Vol. 54 JANUARY 1978 No. 1

THE

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

HARDY and ANDREWS — Studies in the Coleoptera of Western Sand Dunes

1. Five New Polyphylia Harris (Scarabaeidae) ...................-2200008.

GRIGARICK and SCHUSTER — A New Species of Pilactium from Oregon

(Coleoptera PSelapmidae)ats, iis heals casas na ol ea ae

PHILIP — New Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera). III. Notes on Three Rare Species of

Diachlorini in Mexico with Descriptions of Neallotypes forTwo............

CHANDLER — A New Anthicus from California (Coleoptera: Anthicidae)

JOHNSON — Larvae of Ephemerella inermis and E. infrequens

(Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) ................ 0.00 .c cee eee eee eee

CHEMSAK and LINSLEY — New Neotropical Lamiinae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

COOK — A New Genus and Five New Species of Scatopsidae from California,

Mexico, El Salvador and Peru (Diptera) ................ 2.22. e eee eee eae

WHEELER — Rev. Modestus Wirtner, Amateur Hemipterist: Correspondence with E.

PLAVENAL IDUPASSS Bd. otis, 6 ak Ne Ce ee cach, cee Pe neta Ok pit eee Mer en rane:

MARI MUTT — A Review of the Genus Mastigoceras with Remarks on its Systematic

Position (Collembola: Entomobryidae)................- cece eee eee eee

HEPPNER — Transfers of Some Nearctic Genera and Species of Glyphipterigidae

(auctorum) to Oecophoridae, Copromorphidae, Plutellidae, and Tortricidae

(epidoptena) tee ie ce. uc sete. ol ee 3 ioe WIS coer al Sa Ree ares. «

PINTO — The Parasitization of Blister Beetles by Species of Miridae (Coleoptera:

IGM Pte ra) ewe ne: Pater MeN et ie ed) Ret PEL A FR ne cle cg AP peg Oh hod

PARKER — An Illustrated Key to Alfalfa Leafcutter Bees Eutricharaea (Hymenoptera:

MegaciniliGae) irr sem cr etre ra, ieacge, oe cite conte oa Gites CORN melee eee Leela AE

KIMSEY — Nesting and Male Behavior in Dynatus nigripes spinolae (Hymenoptera:

Sphecidae)

CORRECTION

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

SCIENTIFIC NOTES

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA ¢ 1978

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

60

56

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

T.D. Eichlin, A.R. Hardy, Co-Editors

K.S. Corwin, Editorial Asst.

P.H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer H.B. Leech

H.V. Daly E.S. Ross E.G. Linsley

Published quarterly in January, April, July and October with Society Proceedings

appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt of numbers,

requests for sample copies, and financial communications should be addressed to the

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Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be ad-

dressed to the Secretary, Larry Bezark, c/o Department of Entomology, California State

University, San Jose, CA 95120

Manuscripts, proofs and all correspondence concerning editorial matters should be

addressed to either Dr. Thomas Eichlin or Dr. Alan Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory,

California Department of Food and Agriculture, 1220 ‘‘N”’ St., Sacramento, 95814.

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The Pacific Coast Entomological Society

OFFICERS FOR 1978

John R. Anderson, President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer

John T. Doyen, President-Elect Larry C. Bezark, Secretary

Statement of Ownership

Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October).

Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast

Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,

California 94118.

Editors: T.D. Eichlin and A.R. Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, California Dept. of Food and

Agriculture, 1220 N St., Sacramento, California 95814.

Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: None.

Second Class Postage Paid at San Francisco, California and additional offices.

Publication #419440

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. 54 JANUARY 1978 No. 1

Studies in the Coleoptera of Western Sand Dunes

I. Five New Polyphylia Harris

(Scarabaeidae)

Alan R. Hardy and Fred G. Andrews’

Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, California Dept. Food and Agric.,

1220 ‘‘N”’ Street, Sacramento, 95814

Recent investigations of sand dunes in the Western United States

have uncovered many species of Coleoptera which are restricted to

one or a few dune systems (see Hardy 1971, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977;

Hardy and Andrews 1974; Howden and Hardy 1971; Gordon 1974;

Gordon and Cartwright 1977). The reasons for this interesting degree

of endemism or reduced distribution will be discussed in detail else-

where. One of the most commonly encountered groups adapted to

sand niches is the family Scarabaeidae, with many subfamilies re-

presented. Below are described five species of Polyphylla taken in the

course of reasearch on sand dunes. One species previously de-

scribed from this niche is Polyphylla devistiva Young.

Polyphylla avittata Hardy, new species

(Figs. 1, 2, 11)

Holotype male: Length 22 mm, width 7.5 mm. Integumentary color of head piceous;

thorax rufous; elytra rufo-testaceus; ventral surfaces (except abdomen), legs rufo-testa-

ceous; abdomen rufo-piceous. Clypeal margin reflexed, outer apical angles well defined;

reflexed margins with dense, close white scales (Fig. 11); few scales medially on clypeal

disc, along fronto-clypeal suture, scattered over front. Clypeus, front with close to con-

tiguous large punctures, punctures with single scale or suberect hair. Vertex impunctate,

glabrous, shining. Prothorax with close to contiguous punctures, with scales or hairs as

above. Scales denser on midline and medio-laterally; prothorax appearing trivittate. Elytra

lacking well defined punctures of thorax and head, but sparsely to densely covered with

scattered scales, giving appearance of random clumping, without vittae, scales slightly

smaller than on prothorax. Pygidium uniformly with scales and short recumbent hairs.

‘The authors acknowledge the financial assistance of the Office of Endangered Species, U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, under contract No. 14-16-0008-966 for portions of the fieldwork.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:1-8. January 1978

2 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Antennal club (measured in straight line; not along curve) twice length of three basal

segments (Fig. 11). Apical segment of maxillary palp slightly less than length of two basal

segments; flattened on dorsal surface. Anterior tibia bidentate. Ventral surface of thorax

with long grayish hairs.

Variation in paratypes: Length 19.5-22 mm, width 7-7.5 mm. Most paratypes (9 of 12)

have a faint indication of a third anterior tibial tooth, but this is never developed into more

than just a slight flange on the tibial edge. Paratypes agree well in other respects.

Female: Unknown.

The name refers to the splotched, rather than vittate, elytra.

Holotype male, (CAS# 13098) and 12 male paratypes: Utah, Washington Co., 6 mi. S.

Hurricane, Hurricane Dunes, VII-15-1975, Fred G. Andrews, Alan R. Hardy, collected at

blacklight. (Deposited in USNM, CAS, Howden, CDA and Hardy.)

Diagnosis: P. avittata keys to either hammond or the diffracta com-

plex (couplet #4) in Fall’s Key (1923:34), depending upon interpreta-

tion of the bidentate vs. tridentate condition of the anterior tibiae.

When scaled dorsally, P. hammondi is unmistakably vittate, unlike the

“blotched” elytral pattern of avittata (Figs. 1, 2). P. avittata is also

smaller than hammondi. |In the diffracta complex (see Young 1976),

avittata keys to diffracta, but differs in the ‘‘blotched”’ verses vittate

elytra (diffracta occasionally lack vittae, but are never ‘‘blotched’’).

The “blotched” elytra of avittata resemble the new world species

variolosa or nubila, or several old world species, such as fu//o, al-

though not as densely scaled as the old world species. P. avittata

differs from nubila by the lack of erect elytral hairs which are present

in nubila. From variolosa, avittata may be easily distinguished by the

dorsal squamae, which are thin and hair-like in vario/osa, but broad

and scale-like in avittata, and the sharp clypeal corners of avittata

compared with the round clypeal corners of vario/osa.

Remarks: This species was collected at blacklights placed upon

the dunes. The area is also known as the ‘‘Warner Valley Dunes” by

local residents, and is visible to the south from State Highway 17, to

the east of the Virgin River. The dunes are evidently derived from

Navajo Sandstone, and are the red color typical of the sand and rocks

‘in that part of Utah. Vegetation on the dunes is primarily Artemesia

filiformis, while Surrounding vegetation is Larrea divaricata Cav.

Polyphylla anteronivea Hardy, new species

(Figs. 3, 4, 12)

Holotype male: Length 26 mm, width 8.8 mm. Integumentary color of head piceous to

rufo-piceous; thorax rufo-piceous; elytra, ventral body surfaces, appendages testaceous.

Clypeal angles well defined (Fig. 12); reflexed margin, disc, front with close to contiguous

round to oval, cream to white scales. Front with few semierect cream colored bristle-

like hairs. Vertex smooth, glabrous, thorax with close to contiguous to densely overlap-

——_____—

Figs. 1-10, Polyphylla new species. Figs. 1 and 2, P. avittata. Figs. 3 and 4, P.

anteronivea. Figs. 5 and 6, P. erratica. Figs. 7 and 8, P. pottsorum. Figs. 9 and 10, P. mona-

hansensis. All to same scale.

54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978

4 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

ping oval white scales, which obscure virtually entire thoracic integument. Few scattered

erect hairs at anterior margin of prothorax. Scutellum contiguously covered with oval

white scales. Elytra anteriorly, along suture, lateral margin and apically, with scattered to

contiguous oval white scales. Ventral thoracic segments with sparse, medium, gray to

white erect hairs, less dense than in most Polyphylla. Apical segment of maxillary palp

short (.7 times length of basal two segments), stout (length 3.2 times width), with small,

slightly concave area dorsally. Antennal club 2 (linear measurement) or 2.8 (along curve)

times length of basal segments. Anterior tibiae strongly tridentate (Fig. 12).

Variation in paratypes: Length 21-29 mm, width 7-10 mm. Except for specimens which

have been abraded or greased, the only notable difference is in the elytral scalation,

which may be reduced, or may not appear vittate.

Female: Unknown.

The name refers to the snow covered appearance of the anterior portion of the insect

Fig. 4).

fee male (CAS #13097) and two male paratypes: California, Inyo Co., Saline Valley

Dunes, VI-13-1976 D. Giuliani coll. Thirty-three additional paratypes, all Saline Valley, as

follows: Dunes Blacklight, #8, VII-8-1976 D. Giuliani (3); Dunes #11, D. Giuliani VIII-10-1976

(1); VI-1-1974 N. Rulien (1); Dunes, VI-10-1973, J. M. Cicero (21); Dunes, V-18-1973, J. M.

Cicero (6); Lake, V-18-1973, J. M. Cicero (1). (Deposited in USNM, CAS, CDA, Cicero, How-

den, Nelson, Potts, Rulien.)

Diagnosis:P. anteronivea, by virtue of the strongly tridentate anterior

tibiae (Fig. 4), would key to couplet two in Fall’s 1928 key, which in-

cludes the species cavifrons and hammondi. P. squamiventris Cazier

would also run to that portion of the key. P. cavifrons has the antennal

club less than twice as long as the basal segments, hair-like dorsal

scales, less acute clypeal angles, and a more densely pubescent

ventral thoracic area than anteronivea. P. hammondi has a vittate

thorax, the anterior angles of the clypeus are narrower than the lateral

margins (clypeus of anteronivea is widest at angles), and the front and

clypeus are more pubescent than in anteronivea. (It should be noted

that although both of the keys by Casey and Fall use the tridentate

anterior tibiae of hammondi as significant, in series, Arizona speci-

mens range from strongly tridentate to weakly tridentate to bidentate.

There is, additionally, an undescribed species near hammondi from

central Mexico with strongly tridentate anterior tibiae.) P. squamiven-

tris has an antennal club less than 1.5 times the length of the basal

segments, a pronounced pronotal vittae, and unimpressed maxillary

palp, which distinguishes this species from anteronivea. P. anter-

onivea is easily recognized at first glance by the unique vestiture

(Figs. 3, 4). P. anteronivea is related to the following species.

Polyphylla erratica Hardy, new species

(Figs. 5, 6, 14)

Holotype male: Length 26.5 mm, width 9.7 mm. Integument of head rufous, except

piceous vertex, anterior, lateral clypeal margins and angles. Thoracic integument rufous.

Elytra, ventral surfaces, pygidium, appendages rufo-testaceous; antennal club testa-

ceous. Clypeus quadrate, margins strongly reflexed, anteriorly bisinuate, outer angles

sharp, nearly spinose (Fig. 14). Clypeal disc with close to contiguous oval white scales;

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 5

Figs. 11-15, Polyphylla, new species. Fig. 11, P. avittata. Fig. 12, P. anteronivea. Fig. 13,

P. pottsorum. Fig. 14, P. erratica. Fig. 15, P. monahansensis. Fig. 11-14 to same scale.

front with close to contiguous to “shingled” oval white scales, with semierect to erect

testaceous hairs; vertex shining, impunctate, glabrous. Prothorax with close, to ‘‘shin-

gled”’ oval white scales, slightly denser medially, medio-laterally, forming trivittate pro-

thoracic pattern normal for genus; few erect to semierect white to testaceous hairs at

anterior margin. Scutellum ‘‘shingled’”’ with oval white scales. Elytra with oval white

scales, which are dense and ‘‘shingled”’ anteriorly; becoming scattered laterally, pos-

teriorly; forming broken “‘vittae”’. Elytra lacking hairs. Pygidium with close white oval

scales. Ventral surfaces nearly completely covered (except sutures) with oval white

scales. Thorax ventrally with erect white hairs. Antennal club 2 (linear) to 3.3 (along curve)

times length basal segments. Anterior tibiae strongly tridentate.

Variation in paratypes: Length 23-27 mm, width 8-9.5 mm. Most pronounced difference

is in the squamal vestiture, which may be nearly absent (abrasion?) to the semivittate con-

dition described above (Fig. 6).

Female: Unknown.

The name refers to the erratic elytral pattern.

Holotype male, (CAS #13099) and three male paratypes: California, San Bernardino Co.

[Death Valley National Monument], Saratoga Springs IV-1974, Dusk, D. Giuliani collr. 62

6 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

additional paratypes as follows: California, Death Valley, Inyo Co. [sic.], Saratoga Springs

VI-12-1964, Fred G. Andrews (3); California, Death Valley, V-27/29-1955 Belkin et al., (57);

California, Inyo Co., Tecopa VI-17-54, Belkin and McD. (1); California, Inyo Co., Tecopa VII-

11-1953 (1). (Paratypes in USNM, LACM, CAS, Howden, Hardy.)

Diagnosis: Polyphylla erratica, because of the tridentate anterior

tibia, would key to couplet two in Fall’s key. Species which also have

this tridentate characteristic are P. hammondi, cavifrons, squamiven-

tris, and anteronivea. P. hammondi has shorter antennal club (1.5 to 2

times length of basal segments, erratica usually greater than 2 times

[Fig. 14]), less pronounced clypeal angles, both white and yellow pro-

thoracic scales (erratica has white only), testaceous (as opposed to

white) ventral hairs, and usually at least some hairs on clypeus and

thoracic disc behind anterior margin (erratica has hairs confined to

front and anterior prothoracic margin). P. cavifrons lacks the clypeal

angles, has an anteriorly expanded clypeal shape (quadrate in erra-

tica) a smaller antennal club (less than twice length of basal seg-

ments) and fine hair-like scales (oval in erratica). P. squamiventris has a

short antennal club (shorter than cavi/frons), and an unimpressed

maxillary palp (small concave area in erratica). P. erratica is evidently

most closely related to the preceding species. P. anteronivea has

slightly less well developed clypeal angles, an apically broadened

clypeus (quadrate in erratica), less elongate and apically less pointed

scales, and an anterior elytral impression which results in a trans-

verse Carina from the scutellum towards the humeral area. Addition-

ally, anteronivea lacks any trace of a pattern or vittae in the posterior

half of the elytra (erratica usually displays at least some evidence of

fragmented vittae posteriorly).

Remarks: Some specimens from Saratoga Springs were taken at

dusk flying low over Distichlis grass in the salt encrusted bottom of

the Amargosa River. These specimens were not attracted to black-

light after dark.

Polyphylla pottsorum Hardy, new species

(Figs. 7, 8, 13)

Holotype male: Length 20 mm, width 7 mm. Integument of head, prothorax, scutellum

piceous; elytra, antennal club, ventral body surfaces pale testaceous; pygidium, basal

segments of antennae, legs testaceous. Clypeus widened apically, anterior margin reflex-

ed, nearly linear, angles sharp, not produced above anterior margin (Fig. 13). Clypeus,

front with elongate, pointed white scales, intermixed with semierect gray hairs. Pro-

thoracic disc with few erect hairs close to anterior margin; with elongate white scales

closely to densely over surface; scales intermixed with recumbent white scale-like hairs

medially; Prothorax appearing faintly trivittate (Fig. 8). Elytra sparsely covered with small,

elongate, pointed white scales, faintly vittate at elytral base. Pygidium sparsely scaled.

Antennal club approximately 2 (linear) to 2.5 times (along curve) length of basal segments

(Fig. 13). Ventral abdominal segments glabrous basally near suture, densely scaled api-

cally; covered with sparse to dense, long, fine pubesence. Ventral surface of thorax den-

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 7

sely covered with long, white hairs, except glabrous patch at midline of metasternum.

Anterior tibia distinctly tridentate, not as strongly as previous species (Fig. 13).

Variation in paratypes: Length 16-22 mm, width 5.5-7.6 mm. There is some variation in

the development of the third (basal) tibial tooth, but in all cases, there is clearly a third

tooth present. Variation in scale density varies the elytral appearance from that of gla-

brous (although scales are present) to distinctly vittate, with vittae extending nearly to

elytral apex.

Female: Unknown.

The name is in recognition of the contributions of Mr. and Mrs. R. W. L. Potts, who first

drew my attention to this species.

Holotype male (CAS #13101) and 145 male paratypes: Texas, Ward Co., Monahans Sand-

hills State Park, VI-6/7- 1977, Potts and Potts collirs.; 184 additional male paratypes, same

locale, as follows: V-28-1975, Potts and Potts (29); VII-1977, R. Lenczy (8): VII-15/16-1975,

dead at light, G. H. Nelson (36); VII-23/24-1976, ultraviolet light, G. H. Nelson (III). (Depo-

sited in CAS, USNM, Lenczy, Nelson, Potts, Hardy.)

Diagnosis: P. pottsorum is another of the species with tridentate

anterior tibiae (hammondi, cavifrons, squamiventris, anteronivea and

erratica, above). From all of these species except squamiventris, pott-

sorum may be readily separated by the small size (all other species

greater than 22 mm in length). P. pottsorum may be distinguished

from the closely related squamiventris, by the longer antennae (1.5

times basal segments, in Squamiventris vs. 2 times, or more, in pott-

sorum), presence of clypeal setae, lighter elytral color, impressed

maxillary palp, longer, thinner squamae on prothorax, and testaceous

legs.

Polyphylla monahansensis Hardy, new species

(Figs. 9, 10, 15)

Holotype male: Length 26 mm, width 8.5 mm. integumentary color testaceous to ruto-

testaceous except for piceous vertex, ocular canthi, clypeal suture, lateral clypeal

margins. Apical clypeal margin reflexed; laterally, medially angulate. Reflexed clypeal

margin, lateral margins, ocular canthi, lateral portions of front, vertex with close,

recumbent elongate white scales. Medial portions of clypeus, front with few scattered

white scales intermixed with long, erect testaceous hairs. Thorax trivittate basally;

coarsely punctured, each puncture with a recumbent scale or single long erect testa-

ceous hair. Punctures finer, closer anteriorly at midline. Elytra noticably vittate (Fig. 10),

with scales smaller than thoracic scales. Pygidium without scales, with numerous short,

semirecumbent testaceous hairs. Apical pygidial margin reflexed. Antennal club nearly 3

times length of basal segments (straight line measure). Maxillary palp cylindrical in cross

section, without flattened area. Anterior tibia bidentate. Thorax ventrally with dense, erect

testaceous hairs. Ventral abdominal segments with sparse, recumbent, small white

scales.

Variation in paratypes: Length 21-27.5 mm, width 7.5-9.5 mm. Most conspicuous

variation from the description above is in the shape of the reflexed anterior clypeal

margin, which may lack the medial clypeal angulation, and have the lateral angles more

rounded; and the anterior tibial teeth, which may be bidentate (as above) to strongly

tridentate. The thoracic vittae may be more clearly developed than the type, and the elytral

vittae occasionally may be faint, but are, in all specimens examined, clearly discernable

throughout their length.

Female: Unknown.

The name refers to the type locality, Monahans, Texas.

Holotype male (CAS #13100) and 39 male paratypes: Texas, Ward Co; Monahans

Sandhills State Park, VI-6/7-1977, Potts and Potts. 98 additional paratypes, same

8 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

locale; except, VII-1977, R. Lenczy (8); VII-28-75, Potts and Potts (23); VIl-15/16-75, G. H.

Nelson (5); VII-23/24-1976, G. H. Nelson (62). (Deposited in CAS, USNM, Howden, Nelson,

Lenczy, Potts, Hardy.)

Diagnosis: P. monahansensis keys to hammondi or diffracta,

depending upon the dentition of the anterior tibiae (bidentate or tri-

dentate). From hammondi, monahansensis may be distinguished by

the longer antennal club (length 2.75 times or less length of basal

segments in hammond, 2.75 times or greater [usually + three times] in

monahansensis), position of the teeth on the anterior tibiae (all more

apical in monahansensis); and suberect to erect long hair over disc of

prothorax. From diffracta, monahansensis is distinguished by the long

antennal club (2 times or less in diffracta), evenly cylindrical maxillary

palp (flattened dorsally in diffracta) and apically more expanded

clypeus.

Polyphylla speciosa Casey

Polyphylla rufescenta Tanner 1928:276,NEW SYNONYMY

We have recently seen a series of specimens taken at Zion National

Park, which display in every respect the characters described by

Tanner for his unique male. The ‘‘edentate”’ condition is believed to

be derived from wear, as is the case in some individuals in the series

above.

Literature Cited

Fall, H. C., 1928. A Review of the Genus Polyphylla. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 30(2): 30-35.

Gordon, R. D., 1974. Additional Notes on the Genus G/aresis. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.

87(12): 91-94.

Gordon, R. D. and O. L. Cartwright, 1977. Four New Species of Aegjialia (s.str.) (Coleoptera:

Scarabaeidae) from California and Nevada Sand Dunes. J. Wash. Acad. Sci.:

67(1): 42-48.

Hardy, A. R., 1971. The North American Areodina with a Description of a New Genus from

California. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 47(3): 235-242.

Hardy, A. R., 1973. A New Species of Phobetus. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 49(2): 127-131.

Hardy, A. R., 1974. A New Species of Cyc/locephala Latreille from California Sand Dunes.

Pan-Pacific Entomol. 50: 160-161.

Hardy, A. R., 1974. Two New Species of Pseudocotalpa Hardy. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 50:

243-247.

Hardy, A. R., 1974. Observations on the Mating Behavior of Pseudocotalpa giulianii Hardy.

Coleopt. Bull. 30(3): 301-302.

Hardy, A. R., 1976. A New Species of Anomala Samouelle from California Sand Dunes.

Coleopt. Bull. 30(4): 365-367.

Hardy, A. R., 1977. Observations on Some Rare Scarabaeidae Mainly from California.

Coleopt. Bull. 31(1): 91-92.

Hardy, A. R. and F. G. Andrews, 1974. Observations on Megasoma with Behavioral Notes

on Some Lamellicorn Beetles Associated with Sand Dunes. Pan-Pacific

Entomol. 50(2): 124-128.

Howden, H. F. and A. R. Hardy, 1971. Generic Placement and Adult Behavior of the Genus

Leptohoplia. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 83(3): 337-341.

Tanner, V. M., 1928. The Coleoptera of Zion National Park, Utah. Ann. Entomol. Soc.

Amer. 21: 269-290.

Young, R. M., 1976. Polyphyiia Harris in America, North of Mexico. Part |: The Diffracta

Complex. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 93: 279-318.

A new species of Pilactium from Oregon

(Coleoptera: Pselaphidae)

A.A. Grigarick and R.O. Schuster

University of California, Davis, 95616

The genus Pilactium Grigarick and Schuster, 1970 was created forthe

single species, summersi, which was found in several localities in the

mountains of northern California. The following is a description of a

second species, collected in the mountains of southwest Oregon.

Pilactium benedictae, new species

(Figs. 1-3)

Male. — (holotype slide-mounted). Head 236u long, 280u wide; vertexal foveae 101py

between centers. Ventral surface of head with numerous capitate setae arising on

tubercules; gular foveae 54 apart. Eyes moderate, about 8 facets across. Antenna 426u

long; segment 1 52u long x 41p wide; Il 46u x 38y; II-VI 87x 29u; VII 25u x 33u; VIN 41 x 26y;

IX 29 x 44u; X 30pu x 51; XI 94y x 62u, with normal acuminate and large tubular setae.

Pronotum 209p long, 313 wide. Elytron 413y long, 265y wide; with 1 sutural, antebasal

and subhumeral foveae. Brachypterous. Protrochanter with short, blunt median spine;

profemur 265u long x 84y wide, 25-30 specialized setae on center one-half of segment;

mesofemur 210y x 75yu; metafemur 295yu x 69. Mesocoxal cavities open. Specialized setae

behind metacoxae.

First visible tergite 192u long, 310u wide at base, with numerous specialized setae 207u

across center between basolateral foveae (fig. 3); I] 136u long; III 1304 long; IV 88u long.

Sternite Il with numerous specialized setae along entire basal margin; basolateral foveae

present. Sternites Il, Ill with longitudinal row of specialized setae on apical one-half of

segment about 73y from lateral margins; VI with circular group of specialized setae on

median apical margin (fig. 2). Penial plate 100u long x 87y wide. Genitalia 196y long x 100u

wide (fig. 1).

Male paratype (point-mounted). Red-brown. Length 1.34 mm, width 0.43 mm.

Female unknown.

Distribution. — The male holotype and two male paratypes were collected at Soda

Mountain Road SE of Ashland, Jackson County, Oregon on X-15-72 by Ellen M. Benedict.

Pilactium benedictae differs from P. summersi by the setate area of

the first visible tergite being much wider, the setate area of sternite VI

more compact and closer to the apical margin, and by the

longitudinal row of specialized setae laterally on sternites II and III.

Genitalic differences are also present.

Literature Cited

Grigarick, A.A. and R.O. Schuster. 1970. A new genus in the tribe Euplectini. Pan-Pacific

Entomol. 46:36-39.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:9-10. January 1978

10 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 1-3. Pilactium benedictae Grigarick and Schuster, new species. Fig. 1. Male

_ genitalia dorsal. Fig. 2. Male sternite VI. Fig. 3. First visible tergite.

New Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera). III.

Notes on three rare species of Diachlorini in Mexico with

descriptions of Neallotypes for two

Cornelius B. Philip

Research Associate, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco 94118

Despite increasing collection of Tabanidae in various parts of

Mexico, certain distinctive elements among the Tribe Diachlorini

remain seldom taken and inadequately known. The present report

provides new information on three such species, recently described

from Chihuahua to Chiapas, and describes neallotypes for two of

them from other states.

Bolbodimyia lampros Philip and Floyd

Until the specimen described below was provided through cour-

tesy of Dr. W. W. Middlekauff of the University of California, Berkeley,

the type male of this striking species remained the only known speci-

men. Fortunately the former supplies information on the previously

unknown female, and confirmatory diagnostic characters.

Neallotype female. Length 13 mm, a little shorter than the type male. Otherwise, and

except for the usual sexual differences, this is tinctorially in good agreement with the

type from Chihuahua, considerably to the north and inland from the locality of the

present specimen. The original speculation that the bright (like a “‘Jack-O-Lantern’’),

entirely orange abdomen might suggest a possibly sexually dichromatic species is thus

eliminated, and this distinctive character precludes running /ampros in Stone’s (1954) key

to other species of the Neotropical genus, though B. celeroides Stone from Colombia

does have an entirely orange venter. The name thus aptly applies to the bright, almost

luminous orange abdomen in contrast to the predominantly dark notum and wings in both

sexes.

The neallotype female also otherwise has the same basic coloration of blackish body,

legs and wings, orange face, genae and beard, plus orange hair patches on pre-alar lobes

and upper pleura as in the type male. The shiny black antennal scapes are more swollen

below, bases of reddish plates a little wider, dark palpi longer, and dorsum of abdomen

predominantly orange-haired. Frons gently divergent below, index about 1:2, a rather

broad, lanceolate, black median callus and black boss at vertex without ocelli, flanked on

sides by gray pollenosity, basal callosity shining black, a little broader than tall, some-

what swollen in profile, below which the shining black subcallus is strongly protuberant

to bases of antennae. The hyaline apical crescents are reduced in the blackish wings

about as in the male, but all tibiae appear a little more swollen.

Locality. — Mexico: Jalisco, Guadalajara, 4.iv.72, E.A. Kane and B. Villegas. In Califor-

nia Academy of Sciences, No. 13037, on permanent deposit from University of California,

Berkeley.

The same features by which Tidwell and Philip (1977) differentiated

their newly described B. bermudezi from the type male, will also dis-

tinguish the females, namely (in /ampros), the more reddish antennal

flagellum, the pre-alar thoracic hair patches orange and extending

onto upper pleura, entirely orange abdomen and wing infuscation not

restricted to a costal band; in addition, the eyes are not obviously

hairy, and the median callus of the female frons is more restricted.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:11-13. January 1978

12 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Stenotabanus (Aegialomyia) yaquii Philip

When this surprising beach-inhabitant on the western coast of

Mexico was described recently, an important, pertinent male from the

coast farther south was overlooked in a collection of Mexican horse

flies received some years ago from Mrs. Reginald H. Painter of

Manhattan, Kansas. It is here described as neallotype of the typical

form because of the entirely red antennae including styles.

Neallotype male. Length 10.5 mm, a little larger than the type female from Sinaloa, the

antennal plates, as usual in males, a little narrower, and the palpi subovoid, half again

longer than thick. The upper, pale yellow, enlarged facets are bare, occupy the upper

three-fourths of the eye area, and are somewhat rolled over the occipital margin behind;

lower small facets sharply black. Wing venation, reddish legs and halteres as in the

female, but the body is paler grayish, the pattern of small, double-paired spots more

obscure.

Locality: Mexico: Colima, 4.5 km NW Manzanillo, 26.viii.62, R.H. & E.M. Painter, colls. In

California Academy of Sciences, no. 13038.

While this was collected even south of Nayarit where the types of

S. (A.) yaguii subspecies occidentalis Philip were taken, the question

still remains of whether intergradation will eventually be found

between the 2 forms. More collecting along western beaches in

Mexico, possibly in the vicinity of mangrove (as in the case of S. (A.)

littoreus (Hine) on the eastern Gulf Coast), should provide more

adequate series of both sexes, to decide if these characters are

plastic and subject to variation.

The males of related magnicallus Stone and pechumani Philip of Gulf

Coast of Mexico lack evidence of any abdominal patterns in unsoiled

specimens, and, though the distribution of enlarged eye facets is

about the same in the former, the palpi are more pointed and the

flagella brown to black apically; in pbechumani, the male eyes are very

narrowly separated mesally, and upper facets less enlarged, more

restricted, and the flagellum mostly black.

Both sexes of yaqui/ bear considerable resemblance with their all-

red antennae to S. (A.) /ittoreus (Hine), particularly from mangrove

beaches on the Atlantic Gulf Coast from Quintana Roo, Mexico, to

Panama; littoreus, however, are more brownish overall, the scutellum

reddish. The male, especially, of yagu// is a much grayer insect with

darker thoracic integument underlying the pale gray pollenosity,

including the scutellum. The eye pattern was only faintly revived in

one of four eastern /ittoreus, but it appears to resemble that in yaquii,

namely, two green stripes on a purple ground.

Teskeyellus hirsuticornis Philip and Fairchild

The describers of this peculiar, Mexican tabanid, considered its

systematic relationships as “‘unclear,”’ but believed it ‘‘belongs in the

more primitive section of Diachlorini with Dasybasis and

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 13

Stenotabanus.”’ Their attempts, however, to check this by genitalic

dissections in each sex eventuated unsuccessfully, possibly be-

cause the specimens were somewhat teneral. This surmise regarding

primitive diachlorine relationships was confirmed in a delicate,

genitalic preparation from the allotype male during a recent visit of

Dr. Sixto Coscaron, La Plata University, Argentina, to the California

Academy of Sciences. The allotype and genitalic mount have been

returned to Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

In addition to the postulated autogenous development, because of

discovery of eggs in the sectioned abdomen of the apparently

somewhate teneral holotype female, other unusual features are the

biannulate antennal styles in both sexes and the female frons with a

deep notch at vertex but no calli below, as figured by the describers.

The collector did not recall the circumstances of the original

capture, but it must have been near some breeding site where both

sexes were present, at just over 2100 meters altitude, in Chiapas near

San Cristobal. It is disappointing that no additional, fully mature

specimens have turned up in subsequent collections by several

collectors of Tabanidae in the general area.

| am indebted to Dr. Coscaron for the genitalic studies and con-

firmatory opinion regarding diachlorine relationships.

Literature Cited

Philip, C.B. 1976. New North American Tabanidae (Diptera). XXII. New species in the Tribe

Diachlorini in Mexico. Wasmann J. Biol. 34:43-51.

Philip, C.B. and G.B. Fairchild. 1974. A peculiar new genus of Diachlorini (Diptera:

Tabanidae) from Mexico. Canad. Entomol. 106:985-986.

Philip, C.B. and L. Floyd. 1974. New North American Tabanidae. XXI. Another new Bol-

bodimyia from Mexico. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 50:145-147.

Stone, A. 1954. The genus Bo/bodimyia Bigot (Tabanidae, Diptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc.

Amer. 47:248-254.

Tidwell, M.A. and C.B. Philip. 1977. A new Bolbodimyia from Mexico’s central plateau

(Diptera: Tabanidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol. 53:97-100.

14 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Notes on the Larval Habits of Asemum caseyi Linsley and A. nitidum LeConte (Co-

leoptera: Cerambycidae) — Little has been published regarding the larval habits of

Asemum caseyi Linsley and A. nitidum LeConte, two cerambycids common on the Pacific

Coast of North America. Linsley (1957, Amer. Mus. Nov. 1828: 13-14; 1962, The Ceramby-

cidae of N. Amer. Pt. Il, Univ. Calif. Pub. Entomol. 19:82-83) provides the only information

onA. caseyi, listing four species of Pinus attacked and stating simply that the habits of A.

caseyi ‘‘are similar to those of A. nitidum LeConte.” The habits of the latter are summarized

(Linsley 1962), ‘‘the larvae bore in the sapwood and heartwood and require one or two

years to complete their development.” The only additional information to be gleaned from

the literature are Hopkins’ (1902, Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. Proc. 22d. Ann. Meet., p. 68) remarks

that in Western Oregon and Washington A. nitidum is ‘‘a very common enemy of the

Douglas spruce and western hemlock’”’ and ‘‘the healed-over wounds in the living bark

cause gum spot defects in the wood, and the trees die from successive attacks,” and

Lange’s (1937, Pan-Pacific Entomol. 13:174) observation that the species was the most

common cerambycid occurring on Jeffrey and ponderosa pines during a 1935 salvage

operation in the Lassen National Forest of California.

The following observations are presented to supplement those reviewed above. On

June 19, 1977, nonteneral adults of A. nitidum were found in their pupal chambers in the

sapwood of a 50 cm high standing stump of Pinus sp. at an elevation of about 850 m on the

east slope of Mt. Hamilton, Santa Clara Co., California. This locality represents a minor

range extension for A. nitidum since Linsley (1962, Fig. 31) shows the species occurring in

the California coast ranges only to the north of San Francisco Bay. Although the tree had

apparently been sawed down because it was largely dead, the stump had recently oozed

sap from the saw cut and the bark was still tight on the portion not attacked by the bee-

tles. Adults were taken from pupal chambers oriented parallel to the grain and lying from

2 to 4. cm beneath the surface of the wood. Others lay yet deeper within the wood. Exit

holes in the thick bark indicated that many adults had already emerged. Pupation occur-

red in ahead-up position and a short (4 to 6 cm) exit gallery, which was tightly packed with

frass, proceeded obliquely upward from the top of each chamber to the surface of the

wood. Most of the larval feeding apparently occurred deep within the trunk, since the

workings beneath the bark were not extensive and galleries other than exit galleries were

not found in the outer sapwood.

In January, 1976, at an elevation of 1700 m on Mt. Gleason in the west San Gabriel

Mountains of Los Angeles County, California, | encountered a large downed bigcone

pine, Pinus coulteri D. Don, which had broken off a meter or so from its base. The tree had

been dead long enough to allow cerambycid larvae, primarily Rhagium inquisitor (Lin-

naeus), to mine extensively beneath the bark of the fallen trunk. Upon my return in March,

1977, only a few adult cerambycid emergence holes were present and numerous larvae

were still working. Larvae of what later proved to be Asemum caseyi were found construc-

ting pupal chambers in the 2 cm thick bark. Galleries penetrating the sapwood to an un-

determined depth and tightly packed with granular frass continued into the bark a few

millimeters, then turned and ran parallel to the grain a short distance before widening into

rather flattened pupal chambers lying parallel to the inner surface of the bark. An oblique

exit gallery was subsequently made by each larva from one end of its pupal chamber to

within a couple of millimeters of the outer surface.

Infested bark was taken from Mt. Gleason and placed on a screened-in porch at an ele-

vation of 300 m on the costal slope of the nearby Santa Monica Mountains where the

mean daily temperatures were slightly higher than those on Mt. Gleason. Adult A. caseyi

emerged from P. coulteri bark in late May and early June, 1977, and incidentally estab-

lished anew host record for the species.

Given that A. caseyi and A. nitidum are sympatric throughout most of the major moun-

tain ranges of California, it is reasonable to suppose that the slight differences in larval

habits noted here serve to reduce competition between these congeners. — DURWARD

D. SKILES, /nstitute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California Los Angeles,

90024.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:14. January 1978

A New Anthicus from California

(Coleoptera: Anthicidae)

Donald S. Chandler

Red Bluff, California 96080

Recent studies in the dune areas near the mouth of the

Sacramento River have resulted in the collection of anew species of

Anthicus. This species appears to be restricted to these dune areas

and its existence in this restricted habitat is being brought to the

attention of the Office of Endangered Species.

| would like to thank Dr. F. G. Werner, University of Arizona, and

Christine A. Janus-Chandler for checking the manuscript. All mea-

surements are in millimeters.

Anthicus sacramento, new species

(Figs. 1-3)

3.18-3.63 long. Head and prothorax rufescent, elytra all testaceous to piceous with large

testaceous areas at humeri and in apical fourth in most specimens, legs testaceous.

Head, pronotum and underside of body covered with faintly reticulate sculpture. Body

and elytra with moderately dense, subdecumbent setae.

Holotype male: 1 mi. W Isleton. Head 0.71 long, truncate at base, basal angles

rounded, widest just behind eyes, 0.68; punctation moderately dense across front, sparse

along narrow longitudinal line at center of frons, setae on frons 0.06 long. Eyes large, last

segment of maxillary palpus obliquely truncate. Antennae rufescent, antennomeres

elongate, length/width antennomeres I-XI: | 0.17X0O.07, Il 0.12X0.06, III 0.16X0.06, IV

0.15X0.06, V 0.17X0.06, VI 0.15X0.06, VII 0.15X0,06, VIII 0.12X0.06, IX 0.15X0.07, X

0.12X0.08, XI 0.17X0.08.

Pronotum cordate, 0.70 long, maximum width 0.72 at 0.46 from base, 0.48 wide at base,

prominent at apical angles, dorsal margins abruptly sloping to collar, faintly rugulose

appearance caused by slightly raised edges around numerous setal punctures, punctures

denser than on head. Collar rugulose, 0.31 wide.

Elytra 1.80 long, with prominent humeral angles, widest at middle, maximum width 1.14

at 0.70 from base, elytra without reticulation, setae 0.08 long, punctures separated by at

least their own width. Hind wings fully developed.

Ventral sclerites of thorax with punctation similar in size and spacing to that of elytra.

Abdomen similar but with smaller punctures. Setae along posterior margin of propleura

directed laterally. Femora moderately thick, profemur 0.67X0.23, protibia 0.58X0.10,

metafemur 0.78X0.23, metatibia 0.81X0.09, metatibia with medial expansion at 0.30 from

base, shallow emargination extending from expansion to 0.60 from base. Sternite seven

biemarginate at apex with center produced, dense short setae directed medially along

apex.

Specimens examined: HOLOTYPE male: Grand Island, 1 mi W Isleton, Sacramento

County, California, 13 July 1975, J. Doyen, P. Opler, J. Powell, deposited in the California

Academy of Sciences. 36 PARATYPES: California: Solano County: 8 males, 3 females, Rio

Vista, 21 August 1974, D. S. Chandler, collected in sand dune area (D. S. Chandler collec-

tion); 6 males, 4 females, 2 mi SW Rio Vista, 18 August 1974, J. Doyen & P. Opler (Univ.

Calif., Berkeley). Sacramento County: 10 males, 2 females, eutopotypical (Univ. Calif.,

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:15-17. January 1978

16 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

) SS)

|

Fig. 1. Lateral view right metatibia of male. Fig. 2. Ventral view male

genitalia. Fig. 3. Left lateral view male genitalia.

Berkeley). 1 male, 1 female, Grand Island, 23 March 1966, M. S. Wasbauer (Calif. Dept. of

Agriculture).

If the reticulation on the head and thorax is visible, sacramento keys

to couplet 11 in Werner’s (1964) key to North American Anthicus. If the

reticulation is not visible, sacramento will key to couplet 23. At

couplet 11 the species can be separated from maritimus LeConte by

the prominent elytral humeri and elongate antennal segments, and

from custodiae Werner by the fainter microreticulation and denser

setation. It can be separated at couplet 23 by the rounded basal

angles of the head and the size being greater than 3.00.

A. sacramento apparently is restricted to the sand dune areas near

the mouth of the Sacramento River. This is important as these small

areas are often used for recreation by offroad vehicles and as a

source of material for the sand and gravel industry. This species

conceivably would become extinct if its restricted habitats were

removed or altered.

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 17

A similar situation is possibly threatening the existence of Anthicus

antiochensis Werner, which is restricted to the small sand dune area

near Antioch, California. The dune area, including the type locality,

has been severely reduced by the construction of a large industrial

plant. The type series of antiochensis was collected prior to the con-

struction of the plant in 1952-1953. Only recently was a small series

collected, despite repeated attempts to collect the species during

the intervening years.

Literature Cited *

Werner, F. G. 1964. A revision of the North American species of Anthicus, s. str.

(Coleoptera: Anthicidae). Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. America 4:197-242.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Notes on Mantids (Stagmomantis, Iris) as Possible Predators of Conenose Bugs

(Triatoma, Paratriatoma). — Wood (1975, NPCO News 35:18) reported experimental

destruction of Triatoma by a mantid, Litaneutria (?). Mantids were confined to covered cir-

cular plastic dishes, 26 cm in diameter and 10 cm deep. A piece of damp filter paper

covered the floor of the container. For aeration, the lids were drilled with five holes, 3 mm

in diameter.

A male California mantid, Stagmomantis calitornica Rehn & Hebard, ate one male

Triatoma protracta navajoensis Ryckman except for five legs and two wings. Six days later it

ate one replete fifth instar nymph except for head, legs and the posterior half of the

abdomen.

Three female Mediterranean mantids, /ris oratoria (Linnaeus), were collected X-13-75 on

oleanders at Borrego Springs, San Diego Co., CA. Strohecker (1952, Pan-Pacific Ent.

28:138) first reported this mantid from the Coachella Valley east of the Borrego Valley in

California. In the laboratory at Thousand Oaks they were at first confined to plastic dishes

and offered chiefly 7. p. navajoensis as food. The mantids feed from any position,

horizontal, head up or head down. The pattern of feeding was to grasp the triatome by the

head and abdomen with both forelegs and begin chewing vigorously on the thorax with

the victim held horizontally. In most instances the prothorax and head were consumed

first, followed by the rest of the thorax and abdomen. By eating the smaller portion first,

the mantid freed one leg for aid in holding and manipulating the heavier abdomen. The

insect systematically chewed along the outer edges of the exoskeleton, segment by

segment, pausing periodically to consume the internal tissues. Individual legs of the

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:17-18. January 1978

18 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

triatomes were consumed quickly from coxa to tarsus or vice versa with no foreleg

involved. Smaller third instars were consumed in two or three minutes, fifth instars and

adults in 40 to 59 minutes.

The isolation area in the back yard consisted of a 360 x 120 x 30 cm rough redwood

garden box with 70 cm vertical uprights at each end supporting a horizontal bamboo pole.

Measurements for the garden box, and egg cases below, indicate length, width and

height. The box was planted with lettuce, beets, carrots, peppers and parsley and covered

with green nylon netting. The most noticeable insect inhabitants were ants, aphids and

small beetles. The redwood box extended east and west with the north side bordering a

cement walk extending 105 cm to the south wall of the house. The east, south and west

sides of the box were surrounded by pea gravel covered open space 105 to 240 cm from

the nearest uncovered ground surface, trees or other plants. A redwood tub with

flowering carnations was placed at the west end of the box for transfer of the mantid

when replanting the box..Observation of feeding behavior was made on both confined and

freed mantids.

One female /ris which ate two fifth instar 7. p. navajoensis was released in the garden

box X-18 and recaptured X-31-75. On X-18-75 another female which also ate two fifth instar

T. p. navajoensis deposited one egg case averaging 13 X 75 X 5.5 mm on filter paper in the

laboratory. Another female which ate 13 conenose bugs (four third, one fourth, four fifth

instar nymphs and one male 7. p. navajoensis; one male T. p. protracta (Uhler); and one fifth

instar and one male Paratriatoma hirsuta Barber) was released XI-18-75 in the garden box

while depositing salivary fluids on the writer's fingers. This female deposited two egg

cases 18 X 6 X 5mm and 17 X 5X 5 mm in tandem on the outside of the rough redwood

siding in a nail depression 22.5 cm below the SE corner of the box on I-11-76. A single egg

case 14 X 8 X 6 mm was deposited by the same female I-12-76 on a vertical support at the E

end of the box 67.5 cm above the gravel surface, under and slightly N of the end of a2.5

cm diameter bamboo pole supporting the netting. Gurney (1955, ibid 31:67-72) measured

three egg cases 10, 16 and 20 mm long, 6-7 mm wide at base and 5 mm high for one

captive female at Riverside, CA. When the netting was removed over the growing plants,

the female remained at the E end of the box on the vertical support near the single egg

case. During warm sunny January days the mantid wandered off onto the white stucco

house wall into the shade, was recaptured and placed on carnation plants at the W end of

the planter box. From XII-28-75 to 1-31-76 this mantid ate five conenose bugs handed it in

the garden with forceps (one fourth instar 7.p. navajoensis, one fifth instar P. hirsuta plus

the adults indicated above). Argentine ants, aphids and other insects were available to the

mantid which remained free in the garden. It hung mostly head down on the plant stems

near buds or flowers until a victim came within reach. On II-7-76 the mantid moved under

the shelter of a large white carnation flower during a three day rain. On Feb. 26 a

distended abdomen indicated feeding on available garden insects. Total length on Feb.

27 was 48 mm. On Feb. 28 with an 80°F air temperature, the mantid refused one fourth

instar and one female 7. p. navajoensis offered on forceps. On Mar. 28 at 63°F, one fourth

instar was refused. The mantid disappeared IV-7-76.

The first mantids hatched in the laboratory were noted VII-20-76 or 276 days after

deposit of the single egg case on the filter paper. The last mantid observed hatching was

on IX-3-76. Of 46 nymphs hatched 31 were released alive on garden plants, 10 were found

dead and five others had been partially eaten. None were seen hatching from the double

or single egg cases on the garden box. Six nymphs measured 6 mm and one 10 mm long.

Laboratory temperatures averaged much cooler than outside air temperatures. One 40

mm nymph was captured in the front yard on XI-9-76. Another 44 mm nymph rested on a

150 cm pole in the sun 104 cm above the ground from Sept. 23 among tomato plants and

disappeared X-8-76. One 45 mm nymph was collected on the netting over the garden box

on IV-8-77, fed on one fourth instar 7. p. navajoensis in the laboratory and was released | V

10-77.

It is therefore certain that some mantids will eat Triatoma and Paratriatoma. Those

occurring in natural microhabitats of conenose bugs and their environs, especially dens

of the wood rat, Neotoma, would be most significant in possible control of conenose

bugs . — SHERWIN F. WOOD, 674 West Shenandoah St., Thousand Oaks, CA 91360.

Larvae of Ephemerelia inermis and E. infrequens

(Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae)

Stephen C. Johnson

Dept. of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84112

The larvae of the mayfly Eohemerella infrequens McDunnough and

the cognate species, Ephemerella inermis Eaton are very similar. To

date, the best descriptions of the larvae are given by Allen and

Edmunds (1965), but the characters described are highly variable and

display enough overlap to make positive identification of most speci-

mens impossible, even with large series of larvae. The larva of a third

closely related species, F. /acustris Allen and Edmunds, known only

from Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, can be easily distinguished from

the other two by the presence of distinct posterolateral projections

on abdominal segments 3-9 and claws with 10-13 denticles, while

larvae of E. inermis and E. infrequens have projections on abdominal

segments 4-9 and claws with 6-10 denticles.

Photomicrographic examination of an assemblage of reared

material of both species generously provided by W.R. Good of the

University of Wyoming, enabled recognition of morphological charac-

ters that will separate the larvae of the two species. The specimens

were collected by W.R. Good from two localities in Wyoming: E.

infrequens from Nash Fork Creek, Albany Co. and E. inermis from the

Snake River at Cattle bridge, Teton Co. A subsequent redetermination

of the extensive collection of preserved larval £. inermis and E.

infrequens at the University of Utah has provided more information

concerning their range, habitats, and biology.

Taxonomy

Adults of the two species are distinguished by the shape of the

male genitalia (Fig. 1), however, no reliable morphological differences

between the larval stages have been reported by earlier authors.

Needham (1927) described the larvae and adults of E. inermis from

material reared on the Logan River, Utah. McDunnough (1928) pointed

out that the genitalia figured by Needham in his description were

those of E. infrequens, not E. inermis. |t seems probable that the larvae

were also E. infrequens and it is therefore interesting to note that

while the larvae described by Needham had distinct paired pale spots

on the abdominal terga, later authors (Traver, 1935; Day, 1956; Allen,

1960, 1968; Allen and Edmunds, 1965; Jensen, 1966) indicate that

larvae of E. inermis have distinct spots on the terga and larvae of E.

infrequens do not.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:19-25. January 1978

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

20

Photomicrograph of male genitalia, (a) E.

magnification 172X.

inermis,

frequens and (b) | E ,

In

Fig. 1.

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 21

In the material | have examined, both E. inermis and E. infrequens

may have paired submedian spots on the posterior margin of the

abdominal terga, but the spots are variable and often indistinct or

absent. The color is similar and extremely variable in the two species;

body coloration is usually light to dark reddish or chocolate brown

with variable pale markings, but it. is not’ uncommon to find

specimens that are uniformly pale or concolorous dark brown. Legs

are uSually pale with conspicuous dark bands but also may be con-

colorous.

Allen and Edmunds (1965) and Jensen (1966) have noted that the

larvae of E. inermis often have small paired undulations or proturber-

ances on the posterior margin of some abdominal terga, and use the

presence of the character to identify the species. My observations

indicate this character occurs with equal frequency in both species.

The new characters described below, which are differences in leg

armature and claw morphology, show consistent interspecific differ-

ences. Mature larvae of both E. inermis and E. infrequens have one or

more rows of spines on the posterior margins of the femora (Figs. 2a,

c). However, the spines of E. infrequens are generally .07-.09 mm or

longer (Fig. 2a). This is considerably longer than those of E. inermis

which are usually .02-.05 mm long with only a few as long as .06-.07

mm (Fig. 2c). E. infrequens also has a distinct subapical band of

spines on the dorsal surface of the forefemora (Fig. 2a) while E.

inermis has no band or at most a sparse indistinct subapical band

consisting of only a few spines (Fig. 2c). Also the rows of spines on

the posterior margin of the forefemora of E. inermis may be incon-

spicuous or absent (Fig. 2c).

The least variable difference between the larvae of these two

species is the shape of their claws. Both E. inermis and E. infrequens

have claws with 7-10 denticles. However, the anterior margin of the

Claw of E. inermis is strongly curved between the most distal denticle

and the tip, often with an arc of 90 degrees or more (Fig. 2d). In

contrast the claw of E. infrequens is very gently curved in this region

(Fig. 2b).

Characters common to Ephemerella inermis and E. infrequens

Mature larva. General body color either uniform light to dark

reddish or chocolate brown, or light to dark reddish or chocolate

brown with highly variable pale markings. Head brown with variable

pale markings at vertex. Thoracic notum brown with variable pale

sinuate markings; lateral margin of pronotum usually pale; femora

pale with variable brown markings; posterior margins of femora with

One or more rows of spines; tibiae concolorous pale or pale to light

brown with one basal and one midlength dark brown band; tarsi

uniformly pale or pale to light brown with basal dark brown band;

22 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. 2. Photomicrographs of: (a) fore, middle, and hind legs of £. infrequens, row of

spines on posterior margin of femora (ps) and subapical band of spines on dorsal surface

of forefemora (ss), magnification 25X. (b) claw of E. infrequens, magnification 260X. (c)

fore, middle, and hind legs of E. inermis, magnification 25X (d) claw of E. inermis, magnifi-

cation 260X.

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 23

claws with 6-10 denticles. Abdominal terga may be uniformly pale to

light or dark brown, or brown with a pale median longitudinal stripe

and variable pale submedian spots on the posterior margins; postero-

lateral projections on segments 4-9, lateral margins of projections

pale; well developed paired abdominal tubercles absent, however

slight paired projections or undulations sometimes may be present

on posterior margin of any or all terga of abdominal segments 3-9;

abdominal sterna light brown. Caudal filaments pale with brown

transverse bands, whorls of spines on posterior margin of segments

in basal two-thirds, heavily setaceous on distal one-third.

Ephemerella inermis Eaton

Mature larva. Body length 5-9 mm, terminal filaments 4-5 mm. Pale stripe across face at

anterior medial margin of eyes; stripe often interrupted at center of frons. Posterior

margins of femora with one or more rows of short spines, .02-.05 mm long, which may be

inconspicuous or absent on forefemora; forefemora with sparse dorsal subapical band of

spines, or subapical band absent or represented by only a few spines; claws sharply

curved.

Distribution: E. inermis is lower boreal and widely distributed in western North America

from central British Columbia austrad to southern California, and central Arizona and

New Mexico (Fig. 3).

Ephemerella infrequens McDunnough

Mature larva. Body length 5-11 mm, terminal filaments 4-6 mm; pale stripe across face

usually interrupted at center of frons to form two pale spots or medially extending bars at

the anterior medial margin of the eyes; posterior margins of femora with one or more rows

of spines .07-.09 mm long, always present on forefemora; forefemora with distinct

subapical band of spines on dorsal surface; claws gently curved.

Distribution: E. infrequens is a mid-boreal species extending from central Alaska

austrad to central California and northern New Mexico along the Cascade-Sierra and

Rocky Mountain ranges (Fig. 3).

Collections used to derive the ranges given by Allen and Edmunds

(1965) and Allen (1968) probably consisted of composites of both

species and do not accurately represent their distribution. My modifi-

cation of the northward extent of the two species is based upon the

identification of all available specimens from Northern British Colum-

bia and Alaska as E. infrequens. Particular northern locality records

which were originally identified as E. inermis and have been subse-

quently identified as E. infrequens are as follows: Alaska: Anon Creek,

S.E. Mainland, 25’, 26-1V-58, G.L. Miller; McMannus Creek, 60 mi. N.E.

Fairbanks, 23-VIII-66, L. Boddis (Allen, 1968); British Columbia:

Terrace, 12-VIl-72, G.F. Edmunds, ur.

Biology

Larvae of E. infrequens may be found in clear, fast-flowing streams

with rocky substrates. They inhabit the underside of rocks in the

riffles of astream and seem to prefer rocks of medium size over small

stones or pebbles. They range in elevation from sea level in Alaska

24 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

memeims E. infregens

esceceeeeeE. inermis

ies eh

Fig. 3. Distribution map of E. infrequens and E. inermis.

and the coastal streams of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia

to 4,000-10,000 ft. in the rest of western U.S. and Canada. They are

less tolerant of silt than E. inermis and may be abundant in streams at

high elevations.

Larvae of E. inermis may be found in a wide variety of streams from

sea level to 7,000 ft. in western North America, but are generally more

abundant in clear rather than silty water (Allen and Edmunds, 1965).

These larvae occur in a wide range of current speeds that include

currents slower than those suitable for E. infrequens. They also

appear able to tolerate a broader temperature range than E. infrequens

and are frequently found in cool streams at lower elevations. Larvae

inhabit a wide range of substrate types and are commonly found on

various sized rocks and pebbles in midstream and on rocks and vege-

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 25

tation near the edge of astream.

Presently there are two rivers from which both E. inermis and E.

infrequens are known, the Weber River in Utah and the Teton River in

Idaho. In both cases the species appear to be allopatric with E.

inermis occurring downstream from E. infrequens.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank G.F. Edmunds, Jr. and D.N. Alstad

for their advice and assistance; also W.P. McCafferty and R.K. Allen

for reading and commenting on the manuscript.

Literature Cited

Allen, R.K. 1960. Systematic revision of the genus Ephemerella of North America (Ephem-

eroptera:Ephemerellidae), including some eastern North American species.

M.S. thesis, Univ. Utah 312 pp.

Allen, R.K. 1968. New species and records of Ephemerella (Ephemerella) in western North

America (Ephemeroptera:Ephemerellidae). Kans. Entomol. Soc. 41:557-567.

Allen, R.K. and G.F. Edmunds, Jr. 1965. A revision of the genus Ephemerella (Ephemerop-

tera:Ephemerellidae) VIII. The subgenus Ephemerella in North America. Misc.

Pub. Entomol. Soc. 4:244-282.

Day, W.C. 1956. Epnhemeroptera, pp. 79-105. in: R.L. Usinger, Aquatic Insects of California.

Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. 508 pp.

Jensen, S.L. 1966. The Mayflies of Idaho (Ephemeroptera). M.S. thesis, Univ. Utah 365 pp.

Needham, J.G. 1927. The Rocky Mountain species of the mayfly genus Ephemerella. Ann.

Entomol. Soc. Amer. 20:107-117.

McDunnough, J. 1928. Ephemerid notes with description of anew species. Can. Entomol.

60:238-240.

Traver, J.R. 1935. Part Il Systematic, pp. 237-739. in: J.G. Needham, J.R. Traver, and Yin Chi

Hsu, The Biology of Mayflies. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, New York 759 pp.

New Neotropical Lamiinae

(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

John A. Chemsak and E.G. Linsley

University of California

Berkeley, 94720

It has become necessary to review certain segments of the Neo-

tropical fauna in conjunction with our studies on North American

Lamiinae. Several of the more interesting and significant new species

are described below.

This work was carried out during the course of a National Science

Foundation-sponsored study on North American Cerambycidae

through Grant GB-BM574. Celeste Green prepared the illustration.

Peritapnia pilosa, new species

Male: Form moderate-sized, depressed, integument black, shining. Head densely

micropunctate with larger punctures sparsely interspersed, each puncture bearing along,

erect seta; antennae extending about three segments beyond elytra, scape gradually

enlarging toward apex, segments three to six stout, third segment shorter than first,

fourth equal to third, fifth subequal to fourth, segments densely clothed with fine, ap-

pressed pubescence, basal segments with several, long, erect hairs at apices. Pronotum

broader than long, sides angulate, acutely tuberculate at middle; disk slightly convex,

densely micropunctate with larger seta-bearing punctures sparsely interspersed;

prosternum transversely rugulose, glabrous, intercoxal process barely arcuate, about

one-third as broad as coxal cavities; meso- and metasternum barely punctate, densely

clothed with very fine appressed pubescence. Elytra about 112 times as long as broad;

punctures behind scutellum large, subconfluent, extending along suture to middle, other

basal punctures irregular, smaller, all punctures becoming very fine toward apex; erect

setae arising out of large punctures at least twice the length of second antennal segment,

underlying pubescence dense, fine, appressed; apices narrowly rounded. Legs densely

micropunctate, finely, densely pubescent. Abdomen micro-punctate with a few larger

punctures interspersed; last sternite rounded at apex. Length, 9mm.

Female: Form similar. Antennae slightly shorter. Abdomen with last sternite excavated

at middle, the depression bounded posteriorly by a transverse, arcuate carina. Length, 8-9

mm.

Holotype male (California Academy of Sciences) from 56 miles NW Tehuantepec,

Oaxaca, Mexico, 27 July, 1963 (J. Doyen). Two female paratypes from 23 miles S. Matias

Romero, Oaxaca, 14 August, 1963 (F.D. Parker and L.A. Stange).

The long, erect setae of the head and elytra will separate this

species from other Peritapnia.

Peritapnia minima, new species

Tapeina nudicornis Horn, 1894:340 (not Bates 1885).

Peritapnia nudicornis, Horn, 1894:403; Linsley, 1942:75.

Male: Form small, depressed, integument rufo-piceous, appendages reddish brown.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:26-30. January 1978

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 ZT

Head minutely punctate, very finely pubescent, long, erect setae present along anterior

margin and around eyes; antennae extending about three segments beyond elytra, scape

gradually enlarged, segments three to five slightly enlarged, third segment equal in

length to first, fourth equal to third, fifth shorter than fourth, segments very finely, rather

sparsely pubescent, basal segments with several long, erect setae at apices. Pronotum

broader than long, sides angulate; disk thinly impressed behind apex and before base,

middle vaguely, shallowly tricallused; punctures very fine, dense; pubescence minute,

appressed, with a few, long, erect setae interspersed; prosternum transversely rugulose,

intercoxal process almost plane, more than one-half as broad as coxal cavities; meso- and

metasternum finely punctate and pubescent. Elytra about 1/2 times as long as broad;

punctures behind scutellum moderately coarse, usually separated, extending along

suture to beyond middle, other basal punctures finer, rather sparse, irregular; erect setae

arising out of punctures shorter than second antennal segment, underlying pubescence

very fine, dense; apices narrowly rounded. Legs with femora strongly clavate, finely

punctate and pubescent. Abdomen finely punctate and pubescent; last sternite rounded

at apex. Length, 6-9 mm.

Female: Form similar. Antennae slightly longer than body. Abdomen with last sternite

impressed and carinate at middle. Length, 7-9 mm.

Holotype male, allotype (California Academy of Sciences) and 44 paratypes (19 males,

25 females) from 2 miles NE San Pedro, Baja California Sur, Mexico, 19 September, 1967,

under bark of Bursera (J. Chemsak, A. & M. Michelbacher). Additional paratypes all from

Baja California Sur as follow: 6 males, 6 females, 3.5 miles NE San Pedro, 7 September,

1967 at light (Chemsak and Michelbacher); 2 males, 3 females, 3 miles N. San Pedro, 6

July, 1938 (Michelbacher & Ross); 3 females, 10 Km. S San Pedro, 23 August, 1976 (E.

Giesbert); 6 males, 6 females, 5 miles SW La Paz, 7 September, 1967, under bark of Bursera

(Chemsak and Michelbachers); 1 male, 2 females, 7 miles W La Paz, 6 August, 1966 (E.G. &

J.M. Linsley, P.D. Hurd, Chemsak), 6 September, 1967 (Chemsak and Michelbachers); 1

female, 5 miles S La Paz, 17-22 September 1967 (Chemsak & Michelbachers); 4 males, 1

female, 15 miles W La Paz, 5 July, 1938 (Michelbacher and Ross); 2 males, 1 female, 20

miles NW La Paz, 16 July, 1938 (Michelbacher & Ross); 15 males, 9 females, 26 miles W La

Paz, 11 August, 1966, at lights (Chemsak, Powell and Doyen); 1 female, 25 miles W La Paz,

30 August, 1959 (Radford & Werner); 1 male, 1 female, El Triunfo, 7 July, 1938

(Michelbacher & Ross); 1 male, 1 female, 2 miles NW El Triunfo, 12 August, 1966

(Chemsak, Doyen and Powell); 4 male, 4 females, San Jose del Cabo, 11 July, 1938

(Michelbacher and Ross), 11-16 September, 1967 (Chemsak and Michelbachers); 3 males,

1 female, 6 miles N San Jose del Cabo, 15 September, 1967 (Chemsak and Michelbachers);

2 females, 10 miles SW San Jose del Cabo, 9 July, 1938 (Michelbacher and Ross); 18

males, 24 females, 7km.N Cabo San Lucas, 26-27 August, 1976 (E. Giesbert); 3 males, 2

females, San Bartolo, 13 July, 1938 (Michelbacher and Ross); 1 male, 5 miles W San

Bartolo, 13 July, 1938 (Michelbacher and Ross); 3 males, Todos Santos, 15 July, 1938

(Michelbacher and Ross); 1 male, 4 miles N Todos Santos, 2 September, 1959 (Radford

and Werner); 1 female, El Carrizal, 25 August, 1976 (E. Giesbert).

Additional specimens from 10 miles S Punta Prieta, 15 miles N El Refugio, 20 miles N

Comondu, and 45 miles N San Ignacio are also assignable as this species. In several of

these localities P. minima occurs sympatrically with P. fabra Horn, which suggests a

possible subspecific relationship between fabra and the Cape population. However, the

lack of adequate material from the central and northern parts of the peninsula and

apparently significant structural differences make a subspecific designation untenable at

this time.

The broad, flattened intercoxal process of the prosternum, smaller

average size and antennal scape equal in length to the third segment

separate minima from fabra. P. nudicornis (Bates) differs by the longer

setae on the elytra, pale pubescent humeri of the males, and by

having the antennal scape longer than the third segment.

28 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Pseudotapnia, new genus

Form small, depressed. Head small, front broader than long; palpi slightly unequal,

apical segments slender, cylindrical; eyes small, finely faceted, deeply emarginate, lobes

connected by aline; antennal tubercles small, widely separated; antennae slender, short,

six segmented, scape small, slightly clavate, sixth segment slightly flattened. Pronotum

broader than long, sides rounded, unarmed, base broadly, deeply transversely impressed,

apex very shallowly compressed; disk almost plane; prosternum narrow, narrowly

impressed at apex; intercoxal process flat, less than one-half as broad as coxae, coxal

cavities closed behind, feebly angulate externally; mesosternum short, with intercoxal

process about as broad as coxae, flattened, abruptly declivous anteriorly; coxal cavities

closed to epimeron; metasternum with epimeron narrow, tapering posteriorly. Elytra

about 11% times longer than broad, strongly convex toward apices; epipleurae vertical to

behind middle; apices narrowly rounded. Legs short; femora strongly clavate; middle

tibiae with a small external sinus; tarsi short, moderately broad, third segment cleft to

base, claws divergent. Abdomen with first sternite broad, sternites two to four narrow and

last broad.

Type species: Pseudotapnia curticornis, new species.

This genus may be readily recognized by the short broad form and

apparently six-segmented antennae. This latter characteristic

appears to have developed by the fusion of the distal segments.

The affinities of Pseudotapnia are difficult to assess but the genus

appears to resemble Peritapnia Horn in a number of structural

characters, thereby placing it into the tribe Acanthoderini.

Pseudotapnia curticornis, new species

(Fig. 1)

Female: Form small, depressed; integument black, pubescence gray and black. Head

with front rather finely, separately punctate, densely clothed with small tufts of short

appressed pubescence; vertex short, punctation and pubescence as on front; inter-

antennal area plane; antennae extending a little beyond elytral humeri, third segment

much longer than scape, fourth equal to third, fifth and sixth combined shorter than

fourth, third segment, apical one-half of fourth, and fifth and sixth black. Pronotum with

disk coarsely, densely punctate, densely clothed with small tufts of grayish, appressed

pubescence, one or two long erect setae present at sides on apical margin of basal

impression; prosternum thinly pubescent, coxae with a dense patch of appressed

pubescence on front; meso- and metasternum finely punctate with patches of appressed

pubescence at margins. Scutellum broader than long, densely pubescent. Elytra coarsely,

separately punctate over basal one-half, punctures becoming obsolete toward apex;

pubescence dense, short, appressed, grayish except for an almost heart-shaped black

band at base, broader, short black bands below humeri directed back and toward disk and

an irregular black median band, the arcuate pale basal bands consisting of white instead

of gray pubescence. Legs with tops of apical one-half of femora and outside margins of

tibiae to middle densely gray pubescent. Abdomen finely punctate; last sternite narrowly

impressed longitudinally at base, apex rounded. Length, 7 mm.

Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences) from Coco Solo Hospital, Canal

Zone, 15 May, 1974, light trap (D. Engleman).

The size, shape, color pattern and short antennae make this

species very distinctive. The antennae and markings of the elytra

suggest a mimetic association with an ant, although we are unaware,

at this time, of any specific model.

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978

Fig. 1 Pseudotapnia curticornis, new species.

29

30 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Lypsimena tomentosa, new species

Female: Form moderate sized, subparallel; integument reddish brown, pubescence

pale brownish and gray, dense, appressed, obscuring surface, erect hairs almost absent.

Head short, densely pubescent; median line shallow, becoming a suture on vertex; vertex

short, moderately densely punctate, punctures obscured by pubescence; antennae

slender, slightly longer than body, segments densely clothed with short appressed

pubescence, basal segments with a few long suberect hairs internally which decrease in

length toward apices, third segment longer than first, remaining segments gradually

decreasing in length. Pronotum broader than long, sides broadly rounded, disk convex,

rather coarsely, confluently punctate; pubescence appressed, obscuring surface, sides

with several long erect hairs interspersed; prosternum narrow, coxal cavities closed

behind; meso- and metasternum densely pubescent, punctures obscured. Elytra more

than twice as long as broad; basal punctures rather coarse, dense, becoming obsolete

behind middle; pubescence appressed, pale brownish, with white or gray pubescence

suffused over disk away from suture, base, and apex; apices narrowly subtruncate. Legs

short, femora gradually expanded toward apices; front tibiae with an internal sinus,

middle tibiae with an external sinus. Abdomen minutely, densely punctate, very densely

clothed with appressed pubescence; last sternite broadly subtruncate at apex. Length, 9-

10mm.

Holotype female (Cornell University) and seven female paratypes from Ciudad Bolivar,

Venezuela, 4-24 April, 1898, 2-24 May, 1898 (E.A. Klages).

The very dense appressed pubescence which completely obscures the body surface

will readily separate this species from other known Lypsimena.

The only significant variation observed in the type series is in the amount and extent of

suffused whitish pubescence on the elytra. This is almost absent in some individuals but

quite distinct in others.

Literature Cited

Horn, G. H. 1894. The Coleoptera of Baja California. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2,

4: 302-449.

Linsley, E.G. 1942. Contributions toward a knowledge of the Insect fauna of Lower

California. No. 2. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4,24:

21-96.

A New Genus and Five New Species of Scatopsidae from California,

Mexico, El Salvador and Peru’

(Diptera)

Edwin F. Cook

Department of Entomology, Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 55108

Material sent to me for identification in 1977 from the California

Academy of Sciences by Paul Arnaud contains a new species of

Swammerdammella, a new Psectrosciara and an additional species

that necessitated a reexamination of two species included in my 1956

paper as the dampfi complex in Rhexoza. The reexamination has

required the erection of a new genus, below. In addition 2 species

from an earlier California Academy of Science loan are described asa

new species of Rhegmocilemina and a new species of Co/obostema. All

are from California, Mexico, El Salvador and Peru.

When | reviewed the genus Rhexoza in 1975 | deliberately ignored

the two species included in the group | had termed the dampfi

complex of Rhexoza in 1956. This was because these were 2 rather

different species, and while they fit in the tribe Swammerdamellini

they both differed in characteristics that | considered necessary for

inclusion in the described genera making up that tribe. The discovery

of anew species very near AR. dampfi (Duda) has prompted me to erect

a genus for these two species. Rhexoza cryptica Cook, originally

placed with A. dampfi, must be placed in Swammerdamella despite the

fact that it lacks the ‘‘key’” character for inclusion in that genus.

Segment 7 is not concealed in segment 6 in the male and tergum 7 is

differently modified (See Cook 1956, Fig. 5D). Aside from this, it has

identical head structure, maxillary palp form, chaetotaxy and genital

vesica and apodeme size. The wing venation and antennal structure

are like S. pygmaea (Loew). There is also an aedeagal plate in the male

which | overlooked in my earlier description in addition to the

posterior median process.

Akorhexoza, new genus

Antennae 10-segmented (8 flagellomeres) slightly longer than height of head capsule;

cardo-stipites broad, band-like, fused mesally and setose; maxillary palpi large, rather

reniform; proboscis nearly as long as head capsule height; labella elongate, rather

slender; occiput sparsely setose posteriorly, very few microtrichia only near foramen;

eyes with setae between facets. Thorax with triangular spiracular sclerite, longer than

‘Paper No. 10,060 Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Station, St. Paul,

Minnesota.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:31-37. January 1978

32 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

high; the usual pleural setae, including lower epimerals; wing venation similar to Rhexoza,

costal-radial complex ending before middle of wing; M fork longer than stem; M, and M,

diverging to wing margin; setae dorsally on costal-radial complex; wing membrane beset

with microtrichia. Male abdomen with 7 evident segments; 7 pair of spiracles; with

modified 8th tergum; sterna absent on segments 1-4; small triangular sclerite on 5 and 6;

terga present on 1-7; segment 7 modified; sternum 7 with bilobed posterior expansion,

tergum 7 posteriorly deeply emarginate. Tergum 8 either bifurcate or truncate; genitalia

with sclerotized penis, reduced penis valves and an elongate median process which may

be the fused gonocoxites. Female abdomen with 7 segments; sternum absent on 1-6;

sternum 7 sclerotized; terga 1-7 sclerotized. Segment 8 and terminalia of female very dif-

ferent in the 2 included species. Tergum either divided or entire; cerci large or small, 8th

valvifers present or absent. Type species of the genus: Akorhexoza dampfi (Duda).

Diagnosis.—Length of costa between R, and R; greater than length

of R,; abdominal segment 7 visible in males; males with tergum 7 not

produced posteriorly, with an obvious tergum 8 and with sternum 7

deeply emarginate posteriorly.

The two included species can be distinguished readily. A. cactivora

has tergum 8 apically truncate in the male and the female has paired

posteriorly projecting, acute valvifers. A. dampfi has tergum 8 pro-

duced into 2 posteriorly-directed points in the male and the female

has apically rounded setose valvifers.

Akorhexoza dampfi (Duda), new combination

This species was redescribed in 1956 but some _ additional

characters should be added to that redescription.

Male.—Flagellomeres with about 13 setae in a single whorl in addition to microtrichia

and campaniform sensilla; maxillary palpi 0.17 mm long: labella slender, nearly as long as

palpi; rostrum long; occiput sparsely setose, with 3 campaniform sensilla on each side;

cardo-stipites conspicuous, with about 18 setae on each side.

Supraalar setae 13-21; preepisternals 16, anepisternals 23; upper episternals 13;

subalars 21; subspiraculars 14-21 (2 large); lower epimerals 13; pedicellars 3-6. Wings 1.90-

2.17mm long; R: and R, with only dorsal setae; R; terminates before middle of wing;

section 2 of costa about 1/3 longer than Ri; membrane microtrichiose. Abdominal terga 2-

6 rectangular, sparsely setose; tergum 1 anteriorly emarginate, narrower than succeeding

terga; tergum 7 yellow, posteriorly emarginate, with long marginal setae and small sparse

setae anteriorly; tergum 8 sclerotized, yellow-brown, posteriorly produced in 2 apically

acute triangular processes; sterna 1-4 unsclerotized; sterna 5 and 6 small, (less than 4

width of terga) triangular, sparsely setose; sternum 7 deeply emarginate posteriorly, no

tooth on posterior margin; no sternum 8. Genitalia with small setose penis valves; median

ventral process with a few small marginal setae, penis conspicuous, sclerotized.

Females.—Very like male in size and color. Cardo-stipites with 25 setae on each side.

Supraalar setae 25-29; preepisternals 20; anepisternals 41; upper episternals 18; subalars

25; subspiraculars 22 (3 large); lower epimerals 13, pedicillars 5. Wings as in male.

Abdominal terga 1-6 as in male; tergum 7 with a crescent shaped posterior emargination;

all tergites sparsely setose; sterna 1-6 not sclerotized, sternum 7 sclerotized, with a

median rounded emargination, produced triangularly laterad of emargination. Tergum 8

divided by large cerci, sparsely setose, microtrichiose, yellow; tergum 8 produced

posteriorly as two adjacent apically rounded, setose processes. Redescription based on 1

3,19 from Brownsville, (Mexico) [sic] 10-21-48.

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 33

Akorhexoza cactivora, new species

Male.—About 2.00 mm long; color dark grey brown, membrane pale; head and thorax

shining, abdomen dull (specimens all slide mounted). Antennal flagellomeres with a

single whorl of about 13 short, stout setae in addition to campaniform sensilla and micro- —

trichia; maxillary palpi large, 0.16 mm long; labella slender but nearly as long as palpi;

rostrum long; cardostipites conspicuous with 11-17 setae on each side; occiput sparsely

setose with vertex more densely setose. Supraalar setae 15; preepisternals 10-11;

anepisternals 22-23; upper episternals 8; subalars 7-9; subspiraculars 6-9 (2 large); lower

epimerals 1-5; pedicellars 3. Wings 1.75-1.90 mm long; R, and R; with dorsal setae only; R,

terminates before middle of wing; section 2 of costa scarcely longer than Ri; membrane

microtrichiose. Abdominal tergites 2-7 conspicuous, rectangular, wider ‘than long,

sparsely setose; tergum 1 anteriorly emarginate, short; tergum 8 (Fig. 3) dark, heavily

sclerotized, produced posteriorly in a tuncate process; tergum 7 (Fig. 2) large, longer than

preceding and deeply emarginate posteriorly; sterna 1-4 unsclerotized, 5 and 6 small,

triangular; sternum 7 (Fig. 2) large, deeply emarginate posteriorly, a strong tooth-like

process on each side of emargination; no evident sternum 8. Genitalia (Fig. 1) very like

that of dampfi except penis valves less conspicuous, with fewer setae; median process

(gonocoxites) with a regular row of long setae on each side ventrally.

Female.—Size and coloration as in male. Maxillary palpi 0.15 mm long; cardo-stipites

with 12-17 setae on each side; supraalar setae 13-15; preepisternals 6-10; anepisternals 10-

23; upper episternals 6; subalars 6-8; subspiraculars 5-6 (2 large); lower epimerals 2-4;

pedicellars 3. Wings as in male, 1.70 mm long; abdominal terga 1-6 as in male; sterna 1-6

unsclerotized; sternum 7 sclerotized; all sclerites sparsely setose, setae small, tergum 8

small, with a few setae and microtrichia laterally, mesally bare. Cerci small, setose and

microtrichiose. Genitalia (Fig. 4) with a pair of apically acute valvifers fused with sternum

8; very distinct from terminalia of 2 dampfi.

Holotype ¢d. N. San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, Mexico. 4-VIII-1966, reared ex

Ferrocactus. In collection of University of Minnesota. Paratypes: 1 9 same date as

holotype, in University of Minnesota collection; 1 d, 19, Teotihuacan pyramid to the sun,

Mexico. 27-XII-1970, (P.H. & M. Arnaud), at flowers of Cassia tomentosa L.f. [sic] in

collection of California Academy of Sciences.

Psectrosciara arnaudi, new species

Male.—Total length 2.5 mm. Color dark blackish brown; head and thorax shining,

abdomen dull; legs unicolorous with body except hind femora somewhat darker; halteres

brown. Maxillary palpi 0.112 mm long; labella small, 0.15 mm; rostrum short; no evident

cardo-stipites; gular area partially sclerotized, bearing some setae; head capsule

posterior to eyes with short setae and at least 3 pairs of campaniform sensilla on lower

half; antennae 10-segmented, with numerous short setae. Supraalar setal row not

particularly distinct, about 6-7 setae in this position; upper episternals 7; anepisternals

24; preepisternals 40+; subalars 12; subspiraculars 8; lower epimerals 0. Wings pale

brown, beset with microtrichia; setae on veins and membrane behind M,; veins con-

spicuous, R, and R, darker than those posteriorly; M, scarcely connected to M, at base.

Genitalia (Fig. 5) similar to those of P. oregonensis Cook; dorsal process small, detached

from tergum 8.

Female. — Unknown.

Holotype d Mexico, Baja California, 22 miles S. San Vincente, 300 ft., 6 April 1969.

(Stanley C. Williams). In collection of California Academy of Sciences.

34 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

DORSAL

TERGUM

STERNUM 7 ioe al

‘0d

PENIS VALVE TERGUM 8

STERNUM 2 SPIRACLE

PENIS VALVE

GONOCOXITE

Figs. 1-4. Akorhexoza cactivora. Fig. 1. male genitalia; Fig. 2. male segment 7; Fig. 3.

male tergum 8; Fig. 4. female genitalia; Fig. 5. Psectrosciara arnaudi, male genitalia. Figs.

6-8. Rhegmoclemina acrolophia. Fig. 6. male sternum 7; Fig. 7. male genitalia, dorsal

aspect; Fig. 8. male genitalia, ventral aspect.

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 35

This will key to couplet 3 in my 1958 paper along with P. bakeri Cook

and P. discata Cook. The genitalia, however, have stout, uncurved

gonocoxites and a median ventral process not evident in those

species.

Rhegmoclemina (Neorhegmoclemina) acrolophia, new species

Male.—Length about 2.5 mm; dark blackish brown, head and thorax shining, abdomen

dull, all concolorous. Antenna with 10 flagellomeres, each with a single whorl of about 19

long setae as well as microtrichia and campaniform sensilla; maxillary palpi short (0.075

mm), ovate; cardo-stipites indistinct, fused mesally, with 13 setae on each side; rostrum

short, less than head capsule height; occiput setose with long setae, microtrichiose

posteriorly; eyes with setae between facets. Spiracular sclerite triangular; supraalar setae

14; preepisternals 18; anepisternals 14; upper episternals 9; subalars 11; subspiraculars 7

(2 large); lower epimerals 0; pedicellars 0. Wing length about 2.5 mm, wing dull, densely

microtrichiose; a few setae dorsally on Cu,,; section 2 of costal margin short, shorter than

R,. Abdominal terga 1-6 sparsely setose, setae more abundant on posterior segments;

sternum 1 absent; sterna 2-6 like terga, with longer more numerous setae; tergum 7 short,

with deep, rounded posterior emargination; sternum 7 (Fig. 6) shieldshaped, apodemes

well separated; all sclerites with short, dense microtrichia; spiracles present on segments

1-7. Genitalia (Figs. 7 and 8) similar to those of the African species R. chaetophora Cook

and A. divergens Cook. Genital capsule produced ventrally as 2 long, slender, setose

processes; the processes tipped by 2 or 3 setae and a blunt spiniform seta; penis valves

dark, elongate, heavily sclerotized and assymetrical, each with few setae and/or campani-

form sensilla apically; gonocoxites dark, heavily setose; penis stout, expanded apically,

apex assymetrical.

Holotype d. Peru, West Crest Carpish Mountains, 40 Mi S.W. Tingo Maria. 17.X.1954

(Schlinger and Ross). In collection of California Academy of Sciences.

The only other described southern South American species is

Rhegmoclemina constricta (Duda) from Chile. R. acrolophia has very

different genitalia from those illustrated by Edwards in which there

seems to be but a single pair of posteriorly directed appendages.

Swammerdamella glochis, new species

Male.—Length 0.90 mm; blackish brown, dull, unicolorous except tarsi pale yellowish-

white; halteres dark. Antennae damaged in the only specimen; maxillary palpi large, 0.10

mm long; cardo-stipites with 3 setae on each side, microtrichiose; occiput sparsely

setose, microtrichiose. Supraalar setae 10; preepisternals 3; anepisternals 10; upper

episternals 5; subalars 6; subspiraculars 2; lower epimerals 0; pedicellars 1. Wings

damaged on only available specimen. Abdominal terga and sterna sparsely setose, micro-

trichiose; segment 7 largely concealed in segment 6; tergum 6 longer than preceding

terga, without evident microtrichia except near anterior margin; segment 7 (Fig. 9) similar

to that of S. pusilla, no specialized seta groups; genital vesica and apodemes 0.20 mm

long. Genitalia (Fig. 10) with triangular gonocoxite; penis valves small, rounded lobes

with few setae; aedeagal plate bluntly pointed, wider than long.

Female.—Total length 1.05 mm, wing length 0.99 mm with typical venation, colored like

male; maxillary palpi 0.11 mm long; cardo-stipites with 6 setae on each side; head other-

wise as in male. Supraalar setae 9; preepisternals 2; anepisternals 9; upper episternals 5;

subalars 4; subspiraculars 1-2, lower epimerals 0; pedicellars 1. Seven abdominal seg-

36 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

SPIRACLE TERGUM 7

TERGUM 8

PENIS VALVE

GONOCOXITE G

| 10 i

STERNUM 7

AEDEAGAL PLATE CERCUS

SPIRACLE

PENIS VALVE

TERGUM 9

TERGUM 7

Figs. 9-11. Swammerdamella glochis. Fig. 9. male segment 7; Fig. 10. male genitalia; Fig.

11. female genitalia; Figs. 12-13. Colobostema leechi. Fig. 12. male tergum 7; Fig. 13. male

genitalia.

ments; all sclerites sparsely setose and microtrichiose; spermatheca spherical .075 mm

in diameter. Genitalia (Fig. 11) with tergum 8 rounded posteriorly, concealing larger cerci

beneath, with irregular rows of setae, all microtrichiose; sternum 8 bilobed, micro-

trichiose, setae only on posterior margin laterally.

Holotype od. El Salvador, Quezaltepque, 500 M. VI-19-62. (D.Q. Cavagnaro and M.E.

Irwin). Paratype 2, same data as holotype. In collection of California Academy of

Sciences.

This is the only described Swammerdamella from Central America

with a median process on tergum /7.

Colobostema leechi, new species

Male.—Length 2.25 mm, dark grey-brown, unicolorous, dull; wings infuscated, veins

conspicuous. Antennae missing in only specimen; maxillary palpi short, ovate .08 mm

long; labella small, about twice as long as maxillary palpi; rostrum short; cardo-stipites

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 37

not evident; occiput sparsely setose, microtrichiose. Eyes with setae and microtrichia

between well-separated facets. Anterior spiracular plate as high as long, triangular; no

supraalar setae; no preepisternal setae; anepisternal setae numerous on anterior margin;

upper episternal setae 6; subalars 12, subspiraculars 11; lower epimerals 10. Wings 2.65

mm long, faintly brownish, veins obvious, membrane microtrichiose, costa and radial

complex with setae; 2nd section of costal margin subequal to section 3; M, subequal to

base M. Abdomen with terga and sterna sparsely setose, densely microtrichiose;

segments 1-6 unmodified; tergum 7 (Fig. 12) reduced laterally, trilobed on posterior

margin; sternum (Fig. 12) expanded dorsally to include 7th spiracle; genital vesica and

apodemes 0.33 mm long. Genitalia (Fig. 13) with tergum 9 produced posteriorly, terminat-

ing in 2 divergent points; gonocoxite setose, emarginate distally; penis valves swollen

basally, acute apically; penis somewhat sinuous, not projecting beyond gonocoxites.

Segment 7 very similar to those of European species C. triste (Zetterstedt) and C.

nigripenne (Meigen) with spiracles in sternum rather than tergum as other North American

Colobostema.

Holotype d. Mill Valley, Marin Co. California, 10-IV-40, (H.B. Leech) collector. In

collection of California Academy of Sciences.

This species differs from the other American Colobostema with

unbanded legs in having a truncate median lobe on the posterior

margin of tergum 7 rather than a median incision.

Literature Cited

Cook, E.F. 1956. A contribution toward a monograph of the Scatopsidae (Diptera). Part

Ill. The genus Rhexoza. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 49:1-12

Cook, E.F. 1958. A contribution toward a monograph of the Scatopsidae (Diptera). Part

Vil. The Genus Psectrosciara Kieffer. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 51:587-595.

Cook, E.F. 1975. A Reconsideration of Nearctic Rhexoza (Diptera: Scatopsidae). Pan-

Pacific Entomol. 51:62-75.

Rev. Modestus Wirtner, Amateur

Hemipterist: Correspondence with E.P. Van Duzee

A.G. Wheeler, Jr.

Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department

of Agriculture, Harrisburg 17120

Amateurs were largely responsible for the early growth of Ameri-

can entomology. A later contributor was a Pennsylvania priest, the

Rev. Modestus Wirtner, O.S.B. During the first 15 years of the twen-

tieth century, Father Modestus collected Hemiptera in the vicinity of

churches he served in western Pennsylvania and assembled an im-

pressive collection, which culminated in the 1904 publication of the

only useful general account of Pennsylvania Hemiptera.

Little information has been available regarding the role of Rev.

Wirtner in American hemipterology. For example, Osborn (1937, 1952)

was unable to supply a year of birth and devoted only one sentence to

his activities. Recently, Wheeler and Henry (1977) presented a bio-

graphical sketch of Father Modestus and, after examining his collec-

tion, which is housed at St. Vincent College, Latrobe, Pennsylvania,

made additions and corrections to the 74 species of Miridae given in

his 1904 list.

Rev. Wirtner’s interest in entomology began during his seminary

days at St. Vincent when he volunteered to work on the insect collec-

tion under the Rev. Jerome Schmitt, designer of the Schmitt box and

student of ants and pselaphid and scydmaenid beetles (Gurney et al.,

1975). While Rev. Schmitt taught at Belmont Abbey College in North

Carolina in the early 1880’s, Father Modestus was left in charge of the

collection (Wheeler and Henry, 1977).

After his ordination into the Order of St. Benedict in July 1886,

Father Modestus spent 12 years at churches in remote regions of

Colorado before returning to western Pennsylvania in 1889. He had

become interested in Hemiptera while stationed in Colorado and now

wanted to acquire facility with that group of insects. He began to

correspond with many of the leading specialists in Hemiptera: E.D.

Ball, Otto Heidemann, Herbert Osborn, O.M. Reuter, J.G. Sanders,

and E.P. Van Duzee, then America’s foremost hemipterist. Father

Modestus sent specimens for determination and retained much of

the information provided by specialists (D.M. DeLong, pers. com.).

With the aid of identified specimens, Rev. Wirtner was able to make

many of his own determinations. Later (1917) he described a new

genus and species of Miridae from Pennsylvania.

Rev. Wirtner’s file of letters apparently was destroyed, but much of

his correspondence with Mr. Van Duzee fortunately has been pre-

served at the University of Missouri and at the California Academy of

Sciences where Van Duzee served as curator of insects for many

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:38-42. January 1978

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 39

years. In Missouri the St. Louis physician and lepidopterist Dr. E.P.

Meiners collected the letters and writings of several early entomolo-

gists (Remington, 1962) and purchased some of Van Duzee’s corres-

pondence. Upon Meiners’ death in 1960, these letters were incor-

porated into the holdings of the University of Missouri, Columbia.

Through the courtesy of W.R. Enns in the Department of Entomology,

| obtained copies of letters written by Rev. Wirtner to Van Duzee,

many on small, ruled tablet paper. However, only two of Mr. Van

Duzee’s replies to Father Modestus were located. Much of the

missing correspondence (20 letters) was obtained from the Archives

of the California Academy of Sciences. | have deposited copies of the

Wirtner-Van Duzee letters in the Center for the History of Entomology

at the Pennsylvania State University.

The Wirtner-Van Duzee Letters’

Father Modestus first wrote to Mr. Van Duzee in late 1899 when he

was stationed at St. Boniface Church near Pittsburgh and Van Duzee

was librarian at the Grosvenor Public Library, Buffalo, New York (1).

Both were 38 years of age. During the early years of their correspon-

dence, Rev. Wirtner addressed Mr. Van Duzee as ‘Dear Sir,” but

beginning in 1907 he used the salutation “Dear Friend.’’ Van Duzee

initially addressed Father Modestus as ‘Dear Sir,’’ then used ‘‘My

dear Sir’ or ‘‘My dear Dr. Wirtner” in later letters. Although the tone of

his letters to Wirtner was formal, he gave encouragement to the

priest and offered to assist him at any time with his studies on Penn-

sylvania Hemiptera (2).

Acquiring the Literature. — In his first letter (1) Rev. Wirtner expres-

sed his wish to accumulate the literature pertaining to Hemiptera and

that he would like to receive papers issued by the Buffalo Society of

Natural History. In his next letter (3) Father Modestus enclosed $.75

for copies of two papers by Van Duzee and indicated he would gladly

purchase other of Van Duzee’s descriptions and revisions. Mr. Van

Duzee replied that the Society’s officers would not sell Bulletins at

less than $1 but that he would sell him his ‘‘extras” for $.75 (4). He

sent Rev. Wirtner a list of all reprints available at prices ranging from

$.05 to $.75 (5). Wirtner returned Van Duzee’s letter, checking titles of

14 papers and enclosing a postal order for $2.26 (6).

Enthusiasm for Collecting and Exchange of Specimens. — As an avid

insect collector, Father Modestus sometimes grew impatient for

spring to arrive. In 1904 he wrote his friend in Buffalo: ‘‘l hope that

spring weather will soon show itself so as to do some more collect-

ing.” (7). After a poor summer for collecting, he would express his

disappointment to Mr. Van Duzee (8,9).

Van Duzee occasionally wrote about his collecting trips (10), but

more obvious in his correspondence was his keen desire to acquire

‘Numbers in parentheses in text refer to the Wirtner—Van Duzee letters listed following Literature Cited.

40 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

additional species of Hemiptera for his personal collection. In an

1899 letter he asked if Rev. Wirtner might have any pentatomids he

wished to exchange for species not represented in his Pennsylvania

material (11). Upon receipt of tentatively determined pentatomids, Mr.

Van Duzee noted a few of Wirtner’s misidentifications and

emphasized the potentially new material for his collection, which he

kept. “I will put in a good return for all of these specimens retained

and trust you will not think | have kept too much. My collection is now

so complete in the North American forms it is very difficult to add a

new one and when | do get one! prize it highly.” (12).

Later, Van Duzee hinted: “If you are ever willing to part with your

Geotomus Uhleri [Cydnidae] | will give you some large showy

species....’’ (13). He must have felt this too overt a suggestion, for

he explained: “.... but 1 do not want you to consider this as a request

for it. | merely thought if | could add a new species to my collection

without robbing yours it might be well for both.” (13).

To enrich Van Duzee’s collection, Rev. Wirtner sent him Hemiptera

collected in Florida by Rev. Schmitt and also specimens he had

acquired from Africa and South America (14). He suggested that Mr.

Van Duzee write Mr. Edward Klages, an amateur entomologist in the

Pittsburgh area who had recently returned from a collecting trip to

South America and who now wished to dispose of some specimens

(15). Van Duzee wrote to Klages but doubted whether any business

could be transacted because he had such limited funds for buying

specimens (16).

Mutual Praise and Advice. — That Father Modestus was appreciative

of the favors extended him by Mr. Van Duzee is apparent throughout

his correspondence, but he did not hold the respected hemipterist in

such awe that he was hesitant to give advice. He informed Van Duzee

in 1907 (17) and again in 1915 (18) of the correct spelling of the tingid

genus Corythucha, even though Van Duzee already had made the cor-

rection in several previous papers (19). When Father Modestus

learned of Van Duzee’s desire to issue a catalogue of North American

Hemiptera, he urged that type-species, even ones not occurring in

North America, be included for all genera. He further offered advice

on what he considered the correct Latin form of family names, e.g.,

Reduviadae, Veliadae (18).

Van Duzee felt free to point out errors in Rev. Wirtner’s (1904) list of

western Pennsylvania Hemiptera but complimented him for ‘“‘the

careful and accurate manner in which it has been prepared. ...”’ (20).

He then praised the work as ‘‘one of the best local lists | have yet

seen.” (20).

Problems in Meeting Van Duzee. — Several times Father Modestus

expressed a desire to meet Mr. Van Duzee and examine his collec-

tion. In June 1902 he invited Van Duzee to visit him on a proposed trip

from Buffalo to Pittsburgh (21) but that trip had to be canceled (22). In

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 41

1907 Rev. Wirtner suggested that they get together during the AAAS

meeting in Boston that summer (17), but he was unable to attend the

meeting. He then indicated that he would be able to visit Van Duzee

in Buffalo during the summer of 1908 (23). That trip, too, was post-

poned (24), and it appears that the two never got together before Van

Duzee moved to California in 1913. They last corresponded in 1915,

and Rev. Wirtner’s work on Hemiptera virtually ended when he left

Pennsylvania for Kentucky in 1916. Even though he returned to

western Pennsylvania in 1919, Wirtner’s study of Hemiptera was cur-

tailed by church duties (Wheeler and Henry, 1977) and his association

with Mr. Van Duzee apparently was not renewed.

Acknowledgments

| am grateful to the Rev. Maximilian G. Duman, O.S.B., Department

of Biology, St. Vincent College, for his assistance and interest

throughout this study. Dr. W. R. Enns, Department of Entomology,

University of Missouri, and Mrs. Margaret Campbell, Archivist,

California Academy of Sciences, kindly provided copies of the

Wirtner-Van Duzee correspondence. Finally, | thank Dr. K. Valley and

T. J. Henry, Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of

Agriculture, for reviewing the manuscript.

Literature Cited

Gurney, A.B., A. Mallis, and R. Snetsinger. 1975. Who designed the Schmitt box? Bull.

Entomol. Soc. Amer. 21:225-228.

Osborn, H. 1937. Fragments of entomological history. Publ. by the author, Columbus,

Ohio, 394 pp.

Osborn, H. 1952. A brief history of entomology. Spahr and Glenn Co., Columbus, Ohio,

303 pp.

Remington, P.S. 1962. Edwin Paul Meiners (1893-1960). J. Lepid. Soc. 16:71-75.

Wheeler, A.G., Jr. and T.J. Henry. 1977. Rev. Modestus Wirtner: Biographical sketch and

additions and corrections to the Miridae in his 1904 list of western

Pennsylvania Hemiptera. Great Lakes Entomol. 10:145-157.

Wirtner, P.M. 1904. A preliminary list of the Hemiptera of western Pennsylvania. Ann.

Carnegie Mus. 3:183-232.

Wirtner, P.M. 1917. A new genus of Bothynotinae, Miridae (Heter.). Entomol. News 28:33-

34.

Letters Cited

. Oct. 13, 1899, from Rev. Wirtner to E.P. Van Duzee.

. Mar. 24, 1908, from Wirtner to Van Duzee.

. Oct. 16, 1899, from Wirtner to Van Duzee.

. Oct. 26, 1899, from Van Duzee to Wirtner.

. Nov. 1, 1899, from Van Duzee to Wirtner

Note appended Nov. 6, 1899, by Wirtner to Van Duzee’s letter of Nov. 1, 1899.

Apr. 20, 1904, from Wirtner to Van Duzee.

NOOPhWND =

42 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

8. Apr. 30, 1903, from Wirtner to Van Duzee.

9. Nov. 25, 1903, from Wirtner to Van Duzee.

10. Aug. 31, 1907, from Van Duzee to Wirtner.

11. Dec. 11, 1899, from Van Duzee to Wirtner.

12. Apr. 7, 1903, from Van Duzee to Wirtner.

13. Apr. 13, 1903, from Van Duzee to Wirtner.

14. Apr. 6, 1903, from Wirtner to Van Duzee.

15. Aug. 8, 1901, from Wirtner to Van Duzee.

16. Aug. 10, 1901, from Van Duzee to Wirtner.

17. Aug. 16, 1907, from Wirtner to Van Duzee.

18. Feb. 25, 1915, from Wirtner to Van Duzee.

19. Mar. 9, 1915, from Van Duzee to Wirtner.

20. Dec. 31, 1904, from Van Duzee to Wirtner.

21. June 14, 1902, from Wirtner to Van Duzee.

22. June 19, 1902, from Van Duzee to Wirtner.

23. May 1, 1908, from Wirtner to Van Duzee.

24. June 1, 1908, from Wirtner to Van Duzee.

Correction — Note on Polygonia faunus arcticus

In a recent article on this subject (Pan-Pacific Entomologist,

53:179-180, the second paragraph (p. 179) should be corrected to read:

#32 — Type series, leg. Owen Bryant, consisted of 7 males and 7

females, including the holotype male and allotype female, which are

presently in the collection at the Ohio State University, Columbus,

and 2 paratypes, which were given by me to the American Museum of

Natural History. These were taken May 18, 1931, in grass and on the

border of woods about a lake. — Cyril F. dos Passos.

A Review of the Genus Mastigoceras with

Remarks on its Systematic Position

(Collembola: Entomobryidae)

Jose A. Mari Mutt

University of Illinois and

[Ilinois Natural History Survey, Urbana 61801

The genus Mastigoceras was erected by Handschin (1924) for the

Brazilian species Mastigoceras camponoti. The description was based

on two specimens. Cassagnau (1963) studied three Brazilian speci-

mens and added various details to the original description. While

examining the collections of the Illinois Natural History Survey |

found an additional 30 specimens and it is my intent to take advan-

tage of this find and redescribe the species ‘in the light of char-

acters recently introduced in collembolan taxonomy. Remarks will

also be made on the systematic position of Mastigoceras in relation to

the other members of the tribe Orchesellini. Mastigoceras has so far

remained monotypic and Southern Brazilian in distribution.

! wish to thank Dr. C. Baroni Urbani and the Naturhistorisches

Museum, Basel, Switzerland, for the loan of the two syntypes of

Mastigoceras camponoti. Thanks are also due to Dr. R. MacLeod for

the opportunity to use the facilities of the Center for Electron Micro-

scopy, University of Illinois.

Mastigoceras Handschin

Medium sized (up to 2.4 mm) members of the tribe Orchesellini (but see later under the

discussion on the systematic position of this taxon). Antennae five segmented (Fig. 3),

very long, up to three times longer than head and body combined. Eight eyes on each side

of head. Dorsal head and body macrochaetotaxy reduced (Fig. 1). Head and body covered

with strongly fusiform slightly serrated scales which are absent from all other parts of

animal. Abd. 4 dorsally not over 1.5 times longer than Abd. 3. Manubial organ and dental

spines absent. Mucro with two teeth and a basal spine.

Mastigoceras camponoti Handschin

Mastigoceras camponoti Handschin 1924:22. Cassagnau 1963:128.

Salmon 1964: 484.

Habitus as in figures 2 & 3. Length excluding antennae and furcula up to 2.4 mm. Body

background color light yellow. Distribution of purple pigment as in figures 2 & 3 (see also

Cassagnau 1963: 129, Fig. 1a,c). Pigmentation is somewhat variable but at least lateral

bands and limits of body segments are always deeply pigmented. Bands of pigment on

legs very conspicuous, always present. Head and body covered with slightly serrated,

strongly fusiform scales (Fig. 9) which are absent from antennae, legs, collophore, and

furcula.

Antennae five segmented due to subdivision of first segment (Ant. 1), which is very

short (Fig. 3). Ant. 2 robust, bearing several macrochaetae. Ants. 3-5 conspicuously annu-

lated and unusually long, whip like (hence name of genus).

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:43-47. January 1978

44 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Eight eyes on each side of head (Fig. 8), G & H small but well developed. Labral chaeto-

taxy following formula 5,5,4,; all setae smooth. Apex of labrum without spine like or cone

like projections. Labial chaetotaxy as in figure 5. Differentiated seta of the outer labial

papilla small, far from reaching apex of its papilla (Fig. 7). Maxillary palp (Fig. 6) with

apical and subapical seta. Dorsal head macrochaetotaxy as in Fig. 1. Venter of head with

numerous long ciliated setae. Collarette reduced.

Tibiotarsi devoid of smooth setae with the exception of opposite seta to tenent hair

present on metathoracic legs. Claw: structure as in Fig. 4. Unguis always quadridentate.

Unguiculus with very small outer tooth. Tenent hair long, apically strongly clavate. Abd. 4

dorsally not over 1.5 times longer than Abd. 3. Dorsal body macrochaetotaxy as in Fia. 1.

Manubrium dorsally with a lasiotrichium placed on the basal medial portion of the seg-

ment and with numerous short and long slightly or conspicuously ciliated setae. No

smooth setae found upon manubrium but a pair of these present on proximal dorsal por-

tion of dentes. Dental spines absent. Mucro with two teeth and basal spine.

Material Examined and Repository : 1) Brazil, Minas Gerais, Sul de Minas, in nests of

Camponotus rufipes, April 29, 1922. 2 syntypes. 2) Brazil, 10-8-27, 22 specimens (no other

data). 3) Sao Paolo, 7 specimens (no other data). 4) Pava, 1 specimen (no other data).

Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland, has the specimens from locality no. 1

and two specimens from locality no. 2. Other specimens from localities 2, 3 & 4 are in the

Illinois Natural History Survey.

This genus being monotypic, the generic diagnosis suffices to se-

parate the species from any other Collembola. The length of the

antennae, the head and body macrochaetotaxy, the distribution of

scales, and the reduction of the collarette (a tuft of macrochaetae on

the anterior margin of the mesothorax) are all characteristics peculiar

to this genus.

Handschin’s original description of Mastigoceras camponoti

ascribes to this species four segmented antennae. Cassagnau (1963)

showed the antennae to be five segmented.

The statement by Salmon (1964: 132) that Gisin (1960) considered

this genus as a synonym of Heteromurus Wankel is a mistake. Gisin’s

position concerned Typhlopodura Absolon, erected for a European

Cave species with long antennae.

The Systematic Position of Mastigoceras

As stated earlier, Mastigoceras has been considered to belong in

a

Figs. 1-7, Mastigoceras camponoti. Fig. 1, Distribution of head and

body macrochaetae (each dot represents a Seta) and lasiotrichia. Only

the lasiotrichia figured were found but more are probably present.

Fig. 2, Dorsal habitus and pigmentation. Fig. 3a, Lateral habitus and

pigmentation. Fig. 3b, First antennal segment indicating sub-

division into Ants. 1&2. Fig. 4, Claw complex of metathoracic leg.

Fig. 5, Chaetotaxy of base of labium. Fig. 6, Maxillary palp. Fig. 7,

Outer labial papilla and its differentiated seta.

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 45

46 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 8-9, Mastigoceras camponoti. Fig. 8, Scanning electron

micrograph of right eye patch. 700x. Fig. 9, SEM of dorsal

metathoracic scales, 1,000x.

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 47

the tribe Orchesellini (e.g. Womersley 1938, Salmon 1951). | am pre-

sently revising this tribe and it has become evident that Mastigoceras

is not aclose relative of any other genus in this tribe.

All orcheselline species which | have studied to date share a

fundamental pattern of head macrochaetotaxy. The most

conspicuous feature of this pattern is a line of setae extending from

the mid line of the head to eyes G & H (see for example the figures of

head chaetotaxy in Mari Mutt 1977a,b). Such a line of setae is absent

in Mastigoceras.

Other members of this tribe possess a tuft of many macro-

chaetae on the anterior margin of the mesothorax (the collarette).

This tuft is reduced to 9-10 setae in Mastigoceras.

Besides head macrochaetotaxy and the reduction of the collarette,

Mastigoceras has as unique features its reduced body macrochaeto-

taxy, absence of scales on the furcula, and the morphology of the

antennae.

Stach (1960) restricted the tribe Orchesellini to include only the

type genus Orchesella and remarked that additional tribes should be

erected for groups of other genera in the tribe. It is quite apparent to

me that a new tribe should be erected for Mastigoceras. | hesitate,

however, to establish such a taxon in this paper because it is unclear

at this time how many tribes will be erected for the genera of the old

tribe Orchesellini. Suffice it to note here that Mastigoceras is not a

close relative of any other orcheselline genus but belongs in a group

by itself.

Literature Cited

Cassagnau, P. 1963. Collemboles d’Amerique du Sud, II. Orchesellini, Paronellinae,

Cyphoderinae. Biol. Amer. Australe, C. Delamare Deboutteville & E. Rapoport,

Eds. CNRS, Paris, 2: 127-148.

Gisin, H. 1960. Collembolenfauna Europas. Ed. Mus. Hist. Nat. Geveve, 1960, 312 pp.

Handschin, E. 1924. Neue myrmecophile und termitophile Collembolenformen aus Sud-

Amerika. Neue Beitr. Syst. Insektenk. 3: 13-19, 21-28.

Mari Mutt, J.-A. 1977a. A new species of Heteromurus from the Solomon Islands (Collem-

bola: Entomobryidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 52(4): 326-330.

Mari Mutt, J.A. 1977b. Dicranorchesella, anew genus of springtails from Mexico (Collem-

bola: Entomobryidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 79(3): 377-382.

Salmon, J.T. 1951. Keys and bibliography to the Collembola. Zool. Pub. Vict. Univ. Coll. 8:

1-82.

Salmon, J.T. 1964. An Index to the Collembola. Bull. Roy. Soc. New Zealand 7: 1-651.

Stach, J. 1960. The apterygotan fauna of Poland in relation to the world fauna of this

group of insects, tribe Orchesellini. Polska Akad. Inst. Zool., 1960, 151 pp.

Womersley, H. 1939. Primitive insects of South Australia. Government Printer, Adelaide,

322 pp.

Transfers of Some Nearctic Genera and Species of

Glyphipterigidae (auctorum) to Oecophoridae, Copromorphidae,

Plutellidae, and Tortricidae’

(Lepidoptera)

John B. Heppner’

Department of Entomology and Nematology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville

During revisionary studies of North American Glyphipterigidae

(auctorum) — Glyphipterigidae (Copromorphoidea) and Choreutidae

(Sesioidea) — several genera and species assigned to this group,

most recently by McDunnough (1939), were found to belong to other

families. The mostly western North American species are herein

transferred to appropriate families so the names can be properly

assigned in the forthcoming checklist fascicle of the series, The

Moths of America North of Mexico. Other genera associated with

Glyphipterigidae (auctorum) will be further assigned to appropriate

families in a world catalog of these names currently in preparation

(Heppner, in prep.).

In addition to the taxa noted below, Jhelethia extranea (Edwards),

also included in the glyphipterigids by Meyrick (1913) and

McDunnough (1939), has already been placed in Jegeticu/a (Incur-

variidae: Prodoxinae) by Davis (1967).

Type specimens were examined at the following institutions and

the curators at each are gratefully thanked for their help: Academy of

Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP); British Museum (Natural His-

tory), London (BMNH); Canadian National Collection, Agriculture

Canada, Ottawa (CNC); Humboldt Universitat, Zoologisches Museum,

Berlin (HZMB); Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University,

Cambridge (MCZ); National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian

Institution, Washington (USNM); and Naturhistorisches Museum,

Vienna (NHMV).

Other species in some of the transferred genera may upon further

investigation remain in these genera and also be transferred. Species

having lectotypes instead of holotypes have this noted below each

name: lectotypes have been chosen and will be designated in re-

visions currently in preparation except for the oecophorid species for

which the lectotype is designated here so this will be made available

for other workers at this time.

In the synonymies below the sequence includes the citations for

the original description, the type-species of the genus, designator of

the type-species (if not by monotypy), and the included species from

North America. Under the specific names there is the original cita-

tion, type data and location of the type, followed by the original

“Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 606.

2Mail address: Dept. of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Wash-

ington, D.C. 20560.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:48-55. January 1978

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 49

generic combination if different from the current generic placement.

Type locality information in brackets is augmented data, mostly

county names not usually noted in the original locality data.

Oecophoridae

“Glyphipteryx’’ [sic] quinqueferella Walsingham, 1881, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond. 1881:322.

Lectotype d (BMNH). California: [Hatchet Creek], Shasta County.

This species was originally described by Walsingham in the genus

Glyphipterix (Glyphipterigidae), undoubtedly due to the superficial re-

semblance of the adult to several species of this genus in California.

The genitalia and other adult morphological characters, notably the

long labial palpi and scaled haustellum (glyphipterigids have a naked

haustellum), indicate that this species is an oecophorid. The species

appears to be related to members of the oecophorid genus Fabiola in

the tribe Oecophorini (Hodges, pers. comm.).

The female is unknown and no biological information is available.

Males have been collected in montane areas of California in the

Sierra Nevada and near Mt. Shasta. The lectotype d is hereby se-

lected from among 4 syntypes in the British Museum (Natural His-

tory) with the following label data: LECTOTYPE [round, purple edge}/

[reversed] Type H.T. [round, red edge]/Hatchet Creek, Shasta Co.,

CALIFORNIA, 14-17. VII. 1971, Wism. 92020/Walsingham, Collection,

1910-427/[Durrant label] TYPE od descr., fig. d./LECTOTYPE d, Gl/yphip-

teryx quinqueferella Wism., By Heppner ’76/.BM. 6d, Genitalia Slide, No.

20231. There are three other syntypes extant, all labelled paralecto-

types, with the same locality data as above: USNM (20) and MCZ (1¢).

The three paralectotypes at the British Museum are also from the

Walsingham collection: 3d, Wism. 92021 to 92023.

Copromorphidae

Lotisma Busck, 1909, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 11:98.

Type-species: Sciaphila trigonana Walsingham, 1879, orig. desig.

trigonana (Walsingham, 1879), N. Amer. Tort. in Butler, Illus.

Heterocera Br. Mus. 4:22. (Sciaphila).

Lectotype 2 (BMNH). California: Mendocino, [Mendocino

County].

kincaidiella Busck, 1904, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 27:747.

(Hemerophila).

Lectotype d (USNM). Washington: Seattle, [King County].

vulcanicola Meyrick, 1932, Exot. Microlepid. 4:285.

Holotype do (NHMV). Costa Rica: Irazu.

50 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Lotisma was proposed for a single species, L. trigonana, which was

originally described as a tortricid. Lotisma was placed in Glyphipteri-

gidae (auctorum) by Barnes and McDunnough (1917), but Meyrick

(1927) considered it (together with E//labella, below) to be near the

ethmiids. In his treatment of New World Ethmiidae, Powell (1973)

noted that both Lotisma and Ellabella are neither ethmiid nor gele-

chioid.

Morphological features of adult Lotisma species and characters of

the larva of L. trigonana demonstrate affinities to other members of

the Copromorphoidea. The lack of reduced wing venation and larval

characters do not indicate a position in the Carposinidae, as in-

dicated by MacKay (1972), but show relationships to other species of

Copromorphidae. The Copromorphidae are here extended into North

America from the Neotropics for the first time by the inclusion of

Lotisma in this family.

Only two species of Lotisma are known thus far. The genus will be

discussed further in a review currently in preparation. Lotisma tri-

gonana has been reared from Arbutus menziesii Pursh and Gaultheria

shallon Pursh (Ericaceae) (label data) in British Columbia and is dis-

tributed from British Columbia south. Populations in Mexico appear

the same but are beyond the range of the hosts.

Plutellidae

Fllabella Busck, 1925, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 27:46.

Type-species: E//abella editha Busck, 1925, orig. desig.

Probolacma Meyrick, 1927, Exot. Microlepid. 3:362.

Type-species: Probolacma melanoclista Meyrick, 1927, by

monotypy.

Spilogenes Meyrick, 1938, Dtsch. Entomol. Zeit. Iris 52:19. New

synonymy.

Type-sp.: Spilogenes chalazombra Meyrick, 1938, by monotypy.

chalazombra (Meyrick, 1938), Dtsch. Entomol. Zeit. Iris 52:19.

(Spilogenes). New combination.

Lectotype d (BMNH). China: Likiang, [Yunnan Province].

editha Busck, 1925, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 27:48.

Holotype 2 (USNM). British Columbia: Saanichton.

melanoclista (Meyrick, 1927), Exot. Microlepid. 3:362.

(Probolacma).

Holotype 2 (BMNH). Texas: Alpine, [Brewster County].

Ellabella was described in Glyphipterigidae (auctorum) and more re-

cently was considered in Ethmiidae (Clarke, 1955). Meyrick (1927)

considered the genus (as Probolacma), together with Lotisma, to be

near the ethmiids. As noted above, Powell (1973) indicated that

neither genus is gelechioid. The naked haustellum and the large 4-

segmented maxillary palpi, among other characters, warrant the

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 51

transfer of the genus to Plutellidae. Based mainly on larval char-

acters, | consider Plutellidae distinct from Yponomeutidae rather

than a subfamily of the latter.

Spilogenes is a synonym of Ellabella: the statement by Meyrick

(1938) that Spilogenes lacks maxillary palpi is erroneous. El/abella ap-

pears to be an archaic genus with one species in China and two in

North America. This odd distribution is not uncommon in western

North America where a number of archaic animal and plant groups

have nearest relatives in the Far East. The biology of Ellabe/la remains

unknown.

Homadaula Lower, 1899, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 24:115.

Type-species: Homadaula lasiochroa Lower, 1899, by monotypy.

Paraprays Rebel, 1910, Dtsch. Entomol. Zeit. Iris 24:13.

Type-species: Paraprays punctigera Rebel, 1910, by monotypy.

Stichotactis Meyrick, 1930, Exot. Microlepid. 3:562.

Type-species: Stichotactis calamitosa Meyrick, 1930, by monotypy.

anisocentra Meyrick, 1922, Entomol. Mitt. 11:47.

Holotype 2 (HZMB). China: Tsingtau [= Ch’ingtao],

[Shantung Prov.].

usuguronis Matsumura, 1931, 6000 Illus. Ins. Japan-Empire,

1098. (Hyponomeuta).

Holotype (?) (Hokkaido Univ.?). Japan.

albizziae Clarke, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 93:206.

Holotype d (USNM). D. C.: Washington.

Homadaula was included in the Glyphipterigidae when Clarke (1943)

redescribed H. anisocentra as a new species introduced into North

America, although Meyrick and Lower described the taxa in Plutel-

lidae. The placement of the genus in Plutellidae was substantiated by

Friese (1962), although not accepted by Clarke (1968), and again noted

by Heppner and Dekle (1975). Pupal behavior and larval characters

exclude the genus from Glyphipterigidae and demonstrate affinites

to other Plutellidae, whereas the tineoid abdominal articulation

(Heppner, 1977) excludes the genus from the Sesioidea.

There are several species of Homadaula in the Far East and Old

World tropics, but only H. anisocentra has been found in eastern

North America and in California. The larvae of this species feed on

leaves of A/bizzia and G/editsia trees (Leguminoseae) in North Amer-

ica.

Araeolepia Walsingham, 1881, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881°303.

Type-species: Araeolepia subfasciella Walsingham, 1881, by mono-

typy.

subfasciella Walsingham, 1881, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881:303.

Lectotype d (BMNH). Oregon: Currant Creek, [Grant County].

52 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Araeolepia was described as a tineid (sensu /ato) but considered in

Glyphipterigidae (auctorum) by Busck (1922). Superficially similar to

certain western plutellids, it is actually closely related to Ellabella.

Araeolepia has been difficult to place due to what appears to be a

tortricoid abdominal articulation. Following comparisons with

Ellabella, it is evident that the apodemes are broadened but otherwise

tineoid. The 4-segmented maxillary palpi and wing venation

characters are typical of plutellids. The male genitalia are unusual but

similar to Ellabella.

Araeolepia is monobasic and the single known species has been

collected in mostly arid regions of Oregon, Nevada, and Utah, south

to Southern California.

Tortricidae

Hilarographa Zeller, 1877, Hor. Soc. Entomol. Ross. 13:187.

Type-species: Phalaena Tortrix swederiana Stoll, [1790], subseq.

desig. by Walsingham, 1897, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1897:51.

swederiana (Stoll, [1790]), Uitland. Kapell. Suppl., 75; pl. 16,

fig. 5 [Cramer, v. 5]. (Phalaena Tortrix).

[Type lost?]. [Surinam].

Hilarographa (auctorum)

jonesi Brower, 1953, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 46:196.

Holotype do (Brower Coll.). Massachusetts: Martha’s

Vineyard, [Dukes County].

youngiella Busck, 1922, Can. Entomol. 53:278.

Lectotype 2 (CNC). British Columbia: Departure Bay.

olympica Braun, 1923, Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 49:118.

Holotype 2 (ANSP). Washington: Olympic Hot Springs,

Clallam County.

youngella Brower, 1953, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 46:197,

misspelling.

regalis (Walsingham, 1881), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881:319.

(G/yphipteryx [sic]).

Holotype 2 (BMNH). California: Mt. Shasta, [Siskiyou Co.].

Hilarographa was included by Meyrick (1913) in his conglomerate

Glyphipterigidae. The genus resembles genera now in Choreutidae,

but unlike choreutids, has a naked haustellum. The forewing venation

has CuA2 distant from the end of the cell as in tortricids and, to-

gether with genitalic characters and the tortricoid abdominal articula-

tion, is placed in the Tortricidae. Diakonoff (1977) has recently trans-

ferred the genus, together with Mictopsichia, to a new tribe of Tortri-

cidae, the Hilarographini, of the subfamily Chlidanotinae. The note in

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 593

the description of the tribe (Diakonoff, 1977) that some species of

Hilarographa have a scaled haustellum is erroneous.

The presence of hami and slit valvae (with coremata therein) in the

male genitalia, and the typical tortricid ovipositor, together with an

asteriod signum and complex accessory bursa-ductus bursae ar-

rangement, in the female genitalia in H. swederiana and relatives, in-

dicates that the Hilarographini are closely related to Southeast Asian

chlidanotines and, yet, also show some similarity to Neotropical

Polyorthini. Consequently, the Hilarographini may represent a transi-

tional group between the South American Polyorthini and the South-

east Asian Chlidanotinae.

The North American fauna will be treated in a revision currently in

preparation and will include a new species from Cuba similar to H.

regalis. These species will require a new genus since adult morpho-

logical characters indicate that they are not congeneric with H.

swederiana, the type-species of Hilarographa. The species remaining

in Hilarographa appear to be restricted to the Neotropics, with most

Old World species belonging in Thaumatographa. Hilarographa regalis

larvae have been recorded as feeding on the roots of Pinus sabiniana

Douglas (Pinaceae) (label data).

ldiothauma and Thaumatographa, listed as synonyms of Hilarographa

by Meyrick (1913), are distinct genera of the Old World tropics; also

members of Hilarographini.

Mictropsichia Hubner, [1825], Verz. bek. Schmett., 374.

Type-species: Phalaena Tortrix hubneriana Stoll, [1787], subseq.

desig. by Walsingham, 1914, in Godman & Salvin, Biol.

Cent.-Amer., Lepid. Heterocera 4:303.

Mictopsychia Riley, 1889, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 1:58,

misspelling.

fuesliniana (Cramer, [1781]), Uitland. Kapell. 4:163; pl. 372, fig. E.

([no original combination)).

[Type lost?] [Surinam].

fueslynialis Cramer, 1782, ibid. 4:249 [index], emendation.

(Phalaena Pyralis).

fueslyniana Verloren, 1837, Cat. Syst. Cramer, 138,

misspelling. (Pyralis).

fuesslyana Walsingham, 1914, in Godman & Salvin, Biol.

Cent.-Amer., Lepid. Heterocera 4:304, emendation.

hubneriana (Stoll, [1787]), Uitland. Kapell. Suppl., 41; pl. 8, fig. 5

[Cramer, v. 5]. (Phalaena Tortrix).

[Type lost] [Surinam].

hubnerana Hubner, [1825], Verz. bek. Schmett., 374,

misspelling.

54 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Mictopsichia is similar to Hilarographa in anumber of characters and

has been included in the Tribe Hilarographini by Diakonoff (1977). The

naked haustellum, tortricoid abdominal articulation, and wing vena-

tion, indicate a placement in this tribe of Tortricidae.

The genus is included here because of a male (USNM) collected in

Florida nearly 100 years ago. The specimen appears to be near M.

fuesliniana. The origin of the Florida specimen has not yet been deter-

mined, but it is a doubtful resident as no further specimens have

been captured and the genus is not known from the West Indies.

Both Cramer and Stoll have been cited as author of Mictopsichia

fuesliniana. Opinion 516 (1958) was instituted in part to settle the

authorship question of the Cramer and Stoll works, but it contains

several errors in reference to Cramer ({1780]-1782) and the supple-

ment by Stoll ([1787]-1791) (W. D. Field, pers. comm.). A major discre-

pancy of Opinion 516 involves its acceptance of the two works as

binomial, whereas the text is not always binomial. However, since

Clerck’s /cones Insectorum Rariorum is accepted, which also is not

consistantly binomial, Opinion 516 can be followed in this regard.

Roepke (1956) noted that Cramer’s complete 4 volume work was pub-

lished in 33 parts, with the index to volume 4 as the last issue of 1782.

Stoll’s volume is often cited as a fifth volume of the Cramer series.

Using Opinion 516, it is customary now to use the generic combina-

tion of the index, but use the date and spelling of the species name

from the text: thus, M. fues/iniana (Cramer, [1781]) instead of M. Fues-

lynialis (Cramer, 1782). In addition, Opinion 516 is incorrect in giving

Stoll authorship of most of volume 4 of Cramer ([1780]-1782). Notwith-

standing the fact that Stoll may have edited this volume, neither

posthumous publication — Cramer died in 1776 — nor footnotes by

Stoll changes the authorship from Cramer to Stoll. In lieu of a revised

Opinion 516, | use the corrections thereof as noted above, with

Cramer being cited as author of M. fues/iniana instead of Stoll.

Acknowledgments

The following kindly commented on the manuscript: A. Diakonoff

(Rijksmuseum van Naturlijke Historie, Leiden, Netherlands), J. F. G.

Clarke and W. D. Duckworth (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.

C.), and D. H. Habeck (University of Florida). Research for this paper

was conducted, in part, while on a Smithsonian Institution pre-

doctoral fellowship at the National Museum of Natural History,

Washington, D. C. Examination of types at various institutions in

North America and Europe was funded by a National Science Founda-

tion dissertation grant (DEB 76-12550), the Smithsonian Institution,

and the Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of

Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 55

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Heppner, J.B. 1977. The status of the Glyphipterigidae and a reassessment of relation-

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Heppner, J.B. (in prep.). A world catalog of genera associated with the Glyphipterigidae

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Heppner, J.B., and G.W. Dekle. 1975. Mimosa webworm, Homadaula anisocentra Meyrick

(Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Fla. Dept. Arg., Entomol. Circ. 157:1-2.

MacKay, M.R. 1972. Larval sketches of some microlepidoptera, chiefly North American.

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McDunnough, J. 1939. Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of

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Meyrick, E. 1938. Microlepidoptera excl. Pyralidae [part]. In A. Caradja and E. Meyrick,

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lished in 1775 by Pieter Cramer, Michael Denis & Ignaz Schiffermiller, Johann

Christian Fabricius, Johann Casper Fuessley, and S.A. von Rottemburg re-

spectively. Opin. Declar. Int. Comm. Zool. Nomencl. 19:1-44.

Powell, J.A. 1973. A systematic monograph of New World ethmiid moths (Lepidoptera:

Gelechioidea). Smithsonian Contr. Zool. 120:1-302.

Roepke, W. 1956. Enkele aantekeningen over het Werk van Pieter Cramer en over zijn

Persoon. Entomol. Ber. 16:22-25.

Stoll, C. [1787]-1791. Aannangsei van net Werk, de Uitlandsche Kapellen, voorkomende

in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America, door den Heere Pieter

Cramer, vervattende naauwkeurige afbeeldingen van Surinaamsche Rupsen

en Poppen; als mede van veele zeldzaame en nieuwe ontdekte Uitlandsche

Dag- en Nagt-Kapellen, Gravius, Amsterdam. 184 pp.; 42 pls. (often cited as

Cramer, v. 5).

56 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

BOOK REVIEW

Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera — Glenn B. Wiggins,

University of Toronto Press, Toronto and Buffalo, ISBN-0-8020-5344.

0/63/4 x 93/4/$25.00 Illustrated/ 410 pp/ 1977.

Approximately 1200 species of Trichoptera have been described from the Nearctic

region, but about 70% of these species are known only from the adult stage. This has

hampered both ecological and taxonomic studies on caddisflies, particularly in the

Western United States where little work has been published on larval-adult associations

or on taxonomic keys to the immatures stages.

This treatise on the larval stages of North American caddisflies is the result of several

years work in which over 350 larval-adult associations were made, 200 of these for the first

time. Larvae have now been associated for all but 6 of the 142 genera the author recog-

nizes (genera known to occur north of the Mexican border and excluding the Caribbean

Islands). Diagnostic characters are given for 24 genera for the first time.

Dr. Wiggins considers this book ‘‘a reference work”’ to the “‘identity, structure, and bio-

logy of North American caddisfly genera,” and ‘‘a stage in the evolution of such a refer-

ence.’’ The 18 families the author recognizes are arranged alphabetically as are the genera

in each family. Preceding the systematic section (the major portion of the book) several

chapters are devoted to ‘Classification and Phylogeny”; ‘Biological Considerations”

(habitat diversity, respiration, feeding, case-making, life cycles); ‘‘Morphology”’ (the larval

characters here are exceptionally well illustrated); and “Techniques” (collecting, rearing,

preserving larvae).

Following a larval key to the Trichoptera families in North America, each chapter is de-

voted to one family, including a general overview of the systematics, morphology, and

ecology of the group, and a key to the genera. Each genus is treated under the headings

of ‘Distribution and Species”; ‘‘Morphology”’;; ‘‘Case’’; ‘‘Biology’’; and ‘‘Remarks”’; which

includes a 2 page layout with text and a full page illustration which generally includes

figures of the entire larva, head and thorax, key taxonomic characters, and case. The ex-

cellent quality of the figures by Anker Odum attests to his fame as a scientific illustrator.

There are interesting tidbits of natural history information throughout the book which

suggest fascinating research projects for undergraduates and graduate students such as

the broad temperature tolerances of many species, unique case-making behavior of

others, and the complicated life cycles of temporary pond species. The literature cita-

tions include the most pertinent references. The book is free of typographical errors and

is very well indexed, including a boldface type designation for the principal reference.

This book is a must for all fresnwater biologists, ecologists, and entomologists with

and interest in aquatic insects. Dr. Wiggins’ work should provide an impetus for further

species level work on this fascinating group of animals. It is appropriate that this work is

dedicated to Professor Herbert H. Ross, whose 1944 classic ‘‘The Caddis Flies, or Tri-

choptera, of Illinois,’”’ has been the cornerstone of Trichoptera research in North Amer-

ica. Dr. Wiggins’ work follows this tradition of excellent quality in every respect. — Donald

G. Denning and Vincent H. Resh.

The Parasitization of Blister Beetles

by Species of Miridae’

(Coleoptera: Meloidae; Hemiptera: Miridae)

John D. Pinto

Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521

The attraction of certain insects to living adult blister beetles for

purposes of feeding is well documented. Ceratopogonid flies belong-

ing to Atrichopogon (Meloehelea) have been recorded pursuing meloids

in swarms, piercing their intersegmental membrane and sucking

hemolymph (Blair, 1937; Edwards, 1923). Various anthicid beetles in

Anthicus and Pedilus have also been observed attacking and feeding

on a variety of blister beetles (Pinto and Selander, 1970). That certain

Miridae also feed on meloids has apparently not been as widely re-

cognized. Two Canadian records, one by Fox (1943) of Hadronema mili-

taris Uhler ‘attacking Lytta nuttalli Say,’ and another by Church and

Gerber (1977) of this same mirid feeding on hemolymph of L. nuttalli

and L. viridana LeConte, are the only published observations of this

relationship of which | am aware.

Field work in southern California and in Arizona has convinced me

that Hadronema spp., and perhaps other mirids, frequently attempt to

feed on meloids. Most records involve Hadronema uhleri Van Duzee?’.

This species has been associated with the following meloids: Lytta

moerens (LeConte) (Menifee Valley, Riverside Co., CA), L. crotchi

(Horn) (Gavilan Hills, Riverside Co., CA; G.R. Ballmer, observer and

collector), L. stygica (LeConte) (Whitewater Cyn., Riverside Co., CA; L.

Lacey, observer and collector), Tegrodera erosa LeConte (Menifee

Valley), and Cordylospasta opaca (Horn) (Summit Valley, San Bernar-

dino Mts. CA). In addition to H. uhleri, | have observed H. bispinosa

Knight similarly associated with Epicauta andersoni Werner and E.

ventralis Werner (3 mi. N. Flagstaff, AZ), and Halticotoma nicholi

Knight, associated with Megetra cancellata (Brandt and Erichson)

(Portal, AZ). A single H. nicholi was also taken feeding on an individual

Meloe laevis Leach (Portal, AZ; S. |. Frommer, observer and collector).

Behavior of the mirids is similarin all cases. The following remarks,

however, pertain specifically to Hadronema uhleri and Lytta moerens

observed in Menifee Valley. A small population of 20 meloids, includ-

ing several mated pairs, was found over ca. 50 m?, feeding on flowers

of Astragalus sp. on 14 May 1975. One to seven mirids occurred on the

vegetation adjacent to almost every individual or mated pair of Lytta.

The mirids, with rostrum directed forward, periodically advanced

slowly toward a beetle (Fig. 1) and, upon reaching it, inserted the

‘This study was supported in part by Grant BMS75-17779 from the National Science Foundation.

Identifications of all Miridae were verified by Dr. Randall T. Schuh of The American Museum of Natural

History.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:57-60. January 1978

58 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. 1. Female Hadronema uhleri feeding on a Lytta crotchi at Gavilan Hills, Riverside Co.,

CA. (Photo by G. R. Ballmer).

mouthparts into a membranous area of the beetle’s body. Areas com-

monly probed included the membrane between the tarsal claws,

between the various leg segments, between the coxae and venter,

and between the abdominal terga and sterna. Beetles normally be-

came irritated immediately or within 10 sec. of being bitten. They

reacted by kicking, scraping with the legs, and/or decamping. The

Hadronema usually responded by quickly retreating. Occasionally

mirids appeared to have difficulty extricating their mouthparts quick-

ly enough and remained attached to the beetle for a short time after

this negative behavior began. Reflex bleeding, acommon response of

meloids to external irritation, was never associated with mirid at-

tacks. Most of the mirids remained on the plant during their attempts

to feed. However, a few bugs climbed directly on the beetle’s dorsum.

The Hadronema were most commonly associated with mated indi-

viduals. Mated pairs reacted less vigorously to mirid attacks than did

solitary individuals. The latter commonly walked or flew from attack

sites, although this movement could not definitely be attributed to

the mirids. When a meloid moved, the remaining mirids became agi-

tated. If the beetle moved to a nearby site on the same plant, most of

the Hadronema followed either by walking or flying. If the beetle left

the plant entirely, the mirids also quickly dispersed and were soon

lost from sight.

Feeding behavior was also elicited when a drop of Lytta moerens

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 59

hemolymph was placed on the end of a match stick and introduced

into a cage containing several H. uhleri. Several of the bugs quickly

aggregated on and around the stick and placed the apex of their

rostrum on that portion containing the fluid.

The effect of mirid attacks on the meloids, besides being a source

of irritation, is unknown. On a few occasions, several Hadronema were

observed feeding on soft cadavers of Lytta moerens. Whether or not

they caused the death of the beetles was not determined.

Certain insects that parasitize adult meloids are sensitive to the

odor of cantharidin, a component of meloid hemolymph, and can be

captured in traps baited with this substance (Gornitz, 1937; Chandler, -

1976). Consequently, it seemed likely that cantharidin would also be

attractive to Hadronema. To verify this, baits were prepared by placing

a small amount of cantharidin (synthetic powder) on 8-cm. diameter

filter paper and dissolving it in acetone. After the acetone had evapor-

ated, the cantharidin-impregnated filter papers were placed in petri

dishes. Four baited dishes were tested in the field in Menifee Valley

on 26 April 1977. No meloids were present at this locality, but several

Hadronema uhleri had been observed in low numbers on black sage,

Salvia mellifera Greene, several days previously. The baited dishes

were placed on the ground under Sa/via 10 m apart from one another.

Alternating with these baited units were 4 dishes containing white

filter paper that had been treated with acetone but not cantharidin.

Units were checked every 15 min. for 1 hr. During this time baited

dishes collected 32 individuals of H. uh/eri, with an average of 8 per

unit (range, 6-11). None of the control units contained mirids. In addi-

tion to the Hadronema, two of the baited dishes contained a single

individual of an unidentified species of the mirid genus Sixeonotus.

Although the Hadronema were relatively abundant at the bait, 50 con-

current sweeps of black sage at a site adjacent to the baited areas

captured only asingle specimen.

All specimens of Hadronema uhleri collected and observed feeding

on meloids were females. The sample of H. bispinosa from Flagstaff,

AZ, contained both sexes but it was not noted if both males and fe-

males were attempting to feed. It is assumed that all of the mirids

mentioned here are primarily phytophagous, and that their relation-

ship with meloids is.ancillary to their primary food sources.

Literature Cited

Blair, K.G. 1937. Midges attacking Meloe beetles. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 73:143.

Chandler, D.S. 1976. Use of cantharidin and meloid beetles to attract Anthicidae (Co-

leoptera). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 52: 179-180.

Church, N.W., and G.H. Gerber. 1977. Observations on the ontogeny and habits of Lytta

nuttalli, L. viridana and L. cyanipennis (Coleoptera: Meloidae): The adults and

eggs. Can. Entomol. 109:565-573.

60 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Edwards, F.W. 1923. New and old observations on ceratopogonine midges attacking

other insects. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 17: 19-29.

Fox, N.B. 1943. Some insects infesting the ‘“‘selenium indicator’ vetches in Saskatche-

wan. Can. Entomol. 75:206-207.

Gornitz, K. 1937. Cantharidin als Gift und Anlockungsmittel fur Insekten. Arb. Physiol.

Angew. Entomol. Berlin. 4:116-157.

Pinto, J.D., and R.B. Selander. 1970. The bionomics of blister beetles of the genus Mel/oe

and aclassification of the New World species. III. Biol. Monogr. 42:1-222.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE ANNOUNCEMENT A.N. (S.) 104

The required six months’ notice is given of the possible use of

plenary powers by the International Commission on Zoological No-

menclature in connection with the following names listed by case

number: (see Bu//. Zoo/. Nom. 34, part 3, 9 November, 1977).

2199 Pangonia conica Bigot, 1857: designation as type-species of

Mycteromyia Philippi, 1865 (Insecta, Diptera, TABANIDAE).

2209 Atte/abus Linnaeus, 1758 (Insecta, Coleoptera): request for con-

firmation of designation of type-species.

2217 Cataphryxus Shiino, 1936 (Crustacea, |lsopoda): proposed con-

servation under the plenary powers.

Comments should be sent in duplicate (if possible within six

months of the date of publication of this notice in Bul/. Zool. Nom. 34,

part 3), citing case number to:

R.V. Melville,

The Secretary,

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature,

c/o British Museum (Natural History),

Cromwell Road, ;

LONDON, SW7 5BD,

England.

Those received early enough will be published in the Bulletin of

Zoological Nomenclature.

An Illustrated key to Alfalfa Leafcutter Bees Eutricharaea

(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

F.D. Parker

Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA

Utah State University, Logan, 84322

The distribution of leafcutter bees Megachile, subgenus

Eutricharaea, formerly included the continents of the Old World, but

recently several species have become established in the continental

United States (Hurd, 1954; Parker et al., 1976). The species in North

America are associated with leguminous plants, especially alfalfa.

One, M. pacifica (Panzer), is used commonly for alfalfa pollination;

another, M. concinna Smith, is used for alfalfa pollination but mostly

inadvertently by way of trapping populations of wild leafcutter bees

in southwestern states and then transporting them to seed-growing

regions in the northwest. Populations of concinna in California are fre-

quently confused with pacifica (one sample of supposed pacifica sent

to me by a California leafcutter bee dealer was all concinna).

The following key and illustrations will separate the established

species in North America, though Hurd (1954) reported another

species, ‘‘M. argentata Fab.” from California. | have not included this

species because of the taxonomic confusion surrounding the correct

name and identity. However, it is similar to concinna and is readily

identified in the male by the median swelling on the apical margin of

the 4th sternum and the cleft, digit-like paramere. Females of

“argentata’’ have two patches of white hair on the last sternum.

| have not attempted to record the present distribution of these

species because of the constant mixing of leafcutter bee populations

from many areas via the “‘bee-board”’ traffic.

Key to the North American Eutricharaea

Males

1. Foveae on tergum 2 oval, distinct (Figs. 1, 2). Hair fringe on front

tarsi short not more than width of basitarsus (Fig. 4), gena

behind mandibular base round.............. Fate Se pov dn es 2

Foveae on tergum 2 indistinct, indicated by short hair only; hair

fringe on front tarsi longer than width of basitarsus (Fig.

3); gena behind mandibular base formed into sharp projec-

tion, points clearly seen in facial view (Fig. 5); apical sterna

ELAM Oe ei acon Med eae: Cteenll acesdowee-ock all concinna Smith

2. Foveae present on terga 2 and 3 (Fig.2); apical sterna as in Fig. 8

pits St OnE se acta qarnae itor Bub Seed hoe. wa 1 AOICANS SPINA

Foveae absent on tergum 3 (Fig. 1); apical sterna as in Fig. 7

se at dan Tn Mer Ml Re Bg Ae ME a dg cial pacifica (Panzer)

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:61-64. January 1978

62 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

SN jo

ee £

\ ie ot }

\

Y

Figs. 1-2. Dorsal view of abdomens of male, 1-pacifica, 2-apicalis. Figs. 3-4. Front leg of

male showing hair pattern on tarsi, 3-concinna, 4-apicalis. Fig. 5. Front view of head of

male concinna, arrow indicates swelling on gena. Figs. 6-8. Apical sterna of males, 6-

concinna, 7-pacifica, 8-apicalis.

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 63

Figs. 9-11. Facial view of female heads, 9-concinna, 10-pacifica, 11-apicalis. Figs. 12-13.

Lateral view of abdomen of females, 12-apicalis, 13-pacifica. Figs. 14-15. Dorsal view of

female head, 14-concinna, 15-pacifica. Arrows indicate differences in shape of heads.

64 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Females

1. Clypeal margin with median triangular-shaped projection (Fig. 11);

scopal hairs black on sterna 5, 6; foveae on terga 2, 3 (Fig. 12)

pti Meni iS Sop. doe Penta e 5 Wipe ax als Pines le eee apicalis Spinola

Clypeal margin truncate or excised medially (Figs. 9, 10); scopal

hairs white on sternum 5; foveae absent on tergum 3

2. Postocular area as wide as least ocellocular distance (Fig. 15

arrows); clypeus with short shiny median lobe (Fig. 10);

foveae on tergum 2 oval, pubescence on dorsum yellowish-

CTU PESEIRMS Jo ttn ten teats 3c 4S a ond eld 4h oa ti A RLRERE pacitica (Panzer)

Postocular area less than ocellocular distance (Fig. 14 arrows);

clypeal margin with shallow median excision (occasionally

with small median tooth (Fig. 9); foveae on tergum 2 in-

distinct, with short hairs; pubescence white..............

Literture Cited

Hurd, P.D. 1954. Distributional notes on Eutricharaea, a Palearctic subgenus of Megachile,

which has become established in the United States. Entomol. News 65:93-95.

Parker, F.D., P.F. Torchio, W.P. Nye, and M. Pedersen. 1976. Utilization of additional

species and populations of leafcutter bees for alfalfa pollination. J. Apic. Res.

15:89-92.

EDITORIAL NOTICE

We the editors regret to announce that we will be losing the ser-

vices of our Editorial Assistant, Chris Walby. We want to thank her for

all her help, and wish her well in her new position.

Nesting and Male Behavior in Dynatus nigripes spinolae

(Lepeletier)

(Hymenoptera, Sphecidae)

Lynn Siri Kimsey

Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616

Dynatus nigripes spinolae (Lepeletier) is a very large impressive look-

ing wasp in the family Sphecidae. It is quite rare in collections and

until recently almost nothing was known of its biology. Males are

readily distinguished from females by their oddly clubbed hind-

femora and strongly produced nasiform clypeus.

Individuals were first observed flying about one portion of Snyder-

Molino trail on Barro Colorado Island.in the Canal Zone in Panama.

Further examination showed that all activity was centered around a

small dead tree (Fig. 3) on the right side of the trail in a section of

secondary forest dominated by Oenocarpus palm. All of this acitivity

was observed between September 12, 1977 and September 17, 1977.

The previous year this same species of wasp was seen near the same

tree during the same season but no further observations were made.

On the first day a female was seen working mud into a hole in the

tree and removing material from inside the hole as well (Fig. 3a). She

worked it into a ball with her mandibles and tossed it into the air with

a flip of her head as far as half a meter away from the tree. Observa-

tions made the previous year showed that this same hole had been

used by nesting Centris vittata Lepeletier (Anthophoridae) in July,

though it had been considerably enlarged since then.

Two days later the hole was completely sealed and two Dynatus

were observed mating on a lower part of the tree. The male sitting on

top of the female grasped her around the prothorax with his mandi-

bles (the strongly produced clypeus probably aids in this as well) curl-

ing the tip of his abdomen beneath hers (Fig. 4). The male remained

on top of the female for five minutes with actual copulation occurring

several times, each lasting about one minute. The female finally be-

gan moving restlessly and flew away. The male flew around the tree

and then landed on the spot where the mating had occurred, about

15cm above the ground. This was next to two holes, one sealed and

the other open (Figs. 3e, f). The male remained within 5-10cm of these

holes for most of the rest of the day. A female landed on the tree and

began inspecting holes, when she got near the male jumped at her

and she flew away.

The next day observations were made for most of the day. The male

was still sitting by the holes, though he flew at and around any large

object approaching the tree. Another male landed on the tree and

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:65-68. January 1978

66 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

1. 100 cm

15cm

mud plug

Fig. 1-2. Diagrams of Dynatus nest (a). 1, dorsal view. 2. lateral view. Fig. 3. Diagram of

tree showing nest locations, Dynatus nests (a, e, f), nests of Centris vittata Lep. (b, c), nest

of Centris labrosa Friese (d). Fig. 4. Mating position of Dynatus nigripes spinolae (Lep.).

walked down the trunk until it saw the resident male and then it flew

away.

A female was observed entering the open hole (Fig. 3f) carrying

cockroach nymphs three times this day. She landed on the tree within

10cm of the open hole, walked down to it, entered it, dropped off the

cockroach and left. The nymphs were held with the dorsum along the

wasp’s venter, their legs hanging down, grasped in the female’s

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 67

mandibles by the base of their antennae. Each time the female ap-

proached the nest carrying a cockroach and the male was present he

climbed on her back and attempted to mate with her. She brushed

him off as she entered the nest but when she left it he again climbed

on her back and they mated. Then she flew off and he remained by the

nest. The female apparently spends no time at the nest aside from

initial preparation, provisioning and closure.

A strange male approached the resident male, as it was sitting by

the nest and the resident attacked it. They rolled off the tree grap-

pling and buzzing into some leaves below but the strange male soon

broke away and flew off. The resident male then returned to the nest,

proceeded to groom and then wandered around the tree trunk investi-

gating every movement, although curiously it never seemed aware of

a Centris labrosa Friese nesting nearby in the tree (Fig. 3d).

The first sealed nest found (Fig. 3a) was opened to determine how

many cells it contained and other data. Each nest, at least at this site,

consisted of one cell (Fig. 1, 2). It contained 15 nymphal cockroaches

ranging in size from 12 to 40mm and weighing an average of 0.55g,

giving a total of 8.2g of prey per egg. Two species of cockroaches

were used, probably: 2 Eublaberus distanti Kirby and 13 Archimandrita

tessellata Rehn (Blaberidae). Unfortunately the egg was never found.

The cockroaches appeared to be unparalyzed and could move about

freely in the cell except that they were packed in too tightly. The nest

was never closed until finished so it is unclear what keeps the cock-

roaches in the nest. When the provisioning was completed, the

female plugged the entrance tunnel with 1.5 to 2.0cm of mud of about

the same color and texture as that on the adjacent trail. Apparently all

the female does to initially prepare the nest is to enlarge it, no other

modifications are made and mud is only used to plug the entrance. It

takes her between three and four days to complete the nest.

The tree in which these nests were built had been dead for more

than three years. Many animals were nesting in it aside from Dynatus

including a large colony of Nasutotermes termites, an eumenid wasp

and two species of Centris: C. labrosa Friese and C. vittata Lepeletier.

Despite this the wood was still incredibly hard. The tree itself was

17cm in diameter and 3m tall.

Another interesting aspect noted was that this species excretes

large amounts of water. This is not ordinarily reported in literature

about sphecid wasps but it is commonly seen in some bees. This

could be due to the large size of these wasps which makes it more ob-

vious. The male did leave the nest several times a day for half an hour

or more, probably to visit nectar producing flowers. A. S. Menke col-

lected individuals at the flowers of a specific shrub in Venezuela

(Bohart and Menke, 1976).

68 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Conclusion

The behavior of male Dynatus nigripes spinolae is much like the be-

havior of some Trypoxy/on (Rau, 1928) and Oxybelus (Bohart and Marsh,

1960) males where the male remains at the nest while the female is

out foraging. The male remains at the nest for as long as it takes for

the female to complete it, except for occasional feeding excursions.

The result is that the male mates repeatedly with a single female until

the nest is completed, usually three to four days. If that female builds

another nest nearby the male will stay with her. If she leaves to builda

nest elsewhere the male will remain at the old nest for a few hours

and then leave to look for another female.

Acknowledgements

| would like to thank Dr. Frank W. Fisk for determining the cock-

roach nymphs, Mr. Roy R. Snelling for determining the species of

Centris and Dr. R.M. Bohart for comments and criticisms of the manu-

script. Also | would like to thank the Smithsonian Tropical Research

Institute for allowing me to work on Barro Colorado Island.

Literature Cited

Bohart, R. M. and R. M. Marsh. 1960. Observations on the habits of Oxybe/us sericeum

Robertson. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 36:115-118.

Bohart, R. M. and A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid wasps of the world: a generic revision.

U.C. Press, Berkeley, 695pp.

Rau, P. 1928. Field studies in the behavior of the non-social wasps. Trans. Acad. Sci. St.

Louis 25(9):325-489.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Observations on Monarthrum dentiger (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and Its Primary Sym-

biotic Fungus, Ambrosiella brunnea (Fungi imperfecti), in California. The ambrosia beetle

Monarthrum dentiger (LeConte) was collected in California during a study of the ectosym-

biotic interrelationships of Western ambrosia beetles and their symbiotic fungi. This re-

port records the association of the symbiotic fungus Ambrosiella brunnea (Verrall) Batra

with M. dentiger for the first time. This fungus had previously been associated with M. mali

(Fitch) and M. fasciatum (Say) in the Eastern United States (Batra, 1967. Mycologia, 59:

976-1017) and M. scutellare (LeConte) in British Columbia (Funk, 1965. Can. J. Bot., 43: 929-

932). Doane and Guilliland (1929, J. Econ. Entomol., 22:915-921) probably observed this

fungus in their study of the biology of M. dentiger.

Isolations of A. brunnea from tunnels, larval niches, and the forecoxal mycangia of the

female beetles, were made on 0.6% malt extract agar and 3% malt extract — 1% yeast

extract agar using techniques of Batra (1963, Kan. Acad. Sci., 66:213-236). Microscopic ob-

servations of dissected beetle and thin sections of wood from tunnels and larval niches

were mounted in 1% KOH or 0.5% trypan blue stain.

Upon dissection of adult male (15) and female (20) beetles, fungal cells were found only

in a forecoxal enlargement of the female beetle. This forecoxal mycangia of M. dentiger

appeared similiar in structure to those previously described by Batra (1963, Ibid.) for M.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:68-69. January 1978

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 69

mali and M. fasciatum and by Farris (1965, Proc. Entomol. Soc. B.C., 62:30-33) for M. scutel-

lare.

In November of 1970, live specimens of M. dentiger were removed from a Quercus agri-

fola Nee collected in the Castle Rock State Park, Santa Clara County. The host tree was

leafless and appeared to have recently died. The gallery systems contained numerous

adult beetles which appeared inactive in their brood niches. Upon microscopic study,

these tunnels and niches appeared to lack active fungal growth and did not yield A.

brunnea when isolations were attempted. Within dissected mycangia only a few thick

wall fungal cells were observed. Only a single successful isolation of A. brunnea was Ob-

tained from dissected mycangia of eight female adult beetles. In July of 1971 beetles were

recollected from dead Q. agrifola and Q. lobata Nee at the Castle Rock site and from Q.

agrifola near Camp Saratoga, Santa Clara County. These galleries contained active mono-

gamous pairs of adult beetles; eggs in small cradles in lateral walls of the tunnels; and lar-

vae, pupae, and teneral adults developing within larval niches. The parental pair of beetles

were continuing to lengthen the tunnels system in the host. A thin palisade of fungal

growth lined the tunnels and larval niches. Larvae were actively feeding on this fungal

layer. Seven isolations from larval niches all yielded cultures of A. brunnea. The fungus

taken from the mycangia appeared to be rapidly budding. All eight isolations attempts

yielded cultures of A. brunnea. Other observations of the biology of M. dentiger were

similar to those made by Doane and Guilliland (Ibid.). The larger oak ambrosia beetle M.

scutellare was also collected from these same host tress and also yielded A. brunnea from

their tunnels and mycangia. — RICHARD A. ROEPER and JOHN R. J. FRENCH

Departments of Botany and Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Cicada (Diceroprocta apache (Davis)) mortality by feeding on Nerium oleander. |In mid-

July 1977, there was a strong emergence of cicadas, Diceroprocta apache, in the vicinity of

Tacna, Yuma County, southwestern Arizona. In this desert habitat the adult cicadas were

feeding on the sap of many species of desert shrubs, including Prosopis juliflora, Cercidium

floridum, Cercidium microphyllum, and Acacia gregii. It was commonplace to flush two to fif-

teen adult cicadas from a shrub of one of these species. In the grounds of a motel and

several private gardens in Tacna, Nerium oleander had been planted as an ornamental tree.

Cicadas were often observed feeding on the twigs of these trees. The plants ranged from

2 to 3 m in height and were of approximately the same size as native desert shrubs.

Oleander is native to old world arid areas such as the Mediterranean. It is in the family

Apocynaceae and it is widely reputed to be poisonous to livestock when fed upon. If the

foliage is broken, it produces a bitter white latex. Characteristically, oleander bushes are

very free from herbivore damage, no matter where they are planted. Under 10 separate

oleander bushes in central Tacna, | counted 28, 12, 15, 17, 3, 22, 9, 7, 16, and 23 dead

cicadas. Under one bush, | know that at least 6 died during the night as they fell on top of

my car which had been parked underneath the bush. Both sexes were among the corpses.

No dead cicadas were encountered under a total of 17 shrubs of other species, all of

which had cicadas feeding on them in central Tacna. The dead cicadas were in various

stages of decomposition, which suggests that they had died over a period of several days.

| interpret these observations to mean that oleander is a novel food plant in the habitat

of these cicadas, a food plant with which they have not evolved the ability to avoid. In

other words, there may well be plants which adult D. apache do not feed on in south-

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:69-70 January 1978

70 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

western Arizona deserts, since they surely must have the ability to avoid poisonous food

plants indigenous to their own habitat. However, the fact that they fed on oleander and

were apparently killed by it suggests that their avoidance behavior is specific to the set of

plants native to the habitat rather than some kind of generalized behavior which would

allow them to recognize oleander as a poisonous plant. Judging from the miniscule pro-

portion of oleander in the total biomass of plants fed on by the total cicada population, it

seems extremely unlikely that these cicadas would ever evolve resistance to oleander,

even if the relevant mutant were to appear.

Ackowlegements

| thank Tom Moore for identifying the cicada and comments on the manuscript. This

study was supported by grant number BMS 75-14268 from the National Science Founda-

tion. — D. H. JANZEN, University of Pennsylvania, Biology, Philadelphia 19104.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Population increase of introduced Elaterids, Conoderus exsul and C. falli. (Coleoptera:

Elateridae).—Since its interception at Alameda, CA. in 1937 the sugarcane wireworm

Conoderus exsul (Sharp) has currently been recorded from 14 counties in California. The

southern potato wireworm, Conoderus falli Lane first intercepted in 1963 near Palm

Springs has been reported from 4 counties. To learn more of the build-up of these

elaterids records were kept of adults trapped at a 15 watt survey type fluorescent black

light, located at Riverside and at Olive, CA. (Orange Co.), about 30 miles from Riverside.

Adults were collected daily or on alternate days during the months May to November

1977. In the years 1974-76 inclusive the adults were collected between 9 and 10 p.m., from

a suspended canvas at the top of which was placed a portable type black light of the same

size and wattage as above.

Table 1 shows that the regulation survey type trap used in 1977 was either superior to

the hand method of recovering adults, or was an indication of the tremendous build-up of

both species in the 4 year period of these studies. At Olive in the years 1974-76 catches of

C. exsu/ adults increased gradually, a trend to be expected, whereas at Riverside there

was but slight difference in numbers of adults collected annually. The sizeable increase

in numbers of C. exsu/ adults trapped at both locations in 1977 is an indication that this

species has become well adapted climatically to this area.

The peak of C. exsu/ adult catches at both locations in 1977 occurred during July and

August, a total of 30 and 37% were trapped at Riverside, respectively and 31 and 49% at

Olive.

Table 1.—Yearly catches of Conoderus exsul and falli adults at black light. Riverside and

Olive, CA. 1974-77.

C. exsul C. falli

Riverside Olive Riverside

1974 286 518 436

- 1975 211 1238 440

1976 219 1564 401

1977 3106 3652 2289

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:70-71. January 1978

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 71

Although C. falli adults have been recovered in several areas in Orange County none

were trapped at the Olive location. The data at Riverside show that fewer but equal

numbers of adults were trapped in the 3 earlier years followed by a substantial increase in

1977. Catches of C. fa//i adults in 1977 were also the largest in July and August, each 26%

of total, and due apparently to the hot days and 70-75°F temperatures between 8 to 10 p.m.

This insect has for years been a destructive pest of potatoes and of various vegetable

crops in southeastern U.S. — M.W. STONE, 137 Sir Damas Dr., Riverside, CA. 92507 and J.

WILCOX, 7557 Vista Del Sol, Anaheim, CA. 92807.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

Abundance of house dust mites, Dermatophagoides., in elementary schools of Orange

County, California. — House dust mites of the genus Dermatophagoides (Pyroglyphidae),

notably D. farinae Hughes and D. pteronyssinus (Trouessart), are the most important ar-

thropods producing allergens present in house dust in homes. Only 2 investigations have

dealt with the occurrence of these mites in structures other than human dwellings.

Oshima (1964, Jap. J. Sant. Zoo. 15: 233-44) found Dermatophagoides spp. to be dominant

on floors of elementary and high schools in Japan, while Nakada and Yoshikawa (1976,

Ann. Rep. Tokyo Metro. Res. Lab. P.H. 27: 264-69) recovered 3 Dermatophagoides spp. from

seats and floors of 12 Tokyo theaters, noting that D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus were

among the most common Acari collected.

The abundance of Dermatophagoides mites was determined in Orange Co. elementary

schools as part of an investigation to determine sources of allergenic materials in these

schools. Nine schools, each with shag carpeting, were individually sampled early in the

school year (Oct. 1976) and again later (Mar. 1977). Samples were collected by vacuuming

a 5m? surface area of the floor for 5 min with a house dust concentrator (Furumizo, R. T.

1975, Calif. Vect. Views 22: 19-27) attached to a Hoover portable vacuum cleaner Model

$1015. After each minute the concentrator was replaced with a clean one to avoid clog-

ging. During aschool visit, 6 such areas were sampled, each taken from a different class-

room. After sampling, the concentrator was placed in a 300ml specimen jar to which 65%

ethyl alcohol was added. The volumetric washing technique (Furumizo, 1975, loc. cit.) was

used to separate and isolate mites from dust in the laboratory.

Results showed that 6 of the 9 schools sampled yielded mites (mean of 4 mites/5 m?

area; range = 1-9) of which 62% of the specimens were D. pteronyssinus, with the remain-

ing being D. farinae. Two schools yielded both species, while the remaining 4 were singly

infested with D. pteronyssinus. For the Oct. samples, 69% of D. farinae collected were live,

while 41% were live D. pteronyssinus. The Mar. samples yielded no specimens of D.

farinae, while just 4 schools were infested with D. pteronyssinus. The low mite numbers

found in these schools as compared to 93% of nearby Orange Co. homes being infested

with Dermatophagoides spp. which yielded a mean density of ca. 400 mites/5 m? area

(Lang, J. D. and M. S. Mulla 1977, Environ. Ent. 6: 213-16), are probably due to school

carpets being cleaned daily after school. This hygienic practice would probably remove

mites as well as reduce human skin scales and other food detritus they feed on. The much

lower mite numbers occurring in schools in Mar. as compared to Oct. is probably the re-

sult of seasonal conditions, since the authors have previously noted that Dermatopha-

goides populations decline in the spring in Orange Co. The low Dermatophagoides num-

bers collected from Orange Co. elementary schools would probably thus play an insigni-

ficant role in contributing to allergenic disorders present in these schools. — JAMES D.

LANG, MIR S. MULLA, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA

92521 and CLAIBOURNE |. DUNGY, Department of Pediatrics, California College of Medicine,

University of California, Irvine, CA 92717.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:71. January 1978

72 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

R.E. Stecker C. Dailey L.G. Bezark P.H. Arnaud, Jr.

President President-Elect Secretary Treasurer

PROCEEDINGS

THREE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SEVENTH MEETING

The 377th meeting was held Friday, 18 February 1977 at 7:45 p.m. in the Morrison

Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with

President Stecker presiding, and 45 members and 49 guests present.

The minutes of the meeting held 17 December 1976 were summarized.

The following persons were elected to membership: student member, N. Hrebtov;

regular member, C.S. Papp.

President Stecker suggested that more wives be elected to family membership. He also

solicited aid in the preparation of the refreshments which are served after each meeting.

The audience was then polled as to a tentative date on which to hold the Society’s annual

picnic.

On behalf of Dr. A.R. Hardy, Co-editor of the Pan Pacific Entomologist, President Stecker

indicated that the October 1976 issue and the January 1977 issue would be completed

soon, and that the Society had changed publishers. The current publisher is the Allen

press of Lawrence, Kansas, and the new publisher is Image Printing & Publishing of

Sacramento, California.

Under notes and exhibits, Mr. Wells gave a note on a male of the “‘reakirtii form” of

Anthocharis sara Lucas, with yellow wing patches. Dr. J.G. Edwards reported on several

host plants of gypsy moth larvae, and discussed larval coloration as an aid to their identi-

fication.

The main speaker of the evening was Dr. Edward S. Ross, Curator, Department of Ento-

mology, California Academy of Sciences. His illustrated talk entitled “Insect Encounters

in Mexico and Central America,” was enjoyed by everyone in attendance.

Refreshments, including some homemade cookies, were served in the Trustee’s room

following the meeting. — L.G. Bezark, Secretary.

THREE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-EIGHTH MEETING

The 378th meeting was held Friday, 18 March 1977 at 7:45 p.m. in the Morrison Audi-

torium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with

President Stecker presiding, and 46 members and 26 guests present.

The minutes of the meeting held 18 February 1977 were summarized.

The following persons were elected to student membership: R. Cave, C. Tontsch.

President Stecker told the Society that the annual picnic would be held 23 April 1977 at

Martin’s Beach, near Half Moon Bay.

Dr. A.R. Hardy, Co-editor of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist, indicated that the October 1976

issue of the journal would be mailed in March 1977. He also made a call for manuscripts

for upcoming issues and stated that we should be up to date with the July 1977 issue.

D.H. Kavanaugh indicated that the Academy was going to receive a compactor for the

Entomology Department, which would increase the collection’s capacity by more than

200% and would probably accommodate the insect collection’s increases for the next 25

years.

The main speaker of the evening was Dr. Norman Gary, Professor of Apiculture, Univer-

sity of California, Davis. His illustrated talk entitled ‘‘Update on the Africanized Honey-

bee,”’ was enjoyed by everyone present.

Refreshments were served in the Entomology Conference room, following the meeting.

— L.G. Bezark, Secretary.

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 73

THREE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-NINTH MEETING

The 379th meeting was the annual field trip and picnic, held Saturday, 23 April 1977, at

Martin’s Beach near Half Moon Bay. There were 16 members and 22 guests present.

People enjoyed insect collecting and lunches barbequed on the beach. The blue skies

and sunshine nicely complemented the volleyball game that was enjoyed by most of the

picnic’s participants. — L.G. Bezark, Secretary.

THREE HUNDRED AND EIGHTIETH MEETING

The 380th meeting was held Friday, 20 May 1977 at 7:45 p.m. in the Morrison Auditorium

of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President

Stecker presiding and 25 members and three guests in attendance.

The minutes of the meeting held 18 March 1977, and the annual picnic held 23 April

1977 were summarized.

The following persons were elected to membership: student members, P.J. Johnson,

W. Wright, J. Liming, D. Cozzola; regular members, C.E. Hornig, A. Pfuntner.

On behalf of Dr. A.R. Hardy, Co-editor of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist, the Secretary

exhibited the new issue of the journal indicating the changes in format, and indicated that

the journal should be up to date with one of the forthcoming issues.

Under notes and exhibits, L. Wilcox reported on a female phengodid collected in

Nevada City, California. The following notes were presented:

GYPSY MOTH CONFUSION (LEPIDOPTERA, LYMANTRIIDAE). — Subsequent to the

detection of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus) in San Jose, California, consider-

able publicity resulted. Adults were trapped in 1975 and 1976 with egg masses also being

found in late 1976. Federal, State, and County agencies received calls from the general

public, biologists, and even park rangers, on several other species in the belief that they

were the gypsy moth. The following five lepidopterans have been confused with the

gypsy moth:

Pacific tussock moth, Hemerocampa vetusta Boisduval (Lymantriidae): males similar in

appearance to gypsy moth, but smaller, females wingless. Found in coastal areas at low

elevations, Pacific Northwest to southern California. The hairy larvae are commonly

found on many fruit and ornamental trees.

Oslar’s tussock moth, H. os/ari Barnes (Lymantriidae): males almost as large and similar

in maculation to the gypsy moth, females wingless. Found in the Sierra Nevada and

eastward. Prefers conifers, particularly Douglas fir.

California tent caterpillar, Malacosoma californicum (Packard) (Lasiocampidae): both

sexes of the adults are winged and quite different from the gypsy moth; however, the

hairy larvae and the cocoons are similar and are often confused with the gypsy moth. The

species has a wide host range, often including fruit trees and ornamental trees and

shrubs. The species is widespread in California along with three related species. One of

these is the Santa Cruz tent caterpillar, Malacosoma ambisimile (Dyar). It is found in the

Santa Cruz mountains on native trees and shrubs, but has spread to orchards in the Santa

Clara Valley and the Watsonville area.

Completely unrelated to the gypsy moth is the California oak moth, Phryganidia

californica Packard (Dioptidae). The greyish translucent adults are day-fliers and no

cocoons are formed (the pupae being hanging chrysalids), both characteristic of the

butterflies. The yellow and black striped larvae are naked, having none of the hairyness of

the lymantriids or lasiocampids. With mild winters the populations have been heavy the

last two years in coastal California. Many coast live oaks have been defoliated, and the

larvae are also destructive on cork oak, holly oak and the deciduous oaks.

Even more distantly related to the gypsy moth is the mourning cloak butterfly,

Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus) (Nymphalidae). No confusion with the large, dark-maroon

adult exists, but the blackish larvae with a row of red spots dorsally is often mistaken for

the larvae of the gypsy moth. These caterpillars have spines rather than hairs, and are

gregarious on willows, elms, poplars and hackberries throughout the North Temperate

Zone. — ROBERT L. LANGSTON, Kensington, California.

74 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

AN ASTONISHING HOVERING RECORD FOR MALES OF THE WESTERN HORSE FLY,

PILIMAS CALIFORNICA (BIGOT). — During a lecture to our Society on 15 November 1974,

entitled ‘‘Life in a 300-Foot Giant Sequoia,” our present President, Ron Stecker, included

films of insects he observed and collected in the upper canopy of a giant Sequoia tree

located near the southern margin of Sequoia National Park at about 1800 meters altitude.

His 11-year studies received considerable attention in the scientific community and the

media. He showed one fly species hovering above the very top-most stem (under

precarious circumstances for collecting and filming at a height of about 90 meters!),

which appeared to me to represent the hovering green-eyed, holoptic males of a rather

primitive, though not uncommon, western horse fly, Pilimas californica (Bigot). In the past,

others and myself have netted such males while they were hovering in sunlit patches

along forested roadways and mountain trails, or open-wooded, sunny spots, such as a

camp-site in Yellowstone Park. This obvious mating behavior pattern has resulted in

capture by collectors of many more males than females from British Columbia and

Montana south to Utah and California. | have also seen a female in the collection of CAS

taken by Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr. in Baja California: Agua Caliente (San Carlos), 18.5 km E

Maneadero, 5 August 1973.

But that the males might be hovering in an undoubted mating quest at the top of a giant

Sequoia towering some fifty meters above the surrounding forest canopy seems rather

incredulous; the frequency of such behavior is not likely soon to be checked. Since

females are not known to similarly hover, it is reasonable to presume that at least they fly

by as high as the questing males. Not quite parallel are the habits, familiar to many of us,

of scarcer males of more aggressive species of horse flies, hovering over bare, rocky

knobs or objects like fire lookouts on tops of high mountains; for example, | took the

previously unknown male of Hybomitra sequax (Williston), among other species, on top of

Blue Nose Peak on the Montana-Idaho Divide in this way.

Dr. Stecker recently brought me five of his flies for checking. All were males of

californica taken just above his tree-top post. Understandably, he was able to net only a

small sample (approximately a dozen specimens) during the eleven years of observation

atop the sequoia, which dominated the adjacent evergreen forest on a slope some 20

meters above a small creek bottom.

Two of his males, plus a female, are being passed among the audience. Finally,

projection of a Kodaslide copy of a frame from Dr. Stecker’s movie shows one close-up

male sitting on a branch which not only reveals the previously mentioned green, holoptic

eyes and bright body colors by which | guessed its identity during the original movie, but

attests to the flies also coming to rest in the upper branches of the sequoia during

hovering, and probably mating activities. It is trite to point out to tabanidologists that the

males at this height are considerably removed from breeding sites where they could have

emerged from pupae; the habitat of the immature stages at ground level has never been

reported. — CORNELIUS B. PHILIP. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

A FOSSIL OF SCAPHINOTUS INTERRUPTUS FROM THE PLEISTOCENE CARPIN-

TERIA ASPHALT DEPOSIT, SANTA BARBARA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA (COLEOPTERA,

CARABIDAE). — A single well preserved abdomen of Scaphinotus interruptus (Menetries)

has been found in a study of the fossil insect fauna of the Carpinteria asphalt deposit.

This specimen provides a good example of Pleistocene paleoentomology. Studies of

Pleistocene insects can provide much useful information (Coope, 1970, Ann. Rev. Ent.

15:97-120), but this field has not received much attention in North America.

Fossil deposits were discovered in the Carpinteria asphalt mine in 1927. This mine was

located on a coastal bluff about one mile southeast of the town of Carpinteria, in Santa

Barbara County, California. The mining operation was later abandoned and the site was

used as arefuse dump in the late 1940’s, so that today the topography has been altered

drastically and the fossil localities are not accessible. Although a series of reports were

published on the fossil flora and fauna, the fossil insects have never been examined in

detail, except for a study of termite signs (Lance, 1946, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 45:21-27).

The unanimous opinion of the published reports dealing with the various fossil groups

is that, while organisms were being preserved late in the Pleistocene epoch, the environ-

ment at Carpinteria was very similar to the present environment of the Monterey

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 75

Peninsula (200 miles northwest). The climate was generally cooler and more humid,

though considerable fluctuation of conditions probably occurred during the time the site

was active. The fossils are probably 20,000-40,000 years old, although dating is difficult.

The fossil specimen agrees well with recent specimens of S. interruptus. This species is

presently considered abundant in California from Humboldt County south to Monterey

and eastward to the Sierra Nevada, with scattered rare records elsewhere (Gidaspow,

1968, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 140:135-192). Kavanaugh (1977, Pan-Pac. Ent. 53:27-31) and

Ingram (1946, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 45:34-36) have given information on the natural history

of this species, which feeds on snails and slugs. The specimen was probably preserved

by the asphalt during the Wisconsin Glacial Period, when the southward encroachment of

the arctic climate displaced other North American climate zones southward of the

equivalent modern zones. A similar southward movement of the species’ present range

would account for its occurrence in the asphalt deposit. These conclusions are in agree-

ment with previous reports and a preliminary analysis of the fossil insect fauna. A

detailed analysis of the fossil insect faunais in preparation.

In addition to providing evidence of the climatic conditions that prevailed during the

periods of preservation, the study of insects from asphalt deposits and other Pleistocene

deposits can yield many other benefits. Identification of fossil insects often requires

review and clarification of taxonomic problems of the related recent taxa. Not only does

identification of the fossils necessitate thorough study of the morphology of the recent

species, but the fossils themselves often prominently show morphological features

which may be overlooked in the examination of recent specimens. Fossilized aquatic

insects may provide data on the nature of bodies of water which may have occurred in the

vicinity of the asphalt seeps. Also, the presence of insect species known to be associated

with certain stages of decomposition indicates the time period between death and

complete preservation of the vertebrates recovered from the same deposits. Additional

finds indicate that several insect species previously thought to have been introduced into

California are actually native.

Some of the insects from the Carpinteria deposit were loaned to the late Dr. Edwin C.

VanDyke in 1930. This material was apparently never studied, and appears to have been

lost. — SCOTT E. MILLER, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara,

California.

The main speaker of the evening was Donald R. Dilley, Principle Staff Entomologist, for

the California Department of Food and Agriculture. His illustrated talk entitled ‘California

Pest Prevention Systems - Leading to the Eradication of the Gypsy Moth,” was enjoyed by

all in attendance.

Refreshments, including homemade cookies, were served in the Entomology Con-

ference room following the meeting. — L.G. Bezark, Secretary.

THREE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-FIRST MEETING

The 381st meeting was held Friday, 21 October 1977 at 7:45 p.m. in the Morrison Audi-

torium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with

President Stecker presiding and 37 members and 28 guests present.

The minutes of the meeting held 20 May 1977 were summarized.

The following persons were elected to membership: regular members, Lowe B. Mak,

R.A. Beebe; student members, D.G. Casdorph, M.L. Swoveland.

The Society was informed of the passing of noted entomologists, Ira LaRivers, William

Hovanitz, Chris Henny, and Aleandre Chneour. President Stecker suggested that letters

expressing the Society’s feelings be sent to the appropriate family members.

Under notes and exhibits, Dr. Edward Smith of California Academy of Sciences,

reported on his progress relating to insect anatomy studies and presented photographic

slides from a forthcoming publication.

INSECTS IN FUNGI. — In collecting various fungi in northern California, a consistent

pattern of insect fauna within many types of fungal fruiting bodies was observed. A pilot

study was carried out and determined that platypezids, syrphids and mycetophilids may

dominate one type of mushroom but may be scarce in another. Certain Coleoptera were

76 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

found to be the only insects inhabiting one particular bracket fungus. — N.N. HREBTOV,

San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California.

A NEW NORTHWESTERN RECORD FOR THE TRIBE ATTINI AND NORTHERN

RECORD FOR THE GENUS CYPHOMYRMEX (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE). — The

purpose of this note is to report the most northwestern Nearctic record for the tribe Attini

and also the northern record of the genus Cyphomyrmex on the basis of a male specimen

of Cyphomyrmex wheeleri Forel collected in Lake County, California by Mr. Hugh B. Leech.

It was Dr. George L. Rotramel who studied specimens of our Academy Formicidae, that

first recognized the specimen as of special interest and had noted that it should be sent

to the Myrmecologist - Dr. Neal A. Weber - for his study.

The ant specimen was sent to Dr. Weber this past winter and he wrote on March 28th

that he had identified it as a male of Cyphomyrmex wheeleri Forel and he further stated: “‘l

congratulate you for preserving and maintaining this tiny specimen of unusual interest to

all myrmecologists. It constitutes the northwestern record of Attini, Latitude 39° 06’ N

and the northern record of the genus. There ought to be colonies in that area that would

well repay biological study.” The four labels attached to the pin of this specimen read:

“Lucerne, Lake Co./CAL. 30. VII. 1955/Hugh B. Leech” “Attini do/? Trachymyrex/Det.

Rotramel ’75” “‘Myrmicinae/?Trachymyrmex/Significant record./ should send to Weber.”’

““Cyphomyrmex wheeleri Forel/det. N.A. Weber 26.iii.77.”

The genus Cyphomyrmex is a member of the fungus-growing tribe Attini. Of the Attini it

has been stated that “their activities in cultivating their fungus gardens are among the

most remarkable to be found in ants.” (Creighton, 1950, Bul/. Mus. Comp. Zool. 104:83.).

Weber has provided a fascinating account of fungus-growing ants in an article in Science

(153 (3736):587-604, 1966).

Most of the species of the genus Cyphomyrmex are found in the tropical regions of

Central America and South America, but two species - C. rimosus minutus Mayr and C.

wheeleri Forel - are recorded by Creighton (1950:316) as occurring in the United States (he

provides a lengthy discussion of the first), and only the latter is known from California.

Mallis (1941, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 40:74) recorded Cyphomyrmex wheeleri from “Three

Rivers (Culbertson).’’ Presumably this is the Three Rivers in Tulare County, and if so, this

places the Lucerne locality some 420 airline km NW of Three Rivers. Cook in 1953 (The

Ants of California, pp. 215-216) recorded the same collection. — PAUL H. ARNAUD, JR.,

California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California.

DR. WILLIAM HOVANITZ: Dr. Hovanitz died 14 September 1977 of asudden heart attack

in Santa Barbara, California. Born in Chicago,6 November 1915, he came to California in

1918. He attended the University of California at Berkeley, where he earned a B.S. in

entomology in 1938. He joined the Pacific Coast Entomological Society in 1934 and was

an active member until he left the San Francisco area. He earned a Ph.D. in genetics from

the California Institute of Technology in 1943. Dr. Hovanitz served on the faculties of the

University of Michigan, Wayne University, the University of San Francisco, California

Institute of Technology, University of California at Los Angeles and Santa Barbara and

California State University at Los Angeles. His broad experience included work on insect

systematics, mosquitos and malaria, the biology of plant galls and their relationship to

cancer, the structure of chromosomes, and the genetics of butterflies and flies. He

founded the Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera in 1962, editing and publishing it since

its founding. At the time of his death, Dr. Hovanitz was preparing to return to his long

delayed research on geographical distribution and population and physiological

genetics, utilizing butterflies, especially the genera Colias and Argynnis, as experimental

subjects. A basic principle in all his research was the importance of interpreting the

significance underlying the phenomena we perceive, as opposed to simple description of

the physical manifestations of these phenomena. His passing is a profound loss to

science, especially Lepidoptera research. A complete obituary and bibliography will

appear in the Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, which will continue publication. —

SCOTT E. MILLER, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California

93105.

The main speaker of the evening was Mr. Herman Real, Department of Entomology,

University of California Berkeley. His illustrated presentation entitled “Through the

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 77

northern Neotropics looking for insects,’ was enjoyed by all in attendance.

Apple juice, coffee and homemade cookies were enjoyed in the Trustee’s room

following the meeting. — L.G. Bezark, Secretary.

THREE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-SECOND MEETING

The 382nd meeting was held Friday, 18 November 1977 in the Morrison Auditorium of

the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President

Stecker presiding and 30 members and 20 guests in attendance.

The minutes of the meeting held 21 October 1977 were summarized.

The following persons were elected to membership as student members: R.J. Bury,

G.C. Hunter, and J.B. Johnson.

Dr. A.R. Hardy, Co-editor of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist, discussed the new system of

computerizing membership information.

Under notes and exhibits, D.H. Kavanaugh discussed mimicry involving Australian

weevils and lycids, and Dr. J.G. Edwards reported on cantharidin used for wart removal.

The following note was presented:

ADELID LARVAE FROM THE SAN JOAQUIN EXPERIMENTAL RANGE, MADERA CO.,

CALIFORNIA. — In his synopsis of the adelid moths, Powell (1969, U. Lepid. Soc. 23 (4):

211-240) noted that none of the North American adelids had been reared, and that while he

had taken the early instars, he had not found the case-bearing larval stages. In 1970,

Powell described the figure-eight shaped case of Adelia septentronella Wish. in the

Society’s Proceedings (1971).

During a study of the grassland biome (IBP-California grassland) in Madera Co., 0.5 m?

areas were closed off with a quick trap, the grass clipped, the soil vacuumed and the

collected materials placed in large Tullgren (Berlese) Funnels. Among the extracted

arthropods were 20 flat, nearly parallel-sided (not pear nor figure-eight shaped) purse-like

cases. These were taken on five of six collecting dates between 12 October 1973 and 12

February 1974. Of the total, 17 or 85% were taken from the ungrazed plots with a high of

2.25/m?2 on November 2. The encased larvae were lepidopterans and fit the description of

the Adelidae in Peterson (1951, Edwards Bros., p. 81) except the body was flattened, not

cylindrical, and the cases were not round or figure-eight shaped, nor composed of leaves.

The case was constructed of surface soil and small pieces of organic debris.

The larvae were of varous sizes and one was teneral, thus the case makers appear to

comprise more than the fully grown larvae. In addition to the characteristics noted by

Peterson, the larvae were peculiar in that abdominal segments 2-6 were notably larger

than the other body segments, and the dorsum of the meso- and metathoracic segments

had well developed sclerites. — D.BURDICK, C. HASEGAWA, Fresno State University,

Fresno, California.

The main speaker of the evening was Dr. Ken Hagen, Department of Entomology,

University of California, Berkeley. His illustrated talk entitled ‘‘Biological Control in Latin

America,” was enjoyed by everyone present.

Coffee, apple juice and homemade cookies from Mrs. C. Dailey, were served in the

Trustee’s room following the meeting. — L.G. Bezark, Secretary.

THREE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-THIRD MEETING

The 383rd meeting was held Friday, 16 December 1977 at 8:00 p.m. in the Morrison

Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with

President Stecker presiding and 27 members and 15 guests present.

Minutes of the meeting held 18 November 1977 were summarized.

The following persons were elected to membership: regular member, P.D. Ansley;

student members, J.K. Gelhaus, and R.W. Wangenstein.

President Stecker called for reports from the standing committees. Dr. Arnaud stated

that the Treasurer’s Office is indebted to Mrs. V. Hawley (as volunteer) and Mrs. Gail

Freihofer (Entomology Secretary) for their handling of the Society’s accounts and

billings, and to our member Mr. H. Vannoy Davis, of the firm of Touche Ross and Co., not

78 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

only for this review of the Treasurer’s records, but also for the annual completion of the

Society’s federal and state income tax forms.

D.H. Kavanaugh of the nominating committee, presented the names of the nominees

for office in the Society for 1978: President, John R. Anderson; President-Elect, Alan R.

Hardy; Secretary, Larry C. Bezark; and Treasurer, Paul H. Arnaud, Jr. These nominees were

unanimously accepted.

President Stecker thanked all those who made this year’s meetings successful.

The meeting was then turned over to President John Anderson.

The main speaker of the evening was Dr. Ronald E. Stecker, Department of Biology, San

Jose State University. His illustrated presentation entitled ‘‘An entomologist’s view of

Death Valley,” was enjoyed by the people in attendance.

Refreshments were served in the Trustee’s room following the meeting. — L.G. Bezark,

Secretary.

PCES COMMITTEES 1978

Publication Committee Retires After

J.D. Pinto

T.D. Eichiin ie

J.G. Edwards

R.M. Bohart 1979

J.A. Powell — Chairman

J.T. Doyen ee

Historical Committee

D.H. Kavanaugh — Chairman

H.B. Leech

A.R. Hardy

P.H. Arnaud, ur.

E.L. Smith

Membership Committee

C. Dailey — Chairman

D.D. Wilder

F.G. Andrews

Program Committee

J.G. Edwards — Chairman

A.R. Hardy

K. Hagen

VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 79

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

STATEMENT OF INCOME, EXPENDITURES AND

CHANGES IN FUND BALANCES

Years Ended September 30, 1977 and 1976

1977 1976

Income

Dues and Subscriptions. .............. 0. ccc eee ee eee $ 8,545 $ 7,027

Reprints and miscellaneOuS.......... 0... eee eee eee 7,674 7,206

SaleS:OnMeMOM Ss. eral es Ae ats Oe aeeany oes Bust lane GN 326 463

Interest on savings accounts ............. 00. c cee eee ee ees 915 979

Dividends, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. 244 288

Increase in value of capital stock of American

Telephone & Telegraph Co... 0... .. cece ee es 250 1,140

17,954 17,103

Expenditures

Publication costs - Pan Pacific Entomologist................. 13,525 11,430

Reprints, postage and miscellaneous...............00 0c eee 3,078 2,714

16,603 14,144

Be es BOE eet et a a Oe 1,351 2,959

Fund balances October 1, 1976 and 1975................. 00000. 26,569 23,610

Fund balances September 30, 1977 and 1976 ................05. $27,920 $26,569

Increases in fund balances

STATEMENT OF ASSETS

September 30, 1977 and 1976

1977 1976

Cash in bank

Commercial account

Savings accounts

Gemeral umd hs:...4.c. se pede. sabes a ties dnt added 12,662 12,649

Memoir fund 3,342

iy NerceshaFbr en Senet ole Mig Pee hl sb he Macross $ 927 $ 1,610

Wee Sn atY Pel heh ea Ws Same ae Me Mele Mar SEE Coa ke Mg Id Be 2,714

ECT ULI an sw apts OS farina tah peched Eivece {aoe acho chhy p.m ata SiAeEU Mad on 4 he 3,244 2,655

Life membership fund ............. 2... cc eee ee ee ees 2,685 2,131

Totalcash. (n:ban kee x. c.hsks Go eo oe, pale do ei 22,860 21,759

Investment in 80 shares of American Telephone

& Telegraph Co. common stock (Life Membership

and Fall Funds), at market value....... 0.0.0... 0.00 eee 5,060 4,810

MOtAA Sart Hs Pe Sh ais, AAs ose Se) ee $27,920 $26,569

See accompanying notes to the financial statements.

80 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Year Ended September 30, 1977

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Accounting Method

Income, expenditures and assets are recorded on the cash basis of accounting.

Marketable Securities

American Telephone & Telegraph Co. common stock is carried at market value. Increases

and decreases in value are reflected in income.

Income Tax

The Company is exempt from Federal income and California franchise tax.

Accounts Receivable

As of September 30, 1977 accounts receivable aggregated $927 as follows:

August and September, 1977 billings ............. $ 588

Juneand July billings..................-....4.4. 339

$927

As Chairman of the Auditing Committee, and in accordance with its by laws, | have

reviewed the financial records of the Society.

During the course of this review nothing was noted which indicated any inaccuracy in the

foregoing statements.

H. VANNOY DAVIS

Chairman of the Auditing Committee

October issue mailed February 8, 1978.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including short notes or articles up to ten

printed pages, on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history, and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved

and will be charged to the author. Papers are published after acceptance in approximately the order that they are received.

Papers of less than a printed page will be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.

All manuscripts will be reviewed before acceptance.

Manuscripts for publication, proofs, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the editor.

General. — The metric system is to be used exclusively in manuscripts, except when citing label data on type material, o1

in direct quotations when cited as such. Equivalents in other systems may be placed in parentheses following the metric,

i.e. ‘1370 m (4500 ft) elevation’’.

Typing. — Two copies of each manuscript must be submitted (original and one xerox copy or two xerox copies are suitable).

All manuscripts must be type-written, double-spaced throughout, with ample margins, and be on bond paper or an

equivalent weight. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 82 x 11 inches are not acceptable.

Underscore only where italics are intended in the body of the text. Number all pages consecutively and put authors name on

each sheet. References to footnotes in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes must be typed on a separate

sheet.

Manuscripts with extensive corrections or revisions will be returned to the author for retyping.

First Page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript must include (1) the complete title, (2) the order and family in

parentheses, (3) the author's name or names, (4) the institution with city and state or the authors home city and state if not

affiliated (5) the complete name and address to which proof is to be sent.

Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should include the full scientific name with

the author of a zoological name not abbreviated. Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in

telegraphic style. The International code of Zoological Nomenclature must be followed.

Tables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be prepared as a line drawing or typed on

a separate page with heading at top and footnotes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecu-

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Illustrations. — No extra charge is made for the line drawings or halftones. Submit only photographs on glossy paper and

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should not be less than the width of the printed page. Photographs should be mounted on stiff card stock, and bear the

illustration number on the face.

Loose photographs or drawings which need mounting and/or numbering are not acceptable. Photographs to be placed

together should be trimmed and abut when mounted. Drawings should be in India Ink, or equivalent, and at least twice as

large as the printed illustration. Excessively large illustrations are awkward to handle and may be damaged in transit. It is

recommended that a metric scale be placed on the drawing or the magnification of the printed illustration be stated in the

legend where applicable. Arrange figures to use space efficiently. Lettering should reduce to no less than 1mm. On the back

of each illustration should be stated (1) the title of the paper, (2) the author’s complete name and address, and (3) whether he

wishes the illustration returned to him. Illustrations not specifically requested will be destroyed. Improperly prepared

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Figure legends. — Legends should be typewritten double-spaced on separate pages headed EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

and placed following LITERATURE CITED. Do not attach legends to illustrations.

References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig 1958), must be listed alphabetically under LITERATURE CITED

in the following format:

Essig, E.0. 1926. Abutterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212.

Essig, E.O. 1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev. ed. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1050 pp.

Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1966, 47(21):8585-8601. For Scientific Notes

the citations to articles will appear within the text, i.e. . . . “Essig (1926, Pan Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212) noted...”.

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Page charges. — All regular papers of one to ten printed pages are charged at the rate of $18.00 per page. Private investigators

or authors without institutional or grant funds may apply to the society for a grant to cover a portion of the page charges. In

no case will society grants subsidize more than two thirds of the cost of page charges. Individuals receiving a society

subsidy thus will be billed a minimum of $6.00 per page. Pages additional to the first ten are charged at the rate of $30.00 per

page, without subsidy. Page charges are in addition to the charge for reprints and do not include the possible charges for

extra pagination or the costs for excessive changes after the manuscript has been sent to the printer.

Reprint costs. — Current charges for reprints are approximately as listed below. These charges are subject to change, and

authors will be billed at the rate in effect at the time of publication.

1-2pp 2%-4 pp 4%-8 pp 8%-12 pp 12%-16 pp

Ist 100 22.00 32.00 40.00 70.00 75.00

Additional 100's 12.00 18.00 25.00 35.00 40.00

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PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL

SOCIETY.

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pages). 1901-1930. Price $5.00 per volume.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vol. 1 (1924) to Vol. 51 (1975), price $10.00 per volume of 4

numbers, or $2.50 per single issue. Vol. 52 (1976) and subsequent

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MEMOIR SERIES.

Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. 320 pages. Pub-

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