala, 3 August, 1905 (Knab).

The small size, usual presence of the black longitudinal lines ex-

tending back from the humeri and dense, pale pubescence over the

apical one-half of the elytra separate this species.

Most specimens at hand possess the dark markings of the elytra.

These are, however, reduced in some and absent in one. The color

varies from bright reddish to orange.

Phaea flavovittata Bates

Phaea flavovittata Bates, 1881: 197; Chemsak, 1967: 79 (lectotype).

Small, black, with front of head and broad line down vertex extending longitudinally

down pronotum, orange. Antennae black, scape apically asperate, long, erect hairs

beneath not abundant. Pronotum with umbone moderately elevated, rounded, distinctly

delimited at sides of apical one-half. Scutellum pale. Elytra coarsely, linearly punctate at

basal half; pubescence dense, short, depressed with numerous, long, erect hairs inter-

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 271

spersed. Femora pale basally. Underside dark, moderately densely pubescent. Abdomen

of female with last segment longitudinally impressed. Length, 6-9 mm.

Type locality: Chacoj, Vera Paz, Guatemala.

New records: 2dd, 14 miles N. Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, 11 July,

1952 (Gilbert and MacNeill).

Phaea latifrons, new species

Male: Form small, parallel; integument reddish, apices of mandibles, eyes, antennae

from apex of scape, umbone, basal spots at sides of pronotum, most of underside, apices

of front and middle femora and apical one-fourth of elytra black. Head with front flattened,

very broad, much broader across eyes than width of pronotum, rather sparsely punctate,

very finely, densely pubescent; area between antennal tubercles barely impressed, vertex

sparsely punctate; antennae slender, shorter than body, scape flattened, apically

asperate, densely punctate, third segment equal to fourth, fourth slightly longer than

fifth, remaining segments gradually decreasing in length, segments densely clothed with

short, subdepressed pubescence, ciliae long, numerous. Pronotum about as long as

broad, sides slightly sinuate; umbone broad, not prominently elevated, sides not dis-

tinctly delimited, middle densely punctate, densely clothed with long, erect, black hairs;

sides very sparsely punctate except for median lobes; pubescence fine, pale, appressed,

moderately dense with long erect black setae moderately interspersed, base at middle

thinly fringed; apical impression shallow, basal impression fairly deep; prosternum finely

pubescent; meso- and metasternum finely punctate and pubescent. Elytra about 3 times

as long as broad, sides parallel; punctures coarse, linearly arranged, separated; pubes-

cence long, suberect, arising from punctures, underlying pubescence white, short, sub-

depressed, moderately dense; apices rounded. Legs short, femora stout; pubescence

fine, moderately dense. Abdomen finely punctate, moderately densely pubescent; last

sternite subtruncate at apex. Length, 9mm.

Holotype male (National Museum of Natural History) and 1 male paratype from Puerto

Angel, Oaxaca, Mexico, 31 July, 1965 (A.B. Lau).

This species may be readily recognized by the broadened head and

low, densely pubescent umbone.

Phaea marthae, new species

Female: Form moderate sized, sides subparallel; integument black, head except man-

dibles and eyes, pronotum dorsally except umbone, reddish, elytra reddish over basal

two-thirds except for spots on humeri. Head with front mgoderately strongly convex,

moderately coarsely, densely punctate, densely clothed with very fine, pale pubescence

with longer, erect black setae numerously interspersed; area between antennal tubercles

very shallowly impressed, vertex finely, very sparsely punctate; antennae slender, extend-

ing to about second abdominal segment, scape dorsally flattened, strongly asperate

apically, densely punctate, third segment slightly longer than fourth, fourth longer than

fifth, remaining segments gradually decreasing in length, segments from fourth densely

clothed with short appressed pubescence which is dark above and grayish below, long,

erect setae sparse beneath. Pronotum broader than long, sides sinuate; umbone large,

elevated, very sharply. delimited at sides, very finely, densely punctate; long erect hairs

dense, brushlike; sides very sparsely, finely punctate, each puncture giving rise to along

black seta; apical impression shallow, basal impression deep; prosternum transversely

rugulose, sparsely pubescent; meso- and metasternum very finely, densely punctate,

finely, densely pubescent. Elytra over 2% times as long as broad, sides shallowly

impressed at middle; punctures moderately coarse, sparse, well separated, irregular;

pubescence fine, short, pale, with numerous long, erect hairs interspersed, particularly

toward base; apices rounded. Legs short, femora finely, densely punctate, finely, densely

272 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

pubescent. Abdomen finely, very densely punctate, densely pubescent; last sternite

linearly impressed. Length, 13 mm.

Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences) from 9 miles N Mazatlan, Sinaloa,

Mexico, 25-28 July, 1972 (J. and M.A. Chemsak, A. and M. Michelbacher).

This species may be readily recognized by the coloration,

prominent thoracic umbone, and by the sparse punctation of the

elytra.

P. marthae is dedicated to Mrs. Martha Michelbacher in recogni-

tion of her field assistance.

Phaea maryannae, new species

(Fig. 1)

Male: Form moderate sized, subparallel; integument reddish to orange, mandibles,

eyes, appendages, underside, spots on pronotum, scutellum, humeral spots and apices

of elytra black. Head with front strongly convex, moderately coarsely, shallowly punctate,

pubescence very fine, depressed; impression between antennal tubercles very deep,

vertex very sparsely punctate; antennae stout, longer than body, scape robust, apically

asperate, densely punctate, third segment subequal to fourth, fourth longer than fifth,

succeeding segments becoming gradually shorter, segments moderately densely clothed

with short appressed pubescence which is black above and grayish beneath, basal

segments sparsely ciliate beneath. Pronotum slightly broader than long, sides sinuate;

umbone large, rounded, sides not delimited, punctures minute, very sparse; a large black

spot present anteriorly on each side of umbone, two small spots usually at sides near

base, an irregular spot also present at sides below median swelling; apex shallowly

impressed, base deeply impressed; pubescence sparse, short with a few long, erect hairs

interspersed; prosternum finely, moderately densely pubescent; mesosternum finely

pubescent, intercoxal process almost plane; metasternum strongly convex, densely,

minutely punctate, densely clothed with grayish subdepressed pubescence. Elytra more

than twice as long as broad, sides slightly impressed at middle then expanding toward

apices; humeri with black spots; apical one-fourth with anteriorly rounded black spots;

basal punctures fine, sparse, punctures toward middle larger, irregular, well separated,

becoming obsolete toward apex; pubescence very fine, yellowish, longer erect hairs

numerous over basal one-half, pubescence on apical spots black; apices broadly

rounded. Legs short, stout, gray pubescent. Abdomen minutely, densely punctate, mod-

erately densely pubescent; last sternite narrowly rounded at apex. Length, 12-13 mm.

Female: Form more robust. Antennae shorter than body. Legs with femora more

slender. Abdomen with pygidium exposed, last sternite inflated, linearly impressed at

middle. Length, 16-17 mm.

Holotype male (California Academy of Sciences) and 4 male paratypes from 9 miles N.

Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, 25-28 July, 1972 (J. and M.A. Chemsak, A. and M.

Michelbacher). Additional paratypes as follows: 1d: 14 miles S. Cuernavaca, Morelos,

Mexico, 3 August, 1954 ( U. Kansas Mex. Exped.); 19, Iguala, Guerrero, Mexico, September

(Barrett); 12, Mexico, Mexico, 1950.

This species is distinctive by the large, non-delimited, rounded

umbone with black spots at the corners and by the apical black spots

of the elytra which curve out from the lateral margins back toward the

suture.

The type series is relatively constant in coloration except for the

occasional lack of the two basal spots of the pronotum.

This red-headed species is dedisated to Mary Ann Chemsak for the

obvious reason in addition to her collecting efforts.

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 273

Fig.1. Phaea maryannae, new species.

274 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Phaea miniata Pascoe

Phaea miniata Pascoe, 1858: 256.

Phaea lineola Bates, 1872: 228; Bates, 1881: 198. New synonymy.

Form rather small, elytra expanding apically. Integument reddish except for tips of

mandibles, eyes, apical half of antennal scape, antennae and tibiae and tarsi, which are

black, elytra often with narrow black stripes extending from humeri to middle. Head of

males with a prominent tubercle on front at middle. Antennae slender, about as long as

body, scape apically asperate. Pronotum with umbone shallow, not delimited, rounded.

Elytra sparsely, sublinearly punctate, punctures well separated; pubescence fine,

moderately sparse, short and appressed and long and erect. Abdomen sparsely

pubescent, last sternite linearly impressed in females. Length, 7-10 mm.

Type locality: of miniata, Venezuela; /ineo/a, Chontales, Nicaragua.

Known from Mexico to Venezuela.

New records: 7dd, 1499, Simojovel, Chiapas, 18-31 July, 1958 (J.A. Chemsak). This

species was collected on fence posts during the day.

The elytra occasionally have black longitudianl stripes. In addition

to the specimens described as /ineo/a from Nicaragua, two from

Costa Rica are at hand.

The rounded, barely elevated thoracic umbone and prominent

tubercle on the front of the head of males make this species distinc-

tive.

Phaea saperda Newman

Phaea saperda Newman, 1840:14; Bates, 1881:195.

Phoea saperda, Thomson, 1864:121.

Lamprocleptes entomologorum Thomson, 1857:65.

Form moderate-sized, elytra expanding apically. Head, except eyes, pronotum, under-

side and often elytra for varying widths at base, bright red to orange, antennae, except

apex and legs, yellowish. Antennae with scape apically asperate, long erect hairs

moderate. Elytra sparsely punctate at base, punctures becoming larger and denser to-

ward middle along suture then obsolete at apex; pubescence fine, grayish, appressed,

long erect hairs moderately numerous. Abdomen of female with a median line on last

sternite. Length, 8-14 mm.

Type locality: of saperda, Mexico; entomologorum, Brasil?

Known from Mexico, Guatemala and Belize.

New records: San Lius Potosi: 16, El Pujal, 18 May, 1950 (M. Sanchez); 19, El Salto, 18

June, 1962 (J.M. Campbell); 12, 20 miles N Tamazunchale, 30 July 1960 (Howden); 10d,

Tamazunchale, 21 June, 1962 (Campbell). Veracruz: 1d, 49, Cordoba, 8 July, 1965 (Lau), 12,

22 June, 1965 (Lau), 1 October, 1963 (Lau), 16 May, 1946 (J. and D- Pallister); 12, Catemaco,

8 June, 1965 (Burke, Meyer, Shaffner); 1d, 12, Puente Nacional, 21 June, 1962 (Janzen);

2992, Lake Catemaco, 8-16 August, 1960 (Howden); 1d, Sn. Rafeal Jicaltepec, 22 June,

1896; 19, SE Citlaltepetl, Fortin, 3 July, 1964 (Swan). Oaxaca: 1d, 16 miles N Matias

Romero, 25 June, 1961 (Carney); 12, 25 miles N Matias Romero, 4 August, 1970 (Fisher,

Sullivan).

The color of the elytra is subject to variation ranging from all-black

to almost the basal one-half reddish.

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 275

Phaea semirufa Bates

Phaea semirufa Bates, 1872:228; Bates, 1881:198.

Phaea scapularis Bates, 1881:198, Chemsak, 1967:79 (lectotype). New

synonymy.

Form small, expanding posteriorly, Head and pronotum yellow except for a broad, black

line extending from behind eyes down sides of pronotum, antennae black, segments from

fourth or fifth basally pale, elytra usually yellowish basally at sides from humeri to about

middle, black band usually angled from sides to scutellum, basal half occasionally all

yellow, femora yellow at basal half. Antennae stout, densely ciliate, ciliae much longer

beneath. Pronotum longer than broad; umbone broad, sides margined, moderately

elevated, sparsely punctate; pubescence long, bristling. Elytra coarsely, contiguously,

linearly punctate, punctures arranged in six rows, becoming finer toward apex; pubes-

cence long, bristling, with underlying short, appressed pubescence; apices subtruncate.

Abdomen with last sternite with a median line in females. Length, 8-9 mm.

Type locality: of semirufa, mexico; scapularis, Zapote, Guatemala. Known only from

Mexico and Guatemala.

New records: 1d, 7.3 miles SSW Yautepec, Morelos, 2 July, 1961, 3500 ft. (U. Kansas

Exped.); 12, Tierra Colorado, Guerrero, 15 August, 1938 (L.J. Lipovski); 12, 49 miles S.

Acayucan, Veracruz, 19 July, 1963 (W. Foster); 16, 16.2 miles N. Puente Nacional,

Veracruz, 21 June, 1962 (Janzen); 12, Temescal, Oaxaca, 2 June, 1969 (Janzen); 1d, 4 miles

NW Pueblo Nuevo, River Bajada, Chiapas, 30 July, 1965 (G.H. Nelson); 1d, 7 mi SE Chiapa

de Corzo, Chiapas, 23 June, 1965 (Burke, Meyer, Schaffner).

The coloration and broad-appearing antennae suggest a lycid

model for this species.

Phaea tricolor Bates

Phaea tricolor Bates, 1881: 199; Chemsak, 1967:79 (lectotype).

Form small, subparallel. Integument black, head and pronotum orange, umbone black,

elytra yellowish at basal half except for area around black scutellum and spots on humeri,

anterior edge of black band usually directed back from suture to Jateral margins. Head a

little broader across eyes than pronotum, vertex with numerous, long, erect, black hairs;

antennae moderately densely ciliate. Pronotum with umbone low, broad, extending from

apex to base, sides not distinctly delimited, sides finely, densely punctate, erect ciliae

numerous, middle glabrous, basal margin fringed at middle. Elytra coarsely, densely

punctate, punctures contiguous, becoming obsolete at apex; pubescence dense, short

and subdepressed and long and erect, longest at base. Underside finely, not densely

pubescent. Abdomen with last sternite linearly impressed in females. Length, 9mm.

Type locality: Cordoba.

Known from Mexico and Guatemala. :

New records: 299, 20 miles S. Cuidad Victoria, Tamaulipas, 17 June, 1941 (H. Dybas);

12, Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosi, 4-5 July, 1964 (Fisher, Verity).

The coloration suggests a mimetic association although possible

models are not yet known.

Literature Cited

Bates, H.W. 1872. On the longicorn Coleoptera of Chontales, Nicaragua. Trans. Entomol.

Soc. London. 1872:163-238.

Bates, H. W. 1881. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Coleoptera, Lamiidae, vol. 5,

pp. 153-224, pls. xii-xv.

276 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Chemsak, J. A. 1967. Lectotype designations of Cerambycidae in the British Museum

(Natural History) (Coleoptera). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 40:73-81.

Newman, E. 1840. Entomological Notes. Entomolgist. no. 1:1-16.

Pascoe, F. P. 1858. On new genera and species of longicorn Coleoptera. Part Ill. Trans.

Entomol. Soc. London., ser. 2, vol. 4, pp. 236-266, illus.

Thomson, J. 1857. Essai monographique sur le groupe des tetraophthalmites, de la

famille des cerambycides (longicornes). Arch. Entomol., vol. 1, pp. 45-67.

Thomson, J. 1864. Systema cerambycidarum ou expose de tous les genres compris dans

la famille des caambycides et familles limitrophes. M@én. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege.

vol. 19, pp. 1-540.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

The following Opinions (listed by number) have been published

recently by the International Commission on Zoological Nomencla-

ture (see Bulletin Zoological Nomenclature Volume 34, part 3, 9 No-

vember, 1977). ITZN 59.

Opinion No. 1093 (p. 143) Apis rotundata Fabricius, 1787 (Insecta:

Hymenoptera): designation under the

plenary powers of a neotype.

Opinion No. 1094 (p. 147) Refusal of request to correct the following

on the Official List of Family-Group Names

in Zoology:

No. 61 GYROPIDAE Kellogg, 1896 (Insecta:

Mallophaga)

No. 139 PYRALIDAE Latreille, 1809 (In-

secta: Lepidoptera)

No. 199 EPISEMIDAE Guénée, 1852 (In-

secta: Lepidoptera)

No. 207 TRIOPSIDAE Keilhack, 1909

(Crustacea, Phyllopoda)

No. 213 TRETASPINAE Whittington, 1941

(Trilobita)

No. 324 TRINOTONIDAE Eichler, 1941 (In-

secta: Mallophaga)

Opinion No. 1096 (p. 155) Psednura longicornis, Sjostedt, 1920 (In-

secta: Orthoptera): designation under

plenary powers.

Opinion No. 1099 (p. 164) Drosophila mercatorum Patterson &

Wheeler, 1942 (Insecta, Diptera) conser-

vation of;

Drosophila carinata Grimshaw, 1901, sup-

pression of.

The Commission cannot supply separates of Opinions.

Prey, Predatory Behavior, and the Daily Cycle

of Holopogon wilcoxi Martin

(Diptera: Asilidae)

Henry A. Hespenheide and Mark A. Rubke

Department of Biology

University of California Los Angeles, 90024

The literature on the Asilidae has taken several points of view on

robberflies as predators: The ethology of the act of predation

(Lavigne and Holland 1969, Dennis et a/. 1975), diurnal activity pattern

(Dennis and Lavigne 1975) seasonal and microhabitat selection

(Scarbrough 1974), selection of prey by type (Linsley 1960, Powell and

Stage 1962), and by size (Lavigne and Holland 1969, Dennis and

Lavigne 1975, Hespenheide 1975.82). Studies of other organisms

which prey on flying insects and the prey available to them have

revealed that there is a strong diurnal periodicity in prey availability

(Hespenheide 1975; Lewis and Taylor 1964). Because of the ease of

observing predatory behavior in robberflies and the location of a

locally large population of Ho/opogon wilcoxi, the present study was

undertaken to determine the diurnal pattern of foraging in this

species. Other aspects of the behavior of this species were also

noted, and an analysis was made of the prey taken. Ho/lopogon wilcoxi

perches on the tips of branches and sallies out after small insects

which fly nearby. The overall behavior of Holopogon wilcoxi is similar

to that recorded for species of Heteropogon (Lavigne 1970:270,

Lavigne and Holland 1969) and Holopogon albipilosus (Dennis and

Lavigne 1975).

Methods

Holopogon wilcoxi was censused hourly along a standard path in an

area of approximately 20 by 35 meters (see description of study area,

below). The day was divided into nine one-hour periods between 8

and 17 hrs, and each period was censused on three separate days

during the period 25 to 30 May 1975. The total number of Ho/opogon

seen was recorded as well as the number with prey. Those with prey

were caught, when possible, in a small plastic vial, and then released

after the prey was dropped, usually immediately. The prey item was

then transferred to alcohol in the field. Because of the relatively small

sample sizes, the prey specimens in alcohol were accumulated by

two-hour time periods, and no distinction was made among the days

of collection. Prey items were subsequently sorted to species and

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:277-285 October 1977

278 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

AO 200

30

°/o

20 100

10

8 10 12 14 16

Time

Fig. 1. Diurnal changes in numbers of Holopogon wilcoxi and proportion of individuals

with prey. Right ordinate and solid line show changes in number of flies, expressed as the

sum of three censuses; left ordinate and dotted line, per cent of flies observed with prey;

abcissa in hrs.

measured for body length (excluding wings) in the laboratory. Prey

length was used as an index of prey size, and size data were analyzed

statistically.

An attempt to measure flying insect density and diversity — i.e.,

insects available as prey to Holopogon — by means of sweep samples

proved unsuccessful, as all samples were very small. Many general

observations on behavior were also made in the field.

Study Site

The study was conducted along the north and west side of the road

through the lower part of Cave Creek Canyon in the Coronado

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 279

National Forest, Cochise County, Arizona, about 2 mi sw of Portal at

about 5000 feet elevation. The site was located at the base of the

steep southeast-facing wall of the canyon about 40 m from Cave

Creek. The study area was relatively open, with Mimosa biuncifera

Benth. as the dominant shrubby vegetation, 0.5 to 3 m tall, and with

several species of oaks (Quercus spp.) roughly bounding the area.

Mimosa was largely leafless because it is seasonally deciduous and

was, as aresult, the most common plant used for perches, although

exposed oak twigs and those of the few sumacs (Rhus sp.) present

were also used.

Results and Discussion

Diurnal Feeding Periodicity: Mid-morning (8 to 10 hours) proved to

be the preferred time of day for feeding activity, measured by the

number of flies with prey (Figure 1). This was also the time of day

when the greatest number of asilids were present in the study area, in

turn probably a response to the greatest prey availability. The number

of flies feeding is significantly correlated with the number present —

the correlation coefficient r = 0.733, with a probability between .05

and .02 that the correlation is due to chance. Other studies (Lavigne

and Holland 1969) have pointed out that the density of available prey

was reduced when the air temperature was either very cool (early

morning) or very hot (midday). Published data for flight periods of a

variety of insects (Hespenheide 1975:82 Lewis and Taylor 1964)

show insects are more often active during early to mid-morning. The

importance of temperature is suggested by the observation that

during one particularly cool mid-morning period (not censused)

following a late-afternoon rain the preceding day, very few asilids

were present in the area, and none of those had captured prey, this in

strong contrast with atypical mid-morning period. (Fig. 1).

The diurnal cycle of feeding by Holopogon wilcoxi differs somewhat

from that typical of mid-summer species studied by Lavigne and

Holland (1969). There is a similar morning peak, but then a mid-

instead of late-afternoon rise (Fig. 1). The reason for a mid-afternoon

rise is unclear. It was still quite warm at 14 hrs and nearly as warm at

15 hrs; fewasilids were in the area, but nearly 25% had prey. The low

density of Holopogon might indicate prey density was still low

because of the warm temperatures, but for some reason theasilids

were more efficient in foraging during this period, perhaps because

of light conditions and the flies’ use of backlighting to detect prey

(Lavigne, personal communication, and below).

One might expect arise in late-afternoon foraging activity when the

temperature cools to that at which prey activity is once again high.

That this was not observed was likely due to winds which developed

each afternoon. The winds impaired prey flight activity as well as

280 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fi

Fig. 2. Holopogon wilcoxiin “sleeping” position, about 7:30 hrs.

efficiency of foraging by Holopogon, and few asilids were seen flying

in the late afternoon hours. This has been found to be true of other

species of asilids as well (Lavigne and Holland 1969). Prey become

relatively scarce during windy weather, for only the stronger fliers are

able to cope with it (Johnson 1950).

The phenomenon of moving into an area during the day and out

again at dusk or earlier, as in the case of Holopogon, has been

observed for other asilid species, even when present in dense popula-

tions (Lavigne and Holland 1969). In the present study it was not

determined where the majority of the asilids passed the night, and

the reason for moving out of the area daily therefore remains unclear.

Perhaps they move to an area where the sunlight will hit them earliest

in the morning and then fly to areas better suited for foraging.

Holopogon wilcoxi always perches in the sun when active. If the sun

is blocked by a hand that is even relatively far away, the fly will im-

mediately move to another perch. This, too, has been shown for

Heteropogon maculinervis and Backomyia (Lavigne 1970:270, 1971).

This observation and the pattern of foraging behavior suggest the

great importance of temperature on the diurnal cycle of Holopogon.

Ambient temperature, combined with heat derived from direct insola-

tion, appears to be the most important physical factor of the environ-

ment to which the flies react.

Lavigne (1970:270) reports Heteropogon maculinervis pressing their

bodies against the longitudinal axis of a branch during cooler, cloudy

weather. Similar behavior was observed for Holopogon wilcoxi. Both in

the evening and in the early morning the flies could be seen

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 281

Fig. 3. Holopogon wilcoxi in typical foraging position, feeding on prey, probably a

psyllid.

assuming various positions in which the head of the fly is pressed

down close to the twig. These are believed to be “sleeping” positions

of the flies and to be elicited by cool temperatures. The position has

the effect of making the fly cryptic, in that the fly appears to be a

thorn or an extension of the perch twig with the black abdomen

characteristically protruding away from the twig. The crypticity could

be beneficial, in that once a fly becomes cool it is essentially im-

mobile and is vulnerable to predation. However, no predators of

Holopogon were observed.

Prey Selection

Like most other asilid species, Holopogon wilcoxi captures prey on

the wing by sallying out from a perch and then returning with the prey

to a perch. (Fig. 3). Foraging flights were observed to be between 7-8

cm and a meter in length. The flies would often not capture an

intended prey individual, but would almost always return to the same

perch. The perches were from about .3 to 3 m above the ground, with

most between 1 and 1.5 m. When another insect flies by, even a very

large one or a conspecific, the flies turn their entire body to view it,

similar to behavior exhibited by Holopogon albipilosus (Dennis and

Lavigne 1975). Occasionally a fly was observed to move to another

perch or to fly out of the immediate area altogether after along period

of inactivity on its original perch. This suggests that flies will move to

282 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

a different perch or area if prey activity is insufficient in the im-

mediate vicinity, an observation also made by Lavigne and Holland

(1969).

The types, numbers, and sizes of prey taken are given in Table 1.

Because sampling of insects available to Ho/lopogon as prey proved

unfeasible, it is impossible to discuss prey selection directly. The

predominant insect prey taken were Homoptera of the families

Cicadellidae, Psyllidae and Aphididae. Diptera and Hemiptera each

also accounted for more than 10% of the total prey items;

Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Thysanoptera and Lepidoptera accounted

for less than 5% each. Among published records of prey taken by

other North American Asilidae, only species of Backomyia (50 and

58%, Lavigne 1971) and Asi/us mesae (57%, Dennis and Lavigne 1975)

show comparable proportions of Homoptera taken as prey.

Homoptera, especially aphids, have been shown by some studies to

predominate among samples of flying insects, although most studies

show Diptera to be the most common order (review in Hespenheide

1975:82). Small Diptera were the second most frequent prey item,

both in numbers of individuals and species. Hemiptera were next

most common as individuals, but no more common in number of

species than Hymenoptera or Coleoptera, which suggests that Hol/o-

pogon preyed on locally abundant populations. Of the four orders

taken only occasionally, thrips seem not to be recorded as prey items

of asilids previous to this study.

That different taxa of insects have different preferred activity

periods (Hespenheide 1975:82 and included references) is borne out

by a comparison of prey taken by Ho/opogon at different time of the

day. The ordinal composition of 76 prey items taken between 8 and 10

hrs is different grom the composition of 45 prey items taken by the

flies during the rest of the day (10 to 17 hrs; although not significantly

so [chi-square = 5.85, 0.5 > probability of chi-square > 0.1]). This

demonstration of hour-to-hour differences in diet of a hunting pre-

dator suggests the importance of taking time of day into account in

quantitative studies of prey selection (discussed in Hespenheide

1975:82).

Although size has regularly been shown to be an important

characteristic of prey to predators (review in Hespenheide 1973),

comparison of mean sizes among the orders of prey reveals that

Holopogon prefers significantly different sizes of prey from one order

compared to those from another, an observation that has been made

of other species of asilids, as well as birds (Hespenheide 1975.158).

Prey size is almost certainly important, but not in a simple way.

Minimum observed prey size was about 0.4 mm for an aphid, and

many prey were less than 1 mm long. It is of particular interest to note

that maximum prey size in Holopogon wilcoxi seems to be limited to

that which still allows the fly to alight on its perch. Anumber of times

Table 1.

Taxon

Homoptera

Cicadellidae

Psyllidae

Aphididae

Diptera

Hemiptera

Hymenoptera

Coleoptera

Thysanoptera

Lepidoptera

Total

‘log (size x 10)

*g, and g, are statistics testing significance (+) of skewness and kurtosis, respectively.

Prey of Holopogon wilcoxi —

Number

total (%)

72 (59.5)

24

16

32

18 (14.8)

17 (14.0)

5 ( 4.1)

4 ( 3.3)

4 ( 3.3)

1 ( 0.9)

121

measured

65

23

16

113

species

18

6

7

Size — untransformed

x

1.16

1.09

1.32

se

.06

15

.08

.06

15

15

.26

.23

17

.06

2

9,

SC O+F OO Oo oO + +

9,

+

0

0

0)

0

0

+

0

0

x

1.02 + .02

0.96 + .03

1.10 + .03

1.03 + .03

1.12 + .04

1.35 + .03

1.18 + .06

1.28 + .05

1.03 + .06

1.34

1.11

— transformed

+ se g

o oO + oO Oo + + + «©

=

(> ee © © ee o Oo Oo

Significance of

difference in means?

rs a re

- - =

eo Ri

z aa ++

NN

do ph Ae ERS

. & - &

i ate 2 ss

7 u a

-P -A D He

+ a

- ++

+ ++

- +

+ i,

Px

Hy

34 = significant at .05 level; + + = significant at .01 level; above the diagonal are comparisons of transformed means, below are comparisons of untransformed means.

2161 YHAEOLOO ‘v “ON ‘EG “OA

€8¢

284 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

an asilid was observed to capture a prey item two or three times its

size, only to drop it finally because it could not land with it. The

overall range of prey sizes is between 1/10 and 1/2 the length of the

fly, similar to that of other species (Lavigne and Holland 1969).

For aerially-foraging birds it has been proposed that choice of prey

is based partly on overall ease or difficulty of capture and partly on

local prey density (Hespenheide 1975:82), and the same combina-

tion has been proposed to explain prey preference in the asilid

Stenopogon engelhardti by Powell and Stage (1962). For most

organisms, flight speed and agility is an increasing function of body

size, so that a predator will almost always have an advantage over a

relatively smaller prey. The smaller Homoptera, particularly the

aphids, and the Diptera are especially weak fliers and therefore more

vulnerable as prey. The high frequency of certain species as prey of

Holopogon suggests that differences in availability, expressed as

local concentrations of individuals of these species, were important,

although these could not be measured effectively for this study.

Toughness of the prey integument may be an additional factor. Of the

prey items most often caught, the Homopterans and Diptera are both

characteristically soft-bodied.

Acknowledgments

Identification of Holopogon wilcoxi was made by Eric Fisher. The

UCLA Campus Computing Network provided computational

assistance. S.E. Jones and R. Lavigne made helpful comments on the

manuscript.

Literature Cited

Dennis, D. S. and R. J. Lavigne. 1975. Comparative behavior of Wyoming robber flies

Il (Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Sta. Sci. Monogr. 30:i-iv, 1-68.

Dennis, D. S., G. P. Roehrkasse, and R. J. Lavigne. 1975. Prey recognition by Efferia

frewingi (Diptera: Asilidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 68:404-408.

Hespenheide, H. A. 1973. Ecological inferences from morphological data. Ann. Rev.

Ecol. Syst. 4:213-229.

Hespenheide, H.. A. 1975. Prey characteristics and predator niche width. In M. L. Cody

and J. M. Diamond, eds., Ecology and Evolution of Communities, pp. 158-180.

Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press.

Hespenheide, H. A. 1975. Selective predation by two swifts and a swallow in Central

America. Ibis 117:82-99.

Johnson, C. G. 1950. The comparison of suction trap, sticky trap and tow-net for the

quantitative sampling of small airborne insects. Ann. Appl. Biol. 37:268-285.

Lavigne, R. 1970. Courtship and predatory behavior of Cyrtopogon auratus and C. glarealis

(Diptera: Asilidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 43:163-171.

Lavigne, R. 1970. Courtship and predation behavior of Heteropogon maculinervis (Diptera:

Asilidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 43:270-273.

Lavigne, R. 1971. Backomyia seminoensis sp. nov. from Wyoming with ethological notes

on B. limpidipennis (Wilcox) (Diptera: Asilidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 44:

337-342.

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 285

Lavigne, R. J. and F. R. Holland. 1969. Comparative behavior of eleven species of

Wyoming robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Wyo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Sci.

Monogr. 18:1-61.

Lewis, T. and L. R. Taylor. 1964. Diurnal periodicity of flight by insects. Trans. R.

Entomol. Soc. London 116:393-476.

Linsley, E. G. 1960. Ethology of, some bee- and wasp-killing robber flies of south-

eastern Arizona and Western New Mexico (Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Calif. Publ.

Entomol. 16:357-392.

Powell, J. A. and G. I. Stage. 1962. Prey selection by robberflies of the genus

Stenopogon, with particular observations on S. engelhardti Bromley (Diptera:

Asilidae). Wasmann J. Biol. 20:139-157.

Scarbrough, A. G. 1974. A faunistic study of Asilidae (Diptera) at three locations in

northern Baltimore County, Maryland: Incidence, relative abundance, and

seasonal distribution. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 76:385-396.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Collection of a Larva of the Incense Cedar Woodwasp, Syntexis libocedrii (Rohwer,

1915) from Pioneer, Amador County, California. (Hymenoptera: Syntexidae) — Syntexis

libocedrii, the monotype of the Family Syntexidae, heretofore has been reported from

northern California in the Sierra, Siskiyou and Cascade ranges to southern Oregon (R.B.

Benson, 1935; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.; 16:535-553; W. W. Middlekauff, 1974; Pan-Pacific

Entomol. 50(3):288-290; B. E. Wickman, 1967; Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 60(6):1291-1295; R.

L. Wescott, 1971; Pan-Pacific Entomol. 47:310).

On 26 July 1977 a dessicated larva of S. /ibocedrii was recovered from approximately 2

cm into the sapwood of an 83 to 90 cm diameter Incense Cedar log (Libocedrus decurrens

Torr.). The log was topmost in a deck of cedar logged from the Stanislaus National Forest

in early 1977 and stored at the sawmill of California Mills, Inc. at Pioneer, California. Our

tentative identification of the badly dessicated larva was confirmed by Dr. W.W.

Middlekauff of the Dept. of Entomology at the University of California, Berkeley, who

originally described the larvae of S. /ibocedrii (Middlekauff, 1974; Pan-Pacific Entomol.

50(3):288-290.)

Collection of this larva represents the first recorded occurrence of S. /ibocedrii this far

south in California, although Wickman (1967; Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 60(6):1291-1295)

conceded that S. /ibocedrii probably occurs throughout the range of L. decurrens (southern

Oregon to northern Lower California and east into western Nevada) (P.A. Munz, 1959; A

California Flora with Supplement; U. Cal. Press; Berkeley, California, pp. 59). — L.W.

TURLINGTON, S.F. COOK, Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton,

California 95217.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:285 October 1977

New Species of Ephemerella (Ephemerella) from Alberta

(Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae)'

Richard K. Allen

California State University, Los Angeles 90032

A collection of Ephemerelia by Bonnie Moffat, Freshwater Institute,

Manitoba, Canada, from central Alberta includes nymphs of an unde-

scribed species.

Ephemerella moffatae, new species

Nymph. Length: body 9.0-10.0 mm; caudal filaments 5.5-6.5 mm. General color brown to

dark brown. Head dark brown with irregular light brown markings; lateral margins

pronotum pale; legs light brown with dark brown markings; femora light brown with basal

and subapical dark brown transverse bands; tibiae light brown, dark brown apically; tarsi

brown; tarsal claws with 9-10 denticles. Abdominal terga with paired submedian ridges

segments 4-9, barely discernible tergum 4 (Fig. 1); terga dark brown; abdominal segment 2

without posterolateral projection, segment 3 with poorly developed projection (Fig. 1);

abdominal sterna brown, sterna 1-8 with dark brown sublateral maculae. Caudal filaments

brown.

Types. Holotype: mature nymph, Athabasca River, jct. Calling River (Station III), Alberta,

Canada, 27-V-75, B. Moffat, in Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ontario. Para-

topotypes: 3 nymphs, 1 collected 27-V-75 in collection California State University, Los

Angeles, 2 collected 3-VI-75, in collection Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba,

other data same as holotype.

This species is named in honor of Bonnie Moffat, collector of the

type series.

The nymphs of E. moffatae are distinguished from all other western

North American Ephemerella by paired dorsal abdominal ridges on

segments 4-9 (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1, Ephemerella moffatae, abdomen, dorsal view.

‘The research on which this report is based was supported by National Science Foundation Grant No.

BMS 75-17661.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:286 October 1977

A New Genus and Species of Stiletto-flies from Southwestern

North America with Close Affinities to Chilean

and Australian Genera

(Diptera: Therevidae: Therevinae)

Michael E. Irwin

University of Illinois and Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, 61801

The Therevidae of the Americas are poorly known. Most genera

and generic groups have discrete and continuous distribution

patterns. Melanothereva Malloch known from two species in Chile and

Peru, however, has a disjunct species in Mexico. Another case in

point is Breviperna Irwin n. gen., mainly from north and central

Mexico, which seems to have aclose phylogenetic relationship to the

Chilean genus Peralia Malloch and, to a lesser degree, the Australian

and New Zealand genus Anabarrhynchus Macquart. | have termed this

generic grouping the Anabarrhynchus-group. The description of

Breviperna and its two included species is the purpose of this paper.

Elucidation of the genera and their phylogenetic relationships is

included in another paper (Irwin and Lyneborg, Mss.).

Methods and Procedures

Each specimen has been assigned a unique number to facilitate

the association of data. The number appears below the specimen on

a separate yellow label bearing the following words in offset print:

THEREVIDAE/M. E. IRWIN/SPECIMEN #. Numbers referring to

specimens will be found in the text and figures in italics. These num-

bers incorporate ecological and label data associated with the

specimens into an automated data management system originally

designed by Rauch (1970).

Descriptions and drawings follow the format used recently in

describing therevid flies (Irwin 1973, 1977; Lyneborg 1972, 1976).

Morphological definitions can be found in Lyneborg (1968, 1972), and

Irwin (1973, 1976).

Acronyms for specimen depositories are expanded as follows:

AMNH (American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY), CIS

(California Insect Survey, University of California, Berkeley, CA), CU

(Cornell University, Ithaca, NY), KSU (Kansas State University,

Manhatten, KS), MEI (M. E. Irwin Collection, Urbana, IL), SWRS

(Southwestern Research Station of AMNH, Portal, AZ), UA (University

of Arizona, Tucson, AZ), USNM (National Museum of Natural History,

Washington, D.C.), UZM (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum,

Copenhagen, Denmark).

The curators of the above named depositories are gratefully

acknowledged for the loan of specimens. | express my appreciation

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:287-296 October 1977

288 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

to Drs. W. W. Wirth and L. Knutson, USDA/ARS and to Dr. W. Mathis,

Smithsonian Institution for making the primary type of Psilocephala

placida Coq. available for study. | also wish to express my gratitude to

Lloyd LeMere for help on the layout of the illustrations, and to John

K. Bouseman and Marcos Kogan for reviewing the manuscript. To

Bonnie, my wife, | offer my heartfelt thanks for encouragement and

her enduring patience.

Breviperna, new genus

Derivation of name: brevi = short; perna = femur; Gender: feminine

Type-species: B. placida (Coquillett), herein designated; holotype female in United

States National Museum of Natural History, USNM Type no. 10420.

Length excluding antennae 8-13 mm; female slightly larger than male; rather thick-

bodied flies. Head: Frons of male (fig. 1) at its narrowest about as wide as anterior ocellus;

minimum distance between compound eyes of female at vertex; frons of female (figs. 2,

16) at level of anterior ocellus about twice as wide as ocellar tubercle; head 60-70% as

high as wide; facial width at lower corner of compound eyes 60-75% of head height; eyes

of uniform facet size, not divided; antennal insertion low, approximately 2/3 distance from

vertex to gena; frons at antennal insertion 40-45% as wide as head; gena about 1/3 as

deep as width of antennal segment 1; gena slightly flanged and darker tomentose than

face; head somewhat prognathus (fig. 3); proboscis extending beyond base of antennae;

palps one-segmented, about 60% as long as proboscis, thin and with a sharply incurved

tip, sparsely covered with thin hairs; antennae 56-75% as long as head depth; antennal

segment 1 70-90% as long as segment 3 (including style), sparsely covered with stiff

hairs; dorsobasal surface of segment 3 with a few short, thin hairs, otherwise without pile;

style terminal, one- or two-segmented, with a terminal bristle; 20-40 heavy occipital setae

per side, in two hemispherical, irregular rows; pile on lower frons moderately thick, on

upper frons relatively thin, evenly sparse on male, concentrated on lower frons with two

irregular rows of shorter hairs per side on upper frons of female; tomentum fine, powdery,

covering entire frons, face, gena and occiput; callosities completely lacking. Thorax:

Width 70-80% of length; setae: notopleural (np) usually 4 (from 3-5), supra-alar (sa) always

2, postalar (pa) usually 1 (occasionally 2), dorsocentral (dc) 0 or 1, scutellar (sc usually2

(rarely 1 or 3); mesonotal pile sparse, short, thin, over entire surface except scutellum;

mesonotal tomentum of two types: long, scale-like tomentum sparse, semi-appressed

and pollinose tomentum dense and evenly covering surface; pile sparse to moderately

dense on pleurotergite, anepimeron, anepisternum, prosternum and katepisternum;

lacking on meropleurite, episternum and epimeron; pile present in central portion of

prosternum; pollinose tomentum covering entire pleural region. Wing: Hyaline; cell M,

open or closed; vein r, shallowly ‘“‘S” curved (fig. 4); rz longer than rs. Legs: Anterior

surface of coxa 1 with two apical setae; posterior surface of coxae 1 and 2 tomentose, not

pilose; femora with strong av setae, weak scattered pv setae; femur 1 short; pile on

anterior and dorsal surfaces of femur 3 scale-like, appressed; on ventral surface short,

sparse, thin; tibia 1 rather stout, straight, with 3-8 strong anterodorsal (ad), 3-8 usually

strong posterodorsal (pd), 4-8 strong posteroventral (pv) setae; longest dorsal setae of

tibia 1 1.2-1.4 (males) or 1.0-1.1 (females) times longer than greatest width of tibia 1; tibia 3

with 11-19 ad, 6-12 (males) or 9-21 (females) pv setae; setae on hind tarsus about 1/10 as

long as basitarsus 3. Abdomen: Broad, nearly parallel-sided from segments 1 through 3,

thereafter abdomen tapers sharply; segments 5-8 telescoped within segments 3-4 in

males; female segments not telescoped; dorsum of abdomen flattened, more so in males;

tergites 1-4 of males variably fasciate; pile moderately sparse, long to short, shortest and

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 289

Figs. 1-6. Breviperna placida. Figs. 1, 3, male head (4040); Fig. 2, female head (4028).

Fig 4. Tip of wing of female (4028). Figs. 5-6. Female terminalia (4028). Fig. 5, ventral view;

Fig. 6, dorsal view. c = cercus; fur = furca (sternite 9); su = subanal plate; s8 = sternite

8;t9 = tergite 9;t10 = tergite 10.Scales = 1mm.

290 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

somewhat appressed dorsomesad, longest and erect anterolaterad; male dorsum densely

clothed in silvery tomentum; female dorsum mostly lacking silvery tomentum. Female

terminalia: Furca (fig. 6) elongate horseshoe-shaped, ends of horseshoe bridged by a

sclerotized bar; subanal plate (fig. 5) with sparse, heavy spines over ventral surface; tergite

10 with nine heavy anterolateral setae and nine posterodorsal pairs of stout spines (figs.

5,6). Male terminalia: Sternite 8 (fig. 13) broadly bilobate; tergite 8 (fig. 14) narrowly con-

stricted medially; epandrium (figs. 7, 10) large, covering most of terminalia, 1.4 times

wider than long (bisected medially longitudinally and latitudinally), with outer posterior

margins bidentate; cerci (fig. 7) slightly longer than paraproct; paraproct (fig. 11) not

keeled; intersegmental membrane basad of paraproct (fig. 11) thinly sclerotized, inverted,

shallowly bilobate, attached to base of paraproct and to inner tooth of posterior margin of

epandrium; gonocoxites (fig. 12) large, solidly fused along inner ventral margin; an

elongate, hindwardly directed projection twisted downward, inward and upwards and

extending slightly beyond tip of stylus on lateral portion of each gonocoxite; hypandrium

lacking or completely fused to gonocoxites, not identifiable; aedeagus (figs. 8, 9, 15)

attached to ventral lobes and to basal portion of dorsal gonocoxal process; distal end of

dorsal gonocoxal process (fig. 15) free, small very reduced, knob-like; midbasal portion

of dorsal gonocoxal process attached by a thickened, wide, non-sclerotized membrane to

the dorsal apodeme of the aedeagus; ventral lobes broadly attached by a non-sclerotized

membrane to the center of the aedeagus; ventral lobes (fig. 12) fused basally, elongate;

length of aedeagus basad of center three times length distad of center; dorsal apodeme

as wide as base of phallus; phallus (figs. 8, 9, 15) curved downward, elongate, with an

asymetrically twisted tip; pair of lobe-like, semicircular projections attached to basal,

lateroventral portions of phallus; ventral apodeme narrow (less than half as wide as dorsal

apodeme), elongate (1.5 x as long as doral apodeme), not forked; ring-like remnant of inner

dorsal shield (figs. 9, 15) attached to midlateral section of ventral apodeme, circling above

and anterior to dorsal apodeme, containing posterior portion of ejaculatory apodeme;

ejaculatory apodeme (figs. 8, 9, 15) large, extending well beyond dorsal and ventral

apodemes, its anterior end horizontally flattened on top, keeled below.

Diagnosis: Prognathus; compound eyes of male separated by about the width of

anterior ocellus; antennae inserted low on head; proboscis reaching beyond base of

antennae; mesonotal setae usually np 3 or 4, sa 2, pa 1, dc 0 or 1, sc 2; prosternum with

hairs centrally; anterior surface of coxa 1 with two apical setae; posterior surface of coxa

1 tomentose, but not pilose; posterior surface of coxa 2 without pile; male abdominal

segments 5-8 telescoped into segments 3-4; sternite 8 of male broadly bilobate; outer

posterior margin of epandrium bidentate; gonocoxites fused; hypandrium notidentifiable;

phallus with asymetrically twisted tip and with two lobe-like projections at lateroventral

surfaces of base; ring-shaped inner dorsal shield attached to midlateral section of ventral

apodeme and encompassing posterior portion of greatly enlarged ejaculatory apodeme.

The genus Breviperna is known from southeastern Arizona and the

states of Nayarit, Oaxaca and Puebla, Mexico.

From the sparse information available on the two known species

occuring in the genus, it seems likely that individual specimens of

Breviperna inhabit the deciduous forest environment of mountainous

zones. Larvae of B. milleri were collected from coarse sand in a

narrow canyon above 2000 m elevation.

Included species are B. placida (Coq.), B. milleri Irwin. Material at

hand indicates no undescribed species in genus.

Breviperna is clearly a member of the Anabarrhynchus-group and

probably has a sister-group relationship with the genus Peralia

Malloch. The male terminalia resemble in certain respects those of

the genus Cyclote/us Walker, but | believe this resemblance may be

convergent.

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 291

Breviperna placida (Cogq.)

1894. Psilocephala placida Coquillett, J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 2:99.

Redescription of female holotype: The specimen is in very good condition; 12.2 mm in

length, excluding antennae. Ground color brownish-yellow to black; pile on lateral and

ventral surfaces moderately long, not dense, whitish on head and thorax, tan onabdomen,

on dorsal surface short appressed and sparse; tomentum moderately dense, silver

laterally, golden on mesonotum, golden and black, very sparse on abdomen. Head:

Ground color brown. Head width 2.52 mm, head height 1.72 mm, head depth 1.36 mm.

Hairs on frons (similar to fig. 2) strong, elongate, black, denser on lower than on upper

portion, lacking on face and gena; pile moderately dense, white, thin on ventral half of

occiput. Dorsal occipital setae strong, black, in two or three scattered, hemispherical

rows, about 70 setae; approximately seven pairs of thin, short black ocellar and

postocellar hairs. Tomentum on frons golden brown, on face golden buff, on gena golden

brown, on ventral occiput silvery white (golden brown at margin of compound eye) grad-

ing to golden brown dorsally, golden brown on ocellar tubercle. Distance between com-

pound eyes at vertex 0.28 mm, at anterior ocellus 0.32 mm, at antennae 1.16 mm, at lower

edge of compound eyes 1.08 mm. Compound eye depth 0.96 mm, height 1.52 mm.

Antennal segments 1 and 2 golden yellow tomentose with stiff, black hairs (inner lateral

surface with few hairs); segment 1 barrel-shaped, fat, cylindrical, 0.60 mm long, 0.24 mm

wide (less than three times as long as wide); segment 3 rounded pear-shaped, 0.48 mm

long, 0.20 mm wide; tomentum light golden yellow basally, darker golden brown medially

and apically, with a few short, black hairs on dorsobasal surface. Basal segment of style

stout, twice as wide as long and less than 1/2 as long as apical segment; terminal bristle

slightly shorter than basal segment of style; entire style 0.13 mm long. Proboscis golden

buff with a few golden hairs on theca. Palp pale yellow with moderately sparse, thin,

elongate, white hairs. Thorax: Mesonotum dark brown to black, not patterned; length,

excluding scutellum, 3.44 mm; widest width 2.68 mm. Ground color of mesonotum

dark brown to black. Mesonotum densely covered with dark golden, powdery tomen-

tum and sparsely covered with elongate, scale-like, semi-appressed, metallic-golden

tomentum that becomes longer and denser posteriorly. Thin, dark brown pile sparse-

ly covering mesonotum, shorter anteriorly, averaging 0.24 mm in length. Mesonotal

setal pattern: np 4 (right side with 5), sa 2 (left side with 3), pa1, dc 0, sc 2 (left side witha

third, smaller seta). Pleural area and coxae densely covered with grayish tomentum;; thin,

white, elongate pile densely covering pleurotergite and dorsal half of anepimeron, more

sparsely covering ventral half of anepimeron, anepisternum, prosternum and anterior half

of katepisternum. Pile lacking on meropleurite, episternum, epimeron and posterior half

of katepisternum. Wing (fig. 4): Wing length (humeral crossvein to apex) 8.56 mm; widest

width 3.20 mm. Distance from fork r,,, to outrun of r, 2.68 mm; to outrun of rs 2.40 mm;

distance between outruns r, and r, 1.32 mm. Hyaline with brown linear band along most

wing veins; considerable amount of hyaline area remaining on wing. Veins yellowish-

brown. Cell M; widely open. Haltere brownish-yellow, stem 0.76 mm long, knob 0.68 mm

long. Legs: Brownish-yellow, becoming darker apically. Setae black; hairs mostly white

on femora 2 and 3, some black on femur 1; setae on tibiae short, tan. Setal pattern: femur 1

(f,) [ad 0, anteroventral (av) 7, pd 0, pv 6], femur 2 (f,) [ad 0, av 4, pd 0, pv 4], femur 3 (f,)

[ad 0, av9, pd 0, pv 21], tibia 1 (t,) [ad 5, av 0, pd 7, pv 5], tibia 2 (t,) [as 7, av 5, pd 7, pv 6]

tibia 3 t, [ad 15, av 12, pd 12, pv 8]. Femur 1 relatively short, 2.32 mm long, about 1/2

as long as hind tarsus. Largest posterodorsal setae on foretarsus longer than width

of foretarsus. Tibia 1, 2.32 mm long; tibia 3, 4.12 mm long; basitarsus 1, 1.08 mm

long; basitarsus 3, 1.76 long. Abdomen: Ground color dard brown on anterior half

of dorsum, yeallow to orange brown elsewhere; fasiciate on posterior margins of

tergites 2 and 3. Pile thin, light tan on segment 1 and tergite 2, black elsewhere; elongate

laterally, longest anterolaterad, shortest mid-dorsally, sparse but long ventrally.

Tomentum elongate, golden, appressed on segment 1-3, very sparse on rest of abdomen;

some gray polinose tomentum on segment 1. Female terminalia: As described in generic

description.

292 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 7-15. Male terminalia of Breviperna placida (4040). Fig. 7. Terminalia, lateral view.

Fig. 8. Aedeagus, lateral view. Fig. 9. Aedeagus, ventral view. Fig. 10. Epandrium, dorsal

view. Fig. 11. Epandrium, ventral view. Fig. 12. Gonocoxites, ventral view. Fig. 13.

Sternite 8, ventral view. Fig. 14. Tergite 8, dorsal view. Fig. 15. Gonocoxites, with

aedeagus, dorsal view. c = cercus; da = dorsal apodeme of aedeagus; dgp = dorsal

gonocoxal process; e = epandrium; ea = ejaculatory apodeme; g = gonocoxite (basisty-

lus); ids = inner dorsal shield of aedeagus; p = paraproct; ph = phallus; s = stylus

(dististylus); va = ventral apodeme of aedeagus; vl = ventral lobe of gonocoxite. Scale =

1mm.

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 293

Female variation: Antennal segment 1, 2/3 to 3/4 as wide as long; wing cell M, open or

closed, if open distance between outruns of m, and m, 0.13 to 0.35 mm, if closed length of

coalesced m,,, 0.00 to 0.05 mm. Most veins with wide band of opaque brown, leaving very

little hyaline area. Femoral and tibial setal patterns vary as follows: f, [av 4-10, pv 4-8], f,

[ av 2-6, pv 3-9], f; [av 8-10, pv 9-22], t, [ad 4-7, pd 6-8, pv 5-8], t, [ad 4-8, av 3-7, pd 4-7, pv

5-8], t, [ ad 11-19, av 10-14, pd 8-13, pv 8-21 though most specimens had a portion of a

second row of pv setae].

Males similar to females except as follows: minimal distance between compound eyes

situated at upper frons, from slightly greater to slightly less than width of anterior ocellus;

pile on frons (fig. 1) moderately dense, elongate, black; frontal tomentum usually dark

brown to brownish-gold, occasionally grayish (specimens 4039, 40417); specimens from

the Chiricahua Mountains have a more abruptly raised frons than those from the Santa

Rita Mountains. Mesonotal setal pattern: np usually 4 (3-5), sa always 2, pa usually 1(1-2),

dc usually 1 (0-1), sc usually 2 (1-2). Wing cell M,; open or closed;if closed length of

coalesced m;,,4 from 0.00 to 0.05 mm, if open distance between outruns of m, and m, 0.28

to 0.30 mm; femoral and tibial leg setae vary as follows: f, [av 5-9, pv 4-8],f. [ av 2-5, pv 1-

1-8], fs [av 7-10, pv 4-16], t, [ad 5-9, pd 4-8, pv 4-8], t, [ad 5-7, av 4-5, pd 5-7, pv 4-7], t, [ad

13-19, av 9-13, pd 10-16, pv 6-12 with specimen 4037 possessing a double row totalling

23 ]; wing hyaline with dark brown linear band around vein r,; abdominal segments 2-4

with a few short, black hairs medially; abdominal ground color black dorsally, brownish

yellow ventrally; fasciate on posterior margins of tergites 1-2, slightly on 3; pile thin,

white; tomentum silvery, dense dorsally, sparse ventrally, very sparse laterally. Male

terminalia (figs. 7-15): As depicted under generic description. Ground color orangish-

brown with black hairs. Sternite 8 with long, thin, white hairs along posterior margin;

tergite 8 with long, mostly white (a few black) hairs along posterolateral margin;

epandrium 1.30 mm wide and 0.93 mm long (measured medially longitudinally and

latitudinally), with long, thick, black hairs over most of dorsum, the longest being

posterolaterad; outermost tooth of posterior margin of epandrium much larger than inner-

most, extending to level of apex of cercus; paraproct shallowly bilobate with very thin,

brownish-yellow hairs apically, thinly sclerotized; cerci separated for most of their length,

united only basally, sclerotized medially and apically with several hairs on dorsal surface,

slightly longer than paraproct; gonocoxites large; stylus elongate, bladelike, straight,

twisted inward and upward at its tip; basal portion of dorsal gonocoxal process short,

squat, with a thickened, inwardly hooked base situated well within gonocoxal capsule.

Aedeagus very large; ejaculatory apodeme enlarged, bar-bell shaped, extending from

anterior portion of ventral apodeme 0.98 mm anteriorly into abdomen; tip of phallus asym-

metrically twisted to the right when viewed from anterodorsal position (fig. 15).

Holotype data: Female, ‘Florida’, H. K. Morrison, collector, according to type notes

entered by Coquillett in 1907; a USDA specimen housed in the Smithsonian Institution.

Morphologically, this specimen fits well within the limits of the specimens collected from

the mountains of Arizona and Mexico, listed below. It seems possible that this specimen

originated in Arizona or mountainous Mexico; perhaps it was confiscated by quarantine

personnel. The specimen now contains the following labels, from top to bottom: 1) ‘‘Fla.”’,

2) “Type/no. 10420/USNM” [red], 3) “HOLOTYPE/BREVIPERNA/placida/Coq. @/det. M.

E. IRWIN, 1977”, 4) ‘‘Psilocephala placida Coq./Type ” [ in Coquillett’s hand printing ] , 5)

“USNM”, 6) “THEREVIDAE/M.E. IRWIN/Specimen #4051”’.

Other material examined: 12 males, 12 females. ARIZONA, Santa Cruz Co. ; Santa Rita

Mts., Madera Canyon, J. G. Franclemont, 1 d (4025 CU) 1700 m, May 8, 1963; 1 d (4026 CU)

and 1 2 (4028 MEI) 1490 m, May 8, 1963; 1 d (4027 MEl) and 1 9 (4029 CU) 1490 m, May 3,

1963; 2 2 (4030 CU, 4037 CU) and 2 d (4042 UZM, 4043 MEI) 1490 m, May 14, 1963; 1 2 (4032

CU) 1490 m, May 9, 1963. Same locality, 2 9 (4033 UA, 4034 UA) May 15, 1960, Laubscher; 1

6 (4041 UA) May 8, 1957, G. Butler & F. Werner; 1 9 (4049 CIS) 1400 m, June 14, 1965, R. D.

Sage; 1 2 (4048 MEl) Santa Rita Mts., May 15, 1940, Bryant (Lot 19). Pima Co.; Santa

Catalina Mts., 1 2 (4035 UZM) Marshall Gulch, June 20, 1960, F. Werner. Cochise Co.,

Chiricahua Mts., 1 d (4036 KSU) Cave Creek, 1590 m, May 18, 1961, R. H. & E. M. Painter;

Southwestern Research Station of the American Museum of Natural History (N.Y.), 8 km

294 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

west of Portal, 1650 m, V. Roth, malaise trap, 2 d (4039 SWRS, 4040 MEI) May 28, 1965; 1d

(4038 SWRS) June 5, 1965; 1 d (4037 AMNH) June 7, 1965. Gila Co., Globe, 1 2 (4050

USNM), May 14, 1948, F. H. Parker. MEXICO, Nayarit; 15 km NW Santa Isabela, 1d and 19

(mating) (4052 USNM, 4053 USNM), March 10, 1972, F. D. Parker and D. R. Miller.

To date specimens of B. placida have been collected between 1350

and 1700 m above sea level in the mountain ranges of southeastern

Arizona and in the Sierra Madre Occidental of Nayarit, Mexico. The

species probably occurs throughout the range of the Sierra Madre

Occidental and its northern limit is probably southern Arizona.

Breviperna milleri, new species

Female holotype (4055), 9.7 mm in length, excluding antennae. Two other females,

paratypes (4054, 4056), 9.3 and 9.1 mm long respectively. Ground color black; pile on

lateral surfaces generally whitish-gray and moderately long, that on dorsum short, appres-

sed and sparse; tomentum sparse, whitish-gray laterad and ventrad, predominently brown

on mesonotum and head, very sparse on dorsum of abdomen. Head: Width 1.92 mm,

height 1.20 mm, depth 1.06 mm. Frons not patterned except for a pair of velvety-brown

semicircular spots midway between antennae and ocellar tubercle adjacent to compound

eyes; silvery-white tomentose area just below each velvety spot (these barely distinguish-

able on holotype because face is greasy). Hairs on frons (fig. 16) black, short, sparse on

upper frons, rather dense, longer on lower frons, continuing along lateral areas of face;

pile white, elongate on face and lower occiput, shorter and black on gena. Dorsal occi-

pital setae thick, black, in two uneven hemispherical rows, about 40 setae; approximately

seven pairs of thin, short, black ocellar and post-ocellar hairs. Tomentum on frons sparse,

brown, on face whitish, on gena black, on occiput sparse and whitish, on ocellar tubercle

brown. Distance between compound eyes at vertex 0.40 mm, at anterior ocellus 0.46 mm,

at antennae 1.04 mm, at lower edge of compound eye 1.20 mm. Compound eye depth 0.66

mm, height 1.08 mm. Antennal segments 1 and 2 brown, thinly whitish and golden

tomentose with stiff black hairs (inner lateral surface of segment 1 without hairs);

segment 1 elongate, thin, curved outward in center, 0.44 mm long, 0.14 mm wide (more

than three times as long as wide); segment 3 elongate pear-shaped, 0.38 mm long, 0.14

mm wide; tomentum dark brown basally, more golden apically, with several short, black

hairs on dorsobasal surface. Style apparently one segmented with an elongate terminal

bristle. Proboscis and palp black with sparse brown tomentum. Thorax: Mesonotum

patterned, brown tomentose with a pair of silvery-gray tomentose stripes and a pair of

silvery-gray patches covering area of sa and pa setae, also covering scutellum;

mesonotum sparsely covered with metalic golden, appressed, scale-like tomentum and

sparse, black pile. Mesonotal setal pattern: np 3, sa 2, pa 1, dc 0, sc 2. Pleural area and

coxae densely covered with grayish tomentum; thin, white, elongate pile densely cover-

ing same areas as on B. placida. Wing: Wing length (humeral crossvein to apex) 5.34 mm,

widest width 2.30 mm. Distance from fork r,,, to outrun of r, 1.64 mm, to outrun of r, 1.56

mm; distance between outruns r, and r, 0.76 mm. Hyaline with light brown patch near

outrun of r,. Veins medium brown. Cell M,; closed with a coalesced m,,, 0.12 mm long.

Haltere dark brown, stem 0.52 mm long, knob 0.54 mm long. Legs: Femora black, tibiae

yellowish-brown. Setae black; femora with whitish pile and appressed scale-like whitish

hairs; setulae on tibiae short, black. Setal pattern: f, [ad 0, av 1-2, pd 0, pv 0], f, [ad 0, av 0,

pd 0, pv 0-1], f; [ad 0, av 4-5, pd 0, pv 5-6], t, [ad 3-5, av 0, pd 3-6, pv 4-6], t, [ad 4-5, av 2-3,

pd 4-5, pv 4-5], t, [ad 12-14, av 7-10, pd 7-8, pv 9-11]. Femur 1 relatively short, 0.77-0.81 mm

long, about 2/3 as long as femur 3 and about 1/2 as long as hind tarsus. Longest postero-

dorsal seta on foretarsus longer than width of foretarsus. Tibia 1, 1.66 mm long; tibia 3,

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 295

HX

ey

yy

Fig. 16. Head of Breviperna milleri, female (4056), frontal view. Scale = 0.5mm.

3.06 mm long; basitarsus 1, 0.74 mm long; basitarsus 3, 1.16 mm long. Abdomen: Ground

color black; fasciate on posterior margins of tergites 2 and 3. Pile relatively long, dense

on lateral margins of tergite 1, sparse elsewhere, whitish on segments 1 and 2, black else-

where. Thin silvery tomentum on segment 1, thinner on 2. A pair of silvery tomentose

patches laterally on tergites 4 and 5. Female terminalia: See generic description.

Male: Unknown.

Material examined: 3 females. MEXICO, Puebla, 8 km S. Tecomachalco, 2100 m, August

10, 1967, collected as larva in narrow canyon, M. E. Irwin (with last larval exuvium and

pupal exuvium) (holotype female, 4055 MEI; paratype female, 4056 temporarily kept in the

collection of MEl). Oaxaca, 17 1/2 km N of Miltipec, March 3, 1972, F. D. Parker and D. R.

Miller (paratype female, 4054 USNM).

Derivation of name: Named in honor of Douglass R. Miller, lifelong friend and col-

league.

Diagnosis: This species is smaller than B. placida, darker in color and can easily be dis-

tinguished by the following combination of characters: frons with a dark velvety brown spot

contiguous with each compound eye (fig. 16), lateral portion of face with elongate whitish

(and some black) pile, antennal segment 1 much thinner (3 times as long as wide), and

296 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

antennal style with only one apparent segment plus terminal bristle.

To date specimens of B. milleri have been collected from the states

of Puebla and Oaxaca, Mexico, at an elevation of over 2000 m.

Two larvae of B. milleri were sieved from a coarse sandy substrate

along the side of a narrow canyon on August 10, 1967. They were

reared in the laboratory at the University of California, Riverside, CA

on a diet of Tribolium confusum larvae. They pupated on January 14,

1967 (4056) and January 16, 1967 (4055). Dates of eclosion were not

recorded, but on the average this subfamily of therevids emerges 10

to 14 days after pupal initiation. One specimen (4055) was kept alive

as an adult for several days. She was fed sugar water and maintained

in a glass-sided terrarium with a sand substrate. During the time she

was alive and active she layed 39 eggs, even though she did not have

the opportunity to mate. These eggs are preserved in glycerin in a

microvile attached to the pin of specimen 4055.

Literature Cited

Coquillet, D. W. 1894. Revision of the dipterous family Therevidae. /. N. Y. Entomol.

Soc. 2(3):97-101.

Irwin, M. E. 1973. A new genus of the Xestomyza-group from the western coast of South

Africa, based on two new species with flightless females (Diptera: There-

vidae). Ann. Natal Mus. 21(3):533-556.

Irwin, M. E. 1976. Morphology of the terminalia and the known oviposition behaviour in

female Therevidae (Diptera: Asiloidea) with an account of correlated adapta-

tions and comments on phylogenetic relationships. Ann. Natal Mus. 22(3):

913-935.

Irwin, M. E. 1977. Two new genera and four new species of the Pherocera-group from

western North America, with observations on habitats and behavior (Diptera:

Therevidae: Phycinae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. (in press).

Irwin, M. E., and L. Lyneborg. Mss. The genera of Therevidae of America north of Mexico.

Lyneborg, L. 1968. A comparative description of the male terminalia in Thereva Latr.,

Dialineura Rond., and Psilocephala Zett. (Diptera, Therevidae). Entomo/l. Medd.

36:546-559.

Lyneborg, L. 1972. A revision of the Xestomyza-group of Therevidae (Diptera). Ann.

Natal Mus. 21(2):297-376.

Lyneborg, L. 1976. A revision of the Therevine stiletto-flies (Diptera: Therevidae) of the

Ethiopian Region. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. Entomol. Suppl. 26, 157 p.

Rauch, P. A. 1970. Electronic data processing for entomological museums, an economical!

approach to an expensive problem. Ph.D. Dissertation in Entomology, Univ. of

Calif., Riverside, 78 p.

Exodontiellini, a New Tribe of Opiinae with Exodont Mandibles

(Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Robert Wharton

Somerset, California, 95684

In the Ichneumonoidea, the term exodont refers to a type of

mandible in which the teeth point in an outwardly direction. In

addition, such mandibles are usually apically broadened and com-

paratively massive. Unlike the mandibles of the vast majority of the

ichneumonoid species, those of the exodont form cannot be used in

normal chewing and biting. Griffiths (1964) has discussed the func-

tion of these remarkable structures with respect to the Alysiinae.

Previously described exodont ichneumonoids are now placed in 3

different tribes: the Idiogrammatini of the ichneumonid subfamily

Tryphoninae; and the Alysiini and Dacnusini of the braconid sub-

family Alysiinae. The 8 species of the Idiogrammatini all belong in

the genus /diogramma Foerster (Townes, 1969). The Alysiini and

Dacnusini contain over 600 and 500 species respectively; and these

are currently placed in about 60 genera (Shenefelt, 1974; Fischer,

1975). Vanhornia Crawford, of the Proctotrupoidea, also has exodont

mandibles (Crawford, 1909). The exodont condition is thus not

unique; and has evolved independently at least three times. A recent

examination of material from the Canadian National Collection (CNC),

the U. S. National Museum (USNM), and the California Insect Survey

has shown that even within the Braconidae, this feature has ap-

parently evolved several times.

In material from South America, specimens representing a new

genus near Aspilodemon Fischer were found to possess overlapping

mandibles on which the spine-like teeth (Fig. 1) were pointed in an

outward direction. The specimens otherwise resemble members of

the Hormiini; and, unlike the Alysiinae, have well-developed occipital

and prepectal carinae. The mandibles, though exodont, are unlike

those found in any of the Alysiinae; and are undoubtedly of a different

origin.

Several specimens representing an unusual exodont braconid have

also been collected from various localities in Western North America.

Unlike members of the Alysiinae, these do not have a well-developed

median longitudinal sulcus (the posterior-median sulcus) extending

from a depression in the ocellar triangle back to the foramen

magnum. In addition, the wing venation and facial features are quite

different from those of previously described alysiines. Two species,

representing a new genus, are described below. Because of their

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:297-303 October 1977

298 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

22

0.25mm

Fig. 1. Left mandible of exodont hormiine. Fig. 2. Left mandible of Exodontiella

muesebeckin.sp. Fig.3. Right mandible of Exodontiella sp., male.

overall similarity to some of the smaller opiines, | prefer to place them

in the Opiinae rather than the Alysiinae. In either case, this new group

should be treated as adistinct tribe.

Terminology and measurements used in the descriptions have

been defined elsewhere (Wharton, 1977).

Exodontiellini, new tribe.

Mandibles very broad, exodont, with well-defined teeth. Clypeal margin convex, open-

ing between clypeus and mandible absent when mandibles closed; epistomal sulcus

narrow, very weakly impressed; paraclypeal pits small, not noticeably impressed.

Occipital carina absent; posterior-median sulcus very weak to absent. Prepectal carina

absent. Wing venation reduced: fore wing without anal cross-veins; radial cell reduced to

nearly absent, radius terminating far from wing tip; postnervellus absent. Abdomen

sessile, short, depressed; first tergite heavily sclerotized throughout.

Exodontiella, new genus.

Head transverse; concave posterior-medially; narrowed ventrally. Eyes small, malar

space large. Mandibles with 3 well-defined teeth; median teeth touching or slightly over-

lapping when mandible closed. Clypeus with outer surface weakly convex; epistomal

sulcus narrow but distinct. Subocular suture present. Maxillary and labial palps reduced;

apparently 4-5 and 2-3 segmented respectively. Antennae shorter than body; with few

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 299

0.25mm

Figs. 4-5. Frontal view, head of Exodontiellaspp. Fig. 4. &. deserticolan.sp.; Fig. 5.

E. sp., male.

(less than 20) segments. Thorax broad, deep. Notauli weakly impressed; sternauli absent.

Prescutellar pit narrow, deep. Metanotum with posterior-median plate nearly reaching

anterior border. Propodeal carinae completely absent. Posterior (or inner) spur of hind

tibia slightly longer than anterior spur; femora short, relatively broad. Fore wing with 3

cubital cells; the second small, triangular. Radial cell extremely narrow, nearly absent;

radius strongly upcurved and terminating immediately behind enlarged stigma. Cubital

segment forming lower border of second cubital cell distinctly thickened distally.

Brachial cell opened distally; third discoideal segment and distal portion of brachius

absent. Nervulus postfurcal. Recurrent vein antefurcal. Submediellan cell closed distally

by well-developed nervellus. Cubitella stronger than radiella; both nearly absent. Three

hamuli. Abdomen moderately depressed. Petiole short, very broad. Suture between

tergites 2 and 3 distinctly impressed; tergite 2 and at least part of tergite 3 sculptured.

Type: Exodontiella deserticola new species.

Exodontiella deserticola, new species.

(Fig. 4, 6, 7)

Head: 1.67 times broader than long; 1.33 times broader than mesonotum. Head in

dorsal view wider at eyes than at temples. Eyes small, converging ventrally; roughly twice

length of temples dorsally, about half length of temples ventrally. Eyes bare; occiput

densely hairy medially, more sparsely so laterally and on temples. Malar space large;

about one-third eye height. Ocellar triangle large; distance between posterior ocelli nearly

as great as ocellar-ocular line. Face moderately convex; matt; roughly twice wider than

high. Clypeus nearly ellipsoidal; approximately 3 times broader than high. Mandibles

hairy, about 1.20 times longer than apical width; upper and lower borders slightly diverg-

ing; tooth 2 broadly triangular, moderately protruding; teeth slightly overlapping when

mandible closed; tooth 1 and 3 broad, separated from tooth 2 by indented borders; tooth 1

extending distad of tooth 3; tooth 3 distinctly larger than tooth 1, and with slightly

sinuous outer margin. Antennae 12 segmented, roughly 1.50 times longer than thorax;

first flagellomere 1.27 times longer than second; flagellomeres distinctly broader apically;

all flagellomeres bearing long subapical hairs. Maxillary palps shorter than head.

Thorax: 1.56 times longer than broad; 1.24 times longer than high. Notauli parallel,

300 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

narrow, weakly impressed; covering about anterior two-thirds of mesonotum. Mesonotal

midpit absent. Mesonotum sparsely hairy anteriorly. Prescutellar pit nearly smooth;

roughly 5.40 times broader than long. Propodeum and metapleuron densely covered with

short, white hairs; hairs on posterior half of propodeum dorsally-directed, others

ventrally-directed; propodeum granular. Stigma of fore wing short, very broad, roughly

twice longer than wide. Recurrent vein distinctly shorter than first discoideal segment.

Second cubital cell petiolate, distinct second radial segment absent. First cubital cross-

vein (cuqul) about 1.30 times longer than second (cuqu2); the latter quite weak in speci-

men from Palm Springs. Second mediellan segment about 0.65 times length of first; about

1.80 times longer than basella.

Abdomen: petiole 0.73 times as long as apical width, apex distinctly more than twice

wider than base; surface matt and densely hairy except at extreme apex. Tergite 2 and

basal half to two-thirds of tergite 3 irregularly longitudinally aciculate. Ovipositor roughly

two-thirds length of thorax; not, or only slightly extending beyond tip of abdomen.

Color: dark reddith-brown; petiole and tergites 2+3 of holotype orange. Specimen

from Palm Springs lighter reddish-brown.

Length: 1.5mm.

Holotype female: USA, California, San Bernardino Co., Helendale, 16/V/1955, W. R. M.

Mason, Collector. Deposited in CNC. Additional material: Cal., Riverside Co., 6.7 km. S.

Palm Springs, 11/VII/1954 (12). Deposited in USNM. Males unknown.

Diagnosis: differs from the following species in its lighter coloration, less granular

abdominal sculpture, shorter first cubital cross-vein, shorter second flagellomere, and

longer mandible with shorter, broader tooth 2.

Discussion: The female from Palm Springs appears to belong

here despite its slightly lighter coloration. In addition, the first

mediellan segment is distinctly shorter than the second. Additional

material is needed to determine whether or not differences in the

relative lengths of the mediellan segments are significant in this

group.

Fig.6. Exodontiella deserticola n. sp. lateral view.

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 301

I Q.5 mm

Fig. 7. Fore and hind wing of Exodontiella deserticola n. sp. from Palm Springs.

Exodontiella muesebecki, new species.

(Fig. 2)

Head: 1.61 times broader than long; 1.36 times broader than mesonotum. Head in

dorsal view as broad at temples as at eyes. Eyes bare; temple and occipital

pubescence as in deserticola. Malar space about one-third eye height. Ocellar triangle

moderately large; distance between posterior ocelli about 0.57 times length of ocellar-

ocular line. Face moderately convex, with weak, median ridge; matt; roughly twice wider

than high. Clypeus more nearly hemispherical; about 2.50 times broader than high.

Mandibles hairy, distinctly shorter than apical width; upper and lower borders slightly

diverging; tooth 2 narrowly triangular, slightly protruding, the teeth barely touching when

mandible closed; tooth 1 angular, separated from tooth 2 by distinct cleft, tooth 1 protrud-

ing distinctly distad of tooth 3, the latter very broad, with distinctly sinuate outer margin.

Antennae 13 segmented, roughly 1.85 times longer than thorax; first flagellomere equal in

length to second; shape and pubescence as in deserticola. Maxillary palps shorter than

head.

Thorax: 1.67 times longer than broad; 1.25 times longer than high. Notauli weakly

impressed; covering anterior two-thirds of mesonotum; gradually weakening and slightly

converging posteriorly. Mesonotal midpit absent. Mesonotum sparsely hairy anteriorly.

Prescutellar pit sculptured; roughly 6.50 times wider than long. Propodeum as in

deserticola; metapleuron slightly less densely hairy. Stigma of fore wing short, very

broad, a little more than twice longer than wide. Recurrent vein much shorter than first

discoideal segment. Second cubital cell petiolate as in deserticola, but with cuqul 1.79

times longer than cuqu2. Second mediellan segment about 1.40 times longer than first,

about 2.85 times longer than basella.

Abdomen: petiole roughly 0.75 times as long as apical width; about twice as wide at

302 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

= 0.5mm —

Fig.8. Fore wing of Exodontiella sp., male.

apex as at base; sculpture strongly granular, pubescence as in deserticola. Tergite 2 with

fine reticulate sculpture, basal three-fourths of tergite 3 granular. Ovipositor as in

deserticola.

Color: black;abdominal sternites, tegulae, and coxae dark brown; scape, pedicel, first

flagellomere and basal half of second yellow; femora brown, with yellowish apices;

anterior femora noticeably lighter; mandibles, tibiae, and basal 2-3 tarsomeres yellow-

brown.

Length: 1.75mm.

Holotype female: Canada, Alberta, Cypress Hills Provincial Park, Elkwater Lake, 14/

VIII/1973, L. Masner, Collector. Deposited in CNC. Males unknown.

This species is named in honor of Mr. C. F. W. Muesebeck in recog-

nition of his pioneering work on the Nearctic Braconidae.

Diagnosis: distinguished by the shape of the mandible and the

length and color of the basal flagellomeres.

In addition to the above, a single male from northwestern Nevada

has also been examined. It is strikingly different in the shape of the

head — having a broader face and much smaller eyes (Fig. 5). A

second radial segment is also present (Fig. 8); and the outer margin of

the third mandibular tooth is denticulate (Fig. 3). Some or all of these

may be sexual characteristics, however, and the lack of additional

material precludes description at this time.

General discussion: The shape of the head (reduced eyes, face

narrowed ventrally), the small paraclypeal pits, the narrow, weakly

impressed epistomal sulcus, the lack of a well-developed posterior-

median sulcus, the reduced facial pubescence, the short, very broad

mandible, and the agathidine-like fore wing venation all serve to

distinguish Exodontiella from any of the previously described mem-

bers of the Alysiinae. The unusual shape of the mandibles, and the

fact that they touch or overlap when closed, indicate a probable

independent origin of these structures from the alysiine evolutionary

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 303

line. The discovery of Exodontiella and the other exodont braconids

mentioned above will necessitate a more critical definition not only

of the Alysiinae, but also of the Opiinae and probably other braconid

subfamilies as well.

The presence of exodont mandibles in both Exodontiella and the

various members of the Alysiinae is apparently a result of parallel

evolution. In the Alysiinae, the primary function of these mandibles is

in escape from their hosts’ puparium. It will be interesting to learn if

the mandibles in Exodontiella serve a similar function, or whether they

are perhaps used somehow in host finding.

Acknowledgements

| wish to thank Drs. Paul Marsh and W. R. M. Mason for the loan of

specimens used in this study. | am particularly grateful to Dr. Mason

for bringing the hormiines to my attention, for suggesting improve-

ments in the original manuscript, and for helpful discussions. | also

wish to thank Mr. C. F. W. Muesebeck and Dr. C. van Achterberg for

their comments on braconid classification.

Literature Cited

Crawford, J. C. 1909. A new family of parasitic Hymenoptera. Proc. Entomol. Soc.

Wash., 11:63-64.

Fischer, M. 1975. Taxonomische untersuchungen an_ neotropischen § Alysiini

besonders solchen aus dem British Museum (Nat. Hist.) in London

(Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae). Stud. Entomol., 18:127-152.

Griffiths, G.C.D. 1964. The Alysiinae (Hym. Braconidae) parasites of the Agromyzidae

(Diptera) |. General questions of taxonomy, biology and evolution. Beitr.

Entomol., 14:823-914.

Shenefelt, R. D. 1974. Pars 11, Braconidae 7, Alysiinae. /n: van der Vecht, J. and

R. D. Shenefelt, eds. Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nova editio). Dr. W. Junk B.

V.’s-Gravenhage.

Townes, H. 1969. The genera of Ichneumonidae, part 1. Mem. Amer. Entomol.

Inst., 11:1-300.

Wharton, R.A. 1977. New World Aphaereta species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with a

discussion of Terminology used in the tribe Alysiini. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.,

70:782-803.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Notes on the Host Plants and Distribution of Acanthoscelides pauperculus (LeConte)

(Coleoptera: Bruchidae).—The two bruchids that are usually taken most often by sweep-

ing in the Sierra Nevada and westward in California and are most abundant in collections

from the Pacific States are Acanthoscelides aureolus (Horn) and A. pauperculus (LeConte).

The ubiquitous A. aureo/us has a variety of hosts, but the hosts of A. pauperculus have

remained unknown although a concerted effort was made to find them (Johnson, 1970,

Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 59:1-116). | recently reared A. pauperculus from seeds of a

native clover, Trifolium obtusiflorum Hooker, collected at 1100’, 24 mi NE Sanger, Fresno

County, CA, on 26 June 1975. This is the first record of a bruchid feeding in the seeds ofa

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:303-304 October 1977

304 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

New World clover although Kingsolver (1968, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 70:318-322)

reported Acanthoscelides pyrrhomelas (Philippi), a bruchid endemic to the New World,

feeding in seeds of the Eurasian species Trifolium pratense Linnaeus in Chile. Zacher

(1952, Zeit. angew. Entomol., 33:460-480) reported several species of the Old World genus

Bruchidius feeding in Old World clovers.

Acanthoscelides pauperculus is most often collected by sweeping flowers of Achillea sp.,

Asclepias sp. and Lotus sp. In the foothill woodland plant community where the seeds of

T. obtusiflorum were collected, adults of A. paupercu/us were swept in abundance from the

flowers of Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (Linnaeus), Veronica anagallis-aquatica Linnaeus,

Boisduvalia stricta (A. Gray) Greene, Asclepias sp., Lupinus sp., Melilotus sp., the host plant,

and from the leaves and fruits of Ribes sp., and Rumex sp. All of the plants except

Asclepias were growing either in a small stream or along its banks. Asclepias plants were

scattered in an open, grassy field near the stream. Because most adult bruchids feed

mostly in the flowers of their larval hosts, it is unusual to find adult bruchids with such

catholic tastes as A. pauperculus. Its abundance in flowers of such a wide variety of

plants would seem to indicate that it is necessary for the adults to feed prior to mating -

and oviposition, again a somewhat unusual trait for bruchids.

Two very close relatives of A. pauperculus, A. inquisitus (Fall) and A. napensis Johnson,

will probably be found to infest seeds of species of Trifolium when more rearings from

different species are made. The distribution of 7. obtusiflorum and the wider distribution

of A. pauperculus suggest that this bruchid feeds on more than one species of clover.

Because of its apparent specificity to clover seeds and its abundant numbers, there is a

distinct possibility that A. pauperculus could become a pest of economic clover seed

crops, especially if some of our native clovers are used as crops in the future.

According to Turner (1959, The Legumes of Texas) and Munz and Keck (1959, A

California Flora), the genus Trifolium has about 300 species and is most abundant in north

temperate areas but also occurs in Asia, Africa and South America. One center of distri-

bution seems to be western North America (Turner, 1959). Of the 49 species of Trifolium

listed in Munz and Keck, about two-thirds are considered endemic to California or the

Pacific States and their distribution is so limited. About one-third are introduced

European or Eurasian species. According to Johnson (1970), A. pauperculus has a

distribution from southern California to British Columbia and Idaho. The distribution of

this bruchid, then, generally matches that of the native species of the genus Trifolium.

Adults of A. pauperculus are most often collected along streams or other moist areas, the

habitat of most clovers. A distribution confined to the Pacific States can be explained to

some extent on the abundance of its host. Because native species of Trifolium also occur

east of the Sierra Nevada, a more plausible explanation for the limited distribution of A.

pauperculus are the barriers to their distribution of our high western mountain ranges and

arid deserts. A similar pattern of distribution is found in another bruchid, Gibbobruchus

mimus (Say). This species is widespread in the central United States where it breeds in

the seeds of Cercis canadensis Linnaeus. It has never been reared from seeds of redbud,

Cercis occidentalis Torrey ex Gray, from Tulare County, CA, although | have collected many

lots of seeds from there. Recently | reared G. mimus from C. occidentalis from the

Charleston Mountains, Nevada, and the Grand Canyon, Arizona. Apparently the barriers

of mountains and deserts have not allowed this bruchid to reach California although the

redbud has successfully traversed these barriers. The bruchids, Acanthoscelides pullus

(Fall) and A. aureo/us have a much wider distribution in the West, most likely because their

hosts (mostly Astraga/us spp.) occur in both high high mountains and deserts.

The lack of any reported damage to introduced clover seeds by A. pauperculus, A.

napensis, and A. inquisitus, and their relatively wide distribution, indicate that they are

most likely not introduced species.

| thank M. Johnson for assisting with the field work for this research, J. Rominger for

plant identifications, and the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of

Agriculture, for partial support under Grant #12-14-100-9970 (33). — CLARENCE DAN

JOHNSON, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff,

Arizona 860717.

Courtship Behavior of Scaptomyza (Bunostoma) australis Malloch

(Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Robert F. Rockwell and Joe Grossfield

Department of Biology

The City College of New York

N.Y., New York 10031

There is general agreement that courtship in the Drosophilidae

involves an exchange of information between the males and females

and that during this exchange the female is released from inhibitions

by the male (Grossfield, 1972). Differences in opinion do exist, how-

ever, concerning the actual intersexual interactions and the stimulus

modalities involved in the exchange of information (Grossfield, 1972;

Averhoff and Richardson, 1974; Petit and Nouaud, 1975; Bennet-clark

et al., 1976, Averhoff and Richardson, 1976; Ehrman and Parsons,

1976). Research to date has centered primarily on the examination of

species representing one subgenus (Sophophora) of the genus

Drosophila. The members of that subgenus possess a somewhat

elaborate courtship pattern and, hence, a complex array of potential

information exchange interactions even during the early portion of

courtship. It is not surprising then that attempts to pinpoint the

stimulus modalities involved in the intersexual information exchange

during initiation and early courtship have led to disagreement. This is

especially true since the two species involved in that research

(Drosophila melanogaster Meigen and D. pseudoobscura Frolova) are

both capable of integrating stimuli from different sensory inputs

(Grossfield, 1971).

The genus Scaptomyza, which is closely related to Drosophila

(Throckmorton, 1975), displays a generally simple courtship pattern

when viewed in relation to members of the genus Drosophila

(Sturtevant, 1921; Carson et. a/., 1970). In the present work we

describe the courtship of one member of this genus, subgenus

Bunostoma, (S. australis). We also present evidence on the stimulus

modalities involved in intersexual information exchange and

demonstrate that the use of a simple system to generate a baseline

model can provide valuable insight on the mechanisms and stimulus

modalities involved in early components of courtship of the

Drosophilidae. The description here is the first detailed account of

courtship in the genus Scaptomyza.

Materials and Methods

Scaptomyza (Bunostoma) australis Malloch was collected in August

1974 by aspirating adults from the interstices of fallen, partly rotted

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:305-311 October 1977

306 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

apples in an orchard 20 km. from Melbourne in Victoria, Australia.

Stocks were established and maintained on a cornmeal-agar medium

at 20°C on a 12:12 light:dark cycle. In addition to observations on field

caught specimens, virgin females and males were collected and

stored separately in 8 dram food vials. These individuals were aged

for 3 to 15 days before courtship observations were made.

Courtship was observed in food vials, beeswax chambers and

plastic cells (18mm diameter by 6mm deep; Cook, 1973) at 20°C.

Densities from two to twelve flies were observed at sex ratios of 1:1

and 2:3 (females:males). Neither of these variables altered the court-

ship pattern. A total of over 80 flies were observed in 16 observation

periods ranging from 30 minutes to 4 hours. In addition, four sets of 3

males with 2 “headless” females were studies (see Grossfield, 1972

for procedural details).

Results

Courtship: The male positions himself behind another individual,

with his long body axis in line with that of another fly. This behavior is

initiated by the male detecting the movement of another individual

and he achieves his oriented position by a series of stereotyped

movements termed tracking. The precise pattern of the tracking

behavior depends on the relative position and direction of movement

of the tracked individual.

Tracking involves a set of coordinated, step-wise two-component

body movements by the male. His head, pivoting at the neck, follows

the moving individual through an arc. After the head passes through

the maximum possible excursion of the arc, delineated by one side of

the head contacting the anterior portion of the thorax, the body is

realigned so that the head and body are on the same long axis. In

some cases, depending on the direction and speed of movement of

the tracked individual, there is a pause between the attainment of the

maximum excursion and the realignment of the body. The logical

inference from such pauses is that the detection of movement is

being integrated across the surface of the eye (Gotz and Wenking,

1973). The two-stage tracking, with the aforementioned pauses, is

continued, with some lateral displacement of the entire body, until

the male is positioned behind the tracked individual with his long

body axis in line with that of the other fly. The tracking is sometimes

(15%, N = 34) preceded by a slow waving of one or both forelegs.

When the proper orientation is achieved, the male rushes to the

rear of the tracked individual. If that individual continues moving the

male follows and maintains the same orientation. If the individual

stops, without turning, the male mounts and attempts to intromit.

(Receptive females do not spread their wings prior to being

mounted.) No attempt to mount a moving individual was observed

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 307

and non-receptive females may continue moving for varying periods

of time (12 minutes in one case). Nonreceptive females being

pursued were observed to depress the rear of the abdomen, extrude

the ovipositor plates, or turn and fend (see below). Mounted non-

receptive females were observed to depress and to dislodge the male

with violent kicking. Males being pursued were observed to turn and

fend (see below) and if mounted immediately dislodged the other

male with violent kicking.

During copulation, the male’s head is under the female’s wings and

the female is still. Usually, his forelegs are on the second tergum his

midlegs are on the fourth tergum and his hindlegs are held around the

venter. Alternately, the midlegs may be held around the venter and

his hindlegs are on her hindlegs. His hindlegs may slip onto the sub-

strate and he immediately repositions them. This may be repeated

several times. At the end of copulation, the male withdraws and steps

off without turning. The female immediately runs away. Twelve

copulations were timed to yield a mean duration of 1 minute 58.9

seconds + 5.1 seconds. Males and females were observed to

copulate more than once during a 30 minute observation period.

Fending. Males, when face to face, rear up on their midlegs and

hindlegs and fend with their forelegs. Males and females display a

similar behavior when face to face and may even get the forelegs

entangled for several seconds at the tibia-femur joint. Females, when

face to face, rear up slightly and display a crab-like motion with the

forelegs. In all situations the foreleg movements are slow and

exaggerated.

Headless Female Studies: The use.of headless females in court-

ship studies has been shown to provide data on intersexual

information exchange and attendent stimulus modalities (Grossfield,

1972). Thus, observations of courtship involving headless females as

well as observations on the general behavior of such females have

been included in this study. Within minutes of decapitation, S.

australis females twitch their legs and right themselves. They do not

display any spontaneous locomotion nor do they locomote in

response to external stimuli. They do respond to tactile stimulation

with a slow crablike fending. They respond to directed air currents

and chalk dust with preening. All parts of the body are preened in-

cluding the ‘head’. Some preening was observed which was

apparently spontaneous in origin. Eighteen of 20 headless females

were still living after 24 hours and 9 were still living after 48 hours.

In the observation cells with males, headless females again dis-

played no locomotion. The males approached these females and

often tapped them but no tracking or mounting of these females was

observed. The females respond to male contact with fending and

preening. This tapping may bear no relationship to courtship in this

species in that males were observed to tap numerous non-moving

308 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

objects which they encountered. Further, tapping was never ob-

served to precede tracking or successful copulation.

While in the observation cells with headless females, males were

observed to track, pursue and attempt to mount each other in

response to movement. Demonstration that the males were

heterosexually active in this situation was achieved by introducing a

normal female. Within minutes, the moving, normal female was

tracked pursued and mounted. All of the individuals from the observa-

tion cells were placed in food vials after the observation period. After

24 hours, the females were dissected; all of the normal females con-

tained sperm but none of the headless females had been insemi-

nated. The above observations are all consistent with the postulate

that movement (from locomotion) is necessary to elicit male tracking

behavior and the subsequent components of courtship.

Discussion and Conclusions

The courtship behavior of Scaptomyza australis is clearly initiated

by movement. The ensuing courtship pattern consists of a two-stage

tracking process followed by pursuit. When movement ceases, the

male mounts and attempts to intromit. The head movement followed

by body alignment to the tracked individual is an invariant component

of this courtship.

Previous reports of courtship behavior in Scaptomyza include

studies of North American and Hawaiian species (Sturtevant, 1921;

Spieth, 1966). The North American species (S. (Mesoscaptomyza)

adjusta (Loew) and S. (Scaptomyza) graminum (Fallen)) have been

described as showing “‘very little courtship” all of which is directed at

the female from the rear and includes some wing vibration and

scissoring by the male. Mounting in these species occurs after

genital contact (Sturtevant, 1921). Most of the Hawaiian species also

incorporate some wing movement but, in contrast to the North

American species, males mount before making genital contact

(Spieth, 1966). If the genus Scaptomyza evolved as an offshoot of the

Drosophila in Hawaii as hypothesized by Throckmorton (1975), then S.

auStralis would represent a line in the evolution of this genus which

has lost wing movement completely in courtship but retains the

mounting-preceding-intromission sequence of the Hawaiian stem

population. Thus, S. australis represents a lineage whose expressed

courtship is the simplest yet known in Scaptomyza.

Relative to members of the genus Drosophila, the courtship pattern

of S. australis from initiation through mounting is comparatively

simple. That is, none of the complex components so common in

Drosophila (i.e. licking, wing displays, and movements involving the

proboscis, antennae and foretarsi) occur during this period of court-

ship in S. australis. There could be components of Scaptomyza court-

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 309

ship and intersexual information exchange which are not present in

Drosophila. These might be related to the more complex genital

structure of male Scaptomyza (Throckmorton, 1975). Such structural

complexity could provide intersexual information and afford the

female post-mounting discrimination capabilities. It is. clear, how-

ever, that such capabilities are possible only after mounting occurs.

It should be recalled that tracking and pursuit did not always result in

mounting in this species. Thus, the period of courtship preceding

attempted intromission remains of prime importance for considera-

tions of intersexual information exchange. During that period the

courtship pattern of S. australis is simpler than that of the Drosophila

species used to date to study intersexual information exchange.

Averhoff and Richardson (1974) postulated that in Drosophila

melanogaster intersexual information transfer is necessary for male

“turn-on” and the initiation of courtship. Further, they suggested that

the information is mediated through pheromonal channels. The

evidence presented here for a simple drosophilid pattern indicates

that movement is a necessary component of the information transfer

involved in the initiation of courtship. The most obvious inference is

that the stimulus modality involved is vision. However, a peromonal

channel can not be immediately ruled out as the stimulus modality

for the initiation of courtship since it is possible that pheromones are

produced in this species. Movement could enhance the production,

emission or direction of diffusion of a pheromone. If a pheromonal

channel is involved in the initiation of courtship directed at an indi-

vidual then, for males, intrasexual information is as effective as inter-

sexual information.

Two lines of evidence are inconsistent with peromonal mediation

of male courtship initiation. Tracking behavior, which is elicited only

by movement, is immediate, rigidly stereotyped and precise. Given

these constraints on the attendent stimulus modality and the small

size of the observation cell (which would become rapidly permeated

with pheromones), it appears that a visual channel mediates the

initiation of courtship and the tracking behavior (cf. Wehrhahn and

Poggio, 1976).

The second line of evidence is also consistent with a visual

channel mediating the initiation of courtship. A single male was

placed in a meticulously cleaned observation cell with a small ball of

clean cotton. Undisturbed for 30 minutes, the male walked about the

cell and occasionally preened. When the cell was rocked so that the

cotton ball moved, the male immediately began stereotyped tracking

behavior and, when the appropriate orientation had been achieved,

pursuit. When the rocking ceased, so did tracking. This was in-

variantly repeatable. No mounting with the cotton ball was observed

nor was tracking observed when a Cell containing only a male was

rocked.

310 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

It would appear, then, that the initiation of courtship in males is

activated by movement and mediated through visual channels in this

drosophilid. The visual tracking ability and the involvement of vision

in the very early stages of courtship is not surprising in light of the

results obtained in measurement of the visual orientation capability

and control mechanisms demonstrated in laboratory tests of Diptera

(Wehrhahn and Poggio, 1976). This is, however, the first report of this

fine a degree of control of visual orientation obtaining during sexual

behavior. It must be pointed out that the visual mediation demon-

strated here is reflective of sighted flies tested in the light. Whether

this species is capable of switching to a different stimulus modality

when deprived of vision (heteromodal behavioral plasticity) is not

known but is under investigation. Several species of the

Drosophilidae are known to possess such capabilities (Grossfield,

1971).

The study of courtship in the Drosophilidae has included analysis

of behavioral mechanisms (Connolly and Cook, 1973) as well as com-

parative studies with a view towards evolutionary relationships

(Spieth, 1966). The examination of courtship of a species in this

family with asimple courtship repetoire provides a baseline model for

intersexual interaction which may provide a more precise evaluation

of the various information transfer mechanisms involved in the more

complex courtship patterns of other members of this family.

Acknowledgements

We thank Drs. Patrick Colgan and David Miller for their comments.

Financial support was provided by USPHS S507 RR 07132 to RFR and

FRAP 10576 and NIH GM21630 to JG.

Literature Cited

Averhoff, W. and R. Richardson. 1974. Pheromonal contol of mating patterns in

Drosophila melanogaster. Behav. Genet., 4:207-225.

1976. Reply: Pheromones vs. wings in Drosophila courtship. Behav. Genet.,

6:97-98.

Bennet-Clark, H., M. Dow, A. Ewing, A. Manning and F. von Schilcher. 1976. Courtship

stimuli in Drosophila melanogaster. Behav. Genet., 6:93-95.

Carson, H., D. Hardy, H. Spieth and W. Stone. 1970. The evolutionary biology of the

Hawaiian Drosophilidae In: Essays in Evolution and Genetics in Honor of

Theodosius Dobzhansky. M. Hecht and W. Steere (eds.) Appleton-Century

Crofts, NY, pp. 437-543.

Connolly, K. and R. Cook. 1973. Rejection responses by female Drosophila melano-

gaster: their ontogeny, causality and effects upon the behavior of the court-

ing male. Behav., 44:142-166.

Cook, R. 1973. Courtship processing in Drosophila melanogaster |. selection for

receptivity to wingless males. Amin. Behav., 21:338-348.

Ehrman, L. and P. Parsons. 1976. The Genetics of Behavior. Sinauer, Sundeland, Mass.

Gotz, K. and H. Wenking. 1973. Visual control of locomotion in the walking fruitfly

Drosophila. J. Comp. Physiol., 85:235-266.

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 311

Grossfield, J. 1971. Georgaphic distribution and light-dependent behavior in

Drosophila. Proc. Nat. Acad. (US), 68:2669-2673.

1972. Decapitated females as a tool in the analysis of Drosophila behavior.

Anim. Benav., 20:243-251.

Petit, C. and D. Nouaud. 1975. Ecological competition and the advantage of the rare

type in Drosophila melanogaster. Evol., 29:763-776.

Spieth, H. 1966. Courtship behavior of endemic Hawaiian Drosophila. Univ. Texas

Publ., 6615:245-313.

Sturtevant, A. 1921. The North American Species of Drosophila. Carnegie !nst. Publ.,

Washington. ;

Throckmorton, L. 1975. The phylogeny, ecology and geography of Drosophila. In:

Handbook of Genetics (Vol. 3). R.C. King (ed). Plenum Press, NY.

Wehrhahn, C. and T. Poggio. 1976. Real time delayed tracking in flies. Nature

261:43-44.

RECENT LITERATURE

Fundamentals of Entomology and Plant Pathology. L. L. Pyenson. Avi Publishing Co.,

Westport, CT. 1977. 344 pp. $16.00.

Laboratory Manual for Entomology and Plant Pathology. L.L. Pyenson and H.E. Barke. Avi

Publishing Co., Westport, Conn. 1977. 122 pp. Softcover $8.00.

Thesarus of Entomology. R. Foote. Entomological Society of America. College Park,

MD. $9.00.

A Catalog of the Mosquitos of the World. Entomological Society of America. College Park,

MD. Clothbound. $12.50.

“A new, revised, and expanded catalog with over 3,000 valid species names,

distribution, type localities, and location of types. ... cutoff date: Dec. 31,

1973.”

Verhandlungen des Sechsten Internationalen Symposiums uber Entomofaunistik

in Mitteleuropa Lunz am See (Osterreich). Edited by H. Malicky. W. Junk, The

Hague. 1977. XIV + 375 pp. 90 figs, 18 tables. Paperbound. Dutch Guilders, 95.

312 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Acanthoscelides

bisignatus 68

compressicornis 70

derifieldi 61

desmanthi 64

mundulus 161

pauperculus 303

pectoralis 72

Allen-Mayfly Records 210

Review of Ephemerella 215

A New Ephemerella 286

Allobrox stephani 219

Alloscopus 241

Ametropus ammophilus 210

Anisolabis maritima 114

Annecke & Prinsloo-A New

Cheiloneurus 233

Anthocopa

abjecta 52

copelandica 52

elongata 50

enceliae 47

Anomala 34, 129

Aphilanthops hispidus 123

Aporthopleura 32

Aranea 46

Arnaud-Robert Grant Wind 74

Trogonoptera trojana 75

Arnaud & Davies-Flight Activity of

Autographa 77

Ashmeadiella parkinsoniae 193

Autographa californica 77

Baetisca bajkovi 222

Barnard-Skeletal-Muscular

Mechanisms 223

Barr-A New Genus of Cleridae 32

Beal and Seeno-Dermestid Synonym 33

Bezark-A New Asilid 76

Bionomics

Acanthoscelides 60, 161, 303

Ametropus 210

Anthocopa 47

Aphilanthops 123

Autographa 77

Baetisca 222

Carmenta 175

Centris 191

Ceratina 233

Cheiloneurus 233

Chionodes 258

Choroterpes 210

INDEX TO VOLUME 53

Clypeadon 144

Coelopa 81

Dermaptera 114

Dianthidium 189

Epicauta 137, 139

Evergestis 113

Formica 250

Hermatobates 87

Holopogon 277

Hydropsyche 169

Hypothyris 104

Idiomelissodes 103

Lucilia 223

Melitoma 191

Meloe 101

Nectopsyche 253

Orgyia 46

Oroperla 126

Phyciodes 167

Pleuropompha 135

Scaphinotus 27

Scaptomyza 305

Sirex 268

Stator 72

Stichopogon 76

Syntexis 285

Tipula 118

Vanessa 257

Blapylis 19

Bolbodimyia bermudezi 98

Book Reviews 73, 180, 187, 214

Bouseman - /diomelissodes Hosts &

Distribution 103

Brennus 27

Breviperna milleri 288, 293

Callirhytis

cedros 43

cedrosensis 43

protobalanus 45

Carmenta welchelorum 175

Centris totonaca 191

Chandler & Hagen-Notoxus synonymy 230

Cheiloneurus leptulus 233

Chemsak-New Jetranodus 124

Mexican Phaea 269

Cheng-The Seabug Hermatobates 87

Chionodes psiloptera 258

Choroterpes inornata 210

Chrysothamnus 237

Clypeadon 144

Coelopa vanduzeei 81

VOL. 53, NO. 4,

Coleoptera

Anthicidae 230

Bruchidae 60, 161, 303

Carabidae 27

Ceramycidae 124, 195, 269

Cleridae 32

Dermestidae 33

Hydrophilidae 142

Meloidae 101, 135

Pselaphidae 219

Scarabaeidae 34, 129

Tenebrionidae 1, 19

Collembola 241

Coniontini 1

Coniontis 1

Corrections 97

Cryptopleurum tenue 142

Culicoides leechi 53

Dailey-Elevation of Loxaulus atrior 145

Dailey and Sprenger-Three New

Callirhytis 43

Dermaptera 114

Dermestes

medialis 33

tristis 33

Desmanthus 66

Dianthidium macrurum 189

Dickson-Book review 73

Dicranocentrus platensis 248

Diptera

Asilidae 76, 277

Calliphoridae 223

Cratopogonidae 53

Coelopidae 81

Drosophilidae 305

Tabanidae 98

Tephritidae 237

Therevidae 287

Tipulidae 118

Doru taeniatum 115

Dos Passos-A Note on Polygonia 179

Doyen-Synonymy in Coniontini 1

Duckworth & Eichlin-A New Clearwing 175

Editorial Notice 146, 232, 236

Edmunds-Baetisca in Wyoming 222

Edwards-Book Review 187

Eleodes

aristatus 22

orophilus 24

panamintensis 20

volcanensis 23

wakelandi 19

Ephemerella

bartoni 217

moffatae 286

Ephemeroptera 210, 215, 222, 286

OCTOBER 1977 313

Epicauta

insignis 137

corvina 139

Euberellia

annulipes 144

cincticollis 114

Exodontiella deserticola 298, 299

Exodontiellini 298

Eufriesia lucifera 18

Euplusia

anisochlora 8

boharti 10

corusca 10

dressleri 12

eburneocincta 12

fragrocara 13

lucida 13

pallida 15

rufocauda 15

tectora 16

xantha 17

Eusattus 1

Evans-Aphilanthops as a predator 123

Prey Specificity in Clypeadon 144

Evergestis angustalis 113

Fields-A New Megaleuctra 211

Forficula auricularia 116

Formica fusca 250

Giuliani-Migration of Vanessa 257

Gordh-A New Scotolinx 205

Grigarik & Schuster-A New Allobrox 219

Haddock-Stream Velocity vs.

Hydropsyche 169

Nectopsyche Caddisflies 253

Hartman and Hynes-Biology of Tipula 118

Hemiptera 87

Hermatobates 87

Hespenheide and Rubke-Biology of

Holopogon 277

Heteromurus

tenuicornis 245

tetracanthus 243

Heterosarus

dakotensis 56

setiger 57

Historical Notes 117

Hoffmanseggia 66

Holopogon wilcoxi 277

Hydropsyche oslari 169

Hymenoptera

Anthophcricae 189, 233

Apidae 1

Apoidea 57, 103, 123

Braconidae 297

Cynipidae 43, 145

Encyrtidae 233

314

Eulophidae 205, 237

Formicidae 181

Megachilidae 47, 189, 193

Siricidae 268

Sphecidae 123, 144

Syntexidae 285

Hypothyris enclea 104

Idiomelissodes duplocincta 103

Indoscopus strebeli 248

Irwin-New genus and species of

Therevidae 287

Johnson-New Acanthoscelides and Host

Records 60

Acanthoscelides 161

Distribution of Acanthoscelides 303

Kavanaugh-Aggregation in Scaphinotus 2°

Kimsey-New Euplusia and Eufriesia 8

Kono-Book review 214

Labia curvicauda 116

Labidura riparia 115

Landa-Ant Nest Morphology 250

Langston and Miller-Distribution

of Earwigs 114

Lepidoptera

Butterflies 78

Gelechiidae 258

Lymantriidae 46

Noctuidae 77

Nymphalidae 104, 167, 179, 257

Pyralidae 113

Sesiidae 175

Lewis-The Sternidius of Arizona 195

Linsley-Correction 97

Loxaulus brunneus atrior 145

Lucilia sericata 223

Mari Mutt-A//oscopus and its species 241

Mayer and Johansen-Cantharidin from

Meloe 101

Megaleuctra sierra 211

Melitoma euglossoides 191

Meloe niger 101

Nectopsyche

albida 253

diarina 253

Nissolia schottii 161

Notoxus 230

Odonata 147

Oetting-Biology of Chionodes 258

Orgyia pseudotsuga 46

Oroperla barbara 126

Paracosmia toltecus 116

Parker-Nests of Anthocopa 47

Mexican Bees 189

A New Ashmeadiella 193

Paulson & Garrison-Pacific Coast

Odonata 147

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Phaea

biplagiata 270

flavovittata 270

latifrons 271

marthae 271

maryannae 272

minuta 274

saperda 274

semirufa 275

tricolor 275

Phyciodes mylitta 167

Pinto-Larvae of Blister Beetles 135

Plecoptera 126, 211

Pleuropompha costata 135

Poinar-Observations on the Kelp fly 81

Polygonia faunus arcticus 179

Potts-Anomala checklist 34

Key to Anomala 129

Powell-Butterflies at Mud Puddle 78

Data for Evergestis 113

Proceedings 74

Quercus cedrosensis 43

Recent literature 7, 42, 55, 174, 229, 311

Rockwell and Grossfield-Courtship of

Scaptomyza 305

scaphinotus

interruptus 27

ventricosus 27

straitopunctatus 27

Scaptomyza australis 305

Scientific Notes 33, 46, 103, 113, 123, 144,

167, 204, 210, 222, 257, 268, 285, 303

Scotolinx

gallicola 206

california 207

Shepard-Immigration of Phyciodes 167

Siegfried et al.-The Adults of Oroperla 126

Sirex longicauda 268

Skalistes

inopinatus 116

vara 116

Smetana-A New Cryptopleurum 142

Somerby-New Eleodes 19

Stator pruininus 72

Sternidius

chemsaki 196

centralis 197

imitans 198

decorus 200

incognitus 201

Stichopogon 76

Tetranodus

tropipennis 124

xanthocollis 125

Tetrastichus

cecidophagus 237

VOL. 53, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1977 315

Tidwell and Philip-A New Bolbodimyia 98 | Wangberg-A New Tetrastichus 237

Timberlake-Two new Heterosarus 56 Wharton-New Tribe Exodontiellini 297

Tipula simplex 118 Wickman-Spider predation on Orgyia 46

Trichoptera 169, 253 Wind, Robert Grant, Obit. 74 74

Trogonoptera trojana 75 Wirth-A new Culicoides from California 53

Tumlinson-Book review 180 Yensen et al-ldaho Ants 181

Turlington and Cook-Host for Sirex 268 Young-Biology of Hypothyris 104

Larva of Syntexis 285 Zoological Nomenclature 31, 86, 192, 203,

Vanessa cardui 257 218, 252, 276

July issue mailed November 28, 1977.

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in cooperation with

The California Academy of Sciences

VOLUME FIFTY-THREE

1977

EDITORIAL BOARD

T.D. EICHLIN and A.R. HARDY, Co-Editors

C.M. WALBY, Editorial Assistant

E.G. LINSLEY

HUGH B. LEECH

E.S. ROSS

H.V. DALY

P.H. ARNAUD, JR., Treasurer

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

1977 1978 1979

J.A. Powell, Chairman T.D. Eichlin R.M. Bohart

R.W. Thorp J.D. Pinto J.G. Edwards

San Francisco, California

1977

CONTENTS FOR VOLUME 53

Allen R.K.

New records of mayflies from Californiaand Mexico......... 210

Allen, R.K.

Review of Ephemerella and description of new species....... 215

Allen, R.K.

New species of Ephemerella from Alberta .................. 286

Annecke, D.P. and Prinsloo, G.L.

New species of Cheiloneurus parasitic in Ceratina from

HEARS © chess SBP a cheeks oy ncsRyOe" Geb 7. SGLE ays len nema ele wale aha 233

Barnard, D.R.

Skeletal-muscular mechanisms of larval Lucilia sericata ...... 223

Barr, W.F.

New genus of European Cleridae ............... 0c cee eee oe

Beal, R.S., Jr. and Seeno, T.N.

Dermestes medialis asynonym of Dermestes tristis ........... 33

ES GN are NN So ee Toh heats ap ick “g Pee A eee i h osoes ey eeaee 73, 180, 187, 214

Bouseman, J.K.

Distribution and host relationship of /diomelissodes duplocincta

RT ODAN SCT Sg cat ele yuh areata ocean eueelin, woatigcx ose Minti Lee ‘soos <a ane oa 8 103

Chandler, D.S. and Hagen, K.S.

New synonymy of North American Notoxus...............08. 230

Chemsak, J.A.

New Neotropical Tillomorphiniin Tetranodus ............... 124

Chemsak, J.A.

Some Mexican species of Pha@a........ eee eee 269

Cheng, L.

The elusive seabug Hermatobat@s ...... 2.2.00. 87

Cook, S.F. and Turlington, L.W.

New host species for long-tailed sawfly, Sirex Jongicauda ..... 268

ORE ON estrecho Leet SMa te an ETD sree Mur ales, ods SR Seg ne eee 5. ated 97

Dailey, D.C.

Elevation of Loxaulus brunneus variety atrior to species

Dailey, D.C. and Sprenger, C.M.

Three new gall-inducing Ca/lirhytis from Quercus cedrosensis .. 48

dos Passos, C.F.

Taxonomic note on Polygonia faunuSs arctiCuS...........0005 179

Doyen, J.T.

SS VLTVTTV SLEPT TRUITE We 5 5S etive cen crn hehe a gee ay ae a 1

Duckworth, W.D. and Eichlin, T.D.

New species of clearwing moth from southcentral Texas..... 175

EeLOneINGMICE Ss. 4 cdo 25 ie eRe ee ee OS a he 146, 249

Edmunds, G.F., Jr.

Bacusca oa kovi In-VWVY¥OMING. « 1 6 siak an mele wae oa 4 bills va ene 222

Evans, H.E.

Aphilanthops hispidus aS a predator on bees................. 123

Evans, H.E.

Prey specitict ty Intype adorn oes e vane ee cee bes Se ee 144

Fields, W.C., Jr.

Anew Megaleuctra from California ..... 0... 0... eee eee 211

Giuliani, D.

Notes on the.1973 migration of Vanessa cardui .............. 257

Gordh, G.

A new Species of Scotolinx with notes onthe genus.......... 205

Grigarick, A.A. and Schuster, R.O.

Anewepecios of Alloerox i. sad. Pc le Fe ky ew a ees ale 219

Haddock, J.D.

Effect of stream current velocity on habitat preference of

PAGO GT STI SALT ela ys be 5 fe RR ee asp ee eens glee 169

Haddock, J.D.

Larval morphology, behavior and distribution of two

Nectopsvene Caddistiee «4... 5.c2veG ocx e eke du codename eae 253

Hartman, M.J. and Hynes, C.D.

Biology of range crane fly, Tipula simplex... 6... - es 118

Hespenheide, H.A. and Rubke, M.A.

Prey, predatory behavior, and daily cycle of Holopogon wilcoxi . 277

ac Rad eyc (iL) (20 oa en awa ee Mae ARE a ele RNa Rag h i MeAar en ecg es 117

Fay eh eoe ial Mg (ee Mh, Me rb oe rma dar poe” Dies fore mngn Nets | Mlk fs Meee eh 312

Irwin, M.E.

A new genus and species of stiletto-flies from southwestern

INP EIAUTTa 5 eae hte he ey OO Wtl sw oan xen OU ALS: we eee Gs ate 287

Johnson, C.D.

Two new species of Acanthoscelides andnewhostrecords.... 60

Johnson, C.D.

Ecology and behavior of Acanthoscelides mundulus in seeds of

BS ST OCH ty tay ana etek We. ol kath ahtatieks oleae eh edd Peele 161

Johnson, C.D.

Notes on host plants and distribution of Acanthoscelides

DAU OT CEOS ts aah Gale ate Sale ee a eee eS ey Be dug ha aes ees 5 303

Kavanaugh, D.H.

Example of aggregation in the Scaphinotus subgenus Brennus . 27

Kimsey, L.S.

New species of bees in Eup/usia and Eufriesia ............4.. 8

Landa, E.R. 7

Unusual ant nest aE Oy for Formica fusca in western

32,515]. Eee Tee Oo eae Aer ac tO a ne Ae ed ota eS ene 250

Langston, R.L. and Miller, S.E.

Expanded distribution of earwigs in California.............. 114

Lewis, A.E.

The Stennefgs Of ARZONal o.oo. ee eve ee ea) To Rate 195

Mari Mutt, J.A.

Status of A/iocopus and redescriptions of its two species..... 241

Mayer, D.F. and Johansen, C.A.

Canthanai tint MACS THOR. os ee aev ve wskes «eee ae ees 101

Gl St re eS tiie id ora dae ee a Hew. ese ee tea neat. reas 232, 236

Oetting, R.D.

Immature stages and biology of Chionodes psiloptera in

DIREC EAS SAS CO CTC ES 4. siete wha FTG ee « we, a ces SY © Wllv ps 258

Parker, F.D.

Nests of Anthocopa enceliae andA. elongata ..............+.. 47

Parker, F.D.

Biological notes on some Mexican bees ................-... 189

Parker, F.D.

A new Ashmeadiella from Arizona

Paulson, D.R. and Garrison, R.W.

List and new distributional records of Pacific Coast Odonata . 147

Pinto, J.D.

Descriptions of first instar larvae of three species of

Epicautine blister bettas... ss oy ves del S eb he ee bed 135

Pinto, J.D.

Unusual seasonal occurrence of blister beetles in the

voter: tote a Cfo) 2 aie nen ene eee en Meee SC Oe ecm ne gC, a eta 204

Poinar, G.O., Jr.

Observations on the kelp fly, Coelopa vanduzeei in southern

SOUT y as ARRON a et ee ew SPRL NOM Oy RRepC Ae | RRO dy werrces 81

Potts, R.W.L.

Anomalinae 2. An annotated checklist of Anomal/a for United

States and Canada

ee ee ieee oe, Sls Peet a eee ee 34

Potts, R.W.L.

Anomalinae 3. Key to the species of Anomala of America north

CNT IDL UN, oh arn MRE SED oo weeded ects erecenek ween aie Teer AR 129

Powell, J.A.

Biological and distributional data for Evergestis angustalis .... 113

Proceedings, Pacific Coast Entomological Society ............ 74

Recent Literature. soak ne ee ee cae ek eee ee 7, 42, 55, 174, 229, 311

Rockwell, R.F. and Grossfield, J.

Courtship behavior of Scaptomyza (Bunostoma) australis ...... 305

Shepard, J.H.

Immigration of Phyciodes mylitta to Vancouver Island......... 167

Siegfried, C.A., et al.

Adults of Oroperla barbara

Smetana, A.

Anew species of Cryptop/eurum from Central America........ 142

Somerby, R.E.

New species of E/eodes (Blapylis) from western United States.. 19

Tidwell, M.A. and Philip, C.B.

Anew Bolbodimyia from Mexico’s Central Plateau ........... 98

Timberlake, P.H.

Description of two new species of Heterosarus

Turlington, L.W. and Cook, S.F.

Collection of larval Syntexis libocedrii from Amador County,

EEUU 9 <Ptatct ta d eal te? ys Ph cE Ke Sot Leelee ce does Pal gehen Mey settee 285

Wangberg, J.K.

A new Tetrastichus parasitizing tephritid gall-formers on

Ghrvsoeihanesus in ldan@ .ajs45 <3 ks be eee cae Hee ee 237

Wharton, R.

Exodontiellini, anew tribe of Opiinae with exodont mandibles 297

Wickman, B.

Spider predation on early instar larval Douglas fir tussock

PYRITE nn Pee cee hale sleet oe lay ed Oe ee ee hee ee 46

Wirth, W.W.

A new Culicoides biting midge from California............... 53

Yensen, N.P., et al.

CRneckiShe Male anter, .bia hed p< exw le tells wpe ee oe 181

Young, A.M.

Notes on the biology of Hypothyris eucleain Costa Rica ...... 104

Zoological Nomenclature ............ 31, 86, 192, 203, 218, 252, 276

HONORED MEMBERS OF THE PACIFIC COAST

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

M.H. Hatch A.E. Michelbacher

H.B. Leech R.C. Miller

C.P. Alexander E.G. Linsley

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including short notes or articles up to ten

printed pages, on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history, and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved

and will be charged to the author. Papers are published after acceptance in approximately the order that they are received.

Papers of less than a printed page will be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.

All manuscripts will be reviewed before acceptance.

Manuscripts for publication, proofs, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the editor.

General. — The metric system is to be used exclusively in manuscripts, except when citing label data on type material, or

in direct quotations when cited as such. Equivalents in other systems may be placed in parentheses following the metric,

i.e. “1370 m (4500 ft) elevation’”’.

Typing. — Two copies of each manuscript must be submitted (original and one xerox copy or two xerox copies are suitable).

All manuscripts must be type-written, double-spaced throughout, with ample margins, and be on bond paper or an

equivalent weight. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 82 x 11 inches are not acceptable.

Underscore only where italics are intended in the body of the text. Number all pages consecutively and put authors name on

each sheet. References to footnotes in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes must be typed on a separate

sheet.

Manuscripts with extensive corrections or revisions will be returned to the author for retyping.

First Page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript must include (1) the complete title, (2) the order and family in

parentheses, (3) the author’s name or names, (4) the institution with city and state or the authors home city and state if not

affiliated (6) the complete name and address to which proof is to be sent.

Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should include the full scientific name with

the author of a zoological name not abbreviated. Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in

telegraphic style. The International code of Zoological Nomenclature must be followed.

Tables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be prepared as a line drawing or typed on

a separate page with heading at top and footnotes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecu-

tively for each table. Use only horizontal rules. Extensive use of tabular material.requiring typesetting may result in

increased charges to the author.

Illustrations. — No extra charge is made for the line drawings or halftones. Submit only photographs on glossy paper and

original drawings. Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimension of the printed page (105 x 175 mm;

4-1/8 x 6-3/4 inches). If possible, allowance should be made for the legend to be placed beneath the illustration. Photographs

should not be less than the width of the printed page. Photographs should be mounted on stiff card stock, and bear the

illustration number on the face.

Loose photographs or drawings which need mounting and/or numbering are not acceptable. Photographs to be placed

together should be trimmed and abut when mounted. Drawings should be in India Ink, or equivalent, and at least twice as

large as the printed illustration. Excessively large illustrations are awkward to handle and may be damaged in transit. It is

recommended that a metric scale be placed on the drawing or the magnification of the printed illustration be stated in the

legend where applicable. Arrange figures to use space efficiently. Lettering should reduce to no less than 1mm. On the back

of each illustration should be stated (1) the title of the paper, (2) the author’s complete name and address, and (3) whether he

wishes the illustration returned to him. Illustrations not specifically requested will be destroyed. Improperly prepared

illustrations will be returned to the author for correction prior to acceptance of the manuscript.

Figure legends. — Legends should be typewritten double-spaced on separate pages headed EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

and placed following LITERATURE CITED. Do not attach legends to illustrations.

References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig 1958), must be listed alphabetically under LITERATURE CITED

in the following format:

Essig, E.0. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212.

Essig, E.0. 1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev. ed. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1050 pp.

Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1966, 47(21):8585-8601. For Scientific Notes

the citations to articles will appear within the text, i.e... . ‘Essig (1926, Pan Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212) noted ...”.

Proofs, reprints, and abstracts. — Proofs and forms for the abstract and reprint order will be sent to authors. Major changes

in proof will be charged to the author. Proof returned to the editor without the abstract will not be published.

Page charges. — All regular papers of one to ten printed pages are charged at the rate of $18.00 per page. Private investigators

or authors without institutional or grant funds may apply to the society for a grant to cover a portion of the page charges. In

no case will society grants subsidize more than two thirds of the cost of page charges. Individuals receiving a society

subsidy thus will be billed a minimum of $6.00 per page. Pages additional to the first ten are charged at the rate of $30.00 per

page, without subsidy. Page charges are in addition to the charge for reprints and do not include the possible charges for

extra pagination or the costs for excessive changes after the manuscript has been sent to the printer.

Reprint costs. — Current charges for reprints are approximately as listed below. These charges are subject to change, and

authors will be billed at the rate in effect at the time of publication.

1-2pp 2%2-4pp 42-8 pp 8%2-12 pp 12%-16 pp

1st 100 22.00 32.00 40.00 70.00 75.00

Additional 100’s 12.00 18.00 25.00 35.00 40.00

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL

SOCIETY.

Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (numbers 1-9, 131

pages). 1901-1930. Price $5.00 per volume.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vol. 1 (1924) to Vol. 51 (1975), price $10.00 per volume of 4

numbers, or $2.50 per single issue. Vol. 52 (1976) and subsequent

issues, $15.00 per volume or $3.75 per single issue.

MEMOIR SERIES.

Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. 320 pages. Pub-

lished October 1951. Price $10.00 (Plus 35c postage.)*

Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family Tetranychidae by A. Earl

Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. 472 pages. Published July 1955.

Price $10.00 (Plus 50c postage.)*

Volume 3. Revisionary Studies in the Nearctic Decticinae by David

C. Rentz and James D. Birchim. 173 pages. Published July 1968.

Price $4.00. (Plus 25c postage.)*

Volume 4. Autobiography of an Entomologist by Robert L. Usinger.

343 pages. Published August 1972. Price $15.00. (Plus 40c

postage.)*

Volume 5. Revision of the Millipede Family Andrognathidae in the

Nearctic Region by Michael R. Gardner. 61 pages. Published

January 21, 1975. Price $3.00. (Plus 25c postage.)*

*(Add 6% sales tax on all California orders (resident of Alameda, Contra Costaand

San Francisco counties add 62%). Members of the Society will receive a 20%

discount)

Send orders to:

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

c/o California Academy of Sciences

Golden Gate Park

San Francisco, California 94118