Vol. 53 JULY 1977 No. 3

THE

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

JOHNSON — Ecology and Behavior of Acanthoscelides mundulus in seeds of

Nissolia schottii (Coleoptera: Bruchidae; Leguminosae)................... 161

HADDOCK — The Effect of Stream Current Velocity on the Habitat Preference ofa

Net-Spinning Caddis Fly Larva, Hydropsyche oslari Banks (Trichoptera:

FIYGTODSY.CHI Cae): setev.es-eesrcwea-letoie a vist itiae-. caiua oitreract ante cho) sastiatbne 9) ay sven, lpe 169

DUCKWORTH and EICHLIN — A New Species of Clearwing Moth from Southcentral

Texas (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)...........2...2 0.0 c eee ee eee 175

DOS PASSOS — A Taxonomic Note on Polygonia fannus arcticus Leussler

(Eepidopteras- Nymphalidae) yc. AF em. x Ste Aer tihenededs oe lari te-e asecque Miegw ¢ 179

YENSEN etal. — A Checklist of Idaho Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)........... 181

PARKER — Biological Notes on some Mexican Bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae,

AnthoOpnonGae)ien cick fi \ccus tee his Use co Srgene are An IIRC aia vas ode ra ebebatboss, Sans 189

PARKER — A New Ashmeadiella from Arizona (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)....... 193

LEWIS — The Sternidius of Arizona (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) ................. 195

GORDH — A New Species of North American Scotolinx with Taxonomic Notes on the

Genus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).............. 0.00 teen eee 205

FIELDS — A New Megaleuctra from California (Plecoptera: Leuctridae) ........... 211

ALLEN — A Review of Ephemerella (Dannella) and the Description of a New Species

(Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) ................ ccc cee ee ees 215

GRIGARICH and SCHUSTER — A New Species of Allobrox Fletcher (Coleoptera:

PSelaniiG ae epee rts Wisner cic eee s eee Fe soc gel das WR oR eR ee a ee 219

BARNARD — Skeletal-Muscular Mechanisms of the Larva of Lucilia sericata (Meigen)

in Relation to Feeding Habit (Diptera: Calliphoridae)..................... 223

CHANDLER and HAGEN — New Synonymy of North American Notoxus (Coleoptera:

PN UKELKC EYE) | 380-4 Gai ert Ne es OR ale Rao re 230

ANNECKE and PRINSLOO — A New Species of Cheiloneurus Westwood, 1833

Parasitic in Ceratina from Tanzania (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae;

ANtHhODNOKGAC) ie. |. cect eRe scaee yee cisco, shoe one Sadlhe crOmeR. cyt age hee 233

WANGBERG — A New Tetrastichus Parasitizing Tephritid Gall-formers on

Chrysothamnus in Idaho (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)...................05. 237

REG ENE ECA hte etc EI etls Rian, gos 0 vis «a, vaaple Ree ab arate Nees « ace 174, 229

ZOOEOGICALNOMENGEATURE. Src Ale os htt) a ee ele eek 192, 203, 218

SY CUEING I ACN (OU MES ae i, Sak Tt a nes oR naan aN ge ee ga eae 167, 204, 210, 222

NAONTILGTES Sache ants Sis tk AOE IM oy its mi ie oe re ie are eee 2 232, 236

et ebagte «aes as ERAN. Ohigr's Ne bw purging Gare c-. Pata AE 180, 187, 214

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA ¢ 1977

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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Publication #419440

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. 53 JULY 1977 No. 3

Ecology and Behavior of

Acanthoscelides mundulus in seeds of Nissolia schottii

(Coleoptera: Bruchidae; Leguminosae)

Clarence Dan Johnson

Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, 86011

For many years Acanthoscelides mundulus (Sharp) has been known

to occur in northern Mexico and southern Arizona since Sharp (1885)

described it from Guanajuato, Mexico. It has been collected in

Arizona in the Coyote and Baboquivari Mountains in extreme south-

ern Pima County (Bottimer, 1961; unpublished field notes). | did not

include it in my revision of western U.S. Acanthoscelides (Johnson,

1970) because it has characters which are unique, and probably re-

presents a new genus (Bottimer, 1968; J.M. Kingsolver, in litt.). After

Kingsolver and Whitehead (1976) reported this species to feed in

seeds of Nissolia, | subsequently collected ripe seeds of Nissolia

schottii (Torr.) Gray from southern Arizona and Sonora, Mexico, and

reared many A. mundulus from these seeds. The ecology and behavior

of A. mundulus are reported below.

Although A. mundaulus is not considered by some bruchid systemat-

ists to be an Acanthoscelides, it is similar to species in that genus and

its host, Nissolia schottii, is in the subfamily Papilionoideae, the sub-

family whose seeds are used by most species of Acanthoscelides.

Thus, although differing from species of Acanthoscelides, it is similar

to species in the genus both morphologically and ecologically.

Acknowledgments

| thank Margaret Johnson and Rod Johnson for assisting with the

collection of seeds and Ellen Conroy and Joel Floyd for helping with

cultures in the laboratory. | am grateful to J.L. Strother for identifying

the Mexican plants for me. Partial support for collecting was provided

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:161-167. July 1977.

162 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. 1. Fruit of Nissolia schottii showing egg (a) and exit hole (b) of Acanthoscelides

mundulus. Note large, veined wing on right side of fruit. Fig. 2. Seeds of Nissolia schottii.

A larva of Acanthoscelides mundulus consumes one seed, including much of the seed coat.

by the Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction

Institute, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under Grant 12-14-100-9970

(33).

Results and Discussion

Rearing data presented in this paper were accumulated using the

methods of Johnson (1970). C.D. Johnson is abbreviated CDJ.

Nissolia schottii is a fairly common herbaceous vine, with a distribu-

tion in the Rincon, Santa Catalina, Tucson, Coyote and Baboquivari

Mountains, Arizona, south to Alamos, Sonora, and Baja California,

Mexico. In Arizona it occurs in the Sonoran Desert Scrub — Arizona

Upland Subdivision and the Plains and Desert Grassland of Lowe and

Brown (1973). In Mexico | have collected it in the Plains of Sonora, the

Central Gulf Coast and the Arizona Upland of Shreve and Wiggins

(1964) and in the Tropical Deciduous Forest near Alamos. It grows

through and over shrubs and trees. Although it grows at elevations

from 2,500’ to 4,000’ in Arizona, | have collected it at sea level near

Bahia San Carlos, Sonora. The fruits of this species are 1-, 2- or 3-

seeded, flat, and have a leaflike, terminal wing often much larger

than the body of the fruit (Fig. 1). A terminal wing on alegume fruit is

unusual and probably is a modification for wind dispersal of the

fruits. The fruits are indehiscent and when mature have elongate rid-

ges. The pods are 22-25 mm long, the wing is 7.0-7.5 mm wide, and the

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 163

Table 1. Emergence data for Acanthoscelides mundulus in seeds of

Nissolia schottii.

number number

Date bruchids wasps

Culture # Emerged by emerged emerged

76-76 28-X-76 0 1

29-X-76 1 0

1-X1-76 3 1

2-XI-76 2 0

8-X1-76 0 3

10-XI-76 0 1

12-XI-76 1 3

15-X1-76 1 2

17-XI-76 0 1

16-XI-76 1 1

22-XI|-76 1 0

27-XI-76 1 1

29-XI-76 0 1

6-XI1-76 1 0

8-XII-76 1 0

16-XII-76 1 0

5-|-77 1 0

13-1-77 2 0

82-76 28-X-76 2 7

29-X-76 1 4

1-X1-76 1 2

4-X|-76 4 5

5-XI-76 0 4

8-XI-76 2 3

10-X1-76 1 5

27-XI-76 1 0

23-XII-76 0 1

5-|-77 1 0

120-76 12-1-77 1 0

28-11-77 3 0

30-i1|-77 1 0

27-|V-77 3 0

124-76 20-1-77 4 0

30-11-77 2 0

27-\V-77 1 0

164-76 19-1-77 1 0

24-1-77 3 0

218-76 20-1-77 3 0

24-1-77 1 2

17-11-77 1 0

6-IV-77 2 0

164 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. 3. Portion of a fruit of Nissolia schottii showing egg (a) with whitish material in it

and exit hole (b) of Acanthoscelides mundulus. Fig. 4. Fruit of Nissolia schottii with exit

holes (a) of Acanthoscelides mundulus in all three seeds.

portion of the pod containing the seeds is 3.8-4.5 mm wide x 2.5 mm

Thick. The small, flat, yellowish seeds (Fig. 2) have a mean size of 3.5

x2.5x 1.4mm.

-Nissolia is in the tribe Hedysareae, subtribe Aeschynomeneae. The

only other genus in the subtribe that is known to be a host for

bruchids in northwestern Mexico is Aeschynomene, although both

Desmodium (Desmodieae) and Stylosanthes (Stylosantheae) of the

tribe Hedysareae are known hosts for bruchids in North America. (I

follow the classification of the legumes by Heywood, 1971).

Adult A. mundulus apparently feed on pollen and nectar because |

have swept them from flowers.of Acacia angustissima and the larval

host, Nissolia schottii. The adults apparently only need water to

complete their life cycle as A. mundulus has completed 2 adult gene-

rations in the laboratory with only tap water supplied to them.

Of ten samples of N. schottii fruits collected in October and

December 1976, six samples were fed upon by A. mundulus (Tables 1,

2, 3). The four samples not attacked were collected from Sonora,

Mexico, well within the range of A. mundulus. All fruits in these

samples were mature. One fruit in one of the samples which did not

yield adult bruchids had a bruchid exit hole but none of the fruits in

the four samples had bruchid eggs attached to them.

Several seeds and fruits fed upon by A. mundulus were examined

and dissected to learn more about the life history of the bruchid.

Oviposition occurs over the surface of the pod containing the seeds

when A. mundulus is kept in culture (Figs. 1, 3) but oviposition in

VOL. 53, NO.°3, JULY 1977 165

Table 2. Host plants and collection localities of Acanthoscelides

mundulus.

Old Record: Kingsolver and Whitehead, 1976: Nissolia seeds

New Records: Nissolia schottii (Torr.) Gray: Arizona. Pima Co.: ca. 3800’, W side Coyote

Mts., 15-X-76 (CDJ #76-76); ca. 2600’, 2.3 mi S Sells, 15-X-76 (CDJ #82-76). Mexico. Sonora: 3

mi W San Carlos Bay, 20-XII-76 (CDJ #120-76); 1 mi W San Carlos Bay, 20-XII-76 (CDJ #124-

76); 900’, 13 mi NW Alamos, 23-XII-76 (CDJ #164-76); ca. 2800’, 8 mi S Benjamin Hill, 28-XIl-

76 (CDJ #218-76).

nature usually occurs where the wing joins the fruit. The egg is glued

directly to the fruit (Fig. 1a, 3a) and is surrounded by a flange of glue

similar to that of Amblycerus vitis (Johnson and Kingsolver 1975). The

egg of A. mundulus differs in that the entire egg is glued to the fruit

surface whereas the flange of A. vitis is usually the only portion in

contact with the fruit. The sticky flange of A. mundulus no doubt

allows better adherence to the uneven surface of the pod valve. In

culture, three to eight eggs are oviposited on the pods but only one

adult emerges from each seed. As with other bruchids, cannibalism

apparently occurs amongst the larvae.

The larvae enter the fruit directly beneath the egg, leaving a whitish

material inside the egg chorion (Fig. 3a). A larva feeds inside one

seed consuming not only the seed contents but much of the seed

coat as well. It then pupates inside the seed remnants and emerges

through a typical round exit hole (Fig. 1b, 3b). In seeds kept in culture

it is common for each seed in a pod to be fed upon by a bruchid; one

pod with three seeds even had bruchid exit holes in all three seeds

(Fig. 4a).

Initial emergence of A. mundulus.collected in Arizona commenced

about two weeks after seed collection (Table 1) and continued for

about two months. Those collected in Mexico followed a similar

pattern but the emergence period was from six days to about 3.5

months. There are no peaks of emergence as with some other

bruchids but rather emergence over a relatively long period.

The initial x infestation is a fairly low 2.9% except that culture 124-

76 had 27% of its seeds attacked by A. mundulus (Table 3). If all seeds

of N. schottii that were collected are considered (Table 3, all cultures),

the percentage of infestation is reduced to 2.3. | hypothesize that

these winged fruits are wind dispersed and that most are dispersed

after the first wave of bruchids oviposit on the seeds. Thus, N. schottii

protects its seeds by producing more seeds than the bruchids can

possibly destroy prior to dispersal, another example of predator

satiation. A. mundulus from Arizona have continued to breed in

experimental cultures for two generations and these cultures are still

active at this writing (1 July 1977). If the seeds are not dispersed, then

these continuously breeding bruchids would most likely destroy

166 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Table 3. Percentage infestation of seeds of Nissolia schottii by

Acanthoscelides mundulus.

number of number of percent number of

culture seeds bruchids infestation wasps

76-76 514 17 3.3 15

82-76 492 13 2.6 31

120-76 194 8 4.1 0

124-76 26 7 27.0 0

164-76 69 4 5.8 0

218-76 631 7 1.1 2

Total 1926 56 2.9 48

all

cultures 2433 56 2.3 48

most of them. Because of the low rate of initial infestation, if the

seeds are dispersed very far from the parent plant then A. mundulus

has very little effect on the population dynamics of this plant.

Another interesting phenomenon about the A. mundulus — N.

schottii association is the parasitoids attacking the bruchids. All 15

parasitoids in culture #76-76 were braconid wasps, probably

Urosigalphus bruchivorus Crawford as were four of those in #82-76. The

other 27 wasps in #82-76 were eulophids, probably Horismenus

productus (Ashmead). Removal of the parasitoids from the cultures

undoubtedly has allowed the bruchids to produce more offspring in

culture. The parasitoids no doubt limit the population numbers of

these bruchids in nature. Both species of parasitoids have been

reported to use other bruchids as hosts (Center and Johnson, 1976).

About 1250 mature seeds of the other Arizona species of Nissolia,

N. wislizeni Gray were collected from a dense stand of the plants on 6

November 1976 at Naco, Cochise County, AZ. No bruchid eggs were

found on the seeds nor have adults emerged from these seeds. A.

mundulus from #82-76 oviposited freely on these seeds and developed

to maturity in them in an experimental culture.

Literature Cited

Bottimer, L.J. 1961. New United States records in Bruchidae, with notes on host plants

and rearing procedures (Coleoptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 54:291-298.

Bottimer, L.J. 1968. Notes on Bruchidae of America north of Mexico with a list of world

genera. Can. Entomol. 100:1009-1049.

Heywood, V.H. 1971. The Leguminosae — A Systematic Purview in Chemotaxonomy of

the Leguminosae, Harborne, J.B., D. Boulter, and B.L. Turner (eds.), Academic

Press, London and New York. 612 pp.

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 167

Johnson, C.D. 1970. Biosystematics of the Arizona, California, and Oregon species of

the seed beetle genus Acanthoscelides Schilsky (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Univ.

Calif. Publ. Entomol. 59:1-116.

Johnson, C.D. and J.M. Kingsolver. 1975. Ecology and redescription of the Arizona

grape bruchid, Amblycerus vitis (Coleoptera). Coleop. Bull. 29:321-331.

Kingsolver, J.M. and D.R. Whitehead. 1976. The North and Central American species of

Meibomeus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae: Bruchinae). U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull.

1523. 54 pp.

Lowe, C.H. and D.E. Brown. 1973. The Natural Vegetation of Arizona. Arizona Resources

Information System Cooperative Publ. No. 2, Sims Printing Co., Phoenix, 53

pp.

Sharp, D. 1885. Bruchidae. Biol. Centrali-Americana, Coleoptera, 5:437-504, Tab. 36.

Shreve, F. and I.L. Wiggins. 1964. Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert. Stanford

University Press, Stanford, CA. Vols.-1 and 2. 1740 pp.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Immigration of Phyciodes mylitta to Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae)—The butterfly fauna of southern Vancouver Island, British Columbiais the

most thoroughly studied of any area on the west coast of North America except the San

Francisco and Los Angeles regions of California. There has been one or more resident

Lepidopterist continuously from 1884 to the present, as follows: C. W. Taylor (Victoria

& Nanaimo, 1884-1912); W. H. Danby (Victoria, 1890's); C. D. Green (Victoria, 1890's); E. H.

Blackmore (Victoria, 71900-1928); E. M. Anderson (Victoria, 1904-1916); G. O. Day (Duncan,

1906-1941); R. V. Harvey (Victoria, 1909-1917); G. A. Hardy (Victoria, 1924-1965); J. F. G.

Clarke (Victoria, ?1925-1934); J. R. L. Jones (Duncan, 1931-1953); R. Guppy (Thetis Island,

1944-present).

In all papers up to 1962 discussing the butterflies of Vancouver Island or the province

as a whole no mention was made of Phyciodes mylitta (Edwards) occuring on Vancouver

Island. Harvey (1907, Ent. Soc. B. C. Quart. Bull. 7:2-3) made specific reference to the

absence of P. mylitta on Vancouver Island. No specimens dated earlier than 1958 are

known. Thus it would appear that P. mylitta is a species which has managed to immigrate

to Vancouver Island in historical times.

This record of colonization of an island by a species of butterfly that was native to the

adjacent continental mass appears to be unique for the Pacific Coast of North America.

A possible exception is Phoebis sennae L. recorded from Santa Catalina Island (Meadows,

1936, Bull. S. Calif. Scad. Sci. 35:175-180). P. sennae was introduced to Santa Catalina

Island. However, it is not known for sure if it is native to the adjacent mainland. The only

other species of butterfly known to have colonized any island off the west coast in re-

corded history is Pieris rapae (L.), an introduced pest species of European origin.

Therefore it is of interest to pursue the facts concerning presence and food plants of

Phyciodes mylitta on Vancouver Island and the adjacent mainland.

Hardy (1962, Proc. Ent. Soc. B. C. 59:14) first published records of P. mylitta on Van-

couver Island from ‘“‘the general area of Coldstream’’. Coldstream was a misprint of Gold-

stream, a favorite collecting locality of Vancouver Island Lepidopterists. Specimens of

P. mylitta in the B.C. Provincial Museum are as follows: Goldstream, Sept. 18, 1961, G. A.

Hardy (1d); Thetis Lake, Sept. 2, 1961, G. A. Hardy (19). In 1962, 1963, and 1964 Hardy

continued to observe P. mylitta including rearings (Hardy, 1964, Proc. Ent. Soc. B. C.

61:31-36).

The Pacific Forest Research Centre (Victoria) collection contains earlier records of P.

mylitta from Vancouver Island. These specimens were all captured at Langford, a sub-

division of Victoria, July 23, 1958 to July 27, 1964, D. Evans.

Guppy (1974, J. Lep. Soc. 28(3):223) published further records from Vancouver Island in

1972 and 1973. These include Duncan and Chemainus (40 miles north of Victoria). These

records likely represent a northward dispersal from Victoria. J. Jones’ home was at

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:167-168. July 1977.

168 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Cobble Hill near Duncan (20 miles north of Victoria). He collected all along the east coast

of Vancouver Island north to Parksville (90 miles north of Victoria) until. 1953. Jones never

captured P. mylitta at Duncan, Chemainus, or any other. point of Vancouver Island (Jones

(1951, Ent. Soc. B. C. Occ. Pap. 1:1-148) and collections of J. Jones at B. C. Provincial

Museum and University of British Columbia).

Hardy (1964, above) established the fact that P. mylitta was double brooded and the

food plant as Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada Thistle), Specimens in the B. C. Provincial

Museum indicate that the rearing was done from eggs of females captured at Francis

Park, Victoria. These observations are consistent both in number of generations per year

and food plant for P. mylitta at adjacent mainland localities of British Columbia and

Washington.

There are two native species of Cirsium, C. brevistylum Crong. and C. edule Nutt., on

Vancouver Island. However P. mylitta has never been collected at a locality near native

Cirsium, which are confined to the foothills and streams, (Moore and Frankton, 1962, Can.

J. Bot. 40:1187-1196). Phyciodes mylitta has been found only in open, disturbed park areas

where the weed Cirsium arvense is always present. That P. mylitta is always associated

with an introduced weed and not native thistles is further evidence that the butterfly is

arecent immigrant.

It is also possible that Phyciodes mylitta is not native to the lower mainland of B. C. or

the Puget Sound of Washington State. Here the species is also associated with intro-

duced Cirsium sp. and has not yet been associated with native Cirsium sp.

Cirsium arvense has been established on the coastal mainland of British Columbia

and Washington (Clark and Fletcher, 1909 Farm weeds of Canada, 2nd ed. Can. Dept.

Agric. 192 pp.) (Piper, 1906 Flora of the state of Washington. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cont.

11:[1]-637.) since the 1890's. Cirsium arvense has been established on Vancouver Island

since at least 1895 (B. C. Prov. Mus. Records). Phyciodes mylitta has been present in Van-

couver since at least 1902 (Vancouver, B. C., Aug. 25, 1902, R. V. Harvey, B. C. Prov. Mus.)

and at Bellingham since at least 1917 (Bellingham, Wash., May 18, 1917, J. F. G. Clarke,

Washington State Univ. Collection). It has been recorded from Orcus Island and Ana-

cortes in recent years (Pyle, 1975, personal correspondence).

Why did P. mylitta not appear on Vancouver Island shortly after the advent of Cirsium

arvense? This question was implicit in Harvey (1907 above). Guppy (1974 above) attempted

to associate drier weather conditions with the introduction. A careful examination of the

weather data (B. C. Climate, 1941-1972 Queens Printer, Victoris}#shows that there have

been several fluctuations in the weather on Vancouver Island. None of the dry periods are

directly associated with the first record of P. mylitta on Vancouver Island. Guppy (1974,

above) mentioned the concurrent spread of .Coenonympha tullia insulana McDunnough

from Victoria (type locality) since 1965. In reality, this species was first collected outside

of Victoria in 1952 (Island View Beach, nr. Duncan, _ Sept. 2, 1952, G. A. Hardy, B. C.

P.M.).

Examination of the human population growth on Vancouver Island gives a much more

convincing explanation for the first occurence of Phyciodes mylitta on Vancouver Island

and the earlier but almost concurrent spread of Coenonympha tullia. About 1950, Van-

couver Island began to experience a huge increase in population outside the immediate

vicinity of Victoria (Canada Yearbook, 1871-1971 The Canada Year Book. Queens Printer,

Ottawa). This brought much larger areas into suburban housing and farming use. Con-

currently there was a spread of the weedy habitat prefered by P. mylitta. In the case of C.

tullia this provided adjacent habitat for easy dispersal of the species.

For P. mylitta, it meant that a much larger proportion of Vancouver Island was suitable

habitat. Thus individuals, whether introduced by man, wind dispersed, or flying to the

Island from the surrounding mainland areas, could have a greater chance of finding

appropriate habitat and establishing the species on Vancouver Island.

It would appear that the recent colonization of Vancouver Island by Phyciodes mylitta

has been realized because of interference by man. First the disturbed habitat allowed

Cirsium arvense to be established. Then further disturbance allowed the dispersal and

increased numbers of the food plant to the point where a chance arrival of Phyciodes

mylitta to the island was able to establish the species. — JON H. SHEPARD, A. A. 2,

Nelson, British Columbia.

The Effect of Stream Current Velocity

on the Habitat Preference of a Net-Spinning

Caddis Fly Larva, Hydropsyche oslari Banks

(Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae)

James D. Haddock

Indiana University-Purdue University at Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805

Measuring stream current velocities at the microhabitat of fresh

water invertebrates has been a major sampling problem in quantita-

tive research on lotic environments. Ambuhl (1959) and others have

studied current velocity in clear water by a variety of techniques

including the use of dyes, salt tablets and acetyl cellulose particles.

The objectives of this study are to 1) ascertain what effect, if any,

stream current velocity had on the distribution at the microhabitat

level of the larvae of Hydropsyche os/ari Banks, a stationary, net-

spinning caddisfly and 2) to determine if current measurements

made at the surface were comparable to those taken in the micro-

habitat of the insect.

The larvae of Hydropsyche, in contrast to most other genera of

caddisflies, construct non-portable cases using pebbles, small wood

fragments and occasionally parts of leaves (Fig. 1). The case is

usually attached to a submerged rock or branch. A sieve net is spun

at the anterior, upstream side of the case and the larva feeds on the

particulate matter that collects. Adequate current flow is thus im-

portant for two purposes: it provides a vehicle for the transport of

food to the stationary larva and is also important in providing a con-

stant supply of oxygen. Larvae removed from their natural habitats

and placed in aquaria having the same water temperature will initiate

abdominal undulating movements to increase the flow of water over

the gills.

Philipson (1954), working with Hydropsyche instabilis in England,

demonstrated under laboratory conditions that larvae subjected to a

current velocity of 30 cm/sec built silken feeding nets incorporating

stones and pebbles. In still water, larvae constructed crude silken

networks and in no cases were a typical net observed. Scott (1958)

correlated numbers of Hydropsyche instabilis larvae with surface cur-

rent velocity and found the mode at 40-50 cm/sec in a stream in the

British Isles. Edington (1968) studying Hydropsyche instabilis and

Plectrocnemia conspersa in England found that the former species

preferred a velocity range of 15-100 cm/sec whereas the latter was

characteristic of a velocity range of 0-20 cm/sec.

The habit of net-spinning by hydropsychid larvae has created an

economic problem for hydroelectric plants in Japan. Hiro (1956)

reported that approximately 80% of the power plants in Japan were

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:169-174. July 1977.

170 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig.1. Larval retreats of Hydropsyche os/ari Banks. X5. Fig. 2. Rearing troughs —

designed to maximize suitable current conditions.

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 171

suffering from loss of power which amounts from 3 to 20% of the

power obtainable, due to the habit of the larvae building retreats on

the walls of water tunnels and reducing the rate of water flow.

Tsuda (1962) has discussed the use of a variety of control techni-

ques to alleviate water tunnel clogging by Hydropsyche and other

genera including frequent cleaning of larval nets from tunnel walls,

use of natural enemies, electric shock, poisonous paints and insecti-

cides, smoothing out the tunnel surfaces to prevent purchase and

colonization by larvae and the light-trapping of adults.

Materials and Methods

Tonto Creek, Gila Co., Arizona, approximately 100 miles northeast

of Phoenix at an elevation of 1585 meters was selected as the study

site. Current velocity measurements were made with a battery

powered pygmy current meter. The small size of the instrument made

CURRENT VELOCITY - SUMMER

MICROHABITAT

SURFACE

# of samples containing 1 or more larvae

Se ACCS ANS

SEVER TTS SESSA AISS

SUES ES Se

PALA

AEMENES

10 20 30 =40 50 60 70 80 90 100 WO 120+ 130

Current Velocity in cm./sec.

Fig. 3. Distribution of Hydropsyche osiari larvae with respect to surface and micro-

habitat current velocities during the summer.

172 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

it possible to obtain measurements adjacent to the larval retreats.

Sampling proceeded across and upstream so that any larvae that

might be dislodged would not affect data obtained later. Spring meas-

urements were taken from March to early May. As larvae are replaced

by pupae and adults in May and June, no sampling was done at this

time. Summer data collecting commenced in mid July, when early

instar larvae of the next generation were first noted to be present, and

was completed by the end of August. During each period 176 mea-

surements were made.

Larval and adult associations for purpose of species identification

were made by laboratory rearing. Larvae were placed in .30 x 2.1m

wooden troughs in which baffles were fitted to increase water turbu-

lence (Fig. 2). Rocks were placed in the trough to simulate stream

conditions, with hypolimnionic water pumped in from a nearby lake.

Canned baby food spinach was used as food to supplement algae.

Pupae were placed in small individual wire cages and the trapped

adults that emerged were pinned or placed in alcohol.

Results and Discussion

Larvae of Hydropsyche oslari exhibit habitat selection with respect

to current velocity at the level of the microhabitat. The selectivity is

less pronounced during the summer (Fig. 3) probably due to the ovi-

positing female than it is during the spring period (Fig. 4).

Current velocity measurements taken during the summer at the

stream surface (x = 40 + 27 cm/sec) and the microhabitats (XK = 42

+ 25 cm/sec) of the larvae are not significantly different (Fig. 3).

Early instar larvae at the microhabitat level prefer a moderately rapid

current velocity at this time of year. The range of habitat selectivity

with respect to current is broad (5-101) as was demonstrated by

Edington (1968) for a British species and is probably due initially to

the wide selectivity by the ovipositing female. It is likely that the

female is oriented to other factors in the environment such as over-

hanging vegetation and diminished sunlight in addition to surface

current velocity. Larvae were not found in significant numbers in

water flowing slower than 10 cm/sec or faster than 100 cm/sec.

Surface and microhabitat measurements were significantly dif-

ferent during the spring sampling period (Fig. 4). The current velocity

affecting the larval nets ranged from 4 to 138 cm/sec (kK = 50 +

22) while that at the surface was 10 to 285 cm/sec (xX = 76+ 42).

During periods of maximum runoff in the spring, surface data thus

gives no indication of conditions actually affecting the juvenile

stages. The minimal and maximal values affect the larvae from the

standpoint of oxygen and food availability. Larval nets must have

enough current to bellow them out but not enough to wash them

away. !

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 173

" _ CURRENT VELOCITY - SPRING

;

25 Z

: peernnle.

20 Z

; y i

Aa OY j

; na aoe ‘

3 oan w 4% 4% y

00 Qn

L400

* cece ee

2400000 Ae .

000007) ee

Current Velocity in cm./sec.

Fig. 4. Distribution of Hydropsyche osiari larvae with respect to surface and micro-

habitat current velocities during the spring.

Data obtained from the microhabitat during the summer and spring

periods indicates that there is no significant difference between the

two although surface measurements varied greatly. Larvae are either

moving out of areas with extremely high velocity and into more favor-

able situations during the early spring or are being swept down-

stream.

Acknowledgements

Credit is due to W. L. Minckley of Arizona State University for pro-

viding criticism and space for rearing material and to D. G. Denning of

Moraga, California for identification of adults. Dr. Sally Merrill of

Indiana-Purdue University at Fort Wayne was kind enough to trans-

late Tsuda’s article from Japanese.

Literature Cited

Ambuhl, H. 1959. Die Bedeutung der Str6mung als Skologischer Faktor. Schweig. Z.

Hydrol. 21:133-264.

174 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Edington, J.M. 1968. Habitat Preferences in Net-Spinning Caddis Larvae with special

reference to the influence of Water Velocity. J. Anim. Ecol. 37:675-792.

Hiro, M. 1956. Ecological Studies on Hydropsyche in Japan. Proc. 10th Internat. Congr.

Entomol. 2:779-780.

Philipson, G.W. 1954. The effect of water flow and oxygen concentration on six species

of caddis fly (Trichoptera) larvae. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 124:547-564.

Scott, D. 1958. Ecological Studies of the Trichoptera of the River Dean, Arch. Hydrobiol.

54:340-392.

Tsuda, M., (Ed.). 1962. Aquatic Entomology. Hokuryu-Kan., Ltd.: Tokyo. 269 p.

RECENT LITERATURE

The following Supplements and Monographs are available from the Association for the

Study of Oriental Insects c/o Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007,

INDIA.

ORIENTAL INSECTS SUPPLEMENT NO. 7

The taxonomy of Bruchidae of Northwest India. By G.L. Arora. pp. 1-132. with

48 line drawing plates and 17 photo-plates. Price Rs. 50 (India); or U.S. $10.00

or equiv. (Abroad).

ORIENTAL INSECTS MONOGRAPH No. 4.

Studies on Indian Chelonethi (Pseudoscorpionida). By V.K. Murthi and T.N.

Ananthakrishnan. Price Rs. 100/- (India); or U.S. $16.00 or equivalent (Abroad).

ORIENTAL INSECTS MONOGRAPH NO. 5.

Ichneumonologia Orientalis, Part IV. The Tribe Porizontinie (Ichneumonidae).

by V.K. Gupta and Sharda Maheshwary. pp. 1.-267 + 31 plates. Price Rs. 100

(India); U.S. $16.00 (Abroad).

ORIENTAL INSECTS MONOGRAPH NO. 6

Ichneumonologia Orientalis, Part VI. The Subfamily Agathidinae

(Hymenoptera: Barconidae). By Shama Bhat and V.K. Gupta. Price Rs. 125

(India) or U.S. $20.00 (Abroad). pp. 1-354, 37 plates and maps.

ORIENTAL INSECTS MONOGRAPH NO. 7.

Ichneumonologia Orientalis, part VIl. The Tribe Banchini and Lissonotini

(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Banchinae). By Girish Chandra and V.K.

Gupta. pp. 290, plates. Price Rs. 100/- (India); or U.S. $16.00 (Abroad).

A New Species of Clearwing Moth from Southcentral Texas

(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

W. Donald Duckworth

Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560

and

Thomas D. Eichlin

Laboratory Services / Entomology, California Department of

Food and Agriculture, Sacramento 95814

The southern region of Texas, vegetationally referred to by Correll

and Johnston (1970) as the Rio Grande Plains, or as the South Texas

Plains or Tamaulipan Brushlands by others, is characterized as open

prairie with a mixed growth of small trees and shrubs, Prosopis and

Acacia species predominating. The Rio Grande Plains are bordered to

the north by the Edwards Plateau and to the east by the Gulf Prairies

and Marshes. Uvalde, Texas, the area from which the species

described here was collected, is located about 20 miles south of the

southern margin of the Plateau.

The Rio Grande Plains extend into northeastern Mexico, where this

floral zone is referred to by Leopold (1950) as the Mesquite-Grassland

Zone. Here it is surrounded by the Chihuahuan Desert to the west and

northwest, by Thorn Forest to the southeast, north of Tampico, and to

the south by a belt of Tropical Deciduous Forest. Within the western

portions of the Mesquite-Grasslands at elevations from about 1200 m

to over 3000 m, are scattered Pine-Oak Forests.

Certain recent collections of sesiids, particularly from near

Linares, Nuevo Leon, Mexico made by J. A. Powell and J. A. Chemsak,

University of California, Berkeley, and T. Friedlander, University of

Texas, Austin; and collections made from Uvalde, Texas by T. D.

Eichlin and M. S. Wasbauer, provide evidence that there is a degree of

continuity of the sesiid fauna throughout the Rio Grande Plains-

Mesquite Grasslands vegetational zone.

The clearwing moth fauna of Texas generally, and for the southern

portion of the state particularly, is very poorly known. In light of the

statements above, the southern region of Texas is important to the

systematic and biogeographic study of the Sesiidae. We might

expect, for example, that the species described below will eventually

be shown to occur in northeastern Mexico.

Carmenta welchelorum, new species

(Figs. 1, 2)

Male (figs. 1, 2): Antenna slightly clavate, tufted with scales apically, blue-black,

ciliate ventrally. Proboscis well developed. Labial palpus smooth ventrally, blue-black

dorsally and apically, pale yellow ventrally and basally. Head with vertex blue-black, front

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:175-178. July 1977.

176 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figure 1. Carmenta welchelorum; Male Holotype.

blue-black, occipital fringe pale yellow dorsally, blue-black laterally. Thorax blue-black,

with subdorsal yellow stripe over wing base, large yellow patch laterally beneath wing.

Abdomen blue-black, with bluish iridescence, narrow pale yellow band laterally on seg-

ments 1, 2 and 4, anal tuft rounded, tipped laterally with pale yellow to white. Legs blue-

black, pale yellow to white mesally, laterally on margin of forecoxa, on tibiae near spurs,

and around joints of tarsal segments. Forewing mostly hyaline, with margins, veins and

discal spot blue-black, lightly powdered pale yellow on margins between veins and on

veins just distad of discal spot, ventrally with more extensive yellow powdering. Hindwing

hyaline, with very narrow margins, fringe and minute discal spot blue-black, ventrally with

yellow on costal margin. Male genitalia as in figure 2. Wing length, 8-10 mm.

Female: Unknown.

Host: ‘Unknown.

Distribution: Currently known only from type-locality, Speir Ranch, 3 miles northwest

of Uvalde, Uvalde County, Texas.

Types (all deposited in the NMNH): Male, Texas, Uvalde County, Speir Ranch, 3 mi.

N.W. Uvalde, V-5-77, Eichlin and Wasbauer, malaise trap, pure Z,Z-ODDA, 1200-1330 CDT,

(USNM type No. 75325). Paratypes, 7 Males, same data as holotype with the following

exceptions: 2 specimens with V-4-77; 1 specimen with V-7-77 (no time of capture given); 2

specimens with V-6-77, 1400-1730 CDT, one of these with Genitalia Slide By M. R. Papp,

CDA #299.

This species was collected in a malaise trap (flight trap), baited in

the center with a piece of rubber band impregnated with pure Z,Z

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 177

Figure 2. Carmenta welchelorum; ventral view of male genitalia (left valva removed).

178 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

isomer of 3,13-octadecadien-1-01 acetate (Z,Z-ODDA), a major

component of the sex pheromone systems of various clearwing

moths. The malaise trap with pheromone has proved to be a very

useful tool for capturing clearwing moths where species’ populations

are apparently at very low densities.

This is the third North American species discovered with the aid of

sex pheromones (Duckworth and Eichlin, 1977, in press).

Carmenta welchelorum superficially resembles the viburnum borers,

Synanthedon viburni Engelhardt and S. fatifera Hodges, neither of

which are known from Texas, but the structures of the male genitalia

Clearly show welchelorum to be a species of Carmenta. No North

American Carmenta have color patterns similar to this species.

It is our pleasure to name this species of Carmenta for Sally and

Richard Welchel, who extended many kindnesses and gracious

hospitality to Eichlin and Wasbauer. The Welchels permitted and

encouraged them to utilize the relatively undisturbed acreages on

their ranch for studying some of the insect fauna typical of this

region of Texas.

Acknowledgments

For technical assistance we wish to acknowledge with our appre-

ciation: Laura S. Keller, University of California, Davis for the genitalia

drawings; Charles S. Papp, Scientific Illustrator, Special Services;

and Magda R. Papp, Biological Technician, Laboratory Services/

Entomology, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacra-

mento. We extend special thanks to Sally and Richard Welchel,

Uvalde, Texas for making the discovery of the new species possible.

Literature Cited

Correll, D. S. and Johnston, M. C. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. Texas

Research Foundation, Renner, Texas. 1881 pp.

Duckworth, W. D. and Eichlin, T. D. 1977 (in press). Two new species of clearwing moths

(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) from eastern North America clarified by sex

pheromones. J. Lep. Soc., approx. 5 pp.

Leopold, A.S. 1950. Vegetation zones of Mexico. Ecology 31: 507-518, illus.

A Taxonomic Note on Polygonia faunus arcticus Leussler

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Cyril F. dos Passos

Washington Corners, Mendham, N.J. 07945

Polygonia faunus arcticus, proposed by Leussler (1935, 30(1):56),

with the type locality ‘“‘base Black Mt., 30 mi. S.W. Aklavik, North West

Territories,” is in fact not a subspecies of Grapta faunus Edwards

(1862:222, type locality-Hunter, Greene County, New York) (dos

Passos and Brown in Brown 1967:338) but of G. hylas Edwards

(1872:68, type locality-Colorado, lectotype by dos Passos and Brown

(1967:341), type locality-vicinity Berthoud Pass, Colorado).

When the writer purchased the Owen Bryant collection of butter-

flies, it contained specimens with Leussler number 32 labeled as

follows:

#32 — Type series, leg. Owen Bryant, consisted of 7 males and 7

females, including the holotype male and allotype female which were

given by me to the American Museum of Natural History. These were

taken May 18, 1931, in grass and on the border of woods about a lake.

The remaining 6 males and 6 females were designated paratypes.

Leussler remarked after his description, ‘“They are much smaller

than typical faunus and much greyer on the under surface. In fact,

they resemble the Rocky Mountain form of hy/as more closely than

typical faunus.’’ How prophetic that statement was, because the

specimens are, in fact, hy/as and not faunus.

A few remaining specimens with same number (32) and taken at

later dates in 1931 were not designated paratypes.

Conclusion: Leussler’s name should be written as Polygonia hylas

arcticus Leussler, 1935, anew combination.

The provisions of the Code concerning new combinations relate

only to the transfer of a species-group to a different genus-group and

not to the transfer of a subspecies to a different species (Code, Arts.

48a, 51d). The Code does not contain any provision concerning the

latter action or against using ‘‘a new combination” in the present

case, which seems appropriate.

References Cited

dos Passos, Cyril F. and F. Martin Brown. 1967. in Brown, The types of the nymphalid

butterflies described by William Henry Edwards — Part Ill Nymphalinae,

Limenitidinae, Apaturinae and Charaxinae. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 93:

319-393.

Edwards, William Henry. 1862. Descriptions of certain species of diurnal Lepidoptera

found within the limits of the United States and of British America. No. 3.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 14(6):221-226.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:179-180. July 1977.

180 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Edwards, William Henry. 1870. Descriptions of new species of diurnal Lepidoptera

found within the United States. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 3(1):10-22.

Edwards, William Henry. 1872. Descriptions of new species of diurnal Lepidoptera

found within the United States. V Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 4(1):61-70.

Leussler, Richard August. 1935. Notes on diurnal Lepidoptera of the Canadian Arctic

collected by Owen Bryant in the summers of 1929 to 1932. With introductions

and field notes by Owen Bryant. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. No. 1, 30(1):1-10,

No. 2, (2):42-62, No. 3, (3):115-118.

BOOK REVIEW

Animal Communication by Pheromones. H.H. Shorey, Academic

Press, New York, 1976, 167 pp., illus. $16.50.

In this book the author has assimilated the available information

concerning pheromone communication within the entire animal

kingdom and presented it in a concise, cohesive manner. The text is

organized along behavioral lines, illustrating various types of

behavior stimulated by pheromones, the mechanisms by which the

behaviors occur, and the adaptive advantages which accrue from the

behaviors. The author has restricted his discussion to chemical com-

munication between individuals of the same species. Further, he

does not discuss primer pheromones, but focuses entirely on

behavioral responses stimulated by releaser pheromones. He has

limited his discussion of pheromone chemistry to the illustration of

the structures of the various pheromones he discusses.

Within the limits the author has set, this is an excellent book. It is

well written and the various aspects of behavior in response to

pheromones are clearly explained. The brevity of the text (only 121

pages including illustrations) is both a credit to the book and a fault.

It is definitely an advantage to have this information presented so

clearly and concisely and yet the treatment of several of the topics

left the reader feeling that more discussion was needed. In some in-

stances further examples would have been useful, particularly to new

students in this field. However, this does not seriously decrease the

value of this book.

The text is well illustrated with photographs and drawings that aid

in explaining some of the points discussed. Additionally, the

bibliography contains 726 references that add considerably to the

value of this book as a source of information. The book is highly

recommended to serious students of pheromonal communication

and animal behavior. — J. H. TUMLINSON, /nsect Attractants, Behavior

and Basic Biology Research Laboratory Agricultural Research Service,

USDA, Gainesville, Florida 32604.

A Checklist of idaho Ants

(Hymenoptera: Formicidae)*

Nicholas P. Yensen?, William H. Clark

Department of Biology, College of Idaho, Caldwell, 83605

and

André Francoeur

Universite du Québec, Chicoutimi, Canada G7H 2B1

The ants of Idaho have been listed only once: Cole (1936) reported 3

subfamilies, 17 genera, 48 species and 25 subspecies or varieties for

a total of 73 forms of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as occurring in

Idaho.

The following checklist contains 4 subfamilies, 23 genera, and 115

species, with 7 subspecies and a hybrid for a total of 123 forms. A

total of 21 species are listed for the first time from Idaho. These are:

Myrmica sp. (near discontinua), Pheidole pilifera pacitica, Leptothorax

diversipilosus, Forelius foetidus, Brachymyrmex depilis, Camponotus

essigi, C. semitestaceus, Acanthomyops coloradensis, Formica aerata,

F. bradleyi, F. ciliata, F. laeviceps, F. lepida, F. sp. (near neoclara), F.

occulta, F. pacifica, F. opaciventris, F. rubicunda, F. tahoensis, F. ulkei

and F. vinculans. The differences in numbers of genera and species

between Cole’s list and the present one can be misleading. Many of

the new names on our list are a result of nomenclatural changes in

recent years.

Changes in nomenclature since 1936 have been extensive, parti-

cularly in the genera Pogonomyrmex, Stenamma, Formica (fusca group),

Myrmica, Acanthomyops, Lasius, and Myrmecocystus. Further changes

may be expected in the following genera: Aphenogaster, Myrmica,

Leptothorax, Camponotus and Formica (especially in the rufa group).

The present list is based on both literature citations and collec-

tions. Knowlton (1970, 1975); Allred and Cole (1971); Horning and Barr

(1970); and Cole (1934) have compiled lists of ants for Curlew Valley,

Craters of the Moon National Monument, the National Reactor Test-

ing Station (now called the Idaho Nuclear Engineering Laboratory)

and the Snake River plains, respectively. New records not cited in the

literature are based on voucher specimens housed at the University

of Idaho, Moscow (Ul), Boise State University, Boise (BSU), the

‘This study was assisted with grants to William H. Clark from The Foundation for Environmental

Education Inc. and American Philosophical Society (Grant No. 1167, Johnson Fund). Participation of the

last author was made possible through agrant from National Research Council of Canada.

2Present address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson,

Arizona 85721.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:181-187. July 1977.

182 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

George C. Wheeler Collection (GCW), the Museum of Comparative

Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ), the California Academy of

Sciences (CAS), and in the personal collections of the authors,

William H. Clark (WHC), Nicholas P. Yensen (NPY), and André

Francoeur (AF).

Subspecies are included mainly for future taxonomic efforts and

related studies.

Literature citations have been listed whenever possible to help

verify the record. When more than two literature citations exist fora

species only two of the more recent are usually used. Caution should

be observed in that some records may be taken from an earlier cita-

tion and may not necessarily denote two separate records.

The species are listed alphabetically within genera. It is hoped that

this will aid the nonmyrmecologist in locating names. Some of the

more recent synonyms and “uses” are included with the literature

citation to help ameliorate the confusion caused by the recent

nomenclatural changes.

This list is a first step towards a paper on Idaho ants containing

distribution and ecological data, identification keys and illustrations.

List of the Species

SUBFAMILY PONERINAE ;

7. fracticornis Emery

PONERA Allred and Cole, 1971, as M.

1. Ponera pennsylvanica Buckley lobicornis. Horning and Barr,

Taylor, 1967: 32. 1970.

8. /obifrons Pergande

Knowlton, 1975, as M. lobicornis

lobifrons. UI.

SUBFAMILY MYRMICINAE

MYRMICA

2. americana Weber

Knowlton, 1975. Smith, 1951:

790.

3. brevispinosa W. Wheeler

Creighton, 1950: 97. Weber,

1950.

4. emeryana Forel

Smith, 1951: 790. Weber, 1948,

as M. schencki emeryana.

Caution: This name is listed

here for reference purposes,

despite being completely mis-

leading for the moment.

5. hamulata Weber

Knowlton, 1975.

6. incompleta Provancher

Knowlton, 1975 and 1970, as M.

brevinodis. Francoeur and

Béique, 1966. Weber, 1950 and

Cole, 1936, as M. brevinodis sulci-

nodoides.

9. monticola W. Wheeler

Knowlton, 1975, 1970.

10. spatulata M. Smith

Knowlton, 1975.

11. tahoensis W.Wheeler

Knowlton, 1975.

12. sp. (near discontinua Weber)

AF. CAS.

MANICA

13. hunteri(W. Wheeler)

Wheeler and Wheeler, 1970.

Creighton, 1950: 108, as M.

aldrichi.

14. mutica (Emery)

Knowlton, 1975. Wheeler and

Wheeler, 1970.

POGONOMYRMEX

15. occidentalis (Cresson)

Knowlton, 1975. Cole, 1968: 96.

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 183

16. owyheei Cole

Knowlton, 1975. Cole, 1968: 103.

17. salinus Olsen

Knowlton, 1975, 1970.

STENAMMA

18. diecki Emery

Snelling, 1973.

19. occidentale M. Smith

Snelling, 1973.

20. smithiCole

Knowlton, 1975, as S. knowltoni.

Snelling, 1973.

APHAENOGASTER

21. occidentalis (Emery)

Knowlton, 1975. Horning and

Barr, 1970, as A. subterranea

valida.

22. unita W. Wheeler

Creighton, 1950: 154. Cole, 1936.

VEROMESSOR

23. lobognathus (Andrews)

Allred and Cole, 1971.

PHEIDOLE

24. californica Mayr

Cole, 1936, 1934.

24a. californica oregonica Emery

Creighton, 1950: 173. Cole,

1936 as P. oregonica

25. _pilifera pacifica W. Wheeler

WHC.

CREMATOGASTER

26. mormonum Emery

Smith, 1958: 127, and Smith

1951: 809, as C. lineolata cerasi.

MONOMORIUM

27. minimum (Buckley)

Knowlton, 1975. Allred and

Cole, 1971.

28. pharaonis (Linnaeus)

Cole, 1934.

SOLENOPSIS

29. molesta (Say)

Knowlton, 1975. Cole, 1934.

29a. molesta validiuscula Emery

Knowlton, 1975. Horning and

Barr, 1970.

LEPTOTHORAX

30. andrei Emery

Allred and Cole, 1971.

31. diversipilosus M. Smith

WHC.

32. hirticornis Emery

Cole, 1936, as L. hirticornis formi-

dolosa.

33. muscorum (Nylander)

Knowlton, 1975, 1970.

34. nevadensis W. Wheeler

Knowlton, 1975, 1970.

34a. nevadensis eldoradensis

W. Wheeler

Horning and Barr, 1970. Smith,

1951: 817, as L. eldoradensis.

34b. nevadensis melanderi W. Wheeler

Creighton, 1950: 266. Smith,

1951: 818, as L. melanderi.

35. nitens Emery

Knowlton, 1975, 1970.

36. rugatulus Emery

Knowlton, 1975. Horning and

Barr, 1970.

37. tricarinatus Emery

Smith, 1967: 359.

SUBFAMILY DOLICHODERINAE

IRIDOMYRMEX

38. pruinosum (Roger)

Wheeler and Wheeler, 1973: 102.

Cole, 1936.

38a. pruinosum analis (E. Andre)

Smith, 1967: 364. Creighton,

1950: 343.

FORELIUS

39. foetidus (Buckley)

UI. NPY.

CONOMYRMA

40. insana (Buckley)

Knowlton, 1970, as Dorymyrmex

pyramicus. Creighton, 1950: 349,

as D. pyramicus.

TAPINOMA

41. sessile (Say)

Knowlton, 1975. Allred and Cole,

1971.

SUBFAMILY FORMICINAE

BRACHYMYRMEX

42. depilis Emery

Ul.

CAMPONOTUS

43. essigiM. Smith

Ul.

44. herculeanus (Linnaeus)

Cole, 1936, as C. herculeanus

whymperi.

184

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

laevigatus (F. Smith)

Horning and Barr, 1970. Cole,

1936.

modoc W. Wheeler

Horning and Barr, 1970, as C.

pennsylvanicus modoc. Cole,

1936, as C. herculeanus var.

modoc.

nearcticus Emery

Cole, 1936, as C. fallax nearcti-

cus.

noveboracensis (Fitch)

Cole, 1936, as C. herculeanus

ligniperdus var. noveboracensis.

semitestaceus Emery

WHC.

vicinus Mayr

Knowlton, 1975. Allred and

Cole, 1971.

sp. (near hyatti Emery)

Cole, 1936, 1934.

LASIUS

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

alienus (Foerster)

Knowlton, 1975, 1970, as L.

alienus americanus.

crypticus Wilson

Allred and Cole, 1971. Wilson,

1955: 105.

fallax Wilson

Wilson, 1955: 133.

flavus (Fabricius)

Wilson 1955: 126. Cole, 1936, as

L. brevicornis.

neoniger Emery

Wilson, 1955: 101. Cole, 1936, as

L. niger var. neoniger.

niger (Linnaeus)

Knowlton, 1975. Horning and

Barr, 1970.

pallitarsis (Provancher)

Francoeur and Béique, 1966.

Wilson, 1955: 41, as L. sitkaen-

sis.

subumbratus Viereck

Wilson, 1955: 178.

umbratus (Nylander)

Wilson, 1955:161. |

vestitus W. Wheeler

Wilson, 1955: 175. Cole, 1936, as

L. umbratus vestitus.

ACANTHOMYOPS Mayr

62.

63.

coloradensis (W. Wheeler)

NPY.

interjectus (Mayr)

Wing, 1968: 95.

64. /atipes (Walsh)?

Wing, 1968: 101. Cole, 1936, as

Lasius latipes.

65. murphyi (Forel)?

Wing, 1968: 115.

MYRMECOCYSTUS

66. hammettensis Cole

Snelling, 1976: 102. Creighton,

1950; 443.

67. kennedyi Cole

Snelling, 1976: 65. Creighton,

1950: 449, as M. semirufus.

68. pyramicus M. Smith

Snelling, 1976: 135. WHC. NPY.

69. testaceus Emery

Snelling, 1976: 138. Allred and

Cole, 1971, as M. mojave.

FORMICA

70. accreta Francoeur

Francoeur, 1973: 188.

71. aerata Francoeur

Ul. BSU.

72. altipetens W. Wheeler

Francoeur, 1973: 58. Creighton,

1950: 531.

73. argentea W. Wheeler

Knowlton, 1975, as F. fusca.

Francoeur, 1973: 150.

74. bradleyi W. Wheeler

Ul.

75. canadensis Santschi

Francoeur, 1973: 66. Smith,

1951: 861, as F. cinerea var.

canadensis.

76. ciliata Mayr

BSU.

77. coloradensis W. Wheeler

Horning and Barr, 1970, as F.

integroides coloradensis. Creigh-

ton, 1950: 489, as F. integroides

coloradensis.

78. criniventris W. Wheeler

Knowlton, 1975, 1970.

79. curiosa Creighton

Snelling, 1969. Cole, 1946, as F.

parcipappa.

80. dakotensis Emery

Cole, 1936, as F. dakotensis var.

montigena. |

81. densiventris Viereck

Horning and Barr, 1970, as F.

rasilis. Knowlton, 1970.

3Also murphyi x latipes hybrid (Wing, 1968: 117).

82.

85.

86.

87.

89.

91.

92.

93.

97.

98.

VOL. 53, NO

haemorrhoidalis Emery

Knowlton, 1975. Allred and Cole,

1971.

hewitti W. Wheeler

Francoeur, 1973: 213. Horning

and Barr, 1970.

laeviceps Creighton

WHC.

lasioides Emery

Knowlton, 1975. Allred and Cole,

1971.

lepida W. Wheeler

AF, G. C. and J. N. Wheeler col-

lection, and MCZ. This third

record for the species is a large

extension of range toward the

north.

limata W. Wheeler

Knowlton, 1975, 1970.

manniW. Wheeler

Knowlton, 1975. Allred and Cole,

1971.

neoclara Emery

Knowlton,

1973: 91.

sp. (near neocilara) This sibling

form looks like F. neoclara but

without the metasternal proces-

ses, with a more angulate pro-

podeum and dorsal margin of

petiole usually entire. Collections:

AF, BSU, GCW, UI, WHC.

neogagates Emery

Knowlton, 1975. Allred and Cole,

1971.

neorufibarbis Emery

Knowlton, 1975.

1973: 225.

obscuripes Forel

Knowlton, 1975. Allred andCole,

1971.

obscuriventris clivia Creighton

Clark and Yensen, 1976.

obtusopilosa Emery

1975. Francoeur,

Francoeur,

Knowlton, 1975. Allred and

Cole, 1971.

occulta Francoeur

Ul.

opaciventris Emery

AF. MCZ.

oreas W. Wheeler

Knowlton, 1975. Allred and Cole,

1971.

. 3, JULY 1977

185

98a. oreas comptula W. Wheeler

Knowlton, 1975, 1970.

99. pacifica Francoeur

BSU.

100. pallidefulva nitidiventris Emery

Cole, 1936, as F. pallidefulva

schaufussi var. incerta.

101. planipilis Creighton

Knowlton, 1975. Horning and

Barr, 1970.

102. podzolica Francoeur

Francoeur, 1973: 169.

103. puberula Emery

Cole, 1936, 1934 as F. sanguinea

puberula.

104. querquetulana Kennedy and Dennis

Knowlton, 1975.

105. rubicunda Emery

Ul.

106. subnitens Creighton

Knowlton, 1975, 1970.

107. subaenescens Emery

Francoeur, 1973: 200, as F. fusca

(forme subaenescens). Ul.

108. subnuda Emery

Chapman, 1957.

109. subpolita Mayr

Knowlton, 1975, as F. subpolita

camponoticeps. Francoeur, 1973:

131.

110. tahoensis W. Wheeler

BSU. UI.

111. transmontanis Francoeur

Francoeur, 1973: 140.

112. ulkei Emery

AF. MCZ.

113. vinculans W. Wheeler

Ul.

114. whymperi Forel

Knowlton, 1975. Allred andCole,

1971.

114a. whymperi alpinaW. Wheeler

Horning and Barr, 1970.

114b. whymperi californica W. Wheeler

Creighton, 1950: 510.

POLYERGUS

115. breviceps Emery

Horning and Barr, 1970, as P.

rufescens breviceps. Wheeler,

1968.

186 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

We are grateful for invaluable assistance of Drs. G. C. and J. N.

Wheeler, R. R. Snelling, R. E. Gregg and W. F. Buren in determining

specimens. Roy R. Snelling reviewed the manuscript and was espe-

cially helpful with certain taxonomic problems. The following

curators have been generous in loaning us material: Dr. W. F. Barr,

University of Idaho; Dr. P. H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of

Sciences; Drs. G. F. Knowlton and W. J. Hanson, Utah State Univer-

sity; Drs. W. J. Turner and R. D. Akre, Washington State University; Dr.

C. W. Baker, Boise State University; Drs. J. D. Marshall and R. D. Bratz,

College of Idaho; R. C. Anderson, Idaho State University. Dr. W. L.

Brown of Cornell University and Mr. R. L. Spidell of Boise also pro-

vided valuable material. Dr. P. L. Packard of the College of Idaho

volunteered laboratory space for this project and Dr. R. D. Bratz made

additional resources available. Material assistance was provided by

the Philo Tech Alumni Research Cooperative, College of Idaho.

Literature Cited

Allred, D. M., and A. C. Cole, Jr. 1971. Ants of the National Reactor Testing Station.

Great Basin Natur. 31: 237-242.

Chapman, J. A. 1957. A further consideration of summit ant swarms. Can. Entomol. 89:

389-395.

Clark, W. H., and N. P. Yensen. 1976. Tending behavior of the ants Formica neoclara

Emery and Formica obscuriventris clivia Creighton and honeydew production of

the treehopper Campylenchia sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; Homoptera:

Membracidae). J. Idaho Acad. Sci. 12:3-7.

Cole, A. C., Jr. 1934. An annotated list of the ants of the Snake River plains, Idaho

(Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche 41: 221-227.

Cole, A. C., Jr. 1936. An annotated list of the ants of Idaho (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

Can. Entomol. 68: 34-39.

Cole, A. C., Jr. 1946. A description of Formica parcipappa, a new ant from Idaho

(Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 39: 616-618.

Cole, A. C., Jr. 1968. Pogonomyrmex harvester ants. A study of the genus in North

America. Univ. Tenn. Press, Knoxville. 222 pp.

~ Creighton, W.S. 1950. The ants of North America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard. 104:

1-585.

Francoeur, A. 1973. Révision taxonomique des espéces néarctiques du groupe fusca,

genre Formica (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). Soc. Entomol. du Québec, Mém.3:

1-316.

Francoeur, A. and R. Béique. 1966. Les Formicides (Hyménoptéres) de Provancher.

Can. Entomol. 98: 140-145.

Horning, D. S., Jr., and W. F. Barr. 1970. Insects of Craters of the Moon National

Monument Idaho. Univ. Idaho, Coll. Agr., Misc. Ser. 8: 1-118.

Knowlton, G.F.1970. Ants of Curlew Valley. Proc. Utah Acad. 47: 208-212.

Knowlton, G. F. 1975. Ants of Curlew Valley, Utah and Idaho. Utah State Univ. Ecol.

Center, Terrestrial Arthropod Ser. 13: 1-10.

Smith, M. R. 1951. Family Formicidae, /N: C.F. W. Muesebeck and K. V. Krombein, eds.,

Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico synoptic catalog. U. S. Dept. Agr.,

Agr. Mono. 2: 1-1420.

Smith, M. R. 1958. Family Formicidae, /N: K. V. Krombein, ed., Hymenoptera of America

North of Mexico synoptic catalog. U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Mono. 2, First Suppl:

1-305.

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 187

Smith, M. R. 1967. Family Formicidae, /N: K. V. Krombein and B. D. Burks, eds.,

Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico synoptic catalog. Agr. Mono. 2,

Second Suppl.: 1-584.

Snelling, R. R. 1969. Notes on the systematics and dulosis of some western species of

Formica, subgenus Raptiformica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proc. Entomol.

Soc. Wash. 71: 194-197.

Snelling, R. R. 1973. Studies on California ants. 7. The genus Stenamma (Hymenoptera:

Formicidae). Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co. Contr. Sci. 245: 1-38.

Snelling, R. R. 1976. A revision of the honey ants, genus Myrmecocystus (Hymenoptera:

Formicidae). Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co. Sci. Bull 24: 1-163.

Taylor, R. W. 1967. A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymen-

optera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Mono. 13: 1-112.

Weber, N. A. 1948. A revision of the North American ants of the genus Myrmica Latreille

with a synopsis of the Palearctic species. Il. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 41: 267-

308.

Weber, N. A. 1950. A revision of the North American ants of the genus Myrmica Latreille

with a synopsis of the Palearctic species. ill. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 43:

189-226.

Wheeler, G. C., and J. N. Wheeler. 1970. The natural history of Manica (Hymenoptera:

Formicidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 43:129-162.

Wheeler, G. C., and J. N. Wheeler. 1973. Ants of Deep Canyon. Univ. Calif., Riverside.

162 pp.

Wheeler, J. N. 1968. Male genitalia and the taxonomy of Polyergus (Hymenoptera:

Formicidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 70: 156-164.

Wilson, E. O. 1955. A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., Harvard. 113: 1-201.

Wing, M. V. 1968. Taxonomic revision of the Nearactic genus Acanthomyops (Hymen-

optera: Formicidae). Cornell Univ., Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 405: 1-173.

BOOK REVIEW

Insects and the Life of Man Wigglesworth, Vincent B. $12.50

217 pp., cloth, Halsted Press Book, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Here is an informative and interesting analysis of the numerous

ways in which an awareness of insect physiology increases man’s

ability to understand (and cope with) insects. Dr. Wigglesworth’s

qualifications as an insect physiologist are legion, and this book in-

dicates the breadth of his training and background.

In order to acquaint the reader with the historical background of in-

sect physiology, Professor Wigglesworth has selected a few of the

outstanding lectures and essays prepared and presented by him over

a span of nearly forty years. They have been reprinted here, unaltered,

but with appropriate footnotes added to update some of his original

statements.

188 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

The author repeatedly stresses the primary importance of sound

taxonomic work in entomology. He refers to the great abundance of

insects (“three-quarters of the known species of animals’’) and to the

fact that they ‘‘are exceedingly diverse in form and habit, and readily

available for study.” The book points to the great opportunities for ex-

ploitation of insects as a medium for the study of biology in general,

but notes that ‘‘these opportunities will only be developed to the full

if we turn out entomologists, men who know the world of insects in

the round; who are at once morphologists, taxonomists,

physiologists and field naturalists.”

Dr. Wigglesworth has at various times served as an agricultural en-

tomologist, a medical entomologist, and an insect physiologist. His

observations concerning all of these great subareas of entomology

are thus based on firsthand knowledge and experience. He analyzes

the value of DDT in war and peace, supporting his conclusions with

factual data. Especially interesting to modern medical entomologists

will be the chapter discussing the great malaria epidemic in Ceylon in

1935, which the author personally observed and described (malaria

claimed approximately 100,000 human lives there at that time).

The chapters on “The Epidermal Cell” and on ‘“Preformation and

Insect Development”’ are classic academic treatments of those vital

topics. A much more genral discussion is provided in the chapter en-

titled “Fifty Years of Insect Physiology’, which dwells upon water

and mineral balancing mechanisms, sense organs of insects,

vitamins, hormones and pheromones, the discovery of cytochrome

oxidation, and the biochemical action of genes. Other chapters

discuss “The Fauna of the Orchard,” “Insects and the Farmer,” &

“DDT and the Balance of Nature.’”’ For the biologist with a

philosophical bent there are fascinating chapters such as ‘‘Science,

Pure and Applied,” “Wordsworth and Science,” “The Religion of

Science,” and ‘“‘Experimental Biology, Pure and Applied.”

It is tempting to state that the reader ‘‘can not put the book down,”

however it soon becomes evident that one must do so ... not

because of any lack of interest, but rather because of the need to stop

occasionally for absorption of the data and contemplation of the

wealth of information supplied by Professor Wigglesworth.

This is a remarkable treatment of a timely and significant subject,

and every biologist will enjoy the pleasant experience of reading it at

least once or twice! — J. GORDON EDWARDS, Professor of

Entomology, San Jose State University, San Jose, California.

Biological Notes on Some Mexican Bees

(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae, Anthophoridae)

F.D. Parker

USDA-ARS, Utah State Univ. Logan 84322

In 1963 L.A. Stange and | spent several months in Mexico collecting

wasps for the University of California at Davis. Several nests of bees

were found during this trip. The nesting habits of four species are

described here. We did not make detailed descriptions of bee nests

during collecting, but we saved the nests and made the following ob-

servations from this material.

Dianthidium (Mecanthidium)macrurum (Cockerell)

(Figs. 1-4) »

Nests of this large red megachilid were located attached to

volcanic stones that had formed a wall bordering a field N of

Yautepec, Morelos. The nests were stuck beneath, on the side, or on

the top of stones. They were always sheltered by their own stone or

by another one above. The bees were actively building nests in July.

Nest Construction: — The large nests were made of resin and small

(2-4 mm) pebbles. The bees began the nests by forming a cell outline

from resin on the substrate and then placing pebbles into the resin.

The cells averaged 20 mm long and 7 mm wide and were roofed with

similar material. Adjacent cells were made (Fig. 1) with the space bet-

ween cells filled with similar nesting material. Most completed nests

were two-storied (Figs. 2,3) and were covered with resin (Fig. 3). The

time required for nest construction was considerable; for example,

one nest had layers 6-pebbles deep, and was covered by 350 pebbles,

and had the surface coated with resin. Three nests had the following

dimensions (in cm): 6.5 wide, 4 long, 2.5 high; 7x5x2; 4.5x4x2. The

number of cells and their orientation within these nests were: 5 cells

on the bottom row and 2 above with entrances to bottom cells from 3

sides; 3 cells on bottom row facing 1 direction with an opposite

facing cell above; 2 cells on bottom and 1 above all facing one direc-

tion.

Provisions: — All cells were provisioned with one type of pollen of

uncertain identity.

Feces: — The fecal pellets were small and uniform and averaged 1

mm long and 0.5 mm thick with one end blunt and the other with a

minute projection. Most pellets were bicolored and flattened against

the resin walls of the cells; some were loose at the top of the cocoon.

Cocoon: — The oval cocoons averaged 13 mm long and filled the

lower end of the cell (Fig. 4). First, the larvae lined the bottom with an

amber layer of silk that had a cellophane-like texture; then they spun

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:189-192. July 1977.

190 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. 1-4 Nests of Dianthidium macrurum. 1-Outline (vertical view) of 2-storied, 4-celled

nest. 2-Outline (vertical view of 2-storied 5-celled nest. 3-Front view of 2-storied nest

covered with resin with 3 exit holes. 4-Cell structure and cocoons inside nest.

another layer inside the first that had more silk strands evident. The

top was ringed with minute woven strands spun in a circular pattern

continuous from the side to the nipple. The nipple was spun with

coarse, loose strands that filled its central cavity. Beneath the nipple

on the inside of the cocoon was a mat of silk strands.

Sex Ratio: — Only 3 cells contained mature larvae from which 2

females and 1 male developed.

Nest Associates: — None of the cells were parasitized nor was

evidence of parasitism found in old cells. This lack of parasitism may

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 191

have resulted because of the sticky resin that covered the nests;

several ants were observed stuck to the nests. In older nests the resin

was hard; and in these scavenger beetles (demestids) were present.

Also, a Cell in an old nest was used as a brood chamber for the

eumenid wasp, Parancistrocerus bravo (Saussure).

Discussion: Species of Dianthidium are versatile nesters: some

species make pebble-resin nests attached to leaves, twigs, and

stones (Fischer, 1951; Grigarick and Stange, 1968); others nest in

existing holes (Hicks, 1927); and one species is known to make

burrows in the ground (Hicks, 1926). However, a universal substance

used in nest construction by species of Dianthidium is plant resin.

Moure (1965) transferred the subgenus Mecanthidium from Paran-

thidium to Dianthidium. In the same publication he established anew

genus, Adanthidium, for 2 other species formerly considered Paran-

thidium. One of these, A. texanum (Cresson) made large nests (Melan-

der, 1902) quite similar to those | have seen D. macrurum build.

Michener (1975) reported another species of Paranthidium nesting in

old cells of Melitoma, an anthophorid that nests gregariously in clay

banks.

Centris totonaca Cresson

We found a colony of this species utilizing an old nesting site of

Melitoma euglossoides Lepeletier and Serville 11 mi. N Culican

Sinaloa. The nesting site was located on a vertical mud wall of a dry

arroyo. We did not record the nesting habits of this species, but we

did collct numerous Centris cocoons that had been made in exited

cells of Melitoma. Several females of the parasitic bee Mesocheira

bicolor (F.) were collected as they flew about the nesting site. One fe-

male of this parasite was reared from a Centris cell.

Melitoma euglossoides Lepeletier and Serville

As mentioned previously, an old nesting site of this specis was

located N of Culican. Many old but intact cells were collected and

opened. Several of these cells contained dead host bees or parasites

that had failed to exit. Three of the parasites were identified as the

following species: the bee flies Anthrax limatulus larrea Marston and

A. cintalapa Cole and the meloid beetle Nemognatha chrysomeloides

(L.).

Acknowledgements

| wish to thank C.D. Michener (University of Kansas) who identified

the bees and R. M. Bohart (University of California, Davis) who deter-

mined the eumenid. Mr. J. Brogdon made the illustrations. | would

like to thank G.E. Bohart and W.J. Hanson (Utah State University) for

their manuscript review.

192 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Literature Cited

Fischer, R.L. 1951. Observations on the nesting habits of Megachilid bees. J.

Entomol. Soc. 24:46-50.

Grigarick, A.A., and L.A. Stange. 1968. The pollen-collecting bees of the Anthidiini of

California. Bull. Calif. Insect Surv. 113 p.

Hicks, C.H. 1926. Nesting habits and parasites of certain bees of Boulder County,

Colorado. Univ. Colo. Studies 15:217-252.

Hicks, C.H. 1927. Parasites and habits of Dianthidium pudicum Cresson, Psyche 34:

193-198.

Moure, J.S. 1965. New placements for some species of Paranthidium. Proc. Entomol. Soc.

Washington 67:29-31.

Melander, A.L. 1902. The nesting habits of Anthidium. Biol. Bull. 3:27-32.

Michener, C.D. 1975. Nests of Paranthidium jugatorium in association with Melitoma

taurea. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 48:194-200.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

The following Opinions have been published recently by the

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British

Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United

Kingdom. (see Bulletin Zoological Nomenclature Volume 34, part 1)

Opinion No. 1083 Pisaurina Simon, 1898 (Arachnida, Araneae) con-

(p. 30) served under the plenary powers.

Opinion No. 1087 Pamphilius viriditibialis Takeuchi, 1930 designated

(p. 40) under the plenary powers as type-species of

Onycholyda Takeuchi, 1938 (Insecta, Hymen-

optera).

Opinion No. 1091 Geloius decorsei Bolivar, 1905 (Insecta, Orthoptera)

(p. 50) designation of aneotype.

Opinion No. 1092 Dicyrtoma Bourlet, 1842 and Dicyrtomina Borner,

(p. 53) 1903 (Insecta, Collembola): designation of type-

species under the plenary powers.

The Commission cannot supply separates of Opinions.

A New Ashmeadiella From Arizona

(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

F.D. Parker

USDA-ARS, Utah State Univ., Logan 84322

The following new species of Ashmeadiella was recently sent to

me by P.D. Hurd (USNM) and E.G. Linsley (UC) who are conducting

pollination studies in Arizona. This species is described here in order

to make the name available for their studies.

Ashmeadiella (Ashmeadiella) parkinsoniae

new species

(Figs. 1-3)

Holotype female: Black, wings hyaline except setae. Pubescence white except

yellowish hair brush projecting anteriorly beneath lateral clypeal margin; yellowish

pubescence on outer surface, lower margin of mandibles, inner surface of legs; terga I-V

with entire apical bands, tergum VI with short appressed hairs. Punctation close,

moderate on body; pits on head deep but separated by shiny integumental area; scutum,

scutellum uniformly closely pitted; meso-, metapleura with deep pits separated by shiny

integument; propodeum laterally more closely pitted; pits on legs shallow, mostly

overlapping, coarse on tibiae, tarsi; terga with small deep separate pits, except these on

tergum VI closer, smaller; sterna with band of deep oval pits, impunctate band apically;

pits on sternum VI moderate basally, smaller, closer apically. Mandibles 3-toothed;

mouthparts of normal length; clypeal margin with U-shaped medioapical indentation, end

of apical truncation projecting, tooth-like (Fig. 3), clypeus bowed medially as seen in

profile (Fig. 2), distance between lateral ocelli equal to ocellocular distance; distance bet-

ween median ocellus, lateral ocelli 1/2 distance between lateral ocelli; distance between

lateral ocelli and back of head less than least ocellocular distance; compound eye wider

than postocciput (lateral aspect); hind femur twice as thick as mid femur; inner hind tibial

spurs stout, 5-toothed (Fig. 1); tergum VI with shallow subapical depression; length 7 mm.

Male: unknown.

Variation: The tooth-like projections on the clypeus are worn off or lacking in some

females, and some specimens are 6-mm long.

Types: Holotype female ARIZONA: Tumacacori; Santa Cruz Co., VI. 2. 1976 (Parkinsonia

aculeata L.), 1700-1729, (P.D. Hurd and E.G. Linsley). Paratypes, 289, same data except

collected at other times. One metatype, Oro Valley, Pima Co., Arizona, 2640’, V. 28. 1976

(Cercidium microphylium (Torr.) Rose and Johnst.), 10:30-10:59 (P.D. Hurd, E.G. and J. M.

Lindsley). Holotype deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Science.

Range: Southern Arizona

A. parkinsoniae is similar to A. femorata (Michener) and will run to

this species in Hurd and Michener (1955). The new species can be

separated from femorata by the configuration of the clypeus as

shown in Figs. 1, 4. Also most specimens of femorata have red

markings on the hind leg whereas parkinsoniae has black legs. A

related southwestern species, A. truncativentris michener, can be

separated from both previously mentioned species by its truncate

sternum VI.

Pollen taken from the scopa of the paratypes was 100% from

Parkinsonia.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:193-194. July 1977.

194 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

—

Figs. 1-3, Ashmeadiella parkinsoniae. 1. hind tibial spurs; 2. lateral view of female head; 3.

female face.

Figs. 4-5, Ashmeadiella femorata. 4. lateral view of female head; 5. female face.

Acknowledgements

| would like to thank W. J. Hanson and G. E. Bohart (Utah State

University) for reviewing this manuscript. Mr. Jim Brogdon made the

illustrations.

Literature Cited

Hurd, P.D. and C.D. Michener. 1955. The megachiline bees of California. Bull. Calif.

Insect. Survey 3:1-247.

The Sternidius of Arizona

(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Arthur E. Lewis

1360 Paseo Redondo, Burbank, Calif. 91501

This paper is an attempt to clarify existing confusion in the status

of the Arizona components of the genus Sternidius. The species are

small, obscure, and similar besides being poorly represented in most

collections. |

The author has examined specimens of all known species and sub-

species of this genus occurring in the western United States, nor-

thern Mexico, and Baja California except S. setipes (Casey) 1891,

which differs from other known forms by exhibiting long flying hairs

on the tibiae. This character is not present in any of the specimens

examined.

Descriptions follow for five species of Sternidius occurring in Ari-

zona. One name is resurrected, one is synonymized and two species

are described as new.

Sternidius LeConte

Amniscus Haldeman, 1847: (exparte).

Liopus LeConte, 1852:170 (exparte). Horn, 1880:123. Leng and Hamil-

ton, 1896:121. Blatchley, 1910:1073. (misdet)

Leiopus Casey 1913:310. Knull, 1946:248 (misdet)

Sternidius LeConte, 1874:234.

LeConte founded the genus Sternidius to include a specific group

of species. He differentiated it from Old World Leopus by the meso-

sternum which is “Straight and truncate between the coxae’”’, and

from Leptostylus by the “‘first joint of the hind tarsi being as long as

the two following’’. ‘‘The thoracic tubercle varies in position but little

and is about one fourth to one third from the base, obtuse, but not

rounded. The sides are emarginate behind the tubercle but straight

and oblique in front of it. There are no closed tubercles (leC. 1874).”

Dillon summarizes this genus as being small, elongate oblong forms

with a narrow posternal process, and a comparatively broad meso-

sternal process. The pronotal disk is feebly tri-tuberculate, densely

punctate, with apical transverse sulcus wanting and broad entire

basal sulcus forming a deep constriction behind the lateral tubercles

which are placed at about the basal fourth (Dillon 1956).

The status of this genus needs clarification as no single structural

character has been designated to allow generic distinction. Of inter-

est, in the following species from Arizona, the basal pronotal margin

is subequal or smaller than the apical margin. The converse is true in

several of the eastern members of the genus i.e. S. moderator (Casey),

S. wilti (Horn), S. mimeticus (Casey). This may be of future help in the

redefining of this most difficult genus.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:195-203. July 1977.

196 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Key to the Species of Sternidius Occurring in Arizona

1. Fourth antennal segment subequal or shorter than scape centralis.

Fourth antennal segment distinctly longer thanscape ......... 2

2. Elytra distinctly costate, apices elongate.............. chemsaki

Elytra with costae evanescent ........... 00... cece eee eee 3

3. Procoxal process one fifth or wider than procoxal cavity; pube-

scence of disk uniform, cinereous, (except for black areas); com-

mon macula small, welldemarcated .................... imitans

Procoxal process usually very narrow, (about one tenth width of

procoxal cavity); pubescence of disk less uniform with tawny and

black elements; apical third of elytra usually darker. Common

macula variable, usually not well delineated

4. Elytra with apex of central dark area placed behind middle; prono-

tum without lateral vittae... 0... eee decorus

Elytra with apex of central dark area placed at about middle; dis-

tinct lateral vittae extend from behind mid-elytra to apical margin of

PONTO CUTTS). 255. SM ve oY ae, PA ae SL ae incognitus

Sternidius chemsaki, new species

Male: Form small, elongate; integument reddish brown to black, covered with

cinereous pubescence; elytra with linearly spaced small black tufts and without black

maculae. Head impunctate, frons covered with cinereous pubescence. Antennae eleven

segmented, slender, elongate, annulate, at least one and a half times body length; pub-

escence cinereous, scarcely mottled, absent on apices of first seven segments and base

and apex of distal four; fourth segment longer that scape, subequal to or slightly shorter

than third, remaining segments gradually diminishing in length. Pronotum transverse,

widest across lateral tubercles which are acute and placed at basal third; sides gradually

divergent from anterior margin to lateral tubercles, then acutely constricted beneath

forming a broad basal transverse sulcus; apex wider than base; disk with punctures small,

dense, non contiguous, much smaller than those of elytra and partially obscured by pub-

escence which is cinereous and uniform; three dark callosities present in the form of an

inverted triangle behind middle and two on each side just beneath apical margins. (These

may be more or less obsolete in some specimens.) Elytra with sides distinctly longer than

wide, slightly expanded at middle and gradually convergent to apices which are pro-

longed and acutely rounded. Disk with basal gibbosities prominent, piceous to black; im-

mediately behind on each elytron is an obliquely placed more or less ferrugineus depres-

sion which contrasts with the darker integument behind; costae distinct, evanescent be-

fore apices; punctures dense, separate, partially obscured by pubescence, much larger

than those of pronotum; largest behind basal gibbosities then becoming smaller and finer

apically; pubescence recumbent, cinereous, (sometimes with tawny reflections) and with

some condensation along costae; small black tufts present in variable number on basal

gibbosities, along costae and sutural margin, and a prominent costate tuft is present at

middle at apical third. Scutellum pubescent, impunctate, evenly rounded to triangular.

Ventral surface with pubescence scarcely mottled on thoracic sternites, femora, and

tibiae, uniform on abdominal sternites; procoxal process variable in size, usually one

sixth to one fourth width of procoxal cavity; mesocoxal process slightly greater than one

half width of mesocoxal cavity; distal tibiae usually darker with cinereous to black pub-

escence dorsally. Length 5.6 - 8.3 mm.

Female: Fifth abdominal sternite at least twice as long as fourth, otherwise similar to

male. Length 6.2 -8.9 mm.

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 197

Material examined: Holotype male, allotype (California Academy of Sciences) and 24

paratypes (10 male and 14 female) from Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz

county, Arizona, 4/5 Sept. 1966 (M.E. Pendleton); 21 July 1967 (A.E. Lewis); 17 July 1969

(A.E. Lewis); 21 Sept. 1969 (A.E. Lewis); 4 Sept. 1970; 19 Sept. 1970 (F.T. Hovore); 28 July

1971 (D.G. Marqua); 27 July 1972 (D.G. Marqua); 14-15 July 1975 (D.G. Marqua); 19 July 1975

(D.G. Marqua); 3 August 1975 (E. Giesbert); 24 July 1976 (D.G. Marqua); 8 August 1976 (A.E.

Lewis); 21 July 1976 (F.T. Hovore); 27 July 1975 (F.T. Hovore). One female paratype, Miller

Canyon, Cochise County Arizona, above 6000 ft. beating oak. Paratypes are deposited in

the following collections: California Insect Survey, Berkeley; Los Angeles County

Museum of Natural History; Whittier Narrows Nature Center, Los Angeles County; F.T.

Hovore; E. Giesbert; and the collection of the author.

Most of the specimens seen have been taken at black light. This

species may be differentiated from the others occurring in the same

area by the absence of elytral maculae, the prolonged elytral apices

and the distinct costae.

Sternidius centralis (L_eConte)

Liopus centralis LeConte, 1884:24. Leng and Hamilton, 1896:123.

Sternidius centralis, Dillon, 1956:218.

Male: Form small, moderately robust; integument reddish brown to piceous, densely

clothed with a combination of hoary and tawny pubescence; elytra with black maculae,

and minute black tubercles. Head impunctate, mottled with dense brownish and hoary

pubescence; eyes with lower lobe variable in height relationship to genae; frons usually

feebly transverse. Antennae cylindrical, elongate, annulate, about one and one half times

body length; pubescence cinereous and tawny, absent on apices of segments one

through seven, and on base and apex of distal four; second segment black, remaining

segments distinctly mottled, diminishing in degree distally; fourth segment subequal or

slightly shorther than scape, third segment longer than fourth, remaining segments grad-

ually decreasing in length. Pronotum transverse, widest across lateral tubercles which

are acute and placed at basal third; sides divergent to lateral tubercles, then acutely con-

stricted behind forming the broad basal sulcus; basal margin subequal or shorter than

apical; disk usually with three calluses forming an inverted triangle; two on each side of

middle just behind apical margin, and one at basal third; punctations dense, shallow,

minute, at least partially obscured by pubescence; pubescence variable, but predomin-

ately hoary on side margins and lateral disk, and mixed with fulvous in the middle, form-

img three more or less distinct and slightly divergent vittae through callosites. Elytra

slightly shorter than twice the width with sides weakly emarginate on basal third behind

humeri, then from approximately the middle, rounded to apices; apices obliquely truncate

to rounded with feeble truncations at sutural margin; basal gibbosities moderate; integu-

ment brown with dark spots as follows: acommon, more or less triangular, black macula

with the apex at mid elytra, the base at apical third, and lateral extension terminating

before middle of disk, and a macula placed just behind basal fourth on each side, ex-

tending inferiorly to just behind middle, and medially to barely incorporate a small por-

tion of the disk; costae variable, but usually semiprominent, partially obscured by pub-

escence and containing distinct minute black tufted tubercles; punctures dense, subcon-

fluent, partially obscured by pubescence, much larger than those on pronotal disk,

largest behind humeri, then gradually diminishing in size and depth apically; pubescence

generally a mixture of hoary and brown; the hoary pubescence more or less condensed

over humeri, along suture at basal half and along costae at apical half; the macular areas

and costal tubercles are covered with black pubescence. Scutellum impunctate, rounded,

mottled with hoary and brown. Ventral surface with coxae, femora and thoracic sternites

distinctly mottled, abdominal sternites uniformally hoary to cinereous pubescent; pro-

coxal process one fourth to one third diameter of procoxal cavity; mesosternal process

one half to two thirds width of mesocoxal cavity; legs with distal tibiae and tarsi black

pubescent: fifth sternite less than twice as long as fourth. Length 5.8-6.8 mm.

198 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Female: Fifth sternite about twice as long as fourth, otherwise similar to male. Length

4.9-6.9mm.

Type locality: Arizona

Range: Santa Cruz, Pima and Pinal Counties, Southern Arizona.

Material examined: Fourteen specimens from the following localities: 7.5. mi. S.E.

Oracle, Pinal Co., 1-5, 14 & 15 July 1973 (D.G. Marqua); Montosa Canyon, Santa Rita Mts.

Santa Cruz Co., 18 July 1976 (D.G. Marqua); Tucson, Pima Co., 12 August 1947 (L.R.

Gillogly, Sabino Canyon, Pima Co., 13 July 1972 (A.E. Lewis); Box Canyon, Santa Rita Mts.

Pima Co., 2 & 8 July 1975 (D.G. Marqua); Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Santa Cruz Co.,

11 July 1973 (D.G. Marqua).

S. centralis can be separated from the other maculate species in

Arizona by its more robust form, semiprominent costae, and the

characters given in the key. The adults are occasionally taken at light.

Sternidius imitans (Knull)

Leiopus imitans Knull, 1936:107.

Male: Form small, moderately robust; integument dark brown to piceous, densely

clothed with recumbent cinereous pubescence; pronotal disk with three small callosites;

elytra with black maculae and small black tufts. Head impunctate; frons covered with cin-

ereous pubescence, horizontal to feebly transverse. Antennae slender, cylindrical, dis-

tinctly mottled, extending at least one and one half times body length; pubescence ab-

sent on apices of first six or seven segments, and on base and apex of remainder, much

more uniform distally; fourth segment longer than scape, shorter than third, remaining

segments gradually decreasing in length. Pronotum transverse, widest across acute

lateral tubercles which are placed at basal fourth; sides gradually divergent from anterior

margin to tubercles, then acutely constricted to form basal transverse sulcus; basal

margin shorter than apical; punctures fine, dense, non confluent , obscured by uniform

cinereous pubescence, three contrasting black pubescent callosities present, one behind

middle and one on each side just beneath apical margins forming an inverted triangle.

Scutellum impunctate, rounded to triangular, pubescent. Elytra about twice as long as

wide, sides subparallel to basal third then slightly expanded and broadly convergent to

apices which are usually rounded but may be subtruncate at sutural margin; basal gib-

bosities not prominent; punctures distinct, dense, larger than those of pronotum, largest

at basal third, then becoming finer apically, partiafly obscured by vestiture; pubescence

recumbent, uniform, cinereous without an admixture of fulvous, usually with slight con-

densation surrounding black macular areas; dense black pubescent macular areas as

follows: a common rounded to triangular spot at about apical third not extending laterally

beyond middle of disk and a lateral round spot at basal third on each side extending

medially to include about one fourth to one third of the disk; in addition numerous black

setae are linearly placed in five longitudinal rows; costae obsolete or evanescent. Ventral

surface densely pubescent, with thoracic sternites, femora and tibiae distinctly mottled;

procoxal process one fifth to one fourth the width of procoxal cavity; mesocoxal process

about one half width of mesocoxal cavity; legs mottled with cinereous pubescence ex-

cept for basal one fourth to one fifth of tibiae which are at least in part black annulate, and

tarsi which are black pubescent dorsally. Fifth abdominal sternite less than twice length

of fourth. Length 4.9-7.7 mm.

Female: Fifth sternite twice as long as fourth. Length 4.9- 7.3 mm.

Type locality: Davis Mountains, Texas.

Range: Davis Mountains Texas, mountains of southern Arizona to Hualapai Mountains,

Mojave Co., Arizona. J,

Flight period: June to September

—

Fig. 1. Sternidius chemsaki. Fig. 2. Sternidius centralis. Fig. 3. Sternidius imitans. Fig., 4.

Sternidius decorus. Fig. 5. Sternidius incognitus.

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977

199

Sli ing ae ilar

200 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Host: This species has been taken by beating foliage of various species of oak.

(Quercus spp.)

Material examined: Thirty-seven specimens were examined from the following local-

ities: numerous records from Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Santa Cruz Co. Ariz. on

various dates in July, August and September; one, Montosa Canyon, Santa Rita Mts. Ariz.

10 July 1975 (D.G. Marqua); one, Montezuma National Memorial, Huachuca Mts. Cochise

Co. Ariz. 27 July 1969 (A.E. Lewis); one, Hualapai Mts. Mojave Co. Ariz, 3 August 1975 (A.E.

Lewis); Davis Mts., Brewster Co., Texas, 24 June 1948 (J.N. Knull); Davis Mts., June and

July (A.E. Lewis).

S. imitans can be readily separated from the other species occur-

ring in the same area by the absence of fulvous pubescence, the wide

separation of lateral and discal maculae and the characters given in

the key.

Sternidius decorus (Fall)

Liopus decorus Fall, 1907:84

Sternidius centralis Dillion, 1956:218 (part).

Sternidius decorus, Linsley, Knull, and Statham, 1961:29.

Sternidius alpha arizonensis Dillon, 1956:217 New Synonomy.

Male: Form small, moderately robust, integument reddish brown to piceous, covered

with cinereous pubescence, often with black and tawny reflections; elytra with black

maculae and minute scattered black spots. Head impunctate, covered with cinereous

pubescence. Antennae linear, annulate, elongate, slightly more than one and a half times

body length; pubescence cinereous, absent on apices of segments one through seven,

and base and apex of remainder, distinctly mottled on scape and third segment, becom-

ing less so on distal segments; second segment black; fourth segment longer than scape,

subequal to or shorter than third, remaining segments gradually decreasing in length;

pronotum transverse, widest across lateral tubercles which are acute and placed at basal

third: sides gradually divergent to tubercles then acutely constricted behind forming

basal transverse sulcus; basal margin subequal or shorter than apical; disk with punc-

tures small, dense, partially hidden by vestiture; three distinct callosities in the form of an

inverted triangle present on disk; elongate one at middle, and one just behind apical mar-

gin on each side; pubescence scarcely mottled, cinereous, with or without a mixture of

brownish in the central portion of the disk. Elytra moderately robust, length about twice

width; sides subparallel to middle, (slightly indented behind humeri,) then barely ex-

panded and broadly rounded to apices, which are obliquely truncate or rounded to sutural

margin; basal gibbosities moderate, costae subobsolete, obscured by pubescence; punc-

tures dense, distinct, subconfluent, much larger than those of pronotum, largest behind

humeri then gradually becoming smaller and more shallow apically, all partially obscured

by vestiture; pubescence predominantly cinereous and black with a variable admixture of

tawny; black pubescent areas include a macula on each side placed at about basal fourth

which extends medially to include at least the lateral third of the disk, a common triangu-

lar area with apex behind mid elytra, the sides diverging at about 45 degrees to meet a

poorly formed and variable base which may or may not extend to the lateral margin; anter-

ior to this macula, the pubescence is uniformly cinereous, with or without tawny, forming

a saddle, posteriorly the vestiture is usually darker, variable, and made up of cinereous,

tawny and black elements; in addition, small black spots are present longitudinally, (the

size and extent varying with individual specimens). Ventral surface pubescent with

thoracic sternites and femora mottled. Procoxal process very narrow, about one tenth the

width of procoxal cavity; mesocoxal process about one half width of mesocoxal cavity;

tibiae distally and tarsi black; abdomen with fifth sternite about as long as fourth. Length

4.4-7.0mm.

Female: Fifth abdominal sternite twice as long as fourth. Length 4.2 - 7.2 mm.

Type locality: of decorus, Williams, Arizona; of alpha arizonensis, Cave Creek, Chiricahua

Mts., Arizona.

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 201

Host: This species is taken at black light and has been captured beating dead branches

of various species of oaks in montane southern and northern Arizona.

Range: Montane areas of southern Arizona, Cochise and Santa Cruz Counties to Coco-

nino County.

Flight period: July and August.

Material examined: Eighty-seven specimens from the following localities: Madera

Canyon, Santa Rita Mts. Santa Cruz Co., July and August; Montosa Canyon, Santa Rita

Mts., 10 July 1975 (D.G. Marqua); Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts. Cochise Co., various

dates in July (A.E. Lewis); Dragoon Mts. Cochise Co., 19 July 1972 (D.G. Marqua); 4 mi.

S.E. Patagonia, Santa Cruz Co., 4 July 1974 (D.G. Marqua).

While studying numerous examples of Sternidius centralis, it

became apparent that the name covered two distinct species. These

corresponded to S. centralis (LeConte) and S. decorus (Fall) based

upon examination of photographs of the types. Therefore, S. decorus

has been resurrected as a valid species. The type of S. a/pha arizonen-

sis (Dillon) appears to be just a small specimen of S. decorus (Fall).

S. decorus can be readily distinguished from S. imitans by the pre-

sence of fulvus pubescence, by having the common macula ill-

defined and usually extending to the lateral margin of the elytral disk,

and the characters given in the key. It is separable from S. centralis by

having the procoxal process narrower, about one tenth the width of

the procoxal cavity in most specimens, and in having the fourth

antennal segment distinctly longer than the scape.

Sternidius incognitus New species

Male: Form small, moderately robust; color brown to piceous, covered with predomin-

antly cinereous pubescence; sides of pronotum and elytra with black markings. Head

impunctate, covered with cinereous pubescence; frons transverse. Antennae at least one

and a half times as long as body, slender, annulate; scape slightly mottled, third segment

much less so, subopaque; pubescence of remaining segments sparse, more or less uni-

form; fourth segment longer than scape, subequal to third; remainder of segments grad-

ually decreasing in length. Pronotum transverse, widest across acute lateral tubercles

which are placed at basal third; sides gradually divergent to tubercles then abruptly con-

stricted behind forming the basal transverse sulcus; basal and apical margins subequal;

punctures small, dense, shallow, partially obscurred by vestiture; disk with three

callosites, more or less coalescent and devoid of cinereous pubescence; one each side of

middle just behind apex, one median, elongate, extending to basal margin; sides with a

distinct fuscous vitta running the entire length of pronotum. Scutellum triangular to

broadly rounded, impunctate, pubescent. Elytra moderately robust, about as long as

wide; sides subparallel to middle (scarcely indented behind humeri), then slightly ex-

panded and gradually convergent to apex, apices rounded to subtruncate; punctures of

disk dense, subconfluent, much larger than those of pronotum, largest at basal third, then

gradually decreasing in size to apex, partially obscured by pubescence; punctation of

sides distinct, subconfluent (as large as disk), not obscured by pubescence along vittae;

costae evanescent; macular areas as follows: disk with a common black triangular area

with its apex at mid-elytra, and sides diverging from suture at an angle of about 45 de-

grees or greater, not or reaching the lateral border; sides with a lateral vitta, extending

from behind middle to basal margin, then along sides of pronotum as above described.

The vitta encroaches medially to include less than one tenth of the disk, and is thus sub-

obsolete when viewed from above; pubescence black over vittae, cinereous with tawny

components forming a saddle anterior to common macula, behind (within the demarcated

apical area) darker, composed of black, cinereous, and tawny elements in variable com-

bination; rows of small blackish spots varying in extent and number among individuals

202 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

present. Underside scarcely mottled; femora with dark spot just proximal to club on some

specimens, distal tibiae black, annulate; tarsi black; procoxal process narrow, about one

tenth the width of procoxal cavity; mesocoxal process about one half the width of meso-

coxal cavity; fifth abdominal sternite subequal to fourth. Length 4.7 - 6.2 mm.

Female: Fifth abdominal sternite about twice the length of fourth. Length 4.7 - 6.0 mm.

Material examined: Holotype female, (California Academy of Sciences) Madera Canyon,

Santa Rita Mts. Santa Cruz County, Arizona, 10-15 July 1975 (A.E. Lewis). Twelve para-

types: four females, three males, same data as holotype; two males, one female, Madera

Canyon, 27 July 1976 (F.T. Hovore); two males, Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts. Cochise

County, Arizona 20-24 July 1969 (A.E. Lewis). Paratypes are deposited in the California

Insect Survey, Berkeley; Whittier Narrows Nature Center Collection, Los Angeles County;

F.T. Hovore Collection; and that of the author.

This species is closely related and structurally similar to S. decorus

and it has been taken in conjunction with that species above 6000 ft.

beating dead oak, (Quercus sp.). It differes in having the sides of the

pronotum and elytra vittate; the dorsal macula placed at mid-elytra;

and the subopaque, scarcely mottled third antennal segment.

Acknowledgments

The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to the fol-

lowing individuals for making available necessary type specimens for

study: Dr. George W. Byers, Curator, Snow Entomological Museum,

University of Kansas, Lawrence; Dr. John Chemsak, University of Cal-

ifornia, Berkeley; D. Kavanaugh and Hugh B. Leech, California

Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.- He also

wishes to thank Ed Giesbert, F.T. Hovore, and David G. Marqua for

supplying numerous specimens for study. For encouragement, criti-

cism, valuable suggestions, and necessary literature, the author is

most grateful to Dr. John Chemsak, Berkeley, Dr. Charles Hogue, Los

Angeles County Museum, and Roy Snelling, Los Angeles County

Museum.

Literature Cited

Blatchley, W.S. 1910. Coleoptera of Indiana. Nature Pub. Co, Indianapolis. pp. 1-1386.

Casey, T.L. 1891. Coleopterological Notices Ill. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. pp. 9-214.

1913. Il — Further Studies Among the American Longicornia. Mem. Coleopt.

4:193-400.

Chemsak, J.A. and E.G. Linsley. 1976. Checklist of the Beetles of Canada, United States,

Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. Vol. |, Part 6. The Longhorn

Beetles and the Family Disteniidae. (Red Version). Biol. Res. Inst. Amer. pp. 1-

224.

Dillon, L.S. 1956. The Nearctic Components of the Tribe Acanthocinini, Part III. Ann.

Entomol Soc. Amer., 49(3):208-220.

Fall, H.C. 1907. New Genera and Species of N. Amer. Cerambycidae J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc.

15:80-87.

Haldeman, S.S. 1847. Materials Toward a History of the Longicornia. Trans. Amer. Phil.

Soc. 2:27-66.

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 203

Horn, G.H. 1880. Notes on Some Genera of Cerambycidae with Descriptions of New

Species. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 8:115-138.

Knull, J.N. 1936. Five New Southwestern Coleoptera (Buprestidae and Cerambycidae)

Entomol. News, 47:105-108.

1946. The Longhorn Beetles of Ohio. Ohio Biol. Surv. Bull. 39:133-354.

LeConte, J.L. 1852. Catalogue of the Melyrides of U.S. with Descriptions of New Species.

Proc. of Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. pp. 163-171.

1874. New Species of North American Coleoptera. Smiths. Misc. Collect. pp.

169-240.

1884. Short Studies of N.A. Coleoptera, No. 2. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc.

12:1-32.

Leng, C.W. and J. Hamilton. 1896. The Lamiinae of N. America Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc.

23:101-178.

Linsley E.G., J.N. Knull and M. Statham. 1961. A List of Cerambycidae from the Chiricahua

Mountain Area, Cochise Co. Ariz. Amer. Mus. Novit. pp. 1-34.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

The following Opinions have been published recently by the In-

ternational Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

Opinion No. 1065 (Bull. zool. Nom. 33 (3&4) page 151) Polyzonium

germanicum Brandt, 1837, conserved: Platyu/lus

audouinii Gervais, 1836, suppressed (Diplopoda,

POLY ZONIIDAE).

Opinion No. 1066 (Bull. zool. Nom. 33 ( 3&4) page 155) Lyda alter-

nans Costa, 1859 under plenary powers given

precedence over Lyda inanis Klug, 1808 (Insecta:

Coleoptera).

Opinion No. 1073 (Bull. zool. Nom. 33 (3&4) page 172). Under |

plenary powers family name RIODINIDAE Grote,

1895 (Lepidoptera) to have precedence as from

1827 and ERYCINIDAE Swainson, 1827 ruled in-

valid and placed on Official Index of Rejected

and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology.

Opinion No.1075 (Bull. zool. Nom. 33 (3&4) page 176) Striglina

Guenée given precedence under plenary powers

over Daristane Walker, 1859 (Lepidoptera,

THYRIDIDAE).

The Commission cannot supply separates of Opinions.

204 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

The Unusual Seasonal Occurrence of Blister Beetles in the Colorado Desert

(Coleoptera: Meloidae). — The adults of most of the Meloidae found in the Colorado

Desert of southern California are active in spring, primarily from February to May. This

activity follows the period of maximum precipitation for the area (December and January).

Three of these vernal species, Phodaga alticeps LeConte, Pleuropasta mirabilis (Horn), and

Spastonyx nemognathoides (Horn), were unexpectedly collected in early October, 1976. A

single specimen of S. nemognathoides was swept from Co/denia palmeri Gray, 8 km (5 mi) E.

Mecca, on 5 October, and especially noteworthy, hundreds of individuals of both Phodaga

alticeps and Pleuropasta mirabilis were observed in the desert area 9.6 km (6 mi) W.

Holtville. Large populations of the latter two species were first observed on 29 September

and persisted at least until 9 October. During this period smaller numbers of P. a/ticeps

were also found at two other localities in the Imperial Valley: ca. 5 km (3 mi) NE. Harpers

Well, and along the International Boundary, ca. 19 km (12 mi) W. Calexico.

These species have never, or only rarely, been collected at times other than spring or

early summer in the Colorado Desert. All literature records of S. nemognathoides

(Selander, 1954, Coleopterists Bull., 8:11-18; Werner, Enns and Parker, 1966, Agr. Exp. Sta.

Univ. Arizona Tech. Bull. 175) as well as collections that | have examined, indicate a March

to May distribution. The seasonal distribution of P. a/ticeps was summarized recently

(Pinto, 1972, Canadian Ento., 104:577-595). Four-fifths of the records in southern

California and the adjacent low desert regions of Arizona are from March and April. A

single collection of two specimens taken in October 1967 from Holtville and one in

September (year and locality unknown) represent the only previous records of this

common species from the area after July. The data for P. mirabilis are similar. A treatment

of this species by Werner et a/. (ibid.) gives March to July as the seasonal range in Arizona.

Of the numerous records from southern California that | have seen, only two are from

autumn: one series was taken 7 mi (11.2 km) S. Ripley, 19 October 1951; and another from

19 mi (30.4 km) W. Blythe, 18 October 1959.

Fall emergence of typically vernal blister beetles is probably related to high levels of

late summer rainfall, a relatively rare phenomenon in southern California. The 1976

emergence was probably triggered, at least in part, by the extensive and heavy precipita-

tion occurring throughout southern California during September. These rains were the

result of a tropical storm system that extended farther north than usual. Although this

system dominated the area for much of the month, the heaviest rains occurred during the

second week. Monthly precipitation totals at various Colorado Desert stations ranged

from 74.4mm (2.93 in) at Brawley (ca. 25 km NW. Holtville) to 144.0 mm (5.67 in) at Mecca.

This contrasts with the normal September average of 5 to 7.5 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) and an

annual average between 50 and 75 mm (2 and 3 in) for most locals (U.S. Weather Bureau

Data). Tropical storms do not commonly influence the area extensively, but highly

scattered thundershowers may bring high levels of rainfall to localized areas on almost

any given year.

The adults of Phodaga alticeps and Pleuropasta mirabilis were feeding on the flowers of

Coldenia palmeri, their usual host. Munz (1959, A California Flora) lists the blooming period

for this desert perennial as April to June. A full bloom did occur in early October, 1976,

however, providing the meloids with their normal food source.

The autumnal emergence of the species discussed here does not necessarily suggest a

second generation. It has been my experience that in dry years some of the vernal species

are scarce or absent during their normal season of activity. Ontogenetic studies indicate

that the resistant coarctate larva of meloids is capable of existing several years before

continuing development (e.g. see Selander and Mathieu, 1964, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.,

57:711-732). Interestingly, winter 1975-76 was relatively dry. Almost all of the measurable

rainfall occurred during a single storm in February. Repeated searches for both P. mirabilis

and P. alticeps the following spring resulted in only a few scattered specimens of the

latter. Thus it is possible that the autumn populations of both species stemmed from a

parental generation that was active more than a year earlier. — JOHN D. PINTO,

Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 92521.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:204. July 1977.

A New Species of North American Scotolinx

with Taxonomic Notes on the Genus

(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Gordon Gordh

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, I/BIII, Agr. Res. Serv., USDA!

Ashmead (1904) described Scofolinx in a key to the genera of

Elachertini, but he did not give a description of the type-species,

S. gallicola Ashmead. This paper describes that species. Ishii (1953)

described Scotolinx phyllocnistis based on females reared from Phyl-

locnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera) taken at Nagasaki, Japan.

Subba Rao and Ramamani (1966) described S. quadristriata based on

material reared from the same host species on citrus in India. Boucek

(pers. comm.) is transferring quadristriata to another genus and

Kamijo is transferring phyllocnistis to still another genus; these

species will not be considered in this paper.

A large series of specimens representing an underscribed species

of Scotolinx was sent to me by Mr. Jack Hall, Division of Biological

Control, University of California, Riverside. Description of this

species also provides an opportunity to characterize the genus more

properly.

Scotolinx Ashmead

Scotolinx Ashmead, 1904. Mem. Carnegie Mus. 1 (4): 354, 355. Type-

species: Scotolinx gallicola Ashmead. Original Designation. Scotolinx

Girault, 1916. Mem. Queensland Mus. 5: 216. Type-species: Scotolinx

gallicola Girault. Original Designation. (Redescription of Ashmead’s

type-material.)

Female: Head wider than tall; compound eye with minute, pale setae; clypeal margin

weakly bilobed; mandible bidentate with a broad truncation which may be finely serrated;

maxillary palpus 2-segmented; labial palpus 1-segmented; antennal formula 1,1,2,2,3;

torulus inserted above imaginary line extending between ventral margins of compound

eyes. Pronotum not shouldered, sloping anteriorly, collar not margined; scutellum with

2 pairs of large setae and 1 pair of discoid sensilla; meson of metanotum not strongly

tumid; propodeum without median carina. Fore wing with costal cell and basal cell

setose; submarginal vein not projecting strongly into basal cell; stigma bulbous; ventral

surface of fore wing with some setae projecting perpendicular to wing surface. Hind wing

with 3 hamuli.

Male: With the characters of the female, but the body has metallic coloration and the

antennal formula is 1,1,2,2,3 or 1,1,2,3,2.

Scotolinx is related to Pseudolynx Girault and Aulogymnus Foerster

(= Olynx Foerster). These genera represent a continuum in a mor-

phological transformation series, and the characters that may be

used to differentiate them are mostly qualitative. A strong argument

can be made for synonymizing them. However, | do not have ade-

quate evidence to synonymize them. Table 1 gives the characters

which may be used to distinguish these genera.

‘Mail address: c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:205-210. July 1977.

206 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Table 1. Characters used to differentiate Scotolinx, Aulogymnus,

and Pseudolynx.

Female Propodeal Basal Metanotal Sexual

Taxon antenna carina Stigma cell meson Pronotum = dichromism

Scotolinx 1,1,2,2,3 absent bulbous setose not tumid not yes

shouldered

Aulogymnus — 1,1,2,3,2 present parallel- asetose not tumid not no

sided shouldered

Pseudolynx 1,1,2,2,3 absent parallel- setose tumid shouldered ?

(2 spp.) sided

evanescent

(1 sp.)

Girault (1915) created Cirrospilopsis for 3 Australian species which

| have not seen. The generic name was preoccupied by Cirrospilopsis

Brethes, 1913 and therefore Gahan and Fagan (1923) proposed

Giraultia for the species formerly included in Cirrospilopsis Girault.

From the original characterization of Cirrospilopsis Girault it is not

possible to identify that genus. Girault (1916, 1917a, 1917b) placed

3 North American species in the genus and these were retained in

Giraultia by Muesebeck et al. (1951). Each of the North American

species is known only from the few specimens used in the original

descriptions and the species have not been recovered elsewhere.

Judging from the descriptions of the Australian species and the

type-material of the North American species, Giraultia is a loose as-

semblage of species because there is extensive morphological varia-

tion.

Scotolinx sapientia (Girault), New Combination, was characterized

by Girault (1917b) as having tridentate mandibles but examination of

the head of a slide mounted type-specimen reveals that the mandible

is bidentate with a finely serrated truncation. This, combined with

the noncarinate propodeum, antennal formula, setose basal cell of

the fore wing, and non-shouldered pronotum refers sapientia to

Scotolinx as that genus is understood here. The remaining 2 species

of Girau/tia from North America do not appear congeneric but | hesi-

tate to place them without additional material, further study of related

genera, and examination of the Australian species of Giraultia.

| designate as Lectotype of S. sapientia a point-mounted female

whose head, wings, and antennae are mounted on a slide. (USNM

type no. 20217.) sent

Scotolinx gallicola Ashmead

Female: 1.68mm long. Body pale yellow except anteromedial area of pronotum,

posterior margin of gastral terga 2-5, and antennal flagellum dusky. Legs concolorous

with body. Fore wing and hind wing hyaline. Dark, conspicuous setae on vertex and head

surface posterior to compound eye extending ventrally to genal suture. Mandible (Fig.

1) with truncation bearing microstriae. Antenna (Fig. 2) with funicular segments as long

as wide; club compact, maximal width greater than funicular segment maximal width.

Mesosomal chaetotaxy: Pronotum setose along posterior margin and lateral region;

mesoscutum with 2 pairs of small setae medially; scapula with 2 large setae and several

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 207

small setae; metanotum asetose; axilla with 1 large seta; propodeal callus with several

small, pale setae anteriorly, 2 large, dark setae posteriorly. Costal cell of fore wing with

a line of setae along distal half of cell anterior-margin, a line of setae extending the length

of the cell halfway between its anterior and posterior margins. Gastral terga 1-4 setose

laterally, remaining terga uniformly setose.

Male: 1.55mm long. Similar to the female in habitus and chaetotaxy; differing in that

the vertex is dusky, medial portion of the pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum, axilla,

metanotum, and propodeum are metallic dark green. Gaster reddish brown.

Redescribed from 4 males, 2 females, and parts of a third female.

All specimens are in the USNM collection. | designate as Lectotype

a female mounted on acard with 3 males; | have drawn an arrow to the

female. Labels on the pin read: ‘78’, “liverpool galls M. lithifolia,”’

“USNM type no. 12793,” and ‘“‘Scotolinx gallicola 9d type Ashm.”’.

| noted little variation in the type-series, probably because the

series is small.

Scotolinx california, new species

Female: 2.28mm long. Head yellow except the following darkened areas: hypostomal

bridge; transverse stripe above occiput extending between compound eyes; spot be-

tween torulus and compound eye; genal sulcus; transverse, interrupted stripe extending

between lower margins of compound eye. Mesosoma yellow except dark anteromedial

portion of pronotum, notaulix, longitudinal stripe on lateral portion of mesoscutellum,

meson, and anteriolateral portions of metanotum. Propodeum metallic dark green. Gaster

uniformly dark brown. Ventral surface of antennal scape pale, dorsal surface and remain-

ing segments dusky. Legs pale except dusky hind coxa, trochanter, and femur. Fore wing

(Fig. 7) hyaline with dusky area adjacent to stigmal vein and junction of submarginal and

marginal veins; fainter duskiness along apical wing-margin. Hind wing hyaline. Head with

uniformly reticulate sculpture. Anterior and posterior surfaces adjacent to compound

eye with a more dense vestiture of dark setae. Compound eye with small, pale, fine,

sparsely distributed setae. Toruli separated by slightly more than width of a torulus.

Mandible (Fig. 3) with 2 well-defined teeth and a broad truncation that is subdivided into

at least 3 microscopic teeth. Antennal scape and pedicel (Fig. 4) setose, with bold, reti-

culate striae that connect setal sockets; second annulus setose; first funicular segment

slightly longer than second; rhinaria on both funiculars and club.

Mesosoma with uniformly reticulate striae except posterolateral area of metanotum.

Chaetotaxy: pronotum with small setae anterolaterally, a line of large setae along pos-

terior margin; mesoscutum with 3 pairs of large setae, 1 pair of small setae; scapula with

a large medial pair and 4 small lateral pairs of setae; propodeal callus with moderately

abundant vestiture of long thin, pale setae. Gastral terga with lightly incised striae; terga

1 and 2 with a few setae laterally; tergum 3 with lateral setae and a line of setae extending

along posterior tergal margin; tergum 4 with posterior half setose; terga 5-7 densely and

uniformly setose. Sterna 1-6 with lightly incised reticulate sculpture, asetose; subgenital

plate smooth, with a few setae basally, becomming striated and densely setose apically;

basal half of gonocoxite with reticulate sculpture, asetose, distal half smooth and with

2 longitudinal lines of setae. Gonostylus moderately setose. Ovipositor not strongly

exserted, 2.48 times longer than hind tibia; gonostylus 0.61 times as long as hind tibia.

Fore wing costal cell with 2 lines of setae, anterior line along cell margin on distal half of

cell, posterior line anterior to venation and extending length of costal cell. Dorsomedial

surface of submarginal vein with a row of setae; marginal and postmarginal veins densely

setose; stigma sparsely setose. Dorsal surface of wing densely setose; speculum weakly

developed; ventral surface of wing with 2 rows of long setae perpendicular to wing sur-

face and parallel to marginal vein; marginal fringe short; postmarginal vein not well

defined, about 1.5 times longer than stigmal vein; submarginal vein 1.4 times longer than

marginal vein. Hind wing hyaline; submarginal vein and apex of marginal vein pigmented;

208 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

ee AS i

Grab say Serie Oe Pee

ot ieee SSDS SN ay ne SN

ME et Sah EY ~ aa 6: tal oN

ele AS 2 PF ‘ \\

eee le ea a 4 my

Tory

A RES

ea | Fa

aS.

yeaa Vy \ \

& X

—

Figs. 1-7. Scotolinx spp. Fig. 1. Female mandible of S. gallicola (paralectotype). Fig. 2.

Female antenna of S. gallicola (paralectotype). Fig. 3. Female mandible of S. california

(holotype). Fig. 4. Female antenna of S. california (holotype). Fig. 5. Female hind wing

hamuli of S. california (holotype). Fig. 6. Male antenna of S. california (allotype). Fig. 7.

Female fore wing of S. california (paratype).

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 209

submarginal vein asetose; marginal vein with a dorsomedial line of setae extending vein

length; hamular setae long, curved anteriad, curved portions not opposable (Fig. 5); mar-

ginal vein with a line of fine, small setae posterior to hamuli.

Male: 1.29mm long. Similar to the female in habitus, sculpture, and chaetotaxy;

differing in that the vertex is dusky and the mesosoma is predominantly metallic green

with patterns as follows: pronotum with longitudinal mesal stripe; mesoscutum except

anterolateral portion near notaulices; scapula with lateral spot; axilla with 2 pale stripes;

metanotum and propodeum metallic dark green. Gaster shining brown. Antenna (Fig. 6)

9 segmented (1,1,2,3,2); funicle segments pedunculate; funicle 1 slightly longer than

second or third funicular segments; second and third funicular segments subequal;

scape and pedicel with moderately incised striae; remaining segments smooth.

Material examined: 11 females and 24 males from cynipid galls on ‘‘stam. fis.” of

Quercus agrifolia Nee collected by P. H. Timberlake at Whittier, Calif. on 17 April 1913,

1 male collected from a window pane by H. C. Compere at Whittier, Calif. on 24 February

1922; 5 males and 4 females collected from Callirhytis flora Weld on Quercus wislizeni

Candolle at Felton, Calif. during 1947 by L. H. Weld; and 4 males and 5 females collected

from a cynipid gall on Quercus sp. 9 Feb. and 27 Apr. 1893 in Kern County, Calif. by an

unknown collector (Bureau of Entomology no. 5524°). (According to Bureau of Entomo-

logy records the latter specimens were probably collected by Coquillett.)

Holotype: Slide-mounted female collected at Felton, Calif., 1947, by L. H. Weld from

C. flora on Q. wislizeni (USNM type no. 73743). Allotype male from the same locality and

with the same collection data. Both are deposited in the U.S. National Museum. 22 male

and 10 female paratypes are deposited in the Division of Biological Control, University

of California, Riverside, 1 male and 1 female paratypes are deposited in the British

Museum (Natural History), and the remainder of the paratypical material is in the USNM

collection.

Variation: Females from Whittier have the metanotum uniformly pale yellow, the pro-

podeum is pale yellow except the anterior and posteriomedial margins, the gaster is pale

on the apex, lateral, and ventral surfaces; some specimens have supernumerary small

setae on the mesoscutum, and some specimens have the fore wing nearly hyaline where

it is infuscated on the holotype, and some specimens have the infuscation extending

nearly half the length of the wing. Some specimens from Kern County have the scutellum

mottled, the propodeum may be metallic blue green, or the male can be pale marked

behind the propodeal spiracle; the male fore wing can also be hyaline. The hind coxa is

sometimes dark reddish brown. Some males from Whittier have the medial pronotal pig-

mentation not reaching the posterior margin of the pronotum, the scapula has pigmented

medial areas, the scutellum is not extensively pigmented lateral to the paired setae, and

the meson of the metanotum can be yellow or have a small pigmented spot.

The specific name ‘‘california’’ is a noun in apposition and refers to the state of Cali-

fornia, the region from which the species has been recovered.

Scotolinx california compares well with the type-species. Females

of gallicola have a more truncate mandible (Fig. 1), the funicular seg-

ments are shorter, and the club is more compact (Fig. 2). The setae

on the head posterior to the compound eye and on the scapula are

thicker, dark, and more conspicuous, and the setae on the pronotum

are more dense and dark in gallicola. Males of gallico/a have the entire

mesoscutum and scutellum dark metallic green. Scotolinx gallicola

has been recovered from galls on bottle brush in New South Wales,

Australia; S. california presumably parasitizes gall-forming cynipids

on oak in California.

The fact that the male of california has an extra funicular segment

could be taken as grounds for the creation of anew genus. Otherwise

the male and female agree with Scotolinx. It seems more reasonable

210 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

to expand the concept of Scotolinx to accommodate the new species

than to create a new genus. .

LITERATURE CITED

Ashmead, W. H. 1904. Classification of the Chalcid Flies or the Superfamily

Chalcidoidea, with Descriptions of New Species in the Carnegie Museum,

Collected in South America by Herbert H. Smith. Mem. Carnegie Mus. 1 (4):

225-551.

Gahan, A. B. and M. M. Fagan 1923. The Type Species of the Genera of Chalcidoidea

or Chalcid-flies. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bul. 124, 173 pp.

Girault, A. A. 1915. Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea — IV. Supplement. Mem.

Queensland Mus. 3: 180-299.

Girault, A.A. 1916. New Miscellaneous Chalcidoid Hymenoptera with Notes on Des-

cribed Species. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 9 (3): 291-308.

Girault, A.A. 1917a. A metallic species of Cirrospilopsis from Maryland (Hymenoptera:

Eulophidae). Psyche 24 (3): 100.

Girault, A. A. 1917b. Descriptiones Hymenoptorum Chalcidoidicarum Variorum cum

Observationibus. V. 16 pp. (privately printed).

Ishii, T. 1953. A report on the studies of the parasitic wasps of injurious insects. Fac.

Agr. Tokyo Univ. Agr. Tech. Bul. 1 (2): 1-10.

Muesebeck, C. W. F. et al. 1951. Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico. Synoptic

Catalog. U.S. Dept. Agr. Agr. Monog. 2, 1420 pp.

Subba Rao, B. R. and S. Ramamani, 1966. Biology of Cirrospiloideus phyllocnistoides

(Narayanan) and description of a new species, Scotolinx quadristriata (Hyme-

noptera: Eulophidae) as parasites of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton. Indian J.

Entomol. 27 (4): 408-413.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

New Records of Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) from California and Mexico'. — A collection

of mayflies on loan from the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, includes

new records of Ametropus ammophilus Allen & Edmundsd and of Choroterpes (Choroterpes)

inornata Eaton.

Ametropus ammophilus was described from northwestern Washington, and is known

from western Montana and western Oregon. A collection of nymphs from Upper Truckee

River, 0.16 km. downstream from Highway 50 bridge (depth 0.7 meters), El Dorado Co.,

California 20-XI-69, W. Arthur Noble, constitute a new state record for California. Choro-

terpes inornata was described from northern Sonora, Mexico and Arizona, and specimens

of the species have been reported also from southern Colorado and New Mexico. Nymphs

of C. inornata collected in a stream at Rancho Cuevas Pintas, 9 miles west Loreto, Baja

California Sur, Mexico, 18-V-69, S.C. Williams, represent a new record of the species from

Baja California and is the only mayfly to be reported from Baja California Sur. —

RICHARD K. ALLEN, Department of Biology, California State University, Los Angeles, 90032.

'The research and writing of this note was supported by funds from National Science Foundation Grant

BMS 75-17661.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:210. July 1977.

A New Megaleuctra from California

(Plecoptera: Leuctridae)

Wayne C. Fields, Jr.

10325 Indian Hill Rd. Newcastle, California 95658

According to Baumann (1973) there are five extant species of the

genus Megaleuctra, all from North America. Until this time, the genus

was not known to occur in California. This paper describes a sixth

species, Megaleuctra sierra, taken on a tributary of the North Fork of

the American River in Placer County, California, at an elevation of

approximately 3500 feet.

Shirttail Creek is a small stream running through a steep-sided,

heavily wooded canyon in the upper zone of the yellow pine forest.

The specimen was taken from the foliage of the dominant streamside

shrub Cornus sessilis Torrey ex Durand.

Baumann (1973) suggests that Megal/euctra is stenothermic in

character and part of the fauna of springlike areas. A few spring

seepages are present in the immediate vicinity of the capture area; it

is not likely that this specimen originated in Shirttail Creek itself, as

the benthos of the stream was heavily sampled by me the preceding

year.

Megaleuctra sierra, new species

(Figs. 1-3)

Holotype female.—Macropterous. Length of forewings 15 mm; length of body 14 mm,

excluding extended subgenital plate. Overall color yellowish brown. Body sparsely

covered with fine hairs, most abundant on abdominal terminalia. Ocelli approximately

equally spaced, those posterior nearer to eyes than to each other. Palps dark brown.

Antennae dark brown, long, over 40 segments (tips broken off). Pronotum wider than long,

posterior corners cut off forming two small flat sides; pronotum brown, darkest either

side of midline, becoming yellowish brown at margins. Raised portions of remainder of

thorax heavily sclerotized, dark brown. Legs darkest at joints. Second tarsal segment

short, first segment nearly. as long as second and third together; first and second

segments yellow, third dark brown. Wings dusky yellow, darkest at tips, with heavy brown

veins. Pronounced dark areas in the center and distal portions of the costal space beyond

the cord and near cubito-anal crossvein in front wing. Rs with four branches, and sixth

anal vein in hind wing paler than other veins and not reaching wing margin (Fig. 1).

Abdomen pale brown dorsally, with a small oval sclerotized spot on either side of the

midline on anterior margin of segments 1-9. Abdomen more heavily sclerotized on venter,

dark yellowish brown; small paired depressions, one either side of midline near center of

segments 1-7 and at base of subgenital plate (Fig. 2). subgenital plate (eighth sternite)

with thin lateral flange at base, then drawn out past tip of abdomen to a length of approxi-

mately 1.5mm, and rounded at apical extremity (Figs. 2, 3); color mostly dark brown. Ninth

tergite formed into a dark brown ovipositor-like structure and lying within the evenly

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:211-214. July 1977.

212 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. 1-3. Megaleuctra sierra Fields. Fig. 1. wings. Fig. 2. Female terminalia, ventral view.

Fig. 3. Female terminalia, lateral view.

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 213

curved plate and extending three-fourths its length. Tenth tergite with low, dark

protuberances above the inconspicuous cerci, one on either side of a median depression

which extends forward to include the posterior portion of the ninth tergite; central portion

of tenth tergite extends posteriorly as a triangular shelf (Fig. 3).

Holotype, female, Shirttail Creek, western edge of Tahoe National Forest, Placer

County, California. V1I-9-1974. W.C. Fields, Jr. (authors’ collection).

M. sierra can be separated from the other known species in the

genus not only by geographic location but also by anatomical dif-

ferences exhibited by the female terminalia and wing venation. M.

sierra was taken in central California, over 300 miles south of other

collections of the genus. The subgenital plate is similar to that of M.

spectabilis Neave (1934) and M. complicata Claassen (Zwick, 1973), but

is both longer and narrower. Claassen (1937) equated M. spectabilis

Neave with M. stigmata Banks 1900. This has not been generally

accepted as noted by Frison (1942), and W.E. Ricker (personal

communication)!. | have been unable to locate any description of the

female terminalia of M. stigmata. If it should prove to be the same as

that of M. spectabilis, it will still be shorter than that of M. sierra. The

subgenital plate of M. sierra is much shorter than that of M. williamsae

Hanson (Baumann, 1973). The females of M. flinti Baumann (1973) and

M. kincaidi Frison (1942) are unknown.

Considerable variation in wing venation exists in Megaleuctra,

particularly as regards the number of branches in the radial sector; in

M. sierra, there are four in both the front and hind wings. There are

two each in M. spectabilis and M. williamsae Hanson (1941), and three

in M. complicata Claassen (Frison, 1942). In addition, each of the first

two mentioned has in the hind wing a complete sixth anal vein,

whereas the new species does not. Dr. W.E. Ricker (personal

communication) is in possession of a male paratype of M. kincaidi

which has two and three branches of Rs in the front wings, two and

four in the hind wings, and an incomplete sixth anal vein. Claassen

(1937) mentions only that the wing venation of M. stigmata is similar to

that of M. spectabilis. | have been unable to find in the literature any

illustrations of the hind wings of M. complicata as well as any

illustrations of the fore and hind wings of M. flinti. Dr. Ricker has

informed me that the distribution of pigment in the outer costal cell

of the wing is a character of potential importance, stating that the

only other species with a similar pigment distribution to that of M.

sierra (pigment not reaching the end of the cell) is M. kincaidi.

Acknowledgements

| am very grateful to Dr. Ricker for his careful study of my specimen

and for encouraging me to describe it under the proposed name even

though it may later prove to be the as yet undescribed female of M.

kincaidi.

‘Letter from Dr. W.E. Ricker, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Feb. 14, 1977.

214 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Literature Cited

Baumann, R.W. 1973. New Megaleuctra from the eastern United States (Plecoptera:

Leuctridae). Entomol., News, 84: 247-250.

Claassen, P.W. 1937. New species of stoneflies (Plecoptera). J. Kan. Entomol. Soc. 10(2):

42-51.

Frison, T.H. 1942. Descriptions, records, and systematic notes concerning western North

American Stoneflies (Plecoptera). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 18(1):9-16.

Hanson, J.F. 1941. Studies on the Plecoptera of North America II. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol.

Soc. 36(2): 57-66.

Neave, F. 1934. Stoneflies from the Purcell Range, B.C. Can. Entomol., 66: 1-6.

Zwick, P. 1973. Insecta: Plecoptera. Phylogenetisches System and Katalog. Das Tierreich,

94, 465 p. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.

BOOK REVIEW

Key for the field identification of brassica, potato and sugar beet

aphids with photographic illustrations. Prior, R. N. B. and. J. R.

Morrison. 1977, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Plant

Pathology Laboratory, Hatching Green, Hertfordshire. 26 pp. £3.50

(by post £ 3.70) Available from Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and

Food (Publications), Tolcarne Drive, Pinner, Middlesex, HA5 2DT.

This book, along with the first one on cereal aphids, (€ 2.10 and

£ 2.30), should be in the hands of all field entomologists involved in

pest management of agricultural crops. The books are applicable ona

world-wide basis, as aphids destructive to agricultural crops are

cosmopolitan in distribution. Furthermore, Messrs. Prior and

Morrison have produced books that can be used with facility, through

their superb photographs and through their mastery in handling key

characters.

The key contains all the pertinent characters pertaining to each

species. The color plates exhibit excellent detail and color reproduc-

tion, and the chief distinguishing characters are pointed out clearly in

corresponding diagrams. The nomenclature is current.

It is hoped that there will be other books, including one on orchard

crops. — TOKUWO KONO, /nsect Taxonomy Laboratory, California

Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California. :

A Review of Ephemerelia (Dannella)

and the Description of a New Species

(Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae)'

Richard K. Allen

California State University, Los Angeles 90032

Allen and Edmunds (1962), in a revision of Ephemerella (Dannella),

characterized the adult and nymphal stages of the taxon based on the

known species, £. simplex McDunnough, 1925, and E. /ita Burks, 1937.

The nymphs were characterized as follows: (1) semioperculate gills

on segments 4-7, with rudimentary gillon segment one; (2) without

denticles on tarsal claws; and (38) without paired dorsal abdominal

tubercles. In 1965, they published a key to the adults and nymphs of

the North American subgenera of Ephemerella, including Dannella,

and the nymphs were keyed to subgenus on the basis of the absence

of denticles on the tarsal claws.

Recently, nymphs of an undescribed species of Danne/la were

collected in Lake Huron which do not fit the published characteriza-

tion of this developmental stage. Eohemerella bartoni n. sp. has oper-

culate gills on segment 4 and a rudimentary gill on segment one, but

possesses denticles on the tarsal claws and paired dorsal abdominal

tubercles. In the key to the subgenera, Allen & Edmunds (1965), the

nymph of E. bartoni will not key beyond couplet 8 (p. 245) as the tarsal

claws possess denticles.

The nymphal stage of Danella is recharacterized as follows: (1)

operculate or semioperculate gills on segments 4-7 and rudimentary

gills on segment 1; (2) abdominal segments 8-9 subequal in length;

(3) maxillary palpi reduced or absent; (4) abdominal terga with or

without paired dorsal tubercles; (5) tarsal claws with or without

denticles; and (6) head, body, and appendages with long conspi-

cuous setae.

The following key will serve to distinguish all North American

Ephemerella subgenera with lamellate gills on segments 4-7.

Key to the Subgenera of Ephemerella

1. Abdominal gills imbricated (fig.1).................. Attenella

Abdominal gills operculate (fig. 3) or semioperculate as in

TG? SFRe Re eae RPT eT OU ey PENS Pay 2

' The research upon which this paper is based was supported by National Science Foundation Grant No.

BMS 75-17661.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:215-217. July 1977.

216 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. 1. Ephemerelia (Attenella) attenuata, abdomen, dorsal view. Fig. 2-3. Ephemerella

(Dannella) bartoni, nymphal parts: fig. 2, tarsal claw; fig. 3, abdomen, dorsal view. Fig. 4.

Ephemerella (Timpanoga) hecuba, fore femur. Fig. 5. Ephemerella sp?, fore femur. Fig.

6. Ephemerella (Timpanoga) hecuba, head. Fig. 7. Ephemerella sp?, head. Fig. 8.

Ephemerella (Eurylophella) bicolor, abdomen, dorsal view.

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 217

2(1). Apex femora terminating in sharp spine (fig. 4); head with broad

frontal shelf (fig. 6): segment 1 without rudimentary gill.....

Boa eure ae ee Me erg er TaoPPI ES. acy as UA ls Na ce Og Mag Ae Timpanoga

Apex femora broadly rounded, not terminating in sharp spine

(fig. 5); head without frontal shelf (fig. 7); segment 1 with

rudimentary gillasinfigs.1and3 ..................00. 3

3(2). Abdominal segment 9 distinctly longer than segment 8 (fig. 8);

head, body and appendages with short inconspicuous setae

win ite dove cacle-ghip 4k a: a ORD ee ROMA OED Ut eos. Eurylophella

Abdominal segments 8-9 subequal in length (fig. 3); head, body

and appendages with long conspicuous setae .... Dannella

Ephemerella (Dannella) bartoni, new species

Nymphs. Length: body 7.0-8.0 mm; caudal filaments 3.0-4.0 mm. General color yellow to

light brown. Head yellow to light brown, vertex with brown markings; maxillae without

palpi. Thoracic nota yellow to brown, without distinctive markings; legs pale, tarsal claws

with 6-7 small marginal denticles (fig. 2). Abdominal terga yellow to light brown, often

with paired sublateral brown maculae on terga 3-7; terga 5-7 with small paired dorsal

abdominal tubercles (fig. 3); operculate gills brown; abdominal segments 2-9 with well-

developed posterolateral projections (fig. 3). Caudal filaments pale with narrow brown

annulations near base.

Types. Holotype. male nymph, Howdenvale, Lake Huron, Ontario, Canada, 29-V-74,

David R. Barton, in collection Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. Paratopotypes. 3

male and 5 female nymphs, 1 male and 1 female in collection David R. Barton, University

of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, and 1 male and 1 female in collection California State

University, Los Angeles.

Ephemerella bartoni is the third species in the subgenus Dannella

described from North America and appears to be most closely related

to E. lita by the development of the posterolateral margins of seg-

ments 2 and 3. This species is named in honor of David R. Barton,

collector of the type series.

Literature Cited

Allen, R. K. and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1962. A revision of the genus Ephemerelia (Ephemer-

optera: Ephemerellidae). IV. The subgenus Dannella. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc.,

35:33-38.

Allen, R. K. and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1965. A revision of the Genus Ephemerella (Epheme-

roptera: Ephemerellidae). Vill. The subgenus Ephemerella in North America.

Misc. Pub. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 4:244-282.

218 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL

NOMENCLATURE ANNOUNCEMENT A.N. (S.) 103

The required six months’ notice is given of the possible use of

plenary powers by the International Commission on Zoological

Nomenclature in connection with the following names listed by case

number: (See Bull. Zool. Nom. 34, part 2, 31st August, 1977).

Z.N.(S.) 400 Trombidium akamushi Brumpt, 1910 (Aca-

, rina): proposed validation.

Z.N.(S.) 2115 G/yphipterix Hubner, [1825] (Lepidoptera,

GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE): proposed de-

signation of a type-species.

Z.N.(S.) 2130 Stethaspis Hope, 1837 (Coleoptera): pro-

posed designation of a type-species.

Z.N.(S.) 2186 PIERIDAE Duponchel, [1835]: proposal

to give precedence over COLIADINAE

Swainson, 1827 (Insecta, Lepidoptera).

Z.N.(S.) 2193 Campylosteira Fieber, 1844 (Hemiptera):

designation of type-species.

Z.N.(S.) 2194 Baeocera Erichson, 1845 (Coleoptera):

designation of type-species.

Z.N.(S.) 2204 bjerkandrella, Tinea, Thunberg, 1784, and

cardui, Phalaena (Noctua) Hubner, 1790

(Insecta, Lepidoptera): proposed con-

servation.

Z.N.(S.) 2201 MORPHIDAE Boisduval, 1836 (Insecta,

Lepidoptera): request for revision of the

Official List.

Z.N.(S.) 2206 HENICOPIDAE Pocock, 1901: proposal

to give precedence over CERMATO-

BIIDAE Haase, 1885 (Myriapoda: Chilo-

poda).

Comments should be sent in duplicate (if possible within six

months of the date of publication of this notice), citing case number

to: R.V. Melville,

The Secretary,

International Commission on Zoological

Nomenclature,

c/o British Museum (Natural History),

Cromwell Road,

LONDON, SW7 5BD,

England.

Those received early enough will be published in the Bulletin of

Zoological Nomenclature.

A new species of Allobrox Fletcher

(Coleoptera: Pselaphidae)

Albert A. Grigarick and Robert O. Schuster

Department of Entomology, Univ. of California Davis, 95616

This genus is presently represented by a single species, A/lobrox

dampfi Fletcher, 1928. A/lobrox was proposed by Fletcher to accomo-

date a species in which the male secondary sexual characters of the

sternites were so extensive as to modify the margins of the tergites.

The genus was distinguished in the key to neotropical genera (Park,

1942) by a description of these ‘“‘abnormal”’ male tergitres and stern-

ites. The female was unknown. Tergal margins and sternites II, Ill and

IV of the male of the new species are not as excessively modified,

although the margin of tergite Il is separated slightly from those of

tergites | and III, and the female is unmodified.

Because neither the females of either speices nor the male of the

new species can be recognized as Al/obrox on the basis of the original

generic description, the following emendations are given for the

genus: Head with vertexal and gular foveae, the latter with separate

openings. Pronotum (Fig. 2) with biarcuate depression between lat-

eral foveae. Elytra with sutural, one discal and subhumeral foveae;

“epiplural stria (Fig. 2) present. Prosternum (Fig. 1) without procoxal

foveae or median longitudinal carina. Mesosternum (Fig. 5) with

lateral mesosternal foveae simple, not forked; single median meso-

-Sternal fovea present; lateral mesocoxal present. Single median

metasternal fovea present. Mesocoxal cavities open. Profemur witha

row of sensory setae. Tarsi with primary and small secondary claws

(Fig. 7). Metacoxae contiguous. Tergite | longest, with setate basal

depression. Sternite II with lateral foveae, without median foveae.

Allobrox stephani, new species

(Figs. 1-10)

Male holotype. — (slide-mount). Dorsal aspect as Fig. 2. Antenna 313um long, tubular

setae on segment XI only (Fig. 3). Head 174um long, 176um wide; vertexal foveae 81pm

between centers. Eyes large. Mandibles with five subapical teeth; anterior margin of

labrum simple (Fig. 4). Ventral surface of head without median carina, with 14 (7 + 7) capi-

tate setae; gular foveae small, separate.

Pronotum 213um long, 248um wide. Prosternum without procoxal foveae .(porelike

remnants (Fig. 1) may be present). Elytron 354um long, 236um wide. Winged..Profemur

54um wide, with distinct row of 8-10 seate associated with micropores along anteroven-

tral margin (posteroventral orientation on slide-mounted specimens); Meseierauh 48um

wide; metafemur 44um wide.

First visible tergite 242um wide at base, 138ym long; basal donreecian 90um wide, with

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:219-222. July 1977.

220 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 1-4. Allobrox stephani new species. Fig. 1. Prosternum. Fig. 2. Dorsal aspect,

elytron with subhumeral fovea and epipleural stria in lateral view. Fig. 3. Antennal seg-

ments VIII-XI. Fig. 4 Labrum.

flattened setae, without foveae or carinae. Tergite !| 100um long. Lateral margins of ter-

gites | and II elongate posteriorly. Tergite III 90um long; tergite 1V 87um long. Sternites II-

IV modified (Fig. 8). Penial plate (tergite VII) single, small (Fig. 6). Genitalia (Fig. 10) 190um

long, about 87um deep.

Female. — Similar to male but with only six visible sternites; without lateral modifi-

cations of abdominal segments. Abdominal segment IX as illustrated (Fig. 9).

Distribution. — Holotype and paratypes from the following localities; Arizona: Santa

Catalina Mts., elevation 2,437 m (8,000 ft.), June 16, 1968 (holotype and d); 2,133 m

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 221

beasts

Figs. 5-10. Allobrox stephani new species. Fig. 5. Mesosternal area. Fig. 6. Apex of

ventral abdominal segments, male. Fig. 7. Primary and secondary tarsal claws. Fig. 8.

Ventrolateral margins of sternites I-IV, male. Fig. 9. Abdominal segment IX, female. Fig.

10. Male genitalia, lateral view.

(7,000 ft.), April 14, 1968 (1d, 29); Bear Canyon, April 6, 1969 (1d). Santa Rita Mts., elevation

1,828 m. (6,000 ft.) December 8, 1968 (10); Madera Canyon, August 31, 1968 (7d, 19),

Janyary 17, 1969 (19). Although collector labels are lacking, these specimens were pro-

bably collected by Karl Stephan and the species name acknowledges the contribution of

this fine collector of Coleoptera.

The holotype and 14 paratypes are deposited at UCD.

Discussion. — Allobrox dampfi is Known only from the male that has

large structures on sternites Il and III which extend beyond the lateral

222 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

tergal margins. The median basal depression of tergite | is over one-

half the tergite width and terminates at each side in a small fovea.

The sternal structures of A/lobrox stephani are not visible from above.

The median basal depression of tergite | of both sexes is in the

median one-third and is not laterally foveate.

Literature Cited

Park, O. 1942. A study in neotropical Pselaphidae. Northwestern Univ. Stud. Biol. Med.

No. 1, 403 pp.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Baetisca bajkovi in Wyoming (Ephemeroptera: Baetiscidae). Edmunds, Jensen and Berner

(1976. The mayflies of North and Central America. U. Minn. Press, Minneapolis) report that

in the Western United States only single larvae of Bastisca have been collected in

Washington and Wyoming. The Washington specimen was described by Edmunds (1960.

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 36:102) as B. columbiana. The Wyoming specimen was from the Little

Laramie River and was too young to determine to species with confidence, but keyed to

B. bajkovi Neave. On June 18-20, 1977, | collected well over a hundred larvae of Baetisca

from the Big Laramie River at Laramie, Wyoming and was able to rear a number of these in

the laboratory. This apparently isolated population is indistinguishable from Baetisca

bajkovi Neave populations in the Midwest. The known distribution of Baetisca bajkovi

includes Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Lehmkuhl

(1972: Canad. J. Zool. 50:1015) has shown that the isolated Alberta-Saskatchewan popula-

tions probably entered the drainage as a result of former connections to the Missouri

River system. The Laramie River is also a tributary of the Missouri River via the Platte

River. It would seem almost certain that other isolated populations of Baetisca bajkovi will

be found in various headwaters of the Missouri River.

The larvae were found in a wide variety of habitats all of which were characterized by

coarse sand. They were found most frequently in a coarse sand and pea-gravel mix

(pebbles rarely over 1 cm. in length). Larvae settled slightly into the sand up to the lower

edge of the carapace; the resemblance of the carapace to a pebble makes them difficult to

see. Even in the favored habitat they averaged only about -2 larvae per meter’. They were

found principally in 10 to 20 cm of water with a current speed of about 20 cm. per second.

In the gravel the current is slowed, but in the aquarium the larvae settled only where a

current washed over them. At the time of the collections, water temperatures were 18-

19°C. Some subimagoes had already emerged but only about 10% of the larvae were

mature and some were only half-grown. — GEORGE F. EDMUNDS, JR., Department of

Biology, University of Utah 84112

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:222. July 1977.

Skeletal-Muscular Mechanisms of the Larva of

Lucilia sericata (Meigen) in Relation to Feeding Habit?

(Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Donald R. Barnard?

Department of Biology, California State University, Long Beach, 90804

Despite the recognized medical and economic importance of the

Diptera, scant work has been undertaken on the functional anatomy

of the head in immature forms. The mouth hooks and associated

structures of cyclorrhaphous larvae are prerequisite to the damage

incurred by these insects in the course of aberrant feeding activity

(Menees, 1962). In the past this feeding behavior has been employed

as a Surgical technique for removal of necrotic tissue on humans but

under such conditions, Lucilia sericata (Meigen) readily invades adja-

cent healthy tissue (Haub and Miller, 1933). Cutaneous myiasis of

domestic animals, especially sheep and cattle results from

infestation of wounds by the immature stages of this same species

(Hall, 1948) and L. sericata has been implicated in episodes of sheep

strike in both England and Wales (Zumpt, 1965). In contrast, Donahoe

(1937) has shown L. sericata to be a significant economic pest when

invading drying fruits in certain parts of California.

Dealings with the cephalopharyngeal structure of immature cyclor-

rhaphous Diptera have been mainly taxonomic in nature. A few works

have described the associated musculature (Hewitt, 1910; Snodgrass,

1924; Miller, 1932; Ludwig, 1949; Hartley, 1963; Roberts, 1969, 1970)

but a general paucity of such information exists. The purpose of this

study was to describe the cephaloskeletal muscles of the third instar

larva of L. sericata and to detail the function of each muscle or muscle

group in the process of feeding.

Materials and Methods

A laboratory colony of L. sericata (Meigen) was maintained accord-

ing to the method of Dorman et al. (1935). Swine liver was employed

as both a protein source and oviposition medium for adult females.

Adults were otherwise maintained on sucrose and water.

Larval morphology was studied primarily by means of dissection.

‘This paper represents a portion of the thesis submitted for the Master of Arts Degree, Department of

Biology, California State University, Long Beach, California.

Department of Zoology and Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:223-229. July 1977.

224 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

distological sections were made where necessary for verification of

detail. Study of the cephalopharyngeal apparatus was facilitated by

treatment of the head with 10% KOH at room temperature for 24-

hours. Material for histological sections was double embedded in

paraffin after primary embedding in methyl-benzoate-celloidin solu-

tion. Serial sections were made at 10 to 20 microns, and muscular

tissue was stained using Milligans trichrome staining method

(Humason, 1967).

Material for dissection was injected with and stored in Bouin’s fix-

ative (Humason, 1967). Methylene blue was used as a contrast stain

during subsequent dissections.

Results

External Anatomy. The third instar larva of L. sericata exhibits ana-

tomical configuration similar to that of other cyclorrhaphous larvae

(Figs. 1 and 2). The prothorax (Pr) is the first apparent anterior seg-

ment, but partially invaginated into it lies the head (Hd). Ventrally, the

head exhibits an oral aperture (Oa), anterior to which lie the paired

mouth hooks (MH) and posterior to which lies the liguloid region. The

stomal disc (Sd), completely surrounding the oral aperture, bears

small grooves or canals which aid in conduction of extra-orally di-

gested food to the oral aperture. Other external features of the head

include the paired sensory papillae represented anterodorsally and

anteroventrally by the antennae (A) and maxillary palpi (Mp)

respectively.

Cephalopharyngeal Skeleton. This structure is. bilaterally sym-

metrical in L. sericata and is composed of three sections: the basal

sclerite, the intermediate sclerite, and the mouth hooks region (Figs.

1 and 2). The posterior-most and largest section is the double-winged

basal sclerite, appearing laterally as a prostrate U-Shaped structure.

The arms of the U are formed by the dorsal (DC) and ventral cornua

(VC) each of which diverges posteriorly and is further extended in this

direction by a chitinous phragma that serves as a site for muscle

attachment. Right and left halves of the basal sclerite are joined to-

gether anterodorsally and anteroventrally by small sclerotized

arches.

The intermediate sclerite, or midsection, articulates with the pre-

ceeding basal sclerite by means of the arch-shaped hypostomal

sclerite (HS). Over the median arch of this latter structure passes the

cibarium (C), while immediately below the cibarium and anterior to

the hypostomal sclerite lie the smaller subhypostomal sclerites (SH).

The two parastomal sclerites (PS), apparent as small, slightly up-

turned rods projecting from the anterolateral surface of the basal

sclerite, are also considered a part of the intermediate sclerite (Miller,

1932).

The third section, or mouth hook region consists of the paired

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 225

Figs. 1-4. Left lateral view, internal anatomy of head and. prothorax in Lucilia sericata.

Legend: A, antennal palp; Ab, abductor of the mouth hook; Ad, adductor of the mouth

hook; Am, atrial membrane; At, atrium; C, cibarium; Cc, constrictor of the cibarium; Cd,

dilator of the cibarium; Cdd, diagonal dilator of the cibarium; Da, dilator of the atrium; DC,

dorsal cornu; DS, dentate sclerite; Hd, head; HS, hypostomal sclerite; Lr, liguloid retrac-

tor; MH, mouth hook; Mp, maxillary palp; Oa, Oral aperature; PDP, posterodorsal process

of mouth hook; Ph, protractor of the head; PH, phragma; Pr, prothorax; PS, parastomal

sclerite; Rh, retractor of the head; Rp, retractor of the prothorax; Sd, stomal disc; SH, sub-

hypostomal sclerite; VC, ventral cornu. Fig. 1. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Fig. 2 Internal

view of cephalopharyngeal skeleton showing cibarial musculature. Fig. 3. Musculature of

the mouth hooks. Fig. 4. Composite view of all cephalopharyngeal musculature in situ.

mouth hooks (MH), each of which articulates with the anterior face of

the hypostomal sclerite, and the dentate sclerites (DS). Likewise, in

this section, arises the atrial membrane (Am) which begins at the

anterior limit of the oral aperture and expands posterodorsally and

laterally to connect with the anterodorsal ridge of the basal sclerite.

Spanning the ventral length of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton is

the anterior portion of the alimentary canal. The oral aperture (Oa)

forms its anterior limits, while between the oral aperture and the

opening of the salivary duct, at the posteroventral base of the hypo-

stomal sclerite, lies a post-oral cavity or atrium (At). From the salivary

duct to the posterior limit of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton is

located the cibarium. Ventrally, in this latter structure, is the cibarial

filter which is composed of numerous longitudinal T-shaped ridges.

Musculature. Four functional groups of muscles were found in the

226 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

head-thoracic region: (1) muscles involved in functioning of the

atrium and liguloid region, (2) muscles of the cibarium, (3) muscles

functioning in movement of the mouth hooks, and (4) muscles

utilized for locomotory or taxis movement of the larval head-thorax.

Group one (Figs.-3 and 4) is composed of the liguloid retractor (Lr)

muscles and the dorsal dilators of the atrium (Da). Originating from

the phragma of the ventral cornu on either side, éach liguloid retrac-

tor inserts upon a small, straplike sclerite, the liguloid arch, which

lies between the paired mouth hooks. The dorsal dilators of the

atrium descend from either side of the dorsal prothoracic midline and

fuse to form a single median muscle which inserts (by apodeme)

upon the dorsal surface of the atrium.

The cibarial muscles (Fig.2) exist as three separate subgroups of

the group two muscles: (1) the dilators of the cibarium (Cd), consist-

ing of 14 separate muscles, each originating from the ventral surface

of the dorsal cornu and inserting upon the upper surface of the

cibarium, (2) the diagonal dilators of the cibarium (Cdd); 4 separate

muscles each originating median to those of subgroup (1) and de-

scending caudad to insert upon the dorsal surface of the cibarium,

and (3) the constrictor muscle of the cibarium (Cc); existing as a

single large muscle transversing the distance between the two ven-

tral cornua, and dorsal to the cibarium.

Adduction and abduction of the mouth hooks is performed by the

paired group three muscles (Fig. 3), a separate pair for each process.

The abductors of the mouth hooks (Ab), like the adductors (Ad), ori-

ginate from the phragma of the ventral cornu of either side. Each ab-

ductor muscle inserts directly upon the posterodorsal process (PDP)

of its corresponding mouth hook, whereas each adductor muscle

connects to its respective dentate sclerite. A ligamentous connec-

tion exists between each dentate sclerite and the mouth hook adja-

cent to it.

Group four muscles (Figs. 3 and 4) are the largest muscles in size,

and can be divided into three separate subgroups. The first subgroup

is the protractors of the head (Ph). Members of this subgroup are

bilateral and consist of 2 dorsal muscles and a single ventral muscle.

Both of the dorsal muscles originate dorsolaterally on the prothor-

acic wall, whereas the ventral muscle originates ventrolaterally on the

prothoracic wall. All members of this group insert upon the phragma

of the dorsal cornu. The second subgroup is the retractor muscles of

the head (Rh) which are bilaterally symmetrical. Members of this

Subgroup originate from various points along the pro-mesothoracic

junction, while all members of each side insert upon the parastomal

sclerite. The retractors of the prothorax (Rp), the third subgroup,

consists of 10 muscles, all of which originate ventrally at the junction

of the metathorax and abdomen. Two external muscles and 3 internal

muscles exist on either side of the dorso-ventral midline.

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 227

Discussion

Adult females of L. sericata oviposit upon recently expired animal

flesh but generally avoid excessively putrified material. Upon hatch-

ing, early first instar larvae feed in close proximity to the oviposition

site while older larvae disperse over the feeding medium (Barnard,

personal observation). In all three larval instars of this fly, digestion

occurs extra-orally by means of both amylase containing saliva and

proteolytic enzymes passed off in larval excreta (Hobson, 1932b).

Large numbers of larvae usually feed within small areas of substrate

and this activity further enhances the extra-oral digestive process.

Linear movement in L. sericata takes place in a fashion similar to

that described by Roberts (1971) for other cyclorrhaphous larvae:

Waves of muscle contraction, commencing posteriorly and traveling

anteriorly, terminate at the head or anterior end of the larva. Each

wave of contraction ends with elevation and protraction of the head.

Elevation involves contraction of the intersegmental muscles and

contraction of retractors of the prothorax (Rh), extension or protrac-

tion of the head occurs by means of contraction of the protractors of

the head (Ph). Taxis or steering changes are made possible by uni-

lateral contraction of the protractors of the head (Ph).

Feeding activity in the larva of L. sericata begins with the head

elevated and the mouth hooks in the abducted position (Ab). The

head is lowered until the stomal disc contacts the feeding substrate

following which the mouth hooks are adducted (Ad) and driven into

crevices of the feeding substrate surface. Contraction of the liguloid

retractor muscles (Lr) draws posteriad the liguloid region and allows

saliva to flow forward from the salivary duct opening and out of the

oral aperture. Maceration of the substrate occurs as the retractors

(Rh) and protractors of the head (Ph) contract and relax synergistical-

ly, while the mouth hooks are held in the adducted position. This

entire process is aided by the large retractor muscles of the prothorax

(Rp). Ingestion of the semiliquid material produced by this process

begins with relaxation of the liguloid retractor muscles causing the

oral aperture to diminish in size. Subsequent contraction of the dila-

tors of the atrium (Da) apparently induces an internal pressure deficit

whereby food is brought through the oral aperture into the atrium.

Grooves present on the stomal disc, all of which circulate toward the

oral aperture, also aid in conducting food into the digestive tract.

From the atrium, food moves into and out of the cibarium by alter-

nating contraction and relaxation of the cibarial muscles (Cd, Cdd,

Cc). No valves are present in the cibarium and the brownish food

mass can be observed through the larval cuticle as it flickers back

and forth during transit through this structure.

A structure present in many other cyclorrhaphous larvae, and one

of uncertain function, is the cibarial filter. In L. sericata the cibarial

filter runs the length of the ventral portion of the cibarium and

228 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

appears similar in cross section to that of Ca/liphora vomitoria (L.)

(Roberts, 1970). Speculation centers upon its functioning as a filter-

ing and draining mechanism whereby excess liquid and small food

particles are diverted back to the atrium and egested rather than

passing through the alimentary canal (Roberts, 1970). Baumberger

(1919) suggested the cibarial filter to be characteristic of

mycetophagous larvae only. However, this structure exists in L. seri-

cata and Hobson (1932a) demonstrated the rearing of normal larvae of

this species on aseptic media. The ingestion of bacteria by larvae of

L. sericata may be unavoidable in the course of normal feeding. It may

also be, as demonstrated by Levinson (1960), that ingested bacteria

fulfill the dietary requirements of many cyclorrhaphous larvae, but in

a facultative rather than obligatory sense (i.e. the larvae are fortuitous

feeders). In any event, definitive evidence for the function of the ci-

barial filter in cyclorrhaphous larvae is lacking. Furthermore it seems

futile to label this structure as being characteristic of either saphro-

phagous or mycetophagous forms until a greater understanding of

the dietary requirements of species in this group is acquired.

Acknowledgements

| wish to thank Drs. James H. Menees, Elbert L. Sleeper, and

William T. Wellhouse for advice and guidance offered during the

course of this study. | am grateful to Ildiko Bartnicki for her excellent

job of illustrating this difficult subject.

Literature Cited

Baumberger, J.P. 1919. A nutritional study of insects with special reference to micro-

organisms and their substrata. J. Exp. Zool., 28:1-81.

Donahoe, H.E. 1937. Fly damage to drying cut fruits. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 39:283.

Dorman, S.C., W.C. Hale and W.M. Hoskins. 1935. The laboratory rearing of flesh flies and

the relations between temperature, diet, and egg production. J. Econ.

Entomol., 31:41-45.

Hall, D.G. 1948. The Blow Flies of North America. Thomas Say Foundation, Philadelphia,

Pa. 477 pp.

Hartley, J.C. 1963. Cephalopharyngeal apparatus of syrphid larvae and their relationship

to other Diptera. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 141:261-280.

Haub, J.G. and D.F. Miller. 1933. Food requirements of blow fly cultures used in the treat-

ment of osteomyelitis. J. Exp. Zool., 64:51-56.

Hewitt, C.G. 1910. The House Fly Musca domestica (L). Its Structure, Habits, Development

and Relation to Disease and Control. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge,

England. 195 pp.

Hobson, R.P. 1932a. Studies on the nutrition of blow fly larvae. Il. The role of intestinal

florain digestion. J. Exp. Biol., 9:128-138.

1932b. Studies on the nutrition of blow fly larvae. Ill. The liquefaction of

muscle. J. Exp. Biol., 9:358-365.

Humason, G.L. 1967. Animal Tissue Techniques. 2nd ed. W.H. Freeman Co., San Francis-

co. 569 pp.

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 229

Levinson, Z.H. 1960. Food of house fly larvae. Nature, 188:427-428.

Ludwig, C. 1949. Embroyology and morphology of the larval head of Calliphora, erythro-

cephala (Meigen). Microentomol. 14:75-111.

Menees, J.H. 1962. The skeletal elements of the gnathocephalon and its appendages in

the larvae of higher Diptera. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 55:607-616.

Miller, D.G. 1932. The buccopharyngeal mechanisms of a blow fly (Cal/liphora quadrimacu-

lata (L.). Parasitol. 24:491-499.

’ Roberts, M.J. 1969. The structure of the mouthparts of syrphid larvae (Diptera) in relation

to feeding habits. Acta Zool., 51:43-65.

1970. The structure of the mouthparts of some calypterate dipteran larvae in

relation to their feeding habits. Acta Zool., 52:171-188.

1971. One the locomotion of cyclorrhaphan maggots (Diptera). J. Nat. Hist.

5:583-590.

Snodgrass, R.E. 1924. Anatomy and metamorphosis of the apple maggot Ahagoletis

pomonella (Walsh). J. Agric. Res. 28:1-36.

Zumpt, F. 1965. Myiasis in man and animals of the Old World. Butterworths, London. 267

pp.

RECENT LITERATURE

Artificial Diets for Insects, Mites and Spiders. Pritam Singh. approx. 606 pp. 1977. Plenum

Corp. New York, N.Y. 10011 $75.00

Juvenile Hormones. Apple, J.L. and R. F. Smith Eds. 582 pp. 1976. Plenum Corp. New

York, N.Y. 10011. $45.00.

The Host-Plant in Relation to insect Behavior and Reproduction. T. Jermy. approx. 310

pp. 1976. Plenum Corp., New York, N.Y. 10011. $29.50.

Biological Control. C.B. Huffaker, Ed. 511 pp. 1971. Plenum Corp. New York, N.Y. 10011.

$29.50 Hardcover, $8.95 softcover.

New Synonymy of North American Notoxus

(Coleoptera: Anthicidae)

D. S. Chandler’

Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210

and

K. S. Hagen

Department of Entomological Sciences, University of California Berkeley, 94720

From revisionary studies of Nearctic and Neotropical Notoxus, it

became apparent to us that eleven North American species presently

recognized in the literature should be synonomyzed. We were in-

spired to present the following list of new Notoxus synonomy for the

Coleoptera checklist being produced by the North American Beetle

Fauna Project.

Notoxus apicalis LeConte

Notoxus apicalis LeConte 1852:93. Type locality-Detroit, Michigan

(probably incorrect). MCZ Type #4892,9.

Notoxus nuperiodes Fall 1916:33-4. Type locality-Silver City, New

Mexico. MCZ Type #24331, d. New Synonymy.

Notoxus desertus Casey

Notoxus desertus Casey 1895:767-8. Type locality-Tucson, Arizona.

USNM Type #36526. d.

Notoxus constrictus Casey 1895:768. Type locality-coast regions of

California. USNM Type #36527, 2. New Synonymy.

Notoxus denudatus Horn

Notoxus denudatus Horn 1884:173. Type locality-California. MCZ

Lectotype #3042, d.

Notoxus visaliensis Blaisdell 1936:144-6. Type locality-Visalia, Tulare

County, California. CAS Type #4146, d. New Synonymy.

Notoxus filicornis Casey

Notoxus filicornis Casey 1895:766. Type locality-Jacksonville, Florida.

USMN Type #36524, d.

Notoxus dinoserus Casey 1895: 766-7. Type locality-Galveston, Texas.

USNM Type #36525, 2. New Synonymy

‘Present address: Rt. 1, Box 275-19, Safford, Arizona 85546.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:230-232. July 1977.

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 231

Notoxus monodon (Fabricius)

Anthicus monodon Fabricius 1801:289. Type locality “Carolina”.

Notoxus austinianus Casey 1895:765. Type locality-Austin, Texas.

USNM Type #36523, db. New Synonymy.

Notoxus lustrellus Casey

Notoxus Justrellus Casey 1895:763. Type locality-San Francisco,

California. USNM Type #36520, d.

Notoxus alamedae Casey 1895:769-70. Type locality-Alameda County,

California. USNM Type #36529, db. New Synonymy.

Notoxus montanus Casey

Notoxus montanus Casey 1895:760. Type locality-Garland, Colorado.

USNM Type #36516, @:

Notoxus microcerus Casey 1895:760-1. Type locality-near the Grand

Canyon, Arizona, USNM Type #36517, 0d. New Synonymy.

Notoxus similis Fall 1916:37-8. Type locality-Glenwood Springs,

Colorado. MCZ Type #24334, d. New Synonymy.

Notoxus planicornis LaFerte

Notoxus planicornis La Ferte 1848:39-40. Type locality-North America.

Notoxus delicatus Casey 1884:189. Type locality-New Jersey. USNM

Type #36531, d. New Synonymy.

Notoxus serratus (LeConte)

Monocerus serratus LeConte 1847:90. Type locality-Rocky Mountains.

MCZ Type #4894, d.

Notoxus vandykei Blaisdell 1929:57-9. Type locality-Little Cottonwood

Creek, Inyo County, California. CAS Type #2616, d. New Synonymy.

Notoxus spatulifer Casey

Notoxus spatulifer Casey 1895:761-2. Type locality-Los Angeles

County, California. USNM Type #36518,°.

Notoxus debilitans Casey 1895:762-3. Type locality-San Diego,

California. USNM Type #36519, 9. New Synonymy.

Literature Cited

Blaisdell, F. E. 1929. Miscellaneous studies in the Coleoptera, number three. Pan-

Pacific Entomol. 6:57-62.

Blaisdell, F. E. 1936. Two new species of Notoxus (Coleoptera: Anthicidae). Canadian

Entomol. 68:144-8.

Casey, T. L. 1884. Contributions to the descriptive and systematic Coleopterology of

North America. Part Il, pp. 61-198, Collins Printing House, Philadelphia.

232 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Casey, T. L. 1895. Coleopterological notices, VI. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 8:435-838.

de LaFerte-Senectere, F. T. 1848. Monographie des Anthicus et genres voisins,

Coleopteres Heteromeres de la tribu des Trachelides. De Sapia, Paris. xxiv +

340p., 16 plates.

Fabricius, J. C. 1801. Systema eleutheratorum secundum ordines, genera, ‘species

adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Volume I, Kiliae,

506 p.

Fall, H.C. 1916. New North American species of Notoxus. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc.

11:33-38.

Fall, H.C. 1932... New Coleoptera XV. Canadian Entomol. 64:56-62.

Horn, G. H. 1884. Synopsis of the United States species of Notoxus and Mecynotarsus.

Trans. American Entomol. Soc. 11:165-176.

LeConte, J. L. 1847. Fragmenta entomologica. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia

1:71-93.

LeConte, J. L. 1852. Synopsis of the Anthicites of the United States. Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Philadelphia 6:91-104.

NOTICE

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bound volume of over 400 pages, listing 9000 taxonomists with their

specialties. Send amailing label and 15c in stamps to:

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Box 500, Makanda, III. 62958

Anew species of Cheiloneurus Westwood, 1833

parasitic in Ceratina from Tanzania

(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae; Anthophoridae)

D.P. Annecke & G.L. Prinsloo

Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa

At the request of Professor Howell Daly, Department of Entomol-

ogy, University of California, Berkeley, we here provide a name for an

encyrtid collected by him in East Africa. The species was obtained as

a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid of the larva of a lesser carpenter bee,

Ceratina sp. (Anthophoridae). This host record is the first for a species

of Cheiloneurus in the apoid Hymenoptera (vide Tachikawa, 1974).

In assigning the species described here to Cheiloneurus Westwood,

we have been compelled to consider several described generic and

subgeneric alternatives because the new species presents an anoma-

lous combination of characters. If we were to follow Viggiani (1966,

1970) and Hayat et a/. (1975), we should very likely propose a new

genus for the riew species: but we refrain from doing so pending a

more thorough study. It seems likely to us that Neoprochiloneurus

Viggiani and Prochiloneuroides Hayat, Alam & Man Mohan may prove

to be unnecessary names, since Procheiloneurus Silvestri may per-

haps very well be left to include species with a tuft of scutellar bris-

tles (e.g. the type-species), and also species with scattered coarse

bristles not clustered in a tuft on the scutellum (c/avatus Compere),

and finally also species without coarse bristles there (bolivari Mercet).

We do not rate the scutellar setation as an infallible generic criterion

in the Encyrtidae: such a position has, we believe, been shown to be

untenable in Habrolepis Foerster and Comperiella Howard (vide

Compere & Annecke, 1961; Prinsloo & Annecke, 1976); in Encyrtus

Latreille, too, species are known to us with the coarse scutellar bris-

tles scattered, not tufted, on the scutellum.

The species described here as new is distinguished so far as we

know from those of all the genera in the group of Cheiloneurus in

having a caudally acuminate and produced tergum X which overlies

the extruded gonostyli for about one-half of their total length (Fig. 4);

in this character, and in the strongly extruded ovipositor, this species

differs from all the Cheiloneurus species known to us. Apart from C.

leptulus, new species, eight other species are known from the Ethio-

pian region of which C. carinatus. Compere was described from Tan-

zania.

Cheiloneurus leptulus, new species

(Figs. 1-6)

Female — Colour (alcohol material, now card-pointed) largely brown to dark brown;

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:233-236. July 1977.

234 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 1-6. Cheiloneurus leptulus new species, paratypes. Fig. 1. Fore wing, female (T 4611-2).

Fig. 2. Antenna, male (T 4611-3). Fig. 3. Apex of gaster, showing tenth tergite, and protrud-

ing ovipositor and gonostyli, female (T 4611-4). Fig. 4. Middle tibia and ovipositor, drawn

to the same scale, female (T 4611-4). Fig. 5. Antenna, female (T 4611-4). Fig. 6. Mandible,

female (T 4611-4).

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 235

head brown to yellowish-brown; antennal scrobes polished; mouth margin dark brown;

antenna largely pallid to yellowish-brown, the six funicle segments and club dark brown;

thorax with pronotum dark brown; mesoscutum very dark brown with silvery recumbent

setae; axillae yellowish-brown; scutellum yellowish, almost as pallid as antennal funicle,

contrasting in colour with the strong, dark brown, apical tuft of bristles; legs with all

coxae and trochanters pallid; fore leg pale yellowish-brown; middle femur pallid, the tibia

brown from near base, fading gradually to pallid near apex; middle tibial spur and tarsus

whitish; hind femur dark brown; basal one-third of tibia whitish, remainder dark brown,

fading slightly apically; tarsus whitish. Fore wing (Fig. 1) infuscated from near base to

apex, the latter not narrowly hyaline; gaster dark brown, the extruded gonostyli Wihitish.

Length: approximately 2.4 mm.

Head in dorsal view (occiput perpendicular) not fully twice as wide as long; ecomita!

margin acute, slightly concavely sinuate medially; frontovertex, in this view, long, almost

three times as long as wide, about one-fourth head width measured at median ocellus;

frontovertex anteriorly not forming an acutely inflexed ledge, but roundly curving to scro-

bal impression; orbits separated from occipital margin at least by an ocellar diameter;

ocelli in an acute-angled triangle, the lateral pair separated from each other by about 1.5,

from the orbits by about 0.5, and from the anterior ocellus by slightly more that 3.0 times,

an ocellar diameter; head, in facial view, with scrobes fully confluent, impressed on the

face as a small, almost semicircular furrow, the edges of which are rounded, not sharply

angled; upper scrobal limits about at lower level of eyes; interscrobal area broad and pro-

minent; toruli more than their own length from the clypeal margin, about equidistant from

the orbits; mandible (Fig. 6) distinctly tridentate. Antenna (Fig. 5) long and slender; scape

long, almost cylindrical, not expanded ventrally; pedicel as long as or a trifle longer than

basal funicle segment; funicle six-segmented, the segments each longer than wide; seg-

ment | three times, and VI about 1.5 times longer than wide, the latter about twice asbroad

as |; club three segmented, shorter than the distal three funicle segments together; funi-

cle segments III-VI and all three club segments with rhinaria. Head sparsely setose, witha

row of fine, slender setae along each eye margin; sculpture of frontovertex and face finely

cellulate-reticulate, not strongly raised, the cells resolvable at 50X magnification.

Thorax about 1.5 times as long as wide, subacutely rounded apically, the posterolateral

propodeal angles rounded; pronotum long medially, broadly overlying mesoscutum cau-

dally, almost as long as the latter on the midline; exposed part of mesoscutum about

twice as wide as long medially; axillae contiguous medially; scutellum long, reaching

level of hind margin of propodeum, broadly rounded at apex; propodeum medially about

one-third as long as its greatest lateral length; setation dense on exposed part of meso-

scutum, especially posteriorly; scutellar tuft strong, with about 20 coarse setae clustered

tightly along midline, and a few slender ones nearby; propodeum with up to about four

slender setae scattered laterad to each spiracle; sculpture of mesoscutum cellulate-

reticulate, more raised than on head, the cells strongly longitudinally orientated; axillae

and scutellum with sculptural celis about as wide as long or slightly wider than long.

Legs long and slender; middle tibial spur slightly longer than adjoining tarsal segment.

Fore wing (Fig. 1) slender, about four times as long as wide; costal cell broadest towards

apex because submarginal vein curves sinuately away from edge of wing; marginal vein

straight and very long; postmarginal plainly shorter than stigmal which is knobbed at

apex, hardly angled into wing from marginal vein; discal setae coarse in infuscated areas,

fine beneath bend of submarginal vein; speculum open caudally, not interrupted, separ-

ated from marginal vein by a few setae; longest marginal cilia a little shorter than longest

setae on submarginal vein.

Gaster longer than thorax, the cercal plates strongly advanced to about the first one-

fourth of length of gaster; tergum X unusual, its apical part narrowly produced to overlie

gonostyli for about one-half their length as shown in Fig. 3; ovipositor (Fig. 4), as seen

through the derm:in cleared slide-mounted specimens, occupying entire length of gaster,

strongly exserted at apex, about twice as long as middle tibia, and almost three times as

long as gonostyli; the latter about twice as long as tibial spur. _

Male — Colour much as in female, except for the hyaline fore wing and the scutellum

which is dark brown or blackish-brown; base of gaster pallid. Head with frontovertex

236 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

slightly less than one-half head width (7:3); ocelli in a slightly acute-angled triangle; scu-

tellar setation more dense and coarse but without the tuft of setae as in female; antenna

(Fig. 2) long and slender, nine-segmented; scape hardly expanded ventrally; pedicel small,

much shorter than basal funicle segment; funicle with six slender, subequal segments as

shown in Fig. 2; club shorter than the distal two funicle segments together; antennal

setation as in Fig. 2; apart from sex characters, male otherwise structurally similar to

female.

Material examined: holotype female, 53 paratypes (47 females, 6 males) with the follow-

ing collection data: TANZANIA: Arusha, February 1971, H.V. Daly, ex 11 larvae of Ceratina

sp. in nest in stem of Sporobolus sp. (South African National Collection of Insects Acces-

sion No. T 4611). The types are in the National Collection of insects, Plant Protection Re-

search Institute, Pretoria; female paratypes will be deposited on exchange in the United

States National Museum, Washington; British Museum (Natural History), London; and

Department of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Professor Howell Daly, Division of Entomology

and Parasitology, Berkeley, California, for permitting the study of

some African Encyrtidae which he collected, and for meeting the

page charges of this paper out of his research funds.

Literature Cited

Compere, H. & Annecke, D.P. 1961. Descriptions of parasitic Hymenoptera and comments

(Hymenopt.: Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae). J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr.

24:17-71.

Hayat, Mohammad, Alam S. Mashhood and Man Mohan, Agarwal. 1975. Indian Insect

Types. Alig. Muslim Univ. Public. (Zool. Ser.) Indian Ins. Types. pp. 1-112.

Prinsloo, G.L. & Annecke, D.P. 1976. New Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera) from South West

Africa, J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr. 39:185-199.

Tachikawa, T. 1974. Hosts of the Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Mem. Coll.

Agr. Ehime Univ. 19:186-204.

Viggiani, G. 1966. Ricerche sugli Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea VI. Genri e specie nuovi

per l’entomofauna italiana (Encyrtidae, Aphelinidae, Mymarommidae). Boll.

Lab. Entomol. Agr. Portici 24:84-105.

1970. Note su alcuni Cheiloneurini, con considerazioni sui generi Chei/oneurus

Westw., Neoprochiloneurus Vigg. e Procheiloneurus Silv. (Encyrtidae) XIX

Ricerche sugli Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea). Boll. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 102:64-69.

Editorial Notice

The editors are attempting to put the Pan-Pacific Entomologist

back on schedule, however we are having some problems. The

typeface we now use takes approximately 20% less space than the

former style. This, coupled with several other factors, means we are

in desperate need of manuscripts. We always have need for short

notes of less than a full printed page, including book reviews of

appropriate subjects.

A New Tetrastichus Parasitizing Tephritid Gall-formers on

Chrysothamnus in Idaho!

(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

James K. Wangberg

Department of Entomology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409

Research on the biology of the Tephritidae causing galls on rabbit-

brush, Chrysothamnus spp., in Idaho (Wangberg, 1976) revealed a

unique habit for a eulophid wasp commonly parasitizing some of the

gall-formers. The wasp was sent to Dr. C. M. Yoshimoto (Biosystema-

tics Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada) for determination and the

author was informed that it was anew species of Tetrastichus, Walker.

It is here described so that biological observations can be reported.

For purposes of comparison and continuity the following descrip-

tion is consistent with the format of Burks (1943).

Tetrastichus cecidophagus, new species

(Figs. 1-3)

Female.—Dark, corvinus; ventral surface of antennae, apices of femora, tibia and tarsi

testaceous. Antennae inserted slightly ventrad of level of ventral margins of compound

eyes; apex of scape not reaching level of ventral margin of anterior ocellus; funicle seg-

ments subequal in length, club slightly shorter than funicle; length of malar space two-

thirds as great as ocellocular line. Pronotum with prominent femoral groove; median lon-

gitudinal groove of mesoprescutum evident posteriorly, mesoprescutum as long as wide

and bearing a row of three bristles at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing

with two dorsal bristles, marginal vein two and two-thirds times as long as stigmal vein;

hindwing slightly pointed at apex, width of fringe at posterior margin slightly more than

one-fourth as great as width of wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum finely punctate with

median carina; mesal length of propodeum about two-fifths as long as mesoscutellum;

propodeal spiracle separated from anterior margin by a space slightly greater than one-

half diameter of a spiracle; gaster slightly longer than thorax. Length 1.5mm.

Male.—Unknown.

Types.—-Holotype female: reared from galls of Aciurina bigeloviae (Cockerell) on

Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pallas) Britton collected at Twin Falls, Twin Falls County,

Idaho, May 23, 1975, G. Carpenter, collector. Holotype is deposited at the U.S. National

Museum, Washington, D.C.

Paratypes: three females reared from separate galls of A. bigeloviae on C. nauseosu

collected at Twin Falls, Twin Falls County, Idaho, July 7, 1974: two females reared from

separate A. bigeloviae galls on C. nauseosus collected at Lewiston, Nez Perze County,

Idaho, May 11 and May 19, 1975 and one female reared from an A. bigeloviae gall collected

at the Bruneau Sand Dunes, Owyhee County, Idaho, July 21, 1974, J. Wangberg, collector.

Paratypes are deposited in the collections of the California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco and the University of Idaho, Moscow.

‘College of Agricultural Sciences Publication no. T-10-107.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:237-240. July 1977.

238 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

This species is near Jetrastichus chlamytis Ashmead (Yoshimoto,

1976 personal communication). Specimens of 7. cecidophagus were

compared with Burks’ (1943) description of 7. chlamytis and the fol-

lowing differences noted. The gaster of 7. chlamytis is from one and

two-thirds to twice as long as the thorax. The gaster of 7. cecidopha-

gus is only slightly longer than the thorax. Furthermore, the marginal

vein of 7. chlamytis is two and one-quarter times as long as the

stigmal vein compared to that of 7. cecidophagus which is two and

two-thirds as long.

Biology

During the spring and summer of 1974 and 1975, 7. cecidophagus

adults were observed at eight Idaho localities in six counties. Study

sites at each locality were characteristically dominated by C.

nauseosus or Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hooker) Nuttall. Both

species of Chrysothamnus serve as host plants for a variety of

tephritid gall-forming species (Wangberg, 1976). Among these

species, 7. cecidophagus attacked the following in an endoparasitic

fashion: Aciurina bigeloviae (Cockerell), A. ferruginea (Doane), A.

maculata (Cole), and two undescribed species of Procecidochares.

Certain aspects concerning the biology of these gall-formers must

be presented before it is possible to discuss the parasite. Each

tephritid causes the formation of monothalamous galls at the axillary

buds of the host plant. Some of these gall-formers are larval over-

wintering species. Their galls are typically comprised of thickened

tissues and tend to persist on the plant. Others overwinter as eggs.

Their galls are primarily leafy structures which lack much thickened

tissue and are ephemeral. At maturity, larvae inhabiting galls with

thick tissues prepare an exit for adult emergence by tunneling out-

ward to a point just beneath the gall’s outer tissue layer. The result is

a small ‘“‘window” of thin tissue. Similar habits have been described

for other tephritid gall-formers (Uhler, 1951). Exit preparation is un-

necessary for those larvae occupying galls with relatively thin tissues

because there is no substantial barrier to emerging adults. The thin

tissue layer of galls, whether it be extensive as in galls of egg over-

wintering species or merely a ‘‘window’”’ in the thickened galls of

larval overwintering species, makes the gall-formers vulnerable to

parasitization by 7. cecidophagus.

The manner in which 7. cecidophagus adults locate and parasitize

their hosts is unlike that recorded for any other gall-insect parasite.

The female parasite does not insert her ovipositor to reach the host,

but rather gains entrance by chewing a small hole through the thin

tissue layer that separates her from the gall cavity. Thus, the mature

larva and pupa of larval overwintering species are the only life stages

vulnerable to 7. cecidophagus attack, as earlier life stages lie pro-

VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 239

| {

0 .10mm

es at 3

<i 0.20mm

Fig. 1. Forewing of Tetrastichus cecidophagus. Fig. 2. Head (lateral view) of 7. cecido-

phagus. Fig. 3. Antenna of 7. cecidophagus.

tected inside thickened gall tissue. All larval instars and the pupae of

egg overwintering species appear to be vulnerable. Such a habit is

similar to Xiphydriophagus meyerinckii (Ratz.), a pteromalid parasite of

the alder woodwasp larva, which reaches its host by chewing its way

through wood into the host larval chamber (R. R. Askew, 1975 per-

sonal communication).

Evidence of this habit was obtained by dissecting several galls and

observing a single female adult parasite moving freely inside the gall

cavity. Adults were observed from June 21 to July 8, 1974 and from

May 19 to July 15, 1975. In each of 20 observations adult parasites

were located inside nonemerged tephritid galls. The tephritid was in

the pupal stage and there.were no signs of emergence from the

240 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

puparium. However, each gall had a minute hole in the thin tissue

wall, suggesting that a parasitic wasp had entered there.

Following this discovery, a large number of galls possessing

entrance holes were collected and their contents examined to con-

firm the presence (present or past) of 7. cecidophagus adults. Galls

were found to contain an adult parasite, a tephritid pupa with

endoparasitic larvae or a dead tephritid pupa. Living unparasitized

tephritid larvae or pupae were never recovered from galls possessing

entrance holes.

Parasitized tephritid puparia contained large numbers of parasitic

larvae (over 50 in some instances). Subsequent rearings yielded adult

females of 7. cecidophagus. Males were not recovered from further

rearings, gall dissections or field collections. These facts can be

attributed to one of two phenomena. This species may be poly-

embryonic but such a phenomenon would be exceptional as no

eulophid is known to display such a habit; moreover, in parasitic

Hymenoptera, the habit is usually, but not always associated with

egg parasitism (R. R. Askew, 1975 personal communication). Thus, it

seems more plausible that 7. cecidophagus has a thelyotoky form of

reproduction and deposits several eggs per host.

Acknowledgements

| would like to thank Dr. C. M. Yoshimoto, (Biosystematics Re-

search Institute, Ottawa, Canada) for examining specimens of 7.

cecidophagus and informing me that the species was new. Apprecia-

tion is also extended to Dr. R. R. Askew (University of Manchester,

England) for his comments concerning the biology of parasitic

Hymenoptera.

The authorities for insect host and plant host names are Dr. G. C.

Steyskal, Systematics Entomology Laboratory, U.S.D.A., and Dr. L. C.

Anderson, Florida State University, respectively.

The author gratefully acknowledges the Department of Entomol-

ogy, University of Idaho, for providing the research funds which made

this study possible.

Literature Cited

Burks, B. D. 1943. . The north American parasitic wasps of the genus Tetrastichus — a

contribution to biological control of insect pests. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.

93(3170):505-608.

Uhler, Lowell D. 1951. Biology and ecology of the goldenrod gall-fly, Eurosta solia-

aginis (Fitch). Memoir 300. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta., Ithaca, New York. 51

Pp. J

Wangberg, James K. 1976. Biology of the tephritid gall-formers (Diptera:

Tephritidae) on rabbitbrush, Chrysothamnus spp., in Idaho. Unpublished Ph.D.

dissertation, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow. 240 pp.

April issue mailed August 15, 1977

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