Vol. 54 APRIL 1978 No. 2

THE

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

RENTZ — New Species and Records of Western Orthoptera (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae;

Acrididae; Tettigoniidae; Stenopelmatidae).................-.2..----2 eee 81

BOHART and IRWIN — A Study of Stylopization in the Bee Genus Dufourea............ 98

DEY RUP — Notes on the Biology of Pissodes fasciatus LeConte and its Insect Associates

(Coleoptera: Curculiomidae)ic Ravin nee Shae when's aes Gee go ete Stee 103

PHILIP — New North American Tabanidae (Diptera). XXV. The Genus Hybomitra and

Some Other New Tabanine Horse Flies in Mexico................. 060 c ee eee 107

CHEMSAK — Review of the genus FE ssostrutha Thomson (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)... 125

DAVIS and ZACK — New Host Records and Notes on the Dipterous Family Aulacigas-

UIIGIAG RNA ENCO NE. ok APOE. Ce gt So ets UNE Phir AOR no. oh Uae Gate aires ae 129

WAGNER — The Genus Dolichovespula and an Addition to its Known Species of North

America(Hymenoptera: Vespidae)........... 0.0.0 cc eee ee eee eee 131

DEYRUP and DEYRUP — Pupation of Hemerobius In Douglas-fir Cones (Neuroptera:

FeMerObidae) tees eee wee bene eee chica ds, cert aces oad a ge aes aad eM hee 143

DAVIS — Two New Genera of North American Incurvariine Moths (Lepidoptera: Incur-

VAGIIGaAC) Piers Pace at eae ae emp ot a sc tees ieee Ce MAT cin eo ME 147

MOORE — A Second Species of Rothium, An Intertidal Beetle from the Gulf of California

(Coleopteta: Staphylinidaey: S288 ee ea. cas Fk cpus 6 camped «une Sire 155

CHEMSAK — A New Species of Pterotus LeConte from California (Coleoptera: Lampyri-

(OPES) IGF 0 asta. ded PReteton ts ach Proton he arn eee Ore ac ea eer ier a aper 9 Sen 7 ec ad Pe 157

HEPPNER — Homonymy of Macropia (Diptera: Tachinidae; Lepidoptera: Choreutidae) . 159

ZOOUOGICAIBNOMENGIATIUIRE eine, « cc-tuat es moth ok cite artue tos tenes eee suse eos 97, 160

SCIENMMEBIGIN OMESes Aras ee cosas oom eames ee ata Wo. kh he Sina Peka tatu eten irene ar en 153, 158

REGENT EE RAMU Eatin sie tell Oe ped a. Spain rem tn oe) aa rcaheln nr Ainge 102, 106, 128, 142

OBIMUARW GE Pexarsre tie folie Os ee Satria, cect pao RL Aaa ane ae ae 154

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Publication #419440

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. 54 APRIL 1978 No. 2

New Species and Records of Western Orthoptera

(Orthoptera: Tetrigidae; Acrididae; Tettigoniidae; Stenopelmatidae)

D.C.F. Rentz

Division of Entomology, CSIRO, P.O. Box 1700, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia.

This report is based on collections made primarily by staff

members of the Oregon State Department of Agriculture (ODA) and

the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDA). A single

record of a pygmy grasshopper is included here because it is the

second known specimen of its species. A new band-winged

grasshopper is described reinstating Agymnastus as a distinct genus.

The Jerusalem cricket described in this paper is of interest

because of its endemic distribution in a sand dune system in

northern Arizona. Such unique species merit special consideration

especially in light of the destruction of dune habitats by off-road

vehicles.

The author would like to thank Mr. Kenneth Goeden of the Oregon

State Department of Agriculture and Drs. Fred G. Andrews and Alan

R. Hardy of the California Department of Food and Agriculture for

permitting me to study their material. Carolyn Mullinex is thanked for

her illustrations. Figures 21 and 22 were provided by Dr. F. G.

Andrews.

Tetrix sierrana Renn and Grant

Tetrix sierrana Rehn and Grant, 1956, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 108: 110. Type locality:

Sugar Pine, Madera County, California, 4,300-5,000 feet elevation. Holotype female

deposited in Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, number 5,792.

This species has been known only from the holotype. It is distin-

guished from 7. subulata (Linnaeus), the only other species in the

genus within its range (Rehn and Grant, 1961), by the anterior margin

of the carina of the fastigium of the vertex which is interrupted by the

median carina. In 7. subulata, the transverse carina is only slightly in-

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:81-97. April 1978.

82 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

terrupted by the median carina. The tegmen is two-thirds or less the

length of the middle femur in 7. sierrana but in T. subulata it is as long

or longer. Although the author has searched the type locality several

times, the species was never located and the type was regarded as an

aberrant or mislabelled individual. This record from a locality 20-25 air

miles from the type locality provides substantial evidence for the

validity of 7. sierrana. Additional collecting is still necessary to pro-

vide males of this elusive little grasshopper.

Record. — CALIFORNIA: Mariposa County: El Portal, 23.V1.1953

(D. Giuliani, 12, CAS).

Agymnastus Scudder, new status

Agymnastus Scudder, 1897, Canadian Entomol., 29:75. Type of the genus: Leprus ingens

Scudder, by original designation.

In 1968 Strohecker, Middlekauff and Rentz synonymized

Agymnastus with Xanthippus noting that its generic status was best

left to revisionary studies. At the same time Agymnastus haemopterus

Strohecker was synonymized under Xanthippus olancha (Caudell). The

synonymy of this species is unquestionable but the status of

Agymnastus should be changed.

That Agymnastus is distinct from Xanthippus is apparent from both

the type of the genus, A. ingens, and A. venerabilis Rentz, new

species. The two genera are close but separable on the basis of the

following: the fastigium of the vertex is always distinctly carinate or

rugose in Agymnastus but smooth or with only a minute carina in

Xanthippus; the pronotum is much more tuberculate in Agymnastus

species than it is in any Xanthippus species and the median pronotal

Carina is less defined than it is in Agymnastus species; the internal

pagina of the hind femur in Agymnastus is jet black, often with a

bluish overcast. There are no subapical annuli. This combination of

characters is approached in Xanthippus only by X. corallipes pardalinus

and X. olancha. The tegminal coloration is different in Agymnastus

from that of Xanthippus. In Agymnastus the tegmen is either concolor-

ous dark brown or with a few obscure blotches. In Xanthippus the

tegmen is usually marbled or speckled, never concolorous. The wing

disc color in Agymnastus is always opaque and bright yellow. In

Xanthippus this color can be yellow, orange, red, or various shades of

pink. The two genera seem to be distinct with respect to the phallic

complex although Barnum (1959) has shown this can be quite uniform

in oedipodines. The epiphallus of Agymnastus is smoothly rounded at

the base of the posterior projections. In Xanthippus corallipes (type of

Xanthippus) and several other species which | have examined, there is

a broad raised area with acute projections on each side. The lophi in

Agymnastus are stout and gracefully incurved with apices rather

blunt. In Xanthippus the lophi are twisted and the apices are acute. In

X. corallipes the dorsal valves of the aedeagus are acute; in

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 83

Agymnastus they are blunt.

Agymnastus species may prefer a different habitat or feed on

different host plants from Xanthippus species because | know of no

records of both genera occurring sympatrically. A close relative, the

ubiquitous Cratypedes neglectus (Thomas), is, however, sympatric

with species of both genera.

Agymnastus venerabilis, new species

(Figures 1-8)

HOLOTYPE MALE. CALIFORNIA: TUOLUMNE COUNTY: Dardanelle, 19 July 1961. D.C.

Rentz collector. Holotype and allotype deposited in California Academy of Sciences,

number 12772. Head highly rugose with margins of fastigium subparallel; fastigium of

vertex deep, with short median carina; occiput with oblique ridges running from eye;

frontal costa deep, narrowed dorsally, expanded mesad at bases of antenna, constricted

again at base; eye small; antenna filiform, not at all flattened. Pronotum with median

carina hardly definable, indicated on prozona which is tectately raised, mesozona with

median carina completely obliterated, surface slanting distad, not raised as high as

prozona, metazona with median carina indicated fairly well; lateral carinae faintly

indicated on prozona as a series of coalesced tubercles; entire surface of pronotum with

scattered large rugae; lateral lobe with sides parallel, surface somewhat rugose,

metasternal interspace broad, at least 1/2 times broader than long. Legs: hind femur

without abnormal inflated development, inner and outer margins of hind tibia bearing

9 spines, apex with a pair of spurs, ventral surface with a pair of spurs on internal and

external surfaces. Abdomen: apex of abdomen bulbate, cercus stout, straight,

subconical, supra-anal plate almost smooth, longitudinal ridges indistinct; epiphallus

(Fig. 7) with bridge narrow, ancorae elongate, directed dorsad and inward, anterior

projections dorsally truncate and not extending above base of ancorae; lophi elongate,

produced on internal margins, surface at that point highly granulate, anterior projections

and dorsal margin of bridge connected by granulate membrane. Phallic complex (Fig. 6)

with rami of cingulum hooklike, directed distad; dorsal valves of aedeagus stout, broad,

apex blunt or slightly obtuse; apical valves produced basally, tapering to acute apex;

apodemes straight, apices acute, not spatulate. Color: entire ground color of body dark

brown, with faint tannish tinge; distal margin of pronotum rimmed with straw brown;

tegmen with converging yellow stripes dorsally; field of tegmen mottled, always a light

crescentic or quadrate mark mesad in distal third; wing intense yellow, opaque, brown

band intensive, opaque, occupying entire distal edge exclusive of apical margin; spur

long, narrow, extending almost to base of wing; outer pagina of hind femur with 3 faint

black opaque bands; entire inner surface of hind femur dark black with bluish overcast

except for subapical red annulus; hind tibia intense coral red throughout, no subapical

annulus, spines black-tipped.

ALLOTYPE FEMALE. Same data as for holotype. Differs from holotype in following:

size larger, form more robust; fastigium of vertex with poorly indicated transverse carina;

metasternal interspace 3/2 times broader than long; overall ground color grey, tegmen

with light mottled areas as indicated for male; outer pagina of hind femur with only two

small black areas.

Derivation of name. — This species is named after its importance in recognition of

Agymnastus as a distinctive generic unit.

Variation. — Topotypes are variable to some extent in the rugulosity of the head and

pronotum and coloration. Some males have the tegmina immaculate dark brown except

for the dorsal stripes and light median mark. The tannish overcast of the type is over-

shadowed by the dark brown of darker specimens. The coral red color of the hind tibia is

faintly present on both the fore and middle tibia of one of the topotypic males.

84 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

ore: ne ie

NEO ges 27

] AB,

Se

pret

ame (J

aren

0.5mm

0.5mm 7 4mm

Figs. 1-8. Taxonomic characters in Agymnastus venerabilis Rentz,

new species. Fig. 1. Head, pronotum, allotype female. Fig. 2. Lateral

view pronotum, allotype female. Fig. 3. Left tegmen and wing,

paratopotype male. Fig. 4. Holotype male, head and pronotum. Fig. 5.

Holotype male, pronotum, lateral view. Fig. 6. Aedeagus. Fig. 7.

Epiphallus, paratopotype male. Fig. 8. Hind femur holotype male.

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 85

Width Length Width

Length Length Prono- Hind Hind Length

Sex Body Pronotum tum Femur Femur Tegmen

Holotype Jd 24.6 6.0 4.7 13:2 3.9 23.5

Allotype 9 39.3 8.3 6.3 16.4 53 26.0

Paratopotype Jd 22.3 5:5 4.0 11.8 35 22.0

Carrville 2 35.5 8.4 6.3 15.7 5:3 26.8

ri Q 35:3 8.8 6.5 16.6 HS 28.8

4 Jd 22.3 5.4 a am 12.1 3:5 24.5

Big Bend Mtn. Jd 25.0 6.5 4.3 12.2 3.9 23.7

Iceberg Mdw. Jd 24.9 6.4 4.5 12.0 3.6 23.5

North Fork Q 36.5 9.5 7.2 18.0 5.8 30.3

West Point Q 33.9 10.0 6.6 17.2 5.8 29.9

Table 1. Measurements in mm of specimens of Agymnastus venerabilis

n.sp.

Records. — CALIFORNIA, BUTTE COUNTY: Big Bend Mountain, 23.V.1928 (H.H. Keifer,

1d, CDA). CALVERAS COUNTY: West Point, 8.VIII.1929 (--, 12, CAS). MADERA COUNTY:

Trinity County; Carrville, 29-VI-1913, 30.V.1934, 30.V.1935, 23.V1.1931 (E.C. Van Dyke, 1d,

32, CAS). North Fork, 11.V1.1933 (R.P. Allen, 12, CAS). TXOLUMNE COUNTY: Dardanelle,

19.VII.1961 (D.C. Rentz, holotype, allotype, 1d, CAS). Iceberg Meadow, 7,000 ft. elev.,

27.V 1.1961 (M. Lundgren, 1d, DCR).

Diagnosis. — Differs from A. ingens by its more slender

appearance, smaller size, more rugose head and pronotum and less

“inflated” outer face of the hind femur. Females are much less robust

than those of A. ingens and are fully capable of flight.

Discussion. — A. venerabilis was found along Highway 108 in

grassy meadows among giant granite boulders. The exact locality is

along the Stanislaus River. Cratypedes neglectus (Thomas) was taken

at the same time and could be confused with this species unless

carefully examined. Field separation of the two species may be made

by the color of the inner face of the hind femur. C. neglectus never has

the internal surface black with a bluish overcast. Instead, it is brown

and there are two straw brown annuli. Females of A. venerabilis are

fully capable of flight and do so without hesitation. This is in contrast

to the more coastal A. ingens (Scudder) which is totally flightless in

that sex.

| have an additional undescribed species of Agymnastus before me

from the California Academy of Sciences collection labelled

“Siskiyou County, Cal.” It is part of the A. Koebele collection.

Because the specimens lack specific locality data, Koebele

collection material sometimes bears questionable data, and the three

specimens are females, they are not being described at this time.

They are immediately recognizable as members of Agymnastus by the

characters noted above. The species is more robust than A.

venerabilis and females seem capable of flight. The tegmen is colored

86 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

as described for the type of A. venerabilis. The hind tibia, however, is

yellow and the internal surface of the hind femur is black with a

subapical yellowish annulus.

Idiostatus Pictet

Idiostatus Pictet, 1888, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneva, 30:63. Type of the genus:

Idiostatus californicus Pictet, by monotypy.

Rentz revised this genus in 1973 and later Rentz and Lightfoot

(1976) added a new species from Oregon and provided additional

notes. Subsequently, Mr. Kenneth Goeden of the Oregon State

Department of Agriculture submitted for identification an additional

undescribed species of /djostatus (in the Apollo Group) from Oregon.

His collection also included specimens of /. apo/io Rentz and extends

the known range of that species into southern Oregon.

Mr. Goeden’s collection notes indicate that both species, /. apollo

and /. goedeni, new species, are rare in nature and could be easily

overlooked because of their small size. There is also some

suggestion that these species occur late in the year and are not

present in consecutive years at a given locality. Many miles of night

driving and searching were required before the small series was

secured.

Idiostatus apollo Rentz

(Figures 9-11)

Idiostatus apollo Rentz, 1973, Mem. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 29&136. Type locality: 7-9 miles

East of Cedarville on Highway 299, 4,700 ft. elev., Modoc County, California. Holotype

deposited in California Academy of Sciences, number 10,491.

This rare species was described from northeastern California with

records from north of Reno to northwest Nevada, adjacent to its dis-

tribution in California. The records presented here extend the range

of the diminutive species considerably. The record from Abert Lake

region is of interest because the author visited the area in September

1968 and did not find the species. The area was also searched in 1974

and 1975 by D.C. Lightfoot while studying and collecting /. chewaucan

Rentz and Lightfoot but no /. apo/io were ever found. The tendency for

desert-inhabiting /diostatus species to not be found in consecutive

years in certain localities is repeated over and over again (see Rentz,

1973, Rentz, and Lightfoot, 1976). /. apollo is apparently such a

species.

Records. — OREGON: Lake County: Adel, 6 miles east, 14.VIIl.

1974 (K. Goeden, 2d, ODA). Abert Lake, north end, junction highway

395 and Paisly road, 2.VIII.1976 (K. Goeden, 1d, last instar 12, ODA).

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 87

10

Figs. 9-11. Diagnostic structures in /diostatus apollo Rentz, all drawn

from male, 6 mi. E. Adel, Oregon. Fig. 9. Apex of abdomen, male. Fig.

10. Right arm titillator. Fig. 11. Subgenital plate.

88 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Idiostatus goedeni, new species

(Figures 12-16)

HOLOTYPE MALE. OREGON: Klamath County: 4 miles northeast of Olene,

25.Vil1.1971. K. Goeden collector. “In sagebrush’. Holotype and allotype deposited in

California Academy of Sciences, number 12,773.

Size small for genus, larger in size than /. apollo. Head with fastigium of vertex well pro-

duced, more truncate than in /. apollo; eye not as bulging, positioned lower on head.

Thorax: pronotum with anterior sulcus more distinct, heavily engraved on shoulders,

obsolete mesad; metazona with slight depression mesad. Fore tibia armed on dorsal

surface with 2 spines on posterior margin, anterior margin unspined; middle tibia armed

on dorsal surface with 2,3 spines on anterior margin, posterior margin with 4 spines; hind

tibia with internal ventral apical spur long, three-quarters length of metatarsus. Abdomen:

tenth tergite with median portion inflexed; cercus subquadrate in form, outer toe absent,

internal tooth apical; titillators with arm long, without distinct teeth; subgenital plate with

apex narrow, shallowly V-shaped, styles short. Coloration: ground color basically dark

brownish, very similar to that described for /. apo/io; dorsum of abdomen with 3 distinct

longitudinal stripes; head striped dorsally, pronotum with lateral lobes dark, dorsal

portion of disc pinkish, the lateral margins emphasized with white, posterior ventral

portion of lateral lobe and veins of tegmen white; cells between tegminal veins dark

smoky brown; femora and tibiae speckled, without annuli; outer pagina of hind femur

speckled, without longitudinal stripe.

ALLOTYPE FEMALE. Same data as holotype. Similar to holotype except anterior sulcus

of pronotum more deeply engraved. Subgenital plate with moderately narrow median

incision, lateral lobes rounded; cercus conical, straight, apex subacute. Ovipositor

slightly upcurved, dorsal surface with cutting edge minutely serrate.

Records. — OREGON: Klamath County: Olene, 4 mi. northeast, 25.VIII.1971 (K. Goeden,

holotype, allotype, 2d paratypes, CAS, ODA). Siskiyou County: 4 mi. southeast Malin,

21.VIl1.1970 (R.L. Westcott, 1¢ paratype, ODA).

Variation. — The single male from near Malin, Oregon is significantly smaller in size

than those from the topotypic series. However, the genitalia are similar enough to

consider this specimen as /. goedeni. The topotypic series of males is uniform in the

critical characters. The coloration of all specimens is dark grey brown with a purplish

broad longitudinal stripe. No light brown specimens have been collected.

Diagnosis. — Recognized as a member of the Inyo Group (see

Rentz, 1973: 134) by the small size, contrastingly-colored male

tegmen without distal spot. As with its relative /. apollo Rentz, /.

goedeni Rentz, new species is rare in nature and nocturnal. Males

differ from /. apo//o in lacking a distinct outer ‘‘toe” of the cercus

(compare Figs. 9,15) and in slightly larger size and darker coloration.

The titillator (Fig. 16) is toothed only at the tip. Females are slightly

larger than those of /. apollo and the ovipositor is distinctly but

minutely serrate on the dorsal and ventral margins. In /. apollo it is

smooth.

Length Length

Total Length Width Hind Exposed Length

Length Pronotum. Pronotum Femur Tegmina Ovipositor

Holotype 16.2 4.2 2.8 14.1 2.3

Allotype 18.0 4.9 2.6 17.6 14.2

Table 2. Measurement in mm of specimens of /diostatus goedenin.sp.

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 89

13 14

imm

16

Figs. 12-16. Diagnostic structures in /diostatus goedeni, new

species. Fig. 12. Ovipositor, allotype female. Fig. 13. Subgenital plate,

allotype female. Fig. 14. Subgenital plate, holotype male. Fig. 15.

Apex of abdomen, holotype male. Fig. 16. Right portion of titillator,

holotype male.

90 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Discussion. — The topotypic series was taken during the day ina

sagebrush-juniper association. The collector states that the series

was actually taken on shadscale, Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. and Frem.)

Wats. not sagebrush as indicated on the label. Much searching was

required before the small series could be obtained.

Idiostatus inermoides Rentz

Idiostatus inermoides Rentz, 1973, Mem. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 29:77. Type locality: 1.5-4.5

miles west of Denio junction on Highway 140, Humboldt County, Nevada. Elevation 1460

feet. Holotype male in California Academy of Sciences, number 10,487.

This species was described from a single locality in Nevada. Notes

on its biology reveal that it has a preference for greasewood,

Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. Rentz and Lightfoot (1976)

recorded /. inermoides from Harney County, Oregon during the 1974

and 1975 seasons. The records listed below indicate that the species,

which is another which may not be present at a given locality in

consecutive years, was present in the same area of southern Oregon

from 1972-1975. The specimens listed below were collected in

shadscale, Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. and Frem.) Wats.

Records. — OREGON: Harney County: Denio, 10 mi. NE,

15.VIII.1972 (K. Goeden, 1d, 12, CDA). Fields, 12 mi. S. 15,VIII.1973 (K.

Goeden, 1d, ODA).

Idiostatus martinellii Rentz

Idiostatus martinellii Rentz, 1973, Mem. Amer. Entom. Soc., 29:119. Type locality: 7-9

miles east of Cedarville on Highway 299, Modoc County, California. Holotype male in

California Academy of Sciences, number 10,489.

This is the first record of the species from Oregon. Rentz, (1973:

122-123) cites particulars concerning the distribution and bionomics

of the species in northeastern California and adjacent Nevada.

Record. — OREGON, Lake County: Adel, 10 mi. SE, 15.VII.1976

(K. Goeden, 3d 12, ODA), in shadscale in association with /. apollo

Rentz.

Eremopedes (Eremopedes) ateloploides (Caudell)

(Figures 17-20)

Stipator ateloploides Caudell, 1907, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 32:350. Type locality: San Jose

del Cabo, Baja California, Mexico. Holotype female, last instar, deposited in U.S. National

Museum, number 10,172.

Pediodectes ateloploides, Rehn and Hebard, 1916, Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 42:45.

Eremopedes (Eremopedes) ateloploides, Rentz, 1972, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., 124:55.

This species was described from a last nymphal instar female and

has been known only from immature specimens. The specimen

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 91

a ef

17

1mm

Figs. 17-20. Diagnostic structures of male Eremopedes (E.) atelo-

ploides Caudell. Fig. 17. Subgenital plate. Fig. 18. Titillator. Fig. 19.

Left cercus. Fig. 20. Apex of abdomen, cerci hidden.

92 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

reported here is the first adult and first male ever seen. As noted

previously (Rentz 1972:55), E. (E.) anteloploides shows certain similari-

ties with the mainland Mexican £. (E.) colonialis Rentz in that all

femoral carinae are armed on the ventral surface with large, stout

teeth. Such a condition is unique in the genus. It can now be said that

the last abdominal segment of males, including cerci and tenth

tergite, is also very similar in the two species.

The coloration of the male is almost precisely as seen in the

photograph of the immature type (Rentz, 1972: 55, Figs. 6,7).

Description of male. Head with eye situated high, very large, round, moderately pro-

truding; fastigium of vertex moderately produced, about as broad as first antennal article,

weakly longitudinally sulcate. Thorax: pronotum rather smooth, not glabrous, transverse

sulcus present on prozona, moderately deeply engraved. Obsolete mesad for a short

distance; surface of disc with V-shaped median impression indicated solely by color;

anterior margin of disc feebly emarginate, posterior margin truncate; surface of disc

entirely without any trace of median or lateral carinae. Prosternum armed with a pair of

widely separated peg-like processes; mesosternal lobes acutely produced, much more so

than metasternal lobes which are low and rounded; thoracic auditory structure elongate,

half concealed by lateral pronotal lobe. Appendages: fore tibia armed dorsally with 3

equally spaced spines on posterior margin, anterior margin unarmed, ventral surface

bearing 6 spines on both margins; fore femur armed on ventral surface only on internal

margin with 1,2 teeth, genicular lobe armed only on internal surface; median tibia armed

on dorsal surface with 2 spines on anterior margin, positioned medially, posterior margin

with 4 evenly spaced spines, ventral surface bearing 6 spines on both margins; median

femur armed on ventral surface on anterior margin only with 2,3 teeth positioned distad,

both genicular lobes armed, the internal lobe with 2 teeth; posterior tibia armed dorsally

with a great many spines of alternating lengths, ventral surface with 7 evenly distributed

spines on both margins; apex of hind tibia armed dorsally with a pair of stout spurs of

equal lengths, positioned somewhat subapically, ventral surface with 4 spurs positioned

apically, the internal of which is the longest, two-thirds as long as adjacent metatarsus;

plantula quadrate in outline, about half as long as metatarsus; posterior femur armed

ventrally on outer margin with 5,7 teeth distributed in distal half, internal margin with 5

teeth positioned as above, genicular lobes unarmed. Tegmina slightly protruding beyond

pronotum, veins heavy but not appreciably raised. Abdomen: tenth tergite rather deeply

incised (Fig. 20), with V-shaped incision, very hirsute between the projections; cercus

with single internal tooth, preceded by a distinct swelling; subgenital plate (Fig. 17)

without a distinct median incision; titillators (Fig. 18) with arms convergent, heavily

toothed on external margin. Coloration: ground color washed greyish brown, dorsum with

broad lighter brown, contrasting median longitudinal stripe; lateral pronotal lobes darker,

intensified medially; tegmen with veins very light, cells of lateral portion jet black, those

of median portion straw brown; fore and median femora with ill-defined subapical

annulus, hind femur plain, without annuli or markings on outer surface.

Record. — MEXICO, BAJA CALIFORNIA: SUR, Bahia El Coyote, 12. VIII.1968 (R. Bandar,

1d, CAS).

Measurements. — Total length 25.0; pronotum, length 7.0, width 4.5; length hind femur

18.9.

Stenopelmatus Burmeister

Stenope/matus Burmeister, 1838, Handbuch der Entomologie, 2:720.

Jerusalem crickets of the genus Stenope/matus attract attention

wherever they occur because of their size and ferocious appearance.

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 93

Fig. 21. Moenkopi dunes, habitat of Stenopelmatus navajo, new

species. Fig. 22. Living male, S. navajo.

94 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

As aresult there are a great many specimens in collections, although

most are immature and not of great use in taxonomic studies

(Tinkham and Rentz 1969).

The discovery of a large undescribed species apparently endemic

to a system of isolated sand dunes in northern Arizona is of great

interest. This species is very large and immediately recognizable as

different because of its pale, almost white coloration (Fig. 22). S.

fuscus (Haldeman), the widespread species typically found in

northern Arizona, occurs on the periphery of the dunes and may

venture onto the dunes at times. S. navajo, new species, is probably

most closely related to S. fuscus since the spination of the legs is

almost identical between the two species. S. navajo is larger than any

individuals of S. fuscus seen from the periphery of the dunes. The

pale coloration of the new species is of obvious protective value

when the crickets are foraging on the dune’s surface.

Stenopelmatus navajo, new species

(Figures 21-30)

HOLOTYPE MALE. ARIZONA: Coconino County: 3.1 miles southwest of Moenkopi,

17 July 1975. F.G. Andrews, A.R. Hardy collectors. Holotype, in alcohol, deposited in

California Academy of Sciences, number 12,775 through courtesy of California State

Department of Food and Agriculture. Head megacephalic, depth of head from occiput to

apex of mandibles (16.5 mm), greatest width of head (13.0). Eye inverted pyriform,

prominent. Thorax: pronotum ampliate forward, lateral margins broadened at ventral

projecting edge; in lateral profile, pronotum not appearing especially humped, anterior

suture marked; anterior margin of pronotum emarginate, fringed with decurved hairs,

posterior margin obtuse. Abdomen: supra-anal plate minute, triangulate (Fig. 25), uncinate

hooks prominent at lateral bases; cercus erect, pubescent, cylindrical; subgenital plate

(Fig. 24) with apex broad, truncate, with minute median projection. Legs: forelegs with

femur in lateral profile with upper margin arcuate, ventral margin straight; fore tibia

unspined dorsally, apical calcars typical, 3 inner long, 2 outer short, dorsal external the

shortest; ventral surface of fore tibia with 2 staggered apical calcars, distal one slightly

longer. Middle femur typical; middle tibia with 5 calcars, much smaller than those of fore

tibia, preceded by a single spine of similar size situated mesad on dorsal surface; ventral

surface with a pair of subapical spurs positioned at base of calcars III and IV. Hind legs

typical in form; hind tibia with 6 apical calcars increasing in size gradually from outer-

external to innermost calcar; dorsal surface with 3 outer stout spines, 5 inner spines

much more widely spaced, the first placed beyond middle of tibia; number II calcar

subequal to number III but same length as number |; ventral surface of tibia with a pair of

subapical spines, the innermost much the longer, situated opposite calcars III and IV.

Setation: vestiture sparse, hind tibia with a row of close-set setae on dorsal margin of

outer surface, the ventral margin of internal surface with similar row of setae; outer

surface of hind femur with a row of widely spaced setae on dorsal margin, ventral margin

Re

Figs. 23-30. Diagnostic structures in holotype male Stenope/matus

navajo new species. Fig. 23. Lateral view pronotum. Fig. 24.

Subgenital plate. Fig. 25. Apex of abdomen. Fig. 26. Lateral view apex

of abdomen. Fig. 27. Head. Fig. 28. Right hind tibia. Fig. 29. Middle

tibia. Fig. 30. Fore tibia.

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 95

96 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Length Length

Length Length Hind Hind

Body Pronotum Femur Tibia

Holotype 45.3 9.6 13.5 12.0

Paratypes

(n= 7) 32.0-41.0 7.0-9.0 10.2-12.8 10.0-12.0

Table 3. Measurements in mm of specimens of Stenope/matus navajo

n.sp.

with much more dense row of setae; cercus sparsely setose, inner surface with a shorter,

more densely packed coat of setae; supra-anal plate with 10 elongate setae positioned

around periphery; entire abdomen sparsely setose, the setae more concentrated at lateral

margins, especially near spiracles. Coloration: ground color pale whitish; bands of

abdomen very pale brown; head and pronotum pale whitish except mandibles and genae

dark brown; eye darker brown; legs concolorous pale whitish, spines all with apices dark

ee — ARIZONA: Coconino County: Moenkopi, 2.4 mi., and 7.6 mi. southeast, 3

July 1972, 17.VIl, 1975, F.G. Andrews, E.A. Kane, A.R. Hardy, 7d, 3 first instars, (CAS,

CDA).

Diagnosis. — Size very large for genus. Ground color whitish,

bands of abdomen very pale brown. Spination of legs very similar to

that described for S. fuscus (Haldeman) in Tinkham and Rentz (1969).

Discussion. — No adult females have been discovered. The entire

type series consists of males as indicated above. Such is unusual

among Jerusalem crickets where most collections contain females

and juvenile males, (Tinkham and Rentz 1969). Experience with

species in the genus from central California indicates that adult and

subadult males of Stenope/matus bear hooks at the base of the cerci.

To date there are no known external characters to definitely

recognize adult males. The type of S. navajo was selected because it

bears the hooks at the base of the cerci and is the largest specimen in

the type series.

F.G. Andrews (pers. comm.) states that the first locality listed

above is asand ridge running north and south along Highway 264; the

other locations are an immense sand dune area extending many

miles. The two dominant shrubs are greasewood (Sarcobatus sp.) and

mormon tea (Ephedra sp.).

The activity of the Jerusalem crickets begins at dusk when

individuals can be seen searching the sand from bush to bush.

According to Andrews, this activity extends into the early morning

hours. Their pale coloration renders them difficult to see on the

dunes except when moving. When disturbed, the crickets rapidly

burrow in the sand where they are difficult to locate despite their

large size.

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 97

Literature Cited

Barnum, A.H. 1959. The phallic complex in the Oedipodinae (Orthoptera:Acrididae). Ph.D.

Thesis, lowa State College, University Microfilms, 59-3370, 220 pp.

Rentz, D.C. 1972. Taxonomic and faunistic comments on Decticine katydids with the

description of several new species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 124: 41-77.

Rentz, D.C. 1973. The shield-backed katydids of the genus /diostatus, Mem. Amer. Ento-

mol. Soc., 29:1-211.

Rentz, D.C. and Lightfoot, D.C. 1976. Notes on distribution of Oregon shield-backed katy-

dids with the description of a new species of /diostatus. Entomol. News, 87:

145-158.

Strohecker, H.F. Middlekauff, W.W. and Rentz, D.C. 1968. The grasshoppers of Califor-

nia. Bull. Calif. Insect. Surv., 10:1-177.

Tinkham, E.R. and Rentz, D.C. 1969. Notes on the bionomics and distribution of the genus

Stenope/lmatus in central California with the description of anew species. Pan-

Pacific Entomol., 45:4-14.

Zoological Nomenclature Announcement A.N. (S.) 105

The required six months’ notice is given of the possible use of

plenary powers by the International Commission on Zoological

Nomenclature in connection with the following names listed by case

number: (see Bull. Zool. Nom. 34, part 4, 28 February, 1978).

Opinion No.

1237 CARABIDAE (Coleoptera), proposals concerning the

names of four Linnean species.

Comments should be sent in duplicate (if possible within six

months of the date of publication of this notice in Bul/. Zool. Nom. 34,

part 4), citing case number to:

R.V. Melville,

The Secretary,

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature,

c/o British Museum (Natural History),

Cromwell Road,

LONDON, SW7 5BD,

England.

Those received early enough will be published in the Bulletin of

Zoological Nomenclature.

A Study of Stylopization in the Bee Genus Dufourea

R.M. Bohart

Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis 95616

and

M.E. Irwin

University of Illinois and Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana 61801

Strepsipteran parasites of the bee genus Dufourea Lepeletier have

been known from very few reported cases. Bohart (1941) described

Eurystylops desertorum from a small series of females extracted from

Dufourea boregoensis (Michener) collected near Indio, California.

Bohart (1943) described £. tetonensis from a small series of females

extracted from Dufourea maura (Cresson) collected in Grand Teton

National Park, Wyoming. The third species known was described by

Hofeneder (1949) as E. oenipontana based on two females taken from

Dufourea inermis (Nylander) collected in Innsbruck, Austria. A fourth

Eurystylops was extracted from two species of Conanthalictus

collected in Andreas Canyon, Riverside County, California. It was

named conanthalicti by Kinzelback (19771).

The writers in June and July, 1962, located two areas at about 6,300

feet elevation in the central Sierra Nevada Mountains of California

where Dufourea trochantera G. Bohart was plentiful and showed

abundant evidence of stylopization by a new species described

herein as Eurystylops sierrensis by the senior author. The two areas in

question were a semi-arid edge of a meadow at the University of Cali-

fornia Sagehen Creek Project, 12 miles north of Truckee in Nevada

County (Station |) and a similar meadow margin 2.3 miles west of

Highway 89 on the Independence Lake Road some 30 miles north of

Truckee in Sierra County (Station II). No nesting sites of the bee hosts

were found at the Sagehen locality, but a large nesting colony was

observed at Station II. Bees at both sites were visiting dense low-

growing masses of Phacelia humilis T. and G.

Parasitized D. trochantera are not readily detected by the casual

observer because the exserted cephalothorax of the Eurystylops is

obscured by abdominal hair bands on the dorsum of the bee.

However, stylopized specimens have the pygidium mostly hidden

and dull, the general color browner, and the abdomen somewhat

bloated.

Parasitized female D. trochantera do not regularly collect pollen. In

the 1962 study, tabulations were made on the number of females

carrying pollen on the legs. At Station 1, 284 females were examined

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:98-102. April 1978.

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 99

and 12.7 percent of them were unstylopized and without pollen, 59.5

percent were unstylopized and bore pollen, 27.4 percent were

stylopized and without pollen, and 0.4 percent (one stylopized bee

with a light amount of pollen on the abdomen) bore a trace of pollen.

Similarly, in 1962 at Station Il, 289 female bees were examined and

15.5 percent were unstylopized and without pollen, 39.1 percent were

unstylopized and bore pollen, and 45.4 percent were stylopized and

without pollen.

Collecting at Station | encompassed four days from June 29

through July 2, 1962 and eight days from June 19 through July 10,

1964. Bees were netted at random near midday, on or about the

patches of Phacelia. Out of a total of 681 bees, 307 were males and

374 were females. Of the males 4.9 percent were parasitized, 4.3

percent of these being monostylopized (13 bees), 0.3 percent were

distylopized (1 bee), and 0.3 percent were tristylopized (1 bee). Of the

females 29.8 percent were parasitized, with a percentage breakdown

of 24.9 with one parasite (93 bees), 4.1 with two (15 bees), and 0.8 with

three (3 bees).

At Station II collecting encompassed two days, July 6 and 7, 1962,

and two days, July 8 and 10, 1964. A total of 632 bees were netted, of

which eight were males and 624 were females. The female bees were

41.8 percent parasitized (261 bees) probably the highest rate ever

reported for bees of any sort. The percentage of females bearing one,

two, three or four Eurystylops were 31.7 (198 bees), 8.8 (55 bees), 1.1

(seven bees), and 0.2 (one bee) respectively.

When comparing the two years it is apparent that we collected later

in the season in 1962 than in 1964. The numbers of male bees

collected at Station | dropped sharply after June 29, 1964, and that

was our starting reference for 1962. By the first of July, 1964, the

females were being collected in greater quantity than were the males,

whereas before that date, the reverse was true. Although several

males were collected after July 1, 1964, none were parasitized,

whereas many of the females were. Perhaps the males bearing

parasites die sooner, leaving by July 1 a predominantly parasite-free

male population; but the females with their extra stores of food are

able to survive for longer periods even though parasitized.

During two days of collecting at Station Il in 1962 a phenomenal

45.4 percent parasitization of female bees was recorded (290 total

female bees). Two years later, with a considerably larger sample (334

female bees) a somewhat lower percentage was noted: 38.6. In both

years males were very scarce at Station II, correlating well with time

of year.

Altogether, 1,313 D. trochantera were examined at the two stations.

Of these, 388 bore parasites and multiple parasitism occurred in 83 of

the bees giving a total of 483 Eurystylops. This was an excellent

opportunity to observe the position of the parasites as indicated by

100 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

the location of the exserted cephalothorax of the female Eurystylops.

As in other stylopids on bees the female parasite rides upside down

and backwards with its head protruding through the intersegmental

membrane between abdominal terga of the host. In 305 monosty-

lopized bees the parasite was always under apparent tergum IV. The

position was lateral but with no obvious choice between right or left

side. The 71 distylopized bees had parasites nearly always under

apparent tergum IV, one on each side. One bee had a parasite under

tergum IV and another under Ill but on opposite sides. In 11

tristylopized bees, seven had two parasites under IV and one under

Ill, two had all three parasites under IV, and two had one parasite

under IV and two under Ill. In the only quadristylopized specimen

captured there were two parasites under IV and two under Ill. These

data show a clear preference for a position under apparent tergum IV

with asecond choice under Ill.

It seems likely that parthenogenesis occurs in E£. sierrensis and

possibly within the entire genus. In the five described species only

females are known. This is quite unlike the situation in Styliops which

parasitize Andrena. An example of the latter is Sty/ops pacifica Bohart,

studied by Linsley and MacSwain (1957). The bee hosts of this

species bear male pupae or empty pupal cases (exuviae). In the two

year period of their study, 1954 and 1956, the total number of Andrena

caerulea Smith (=A. complexa Viereck) examined was 4,473 of which

476 were stylopized. Female Sty/ops constituted 60.5 percent and

males 39.5 percent. They stated that ‘‘the sex ratio of S. pacifica is

probably one to one” (Linsley and MacSwain, 1957:408). In our study

1,313 Dufourea trochantera were examined and 388 of these bore 483

parasites, all female Eurystylops.

In the halictid, Lasioglossum zephyrum, male parasites of

Halictoxenos jonesi Pierce occur throughout the summer according to

Batra (1965). However, male parasites are most common in August

and September. Since the populations of Dufourea trochantera which

we studied are one-brooded, the presence of male parasites in a

second brood can be discounted. Also, there is a possibility that

males may occur but kill the host bee as it emerges. No evidence of

this sort has been reported for any strepsipteran. There is also the

outside chance that male parasites may attack some other insect

host, perhaps not even a bee. Although this is not known in

Stylopidae, it does occur in the strepsipteran family Myrmecolacidae.

Males of this tropical group parasitize ants while females attack

Orthoptera.

Linsley and MacSwain, (1957) stated that the aedeagus of the male

Stylops penetrates and broadly ruptures the membrane of the

entrance to the median brood canal. Several specimens of Stylops

spp. from Andrena spp. were examined and compared with specimens

of Eurystylops sierrensis in Dufourea trochantera. No rupturing could be

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 101

seen in the membrane of E. sierrensis where the outer lip of the brood

canal was smooth and continuous. On the contrary, the Stylops had

the outer lip somewhat jagged and there was evidence of punctures

in more than one place. These observations point toward partheno-

genesis in Eurystylops.

Eurystylops sierrensis Bohart, new species

(Fig. 1)

Female holotype (Univ. Calif. Davis): Head and spiracular areas light, remainder of

cephalothorax testaceous, basal band fuscotestaceous. Shape of head and thorax as in

Fig. 1; mandible approximately triangular, apical tooth nearly straight; apex of headbroad,

convex. Thorax with transverse band of about 70 transparent spots just posterior to

laterobasal angles of head; with an irregular line of 16 pigmented spots between

spiracles; cephalothorax widest just behind spiracles. Cephalothorax in mm:width 0.555,

width at base of head 0.465, length 0.380, length to collar 0.340, length to front edge of

spiracles 0.295.

Holotype female, Sagehen Creek, Nevada County, California, June 29, 1962, ex

Dufourea trochantera G. Bohart, on Phacelia humilis T. and G. (R. Bohart and M. Irwin).

Paratypes, 32 females, same data as holotype but collected from June 24 to July 1; 14°

females, Independence Lake Road, Sierra County, California, July 7, 1962, same host and

collectors as holotype. Paratypes in collections of U.S. National Museum, California

Academy of Sciences, and U.C. Davis.

E. sierrensis is about a fourth larger than desertorum (Fig. 2) but is

different also in the presence of a transverse band of clear spots just

behind the head, and in being more angled behind the spiracles. In

| Imm

1.Slerrensis 2.desertorum

Figs. 1-2. Cephalothoraces of female Eurysty/ops, ventral.

102 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

the last two characters it agrees with tetonensis. However, it is about

a fourth smaller than the latter, and the ratio of head width to cephalo-

thorax width is greater (0.865:0.758). Therefore, the cephalothorax

appears to be more compact.

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank F.D. Parker for assistance in collecting at Station

|, G.E. Bohart for checking our determination of Dufourea trochantera,

R.K. Kinzelback for comments on taxonomy of Eurystylops after

studying our material, and Ms. Katie Bear for the illustrations.

Literature Cited

Batra, S.W.T. 1965. Organisms associated with Lasioglossum zephyrum. J. Kansas

Entomol. Soc. 38:367-389.

Bohart, R.M. 1941. A revision of the Strepsiptera with special reference to the species of

North America. Univ. Calif. Pub. Entomol. 7:91-160.

Bohart, R.M. 1943. A new generic name in Strepsiptera and description of a new species.

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 38:12-13.

Hofeneder, K. 1949. Uber einige Strepsipteren. Brotéria (sér. Ciénc. Nat.). 18:109-162.

Kinzelback, R.K. 1971. Morphologische Befunde an Facherfluglern and ihre phylogene-

tische Bedeutung. Zoologica, 41 Band, 5 Lieferung, Heft 119(2):129-256.

Linsley, E.G. and J.W. MacSwain. 1957. Observations on the habits of Stylops pacifica

Bohart. Univ. Calif. Pub. Entomol. 11:395-430.

RECENT LITERATURE

Diagnostic Manual for the Identification of Insect Pathogens. G.O. Poinar, Jr. and G.M.

Thomas. 1978. Plenum Publ. Corp. 210 pp. $19.50

Biological Control by Augmentation of Natural Enemies. R.L. Ridgway, $.B. Vinson

Eds. 1977. Plenum Publ. Corp. 480 pp. $39.50

Biochemical intervention Between Plants and Insects. J.W. Wallace, R.L. Mansell Eds.

1976. Plenum Publ. Corp. 425 pp. $35.00

Evolutionary Strategies of Parasitic Insects and Mites. P.W. Price Ed. 1975. Plenum

Publ. Corp. 224 pp. $25.00

Evolution of Insect Migration and Diapause. H. Dingle. Ed. 1978. Springer-Verlag. 350

pp., 103 illus. $22.80. Based upon Symposium ‘‘Evolution of Escape in Space

and Time’”’, 15th Int. Congress of Entomology, Washington, D.C. 1976.

The Role of Arthropods in Forest Ecosystems. J. Mattson. Ed. 1977. Springer-Verlag.

104 p., 28 illus. Proceedings of 15th Int. Congress of Entomology, Washing-

ton, D.C. 1076.

Atlas of an Insect Brain. N.J. Strausfeld. 1976. Springer-Verlag. 214 pp. 81 partly colored

illus., 71 plates. $98.00

An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. R.W. Merritt, K.\W. Cummins

Eds. 1978. Kendall/Hunt. Publ. Co. 512 pp. $18.95 tentative.

Notes on the Biology of Pissodes fasciatus LeConte and its

Insect Associates

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Mark A. Deyrup

Department of Zoology

University of Washington, Seattle, 98195

The genus Pissodes includes about 11 species, which are sharply

divided into two ecological groups: species that breed in growing

terminals and laterals of conifers, and species that breed in boles and

stumps of moribund and recently killed conifers (Smith and Sugden,

1969). Pissodes fasciatus LeConte belongs to the latter group,

breeding in stumps and boles of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii

(Mirbel) Franco. Pissodes is a notably homogeneous group; size and

elytral scale patterns are the only external morphological characters

that can easily be used to separate P. fasciatus from sympatric

Species such as P. strobi (Peck) (=sitchensis Hopk.) that destroy

terminals of healthy conifers. In its habitat preferences, however, P.

fasciatus is closely related to Douglas-fir bark beetles, such as

Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins and _ Hylastes nigrinus

(Mannerheim). The insect associates of P. fasciatus reflect both its

taxonomic and ecological relationships, some being regularly

associated with various species of Pissodes, others being regularly

associated with bark beetles.

Studies of Pissodes fasciatus were undertaken as part of a compre-

hensive study of the insect fauna of dead Douglas-fir. Most observa-

tions on P. fasciatus were made in the Cedar River Watershed, Cedar

Falls, King Co., Washington. During 1971 trees were cut at monthly

intervals and the invading insects were observed and collected.

During 1971 through 1976 numerous naturally occuring dead

Douglas-fir were examined. Sections of Douglas-fir occupied by

Pissodes were brought into the laboratory for examination. Insect

associates were removed and placed, usually accompanied by a

small piece of bark, on a pad of paper toweling in a 100 x 15 mm.

Optilux Petri dish. The Petri dishes were kept at room temperature

and the paper toweling was moistened with a few drops of water

every other day.

Biology

Pissodes fasciatus is very abundant in second growth stands in

western Washington, where it breeds in shaded boles and stumps of

dead and dying Douglas-fir. Cut or windthrown trees supply most of

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:103-106. April 1978.

104 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

the breeding material, but the root crowns of pole-sized suppressed

trees are occasionally attacked. Pissodes fasciatus also breeds in the

stumps of Christmas trees in open plantations, but only when the

stumps are heavily shaded by brush. Larvae occur in bark that is

about .5cm to over 2 cm thick.

This habitat of P. fasciatus in thicker bark of shaded Douglas-fir

seems very similar to the habitats of the bark beetles Dendroctonus

pseudotsugae and Hylastes nigrinus. Pissodes fasciatus, however,

prefers a much more humid subcortical environment than that

preferred by D. pseudotsugae, and it is usually found in bark actually

in contact with wet ground, in the moist bark around the root collar or

on the underside of the bole of trees lying in very dense shade. It is

not unusual to find D. pseudotsugae occupying the upper side of the

bole of a fallen tree and P. fasciatus occupying the lower side.

Hylastes nigrinus occasionally occurs in root crowns with P. fasciatus,

but more frequently breeds in buried roots.

The life cycle of P. fasciatus in western Washington is partially

known. Like adult Pissodes approximatus Hopkins (Finnegan, 1958)

many adult P. fasciatus apparently overwinter and may be seen

mating and ovipositing on freshly fallen or cut trees in early spring

when the air temperature first reaches 18-20°C. Oviposition continues

into August, and there are many overwintering larvae; it is not known

when these overwintering larvae emerge. Recently emerged adults

probably feed on phloem of healthy trees as do other bole-inhabiting

species of Pissodes (Finnegan, 1958), but it is not known where this

feeding occurs, and there are no reports of damage caused by adult

P. fasciatus.

Oviposition has been observed on several occasions. The female

excavates a niche in the outer bark with her rostrum and deposits one

to six oval yellowish eggs about 1.2 mm long. The puncture is

partially filled in with particles that could be either frass or bits of

wood.

The larvae make galleries in the inner bark parallel to the grain of

the wood. The galleries usually do not engrave the surface of the

sapwood. The pupal chamber is lined with bits of wood or bark and

may be in the bark or in the surface of the sapwood. If the bark is thin,

the pupal cell is likely to be in the surface of the sapwood.

Insect Associates

In western Washington P. fasciatus is attacked by four parasitoid

wasps. Larvae found under particularly thin bark may be attacked by a

braconid, Bracon pini (Meusebeck) that has an ovipositor about 1.2-1.6

mm long. Bracon pini is an external parasitoid and there are usually

two or three parasites produced from each host. Larvae under thicker

bark are vulnerable to another braconid, Coe/oides brunneri Viereck,

that has an ovipositor 4.5-7 mm long. Coeloides brunneri is a solitary

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 105

external parasitoid. The population of C. brunneri remains at a

relatively high level because of the abundance of its primary host, the

bark beetle Dendroctonus pseudotsugae. Coeloides brunneri is often the

most important parasitoid of P. fasciatus in thin bark. Under slightly

thicker bark P. fasciatus larvae remain available to another solitary

external parasitoid, Dolichomitus terebrans nubilipennis (Viereck), an

ichneumonid with an ovipositor 7.8-10.5 mm long. Finally, the

braconid Allodorus crassigaster (Provancher) avoids the problem of

bark thickness by ovipositing in the eggs of its host. The solitary

parasitoid larva does not kill its host until the latter is almost mature.

Female A. crassigaster may be observed waiting a few millimeters

from a P. fasciatus that is unconcernedly ovipositing; before the

weevil has left the scene its eggs are already being attacked by the

braconid.

Four additional insects are associated with P. fasciatus in western

Washington. The lonchaeid, Lonchaea furnissi McAlpine, is apparently

a scavenger, feeding on dead larvae and pupae of P. fasciatus. The

dolichopodids, Medetera vidua Wheeler and Medetera arctica

VanDuzee, are predators that attack larvae and probably pupae.

Adults of a 2.7 mm staphylinid, Atheta sp., have been found in P.

fasciatus galleries; the role of this species is unknown.

None of these eight species of associates is confined to the

galleries of P. fasciatus. Coeloides brunneri, Lonchaea_ furnissi,

Medetera arctica, M. vidua, and Atheta sp. are all common associates

of bark beetles. All these species are found in the galleries of

Dendroctonus pseudotsugae with the exception of M. vidua, which

occurs in more humid habitats such as the galleries of Hylastes

nigrinus in roots (Zethner-M@ller and Rudinsky, 1967) or the galleries

of os concinnus in heavily shaded Sitka spruce. Bracon pini, Dolichomi-

tus terebrans, and Allodorus crassigaster are parasitoids of several

species of Pissodes, including species that breed in leaders and

laterals (Stevenson, 1963; Taylor, 1929; Townes and Townes, 1960).

Considering the paramount importance of habitat in the selection of

hosts by ichneumonids (Townes, 1960) and braconids (Matthews,

1974), it is probable that the species of Bracon, Dolichomitus and

Allodorus that attack Pissodes in the bole and roots of dead trees are in

reality sibling species of those that attack Pissodes in terminals and

leaders of healthy trees.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by National Science Foundation grant

no. GB-20963 to the Coniferous Forest Biome, Ecosystem Analysis

Studies, U.S. International Biological Program. Determinations of

associates of P. fasciatus were made by Dr. Paul Marsh (Braconidae)

at the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C.; Dr. Fred Harmston

(Dolichopodidae) of the U.S. Public Health Service, Ft. Collins,

106 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Colorado; and Dr. J.F. McAlpine (Lonchaeidae) at the Canadian

National Museum, Ottawa, Canada.

Literature Cited

Finnegan, R.J. 1958. The pine weevil, Pissodes approximatus Hopk., in southern Ontario.

Can. Entomol. 90:348-354.

Matthews, R.W. 1974. Biology of Braconidae. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 19:15-32.

Smith, S.G., and B.A. Sugden. 1969. Host trees and breeding sites of native North Ameri-

can Pissodes bark weevils, with a note on synonymy. Ann. Entomol. Soc.

Amer. 62:146-148.

Stevenson, R.E. 1963. Insects associated with the Engelmann spruce weevil, Pissodes

engelmanni Hopkins. Can. Dept. For. Bi-Mon. Res. Notes 19:2-3.

Taylor, R.L. 1929. The biology of the white pine weevil Pissodes strobi (Peck), and a study

of its insect parasites from an economic viewpoint. Entomol. Amer. N.S.

10:1-83.

Townes, H. 1960. Host selection patterns in some Nearctic ichneumonids. 11th Int.

Congr. Entomol., Vienna 2:738-741.

Townes, H., and M. Townes. 1960. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico: 2. Sub-

families Ephialtinae, Xoridinae, Acaenitinae. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 216:1-676.

Zethner-Mdller, O., and J.A. Rudinsky. 1967. On the biology of Hylastes nigrinus

(Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in western Oregon. Can. Entomol. 99:897-910.

RECENT LITERATURE

The following Occasional Papers in Entomology have recently

appeared, and are available free, upon request.

No. 22. Akalyptoischion, A New Genus of Lathridiidae from Western

North America (Coleoptera). Fred G. Andrews, 23 pp.

No. 23. A Revision of the Hoplia of the Nearctic Realm (Coleoptera:

Scarabaeidae), Alan R. Hardy, 48 pp.

No. 24. A Review of the Genus Coccus Linnaeus in America North of

Panama (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). R.J. Gill, S.

Nakahara, M.L. Williams, 44 pp.

No. 25. Taxonomy and Host Specificity of Nearctic Alloxystinae with

a catalog of the World Species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae).

Fred G. Andrews, 128 pp.

No. 26. A Classification of the Sesiidae of America North of Mexico

(Lepidoptera: Sesioidea), W. Donald Duckworth and Thomas

D. Eichlin, 54 pp.

Write to: Library Chairman, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, 1220 N

St., Sacramento, CA 95814.

New North American Tabanidae (Diptera). XXV.

The Genus Hybomitra And Some Other New Tabanine Horse Flies

in Mexico

Cornelius B. Philip

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco 94118

Subsequent to Bellardi’s first review (1859) of tabanid species in

Mexico, complexity of the fauna there has become apparent, as well

as the common ancestral derivation of certain elements in the Tribe

Tabanini so recently that attempted groupings within the genus

Tabanus sens. lat. into separate subgenera or even genera has not

been entirely practical (see Fairchild, 1969) as complicating inter-

gradation continues to become evident in the Neotropical Region as

a whole. It is, nevertheless, useful systematically in some cases to

refer relationships to formerly named groups, such as Lophotabanus

or Neotabanus pending assessment as further biological information

among pertinent species accumulates.

Rearing immature stages, which has furnished helpful systematic

clues to relationships in the adjacent Nearctic fauna (e.g., Burger,

1975 and other articles on the related Arizona fauna) has still received

almost no attention in Mexico, but should be increasingly revealing in

the foreseeable future (e.g., Tidwell and Philip, 1977). One tabanine

element that has obviously evolved recently in Mexico, is the group of

slender-bodied Tabanus with unistriate abdominal patterns but vary-

ing eye coloration; several of this group are discussed and/or de-

scribed below. Mexican species of recently separated Hybomitra,

which has speciated abundantly in temperate and boreal regions of

the Northern Hemisphere, are only sparingly represented in north-

central Mexico, as also discussed below.

In addition to standard metric abbreviations, others used in text

include: altitude - alt., highways - hwys., California Academy of

Sciences - CAS, Universities of California at Berkeley, (or) Davis - UC

Berkeley, (or) Davis, Canadian National Collection, Ottawa - CNC,

G.B. Fairchild, University of Florida, Gainesville - GBF, and L.L.

Pechuman, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York - LLP. Specimens

formerly published as in collection of the author, ‘‘CBP”’ (or so indi-

cated to donors of duplicated material), have now been incorporated

into the collection of CAS.

Tabanus arnaudi, new species

Figure 1

Diagnosis: A rather small brownish-red species with brown and gray-lined scutum and

distinct (though more reduced than usual in the ‘‘Lophotabanus group’’) blackish scutellar-

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:107-124. April 1978.

108 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

prescutellar ‘‘eye spot,’’ mid-row of low to tall, almost equilateral gray triangles on choco-

late- to red-brown, slender abdomen darkened caudally, reddish antennal plate and 2 hind

pairs of legs, and subhyaline wing with normal venation, no spur vein.

Holotype female, length 11.5 mm. Eyes bare, purple with 2 median green bands (re-

laxed). Frons buff-gray pollinose with darker shadows and patch of black hairs but no

tubercle at vertex, sides gently narrowed below, index 1/5.0; callosity dark brown, a little

taller than broad, narrowly separated from eye margins, and rapidly tapered above into a

strong median keel which is flanked by a median patch of evanescent, dusky pollen. Sub-

callus pale yellow pollinose. Face and cheeks whitish pollinose and pilose below. Scape

pale pinkish yellow with pale hairs grading to brown above, about equal in height to base

of plate, the latter dull red, dorsally subrectangulate, and distinctly longer than tall and

than darkened style. Apical palpal segment (hereinafter often referred to as Palpus II)

yellowish with pale and a few black hairs, slender and blunt apically.

Scutum dark brown with 2 admedian, gray, pale-haired stripes which together in certain

lights form a pale longitudinal mid-stripe in front of the black prescutellum; lateral notal

margins also gray. In caudal view, a reduced, basal scutellar spot recedes, leaving hind

margin broadly pinkish gray, and shaggy pale-haired. Pleura and coxae gray-white

pollinose and pilose. Fore legs with tibiae reddish, pale-haired on about basal halves

otherwise black. Two hind pairs of legs reddish with indefinite darker shades basally on

femora; hind tibial fringes mostly pale-haired basally.

Abdomen dorsally, light chocolate brown, darkening caudally on the last 3 tergites;

dark-haired except for pale yellow hairs on gray median triangles, none of which clearly

crosses respective tergites, though those on tergites 2 and 3 have faint, attenuated apical

extensions; scattered yellow hairs laterally. Venter pale orange yellow, yellow-haired, also

darkened caudally.

Type locality: Mexico: Chiapas, N slope Cerro Bola, N Cerro Tres Picos, 1524-2134 m

alt.,5.V.72. D.E. Breedlove. In CAS, Ent. Type No. 11722.

Paratype females: 17, same data as holotype; 10, Chiapas-Oaxaca border, Municipio de

Cintalapa, 38 km W Las Cruces, 1372 m alt., 13.V.72. D.E. Breedlove; 5, Chiapas, 61 km W

San Cristobal jnc. hwys. 190-195., 12.V.59. H.J. Teskey. In colls. CAS, CNC, GBF, and LLP.

esete,

‘mee s'

Eo SU roy

Wha

—

-

Ba

¢

Lees

‘

38.

te

uv

“

*F

oA

Figure 1. Jabanus arnaudi new species, female. Outlines of frons,

antenna and palpus.

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 109

Except for darkened apical annuli, antennae may be entirely red;

abdomen sometimes darkened, or more reddened basally, and a few

of the Cerro Bola series contain dried blood which the collector re-

ported was probably obtained from range cattle in the vicinity; the

flies were netted while they attacked the field party. In a few

specimens, the triangles cross some tergites. Frontal indexes vary

from 1/4.4-5.3 and body lengths from 11 to 13 mm. Wear may accen-

tuate the red scutellar margins and decrease the prominence of the

prescutellar ‘‘eye-spots.”’ The thoracic stripes and generally smaller

size distinguish this from related species, such as 7. nebulosus

DeGeer from Central America, which furthermore has chunkier palpi

and sublateral abdominal spots. 7. yucatanus Townsend is another

small brownish species from the Yucatan Peninsula which lacks the

distinct thoracic lines; the abdominal pattern is trivittate with white-

haired triangles and sublateral spots; it has no prescutellar-basal

scutellar black-haired “eye-spot,’’ and has more excised antennal

plates with sharper baso-dorsal teeth. The types in CAS prompt me to

dedicate this nice species to Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Chairman of the

Entomology Department (CAS), whose cordial provision of facilities

for my studies on Mexican and other Tabanidae is gratefully acknow-

ledged.

Tabanus glaucomaculis, new species

Figure 2

Diagnosis: Somewhat like 7. glauconotatus Philip, this is a medium-sized, blackish fly

with gray-lined scutum and 3 rows of prominent, steel gray abdominal triangles. The

antenna and fore femur are dark brown to blackish, scape somewhat swollen, wing lightly

tinted with faint clouds on crossveins, halter blackish with strongly pale-seamed knob.

Holotype female, length 15.5 mm. Eyes bare, each with a strong, median purple stripe,

the lower border indefinitely coppery, upper border greenish (relaxed). Frons gray

pollinose with nearly parallel sides, index 1/3.8, and sparse black hairs, a small, non-

elevated dark spot at vertex; callosity shining black, touching eyes at lower corners,

‘abruptly tapered into a strong, black median keel nearly to vertex. Subcallus, face and

cheeks steel-gray pollinose with white pile below; no lateral subcallar hairs. Scape rather

swollen, gray black with black hairs, a little taller than the black, obtuse-angled plate

which is distinctly longer, but a little less tall, than length of the black style. Palpus II

robust basally, alittle shorter than proboscis, blue gray, predominantly black-haired.

Thorax, including prealar lobes and scutellum, black with gray bloom and obscure pale-

haired lines dorsally, and whitish pleural and coxal pile. Scutellum with pale hairs on

outer corners and a peculiar, central triangle of pale hairs making a suggestion of an un-

usual geminate black figure on the disc, easily obliterated by wear. Fore tibia basally and

2 hind pairs of legs reddish brown with mixed white and some black hairs, the hind tibial

fringe black: fore tibia black on distal half. Wing, including costal cell, subhyaline, cloud

on fork and crossveins hardly discernable except to accentuate the veins; venation

normal, no spur vein.

Abdomen elongated, a third longer than head and thorax together, but not markedly

tapered, tergite 7 only moderately narrower than 6. Pattern basically black-haired; median

triangles nearly equilateral with apexes just or not quite reaching anterior tergal margins;

sublateral spots rhomboidal on first 3 tergites, rounded thereafter and, in some lights,

110 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

isolated from both margins; pale pattern whitish-haired, including narrow incisures.

Venter entirely dark gray pollinose with pale hairs, accentuated on incisures, some coarse

black hairs caudally.

Type locality: Mexico: Nuevo Leon, Chippinque Mesa, Monterey, 26.VIII.60. H.F.

Howden. In CNC No. 12923. Paratypes - 2 females, same data. In colls. CNC and CAS. In

close agreement with the type, but some characters less well preserved.

The bluish-gray pattern has considerable resemblance to 7. glauco-

notatus Philip from Toluca, D.F., which, however, is smaller, less elon-

gate, has smaller, more isolated callosity, a distinctly notched vertex,

more plainly bicolored legs, whitish opaque, lower squamae, and the

median row of truncated triangles continuous, thus dividing the sub-

median row of paired dark dashes. The scape of 7. glaucomaculus isa

little more swollen, but not as much as in related 7. abditus Philip

which has not been taken south of Arizona at present; the eyes of the

latter are unbanded, and red under the lateral spots is more evident.

The pattern in 7. pruinosus Bigot is more reduced and all sublateral

spots isolated. Taken at the same time with the glaucomaculis types

was a female of casually, morphologically-similar 7. cazieri Philip

female, which, however, is much browner overall, particularly the

scutellum and venter.

Figure 2. Tabanus glaucomaculis new species, female. Outlines of

frons, antenna and paipus.

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 411

Tabanus rallus, new species

Figure 3

Diagnosis: A small reddish-brown species with entirely red antennae, black scutum and

scutellum, midabdominal row of tall, white-haired triangles, and clear wing.

Holotype female, length, 12 mm. Eyes bare, purple with 2 green bands (relaxed). Frons

buff gray, slightly narrowed below, index 1/5.2; paler gray pollinose toward the vertex in

certain lights; callosity deep blackish brown, barely separated from eyes below and

abruptly tapered into a stout median line to the upper third of frons. Subcallus and upper

cheeks buff pollinose; lower cheeks and face whitish pollinose and pilose. Antenna brick-

red, style a little darker, scape black-haired, subequal to plate in height; latter subrectan-

gulate dorsally and but little longer than style. Palpus II dusky yellow, mostly black-hair-

ed, and somewhat thickened at knee, blunt apically.

Scutum black with suggestions of faint gray lines anteriorly and reddish shades on

discs of prealar lobes. Pleura and fore coxae gray pollinose and white pilose. Fore leg

otherwise black with concolorous hairs; basal third of tibia reddish with pale hairs; 2 hind

pairs reddish with pale hairs, basal two-thirds of femora with brown shadings, hind tibial

fringe mostly black. Wing glass clear, costal cell faintly yellow, venation normal without

spur vein. Halter with brown stem, orange knob.

Abdomen light reddish brown on basal 4 segments above and below, remaining 3 black,

black-haired dorsally, pale-haired below; a continuous dorsal row of tall, easily-worn,

whitish-haired, truncated triangles which are not expanded along the incisures, a small,

elongate dark integumental spot beneath that ont. 2.

Type locality: Mexico: Oaxaca, ‘‘42 m St. (?S) Oaxaca,”’ 13.VI1.52.945 m. No collector. In

coll. L.L. Pechuman.

Allotype male, length 11.5 mm. Except for usual sexual differences, like the female and

readily associated. Eyes bare, facets gradually, moderately enlarged in about upper half.

Black median spots on first 2 tergites larger than in female, and nearly reaching hind

margin of t. 2. Palpus II pallid, ovoid, with mixed black and pale hairs. Mexico: Michoacan,

Figure 3. Tabanus rallus new species, female. Outlines of frons,

antennaand palpus.

112 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

13 km N Cuatro Caminos, 300 m. 29.VI.75. E.M. Fisher, in CAS, Ent. Type No. 13103.

Another male, same state and collector, 30.5 km S Uruapan, 945 m alt., is omitted from

type series because headless. It agrees otherwise with the allotype. These and many

other tabanids from southern North America were generously donated by Mr. Fisher of

Long Beach State University to CAS.

Paratype female, also Oaxaca, 3 km NW Totalapan, 945 m ait., 7.VII.53 (no collector). In

CAS. Differs in only minor respects; 11 mm. Frontal index 1/5.7; tergite 3 partially black

behind.

Distinguished among other, slender, unistriate Mexican species by

its smaller size, all-red antennae and narrow, less prominent, pale-

haired, midabdominal line.

Tabanus searsi, new species

Figure 4

Diagnosis: A medium-large, reddish-brown species with elongated abdomen and single

row of white-haired triangles, rather plainly lined scutums and indefinite blackish spot

basally on reddish scutellum, black flagellum, faintly tinted wing, and fore tibia darkened

only on about distal third.

Holotype female, length, 18 mm. Eyes bare, purple, each with 2 green bands narrower

than the median purple interval. Frons pale buff pollinose, slightly widened above, index

1/5.3, callosity reddish brown, narrowly separated from eye margins, double-notched on

lower margin, and tapered into a narrow median, bare ridge half way to vertex which is

flanked in certain lights by a pair of evanescent brown lines. Subcallus pale buff

pollinose. Face and cheeks whitish pollinose and pilose below. Antenna with basal 2

segments pale reddish, scape swollen dorso-apically with black hairs, height subequal to

length and to basal height of plate; latter strongly excised, the tooth acute angulate,

Figure 4. Tabanus searsi new species, female. Outlines of frons,

antenna and palpus.

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 113

mostly black and longer than height, or than style. Palpus II rather slender, pale reddish,

nearly as long as unsheathed stylets, tapered to a blunt apex, and with mixed short black

and pale hairs.

Thorax reddish brown with 2 submedian and 2 sublateral, darker scutal stripes, the sub-

lateral brown intervals accentuated behind by coarse, easily-denuded pale hairs; prescu-

tellum, and red scutellum basally, dull black, but not sufficiently contrasting for assign-

ment to group ‘‘Lophotabanus.’’ Legs reddish, mostly pale-haired; fore femur and apical

third of fore tibia blackish gray, hind tibial fringe pale. Wing venation normal, no spur

vein. Halter yellow.

Abdomen reddish brown, darkening caudally, last two segments black, mostly black-

haired dorsally, entirely pale ventrally; pale hairs on edges of tergites, widened on hind

corners but not extended along incisures to connect with tall, median, white-haired tri-

angles on tergites 2 to 5, which only just cross tergites 2-3, but are nearly equilateral and

shorter on 4 and 5; tergites 6 and 7 black except for a few pale hairs in the middle.

Type locality: Mexico: Chihuahua, Temoris, 1.VIII. 69. T.A. Sears (to whom the speciesis

dedicated), R.C. Gardner, and C.S. Glaser. In UC, Davis, Type No. 441.

Paratype female, same data except 2.1VII.69. in CAS. In good agreement with type, buta

recent (dried) blood meal has caused abdomen to appear darker, more tapered and

narrower caudally.

This has obvious recent ancestral derivation in common with the

smaller T. arnaudi new species from Chiapas, which, however, has

more reddish, less excised plates, and fore tibiae hardly one-half pale

basally. In 7. subfemoralis new species from the West Coast, the mid-

abdominal triangles are yellow-haired and less contrasting, plates

more reddish and thoraxes not as plainly lined, in addition to green,

only unibanded eyes.

Tabanus subfemoralis, new species

Figure5

Diagnosis: An elongate species with scutums blackish, antennal flagellum and

abdomen predominantly reddish brown, last 2 to 3 segments sharply black and midstripe

composed of tall, yellow-haired, truncated triangles, plus less distinct, pale yellow, sub-

lateral spots; legs bicolored.

Holotype female, length, 14.5 mm. Eyes bare, green, each with one purple band

(relaxed). Frons buff-gray pollinose, with patch of black bristles in a distinct though low

notch at vertex; nearly parallel-sided, index 1/4.3; callosity brown, narrowly separated

from eye margins and rapidly tapered into a narrow median brown keel which extends

over half way to vertex; lower margin with 2 small sublateral notches. Subcallus also buff-

gray pollinose. Face and cheeks whitish pollinose and pilose below. Antenna mostly red,

scape moderately swollen with black hairs above, plate brick-red, strongly excavated,

dorso-basal tooth prominent, acute-angulate, grading to dark brown on style. Palpus II

pale yellow, mostly black-haired, slender, a little thickened basally, blunt apically.

Scutum including scutellum dull black, with appressed yellow and some sparse black

hairs but no plain lines, pleura and coxae gray pollinose and whitish pilose. Fore femur

and apical three-fourths of tibia black and mostly black-haired, latter lasally red with pale

hairs. Two hind pairs of legs red with pale hairs, basal two-thirds of femora and tips of

tibiae and tarsi blackish; hind tibial fringes mostly black with some pale hairs basally.

Wing lightly tinted, but accentuated along vein R,,,. No spur vein. Halter with brown stem,

yellow knob. Basicosta setulose.

Abdomen bright reddish, mostly black-haired above, pale yellow-haired below and ona

conspicuous middorsal line of tall, truncated triangles which cross tergites 2 to 5, and

with more obscure, yellow-haired rhomboidal, sublateral spots; last 2 segments sharply

114 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

black with areduced median patch of pale hairs ont. 6.

Allotype male, length, 13 mm. Eyes bare, facets only slightly and gradually enlarged in

upper halves. Tubercle in occipital notch, small and depressed below eye level. Frontal

triangle buff-gray pollinose, darker in apex. Face and cheeks gray pollinose and whitish

pilose. Palpus II pale yellow, a third longer than thick, blunt apically and with a few black

hairs among mostly white ones. Abdomen more slender and pointed than in females;

wear has nearly obliterated the middorsal pale-haired row of truncated triangles so that a

dull blackish, middorsal spot on tergite 2, and black on segments behind the fourth are

accentuated. Otherwise in good agreement with the holotype.

Type locality: Holotype, Mexico: Sinaloa, 40 km S Elota, 6.VIII.63. J. Powell. In CAS, Ent.

Type No. 11721, on permanent deposit courtesy of UC Berkeley. Allotype: also same state

and depository but 8 km N Mazatlan, black light. J.A. Chemsak. Paratype females: 5, same

data as holotype, plus 1, same data but 5, VIII, J.A. Chemsak; 1, same data as allotype, plus

19, 22-25.VIl.72, black light and Malaise traps. J.A. and M.A. Chemsak, A. and M. Michel-

backer; 3, 41.5 km N Pericos, 13.VIII.60. P.H. Arnaud, Jr., E.S. Ross, D.C. Rentz; 10, Mazat-

lan, ‘‘at sea level,” 31.VII.-16VIII.64. W.R.M. Mason, J.F. McAlpine, plus 5 others, same

area and dates, up to 549 m alt., McAlpine, Mason, Howden and McGuffin; 1,21 km and 14,

8 km E Villa Union, 26.V1I,64, W.J. Gertsch, J.A. Woods. E Concordia, 5.VIII.64. L.A. Kelton;

Nayarit - 1,16 km W Acaponeta, 4.VII.62. Sleeper, Anderson and Somberby. Morelos - 1, 11

km SSW Yautepec, 2.VIl.61. ‘‘U Kans. Exped.’’ Michoacan - 1, 8 km SW Tiquicheo, 427 m

alt., 8.VII.70. E. Fisher, P. Sullivan. Guerrero - 1, Acapulco, 4.VII.63. Parker, Stanke; 1, 14.5

km E. Chipaderos, 3.VII.63. Parker, Stanke. In colls. CAS, UC Berkeley and Davis, CNC,

USNM, American Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, GBF and LLP.

Lenghts, 13-15 mm.

Figure 5. Tabanus subfemoralis new species, female. Outlines of

frons, antenna and palpus.

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 115

Darkening of 2 hind pairs of femora, basally, of tergite 5, and of

basal callosity are somewhat variable, and wear may obliterate vague

sublateral spots. The black-light captures could indicate either cre-

puscular habits or attraction from nearby evening perches.

Specimens of related, presumed 7. femoralis Krober from Guate-

mala, Honduras and Chiapas differ in fronts being a little narrower

(about 1/5), scutums more brownish, eyes purple with 2 green bands,

antennal plates more excised and darkened beyond the basal tooth,

and wings with brown-margined veins. 7. tumiscapens Philip also

occurs along the western coast of Mexico and has unibanded eyes,

but is quickly differentiated from 7. subfemoralis by the more enlarged

antennal scapes and browner abdomens with whitish middorsal

stripes. 7. nondescriptus Fairchild from Darien, Panama, and

Columbia, has some resemblance to 7. subfemoralis but is more

brownish overall, including thorax, femora and tinted wings, and the

median triangles are more slender and attenuated apically.

Tabanus tumiscapens Philip

Originally described from Nayarit (23 May), specimens have since

been seen from Puebla (12 August), Michoacan, and Guerrero; most

in June and early July, and up to 1100 m alt. A male was taken with 3

females in Puebla and is described below as the neallotype by

comparison with the females.

Neallotype male, 12.5 mm in length. Eyes bare, the facets moderately enlarged in upper

two-thirds. Apical palpal segment subovoid with a blunt, downward-pointed nipple apical-

ly, about twice longer than thick. Entire whitish body vestiture shaggier, including that on

the middorsal stripe of truncated triangles, and white hairs more evident on sides and in-

cisures of abdomen: a more prominent inverted ‘black integumental triangle crossing first

2 tergites. Black hairs on scutum and scutellum longer, more upright.

Neallotype locality: Mexico: Puebla, 11 km NW Tehuitzingo, 1100 m, 1-2.VII.75 E.M. and

J.L. Fisher. In CAS, Ent. Type No. 13108.

Tabanus femoralis Krober

The type female from Guatemala of this rather inadequately de-

scribed species with broken antennae was a war casualty in

Hamburg. Accumulation of a few specimens from Guatemala and

Honduras has permitted presumptive recognition, as well as of

probable occurrence of femoralis in Chiapas, Mexico. The species will

be redescribed by Dr. G.B. Fairchild of University of Florida, based on

a Neotype he will establish from among a series of 7 females in CAS

116 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

taken by Mr. E.M. Fisher near Flores, Guatemala, of which the follow-

ing is a brief characterization that fits some Chiapas specimens as

well.

Diagnosis: A medium-sized, brownish-red, slender species with thorax including pre-

alar lobes cinnamon-brown, and hind margin of scutellum a little more reddish, abdomen

elongate, brighter reddish than in related Mexican species with mid-row of tall, pale

yellow, truncated triangles on tergites 2 to 6, wings tinted with vein margins darkened

apico-costally, and legs mostly reddish, pale-haired, including coxae, the fore femora

darker with black hairs. Eyes (relaxed) purple, each with 2 green bands; frons gently con-

vergent below, index about 1/5, vertex moderately depressed; antenna mostly reddish,

style black, plate strongly excised, the dorsobasal tooth subrectangulate; palpus rather

slender, yellowish with black and some pale hairs.

Material examined: Females: 9, Guatemala; 2, Honduras; Mexico - Chiapas: 2, N Slope

Cerro Bola, N Tres Picos, 1524-2134 m alt., 5.V.72. D.E. Breedlove; 1,10 km W San Christo-

bal, jnc. hwys. 190-195, 11.VI.60, light. H.J. Teskey; 1, El Sumidero, 7.V1.69. J.E.H. Martin,

and 1, same collector but 12.V.69; 1, border Chlapas-Oaxaca, in pine forest, 13.V.67.

Halfter and Reyes. In CAS and CNC.

Separation from related 7. subfemoralis new species is discussed

under that species.

Occasional specimens from Chiapas are now doubtfully referred

here which were at first set up as a distinct species because of vary-

ingly prominent suggestions of black-haired, darkened integument in

the basal scutellar-prescutellar areas and the lack of pale-haired

incisural fringes mentioned originally by Krober. The significance of

these differences will have to await interpretation from more

adequate material.

Tabanus furunculus Williston

Females now assigned to this rather common ‘‘species’’ from

Sinaloa to Chiapas, have shown such variation that they are

suspected of representing a composite complex. The paler, more

reddish form is represented by the syntype female studied in BM (NH)

from ‘‘Santiago Yacuintla’”’ in Jalisco in the north with reddish legs,

callosity, bases of plates, and scutellar margins, as well as basal

abdominal segments without black margins enclosing pale median

lines. This paler, reddish form has been taken less frequently than a

darker form with above-mentioned parts mostly black as represented

by the later-synonymized (Fairchild, 1971) 7. aztecus Philip. | still

doubt this synonymy. The original intention of differentiating the

latter from the more reddish syntype of furuncul/us was unfortunately

confused by ascribing in ljapsus the syntype characters of furunculus

to the very different type of 7. haemagogus Williston in BM (NH), and

studied by me at the same time. Males are infrequent in collections,

but so far only a hirsute, dark form, represented by the other syntype

in BM (NH) from Guerrero, has been seen. The white hairs on many

parts of head and body are longer than on any females seen. The

tubercle in occipital notch is small but at eye level, and eyes are bare,

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 117

upper facets not greatly enlarged, but line of separation at about

lower third is distinct. Palpi are ovoid with slightly downward-pointed,

blunt apical nipples. It seems not improbable that rearing and biologi-

cal studies will eventually enable association of these males with a

particular group of females in this complex. None of the females with

data duplicated with males, in the few instances seen from Nayarit,

Morelos and Guerrero, have shown either the same preponderance

of long white body hairs or wide middorsal black band enclosing the

median white line.

For practical, referral purposes, the more reddish female syntype

discussed above from Jalisco, primarily described by Williston, is

herewith designated as lectotype in BMNH. The front is parallel-

sided, index 1/3.5, the callosity reddish, quadrate (‘‘quadrilateral’’),

the 2 hind pairs of legs and hind margin of scutellum red. The first 3

abdominal segments reddish, black-haired except for the white-

haired median line, beneath which basally is an obscure dark

elongate integumental spot (this becomes accentuated by wear or

discoloration).

Lengths of females vary from 10 mm (Guerrero) to 15 mm (Chiapas).

Revivable eye patterns show lower borders purple, upper green anda

median cross-stripe of each color. While bodies are slender, they are

not typically as evenly tapered nor the scapes as swollen as in related

T. tumiscapens Philip with single eye stripes, which is more restricted

on the West Coast.

lt is difficult to accept as this species, a series of females from

Nayarit with similar appearance, except the abdomens are more

strongly tapered and darker above and below. Likewise puzzling are

individuals from several localities with middorsal, almost equilateral

triangles barely crossing tergites, and with data matching others with

more characteristic middorsal lines. Variation is also observed in

widths of fronts and shapes of callosities in otherwise inseparable

material. For these reasons, | refrain from recognizing the dark

“Aztecus form” until more information is available on this complex,

particularly on critical distribution.

The genus Hybomitra Enderlein in Mexico

To the 5 species of Hybomitra now recognized in Mexico and keyed

below, may now be added 2 more newly described species. Only one,

H. laticornis (Hine), overlaps the northern Mexican and southern

Nearctic faunas, but Burger (1975) considers that the distinctive im-

mature characters should exclude its assignment to this genus, but it

is here retained pending further information.

Another Nearctic species that is a vigorous colonizer and recorded

as far south as Brazoria County, Texas (Dr. P.H. Thompson, in /itt.), H.

118 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

lasiophthalma (Macquart), | had suggested (1968) might occur in

northern Mexico, but is still unrecorded there. Two others, H. cincta

(Fabricius) and H. zonalis (Kirby), occur too far north of the border to

make early, meantime unconfirmed, Mexican reports credible. A

third, ‘‘T’’.. comastes Williston (= captonis Marten), listed by

Townsend (1895), was undoubtedly a misidentification (See Philip,

1975), and speculation as to its identity is useless until more is known

abo ut the Baja California tabanid fauna.

The genus is replaced to the south from Central Mexico by Poecilo-

deras Lutz which lacks the characteristic tubercle at vertex, and has

other restrictive differences.

The 2 Hybomitra species herein added to the Mexican fauna on

basis of their vertical tubercles, have imperceptible eye hairs under

low magnification. This character is more evident on most species to

the north, but varies in Hybomitra as it does in Tabanus. The males,

when discovered, will probably have more evident hairs on the eyes,

but their apparent lack in the present females is not considered to

impede their placement in Hybomitra.

Key to females of known Mexican Hybomitra species

1. Wings with prominent, isolated clouds; (subcallus bare and shin-

ing black) (?Mexico highlands; Nearctic to so.-cent. Texas).....

Ss AL yo dike iy Net talents lasiophthalma (Macquart)

Wings hyaline, tinted, or with faint clouds on forks ............ 2

2. Femora dark brown to blackish (2 hind pairs at least basally), tibiae

obviously lighter reddish; hind tibial fringes mostly black .... 3

Legs, at least the 2 hind pairs, essentially unicolorous; hind tibial

fringes at least basally, mostly pale-haired................. 4

3. Sublateral abdominal spots on predominantly reddish abdomen;

plates as wide as long, usually entirely red, the styles sharply

black; eyes (relaxed) green with 1 purple stripe and lower border

indefinitely purple; subcallus with upright hairs laterally unless

GO Shc ee ale iy gl eo SD (some /aticornis (Hine), see coupl. 5)

Sublateral pale spots on predominantly dark integument; plates

narrower, mostly brownish-black; eyes similar, but stripe broad-

er and lower border more sharply purple; subcallus reddish,

thinly pollinose or with bare areas, no lateral hairs............

Le ee ae ee (some aitkeni with dark femora, coupl. 8)

4. The fronts moderately narrow, 1/3.5 to 1/4.0 (either 3 rows of gray

spots on dark abdomen or subcallus usually with sparse up-

Right hatre, laterally)... avy ccd dan. dbe wn ergeon ve Saree Gee med 3g

The fronts wider, about 1/3.0.......... 0... cece eect eevee eee 6

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 119

5. Frons 1/4.0; abdomen with 3 rows of prominent greenish-gray

spots separated by paired submedian, sickle-shaped, black-

haired dashes, pinkish only under the lateral spots on first 2

tergites and first 3 sternites (Mexico, D.F.and Durango) .......

2 aaiip ee ATS On ee hs Se Pee ts et ee, 2h zancla Philip

Frons 1/3.5; abdomen broadly reddish on sides and with less pro-

minent sublateral spots on dorsum and venter (NW Mexico, SW

RAG ye Ne pail ia, heeded ek Sonne enti: eS ead pee ae ee laticornis (Hine)

6. Midfrontal callus predominantly a linear upward extension of

reed wfc! GV gene Pa mts, AION thal cr Dard alll Pia iebdiater se niga me UMA 7

Midfrontal callus an ovoid expansion, narrowly connected or not

to basal callosity

7. Frons gently convergent below where filled with red basal callo-

sity; plate shorter than tall and than style (Durango) ..........

pet gt) aie bcm ak EL lidar on) A Be oe Ie Sr dy howdenin.sp.

Frons parallel-sided and dark brown callosity narrowly separated

from eye margins; plate distinctly longer than tall or than style

(Chihtiahtas Durango) 00.0. tee ele ee ee ees burgerin. sp.

8. Eyes sparsely short-pilose with one accentuated median band in

life, the lower border less distinctly also purple; abdomen dark

with rather isolated, pinkish dashes (NW Mexico) . a/tken/ Philip

Eyes densely short-pilose; abdomen more broadly reddish on

SS 1 Mc ne acres fo ee ie eee Wie wae Rifas: gk ane Se tesa re Ae ae 9

9. Vertex with large bare black spot surrounding tubercle; mid-frontal

callus flanked by dark pollinose crossband; eyes purple with 2

green bands (Chihuahua, ?Durango) ............4. mima Philip

Bare area at vertex reduced or wanting; no pronounced dark mid-

frontal pollinosity beside ovoid mid-callus; eye pattern

UNKNOWN (MEXICO yore ata 3 x career oo 88 craverii (Bellardi)

Hybomitra aitkeni Philip

Since description originally from Mexico, D.F. and Durango, much

additional material reveals this to be chiefly a montane species, and

shows some melanistic variation. Only one record is from Baja Cali-

fornia: a female taken by Paul H. Arnaud, Jr. (CAS), ‘‘Sierra San Pedro

Martir, on trail Socorro to La Joya, 9.V1.59,”” about 1200 m alt. J.F.

McAlpine and colleagues of the Canadian Mexican Expedition took

over a hundred specimens from Durango and 1 from Chihuahua, of

which 3 males and 46 females were studied, dated 1 June to 27 July,

about 2,250-2600 m alt. Except for the usual sex differences and

reddish sublateral spots being a little more extensive, males

resemble females. While typically, the subcalli in females are

pollinose, and femora and sides of basal abdominal segments

reddish, in some there may be bare subcallar areas, or the femora are

darkened basally and ground color of sublateral spots is buff to steel-

120 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

gray, approaching H. zancia Philip. The latter, however, has narrower

fronts and antennal plates, and eyes are purple with 2 green bands. In

the most melanistic aitkeni female from Durango in August, the

femora are entirely dark, sublateral spots are reduced gray, and mid-

longitudinal black band occupies middle third of venter.

Hybomitra burgeri, new species

Figure 6

Diagnosis: A medium-sized, dark grayish species with blackish, middorsal, abdominal

stripe serrated along the margins by reddish-yellow, diagonal dashes, over broad red

sides, frontal callosity brownish black, the upper corners rounded, narrowly separated

from eyes, and a short, linear extension above; 3 vestigial ocelli on a low tubercle with

bare spots at vertex, and 2 hind pairs of legs reddish.

Holotype female, length 15 mm. Eyes ostensibly bare under low magnification, no

bands revived on brief relaxing. Frons gray pollinose, some sparse black hairs above,

sides sub-parallel, index 1/3.0; an irregular, bare brownish inverted U-shaped spot at

vertex with a vestigial ocellus in each arm, and surrounding a small raised tubercle with a

suggested, median ocellus. Subcallus, face and cheeks pale gray pollinose, the beard

white. Antenna rather short and compact, reddish basally, brown to black beyond dorso-

basal angle of plate, which is a little longer than tall and than style, scape not noticeably

swollen. Apical palpal segment pale reddish, swollen basally and attenuated apically,

mostly pale-haired.

Figure 6. Hybomitra burgeri new species, female. Putlings of frons,

antenna and palpus.

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 121

Scutum and scutellum blackish (worn) without distinct lines; prealar tubercles reddish.

Pleura and coxae pinkish gray, mostly white-haired. Legs predominantly reddish with

mostly pale hairs including hind tibial fringes; fore femur, fore tibia apically and fore

tarsi brown to black. Wing hyaline, costal cell lightly tinted, venation normal without

spur vein. Halter with brown stem, pale yellow knob.

Abdomen with broadly reddish sides plus accentuated, yellow-haired, sublateral

diagonal paler spots, and red, entirely pale-haired venter. The middorsal black stripe on

tergites 2 to 5, narrower than scutellum, median pale triangles only faintly evident

(perhaps also reduced by wear).

Type locality: Mexico: Chihuahua, Sierra Madre Mts., 38 km N Creel, 4VII.72. D. Giuliani,

at U.V. light. In CAS, Ent. Type No. 11987.

Paratype female, Durango, 10.4 km E El Salto, 21.V1.64. J.F. McAlpine. In CNC. Eyesalso

without evident hairs, but possibly with 2 faint green stripes on purple ground (briefly

relaxed). Callosity more brown, and only the anterior ocellus suggested on small tubercle

at vertex.

H. aitkeni Philip also occurs in both states, and specimens were

taken in the same vicinity in Durango by the same collector at about

the same time as the paratype of burgeri. The former differs in

expanded, not linear, midfrontal callus, is darker with more isolated

sublateral dashes, and the median eye stripe is more distinct. In H.

howdeni new species, also from Durango, the differences in taller,

shorter plate and more convergent frons filled below by the callosity,

are quickly apparent by comparison with Figure 7; median pale tri-

angles are plainer in the middorsal black stripe. Ovoid mid-frontal

calli differentiate some other related species such as H. craverii

(Bellardi).

Hybomitra howdeni, new species

Figure 7

Diagnosis: A robust, brownish-red species with 3 rows of abdominal maculae,

brownish-red legs, hyaline wing, and antenna with peculiarly wide, short, bicolored plate.

Holotype female, length 16 mm. Eyes with almost imperceptible, short sparse hairs, an

indistinct median purple band revived on each (relaxed). Frons pinkish-gray pollinose

(apparently somewhat discolored), gently convergent below, index 1/3.2; a small but

distinct tubercle without ocelli beneath black hairs at vertex; callosity red, filling lower

frons and abruptly tapered above into a narrow, median red ridge half way to vertex, and

flanked by median dark pollinosity reaching nearly to tubercle. Subcallus pinkish

pollinose without lateral hairs. Face and cheeks whitish pollinose and pilose with some

black hairs on upper parafacials beside the antennal bases. Antenna reddish to black

distally, black-haired basally, scape swollen, plate as tall as scape, subrectangulate and

gently excavated dorsally, distinctively shorter than tall, red basally, sharply black on

apical half and on the longer, rather slender style. Palpus II pinkish with mostly pale, and

a few black, hairs, swollen basally and tapered to slender points.

Scutal and scutellar integument dark, overlain by obscure gray pollinose lines anterior-

ly, and pinkish ones laterally across pre-alar tubercles, covered with pale hairs with

sparse black and appressed scattered coppery ones intermixed. Pleura and coxae pinkish

with long white pile. Remainder of legs reddish, darkened distally on fore tibiae and tarsi,

with mostly white hairs, some black ones dorsally on other tibiae including hind-tibial

fringes. Wing venation normal, no spur veins, costal cell faintly yellow. Halter brown,

knob mostly pale yellow.

122 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Abdomen rounded behind, not unusually tapered, a middorsal band of black-haired

geminate spots enclosing tall, though not quite joined, pale-haired triangles which

expand behind but do not join lateral pale-haired, narrow incisural fringes on which are

based sublateral, diagonal pinkish spots somewhat as in H. ajtkeni Philip, margined out-

wardly by reddish-brown, black-haired areas. Venter reddish, entirely pale-haired except

for median discontinuous patches of black hairs.

Type locality: Mexico: Durango, 105 km W EI Salto, 2700 m alt., 5.V.61. Howden and

Martin. In CNC No. 12927. Named for one of the Canadian Mexican Expedition collectors.

Specimens of H. aitkeni Philip, taken about the same time within

3.5 km of the type locality of howdeni are distinguished by narrower

fronts with black callosities, more slender black plates, and more

evident eye hairs.

Although 169 H. a/tkeni Philip (type locality also El Salto), taken by

the Expeditions in later years in various Durango localities, were also

studied, none other carried the exact data of the above. Variations in

Figure 7. Hybomitra howdeni new species, female. Outlines of

frons, antennaand palpus.

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 123

H. aitkeni were discussed previously. Occasional females have

brownish callosities, but these are more rounded and narrowly

separated from eye margins in slightly narrower, more parallel fronts,

antennae more slender, styles not longer than plates, and scutums

more plainly lined. In H. /aticornis (Hine) with similar though more

reddish-patterned abdomens, the fronts are narrower, callosities

darker, smaller, and the plates usually entirely red. H. mima Philip

from Chihuahua, also has some similarities, but the double green-

banded eyes were more densely hirsute, the ocelligerous tubercle en-

closed by a larger bare brown area at vertex, and the large ovoid

blackish median callus, flanked by a transverse black pollinose, mid-

frontal spot, is not an extension of the basal callosity. H. craverii

(Bellardi) from unknown Mexican locality, with an equally wide frons

and red callosity, differs in disconnected median ovoid callus, and

plate more slender and longer than style.

Some Mangrove-Associated Tabanids, Particularly in Mexico

A collection by Dr. John T. Doyen of University of California,

Berkeley, in an unbaited canopy trap set in the middle of a mangrove

thicket, Isla San Jose, Gulf of Lower California, 10-11 April, 1974,

included 4 females of Tabanus guatemalanus Hine and 1 of T. oldroydi

Philip. This reinforces the postulated idea of breeding in such brack-

ish water ecosystems (Philip, 1976) of certain tabanid species, which

includes the above 2 from the eastern and/or northwestern coasts of

Mexico, and of T. vittiger Thomson in the Galapagos Archipelago.

On recent specimens from Baja California of 7. o/droydi are labels

of collectors or campers from near or behind mangrove. Of course,

host-seeking females undoubtedly fly considerable distances from

probable mangrove breeding environs, but this hardly explains the

record of 7. o/droydi from near Yuma, Arizona (Philip, 1971), which may

indicate the species is also breeding along the lower Colorado River.

Most are early spring records in April, but 2 are for as late as 17 June

and 27 July.

The coastal records for 7. guatema/anus are from around the

Caribbean and Mexican Gulf Coast areas and include southern

Florida, as well as northwestern Mexico from Sonora and Baja

California to Nayarit, 10 April to 16 August. | have also seen speci-

mens from Yucatan, Campeche and Quintana Roo on the eastern

coast, 20 March to 15 October. These considerations seem to support

specific separation from more inland 7. subsimilis Bellardi to which it

has been related by me and others in the recent past.

In the American Museum of Natural History is a female of Stenota-

banus (Aegialomyia) littoreus (Hine) taken at the port of Progreso,

Yucatan, 21 August 1964, a species of which Hine (1907) reports the

124 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

type series of both sexes as collected at Puerto Barrios, Guatemala,

“from twigs and branches of mangrove growing just at the edge of

the water.’ This is probably another species adapted to breeding in

such brackish environs. Six more of this species, dated 3, 12.VIII.74,

and 4.VIII.75, were taken in a New Jersey Light Trap in or near man-

grove at coastal Cancun, Quintana Roo, by Dr. Donald J. Pletsch of

Mexico, D.F., to whom | am also indebted for the following records

from the same environs, all females, in both years: 7. guatemalanus, 8,

23-27 .1Il; 3, 21-24.1V; 2, 4-20.V; 3, 2-21.VI; 5, 1-25.VIl: 4, 13-15.VIIl; and 1,

15.X. T. campechianus Townsend, 3, 24-27.II|; 2, 21-27.IV; 3, 5.V; 8, 2.V1;

8, 3-5VIl; 13, VIII; and 2, 5-6.XII. These were intermittent collections,

so only reflect availability of the flies on the dates of collection in

mangrove environs.

Literature Cited

Bellardi, L. 1859. Saggio di ditterologia messicana. Parte |. 1:80 pp. Torino.

Burger, J. F. 1975. The horse flies of Arizona. III, Notes on and keys to the adult Tabani-

dae of Arizona, subfamily Tabaninae, except Tabanus (Diptera). Proc. Entomol.

Soc. Wash., 76:428-443.

Fairchild, G. B. 1969. Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae XII. Classification and distribution,

with keys to genera and subgenera. Arq. Zool. (Sao Paulo), 17:199-255.

Fairchild, G. B. 1971. Family Tabanidae. [Fasc.] 28, 163 pp. /n A catalogue of the Diptera

of the Americas south of the United States. Museu de Zool., Univ. Sao Paulo.

Hine, J. S. 1907. Descriptions of new North American Tabanidae. Ohio Nat., 8:221-230.

Philip, C. B. 1954. New North American Tabanidae, VII. Descriptions of Tabaninae from

Mexico (Diptera). Am. Mus. Novit., 1695:1-26.

Philip, C. B. 1968. Overlap between Nearctic and Neotropical faunas of Tabanidae in

western North America (Diptera). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 44:332-335.

Philip, C. B. 1971. New records of North American Tabanidae |. Species new to the

faunas of Mexico and of the United States (Diptera). Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

47:284-287.

Philip, C. B. 1975. Note on Tabanus comastes Williston from ‘‘Washington Territory”

(Diptera: Tabanidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc., 48:7-8.

Philip, C. B. 1976. Horse-flies, too, take some victims in cold-blood, as on Galapagos

Isles. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 52:84-88.

Tidwell, M. A., and C. B. Philip. 1977. A new Bolbodimyia from Mexico’s central plateau

(Diptera: Tabanidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 53:98-100.

Townsend, C. H. T. 1895. On the Diptera of Baja California, including some species from

adjacent regions. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 4:593-620.

Review of the genus Essostrutha Thomson

(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

John A. Chemsak

University of California, Berkeley 94720

The hemilophine genus Essostrutha was proposed by Thomson

(1868) to accommodate Saperda jaeta Newman from Mexico. Lacor-

daire (1872) added the variety miniata and Bates (1881) described three

new species of Essostrutha. There appeared to be some uncertainty

as to the identities of some of the described forms with Bates pro-

posing the name fimbriolata for Amphionycha albina Pascoe and also

elevating miniata to a species level.

As presently defined, this genus occurs only in Mexico and Guate-

mala. The five species, ramsdeni Fisher (1926), roberto Fisher (1935),

scaramuzzai Fisher (1936), montivagans Fisher (1942), and a/ayoi Zayas

(1956) described as Essostrutha from Cuba are tentatively assigned to

the genus Adesmus Latreille based upon the flattened front of the

head, prominent humeri and emarginate apices of the elytra.

Essostrutha Thomson

Essostrutha Thomson, 1868, Physis, 2: 198; Lacordaire, 1872, Genera

des coleopteres, 9: 895; Bates, 1881, Biologia Centrali-Americana,

Coleoptera, 5: 210.

Form small to moderate-sized, subparallel. Head with front transverse, convex, median

line extending onto neck; mandibles stout, curved at apex; palpi unequal, slender; eyes

finely faceted, deeply emarginate, upper lobes small, widely separated, lower lobes as

long as genae; antennae slender, a little longer than body, scape much shorter than third

segment, fourth slightly longer than scape, segments ciliate beneath, ciliae becoming

less numerous toward apex. Pronotum broader than long, sides sinuate; base impressed

laterally and dorsally on each side of middle; prosternum narrow, intercoxal process very

slender, expanded at apex, coxal cavities closed behind; mesosternum with intercoxal

process arcuate, lying below tops of coxae. Elytra about twice as long as broad, disk

plane; apices rounded. Legs short, femora rather slender; middle tibiae sulcate externally,

front tibiae internally; claws bifed. Abdomen normally segmented.

Type species: Saperda laeta Newman (monobasic).

The robust form, convex front of the head, rather short antennal

scape and fringed antennae characterize this genus. The closest

relative, Erana Bates, differs by the smaller size, longer antennal

scape and by having the fringe of hairs above as well as below on the

antennal segments.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:125-128. April 1978.

126 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figure 1. Known distribution of Essostrutha laeta (Newman) in Mexico.

Elytra partially or predominantly reddish to yellow, pale

pubescence obscuring surface, if all black, suture not

narrowly yellowish pubescent; pronotum very often with

four black spots. Larger species, 8-16 mm. Sinaloa, Mexico

TOAAUATEIM ANG ae hi aed ade Whee oor wee seine oad laeta

Elytra black, pale pubescence not obscuring surface, suture

narrowly, densely yellow pubescent; pronotum with two

basal black spots only. Smaller species, 7-11 mm. Sonora to

Pe Ue NEPAD, Saye cere ct, toe ae case test 4 aly GED ee UR RNa as Ne align SAWP Web craters binotata

Essostrutha laeta (Newman)

Saperda laeta Newman, 1840, Entomol., 1:13.

Essostrutha laeta, Thomson, 1868, Physis, 2:199; Lacordaire, 1872,

Genera des coleopteres, 9:895; Bates, 1881, Biologia Centrali-

Americana, Coleoptera, 5:210.

Amphionycha albina Pascoe, 1858, Trans. Entomol. Soc. London (2)4:

256. New synonymy.

Essostrutha albina, Bates, 1881, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleop-

tera, 5:211.

Essostrutha laeta var. miniata Lacordaire, 1872, Genera des coleop-

teres, 9:395. New synonymy.

Essostrutha miniata, Bates, 1881, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Co-

leoptera, 5:211.

Essostrutha fimbriolata Bates, 1881, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Co-

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 127

Ly

7 ed |

a ‘ \"

| | oh

| tis ‘0 = 105

Figure 2. Known distribution of E. binotata Bates.

t ( “i

a gata

wg «

~

leoptera, 5:210; Casey, 1913, Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 4:364.

Chemsak and Linsley, 1970, Jour. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 43:410

(lectotype). New synonymy.

Essostrutha cinnabarina Bates, 1881, Biologia Centrali-Americana,

Coleoptera, 5:211; ibid., 1885: 428; Chemsak and Linsley, 1970,

Journ. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 43:410 (lectotype). New synonymy.

Type locality: of /Jaeta, Mexico; a/bina, Guatemala; miniata, Mexico;

fimbriolata, Playa Vicente, Mexico; cinnabarina, Zapote, Guatemala.

This common species may be easily recognized by the dense,

short, appressed reddish to yellowish or grayish pubescence. Males

are generally unicolorous with only the black pronotal spots present

but occasionally also have the apices of the elytra narrowly black.

Females usually have the elytra broadly black at the apices and at

least a narrow black basal band. Occasionally only the humeri are

black. Individuals of both sexes with all black elytra do occur, par-

ticularly in Vera Cruz and neighboring Oaxaca. These occur with

normally colored individuals.

The most striking variation is expressed by the color of the pale

pubescence of the body. This ranges from bright red to yellow to

almost gray. The pronotal spots are sometimes reduced to only the

basal pair.

This species ranges from the state of Sinaloa to Veracruz to Guate-

mala (Fig. 1). Adults are commonly encountered on grasses and

foliage in June through August.

128 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Essostrutha binotata Bates

Essostrutha binotata Bates, 1881, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Co-

leoptera, 5:212, pl. 15, fig. 18; Chemsak and Linsley, 1970, Jour.

Kansas Entomol. Soc., 43:410 (lectotype).

Type locality: Puebla, Mexico.

This species bears a striking resemblance to some of the lampyrid

species of Photinus including the yellowish apex of the abdomen. E.

binotata has the dense orange pubescence on the head and pronotum

with black spots behind the eyes and at the base of the pronotum.

The elytra are black with the pubescence not obscuring the surface.

The suture is usually narrowly pale pubescent. The legs are generally

pale and the antennae are usually narrowly pale annulate.

Adults are found in July and August on foliage of weedy plants and

sometimes on flowers in the western part of Mexico from Sonora to

Puebla (Fig. 2).

Literature Cited

Bates, H.W. 1879-1885. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleoptera, Longicornia 5:1-436, 25

plates.

Fisher, W.S. 1926. Descriptions of new West Indian Longicorn Beetles of the subfamily

Lamiinae. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 68 (2623): 1-40.

Fisher, W.S. 1935. New West Indian Cerambycid Beetles. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 83(2979):

189-210.

Fisher, W.S. 1936. New Cerambycid and Buprestid Beetles from Cuba. Mem. Soc. Cuban

Hist. Nat. 9:271-273.

Fisher, W.S. 1942. New West Indian Cerambycid Beetles, III. Torreia 10:3-43.

Lacordaire, J.T. 1872. Genera des coleopteres 9:411-930.

Thomson, J. 1868. Physis recueil d’histoire naturelle 2:5-208.

Zayas, F. de. 1956. El genero Essostrutha Thoms., adicion de una especie nueva. Mem.

Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. 23:105-114, 7 figs.

RECENT LITERATURE

Kaston, B.J. 1978. How to Know the Spiders. 3rd edition, Wm. C.

Brown Co. 272 pp, 700 figs. $5.95 soft cover.

This new edition of Kaston’s well known work in the Jaques Picture

Key Nature Series includes 13 genera and 121 species not included in

the other editions, bringing the total to nearly twice that covered in

the first edition. An excellent introductory section, a combined

illustrated glossary and index, as well as superb illustrations serve to

make this book indespensible to the spider enthusiast — ARH.

New Host Records and Notes on the Dipterous

Family Aulacigastridae’

E. J. Davis and R. S. Zack

Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164

The family Aulacigastridae (Diptera) is represented in North

America by one described species, Aulacigaster leucopeza (Meigen).

Larvae of this fly live in the sap exuded from tree wounds (Malloch

and McAtee 1924). Robinson (1953) described the immature stages of

A. leucopeza and presented biological notes on its life history. She

found adults and larvae occurring on elm and chestnut in Sheffield,

England.

In the Nearctic region few host records exist for this unusual fly.

Christianson and Ryckman (1955) reared adults from larvae they

collected on acottonwood slime flux in California. They also reported

U.S. National Museum records of adults on ponderosa pine in New

Mexico, elm in Idaho, and oak in California. Teskey (1976) reported

Canadian National Collection records of larvae from mulberry, and

adults on elm, poplar, and Manitoba maple. Cole (1969) recorded

larvae and adults from California but made no mention of the host

trees.

During the spring and summer of 1977 we took numerous larvae

and adults throughout northeastern Oregon. Adults were collected,

and larvae reared, from seeps on wounded Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga

menziesii (Mirbel) Franco] trees. Adults were also taken at wounds on

ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas), mountain alder [A/nus

incana (L.) Moench] and a species of maple (Acer sp.).

Adults were most often encountered in early June on or near the

sap flows of wounded trees. They were easily disturbed and usually

flew away when we approached the infected trees. The best way to

collect them was to wait at the tree for their return, and then slowly

aspirate them from the seep area. As the season continued fewer and

fewer adults were taken at the seeps. The fact that adults were most

prevalent in early June correlates well with Robinson’s hypothesis

(1953) that adults meet early in the season to mate and lay eggs at the

seep. We also found anumber of mating pairs at this time.

Larvae were taken throughout the season (June to September) at

numerous Douglas fir seeps. Those larvae brought into the laboratory

to rear eventually eclosed by the end of August or early September.

Thus it is probable that eggs are laid in early June, the larvae remain

in the seeps throughout the summer, and pupation occurs in late

1 Scientific paper number 4998. Washington State University, College of Agriculture Research Center,

Pullman 99164. Research done under project 6286, Douglas Fir Tussock Moth Program, USDA.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:129-130. April 1978.

130 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

August or early September. The seeps tend to dry-up as the season

comes to an end, and we feel it is probably this change in the larval

habitat which is a factor in initiating pupation.

lt is not known how the fly overwinters. The data seem to indicate

that they pass winter as pupae or pharate adults still in the pupal

case. We collected no adults at the end of the season, thus we feel it

is doubtful that they pass winter in this stage. However, they do

occur early the following spring and this supports the contention that

they pass the winter as pupae or pharate adults. In addition, upon

examination of a seep in mid-September we found a fully formed

adult still in the pupal case. It was impossible to tell if it was going to

pass the winter as a pharate adult or if it was going to emerge before

the end of the season. As the season was drawing to an end, and

nights were growing exceedingly cold, it is doubtful that this adult

was going to emerge that season. The larvae that we reared to the

adult stage in the laboratory were probably affected by removing

them from the drying seep and placing them in more favorable condi-

tions, and thereby causing an early eclosion.

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of W. J. Turner and R. D.

Akre in the preparation of this manuscript. The determination of A.

leucopeza was verified by C. W. Sabrosky of the U.S. National

Museum.

Literature Cited

Christianson, C. P., and R. E. Ryckman. 1955. First report of Au/acigaster leucopeza (Mg.)

from Baja California, Mexico; California, New Mexico, and Idaho. Bull.

Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 50: 17.

Cole, F. R. 1969. The Flies of Western North America. Univ. California Press, Berkeley.

xi + 693 pp. :

Malloch, J. R., and W. L. McAtee. 1924. Flies of the family Drosophilidae of the District of

Columbia region, with keys to genera, and other notes, of broader application.

Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 37: 25-41.

Robinson, |. 1953. The postembyonic stages in the life cycle of Aulacigaster leucopeza

(Meigen) (Diptera: Cyclorrapha: Aulacigastridae). Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond.

(A) 28: 77-84.

Teskey, H. J. 1976. Diptera larvae associated with trees in North America. Mem.

Entomol. Soc. Can. 100: 1-53.

The Genus Dolichovespula and an Addition

to Its Known Species of North America

(Hymenoptera:Vespidae)

Robert E. Wagner

Dept. Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 92521

The generic and subgeneric divisions of the subfamily Vespinae

were described by Bequaert (1930, 1931). He concluded that the sub-

family included three genera; Provespa Ashmead for the Oriental

nocturnal hornets, Vespa Linnaeus for the true hornets, and Vespula

Thompson for the yellowjackets. He recognized two subgenera of

Vespula; Vespula for species with short oculo-malar spaces, and

Dolichovespula Rohwer for species with long oculo-malar spaces.

The most recent major work on the taxonomy and distribution of

the Nearctic Vespini was that of Miller (1961) who accepted the

generic concepts of Bequaert. By means of distributional data and by

accepting ‘‘stable color patterns as supplementary evidence to

define species” he was very successful in clarifying the status of

most North American species. He was also correct when he stated

that further elucidation of the taxonomy of the yellowjackets would

have to come from field studies (Miller 1958).

In recent years many workers have published biological and be-

havioral studies of these wasps and most of Miller's taxonomic con-

clusions have been substantiated. These studies have also provided

increasing evidence to support the validity of generic status for

Dolichovespula as suggested by Guiglia (1948) and subsequently

accepted by Bluthgen (1961), Yamane (1975), and Greene et al. (1976).

Of the numerous classifications of Vespinae proposed during the past

50 years, that of Guiglia is the most natural in the opinion of the

author and it is followed in this paper.

Generic characters.

A comparison of the following characters serves to define the

genera Vespula and Dolichovespula as natural taxonomic groups at

least as distinct from one another as from the closest relative, Vespa.

Vespula Thomson, 1869. Opusc. Ent. v. 1 p. 79.

Type: Vespa austriaca Panzer. Designated by Ashmead, 1902.

(a) oculo-malar space at most half the length of the penultimate antennal segment

(b) lateral, vertical carina on pronotum obsolete or faintly marked in only the lower portion

(c) branches of the penis completely fused resulting in a disc-like or saddle-shaped apical

lobe

(d) tyloides (welts) not present on apical flagellar segments of the male antennae

(e) mandible of last-instar larva always tridentate

(f) spiracular atria of last-instar larva armed with simple, mostly unbranched spines.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:131-142. April 1978.

132 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Dolichovespula Rohwer, 1916. Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist.

Survey Bull. 22:642.

Type: Vespa maculata Linnaeus

(a) oculo-malar space nearly as long or longer than the penultimate antennal segment

(b) lateral, vertical carina on pronotum well developed in the upper portion

(c) branches of the penis incompletely fused resulting in a pair of pointed apical lobes

(d) tyloides (welts) usually present on the apical flagellar segments of the male antennae

(e) mandible of last-instar larva always terminating in a single ventral apical tooth’

(f) spiracular atria of last-instar larva armed with many multibranched spines

The author has collected and examined adults of all known North

American species of both genera and found the first three characters

to be consistent. The only exception to the fourth, the presence of

tyloides on the male antennal segments, in North American Dolicho-

vespula species is the social parasite, Dolichovespula artica Rohwer.

The larval characters are consistent in all North American species

collected. Only the larvae of Vespula intermedia (Buysson) and V.

.austriaca, the nests of which have not yet been discovered in North

America, have not been examined.?

In the course of field investigations of the North American yellow-

jackets, the author has discovered that Dolichovespula saxonica (Fabri-

cius) which has been considered to be Palearctic is also widely dis-

tributed in the Nearctic fauna (Fig. 2). A definitive character for dis-

crimination of this species from related Nearctic species is establish-

ed and included in the key to species at the end of this paper.

Although it was possible to define the distribution of D. saxonica in

North America reasonably well, available knowledge on the distribu-

tion of this and other Dolichovespula species in the Palearctic and

Oriental regions was found to be incomplete. Any continuity between

the Nearctic and Palearctic populations must, therefore, remain hy-

pothetical.

The Subgenera of Dolichovespula

Within North America, only two subgenera of Dolichovespula as

defined by Bluthgen (1943) are present. The subgenus Dolichovespula

(S. Str.) is represented by the baldfaced ‘‘hornet”’, D. maculata, which

is a particularly distinct, widespread species. It is mentioned here

only to provide additional distributional information. Miller (1961) pre-

‘The reported exception to this larval mandible configuration was that of Dolichovespula silvestris

Scopoli which according to Short (1952) had a tridentate mandible. | have examined larvae of D. silvestris

collected by M.E. Archer and provided to me by O.W. Richards of the British Museum. The larval mandible

is not tridentate but is typical of the genus terminating in a single emarginate ventral apical tooth. As

Prof. Richards states ‘“‘the mandibles of the larvae of Dolichovespula are all very much alike” (pers. com.).

?Report of the parasitic association of V. austriaca and Vespula maculifrons (Buysson) by Evans (1975) was

erroneous (pers. com.). The host relationship for V. austriaca in North America has yet to be established.

Field observations and collection data indicate that Vespula acadica (Sladen) has the greatest distribu-

tional correlation with V. austriaca and may well be the usual host of this parasitic species. It is probable

that V. austriaca may parasitize other Nearctic species of the subgenus A//lovespula as well.

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 133

sented distributional data which was quite complete, but he did not

report the occurrence of this species in Alaska. The author collected

several workers of D. maculata between Fairbanks and Harding Lake,

about 48 km to the southeast, in early August of 1973 and 1976. It was

not encountered at other collecting sites in Alaska during these

years.

The remaining North American Dolichovespula are found in the sub-

genus Boreovespula. This taxon is particularly homogeneous and has

historically presented taxonomic difficulties at the species level.

Birula (1930) recognized only one Palearctic species, Dolichovespula

norwegica (Fabricius) and he considered D. saxaonica to be a sub-

species even though he recognized structural differences in the

shape of the ocellar triangle, the pattern in punctation, and the male

genitalia. These differences were subsequently used to separate the

two species by European taxonomists (e.g. Bluthgen 1961, Guiglia

1948).

It was only where series of specimens were strikingly different in

appearance that Birula saw fit to distinguish them by a subspecific

name. Such a case was that of Dolichovespula pacifica (Birula) which

he considered to be another subspecies of D. norwegica. In his

revision of the Oriental Boreovespula, Yamane (1975) found that there

were actually at least two species which had been included in collec-

tions under the name of D. pacifica. Ratios between the measure-

ments of head-width versus oculo-malar length of field-collected

specimens yielded two distinct groups. When worker specimens

collected from nests were measured, he found that their mean ratios

agreed with one of the mean ratios previously established. Using

these data and other characters (ocellar placement and clypeal mark-

ings), he was able to separate the specimens into D. pacifica and

Dolichovespula saxonica nipponica Yamane. Judging from Birula’s de-

scription of some males of D. pacifica which had no antennal tyloides,

he may also have been examining male specimens of a parasitic

species. Both D. pacifica and D. s. nipponica possess tyloides on their

antennal flagella and | have been provided male specimens under the

name Dolichovespula adulterina (Buysson) by Mr. Yamane which are

colored much like D. pacifica but lack tyloides.

Birula also commented at length with regard to the apparent tran-

sition in coloration of the markings on D. norwegica from yellow to

ivory-white as he followed the distribution of this species from

Europe towards East Siberia. He considered the whitish marked

forms to be transitional to D. pacifica even though typically yellow

marked D. norwegica were often recorded from the same localities. |

have only seen two queen specimens of this white marked form, both

from the island of Sakhalin. These specimens kindly loaned to me by

Mr. Yamane and identified as D. norwegica subsp., are very similar to

the Nearctic species Dolichovespula albida (Sladen) (= Vespa marginata

134 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Kirby preocc) but without examing workers and males, their relation-

ship is unsure. It would certainly not be inconceivable that the dis-

tribution of D. albida could, in fact, be Holarctic and that within East

Siberia it could be sympatric with typical D. norwegica thus

explaining Birula’s observations of the presence of both color forms.

While studying Dolichovespula in Alaska during the summer of

1973, the author found what first appeared to be atypical colonies of

Dolichovespula norvegicoides (Sladen). Typical nests of that species

which | have collected, were invariably built in cavities in stream

banks or within root tangles of uprooted trees adjacent to streams.

They were nearly spherical and about 6 cm in diameter with the outer

envelopes of grey fibrous paper, entire from the nest pole to its

ventral entry. This description also fits nests of D. norvegicoides

reported by previous investigators. One atypical nest was located

inside a wall void of a wood-siding covered building at King’s Moun-

tain Wayside, Alaska, about 160 km southeast of Anchorage. The nest

was not visible through the 2 cm gap in the siding which was being

used by the workers as an entrance. Worker activity was at a rate of

about ten per minute. They were net collected until activity had nearly

ceased. The siding was then removed, exposing a nest of about 13 cm

diameter with a thickness of 4.1 cm due to the constraints of the void

(Fig. 1). The colony contained the queen mother and 55 workers,

including those which had been netted. It also contained a queen of

the social parasite D. arctica. Emergence of male specimens of D.

arctica from nest combs within the next few days indicated that a D.

arctica queen had been present in the nest for at least three weeks

before the nest was collected. The nest envelope differed from D.

norvegicoides nests in that it was composed of nine concentric sheets

of grey paper only the middle three of which reached the nest

entrance. The outer three sheets each terminated closer to the nest

attachment than the one immediately inside it giving the nest a tiered

appearance similar to the nests of Palearctic D. saxonica.

A second nest of this species was found in a supraterrestrial nest

site at Eagle River, Alaska. The nest, which was 10.7 cm in diameter

and had one worker and one queen comb, had been constructed on

the surface of the ground in a shallow cavity hollowed out of leaf litter

among shrubs about 15 meters from the edge of the river. As the term

‘“‘supraterrestrial” is also meant to indicate, the wasps did not appear

to have excavated soil for the nest site. The collected nest compli-

ment included 41 workers, no identifiable queen mother, 11 new

queens and 26 males. The combs were held for further emergence

and subsequently produced 51 more queens and four males. The nest

envelope was of grey fibrous paper and incorporated leaf fragments.

Individual sheets were interconnected at many points, resulting in a

spongy fibrous mass rather than the discrete sheets of an aerial or

cavity nest.

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 135

Figure 1. A nest of Dolichovespula saxonica (F.) in situ in a building

wall void at King’s Mountain, Alaska. Siding had been removed to

expose the nest.

Methods and Materials

Since the oculo-malar space is a useful character separating

Vespula and Dolichovespula, and is shown to be applicable at the

specific level (Yamane 1975), the constancy of this character was

investigated in North American Boreovespula. The most widespread

and easily recognizable species in the Nearctic region is Dolicho-

vespula arenaria (Fabricius). This species is very common and speci-

mens were available from many localities throughout its distribution-

al range. A series of worker specimens was examined from each of 17

widely separated localities. The width of the head at its widest point

and the length of the oculo-malar space were measured for each

specimen. The ratio between these measurements for each speci-

men and the mean ratio for each series were calculated.

Six series of worker specimens of D. norvegicoides from various

localities as well as samples from the two previously described

Alaskan nests, a sample netted at Eagle River, Alaska and a sample

from Banff, Alberta, Canada, were measured and ratios calculated.

The combined data from the 27 groups which had been measured

were subjected to analysis of variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range

Test. In order to show possible clinality of the oculo-malar/head width

136 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

ratios as correlated to latitude, longitude and elevation of the sites of

collection, a stepwise regression analysis was performed on each of

the three sample groups defined by the previous tests.

Results

In summary of the analytical results presented in Table 1, the head

width/oculo-malar ratios of all 17 D. arenaria samples were signifi-

cantly different from those of the six samples of D. norvegicoides. The

remaining four samples of wasps were also significantly different

from D. norvegicoides which they closely resembled, but were not

different from D. arenaria in head width/oculo-malar ratios. Results of

the stepwise regression analysis of the 17 D. arenaria samples

Specimen origin

XHW XOM HW/OM Elevation

Species n (mm) (mm) x (SD) Latitude Longitude (M)

D. arenaria 5 3.30 0.45 7.258 (0.315)a 34°10’ 117°05’ 1830

10 3.26 0.45 7.222 (0.360)a-b 35°30’ 83°00’ 915

10 3.46 0.48 7.172 (0.230)a-c 37°55’ 122°40’ 300

10 3.38 0.47 7.154 (0.255)a-c 37°45’ 119°30" 3200

8 3.36 0.47 7.141 (0.375)a-c 48°30’ 96°40’ 300

7 3.52 0.49 7.116 (0.111)a-d 37°45’ 122°26’ 150

5 3.45 0.49 7.052 (0.382)a-e 37°20’ 122°25’ 230

10 3.29 0.47 7.030 (0.216)a-f 48°07’ 123°30’ 150

7 3.55 0.51 7.027 (0.395)a-f 36°30’ 118°40’ 1830

10 3.30 0.48 6.878 (0.357)c-g 64°25 146°50’ 275

10 3.32 0.49 6.872 (0.304)c-g 64°25’ 146°52’ 230

10 3.45 0.51 6.764 (0.160)e-h 42°20’ 85°15’ 230

8 3.41 0.51 6.740 (0.283)f-h 55°00’ 119°00’ 610

10 3.32 0.49 6.737 (0.264)f-h 40°48’ 72°42’ 75

10 3.47 0.52 6.709 (0.187)g-h 53°28’ 114°10’ 640

6 3.50 0.53 6.653 (0.184)g-h 58°40’ 136°40’ 30

10 3.53 0.54 6.572 (0.283)h 61°20’ 149°30’ 120

D. norvegicoides 10 3.14 0.54 5.877 (0.242)i 64°25’ 146°25' 230

10 3.20 0.55 5.862 (0.287)i 49°47’ 94°29’ 305

10 3.38 0.58 5.845 (0.192)i 53°28’ 114°00’ 640

8 3.21 0.56 5.730 (0.343)i 45°34’ 69°35’ 460

10 3.08 0.54 5.730 (0.317)i 44°23’ 64°15’ 75

10 3.04 0.54 5.609 (0.198)i 64°25’ 146°55’ 230

D. saxonica 10 3.13 0.44 7.068 (0.386)a-e 51°30’ 116°00’ 2440

10 3.23 0.47 6.961 (0.266)b-g 61°46’ 148°30’ 245

10 3.27 0.48 6.815 (0.295)d-h 61°20’ 149°30’ 120

10 3.25 0.48 6.815 (0.289)d-h 61°20’ 149°30’ 120

4Mean ratios not followed by the same letter are significantly different (P = < .05) according to Duncan's

Multiple Range Test.

Table 1. Head width/Oculo-malar (HW/OM) length ratios of some

Nearctic Dolichovespula species and correlation to the locations of

the sites of specimen collections.

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 137

indicate that latitude is the factor most strongly correlated with head

width/oculo-malar ratio, followed by longitude and elevation. The

formula generated by the analysis was, ratio = 7.3818 - 0.01728

(degrees latitude) + 0.003 (degrees longitude) + 0.00003 (meters

elevation). r = 0.4656n = 146.

With D. norvegicoides no significant correlation could be shown

among the factors analyzed but this may be due to smaller sample

size. Analysis of the four samples of the remaining Dolichovespula

species again showed a stronger correlation of the ratio with latitude

than with longitude or elevation. The formula generated for this

species was, ratio =—1.77769 + 0.13872 (degrees latitude) + 0.99968

(meters elevation). r = 0.3390 n = 40. Due to the narrow range of

longitudes represented in the samples, no longitude correlation was

calculable.

The data presented in Table 1 show that there is a clinality with

regard to the head width/oculo-malar length ratio. This ratio becomes

smaller with increasing latitude and elevation. The influence of eleva-

tion would appear to be very slight from the formulae generated by

stepwise regression analysis.

Discussion

The analytical tests performed on data from worker specimens

proved the reliability of head measurements for the separation of two

very similar appearing species. Examination of queens and males

was made to assure that they could also be properly determined.

Sixty-one queen specimens which had been previously assigned to

D. norvegicoides were measured and their oculo-malar/head width

ratios calculated. As had been found with the worker specimens, the

queens also exhibited two modes with regard to this ratio. The geo-

graphic distribution of queens and workers with each type of oculo-

malar space coincided.

In order to assure the assignment of each of the species to the

proper taxon, the type specimen of D. norvegicoides was obtained

from the Canadian National Museum. The lectotype queen (No. 6823,

Amherst, Nova Scotia, VII-2-15) was found to possess the longer

oculo-malar space of 0.77 mm and a head width of 3.80 mm for a ratio

of 5.28. Examination of the allotype male (Sladen’s No. 2186,

Inverness, B.C., July 1910, J.H. Keen collector) was also made. This

locality is just to the SSE of Prince Rupert, B.C., and is within the geo-

graphic distribution of D. norvegicoides as delimited by the queens

and workers.

Although the digitus of the male genitalia provides an excellent

means of separating some vespine species within the Boreovespula,

the male genitalia of other species are almost identical and other

characters must be used to separate these species. Within the sub-

genus Boreovespula it has been recognized that the presence or

138 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

absence of tyloides or welts on the apical flagellar segments of the

male antennae is characteristic of species. For example, Bequaert

(1931) was able to structurally separate males of D. a/bida which

possess one basal tyloide on each of the last five antennal segments

from those of D. norvegicoides which possess two tyloides on each of

the last six segments. Examination of the allotype male verified this

tyloide arrangement as did other males collected within the geo-

graphical distribution of D. norvegicoides as shown on Figure 2.

Males collected from the mountains of the Continental Divide of

North America, where the species with the short oculo-malar space is

distributed, possess a tyloide arrangement different from either D.

norvegicoides or D. albida. They possess a single basal tyloid on the

apical segment, two tyloides on the next three segments and a single

basal tyloide on the fifth and sixth segments. The author has desig-

nated this arrangement as a tyloide formula of 1-2-2-2-1-1. This

160 149 100

Dolichovespula saxonica (Fabricius)

Dolichovespula norvegicoides (Sladen)

Located sympatries

Figure 2. The distribution of Dolichovespula saxonica (F.) and

Dolichovespula norvegicoides (Sladen) in North America. Note the

dotted line which roughly outlines the major mountainous areas of

the west.

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 139

formula exactly duplicates the tyloide arrangement of the Palearctic

species D. saxonica. Comparisons of specimens of all castes of the

short oculo-malar species from North America with Palearctic speci-

mens of D. saxonica demonstrate that they should be assigned to this

taxon. The color pattern of all North American D. saxonica examined

(310 specimens, including 82 queens, 30 males and 198 workers) is

usually less extensively yellow than that of most European speci-

mens of that species, but is indistinguishable from melanic Palearc-

tic individuals. The diverse nesting habits exhibited by D. saxonica in

North America closely correspond to those reported by European

workers for Palearctic populations of this species.

In Figure 2, the major mountainous areas of Western North

America have been roughly outlined. All of the Nearctic specimens of

D. saxonica which | have seen have been collected within these areas.

East of these mountains only D. norvegicoides has been found

although this species is also found at lower elevations along the

Pacific Coast from the Washington-Oregon border northward to

Alaska. Within the distribution of D. saxonica limited sympatry of the

two species has been noted. The indicated sympatry in Southern

Alberta, Canada and in South Central Alaska resulted from collec-

tions made by the author. The records from the Mackenzie River Delta

came from collections made in 1930 and 1931 by Mr. Owen Bryant.

Although the specimens were all labeied Aklavik, N.W.T., specimens

of other Vespula and Dolichovespula species which inhabit very

diverse habitats were also identically labeled. In 1976, | went to Inuvik

which is about 65 km to the east of Aklavik and also on the Mackenzie

River Delta and at the same elevation. At Inuvik, D. a/lbida was as

common as it is in many other taiga habitats but no other species of

yellowjackets were collected. Even now, locations with names are

widely separated in the Canadian Arctic and | must suspect that

some of the Aklavik specimens may have been collected at consider-

able distances from the named collecting site, possibly into the

Richardson Mountains to the West. Although the author collected D.

albida in sympatry with D. saxonica at Eagle River, AK, the terrain in

the MacKenzie River Delta is very dissimilar to any sites where | have

collected either D. saxonica or D. norvegicoides and the Aklavic record

of sympatry remains questionable.

The distributional patterns of the two species are less clear at the

Northwestern portion of their ranges. It appears that considerable

sympatry may occur but it was documented on only one occasion.

Although D. saxonica inhabits the higher mountain localities in the

Canadian Rocky mountains and southward, in Alaska | have only en-

countered it at lower elevations in association with mixed hardwood/

conifer forests. In the taiga and coniferous localities of central and

Pacific coastal Alaska, D. norvegicoides is quite common. Very few

yellowjacket specimens have been available from longitude 150° west

140 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

to the Bering Sea due to the relative inaccessibility of that area.

Thorough collecting within that area will be essential to the defini-

tion of the Northwestern distributional limits of North American

species of the Boreovespula. Clarification of any interrelationships

between Nearctic and Asian faunas will also require similar data from

specimen material collected in Eastern Siberia, particularly the

Chukotskiy Peninsula.

Key to the North American Dolichovespula

1. Lower half of the sides of the pronotum and lower half of propo-

deum transversely striate. Moderately large wasps with indis-

tinct dimorphism between queen and worker. Male with two

prominent tyloides on the flagellar antennal segments

particularly the 6th through the 11th. Black marked with ivory

white in the one North American species. The baldfaced hornet,

Dolichovespula maculata (F.)......... Subgenus Dolichovespula

Lower half of the sides of the pronotum and lower half of propo-

deum punctate. Smaller wasps with distinct dimorphism be-

tween queen and worker. Males with or without tyloides on flag-

ellar antennal segments. Subgenus Boreovespula ........... 2

2. Workers not present. Anterior margin of the clypeus in the female

with prominent tooth-like lateral angles. Flagellar antennal seg-

ments of the males almost entirely black without or with only

slight traces of tyloides. Usually marked with ivory-white al-

though in some specimens, particularly from the southwestern

United States, the markings are sometimes yellowish. Socially

parasitic upon other Boreovespula SpeCieS.......... 002 cee eee

hd RO EP eh Pee nS Nae LN a | eat Dolichovespula arctica (Rohwer)

Workers present. Anterior margin of the clypeus in the females

with broadly rounded lateral angles. Flagellar antennal

segments of males with various arrangements of tyloides.... 3

3. Pale markings white or ivory-white. Rufous lateral markings us-

ually present on second and sometimes also in the first abdomi-

nal tergites in the worker and male. Rufous abdominal marking

absent in queen. Ocellar triangle broad; the distance between

the posterior pair subequal to their distance from the inner

margins of the eyes. A single basal tyloide present on each of

the last five antennal segments inthe male..................

Se es ek en Sa Dolichovespula albida (Sladen)

Pale markings yellow or dirty yellow. Rufous abdominal markings

rarely present. Ocellar triangle nearly equilateral; the distance

between the posterior pair about 3/4 of their distance to the

inner margins of the eyes. Tyloide arrangement different .... 4

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 141

4. Yellow bands of first and second abdominal tergites deeply inter-

rupted by a black median point. Yellow hind margin of pronotum

usually produced downward along lateral, vertical carina.

Yellow markings along posterior margins of eyes uninterrupted

from genal to temporal areas of head. Flagellar antennal

segments of the male with two tyloides on each of the apical six

segments. Oculo-malar length variable, becoming slightly

longer with increasing north latitude .......................

ag fie el ha Ae Te a Mae I ly alt ER Dolichovespula arenaria (F.)

Yellow bands of first and second abdominal tergites narrow, con-

tinuous, only faintly narrowed medially. Yellow hind margin of

pronotum little or not produced downward along the anterior,

vertical carina. Yellow markings along posterior margins of eyes

usually reduced to spots on the tempora and usually also on the

5. Oculo-malar length long. Ratio between head width and oculo-

malar length less than 6.40 in the worker and 6.20 in the queen.

Antennal flagellum of male with two tyloides on each of the

apical six segments. Genal markings usually wider than the

temporal markings. Yellow bands on abdominal tergites two

through five subequal in Width............ 0.00. cece eee eee

tte as curt iattad aa Ok, Simtel ohn Dolichovespula norvegicoides (Sladen)

Oculo-malar length short. Ratio between head-width and oculo-

malar length greater than 6.40 in the worker and 6.20 in the

queen. Antennal flagellum of male with one tyloide on the

apical, fifth and sixth segments and two tyloides on the second,

third and fourth segments. Genal markings usually narrower

than the temporal markings. Yellow bands of increasing width

on abdominal tergites two through five, the fifth often bearing a

pair of free black spots .... Dolichovespula saxonica (Fabricius)

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to thank Mr. D.A. Reierson for assistance in field

collection of specimen material and for review of the manuscript.

Assistance with statistical analyses was kindly provided by Dr. V.

Sevacherian and Dr. M.K. Rust.

Thanks are also given for the loan of museum specimens to Mr. S.

Frommer, University of California, Riverside; Mr. J. Chemsak, Univer-

sity of California Berkeley; Mr. R. Schuster, University of California,

Davis; Dr. P. Arnaud, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco;

Mr. R. Snelling, Los Angeles County Museum; and Dr. L. Masner,

Canadian National Collections.

142 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Literature Cited

Bequaert, J. 1930. On the generic and subgeneric divisions of the Vespinae (Hymenop-

tera). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 25(2):59-70.

Bequaert, J. 1931. A tentative synopsis of the hornets and yellow-jackets (Vespinae; Hy-

menoptera) of America. Ent. Amer. 12 n.s(2): 71-138.

Birula, A. 1930. Uber die russichen Wespen und ihre geographische Verbreitung (Dritter

Beitrag) Akad. Nauk. Aun. Mus. Zool. Ac. Sc. U.R.S.S. 31: 291-339.

Bluthgen, P. 1943. Toxonomisctic und biologische Notizen uber palaarktische Faltenwes-

pen. Stettin. ent. Ztg. 104:149-158.

Bluthgen, P. 1961. Die Faltenwesper Mitteleuropas (Hymenoptera-Diploptera) Abh. Dt.

Akad. Wiss. Berlin. Nr. 2: 1-251.

Evans, H.E. 1975. Social parasitism of acommon yellowjacket. Ins. World Dig. 2: 6-13.

Green, A. et al. 1976. The aerial yellowjacket, Dolichovespula arenaria (Fab): Nesting bio-

logy, reproductive production, and behavior (Hymenoptera:Vespidae) Melan-

deria 26: 1-34.

Guiglia, D. 1948. Le Vespe D’Italia. Soc. Ent. Ital. Mem. Suppl. 27: 1-84.

Miller, C.D.F. 1958. Distributional and nomenclatorial problems in some forms of Vespula

in North America (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Proc. 10th Int. Cong. Entomol. 1:

257-264.

Miller, C.D.F. 1961. Taxonomy and distribution of Nearctic Vespu/a. Can. Ent., 93, Supp.

22: 1-52.

Short, J.R.R. 1952. The morphology of the head of larval Hymenoptera with special re-

ference to the head of the Ichneumonoidea, including a classification of the

final instar larvae of the Braconidae. Trans. Royal Entomol. Soc. London 103:

27-66.

Yamane, S.D. 1975. Taxonomic notes on the subgenus Boreovespula Bluthgen (Hymenop-

tera, Vespidae) of Japan, with notes on specimens from Sakhalin. Kontyu.

43(3): 343-355.

RECENT LITERATURE

Z. Kazab, 1977. Die Tenebrioniden des papuanischen Gebietes |.

Strongyliini (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae Pacific Insects Monograph

33:1-219. 79 figs., 16 plates. Dept. Entomology, Bishop Museum,

Honolulu. $10.50 soft cover.

This work treats 169 species in seven genera (four new) of

Strongyliini from New Guinea. The work (in German), is formated as

are standard taxonomic treatments. The taxa are profusely illustrated

(each of the 79 numbered figures contains six to ten or more Clear,

informative line drawings). The full page plates (black and white)

occasionally leave something to be desired, since the darker beetles

are so devoid of detail many appear to be hardly more then

silhouettes (see pl. VIII, Fig. A; XII, Fig. 1; etc). This would appear to

be of aminimal disadvantage, however, in light of the numerous other

drawings. Certain to be indespensible to future workers on the

group. — ARH.

Pupation of Hemerobius in Douglas-fir Cones

(Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae)

Mark Deyrup and Nancy Deyrup

University of Washington, Seattle 98115

Hemerobiids are predators that attack aphidoids and coccidoids;

some species are known to have voracious appetites (Killington,

1936), but North American species are usually considered uncommon

(Smith, 1923) and thus presumably have a negligible effect on their

host populations. Recently, Neuenshwander et a/. (1975) has shown

that one species, Hemerobius pacificus Banks, is sufficiently abun-

dant to be a significant predator of aphids. In western North Ameri-

can H. pacificus is the most frequently encountered hemerobiid as it

occurs on herbacious vegetation as well as on deciduous shrubs and

trees. It now appears that other species of Hemerobius may also be

abundant, but seldom seen because they remain in the crowns of

conifers. With the discovery of a principle pupation site of

hemerobiids in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) it becomes pos-

sible to attempt sampling studies as well as obtain large numbers of

specimens for other biological studies.

Records of pupation sites of North American hemerobiids consist

of a few casual observations (Smith, 1923) that suggest that hemero-

biids pupate in any small enclosed space such as a bark fiSsure ora

curled leaf. Extensive records of pupation sites of European hemero-

biids (Withycombe, 1922; Killington, 1936, 1937) indicate that arborial

hemerobiids travel down the trunk of the tree seeking pupation sites

and, in the absence of suitable bark fissures, pupate in moss and leaf

litter at the base of the tree. Hemerobiids inhabiting Douglas-fir find

in the Douglas-fir cone an idael pupation site adjacent to the larval

feeding area.

Materials and Methods

During the winter of 1976-7 Douglas-fir cones were collected in

Seattle city parks (Ravenna, Seward) and on the University of Wash-

ington campus. Most of the cones were gathered beneath mature

trees. At several sites cones from previous years were removed from

beneath the trees so that freshly fallen cones containing recently

pupated hemerobiids could be easily gathered after wind-storms.

Since hemerobiid cocoons remain concealed even in dry, fully open

cones, it was necessary to dissect the cones scale by scale, using

Crescent (942-5) wire cutters. The cocoons were removed from the

cones and placed on acone scale on a pad of paper toweling in 100 X

15 mm. Petri dishes. The Petri dishes were kept at room temperature

and the paper toweling was moistened with a few drops of water

every day.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:143-146. April 1978.

144 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Results and Discussion

During this investigation 700 recently fallen cones were gathered

at random beneath mature Douglas-fir trees. When dissected in the

laboratory these cones produced a total of 1,038 hemerobiid

cocoons, including 615 occupied cocoons, 372 empty cocoons, 51

parasitized cocoons; 11 active hemerobiid larvae were found. Many

pupae and mature larvae were damaged when removed from the

cones; 506 specimens were reared to maturity. The species obtained

are discussed in the following annotated list.

Hemerobius stigmaterus Fitch.

Reared 223 females, 212 males, time required for emergence in laboratory 1-24 days;

92% emerged 5.20 days after brought into laboratory. Trees that are heavily infested with

aphidoids, particularly Ade/ges cooleyi (Gillette) may have an average of more than one H.

stigmaterus in each cone, indicating that H. stigmaterus may be an important predator.

Hemerobius pacificus Banks.

Reared 8 females, 7 males, time required for emergence in laboratory 5-22 days, 90%

emerged 6-20 days after brought into laboratory. This species has a much broader habitat

range than most hemerobiids; it is regularly found on conifers, broadleaf trees, and

herbacious vegetation.

Hemerobius kokaneeanus Currie.

Reared 29 females, 24 males, time required for emergence in laboratory 2-22 days; 90%

emerged 8-20 days after brought into laboratory. This relatively large series of a Sup-

posedly scarce species shows even more variation in wing markings than described by

Carpenter (1940). Wing markings range from a small spot or row of spots on Cu, to light

spots on all veins and to large dark blotches along Cu, and the inner and outer gradates.

The amount of infuscation of the wing membrane is also highly variable and not cor-

related with the extensiveness of wing markings. A series of specimens shows a pro-

gressive lengthening of the blotches along Cu, and the outer gradates, culminating ina

pair of specimens having the typical markings of H. bistrigatus Currie. Carpenter (1940) has

already noted the remarkable similarity between the wing shape and genitalia of H.

kokaneeanus and those of H. bistrigatus; this new evidence suggests that H. kokaneeanus

may be asynonym of H. bistrigatus.

Hemerobius bistrigatus Currie

Reared 1 female, 1 male, time required for emergence in laboratory 20 days. This pair of

specimens is discussed above under H. kokaneeanus.

Kimminsia coloradensis (Banks).

Reared 1 female, time required for emergence 14 days.

Douglas-fir cones make ideal sites for hemerobiid cocoons.

Hemerobiids inhabiting Douglas-fir avoid the often lengthy and

hazardous search for suitable bark crevices, many of which are al-

ready occupied by predators, particularly spiders. More predators un-

doubtedly await hemerobiids that are forced to pupate in leaf litter or

moss. Douglas-fir cones, though occasionally inhabited by spiders,

are poor habitats for large or mobil predators because the cones

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 145

Fig. 1. Pupa of Hemerobius occupying depression left by fallen Douglas-fir seed. X 5.

close tightly during wet weather, leaving only a minute space at the

base of each scale. The Douglas-fir seeds occupy a pair of depres-

sions at the base of each cone scale; after the seeds fall each depres-

sion forms an oval hollow the size and shape of ahemerobiid cocoon.

The hemerobiids show great constancy in choosing these hollows for

pupation sites, even though the open cone during a period of dry

weather offers a variety of apparently suitable crevices. Only a few

larvae were found to have spun cocoons outside of the seed depres-

sions; these larvae had been crushed by the closing of the cone

during wet weather.

Although there are obvious mutually beneficial relationships

between conifers and hemerobiids, it does not seem likely that the

structure or mechanics of the Douglas-fir cone has been modified to

provide shelter for hemerobiids. It is possible that hemerobiids in the

Douglas-fir forests of western North America show behavioral

adaptations that facilitate exploitation of Douglas-fir cones as

pupation sites.

146 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

The abundance of Douglas-fir hemerobiids, and their dependable

occurance in special pupation sites are factors that allow

exploitation by a number of parasitoids. During the present study 8

species of hymenopterous parasitoids were reared from Hemerobius

cocoons. There is one previous record of a parasitoid of Nearactic

Hemerobius (Muesebeck et a/., 1951); there are also records of para-

sitoids of Micromus (Selhime and Kanavel, 1968) and Symphorobius

(Muesebeck et a/. 1951). Four of the parasitoids are ichneumonids of

the genus Charitopes: these species oviposit on mature larvae within

their cocoons and are obvious beneficiaries of the constancy with

which hemerobiids choose their pupation sites within the Douglas-

fir cone. Three other parasitoids are figitids, including one species of

Anacharis and two species of Aegilips; these species presumably

oviposit in larvae before the cocoon is spun. A few specimens of an

unidentified ceraphronid were reared from Hemerobius cocoons.

Only one parasitiod is produced per host, with the exception of the

ceraphronid, a pair of which may emerge from a single host cocoon.

Literature Cited

Carpenter, F. M. 1940. A revision of the Nearctic Hemerobiidae, Berothidae, Sisyridae,

Polystoechotidae, and Dilaridae (Neuroptera). Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 74:

193-280.

Killington, F.J. 1936. A monograph of the British Neuroptera. Vol. 1 Ray Soc. 122: 1-269.

Killington, F.J. 1937. A monograph of the British Neuroptera. Vol. 2 Ray Soc. 123; 1-306.

Muesebeck, C.F.W., K.V. Krombein and H.K. Townes. 1951. Hymenoptera of America

north of Mexico. Synoptic Catalog U.S. Dept. Agr. Monogr. 2: 1-1420.

Neuenschwander, P., K.S. Hagen, and R.F. Smith. 1975. Predation on aphids in Califor-

nia’s alfalfa fields. Hilgardia 43: 53-78.

Selhime, A.G., and R.F. Kanavel. 1968. Life cycle and parasitism of Micromus posticus and

M. subanticus in Florida. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 61: 1212-1215.

Smith, R.C. 1923. The life histories and stages of some hemerobiids and allied species

(Neuroptera). Amer. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 16: 129-151.

Withycombe, C.L.1922. Notes on the biology of some British Neuroptera (Planipennia)

Trans. Lond. Entomol. Soc. 70: 501-594.

Two New Genera of North American Incurvariine Moths

(Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae)

Donald R. Davis

Dept. Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560

Over the past several years | have devoted some effort to a syste-

matic revision of the American moths of the family Incurvariidae, in-

volving the subfamilies Incurvariinae, Prodoxinae, and Adelinae.

During the course of these investigations, several new generic and

specific taxa have been discovered. In order to validate two of these

for inclusion in a forthcoming checklist of the Moths of North

America north of Mexico, they are described now. The availability of

these two generic names will make it possible to list all previously

described North American species in a proposed phylogenetic

sequence and with proper generic combinations.

As ameans of Clarifying the following generic descriptions, | have

included illustrations of critical anatomical features of the type

species of each new genus.

| wish to acknowledge Ms. Biruta Akerbergs, Mr. Andre Pizzini

(deceased), and Mr. George Venable, staff artists of the Department

of Entomology, for the illustrations used in this paper, and Mr. Victor

Kranz of the Smithsonian Photographic Laboratory for his photo-

graphic assistance.

Tanysaccus, new genus

(Figures 1,3,5-6,9-12,17-18, and 20.)

Type Species. — /ncurvaria aenescens Wism., 1888.

Adult. — Small, slender-bodied moths with moderately slender wings; wing expanse

12-17 mm.

Head (Figures 5-6): Vestiture completely rough. Antennae 27-28 segmented, simple,

approximately 0.45-0.55 the length of forewing; basal fourth to one-third of flagellum

usually scaled dorsally; remainder of flagellum densely pubescent. Ocelli absent.

Compound eyes relatively small, eye index! approximately 0.88-0.93; microtrichiae usually

absent, sometimes present, scattered, variable in number; rarely exceeding diameter of a

single facet in length. Mandibles present, but vestigial. Maxillary palpi elongate, slightly

exceeding length of labial palpi, usually four-segmented, rarely with a minute, fifth

segment at apex; terminal (fourth) segment longest, exceeding length of basal three

segments combined. Galeae relatively short, slightly less than length of maxillary palpi.

Labial palpi three-segmented, with second segment the longest and nearly twice the

length of apical segment.

Thorax: Foretibiae with pectinate epiphysis at middle and extending about 0.6 the

distance to apex. Forewings relatively narrow, greatest width approximately 0.32-0.34 the

*See Powell, 1973:8

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:147-153. April 1978.

148 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 1-4 Adult structure: Fig. 1, Tanysaccus aenescens (Wlsm.),

male, Pullman, Wn., wing expanse 15 mm; Fig. 2, Tridentaforma fusco-

leuca (Braun), male, Olympic Mts., Wn., wing expanse 15 mm.; Fig. 3,

Tanysaccus aenescens, apex of female ovipositor; Fig. 4, Tridentaforma

fuscoleuca, apex of female ovipositor.

length, with 10 veins from discal cell, occasionally with 9; R, and , variable, either

separate, stalked, or completely fused; R, arising from apex of accessory cell approxi-

mate to R,; Cu ,, arising considerably closer to M, than to Cu ,, Hindwings approxi-

mately same width as forewings, with 6 veins arising separate from cell; Cu ,, arising

from outer third of cell; base of medius forked within cell of both wings.

Abdomen: Unmodified, without specialized setal tufts or appendages. Seventh sternite

of female moderately long, usually averaging 2.8-4.2 length of sixth. Eighth segment

lightly and uniformly pigmented, without darkly sclerotized areas laterally.

Male genitalia (Figures 9-12): Uncus indistinct, reduced to a pair of small lobes. Vincu-

lum and saccus Y-shaped, greatly lengthened, gradually constricting to a narrow, blunt

end anteriorly; length approximately 2-3X as long as valvae. Valvae sharply constricted at

middle, forming two portions; basal half broad, padlike; distal half slender with a promi-

nent lobe bearing a single apical pecten of 6-20 spines. Juxta sharply divided into two dis-

tinct regions, a relatively broad, elongate caudal half and an extremely slender, rodlike

anterior half. Aedeagus extremely long and slender, usually equalling length of entire

genitalia, with a single, elongate, subapical cornutus.

Female genitalia (Figures 3, 17-18): Apex of ovipositor compressed, triangular (viewed

laterally) with dorsal and ventral cutting edges serrulate and usually asymmetrical (i.e., of

unequal lengths). Vestibulum typically very slender, without heavily thickened walls but

usually with darkly pigmented areas posteriorly. Ductus bursae usually not thickened,

extremely elongate, often more than 1.5 the length of posterior apophyses. A pair of

stellate signa present; rays variable, usually slender but short and broad in 7. aenescens,

ranging in number between 4 and 15.

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 149

Figs. 5-8 Adult head structure: Figs. 5-6, Tanysaccus aenescens;

Figs. 7-8, Tridentaforma fuscoleuca. (Scale = 0.5 mm.)

150 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Most of the species now grouped under Tanysaccus were formerly

placed in either Lampronia Steph. or Greya Bsk. by McDunnough

(1939) and others. Three previously described species, Tanysaccus

aenescens (Wlsm.), T. humilis (Wism.), and T. sublustris (Braun), are

now recognized as comprising this genus along with one northeastem

species yet to be named. This group is characterized by its elongate,

typically four-segmented maxillary palpus, relatively short galea, and

the unusual form of the male genitalia. The latter is interesting in that

it closely resembles that of the prodoxine genus Agavenema Davis

(1967), particularly in the elongate saccus and the structure of the

valvae. The valvae in both Janysaccus and Agavenema possess a

median lobe bearing a single, crescent-shaped pecten consisting of

several stout spines. Tanysaccus differs from Agavenema in nearly all

other respects, especially in their different head and thoracic struc-

ture. For example, the eyes of Agavenema are greatly enlarged (eye

index approximately 1.25), the maxillary palpi are five-segmented, and

the furcasternum of the metathorax has the furcal apophyses extend-

ed and fused to the secondary arms of the furcasternum. In Tany-

saccus the metafurcal apophyses are considerably shorter and free.

Another feature of Tanysaccus which serves to distinguish it from

both Agavenema and Greya, to which it is perhaps more closely allied,

is the triangular form of the apex of the ovipositor (as viewed lateral-

ly). Tanysaccus also possesses one of the longest ductus bursae in

the family. Nothing is known of the biology or immature stages of this

genus, other than that the adults are believed to be diurnal.

The elongate saccus in the males of this genus has suggested the

specific name which is derived from the Greek, tany (long) and sakkos

(bag); it is considered masculine in gender.

Tridentaforma, new genus

(Figures 2,4,7-8,13-16,19, and 21.)

Type species.—Lampronia fusco/euca Braun, 1923

Adult.—Small, slender-bodied moths with moderately slender wings; wing expanse 8.5-

20.5 mm.

Head (Figures 7-8): Vestiture rough. Antennae 40-49 segmented, simple, approximately

0.50-0.55 the length of forewing; basal 0.6 to 0.7 of flagellum scaled dorsally; remainder of

flagellum densely pubescent. Ocelli absent. Compound eyes moderately large, eye index

approximately 1.0-1.1; microtrichiae few, widely scattered over eye. Mandibles vestigial.

Maxillary palpi moderately long, approximately 0.5-0.6 the length of labial palpi, four-

segmented, all segments relatively short; apical (fourth) segment slightly longer (appro-

ximately 1.5X the length of third). Galeae elongate, over 4X the length of maxillary palpi

and about 2X the length of labial palpi. Labial palpi three-segmented, with apical segment

elongate and equalling length of second.

Thorax: Foretibiae with pectinate epiphysis from middle, extending approximately half

way to apex. Forewings relatively narrow, greatest width about 3.4-3.6 length, with 10

veins arising usually separately from discal cell; R, arising near basal third of cell; R,

from apex of accessory cell; R; rarely stalked with R,; Cu,, about equidistant from M,

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 151

Figs. 9-16 Male genitalia: Figs. 9-12, Tanysaccus aenescens; Figs.

13-16, Tridentaforma fuscoleuca. (Scale = 0.5 mm.)

and Cu ,, Hindwings approximately same width as forewings, with 6 veins from cell; M,

and M, sometimes connate; Cu ,, arising from outer third of cell; base of medius forked

within cell of both wings.

Abdomen: Unmodified, without specialized setal tufts or appendages. Seventh sternite

of female 2.4-2.8 the length of sixth. Eighth segment lightly and uniformly pigmented,

152 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 17-21 Adult structure: Figs. 17-18, Tanysaccus aenescens,

female genitalia; Fig. 19, Tridentaforma fuscoleuca, female genitalia;

Fig. 20, Tanysaccus aenescens, wing venation; Fig. 21, Tridentaforma

fuscoleuca, wing venation. (Scale = 0.5mm.)

without darkly sclerotized areas laterally.

Male genitalia (Figures 13-16): Uncus reduced, consisting of two small lobes. Vinculum

and saccus well developed, V- to Y-shaped, saccus sometimes attenuated; total length

0.6-1.3 the length of valvae. Valvae varying in width from relatively narrow to extremely

broad; an equally spaced series of three pectens situated along ventral margin of valva,

each pecten consisting of a short transverse row of 5-10 stout spines. Juxta moderately

weak, and slender, gradually tapering anteriorly to an extremely slender, acute apex.

Aedeagus three-branched with slender median branch the longest (approximately 2X the

length of lateral branches) and containing the vesica; cornuti absent.

Female genitalia (Figures 4,19): Apex of ovipositor very slender, slightly compressed,

acute, smooth, without a serrated cutting edge. Anterior and posterior apophyses ex-

tremely slender and elongate. Vestibulum relatively small and without heavily thickened

VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 153

walls but with some sclerotization evident ventrally near posterior end. Ductus bursae

membranous, relatively short, less than one-third the length of posterior apophyses.

Corpus bursae entirely membranous, without signa.

Tridentiforma has been proposed for fusco/euca Braun. Although

only one species is included, considerable variation has been noted

in the western populations and it is possible that a second, sibling

species exists.

This genus may be distinguished from its nearest relatives, Greya

and Tanysaccus, by the following combination of characters: the elon-

gate galeae; the relatively short, typically four-segmented maxillary

palpi; the trident-shaped aedeagus and tripectinated valvae of the

male, and the elongate, slender ovipositor of the female.

The unusual form of the aedeagus, believed to be unique in the

Incurvariidae, has suggested the name for this genus, which is de-

rived from the Latin tridens (trident) and forma (form). The generic

name is considered feminine in gender.

Literature Cited

Braun, A.F. 1923. Microlepidoptera: Notes and new species. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc.,

49(2):115-127.

Davis, D.R. 1967. A revision of the moths of the subfamily Prodoxinae (Lepidoptera: In-

curvarilidae). U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 255, pp. 1-170.

McDunnough, J. 1939. Check List of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of

America. Pt. 2, Microlepidoptera. South. California Acad. Sci., 2(1):1-171.

Powell, J.A. 1973. A Systematic Monograph of New World Ethmiid Moths (Lepidoptera:

Gelechioidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 120.

Walsingham, Lord T. de G. 1888. Steps towards a revision of Chambers’ index, with notes

and descriptions of new species. Insect Life, 1(5):145-150.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Some Notes on the Egg Sacs of Aphonopelma chalcodes (Araneae: Theraphosidae) —

Two adult female tarantulas of the species Aphonopelma chalcodes Chamberlin produced

egg sacs while kept in the laboratory. Both females were taken at Molino Basin, Pima

County, Arizona. The first female made her egg sac on April 12, 1975, 241 days after she

was captured. It was opened and contained 555 eggs. The second female formed her egg

sac on March 1, 1976, 206 days after capture. This egg sac was kept at 23°-27°C in hopes

that young would emerge. By 39 days mold became evident. The egg sac was then opened

and found to contain 454 eggs. Many of these eggs had advanced to the deutova stage.

Baerg (1958, The tarantula. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kan. 88 pp.) found that

the tarantula Dugesiella hentzi (Girard) produced 500-1000 eggs per egg sac and required

56 days in the laboratory before its young emerged from the egg sac. — EDWIN W.

MINCH, Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:153. April 1978.

154 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

WALTER CARTER

1897-1977

Dr. Walter Carter, a distinguished entomologist in tropical agricul-

ture, died November 26, 1977 in Walnut Creek, California. A native of

Leeds, England, he was educated in British and Canadian schools,

Montana State University (B.S. 1923), and the University of Minnesota

(M.S. 1924; Ph.D. 1928). He began his career as an entomologist with

the Bureau of Entomology, USDA at Twin Falls, Idaho in 1925, and in

1930 he became Head Entomologist of the Pineapple Producers

Cooperative Association Experiment Station (later known as the

Pineapple Research Institute) in Honolulu, Hawaii, a position he held

until his retirement in 1962. Upon his retirement he was named

Professor Emeritus at the University of Hawaii, where he had lectured

to graduate students, and from 1969 until his death he was Visiting

Scholar in the Department of Entomological Sciences, University of

California, Berkeley.

Dr. Carter was probably best known for his work on mealybug wilt

of pineapple, a complex plant disease involving toxic secretions of

the mealybug and a transmissible latent factor. His research on this

and other plant diseases related to insects culminated in publication

of the book ‘Insects in Relation to Plant Disease” (second edition,

1973), considered the authoritative text on the subject. He wrote

more than 90 scientific papers, published in a number of technical

journals from 1925 to 1966, and contributed to chapters in the Year-

books of Agriculture for 1952 and 1953 and in the Annual Review of

Entomology for 1961. .

Dr. Carter traveled extensively in the tropics in connection with his

research on mealybug wilt, and as a consultant for the British

Colonial Office and the United Nations on problems with tropical

crops including cacao, tea, and coconut. He also served as Director

of the USDA’s Oriental Fruit Fly Investigations in Hawaii in 1949-1951,

and as UNDP country representative in Jamaica in 1964-1965.

Dr. Walter Carter was an Honorary Member of the Entomological

Society of America, and served as Chairman of the Pacific Branch of

that society in 1956. He was also a member of the American Phyto-

pathological Society, Sigma Xi, Hawaiian Academy of Science, the

Northern California Entomology Club, and the Cosmos Club of Wash-

ington, D.C. He was the recipient of the C.W. Woodworth Award for

Outstanding Achievement in Entomology in 1974, and the Distin-

guished Service Award of the University of Minnesota in 1961.

Dr. Carter is survived by his wife Minnie, sons Howard and Duncan,

daughter Mrs. Marjorie Ackerman, sisters Winnie Paul of Eureka,

California and Ada Haines of Leeds, England, nine grandchildren, and

two great-grandchildren.

Ray F. Smith, University of California, Berkeley

D.G. Denning, Moraga, Calif.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:154. April 1978.

A Second Species of Rothium, An Intertidal Beetle from the

Gulf of California

(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)

lan Moore

Division of Biological Control,

University of California, Riverside, California 92502.

The genus RAothium, along with its type species, was recently

described (Moore and Legner, 1977) from a series of specimens taken

from the rocky intertidal coast of northern Sonora, Mexico, in the Gulf

of California. Fifteen specimens of a second species of this genus

have since been collected in the same habitat on the seashore of the

southern part of the Gulf of California in Sinaloa, Mexico. The second

species closely resembles the first in size and color, but is quite

different in the size of the eyes, length of the elytra and other body

configurations.

Rothium giulianii, new species

Color: Dark testaceous with head, disc of pronotum, bases of elytra and bases of

abdominal segments a little darker.

Head: Two-thirds wider than long; orbicular, with clypeal area somewhat produced;

surface evenly convex, very finely and densely punctured and reticulate; pubescence

short, dense, directed forward in front and outward at sides. Eyes not prominent,

pubescent, about four times as long as tempora. Tempora rounded, not constricted

behind. Antenna moderately incrassate, first segment a little more than twice as long as

wide, second segment about as long and about as wide as first, segments three through

seven very similar to second, but just perceptively decreasing in length, eighth through

tenth noticeably decreasing in length and slightly increasing in width so that the tenth is

slightly wider than long; eleventh segment ovoid, a little longer than wide.

Thorax: Pronotum subquadrate, about one-fourth wider than long, widest at apical

fifth, apex gently arcuate, apical angles narrowly rounded, sides arcuate into the broadly

rounded basal angles; base arcuate, about four-fifths as wide as apex; disc gently convex,

sculpture and pubescence similar to that of head. Elytra conjointly about as wide as

pronotum and about one-fourth longer; humeral angles broadly rounded, apical angles

narrowly rounded; sculpture similar to that of head and pronotum, but with the

pubescence directed posteriorly.

Abdomen: A little tapered to apex. Surface reticulate, sparsely pubescent. Fifth tergite

with a polished tumid triangular area occupying about one-fourth of the apical margin and

extending anteriorly about two-fifths of the length of the segment. Apex of sixth tergite

with two prominent teeth separated by a deep arcuate emangination which occupies one-

third of the width of the segment.

Length: 4.6mm.

Holotype male: Mexico, Sinaloa, 4 miles north of Mazatlan, 25 April, 1974, intertidal

rocks, Derham Giuliani collector.

Allotype female: Similar to holotype except that the elytra and first abdominal segment

are somewhat paler; the surface of the fifth tergite is without a tumid central area and the

apex of the sixth tergite is evenly arcuate. Same data as holotype.

Paratypes: Four dd and nine 2°, same data as holotype. The color of the paratypes is

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:155-156. April 1978.

156 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

nearly uniform and the size variation is slight.

Disposition of Types: The holotype will be placed on permanent loan with the

California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. The allotype and paratypes are at

present in the collection of the University of California at Riverside.

Notes: This species has a facies similar to that of R. sonorensis

Moore and Legner, but is at once easily distinguished by the much

larger eyes which occupy almost the entire side of the head whereas

in R. sonorensis they occupy only one-half of the side of the head, by

the elytra which are distinctly longer than the pronotum whereas in A.

sonorensis they are about as long, and by the more elongate antennal

segments with the tenth segment hardly wider than long whereas in

R. sonorensis it is tranverse. The configuration of the fourth and fifth

abdominal tergites of the male are quite different in the two species.

The fifth tergite is unmodified in R. sonorensis, but has a tumid

polished triangular area in AR. giulianii, and the apical margin of the

sixth tergite is provided with three large teeth in the former, but with

only two large teeth in the latter.

This species is named for its collector, Derham Giuliani.

Literature Cited

Moore, lan and E. F. Legner. 1977. A report on some intertidal Staphylinidae from Sonora,

Mexico, with four new genera (Coleoptera). Pacific Insects. 17:459-471, 20

Figs.

2

Figs. 1-2, Rothium giulianii, new species. Fig. 1, dorsal aspect. Fig. 2, antenna.

A New Species of Pterotus

LeConte from California

(Coleoptera: Lampyridae)

John A. Chemsak

University of California, Berkeley

The genus Pterotus has contained a single species, obscuripennis,

since LeConte proposed it in 1859. P. obscuripennis was described

from Fort Tejon, California. It is known from southern Oregon to

about El Rosario in northern Baja California.

The genus has been placed in the family Phengodidae and

presently is considered a member of the Lampyridae. Its family af-

filiation may be resolved when females become known.

Celeste Green is gratefully acknowledged for preparing the illus-

trations.

Pterotus curticornis, new species

Male: Form moderate sized, depressed; integument orange, antennae brownish, elytra

black. Head small, retractable, sparsely punctate and pubescent; antennae (Fig. 4) extend-

ONY

4

Fig. 1, Outline of pronotum of Pterotus obscuripennis LeConte, Fig. 2, outline of

pronotum of Pterotus curticornis Chemsak, Fig. 3, antenna of P. obscuripennis, Fig. 4,

antenna of P. curticornis.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:157-158. April 1978.

158 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

ing to about base of elytra, segments three to ten pectinate, apical extensions broad,

no more than three times longer than segment, segments usually orange, extensions

brown. Pronotum (Fig. 2) broader than long, lateral margins foliate; disk irregularly convex,

delimited laterally by deep impressions, base narrowly impressed, emarginate at middle,

median line narrow, extending from about apical one third almost to basal margin,

punctures finer, shallow, subconfluent; pubescence short, rather sparse. Elytra about two

and one half times as long as broad, sides shallowly emarginate at middle; each elytron

with four costae; disk moderately coarsely, irregularly, reticulate-punctate; pubescence

short, black, subdepressed; apices narrowly rounded. Legs slender, orange, tarsi reddish.

Abdomen orange, moderately densely clothed with pale depressed pubescence. Length,

11-12 mm.

Holotype male (California Academy of Sciences) from Boyd Desert Research Center, 4

miles S Palm Desert, Riverside Co., California, 12 April, 1963, at light (C.A. Toschi). Three

male paratypes, same data (J.A. Powell, R.L. Langston).

This species may be separated from P. obscuripennis by the shorter

antennae with shorter, broader extensions. The segments are also

broader. Additionally the pronotum is less broad in curticornis and the

legs are orange and reddish and not infuscated. .

Literature Cited

LeConte, J. L. 1859. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Fort Tejon, California. Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 11:69-90.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

A Note on the Feeding Behavior of Sosippus sp. (Araneae:Lycosidae). A female of

Sosippus sp., probably ca/ifornicus Simon, was taken from her large funnel web character-

istic of this genus (Comstock, 1971, The spider book. Comstock Publishing Co., Ithaca,

N.Y. 729 pp.) at Canyon Lake, Maricopa County, Arizona on August 8, 1976 along with an

egg sac. She was kept in the laboratory at 23°-27°C throughout her period of confinement

in a glass gallon jar. During her confinement in the container, the female constructed a

new web. On August 11, 1976 the young emerged from the egg sac. When an adult cricket,

Acheta domestica Linnaeus, was placed in the web, the adult female spider attacked and

quieted it. Then the young gathered and fed in such numbers as to obscure the prey com-

pletely, while the mother moved off and remained some distance away. It was evident that

the young fed as their abdomens became noticeably distended, while they remained

gathered on the cricket. A second Acheta domestica was introduced while the young fed

from the first, and the adult female Sos/ppus attacked and fed from the second.

This behavior would class these spiders as presocial according to Wilson (1974, The

insect societies, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 548 pp.). Thus one

additional family should be added to his list of spider families containing species exhibit-

ng precursors of social behavior. EDWIN W. MINCH, Arizona State University, Tempe

85281.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:158. April 1978.

Homonymy of Macropia

(Diptera: Tachinidae; Lepidoptera: Choreutidae)'

John B. Heppner?

Dept. Entomology and Nematology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville

The generic name Macropia Costa, [1836], was proposed as a sSub-

genus in the introductory discussion to the genus Asopia (treated as a

subgenus of Pyralis) in the Lepidoptera part of his work on the fauna

of Naples, Italy (Costa, [1836]-1850), for the species of section B of

Treitschke’s (1829) treatment of Asopia. Costa did not list any species

of Macropia but only noted that all the species of Treitschke’s Asopia

section B belonged in the new subgenus. Treitschke (1829) included

the following species in section B of Asopia, numbered 9-12, currently

in Choreutidae except for #9 (species 1-8 were included in section A

and are now in Pyralidae): 9) Asopia nemoralis (Hubner) [now in

Pyralidae]; 10) Asopia incisalis Treitschke [ = Eutromula nemorana

(Hitibner)]; 11) Asopia parialis Treitschke [ = Eutromula pariana (Clerck)];

and 12) Asopia alternalis Treitschke [ = Anthophila fabriciana

(Linnaeus)].

Macropia Costa was subsequently mentioned by Zeller (1847), who

noted that it was a synonym of Choreutis Hiibner (Choreutidae) and

placed all the choreutid species of Treitschke’s Asopia section B into

one genus, Choreutis. Since 1847 Macropia Costa has remained for-

gotten and, in fact, has never been included in any other work, list,

catalog, or generic nomenclator. Although Zeller (1847) mentioned

species now retained in Choreutis, the three choreutid species

included by Treitschke (1829) in his section B of Asopia are currently

assigned to other genera, as noted above. Macropia Costa cannot,

therefore, be considered a synonym of Choreutis. No type-species has

been designated for Macropia Costa. Inasmuch as both Treitschke

and Zeller begin their listing of the original 4 species with Asopia

incisalis (now known as Eutromula nemorana), | hereby designate

Asopia incisalis Treitschke, 1829, as the type-species of Macropia

Costa. Consequently, Macropia Costa, [1836] becomes a junior

subjective synonym of Eutromula Froélich, 1828.

Macropia Malloch, 1930 (Diptera: Tachinidae), described for a

species of tachinid from Australia, is a junior homonym of Macropia

Costa, [1836]. Since homonymy is involved, Macropia Costa cannot be

considered a nomen oblitum, which it otherwise would be. Macropia

Malloch, 1930, is now considered to be a junior synonym of Halydaia

‘Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 916.

?Mail address: Dept. of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:159-160. April 1978.

160 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Egger, 1856, and, thus, does not require anew name.

C.W. Sabrosky (USNM) kindly helped in determining the current

status of Macropia Malloch in Tachinidae.

Literature Cited

Costa, O.-G. [1836]-1850. Lepidotteri. /n, Fauna del regno di Napoli, ... Torchi, Naples.

[442 pp.] (Asopia section, 2 pp. [p. 196-197 (Direction 59)] [1836)}).

Malloch, J.R. 1930. Notes on Australian Diptera. XXIV. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55:303-353.

Treitschke, F. 1829. Zlinsler. G. Herminia-Ennychia. In, F. Ochsenheimer, Die Schmetter-

linge von Europa. Siebenter Band [7]. Fleischer, Leipzig. 252 pp.

Zeller, P.C. 1847. Bemerkungen uber die auf einer Reise nach Italien und Sicilien beobach-

teten Schmetterlingsarten. VII. Isis von Oken 40:641-673.

Zoological Nomenclature

The following Opinions (listed by number) have been published

recently by the International Commission on Zoological Nomen-

clature (see Bulletin Zoological Nomenclature Volume 34, part 4, 28

February, 1978).

Opinion No. |

1100 (p. 203) Designation of Musca frit Linnaeus, 1758, as type-

species of Oscinella Becker, 1909 (Diptera CHLOR-

OPIDAE).

1103 (p. 218) Suppression of nine specific names in the family

TETRIGIDAE (Insecta, Orthoptera).

1105 (p. 234) Designation of a type-species for Lonomia Walker,

1855 (Insecta, Lepidoptera).

1106 (p. 237) Conservation of the generic. name Rhopalum

Stephens, 1829 (Insecta, Hymenoptera).

The Commission cannot supply separates of Opinions.

January issue mailed April 26, 1978

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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Nearctic Region by Michael R. Gardner. 61 pages. Published

January 21, 1975. Price $3.00. (Plus 25c postage.)*

*(Add 6% sales tax on all California orders (resident of Alameda, Contra Costaand

San Francisco counties add 612%). Members of the Society will receive a 20%

discount)

Send orders to:

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

c/o California Academy of Sciences

Golden Gate Park

San Francisco, California 94118