Vol. 55 OCTOBER 1979 No. 4

THE

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

GILL—A New Species of Pulvinaria Targioni-Tozzetti (Homoptera: Coccidae) Attack-

iv siacerlanieins G@alitOnmig 5 0 5” wee ee: Pees SY Ee ee ct 241

JANSSON—tThe Identity of Ahuautlea mexicana De La Llave (Heteroptera, Corixidae)._ 251

JANSSON—A New Species of Krizousacorixa from Mexico (Heteroptera, Corixidae)__ 258

GOEDEN and RICKER—Life History of Zygogramma tortuosa Rogers on the Ragweed,

Ambrosia eriocentra (Gray) Payne, in Southern California (Coleoptera: Chryso-

PACU AG Es cok. 2c) CRM WENT, ee Pe A Sry Re Ee ie Ma 261

CHEMSAK and LINSLEY—New Cerambycidae from Honduras (Coleoptera) __________ 267

RUST—A New Species of Drywood Termite from Southwestern North America (Isop-

fenai<al Ofer tae) Ane teat Ra ee 27S

KOHLMANN—Some Notes on the Biology of Euphoria inda (Linné) (Coleoptera:

SLSR POSE VEN 2 lel ore og. et SA aS A ee. 5D, Ue 279

KAMM and McDONOUGH—Sex Attractant for a Plume Moth, Oidaematophorus

monodactylus. (1.:).(lepidoptetaisrterophoridae).-)...--4.- +. 4_. cee ee 284

WIRTH and ASSIS pE MORAES—New Records and New Species of Biting Midges from

Salt Marshes in California and Mexico (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) ________________ 287

RUDINSKY and VERNOFF—Evidence of a Female-Produced Aggregative Pheromone

in Leperisinus californicus Swaine (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) _______________-_________- 299

SILVERMAN and GOEDEN—Life History of the Lacebug, Corythucha morrilli Osborn

and Drake, on the Ragweed, Ambrosia dumosa (Gray) Payne, in Southern Cali-

fornia, (aemiptera=heteroptera:s litngidae) es ls Tee 23. a ee 305

SCHEIN ONCE OS. we Sete eee ee! Le ee ee eh ea te A a) Ide 250, 309

RED UIRG iO) LCE) oe Maho be. 2 Se ee a ee ee 257

INV OVE (CT Sp. Ne ae Peet DMM Le eed: SOW” ot Se a A ae SOC en a, an eee ae 278

BOOKER VEE carts coms te eee oS AE Nog 283), 303

IDV SE TIGL WO) SWAY LEI ote ea ae aR lA al 90 en 311

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA « 1979

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

EDITORIAL BOARD

T. D. Eichlin, A. R. Hardy, Co-Editors

S. Kuba, Editorial Asst.

P. H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer H. B. Leech

R. M. Bohart E. S. Ross J. A. Chemsak

Published quarterly in January, April, July and October with Society Proceedings

appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt of num-

bers, requests for sample copies, and financial communications should be addressed

to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, Golden

Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118.

Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be ad-

dressed to the Secretary, Larry Bezark, c/o Department of Entomology, California

State University, San Jose, CA. 95120.

Manuscripts, proofs and all correspondence concerning editorial matters should

be addressed to either Dr. Thomas Eichlin or Dr. Alan Hardy, Insect Taxonomy

Laboratory, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 1220 ‘‘N’’ St., Sacra-

mento, 95814.

The annual dues, paid in advance, are $12.00 for regular members of the Society,

$7.00 for student members, or $15.00 for subscription only. Members of the society

receive The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Single copies of recent numbers are $3.75

each or $15.00 a volume. Write to the treasurer for prices of earlier back numbers.

Make all checks payable to Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

The Pacific Coast Entomological Society

OFFICERS FOR 1979

J. Doyen, President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer

M. S. Wasbauer, President-Elect L. Bezark, Secretary

Statement of Ownership

Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October).

Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast Entomological Society,

California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118.

Editors: T. D. Eichlin and A. R. Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, California Dept. of Food and Agriculture,

1220 N St., Sacramento, California 95814.

Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: None.

This issue mailed 6 December 1979

Second Class Postage Paid at San Francisco, California and Additional offices.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist (ISSN 0031-0603)

PRINTED BY THE ALLEN PRESS, INC., LAWRENCE, KANSAS 66044, U.S.A.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 241-250

A NEW SPECIES OF PULVINARIA TARGIONI-TOZZETTI

(HOMOPTERA: COCCIDAE) ATTACKING

ICE PLANT IN CALIFORNIA

RAYMOND J. GILL

California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento 95814

In 1971, specimens of Pulvinaria mesembryanthemi (Vallot) were col-

lected for the first time in California from ice plant, Carpobrotus edulis, by

Napa County Agricultural personnel Henry Stabo and Aldo Delfino. This

soft scale, commonly referred to as ice plant scale in California, is known

to cause moderate to severe injury to various plant species in the family

Aizoaceae (Brain, 1920 and Quintana, 1956). A possible 1949 California

record of this species is known from Berkeley on ice plant but the specimens

are in too poor condition to be positive about their identity.

Because of the localized infestation of P. mesembryanthemi and because

of its potential for damage to ice plant used as a ground cover along the

State highway system, officials of the California Department of Food and

Agriculture considered initiation of an eradication program against the scale.

In February 1973, Jerry Vettel and Carl Macguire of that Department visited

Berkeley to locate and delimit the infestation supposedly collected there in

1949. They found an identically appearing soft scale on ice plant and on

several plants in the family Crassulaceae which proved to be morphologi-

cally and biologically distinct from P. mesembryanthemi and other known

species of Pulvinaria. This new soft scale species is described here as Pul-

vinaria delottoi Gill, new species.

Pulvinaria delottoi new species

Suggested common name .—DeLotto iceplant scale.

Etymology.—This species is named in honor of Mr. Giovanni DeLotto of

the Plant Protection Research Institute in Pretoria, South Africa, who has

contributed so much toward our understanding of African Coccoidea. Mr.

DeLotto knew about this new species long before it was discovered in Cal-

ifornia but graciously suggested that I describe it.

Type material.—Holotype adult female, Oakland, Alameda County, Cal-

ifornia, 7 November 1973, collected from Mesembryanthemum sp., R. Dun-

kle. Paratype adult females, 50 on 38 slides, from above location and from

the following locations: San Leandro, Alameda Co., California, XI-74, on

ice plant, Haines; San Leandro, Alameda Co., California, III-20-73, on Me-

sembryanthemum sp., K. Meehan; Berkeley, Alameda Co., California, III-

242 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

6-73, on Sedum sp., W. Sibray and N. Jones; Berkeley, Alameda Co.,

California, III-14-73, on Lampranthus sp., N. Jones; Berkeley, Alameda

Co., California, II-28-73, on Mesembryanthemum sp., J. Vettel and C. Mac-

guire; San Leandro, Alameda Co., California, XI-8-78, on ice plant, W.

Moore; Oakland, Alameda Co., California, [X-13-77, on ice plant, W.

Moore; South Africa, VI-3-53, on Cheiridopsis inaequalis, Kamper; Trans-

vaal, Pretoria, South Africa, VIII-31-59, on Crassula lycopopioides, H. K.

Munro; Capitola, Santa Cruz Co., California, XI-29-73 on ice plant, Lom-

bard and Hancock; San Leandro, Alameda Co., California, II-28-73, on ice

plant, F. Hollensteiner; Seaside, Monterey Co., California, IV-2-78, on ice

plant, K. S. Hagen; Marina, Monterey Co., California, XI-2-78, on ice plant,

B. Oliver; Rancho Santa Fe, San Diego Co., California, XII-1-78, on suc-

culents, N. Buskirk. Paratype nymphal stages from which the descriptions

and illustrations were made: first instar, Oakland Airport, Alameda Co.,

California, V-13-78, on ice plant, W. Moore; second instar, Oakland Airport,

Alameda Co., California, VI-30-77, on ice plant, W. Moore; third instar,

Oakland, Alameda Co., California, [X-13-77, on ice plant, W. Moore.

The holotype will be deposited in the U.S. National Museum, Natural

History, Beltsville, Maryland. Paratypes will be deposited in the following

collections: U.S. National Museum, Beltsville; the California Department

of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento; the University of California, Davis;

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg; the Florida

State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville; the University of Hawaii, Ho-

nolulu; Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; University of Georgia, Ex-

periment, Georgia; British Museum (Natural History), London; the Zoolog-

ical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Leningrad; and the National Collection

of Insects, Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria.

Habit.—All female stages are oval or elliptical in outline, relatively con-

vex, and occur randomly on the fleshy leaves of the host. The color of all

stages is yellow-green to light-green. Eyespots are black. Late instars and

adults are devoid of any noticeable wax secretions except for small, thin,

transparent wax platelets on the dorsum that are arranged randomly except

for several platelets which are arranged longitudinally along the median line.

About the time that oviposition begins the adults produce a sparse dorsal

covering of white powdery wax. During oviposition the females first develop

a yellow, tan or red color along the body margin, but later become com-

pletely brownish as oviposition nears completion. The ovisac is white and

is usually irregular in construction with many loose striations. Length of the

ovisac is about equal to the length of the adult female before oviposition.

Male stages are unknown.

Pulvinaria delottoi is univoltine with oviposition beginning in December

and January. More detailed biological studies of both P. delottoi and P.

mesembryanthemi have been published by Donaldson et al. (1978).

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 243

Adult female .—(Fig. 1). Oval to almost circular in outline, bluntly pointed

anteriorly and broadly rounded posteriorly; slide mounted holotype female

2.5 mm long (paratypes 1.8-5.0 mm), 2.0 mm wide (paratypes 1.2—4.5 mm).

DORSUM—Derm membranous. Eyespots round, convex, on lateral mar-

gins of head. Submarginal duct tubercles absent. Dorsal setae spinelike,

bluntly pointed; 7-10 yw in length and randomly distributed. Dorsal tubular

ducts short, less than 5 uw in length, randomly distributed but absent in the

marginal areas. Bilocular microducts common, randomly distributed but

absent near margin. Minute disc pores common, their diameter slightly larg-

er than that of the microducts, randomly distributed except for a single row

along the margin. Preopercular pores 7-10 y in diameter, 11 (paratypes 10-

20) extending in loose groups anteriorly of 4th abdominal segment. Anal

opercula on caudal !'/s of body; caudolateral margin longer than cephalo-

lateral margin; each operculum 145 yw long (paratypes 123-172 ju), 98 uw wide

(paratypes 60-103 x), with 4 apical setae and 3 subapical setae. MARGIN—

Marginal setae stout, straight or slightly bent, bluntly pointed, 30—S0 pu long

(paratypes 25-55 yw), 5 w wide at base; setae 13 (paratypes 5-15) between

anterior and posterior spiracular clefts on each side, 40 (paratypes 20-40)

between anterior spiracular clefts. Spiracular clefts each with three setae;

median seta 51 wu long (paratypes 37-56 yw), lateral setae smaller, 17-22 uw

long (paratypes 12-24 uw). VENTER—Derm membranous. Antennae well

developed, normally 8-segmented, sometimes with 7 segments, 335 yw long

(paratypes 278-358 jy). Interantennal setae 3—4 (usually 4) pairs, medial pair

44-64 u (paratypes 37-86 yw), usually twice as long or longer than the lateral

pairs. Prevulvar setae 3 pairs. Anal fold with 2 pairs of fringe setae. Legs

well developed, lengths: prothoracic, 680 uw (paratypes 495-755 ju); meso-

thoracic, 710 wu (paratypes 556-835 .); metathoracic, 710 uw (paratypes 558-

835 uw). Tibia and tarsus freely articulated with well developed articulatory

sclerosis; claw with or without tiny denticle; claw digitules 2, of equal size.

Spiracular furrow with quinquelocular pores in 3-4 irregular rows; 55-63

pores (paratypes 26-80) in anterior furrow, 80-95 pores (paratypes 33-145) .

in posterior furrow. Tubular ducts of 2 types arranged as follows: ducts with

simple inner filament comprising most of the distal area of submarginal duct

band; ducts with complex inner filament occupying more mediolateral areas

of submarginal duct band and randomly occupying most median areas of

head, thorax, and abdomen. Bilocular microducts randomly located

throughout submarginal duct band and in median areas of the head, thorax

and abdomen. Multilocular pores with 10-11 (normally 10) loculi, in loose

single or multiple rows on all abdominal segments; occasional pores on

thorax.

First instar nymph.—(Fig. 2). Mounted specimens elliptical in outline,

widest at middle near posterior spiracular cleft; 1.0-1.2 mm in length and

0.5—0.7 mm in width. DORSUM—Derm membranous. Dorsal setae sparse,

244 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. 1. Pulvinaria delottoi, adult female.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 245

3 yw long or less, in barely discernible medial row on each side. Minute

bilocular pores present 1 per body segment in single submarginal row on

each side. Discoidal pores associated singly with bilocular pores, occasional

elsewhere on dorsum. Each anal operculum 50 w long, 25 uw wide; three

apical setae, two less than 15 yu long; apical seta longer, up to. 155 uw. MAR-

GIN—Spiracular setae 3 in each spiracular cleft; middle setae longest, 7.5—

10.0 « long and 2.5 yw thick; lateral setae pegshaped, 2.5 uw long. Marginal

setae slender, curved, 7.5-12.5 uw long; 8 on abdomen, 2 between anterior

and posterior spiracular clefts, 12 between anterior spiracular clefts. VEN-

TER—Body setae less than 5 yw long; on abdomen in submedial row and in

submarginal row associated with marginal setae; random along submargin

of cephalothoracic region. One pair of interantennal setae. Three pairs of

preanal setae. Venter without discernible pores except | small trilocular

pore on submargin of head on each side laterad of cephalic submarginal

seta, 1 larger trilocular pore laterad of each thoracic spiracle, and | or 2

quinquelocular pores in each anterior spiracular furrow near spiracular se-

tae. Antennae 6-segmented, 125-135 uw long. Legs 198-210 u long; claw with

2 digitules of subequal length, one slightly thicker than other; two tarsal

digitules, smaller one arising more distally on tarsus than larger one; claw

denticle not apparent.

Second instar nymph.—(Fig. 3). Mounted specimens oval to elliptical, .

widest in thoracic region; 1.3—1.5 mm long and 0.7-0.9 mm wide. DOR-

SUM—Derm membranous. Dorsal setae apparently absent. Minute biloc-

ular pores in a submarginal row on the abdomen and a few randomly located

medially. Anal opercula quadrate; each operculum 75-80 w long, 28-30 yw

wide; 4 apical setae 10-15 yu long, 1 subapical seta. MARGIN—Spiracular

setae 3 in each spiracular cleft; middle seta largest, 12—22 u long, 3 uw thick;

lateral setae pegshaped, 5 uw long. Marginal setae straight or slightly curved,

14-22 uw long; 12-15 on abdomen, 4—S between spiracular clefts, 12-18 be-

tween anterior spiracular clefts. VENTER—Most body setae similar, 5.0—

7.5 w long; in 3 rows on abdomen, | row adjacent to marginal setae, 2 rows

located more medially; a few setae scattered on submargin of head and

thorax, and near legs. Two pairs of interantennal setae, 3 pairs of preanal

setae, and 2 pairs of fringe setae. Microducts present in a submarginal series

on abdomen and in random order elsewhere. Quinquelocular pores in loose

single or partial double rows in each spiracular furrow; 7-10 in anterior

furrow, 7-10 in posterior furrow. Antennae 6-segmented, 150-160 yu long.

Legs 266-278 wu long; claw with 2 digitules subequal in length, unequal in

thickness; 2 tarsal digitules of subequal length and thickness; tibia and tarsus

not freely articulated.

Third instar nymph.—(Fig. 4). Mounted specimens oval to elliptical in

outline, widest in thoracic region; 1.5—2.5 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide. DOR-

246 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

i 8

work

amet

Cie.

a inn

—- is!

‘

ji—I-"7

ae J

7-7

"Th ppt

‘

Figs. 2-4. Fig. 2. Pulvinaria delottoi, 1st instar nymph. Fig. 3. Pulvinaria delottoi, 2nd

instar nymph. Fig. 4. Pulvinaria delottoi, 3rd instar nymph.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 247

SUM—Derm membranous. Dorsal setae apparently absent. Micropores dis-

persed evenly over dorsal surface, each pore surrounded by a circular clear

area. Anal operculum quadrate; each operculum 105-112 uw long, 50-55 pu

wide; 4 apical setae 10-15 yw long, 2 pairs of subapical setae. MARGIN—

Spiracular setae 3; middle seta largest, slightly curved, 22-37 yw long, 3 w

thick, lateral setae 3-7 yw long. Marginal setae straight or slightly curved,

17-32 yw long; 17-24 on abdomen, 5—7 between anterior and posterior spi-

racular clefts, 20-22 between anterior spiracular clefts. VENTER—Most

body setae 5-10 mw long; in three submarginal to submedial rows on the

abdomen and dispersed randomly along submargins of head and thorax.

Three pairs of interantennal setae, 3 pairs of preanal setae and 2 pairs of

fringe setae. Microducts randomly dispersed in broad submarginal band on

abdomen and randomly dispersed in more medial areas of body. Quinque-

locular pores in 2 loose rows in each spiracular furrow; 14—20 in the anterior

spiracular furrow, 17-24 in the posterior furrow. Antennae usually 7-seg-

mented, occasionally 6-segmented; 198-216 uw long. Legs 340-370 pw long;

claw usually with tiny denticle, digitules 2, of unequal size; tarsi with 2

subequal digitules; tibia and tarsus not freely articulated.

Notes.—Three specimens from Transvaal on Crassula lycopopioides

have considerably fewer marginal setae than all of the other specimens of

P. delottoi, but they appear to be identical in all other respects.

In North America, adult females of Pulvinaria delottoi are readily distin-

guishable from most species of Pulvinaria because of the stout, straight

marginal setae which are nearly subequal in size to the large spiracular

setae. Pulvinaria innumerabilis (Rathvon) is the only other North American

congener with similar marginal setae, but differs as follows: P. innumera-

bilis has medial spiracular setae more than twice as long as the marginal

setae, lateral spiracular setae which are more than % the length of the

marginal setae; an almost total absence of tubular ducts on the medial areas

of the head; and no denticle on the claw. P. delottoi has the medial spirac-

ular setae nearly subequal in length to the marginal setae; lateral spiracular

setae which are less than 2 the length of the marginal setae; usually a

denticle on the claw; and an extension of the tubular duct band onto the

medial areas of the head.

Pulvinaria delottoi differs from its nearest North American relative, P.

mesembryanthemi (Vallot) as follows: P. mesembryanthemi has marginal

setae which are blunt, strongly curved and much smaller than the medial

spiracular setae; about 50 preopercular pores; ventral bilocular microducts

which are clustered mainly along the submargin between the tubular duct

band and the body margin; and apparently is restricted to the plant family

Aizoaceae. P. delottoi has marginal setae which are more pointed, nearly

straight and nearly as long as the median spiracular setae; less than 20

preopercular pores; bilocular microducts which are randomly distributed

248 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. 5. Pulvinaria mesembryanthemi, adult female.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 249

mainly within the tubular duct band; and can be found on plants in the

Aizoaceae and Crassulaceae. Since P. delottoi and P. mesembryanthemi

are usually found on the same hosts and are nearly identical in their ap-

pearance in the field, an illustration of P. mesembryanthemi (Fig. 5) has

been provided to facilitate their identification. Descriptions of P. mesem-

bryanthemi can be found in DeLotto (1967) and Hodgson (1967) which will

also be useful in separating the two species.

In the key to North American Pulvinaria species provided by Steinweden

(1946), P. delottoi will key by changing the couplets as follows:

1. Marginal setae all long, stout, spike-like and thick throughout their

length except for the pointed! apex :..<.4 ssa scew cid yaw ewe es 1A

Marginal setae of various forms, but never this thick and spike-

|e ee ye Se Re righ er Pere nay eke ey Cire Seen LN 2

1A. Marginal setae 2 the length of the medial spiracular setae; lateral

spiracular setae more than % the length of the marginal setae;

tubular ducts normally absent from the median areas of head;

usually restricted to deciduous hosts ............... innumerabilis

Marginal setae length nearly subequal to that of medial spiracular

setae; lateral spiracular setae much less than 2 the length of the

marginal setae; tubular ducts relatively numerous on the median

areas of the head; restricted to hosts in the Aizoaceae and Cras-

LIYE: (610: og Oa ae eee Soe EE ge ae apie et delottoi

Both P. mesembryanthemi and P. delottoi n. sp. cause moderate injury

to ice plant along the State highway system in the San Francisco Bay region

of California. Injury to the ice plant has been severe enough to prompt the

California Department of Transportation to contract with the University of

California at Berkeley to study the two species and to recommend methods

of control. The two species are thought to be native to southern Africa, and

Dr. Richard Tassan from the U. C. Berkeley, Parasite Introduction Labo-

ratory was sent there to locate and introduce natural enemies.

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Douglass R. Miller, Systematic Entomology Laboratory,

ARS, USDA and to Steve Nakahara, APHIS, USDA, for reviewing this

manuscript and suggesting many useful improvements. Special thanks are

due to Charles Papp for assistance with the illustrations.

Literature Cited

Brain, C. K. 1920. The Coccidae of South Africa—V. Bul. Ent. Res., 11:1-41.

DeLotto, G. 1967. The soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidae) of South Africa. S. Afr. J. Agric.

Sci., 10:781-810.

250 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Donaldson, D. R., et al. October 1978. Scales threaten iceplant in Bay Area. California Ag-

riculture, 32(10):4 and 7.

Hodgson, C. J. 1967. Some Pulvinaria species (Homoptera, Coccidae) from the Ethiopian

region. J. Ent. Soc. Sth. Afr., 30:198-211.

Quintana, F. J. 1956. Pulvinaria mesembryanthemi (Vallot). (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha)

nueva cochinilla para la fauna Argentina y sus zooparasitos. LaPlata Univ. Nac., Fa-

cultad de Agron. Rev., 32(1):75—110.

Steinweden, J. B. 1946. The identity of certain common American species of Pulvinaria

(Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Microentomology, 11(1): 2-28.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, p. 250

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

FIRST RECORD OF BOMBYLIIDAE FROM SANTA BARBARA

ISLAND, CALIFORNIA (DIPTERA)

On May 24, 1976, three specimens of Lepidanthrax were observed in

flight, resting, and feeding behaviors on Santa Barbara Island, California.

One specimen, a male, was collected and determined as Lepidanthrax bor-

ius Hall. All specimens observed were on the eastern side of the island near

a quonset hut. The specimens observed alighted on flowers of the ice plant,

Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L., and either rested on the plant or fed

on the nectar and/or pollen. Resting periods lasted from a few seconds to

less than half a minute, whereupon the bee fly would fly to another section

of the plant and hover for a few seconds before alighting. The ice plant

appeared to be the only suitable source for nourishment for the bombyliids;

hence they did not stray from the small patch from which the observations

were made. Hall (1977, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 102:289-371) records this

species from Riverside, San Diego, San Luis Obispo, Siskiyou, Trinity and

Tuolumne counties in California. This is the first record of Bombyliidae

from Santa Barbara Island and the first insular record of this species; most

other records of L. borius are from montane habitats. There is only one

other record of a species of Lepidanthrax from an insular habitat (L. diam-

phus Hall was recorded from Cedros Island off the west coast of Baja Cal-

ifornia).

Neal L. Evenhuis, Dept. Entomol., Bernice P. Bishop Museum, P.O.

Box 19000-A, Honolulu, HI 96819.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 251-257

THE IDENTITY OF AHUAUTLEA MEXICANA DE LA LLAVE

(HETEROPTERA, CORIXIDAE)

ANTTI JANSSON

Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Helsinki,

P. Rautatiekatu 13, SF-00100 Helsinki 10, Finland

Olivares (1964) proposed the synonymy of Krizousacorixa femorata

(Guérin-Meneville) with Ahuautlea mexicana de la Llave. This proposal

was based on wide generalizations of de la Llave’s (1832) text, and it was

unfortunate that Sailer (1977) adopted the synonymy in the preface to the

reprint edition of Hungerford’s (1948) monograph on the Corixidae of the

western hemisphere. In the following, I am reviewing the literature con-

cerned, and clarifying the identity of the species of Corixidae involved.

The whole matter is connected to the old Mexican habit of making use of

aquatic Heteroptera collected from Lake Texcoco. Adult water bugs have

been used mainly as food for caged birds, but when prepared in a particular

way they have also been used for human food. Eggs of these insects have

also been collected, and when dried, they have been used as flour from

which a particular bread or cake was baked. The original Aztec word for

these water bugs was ‘‘axaxayacatl’’ (also spelled ‘‘axayacatl’’). In Mexican

markets these insects have been called ‘‘mosca,’’ and the eggs ‘‘ahuautle,”’

but in the literature the name ‘‘ahuautle’’ has been generally used for both

the insects and the eggs.

Already in 1600s these bugs were mentioned in the literature (cf. Guérin-

Méneville, 1862; Champion, 1901; Hungerford, 1948), but at that time they

were erroneously believed to be flies: ‘‘De Axayacatl, seu musca palustri

aquosa facie constante,’’ and the eggs were called ‘‘muscarum ovae’’ (Gué-

rin-Méneville, 1862). The mistake was probably due to the market sellers

who, besides calling the insects ‘“‘mosca,’’ also called them ‘‘mosquitos’’

(cf. Virlet d’Aoust, 1858; Guérin-Méneville, 1862). When it is known that

salt flies, genus Ephydra, were also collected from Lake Texcoco and sold

on the markets (Deevey, 1957; Dibble and Anderson, 1963), the mistake is

rather understandable.

The first description of a species of Corixidae sold on the markets was

that by Say (1832), who described Corixia mercenaria. There has been some

confusion about the actual printing year and, for instance, Lundblad (1928)

referred to ‘‘Say 1831,’’ but Hungerford (1948) to ‘‘Say 1832.’ Indeed, front

page of the paper gives the date as Dec. 1831, but in the text Say himself

referred to another one of his papers from January 1832; thus, the descrip-

tion of C. mercenaria evidently was not published until in early 1832. The

252 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

original specimens of C. mercenaria have been lost, but the species has

been interpreted very well by several authors (Champion, 1901; Lundblad,

1928; Jaczewski, 1931; Hungerford, 1948). In addition, Lundblad (1928)

based his description of the genus Corisella mainly in C. mercenaria, and

Hungerford (1948), selecting C. mercenaria as the type species of Corisella,

also chose a whole series of neotypes labeled *‘Mexico, Lake Texcoco,

D.F., 7-26-37, H. D. Thomas; Purchased as Hautle collected in L. Texco-

0.’ These are located in the Snow Entomological Museum, University of

Kansas, and to comply with the Code, I have labeled one male specimen

to be the neotype.

A second description of a species from the ‘‘ahuautle’’ appeared in July

1832: Ahuautlea mexicana de la Llave 1832. There is no doubt that the

animal was one of the small species of Corixidae, but according to the

characters given it is not possible to recognize the species. The description

was translated to French (de la Llave, 1862), and Guérin-Méneville (1862)

commented on the description, but he was also unable to recognize the

species. De la Llave (1832) gave no reference to where his material was

deposited, and no subsequent indications exist. The description of A. mex-

icana was quoted in full by Orozco y Berra (1864), but the species remained

unnoticed by hemipterologists until late 1950s.

A third species from the market product, Corixa femorata, was described

and discussed by Guérin-Méneville (1857a, 1857b, 1857c, 1858). The type

specimens were thought to have been lost until Hungerford (1929) located

them in the Paris Museum, and then described a new genus, Krizousacorixa,

in which C. femorata became the type species (Hungerford 1930). Referring

to aletter by Mr. Laverriére, mailed in 1858 from Mexico, Guérin-Méneville

(1862) further explained that the market product was sold if two qualities:

‘‘mosca grande,’’ which consisted of individuals of Notonecta unifasciata

Guérin-Méneville, and ‘‘mosca corriente,’’ consisting of individuals of Co-

rixa femorata and C. mercenaria; identification of the species was possible

because the letter included parts of the insects.

Ancona (1933) has been the only investigator who has studied sie com-

position of the market product by sampling Lake Texcoco itself. In the

1930s the main species were Notonecta unifasciata Guérin-Méneville and

Krizousacorixa azteca Jaczewski, but in small numbers K. femorata (Gué-

rin-Méneville), Corisella mercenaria (Say), and C. texcocana Jaczewski

[=C. tarsalis (Fieber)] were also taken. Rather surprisingly, Ancona (1933)

did not report C. edulis (Champion), although it has becn included in the

product both before and after the 1930s (Champion, 1901; Olivares, 1964).

On the other hand, in late 1800s Kirkaldy (1898) reported only one species

of Corixidae, C. mercenaria, and according to Olivares (1964) there were

only two species in the 1960s, C. mercenaria and C. edulis. Differences in

the species composition may have been caused by large scale changes in

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 253

ecological conditions of the lake (Olivares, 1964), but differences in the

collecting sites may have affected the results as well.

Confusion about the species arose when Deevey (1957) found de la

Llave’s (1832) description of Ahuautlea mexicana. Deevey claimed that A.

mexicana ‘‘appears to be the correct name, though it has been ignored by

zoological writers; it has priority over the generic name Krizousacorixa

Hungerford 1930 and the specific name Corixa femorata Guérin-Méneville

1857.’ Deevey (1957) did not present any facts to support this claim but,

on the contrary, in the next paragraph he explained that Ancona’s (1933)

study ‘‘suggests that the axaydcatl is ordinarily Krizousacorixa azteca Jac-

zewski, 1931; it may also be K. femorata (Guérin-Meneville, 1857), while

Corisella texcocana Jaczewski and C. mercenaria (Say) may be less im-

portant components of the product, along with the backswimmer Notonecta

unifasciata Guérin-Meneville.’’ Further, in a caption for a reproduction of

an old drawing Deevey wrote: ‘‘Fig. 220, the first figure of a corixid water

bug, the axaydcatl, Ahuautlea mexicana de La Llave (? = Krizousacorixa

azteca Jaczewski).’’ The figure, also reproduced in Dibble and Anderson

(1963), presents aquatic insects which look like hybrids between Dytiscidae

and Corixidae, and also possess characters of Gyrinidae, Naucoridae, and

Notonectidae; if they were originally drawn from Corixidae, the result cer-

tainly was not very convincing, and gives no clues for the species in ques-

tion.

Olivares (1964), referring to de la Llave (1832) and Deevey (1957), then

firmly proposed the synonymy of K. femorata with A. mexicana. He had

no new evidence for the identity of A. mexicana, but he very freely inter-

preted de la Llave’s original text and, for instance, claimed that the descrip-

tion referred to ‘‘males with greatly thickened femur’’ (obviously meaning

the foreleg femur, which is greatly thickened in males of Krizousacorixa).

However, de la Llave (1832) did not distinguish characters separately for

males and females, and further, by calling all the segments of the legs as

‘tarsi,’ he described the forelegs as short and thick, consisting of two ‘tarsi,’

of which the second one was spoon-shaped and fringed by hairs (“‘Los don

anteriores son cortos y gruesos compuestos de dos tarsos, de los que el

segundo termina dilatandose en forma algo céncava 6 acucharada, y rodea-

do este Organo por una pestana de cercias’’). Thus, because the first ‘tarsus’

(=femur) was not described any thicker than the second one (=tarsus, ap-

parently including the tibia also), the structure of the forelegs gives no fur-

ther evidence for the identity of the species in question. The characters of

the head and the form of the eyes of A. mexicana, also considered specific

by Olivares (1964), fit in any of the species reported from the ‘‘ahuautle.”’

Thus, no facts remain to support the proposed synonymy.

In the original description of A. mexicana de la Llave (1832) gave one

rather confusing character: a black spot on the pronotum. Such a pronotal

254 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

spot does not appear in any of the species in the ‘‘ahuautle,’’ but yet it

gives a good clue for the genus in question. In both Krizousacorixa and

Corisella, as well as in many other Corixids, the color of the mesonotum

varies from pale to black according to the development of the flight muscles

(cf. Young, 1965). In the genus Krizousacorixa the pronotum is not trans-

lucent, and the darkness of the mesonotum cannot be seen without lifting

the pronotum. In the genus Corisella, in contrast, the pronotum is rather

translucent and darkness of the mesonotum (especially in the main flightless

form which is common and in which the mesonotum is black postero-

medially only) gives the insects an appearance whereby they seem to have

a black spot on the pronotum. Say (1832) did not mention this character in

the original description of C. mercenaria, but in the first redescription of

the species Champion (1901) both mentioned and illustrated it. Rather sur-

prisingly, Champion (1901) did not mention the spot for C. edulis, in which

it is often equally well visible. Thus, it is obvious that de la Llave (1832)

was dealing with a species placed today in the genus Corisella. Of the three

species of Corisella reported from the ‘‘ahuautle,’’ C. tarsalis can be ex-

cluded because it has embrowned hind leg tarsi, and the legs of A. mexicana

were described pale. However, in lack of original specimens it will never

be possible to say which one of the remaining two species was involved. C.

mercenaria seems more probable because it was described only a few

months earlier than A. mexicana, while C. edulis was not described until

some 70 years later; during the past 150 years C. mercenaria seems to have

occurred in Lake Texcoco continuously, but C. edulis has been lacking

from the lake at least periodically (e.g. Ancona, 1933). To clear up the

confusion I hereby designate the specimen already designated as the neo-

type of C. mercenaria, also as the neotype of A. mexicana. This action

fixes Ahuautlea mexicana de la Llave 1832 as a junior objective synonym

of Corixia mercenaria Say 1832.

The generic name Ahuautlea de la Llave 1832 is older than the generic

name Corisella Lundblad 1928. However, the latter is well known and

widely used (e.g. Applegate, 1973; Brooks and Kelton, 1967; Hilsenhoff,

1970; Hungerford, 1948; Jansson, 1976; Lansbury, 1955, 1960; Scudder,

1976; Wilson, 1958; and many others), while the former has appeared only

in the wrong combination as a proposed replacement for Krizousacorixa

(Deevey, 1957; Olivares, 1964; Sailer, 1977). To avoid further confusion

about the matter, I shall write to the Commission on Zoological Nomencla-

ture and ask for suppression of the generic name Ahuautlea in favor of the

generic name Corisella. |

Changes in the names used for the species of Corixidae reported from the

‘‘ahuautle’’ can be summarized as follows (for complete references before

1948 and not included in the literature cited, see Hungerford 1948).

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 205

Corisella edulis (Champion)

Corixa edulis Champion 1901.

Arctocorisa edulis, Kirkaldy 1909.

Arctocorixa edulis, Van Duzee 1917, Hungerford 1925, Blatchley 1926,

Hungerford 1928.

Corisella edulis, Lundblad 1928, 1929, Jaczewski 1931, Millspaugh 1939,

Griffith 1945, Hungerford 1948, Lansbury 1955, Wilson 1958, Olivares

1964, Hilsenhoff 1970.

Corisella mercenaria (Say)

Corixia mercenaria Say 1832.

Ahuautlea mexicana de la Llave 1832, 1862. New Synonymy.

Corixa mercenaria, Fieber 1851, Guérin-Méneville 1857, 1858, 1862, Uh-

ler 1876, Kirkaldy 1898, Champion 1901.

Arctocorisa mercenaria, Kirkaldy 1909.

Arcotocorixa mercenaria, Van Duzee 1917, Blatchley 1926.

Corisella mercenaria, Lundblad 1928, 1929.

Corixa mercenaria, Hungerford 1929.

Corisella mercenaria, Jaczewski 1931, 1933, Ancona 1933, Hungerford

1948, Deevey 1957, Olivares 1964.

Corisella tarsalis (Fieber)

Corisa tarsalis Fieber 1851.

Corixa tumida Uhler 1877.

Corisa tumida, Gillette 1895.

Arctocorisa tarsalis, Kirkaldy 1909.

Arctocorixa tarsalis, Van Duzee 1917.

Sigara tarsalis, Lundblad 1931.

Corisella texcocana Jaczewski 1931, Ancona 1933.

Corisella tumida, Walley 1936.

Corisella tarsalis, Hungerford 1948.

Corisella texcocana, Deevey 1957.

Corisella tarsalis, Brooks & Kelton 1967, Hilsenhoff 1970, Applegate

1973, Jansson 1976, Scudder 1976.

Krizousacorixa azteca Jaczewski

Krizousacorixa azteca Jaczewski 1931, Ancona 1933, Poisson 1935, Hun-

gerford 1948.

Ahuautlea mexicana, Deevey 1957 (erroneous synonymy).

Ahuautlea azteca, Olivares 1964, Sailer 1977 (erroneous combination).

Krizousacorixa femorata (Guérin-Méneville)

Corixa femorata Guérin-Méneville 1857, 1858, 1862, Virlet d’Aoust 1858,

Kirkaldy 1898.

256 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Corixa abdominalis, Champion 1901 (erroneous synonymy).

Arctocorisa femorata, Hungerford 1925.

Corixa femorata, Hungerford 1929.

Krizousacorixa femorata, Hungerford 1930, Jaczewski 1931, Ancona

1933, Hungerford 1948.

Ahuautlea mexicana, Deevey 1957, Olivares 1964, Sailer 1977 (erroneous

synonymy).

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to Dr. G. W. Byers (University of Kansas, Lawrence) for

loan of the Corisella mercenaria material. I also wish to thank Mr. H.

Silfverberg (Zoological Museum, University of Helsinki) for valuable dis-

cussions on the nomenclatorial questions.

Literature Cited

Applegate, R. L. 1973. Corixidae (water boatmen) of South Dakota glacial lake district. Ento-

mol. News, 84:163-170.

Ancona, H. L. 1933. El Ahuautle de Texcoco. Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nacional Mexico,

4:51-69.

Brooks, A. R., and L. A. Kelton. 1967. Aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera of Alberta,

Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (Hemiptera). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada, 51:1-92.

Champion, G. C. 1901. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heter-

optera. Vol. 2:375-383.

Deevey, E. S. 1957. Limnologic studies in Middle America. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts

Sci., 39:217-328.

Dibble, C. E., and A. J. O. Anderson. 1963. Florentine Codex. Book 11—Earthly Things.

Part 12, 297 pp.

Guérin-Méneville, F. E. 1857a. Entomologie appliquée hautle-pain d’insectes. Le Moniteur

Universel, Journal Officiel de ! Empire Frangais, 330:1298.

Guérin-Méneville, F. E. 1857b. Notice. Sociétes savantes; Seance du 23 novembre 1857. Rev.

Mag. Zool. 2° ser., 9:522—526.

Guérin-Méneville, F. E. 1857c. Mémoire sur trois especes Hémiptéres du groupe des punaises

aquatiques, dont les oeufs servent a faire une sorte de pain nomme Hautlé au Mexique.

Soc. Imp. Zool. d’Acclim. 4:578—581.

Guérin-Méneville, F. E. 1858. Pain d’insectes, nommé Ahuautlé au Mexique, fait avec une

farine composé d’oeufs de punaises aquatiques. L’Illustration, Journal Universel, 32:47.

Guérin-Méneville, F. E. 1862. Analyses d’ouvrages nouveaux; Ahuautle, notice par M. de la

Llave, etc. Rev. Mag. Zool. 2° ser., 14:282-—285.

Hilsenhoff, W. L. 1970. Corixidae (water boatmen) of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. Arts

& Letters, 58:203-235.

Hungerford, H. B. 1929. Concerning two of Guérin-Meneville’s types in the National Museum

of Paris (Hemiptera: Notonectidae and Corixidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 6:73-77.

Hungerford, H. B. 1930. New Corixidae from western North America (Hemiptera). Pan-Pac.

Entomol., 7:22—26.

Hungerford, H. B. 1948. The Corixidae of the western hemisphere (Hemiptera). Univ. Kansas

Sci. Bull., 32:1-827.

Jaczewski, T. 1931. Studies on Mexican Corixidae. Ann. Mus. Zool. Polonici, 9:187—230.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 fia #

Jansson, A. 1976. Audiospectrographic analysis of stridulatory signals of some North Amer-

ican Corixidae (Hemiptera). Ann. Zool. Fennici, 13:48-62.

Kirkaldy, G. W. 1898. An economic use for waterbugs. Entomol. Monthly Mag., 34:173-175.

de la Llave, P. 1832. Ahuautle. Registro Trimestre, Mexico, 1:331-—337.

de la Llave, M. (=Monsieur, no initials given). 1962. Ahuautle, notice. French translation by

M. A. Salle, from Registro Trimestre, Mexico 1832. Rev. Mag. Zool. 2° ser., 14:222-

223 and 251-255.

Lansbury, I. 1955. Distributional records of North American Corixidae (Hemiptera: Heter-

optera). Canadian Entomol., 87:474—481.

Lansbury, I. 1960. The Corixidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) of British Columbia. Proc. Ento-

mol. Soc. B.C., 57:34-43.

Lundblad, O. 1928. Drei neue Corixidengattungen. Zool. Anz., 79:148-163.

Olivares, B. R. 1964. A reconsideration of the nomenclature of one of the species of Mexican

Corixid (Hem.), known as ‘Ahuautle.’ Entomol. Monthly Mag., 100:240.

Orozco y Berra, M. 1864. Memoria para la carta hidrografica del Valle de Mexico. Mexico,

Boix, 185 pp.

Sailer, R. E. 1977. Preface to the reprint edition. (In) Hungerford, H. B. 1948: The Corixidae

of the western hemisphere (Hemiptera). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull 32. Reprinted by Ento-

mol. Reprint Specialists, Los Angeles, pp. v—vi.

Say, T. 1832. Descriptions of new species of Heteropterous Hemiptera of North America.

New-Harmony, Indiana, 39 pp.

Scudder, G. G. E. 1976. Water-boatmen of saline waters (Hemiptera: Corixidae). (In) Cheng,

L.: Marine insects. North-Holland Publ. Co., pp. 310-368.

Virlet d’Aoust, M. (=Monsieur, no initials given). 1858. Note: De la formation des oolithes

et des masses nodulaires en général. Bull. Soc. Geol. France 2° ser., 15:187—205.

Wilson, C. A. 1958. Aquatic and semiaquatic Hemiptera of Mississippi. Tulane Stud. Zool.,

6:115-170.

Young, E. C. 1965. The incidence of flight polymorphism in British Corixidae and description

of the morphs. J. Zool., 146:567-576.

LITERATURE NOTICE

The United States Department of Agriculture has recently been publishing

titles in a series entitled Advances in Agricultural Technology. Titles so far

noted have included material on mass rearing techniques, artificial diets,

and various pieces of equipment used in rearing, etc. The series is published

by the USDA, SEA, P.O. Box 53326, New Orleans, LA 70153.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp, 258-260

A NEW SPECIES OF KRIZOUSACORIXA FROM MEXICO

(HETEROPTERA, CORIXIDAE)

ANTTI JANSSON

Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Helsinki,

P. Rautatiekatu 13, SF-00100 Helsinki 10, Finland

When identifying miscellaneous Mexican Corixidae I found a few speci-

mens of Krizousacorixa which did not agree with the descriptions of the

previously known species (cf. Hungerford, 1948). This new species is de-

scribed herein, and compared to the other species of the genus.

Krizousacorixa tolteca, new species

Size.—Length 4.7—-5.6 mm; width of head 1.6—1.75 mm.

Color.—General facies light brown, but dark individuals may exist as in

the related species. Head and legs pale yellow, mesosternum and abdominal

venter smoky to black in males, smoky to yellow in females. Pronotum

crossed by slender, irregular brown lines; in brachypterous individuals their

number 10-12 in males, 6-8 in females. Hemelytra marked with numerous

irregular and much furcated transverse lines which are, especially in the

basal part of clavus, clearly narrower than the pale interspaces. Membrane

separated from the corium by a pale line. Embolium smoky to pale.

Structural characteristics (only brachypterous individuals are known).—

Head broadly inflated in both sexes (Figs. 5—6). Frontal depression of male

broad and shallow. Interocular space about equal to width of an eye; in

dorsal view the space behind eyes broad near the inner angles, but narrows

laterally (Figs. 5-6). Post-nodal pruinose area of fore wings clearly shorter

than middle tibia. Front legs of male as in Fig. 1; femur with 8 rows of

pronounced stridulatory pegs on the expanded base, and dorsally to these

a round patch of very densely inserted hairs surrounded by an area of longer

hairs; pala relatively narrow, broadest beyond the middle. Palar pegs in two

rows; the upper row of about 12 pegs rather curved and with the most distal

peg out of line; lower row of about 5 pegs located in the middle of the row

of lower palmar bristles (Fig. 1). Middle leg femur:tibia:tarsus:claw =

100:43:27:43. Hind leg femur:tibia:tarsus 1:tarsus 2 = 100:94:125:53. Male

abdomen dorsally as in Fig. 2; the fifth abdominal tergite with a prestrigilar

tuft of hairs; strigil small, with 3 combs. The right paramere as in Figs.

3-4.

Comparative notes.—According to the eight individuals from which the

description was drawn, K. tolteca is clearly the smallest species of the

genus. However, as in K. femorata (Guérin-Méneville) and K. azteca Jac-

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 259

Figs. 1-6. Krizousacorixa tolteca n. sp. Fig. 1. Front leg of male. Fig. 2. Dorsal view of

male abdomen. Fig. 3. Genital capsule of male. Fig. 4. Variation in shape of the right para-

mere. Figs. 5-6. Dorsal views of the head, male and female. Figs. 7-9. K. azteca

Jaczewski. Fig. 7. Front leg of male. Figs. 8-9. Dorsal views of the head, male and female.

Figs. 10-12. K. femorata (Guérin-Méneville). Fig. 10. Front leg of male. Figs. 11-12. Dorsal

views of the head, male and female. Scale lines (1 mm) apply as follows: a = Figs. S—6, 8-9,

and 11-12; b = Fig. 2; c = Figs. 1, 3-4, 7, and 10.

260 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

zewski, considerable variation in size of individuals may be possible also in

K. tolteca. The most reliable character that applies to both sexes and readily

separates K. tolteca from the other two, is the length of the post-nodal

pruinose area: It is clearly shorter than the middle tibia in K. tolteca, but

about equally long or even longer than the middle tibia in the others. In

addition, males of the three species are easily recognized by differences in

the arrangement of the palar pegs (Figs. 1, 7 and 10). In preliminary iden-

tification the dorsal view of the head may also be useful (Figs. 5—6, 8—9 and

11-12).

Etymology.—The species is named for one of the old local tribes, the

Toltecs.

Holotype male.—Mexico, Puebla, Lake Alchichios, 18.XII.1948, H. B.

Leech collector. Deposited in the collections of the California Academy of

Sciences, San Francisco.

Paratypes.—1 3 and 1 @, data as the holotype. 1 6 and 1 2 Mexico,

Puebla, Alchichica, 16.VIHI.1974, leg. H. Brailovsky. 2 6d and 1 2 Mex-

ico, Alchichica, 7.1X.1977, Harry Brailovsky Col. The paratypes are de-

posited with the holotype, in Brailovsky collection in Mexico D.F., in N.

Nieser collection in Utrecht, and in my collection in the Zoology Depart-

ment, University of Helsinki.

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the following for loan of material: Dr. P. H. Arnaud

(California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco) and Dr. N. Nieser

(Utrecht, Netherlands).

Literature Cited

Hungerford, H. B. 1948. The Corixidae of the western hemisphere (Hemiptera). Univ. Kansas

Sci. Bull., 32:1-827.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 261-266

LIFE HISTORY OF ZYGOGRAMMA TORTUOSA ROGERS ON THE

RAGWEED, AMBROSIA ERIOCENTRA (GRAY) PAYNE, IN

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

R. D. GOEDEN AND D. W. RICKER

Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of California, Riverside 92521

Zygogramma tortuosa is one of several stenophagous species of phy-

tophagous insects associated with the native perennial ragweed, Ambrosia

eriocentra, in southern California (Goeden and Ricker, 1976b). This leaf

beetle was exported by us to the U.S.S.R. in 1976 for quarantine study by

Dr. O. V. Kovalev, All-Union Institute of Biological Control, Kishinev,

Moldavia, U.S.S.R., as a candidate agent for the biological control of rag-

weeds (Goeden et al., 1974). Unfortunately, the adults defoliated sunflower,

Helianthus annuus L., an important cultivar in Eurasia, in laboratory feed-

ing tests; consequently, the colony of Z. tortuosa was destroyed and no use

was made of this natural enemy in ragweed control in the U.S.S.R. (O. V.

Kovalev, pers. commun.).

We herein describe our ancillary, field, insectary, and laboratory findings

on the life history of this heretofore little-known leaf beetle. Insectary con-

ditions were 27 + 1°C, 40-70% relative humidity, and a 12/12-hr (light/dark)

photoperiod.

Distribution and host plant.—Linell (1896) gave the range of Z. tortuosa

as Arizona and New Mexico. We studied field populations at the following

Mojave Desert locations in northeastern San Bernardino Co.: Cedar Can-

yon, Hackberry Mountain, and Mountain Pass. In southern California, these

beetles, like their host plant, are largely confined to sandy or gravelly wash-

es at ca. 800-1600 m elevations in or near the following types of plant

communities described in Munz (1974): Creosote Bush Scrub, Joshua Tree

Woodland, and Pinyon-Juniper Woodland.

Our faunistic studies of ragweeds in southern California indicated that Z.

tortuosa is a true monophage, whose only natural host plant is A. eriocentra

(Goeden and Ricker, 1976b). In the insectary, Z. tortuosa additionally has

been reared from egg to adult on potted specimens of Ambrosia chenopo-

diifolia (Bentham) Payne, A. confertiflora Decandolle, A. dumosa (Gray)

Payne, A. ilicifolia (Gray) Payne, A. psilostachya Decandolle, and A.

pumila (Nuttall) Gray. None of these ragweeds is attacked by Z. tortuosa

in nature (Goeden and Ricker, 1975, 1976a, 1976c). :

Biology .—Egg.—The egg (Fig. la) is oblong and yellow-orange to salmon

pink. The chorion is sub-lustrous and finely and regularly punctate. Fifty

262 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. 1. Life stages of Zygogramma tortuosa. (a) egg mass, 10x, (b) newly hatched larvae,

5x, (c) third instar and feeding damage on leaf of Ambrosia eriocentra, 5X, (d) mature, fourth

instar, 7X, (e) pupal cell, rule divided into mm, (f) adult female, 6x, (g) immature ovaries of

newly emerged female, 10, (h) adults in copula, 4x.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 263

eggs averaged (+S.D.) 1.36 + 0.05 mm in length and 0.60 + 0.03 mm in

greatest width.

In the field, eggs usually were laid on end at an angle in elongate clusters

along the midribs on the undersides of the distal halves of the laminae of

the younger, more apical leaves (Fig. la). Mature leaves also bore eggs.

Each egg was firmly affixed with a clear, mucilaginous secretion to the leaf

surface. An average of 7.9 + 3.7 (range: 2-21) eggs were counted in 139

clusters examined in the field. Only 2 (0.2%) of 1083 eggs examined were

laid singly. The incubation period was 3-4 days under insectary conditions.

Larva.—There are four instars. The larvae are cyphosomatic, slightly

C-shaped, and legged. They generally are sluggish in their locomotion,

which is aided by abdominal terminalia modified as a protrusible ‘‘proleg.’’

Their general body color is yellowish-white and is derived from the copious

fatty tissue that accumulates beneath the thin, semi-transparent, unsclero-

tized integument of the thorax and abdomen. The head capsule is dark

yellow. The antennae, legs, mouthparts, and spiracles are more heavily

sclerotized and darkened. The head capsule widths of 15 each, first—-fourth

instars averaged: 0.55 + 0.004 mm, 0.80 + 0.010 mm, 1.16 + 0.017 mm,

and 1.55 + 0.014 mm, respectively.

Larvae hatched concurrently from the same egg mass (Fig. 1b). The newly

eclosed larvae rested on or near their discarded chorions until their exo-

skeletons hardened. They then moved to and immediately began to feed, at

first somewhat gregariously, on the younger, terminal foliage. Second in-

stars began to feed as scattered individuals. Older larvae solitarily fed on

the margins of the blades of both young and old leaves. Irregular, slightly

ragged, elongate incisions were made along the leaf margins, though the

midribs usually remained uneaten (Fig. 1c). Larval feeding also was evi-

denced by the brownish-black, stringy feces that littered attacked foliage.

In nature, individual plants rarely were severly defoliated, because field

populations of Z. tortuosa seldom were high and feeding was dispersed.

In isolated insectary rearings on bouquets of fresh branch terminals of A.

eriocentra, larval development by 15 individuals lasted 20 + 3 (range: 13-

22) days. An average of 8 + 3 (range: 1-11) days (ca. 40%) of the last part

of this period was spent at rest on a leaf as a nonfeeding, fourth instar. The

first larval stadium lasted 2-3 days; the second stadium, 1—2 days; the third

stadium, 1-5 days; and the fourth stadium, 5—17 days. The larvae grew in

length from 1.5—2.5 mm as first instars to 4—-6.5 mm as fourth instars. Moult-

ing usually occurred on leaves. The mature larvae (Fig. 1d) became posi-

tively geotactic and crawled or dropped to the ground and tunneled into the

soil.

Pupa.—No pupae were observed in nature. In moist, sandy, potting soil

in cagings in the insectary, 24 prepupae formed spherical pupal cells of

compacted, not glued, soil particles (Fig. le) that measured 6.1 + 0.8 (range:

264 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

4.6—7.8) mm in diameter. The pupal stadium lasted 4-5 days. An additional

4-5 days were spend hidden in the soil, first as prepupae, then as newly

formed, fully sclerotized and pigmented adults.

Adult .—The adult (Fig. 1f) is an attractive, ferrugineous beetle with pearly

white and black-patterned elytra. The posterior margin of the fifth abdominal

sternite is weakly trilobed in the male, smoothly rounded in the female.

Both sexes emerged concurrently and in approximately equal numbers from

insectary rearings (1:1.4, females:males, n = 223). Newly emerged females

did not mate and were sexually immature (Fig. 1g). In nature, these new

adults emerge and feed actively on leaves for 1-2 weeks, then scatter, and

bury themselves at unknown depths, presumably in the sandy soil of the

desert washes containing their host plants.

After feeding on the foliage of potted A. eriocentra in the insectary, 74

newly formed beetles buried themselves separately in the potting soil at a

mean depth of 35 + 12.7 (range: 5-60) mm. Females dug from the soil

showed no oogenesis upon dissection (Fig. 1g). Twenty pairs (1 male, 1

female) of newly formed beetles also were held in the insectary in separate

cages provided with bouquets of fresh A. psilostachya foilage, renewed

weekly, but no soil as a hibernation medium. Under these conditions, 19

males lived an average of 106 + 40 (range: 36-172) weeks; 16 females, 131 +

50 (range: 34-197) weeks. These data exclude beetles that died accidentally

or escaped. At intervals of 1-10 months, the survivors resumed feeding for

1 to several weeks and then became inactive again.

In mid-January, 1974, we carefully excavated ca. %4 m? of loose sand and

gravel to a depth of ca. 20 cm from beneath an isolated clump of A. eri-

ocentra at the Hackberry Mountain site that had borne many larvae and

adults the previous fall. Only 1 dead, but intact beetle was found at a depth

of 43 mm, indicating that the beetles scattered and did not concentrate

beneath their host plants for hibernation. Diapausing in scattered locations

serves to spread the risk of accidental death in their unstable, harsh envi-

ronment, which is subject to flash flooding and severe erosion following

moderate to heavy, seasonal rainfall. |

Sixteen, overwintered, feeding and mating females field-collected from

plants on July 25, 1974, before oviposition had begun, were caged sepa-

rately, each with a male and a bouquet of A. eriocentra (renewed daily), in

the insectary. The beetles laid 145 + 67 (range: 21-242) eggs during a 10.5 +

2.6 (range: 7—-18)-day oviposition period. Based only on days when females

oviposited, they laid 15.8 + 11.9 (range: 1-48) eggs daily. These females

were observed in copula (Fig. lh) an average of 3 (range: 0-7) times and

lived an average of 2 (range: 0-12) days after they ceased oviposition.

Beetle flight only was observed once in the field. Here, a beetle crawled

to the apex of a vertical branch at mid-day on September 3, 1975, and took

flight in still air. It flew over 2 large A. eriocentra at ca. 1-m height, up the

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 265

wash, and out of sight. Most beetles observed in the field during the day

were individuals at rest in sun or shade on leaves and stems, where copu-

lation also occurred (Fig. Ih).

Host specificity.—Forty, newly hatched larvae were individually trans-

ferred with a fine, camel hair brush to the leaves of each of 6, potted ca. 30-

cm tall, vegetative, sunflower shoots in ventilated, glass-topped, 34 x 32 x

35-cm, sleeve cages in the insectary. All but 4 of the larvae died as first

instars, and the survivors died as new second instars after they had vacated

the plant. Sixteen (40%) of 40 larvae similarly transferred as a check to a

potted A. eriocentra subsequently were recovered as adults. Therefore, it

is doubtful that Z. tortuosa would have reproduced on sunflowers in Russia.

Both overwintered, sexually mature beetles and newly emerged, imma-

ture adults fed readily on leaves of bouquets of sunflower shoots in the

insectary (3 replicates of 8 beetles each). As a further test, 150, 100, and

100 overwintered, field-collected, sexually mature beetles were individually

transferred on 3 separate days, respectively, in August, 1977, to leaves of

6 sunflower plants (81-112 cm in height) grown in a 1.1-m row out-of-doors

at Riverside. After 1 or 2 days in all 3 trials, no beetles remained on these

plants; moreover, no feeding or oviposition by Z. tortuosa occurred. There-

fore, it is questionable whether Z. tortuosa would have attacked sunflower

if released in-the field in Russia. However, the induced feeding obtained

there on sunflower in the laboratory caused sufficient concern to reject this

beetle as a biological control agent.

Seasonal history.—Beetle emergence, feeding, and maturation is trig-

gered by mid-summer/early-fall rainfall sufficient to cause water flow in the

desert washes. This activity occurs regardless of the condition of the A.

eriocentra present, i.e., abundant host-plant foliage generated by ample

winter moisture will be unexploited if no mid-summer/early-fall rainfall stim-

ulates beetle emergence and reproduction. Similarly, if rainfall is too light,

beetle emergence may be limited, and oviposition also limited or absent,

again, even in the presence of abundant host-plant foliage. If no rainfall

occurs or no water flows from higher areas receiving rain in a wash con-

taining diapausing beetles, they presumably remain underground for an ad-

ditional year. Judging from their insectary longevity and observed field be-

havior, their diapause may extend for 2 or 3 (possibly more) years under

extreme drought conditions.

Zygogramma tortuosa is univoltine, at best, in southern California. Beetle

emergence, mating, and initial oviposition were observed in late-July

through September, 1971-72, 1974-78, at those study sites where detectable

rainfall and water run-off had occurred during the previous 1-2 weeks. Lar-

vae and F, beetles were present in early-August through mid-October.

Mortality factors.—No parasites were reared from egg masses collected

in the field. Larvae and adults of Z. tortuosa accidentally cannibalized eggs.

266 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Egg predation by adults of Hippodamia convergens Guerin (Coleoptera:

Coccinellidae) was observed repeatedly. Moreover, Nabis americoferus

Carayon (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Nabidae) was a suspected egg predator

as well as a confirmed predator on young larvae. An adult of Sinea confusa

Caudell (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Reduviidae) was observed preying on an

adult Z. tortuosa. Doryphorophaga doryphorae (Riley) (Diptera: Tachini-

dae) was reared from a prepupae collected as an early instar in the field.

Acknowledgments

Zygogramma tortuosa was identified by Dr. R. E. White, Systematic

Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, USDA, % U.S. National Museum of Nat-

ural History, Washington, D.C. The entomophagous insects were identified

by Drs. R. D. Gordon, J. L. Herring, and C. W. Sabrosky, same address.

Literature Cited

Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1975. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed,

Ambrosia confertiflora, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 4:301-306.

Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1976a. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed,

Ambrosia dumosa, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 5:45—50.

Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1976b. The phytophagous insect faunas of ragweeds,

Ambrosia chenopodiifolia, A. eriocentra, and A. ilicifolia, in southern California. En-

viron. Entomol., 5:923—930.

Goeden, R. D., and D. M. Ricker. 1976c. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed,

Ambrosia psilostachya, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 5:1169—1177.

Goeden, R. D., O. V. Kovalev, and D. W. Ricker. 1974. Arthropods exported from California

to the U.S.S.R. for ragweed control. Weed Sci., 22:156-158.

Linell, M. L. 1896. A short review of the Chrysomelas of North America. J. New York

Entomol. Soc., 4:195—200.

Munz, P. A. 1974. A Flora of Southern California. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, Los

Angeles, London, 1086 pp.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 267—272

NEW CERAMBYCIDAE FROM HONDURAS (COLEOPTERA)

JOHN A. CHEMSAK AND E. G. LINSLEY

University of California, Berkeley 94720

In conjunction with our studies to make the cerambycid fauna of Hon-

duras better known, a number of undescribed species were encountered.

Some of the more obvious ones are described below to supplement a list

presenting records of some Cerambycidae from Honduras which is in press.

We are grateful to E. Giesbert and J. V. Mankins for making their spec-

imens available for description. This study was carried out in conjunction

with a National Science Foundation sponsored study on North American

Cerambycidae through Grant DEB 76-23849 AO1.

Types are deposited at the California Academy of Sciences, San Fran-

CISCO.

Lophalia auricomis, new species

Male.—Form moderate sized, slightly tapering; integument black, each

elytron with two glabrous, slightly elevated, longitudinal, yellowish vittae.

Head with front with a median impunctate area; vertex flattened, contig-

uously punctate; pubescence moderately dense, dark, erect; antennae stout,

extending a little beyond elytra, segments minutely, densely punctate, seg-

ments to fifth densely clothed with dark, suberect and subdepressed setae,

remaining segments with a few setae at apices. Pronotum about as long as

broad, sides shallowly rounded; apex narrower than base, base narrowly

impressed; disk with punctures moderately coarse, dense, except for a gla-

brous longitudinal median line; pubescence golden, appressed, transverse,

moderately dense; prosternum barely impressed, irregularly punctate,

densely pubescent, intercoxal process abruptly declivous, coxal cavities

open behind; mesosternum minutely, densely punctate, densely golden pu-

bescent; metasternum medially subglabrous, sides densely, minutely punc-

tate, densely golden pubescent, intercoxal process elevated above coxae,

abruptly declivous. Elytra less than 2!2 times as long as broad; each elytron

with a broad, glabrous, subsutural longitudinal yellowish vitta and a narrow

submarginal one beginning behind humerus and not attaining apex; basal

punctures coarse, separated, becoming finer and denser toward apex; each

puncture giving rise to a rather short, depressed, dark seta; apices sinuate-

truncate, outer angle usually dentate. Legs slender, rather coarsely punc-

tate; front tibiae densely clothed with short suberect pubescence. Abdomen

finely densely punctate and pubescent at sides, broad median area very

268 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

sparsely punctate; last sternite truncate to shallowly-emarginate at apex.

Length, 14-15 mm.

Female.—Form more robust. Antennae about as long as body. Abdomen

with last sternite broadly truncate at apex. Length, 16 mm.

Holotype male, allotype from Yoro, Yoro, Honduras, 28 December 1977

(J. V. Mankins). Paratypes, all from Honduras as follows: 1 6, same data

as types; 1 6, 1 2, El Taladro, La Paz, 26 December 1977 (Mankins); 1

2, Omoa, Cortes, 30 December 1977 (Mankins).

This species differs from others presently in the genus Lophalia by the

transverse, appressed, golden pubescence of the pronotum.

Tragidion cyanovestis, new species

Male.—Form elongate, cylindrical, sides tapering at middle; integument

black, elytra orange; pubescence black with strong turquoise reflections in

oblique light, pale on elytra. Head very finely, densely punctate, densely

clothed with short, erect, dark pubescence; antennae extending about four

segments beyond elytra, segments slightly expanded at apices, laterally car-

inate, subglabrous, eleventh elongate, appendiculate. Pronotum broader

than long, sides with small, obtuse tubercles; disk convex, with a vague

callus on each side of middle; punctures rather fine, very dense, pubescence

dense, subdepressed and suberect; prosternum impressed, densely punctate

and pubescent; meso- and metasternum densely, minutely punctate, densely

pubescent. Elytra more than 22 times as long as basal width, sides gradually

impressed behind basal one-fourth; each elytron with three elevated costae

beginning at base and ending before apex; surface subopaque, finely, sparse-

ly punctate; pubescence minute, appressed; apices rounded. Legs slender;

posterior femora not attaining elytral apices; posterior tibiae expanding to-

ward apices, with a dense brush of sub-erect hairs over apical one-half.

Abdomen minutely, densely punctate, finely, moderately densely pubes-

cent; last sternite broadly subtruncate at apex. Length, 17-23 mm.

Female.—Form similar. Antennae extending a little beyond middle of

elytra, outer segments abbreviated. Abdomen with last sternite broadly

truncate, internal setal brush evident. Length, 20-24 mm.

Holotype male, allotype from Zamorano, F. Morazan, Honduras, 3 June

1975 (E.A.P.), 25 July 1977 (J. V. Mankins). Paratypes, all from Honduras,

as follow: 2 ¢¢6, Zamorano, 19 February 1977 (E.A.P.), 12 August 1978

(Mankins); 1 ¢d, 2 292, El Taladro, La Paz, 3 September 1978 (Mankins),

23 July 1978 (Mankins); 1 ¢, La Paz, La Paz, 21 July 1978 (Mankins); 1

3,2 2°, Siguatepeque, Comayagua, 5 June 1976 (Mankins, Flores); 1 @,

Tegucigalpa, Distrito Central, 21 May 1978 (Mankins); 2 646, Lago Yojoa,

Santa Barbara, 10 September 1978 (Mankins).

In addition to the rather slender, tapering form, this species is distinctive

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 269

by having all of the dark pubescence emit strong turquoise reflections in

oblique light.

Corynellus cinnabarinus, new species

Female.—Form moderate sized, broad, flattened; integument black, shin-

ing, most of head, pronotum and elytra reddish. Head with front short,

coarsely, irregularly punctate; vertex densely clothed with fine recumbent,

reddish pubescence; antennal tubercles obtuse, black; antennae extending

to about apical 4 of elytra, segments tapering toward apex; scape clothed

with long erect black hairs, segments to seventh with numerous long hairs—

mostly beneath, scape longer than third segment, fourth subequal to third,

fifth longer than fourth but shorter than first, eleventh appendiculate. Prono-

tum broader than long, sides broadly rounded; disk with a broad depression

on each side of middle behind apical margin; punctures moderately coarse,

well separated; pubescence reddish to orange, appressed, denser at sides,

longer erect hairs numerous; prosternum barely impressed, almost impunc-

tate, intercoxal process narrow, flat, coxal cavities wide open behind; meso-

and metasternum shining, subglabrous. Elytra rather strongly expanding

from behind humeri; basal punctures moderately coarse, dense, becoming

finer toward apex; pubescence dense, fine, appressed, reddish, with nu-

merous long, erect hairs interspersed; apices rounded. Legs short, shining,

sparsely punctate and pubescent; tibiae arcuate. Abdomen shining, sparsely

punctate and pubescent, tapering strongly toward apex; last sternite trun-

cate at apex. Length, 11-13 mm.

Holotype female from San Isidro, Comayagua, Honduras, 16 July 1978

(J. V. Mankins). One female paratype from 45 km S Tela, Yoro, Honduras,

25-27 May 1978 (E. Giesbert). Also tentatively assigned as this species is

one female from Turrialba, Costa Rica, 2-4 February 1978 (E. Giesbert).

This specimen differs by having a broad black longitudinal band on the

pronotum and a black scutellum.

C. cinnabarinus differs from other known Corynellus by the reddish col-

oration and more broadly explanate elytra.

Anelaphus giesberti, new species

Male.—Form moderate sized, sides parallel; integument reddish brown,

head and pronotum darker. Head moderately, coarsely, irregularly, con-

fluently punctate; antennal tubercles flattened, obtuse; palpi with apical seg-

ments dilated, triangular; pubescence yellowish, depressed, rather sparse,

dense in eye emarginations, on apex of antennal tubercles, and narrowly

along outside of face; eyes coarsely faceted, deeply emarginate, upper lobes

small; antennae slender, 11-segmented, slightly longer than body, segments

3 to 5 spined at apices, spine of segment 4 small, that of fifth segment

270 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

minute, segments non-carinate, scape cylindrical, longer than third segment,

fourth slightly shorter than third, segments to sixth with a fringe of long

suberect hairs beneath, basal segments sparsely pubescent, segments from

about sixth moderately densely clothed with very short, yellowish, de-

pressed pubescence. Pronotum slightly broader than long, sides broadly

rounded; apex and base very narrowly impressed; disk convex, slightly

shining, coarsely, confluently punctate, center with a slightly elevated, often

irregular, more sparsely punctate callus; pubescence yellowish, appressed,

rather sparse except for small patches at sides before middle and usually

three basal patches, long erect hairs sparsely interspersed at sides; proster-

num impressed, coarsely, shallowly punctate over apical two-thirds, pubes-

cence fine, pale, appressed, with longer suberect hairs interspersed, coxal

cavities narrowly open behind; mesosternum barely punctate, finely pubes-

cent; metasternum glabrous medially, densely pubescent toward sides. Scu-

tellum densely yellow pubescent. Elytra about 2.75 times longer than broad;

basal punctures moderately coarse, contiguous, becoming finer and sparser

from behind middle to apex; pubescence short, erect, with longer hairs

interspersed toward apex, condensed whitish patches present at base inside

of humeri, smaller patches scattered over surface becoming more numerous

behind middle; apices truncate, outer angles dentiform. Legs moderate; fem-

ora carinate dorsally at apices; tibiae carinate. Abdomen minutely punctate

with large punctures interspersed; pubescence moderately dense, short and

appressed and long and suberect; last sternite broadly rounded at apex.

Length, 12-15 mm.

Female.—Form similar. Antennae about as long as body. Abdomen with

last sternite rounded at apex. Length, 13-15 mm.

Holotype male from 45 km S Tela, Dept. Yoro, Honduras, 800 m, 25-27

May 1978 (E. Giesbert). Paratypes as follow: 1 6,3 2° 2, same data as type;

2466,3 28, Peten, Tikal, Guatemala, 13 March 1956, 5 and 9 April 1956

(I. J. Cantrall), 20 May 1956 (T. H. Hubbell).

This species differs from other known Anelaphus by the yellowish pu-

bescence of the head and pronotum, erect pubescence of the elytra with

scattered white condensed patches, and the truncate elytral apices with the

outer angles dentiform.

The white patches of the elytra vary in number in the type series.

Peranoplium inornatum, new species

Male.—Form moderate sized, subparallel; integument dark reddish-

brown; pubescence moderate, grayish, short. Head moderately coarsely,

confluently punctate; pubescence moderately dense, short, appressed, me-

dian line vague, extending onto vertex; antennae shorter than body, third

segment with a short tooth, remaining segments unarmed, third segment

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 271

longer than scape, fourth equal to third, fifth longer than fourth, basal seg-

ments moderately densely clothed with pale depressed pubescence, outer

segments densely clothed with very fine short pubescence, segments five to

ten with small apical poriferous areas at outside margins. Pronotum slightly

broader than long, sides feebly rounded; disk coarsely, shallowly alveolate-

punctate; pubescence moderate, depressed, sides with several long erect

hairs; prosternum barely impressed, sparsely punctate over basal two-

thirds, sparsely pubescent, coxal cavities closed behind; meso- and meta-

sternum coarsely, contiguously punctate, moderately densely clothed with

recumbent pubescence; scutellum densely clothed with white recumbent

pubescence except for median line. Elytra a little more than 24 times longer

than broad; basal punctures coarse, contiguous, becoming finer and shallow

over apical one-half; pubescence moderately dense, subdepressed and re-

curved, hairs shorter than length of second antennal segment, each elytron

with four longitudinal rows of suberect yellowish hairs; apices rounded.

Legs densely pubescent, densely punctate; tibiae carinate. Abdomen finely,

densely, shallowly punctate, moderately densely pubescent; last sternite

subtruncate at apex. Length, 11-13 mm.

Female.—Form similar. Antennae extending to about second abdominal

segment. Length, 11-12 mm.

Holotype male from El Taladro, near La Paz, La Paz, Honduras, 12

February 1978 (J. V. Mankins). Paratypes as follow: 1 3, same data as type;

1 3, 1 2, Siguatepeque, Honduras, 5 September 1976 (J.V.M.), 26 June

1978 (Rosales); 1 2, Zamorano, Honduras, 23 December 1977 (J.V.M.); 5

2 2, Zamorano, 9 September 1978 (J.V.M.).

This species is distinguished by the dark reddish brown integument and

short, pale, recurved pubescence. The rows of suberect golden pubescence

on the elytra are similar to those of piceum Chemsak but inornatum differs

by having the pubescence shorter than the second antennal segment.

Strangalia hondurae, new species

Female.—Form moderate sized, strongly tapering posteriorly; integument

black, basal margin of pronotum and elytra orange-brown, legs except tarsi

orange-yellow, underside with orange patches on metasternum and abdo-

men, elytra narrowly black on lateral margins. Head with front elongate,

frons finely, densely punctate, sparsely pubescent; vertex finely, densely

punctate, with larger punctures interspersed, pubescence sparse; antennae

extending to about second abdominal segment, segments from sixth thick-

ened, opaque, poriferous areas small. Pronotum slightly shorter than basal

width, sides slightly sinuate; apex narrowly, broadly impressed; disk covex,

shining, punctures very sparse, fine; pubescence sparse, very short, with

several long erect hairs at sides; prosternum narrowly impressed before

212 . PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

coxae, finely punctate posteriorly, subglabrous over apical two thirds; meso-

and metasternum finely, densely punctate, densely clothed with short de-

pressed pubescence. Elytra less than three times as long as broad, sides

narrowing before middle; punctures fine, dense, separated; pubescence

short, dark, depressed; apices emarginate truncate, angles denate. Legs

slender, finely pubescent; posterior tarsi elongate. Abdomen finely, sparsely

punctate and pubescent; last sternite lightly impressed at apex; last tergite

notched at apex, apices acute. Length, 16 mm.

Holotype female from Sigautepeque, Honduras, 8 March 1977 (C. Majia).

This species superficially resembles S. opleri Chemsak and Linsley from

Costa Rica. The two may be easily separated, however, by the densely

punctate and pubescent pronotum of opleri.

Tetraopes mankinsi, new species

Female.—Form moderate sized, robust; integument black, head red,

pronotum reddish except for umbone, an apical and basal median spot, small

spots beneath lateral tubercles, apical and basal margins with black bands

extending up from underside partially onto disk, elytra orange, humeri with

rectangular dorsal black patches, each elytron with a moderately broad,

oblique black band at middle, bands not attaining lateral margins or suture.

Head with front moderately coarsely, rather sparsely punctate; vertex

slightly concave, sparsely punctate; pubescence fine, short, grayish, denser

around eyes and cheeks, long, erect, black setae rising out of each puncture;

antennae black, shorter than body, tapering apically, segments to about

eighth lightly cinereous pubescent beneath, long erect setae decreasing in

number toward apex. Pronotum broader than long, sides with prominent,

obtuse tubercles; umbone abruptly elevated, prominent, longer than broad,

deliminated posteriorly by a deep transverse sulcus; punctures sparse, each

bearing an erect black seta, umbone densely punctate at middle, erect hairs

forming a dense brush; pubescence cinereous, dense, fine; prosternum nar-

row, densely cinereously pubescent; meso- and metasternum densely pu-

bescent. Elytra about twice as long as broad; punctures fine, sparse, each

bearing an erect dark seta, setae decreasing in length toward apex; cinereous

pubescence very short, dense, not obscuring surface; apices rounded. Legs

short, densely pubescent. Abdomen densely pubescent, long, suberect hairs

sparse; last sternite vaguely impressed longitudinally. Length, 12 mm.

Holotype female from Comayagua, Honduras, 4 June 1978 (Rosales).

Paratypes as follow: 1 3d, Siguatepeque, Honduras, 25 June 1975 (J.V.M.);

1 2, San Salvador, El Salvador, 23 May 1960 (J. Bechyne).

The distinctive black markings of the pronotum and elytra will separate

this species from other known Tetraopes.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 273-278

A NEW SPECIES OF DRYWOOD TERMITE FROM SOUTHWESTERN

NORTH AMERICA (ISOPTERA: KALOTERMITIDAE)

MICHAEL K. RUST

Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of California, Riverside 92521

Field surveys of insects associated with the shrub jojoba, Simmondsia

chinensis (Link) C. K. Sneid., conducted by Dr. John Pinto and Saul From-

mer of the University of California, Riverside, revealed a heretofore un-

known species of drywood termite of the genus Incisitermes Krishna. The

habits of this new species differ from most of the other Incisitermes in that

it infests living plants (as do some species of Neotermes Holmgren). The

primary gallery extends through the living trunk and stems and occasionally

into dead limbs. Other southwestern Incisitermes are most frequently found

within dead portions of cacti, shrubs, and trees. Colonies of the new species

have also been found within living sugar-bush, Rhus ovata Wats., in close

proximity to infested jojoba. Only on a single occasion has this new species

been found solely within dead wood.

Incisitermes fruticavus, new species

(Figs. 1-9)

Description based on 27 imagoes and 84 soldiers preserved in alcohol.

Imago.—Head.—Epicranium and genae light yellowish brown with a few

stiff, short bristles. Frons yellowish brown grading to sordid brown ante-

riorly with a row of evenly spaced stiff bristles along the anterior margin

and with broad brownish black ridge extending from anterior dorsal margin

of antennal sockets medially (Figs. 1, 2). Clypeus whitish with translucent

margins. Labrum large, brownish, strongly convex with a few stiff, yellow-

ish bristles. Compound eyes large, black, less than width of eye distant from

ventral margin of the head and one-fourth width of eye distant from antennal

sockets. Ocelli nearly touching compound eyes; one-half length of eyes in

diameter. Scape, pedicel and flagellum light yellowish brown; flagellum with

14-16 segments (ca. 2.7 mm long), about 2.1x as long as head capsule.

Basiflagellomere slightly more elongate than other segments and darker yel-

lowish brown.

Thorax.—Dorsum light yellowish brown. Pleural region whitish. Prono-

tum 1.6x broader than long with shallow emarginations anteriorly and pos-

teriorly (Fig. 3). Tibial spurs 3:3:3 and arolia absent. Wing membrane hya-

line, veins along anterior margin light brown.

Abdomen.—Dorsum light yellowish brown. Venter whitish with pale yel-

lowish tinge.

274 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 1-3. Incisitermes fruticavus, new species, structural details of imago morphotype.

1, dorsal aspect of head. 2, right lateral aspect of head. 3, dorsal aspect of pronotum. Scale

a—Fig. 3; Scale b—Figs. 1-2.

Measurements in mm (N = 27) Mean S.D. Range

Length of head to base of mandibles 1.29 0.06 1.17-1.39

Width of head L235 0.03 1.15-1.30

Diameter of eye 0.33 0.02 0.29-0.37

Distance from eye to ventral margin 0.25 0.03 0.19—0.33

Length of ocellus 0.17 0.02 0.13-0.19

Length of right basiflagellomere 0.16 0.02 0.13-0.23

Width of right basiflagellomere 0.11 0.01 0.10-0.12

Maximum length of pronotum 0.89 0.05 0.81—-1.00

Width of pronotum 1.45 0.06 1.31-1.58

Length of body with wings 14.93 Lily 13.20—-18.84

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 275

8 9

b 1mm JOKR,

Pe aoe ee oe

Figs. 4-9. Incisitermes fruticavus, new species, structural details of soldier holotype. 4,

dorsal aspect of head. 5, right lateral aspect of head. 6, dorsal aspect of right antennal ridge

and basal segments. 7, dorsal aspect of clypeus and labrum. 8, right lateral aspect of prono-

tum. 9, dorsal aspect of pronotum. Scale a—Figs. 4, 5, 9; Scale b—6-8.

Measurements in mm (N = 27) Mean SD. Range

Length of body without wings 7.61 0.79 6.08—9.12

Length of forewing

from humeral suture 11.94 0.83 10.64—14.88

Width of forewing 3.63 0.23 3.28-4.16

Soldier.—Head.—Epicranium and genae light reddish brown with a few

276 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

stiff, short bristles. Frons light reddish brown grading to dark brown ante-

riorly with several long hairs along anterior margin. Antennal sockets with

dorsal margin forming a protruding blackish crest (Figs. 4-6) and anterior

dorsal margin forming a broad blackish ridge extending medially. Clypeus

whitish. Labrum brownish 1.5 broader than long with numerous short and

3-4 longer hairs on dorsal apex (Fig. 7). Base of mandibles dark reddish

brown grading to black anteriorly. Compound eyes small, elliptical and

translucent, 1.5 width of eye distant from margin of antennal socket. Ped-

icel and scape blackish brown. Basiflagellomere 2.17 longer than wide,

length equal to next 3 segments, dark reddish brown basally fading brownish

tinge in distal fourth, distal third enlarged with numerous long brownish

hairs (Fig. 6). Flagellum with 10-12 segments (holotype = 12), extending 2—

3 segments beyond the tip of mandibles.

Thorax.—Pronotum dark reddish brown; dorsum and pleural areas with

faint reddish brown tinge. Pronotum as broad as head, anterior margin

emarginate and reflexed dorsad, lateral margins smoothly curved.

Abdomen.—Dorsum and venter faint sordid reddish brown.

Measurements in mm (N = 84) Mean ay. Range Holotype

Length of head to base of mandibles 2.38 0.16 1.92-2.81 2.29

Width of head 1.74 0.09 1.50—1.92 be)

Length of left mandible 1.53 0.10 1.27-1.73 1.50

Width of postmentum at

widest point 0.63 0.04 0.56-0.75 0.58

Width of postmentum at

narrowest point 0.35 0.04 0.27-0.46 0.37

Length of postmentum 1.47 0.17 1.23-1.88 1.44

Length of right basiflagellomere 0.36 0.03 0.28-0.44 0.35

Width of right basiflagellomere 0.16 0.01 0.14-0.19 0.16

Maximum length of pronotum 1.18 0.10 0.92-1.56 1.19

Width of pronotum 1.72 0.10 1.46-1.92 1.67

Ratio of head length: width 1.37 0.10 1.10-1.59 1.34

Ratio of basiflagellomere

length: width 2.17 0.20 1.72-2.64 2.19

Ratio of pronotum length: width 0.69 0.05 0.59-0.77 0.71

Holotype soldier, 1.1 mi N Aguanga, CA, 116°52’W 33°27’'N, 658 m (2160

ft), January 3, 1978, collected from jojoba, S. chinensis by M. K. Rust and

R. H. Scheffrahn.

Paratype soldiers (collected from jojoba unless otherwise noted); 16 sol-

diers from same colony as holotype and 3 and 7 soldiers from other colonies,

same locality and date as holotype, M. K. Rust and R. H. Scheffrahn; 5.6

mi S Sage, CA, Riverside Co., 116°54’W 33°31'N 701 m (2300 ft); 2 soldiers,

28 April 1977; 3 soldiers, 5 May 1977; 2 soldiers, 10 May 1977, M. K. Rust;

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 Zit

2 soldiers, 16 December 1977, C. Barbour and R. E. Wagner; 2, 4, 5, 7 and

15 soldiers from separate colonies and 13 soldiers from sugarbush, R. ovata,

19 February 1978, M. K. Rust and R. H. Scheffrahn.

Paratype imagoes (collected from jojoba); 5.6 mi S Sage, CA, Riverside

Co., 116°54'W 33°31'N 701 m (2300 ft), 21 imagoes 30 June 1977, M. K.

Rust and D. A. Reierson. Six imagoes differentiated in laboratory from

colony collected on 19 February 1978 by M. K. Rust and R. H. Scheffrahn.

Holotype, 3 paratypes, and 3 paratype imagoes in collection of American

Museum of Natural History, New York; 3 paratypes and 3 paratype imagoes

in collection of both California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco and

United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.; 74 paratypes and 18

paratype imagoes in collection of University of California, Riverside.

Since soldiers and alates of many Incisitermes species generally lack sin-

gle diagnostic characters, I. fruticavus was named for the peculiar habit of

infesting living shrubs (frutex = L., shrubs and cavus = to hollow out).

In the past 30 years only two papers have dealt with the systematics of

North American termites. Snyder (1949) in his world catalog determined

several synonyms of southwestern United States species. In his generic

revision of the family Kalotermitidae, Krishna (1961) established several

new genera. Three species of southwestern termites, Kalotermes arizonen-

sis Snyder, K. banksi Snyder and K. minor Hagen, were transferred from

Kalotermes Hagen to Incisitermes Krishna.

The soldier of J. banksi (cotype of Kalotermes lighti Snyder = banksi

was based on two soldiers, neither specimen was designated as holotype by

Snyder (1926)) is smaller than that of I. fruticavus with length of the head

to the base of the mandibles 1.82 mm. The 9-10 flagellomeres extend barely

beyond the tips of the mandibles in [. banksi. The basiflagellomere ratio is

1.84 in I. banksi and 2.17 in I. fruticavus. The imagoes of I. fruticavus can

also be easily distinguished from those of J. banksi, they are larger, lighter

colored, and lack arolia. The imagoes of J. minor with the reddish head and

thorax and dark brown abdomen can be readily distinguished from those of

I. fruticavus. The soldiers of . minor have longer head capsules and shorter

antennae than J. fruticavus. The Incisitermes imago most similar to J. fru-

ticavus 18 I. schwarzi (Banks). Arolia are present and the anterior margin

of the eye nearly touches the antennal socket in J. schwarzi and the anterior

margin of the eye is clearly separated from the antennal socket in I. fruti-

cavus. The head of the soldier of J. schwarzi is more rounded and shorter

than that of J. fruticavus. Basiflagellomere ratio of I. schwarzi is ca. 1.78.

Acknowledgments

I thank Drs. Jerry Rosen and Randy Schuh of the American Museum of

Natural History and Drs. O. Flint and Don Davis of the National Museum

278 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

of Natural History for providing termite specimens. I would like to espe-

cially thank Drs. John Pinto of the University of California, Riverside

(UCR), Kumar Krishna of the American Museum of Natural History, and

William Nutting of the University of Arizona and Messrs. Robert Wagner

and Saul Frommer from UCR for their help in the preparation of this manu-

script. I am also indebted to Mr. Rudolf Scheffrahn and Donald Reierson

for their assistance in collecting specimens.

Literature Cited

Krishna, Kumar. 1961. A generic revision and phylogenetic study of the Family Kalotermi-

tidae (Isoptera). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 122:307-408.

Snyder, T. E. 1926. Notes on termites from Arizona with description of two new species.

Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 28(21):389-397.

Snyder, T. E. 1949. Catalog of the termites (Isoptera) of the world. Smith. Misc. Coll., 112:1-

490.

NOTICE

Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Symposium V, Biological Control

In Crop Production.—Science and Education Administration, Agricultural

Research, Beltsville, MD, May 18-21, 1980. Contact: E. M. Dougherty,

Chairman, Publicity Committee, BARC Symposium V, Building O11A,

Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD 20705.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 279-283

SOME NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF EUPHORIA INDA (LINNE)

(COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)

BERT KOHLMANN

Instituto de Ecologia, Apartado Postal 18-845, Mexico 18, D.F.

This paper records a year’s observations (IV-1975/V-1976) on Euphoria

inda (Linné) in the areas of Ciudad Satélite (Estado de México) and Mexico

City.

The habitat of Euphoria inda where studied is a good example of the

exploitation of man-made conditions by an insect species.

Observation of behavior was done in the field under natural conditions.

Some larva material was taken and reared in terraria with rich soil for ob-

taining pupae and adults. Specimens were killed in boiling water and pre-

served in 70% alcohol.

Ciudad Satélite is situated in the state of México, about 8 km to the NNW

of Mexico City but in its metropolitan zone and in the spur of the Sierra de

las Cruces (de las Cruces mountain range). It exemplifies the type of suburbs

that began to appear in the late 50s around Mexico City.

Euphoria inda (Linné) has been observed to emerge in mid-April in Mex-

ico City and in mid-May in Ciudad Satélite, coinciding with the first rains.

By the end of June and beginning of July, one can find the dead adults in

stacks of strawy litter. At the time of eclosion, the fields in Ciudad Satélite

are covered mostly by grasses, particularly by Andropogon barbinodis Lag-

erini (Gramineae), which indicates that these fields were at some time in the

past overgrazed by cattle. But there are also some dispersed stacks of fallen

and dry grasses from the preceding dry season and great heaps of grass,

leaves and plants, which accumulate regularly in the same spot throughout

the year by gardeners who make the house-gardens near the fields.

E. inda is seen flying in the morning until midday, when they spend the

hottest part of the day in the heaps of grass. They are again active in the

afternoon. These beetles fly near the ground until they find a heap and then

land on or very near to it. It has been noted that these artificial piles have

much more attraction to the beetles than the natural ones; and the devel-

opment of the larvae has only been seen in the artificial ones that develop

rich soil under the exterior layer of dry vegetal debris.

In Mexico City E. inda has been observed to go to heaps of vegetal

matter, clearly distinguishing between these and yellow spots of dry lawn.

When the piles have been pulled apart with great care E. inda has been

found singly or in pairs.

280 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

aS pa

Fig. 1. An artificial heap of grass and leaves is seen against a house-wall.

In Ciudad Satélite a great number of adults are seen flying around the

piles and although they make a very audible noise, I haven’t observed birds

or any arthropod preying on them.

In mid-June larvae of the second stage have been observed in the rich

soil; in July larvae of the third stage and prepupae are found; in August

larvae of the third stage, prepupae and pupae can be found; in September

there are still larvae of the third stage, prepupae and pupae and in October

there are larvae of the third stage, prepupae, pupae and adults; in January

there are only adults. All these stages can be found at different depths

depending on how thick the layer of rich soil is, I have found these stages

to be from 4 to 17 cm deep. A behavioral characteristic that has been ob-

served to be constant is that when the larva of the third stage is about to

pupate, it migrates down to the limit between the rich soil and the mineral

soil. These larvae have a great accumulation of excrement in the last part

of their body, which can be clearly seen, since the end part of the body

looks black. The excrement was analyzed and vegetal fibers and little pieces

of non-digested vegetal tissue were found. I think this excrement is used for

cementing the cocoon around the larva, since the prepupae presented none

or almost no excrement left in the final part of the intestine.

The cocoon is made of mineral soil, it is oval shaped, is 17-20 mm in

length and 13-15 mm in width, the wall is 1 mm thick and is smooth.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 281

A Ue

Ue ea

Li i, a :

ly / eae eres, |

Fig. 2. General view of the suburban area of Ciudad Satélite. Houses mixed with fields.

Discussion

The larvae of Euphoria inda were compared with Ritcher’s (1966) de-

scription. The larvae feed in rich soil, and Ritcher cited Bruner (1891) that

adult E. inda in the U.S. were found to feed upon flowers and ripe fruit,

such as apples, peaches and pears. I never found the adults of E. inda in

flowers in Mexico City nor in Ciudad Satélite. Euphoria basalis (Gory &

Percheron) was found in flowers in Mexico City and E. basalis and Cotinis

mutabilis (Gory & Percheron) were found in flowers in Ciudad Satélite, the

latter species has also been collected in Ciudad Satélite in traps baited with

peaches, mangoes and bananas. Ritcher (1966) also reports that in Wiscon-

sin the ‘‘adults were in flight from late August to September’’ and that the

‘winter is passed in the adult stage.’’ Since the seasons around Mexico City

are divided in one dry and cool epoch and a warm and rainy one, the

behavior of E. inda is somewhat different, so the adults fly from May to

June and pass the winter as adults in their cocoons.

The use of these artificial heaps of grass and leaves is an example of the

exploitation of an environment created by man, this niche must certainly

exist in natural conditions, but perhaps not in such an abundant and rich

state and almost devoid of competition. Other types of animals were found

associated with piles. There were found for example: Acarina, very small

282 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

ARaneae and Chilopoda, Gasteropoda, larvae and pupae of Lepidoptera,

larvae and pupae of Diptera (which fed on the rich soil), there were adults

of Staphylinidae, Histeridae and Aphodiinae (Scarabaeidae), some larvae

and adults of Carabidae were found and there were also some Nematoda

and many Isopoda. This fauna being so minute in relation to the size of E.

inda, they can hardly present the danger of being predators of the beetle’s

larva. Latrodectus mactans (Araneae: Theridiidae) and Calosoma laeve

Dejean (Coleoptera: Carabidae), which occur in the fields, could easily prey

upon the larvae, but until now, they haven’t been found in the heaps.

Sometimes the pupae were found dead inside their cocoons by some sort

of milky disease, covered with fungus and sometimes with Nematoda inside

their body cavities.

These straw piles maintain a more or less stable temperature and humidity

throughout the year, serving as a climatic buffer.

The niche of vegetal heaps is very unstable, since it is man dependent.

The moment will come, where there will be no fields left in Ciudad Satélite

and the numbers of the population will diminish. The formation and colo-

nization of the heaps is not too old, at least in Ciudad Satélite, where the

first houses were built in 1957. These piles concentrate and support a high

population density of E. inda and are a relative ‘‘competitive vacuum’’ as

Pianka (1974) once wrote. There could also be the possibility that this

species is found in the periphery of Mexico City associated with forestal or

agricultural refuses.

Ritcher (1966) records the following general distribution of E. inda in the

U.S.: “from Connecticut to Florida, and westward to Oregon and Arizona.’”’

Bates (1889) records the distribution in the U.S. as east of the Rocky Moun-

tains and in México in Puebla and Chalchicomula (Sallé) in the state of

Puebla, Guanajuato in the state of the same name, Zapotlan (Hoge) in the

state of Colima and in Mexico City. A. Hardy (1979, personal communi-

cation) has recorded it also from the states of Chihuahua, Durango, Hidalgo,

Jalisco, México, Michoacan, Morelos, Sinaloa and Veracruz and in the

south of Canada.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Monsieur Gaston Ruter from the Muséum National

d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris for verifying the identification of Euphoria

inda.

I am also grateful to Dr. Gonzalo Halffter, Director of the Institute of

Ecology, Mexico City and to Dr. Alan Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Labora-

tory, C.D.F.A., Sacramento, California for reviewing this manuscript.

I am indebted to my friend Thomas Zoebisch for taking the photographs.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 283

Literature Cited

Bates, H. W. 1889. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Ins. Col., Vol. II, Part 2:373.

Pianka, Eric R. 1974. Evolutionary Ecology. Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., New York,

356 pp.

Ritcher, Paul O. 1966. White Grubs and Their Allies. Studies in Entomology Number Four.

Oregon State University Press, Oregon, 219 pp.

BOOK REVIEW

Beetles From the Early Russian Exploration of the West Coast of North

America 1815-1857. E. G. Linsley, editor, Intro. by Keir B. Sterling. Arno

Press, New York, pages unnumbered, but approximately 540 pp. $40.00,

hardbound.

In recent years there has been a decline on the commercial market of

original material of reprint form of older scientific literature. The disadvan-

tage to workers who are attempting to build libraries in their respective

specialities has been partially overcome by the rapid advancements in the

field of copier technology. This, however, is of use only if an original copy

of the work can be located. Many important works are rare, and there are

only a few copies in existence, which may not be available for reproduction.

The book reviewed here is of decided importance since it helps bridge

this gap by bringing together papers from a number of rare or difficult to

obtain sources and reprints them. Editor Linsley has selected eight of the

most significant papers dealing with Coleoptera collected during 1812 to

1841, when the Western United States was a Russian Colony. The collection

contains papers by C. G. Mannerheim (6), E. Ménétriés (1) and V. I. Mot-

schulsky (1). With this work in hand the only significant descriptive litera-

ture on Coleoptera from this material a researcher would lack would be the

papers by J. F. Eschscholtz (1822, Entomographien; 1829, 1831, 1833, Zoo-

logischen Atlas . . .) and those of P. F. M. A. Dejean (1837, Catalogue des

Coléoptéres ... , etc.)

As indicated above, the book is a reprint of eight papers, each preserved

with the original pagination and type font (including an interesting typo in

the first word of the second article). The introduction by Sterling is inter-

esting, but, unfortunately, brief. The binding is excellent and attractive.

The volume should prove invaluable to systematists working on the North

American fauna. We look forward to other titles in Arno Press’ ** Biologists

and Their World”’ series.

A. R. Hardy, Co-editor.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 284—286

SEX ATTRACTANT FOR A PLUME MOTH, OIDAEMATOPHORUS

MONODACTYLWUS (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: PTEROPHORIDAE)??

J. A. KAMM

AR, SEA, USDA, Legume and Grass Seed Production Laboratory,

Department of Entomology, Oregon State University,

Corvallis 97331

AND

L. M. MCDONOUGH

AR, SEA, USDA, Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory,

3706 W. Nob Hill Blvd., Yakima, Washington 98902

Oidaematophorus monodactylus (L.) is a member of the family Ptero-

phoridae (plume moths), primarily leaf rollers or stem borers that feed on

a wide range of host plants (Barnes and Lindsey, 1921; Lange, 1950). O.

monodactylus may be useful as a biological control agent of bindweeds,

Convolvulus spp., since large releases of larvae limit growth of hedge bind-

weed (Parrella and Kok, 1978). Other members of the family are agricultural

pests, such as the artichoke plume moth Platyptilia carduidactyla (Riley)

(Lange, 1942). A sex attractant for these species would provide a simple

way to detect and assess populations in the field. |

The present paper describes the relative attractiveness to male O. mono-

dactylus of certain aldehydes and mixtures of aldehydes with other com-

pounds during field tests made in search for sex attractants of Lepidoptera

pests of commercial grass seed production.

Materials and Methods

Field tests were conducted near Albany (1977) and Imbler (1978), Oregon,

in commercial fields of bluegrass bordered by fence rows along which weeds

(including field bindweed) and shrubs were growing.

The test compounds were obtained from Farchan Division of Story Chem-

ical Company, Willoughby, OH, and were used as received. These com-

pounds contained 1-3 percent of the geometrical isomer. Test compounds

were dissolved in dichloromethane and impregnated into No. 1 red rubber

septa (West Company, Phoenixville, PA) (Maitlen et al., 1976). Four rep-

licates of each bait and unbaited control traps were randomly dispersed in

the field and rerandomized daily. Each bait was exposed 2-4 days in the

field in Pherocon® 1 C traps suspended from wire stakes so the traps were

just above the canopy of grass.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 285

Table 1. Mean daily catch per trap of male O. monodactylus.

males/

pg/dispenser trap Date

1977 Albany, Oregon

(Z)-11-hexadecenal + (E)-11-hexadecenal 800:200 0.5 June 25-26

(Z)-11-hexadecenal + (Z)-7-hexadecenal 800:200: 1000 0.5 June 29-30

+ (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate

(Z)-11-hexadecenal + (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol 1000: 1000: 1000 1 July 27-

acetate + (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate Aug 8

1978 Imbler, Oregon

(E)-7-dodecenal 1000 0.5 June 15-19

(Z)-11-hexadecenal + (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol 1000: 1000 1.8 June 20-23

acetate

(Z)-11-hexadecenal + (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol 500:400: 100 1 June 20-23

acetate + (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate

(Z)-9-dodecenal 1000 12 June 15-19

(Z)-9-dodecenal 1000 28 June 5-8

Results and Discussion

Only baits that were aldehydes or mixtures of aldehydes and acetates

were attractive to O. monodactylus (Table 1). None of the unbaited check

traps caught moths. Relative to the other test compounds, (Z)-9-dodecenal

was highly attractive but only to males. No virgin females were available

to use as trap bait, and therefore the efficiency of (Z)-9-dodecenal as an

attractant was not determined. Nevertheless, a low dosage of this aldehyde

was effective, so the compound may be a primary component of the sex

pheromone of O. monodactylus (Roelofs and Cardé, 1977). However, (E)-

9-dodecenal was 1-3 percent of the test bait and may increase or decrease

trap catch. Often, one or more secondary components may be required for

optimum trap catch. The other baits attracted less than two males per trap,

so they are probably not pheromone components. However, they were

slightly attractive, which may indicate a general sensitivity of the species

to aldehydes.

One approach to obtaining attractants for insects is the systematic testing

of compounds and mixtures in the field (Underhill et al., 1977). They found

aldehydes were common constituents of the sex attractants of certain taxa

and that a specific aldehyde often is a pheromone component of several

related species. Since (Z)-9-dodecenal is the first sex attractant reported for

a plume moth, a similar approach may be useful in identifying attractants

for other species of the Pterophoridae.

286 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Acknowledgment

We thank D. C. Ferguson, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, AR,

SEA-USDA, National Museum, Washington, D.C. for identification of O.

monodactylus.

Literature Cited

Barnes, W., and A. W. Lindsey. 1921. Contributions to the natural history of the Lepidoptera

of North America. 4:281-478. Published by the authors, Decatur, Illinois.

Lange, Jr., W. H. 1942. Certain plume moths of economic importance in California. J. Econ.

Entomol., 35:718-—24.

Lange, Jr., W. H. 1950. Biology and systematics of plume moths of the genus Platyptilia in

California. Hilgardia, 19:561-668.

Maitlen, J. C., L. M. McDonough, H.R. Moffitt, and D. A. George. 1976. Codling moth sex

pheromone: baits for mass trapping and population survey. Environ. Entomol., 5:199—

202.

Parella, M. P.,and L.T. Kok. 1978. Oidaematophorus monodactylus: oviposition and devel-

opment on sweet potato and inundative releases on hedge bindweed. Environ. Entomol.,

7:803-806.

Roelofs, W. L., and R. T. Carde. 1977. Responses of Lepidoptera to synthetic sex pheromone

chemicals and their analogues. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 22:377-405.

Footnotes

1 Contribution of Agricultural Research, SEA, USDA in cooperation with the Agricultural

Experiment Station, Oregon State University. Technical Paper No. 5056 of the latter.

2 Mention of a commercial or proprietary product in the paper does not constitute an en-

dorsement of this product by the USDA.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 287-298

NEW RECORDS AND NEW SPECIES OF BITING MIDGES FROM

SALT MARSHES IN CALIFORNIA AND MEXICO

(DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)

WILLIS W. WIRTH

Systematic Entomol. Lab., IIBHI, Agric. Res., Sci. & Educ. Admin.,

USDA, % U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560

AND

ANTONIO PAULO ASSIS DE MORAES

25326 Acacia Court, Mission Viejo, CA 92692

The description of a new species of Culicoides Latreille is presented here

to make the name available for use by the junior author in reporting his

studies on the ecology of the Anaheim Bay, Salt Marsh in California. At the

same time a redescription and new distribution records are given for its

nearest relative, C. mohave Wirth, and a third species of this group from

coastal Mexico is described. Two species of Dasyhelea Kieffer recently

described by Wirth (1978) from Baja California and Sonora, Mexico, are

also reported from Anaheim Bay, and taxonomic and distributional notes

are provided for these species. Terminology used in the descriptions follows

that of Wirth (1952) and Wirth and Blanton (1959). Holotypes are deposited

in the United States National Museum of Natural History in Washington,

D.C.; paraptypes will be deposited in the California Academy of Sciences

in San Francisco and the Los Angeles County Museum in Los Angeles.

Along the Pacific Coast of the United States there are only a few salt

marshes which have not been greatly modified by land fills, dredging, mar-

inas, or other enterprises. The Anaheim Bay Salt Marsh (see map, Fig. 1),

Orange County, California, is one of these, and it may represent the typical

flora and fauna of California marshes. Much of this salt marsh is within the

boundaries of the Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station, and the marsh area

has been set aside as a National Wildlife Refuge. The Anaheim Bay Salt

Marsh has the typical floral zonations with Salicornia (pickleweed) in the

lower zone, Spartina sp. (cordgrass) in the middle, and Distichlis (salt grass)

in the upper zone.

The Dasyhelea and Culicoides from Anaheim Bay were collected with

fluorescent black-light traps suspended one meter above the soil surface in

areas where pickleweed and cordgrass were the dominant vegetation and

submerged by high tides. The ceratopogonids were abundant and as many

as 4000 specimens of Culicoides and 37,000 specimens of Dasyhelea were

288 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

GOVT RR

OIL ISLAND

[a)

[eg

(e}

ANAHEIM BAY

80 FEET

SCALE ~ a

loo 200 METERS

Fig. 1. The Anaheim Bay Salt Marsh, 1970. Darkened areas represent mud flats exposed

between low and mean high tides. All areas are flooded at extreme high tides, except for islands

and roads.

collected during the 12 month sampling program. The Dasyhelea are non-

bloodsuckers and the larvae are found on the surface of the intertidal mud

or rocks where they feed on various algae.

Culicoides mohave Wirth

(Figs. 2, 5)

Culicoides mohave Wirth, 1952:187 (male, female; Calif., Ariz., fig. wing,

palpus, male genitalia).

Female (paratype, Vidal, Calif.)—Wing length 1.09 mm; breadth 0.55

mm.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 289

2 Oe ee et ts ee Ot ae

SSS aH

™ sane

Fig. 2. Culicoides mohave Wirth: a-e, h, female; f-g, male; a, antenna; b, wing; c, palpus;

d, eye separation; e, spermathecae; f, parameres; g, genitalia, parameres removed; h, hind

femur and tibia.

Head.—Eyes (Fig. 2d) narrowly separated, bare. Antenna (Fig. 2a) with

lengths of flagellar segments in proportion of 28-20-20-20-20-2 1-2 1-21-30-33-

33-35-58; antennal ratio 1.11; last segment rather slender toward tip; sensilla

coeloconica (distal sensory pits) present on segments 3, 6-10 or 3, 7-10.

Palpus (Fig. 2c) with lengths of segments in proportion of 15-35-52-16-20;

palpal ratio 2.1; third segment distinctly swollen, with a broad, shallow,

sensory pit. Proboscis short, P/H ratio 0.67; mandible with 14 teeth.

Thorax.—Brown with pale grayish pollinosity, mesonotum without dis-

tinct pattern. Legs stramineous, knee spots dark brown, faint narrow pale

rings present at bases of tibiae (Fig. 2h); hind tibial comb with four spines,

the one nearest the spur longest. Wing (Fig. 2b) with pattern as figured;

very dark costal spot extending to tip of second radial cell; pale spot over

r-m crossvein not very distinct, extending caudad past medial stem; cell R5

with a distinct poststigmatic pale spot extending proximad behind second

290 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

radial cell, a more or less rounded pale spot toward apex of cell RS, its size

variable but usually meeting anterior wing margin; cell M1 with two elongate

pale spots, the distal one not meeting wing margin; cell M2 with an indistinct

pale spot lying behind medial fork, a pale spot at level of pale spot in cell

M4, and a pale spot at wing margin; cell M4 with a large round pale spot in

distal portion; anal cell more or less pale at base and a single pale spot in

distal portion; costal ratio 0.54; radial cells distinct, the second with broad

lumen; macrotrichia long and moderately numerous, extending proximad

nearly to base of anal cell. Halter pale.

Abdomen.—Pale yellowish brown, ninth segment brownish. Spermathe-

cae (Fig. 2e) two plus rudimentary third and sclerotized ring; oval with long

slender necks; slightly unequal, measuring 0.067 to 0.039 mm and 0.055 by

0.038 mm including the necks.

Male (Resting Springs, Calif.).—Wing length 1.00 mm, breadth 0.36 mm.

Similar to the female with the usual sexual differences; costal ratio 0.46,

costa unusually short in male of this species; antenna with lengths of last

three segments in proportion of 60-47-60, sensilla coeloconica present on

segments 3, 8-10. Genitalia (Fig. 2g): Ninth sternum with broad shallow

caudomedian excavation, the ventral membrane bare; ninth tergum tapering

distally, caudal margin slightly lobate, apicolateral processes small and

pointed. Basistyle with ventral root foot shaped, the posterior heel well

developed, toe rather stout, dorsal root moderately long and slender; dis-

tistyle long and slender, with bent pointed tip. Aedeagus with basal arch

rounded, extending to 0.6 of total length, basal arms slender and curved;

distomedian process tapering to rather slender, truncate tip bearing minute

spinules. Parameres (Fig. 2f) each with distinct basal knob, rather straight

and obliquely directed on basal portion, with a distinct median elbow at

about a third of total length, this elbowed portion slender; midportion slight-

ly expanded distally to well-developed ventral lobe; distal portion abruptly

narrowed, slender, curving ventrad and tapering to distal point and bearing

a lateral fringe of fine spines.

Distribution (Fig. 5).—Restricted to the desert areas of southern Califor-

nia and Arizona, and the northern portion of Baja California.

Types.—Holotype male (pinned with genitalia in microvial), allotype fe-

male, 2 males, 27 females (paratypes), Vidal, San Bernardino Co., Califor-

nia, [V-1948, R. Coleman, light trap (Type no. 59938, USNM).

Specimens examined.—

ARIZONA: Cochise Co.: Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mts., VII-1967, W.

Brown, light, 5 females. Pima Co.: Quitobaquito, IV-26-1959, M. S. Adachi,

5 females.

CALIFORNIA: Jmperial Co.: Imperial Dam, VI-28-1954, W. A. Mc-

Donald, at lights, 3 females. Inyo Co.: Resting Springs, V-29-30-1955, Belk-

in and McDonald, 3 males, 11 females; Saratoga Springs, Death Valley,

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 291

V-30-1953, J. N. Belkin, 1 male, 5 females; same, VI-VII-1954, Belkin and

McDonald, 12 males, 18 females. Riverside Co.: Blythe, VII-20-1947, J. W.

MacSwain, light trap, 1 male, 1 female; Mecca, V-1962, M. S. Mulla, 5

males, 5 females; 12 mi SE Mecca, IX-21-1965; J. D. Foulk, reared from

damp sand, 1 male; Rancho Dos Palmas, VIII-7-1964, J. D. Foulk, light

trap, 1 male; Salton Sea State Park, VIII-13-1964, J. D. Foulk, light trap,

1 male. San Bernardino Co.: Vidal, [V-1947, R. Coleman, light trap, 3

female paratypes.

MEXICO: Baja California: Arroyo de Calmajue, V-30-1962, Ryckman,

Ryckman, and Christianson, at car lights, 1 male, 33 females; Mulege, VIII-

27-1959, Radford and Werner, light trap, 33 females.

Discussion.—Culicoides mohave is the inland, desert inhabiting counter-

part of the two new coastal species described below. It is most closely

related to C. bajensis, which also has narrowly separated eyes and a broad

third palpal segment, but differs most notably in its paler color with dull

pruinose gray mesonotum, longer and finer wing macrotrichia, shallower

palpal pit, and much shorter apicolateral processes on the male ninth ter-

gum.

Culicoides bajensis, new species

(Figs. 3, 5)

Culicoides alahialinus Barbosa (misident.); Cheng and Hogue, 1974:215

(Baja Calif., reared crab holes, notes on habitat).

Female holotype.—Wing length 1.09 mm; breadth 0.50 mm.

Head.—Eyes (Fig. 3c) narrowly separated, bare. Antenna (Fig. 3a) with

lengths of flagellar segments in proportion of 32-22-22-22-22-22-22-22-30-32-

32-32-50; antennal ratio 0.95; sensilla coeloconica present on segments 3, 7—

10 or 3, 8-10. Palpus (Fig. 3b) with lengths of segments in proportion of 15-

40-60- 16-23; third segment distinctly swollen, with a broad, rather deep sen-

sory pit; palpal ratio 2.0. Proboscis moderately long, P/H ratio 0.81; man-

dible with 16 teeth.

Thorax.—Dark brown, subshining; mesonotum without prominent pat-

tern. Legs brown, knee spots darker, tibiae with faint basal pale bands (Fig.

3g); hind tibial comb with four spines, the one nearest the spur longest.

Wing pattern as in C. mohave but the pale spots usually slightly more

extensive, the distal pale spot in cell RS broadly meeting anterior wing

margin; poststigmatic pale spot in cell R5 only slightly produced proximad

behind second radial cell. Both radial cells well developed, costal ratio 0.57;

macrotrichia sparser than in C. mohave, shorter and more spinelike. Halter

pale.

Abdomen.—Brown, paler at base. Spermathecae (Fig. 3d) two plus ru-

Pa Bs PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

ee es ee es EOS

i eed

Fig. 3. Culicoides bajensis n. sp.: a—d, g, female; e-f, male; a, antenna; b, palpus; c, eye

separation; d, spermathecae; e, parameres; f, genitalia, parameres removed; h, hind femur and

tibia.

dimentary third and sclerotized ring; oval with long slender necks; subequal,

each measuring 0.053 by 0.032 mm including the necks.

Male allotype.—Wing length 0.96 mm; breadth 0.36 mm. Similar to fe-

male with usual sexual differences. Palpal pit characteristically small and

deep. Costal ratio 0.49. Antenna with lengths of last three segments in pro-

portion of 73-46-55; sensilla coeloconica on segments 3, 8-12. Genitalia (Fig.

3f) with ninth sternum longer than in C. mohave, with a broad, moderately

deep caudomedian excavation, ventral membrane bare; ninth tergum taper-

ing distally with moderately long, slightly divergent apicolateral processes

(shorter and stouter than in C. hoguei, but much longer than in C. mohave).

Aedeagus with basal arch rounded, extending to 0.43 of total length, basal

arms comparatively stout; distomedian process tapering to rather slender,

bluntly rounded tip. Parameres (Fig. 3e) each with distinct basal knob, prox-

imal portion slender and gradually curved, greatly expanded past midlength

to a well-developed ventral lobe; distal portion abruptly narrowed, bent

ventrad and tapering to slender distal point with lateral fringing spines.

Distribution (Fig. 5).—Coastal northwest Mexico (Baja California and

northwest Sonora).

Types.—Holotype, female, allotype, male, 25 mi N Penjamo, Baja Cali-

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 233

fornia Sur, Mexico, VIII-29-1959, Radford and Werner, light trap (Type no.

62715, USNM). Paratypes, 8 males, 20 females, as follows:

MEXICO: Baja California: Bahia Balandra, VI-11-1968, C. L. Hogue and

D. B. Bright, reared from burrow of crab, Sesarma sulcatum, 1 male; Isla

San Jose, [V-21-1972, L. Cheng, at light on ship, 2 males, 6 females; Isla

San Jose, 1 mi S Punta Colorado, [V-8—9-1974, J. T. Doyen, malaise trap,

2 males, 1 female (Calif. Acad. Sci.); Penjamo, 25 mi N, same data as types,

2 males, 7 females; Santa Rita, 9 km SE, VIII-25-1977, E. Fisher and R.

Westcott, 1 male, 1 female (Calif. Acad. Sci.). Sonora: Cholla Bay near

Puerto Penasco, I[V-25-1959, M. S. Adachi, 2 males, 6 females.

Discussion.—Culicoides bajensis is a much darker species than C. mo-

have, slightly larger, and readily separated by the much deeper palpal pit

(especially in the male) and by the longer apicolateral processes on the male

ninth tergum.

Of the three species of the mohave group treated in this paper, C. bajensis

is most similar to C. alahialinus Barboas, and its close similarity to alahi-

alinus leads us to believe that the mohave group has evolved from a com-

mon ancestor with the furens group (see Wirth and Blanton, 1959) that was

somewhat intermediate between alahialinus and C. cancer Hogue and

Wirth (1968). The known members of the furens group resemble those of

the mohave group in general features of the wing pattern, antennal and

palpal proportions, antennal sensory pattern, spermathecae, and male gen-

italia, but all known species of the furens group possess a mesonotal pattern

of small punctiform brown dots. In C. alahialinus the mesonotal pattern is

rather faint, but in this species the wing is rather uniform grayish brown

with an almost imperceptible pattern of a few pale areas, over the r-m

crossvein, past the tip of the costa, at the tip of the anal cell, etc. Culicoices

cancer, which also breeds in crab holes but is known only from Costa Rica,

has a well-developed mesonotal pattern and a more prominent wing pattern

than in C. bajensis, including the division of the poststigmatic pale spot in

cell R5 into two separate pale spots, and the presence of two pale spots

distally in the anal cell.

Hogue reared C. bajensis from a burrow of the crab Sesarma sulcatum

at Bahia Balandra, west of La Paz, Baja California. The species was con-

fused with C. alahialinus by Wirth, who furnished Hogue the misdetermi-

nation (Cheng and Hogue, 1974).

Culicoides hoguei, new species

(Fig. 4)

Culicoides mohave Wirth (misident.); Ryckman and Ryckman, 1963:65

(Baja California; biting man).

Female holotype.—Wing length 1.22 mm; breadth 0.56 mm.

294 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

GSO OD DDODDNODNOE

Fig. 4. Culicoides hoguei n. sp.: a—e, h, female; f-g, male; a, antenna; b, palpus; c, wing;

d, eye separation; e, spermathecae; f, parameres; g, genitalia, parameres removed; h, hind

femur and tibia.

Head.—Brown, antenna and palpus stramineous. Eyes (Fig. 4d) broadly

separated, bare. Antenna (Fig. 4a) with lengths of flagellar segments in pro-

portion of 30-25-25-25-25-26-26-26-30-33-35-36-50; antennal ratio 0.89; sen-

silla coeloconica present on 3,(7),8—10. Palpus (Fig. 4b) with lengths of

segments in proportion of 15-40-50-21-30; third segment slightly swollen

distally with a moderately large, moderately deep, round sensory pit; palpal

ratio 2.5. Proboscis long, P/H ratio 0.94; mandible with 13 teeth.

Thorax.—Brown, without prominent pattern. Legs stramineous, knee

spots brownish, tibiae (Fig. 4h) with faint basal pale rings; hind tibial comb

with four spines, the one nearest the spur longest. Wing (Fig. 4c) brownish

with rather indistinct pattern of pale spots as figured; similar to that of C.

mohave; costal ratio 0.57; radial cells distinct, second with broad lumen;

macrotrichia moderately long and numerous, extending proximad nearly to

base of anal cell. Halter pale.

Abdomen.—Pale brown, distal segments darker. Spermathecae (Fig. 4e)

two plus rudimentary third and sclerotized ring; oval with long slender

necks; equal, each measuring 0.051 by 0.029 mm including the neck.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 295

Male allotype.—Wing length 1.22 mm; breadth 0.45; coastal ratio 0.53.

Similar to the female with the usual sexual differences. Antenna with lengths

of last three segments in proportion of 70-58-58; sensilla coeloconica on

segments 3, 8-12. Genitalia (Fig. 4g): Ninth sternum with broad, shallow

caudomedian excavation, ventral membrane bare; ninth tergum slightly ta-

pering distally, caudal margin transverse, apicolateral processes long and

slender, slightly divergent. Basistyle with ventral root foot shaped, posterior

heel well developed, toe long and slender, dorsal root long and slender;

dististyle long and unusually slender, with bent pointed tip. Aedeagus with

basal arch rounded, 0.45 of total length, basal arms slender; distomedian

process tapering to slender rounded tip. Parameres (Fig. 4f) each with dis-

tinct basal knob, slender and curved basally, then somewhat swollen with

a low ventral lobe, distad of which it is greatly narrowed and curved ven-

trally, tapering to slender point and bearing a lateral fringe of fine spines.

Distribution.—Coast of southern California and Gulf Coast of northern

Baja California.

Types.—Holotype, female, allotype, male, 40 male, 55 female paratypes:

Anaheim Bay Salt Marsh, Seal Beach Weapons Station, Orange Co., Cali-

fornia, V-6-1974, P. Moraes, light trap (Type no. 61315, USNM).

Other specimens examined.—MEXICO: Golfo de California: Isla Mira-

mar, VIII-17-1977, J. Nyhan, 1 female (Calif. Acad. Sci); Isla Pond near

Isla Angel de la Guardia, V-25-1962, Ryckman, Ryckman and Christianson,

biting man, 3 females; Isla San Esteban, V-24-1962, Ryckman, Ryckman,

and Christianson, biting just after dark, 1 female; Isla Salsipuedes, V-22-

1962, Ryckman, Ryckman, and Christianson, biting man, 4 females; Isla

San Lorenzo, V-22-1962, Ryckman, Ryckman, and Christianson, biting after

dark, 4 females.

Variation.—Some minor variation exists in the extent of the pale wing

markings, in size, and in structural characters. For example on the female

figured (from Isla Salsipuedes) the wing length was 1.33 mm, the costal ratio

0.56, the antennal ratio 0.93 proboscis/head ratio 0.74, and number of man-

dibular teeth 18. For this reason the Baja California specimens are not des-

ignated as paratypes.

Discussion.—This species is named for Dr. Charles L. Hogue of the Los

Angeles County Museum in recognition of his extensive contributions to

our knowledge of the biology of the intertidal zone of the Pacific Coast.

Culicoides hoguei is closely related to C. mohave Wirth and C. bajensis

n. sp., from which it is readily separated in the female by the broad inter-

ocular space and the slender third palpal segment, and in the male by the

less tapering distal process on the aedeagus and the long, slender, diverging

apicolateral processes on the ninth tergum.

Ryckman and Ryckman (1963) reported this species (as C. mohave, based

296 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 5,6. Fig. 5. Distribution of Culicoides spp.: closed circles, C. mohave; open circles,

C. hoguei; closed squares, C. bajensis. Fig. 6. Distribution of Dasyhelea spp.: closed circles,

D. sonorensis; open circles, D. bajensis.

on misdeterminations by Wirth) biting man at several localities in Baja Cal-

ifornia. These records are listed above in the list of paratypes. The Ryck-

mans (1963) reported on their encounter with this species on the islands of

the Gulf of California as follows: ‘‘Because these islands were extremely

dry and barren with very little rotting vegetation (other than cacti), we

believe that Culicoides mohave was probably breeding in organic material

on the beaches surrounding the islands. After a few days on the islands, our

faces and arms bore small, raised, light welts where we had been bitten by

the jejen. One’s length of time on the islands could to some degree be

predicted by the presence and number of such welts.”’

‘Culicoides mohave was collected while feeding on man on the following

islands under the conditions indicated: Salsipuedes Island, May 22, 1962;

South San Lorenzo Island, May 22, 1962, biting in the shade at 2:10 p.m.,

also biting just after dark; San Esteban Island, May 23, 1962, biting at

daybreak; Pond Island, May 26, 1962.”’

We are unable to explain the lack of records of this species feeding on

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 297

man at Anaheim Bay, while it caused the Ryckmans so much trouble on the

Baja California islands. We suspected at first that two different but closely

related species were involved, but an especially detailed search for mor-

phological differences yielded only the minor features listed above, which

in our opinion are not distinct enough to warrant description of another

species. Perhaps the study of male specimens from Baja California will

reveal greater differences, or the collection and study of the immature stages

will help us resolve this problem.

Dasyhelea bajensis Wirth

(Fig. 6)

Dasyhelea sp.; Cheng and Hogue, 1974:214 (habitat notes; Baja California).

Dasyhelea bajensis Wirth, 1972:192 (male, female; Mexico, California;

figs.).

Diagnostic characters.—A small species, wing length 0.90 mm. Pale

brown, mesonotum with sides and humeri yellowish forming two pairs of

broad longitudinal vittae on midportion; scutellum and legs yellowish; an-

tenna and abdomen brownish. Wing milky white to pale grayish; halter pale.

Female subgenital plate as in mutabilis group, with a distinctive anterior

sclerotized ring; spermatheca single, subspherical, with a long, slender,

curved, petiolelike neck about as long as diameter of spermatheca. Male

genitalia with ninth tergum rounded caudad, with minute apicolateral pro-

cesses; basistyle stout with distinct mesal hump at midlength, dististyle

slender, curving to pointed tip; aedeagus forming a more or less equilateral

triangle, basal arch low, distomedian process in form of a spatulate blade

with truncate tip, a pair of slender basal processes arising laterally on basal

arch and nearly meeting mesad at half the length of distomedian process;

parameres asymmetrical, basal apodemes forming a slender transverse rib-

bon, posterior median process short and broad, divided near base and form-

ing a pair of curved, pointed, laterally directed plates.

Distribution (Fig. 6).—Dasyhelea bajensis was described from a series

taken in an emergence trap under mangroves near the edge of a wet swamp

on Isla San Jose, Baja California, Mexico, by Lanna Cheng (Cheng and

Hogue, 1974). The species was also reported from Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mex-

ico. Five specimens were also recorded from Point Mugu, Ventura Co.,

California. Taken VIII-17-1947 by J. N. Belkin.

New records.—CALIFORNIA: Orange Co.: Seal Beach Weapons Sta-

tion, Anaheim Bay Salt Marsh, V-6-1974, P. Moraes, light trap, 2 males, 4

females.

Cheng and Hogue (1974) recorded this species (as Dasyhelea sp.) from

Isla San Jose, where it was taken in emergence traps placed on the mud

298 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

amongst aerial roots of Avicennia mangroves at the lower tide levels where

the mud surface remained submerged except during low spring tides.

Dasyhelea sonorensis Wirth

(Fig. 6)

Dasyhelea sonorensis Wirth, 1978: 197 (male, female; Mexico; figs.).

Diagnostic characters.—A medium-sized species, wing length 1.34 mm.

Brownish, mesonotum dull yellowish on sides and humeri with narrow lines

on the disc forming two pairs of darker longitudinal vittae; scutellum and

legs yellowish. Wing whitish, slightly milky, macrotrichia long and moder-

ately numerous; halter pale, base of knob dark. Female subgenital plate as

in mutabilis group, the anterior sclerotized ring rather quadrate; sperma-

theca single, ovoid to retort-shaped, with slender, short, oblique neck. Male

genitalia with moderately long, slender apicolateral processes on ninth ter-

gum; basistyle without mesal hump, dististyle slender and curving to pointed

tip; aedeagus small, triangular, with poorly developed distomedian process

and a small blackish, heavily sclerotized subapical spot; parameres asym-

metrical, basal apodemes broad; median process short, straight and slender,

tapering to sharp point.

Distribution (Fig. 6).—Described from Sonora (Punta Santa Rosa, Puerto

de Lobos, Punta Cirio, Cholla Bay) and Baja California (San Jose de Cabo),

Mexico. The type series was swept from dry wrack (mainly eelgrass) on

shore, and another series was taken among holes in pitted rhyolite rocks,

covered with algae and exposed at low tide. The species has not previously

been reported from California.

New records.—CALIFORNIA: Orange Co.—Seal Beach Weapons Sta-

tion, Anaheim Bay Salt Marsh, V-6-1974, P. Moraes, light trap, 40 males,

45 females. This series was mounted on slides from a bulk collection con-

taining approximately 37,000 Dasyhelea adults. Of 91 mounted Dasyhelea,

85 were D. sonorensis and 6 were D. bajensis.

Literature Cited

Cheng, L., and C. L. Hogue. 1974. New distribution and habitat records of biting midges and

mangrove flies from the coasts of southern Baja California, Mexico (Diptera: Cerato-

pogonidae, Culicidae, Chironomidae, and Phoridae). Entomol. News, 85:211-218.

Hogue, C. L., and W. W. Wirth. 1968. A new Central American sand fly breeding in crab

holes (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Los Angeles Co. Mus. Contr. Sci., 152:1-7.

Ryckman, R. E., and A. E. Ryckman. 1963. Loma Linda University’s 1962 expedition to

Baja California. Medical entomology and parasitology. Med. Arts Sci. J. Loma Linda

Univ. Sch. Med., 17:65-76.

Wirth, W. W. 1952. The Heleidae of California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 9:95-266.

Wirth, W. W. 1978. New species and records of intertidal biting midges of the genus Dasyhelea

Kieffer from the Gulf of California (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacif. Ins., 18:191-198.

Wirth, W. W., and F. S. Blanton. 1959. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from Panama

(Diptera: Heleidae). Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 109:237-482.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 299-303

EVIDENCE OF A FEMALE-PRODUCED AGGREGATIVE

PHEROMONE IN LEPERISINUS CALIFORNICUS SWAINE

(COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

JULIUS A. RUDINSKY AND SUELLEN VERNOFF

Dept. of Entomol., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis 97331

Aggregation pheromones in most bark beetle species are produced by the

gallery-initiating sex; they attract conspecifics of both sexes to the host and

may elicit response from congeneric scolytids (reviewed by Lanier and

Burkholder, 1974). Predators and parasites may also respond to these vol-

atiles (reviewed by Borden, 1974). In Dendroctonus, initial host selection

is followed by complex pairing behavior during which both sexes exhibit

sonic and other interactions in the gallery (reviewed by Rudinsky and Ryker,

1977). Though it was first reported that the European ash bark beetle, Le-

perisinus fraxini, has an aggregative pheromone released by the male

(Schonherr, 1970), a later study (Rudinsky and Vallo, 1979) shows that the

host-selecting female produces the aggregation pheromone.

The literature on Leperisinus Reitter, little of which is recent, was exten-

sively reviewed by Vernoff (1979). Wood (1977) proposed this genus be

placed in synonymy under Aylesinus Fabricius. Sound production and pair-

ing behavior of the Oregon ash beetle, L. oregonus, and the western ash

beetle, L. californicus, are described by Vernoff and Rudinsky (in press).

The present report on an aggregative pheromone in L. californicus is the

first evidence of such a pheromone in any North American member of this

genus.

Materials and Methods

Briefly, L. californicus was sexed by frons topography and scale size on

the elytral declivity (Bright, 1976). L. oregonus was sexed using color pat-

tern of scales on the elytral declivity (Blackman, 1943, detailed by Vernoff,

1979). Field work was done within ten miles of Corvallis, Oregon. Daily

temperature data were provided by the National Weather Service at Oregon

State University. All host material was Oregon ash, Fraxinus latifolia

Benth.

Preliminary tests indicated that Leperisinus spp. could be attracted to ash

by olfactory cues emanating from breeding galleries. To determine the origin

of these cues, the following field test was performed. Sexually mature L.

californicus were collected from the surface of winter-cut logs during beetle

flight on 19-20 May 1978 (maximum daily temperatures 28—29°C). Since

300 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Table 1. Field response of Leperisinus californicus to cages containing experimentally

infested ash logs, Corvallis, Oregon, June 1978.

Response

Treatment Total beetles Ratio 6:9

27 CAL pairs 183 1:1.4*

27 CAL pairs 52 1:1.5

28 CAL females 167 \ 1:1.3

28 CAL females 168 1:1.4*

24 CAL males 4 1:0.3

23 CAL males 2 1:0.0

107 ORE females 51 1:1.7

82 ORE males 1 0:1.0

Uninfested log 9 1:8.0*

Uninfested log 0 0:0.0

Totals 637 1:1.4*

Abbreviations: CAL: L. californicus; ORE: L. oregonus.

* Significantly different from 1:1 according to Chi-square test (P = 0.05).

pairs of this species were observed copulating at gallery entrances and even

on cages used for field tests, it is likely that most collected adults had mated.

Adults were sexed and stored at 4°C until needed. A small ash was felled

and wrapped with white cotton cloth to prevent attack. After 7 days (when

the leaves were wilted), it was cut into 60-cm long sections (8-13 cm di-

ameter), and stored in a cooler (4°C) until needed. Six of these logs were

placed separately in white cotton sacks; 23 or 24 male L. californicus were

added to each of two logs; 28 females were added to each of two logs, and

27 beetles of each sex were added to each of the final two logs. The sacks

were then sealed with masking tape and kept in the laboratory (23°C) for 56

hours to initiate the infestation. On 31 May 1978, each of the six test logs

plus two uninfested control logs from the same tree were placed vertically

inside eight fine-wire cages (56 xX 61 X 86 cm) in an ash stand. Two addi-

tional cages were used to hold winter-cut logs with L. oregonus males or

females respectively, which were introduced in the same way as with L.

californicus. The ten cages were set 15 m apart, and Leperisinus landing on

them were collected individually in gelatin capsules on 31 May through 5

June 1978 from 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.; previous experience had shown that morn-

ing flight is minimal.

On 6 June the six logs infested with L. californicus were placed in the

freezer to kill the beetles, so that subsequent debarking would reveal gallery

excavation as of field test termination.

For laboratory testing ten female L. californicus were introduced 20 cm

apart in an ash log and left to feed for one day at 28°C. Three of the females

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 301

Table 2. Examined contents of ash logs experimentally infested with L. californicus.

Galleries (abandoned)

No. w/ Length No. w/ Length

Treatment No. beetles excised No. eggs (cm) No. eggs (cm)

Pairs I 24 CAL pairs + 3 CAL 22 = 27 27 65.7 9 0 3.1

Pairs II 25 CAL pairs + 2CAL 22? 29 26 68.6 7 0 Del

+3CAL oe

+ 2 ORE pairs

Females I 26 CAL 2 26 19 39.0 30 1 13.4

Females II 26 CAL 2¢ +1ORE 3 26 17 40.4 22 0 8.7

Males I 12 CAL 3o¢ 11 0 4.6 20 0 6.3

Males II 6 CAL o6¢ + 1 ORE pair 5 0 Led 22 0 5.7

were then removed from under the bark and the excision damage was re-

paired. Twenty males were tested individually over each of the three entry

holes (n = 60). Likewise twenty other males were tested over each of three

entry holes where the female had not been excised. Finally, three holes

were bored into the bark and tested with 20 males in the same way to

determine response to host substances alone. Glass slides laid parallel 8 mm

apart on the log made a simulated walkway leading to the entry hole, which

was plugged by a number 0 insect pin to prevent male entry. The males

were gently placed with a brush at the end of the glass walkway and allowed

to walk to the gallery entrance. The criterion of arrestment was a full stop

over the entry and excited turning of the head during attempts to enter the

gallery. Passing over the entry hole was categorized as nonarrestment or no

response. Beetles used in these tests were collected earlier in the field and

stored in gelatine capsules in the refrigerator.

Results and Discussion

Both sexes of L. californicus were attracted to cages containing the logs

experimentally infested with females or pairs of this species (Table 1). The

logs with female L. oregonus were also attractive to L. californicus, though

less so than conspecific females. Since flight of L. oregonus had occurred

earlier in May, the alternate cross attraction of this species to L. californicus

could not be determined. Logs containing males of either species or unin-

fested logs were not attractive. Sex ratios of responding beetles differed

from 1:1. Significantly more females were caught at three of the ten cages

and on two of the six days (1 and 4 June); the total number was also sig-

nificantly higher (Table 1).

Table 2 shows results of debarking the logs experimentally infested with

302 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

L. californicus for the above field tests. The beetles had excavated a total

of 8.5 days, over 2 in the laboratory and nearly 6.5 in the field. Single males

bored very little, made short galleries, and abandoned most of them. This

indicates that they do not normally excavate galleries. Most single females

and mating pairs made biramous galleries of which one arm was usually

longer than the other, with no consistent preference for right or left. The

entrance usually led upward rather than downward. Individual gallery length

differed significantly (P < .0005, analysis of variance) among L. californicus

pairs (1.3-3.5 cm, = 2.54 cm, SE = .076 cm, n = 49), single females (.3-

2.6 cm, x = 1.53 cm, SE = .077 cm, n = 52) and single males (.3—.7 cm,

x = 0.43 cm, SE = .031 cm, n = 16). Pairs excavated farther than single

females, which in turn excavated farther than single males (Student-New-

man-Keuls multiple comparison test). The individuals of L. oregonus ob-

served in these logs are assumed to have been present in bark crevices for

maturation feeding before the tree was felled.

Results of the laboratory olfactory tests support the field tests. The gal-

leries with feeding females arrested 53 out of 60 males, and the female

galleries containing frass from which the females had been excised arrested

54 out of 60 tested males. Thus the arrestment response appears to be

evoked by olfactory stimulus. Host substances emanating from fresh holes

in the bark elicited response in only 3 out of 60 males.

These data support current belief that the host-selecting sex releases the

first pheromone components in Scolytidae.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported in part by National Science Foundation

Grant DEB-7711361 and an NSF Graduate Fellowship to the second author.

Literature Cited

Blackman, M. W. 1943. New species of American scolytid beetles, mostly neotropical. Proc.

U.S. Natl. Mus., 94(3174):371-399.

Borden, J. H. 1974. Aggregation pheromones in the Scolytidae. In: Birch, M. C. (ed.), Pher-

omones. New York, American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc., pp. 135-160.

Bright, D. E., Jr. 1976. The insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 2. The bark beetles of

Canada and Alaska. Coleoptera: Scolytidae. Canada Dept. of Agric. Publ. 1576.

Lanier, G. N., and W. E. Burkholder. 1974. Pheromones in speciation of Coleoptera. In:

Birch, M. C. (ed.), Pheromones. New York, American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc.,

pp. 161-189.

Rudinsky, J. A., and L. C. Ryker. 1977. Olfactory and auditory signals mediating behavioral

patterns of bark beetles. Colloques Internationaux du C.N.R.S., 265:195—209.

Rudinsky, J. A., and V. Vallo. 1979. The ash bark beetles, Leperisinus fraxini and Hylesinus

oleiperda: stridulatory organs, acoustic signals, and pheromone production. Z. ang.

Ent., 87:417-429.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 303

Schonherr, J. 1970. Evidence of an aggregating pheromone in the ash-bark beetle, Leperisinus

fraxini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Contrib. Boyce Thompson Instit., 24:305-307.

Vernoff, S. 1979. Sound production in Leperisinus oregonus Blackman and L. californicus

Swaine (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Master’s thesis, Oregon State University.

Vernoff, S., and J. A. Rudinsky. Sound production and pairing behavior of Leperisinus cal-

ifornicus Swaine and L. oregonus Blackman (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) attacking Oregon

ash. Z. ang. Ent. (in press).

Wood, S. L. 1977. New synonymy and new species of American bark beetles (Coleoptera:

Scolytidae), Part VI. Great Basin Naturalist, 37:511—-522.

BOOK REVIEW

Arthropod Phylogeny. A. P. Gupta, editor. 1979. Van Nostrand Reinhold

Company, New York, xx + 762 pages, 228 text figures, taxonomic and sub-

ject indexes. $32.50, cloth.

Since 1958, S. M. Manton has argued that arthropods share only a grade

of organization, not immediate ancestry. The bases for her view, developed

304 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

and published over the past twenty years, lie chiefly in her own detailed and

far-reaching research in comparative functional morphology (largely loco-

motory in one form or another), and her view of the special evolutionary

significance of behavior or habits. In 1973 the polyphyletism that Manton

stressed seemed to gain strong and new support from D. T. Anderson’s

studies and syntheses of cleavage and development in annelids and arthro-

pods.

Now, just two years after Manton’s (1977) wonderful and idiosyncratic

book, The Arthropoda, we have a handsome new volume, Arthropod Phy-

logeny, an assemblage of invited articles on: paleontology (J. Bergstrom),

embryology and development (D. T. Anderson; P. Weygoldt; R. Matsuda),

antennae (P. S. Callahan), eye structure (H. F. Paulus), functional mor-

phology (S. M. Manton), visceral anatomy (K. U. Clarke), intersegmental

tendon systems (H. B. Boudreaux), neuroendocrine structures (A. S.

Tombes), hemocytes (A. P. Gupta), ultrastructure of sperm (B. Baccetti),

and sperm transfer and spermatophores (F. Schaller). The levels of phyletic

divergences treated or considered differ among authors.

Overall Arthropod Phylogeny is an interesting and valuable book, attrac-

tively produced, and very well proofed (although the slip 9 + 12 on page

618, instead of 9 + 2, could cause misunderstanding). Not all chapters (e.g.,

10, 11, 13) treat of subjects a priori likely to permit strong conclusions

concerning phylogenetics. Especially good are those by Bergstrom, Wey-

goldt (bearing most importantly on D. T. Anderson’s views), Boudreaux

(contra Manton), and particularly Paulus. Considering the implied goal, an

interpretation of the phylogeny or phylogenies of arthropods, it is surprising

that less than half of the authors mention, no less use (as Paulus and Bou-

dreaux notably do), Hennig’s phylogenetic methods. Acceptance of Hen-

nig’s views, however, has not lead to wholly concordant conclusions among

those influenced by them.

As to the larger problem, the consensus of six of the nine expressing their

views on arthropod origins, each from a different and limited stance, is that

the phylum is monophyletic, hence ‘‘natural’’ and ‘‘valid.’’ None, however,

view and weigh all that is relevant, and it is surprising that R. B. Clark’s

(1964) worries about the evolution of the hemocoel, indeed his fine treatise,

nowhere feature in the discussions.

Dr. Manton is no longer with us, but we know where she stood. Weighing

the evidence now before us, the verdict concerning Arthropoda as a mono-

phyletic taxon or a taxonomic artifact would seem to be (as some of the

authors maintain): ‘‘not proven, either way.”’

Kenneth W. Cooper, Univ. of California, Riverside.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 305-308

LIFE HISTORY OF THE LACEBUG, CORYTHUCHA MORRILLI

OSBORN AND DRAKE, ON THE RAGWEED, AMBROSIA DUMOSA

(GRAY) PAYNE, IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

(HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA: TINGIDAE)

J. SILVERMAN AND R. D. GOEDEN

Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of California, Riverside 92521

Corythucha morrilli is common on ragweeds in southern California (Goe-

den and Ricker, 1974, 1975, 1976a, 1976b, 1976c). Its biology was known

only from limited observations on Baccharis pilularis Decandolle by Tilden

(1950) when we began this study in 1976. Coincidentally, its laboratory

biology concurrently was studied on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in

Texas by Rogers (1977). Its life history on the native, perennial desert rag-

weed, Ambrosia dumosa, in southern California is reported herein.

Taxonomy.—The adult was described in brief by Osborn and Drake

(1917). Rogers (1977) reported head capsule measurements from nymphal

exuviae and adults.

Distribution and host plants.—Drake and Ruhoff (1965) described this

lacebug as *‘. . . a native of the southwestern United States, Mexico, Cen-

tral America, and the West Indies.’’ They also listed 15 host plants of C.

morrilli, all but 1 of which are Compositae.

The junior author and D. W. Ricker collected adults and nymphs of C.

morrilli during 1968-1972 from either A. acanthicarpa Hooker, A. confer-

tiflora Decandolle, A. dumosa, A. eriocentra (Gray) Payne, A. ilicifolia

(Gray) Payne, A. psilostachya Decandolle, or A. pumila (Nuttall) Gray at

the following locations in southern California: Imperial Co.—Niland, Oco-

tillo, Picacho, Signal Mountain; Los Angeles Co.— Arcadia, Hollywood,

LaVerne, Little Rock, Llano, Long Beach, Pasadena, Valyermo; Riverside

Co.—Aguanga, Anza, Banning, Beaumont, Corn Spring, Desert Center,

Elsinore, Hemet, Indio, Lake Hemet, Palm Desert, Palm Springs, Perris,

Riverside, Sage, San Jacinto, Thermal, Twin Pines, West Palm Springs Vil-

lage, Wildomar; San Bernardino Co.—Apple Valley, Cajon Junction, Cedar

Canyon, Clarks Pass, Cucamonga, East Highlands, Forest Home, Hack-

berry Mountain, Halloran Springs, Lake Arrowhead, Mill Creek Park,

Mountain Pass, Twenty-nine Palms, Yucca Valley; San Diego Co.—Alpine,

Banner, Barrett Junction, Borrego Springs, Boulevard, Campo, Jacumba,

La Mesa, Lyons Peak, Oak Grove, Otay, Pala, Pine Valley, Rainbow, San

Felipi, Valley Center, Warner Springs; Santa Barbara Co.—Refugio Can-

yon, Santa Barbara; Ventura Co.—Fillmore, Port Hueneme, and Ventura.

306 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Nymphs and adults also commonly were observed on brittle-bush, Encelia

farinosa Gray ex Torrey.

Biology.—Field populations were studied at a site 8 km northwest of Palm

Springs. Laboratory and insectary studies were conducted at Riverside.

Insectary cultures were maintained on potted A. dumosa in the insectary

at 27 + 1°C, 45-60% relative humidity, and a 12/12-hr (light/dark) photo-

period.

Egg.—The mean (+ S.D.) dimensions of 10 eggs were: length, 0.41 +

0.03 mm; width, 0.16 + 0.03 mm; diameter of operculum, 0.10 + 0.03 mm.

The egg is mostly light tan and flask-shaped, with a distinct, brownish oper-

culum.

Eggs were embedded singly or in loose groups of 2—14 in the leaves and

occasionally in the terminal branches and involucres of A. dumosa. The

opercular end was exposed and stained brown with feces during oviposition.

Of 1147 eggs observed in the insectary, 709 (62%) were laid in the upper

leaf surfaces. Rogers (1977) similarly found two-thirds of the eggs in the

adaxial surfaces of sunflower leaves.

Eggs hatched in 7-9 days in the insectary. Eclosion by 13 individuals

averaged 17 min. (range: 9-25 min.). Sixteen individuals hatched within a

40-min. interval from 18 eggs deposited on 1 leaf by 1 female. Several

nymphs were observed to retain the operculum atop their head until the

first moult.

Nymph.—There are five instars (Rogers, 1977). Ten each, first-—fifth in-

stars averaged 0.32 + 0.06 mm, 0.63 + 0.04 mm, 0.96 + 0.09 mm, 1.11 +

0.10 mm, and 1.77 + 0.13 mm in length, respectively; 0.16 + 0.03 mm, 0.33

+ 0.02 mm, 0.53 + 0.06 mm, 0.63 + 0.08 mm, and 1.00 + 0.07 mm in

greatest width, respectively. The first instar was pale tan at eclosion, as-

sumed a greenish tint after feeding began, and turned light brown by the

first moult.

Most first instars fed gregariously on the undersides of leaves, commonly

along the midribs and leaf margins, although the latter preferences were not

strongly pronounced. They moulted throughout the photophase and during

the scotophase in the insectary. Ecdysis by 25 first instars was completed

in an average of 9.5 (range: 6-14) min.

Second-fifth instars fed singly as well as in aggregations. Feeding symp-

toms included leaf chlorosis and foliage soiled with their dark, viscous,

liquid feces. When their feeding areas became chlorotic, they migrated to

new leaves. Older nymphs tended to feed less gregariously. Each of the

first-fourth stadia of 50 individuals lasted 1-2 days; the fifth stadium, 2-3

days.

Adult.—Adults were less gregarious than nymphs. They most commonly

were observed at rest, feeding on the upper surfaces of leaves. Their feed-

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 307

ing, as with the nymphs, resulted in chlorosis and fecal discoloration of

foliage.

Mating was observed in the field throughout the year on different host

plant species. In the insectary, adults mated during the photophase and

scotophase. Mating began within 2 days after adult ecdysis. No courtship

behavior was noted. During copulation, the male’s body was oriented at

approximately a right angle to the female’s, with her hemelytra and abdomen

situated laterally between the male’s hemelytra and abdomen. Males were

polygamous; females, polyandrous. In 4 instances, in the field, 2 males were

observed attempting to mate simultaneously with the same female. The

mean durations of 25 matings observed in the insectary was 74 (range: 41-

127) min. All but 1 of 40 pairs observed mating in the field were located on

an upper, rather than lower, leaf surface.

Females began ovipositing an average of 3 (range: 2—4) days after ecdysis

in the insectary. This was considerably shorter than the 7.9-day, preovi-

positional period reported by Rogers (1977). A single egg was laid at each

insertion of the ovipositor. Under insectary conditions, females often fed

and oviposited simultaneously. Twenty females laid a mean total of 213 +

72.2 (range: 42-326) eggs during their 25 + 7.6 (range: 4—32)-day oviposi-

tional periods. Based only on days when females oviposited, the daily totals

varied from | to 19 eggs, and averaged 9.1 + 3.8 eggs. Ovipositional rates

declined towards the end of the ovipositional periods. In the insectary, 20

males lived an average of 32.6 + 3.1 (range: 11-61) days; 20 fecund females,

3 weeks in the insectary.

Seasonal history.—Corythucha morrilli is multivoltine in southern Cali-

fornia; however, the number of annual generations is unknown and probably

varies with the host-plant species and climatic zone involved. There is an

overlapping of generations during reproduction and nymphs can be found

on different ragweeds in different parts of southern California throughout

the year. Nymphs as well as adults occurred on A. dumosa at Palm Springs

from February—June during 1971, 1972, and 1977; whereas, largely only

adults were collected in January during those same years. A few eggs also

were observed at the study site in January, 1977, but it is not known whether

these were viable, overwintering, or freshly laid. Tingidae are known to

overwinter as eggs and imagos in temperate zones (Drake and Ruhoff, 1965).

Reproduction largely coincided withe resumption of vegetative growth

and reproduction by A. dumosa following winter rainfall at Sonoran Desert

locations, including our study site, where adults usually could be found in

limited numbers on this ragweed at other times of the year. Nymphs also

were found on A. acanthicarpa from June—October, 1969; on A. conferti-

flora from June—November, 1970; on A. eriocentra from May-—September,

308 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

1970 and 1971; on A. ilicifolia from December—May, 1970 and 1971; and on

A. psilostachya from January—December, 1968-1970. These periods coin-

cided with periods of active vegetative growth and reproduction by these

ragweeds in southern California.

Natural enemies .—Geocoris sp. (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) and

Nabis sp. (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Nabidae) were observed feeding on

both nymphs and adults of C. morrilli at the study site. A spider, Xysticus

sp. (Araneida:. Thomisidae), also preyed on the nymphs and adults. No

parasites of C. morrilli were reared or otherwise detected.

Acknowledgments

The technical assistance of Mssrs. D. W. Ricker and D. P. Carroll, De-

partment of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, is gratefully

acknowledged. Corythucha morrilli was identified by Dr. R. C. Froeschner,

Smithsonian Institution.

Literature Cited

Drake, D. J., and F. A. Ruhoff. 1965. Lacebugs of the world. A catalogue (Hemiptera:

Tingidae). Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 43:1-634.

Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1974. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed,

Ambrosia acanthicarpa, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 3:827—834.

Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1975. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed,

Ambrosia confertiflora, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 4:301—306.

Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1976a. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed,

Ambrosia dumosa, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 5:45—S0.

Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1976b. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweeds,

Ambrosia chenopodiifolia, A. eriocentra, and A. ilicifolia, in southern California. En-

viron. Entomol., 5:923—930.

Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1976c. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed,

Ambrosia psilostachya, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 5:1169-1177.

Osborn, H., and C. J. Drake. 1917. American Tingidae. Ohio J. Sci., 17:298—299.

Rogers, C. E. 1977. Laboratory biology of a lace bug on sunflower. Ann. Entomol. Soc.

Amer., 70:144-145.

Tilden, J. W. 1950. Biological notes on Corythucha morrilli O. and D. (Hemiptera: Tingidae).

Entomol. News, 61:135—137.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 309-310

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

NOTES ON WINTER ROOSTING BY MONARCHS (LEPIDOPTERA:

DANAIDAE) AT AN INLAND SITE IN CALIFORNIA

In 1942 Downes (Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, 92(1):160) summarized

the known wintering sites of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L.,

on the California coast. The farthest inland that overwintering was reported

was 25 km in Contra Costa Co. Although numerous later papers dealing

with Monarch migration and overwintering have appeared, we have found

no published record of sites farther inland. Since 1974, however, we have

observed successful overwintering each year at Fairfield, Solano Co., 62

km from the coast. The climate at Fairfield is intermediate between those

of coastal and inland valleys (Shapiro, 1974, J. Res. Lepid., 13:191—206).

The roost is located in a row of large Eucalyptus trees running N-S on the

west side of the city.

On November 6, 1976, after the migration had passed, fifty animals were

found on the trees. We observed the roost at regular intervals through the

winter. Even though we dealt with relatively small numbers, accurate counts

of the butterflies were often impossible, due to the size of the trees and

density of the foliage, and the visibility often confounded by dense fog

common at that time of year.

On December 24 only three animals could be found alive. During the

preceding week at least seven had been eaten, probably by a single bird

which carried them to a nearby Cotoneaster bush under which their wings

were found. Two weeks earlier, one of us (CMF) watched a Mockingbird

(Mimus polyglottos L.) attempt unsuccessfully to catch two Monarchs in

flight. Mockingbirds are common in the vicinity all winter. A few Monarchs

were seen in Fairfield through January and February. On March 5, 1977

butterflies were again numerous at the site. We believe the March specimens

represented an influx from the coast, since a Monarch was seen 170 km

inland near Auburn, Placer Co. on March 19 (AMS).

Numbers roosting at Fairfield were lower in winter 1977/78. Remains of

single predated individuals were found under the Cotoneaster on January

20 and February 3, 1978 and one wing directly under a roost tree on the

latter date. On February 23 Monarchs were very common, again probably

representing eastward migration from the coast; the first coastal specimen

was seen in Davis, Yolo Co., 125 km inland, on March 12. Like Downes,

we believe that the microtopography which attracts overwintering animals

to individual groups of trees also attracts transients during both spring and

fall migrations. Because of the gap in the Coast Ranges at the Carquinez

Straits, large numbers of migrating Monarchs may be funneled through Fair-

field.

310 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

CMF made observations on aggregating behavior during winter 1976/77.

Groups of from 2 to 28 animals were found, normally on the lee side of the

trees (generally east). On 3 calm days all the groups were on the west side,

where the animals had been nectaring in the late afternoon sunshine. Ar-

rivals trigger vigorous fluttering by animals already settled. This apparent

aggregating stimulus also occurs in the dense coastal roosts; it is striking

that systematic aggregation occurs even at densities 3—5 orders of magnitude

lower than those seen at the coast.

Persistent communal roosting can be of only limited value against pred-

ators when such small groups are involved. If enough individuals are highly

emetic, the value of clustering will be increased. Large aggregations are

more likely to contain emetic butterflies, being recruited from a wider area

in which a broader “‘palatability spectrum’’ (Pough et al., 1973, Proc. Nat.

Acad. Sci. USA, 70:2261—2265) would be sampled. Large aggregations are

also better able to saturate resident predators which are confined to restrict-

ed home ranges. The Mockingbird does maintain a winter territory (Hail-

man, 1960, Condor, 62:464—468). Thus, the very size of large roosts may

reduce the chances that any individual Monarch will be eaten; small roosts

would be far less effective.

Most Monarchs originating in the central Sacramento Valley, as well as

the Fairfield area, have bred on Asclepias fascicularis Dcne., a relatively

innocuous species, and are presumably palatable. Milkweeds growing in the

surrounding foothills are more toxic-emetic (P. Tuskes, pers. comm.). We

suspect that Monarchs which overwinter at Fairfield are mostly very late

emergents from the last broods on the Valley floor and locally, and are

therefore palatable. (A. fascicularis remains in usable condition into late

autumn, whereas the foothill species usually do not, and we have seen larvae

feeding at Fairfield and in the Valley into early November.) Migrants reach-

ing Fairfield in September and October may spend a few days but do resume

their coastward movement. For the last animals to arrive in autumn, spend-

ing the winter at Fairfield may represent a tradeoff between the risks of

continued coastward migration and the risk of local predation. Fairfield is

probably the farthest inland that a maritime climatic influence makes over-

wintering at all feasible. Normally, there is no overwintering at Davis. In

the very exceptional warm winter of 1977/78 a few individual Monarchs

among hundreds liberated in early December were able to survive (P. Cher-

ubini, pers. comm.)—but there were no killing frosts in 1977/78 at Davis.

Cheryl M. Fadem and Arthur M. Shapiro, Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of

California, Davis 95616. (Send reprint requests to second author.)

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

INDEX TO VOLUME 55

Acanthoscelides spp. - 61

Aciurina mexicana - 161

Ahuautlea mexicana - 251

Ammophila - 239

Anelaphus giesberti - 269

Anuroctonus phaiodactylus - 78

Aphalara - 95

Ashlock - New Eremocoris - 149

Baetis maculipennis - 187

Bionomics - 1

Acanthoscelides - 61

Ammophila - 239

Aphalara - 95

Camponotus - 81

Conoderus - 72, 235

Corythucha - 20, 305

Cryptocephalus - 179

Diptera - 181

Drosophila - 117

Euphoria - 279

Hoplitis - 195

Leperisinus - 299

Machimus - 208

Megachile - 90, 197

Oidaematophorus - 284

Osmia - 234

Phanaeus - 103

Psylla - 95

Sinarachna - 192

Sitona - 199, 202

Systropus - 239

Zygogramma - 261

Book Review - 283, 303

Camponotus - 81

Chandler - New Tanarthrus - 147

Chemsak and Linsley - Honduras Ceramby-

cidae - 267

Coelosternus fiedleri - 228

Coleoptera

Anthicidae - 33, 147

Bruchidae - 61

Cantharidae - 155

Cerambycidae - 21; 106, 159, 267

Chrysomelidae - 76, 179, 261

Curculionidae - 199, 202, 228

Dasytidae - 41

Elateridae - 72, 235

Lathridiidae - 1

Leiodidae - 1

Scarabaeidae - 99, 279

Scolytidae - 299

Sphindidae - 1

Conoderus amplicollis - 235

exsul - 72

Cooper - Book Review - 303

Cophes fiedleri - 228

Cortodera militaris constans - 159

Coville - variation in Trypoxylon - 73

Corynellus cinnabarinus - 269

Corythucha distincta - 20

morrilli - 305

Cryptocephalus pallidicinctus - 179

Cryptorhynchus fiedleri - 228

Culicoides bajensis - 291

hoguei - 293

mohave - 288

Danaus plexippus - 309

Dasyhelea bajensis - 297

sonorensis - 298

Denning and Blickle - New Helicopsyche - 27

Denning and Resh - H. H. Ross Obituary - 74

Dennis and Lavigne - Ethology of Machimus

- 208

Diptera - 181

Asilidae - 208

Bombyliidae - 239, 250

Ceratopogonidae - 287

Chironomidae - 127

Drosophilidae - 117

Tabanidae - 77

Tephritidae - 161

Drosophila busckii - 117

Edmonds - New Phanaeus - 99

Ephemeroptera - 187

Eremocoris cupressicola - 150

Eubulus bisignatifrons - 228

Eufriesia spp. - 126

Euphoria inda - 279

Euplusia spp. - 126

Eutreta coalita - 162

Evenhuis - Island Bombyliidae - 250

Fadem and Shapiro - Monarch Roosts - 309

Fender - New Podabrus - 155

Financial Statement - 79

Fisher and O’Keefee - Sitona Host Potential

- 199

Sitona Food Plants - 202

Flowers - New Baetis - 187

Foote and Blanc - New Tephritidae - 161

Frankliniella tritici clara - 50

311

312

Fungi - 1

Gilbert - Cryptocephalus Biology - 179

Gill - New Pulvinaria - 241

Goeden and Ricker - Zygogramma Biology -

261

Gonioxyna fuscata - 166

hyalina - 167

trinotata - 168

Gordh and Trjapitzin - Zaomma notes - 34

Hardy - Book Review - 283

Hasegawa and Burdick - Grassland Chrys-

omelids - 76

Helicopsyche \ewalleni - 27

mexicana - 32

rentzi - 31

sinuata - 31

temora - 30

villegasi - 29

Hemiptera

Aradidae - 57

Corixidae - 251, 258

Lygaeidae - 149

Saldidae - 222

Tingidae - 305

Veliidae - 46

Homoptera - Psyllidae - 95

Coccidae - 241

Hoplitis albifrons - 195

producta - 196

Howell - New Pristocelis - 41

Hybomitra - 77

Hydropsyche separata - 10

Hymenoptera

Apidae - 126

Encyrtidae - 34

Formicidae - 81

Ichneumonidae - 192

Megachilidae - 51, 90, 195, 197, 234

Sphecidae - 73, 239

Incisitermes fruticavus - 273

Isoptera - 230

Jansson - Ahuautlea identity - 251

Jansson - New Krizousacorixa - 258

Johnson - Hosts for Acanthoscelides - 61

Kamm and McDonough - Moth Attractant -

284

Kimsey - Euglossini Synonymy - 126

Kohlmann - Euphoria biology - 279

Kormilev - New Aradidae - 57

Krizousacorixa tolteca - 258

Langston - Hawaiian Lepidoptera - 75

La Rivers, Ira, Obituary - 230

Larvae

Chironomidae - 127

Chrysomelidae - 76

Coleoptera - 1

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Diptera - 181

Hydropsyche - 10

Lavigne and Roth - Corythucha host - 20

Leperisinus californicus - 299

Lepidanthrax borius - 250

Lepidoptera - 75

Danaidae - 309

Nymphalidae - 111

Pterophoridae - 284

Lewis - Arizona Cerambycidae - 21

Literature Notice - 233, 257

Lophalia auricomis - 267

Lugaski - Obituary, Ira La Rivers - 230

Machimus callidus - 208

Megachile - 90

montivaga - 197

Mintzer - Biology of Camponotus - 81

Notice - 240, 278

Obituaries -

H. H. Ross - 74

Ira La Rivers - 230

Oidaematophorus monodactylus - 284

Opp - A new Calif. Hybomitra - 77

Ortholeptura obscura - 160

Osmia tanneri - 234

Papp - New Weevil Names - 228

Papp and Johnson - Sierran Psyllidae - 95

Paraterellia immaculata - 170

Parker - Bee Parasitism - 90

New Proteriades - 51

Penrose - Oregon Lepturines - 159

Peranoplium inornatum - 270

Phanaeus halffterorum - 99

Podabrus youngi - 155

Polhemus - New Stridulivelia - 46

Poliaenus nuevoleonensis nuevoleonensis -

107

similnegundo - 107

Pristocelis irwini - 41

volki - 43

Proceedings of PCES - 75

Proteriades torchioi - 51

Psylla - 95

Pulvinaria delottoi - 241

Recent Literature - 229

Rockwell - Emigration of Drosophila - 117

Ross, H. H. - Obituary - 74

Rudinsky and Vernoff - Pheromone in Leper-

isinus - 299

Russell - Slime mold beetles - 1

Rust - New Termite - 273

Sakimura - Frankliniella Lectotype - 50

Saldula palustris - 222

Scientific Notes - 20, 33, 50, 72, 73, 126, 159,

179, 234, 235, 239, 250, 309

Scorpionida - 78

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4

Silverman and Goeden - Corythucha _biol-

ogy - 305

Sims et al. - Speyeria in California - 111

Sinarachna anomala - 192

Sitona lineatus - 199, 202

Skiles - Subspecies of Poliaenus - 106

Slime Molds - 1

Smith - Larval Hydropsyche - 10

Speyeria spp. - 111

Stock - Systematics of Saldula - 222

Stone - Elateridae Food Preferences - 72

Gulf Wireworm - 235

Strangalia hondurae - 271

Stricticomus spp. - 33

Stridulivelia secerna - 47

Swoveland - Records for Anuroctonus - 78

Systropus - 239

Tanarthrus occidentalis - 147

Tepedino et al. - Bee Trapnesting - 195

Tepedino and Boyce - Osmia nest - 234

Tephritis laevittensis - 173

313

Tetraopes mankinsi - 272

Thysanoptera - 50

Tilley - Larval Chironomidae - 127

Tragidion cyanovestis - 268

Trichoptera - 10, 27

Trypoxylon tridentatum - 73

Tylodes fiedleri - 228

Typocerus serraticornis - 159

Usumbaraia arnaudi - 57

Valentibulla mundulata - 175

Vincent - Record for Sinarachna - 192

Wharton - Dung Breeding Diptera - 181

Wirth and Assis de Moraes - New Midges -

287

Xenochaeta aurantiaca - 177

dichromata - 177

Young - Hawaiian Anthicidae - 33

Zalom et al. - Sympatric Associations - 239

Zaomma spp. - 34

Zoological nomenclature - 186

Zygogramma tortuosa - 261

Published by the .

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in cooperation with

The California Academy of Sciences

VOLUME FIFTY-FIVE

1979

EDITORIAL BOARD

T. D. EICHLIN and A. R. HARDY, Co-Editors

S. KUBA, Editorial Asst.

R. M. BOHART

HUGH B. LEECH

E. S. ROSS

J. A. CHEMSAK

P. H. ARNAUD, JR., Treasurer

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

1979 1980 1981 1982

R. M. Bohart Frank Ennik David Kavanaugh G. A. H. McClelland, Chairman

J. G. Edwards J. T. Doyen Fred IItis Fred Andrews

San Francisco, California

1979

CONTENTS FOR VOLUME 55

Ashlock, P. D.

A new Eremocoris from California with key to North American genera

RS PE YAIR Nolet PRE Eee a IE ae se ee tad iets RRP td Ml RR eae 149

EROS ceo Fe cece, tet alte i Fe RES Gita escree weatin’ eotloe Sk aR bee tiniae Marae Jnadiver 283, 303

Chandler, D. S.

A new species of Tanarthrus from California .............. 00000 e eee eee 147

Chemsak, J. A. and Linsley, E. G.

New Cerambycidae from Honduras. 4. .....055 caewevoanebavnden trv ve wnw ee 267

Committees, Pacific Coast Entomological Society .......... 0.0. ... 00. cece ee 71

Coville, R. E.

Extra midtibial spur in island population of Trypoxylon tridentatum ........ 73

Denning, D. G. and Blickle, R. L.

New species of Helcopsych@ .cvss ba canes vee Raw ene eee ede dae de dae yes ei

Denning, D. G. and Resh, V. H.

Obitwaty; Herbert, Ross, 1908-1978: cco x ed ee pe ee eae a ek os 74

Dennis, D. S. and Lavigne, R. J.

Ethology of Machimus callidus, observations on M. occidentalis in Wy-

POCA i ne Rh cM hte IAS PEE GA PORE C RG, AROS ot eee ee a GLE et Ga ree ces etmome, 0 0S ee, ie 208

Edmonds, W. D.

A new species of Phanaeus from Mexico ....... 0... 0c ccc ce eee ees 99

Evenhuis, N. L.

First record of Bombyliidae from Santa Barbara Island, California......... 250

Fadem, C. M. and Shapiro, A. M.

Winter roosting by monarchs at an inland site in California ............... 309

Fender, K. M.

A new Califorma species Of POddDrUS nce cee new oe cs He cee wees 155

Fisher, J. R. and O’ Keeffe, L. E.

Host potential of some cultivated legumes for pea leaf weevil ............ 199

Fisher, J. R. and O’ Keeffe, L. E.

Food plants of pea leaf weevil in northern Idaho and eastern Washington .. 202

Flowers, R. W.

A new species of Baetis from Panama

Foote, R. H. and Blanc, F. L.

New species of Tephritidae from western United States, Mexico, and Guate-

isla, Willhl PEVISiITALY TOROS 4 ect ieee Pie ke teen seta rain w wih ce weal ee 161

Gilbert, A. J.

Biological data on Cryptocephalus pallidicinctus Fall ................0.4.. 179

Gill, R. J.

A new species of Pulvinaria attacking ice plant in California .............. 241

Goeden, R. D. and Ricker, D. W.

Life history of Zygogramma tortuosa on Ambrosia eriocentra in southern

REIT NEN a) ec Ae ore nog Ghee he eh che as MT oa se te vas Mine he a eaten Rint) Bien ao etches 261

Gordh, G. and Trjapitzin, V. A.

Notes on Zaomma Ashmead, with key to species ..........0....00 ee eeeee 34

Howell, C. D.

Studies of Dasytidae No. 1: New species of Pristocelis .........0.000 00005 4]

Jansson, A.

Identity of Ahuautlea mexicana de la Llave ............0 0. ccc cece eee 251

Jansson, A.

A new species of Krizousacorixa from MeXicO .......... 000 c eee cece eee 258

Johnson, C. D.

New host records for Acanthoscelides: .4..544 cassava eves cetee ener asr nse 61

Kamm, J. A. and McDonough, L. M.

Sex attractant for Oidaematophorus monodactylus (L.) «1.6... ee 284

Kimsey, L. S.

Synonymy of Euplusia Moure under Eufriesia Cockerell ................. 126

Kohlmann, B.

Notes on biology of Euphoria inda (Linné) ........... 0... cece eee 279

Kormilev, N. A.

A new apterous species of Aradidae from Kenya ...................0005. a7

Lavigne, R. and Roth, D.

New host record for Corythuca distinctd 1.0.0.6. ccc cee ee eens 20

Lewis, A. E.

List of Cerambycidae from Hualapai Mountains, Arizona ................ 21

Pee aah ee tye ae i ag he 2 Ee oc i ca OG a 233, 257

Lugaski, T. P.

Obituary: Ira John La Rivers, II, 1915-1977 ............ 0. cece eee 230

Mintzer, A.

Colony foundation and pleometrosis in Camponotus ..........00 00 cee eaes 81

DP OICES! coh Shaye Cay Be ere i en Pe ey cee oe oe A. uk 240, 278

Parker, F. D.

A new Proteriades with distributional notes and key to subgenus (Hopli-

gs: a ee er eee Oe, NEN le ep ee Ae yd een ee eee ee ee 51

Parker, F. D.

Alfalfa leafcutter bee—Reducing parasitism of loose cells during incuba-

TART ace yc PE en) WA Len a oie Re Peet ee OE Seer Ae 90

Papp, C. S.

WNew names 10 Cryptorhyne@RInds to siy ie cay cds a eee ss Pa ae oe ead os 228

Papp, R. P. and Johnson, J. B.

Origins of psyllid fallout in central Sierra Nevada of California ............ 95

Penrose, R. L.

Notes on three Oregon lepturine Cerambycidae ....................0000- 159

Polhemus, J. T.

A new species of Stridulivelia from Mexico, and a new subgenus from Mid-

SP aie A re ens ma encore was EO pott yt oe BAED sal an ve: PREG wer eto is PEAS Oe ans 46

Bem oh cence ec: Bede eae APA EA a acne Gehl ae ghee ieata ale WEY SEG d Ae eae 229

Rockwell, R. F.

Emigration response behavior: II: Responses of Drosophila busckii ........ 117

Proceedings, Pacific Coast Entomological Society ..............cc eee eeaee iP)

Rudinsky, J. A. and Vernoff, S.

Evidence of female-produced aggregative pheromone in Leperisinus cali-

Moe pats OO See ci) eee ae oe ee, aL ee ee Ae OE Ce ae ee 299

Russell, L. K.

Beetles associated with slime molds in Oregon and California ............. 1

Rust, M. K.

A new species of drywood termite from southwestern North America ..... 273

Sakimura, K.

Lectotype designation for Frankliniella tritici Moulton ................... 50

Silverman, J. and Goeden, R. D.

Life history of Corythucha morrilli on Ambrosia dumosa in southern Cali-

TNE a re PR gob eee coe ‘cml hese est cco hte Pan nates, dave arlene eae One era crea See ANS en ier 305

Sims, S. R., Brittnacher, J. G. and Ayala, F. J.

Genetic confirmation of specific status of Speyeria adiaste group in Cali-

NATAL EAS a: sen veto a wet ye Rhode are Mele RRR Sick psn eee e gel, dl ep Sar won 111

Skiles, D. D.

A new subspecies of Poliaenus nuevoleonis from southern Arizona ........ 106

Smith, D.

Larval stage of Hydropsyche separata Banks ............ cece cece ences 10

Stock, M. W.

Systematics of Saldula palustris from the Oregon coast ..............000- 222

Stone, M. W.

Food preferences in reared wireworms Conoderus exsul .........00 00 0c ee ip

Stone, M. W. and Wilcox, J.

The Gulf wireworm in California... 00 ccc ces cee bet ee ed cena baleen nenes 235

Tepedino, V. J., Loar, J. M., and Stanton, N. L.

Experimental trapnesting: Notes on nest recognition in three species of

HISAR IG MDGS ih Fe eee, a i sei ne ate, alee eat ate Ena es eta cneaeaa te ay 195

Tepedino, V. J. and Boyce, M. S.

A nest of Osmia tanneri from Wyoming ........... 0.0 cece eee eee ee tenes 234

Tilley, L. J.

Some larvae of Orthocladiinae, Chironomidae, from Brooks Range, Alaska

ALLER SECIS LORI SY 4 ate ly See dE UDP cr GOR ees ete OM a 127

Vincent, L. S.

New record for Sinarachna anomala, an external parasitoid of Mallos

PT Be Sie eh ake Anse 5 ries tba in Se ee ee ee pone ae ee oe 192

Wharton, R.

Some predators and parasitoids of dung-breeding Diptera from central

ATUL TTT Ah my: usa gee oo. Rea Ge cia: cP IER ge DE eta ea, dele sp eet lyn lg ua 181

Wirth, W. W. and Assis de Moraes, A. P.

New records and new species of biting midges from salt marshes in Cali-

EOC TGAe PRUE VA ORO Belew, se as ge ae eae tol a eideo oe AW oly cela EG ae WEE a 287

Young, D. K.

Note on the Anthicidae of Kauai, Hawaii ................ 0.0.0. ee eee eee 33

Zalom, F. G., Meyer, R. P. and Mason, P. H.

Sympatric associations of Systropus spp. and Ammophila spp. ........... 239

LENA SIN ETC TS RET ateime phaac-ge es, ete Sek eee BAT es pay es RAI ew 8 186

‘

4 *

, ;

afl. ?

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including short notes or articles up to ten printed pages,

on insect taxonomy, morphology, ecology, behavior, life history, and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and will be

charged to the author. Papers are published after acceptance in approximately the order that they are received. Papers of less than a

printed page will be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.

All manuscripts will be reviewed before acceptance.

Manuscripts for publication, proofs, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the editor.

General. — The metric system is to be used exclusively in manuscripts, except when citing label data on type material, or in direct

quotations when cited as such. Equivalents in other systems may be placed in parentheses following the metric, i.e. ‘1370 m (4500

ft) elevation’’.

Typing. — Two copies of each manuscript must be submitted (original and one xerox copy or two xerox copies are suitable). All

manuscripts must be typewritten, double-spaced throughout, with ample margins, and be on bond paper or an equivalent weight.

Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 812 x 11 inches are not accepiable.

Underscore only where tfalics are intended in the body of the text. Number all pages consecutively and put authors name on each

sheet. References to footnotes in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes must be typed on a separate sheet.

Manuscripts with extensive corrections or revisions will be returned to the author for retyping.

First Page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript must include (1) the complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses,

(3) the author’s name or names, (4) the institution with city and state or the author’s home city and state if not affiliated (5) the

complete name and address to which proof is to be sent.

Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should include the full scientific name with the author

of a zoological name not abbreviated. Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style. The

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature must be followed.

Tables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be prepared as a line drawing or typed on a

separate page with heading at top and footnotes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecutively for

each table. Use only horizontal rules. Extensive use of tabular material requiring typesetting may result in increased charges to the

author.

Illustrations. — No extra charge is made for line drawings or halftones. Submit only photographs on glossy paper and original drawings.

Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimension of the printed page (117 x 181 mm; 4% x 7% inches). If possible,

allowance should be made for the legend to be placed beneath the illustration. Photographs should not be less than the width of the

printed page. Photographs should be mounted on stiff card stock, and bear the illustration number on the face.

Loose photographs or drawings which need mounting and/or numbering are not acceptable. Photographs to be placed together should

be trimmed and abut when mounted. Drawings should be in India Ink, or equivalent, and at least twice as large as the printed

illustration. Excessively large illustrations are awkward to handle and may be damaged in transit. It is recommended that a metric

scale be placed on the drawing or the magnification of the printed illustration be stated in the legend where applicable. Arrange

figures to use space efficiently. Lettering should reduce to no less than 1 mm. On the back of each illustration should be stated (1)

the title of the paper, (2) the author’s complete name and address, and (3) whether he wishes the illustration returned to him.

Illustrations not specifically requested will be destroyed. Improperly prepared illustrations will be returned to the author for correction

prior to acceptance of the manuscript.

Figure legends. — Legends should be typewritten double-spaced on separate pages headed EXPLANATION OF FIGURES and placed

following LITERATURE CITED. Do not attach legends to illustrations.

References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig 1958), must be listed alphabetically under LITERATURE CITED in the

following format:

Essig, E. O. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212.

Essig, E. O. 1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev. ed. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1050 pp.

Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1966, 47(21):8585-8601. For Scientific Notes the

citations to articles will appear within the text, i.e... . ‘‘Essig (1926, Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212) noted ...’’.

Proofs, reprints, and abstracts. — Proofs and forms for the abstract and reprint order will be sent to authors. Major changes in proof

will be charged to the author. Proof returned to the editor without the abstract will not be published.

Page charges. — All regular papers of one to ten printed pages are charged at the rate of $18.00 per page. Private investigators or

authors without institutional or grant funds may apply to the society for a grant to cover a portion of the page charges. In no case

will society grants subsidize more than two thirds of the cost of page charges. Individuals receiving a society subsidy thus will be

billed a minimum of $6.00 per page. Pages additional to the first ten are charged at the rate of $30.00 per page, without subsidy. Page

charges are in addition to the charge for reprints and do not include the possible charges for extra pagination or the costs for

excessive changes after the manuscript has been sent to the printer.

Reprint costs. — Current charges for reprints are approximately as listed below. These charges are subject to change, and authors will

be billed at the rate in effect at the time of publication.

Each Additional

1 pp Printed Page

Ist 100 18.25 3.00

Additional 100’s 12.75 1.75

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL

SOCIETY.

Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (numbers 1-9, 131

pages). 1901-1930. Price $5.00 per volume.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vol. 1 (1924) to Vol. 51 (1975), price $10.00 per volume of 4

numbers, or $2.50 per single issue. Vol. 52 (1976) and subse-

quent issues, $15.00 per volume or $3.75 per single issue.

MEMOIR SERIES.

Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. 320 pages. Pub-

lished October 1951. Price $10.00 (Plus $1.00 postage and han-

dling.)*

Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family Tetranychidae by A. Earl

Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. 472 pages. Published July

1955. Price $10.00 (Plus $1.25 postage and handling.)*

Volume 3. Revisionary Studies in the Nearctic Decticinae by

David C. Rentz and James D. Birchim. 173 pages. Published

July 1968. Price $4.00. (Plus $ .75 postage and handling.)*

Volume 4. Autobiography of an Entomologist by Robert L.

Usinger. 343 pages. Published August 1972. Price $15.00. (Plus

$1.25 postage and handling.)*

Volume 5. Revision of the Millipede Family Andrognathidae

in the Nearctic Region by Michael R. Gardner. 61 pages. Pub-

lished January 21, 1975. Price $3.00. (Plus $ .75 postage and

handling.)*

*(Add 6% sales tax on all California orders (resident of Alameda, Contra

Costa, San Francisco, Santa Clara and Santa Cruz counties add 64%).

Members of the Society will receive a 20% discount.)

Send orders to:

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

c/o California Academy of Sciences

Golden Gate Park

San Francisco, California 94118