Vol. 53 JANUARY 1977 No. 1

THE

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

DOYEN — Synonymy in Coniontini (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae).. 1

KIMSEY — New species of bees in the genera Euplusia and

Eufriesia (Hymenoptera: Apidae).................-.0000e 8

SOMERBY — New species of Eleodes (Blapylis) from western

United States (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) .............. 19

KAVANAUGH — An example of aggregation in the Scaphinotus

subgenus Brennus Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Carabidae) .. 27

BARR — A new genus of European Cleridae (Coleoptera) ....... 32

POTTS — Revision of the Scarabaeidae: Anomalinae 2. An

annotated checklist of Anomala for the United States and

CanadalGoleoptela): 2h hist. c.0 Se 2 SE 5 ek Oa ks 34

DAILEY and SPRENGER — Three new gall-inducing Callirhytis

Foerster from Quercus cedroensis Muller (Hymenoptera:

VDC AR) 23s nel hie. Aen es cto bo Lc atic a DMR. Sree hioa ti 43

PARKER — Nests of Anthocopa enceliae (Cockereli) and A.

elongata (Michener) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)........ 47

WIRTH — A new Culicoides biting midge from California (Diptera:

CeratepOGomidae):’ ca. il. taps coke eee. et, pions ene Ras eee S 53

TIMBERLAKE — Description of two new species of Heterosarus

Robertson (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)...............0.005- 56

JOHNSON — Two new species of Acanthoscelides from North

America and new host records from Desmanthus and

Hoffmanseggia (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).................. 60

RECENT EEE RA PURE, 95 hr cc ctl hie oe alien itiy sa aa wk 7, 42655

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE ..be 0c. fel eae dak ee 31

SCIEN Tl RICAN O PES y tone rs cng he Moh eae fen oe ples «GS nec 33, 46

BO ORG E MIE VM dercy ait or) be icPa.ck caeape seek cla d= ett, « ait bade woh ten Bh 73

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. 53 JANUARY 1977 No. 1

Synonymy in Coniontini

(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

John T. Doyen

University of California, Berkeley 94720

The tribe Coniontini includes approximately 200 named species

of beetles in Western Canada and United States, Mexico, and Central

America. The great majority of names are presently assigned to two

large genera, Eusattus LeConte and Coniontis Eschscholtz (see Doyen,

1972). Most species in these genera were described by Thomas L.

Casey, who perceived minor differences in cuticular sculpturing

or body proportions as species defining characteristics. The plethora

of names is so great, especially in Coniontis, that it is impossible to

identify most specimens, even with determined comparison material.

The changes specified here are intended to simplify the check list

being compiled for the North American Beetle Faunal Project, and

are based primarily on study of types in the Casey Collection of the

United States Museum of Natural History and in the LeConte and

Horn Collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard

University.

Because of the complex nature of infraspecific variation in many

of these beetles, further studies will probably reveal additional

synonymy. The status of a few names can be determined only by

examination of pertinent types. For example, C. affinis LeConte (and

its numerous junior synonyms) is probably synonymous with C.

eschscholtzi Mannerheim, but the type of the latter has not been

examined.

Lectotypes for the species described by Casey have never been

designated, but “types’’ were chosen by Buchanan (Buchanan, 1935;

Spilman, 1959). Unless indicated otherwise, the specimens selected

by Buchanan are here regarded as types. Similarly, the LeConte and

Horn specimens bearing type labels are regarded as types. Conisat-

tus, incorrectly assigned to Coniontis (Doyen, 1972) properly belongs

in Eusattus (NEW SYNONYMY). In other respects the generic compo-

sition of the Coniontini corresponds to that of Triplehorn (1968) and

Doyen (1972). For each species the oldest name and type locality are

mentioned first, followed by an alphabetical listing of synonyms.

All synonymy is new.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:1-7.. January 1977

2 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

The financial assistance of the National Science Foundation (Grant

Number BMS74-17924) is gratefully acknowledged. Paul A. Rude and

Edward Rogers assisted with the research.

Coniontis abdominalis LeConte

Coniontis abdominalis LeConte 1859:77. Tejon, Kern County, California.

Coniontis gravis Casey 1908:85. Monterey, Monterey County, California.

Coniontis rugosa Casey 1908:85. No collection locality.

Coniontis strenua Casey 1908:84. S. Barb. (Santa Barbara, California).

Coniontis tenebrosa Casey 1908:86. Santa Barbara, California.

Coniontis tristis Casey 1908:84. Los Angeles County, California.

Coniontis affinis LeConte

Coniontis affinis LeConte 1851:130. Benicia, Solano County, California.

Coniontis audax Casey 1908:121. California.

Coniontis anxia Casey 1908:123. California.

Coniontis convergens Casey 1908:122. California.

Coniontis expansa Casey 1908:120. San Francisco, California.

Coniontis franciscana Casey 1908:120. Vicinity of San Francisco, California. Coniontis

expansa franciscana Papp 1961:117.

Coniontis oregona Casey 1908:124. Albany, Linn County, Oregon.

Coniontis pagana Casey 1908:130. California. Coniontis eschscholtzi pagana Papp 1961:117.

Coniontis affinis patruelis Casey 1908:123. California.

Coniontis suturalis Casey 1908:121. California.

Coniontis symmetrica Casey 1908:122. Vicinity of San Francisco, California.

Coniontis truncata Casey 1908:120. Benicia, Solano County, California.

Coniontis affinis occurs in maritime habitats from Oregon to Point Conception, Santa

Barbara County, California. Individuals from northerly localities are slightly more rugose

and have more evident setae than those from southern localities, but the overall variation

in this species is not great. Casey’s numerous species are based partly on secondary

sexual characters especially stoutness of the body, and partly on minor differences in

elytral and pronotal sculpturing. Coniontis affinis is probably synonymous with C.

eschscholtzi Mannerheim, as noted by Horn (1870).

Coniontis callida Casey

Coniontis callida Casey 1908:128. No collection locality.

Coniontis agrestis Casey 1908:131. California.

Coniontis conferta Casey 1908:129. Sisson (= Mt. Shasta), Siskiyou County, California.

Coniontis congesta Casey 1908:131. California. Coniontis eschscholtzi congesta Papp

1961:117.

Coniontis shastanica Casey 1908:128. Siskiyou County, California.

Coniontis elliptica Casey

Coniontis elliptica Casey 1884:46. San Diego, San Diego County, California.

Coniontis cuneata Casey 1908:111. San Diego, San Diego County, California.

Coniontis laevigata Casey 1908:88. Kern County, California.

Coniontis elliptica catalinae Casey 1908:88. Catalina Island, Los Angeles County, California.

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 3

Coniontis elongata Casey

Coniontis elongata Casey 1890:99. Benicia, Solano County, California.

Coniontis cylindrica Casey 1908:100. California.

Coniontis innocua Casey 1908:99. No collection locality.

Coniontis limatula Casey 1908:99. California.

Coniontis longicollis Casey 1908:101. Texas.

Coniontis obsidiana Casey 1908:100. Santa Barbara (Santa Barbara County), California.

Coniontis rotundicollis Casey 1908:97. California.

The type locality for C. /ongicollis is certainly erroneous; the holotype is probably from

northern California.

Coniontis extricata Casey

Coniontis extricata Casey 1908:124. California.

Coniontis marginata Casey 1908:125. San Francisco, California.

Coniontis minuta Casey 1908:126. San Francisco County, California.

Coniontis parva Casey 1908:126. California.

Coniontis perpolita Casey 1908:127. California.

Coniontis pudica Casey 1908:127. Vicinity of San Francisco, California.

Coniontis nemoralis slevini Blaisdell 1924:87. Point Lobos, Monterey County, California.

Coniontis extricata and its synonyms are probably equivalent to Coniontis nemoralis

Eschscholtz (1829) but the type of nemoralis has not been examined.

Coniontis genitiva Casey

Coniontis genitiva Casey 1890:385. Lake County, California.

Coniontis opacicollis Casey 1908:101. No collection locality.

Coniontis verna Casey 1908:94.

Coniontis iassenica Casey

Coniontis lassenica Casey 1908:95. Amedee, Lassen County, California, 4200 ft.

Coniontis nevadensis Casey 1908:95. Nevada.

Coniontis carsonica Casey 1908:95. Carson City, Ormsby County, Nevada.

Coniontis lata LeConte

Coniontis lata LeConte 1866:113. San Clemente (Island, Los Angeles County, California).

Coniontides clementinus Casey 1908:80. San Clemente Island, California.

Coniontides finitimus Casey 1908:79. California.

Coniontides insularis Casey 1890:377. Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara County, California.

Coniontis microsticta Casey

Coniontis microsticta Casey 1908:107. Alameda County, California.

Coniontis inconspicua Casey 1908:108. California.

Coniontis obesa LeConte

Coniontis obesa LeConte 1851:131. No collection locality.

Coniontellus ampliatus Casey 1908:144. Reno, Washoe County, Nevada.

Coniontellus argutus Casey 1908:145. Bodie, Mono County, California.

Coniontellus hystrix Casey 1908:142. Reno, Washoe County, Nevada.

Coniontellus inflatus Casey 1890:389. Reno, Washoe County, Nevada.

Coniontellus longipennis Casey 1908:143. Rerio, Washoe County, Nevada.

Coniontellus micans Casey 1908:145. Buena Vista, Chaffee County, Colorado, 7,900-8,000ft.

Coniontellus subglaber Casey 1908:144. Helena, Lewis and Clark County, Montana.

4 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Coniontis opaca Horn

Coniontis opaca Horn 1870:296. California.

Coniontis ancilla Casey 1908:91. San Bernardino County, California.

Coniontis degener Casey 1908:93. No collection locality.

Coniontis ovalis LeConte

Coniontis ovalis LeConte 1851:131. Oregon (?).

Coniontis acerba Casey 1908:139. Bitter Root (Bitter Root Mtns.), Montana.

Coniontis alutacea Casey 1890:383. Reno, Washoe County, Nevada.

Coniontis anita Casey 1908:139. Boulder County, Colorado.

Coniontis arida Casey 1908:138. Utah.

Coniontis breviuscula Casey 1908:133. Probably from vicinity of Puget Sound, Washington.

Coniontis corvina Casey 1908:140. Boulder County, Colorado.

Coniontis inepta Casey 1908:137. Salida, Chaffee County, Colorado.

Coniontis oblita Casey 1908:137. Probably from Idaho.

Coniontis ovalis okanagani Boddy 1957:157. Cascade, British Columbia.

Coniontis parilis Casey 1908:135. Victoria, British Columbia.

Coniontis punctata Casey 1908:135. No collection locality.

Coniontis regularis Casey 1908:134. Leavenworth, Chelan County, Washington.

Coniontis sculptipennis Casey 1908:134. Washington.

Coniontis uteana Casey 1908:136. Nephi, Juab County, Utah.

Coniontis vancouveri Casey 1908:136. Victoria, British Columbia.

Coniontis weidti Casey 1908:138. Utah. ;

Coniontis ovalis exhibits considerable geographic variation of a clinial nature. Indivi-

duals from the Pacific Northwest have strongly rugose elytra. South through Idaho the

sculpturing becomes gradually finer, and specimens from Colorado and southern Utah

are more punctate than rugose. C. 0. okanagani Boddy, from interior British Columbia

and Washington, is similar to acerba Casey and obljita Casey.

Coniontis pallidicornis Casey

Coniontis pallidicornis Casey 1890:385. California.

Coniontis obsolescens Casey 1908:92. California.

Coniontis parviceps Casey

Coniontis parviceps Casey 1890:387. San Diego, San Diego County, California.

Coniontis filiola Casey 1908:115. Poway, San Diego County, California.

Coniontis pectorallis Casey

Coniontis pectorallis Casey 1908:86. California.

Coniontis levettei Casey 1908:87. California.

Coniontis pisescens Casey 1908:87. No collection locality.

Coniontis puncticollis LeConte

Coniontis puncticollis LeConte 1851:131. Benicia, Solano County, California.

Coniontis exigua Casey 1908:106. Vicinity of San Francisco, California.

Coniontis inflexula Casey 1908:107. Vicinity of San Francisco, California.

Coniontis paupercula Casey 1908:106. California.

Coniontis picipes Casey 1908:107. California.

Coniontis punctulata Horn

Coelotaxis punctulata Horn 1876:201. California.

Coelotaxis angustula Casey 1889:177. Guadalupe Island, Mexico.

Coelotaxis densa Casey 1908:149. Guadalupe Island, Mexico.

Coelotaxis frontalis Casey 1908:149. Guadalupe Island, Mexico.

Coelotaxis muricata Horn 1876:201. California.

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 5

Coniontis robusta Horn

Coniontis robusta Horn 1870:296. California.

Coniontis luctuosa Casey 1908:89. Pomona Mins., California.

Coniontis setosa Casey

Coniontis setosa Casey 1890:387. Idaho.

Coniontis lanuginosa Casey 1908:117. Carson City, Ormsby County, Nevada.

Coniontis obtusa Casey 1908:116. Clear Lake, Millard County, Utah.

Coniontis pubifera Casey 1908:118. W. T. (Washington?).

Coniontis wickhami Casey 1908:117. Marysvale, Piute County, Utah.

Coniontis subpubescens LeConte

Coniontis subpubescens LeConte 1851:131. Probably from San Jose, Santa Clara County,

California.

Coniontis canonica Casey 1908:114. California.

Coniontis montana Casey 1890:384. Vicinity of Lake Tahoe, California.

Coniontis timida Casey

Coniontis timida Casey 1908:102. Vicinity of San Francisco, California.

Coniontis conicollis Casey 1908:102. Vicinity of San Francisco, California.

Coniontis lucidula Casey 1908:103. California.

Coniontis protensa Casey 1908:104. Berkeley, Alameda County, California.

Eusattus convexus LeConte

Eusattus convexus LeConte 1851:132. Kansas Territory.

Eusattus acutus Casey 1908:74. Logan County, Kansas.

Eusattus peropacus Casey 1908:74. Kansas.

Eusattus quadratus Casey 1924:311. Roswell, Chavez County, New Mexico.

Eusattus rotundus Casey 1908:72. North of Fort Collins, Larimer County, Colorado.

Eusattus subvelutinus Casey 1924:312. Roswell, Chavez County, New Mexico.

Eusattus turgidus Casey 1908:73. Kansas.

Eusattus woodgatei Casey 1924:312. New Mexico.

Eusattus difficilis LeConte

Eusattus difficilis LeConte 1851:132. San Diego (?), California.

Eusattus acutangulus Casey 1908:72. Colorado.

Eusattus agnatus Casey 1908:70. Los Angeles County, California.

Eusattus compositus Casey 1908:71. Oregon.

Eusattus congener Casey 1908:71. New Mexico.

Eusattus coquilletti Linell 1899:180. Los Angeles County, California.

Eusattus dilatatus LeConte

Eusattus dilatatus LeConte 1851:132. California. Sohaeriontis dilatata Casey 1908:76.

Coelosattus fortineri Blaisdell 1927:167. Gray’s Well, near Yuma, Imperial County, Califor-

nia. Eusattus fortineri LaRivers 1969:4; Doyen 1972:373.

Eusattus dubius LeConte

Eusattus dubius LeConte 1851:132. California. Conipinus dubius LeConte 1862:223.

Eusattus nanus Casey 1895:613. Kern County, California.

Eusattus oblongulus Casey 1908:67. Lancaster, Los Angeles County, California.

Eusattus spauldingi Casey 1924:313. Las Vegas, Clark County, Nevada.

6 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Eusattus muricatus LeConte

Eusattus muricatus LeConte 1851:132. Oregon. Sphaeriontis muricata Casey 1908:75.

Sphaeriontis acomana Casey 1908:76. New Mexico.

Sphaeriontis fulvescens Casey 1924:310. Lone Pine, Inyo County, California.

Sphaeriontis latissima Casey 1924:310. Palm Springs, Riverside County, Calfornia.

Eusattus nitidipennis LeConte

Eusattus nitidipennis LeConte 1851:132. Mexico.

Eusattus brevis Champion 1884:75. Esperanza, Puebla, Mexico.

Eusattus productus LeConte

Eusattus productus LeConte 1858:20. Arizona.

Eusattus explanatus Casey 1908:68. California.

Eusattus lobatus Casey 1908:68. Arizona.

Eusattus vicinus Casey 1908:68. Arizona.

Eusattus reticulatus Say

Zophosis reticulatus Say 1823:250; Eusattus reticulatus LeConte 1851:132; Discodemus

reticulatus LeConte 1862:223.

Discodemus brevipennis Casey 1908:61. Arizona.

Discodemus corrosus Casey 1908:61. El Paso, El Paso County, Texas.

Discodemus depressulus Casey 1908:62. Arizona.

Discodemus elongatulus Casey 1908:61. San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise County, Arizona,

3750 ft.

Discodemus knausi Casey 1908:62. Fremont County, Colorado.

Discodemus subsericeus Casey 1908:62. Arizona.

Eusattus robustus LeConte

Eusattus robustus LeConte 1866:112. San Clemente Island, Los Angeles County, Califor-

nia; Nesostes robustus Casey 1908:58.

Nesostes robustus postremus Casey 1908:59. San Clemente Island, Los Angeles County,

California.

Literature Cited

Blaisdell, F.E. 1924. New forms of Coniontis (Coleoptera). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 1:83-88.

Blaisdell, F. E. 1927. Miscellaneous studies in the Coleoptera No. 2. Pan-Pac. En-

tomol., 3:163-168.

Boddy, D. W. 1957. New species and subspecies of Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera). Pan-

Pac. Entomol., 33:187-199.

Buchanan, L.L. 1935. Thomas Lincoln Casey and the Casey Collection of Coleoptera.

Smithson. Misc. Coll., 94:1II-IV, 1-15.

Casey, T. L. 1884. Contributions to the descriptive and systematic coleopterology

of North America, part 1. 60pp.

Casey, T. L. 1889. Coleopterological Notices. |. with an appendix on the termitophi-

lous Staphylinidae of Panama. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 5:39-198.

Casey, T.L. 1890. Coleopterological Notices. II. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 5:307-504.

Casey, T.L. 1895. . Coleopteroiogical Notices. VI. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 8:435-838.

Casey,T.L. 1908. Arevision of the tenebrionid subfamily Coniontini. Proc. Wash. Acad.

Sci., 10:51-166.

Casey, T.L. 1924. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, XI. Lancaster Press, Lancaster, Penn.,

347pp.

Champion, G. C. 1884. Biologia Centrali-Americana Insecta, Coleoptera, Tenebrioni-

dae. Vol. IV, part 1. 1-89.

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 7

Doyen, J. T. 1972. Familial and subfamilial classification of the Tenebrionoidea

(Coleoptera) and a revised generic classification of the Coniontini (Tenty-

riidae). Quaestiones Entomologicae, 8:357-376.

Horn, G. H. 1870. Revision of the Tenebrionidae of America north of Mexico. Trans.

Amer. Phil. Soc., 14:253-404.

Horn,G.H. 1876. Notes on the coleopterous fauna of Guadalupe Island. Trans. Amer.

Entomol. Soc., 5:198-201.

LaRivers,!. 1969. Entomological miscellanei. Occas. Pap. Biol. Soc. Nevada, 18:1-6.

LeConte, J. L. 1851. Descriptions of new species of Coleoptera from California. Ann.

Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 5:125-184.

LeConte, J.L. 1858. Catalogue of Coleoptera of the regions adjacent to the boundary

line between the United States and Mexico. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 4:9-42.

LeConte, J.L. 1859. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Fort Tejon, California. Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phil., 11:69-90.

LeConte, J. L. 1866. New species of North American Coleoptera. Smithson. Misc.

Coll., 167:87-168; 169-177.

Linell, M.L. 1899. Descriptions of some new species of North American heteromerous

Coleoptera. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 4:180-185.

Say, T. 1823. Descriptions of coleopterous insects collected in the late expedition

to the Rocky Mountains, performed by order of Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War,

under command of Major Long. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 3:139-216.

Spilman, T. J. 1959. Notes on Edrotes, Leichenum, Palorus, Eupsophulus, Adelium, and

Strongylium (Tenebrionidae). Coleopts. Bull. 13:58-64.

Triplehorn, C. A. 1968. Generic classification in Coniontini and description of a new

species of Eusattus from Texas. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 61:376-380.

RECENT LITERATURE

Advances in Ecological Research: Volume 9. Edited by A. Macfadyen. Academic Press,

New York, San Francisco, London. 1975. 386 pp. $30.50.

Contents include: Predation and population stability; Mathematical model building

with an application to determine the distribution of Dursban insecticide added to a

simulated ecosystem; The pressure chamber as an’ instrument for ecological research;

The ecology of serpentine soils. — TDE.

Marine Insects. Edited by |. Cheng. American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc., 52

Vanderbilt Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017. 1976. about 585 pp. $62.50.

The chapters are divided into two sections, the first treating primarily ecological

aspects, the second dealing with major groups of insects in marine environments. —

TDE.

The Insect Integument. Edited by H. R. Hepburn. American Elsevier Publishing Company,

Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017. 1976. about 580 pp. $63.50.

Evolution of Gall-Forming Insects-Gall-Midges. B. M. Mamaev. Translated from Russian

by A. Crozy and edited by K. M. Harris. Available from Translation Section, British

Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom,

LS23 7BQ. 317 pp. $8.50.

This is a translation of the Russian book ‘Evolyutsiya galloobrazuyushchikh

nasekomykh-gallits”’, Leningrad, 1968, 237 pp. A price list of other translations in Ento-

mology can be obtained from the Translation Section at the above address.

8 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

New Species of Bees in the Genera Eupliusia and Eufriesia

(Hymenoptera: Apidae, Euglossini)

Lynn S. Kimsey

Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, 95616

In the tribe Euglossini the non-parasitic genera Euplusia and

Eufriesia are the most poorly represented in museum collections.

With the advent of chemical ‘‘trapping”’ the numbers have increased

and numerous new species previously uncollected have been found.

Because of the numbers of new species being discovered in well

traveled areas it is quite likely that there are many more than are

described in this paper. As more collecting is done in parts of South

America and Central America, especially between Costa Rica and

Mexico, the ranges of many known species will undoubtedly be ex-

tended and more new species located. The present paper is part of a

general revision of the genus Eup/usia which is now in preparation.

To avoid confusion, simplified names have been used for speciali-

zed structures on the mid and hindlegs and male genitalia. Instead of

attempting to describe these and make them more confusing than

necessary they are illustrated in figures 1-9. Tongue length is con-

sidered to be the distance from the fold at the base of the mandibles

to the labial palpi. All integumental colors in the descriptions with the

exceptions of black and brown should be understood to be metallic in

nature. In the following descriptions the thorax is assumed to include

the propodeum and the abdomen is the apparent abdomen. Holo-

types will be deposited in the institutions listed in the descriptions,

the paratypes will be distributed among the following institutions as

far as possible: University of California at Davis (UCD), American

Museum of Natural History (AMNH), University of Kansas (KU), U.S.

National Museum (USNM), and R. Dressler Collection, Smithsonian

Tropical Research Institute (STRI). | would like to thank Dr. R.M.

Bohart for reading this paper and giving comments and criticism.

Euplusia anisochlora, new species

(Figs. 10, 22, 34)

Male: body length 15mm; tongue length 4mm, reaching midcoxa; head green; thorax

green with scutellum blue-green; legs green to blue-green; hindtibia covered with short

scattered appressed silvery pubescence, long posterior fringe black; tergum | blue-green;

I-11! purplish green with short black setae; IV-VII orange to coppery with long yellowish

orange setae; clypeus with medial ridge broken, indistinct, punctures large and shallow;

frons with large deep punctures to medium or small ones, striatiform in ocellar area;

labrum with short median welt and two sublateral pointed ridges, appearing pointed in

lateral view; mesopleuron laterally with medium punctures; midtibia with brush row as

wide as tall, anterior felty patch half as lohg as posterior one; hindtibia with no process

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:8-18. January 1977

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 )

Penis Valves

a,

LF 4

Gonostylus

b/ Ey

a

Gonocoxa

Gonobase

+

__ QM”

Law

6. allida

3. dressleri 4. eburneocinctus

5. fragrocara

posterior stripe.”

long posterior 4 |

fringe —~ Ar

8/7)

K K slit AN

7. rufocauda 8. pallida 9. dressleri

Figs. 1-2. Male genital capsule, gonocoxal lobes (a-c), dorsal (a), lateral (b), ventral (c);

gonostylar lobes (d-e), dorsal (d), ventral (e). 1, lateral view. 2, dorsal view left side, ventral

view right side. Figs. 3-4. Tergal markings. Figs. 5-6. Male midtibial felty patches, anterior

patch (f), posterior patch (g). Figs. 7-8. Male labrum lateral view. Fig. 9. Male hindtibia.

above spurs; sternum VIII lobes three times as long as wide and far apart (fig. 10); IX

apically produced into two dorsal points in lateral view (fig. 22); gonostylus in lateral view

with ventral lobe shorter than dorsal lobe; gonocoxal dorsal lobe a third as long as

gonostylus (fig. 34).

10 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Holotype Male, Cerro Jefe, Panama Prov., Panama, VI-24-1974 (R.L. Dressler, UCD).

Paratypes, 4 dd, Cerro Campana, Panama Prov., Panama, June-July; 2 dd, Cerro Jefe,

Panama Prov., Panama, May-June.

This species has only been found in central Panama. Except

caerulescens there are no other Euplusia in Central America in which

the male is predominantly green. It is distinguishable by having terga

IV-VIl bronzy to coppery, no special structure above the hindtibial

spurs and the clypeus without a carina. It is labelled in some col-

lections and publications as RD-935. Females are unknown.

Euplusia boharti, new species

(Figs. 11, 23, 35)

Male: body length 15mm; tongue length 5mm, reaching midcoxa; face yellowish green

with clypeal ridge coppery; labrum dark blue-green; vertex and rest of head violet; scutal

patches and anterior half of tegula blue-green; rest of thorax and tegula purple; legs

purple to black except foretibia bluish; hindtibia with sparse band of short appressed

gold pubescence on anterior margin, long posterior fringe black; terga | and II purplish

black with black setae; III-VII greenish black with pale yellow setae; clypeus with one

medial ridge, punctures large and shallow; frons with scattered large and small punc-

tures; labrum with two sublateral pointed ridges and medial ridge equal in length, meeting

medially; vertex with shallow medium and small punctures, polished and impunctate

around ocelli and antennal sockets; mesopleuron laterally with medium punctures; mid-

tibial brush row as wide as tall, separate from anterior felty patch, anterior patch a third as

long as posterior one; sternum VIII lobes twice as long as wide and as far apart as tall (fig.

11); sternum IX apically with one dorsal point, ventral angle rounded in lateral view (fig.

23); gonostylar ventral lobe longer than dorsal; gonocoxal dorsal lobe a third as long as

gonostylus (fig. 35).

Holotype Male, Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela, IX-20-1973 (R.M. Bohart, UCD).

This species is similar to andina and magretti, but distinguishable

by the bright yellowish green face, terga II-VIl dark green and sternum

Vill with lobes twice as long as broad and two-thirds as far apart as

long. No female is known.

Euplusia corusca, new species

(Figs. 12, 24, 36)

Male: body length 17mm; tongue length 7mm, reaching midcoxa; face green; rest of

head black; scutal patches and tegula green; scutum and scutellum black with green

margins; rest of thorax dark green to black; hind tibia with green stripe on posterior

margin above slit, sparsely covered with short appressed yellow pubescence, long

posterior fringe black; terga I-VIl yellowish green; clypeus with medial welt impunctate

and sublateral welts indistinct and punctate, punctures large, striatiform, becoming

Sparse toward antennal depressions; frons with large and small, deep punctures; vertex

with small punctures, polished around ocelli; labrum with two sublateral ridges and a

shorter medial ridge, appearing pointed in lateral view; mesopleuron laterally with

medium and small punctures; midtibial brush row wider than tall, discontinuous with

anterior felty patch, anterior patch more than half as long and half as wide as posterior

one; sternum VIli lobes produced on elevated region, twice as long as broad (fig. 12);

sternum IX apically produced into one elongate point in lateral view (fig. 24); gonostylar -

dorsal lobe equal in length to ventral lobe; gonocoxal dorsal lobe half as long as gono-

stylus (fig. 36).

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 11

10. anisochlora

boharti

lucifera

12.

corusca

pallida

13. dressleri

rufocauda

14.

eburneocinctus 20.

tectora

. xantha

15.

fragrocara

Figs. 10-21. Sternum VIII. 10-16, 18-21, Euplusia; 17, Eufriesia.

Female: body length 18mm; tongue length as in male; face steel blue; rest of head,

thorax and legs bluish black or black; tergum | dark green with short black setae; II-VI

yellowish green, bronzy or orange depending on angle of light with yellow setae; clypeus

with strong medial ridge, punctures large, dense and striatiform; labrum with short

medial carina; antennal socket ringed by polished impunctate area; frons with scattered,

deep, large and small punctures; vertex with small to medium punctures and dense micro-

punctures around hindocelli.

12 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Holotype Male, Barro Colorado I., Canal Zone, Panama, VI-13-1968 (R.L. Dressler, UCD).

Paratypes, 4 dd, same as Holotype, attracted to methyl cinnamate; 1 ¢, Pina area, Canal

Zone, Panama, V-14-1959.

There is some similarity to superba in coloration, but this species

has only one medial ridge and the long posterior fringe of the hind-

tibia in the male is pale, not black as in superba. The female character-

istically has tergum | green and II-VI green to coppery. This species is

tagged in some collections as RD-960. It is found in southern Costa

Rica and Panama.

Euplusia dressleri, new species

(Figs. 3, 13, 25, 37)

Male: body length 18mm; tongue length 7mm, reaching midcoxa; face green to yellow-

ish green; labrum black with some green laterally; rest of head black; scutal patches and

tegula green; rest of thorax dark green to black; legs with some green on tibia, hindtibia

with short appressed pubescence on green integumental stripe onposterior margin above

slit, long posterior fringe yellow; forewing with medial cell darkened; tergum | black with

some green highlights, covered with black setae; II anterior half green with yellow setae,

posterior half black with black setae; III-VII bronzy with yellow setae (fig. 3); clypeus with

medial ridge indistinct, punctate, punctures large, shallow, striatiform; antennal depres-

sions with small to medium punctures; vertex with small punctures and micropunctures

around ocelli; mesopleuron laterally with medium and small punctures; midtibial brush

row wider than tall, anterior felty patch half as long and wide as posterior one; sternum

Vill lobes 1.5 times as long as broad and far apart (fig. 13); sternum IX produced into two

apical points in lateral view (fig. 25).

Holotype Male, Pita area, Canal Zone, Panama, V-18-1968 (R.L. Dressler, UCD). Para-

types, 7 dd, same data as Type.

This species is only found in central Panama. Although similar to

elegans in coloration the tongue is much shorter, reaching only the

midcoxa and not sternum Il, and the hindtibia is not completely

clothed in yellow pubescence in the male as in elegans. Another

characteristic is the lack of clypeal ridging. This species has been

previously designated in some collections as RD-930.

Euplusia eburneocincta, new species

(Figs. 4, 14, 26, 38)

Male: body length 19mm; tongue length 6mm, reaching hindcoxa; face dark green; rest

of head black; scutal patches dark green; rest of thorax black; legs black; hindtibial

posterior margin above slit clothed in short appressed gold pubescence, long posterior

fringe black; forewing with medial cell darkened; tergum | brown with dense whitish

yellow setae; II with narrow anterior band of yellowish orange setae, wide medial brown

band with black setae, posterior half coppery with yellowish orange setae; III anterior

third purplish green with black setae, posterior part with yellowish orange setae; III-VIlI

purplish green with yellowish orange setae (fig. 4); clypeus with impunctate medial welt

between two parenthesis shaped punctate welts; labrum with two strong sublateral

carinae and shorter medial welt, appearing pointed and slightly hooked in lateral view;

clypeus with large shallow punctures; frons with large and small punctures; vertex with

dense micropunctation and scattered small punctures; midtibial brush row wider than.

tall, anterior felty patch half as long and wide as posterior one; mesopleuron laterally with

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 13

medium and small punctures; sternum VIII lobes twice as long as wide and far apart (fig.

14); IX produced apically into two points in lateral view (fig. 26); gonostylar dorsal lobe

longer than ventral; gonocoxal dorsal lobe less than half as long as gonostylus (fig. 38).

Female: body length 21mm; tongue length 9mm, reaching sternum I; head, thorax and

legs dark brown; tergum | brown with dense yellowish white setae; II anterior half black

with short black setae, posterior half coppery with dense yellowish orange setae; III-V

coppery with dense yellowish orange setae; VI bluish with dense yellowish orange setae;

clypeus with one medial polished ridge; face with medium punctures becoming smaller

towards frons and in antennal depressions; frons and vertex with dense small and

scattered medium punctures.

Holotype Male, Dawa, Guyana, VIII-4-1969 (R. Hamer, USNM). Paratypes, 1 6, Santa

Maria Erebato, Dto. Cedefio, Edo. Bolivar, Venezuela, attracted to vanillin, VIII-10-1975; 4

99, ‘“Katabo” (Kartabo?), Bartica Dist., British Guyana, VII-9-1919.

No other species of Eup/usia has tergum | clothed in dense yellow-

ish white setae and tergum II with the anterior third to half black. It is

found in Guyana and Venezuela.

Euplusia fragrocara, new species

(Figs. 5, 15, 27, 39)

Male: body length 16mm; tongue length 9mm, reaching hindcoxa; head green with

facial hair white; thorax green with scutal patches lighter; legs green except hindtibia

lower half purple, with scattered short appressed yellow pubescence on anterior margin,

long posterior fringe black; terga I-VII green, I-II! with dark brown setae dorsally and long

yellowish orange setae laterally, IV-VII with yellowish orange setae; clypeus with strong

impunctate medial ridge and two sublateral punctate welts, punctures large; antennal

depression with small to medium punctures, polished around sockets; frons and vertex

with scattered medium and small punctures; labrum with two sublateral carinae and

shorter medial welt, appearing broadly pointed in lateral view; mesopleuron laterally with

medium and small punctures; midtibial brush row separate from anterior felty patch and

taller than wide, anterior patch half as long and as wide and as far apart as tall (fig. 5);

sternum VIII lobes twice as long as wide and as far apart as tall (fig. 15); IX apically with

one dorsal point and ventral angle rounded in lateral view (fig. 27); gonostylar ventral lobe

twice as long as dorsal lobe; gonocoxal dorsal lobe half as long as gonostylus (fig. 39).

Holotype Male, Rio Pachitea, Huanuco Prov., Peru, II-6-1975, attracted to vanillin (R.L.

Dressler, UCD). Paratypes, 5 dd, same data as Type.

The male of this species appears much like violacea in coloration. It

is generally larger and has a strong medial clypeal ridge which is

lacking in violacea. Also the midtibial brush row is separate from the

anterior felty patch whereas it is continuous in Violacea. The female

is unknown. It is found in Peru and Ecuador.

Euplusia lucida, new species

(Figs. 16, 28, 40)

Male: body length 14mm; tongue length 19mm, exceeding tip of abdomen; clypeus

coppery; frons and antennal area green; vertex and rest of head bluish purple; scutal

patches and tegula green; rest of thorax bluish purple; legs purple with some green mar-

gins, hindtibia with scattered gold appressed pubescence, long posterior fringeyellowish

brown; terga I-VII green to coppery depending on angle of light, terminal segments more

strongly coppery, tergum | with some black setae on anterior margins, rest of tergum and

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

AM?

=<

anisochlora 23. bohart 24. corusca 25. dressleri

eburneocinctus 2/7. fragrocara 28. lucida 29. lucifera

30. pallida 31. rufocauda tectora 33. xantha

Figs. 22-33. Sternum |X. 22-28, 30-33, Eup/usia; 29 Eufriesia.

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 15

Il-VIl covered with long golden setae; clypeus with medial impunctate welt, punctures

medium and shallow; antennal depression with large impunctate area on ocular side of

socket, punctures medium and shallow; frons with dense medium and small, deep punc-

tures; vertex with medium and small punctures; labrum with two sublateral welts appear-

ing broadly pointed in lateral view; mesopleuron laterally with medium punctures;

midtibial brush row wider than tall, anterior felty patch half as long and wide as posterior

one; sternum VIII lobes twice as long as broad and as long as far apart (fig. 16); IX with one

dorsal point, ventral angle rounded in lateral view (fig. 28); gonostylar dorsal lobe shorter

than ventral one; gonocoxal dorsal lobe two-thirds as long as gonostylus (fig. 40).

Holotype Male, Valle Anchicaya, Colombia, I-23-1971, attracted to vanillin (H. Kennedy,

UCD). One other specimen has been seen: a d from Napo, El Neme Alluro, Ecuador, VI-28-

1969, attracted to cineole.

This species is similar to macroglossa superficially, having an

equally long tongue. The face is coppery, green and blue not steel

blue as in macroglossa. The genitalia is also characteristic with the

dorsal lobe of the gonostylus shorter than the ventral lobe and the

ventral angle of sternum IX rounded. Only two specimens have been

seen, one from Colombia and one from Ecuador. The female is

unknown.

Euplusia pallida, new species

(Figs. 6, 8, 18, 30, 42)

Male: body length 16mm; tongue length 16mm, reaching tip of abdomen; face green

with coppery highlights; rest of head dark violet, covered sparsely with erect yellow setae;

scutal patches and anterior half of tegula yellowish green with dense whitish setae; rest

of thorax dark green to blue-green; fore and midtibia blue-green; hindtibia black with inte-

gumental blue-green stripe along posterior margin with short appressed coppery

pubescence, long posterior fringe yellow; rest of legs black; tergum | coppery with brown

setae; II-III] coppery with yellowish orange setae; IV-VII yellowish green with pale yellow

setae; clypeus centrally depressed with medial welt, punctures large; frons and antennal

depressions with small to medium punctures, narrowly polished around sockets; vertex

with micropunctation and scattered small punctures; labrum with three ridges, broadly

pointed in lateral view (fig. 8); mesopleuron laterally with medium punctures; midtibial

brush row wider than tall, anterior felty patch half as long and wide as posterior one (fig.

6); hindtibia with strong knob above spurs; sternum VIII lobes three times as tall as wide

and far apart (fig. 18); IX with two apical points in lateral view (fig. 30); gonostylar ventral

lobe longer than dorsal lobe; gonocoxal dorsal lobe less than half as long as gonostylus

(fig. 42).

Holotype Male, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico, VII-1968, attracted to d-carvone (C.H.

Dodson, UCD). Paratypes, 3 dd, same data as Type.

This species is very similar to surinamensis and mexicana. It differs

in the following ways: the tongue is longer, reaching the tip of the

abdomen; tergum | is coppery rather than dark brown or black; and

the scutal patches are covered with dense off-white setae rather than

yellow or brown. No female is known. It is found in southern Mexico.

Euplusia rufocauda, new species

(Figs. 7, 19, 31, 43)

Male: body length 14mm; tongue length 7mm, reaching hindcoxa; face below antennal

sockets coppery; frons yellowish green; vertex and rest of head purple; scutal patches

16 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

and anterior half of tegula green; rest of scutum purple; scutellum black; rest of thorax

purple; legs black with some metallic highlights except hindtibia dark purple with

scattered short appressed yellow pubescence becoming denser on upper half, long

posterior fringe black; tergum | reddish purple with black setae; II reddish purple with

black setae, posterior corners orange with yellow setae; III-VIl orange or green depending

on angle of light, with long yellow setae; clypeus with three low punctate welts; face with

large shallow punctures becoming small and less distinct on vertex, polished around

ocelli; labrum produced into two tooth-like processes, appearing sharply pointed in

lateral view (fig. 7); mesopleuron laterally with medium and small punctures; midtibia with

large brush row, wider than tall, anterior felty patch half as long and wide as posterior one;

sternum VIII lobes as wide as tall and twice as far apart as tall (fig. 19); sternum IX pro-

duced into two apical points in lateral view (fig. 31); gonostylar ventral lobe shorter than

dorsal; gonocoxal dorsal lobe a third as long as gonostylus (fig. 43).

Female: body length as in male; tongue length shorter, only reaching midcoxa; head,

thorax and legs purple; terga! and II violet with black setae, posterior corners of II scarlet

with yellowish orange setae; II-VI scarlet with green posterior margins and yellowish

orange setae; clypeus with medial welt; face with large punctures becoming small on

vertex, polished and impunctate around ocelli.

Holotype Male, Cerro Campana, Panama Prov., Panama, VII-11-1976 (L.S. Kimsey, UCD).

Paratypes, 14 dd, same data as Type, April-July; 4 6, 4 9, Cerro Jefe, Panama Prov.,

Panama, April-July and December; 1 d, 4 9, Cerro Azul, Panama Prov., Panama, July.

Though very similar to chrysopyga it is brighter in color and distin-

guishable by the red posterior corners of tergum II in both sexes. The

female has a shorter tongue than chrysopyga. The male has three

vertical welts on the clypeus, chrysopyga has only one. This species is

tagged RD-296 in some collections. It is found in Peru and Panama.

Euplusia tectora, new species

(Figs. 20, 32, 44)

Male: body length 17mm; tongue length 17mm, reaching tip of abdomen; clypeus

centrally coppery; rest of face green; rest of head black; scutal patches and tegula dark

blue-green; rest of thorax black; legs black with some metallic highlights; hindtibia

covered with sparse appressed coppery pubescence, long posterior fringe yellow; tergum

| black with black setae; II-VII coppery with yellow setae; clypeus with horseshoe shaped

welt with partially inserted medial ridge; face with large striatiform punctures becoming

small along ocular margin and in antennal depressions, polished and impunctate around

sockets; interantennal space with broad impunctate polished stripe; frons with small and

scattered large punctures; vertex with micropunctation and scattered large punctures;

labrum with three vertical welts, broadly rounded in lateral view; mesopleuron laterally

with small and medium punctures; midtibial brush row wider than tall, anterior felty patch

more than half as long and half as wide as posterior one; hindtibia with one pointed pro-

cess above spurs; sternum VIII lobes three times as long as wide and half as tall as far

apart (fig. 20); IX with two apical points in lateral view (fig. 32); gonostylar ventral lobe

longer than dorsal lobe; gonocoxal dorsal lobe a third as long as gonostylus (fig. 44).

Holotype Male, Frijoles, Canal Zone, Panama, VI-28-1968 (R.L. Dressler, UCD).

Paratypes, 6 dd, same data as Type.

This is another species very: similar to both surinamensis and

mexicana. The tongue is longer in tectora than in either of the other

species and the hindtibia lacks the stripe of short appressed gold

pubescence on the posterior margin found in the others. The females

are practically impossible to differentiate among these three species

except by geographic distribution. This species is tagged RD-88 in

some collections. It is found only in central Panama.

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 17

34. anisochlora 35 bolaeti Se en ess 37. dressleri

38. eburneocinctus 39. fragrocara 40. lucida 41. lucifera

42. pallida 43. rufocauda 44. tectora 45. xantha

Figs. 34-45. Male genital capsule lateral view. 34-40, 42-45, Euplusia; 41, Eufriesia.

Euplusia xantha, new species

(Figs. 21, 33, 45)

Male: body length 20 mm; tongue length 6mm, reaching midcoxa; rest of head black;

scutal patches green; rest of thorax black; hindtibia with band of short appressed gold

pubescence on posterior margin above slit, long posterior fringe black; forewings with

medial cell darkened; tergum | dark brown with dense pale yellow setae; II-VII green with

dense yellow setae; clypeus with one medial ridge and two parenthesis shaped sublateral

ridges, punctures shallow, medium sized, denser in antennal sockets; frons with scat-

tered medium and small deep punctures; vertex with small and micropunctures; labrum

18 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

with two sublateral carinae and shorter medial ridge, pointed in lateral view; mesopleuron

laterally with medium and small punctures; midtibial brush row wider than tall, not

separate from anterior felty patch, anterior patch half as long and wide as posterior one;

tergum VII not posteriorly cleft; sternum VIII lobes twice as long as wide and far apart (fig.

21); sternum IX produced into two apical points in lateral view (fig. 33); gonostylus ventral

lobe shorter than dorsal lobe; gonocoxal dorsal lobe half as long as gonostylus (fig. 45).

Female: body length 20mm; tongue length 9mm, reaching hindcoxa; head, thorax and

legs dark brown; tergum I-VI as in male; clypeus with one medial carina, depressed

around tentorial pits, with medium punctures; antennal depressions with dense shallow

medium punctures, polished and impunctate around socket; frons and vertex with dense

small and micropunctures; labrum with three ridges.

Holotype Male, Rockstone, Mazaruni Potaro, Guyana, attracted to methyl salicylate,

VIII-10-1970 (N.H. Williams, USNM). Paratypes, 2 99, Kartabo, Bartica Dist., British

Guiana, VII-9-1919.

The pale yellow setae on tergum | but no black banding on tergum

ll is characteristic for this species. It is similar to fa//ax but differs in

the following characters: the male has only a narrow band of yellow

pubescence on the hindtibia rather than fully clothed as in fallax, the

gonostylar ventral lobe is shorter than the dorsal lobe and the labral

carinae are thin and bladelike; the female has a broad face depressed

around the tentorial pits, the clypeus has a low impunctate medial

welt and the terga are densely clothed in yellow setae with the setae

on tergum | frequently paler.

Eufriesia lucifera, new species

(Figs. 17, 29, 41)

Male: body length 16mm; tongue length 6mm, reaching midcoxa; face green; rest of

head, thorax, legs and terga |! and II black with black setae; hindtibia long posterior fringe

black; terga III-VII coppery or yellowish green depending on angle of light, with yellowish

orange setae; clypeus with two sublateral carinae and low medial welt; face, frons and

vertex with small scattered punctures, polished and impunctate around ocelli; labrum

with two sublateral carinae and low medial welt, appearing flat in lateral view;

mesopleuron laterally with small and medium punctures; midtibia lacking brush row,

anterior felty patch half as long and wide as posterior one; sternum VIII lobes as wide as

long and far apart (fig. 17); IX produced into two apical points and apically expanded in

lateral view (fig. 29); gonostylar ventral lobe as long as dorsal lobe; gonocoxal dorsal lobe

a fourth as long as gonostylus (fig. 41).

Female: body length 19mm; tongue length 7mm, reaching midcoxa; coloration as in

male; clypeus with medial stripe polished and impunctate; face with deep medium punc-

tures becoming denser at vertex between ocelli; labrum with strong medial ridge slightly

depressed on either side of ridge.

Holotype Male, 19km north El Llano, El Llano-Carti Rd., Panama Prov., Panama, IV-3-

1975 (M.L. Siri, UCD). Paratypes, 2 dd, same data as Type.

This species is readily distinguishable from Eufriesia pulchra by the

dark -head and median clypeal welt in the male. The only other

species in this genus, pu/chra, has a bright yellow or green metallic

head with yellow facial hair. The facial hair in /ucifera is black. The

male genitalia is also characteristic with the apex of sternum VIII

broadly expanded in /ucifera and simple in pulchra. This species is

tagged as RD-237 in some collections. It is found in Panama, Costa

Rica, Colombia and Ecuador.

New Species of Eleodes (Blapylis) from Western United States

(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Ronald E. Somerby

Laboratory Services/Entomology, California Department of Food and Agriculture,

Sacramento 95814

The subgenus Blapylis last received comprehensive treatment by

Blaisdell in 1909. Subsequently, Boddy (1957) described two addi-

tional species. Five new species of this complex group of beetles are

here described in order to make the names available for more compre-

hensive revisionary work in preparation. Species groups and other in-

frageneric groupings will be defined then. A provisional key to

species of Blapylis is given in Somerby (1972).

The species descriptions include three ratios: 1) elytral length

divided by greatest width; length is measured from the last third of

the scutellum to the tip of the elytral apex; 2) length of the foretibia

divided by the length of the pronotum; length of the foretibia is mea-

sured from the most proximal point to the most distal point (not in-

cluding the setae along the distal margin, see fig. 19a). Pronotal

length is measured along the middorsal line; 3) the length of the setal

pad (as measured along the venter of the probasitarsus) divided by

the height of the basitarsus. Preabdominal width of the epipleura is

measured at the point where the abdomen joins the thorax.

Eleodes wakelandi, new species

(figs. 3, 20, 21)

Diagnosis. — Eleodes wakelandi is most similar to E. novoverruculus Boddy and E.

nunenmacheri Blaisdell (elytral tubercles well developed to the midline excluding the

punctae). Eleodes wakelandi is smaller than novoverruculus and differs in having the pro-

notum hirsute laterally to pilose medially with the propleura pilose, the pilose condition

being absent in novoverruculus. Eleodes wakelandi is separable from nunemacheri by

having somewhat smaller tubercles along the medial area of the elytra with dorsum semi-

hirsute (pilose in nunenmacheri). Females of wakelandi can be separated from the females

of all other species of Blapylis by their broad ovipositor valves (figs. 20, 21).

Holotype female. — CAS Type No. 11,445, exemplar male, and 12 male, 12 female para-

types from Sucker Creek, Malheur County, Oregon, VII-30-1926; collected by C. Wakeland.

Holotype and seven paratypes, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; 18

paratypes, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, and University of Idaho, Moscow.

Features of exemplar male which differ from holotype included in parentheses.

Head. — Eyes with lateral surface slightly convex posteriorly; genal process of

moderate length; median lobe of mentum rounded and slightly reduced.

Prothorax. — Notum (fig. 3) 2.9 mm (2.8 mm) long, 4.0 mm (3.7 mm) wide; punctae large

(moderate), deep, tubercles preseent next to margin, vestiture pilose to laterally hirsute.

Anterior emargination slight, apical angles rounded; anterior width of pronotum narrower

(slightly narrower) than posterior width; lateral margin arcuate (moderately arcuate), non-

angulate, basal constriction moderately (slightly) developed; convexity (as seen in cross

section) strong (moderate) with lateral fourth slightly deflexed. Pleura punctate, tuber-

culate, tubercles small to moderate, extending to basal area, vestiture pilose on shiny

surface. Prosternum with process reduced.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:19-26. January 1977

20 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Elytra. — Length 6.7 mm (6.1 mm), width 5.4 mm (4.7 mm); length to width robust 1.7

(1.3). Punctae absent, moderate sized tubercles present laterally to medially with two sub-

equally distinct sizes except medially; vestiture nearly hirsute on a shiny surface without

alutaceous network. Elytra moderately expanded (slightly expanded) basally; with

moderately abrupt deflection (pilanate) from base to disc. Elytral apex sloping strongly,

blunt. Epipleura 0.54 mm (0.51 mm) wide at base with clearly formed moderately deep

punctae and fine tubercles, lacking alutaceous network; basal width moderately ex-

panded (subequal) compared to preabdominal width; humeral area inflated (lateral aspect

weakly angled), humeri slighily angled.

Venter. — Abdomen with moderately large, deep punctae; tubercles absent on second

visible sternite, surface shiny. foreleg in anterior silhouette with distal, ventral surface of

femur straight; tibia with proximal, ventral border not constricted, short, ratio 0.72

(moderate, 0.86), ventro, distal surface of basitarsus moderately produced (slightly pro-

duced).

Secondary sexual characteristics. — Male with golden tuft of setae on probasitarsus

minute, ratio 0.2; fine golden setae present in plantar groove of second protarsal seg-

ment, absent from groove of first segment of mesotarsus. Female with coarse black setae

on plantar surface of probasitarsus distributed as strongly projecting bundle. Parameres

is in figure 15, 24; valvifer 2, figure 20, 21.

Comments. — The species was named in honor of Claude Wakeland who studied the

biology and ecology of several economically important species of Eleodes from the

Reburg Bench region of Idaho. His work was published in 1926 as a Research Bulletin.

The holotype has a 1932 Blaisdell determination label with the name Eleodes nunen-

macheri verrucula Blaisdell. This name was applied to a number of species having some

populations with similar elytral sculpture (see Boddy 1957:196), particularly the large

round tubercles with smaller tubercles in the interstices. Eleodes wakelandi was also

previously determined as £. caseyi Blaisdell, E. pimelioides Mannerheim, E. brunnipes

Casey, E. cordatus Eschscholtz, and E. brevisetosus Blaisdell. Boddy (in Hatch, 1965:156)

misidentified specimens of wakelandi as caseyi. The two species are remarkably similar

to each other. (See Somerby, 1972: Somerby and Doyen, 1975).

Ecology and distribution. — Desert scrub to arid coniferous woodland, 700 m to 1500

m, April to September from southern Idaho (many records) and southeastern Oregon,

south and east to northern Utah. Barr (personal communication) records specimens from

Chrysothamnus at Mountain Home, Idaho. One museum specimen was found with a

tachinid (Diptera) pupa.

Specimens examined. — 49 males, 36 females. Idaho: Bonneville County, Idaho Falls;

Canyon County, Caldwell, Parma; Carabou County, Soda Springs; Elmore County, Moun-

tain Home; Fremont County, St. Anthony; Jefferson County, Terreton; Madison County,

Rexburg; Minidoka County, Rupert, 4 mi. E.; Owyhee County, Big Area; Power County,

American Falls; Twin Falls County, Twin Falls; Not placed in county; Fort Sherman.

Oregon: Malheur County, Sucker Creek. Utah: Weber County, Ogden.

Eleodes panamintensis, new species

(Figs. 6, 11, 12, 16, 17)

Diagnosis. — This species is most similar to £. tenebrosus Horn from which it is

separated by having the proximal, ventral border of the protibia moderately constricted

(fernales, slightly constricted). The mesobasitarsus of the male lacks fine yellow setae

in the distal plantar area, the pronotal disc lacks a basal constriction of the lateral

margins which are weakly arcuate.

Holotype male. — CAS Type No. 11,435, and exemplar female, Thompson Camp, Pana-

mint Mountains, 2030 m, Inyo County, California, VIII-19-1970, collected by L. La Pre

X-2-1970. Seven male, 11 female paratypes, from type locality from III-29-1970 to VII-19-

1971. One male paratype, Cowdung Canyon, Panamint Mountains, 2075 m, VII-3-1971, K.

Mieras. The holotype and 6 paratypes are deposited in the California Academy of

Sciences. Other paratypes in California Insect Survey, Kirby W. Brown collection, Los

Angeles County Museum, Onio State University, United States National Museum, and

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 21

Figs. 1-5 Eleodes (Blapylis) sp.; pronotum, dorsal view: Fig. 1, E. aristatus new species

holotype; Fig. 2, £. orophilus new species, holotype; Fig. 3, E. wake/andi new species, holo-

type; Fig. 4, E. volcanensis new species, holotype; Fig. 5 possibly £. tenebrosus from

Spider Cave (Snake Creek Region), White Pine Co., Nevada.

Ronald E. Somerby collection. Features of exemplar female which differ from holotype

‘included in parentheses.

Head. — Eyes with lateral surface slightly convex posteriorly; genal process of

moderate length; median lobe of mentum rounded, lateral lobes of mentum exposed.

Prothorax. — Notum (fig. 6, surface as in 5) 4.3 mm (4.4 mm) long, 5.2 mm, (5.8 mm)

wide; punctae small, shallow, tubercles present next to margin; vestiture inconspicuous,

not noticeably hispid laterally, surface matte. Anterior emargination moderate, apical

angles obtuse, anterior width of pronotum slightly smaller than posterior width (anterior

width subequal to posterior width); lateral margin slightly arcuate, non-angulate, basal

constriction absent; convexity (as seen in cross section) strong (moderate) with lateral

fourth slightly deflexed. Pleura with punctae not evident, tubercles small with large

tubercle free areas (reduced tubercle free area); vestiture hispid on submatte surface.

Prosternal process moderately developed.

Elytra. — Length 11.4 mm (12.2 mm), width 6.4 mm (7.5 mm) length to width long, 1.8

(1.6). Moderately large, deep punctae present medially to laterally, coalescing in dorso-

lateral area; punctae and tubercles in incipient rows. Tubercles small but variable with

most larger tubercles of same diameter, with little size reduction laterally to medially;

vestiture hispid, surface matte with some alutaceous lines. Elytra slightly expanded

basally; planate from base to disc; elytral apex oval (Subobtuse), gradually sloping.

Epipleura 0.6 mm wide at base with faint shallow punctae, fine tubercles sparse to absent

basally, lacking an alutaceous network; basal width subequal to preabdominal width,

humeral area inflated, humeri rounded.

Venter. — Abdomen with moderately large, deep punctae; tubercles present on second

visible sternite (scarcely present medially although noticeable laterally), surface sub-

matte. Foreleg in anterior silhouette with distal, ventral surface of femur slightly sinuate;

tibia with proximal, ventral border moderately constricted (slightly constricted),

moderately long, ratio 1.0 (0.9), distal, ventral surface of basitarsus not produced.

Secondary sexual characteristics. — Male with setal pad on probasitarsus minute,

ratio 0.2; lacking fine golden setae in plantar grooves of second protarsal segment and

22 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

first segment of mesotarsus. Female with coarse black setae on plantar surface of pro-

basistarsus distributed as two loosely consolidated lateral rows. Parameres figure 11, 12;

valvifer 2, figures 16, 17.

Comments. — The general overall size, appearance, and shape of the pronotum in

panamintensis is quite similar to E. (Melaneleodes) concinnus Blaisdell with which it is

sympatric. The two species are easily confused with one another in the field.

Ecology and distribution. — Examples were taken in Pinyon-juniper woodland under

leaf litter and trash from 2000 m to 2100 m, from June through October.

Specimens examined. — 9 males, 11 females. California: Inyo County, Panamint Moun-

tains, Cowdung Canyon, Thompson Camp (site of Panamint City).

Eleodes aristatus, new species

(Figs. 1,9, 10, 13, 14)

Diagnosis. — This species is most similar to E. tenebrosus from which it differs by

having distinct, moderately deep punctae on a submatte pronotal disc (Fig. 1). Eleodes

tenebrosus from the White Mountains have shallow punctae on a matte pronotal disc

(Fig. 5). Females of aristatus differ from tenebrosus by lacking coarse black setae that

interrupt the probasitarsus.

Eleodes aristatus is also similar to E. robinetti Boddy from which it differs by having

the apical and basal pronotal widths subequal with the pronotal punctae smaller and less

dense. In aristatus the tibial length is less than the pronotal length (10 males, mean 0.96,

range 0.92 to 1.0; 1 female, 0.88; in robinetti tibias! length is relatively greater (10 males,

mean 1.06, range 1.02 to 1.10, 1 female 0.94).

Holotype male. — CAS Type No. 11,436, and exemplar female, Crooked Creek Labora-

tory, White Mountains, 3085 m, Mono County, 3 airline miles, north Inyo County line,

California, VII-II-1961, collected by H. V. Daly. Fourteen male, 8 female paratypes from

type locality from VII-11-1961 to VIII-20-1963. The holotype and six paratypes will be

deposited at the California Academy of Sciences. Other paratypes in the Essig Museum

of Entomology. Paratypes will be sent to Kirby W. Brown, Los Angeles County Museum,

Ohio State University and the United States National Museum. Features of exemplar

female which differ from holotype are included in parentheses.

Head. — Eyes with lateral surface slightly convex posteriorly; genal process of

moderate length; median lobe of mentum variably angular (rounded), lateral lobes of

mentum exposed (weakly obscured).

Prothorax. — Notum (Fig. 1) 3.6 mm (3.4 mm) long, 4.3 mm (4.5 mm) wide; punctae

small, moderately deep, tubercles present on lateral third, vestiture inconspicuous, not

noticeably hispid laterally; surface submatte. Anterior emargination moderate, apical

angles obtuse, anterior width of pronotum slightly smaller than posterior width (anterior

width subequal to posterior width); lateral margin slightly arcuate, non-angulate, basal

constriction slightly sinuous; convexity (as seen in cross section) moderate with lateral

fourth evenly arcuate. Pleura with punctae not evident, tubercles small tc moderate, and

restricted to basal area; vestiture hispid on submatte surface. Prosternal process

moderately developed.

Elytra. — Length 8.,7 mm (8.4 mm), width 5.1 mm (5.7 mm) length to width long, 1.7

(moderate, 1.5). Moderate, shallow punctae present in medial area, punctae and tuber-

cles evenly distributed. Tubercles small with most larger tubercles of subequal size, with

little reduction laterally to medially; vestiture hispid, surface matte without obvious

alutaceous network. Elytra slightly expanded basally; planate from base to disc. Elytral

apex oval (subobtuse) gradually sloping. Epipleura 0.60 mm (0.66 mm) wide at base, with-

out evident punctae, with fine tubercles sparse to absent basally, lacking in alutaceous

network; basal width moderately expanded compared to preabdominal width, humeral

area inflated, humeri rounded.

Venter. — Abdomen with moderate (small), shallow punctae; tubercles present on

second visible sternite, surface shiny. Foreleg in anterior silhouette with distal, ventral

surface of femur slightly sinuate; tibia with proximal, ventral border not constricted, of

moderate length, ratio 0.92 (short 0.88); ventrodistal surface of probasitarsus not pro-

duced.

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 23

1 ‘aloe 13 15

Figs. 6-15 Eleodes (Blapylis) sp.; pronotal outline and genitalia: Fig.6, E. panamintensis

new species, pronotal outline of holotype; Fig. 7, 8, E. volcanensis new species: dorsal

view; lateral view of parameres, respectively of holotype; Fig. 9, 10, E. aristatus new

species: dorsal view; ventral view of valvula, respectively of topotype; Fig. 11, 12, E. pana-

mintensis new species: dorsal view; lateral view of parameres, respectively of holotype;

Fig. 13, 14, E. aristatus new species: dorsal view; lateral view of parameres, respectively

of holotype; Fig. 15, E. pimelioides from Fort Bridger, Uinta Co., Wyoming, dorsal view of

parameres of holotype.

Secondary sexual characteristics. — Male with setal pad on probasitarsus short, ratio

0.41; fine setae present in plantar groove of second protarsal segment. Lacking fine

golden setae in plantar groove of first segment of mesotarsus. Female with coarse black

setae on plantar surface of probasitarsus distributed as two loosely consolidated lateral

rows. Parameres figure, 13, 14; valvifer 2, figure 9, 10.

Comments. — The species is named after the bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata Engel-

man). Examples of E. aristata were previously determined as tenebrosus.

Ecology and distribution. — The species occurs in the bristlecone pine community in

the White Mountains of Inyo and Mono counties along the California-Nevada border

northeast of Bishop, California, from 3400 m to 3700 m, in sympatry with £. tenebrosus.

The latter is more abundant at lower elevations (below 3500 m). Examples of aristatus

were taken in June, July and August.

Specimens examined — 31 males, 33 females. California: Inyo County, Patriarch Tree,

Reed Flat, Schulman Grove bristlecone pine area, White Mountains; Mono County, Big

Bend Public Camp, Blanco’s Corral, Cottonwood Creek, Crooked Creek Laboratory, Piute

Mountain, Sheep Mountain.

Eleodes volcanensis, new species

(Figs. 4, 7, 8, 18)

Diagnosis. — This species is most similar to E. robinetti from which it differs in having

a more pronounced basal pronotal constriction and by the elytral surface forming an

obtuse angle with the epipleura, rather than being inflated as in robinetti. The forelegs

24 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

are relatively long and less robust (Fig. 18) than the forelegs of other related species,

except robinetti. The prosternal process of vo/canensis is reduced with the propleural

tubercles small and with a tubercle-free area posterodorsal of the coxae. The elytral

punctae are moderate, somewhat deep.

Holotype male. — CAS Type No. 11,437, Crater Lake National Park, Klamath County,

Oregon, VII-14-34, collected by E. C. Van Dyke. Holotype male and one male paratype

from type locality deposited in the California Academy of Sciences.

Head. — Eyes with lateral surface slightly convex posteriorly; genal process of

moderate length; median lobe of mentum rounded, lateral lobes of mentum exposed.

Prothorax. — Notum (Fig. 4) 3.3mm long, 4.1 mm wide, punctae moderately large, deep,

tubercles present on lateral third, vestiture inconspicuous and not noticeably hispid

laterally, surface submatte. Anterior emargination moderate, apical angles obtuse;

anterior width of pronotum slightly smaller than posterior width; lateral margin arcuate,

non-angulate, base moderately constricted; convexity (as seen in cross section) moderate

with lateral fourth evenly arcuate. Pleura with punctae not evident, tubercles small, large

tubercle-free area near base, vestiture hispid on shiny surface; prosternal process re-

duced.

Elytra. — Length 8.3 mm, width 5.2 mm, length to width 1.6. Large, deep punctae

medially to laterally, coalescing in dorso-lateral area; punctae and tubercles evenly distri-

buted. Tubercles small but variable, with tubercles largest dorsolaterally, smallest

medially. Vestiture hispid, shiny surface with some alutaceous lines present, the lines

intercepting margins of tubercles. Elytra slightly expanded basally, planate from base

to disc; elytral apex oval, gradually sloping. Epipleura 0.65 mm wide at base without

evident punctae, with fine sparse tubercles becoming absent basally, lacking an

alutaceous network; basal width expanded compared to preabdominal width, humeral

area obtuse, humeri slightly angled.

Venter. — Abdomen with moderate, shallow punctae; tubercles present on second

visible sternite on shiny surface. Foreleg in anterior silhouette with distal, ventral surface

of femur straight; tibia with proximal, ventral border not constricted, long, ratio 1.05;

ventrodistal surface of probasitarsus not produced.

Secondary sexual characteristics. — Male with setal pad on probasitarsus short, ratio

0.41; fine setae present in plantar groove of second protarsal segment. Lacking fine

golden setae in plantar groove of first segment of mesotarsus. Female with coarse black

setae on plantar surface of probasitarsus distributed as two loosely consolidated lateral

rows. Parameres as in figure 7, 8.

Comments. — The species is named ‘after the type of mountain on which the speci-

mens were initially found. This species may represent a geographic variant of robinetti,

but is dissimilar enough to warrant species status at this time.

Ecology and distribution. — Examples were taken in June and July in Lassen and

Crater Lake National Parks.

Specimens examined. — 3 males. California: Lassen National Park; Oregon: Klamath

County, Crater Lake National Park.

Eleodes orophilus, new species

(Figs. 2, 22, 23, 25, 26)

Diagnosis. — This species is most similar to E. snowi Blaisdell from which it is dif-

ferentiated by having the pronotal apical angles obtuse; by having a basal constriction

of the pronotal disc; by lacking tubercles in the basal half of the propleura; and by having

fewer, smaller tubercles over the elytral disc, with an alutaceous network of lines which

‘give the surface a slightly rugose appearance. Males of orophilus differ from the res-

pective sex of E. horni Blaisdell, E. lecontei Horn, E. hoppingi Blaisdell, E. patulicollis Blais-

dell, and £. tenebrosus Horn by having the proximal, ventral border of the protibia

moderately constricted.

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 25

25

Figs. 16-26 Eleodes (Blapylis) sp.; genitalia and leg parts: Figs. 16, 17, E. panamintensis

new species: dorsal view; ventral view of valvula, respectively of topotype. Fig. 18, 19,

E. volcanensis new species: foreleg; tibia, respectively of holotype; Fig. 20, 21, E. wake-

landi new species: dorsal view; ventral view of valvula, respectively of holotype: Fig. 22,

23, E. orophilus new species: dorsal view, lateral view of parameres, respectively of

holotype; Fig. 24, E. rotundipennis lateral view of parameres from Sunrise Park, Pierce Co.,

Washington; Fig. 25, 26, E. orophilus new species: dorsal view; ventral view of valvula,

respectively of topotype.

Holotype male — CAS Type No. 11,438, exemplar female and 33 male, 35 female para-

types at base of: Humphrey’s Peak, San Francisco Peaks, 2900 m, Coconino County,

Arizona, August, collected by Snow (no additional data). Holotype and seven paratypes,

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; 2 paratypes, University of Arizona,

Tucson; 59 paratypes, University of Kansas, Lawrence. Features of exemplar female

which differ from holotype are included in parenthesis.

Head. — Eyes with lateral surface slightly convex posteriorly; genal process of

moderate length (short); median lobe of mentum rounded, exposing lateral lobes.

Prothorax. — Notum (Fig. 2) 3.8 mm (4.3 mm) long, 5.2 mm (6.1 mm) wide; punctae

small, moderately deep; tubercles present next to margin, vestitute inconspicuous and

not noticeably hispid laterally, surface shiny. Anterior emargination moderate, apical

angles obtuse; anterior width of pronotum sliughtly smaller than posterior width; lateral

margin arcuate, non-angualte, basal constriction weakly developed; convexity (as seen

in cross section) moderate (strong) with lateral fourth slilghtly deflexed (evenly arcuate).

Pleura with punctae not evident, tubercles small, with large tubercle-free area near base

of pleura, vestiture hispid on shiny surface. Prosternal process reduced.

Elytra. — Length 10.4 mm (11.6 mm), width 6.4 mm (8.2 mm); length to width 1.6 (1.4).

Moderately large, deep punctae present medially to laterally, coalescing in dorsolateral

area; punctae and tubercles evenly distributed. Tubercles small (minute), but variable-

26 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

in diameter with largest present dorsolaterally, smallest dorsally; vestiture pilose, surface

shiny with alutaceous lines intercepting margins of tubercles. Elytra slightly expanded

basally; planate from base to disc, elytral apex subobtuse, gradually sloping. Epipleura

0.82 mm (1.03 mm) wide at base with faint shallow punctae, fine tubercles sparse to

absent basally, surface conspicuously alutaceous (subalutaceous); basal width

moderately expanded compared to preabdominal width; humeral area obtuse, humeri

rounded (slightly angled).

Venter. — Abdomen with small, shallow punctae; tubercles present (incipiently

present) on second visible sternite with shiny surface. Foreleg in anterior silhouette with

distal, ventral surface of femur sinuate (slightly sinuate); tibia with proximal-ventral bor-

der moderately constricted (not constricted), moderately long, ratio 0.94 (short 0.80),

distal, vental surface of probasitarsus not produced (slightly produced).

Secondary sexual characteristics. — Male with setal pad on probasitarsus short, ratio

0.50; fine golden setae present in plantar groove of second protarsal segment, absent in

plantar groove of first segment of mesotarsus. Female with coarse black setae on plantar

surface of probasitarsus distributed as strongly projecting bundle. Parameres figure 22,

23; valvifer 2, figure 25, 26.

Comments. — The name orophilus is derived from oro, Greek for mountain and phil,

Greek for loving. This species is commonly found in mountainous areas. The basal con-

striction of the pronotal disc.is occasionally absent to usually slightly sinuous. Many

examples of orophilus were previously determined as E. snowi by Blaisdell.

Ecology and distribution. —_High mountains of Arizona and New Mexico occurring

abundantly in open stands of quaking aspen, becoming rare in pine forests at lower

elevations. Specimens were taken from 1990 m to 3200 m. They are particularly sensitive

to dessication as are other Blapylis that occur in cool, damp habitats. Examples were

taken in June, July and August.

Specimens examined — 244 males, 215 females. Arizona: Apache County, Aspen

Springs, Big Lake, McKays Peak (near NcNary), White Mountains; Coconino County,

Flagstaff, Grand Canyon, Mormon Lake, Mud Spring, Mormon Mountain, Oak Creek Can-

yon, San Francisco Peaks, base of Humphreys Peak, Snow Bowl, Williams; Gila County,

Payson, Pinal Mountains; Graham County, Geronimo; Arizona records not assigned to

county, S. Arizona, Colorado River; New Mexico: Catron County, Apache National Forest;

Sierra County, Black Range Mountains; Socorro County, Bear Trap Camp, 28 mi. SW

Magdalena, Magdalena.

Acknowledgments

Research was carried out while the author was associated with the

University of California at Riverside. The financial support of the Na-

tional Defense Education Act, Dry Lands Research Institute, UCR

Computer Allocations Committee, and the UCR Fellowship Commit-

tee of the Graduate Council is gratefully acknowledged. | wish to ex-

press my gratitude to Charles S. Papp for courtesies and suggestions

regarding illustrations.

Literature Cited

Boddy, D. W. 1957. New species and subspecies of Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera). Pan-

Pac. Entomol., 33: 187-199.

Hatch, M. H. 1965. The beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part IV: Macrodactyles,

Palpicornes, and Heteromera. Univ. Wash. Press, Seattle, Vol. 16, 268 pp.

Somerby, R. E. 1972. Systematics of Eleodes (Blapylis) with a revision of the Caseyi

group using taximetric methods (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Doctoral Thesis,

University of California, Riverside. 441 pp.

Somerby, R. E. and J.T. Doyen. 1976. New species of Eleodes (Blapylis) from California

and northwestern Mexico (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Coleopt. Bull. 30(3): -

251-260.

An Example of Aggregation in the

Scaphinotus Subgenus Brennus Motschulsky

(Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cychrini)

David H. Kavanaugh

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco 94118

On June 20, 1975, while collecting on the shores of Nicasio

Reservoir, northern Marin County, California, Paul Choate and | en-

countered an extremely large aggregation of beetles referable to

genus Scaphinotus subgenus Brennus. Some details relating to this

event appear to be of biological significance and therefore worth re-

porting here.

While working up a low, open grassy knoll about 50m from the

water, we found a large, partially-embedded oak log (approximate

diameter 60cm, length 2.5m) with much of its bark intact. Soil under

the log was slightly moist, but otherwise the area was quite dry. With

considerable effort we rolled the log, just at dusk, and quickly col-

lected a few individuals on the ground and underside of the log. Slow

removal of the bark revealed several more individuals as well as the

hollow interior of the log. Even in the dim light and without flash-

lights, we could see that the entire inner cavity was packed with

beetles. We began collecting these individuals as total darkness

approached, quickly filled all our collecting vials, then resorted to

stuffing the beetles alive into our clothing. We noted that all indivi-

duals were very sluggish, slow to react to disturbance, at a time when

‘these nocturnal animals would be expected to begin heightened

activity. Only after several minutes were individuals roused to move-

ment. Eventually many individuals escaped into the grass as we

collected; but a larger number remained in the log when we could no

longer see to collect.

Together, we collected over 130 specimens from the log; and | was

surprised to find that three species were represented in the collec-

tion: Scaphinotus interruptus Menetries, S. striatopunctatus (Chaudoir),

and S. ventricosus Dejean. If, conservatively, 30 percent of the massed

individuals escaped capture, then the aggregation contained about

200 individuals. The significance of this large number can only be

appreciated by comparison with the usual collection pattern. For

example, a good day of collecting in suitable habitat might yield 10 to

20 of these large, conspicuous beetles if every rock and log over an

area of perhaps 5000 to 10000 square meters were turned. While such

a crude method of sampling may not reliably estimate or even reflect

population densities in these beetles, and although no actual dataon

population densities in these species exist, it seems reasonable to

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:27-31. January 1977

28 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

assume that the numbers of individuals in the aggregation repre-

sented substantial percentages of the populations normally ranging

over a much greater area, perhaps over many thousand square

meters. Relative numbers of individuals collected representing each

species were roughly the same as would be expected through hand-

collecting in the manner discussed above. Individuals of S. interruptus

are at least twice as commonly collected as those of each of the other

two species. In my material, relative numbers were as follows: 46 S.

interruptus (216d:2599); 22 S. striatopunctatus (1100:1129); and 13

ventricosus (5dd:822). Choate collected 25 S. interruptus and about

the same number for the other two species combined.

A few observations on aggregation in Scaphinotus species appear

in the North American literature; but these report aggregations of

relatively small size and single species. Nicolay (1913) found indivi-

duals of S. (/richroa) viduus Dejean clustered together under loose

bark at the base of a tree in the Catskill Mountains of New York. Pratt

(1938) found 17 S. (Stenocantharis) angusticollis (Mannerheim) indivi-

duals together under adjacent boards on Whidby Island, Washington

in May 1938; and | have found (unpublished field observations) numer-

ous equivalent aggregations of members of this species in western

Washington. Greene (1975) found repeated small aggregations of S.

(Pseudonomaretus) manni Wickham individuals under the same stone

during April and/or May, 1971 and 1973 in southeastern Washington.

Two more impressive but unpublished accounts can also be men-

tioned here. R.T. Bell (personal communication) discovered an

aggregation of 47 S. (Brennus) marginatus (Fischer von Waldheim)

individuals in a single log in early July, 1973 near Corvallis, Oregon;

and G. E. Ball (personal communication) similarly found 75 indivi-

duals, a mixture of S. marginatus and S. angusticollis, together in late

July or early August, 1955 in southwestern British Columbia.

In comparison to previous observations, the aggregation Choate

and | discovered appears to have been relatively large and unusual in

its multi-species composition. Several questions concerning this

massing of individuals immediately come to mind. How did this large

aggregation form? What were the beetles doing there and how long

might they have stayed en masse? Why were three species repre-

sented? Assuming that this particular aggregation was not unique,

and that at least some level of aggregation occurs with some fre-

quency in these species, what biological significance can we attri-

bute to the phenomenon? Although data which might rigorously

support answers to these and other questions are lacking, a brief dis-

cussion here may provide some tentative answers and, hopefully,

stimulate others to begin ecological and populational studies on

these fascinating animals.

Three possible mechanisms by which the aggregation could have

formed are: (1) independent, individual response to an environmental

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 29

gradient (or gradients) leading to aggregation in an environmentally

(abiotically) optimum location; (2) individual response to some

stimulus (or stimuli) provided by other individuals, leading to aggrega-

tion at a common location; or (3) a combination of the first two. The

third choice seems most likely with (1) and (2) involved (in that order)

sequentially. Scaphinotus beetles are usually found in cool, moist

conditions and, in late June, such suitable areas are limited and

isolated. | assume that the beetles normally follow moisture and

temperature gradients in seeking suitable areas and that this com-

mon search would bring individuals together. At Nicasio Reservoir,

however, much suitable cover exists in the form of large logs along

the shores and ridges. A search of the area uncovered, in addition to

the large aggregation, a few scattered individuals and aggregations

of two to four individuals. From my casual observations, the log con-

taining the large aggregation was in no way unique (in the microhabi-

tat it provided or in its location) in proportion to the uniqueness of the

aggregation it contained. Therefore, it seems unlikely that mechan-

ism (1) alone can account for this aggregation.

Greene (1975), citing the work of Wautier (1971) on Brachinus spp.,

implied that the repeated aggregations he observed in S. manni may

have formed in response to an “attractive odor” present at the aggre-

gation site. Scaphinotus beetles are easily recognized by their very

strong, omnipresent odor; and individuals of many species all seem

to have the same odor. The source of the volatile chemical(s) detected

is probably the pygidial defense gland. Beetles kept alive in culture

maintain this distinctive scent even when left undisturbed, and their

cages retain the same odor even after the beetles have been removed.

Further observations of individuals in culture and in the field indicate

a strong preference for close physical contact among individuals. |

suggest that individuals are attracted to each other, probably through

response to the defensive secretion. The influence of some special

sex pheromone seems less likely because equal numbers of males

and females were collected for all species. Once individuals make

contact, their association is reinforced by positive tactile response.

As the size of the aggregation increases, the collective odor of the

_mass should serve as an increasingly more powerful attractant to

unassociated individuals (further augmenting the aggregation) and

repellent to potential predators (see Greenslade, 1963).

S. interruptus, S. striatopunctatus, and S. ventricosus are the only

cychrine species which occupy the oak woodland/savannah habitats

around Nicasio Reservoir. Because relative numbers of individuals of

each species collected from the aggregation reflected relative num-

bers normally obtained by hand-collecting in the area, the site

appears to have functioned as a simple aggregation point for avail-

able individuals independent of their species identity. Although

Gidaspow (1968), in her revision of subgenus Brennus, did not explore

30 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

or even discuss phylogenetic relationships among these species,

they appear to be quite closely related. Perhaps their respective

defensive chemicals are structurally similar or identical, thereby per-

mitting shared positive responses and the resultant multi-specific

aggregation.

From several lines of evidence, these three Brennus species appear

to be similar in life cycle timing to each other and to the five cychrine

species Greene (1975) studied. The phenology outlined here sum-

marizes my own field observations and collections over the past ten

years and additional data associated with specimens in the California

Academy of Sciences collections. In the San Francisco Bay area,

larvae of these species are collected in December through May,

teneral adults in March through June. Fully-pigmented adults appear

to be most active in late Spring (April and May) and again in Autumn

(late September through November), with irregular activity in Winter

and early Spring and no apparent activity during the hot, ory Summer

(June through early September).

As mentioned above, the beetles were immobile and unresponsive

to considerable agitation when discovered. Both seasonal timing of

the event and behavior of the beetles suggest a Summer diapause,

aestivation, for these three species, with release from diapause coin-

cident with the return of more favorable Autumn conditions [but

possibly triggered by change in photoperiod (see Thiele, 1969) ]. Dis-

sociation of the aggregation seen would then have been expected in

Autumn with the resumption of adult activity.

The following timetable for various adult activities in these species

seems to fit the combination of observations and suppositions pre-

sented above. Adults emerge from the pupal stage in early Spring and

feed while conditions remain favorable. Coincident with warming and

drying trends, adults seek suitable aestivation sites with approaching

Summer. Individuals may be aided in this search by their attraction to

groups of other individuals already occupying large suitable sites.

Aggregation may then be viewed as an aid to adult survival through

the Summer. Maturation in both sexes probably takes place during

the aestivation period (see also Greene, 1975). In Autumn, resumed

activity includes mating and oviposition as well as locomotion and

dissociation of the aggregation. Aggregation prior to aestivation may

well aid in mating success by concentrating individuals of both sexes

in a limited area subsequent to the feeding period (avoiding intensi-

fied competition for food) and prior to the mating period.

Acknowledgments

| thank P. H. Arnaud, Jr., D. C. Rentz, E. J. Zhovreboff, R. C. Drewes,

N. E. Bronstein, and Beverly Kavanaugh for their careful reading and

helpful criticism of the manuscript.

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 31

Literature Cited

Gidaspow, T. 1968. Arevision of the ground beetles belonging to Scaphinotus, subgenus

Brennus (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 140:135-192.

Greene, A. 1975. Biology of the five species of Cychrini (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the

steppe region of southeastern Washington. Melanderia, 19:1-43.

Greenslade, P. J. M. 1963. Further notes on aggregation in Carabidae (Coleoptera),

with especial reference to Nebria brevicollis (F.). Entomol. Mon. Mag., 99:109-

114.

Nicolay, A. S. 1913. [In] Proceedings of the Brooklyn Entomological Society. Bull.

Brooklyn Entomol. Soc., 8:78.

Pratt, R. Y. 1938. One hour’s collecting of Scaphinotus on Whidby. Pan-Pacific Entomol.,

14:167.

Thiele, H.-U. 1969. The control of larval hibernation and of adult aestivation in the

carabid beetles Nebria brevicollis F. and Patrobus atrorufus Stroem. Oecologia,

2:347-361.

Wautier, V. 1971. Un phénoméne social chez les Coléoptéres: les grégarisme des

Brachinus (Caraboidea Brachinidae). Insectes Sociaux, 18:1-84.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

The following Opinions have been published recently by the Inter-

national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, ITZN 59.

Opinion No. 1055 (Bull. zool. Nom. 33 (1) page 11) Gryllus hierogly-

phicus Johannes Mueller (Physiologist) 1826

(Insecta: Orthoptera): suppressed under plenary

powers in favour of Decticus hieroglyphicus Klug,

1832.

Opinion No. 1058 (Bull. zool. Nom. 33 (1) page 22) Papilio actaeon

Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera) suppressed under

plenary powers in favour of Papilio acteon von

Rottemburg, 1775.

Opinion No. 1062 (Bull. zool. Nom. 33 (1) page 31) Anobium Fab-

ricius, 1775: Grynobius Thomson, 1859: Priobium

Motschulsky, 1845 (Coleoptera) designation as

type-species of Ptinus punctatus de Geer, 1774,

Anobium excavatum Kugelann, 1791, and Anobium

carpini Herbst, 1793, respectively.

Opinion No. 1064. (Bull. zool. Nom. 33 (1) page 36) Ptenura Temple-

ton, 1844: crystallina, Podura, Muller, 1776 (Collem-

bola) suppressed under plenary powers in favour

of Heteromurus margaritarius Wankel, 1860.

The Commission cannot supply separates of Opinions.

A New Genus of European Cleridae'

(Coleoptera)

William F. Barr

University of ldaho

In the most recent catalogue of the Cleridae (Corporaal, 1950),

two Old World and 14 New World species of Orthopleura Spinola

are recognized. After studying the type-specimens of nearly all these

listed species, | have concluded that a number of taxonomic changes

are necessary for the group. Most of these changes will be effected

in a revisional study (Barr, in press). One change is presented here:

the generic separation of the Old World species from those of the

New World. Since a generic name that can be used to accommodate

the Old World species is not available in the literature, anew name is

proposed.

Aporthopleura, new genus

Enopliini, Head, excluding mouthparts, transverse; distance between eyes approxi-

mately twice the diameter of an eye across front; eyes moderate in size, finely faceted,

shallowly emarginate behind antennal insertion; antenna (Fig. 1) 11-segmented, segment

1 enlarged apically, twice as long as subglobular segment 2, segments 3—8 subcylin-

drical, segment 3 longest, succeeding segments gradually becoming shorter, segments

9—10 abruptly enlarged, subequal, subcylindrical in cross section, triangularly trans-

verse, segment 11 slightly shorter than combined length of segments 9 and 10, outer

margin arcuate, inner margin feebly expanded or broadly angulate near middle; maxillary

and labial palpus with last segment cylindrical. Pronotum (Fig. 2) subquadrate, approxi-

mately four-fifths as long as broad, evenly convex; lateral margins entire, continuous

with anterior and posterior margins, feebly arcuately sinuate in dorsal view, slightly ex-

panded anteriorly in side view; hind angles bluntly toothed. E/ytra elongate, subcylindri-

cal, parallel-sided, attaining penultimate abdominal segment; basal half with a few,

coarse, more or less serially arranged punctures, that abruptly terminate at middle; epi-

pleuron narrow, evident on basal half. Anterior coxal/ cavities open behind. Abdomen with

six visible sternites. Legs short; protibia not serrate along front margin or apically

toothed; tarsal segments 1—3 moderately expanded apically, each with an apical ventral

plantula; pretarsal claws with a broad, blunt basal tooth.

Type of genus: Dermestes sanguinicollis Fab.

Aporthopleura is separated from Orthopleura by having a more com-

pact and much less flattened antennal club, the pronotum bluntly

toothed at the hind angles and less strongly expanded on its lateral

margins, and the elytra very sparsely and coarsely punctured on the

basal half.

Aporthopleura shows affinities with the Old World genus Enoplium

Latreille (typified by its type-species £. serraticornis (Fab.)), especially

with regard to thoracic structure, open front coxal cavities, and per-

haps elytral punctation. However, Aporthopleura differs from Enoplium

by the nature of the antennal club, the toothed pretarsal claws, and

the nonexpanded terminal segment of the palpi.

‘Published with the approval of the Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station as Research

Paper No. 7666.

' The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:32-33. January 1977

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 33

Figs. 1—2. Aporthopleura sanguinicollis (Fab.). Fig. 1. Antenna. Fig. 2. Dorsal view

of pronotum.

This genus is established to receive the old, well-known European

species O. sanguinicollis (Fab.) and O. funebris Fairmaire which was

described from Syria. The type-specimen of this latter species has

not been located nor have any determined specimens been exam-

ined. Under the circumstances, its placement in Aporthop/eura must

be considered tentative.

Literature Cited

Barr, W. F. In press. Taxonomy of the new clerid genus Neorthopleura (Coleoptera).

Melanderia.

Corporaal, J. B. 1950. Coleopterorum Catalogus, pars 23 (editio seconda) Cleridae.

W. Junk,’s-Gravenhage, 373 pp.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Dermestes medialis Casey a synonym of Dermestes tristis Fall. — Dermestes tristis

Fall, 1897 (Canad. Entom., 29:237,244), is recognized by the color of its dorsal pube-

scence, which is entirely black except for the pressence of 3 spots of white pubescence

on the disc of the pronotum. Occasionally there may also be a few other scattered white

hairs on the pronotum. Specimens answering this description are known from Southern

California north to British Columbia and west into Nevada, Idaho, Alberta, and Northern

Colorado. Dermestes medialis Casey, 1900 (Jour. N.Y. Entom. Soc., 8:141), was established

for a specimen with totally black pronotal and elytral pubescence. Forms similar to the

type specimen are found at scattered localities in central California. In the same area

and at other localities throughout the range of D. tristis specimens are found with the

pronotal spots of white pubescence reduced to a very few white hairs. It is the opinion

of the authors that the two names are synonyms and that the forms with all black pube-

scence represent a poorly defined geographical race of D. tristis. Thus we hereby make

the following nomenclatorial proposal: Dermestes tristis Fall, 1897 (= Dermestes medialis

Casey, 1900). — R. S. BEAL, JR., Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff 86001 and T. N.

SEENO, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento 95814.

Revision of the Scarabaeidae: Anomalinae

2. An Annotated Checklist of Anomala for the

United States and Canada

(Coleoptera)

Robert W. L. Potts

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California

It has been 60 years since the last general study was published for

the Anomala of our area. The review by Thomas Casey in 1915, while

in key form, was scarcely helpful in identification. Basic keys to the

species were those of Horn (1884), and Schaeffer (1907). The few

subsequent studies have been limited in scope, or only descriptions

of new species.

In our study we reviewed all original descriptions, and in order to

simplify direct comparisons with specimens and related species, we

rearranged these to follow a standard form. We examined the

Schaeffer and Casey Types’, and also Types or Co-types of the Bates

and Wickham species. Finally, we identified or re-identified speci-

mens from 30 collections, totalling well over 12,000 specimens.

Of the more than 80 names applied or mis-applied to Anoma/a in

Our area we accept only 33 as valid, with 2 further names applied as

subspecies. Our study adds 7 new species and 3 new subspecies.

The following checklist gives the necessary changes in synonymy,

and also lists States and Provinces from which specimens were seen.

A study of this nature must always depend on the very generous

and much appreciated assistance of a considerable number ofinstitu-

tions and individuals: California Academy of Sciences (Hugh Leech);

California Department of Agriculture (Fred Andrews); California State

University, Long Beach (Eric Fisher); Canadian National Collection

(Henry Howden); North Dakota State University (Richard Post, Paul

Lago); Oregon Department of Agriculture (Richard Westcott); Ore-

gon State University (Paul Ritcher, Dave Carlson); Southwestern

Research Station (Vincent Roth); Texas A & M University (Horace

Burke); Texas Tech University (Charles O’Brien); U.S. National Mu-

seum (Robert Gordon); University of Arizona (Floyd Werner); Univer-

sity of California, Berkeley (John Chemsak); University of California,

Riverside (Saul Frommer); University of Georgia (Robert Turnbow, Jr.);

University of Nebraska (Brett Ratcliffe); University of Wisconsin

(Lutz Bayer). In addition, | am most grateful for the loan of personal

collections from Rolf Aalbu, John Baker, Dave Carlson, Claude

‘Casey did not designate types. This was done subsequently by L. L. Buchanan while rearranging

the Casey collection when it was incorporated into the National Museum collection, but the designations

were not published. Casey described most of his proposed taxa from single specimens, which should

be Holotypes, but Lectotypes should be selected in the other cases, and the data should be published

to meet the requirements of the International Code. We considered this impossible without a visit to the

National Museum to consider the entire Casey collection of Anomalinae.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:34-42. January 1977

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 35

Chantal, Joseph Cicero, Alan Hardy, Henry Howden, Ron McPeak,

Gayle Nelson, Brett Ratcliffe, Robert Turnbow, Jr., Norman Woodley,

and Robert Woodruff. Also, | am particularly indebted to Joe Cicero

for sharing his extensive knowledge of collecting sites through the

Southwest, and to Alan Hardy for assistance in numerous ways, in-

cluding taking us into the dunes at Glamis, and furnishing a number

of references.

Annotated Checklist of Anomala of the United States

and Canada

Anomala adscita (Robinson) 1941:132. New Combination.

Rhombonalia adscita Robinson 1941:132.

Distribution: AZ, Coconino Co.

Anomala antennata Schaeffer 1906:1.

Distribution: southern NM, western TX.

Anomala arida Casey 1915:29.

The female of these first three species and of a considerable number of the species

that follow has not been described. However, in the Anomalinae the female often differs

only in the sexual characters, such as the antennal club, protibiae, and larger protarsal

claws, otherwise fitting well within the range of variation. Even though so many species

were described from a single sex, usually the male, it would seem pointless to attempt

meaningful description, or to designate types in all these cases.

Distribution: southern AZ.

Anomala binotata (Gyllenhal) 1817:106.

Melolontha binotata Gyllenhal 1817:106.

Euchlora maculata Laporte 1840:136.

Anomala unifasciata Say 1825:199.

Anomala marginella LeConte 1854:81.

Anomala compacta Casey 1915:15. New Synonymy.

Distribution: AL, AR, CO, CT, DE, DC, GA, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, MD, MI, MN, MO,

MS, NB, NJ, NY, NC, OH, OK, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, WI, and Ontario. (Leng record for

NM was a mistake. It applied to marginella and LeConte clearly stated the specimens

were from WI, even though it was described in a paper on species from the Mexican

border.)

Anomala butleri (Howden) 1955:258. New Combination.

Rhombonalia butleri Howden 1955:258.

Distribution: AZ, Dragoon Mountains.

Anomala carinifrons Bates 1888:249.

Anomala camanchia Wickham 1913:29. New Synonymy.

Only one of six Cotypes in the Wickham series has a moderately impressed clypeal

suture, while the others vary from slight!y to not at all impressed. Wickham’s unequiv-

ocal “deeply impressed” is extremely misleading, and does not constitute a real dif-

ference.

The female is distinctive and has not been previously noted: similar to male in colora-

tion and sculpture except the clypeus is nearly evenly rounded, without anterior trunca-

tion, nearly in same plane as frons but separated by a thin raised carina at suture,

crowded punctures larger, more distinct. Pronotum more sparsely, less strongly

punctate. Pygidium with only faint indication of punctures and incised strigulae.

36 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Antennal club notably ovate, not contorted, about length of stem. AZ, Cochise Co.,

Douglas, 8 Aug. 68, in author’s collection. (Another female in USNM with clypeal suture

not as carinate, another in Cicero Coll. with suture perfectly flat.)

Distribution: southeastern AZ, southern NM, western TX.

Anomala carlsoni Hardy 1976:365.

Distribution: So. CA.

Anomala castaniceps Bates 1888:248.

Anomala lurida Horn 1884:161, in part.

This species was confused with what is now nimbosa Casey, and both were included

by Horn under the invalid Fabrician name, /urida, which is also sometimes ascribed

to Burmeister.

Distribution: southern AZ.

Anomala cavifrons LeConte 1868:52.

Anomala apacheana Wickham 1913:30. New Synonymy.

Rhombonalia comes Casey 1915:6. New Synonymy.

Rhombonalia cochiseana Casey 1915:7. New Synonymy.

Rhombonalia transversa Casey 1915:7. New Synonymy.

Casey had a genius for describing the superficial characters most likely to be widely

variable, using comparatives with abandon that had little or no precise meaning. Wick-

ham, however, avoided comparing non-existent differences by an interesting sleight

of hand switch, comparing apacheana with camancha, a synonym of the quite different

carinifrons, rather than with cavifrons.

Distribution: AZ, CO, KS, NB, NM, OK, TX.

Anomala delicata Casey 1915:27.

Anomala centralis Horn 1884:159, in part.

Anomala inconstans Schaeffer 1906:2, in part.

Anomala moquina d Casey 1915:31. New Synonymy.

Anomala papagoana Casey 1915:30. New Synonymy.

Both Horn and Schaeffer failed to recognize the species was different, mistakenly

including it with previously described valid species. It is our most variable and wide-

spread Southwestern species, and Casey compounded confusion by attempting to

describe it as three species. It seems unfortunate that de/icata is the first of these, as

the typical specimen is far from delicate. Casey’s moquina was described from an

alleged pair, the male a synonym here, the quite different female belonging to digressa

Casey.

Distribution: southern AZ, from Baboquivari Mtns. east, southern NM, western TX.

Anomala diabla Potts 1976:220.

Distribution: central Rio Grande River Basin, TX.

Anomala digressa Casey 1915:27.

Anomala sagax Casey 1915:30. New Synonymy.

Anomala moquina 9 Casey 1915:31. New Synonymy.

Distribution: middle and southern AZ.

Anomala dubia (Scopoli) 1763:3.

Scarabaeus dubia Scopoli 1763:3.

Distribution: NJ (introduced from Europe).

Anomala ellipsis Casey 1915:15.

Anomala luteipennis Horn 1884:159, in part.

Horn again failed to recognize a new species and included it with the /uteipennis

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 37

of LeConte.

Distribution: south-central AZ, western NM.

Anomala exigua (Schwarz) 1878:362.

Strigoderma exigua Schwarz 1878:362.

Distribution: FL, Sumter Co. (Probably extinct; has never been collected again.)

Anomala eximia Potts 1976:221.

Distribution: FL, Highlands Co.

Anomala flavilla Bates 1888:227.

Anomala parvula Horn 1884:158, in part.

Anomala tenera Casey 1915:37. New Synonymy.

Anomala flavilla centralis, Saylor 1948:354.

Casey’s attempt to separate tenera is difficult enough to understand, but then Saylor

completely misidentified the species and applied LeConte’s name, centralis, to it even

though flavilla is a distinctive species that couldn’t possibly fit LeConte’s original des-

cription of centralis.

Distribution: CA and AZ, lower desert areas.

Anomala flavilla coachellae, new subspecies.

Holotype male and Allotype: very similar to flavilla in all respects except the pronota

immaculate or nearly, without the well-developed paired dark maculae of the typical sub-

species. (Variation in 59 male, 22 female paratypes ranges from the immaculate to show-

ing faint or small paired maculae with one or two possibly indistinguishable from the

typical.)

Holotype and Allotype: CA, Riverside Co., Coachella, 13—14 May 1917, E. P. Van-

Duzee, Collr. (CAS). Paratypes all from CA, Riverside Co., the following localities: 3d,

19, Coachella, 27 May 1928, E. C. VanDyke, Collr. (CAS); 12¢, 59, SW Coachella, May—

June 1973, 1974, H. Cousins, Collr. (Potts); 17d, 72, Coachella Valley, 31 May 1962, Neal,

Collr. (OSU); 2d, same except 31, June 1962 (OSU); 9d, 72, Indian Wells, 4 May 1957, R.

Westcott, Collr. (ODA); 12, Indio, 1 June 1939, E. Ross, Collr. (CAS); 1d, Palm Desert, 22

May 1970, A. Hardy, Collr. (Hardy); 16, Boyd Desert Res. Center, 15 May 1969, Frommer

& Le Pre, Colirs. (UCR); 8d, 19, Palm Springs, 29—30 May 1954, Menke & Stange (Wood-

ruff); 14, same except 22 May 1955 (Woodruff); 2d, Palm Springs, 30 May 1939, E. Ross,

Collr. (CAS); 10, 2 mi. S. Palm Springs, 2 June 1968, F. Hovore, Collr. (OSU); 2d, 1000

Palms Canyon, 21 Apr 1974, Cicero, Collr. (Cicero). Holotype and Allotype in Calif. Acad.

Sci.; paratypes there also, and in the collections of Oregon Dept. Agric.; Oregon State

Univ.; Univ. Calif., Riverside; J. M. Cicero; Alan Hardy; Robert Woodruff; Gayle Nelson,

and the author.

Within California and Arizona flavilla never becomes very darkly and broadly marked

as it does south to Central America, but the immaculate segment of the population, at

the extreme northern limits of its distribution, appears geographically isolated north

of the Salton Sea.

Anomala flavipennis Burmeister 1844:249.

Anomala dichroa Melsheimer 1844 (1845):140.

Anomala flavipennis modulata Casey 1915:23. New Synonymy.

Anomala flavipennis amissa Casey 1915:24. New Synonymy.

Typical flavipennis are distinguished as most commonly with pronotum moderately

dark red-brown, elytra lighter reddish-yellow-brown except strial punctures sometimes

red-brown, punctures of intervals paler or not colored; varying to pronotum brownish

or greenish black to black, sometimes a slight metallic gloss, sometimes elytra some-

what clouded darker, usually as diffuse spots or streaks; averaging 10—12 mm.

Distribution: AL, AR, FL, GA, IL, IN, KS, LA, MD, MS, NB, NJ, NM,, NC, OH, OK, SC,

TX, and VA.

38 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Anomala flavipennis aransas, new subspecies.

Holotype male: pronotum blackish, elytra smoky-brown with punctures of intervals

equally as strongly colored as those of striae; 10—12 mm. Holotype and 9 male paratypes;

TX, Aransas Co., Goose Island State Park, 14 June 1968, J. R. Heitzman, Collr. (Woodruff).

Holotype in collection of Robert Woodruff, on permanent loan to Calif. Acad. Sci.;

paratypes in collections of U.S. Nat. Museum, Robert Woodruff, and the author.

Anomala flavipennis luteipennis LeConte 1854:80.

Anomala luteipennis LeConte 1854:80.

Anomala stigmatella Casey 1915:22. New Synonymy.

Anomala kansana Hayes & McColloch 1924:138. New Synonymy.

Casey redescribed specimens from Kansas in which spots of the 3rd and 5th elytral

intervals were elongated into streaks, and subsequently Hayes & McColloch re-redes-

cribed specimens from the same area with the same elongated streaks, thoroughly

confusing the identification of this subspecies.

The typical variation is: pronotum dark red-brown to black, sometimes faintly

metalic; elytra with dark brown to black maculations on a more yellowish ground color

as spots, streaks or cloudings, particularly on 3rd and 5th intervals, but varying widely

from obsolescent to entirely dark brown-black, however darker; specimens often with

pale band posterolaterally and paler streakings through disc, lighter specimens with

strial punctures moderately colored, sometimes forming distinct thin lines, punctures

of intervals less strongly or not colored: 9—13 mm.

Distribution: KS, NB, OK, TX.

Anomala flavipennis okaloosensis, new subspecies.

Holotype male: pronotum dark brownish-black, elytra immaculate yellowish brown,

with strial punctures uncolored or spots extremely fine, the punctures of intervals un-

colored or, rarely, very finely colored; antennal club appears to be slightly longer propor-

tionately than in the typical subspecies; 9—11 mm.

Holotype male and 2 male paratypes: FL, Okaloosa Co., Dustin, 18 May 1960, Wood-

ruff, Collr. (Woodruff); 19 male paratypes, FL, Okaloosa Co., 5 mi. W. Miramar Beach,

sand dunes, 19 May 1969, H. Weems, Collr. (Woodruff); 5 male paratypes, FL, Santa Rosa

Co., Navarre Beach, grassy dunes, 23 May 1971, H. Weems, Collr. (Woodruff). Holotype

in collection of Robert Woodruff, on permanent loan to Calif. Acad. Sci.; paratypes in

collections of U.S. Nat. Mus., Calif. Acad. Sci., Robert \Woodruff, and the author.

Anomala flavipennis subquadrata Casey 1915:21. New Status.

Anomala subquadrata Casey 1915:21.

This subspecies is largely brownish-black, not distinctly bicolorous, with elytra

often as dark as pronotum, at least in more or less basal half, sometimes punctures

evidently colored in striae; consistently smaller, 8—10mm.

lt is presently impossible to define the several subspecies on a truly sound basis,

however, it is rather clear that flavipennis is in a greater than average state of flux, with

certain localized centers of particular trends of variation, and it appears valid to

recognize these populations as subspecies.

Distribution: GA, MD, NJ, VA, probably coastal or near.

Anomala foraminosa Bates 1888:229.

Distribution: southern TX.

Anomala hardyorum Potts 1976:221.

Distribution: CA, Imperial Co.

Anomala imperialae Potts 1976:222.

Distribution: southern AZ and Imperial-Co., CA.

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 39

Anomala innuba (Fabricius) 1787:22.

Melolontha innuba Fabricius 1787:22.

Anomala minuta Horn 1884:159.

Anomala undulata Casey 1915:32. New Synonymy.

Anomala innuba piceola Casey 1915:35. New Synonymy.

Anomala medorensis Casey 1915:35. New Synonymy.

Casey completely confused the two species, innuba and undulata, although he pro-

perly referred piceola to innuba, and medorensis as closely related. (Also see discussion

after undulata Melsheimer.)

Distribution: AL, AR, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, MD, MS, MO, NB, NJ,

NM, NC, NY, OH, OK, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, WI, and WV.

Anomala insitiva Robinson 1938:112.

Anomala polychalca Schaeffer 1906:2.

Schaeffer recognized the species, but placed it with a Mexican species.

Distribution: southern TX.

Anomala kanei Potts 1976:223.

Distribution: northern AZ and southern UT.

Anomala lucicola (Fabricius) 1798:132.

Melolontha lucicola Fabricius 1798:132.

Melolontha atrata Fabricius 1798:132.

Melolontha moerens Fabricius 1798:132.

Anomala quadrimaculata Drapiez 1820:276.

Euchlora nigritula Laporte 1840:137.

Anomala cinctella Burmeister 1844:269.

Anomala pinicola Melsheimer 1844 (1845):141.

Anomala phylloperthoides Nonfried 1894:122.

Distribution: CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, IL, IN, KY, MD, MA, ME, MI, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OH,

PA, RI, SC, TN, VA, VT, and Ontario.

Anomala ludoviciana Schaeffer 1906:3.

Anomala pubescens Blatchley 1910:984.

Distribution: IL, IN, IA, KS, LA, MN, MS, NB, ND, OK, TN, TX, and Wi.

Anomala marginata (Fabricius) 1792:164.

Melolontha marginata Fabricius 1792:164.

Melolontha annulata Germar 1824:121.

Spilota incolumis Casey 1915:43. New Synonymy.

In many references the date of this Fabrician species has been given as 1775 rather

than 1792, but this is incorrect, and the name therefore becomes a primary homonym

of Melolontha marginata Herbst 1784:14 (now a synonym of Ahizotrogus ruficornis (F.)).

Under the Code a new name is required, and the first synonym, annulata Germar, is

available. However, marginata has been used in its present sense for 185 years, and'

Germar’s annulata has stood as a synonym since 1844. It would seem both continuity

and common sense suggest the preservation of the Fabrician name that has gone so

long unquestioned, and the matter will be submitted to the International Commission

on Zoological Nomenclature.

Casey’s proposed species fits almost in the middle of the series of variation, cer-

trainly one of his least distinctive species.

Distribution: AL, AR, DC, FL, GA, IN, KS, KY, LA, MD, MS, MO, NC, NJ, OH, SC, TN,

and VA.

Anomala mendica Casey 1915:20.

Distribution: FL, GA, SC.

40 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Anomala minuta Burmeister 1844:249.

Distribution: AL, FL, GA, NC, and SC.

Anomala nimbosa Casey 1915:26.

Anomala inconstans Schaeffer 1907:69.

Anomala lurida Horn 1884:161, in part.

Horn mistakenly placed the species under an invalid Fabrician name, and Schaeffer

referred it to a Mexican species. It is quite possible that it should be placed as a sub-

species of inconstans Burmeister, but the problem will be more completely studied in

our consideration of the species in Mexico.

Distribution: southern AZ and NM.

Anomala oblivia Horn 1884:163.

Spilota oblivia maritima Casey 1915:47. New Synonymy.

Distribution: CT, DC, FL, GA, ME, MD, MA, MI, NJ, NY, NC, PA, SC, TN, and VA.

Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse) 1875:108.

Phyllopertha orientalis Waterhouse 1875:108.

Distribution: CT, NJ, NY (introduced from Asia).

Anomala parvula Burmeister 1844:247.

Distribution: FL, GA, MS, NC, and SC.

Anomala robinsoni Potts 1974:150.

Pachystethus floridana Robinson 1941:133.

Distribution: FL.

Anomala sabinae Potts 1976:224.

Distribution: AZ, Sabino Canyon.

Anomala semilivida LeConte 1878:403.

Anomalepta flaccida Casey 1915:10. New Synonymy.

Distribution: AL, FL, GA, NC, and SC.

Anomala tibialis Schaeffer 1906:5.

Known from Type only, the exact locality unknown. If the species has not been driven

to extinction by progress, it is likely to be found associated with a more or less sandy

area in the state.

Distribution: TX.

Anomala suavis Potts 1976:225.

Distribution: TX, Winkler Co.

Anomala umbra Casey 1915:16.

Anomala servilis Casey 1915:16. New Synonymy.

Distribution: DE, FL, GA, MD, MS, NC, NJ, and SC.

Anomala undulata Melsheimer 1844 (1845):140.

Anomala varians Burmeister 1844:248.

Anomala undulata dubia Blatchley 1910:984.

Anomala nigropicta Casey 1915:33. New Synonymy.

Anomala nigropicta canadensis Casey 1915:33. New Synonymy.

Anomala nigropicta floridana Casey 1915:33. New Synonymy.

Anomala nigropicta saginatula Casey 1915:34. New Synonymy.

Colonel Casey was sometimes capable of making a difficult situation nearly impos-

sible. In this case, he took Melsheimer’s name, undulata, and completely misapplied

it to a minor variant of innuba, so that he could redescribe the veritable, and common

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 41

undulata as nigropicta, quite in spite of the fact that both Horn and Schaeffer had keyed

the species properly (although Horn had mistakenly applied the name minuta to

innuba). Nor is there any problem with Melsheimer’s original description. While brief,

it distinguishes undulata from innuba.

We found a considerable number of pre-Casey identifications of undulata properly

identified to Melsheimer’s species. Also, we checked the species and its relatives in

Mexico and Central America, finding them all properly related to Melsheimer’s undulata,

and not to any innuba form. It is really rather amazing that so many made the mistake

of following Casey rather than Schaeffer, Horn, and Melsheimer, but on the other hand

it is a fair indication of the fact it is easy to be misled by carelss work.

Distribution: AL, AR, DE, DC, FL, GA, IL, IN, KS, KY, MD, MI, MS, MO, NJ, NC, OH,

PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, WI, and Ontario.

Anomala of Baja California

It has been customary to include this area with the United States, although we see no

real reason for continuing the tradition, and will treat the species more fully in the

Mexican section of our study. However, to amend the record at this time for those col-

lectors who still follow Leng’s arrangement, we list:

Anomala centralis LeConte 1863:78.

Anomala raydoma Saylor 1948:354. New Synonymy.

Somehow Saylor also misapplied an established name, centralis, to flavilla Bates,

calling it a subspecies, and then redescribed LeConte’s species as new. LeConte

clearly describes the triangular macula of centralis, a type of pronotal marking that is

never even approached in flavilla, and Schaeffer's key is also perfectly clear in properly

separating the two species.

Anomala peninsularis Schaeffer 1906:3.

Superficially similar to flavipennis, however distribution is much different and the

large terminal articulated spine of the protibia is quite different from the extremely

short and appressed spine of flavipennis and all its subspecies.

Literature Cited

Bates,HenryW. 1888. Biologia Centrali-Americana, vol. 2, pt. 2, 161—336.

Blatchley, Willis S. 1910. Coleoptera of Indiana, Bull. 1, Ind. Dept. Geol. & Nat. Res.,

1386 pp.

Burmeister, Hermann C. C. 1844. Handbuch der Entomologie, Vol. 4, pt. 1. Berlin.

588 pp.

Casey, Thos.L. 1915. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, Vol. 6.1. A revision of the American

species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae and Cetoniinae. Lancaster, Pa. pp. 1—394.

Drapiez, Pierre. 1820. Description de 5 especes d’insectes nouveaux, Ann. Gen. Sci.

Phys., 7: 273—280.

Fabricius, Johann. 1787. Mantissalnsectorum, Hafniae. 348 and 382 pp.

Fabricius, Johann. 1792. Entomologiasystematica. Hafniae, 330 and 538 pp.

Fabricius, Johann. 1798. Supplementum Entomologia systematica. Hafniae, 572 pp.

Germar, Ernst F. 1824. Coleopterorum Species novae, Halae. 624 pp.

Gyllenhal, Leonhard. 1817. In Schonherr’s Synonymia Insectorum, Appendix, Skara.

Vol. 1, pt. 3, 266 pp.

Hardy, Alan R. 1976. A new species of Anomala Samouelle from California Sand

Dunes. Coleopt. Bull. 30(4):365—367.

Hayes, Wm. P. and J.W.McColloch. 1924. Anew species of Anomala, Entomol. News,

35: 138—40.

42 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Herbst, J. F. W. 1783 (1784). /N Fliessly, J. C. Archiv der Insectengeschichte. Zurich

and Winterthur. pp. 1—68.

Horn, George H. 1884. Notes on the species of Anomala inhabiting the United States.

Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 11: 157—164.

Howden, Henry F. 1955. Some new species and records of North American Scara-

baeidae. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 57: 257—264.

Laporte, Francois Louis. 1840. Histoire naturelle des animaux articules. Paris. 324

and 564 pp.

LeConte, John L. 1854. Notice of some Coleopterous Insects. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

Phila., 7: 79—85.

LeConte, John L. 1863. New Species of North American Coleoptera. Prepared for the

Smithsonian Institution. Smith. Misc. Coll., No. 167. pp. 1—86.

LeConte, John L. 1868. New Coileoptera collected on the survey for the extension

of the Union Pacific Railway. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 2: 49—59.

LeConte, John L. 1878. Additional descriptions of new species. Proc. Amer. Philo-

soph. Soc., 17: 373—434.

Melsheimer, Friedrich E. 1844 (1845). Descriptions of new species of Coleoptera of

the United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 2: 134— 160.

Nonfried, Anton F. 1894. Bescreibungen neuer Lamellicornier, etc. Ent. Nachr., 20:

113—142.

Potts, Robert W. L. 1974. Revision of the Scarabaeidae:Anomalinae. 1. The Genera

Occurring in the United States and Canada. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 50: 148—154.

Potts, Robert W.L. 1976. New Species of North American Anomala. Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

52(3): 220—226.

Robinson, Mark. 1938. Studies in the Scarabaeidae. 1. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc.,

64: 107—115.

Robinson, Mark. 1941. Studies in the Scarabaeidae of North America. Trans. Amer.

Entomol. Soc., 67: 127—136.

Say, Thomas. 1825. Descriptions of new species of Coleopterous Insects inhabiting

the United States. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 5: 160—204.

Saylor L. W. 1948. Contributions toward a knowledge of the Insect fauna of Lower

California, No. 10, Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser.,

24(10): 337 —374.

Schaeffer, Charles. 1906. Notes on some species of the genus Anomala with descrip-

tions of new species. Journ. New York Entomol. Soc., 14: 1—5.

Schaeffer, Charles. 1907. New Scarabaeidae. Journ. New York Entomol. Soc., 15:

60—75.

Schwarz, Eugene A. 1878. Coleoptera of Florida. Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 17:

353—472.

Scopoli, Johan A. 1763. Entomologia Carniolica etc. 420 pp.

Waterhouse, Charles O. 1875. On the Lamellicorn Coleoptera of Japan. Trans. En-

tomol. Soc., London. 1875: 71—116.

Wickham, Henry F. 1913. New North American Elateridae and Scarabaeidae. Psyche,

20: 27—31.

RECENT LITERATURE

Writing Scientific Papers in English. M. O’Connor and F. P. Woodford. American Elsevier

Publishing Company, Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017. 1975. 116 pp.

$7.95. »

Three New Gall-Inducing Callirhytis Foerster from

Quercus cedrosensis Muller

(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

D. Charles Dailey and Christine M. Sprenger

Sierra College, 5000 Rocklin Road, Rocklin, California 95677

The cynipid fuana on the oak Quercus (Protobalanus) cedrosensis

Muller, had not been studied since its description (Muller, 1962).

Quercus cedronsensis occurs in only a few small, highly localized

populations on the west slope of the Sierra San Pedro Martir and

along the Pacific Coast, Baja California, Mexico. This paper includes

three new unisexual generations in the genus Callirhytis.

Callirhytis cedros, new species

Unisexual Generation Female Holotype. — Head: coriaceous, sparsely pubescent;

from above transverse; narrower than thorax; cheeks not broadened behind eyes; occiput

raised above contour of head; malar space 0.4 times eye height, not grooved; antennae

filiform, 14 segmented, segment 1 longer than 2, segment 3 less than 1 plus 2 but longer

than 4, 14 slightly longer than 13. Thorax: mesosocutum with nearly contiguous seta-

ceous punctures, setae not obscurring scutal sculpture, broader than long; anterior

parallel lines distinct, 0.3 times mesoscutum length; notaulices complete, sharp edged,

shiny, weak anterior of parapsides; parapsidal lines 0.6 times mesosocutum length from

posterior; median groove short, weak, length less than width of area between notaulices

posteriorly; scutellum rugose, pubescent; fovea smooth, bare, polished, separated by low

ridge; mesopleuron anterodorsally dull, microcoriaceous, ventrally aciculate, dorsopos-

teriorly smooth, shiny, sparsely seto-punctate near wing. Wing hyaline, margin ciliate,

veins yellow-brown, radial cell open, aerolet 0.17 times cubital cell length. Claws simple.

Abdomen: propodeum wrinkled; longer than head plus thorax, two tergites visible in

dorsal view with tergite Il smooth, polished, micropunctate, sparsely pubescent antero-

laterally; ventral spine 3 times as long as high or wide, evenly tapered, slightly bristly.

Mesonotum length 0.9 times, antennae 2.1 times, and wing 3.6 times maximum head

width. Length 2.4mm. Body dark red-brown, appendages brown.

Variation — Unknown. Only 2 specimens reared.

Host. — Quercus cedrosensis Muller.

Gall. — Detachable, monothalamous, stem or aborted bud gall. Spherical, dark brown,

6mm in diameter (Fig. 1).

Biology. — Galls were collected in December 1973 and two insects emerged in

February and March, while being maintained indoors. Ovipositon site is unknown.

Distribution. — The holotype female emerged in late February 1974 from a gall col-

lected on Cedros Island, Baja California, Mexico by David Cavagnaro in December 1973.

There is no other location known for this insect.

Type deposition. — Holotype female and gall in United States National Museum. Para-

type female and gall in California Academy of Science. Other paratype galls in senior

author’s collection.

Callirhytis cedrosensis, new species

Unisexual Generation Female Holotype. — Head: reticulate; from above transverse;

slightly narrower than thorax; cheeks not widened behind eyes; occiput elevated above

contour of head; malar space 0.6 times eye height, not grooved; antennae filiform, 14 seg-

mented, segment 1 longer than 2, segment 3 longer than 1 plus 2 or 4, 14 one and one-

third times length of 13. Thorax: mesoscutum weakly and irregularly rugose throughout,

as broad as long, sparsely pubescent; anterior parallel lines distinct, 0.5 times length of

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:43-46. January 1977

44 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 1-3 Galls of Callirhytis spp. Fig. 1. cedros new species, 7 x. Fig. 2. cedrosensis new

species, 7 x. Fig. 3. protobalanus new species, 9 x.

mesocutum; notaulices sharp edged, sculptured posteriorly, complete but progressively

more narrow and weak anteriorly; parapsidal lines distinct, from posterior 0.5 times

mesoscutum length; median groove sharp edged, 0.25 times mesoscutum length;

scutellum reticulate, sparsely pubescent; fovea smooth, polished, bare, sharply outlined,

separated by ridge; mesopleuron aciculate. Wing hyaline, margin ciliate, veins yellow-

brown, radial cell open, aerolet 0.25 times length first cubital cell. Claws simple.

Abdomen: propodeum rugose; length equal to head plus thorax, tergite Il smooth,

polished, bare dorsally, pubescent anteriorlaterally, ventral spine 1.5 times as long as

high or wide, slightly bristly. Mesonotum length 1 times, antennae 2.5 times, and wing 5

times maximum head width. Length 3.2mm. Head, antennae, thorax, legs, and abdomen

yellow-brown, abdomen darkest dorsally on tergite II; thoracic lines, except notaulices,

and most sutures dark brown.

Variation. — Cedros Island specimens with reticulate sculpturing on median foveal

ridge. Length of 59 specimens 2.9-3.5mm, average 3.3mm.

Host. — Quercus cedrosensis Muller.

Gall. — Detachable, monothalamous, stem galls. Flat-topped, with small elevated

central disk, ovoid, green and succulent when fresh, brown to purple when dry, 0.8 to

1.5cm tall, 1.2 cm average, 1.0cm diameter. Galls collected from Cedros Island are more

rounded apically and without sharply ridged flattened top (Fig. 2).

Biology. — Insects emerged in January 1972 from galls collected 30 December 1971

and maintained indoors. The location of the galls suggests that the eggs must have been

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 45

laid in terminal or axillary buds on first year wood. Oviposition site of unisexual genera-

tion is unknown.

Distribution. — The holotype female was collected 12 miles southeast of Ensenada,

Baja California, Mexico by'C. Dailey (#1201) 30 December 1971. Paratype galls were col-

lected on Cedros Island, Baja California, Mexico by David Cavagnaro in December 1973

and yielded insects during February and March while being maintained indoors. Similar

galls were collected 9.7 km (6 miles) southwest of San Vicenti, Baja California, Mexico.

Type deposition. — Holotype female and gall in Unioted States National Museum.

Paratype insects and galls in United States National Museum (2), California Academy of

Science (2), University of California — Davis (2), Weld collection in possession of R. J.

Lyon at Los Angeles City College (2) and the authors’ collection.

Callirhytis protobalanus, new species

Unisexual Generation Female Holotype. — Head: reticulate; from above transverse;

slightly narrower than thorax; cheeks widened behind eyes; occiput slightly elevated

above contour of head; malar space 0.3 times eye height, not grooved; antennae filiform,

13 segmented, segment 1 longer than 2, segment 3 longer than 4 but less than 1 plus 2,

13 twice length of 12. Thorax: mesoscutum coriaceous throughout, as broad as long,

sparsely pubescent; anterior parallel lines distinct, 0.5 times mesoscutum length;

notaulices complete, broadest posteriorly; parapsidal lines distinct, from posterior 0.5

times mesoscutum length; median groove, short, weak; scutellum reticulate, sparsely

pubescent; fovea indistinct, sculptured, not separated by a ridge; mesopleuron

aciculate. Wing hyaline, margin ciliate, veins yellow-brown, radial cell closed, aerolet

0.16 times first cubital cell length. Claws simple. Abdomen: length equal to head plus

thorax, propodeum smooth, polished, bare; tergite Il smooth, polished, bare dorsally,

sparsely pubescent anterolaterally; ventral spine long, slender, 10 times as long as high

or wide, slightly bristly. Mesonotum length 1.3 times, antennae 2.2 times, and wing 3.8

times maximum head width. Length 1.8mm. Color of head, thorax, abdomen, antennae,

and legs, brown; abdomen dark brown to black dorsally, parts of some pleural sutures

black.

Variation. — Length of 12 specimens 1.7-1.9mm, average 1.8mm.

Host. — Quercus cedrosensis Muller.

Gall. — Integral polythalamous acorn gall formed in cotyledon of the acorn 1.0 to

2.0cm wide, 1.2cm average. Emergence occurs through hull and sometimes through cap

(Fig. 3).

Biology. — Galls maintained indoors yielded adults 2-5 January 1972 from galls

collected 30 December 1971. Oviposition site unknown.

Distribution. — The holotype female was reared from a gall collected about 12 miles

southeast of Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico by C. Dailey (#1201) on 30 December

1971. Similar galls have been collected 9.7 km (6 miles) southwest of San Vicente, Baja

California, Mexico.

Type deposition. — Holotype female and gall in United States National Museum. Para-

type insects and galls in United States National Museum (2), California Academy of

Science (2), University of California — Davis (2), Weld collection in possession of R. J.

Lyon at Los Angeles City College (2) and the authors’ collections.

Key to Cynipid Fauna on Quercus cedrosensis

1. Cheeks not broadened behindeyes.............. ‘

Cheeks broadened behindeyes .......... Callirhytis protobalanus

2. Ventral spine 3 times as long as high or wide

Ventral spine 1.5 times as long as high or wide .................

PAPA Ath hese praia SoG edie gE ES arate eh E-aikaeet WEVA wer kab Callirhytis cedrosensis

46 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful to David Cavagnaro for providing galls

which yielded the Callirhytis cedros specimens and some paratypes

of Callirhytis cedrosensis. The gall illustrations were prepared by M.

Lynn Siri.

Literature Cited

Muller, Cornelius H. 1962. A new Species of Quercus from Baja California, Mexico.

Madrono 16(6) : 186-192.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Observations on Spider Predation of Early Instar Larvae of Douglas fir Tussock Moth,

Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) — In June 1972,

studies of Douglas fir tussock moth egg eclosion and larval dispersal in relation to host

phenology were conducted near Iron Mountain, El Dorado County, Calif. (Wickman, Boyd

E. 1976, Environ. Entomol. 5:316-322.) During the course of this work certain Douglas fir

tussock moth egg masses in the lower crown foliage of white fir, Abies concolor (Gord.

& Glend.) Lindl., were repeatedly visited and observations made to record egg eclosion.

During one such visit on June 2 at 0830 PDT, a medium-size spider (about 6-8 mm long)

was seen on its web immediately adjacent to an egg mass consuming a (1st-instar larva.

The spider repeatedly went from the web onto the egg mass and back to the web. |

watched for about 5 min., as the spider darted to the egg mass and extracted another

newly emerging larva, evidently paralyzed it with a bite, and deposited it in the web. |

waited for the spider to eat the larva, but instead, some minutes later it again pounced on

the egg mass and extracted another larva and repeated the action. | continued watching

for another 15 min., but the spider did not attack the egg mass again, nor did it feed on its

two dead or paralyzed larvae in the web.

| marked the egg mass, intending to visit it during my periodic visits to see if | could

determine the effects of spider predation on that particular egg mass. On my next visit

at 0900 on June 4, the egg mass was covered with newly hatched larvae, and the spider

was never seen again during my visits over the next 2 weeks. In the course of repeated

observations of more than 80 separate egg masses during the first 2 weeks of June 1972,

similar size spiders and webs were found immediately adjacent to or near 12 egg masses.

One additional spider was observed trying to open an unhatched egg. After several

minutes it gave up and returned to its web. The spiders were gone at the end of the

sampling period and unfortunately were not collected.

Similar observations of egg masses were made in the Blue Mountains of eastern

Oregon in 1973. On May 27, at Frizzel Creek, 900m elevation, on 2 separate occasions

medium-size spiders (5-8 mm) were seen opening Douglas fir tussock moth eggs on

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and eating the fully formed larvae which

were ready to emerge. In both cases the egg masses were surrounded by webs.

| do not know the total effect of predation by these spiders, but such losses obviously

occur during egg eclosion and to early instar larvae. This type of mortality is difficult to

measure but may be an important source of population reduction, especially during the

several-day interval between eclosion and the time larvae disperse to new foliage for food.

During this predispersal period many larvae remain congregated on egg masses and are

thus concentrated and more vulnerable to this type of predation. The magnitude of early

larval mortality by spider predation is unknown but probably constant; it should be in-

cluded in life table studies and ultimately in population models of Douglas fir tussock

moths. — BOYD WICKMAN, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA

Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon.

Nests of Anthocopa enceliae (Cockerell) and A. elongata (Michener)

(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Frank D. Parker

Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Utah State University, Logan 84322

Nests of Anthocopa (an osmiine megachilid) are relatively unknown

although Parker (1975) described those of three species. Nests of two

species were associated with trap stems, and the nests of one

species were located on the undersurface of stones. In additional

trap-stem studies conducted in 1974, nests were found of another

species in the subgenus Eremosmia, and nests of a species in the

subgenus Atoposmia were found in cracks between stones. Nests,

nesting sites, and nest associates of these two species are des-

cribed, and additional information is presented concerning the pre-

viously described nests of Anthocopa.

Anthocopa (Eremosmia) enceliae (Cockerell)

(Figs. A, B)

Nesting Site. Seven nests were recovered from prebored elder-

berry trap stems (Parker and Bohart, 1966). Five were placed in end

holes with a bore diameter of 6mm, and two were made in side holes

with diameters of 2 and 4mm, respectively. The five nests in end

holes contained 45 cells (from five to fourteen cells/nest) and the two

in side holes contained three cells (one to two cells/nest). All the

nests were from a single site in White Water Canyon, Riverside Co.,

California, in trap stems | had placed along the side of the canyon

among scattered plants of Encelia about 50m above the stream bed.

Nest Construction. The prebored burrows were not modified by the

bees except that loose pith was removed. They made most of their

cells by partitioning across the burrow at intervals ranging between

6 and 10 mm (Fig. A), but in two nests, partitions were placed longi-

tudinally and medially in the boring, thus resulting in the presence

of a cell on either side of the partition. The longitudinal partitions

were found at the beginning or the end of a cell series. Partitions

were made of a sand-masticated leaf pulp mixture spread into a thin

(0.5mm) disc. Often the partitions were made obliquely across the

burrow, and there was a rimmed and distinct entrance hole through

the partition (some osmiine construct the “ceiling” partition prior

to cell provisioning and leave a small entrance hole at one side of this

partition). The outersurface of the partition was smooth, and the inner

was rough. Because the partitions were set at different angles across

the burrow, the measurement of the cells varied considerably. The

range in cell length was 6-11mm, and the range in width was 2-6mm.

The entrance to some burrows was blocked with a compact plug

(5-6mm thick) of sand-masticated leaf pulp mixture set into the bur-

row 5-6mm below the outer surface. The entrance plugs were

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:47-52. January 1977

48 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. A. Portion of nest of A. enceliae in prebored elderberry trap stem. Dark lines across

burrow are cell partitions (arrow). Fig. B. Cocoon of A. enceliae removed from cell. Note

fecal material and pollen incorporated into cocoon. Fig. C. Seven-celled nest of A.

elongata containing pollen balls. Arrow indicates wall of new cell. Fig. D. Twelve-celled

nest of A. elongata. Note fecal pellets against walls of middle cell. Opaque cocoons con-

tain live larvae (arrow). Fig. E. Fifteen-celled nest of A. elongata parasitized by Stelis. Co-

coons of Stel/is do not fill the cell and are nippled at one end (arrows). Fig. F. Cells of A.

abjecta attached to underside of rock. Note how dried leaf material is held together by

cocoon silk. Fig. G. Four-celled nest of A. abjecta on overturned rock (arrow), Willard

Pk., Utah. Fig. H. Old nest of A. abjecta near margin of overturned stone. Note empty

cocoons of Stelis (arrow).

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 49

H-shaped in a vertical section. The cells made in the side holes were

plugged with similar material but were flush with the outer surface

of the stem.

Provisions. The cells were ‘‘packed”’ nearly full with pollen from a

composite, probably Encelia. The pollen mass took the shape of the

cells, and it fell apart readily when probed. Because of the crumbly

nature of the provisions, egg placement was difficult to ascertain,

but it was at the top of the pollen mass. Most cells had a small space

between the entrance hole in the partition and the pollen.

Feces. The fecal pellets were amber colored, barely less than 1mm

long, slightly bowed, with one end blunt and the other pointed. They

were scattered around the sides of the cell and combined into the

cocoon strands.

Cocoons. The bees made their distinctive cocoons by closely lining

the cell walls with abundant strands of compact whitish silk. Uncon-

sumed pollen and fecal pellets were incorporated into this thick

matlike outer layer. The outer layer was asymmetrical and conformed

to. the cell wa!ls (Fig. B). Also its thickness was unusual: the outer

layer of one cocoon was 5X heavier (26mg) than the inner sheath

(5.4mg). This outer layer often filled most of the available cell space.

A layer of thin varnishlike material was applied on the inside of the

outer layer of silk. Longitudinal strands of fecal material were

smeared on the inside of the varnished layer. The larvae formed the

inner cocoon by thinly coating the fecal material with light brown

silk. The strands were more evident in the upper half though the

inside of this layer was smooth and shiny. The inner cocoon was

barrel-shaped and averaged 6x4mm; the top had a flat or slightly

raised area (nipple) distinct from the surrounding surface.

Overwintering. Diapause is passed as bowed, yellowish white pre-

pupal larvae. Prepupae incubated at 72°F produced males in 57-59

days and females in 58-62 days.

Sex Ratio. Only two males and three females emerged.

Nest Associates and Mortality. The common chalcid parasite,

Leucospis affinis Say, was reared from six cells. Dead eggs or young

larvae were recorded in 27% of the cells, and 40% of the cocoons

contained dead larvae after incubation.

Discussion. Nests of A. enceliae differ from those of the other

known species in the subgenus Eremosmia, A. hypostomalis Michener,

in that A. enceliae partitions the burrows and cells and hypostomalis

makes individual cells composed eniirely of masticated leaf pulp

and sand. Cocoons of the two species differ in that those of enceliae

are the shape of the cell and the nipple does not protrude. Cocoons

of hypostomalis are barrel-shaped with a prominent nipple. Similari-

ties exist in the nests of these two species since both are con-

structed of a mixture of sand and masticated plant parts. Similar-

ities also exist between cells of A. enceliae and cells of species of

50 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Osmia. For example, the thick whitish outer layer of the cocoon of

A. enceliae is similar to that spun by Osmia texana Cresson; also the

habit of filling the cell with pollen is found in Osmia, notably O.

californica Cresson.

Nests of A. enceliae were obtained at the locality where | had

placed trap stems two previous years. However, in 1974, | placed

some stems along the side of the canyon and in the stream bed.

Nests of this Anthocopa were recovered only from stems on sides of

the canyon; nests of A. hypostomalis were recovered from both loca-

tions.

Anthocopa (Eremosmia) hypostomalis Michener

Nests and nest associates of A. hypostomalis were described pre-

viously (Parker, 1975). An additional 61 nests were obtained from

trap nests, all but one made in the end hole. The nests contained

260 cells (an average of 4.4 cells/nest with a range of 1-13). In 1974,

at the White Water Canyon 45% of the end holes in the trap stems

contained this species. Other locations where nests of A. hyposto-

malis were recovered were: CALIFORNIA: 15 mi. N Johannesburg,

24 mi. E Keeler, Yucca Valley, Morongo Valley, 11 mi. NE Bishop,

3 mi. N Bishop, 7 mi. S Palm Springs. UTAH: Hurricane. ARIZONA:

3 mi. S Oatman.

The same species of nest associates reported earlier were found

in the new nests. A new association was demonstrated by three cells

containing adults of the meloid Nemognatha.

Anthocopa (Atoposmia) elongata Michener

(Figs. C, D, E)

Nesting Site. All nests of A. elongata were associated with rock

outcroppings and were constructed in cracks between stones. Nests

were found at several places in the mountains surrounding Logan,

Utah. At Willard Peak, Box Elder Co., the nests were located between

broken layers of shale along the trail leading to the summit (9700 ft).

In Logan Canyon, nests were located in rocky ledges at Blind Hollow,

near the Franklin Basin turnoff, and along Beaver Creek.

Nest Construction. All nests were found in cracks 2-3mm wide;

both vertical and horizontal cracks contained nests. Many old nests

were found relatively undisturbed except for the exit holes of the

bees and parasites. The 20 nests found averaged 11.4 cells/nest with

a range of 3-23 cells/nest. No nests during the early stage of con-

struction were found, and data on formation can only be surmised.

Since most nests were oval, the initial cell is probably central, and

additional cells are attached to it in a circular pattern (Fig. C). The

bees began their cells by making a thin U-shaped corral-like wall from

masticated plant parts and fine sand. They made additional cells by

attaching another wall to the first or to other cells, thereby utilizing

an existing surface as one side of the cell (Fig. C, arrow). Cell walls at

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 51

the outer rim’of the nests were as thick as 2mm. Cells were 5-6mm

long and 3-4mm wide, and there was no discernable pattern in cell

orientation as some cells faced outward and some faced toward

the center of the nest (Fig. D).

Provisions. The provisions were shaped into an oval ball (Fig. C)

that contained loose pollen grains on the outside. Enough nectar

was added to bring the pollen mass to a gum-like consistancy.

Stereoscan micrographs of pollen made from several nests were

identified by P. Lincoln (UC-Santa Cruz) as Penstemon. Moldenke

and Neff (1974) reported that A. elongata was an oligolege of Pen-

stemon. The host egg was deposited at the top and to one side of the

mass.

Feces. Many pellets were found at the top of the cell where they

had been deposited before cocoon formation (Fig. D). Other pellets

were scattered along the sides of the cell. The pellets were yellowish-

white, 0.5-0.6mm, 0.1-0.2mm wide, slightly bowed, pointed at

the ends, and with an impressed longitudinal line. Other pellets were

flattened against the walls during cocoon spinning.

Cocoon. The cell walls were closely lined with a thin amber-colored,

translucent layer of silk. The top of the cocoon was composed of

coarse, loose silk strands that filled the space under the cell cap.

Below this silk, the top of the cocoon was loosely spun and (in most

specimens) a small opening was left. The inner surface of the cocoon

was shiny with the strands forming this layer distinct. The larvae

inside were easy to see through the cocoon (Fig. D).

Overwintering. The overwintering stage was a prepupal larva. The

incubated larvae required 57-58 days at 72° F to become adults. They

were C-shaped, white, and very active when probed.

Sex Ratio. Sixteen females and eight males emerged.

Parasites. The most abundant parasite associated with A. elongata

was an undescribed species of Stelis (Chelynia) (Fig. E). This small

black parasite is one of the smallest (4mm) species that | have seen.in

the subgenus Chelynia. Fourteen percent of the cells in both old and

active nests had been parasitized by Stelis. Two cells in one nest were

parasitized by the common bombyliid, Anthrax irroratus Say. Another

common bee parasite reared from this host was Tetrastichus

megachilidis Burks, which was found in nine cells in active nests.

Many bee larvae in old nests also had been parasitized by Tetra-

astichus.

Discussion. A. elongata cells differ from those of the other known

species in the subgenus Atoposmia in that elongata builds cell parti-

tions and does not line all surfaces with cell-building material; A.

abjecta makes separate cells and lines the entire cell with nest-build-

ing material (Fig. F). The cocoons of both species are similar, es-

pecially the loosely spun and coarse silk at the top. Cells of A.

(Hexosmia) copelandica (Cockerell) are similar to those of A. elongata

52 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

in that the cell walls are closely lined and the cocoon takes the shape

of the cell; the fecal pellets are of similar size and shape, and the

material used to build cell partitions is mostly masticated plant parts.

Anthocopa (Atoposmia) abjecta (Cresson)

(Figs. F, G, H)

Nests of A. abjecta were described by Parker (1975) and additional

nests of A. abjecta were located at Willard Pk., Utah, attached to the

undersurface of stones (Fig. G). The nine nests found averaged 9.2

cells/nest with a range of 3-38. No live parasites were recovered, but

some old nests contained cocoons of Stelis (Fig. H).

Anthocopa (Hexosmia) copelandica (Cockerell)

Nests of A. copelandica were described earlier (Parker, 1975). Addi-

tional trap-stem studies during the years 1973 and 1974 produced

nests from the following locations: ARIZONA: Kingman. UTAH:

Logan Canyon, Cache Co. (3 sites); 9 mi W Mendon, Cache Co.;

Willard Peak, Box Elder Co. CALIFORNIA: 5 mi. S Kramer Jct., 15 mi.

N Johannesburg, 14 mi. N Little Lake. The 109 nests recovered con-

tained 591 cells with a range of 1-18 cells/nest. New nest associates

of A. copelandica are: the megachilids, Stelis (Chelynia) subemargi-

natam (Cresson) from eleven cells and Stelis (Microstelis) lateralis

Cresson from ten cells; the chrysidid parasite Chrysura kyrae Krom-

bein from two cells; the bombyliid Anthrax irroratus from seven cells;

and the common clerid predator Trichodes ornatus Say from ten cells.

Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to C.D. Michener (UK) who reviewed the determina-

tions of the host bees. G. Gordh, Systematic Entomology, ARS,

USDA, identified the chalcids, and R. M. Bohart, Univ. of Calif., Davis,

made determinations of the chrysidids. Special thanks to those who

spent many hours collecting source material and making the trap

stems — D. Cheney, H. Potter, and C. Sanders of our bee laboratory;

D. Cheney also helped collect many of the nests of Anthocopa found

under stones. W. P. Nye of our bee laboratory assisted with the

photography. Appreciation is extended to those people who reviewed

this manuscript — R. R. Snelling (LA County Museum) and G. E.

Bohart (USU).

Literature Cited

Moldenke, A., and J. Neff. 1974. The bees of California: a catalogue with special rele-

vance to pollination and ecological research. Tech. Rep. 74-3 (Part Ill of 3).

288 pp. Board of Studies in Biology, UC, Santa Cruz Campus, CA 95064.

Parker, F.D. 1975. Nest descriptions and associates of three American bees of the

genus ‘‘Anthocopa”’ Lepeletier. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 51: 113-122.

Parker, F. D.,and R.M.Bohart. 1966. Host-parasite associations in some twig-nesting

Hymenoptera from western North America. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 42: 91-98.

A new Culicoides Biting Midge from California

(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

Willis W. Wirth

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, I/BIIl, Agr. Res. Serv., USDA,

c/o U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560

Through the courtesy of Paul H. Arnaud, Jr. of the California

Academy of Sciences | received for study a fine collection of biting

midges taken by Hugh B. Leech at Howell Mountain, Napa County,

California. Most of this collection consisted of a remarkable new

species of Culicoides of the pa/merae group that was not found when

Wirth and Rowley (1971) revised the group. The new species is closely

related to Culicoides utahensis Fox, the interesting habits and anatomi-

cal modifications of which were discussed in our revision. In C.

utahensis the male antennae and palpi are not of the normal maletype,

but closely resemble those of the female, presumably to enable the

male to locate the same warm-blooded animal as the female, and

there to mate on contact with her. Both sexes of utahensis have been

found in copulo deep inside the base of the ears of jackrabbits, sheep,

and deer in California. In the present collection, which was taken at

light, a considerable number of individuals of the new species were

found in copulo; and the males are characterized by the same female-

type modifications of the antennae and palpi found in C. utahensis.

The new species is easily recognized as it is much larger and darker

than utahensis; and the males differ markedly in some features of

their genitalia. | am very pleased to name this species after the col-

lector, Mr. Hugh B. Leech of the California Academy of Sciences, in

appreciation of his friendship and his long and continued interest in

collecting biting midges throughout western North America.

The reader is referred to the revision of Wirth and Rowley (1971) for

a diagonsis and discussion of the pa/merae group, for explanation of

the terminology used, and for a key to species and a table of numeri-

cal characters for the separation of closely related species.

Culicoides leechi, new species

(Fig. 1)

Female Allotype. — Wing length 1.61 mm, breadth 0.76 mm.

Head: Eyes (fig. 1d) broadly separated. Antenna (Fig. ia) with lengths of flagellar

segments in proportion of 32-21-22-22-23-23-23-23-38-41-42-44-57; AR 1.18; sensory pattern

3-15. Palpal segments (Fig. 1F) with lengths in proportion of 15-35-60-22-20; third segment

greatly swollen, with large, round, moderately deep, sensory pit; PR 2.2. Proboscis long,

P/H ratio 0.90; mandible with 15 teeth.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:53-55. January 1977

54 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Thorax: Dark brown without prominent pattern. Legs with femora and tibiae dark

brown, tarsi paler; tibial comb with 4 spines, the second from the spur longest. Wing with

pattern.as figured (Fig. 1c); pattern restricted to two small anterior pale spots, one overr-m

crossvein and second on anterior wing margin just distad of tip of costa; a dark stigma

present formed by the darkened heavier veins forming second radial cell and distal half of

first; CR 0.59; macrotrichia numerous over entire wing, rather long and spinelike. Haltter

moderately infuscated.

Abdomen: Brown. Spermathecae (Fig. 1h) two plus an elongate rudimentary third,

sclerotized ring absent; functional spermathecae subequal in size, each measuring 0.067

by 0.045 mm, ovoid with slightly oblique, short, tapering necks.

Male Holotype. — Wing length 1.47 mm, breadth 0.69 mm. Eyes (Fig. 1e) narrowly

separated; mandibular teeth vestigial. Antenna (Fig. 1b) similar to that of female, lengths

of flagellar segments in proportion of 35-21-21-22-22-23-24-25-36-36-40-42-60; PR 1.7. Wing

pattern as in female; CR 0.59. Genitalia (Fig. 1j): Ninth sternum with very shallow caudo-

median excavation, the ventral membrane not spiculate; ninth tergum elongate and

tapering distad, with prominent elongate apicolateral processes much stouter and more

flaring than in C. utahensis, the caudal margin between them slightly convex with slight

mesal notch. Basistyle moderately stout, ventral and dorsal roots simple, the ventral root

short and the dorsal elongate and slender; dististyle evenly curved, not hooked at base,

tapering to moderately slender, blunt tip. Aedeagus short and stout with broad base,

Ge

Fig. 1. Culicoides leechi n. sp. a,c,d,f,h, female; b,e,g,i,j, male; a,b, antenna; c, wing;

d,e, eye separation; f,g, palpus; h, spermathecae; i, parameres; j, genitalia, parameres

removed.

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 55

basal arch extending to 0.4 of total length, apex broad and truncate, not quite as broad

and flaring as in C. utahensis. Parameres (Fig. 1i) each with prominent basal process

delimited by a sub-basal constriction, stem stout and slightly tapering distally, abruptly

bent ventrolaterad distally with a simple pointed tip that is stouter than in C. utahensis.

Distribution. — California.

Types. — Holotype male, allotype female, Napa County, California, north side of Howell

Mountain 2 miles NNE of Angwin, 1300 feet, 17 May 1975, H. B. Leech, at light (Type no.

12640, Calif. Acad. Sci.). Paratypes, 39 males, 22 females, and 8 pairs in copulo, same data

(in Calif. Acad. Sci. and USNM); 1 male, Pozo, San Luis Obispo Co., California, 27 April

1962, P. D. Hurd, light trap (USNM).

Taken in the same collection with Culicoides leechi n. sp. were the

following Culicoides species: C. utahensis Fox, 5 males, 1 female; C.

oregonensis Wirth and Rowley, 4 males, 3 females (also in the C.

palmerae group); C. neomontanus Wirth, 12 females; C. neofagineus

Wirth and Blanton, 1 female; and C. /ahontan Wirth and Blanton, 1

female. Dr. Arnaud also sent me i female of C. neofagineus taken by

Mr. Leech at Howell Mountain 9 June 1975, with note ‘“‘bit my arm, late

evening after dark; bite did not itch forlong.”’

Literature Cited

Wirth, W. W., and W. A. Rowley 1971. A revision of the pa/lmerae group of the genus

Culicoides. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 44:153-171.

RECENT LITERATURE

Geographic Variability in Speyeria: Comments, Records and Description of a New Sub-

species (Nymphalidae). A. H. Moeck. 48 pp. 1957. (Reprinted by Entomological Reprint

Specialists, P.O. Box 77224, Dockweiler Station, Los Angeles, California 90007). $3.50.

As one who had the treasured experience of sitting in the old country house enjoying

the warm hospitality of L. Paul Grey, Liricoln, Maine and listening to his rumminations

about Speyeria variability, | was delighted to read a study the stimulus for which was in

large part provided by Mr. Grey in the same setting. Mr. Moeck described one subspecies,

zerene gloriosa, and discussed idalia, edwardsii, cybele, aphrodite, coronis, zerene, callippe,

egelis, atlantis, and hydaspe. This reprinted work is still a very useful guide to a tough

complex of North American fritillary butterflies. — TDE.

Population Genetics and Ecology (Proceedings of the Conference held in Israel, March

1975). Edited by S. Karlin and E. Nevo. Academic Press, New York, San Francisco,

London. 1976. 846 pp. $25.50.

The Insects of Virginia: No. 9. Squash, Broad-headed, and Scentless Plant Bugs of

Virginia (Hemiptera: Coreoidea: Coreidae, Alydidae, Rhopalidae). R. L. Hoffman. Vir-

ginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Research Division Bulletin 105: 1-52.

1975. Available on exchange basis from the Distribution Center, VPI&SU, Research

Division Publications, 111 Landsdowne Street, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060.

This publication covers 27 species of coreoid bugs known from Virginia and treats

them from the standpoint of geographic distribution, seasonal occurrence, and host plant

preferences. Keys are provided for all included taxa. — TDE.

Description of Two New Species of Heterosarus Robertson

(Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

P. H. Timberlake

University of California, Riverside

Since completion of my work on the genus Heterosarus, published

in 1975, two new species have come to my attention, one from the

United States and one from Costa Rica. The species from the United

States apparently is uncommon and unfortunately is represented by

only one specimen, but nevertheless with very distinctive characters.

Heterosarus dakotensis, new species

(Figs. 1 and 2)

The male of this species runs to virginicus Ckll. in the Heterosarus

key (1975) and differs in somewhat smaller head, about as broad as

long, with inner orbits slightly diverging above (in virginicus head

slightly broader than long, widest anteriorly, with orbits slightly

diverging in front); lateral marks of face larger and ending acutely

on orbits about halfway above level of summit of clypeus to level of

antennal sockets. Clypeal yellow mark thus about as high as wide,

instead of broader than long. Color characters otherwise very similar,

but flagellum more uniformiy dark, legs nearly all dark, and wings

more dusky.

Male — Black, with dark legs and antennae, with anterior sides of front tibiae flavo-

testaceous. Base of mandibles, disk of labrum, clypeus and lateral marks yellow. Lateral

marks oblique above and ending acutely on orbits nearly halfway above level of summit

of clypeus to level of antennal sockets, the black, thus touching upper fourth of side

of clypeus. Tubercles dark, slightly tinged with brown. Tegulae dark testaceous. Wings

almost uniformly and moderately tinged with duskiness, nervures and stigma fuscous.

Head rotund, as broad as long with inner orbits slightly diverging above; cheeks about

as broad as eyes and widest just below level of summit of eyes. Temples about one-third

as long as eyes. Occiput broadly and rather deeply concave. Posterior ocelli distinctly

behind level of summit of eyes, somewhat more than their distance apart from occipital

margin and much more distant from margin of eyes. Facial foveae narrowly wedge shape

and close to margin of eyes. Antennae inserted at level of middle of eyes, scape not

reaching level of anterior ocellus; flagellum moderately clavate, with middle joints

slightly longer than thick. Face felow level of antennae evenly and strongly convex. Sides

of clypeus oblique and almost straight, with truncate summit about half as wide as

anterior margin. Process of labrum twice as broad as long and rounded across apex.

Proboscis retracted in type and filling proboscidial fossa. Pterostigma nearly as long

and as wide as first submarginal cell. Second submarginal cell narrowed one-half above

and receiving recurrent nervure one-fifth of its length from base.

Head and thorax minutely and densely punctured and rather dull, but face more shining

than thorax. Frons, vertex, cheeks and mesonotum similarly punctured, but punctures

of yellow part of face less distinct, but dense, and mesopleura and propodeum im-

punctate and mat, but sternum obscurely punctured. Basal enclosure of propodeum

narrow and finely rugose. Head and thorax nearly bare, with very short, thin hair visible

on occiput and short, thin, whitish pubescence on mesosternum. Abdomen dull, im-

punctate, with base of tergites 2 and 3 narrowly impressed and slightly brownish apical

depression about as broad as disk. Apical sternite with median emargination. Subgenital

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:56-59. January 1977

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 57

Figs. 1-2. Heterosarus dakotensis, genital armature and subgenital plate.

plate strongly curved as usual, with apical plate more than twice as long as wide, widest

on basal half, then constricted before emarginate apex, and devoid of fimbria; lateral

apodemes very short and broadly truncate. Parameral lobes of genital armature strongly

bent inward on apical part, dilated at bend, subacute apically, with apical fimbria on

ventral inner margin directed inwardly. Sagittae fused, uniformly very slender and some-

what shorter than the parameral lobes.

Length, 5mm.; anterior wing, 3.75mm.; width of abdomen, 1mm.

Holotype male, Tokio, North Dakota, July 28, 1937 (C. L. Johnston).

Type in the collection of the University of Kansas, Lawrence.

Heterosarus setiger, new species

(Figs. 3 and 4)

This new species from Costa Rica falls in the key next to aristatus

and bakeri, and differs from aristatus in the duller, more obscurely

punctured mesopleura, and from bakeri and, in fact, other species of

the group, in the long, bristling black hairs of the face and meso-

notum. The male differs from bakeri in the dull thorax, with very dense

punctures on the mesoscutum, as well as in the long, erect dark hair.

Female — Black, with face and thorax entirely dark. Legs and antennae dark, tibial

spurs testaceous, apex of claws ferruginous. Tegulae piceous. Wings subfuliginous,

nervures and stigma dark.

Head as long as wide, inner orbits of eyes slightly diverging above; cheeks broad be-

hind and narrowed to vanishing point anteriorly and nearly as wide as eyes. Posterior

ocelli somewhat more removed from occipital margin than distance between their outer

margin and about one-third more distant from eyes. Facial foveae small and obscured by

sculpture. Antennae normal, flagellum slightly clavate, with middle joints as long as

58 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

thick, and joint 1 nearly as long as next two together. Clypeus broader than long, rounded

above, with outer ends strongly inflexed. Process of labrum as long as wide at base, sides

converging to rounded apex and disk smooth and shining. Proboscis normal, galeae

reaching halfway to base of stipites. Venation normal. Spur of middle tibiae with about

seven small, sharp teeth, decreasing in size basad. Abdomen oval, convex above, some-

what more than twice as long as wide.

Head and thorax dull, densely punctured. Frons, vertex and cheeks finely and sub-

rugosely punctured; sculpture below level of antennae much coarser, with punctures

slightly separated and still coarser and more separated on clypeus. Mesonotum very

finely and densely punctured, with scattered larger setiferous punctures. Mesopleura

dull, with large, shallow punctures, rather obscure in comparison with those of aristatus.

Propodeum, including basal area, very finely and densely rugose. Abdomen shining,

mostly impunctate, but with very minute punctures across basal part of disk on tergites

2 and 3; base of segments very weakly impressed, minutely lineolate, with impression

about half as wide as disk; apical depressions very broad, reaching about halfway to base

on tergites 2 to 4, and faintly tessellate. Pubescence of cheeks and sides of thorax in-

cluding propodeum whitish and finely plumose, but face and mesonotum with long

bristling black hair, that on face including upper border of clypeus, scape of antennae

and occipital fringe. Mesonotum otherwise appearing bare, but with extremely short and

fine pale pubescence. Hind margin of collar of pronotum with pale tomentum, better

developed on margin of tubercles. Metanotum with similar pubescence. Abdomen bare

above except thinly hairy on lateral margins toward apex, with apical fimbria thin,

moderately long and partly black. Hair of venter long and erect across apical part of seg-

ments. Hair of legs pale, except black on outer margin of hind tibiae, with scopal hair

moderately dense, semi-erect, inclined toward apex of tibia and at most only slightly

longer than width of tibia.

Length, about 7mm.; anterior wing, 5.3mm.; width of abdomen, 1.8mm.

Male — Head, thorax and abdomen black, except for pale yellow clypeal mark. Mark

slightly broader than long, leaving anterior and lateral margins of clypeus narrowly dark

and outer ends broadly dark. Coloration otherwise as in female.

Head as broad as long, with inner orbits of eyes strongly diverging above; cheeks broad

above, about four-fifths as wide as eyes. Posterior ocelli slightly less than twice their

diameter apart and about same distance from eye and occipital margin as in female.

Antennae inserted near middle of face and above level of middle of eyes; antennal

sockets closer to margin of eyes than to each other; flagellum thickly cylindrical, with

middle joints barely longer than thick. Clypeus about as broad as high, very strongly

and broadly inflexed on each side. Process of labrum slightly broader at base than long,

sides moderately converging to truncate apex, disk smooth and shining. Proboscis

normal in length, galeae reaching less than halfway to base of stipites in repose and

exceeded by apical joint of maxillary palpi and by last two joints of labial palpi; galeae very

minutely and densely tessellate-punctate and dull.

Head and thorax dull, densely and very finely punctured. Face below level of antennae

more shining than frons, with comparatively coarse punctures, those in parocular areas

mostly longer than wide and those on clypeus shallow and well separated. Upper part of

mesopleura, metapleura and flanks of propodeum very minutely abutaceous and mat,

with part of mesopleura toward sternum more shining and with rather obscure shallow

punctures.

Abdomen shining, rather sparsely and very minutely punctured across disk of tergites

2 to 4, with apical depressions extremely broad and weakly tessellate. Pubescence much

as in female, but short, fine, pale pubescence of mesonotum more evident, and meta-

notum with short, erect pubescence. Abdomen nearly bare, but with short, pale hair on

lateral margins, venter with few appressed hairs across apical border of fourth segment

and thin patch of fine hair directed inward on each side of fifth segment. Sternite 6 with

shallow emargination of apex. Subgenital plate (sternite 8) with apical plate about twice

as long as wide, and distinctly widened toward truncate apex. Genital armature simple

with parameral lobes and gonocoxites fused and tapering from base to incurved apex;

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 59

\

Figs. 3-4. Heterosarus setiger, genital armature and subgenital plate.

sagittae fused, acute at apex, and reaching somewhat beyond apex of parameral lobes.

Length, 5.5mm.; anterior wing, 4.7mm.; width of abdomen, 1.3mm.

Holotype female, Cerro de la Muerte, 6 km. west of Villa Millo, on Inter-American High-

way, San Jose Province, Costa Rica, on Senecio benestedianus Beck, January 25, 1972,

and allotype, same place and flower, February 23, 1972 (E.R. Heithaus).

Paratypes — San Jose Province, 22 females, 4 males, collected with types January 2

to February 25, 1972, and 1 female on same flower, June 3 (Heithaus). Castago Province,

7 females, 1 male, 18 miles north of Castago, February 3, 1965 (D. H. Janzen). Alajuela

Province, 1 female, 2 miles west of Palmares, January 23, 1965 (Janzen). Irazu, 11,000 ft.,

1 female, October, 1953 (N. L. H. Krauss). Imperfect specimens taken 4 km. east of San

Ignacio de Acosta, 4,000 ft., San Jose Province, July 8, 1963 (C. D. Michener and party).

Types in collection of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; paratypes

in collection of the University of California, Riverside, University of Kansas, Lawrence,

and in collection of E. R. Heithaus.

Literature Cited

Timberlake, P.H. 1975. |The North American Species of Heterosarus Robertson. Univer-

sity of California, Publication in Entomology, 77: 1-56, figs. 1-87.

Two New Species of Acanthoscelides from North America

and New Host Records from Desmanthus and Hoffmanseggia

(Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Clarence Dan Johnson

Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff 86011

In recent years considerable interest has been shown in the sys-

tematics, ecology, behavior, host plants, and evolution of non-

economic species of Bruchidae. For example, Janzen (1969, 1971a,

1971b, 1975, 1976), Center and Johnson (1973, 1974, 1976), Whitehead

and Kingsolver (1975a, 1975b), Pfaffenberger and Johnson (1976),

and Johnson and Kingsolver (1973, 1976) represent some of the re-

search that has been published on these aspects of the Bruchidae.

Because names for new species are needed for research in progress

on the Bruchidae, two new Acanthoscelides are described here and

their known host plants are given.

Since Johnson and Kingsolver’s 1976 treatment of Stator was com-

pleted and especially since Johnson’s 1970 revision of Acanthos-

celides was published, much new host data have become available.

These data are given here to supplement host data given in the above

works and host locality data are published as a reference for ongoing

research. For ease of reference the host information is cross-re-

ferenced in two tables.

The methods of Johnson (1970) for collecting and rearing were

used. In this paper C. D. Johnson is abbreviated CDJ and L. J.

Bottimer is abbreviated LJB.

Acknowledgments

Field assistance was provided by Margaret and Cheryl Johnson

while Roland Medina and Joel Floyd provided consistent and diligent

help in the laboratory. Floyd also drew the figures of the habitus,

heads and hind legs. For this | am very grateful.

For the generous loan of specimens for this study | would like to

express my gratitude to P. D. Ashlock, The University of Kansas; D.

E. Bright and E. C. Becker, Canadian National Collection of Insects,

Ottawa; H. R. Burke, Texas A & M University, College Station; J. F.

Lawrence, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University,

Cambridge, Mass.; H. B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences,

San Francisco; and S. Frommer, University of California, Riverside.

In addition, Bright and Becker made available the host records of

Bottimer. | also thank John Kingsolver for critical reading of the

manuscript, and R. Liesner and T. Croat, Missouri Botanical Garden,

J. L. Strother, University of California, Berkeley, and D. Verity, Univer-

sity of California, Los Angeles for plant determinations.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:60-73. January 1977

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 61

Vy

iT NIL \

“a ayy”

Mil Nye

ACH Mh

(he

“= NEE

iW

We MY,

ch |

MOA

hie

Uf

——SS

Figs. 1-2, Acanthoscelides derifieldi: 1. habitus; 2. hind leg.

Partial financial support for this research was provided by the

Entomology Research Division (now Insect Identification and Bene-

ficial Insect Introduction Institute), U. S. Department of Agriculture,

under Grants 12-14-100-9187(33) and 12-14-100-9970(33).

Acanthoscelides derifieldi, new species

(Figs. 1-4) .

Length .(pronotum-elytra) 1.5-2.3mm. Width 1.0-1.5mm. Maximum thoracic depth

0.8-1.2mm.

MALE: /Integument Color — Head black; basal four to five antennal segments red orange,

remainder dark brown to black. Prothorax, elytra, pygidium and undersurfaces dark brown

to black. Pro- and mesothoracic legs red orange except about basal 0.1 of femora dark

brown; metathoracic legs red orange except basal 0.5 of femur dark brown to black.

Vestiture — With recumbent white, golden and brown hairs as follows: eye with medial

fringe of white hairs; postocular lobe with short white hairs; dense postocular patch of

white hairs; remainder of head with white hairs, hairs becoming brownish at base of head;

pronotum with brown hairs interrupted by a narrow white stripe on midline, a small white

62 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

patch on either side lateral to stripe, and basal white patches (fig. 1); undersurface of

prothorax with white hairs; pattern of elytral vestiture variable with patches of brown and

white hairs, sometimes brown predominating, sometimes white; basic pattern of elytron

is usually irregular bands of brown hairs near base, middle, and apex (fig. 1); pygidium

with moderately dense white hairs, becoming more dense at base near middle, usually

forming a line of dense white hairs on midline; line flanked on either side by two irregular

patches of brown hairs; undersurfaces and legs covered with uniform, moderately dense

to dense white hairs. Head — Short, densely punctulate; frons without line or carina ex-

tending from frontoclypeal suture to vertex; vague transverse sulcus between upper

limits of eyes; width of eye about equal to width of frons; ocular sinus about 0.66 as long

as width of eye; posterior margin of eye protruding from adjacent surfaces; postocular

lobe rounded, not angulate; distance from base of antennae to apex of labrum about

0.5 as long as distance from upper limits of eyes to apex of labrum; antennal segments

1 and 3 usually filiform, 2 and 4 usually moniliform; 5 to 10 eccentric, 11th subacute

apically; 5 to 11 slightly broader than long; antenna reaching to slightly beyond humerus.

Prothorax — Disk subcampanulate (fig. 1), with many punctations; cervical sulcus well-

marked, extending from near coxal cavity to about 0.5 distance to pronotal midline; lateral

prothoracic carina vague, present only near base; short median impressed line on median

basal lobe usually obscured by pubescence; prosternum separating procoxae for about

0.7 their length. Mesothorax and Metathorax — Scutellum small, slightly longer than broad,

with lateral posterior teeth, clothed with dense recumbent white hairs; elytron about

twice as long as broad; striae deep, punctate, strial intervals rugulose; distance between

striae at base subequal (fig. 1), often 5 and 6 closer to one another at base than to adjacent

striae; small pits preceded by a small spine at bases of striae 3,4,5; humerus rugulose,

usually glabrous; undersurfaces punctate; all of hind coxa punctate; hind femur con-

stricted basally and apically, expanded medially to 1.3 to 1.5 times more than width of

coxa (fig. 2); inner ventral surface with vague longitudinal carina; femur armed with an

inner subapical acuminate spine about 1.2 as long as width of tibial base, and 2 or 3

smaller spines 0.33 to 0.5 as long as 1st spine; tibia with ventral, lateroventral, lateral and

dorsomesal glabrous longitudinal carinae; dorsal surface without fossa; tibial corona

with 3 to 4 spinules, mucro about 0.45 as long as ist tarsomere; sinus at base of mucro;

ist tarsomere with ventral, lateral and mesal glabrous longitudinal carinae. Abdomen —

Sterna not flattened medially; 1st sternum with small tuft of dense white hairs on midline

near base, sternum about 0.33 as long as abdomen, posterior margin straight; sterna 2

to 4 unmodified, 5th emarginate; pygidium punctulate, convex in lateral view. Genitalia —

Figs. 3, 4. Median lobe elongate; in ventral view ventral valve subtriangular, lateral mar-

gins arcuate, base about 0.75 as wide as apex of median lobe, with a sharp ridge along

midline, arcuate in lateral view; without hinge sclerites; armature of internal sac consist-

ing of 3 large, rounded spines, one slender spine, and 2, paired, elongate spines near

middle; dense mass of spicules near apex, sometimes spicules associated with dense,

slender, sclerotized rods. Lateral lobes slender, elongate, expanded apically, cleft to

about 0.8 their length (fig. 4).

FEMALE: Similar to male except antenna shorter reaching only to humerus; apex of last

abdominal sternum convex, about as long as 2 preceding sterna.

HOST PLANTS: Desmanthus spp.: Mexico. Sonora: Benjamin Hill, 21 December 1972

(CDJ #134-72) and 31 December 1975 (CDJ #159-75); 8 mi N El Oasis, 31 August 1965 (CD);

15 mi S Oroz, 28 January 1964 (P. M. Estes).

Desmanthus covillei (Britt. & Rose) Wiggins ex Turner: Mexico. Sonora: 8 mi E Navojoa,

24 February 1973 (CDJ #175-73); 9 mi E Navojoa, 30 December 1975 (CDJ #152-75).

D. subulatus (Britton & Rose) Wiggins ex Turner: Mexico. Baja California Sur: 9 miS Villa

Constitucion, 25 December 1975 (CDJ #103-75).

TYPE SERIES: Holotype ¢ allotype @ and several paratypes: Mexico. Sonora: 9 mi E

Navojoa, 30 December 1975, reared seeds Desmanthus covillei, C. D. Johnson collector,

#152-75. USNM #72783. Additional paratypes listed under HOST PLANTS. Other specimen

(not a paratype): Mexico. Sonora: 42 mi N Guaymas, 30 August 1965 (C. D. Johnson). Holo-

type, allotype and several paratypes deposited in the U. S. National Museum of Natural

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977

SN

Aww N

MIAN

Figs. 3-4, Acanthoscelides derifieldi male genitalia: 3. median lobe; 4. lateral lobes.

~

NAYS

*

MAS AS AN AY

~

S

ASSAN ASSN

SSN NAY

\

RSS

RN SSA

x

63

64 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

History, Washington, D.C. Paratypes retained in the author’s collection and also de-

posited in the following collections: Arizona State University, Tempe; California Academy

of Sciences, San Francisco; Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa; Museum

of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; and the University of

Arizona, Tucson.

Acanthoscelides derifieldi is a rare species which superficially re-

sembles A. pullus (Fall) and A. pauperculus (LeConte) in the color pat-

tern of the dorsal surfaces. It differs from A. pullus in having a longer

tibial spine, a wider, stronger hind femur, and a shorter scutellum.

It is more closely related to A. pauperculus and its relatives but

differs from them by having a slightly elongate scutellum and lateral

tibial carinae. A. derifieldi differs significantly from both A. pullus

and A. pauperculus and their relatives in the structure of the male

genitalia and in having very different host preferences.

The A. /ongistilus - A. biustulus group is most similar in overall

structure to A. derifie/di, especially the hind leg. The elytral vestiture

pattern, the male genitalia, and, of course, host plants are quite dif-

ferent between A. derifie/di and this group.

A. derifieldi is apparently confined to hosts in the genus Desman-

thus and is not too successful in them.

This species is named for Professor Ken Derifield, Northern

Arizona University, master teacher of biologists.

Acanthoscelides desmanthi, new species

(Figs. 5-10)

Length (pronotum-elytra) 1.5-2.4mm. Width 0.9-1.2mm. Maximum thoracic depth

0.8-1.0mm.

MALE: Similar to Acanthoscelides bisignatus (Horn) (see Johnson 1970, p. 37) with the

following exceptions: Head usually red-orange with frons and vertex black; vestiture

of pronotum and elytra (fig. 5) usually more contrasting and dense than A. bisignatus.

Genitalia — Figs. 7, 8. Median lobe moderately long; in ventral view, ventral valve sub-

triangular, lateral margins slightly concave, base about as wide as apex of median lobe;

ventral valve arcuate in lateral view and perpendicular to long axis of median lobe; ar-

mature of internal sac consisting of about basal one-half lined with fine spicules, a

medial clump consisting of two bands of strong spines connected to elongate strands of

moderately strong spines extending toward apex; apex with about eight scattered strong,

rounded spines. Lateral lobes expanded apically, cleft to about 0.9 their length (fig. 4).

FEMALE: No differences.

HOST PLANTS: Desmanthus spp.: Texas. Nueces Co.: Robstown, 4 July 1922 (LJB

#49y6). Cameron Co.: Harlingen, 28 July 1922 (LUB #50h1); Brownsville, 8 January 1923

(LUB #5192). Mexico. Sonora: 15 mi S Oroz, 28 January 1964 (P. M. Estes); 42 mi N Guay-

mas, 30 August 1965 (CDJ); Benjamin Hill, 21 December 1972 (CDJ #134-72); 13 mi E

Navojoa, 25 December 1972 (CDJ #169-72); Benjamin Hill, 31 December 1975 (CDJ #159-

75); 8 mi E Navojoa, 25 December 1972 (CDu #174-72); 35 mi. SE Guaymas, 8 January 1973

(CDJ #140-73); 5 mi N Guaymas, 31 December 1975 (CDJ #155-75). Sinaloa: 19 mi N

Mazatlan, 7 January 1973 (CDJ #124-73); 4 mi S Culiacan, 26 December 1972 (CDJ #182-

72); 53 mi S Culiacan, 26 December 1972 (CDJ #187-72); 3 mi S Rosario, 27 February 1973

(CDJ #224-73); 14 mi S Culiacan, 7 January 1973 (CDJ #133-73); 4 mi S Culiacan, 25

February 1973 (CDJ #187-73); 26 mi S Culiacan, 25 February 1973 (CDJ #192-73). Jalisco:

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 65

\\

an

WAN y

f HAA Ns oy

day, bape fl Mig MIN oo Xk

ype LIEN VEL | SSRN

Lhe. ANS dia? (pies

BON SM Ak

WON

~- — -

ee

Figs. 5-6, Acanthoscelides desmanthi: 5. habitus; 6. hind leg.

ca 4000’, 15 mi W Magdalena, 2 March 1973 (CDJ #317-73). Nuevo Leon: 2 mi SE Salinas

Victoria, 19 & 20 June 1964 (CDJ). Tamaulipas: 7 mi. E Ciudad Mante, 21 June 1964 (CDV).

Desmanthus covillei (Britt. & Rose) Wiggins ex Turner: Mexico. Sonora: San Carlos Bay,

23 December 1972 (CDJ #144-72); 8 mi E Navojoa, 24 February 1973 (CDJ #175-73); 9 mi

E Navojoa, 30 December 1975 (CDJ #152-75); 14 mi S Navojoa, 24 February 1973 (CDJ

.#180-73).

D. virgatus (L.) Willdenow: Texas. Lasalle Co.: Encinal, 4 July 1947 (LJB #88a). Mexico.

Oaxaca: 6 mi E Tehuantepec, 6 July 1968 (CDJ #219-68); 2800’, 53 mi NW Tehuantepec,

6 July 1968 (CDJ #224-68); 27 mi S Matias Romero, 16 June 1968 (CDJ #128-68). Chiapas:

3-5 mi W Ocozocoautla, 17 June 1968 (CDJ #142-68).

D. virgatus var. depressus: Texas. Cameron Co.: Brownsville, 21 September 1947 (LJB

#89q).

TYPE SERIES: Holotype dg, allotype 2 and one paratype: Mexico. Chiapas: 3-5 mi W

Ocozocoautla, 17 June 1968, reared seeds Desmanthus virgatus, C. D. Johnson #142-68.

USNM #72782. Numerous additional paratypes listed under HOST PLANTS. Other

specimens (not paratypes): Texas. Cameron Co.: Brownsville, 8 July 1941 (B. E. White);

Hidalgo Co.: 20 March 1952 (D. J. & J. N. Knull). Mexico. Veracruz: 29 mi SE Jalapa, 900’,

26 December 1963 (C.W. O’Brien). Guanajuato: 11 mi SW Irapuato, 6000’, 21 December

1963 (C. W. & L. B. O’Brien). Sinaloa: 18 mi S. Villa Union, 31 January 1964 (P. M. Estes),

8 mi S Escuinapa, 18 December 1963 (L. B. & C. W. O’Brien). Holotype, allotype, and

numerous paratypes deposited in the U. S. National Museum of Natural History, Washing-

ton, D.C. Paratypes retained in the author’s collection and also deposited in the following

collections: Arizona State University, Tempe; California Academy of Sciences, San Fran-

cisco; Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa; Museum of Comparative Zoology,

66 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; Texas A & M University, College Station; University

of Arizona, Tucson; and the University of California, Riverside.

Acanthoscelides desmanthi is only separated consistently from A.

bisignatus by examining the male genitalia. A. desmanthi has many

strong spines in the internal sac (fig. 7) and its lateral lobes are cleft

to about 0.9 their length (fig. 8) while the genitalia of bisignatus have

a few moderately strong spines and the lateral lobes are cleft only for

about 0.5 their length.

Externally there are no consistent features to separate these two

species. Usually the head of bisignatus is mostly black and the head

of desmanthi is mostly red-orange with a dark vertex and frons. The

pronotal and elytral vestiture of desmanthi is similar in pattern to that

of bisignatus but is usually brighter and more dense.

A. bisignatus occurs only in the United States, east of the Conti-

nental Divide and north of about 30° N latitude in Texas. This distri-

bution generally conforms to that of Desmanthus illinoensis, probably

its most common host. The distributions of D. i/linoensis, D. lepto-

lobus, and D. velutinus, its known hosts in Texas (Turner, 1959),

generally match the known distribution of A. bisignatus in Texas. It

has been collected as far west as Albuquerque, New Mexico, and as

far east as Florida. | have examined the lectotype of bisignatus and,

although it is a female, it is a member of the northern population and

is a true bisignatus.

A. bisignatus was reported by Cushman (1911) as being reared from

D. virgatus. Cushman almost certainly reared A. desmanthi from this

plant because the only verified records of rearing desmanthi have

been from D. virgatus and D. covillei while no verified rearings of

bisignatus have been reported.

These 2 species are easily separated from other Acanthoscelides

by the size and shape of the spines on the hind leg (fig. 6) and the

sexual dimorphism of the heads of the males and females (figs. 9, 10).

Apparently desmanthi and bisignatus are primarily allopatric with

perhaps a zone of sympatry in central and possibly southern Texas

but there is no evidence of hybridization. One explanation for the

lack of hybridization is that they are very host specific.

The distribution of desmanthi is from southern Texas and northern

Sonora to Chiapas, Mexico. This distribution generally matches that

of Desmanthus virgatus, probably its most common host. D. virgatus

has a wide distribution in the tropics and desmanthi most likely will

be found to be associated with it more extensively with further col-

lections.

New Host and Locality Records for Bruchids Infesting

Desmanthus and Hoffmanseggia

The mimosoid legume genus Desmanthus contains about 40

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977

Figs. 7-8, Acanthoscelides desmanthi mate genitalia: 7. median lobe; 8. lateral lobes.

67

68 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

species distributed in the warmer regions of North and South

America, but a few taxa of the Desmanthus virgatus complex are pan-

tropical (Turner, 1959). Mexico has about 20 of the world’s recognized

taxa (Turner, 1959). When compared with the few species infested by

bruchids in other plant genera, it is surprising that about one-half

of these species are known to have their seeds fed upon by bruchids

(Tables 1, 2). Probably this is because few bruchid host genera have

had their seeds systematically examined for bruchids.

Six species of bruchids infest species of Desmanthus, which is also

remarkable considering the relatively small number of species in this

plant genus. Of the 6 species, only bisignatus and desmanthi appear

to be closely related. The other 3 species of Acanthoscelides are not

particularly close in their morphology and the opportunistic species

Stator pruininus is very remotely related to the species of Acanthos-

celides.

The caesalpinioid legume genus Hoffmanseggia contains about 30

species, mostly in dry areas of subtropical North America, South

America, and South Africa (Turner, 1959). The only bruchid known

to infest its seeds (Table 2) is the apparently opportunistic species

Acanthoscelides compressicornis. It is not unusual for a bruchid to

have a wide variety of hosts, but it is unusual for a bruchid with many

host species to be found only in 2 genera and these genera in dif-

ferent subfamilies! Further studies will further elucidate the evolu-

tionary role played by this bruchid, not only its relationships to other

bruchids, but its role in the evolution of its plant hosts.

No host records have been reported in the literature for A. pecto-

ralis so the 3 hosts listed below for this species are new. Ten new

hosts are reported for A. compressicornis and 3 new records for S.

pruininus for total of 16 for these 3 species. Because the taxonomic

confusion between A. bisignatus and A. desmanthi has now been

Clarified, it is possible to recognize the sharp division between the

host preferences of these 2 species (Tables 1, 2).

It is of interest to note here that A. compressicornis not only has a

wide range of hosts but also has a wide geographical range. A. des-

manthi has a wide geographical range but far fewer hosts. These

phenomena are common in the species of Bruchidae and were briefly

discussed by Johnson and Kingsolver (1973). Further studies will

help to explain these distributional patterns of bruchids and their

hosts.

Acanthoscelides bisignatus (Horn)

1. Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM.: Texas. Menard Co.: Menard, 27 April 1946

(LUB #85t), 2 October 1960 (LUB #109d) and 30 July 1946 (LUB #86x). Dallas Co.: 5 mi E

Dallas 15 October 1927 (LUB #54v2). Tarrant Co.: St. Francis Village, 10 August 1968 (LUB

#128p). Ellis Co.: Bristol, 30 July 1959 (LUB #105c). Oklahoma: Woodward, 25 September

1954 (LJB #94p); Tulsa, September 1958(A.P. Blair).

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 69

Figs. 9-10, Acanthoscelides desmanthi: 9. head, male; 10. head, female.

70 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

2. D. leptolobus Torrey & Gray: Texas. Johnson Co.: 9 mi S Cleburne, 2 August 1959

(LJUB #105e).

3. D. leptolobus?: Texas. Hale Co.: Plainview, 28 December 1923 (LUB #52k8). Lubbock

Co.: Lubbock, 21 December 1923 (LUB #52k4).

4. D. velutinus Scheele: Kerr Co.: Kerrville, 18 June 1947 (LUB #87x).

Acanthoscelides compressicornis (Schaeffer)

1. Desmanthus spp.: Texas. Kerr Co.: Kerrville, 8 June 1955 (LUB #94u). Kansas: Esk-

ridge, 29 August 1947 (LJUB #88q). Mexico. Sonora: Benjamin Hill, 21 December 1972 (CDJ

#134-72); 35 mi SE Guaymas, 8 January 1973 (CDJ #140-73); 6 mi S Santa Ana, 8 January

1973 (CDJ #142-73); 5 mi N Guaymas, 31 December 1975 (CDJ #155-75); Benjamin Hill, 31

December 1975 (CDJ #159-75).

2. Desmanthus cooleyi (Eaton) Trel.: Arizona. Yavapai Co.: 4 mi SE Camp Verde, 10

September 1972 (CDJ #59-72). Coconino Co.: base, south slope, Mt. Elden, Flagstaff, 21

September 1972 (CDJ #69-72); 7.6 mi W Stoneman Lake, 24 August 1970 (T. D. Center);

4 mi W Stoneman Lake, 19 September 1970 (T. D. Center); 4 mi NW Flagstaff, 26 August

1970 (T. D. Center).

3. Desmanthus covillei: Mexico. Sonora: San Carlos Bay, 23 December 1972 (CDJ

#144-72); 16 mi S Hermosillo, 21 August 1970 (CDJ #136-70). |

Table 1. Bruchid species infesting Desmanthus and Hoffman-

seggia (Supplement to Johnson, 1970, and Johnson and Kingsolver,

1976).

Bruchid Desmanthus and Hoffmanseggia host species

(1) AcanthoScelides bisignatus

iw)

. llinoensis

. leptolobus

. velutinus

(2) A. compressicornis . cooleyi

. covillei

. depressus

. llinoensis

. leptolobus

. obtusus

velutinus

virgatus

densiflora

drepanocarpa

tenella

(3) A. derifieldi covillei

. subulatus

(4) A. desmanthi covillei

virgatus

(5) A. pectoralis . obtusus

. velutinus

. virgatus

(6) Stator pruininus . cooleyi

. covillei

. fruticosus

. subulatus

Gu. Gh hy Ge ers eer eer ec ea es

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 71

4. Desmanthus depressus Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willdenow: Florida: Taverner, Key Largo,

9 April 1960 (LUB #106r).

5. D. illinoensis (Michx.) MacM.: Texas. Menard Co.: Menard, 30 July 1946 (LJB #86x).

Caldwell Co.: Palmetto State Park, 30 June 1957 (LUB #101b). Tarrant Co.: St. Francis

Village, 10 August 1968 (LUB #128p). KerrCo.; Kerrville, 11 July 1950 (LJB #912).

6. D. leptolobus Torrey & Gray: Texas. Johnson Co.: 9 miS Cleburne, 2 August 1959

(LUB #105e).

7. D. obtusus S.Wats.: Texas. Menard Co.: Menard, 28 June 1946 (LUB #86e). Pecos

Co.: 10 mi E Sheffield, 8 August 1961 (LUB #112i).

8. D. velutinus Scheele: Texas. Kerr Co.: Kerrville, 18 June 1947 (LUB #87x) and 19

July 1955 (LJB #95r). Johnson Co.: 9 mi S Cleburne, 2 August 1959 (LUB #105f). Kimble

Co.: Junction, 17 June 1956 (LUB #97k). Lampasas Co.: 9 mi N Lampasas, 27 July 1959

(LJUB #104y).

9. D. virgatus: Texas. Cameron Co.: Brownsville, 21 September 1947 (LUB #89g). La-

salle Co.: Encinal, 4 July 1947 (LJUB #88a). Kinney Co.: Spofford, 16 August 1959 (LJB

#105v). Mexico. Oaxaca: 6 mi E Tehuantepec, 6 July 1968 (CDJ #219-68); 27 mi S Matias

Romero, 16 June 1968 (CDJ #128-68). Chiapas: 3-5 mi W Ocozocoautla, 17 June 1968

(CDJ #142-68).

Table 2. Desmanthus and Hoffmanseggia and their infesting

bruchids (Supplement to Johnson, 1970, and Johnson and King-

solver, 1976).

( 1) Desmanthus cooleyi Acanthoscelides compressicornis

Stator pruininus

( 2) D. covillei . compressicornis

. Aerifieldi

. desmanthi

. pruininus

( 3) D. depressus

( 4)

( 5) D. illinoensis

. compressicornis

1)

. fruticosus . pruininus

. bisignatus

compressicornis

( 6) D. leptolobus . bisignatus

. compressicornis

( 7) D. obtusus . compressicornis

. pectoralis

. Aerifieldi

. pruininus

( 8) D. subulatus

( 9) D. velutinus . bisignatus

. compressicornis

. pectoralis

(10) D. virgatus . compressicornis

. desmanthi

. pectoralis

(11) Hoffmanseggia densiflora . compressicornis

(12) H. drepanocarpa

(13) H. tenelia

. compressicornis

> > FB PBB BBE HOD PSB BPH BE H EF OPES

. compressicornis

72 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

10. OD. virgatus var. depressus: Texas. Harris Co.: Houston, 2 July 1948 (J. L. Ward,

LJB #91f3).

11. Hoffmanseggia densiflora Bentham ex Gray: Texas. Reeves Co.: 25 mi SE Pecos,

8 August 1961 (LUB #112h). New Mexico. Dona Ana Co.: U.S. 80 near White Sands, 7

August 1961 (LUB #112d).

12. Hoffmanseggia drepanocarpa Gray: Arizona. Yavapai Co.: 3.5 mi N Camp Verde,

14 & 22 June 1970 (T. D. Center); 3 mi E Drake, 6 June 1972 (CDJ #27-72). New Mexico.

Luna Co.: near Deming, 24 September 1947 (O. G. Babcock).

13. H. tenella Tharp & Williams: Texas. Nueces Co.: Robstown, 28 July 1922 (LUB

#50f3).

Acanthoscelides pectoralis (Horn)

1. Desmanthus spp.: Texas. Cameron Co.: Harlingen, 28 July 1922 (LUB #50h1). Kerr

Co.: Kerrville, 8 June 1955 (LUB #94u). Nueces Co.: Robstown, 4 July 1922 (LUB #49y6).

Mexico. Nuevo Leon: 2 mi SE Salinas Victoria, 19 & 20 June 1964 (CDJ).

2. Desmanthus obtusus: Texas. Menard Co.: Menard, 28 June 1946 (LUB #86e).

3. D. velutinus: Texas. Kerr Co.: Kerrville, 18 June 1947 (LUB #87x) and 19 July 1955

(LUB #95r). Lampasas Co.: 9 mi N Lampasas, 27 July 1959 (LUB #104y). Johnson Co.: 9 mi

S Cleburne, 2 August 1959 (LUB #105f). Chalk Mt., 2 August 1959 (LUB #105g).

4. D. virgatus: Texas. Cameron Co.: Brownsville, 21 September 1947 (LUB #89g).

Stator pruininus (Horn)

1. Desmanthus spp.: Mexico. Sinaloa: 4 mi S Culiacan, 26 December 1972 (CDJ #182-

72). Sonora: 5 mi N Guaymas, 31 December 1975 (CDJ #155-75); Benjamin Hill, 31 Decem-

ber 1975 (CDJ #159-75).

2. Desmanthus cooleyi: Arizona. Pima Co.: ca. 4500’, mouth, Madera Canyon, 14 Octo-

ber 1976 (CDJ #53-76). Santa Cruz Co.: ca. 4200’, 6 mi E Ruby, 15 October 1976 (CDJ #64-

76).

3. Desmanthus covillei: Mexico. Sonora: 9 mi E Navojoa, 30 December 1975 (CDJ

#152-75).

4. D. fruticosus: Mexico. Baja California Sur: 4 mi E Cabo San Lucas, 27 December

1975 (CDJ #125-75); 4 mi W San Jose Del Cabo, 27 December 1975 (CDJ #133-75).

5. D.subulatus: Mexico. Baja CaliforniaSur: 9 mi S Villa Constitucion, 25 December

1975 (CDJ #103-75).

Literature Cited

Center, T. D., and C. D. Johnson. 1973. Comparative life histories of Sennius (Coleop-

tera: Bruchidae). Environ. Ent. 2(4): 669-672.

Center, T. D., and C. D. Johnson. 1974. Coevolution of some seed beetles (Coleop-

tera: Bruchidae) and their hosts. Ecology, 55: 1096-1103.

Center, T. D., and C. D. Johnson. 1976. Host plants and parasites of some Arizona

' seed-feeding insects. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 69(2): 195-201.

Janzen, D. H. 1969. Seed-eaters versus seed size, number, toxicity and dispersal.

Evolution, 23: 1-27.

Janzen, D. HH. 1971a. The fate of Scheelea rostrata fruits beneath the parent tree: pre-

dispersal attack by bruchids. Principes, 15:89-101.

Janzen, D. H. 1971b. Escape of Cassia grandis L. beans from predators in time and

space. Ecology, 52: 964-979.

Janzen, D. H. 1975. Intra- and inter-habitat variation in Guazuma ulmifolia (Sterculia-

ceae) seed predation by Amblycerus cistelinus (Bruchidae) in Costa Rica. Eco-

logy, 56: 1009-1013.

Janzen, D. H. 1976. Reduction of Mucuna andreana (Leguminosae) seedling fitness

by artificial seed damage. Ecology, 57: 826-828. |

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 73

Johnson, C. D. 1970. Biosystematics of the Arizona, California, and Oregon species

of the seed beetle genus Acanthoscelides Schilsky (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).

Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 59: 1-116.

Johnson, C. D. and J. M. Kingsolver. 1973. A revision of the genus Sennius of North

and Central America (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull.

1462. 135 pp.

Johnson, C. D. and J. M. Kingsolver. 1976. Systematics of Stator of North and Central

America (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 1537. 101 pp. -

Ptaffenberger, G. S. and C. D. Johnson. 1976. Biosystematics of the first-stage larvae

of some North American Bruchidae (Coleoptera). U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull.

1525. 75 pp.

Tumer, B. L. 1959. The Legumes of Texas. University of Texas Press, Austin. 284 pp.

Whitehead, D. R. and J. M. Kingsolver. 1975a. Beetles and wasps associated with

Cassia biflora L. (Caesalpiniaceae) fruits in Costa Rica, with a new species of

Sennius (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 65(4): 154-157.

Whitehead, D. R. and J. M. Kingsolver. 1975b. Megasennius, a new genus for Acan-

thoscelides muricatus (Sharp) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), a seed predator of

Cassia grandis L. (Caesalpiniaceae) in Central America. Proc. Entomol. Soc.

Wash. 77: 460-465.

BOOK REVIEW

Survey of the World’s Aphids. V. F. Eastop & D. Hille Ris Lambers. 1976. Dr. W. Junk b.v.

P.O. Box 1713. The Hague, The Netherlands. 586 pp. Cloth. Dutch Guilders

160. —

This is an important book. Two of the world’s foremost authorities on aphids have

pooled their scholarship to produce a book that will make it easier to know the aphids.

This book is a survey of described aphids in which the authors list all the scientific names

proposed for aphids. Each species is assigned to its correct genus and subgenus accord-

ing to their opinions, with which most aphid authorities in western Europe, North and

South America, Australia, New Zealand, India, Taiwan, and Japan agree. First, all the

genera are enumerated in alphabetical order with their type species, synonyms, and all

the species originally or subsequently validly placed in them, with their synonyms.

Secondly, an alphabetical list is given of all specific names, each followed by the names

of the genera in which the species originally were described, of which the species was

the type species, and in which they now occur.

This book should make it easier to find the correct name for an aphid, and to under-

stand which aphid an author has in mind when he uses a scientific name. The increase

in transportation speed and the partial breakdown of plant quarantines has resulted in

more rapid dispersal of aphid species. For instance, we have found about one newly

arrived aphid species in California each recent year. It is urgent that these newly arrived

aphids be identified quickly so that search for biological control agents can be made

where the aphid is indigenous.

The book is printed clearly and strongly bound to withstand the hard use that some

copies will receive. | have found no errors. — R. C. DICKSON Professor of Entomology,

Emeritus, University of California, Riverside, CA 92502.

74 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

F. G. Andrews R. E. Stecker F. Ennik P. H. Arnaud, Jr.

President President-Elect Secretary Treasurer

PROCEEDINGS

THREE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-NINTH MEETING

The 369th meeting was held 23 January 1976 in the Morrison Auditorium of the

California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, President Andrews

presiding, with 42 members and 19 visitors present.

The minutes of the meeting held 19 December 1975 were summarized.

Dr. Thomas D. Eichlin was elected to regular membership.

Under notes and exhibits:

Robert Lem reported on a biological transplant of cave insects to a new cave in

Calaveras County.

Baldomero Villegas reported on a genus and species of Mecoptera new to California

from Placer and El Dorado Counties.

The main speaker of the evening was Dr. Donald L. Dahlston, who presented an illus-

trated talk entitled, ‘‘Perspectives on Forest Insects in California.”

Refreshments were served in the Trustees Room after the meeting. — F. Ennik, Secre-

tary.

THREE HUNDRED AND SEVENTIETH MEETING

The 370th meeting was held 20 February 1976 in the Morrison Auditorium, California

Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, President Andrews presiding,

with 39 members and 21 visitors present.

The minutes of the meeting held 23 January 1976 were summarized.

The following members were elected to membership. Student membership: Kent

Brittan, Gary Glidden, Steven Cornes, J. H. Diaz de Arce, Richard P. Meyer, Richard Kawin,

Donald S. Starks, and Charles Griswold. Regular membership: Stanley Kuba, Dr. Velma

K. Mayo, and David E. Ruiter.

The members present indicated by hand vote they would be interested in having a

dinner meeting at the April meeting to celebrate our 50th anniversary.

Dr. Arnaud announced that the new Entomology rooms are now open. Dr. Kavanaugh

will conduct a short tour of the facilities.

ROBERT GRANT WIND (1912-1975). — Robert Grant Wind, who was born in San

Francisco on June 17, 1912 died in Guatemala on July 4, 1975. He was raised in Berkeley

and attended the University of California in that city between 1930 and 1933. He operated

the Pacific Coast Biological Company in Berkeley from 1933 to 1937. From 1938-1940 he

organized the ‘‘Papuan-Australian Expedition” and accompanied by his wife Clo Wind

(nee Mifflin) collected in New Guinea, the former Dutch East Indies, and Australia, re-

portedly collecting a quarter million specimens of insects. Subsequently he was in

business selling entomological specimens, wholesale shells, native carvings and art-

facts, and entomological equipment and operated several gift shops in Monterey and

Carmel. From 1965 on he lived in Mexico doing a great deal of field work and was involved

in the sale of butterflies and other insects. On display, after the meeting, in the Depart-

ment of Entomology, is his collection of Western American butterflies assembled in the

1930’s and ’40’s. These have, within the past month, been transferred to the Academy

from Pacific Grove by Mr. Thomas W. Davies. The collection, which numbers over 3,700

specimens, was obtained for the Department by a donation from Mr. Donald Patterson.

Among the many species represented are the type series of Megisto rubricata smithorum

Wind, Minois meadii melania Wind and Neonympha henshawi texana Wind, 14 specimens

of the extinct Glaucopsyche xerces (Boisduval) and its forms from San Francisco as well

as 8 specimens of the rare or possibly extinct Speyeria adiaste atossa (Edwards) from the

Tehachapi Mountains. Society records show that Robert Wind was a member of the

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 fo

Pacific Coast Entomological Society for three years — 1931, 1932, and 1946. — PAUL

H. ARNAUD, JR., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118.

The main speaker of the evening was Mr. Raymond Gill, Systematic Entomologist,

California Department of Food and Agriculture, who presented an illustrated talk entitled

“Scales and mealybugs of California.”

Refreshments were served in the Entomology Rooms following the meeting. — F.

Ennik, Secretary.

THREE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FIRST MEETING

The 371st meeting was held Friday, 19 March 1976, in the Morrison Auditorium, Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, President Andrews pre-

siding, with 14 members and 33 visitors present.

The minutes of the meeting held 20 February 1976 were summarized.

The following new members were elected. Student membership: Charles Griswold,

Judith Gutzka, Grieg A. Sayre, Laurel J. Wilcox, Daniel K. Young. Regular membership:

J. Steven Tebbets.

President Andrews announced that the annual picnic will be held in Frank Raines

County Park, Stanislaus County, 24 April 1976.

A dinner meeting to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the Society is tentatively set for

October 1976 in the Steinhart Aquarium.

Baldo Villegas exhibited slides of a Mecoptera found on mosses growing on boulders

in High Sierra snow melts.

TROGONOPTERA TROJANA (STAUDINGER). — On display this evening in the

Lepidoptera collection area is a drawer with a dozen male specimens of the rare Trogonop-

tera trojana (Staudinger). This beautiful birdwing was first made known to science in 1889

and occurs only on the island of Palawan in the Philippine Islands. Karl Jordan, in writing

of this species in Seitz (English Edition, 1927) commented that this species was rare in

collections since “‘A sojourn on this island is very unpleasant and dangerous, ...” These

are the first specimens to become part of the California Academy of Sciences collection,

and are a gift from Mr. Thomas W. Davies. The majority of the specimens were collected

at Puerto Princesa, in the months of November 1973 and February 1974. — PAUL H.

ARNAUD, JR., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118.

James Tobler also commented on his experiences collecting these birdwing butterflies

and other insects on Palawan in 1970.

Hugh Leech exhibited specimens of a diurnal moth, Saturnia mendocino Barrens, which

seemed to be attracted to the tires on his car at Angwin, Napa County, CA. President

Andrews related a similar incident with hydrophilids and Hister beetles being attracted

to his car radiator.

The main speaker of the evening was Dr. Edward S. Ross, California Academy of

Sciences. His illustrated talk was entitled, “Insects of the Amazon, Venezuela and

Panama.”

Refreshments were served in the Entomology rooms following the meeting. — F.

Ennik, Secretary.

THREE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SECOND MEETING

The 372nd meeting was the annual field trip and picnic, held Saturday, 24 April 1976,

at Arroyo Seco Camp, west of King City, California, with an estimated 50 persons in

attendance. This was a joint meeting with the San Jose State University Entomology

Club. — F. Ennik, Secretary.

THREE HUNDREG AND SEVENTY-THIRD MEETING

The 373rd meeting was held Friday, 24 September 1976, in the Morrison Auditorium,

California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, President Andrews

presiding, with 27 members and 40 guests present.

The minutes of the meetings held 19 March 1976 and 24 April 1976 were summarized.

76 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

The following persons were elected to membership. Regular membership: Robert J.

Lyon and Rodney Parrott. Student membership: William G. Lehmann and John L. Neff.

On behalf of the Executive Committee, President Andrews announced that member-

ship fees will be raised to $12.00 for regular members and to $7.00 for student members

beginning with the first issue of Volume 53 of the Journal, effective 1 Janaury 1977.

The October meeting will be a Chinese dinner held in the Steinhart Aquarium and

catered by the Great Wall.

James Tobler | discussed his collecting activities in Queensland, Australia in 1959

and exhibited specimens of Papilio ullyses.

Dr. Ed Smith exhibited slides of drawings of the internal and external morphology

of primitive arthropods.

The main speaker of the evening was Dr. Loren Anderson, Department of Entomology,

University of California, Riverside. His illustrated talk was entitled ‘Entomological ex-

periences in Australia and New Zealand.”

Refreshments were served in the Trustees Room following the meeting. — F. Ennik,

Secretary.

THREE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FOURTH MEETING

The 374th meeting was held 22 October 1976 in the Morrison Auditorium, California

Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, President Andrews presiding,

with 43 guests and 60 members present.

The minutes of the meeting held 24 September 1976 were summarized.

The following persons were elected to student membership: Helen Cox, Val R. Land-

wehr and Paula Buickerood.

Dr. Ed Smith exhibited more slides of arthropod morphology, which link so-called

primitive insects with non-insect arthropods.

Dr. Gordon Edwards exhibited slides of the Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) and the

extensive damage it causes in the forests of the eastern United States. This moth was

recently discovered again in California in San Jose.

President Andrews expressed appreciation to all those persons who assisted with the

arrangements of the dinner commemorating the 75th anniversary of the Society.

The main speaker of the evening was Dr. Evert |. Schlinger, Department of Entomology

and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley. His illustrated talk was entitled,

“The Inglenook Fen ecosystem and problems at conservation.”

Refreshments were served in the Trustees Room following the meeting. — F. Ennik,

Secretary.

THREE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FIFTH MEETING

The 375th meeting was held Friday, 19 November 1976, in the Morrison Auditorium,

California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, President Andrews

presiding, with 39 members and 33 guests present.

Three new members were elected. Family membership: Evelyn Joyce Zhovreboff.

Regular membership: Pamela J. Ringhoff and Carl Haskins.

The minutes of the meeting of 22 October 1976 were summarized.

President Andrews commented that the dinner held last meeting was enjoyed by 105

people and receipts showed a net profit of $23.96, which will be put into the refreshment

fund.

OBSERVATIONS ON A NEW ASILID FROM RIO VISTA DUNES. — On 7 August 1976,

| collected a previously underscribed robber fly in the Rio Vista area of California. The Rio

Vista dunes are situated northeast of Suisun Bay, along the Sacramento River. This area

of sand dunes and sparse scrubby vegetation supports a large number of insect species.

Probably the most abundant and conspicuous are the bembicine sandwasps. Less con-

spicuous are the smaller insects which are well camouflaged by the sand or vegetation.

Among these insects are the small robber flies of the genus Stichopogon. These tiny

pirates are fairly common along sandy streams and creekbeds in dryer areas. When .

motion!ess, the flies are very difficult to see and are closely associated with small pieces

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 fF

of wood and nearby vegetation. The flies in this genus are characterized by their small

size and by their very broad frons. Most are covered with gray or silver pollen on the thorax

and abdomen. This new species will be described elsewhere. One individual was ob-

served to have a small mite lodged on its proboscis, but the mite dropped off when the

Specimen was captured. The weather was somewhat overcast, and each time a cloud

passed the asilids ceased their activity. When the sun again appeared, short foraging

flights were resumed, each initiated from a small piece of wood. — L. G. BEZARK, SAN

JOSE STATE UNIVERRSITY.

Hugh Leech reported on the apparent resistance of some tenebrionid beetles, col-

lected near Angwin, California, to the effects of an otherwise effective cyanide killing jar.

The prolonged resistance to death was attributed to lowered body metabolism, since the

beetles were found hibernating in a rotting log. Some of the beetles remained alive in the

cyanide jar up to 18 days.

The main speaker of the evening was Dr. Jerry A. Powell, Department of Parasitology

and Entomology, University of California, Berkeley. This illustrated talk was entitled,

‘Prolonged diapause in Yucca Moths.”

Refreshments were served in the Entomology Rooms following the meeting. — F.

Ennik, Secretary.

THREE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SIXTH MEETING

The 376th meeting was held 17 November 1976 in the Morrison Auditorium of the

California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, President Andrews

presiding, with 26 members and 13 guests present.

The minutes of the meeting held 19 November 1976 were summarized.

The following persons were elected to membership. Family membership: Stephanie

Ferguson and Alice Edwards. Student membership: Frank G. Zalom. Regular member-

ship: Robert J. Lyon, Robert Oetting, Bruce W. Hagen and Barbara Henry.

On behalf of the Auditing Committee, composed of Edward S. Ross and H. Vannoy

Davis, Dr. Arnaud summarized the financial statement of the Society. Income is derived

from dues and subscriptions, page charges, sales of Memoirs and back issues of jour-

nals, saving accounts interest, and dividends from stocks. The financial statement is

published here in order for all members to know the financial condition of the Society.

Dr. Arnaud stated that the treasurer’s office is indebted to Mrs. V. Hawley, former Office

Manager of the Academy, for her dedicated attention to the Society’s billings and

accounts, now on a volunteer basis, and to Mrs. Lynn Chivers for similar work, to Mrs.

Gail Freihofer, Entomology Secretary, for her attention to many letters and mailings of

Society publications, and to Mr. H. Vannoy Davis, member of the firm of J. K. Lasser and

Company (Certified Public Accountants), not only for his review of the Treasurer’s re-

cords, but also for the completion of our Federal and State Income Tax Forms.

Although not announced, President Andrews appointed R. E. Somerby and R. M.

Bohart to the Publication Committee for 1977 through 1979, to replace retiring members

J.G. Edwards and C. B. Philip.

On behalf of the Nominating Committee, composed of T. N. Seeno, E. |. Schlinger,

and K. S. Corwin, Ms. Corwin presented the 1977 slate of candidates for office in the

Society: President: Ronald E. Stecker; President-elect: Charles Daily; Secretary: Larry

Bezark; Treasurer: Paul H. Arnaud, Jr. There were no nominations from the floor. The

candidates were elected to office in the Society for 1977 by unanimous vote.

DIURNAL FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF AUTOGRAPHA CALIFORNICA (SPEYER) (LEPIDOP-

TERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA, AUTUMN, 1976. — The Alfalfa Looper,

Autographa californica (Speyer) is one of the commoner Plusiinae found in California.

Essig (1926, Insects of Western North America, p. 687) comments that it “appears in the

spring and throughout the summer, and visits flowers at dusk and the early part of the

night.”” Eichlin (1975, Occasional Papers in Entomology, State of California, Depart-

ment of Food and Agriculture, no. 21, p. 22) reports that the species may be found flying

somewhere in the State [California] all year round.” In the fall of 1976, both authors of

this note have found it to be conspicuously present in their own gardens — in South San

78 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Francisco and San Leandro — as well as on sand dunes at Pacific Grove. Some days

and evenings in October and early November during this drought period have been es-

pecially warm and mild, and this may in part account for its flight activity and our obser-

vations of it.

Davies at San Leandro found adults of A. californica abundant at the end of October

and in early November during mid-day (in bright sunshine) to dusk visiting at the blos-

soms of two orange trees in his back yard. A dozen could be observed at one time. They

would fly high — at a height of about 5 meters — from a westerly direction. During this

same period, Arnaud in South San Francisco observed this species flying at dusk in his

small front garden, where up to half a dozen at one time were visiting the blossoms of the

introduced garden ornamental — Hebe X franciscana (Eastw.) Souster (family Scro-

phulariaceae; determined by Dr. Elizabeth McClintock). Four specimens were collected —

one on November 3rd and three on November 5th as voucher specimens.

On a joint collecting trip to Pacific Grove on November 7th, we found A. californica

flying abundantly over the sand dunes along the Asilomar State Beach. Between 1300 and

1500 hours on a sunny, warm, almost windless day, we observed it actively visiting plants

in bloom. These included the purple flowered Seaside Daisy, Erigeron glaucus (Ker.) and

a yellow flowered Lotus sp. It preferred the Lotus. The projected Kodachrome slides show

it at these flowers. In contrast, Pieris protodice Boisduval and Le Conte was common in

the same areas and preferred the flowers of the Erigeron. — P. H. ARNAUD, JR. and T.

W. DAVIES, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118.

BUTTERFLIES AT MUD PUDDLE SEGREGATE INTO TAXONOMIC GROUPS. — Koda-

chrome slides showing butterflies that aggregated by species (9 Papilio cresphontes,

5 Achylodes thraso, and 3 Leptotes marinus), subfamily (Pyrginae: 12 Pyrgus and Heliopetes

of 3 species) and family (Pieridae: 8 Phoebis and Eurema of a species) within 2m? around

a puddle on a muddy road were exhibited. The photos were taken near Villagran, Tamau-

lipas, Mexico, in September 1976, between 1200 and 1230 C.S.T. During that time, the

butterflies were dispersed many times by human and domestic animal traffic, each time

returning to form the same discrete groupings, usually at the same spots. Individuals of

Microtia elva (Nymphalidae) were scattered, in part intermingled with one or more of the

other groups. One white Eurema daira associated itself with the white pyrgines rather

than with the yellow pierids. — J. A. POWELL, University of California, Berkeley.

The main speaker of the evening was Dr. Fred G. Andrews, Systematic Entomologist,

California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento. His Presidential address

was entitled, ‘‘Coleoptera of western sand dunes, both threatened entities.”

Refreshments were served in the Entomology Rooms following the meeting. — F.

Ennik, Secretary.

VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 1977 79

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

STATEMENT OF INCOME, EXPENDITURES AND

CHANGES IN FUND BALANCES

Years Ended September 30, 1976 and 1975

1976 1975

Income

Dues and subscriptionS......... 0.0.0... cece ee eens $ 7,027 $ 5,728

Reprints and miscellaneous ............ 0... eee 7,206 6,700

SAlESAOT IM EMOICS =. ececese Seo eee Nee Sng aiken gl os nc oferta ts Uae ety 463 640

Interest ON SaviINgGS ACCOUNTS ....... ee ees 979 1,019

Dividends, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. ............ 288

Increase in value of capital stock of American

Telephone & Telegraph Co............. 2.0 e eee eee eee ee 1,140 390

17,103 14,749

Expenditures

Publication costs - Pan Pacific Entomologist................ 11,480 14,748

MST OITS sch se ee ee aves eee el carte RA ge clue ce aerar e anieak WO a Sie 291

Reprints, postage and miscellaneous..................00055 2,714 2,939

14,144 17,978

Increase (decrease) in fund balances ............ 00 cece eee 2,959 (3,229)

Fund balances October 1, 1975 and 1974................00050. 23,610 26,839

Fund balances September 30, 1976 and 1975.................. $26,569 $23,610

STATEMENT OF ASSETS

September 30, 1976 and 1975

1976 1975

Cash in bank

Commercial account....... 0... 0c ccc cece e ee eens $ 1,610 $ 770

Savings accounts

General TUNG. a. siecle eee nce bie we oie eines ec tbindl cade rs dldee ot ena Sale 12,649 12,035

MEMOIRTEUING:. iid 2 deel a ete teat «Meg ee seated 2,714 2,582

Fall EU rag ecir sn seecsees cher tensa arf yim suche daamtelinr Wiad e pacdd medial stig tues 2,655 2,526

Life membership fund ........... 0... cee eee eee eee 2,131 2,027

Total cash in bank .......... 0. cee eee eee 21,759 19,940

Investment in 80 shares of American Telephone

& Telegraph Co. common stock (Life Membership

and Fall Funds), at market value.............. 2.0.0.0 ee eeee 4,810 3,670

URC) Fe ene gre ai an a Ye Pret Sasre MU Sree nny 4 SUN ls ee $26,569 $23,610

See accompanying notes to the financial statements.

80 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Year Ended September 30, 1976

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Accounting Method

Income, expenditures and assets are recorded on the cash basis of accounting.

Marketable Securities

American Telephone & Telegraph Co. common stock is carried at market value. Increases

and decreases in value are reflected in income.

Income Tax

The Company is exempt from Federal income and California franchise tax.

Accounts Receivable

As of September 30, 1976 accounts receivable aggregated $1,102 as follows:

August and September, 1976 billings................ $ 19

June and July billings .................---22000005 933

RHO DINING S Aust sha Be oe oe le Rew i a Oe 150

$1,102:

As Chairman of the Auditing Committee, and in accordance with its by laws, | have

reviewed the financial records of the Society.

During the course of this review nothing was noted which indicated any inaccuracy in the

foregoing statements.

H. VANNOY DAVIS

Chairman of the Auditing Committee

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including short notes or articles up to ten

printed pages, on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history, and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved

and will be charged to the author. Papers are published after acceptance in approximately the order that they are received.

Papers of less than a printed page will be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.

All manuscripts will be reviewed before acceptance.

Manuscripts for publication, proofs, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the editor.

General. — The metric system is to be used exclusively in manuscripts, except when citing label data on type material, or

indirect quotations when cited as such. Equivalents in other systems may be placed in parentheses following the metric,

i.e. “1370 m (4500 ft) elevation”’.

Typing. — Two copies of each manuscript must be submitted (original and one xerox copy or two xerox copies are suitable).

All manuscripts must be type-written, double-spaced throughout, with ample margins, and be on bond paper or an

equivalent weight. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 82 x 11 inches are not acceptable.

Underscore only where italics are intended in the body of the text. Number all pages consecutively and put authors name on

each sheet. References to footnotes in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes must be typed on a separate

sheet.

Manuscripts with extensive corrections or revisions will be returned to the author for retyping.

First Page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript must include (1) the complete title, (2) the order and family in

parentheses, (3) the author’s name or names, (4) the institution with city and state or the authors home city and state if not

affiliated (5) the complete name and address to which proof is to be sent.

Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should include the full scientific name with

the author of a zoological name not abbreviated. Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in

telegraphic style. The International code of Zoological Nomenclature must be followed.

Tables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be prepared as a line drawing or typed on

a separate page with heading at top and footnotes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecu-

tively for each table. Use only horizontal rules. Extensive use of tabular material requiring typesetting may result in

increased charges to the author.

lIlustrations. — No extra charge is made for the line drawings or halftones. Submit only photographs on glossy paper and

original drawings. Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimension of the printed page (105 x 175 mm;

4-1/8 x 6-3/4 inches). If possible, allowance should be made for the legend to be placed beneath the illustration. Photographs

should not be less than the width of the printed page. Photographs should be mounted on stiff card stock, and bear the

illustration number on the face.

Loose photographs or drawings which need mounting and/or numbering are not acceptable. Photographs to be placed

together should be trimmed and abut when mounted. Drawings should be in India Ink, or equivalent, and at least twice as

large as the printed illustration. Excessively large illustrations are awkward to handle and may be damaged in transit. It is

recoinmended that a metric scale be placed on the drawing or the magnification of the printed illustration be stated in the

legend where applicable. Arrange figures to use space efficiently. Lettering should reduce to no less than 1mm. On the back

of each illustration should be stated (1) the title of the paper, (2) the author’s complete name and address, and (3) whether he

wishes the illustration returned to him. Illustrations not specifically requested will be destroyed. Improperly prepared

illustrations will be returned to the author for correction prior to acceptance of the manuscript.

Figure legends. — Legends should be typewritten double-spaced on separate pages headed EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

and placed following LITERATURE CITED. Do not attach legends to illustrations.

References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig 1958), must be listed alphabetically under LITERATURE CITED

in the following format:

Essig, E.0. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212.

Essig, E.O. 1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev. ed. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1050 pp.

Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1966, 47(21):8585-8601. For Scientific Notes

the citations to articles will appear within the text, i.e... . “Essig (1926, Pan Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212) noted...”.

Proofs, reprints, and abstracts. — Proofs and forms for the abstract and reprint order will be sent to authors. Major changes

in proof will be charged to the author. Proof returned to the editor without the abstract will not be published.

Page charges. — All regular papers of one to ten printed pages are charged at the rate of $18.00 per page. Private investigators

or authors without institutional or grant funds may apply to the society for a grant to cover a portion of the page charges. In

no case will society grants subsidize more than two thirds of the cost of page charges. Individuals receiving a society

subsidy thus will be billed a minimum of $6.00 per page. Pages additional to the first ten are charged at the rate of $30.00 per

page, without subsidy. Page charges are in addition to the charge for reprints and do not include the possible charges for

extra pagination or the costs for excessive changes after the manuscript has been sent to the printer.

Reprint costs. — Current charges for reprints are approximately as listed below. These charges are subject to change, and

authors will be billed at the rate in effect at the time of publication.

1-2pp 2%2-4 pp 4%2-8 pp 8%2-12 pp 1242-16 pp

ist 100 21.75 30.25 37.25 67.35 72.65

Additional 100’s 11.75 16.25 23.25 34.50 39.10

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL

SOCIETY.

Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (numbers 1-9, 131

pages). 1901-1930. Price $5.00 per volume.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vol. 1 (1924) to Vol. 51 (1975), price $10.00 per volume of 4

numbers, or $2.50 per single issue. Vol. 52 (1976) and subsequent

issues, $15.00 per volume or $3.75 per single issue.

MEMOIR SERIES.

Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. 320 pages. Pub-

lished October 1951. Price $6.00 (Plus 35c postage.)*

Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family Tetranychidae by A. Earl

Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. 472 pages. Published July 1955.

Price $10.00 (Plus 50c postage.)*

Volume 3. Revisionary Studies in the Nearctic Decticinae by David

C. Rentz and James D. Birchim. 173 pages. Published July 1968.

Price $4.00. (Plus 25c postage.)*

Volume 4. Autobiography of an Entomologist by Robert L. Usinger.

343 pages. Published August 1972. Price $15.00. (Plus 40c

postage.)*

Volume 5. Revision of the Millipede Family Andrognathidae in the

Nearctic Region by Michael R. Gardner. 61 pages. Published

January 21, 1975. Price $3.00. (Plus 25c postage.)*

*(Add 6% sales tax on all California orders (resident of Alameda, Contra Costaand

San Francisco counties add 642%). Members of the Society will receive a 20%

discount.

Send orders to:

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

c/o California Academy of Sciences

Golden Gate Park

San Francisco, California 94118