Vol. 55 JULY 1979 No. 3

THE

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

FOOTE and BLANC—New Species of Tephritidae (Diptera) from the Western United

States, Mexico, and Guatemala, with Revisionary Notes _________-_________________- 161

WHARTON—Some Predators and Parasitoids of Dung-Breeding Diptera from Central

CO eaUEN GS Tyga eee eee ee Penk Vee ORR on rR Map ts Sede ae” ROR Aaa Met ONES) a 181

FLOWERS—A New Species of Baetis from Panama (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) ________ 187

VINCENT—A New Record for Sinarachna anomala (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae),

an External Parasitoid of Mallos pallidus (Araneae: Dictynidae) _______--__________- 192

TEPEDINO et al.—Experimental Trapnesting: Notes on Nest Recognition in Three

Species of Megachilid Bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)____________________________ 195

FISHER and O’KEEFE—Host Potential of some Cultivated Legumes for the Pea Leaf

Weevil, Sitona lineatus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) _____--_____________ 199

FISHER and O’KEEFE—Food Plants of the Pea Leaf Weevil Sitona lineatus (Linnaeus)

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Northern Idaho and Eastern Washington __________ 202

DENNIS and LAVIGNE—Ethology of Machimus callidus with Incidental Observations

on M. occidentalis in Wyoming (Diptera: Asilidae) ____________________________ 208

STOCK—Systematics of Saldula palustris (Douglas) from the Oregon Coast (Heterop-

tera Saldidaeyie x saite- Deena UTE oe aa ER he Ost Biker a pd 222

PAPP—New Names in Cryptorhynchinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) __________-_________ 228

SGIE NigbEIGAN@ IE Siok oe Soe a ee oe) pie See ee 179, 234, 235, 239

EEPERAT UiRIE: N@ ai Bas aieaes he mde ee ee Nes ane alt y Pent ene eel ge Ta 233

RBC EIN eee REACT RUS Feces ood agama Oe tied 2 Tae AA, Pe uae = Rk PMO: REMY Sebel 229

ZOOVOGICAL NOMEN CISA TUR Beet 2 ee spas etait ae FE A nl SE Sa 186

OB GAREY «ae ay ee Pn age ier. Ee ie URE So Ck a Male ee 230

TG GE fc eae ea,. ra a we. eine | Ns ee Sor Se Es Fa en ee BE ee oo 240

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA « 1979

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

July, 1979, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 161-179

NEW SPECIES OF TEPHRITIDAE (DIPTERA) FROM THE

WESTERN UNITED STATES, MEXICO, AND

GUATEMALA, WITH REVISIONARY NOTES

RICHARD H. FOOTE

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, BIT, FRSEA, USDA, %USNM,

Washington, DC 20560

AND

F. L. BLANC

5309 Spilman Ave., Sacramento, CA 95819

This paper makes available information about genera and species of New

World Tephritidae that resulted from our recent studies of institutional and

private collections, primarily those in western continental United States.

We have included descriptions of seven new species in five different gen-

era: one in Eutreta Loew, three in Gonioxyna Hendel (this genus not pre-

viously recorded from the Western Hemisphere), one in Paraterellia Foote,

one in Tephritis Latreille, and one in Valentibulla Foote and Blanc. The

status of the generic name Stylia and its type designation is discussed in

light of new information from France. Records are given of the first collec-

tion of Aciurina mexicana (Aczél) in the United States, and new information

is given on the description and distribution of the two known species of

Xenochaeta. A revision of the previously published key to California te-

phritid genera (Foote and Blanc, 1963) is given to accommodate Gonioxyna,

and revisional sections for California species keys in the same publication

are provided for the five new species and for the two Xenochaeta species.

Genera and species are arranged alphabetically in the text of the present

paper.

Letter abbreviations representing the various private and institutional col-

lections from which specimens were borrowed for these studies, and in

which type material of the newly described species is deposited, are listed

in our acknowledgment section.

Aciurina Curran

Aciurina mexicana (Aczél)

Tephrella mexicana Aczél 1953:194, figs. 58, 59; pl. VIII, fig. Y (descrip-

tion).

Not surprisingly, the first United States records of this species, previously

162 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

known only from Nogales, Mexico, are herewith noted. One male and 1

female, collected in March and April, 1933, at Phoenix, Arizona, have been

seen in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, New

York, N.Y. Also identified are 2 males and 1 female in the U.S. National

Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., from Catalina Mountains,

Arizona, collected May 31 and June 8, 1957, by G. Butler and F. Werner.

One of the males and the female collected on June 8, 1957 at ‘“‘Hk mi 5,”’

were swept from Baccharis sarothamnus [? = sarothroides A. Gray].

Eutreta Loew

A single specimen of a unique species of Eutreta from Tulare Co., Cali-

fornia, is described herewith. It apparently belongs to the subgenus Unca-

culeus, which was described by Stoltzfus (1977), and runs in his key (p. 391)

to couplet 5, which contains decora Stoltzfus and pollinosa Curran. It also

runs to pollinosa in the key to California Eutreta species presented earlier

by us (Foote and Blanc, 1963:28).

The following couplet may be used to replace the affected part of both

the keys cited above:

First and second costal cells lighter posteriorly than anteriorly; discal

spots fused into yellowish brown streak in middle of wing; anteapical

brown band about as wide as apical hyaline area ..... pollinosa Curran

First and second costal cells evenly dark; discal spots large, poorly

delimited, fused, especially in cell R3, but not forming a mid yellow-

ish brown streak; anteapical brown band distinctly wider than apical

Diy Ae AE OA....: Peat er en Sheer he stip eh ee coalita Blanc, n. sp.

Eutreta coalita Blanc, new species

Head.—In profile, head about 1.5 times as high as long, face and frons

meeting at a distinct angle of about 110°, oral margin slightly produced;

frons at vertex about 2.2 times as wide as one eye, the sides nearly parallel,

beset with abundant, distinct, whitish setulae; face yellow pollinose with a

very slightly raised, rounded central carina; dark spot on parafacial between

eye and antennal base absent; most postoculars long, expanded, whitish,

but mixed with a few short dark setae; all head bristles light brown except

posterior pair of upper fronto-orbitals, which are short and whitish.

Thorax.—Scutum grayish brown, heavily pollinose, bristles in full com-

plement, all very light brown, dorsocentrals situated halfway between trans-

verse suture and transverse line through anterior supra-alars; scutellum yel-

lowish brown, somewhat darkened in a narrow, poorly delimited band along

scuto-scutellar suture; postscutellum yellow, postnotum very dark gray;

pleural sclerites yellowish, suffused with darker markings, especially the

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 163

katepisternum. Wing as in Fig. 3, a dark brown band covering Ist and 2nd

costal cells, subcostal cell, most of cell R1 distad of subcostal cell, and

subapical areas of cells R3 and R5; wing disk dark to base, suffused with

comparatively large light brown spots that coalesce in many areas, espe-

cially in cell R3; proximal margin of apical hyaline arc oblique; hyaline arc

occupying apical areas of cells R3, R5, and AM, somewhat narrower than

dark area proximal to it; posterior border of disk lighter brown than at

center. Legs all yellow, concolorous with head, no rows of outstanding

setae on middle or hind femora or tibiae; basal third or half of hind femur

very slightly darkened.

Abdomen.—Abdominal tergites 1-3 uniformly dark grayish brown, rather

heavily pollinose; 4th tergite grayish brown on proximal %4 with an indis-

tinctly delimited brownish yellow band completely across apical 4; tergite

5 almost completely yellow brown except for an extremely narrow grayish

brown proximal border, beset with short, relatively stout, pale setulae sep-

arated from each other by about their own length. Ovipositor sheath shining,

flattened in dried state, quite as wide at base as last abdominal tergite,

yellow but with a vaguely delimited brown spot centrally at base, apex with

a narrow black margin. Ovipositor tip as in Fig. 1.

Holotype, female, 5 mi. E Smith Meadow, 9 Mile Cyn., Tulare Co., Cal-

ifornia, 22/VI/1961, 7850 ft., R. L. Macdonald (USNM Type No. 75860).

Discussion

The new species differs from both decora and pollinosa by the wing

pattern (Fig. 3), which is unique in the entire genus in that the small light

brown discal spots are poorly delimited and are coalesced in some areas,

and by the shape of the ovipositor tip (Figs. 1, 2).

Gonioxyna Hendel

Gonioxyna Hendel 1927:160. Type-species, magniceps Hendel 1927:161, Pl.

XI, fig. 3 (by original designation).

Five species of this remarkable genus have been described from.the Pa-

laearctic Region: the type-species magniceps Hendel, lubrica Dirlbek and

Dirlbek, and conopea Dirlbek and Dirlbekova (a synonym of magniceps),

all from Mongolia; brevicornis Chen and festiva Chen from southeastern

China; and paradigma Hering from Sapporo, Japan. The 3 species described

here increase the total number for the world to 8 and comprise the first

report of the genus from the New World. The host plants of none of the

palaearctic species are known, but one of those described here has been

swept from Artemisia and Chrysothamnus in California.

As originally described by Hendel (1927), the genus Gonioxyna possesses

164 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 1, 2. Ovipositor tip. 1, Eutreta coalita Blanc, n. sp.; 2, E. pollinosa Curran.

all of the characters of the tribe Tephritini, including a short, whitish pos-

terior upper fronto-orbital, the dorsocentral situated very close to the trans-

verse suture, vein R2+3 bare, and the scutum, scutellum, and abdominal

terga heavily pollinose. The genus runs satisfactorily in the key to California

genera of Tephritidae (Foote and Blanc, 1963:6) to couplet 27, which con-

tains Tephritis and Paroxyna. The following partial key is to be substituted

for couplet 27 in that publication. It sets forth the characters by which

Gonioxyna may be distinguished from all the North American representa-

tives of both those genera.

27(26) Proboscis rarely geniculate (short-geniculate in opacipennis

Foote), the labellum usually padlike; usually 1 dorsal preapi-

Col ST Ony PMC ee as oi aramigecs oe eA ee eee Tephritis

Proboscis distinctly geniculate, labellum somewhat elongate;

none or 2 dorsal preapical setae on hind femur ........... 27a

27a(27) Costa bowed anteriorly between subcostal break and apex of

vein R2+3, causing cell R1 to be distinctly wider than cell

R3 at level of apex of subcostal cell; no preapical dorsal setae

present on hind femur; subcostal cell without a distinct

rounded hyaline Spot ..; 20min 56k SES 4k oe oo Gonioxyna

Costa not distinctly bowed in this region of wing; hind femur

with more than 1 preapical dorsal seta, the 2 most apical

ones side by side; subcostal cell usually with a distinct, round

TVYAES SP et cu ey eR el nee Be Be olay este ake Paroxyna

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 165

Figs. 3-10. Right wing. 3, Eutreta coalita Blanc, n. sp.; 4, Gonioxyna fuscata Foote, n.

sp.; 5, G. hyalina Foote, n. sp.; 6, G. trinotata Foote, n. sp.; 7, Paraterellia immaculata

Blanc, n. sp.; 8, Tephritis leavittensis Blanc, n. sp.; 9, Valentibulla mundulata Foote, n. sp.;

10, V. steyskali Foote.

Key to New World Species of Gonioxyna Hendel

1. Three distinct hyaline spots in cell Rl immediately distad of sub-

costal cell; cell R1 about 4.0 times as wide as cell R3 at level of

apex-or subcostal Celle .20 ¢ os sees sceWaw sve - trinotata Foote, n. sp.

Cell R1 almost entirely dark, at most only one hyaline spot at apex;

cell R1 not more than 2.0 times as wide as cell R3 at level of apex

PCOS CAE SUN ctr ah ces Ss ass aE dd RE hairs epee Raove ee et 2

166 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

2. Cell R1 with a distinct hyaline spot at apex; a large, prominent hya-

line area present in apical third of cell R3 and anterodistal quarter

iia 1A asc oe Csr ea One eee oie roc eer hyalina Foote, n. sp.

Cell R1 completely dark; at most only 1 small hyaline spot present

at apices of each of cells R3 and R5.......... fuscata Foote, n. sp.

Gonioxyna fuscata Foote, new species

Head.—In profile, head nearly square, about 1.1 times as high as long,

frons and face meeting at a distinct angle of about 135°, gena directly below

eye about 0.16 times eye height, occiput swollen; mouthparts clearly genic-

ulate, oral margin slightly protruding below 3rd antennal segment, face

about 0.5 times as high as distance between oral margin and lower border

of gena, antennal foveae rather deep but face without a central carina; frons

yellowish brown, about as wide at vertex as long; 2 pairs delicate black

lower fronto-orbitals, 2 pairs upper fronto-orbitals, of which the anterior is

black and slender, the posterior short, swollen, colorless; ocellars and ver-

ticals comparatively slender, black, prominent; antennal bases narrowly but

distinctly separated by a lunular ridge; some of postoculars short, colorless.

Thorax.—Scutum, thoracic pleura, and scutellum gray pollinose, without

pattern, all bristles except posterior notopleurals slender, black; dorso-cen-

trals quite close to transverse suture; 2 pairs scutellars, posterior pair about

0.3 times as long as anterior; postscutellum colorless; metanotum black

pollinose; 1 pair dark katepisternals, | pair dark anepisternals, 1 pair col-

orless anepimerals; halter yellow. Legs yellowish brown, for the most part

concolorous with head except for basal posterior half of fore and middle

femora, which are dark to black pollinose; middle and hind femora and

tibiae without rows of outstanding setulae; no setulae near dorsal apex of

hind femur. Wing (Fig. 4) with costa bowed anteriorly in the area of sub-

costal cell, rendering cell R1 about 1.5 times as wide as cell R3 at level of

apex of subcostal cell; 1st costal cell light, 2nd costal cell evenly dark, this

dark area contiguous with an extensive dark area extending to wing apex

and posteriorly to a point where vein CuA1 enters wing margin; 4 rounded

marginal hyaline spots, 1 near apex of cell R1, 1 each at apices of cells R3

and RS, and 2 along margin of cell AM; centers of cells RI, R3, and R5

comprising slightly lighter areas; vein R2+3 bare above and below.

Abdomen.—Abdominal tergites only slightly darker grayish pollinose than

scutum and scutellum, each tergite with an extremely narrow light margin

posteriorly but with no other pattern.

The name fuscata refers to the extensive dark area in the wing disk,

unrelieved by hyaline discal spots characteristic of other species in the ge-

nus.

Holotype, male, 1 mi. E Doyle, Lassen Co., California, 5/V1I/1963, F. L.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 167

Blanc, on Artemisia tridentata (USNM Type No. 75861). Paratypes: CAL-

IFORNIA: 3 66, Doyle, otherwise same data as holotype (wing of 1 male

on slide) (USNM); 1 6, 5 mi. S Doyle, Lassen Co., 28/V/1963, F. L. Blanc

and G. M. Buxton, swept ex Chrysothamnus sp. (CDA); 1 ¢, Hallelujah

Jct., Lassen Co., 21/VI/1963, R. H. Foote and F. L. Blanc, swept from

Artemisia tridentata Nutt. (FLB). WYOMING: 1 6, Stratton Exp. Wa-

tershed nr. Saratoga, 9-16/VI/1976, J. M. Schmid, Hopkins No. 36896Q

(USNM).

Discussion

Gonioxyna fuscata differs from all other species in the genus primarily by

the dark wing pattern, which is devoid of rounded discal hyaline spots. It

also differs from species described from the Palaearctic Region in that the

produced costa is somewhat more rounded in the region of the subcostal

cell, and the apical fourth of vein R4+5 gradually Rens posteriorly before

ending at the wing margin.

Among the North American tephritines, the wing pattern of fuscata re-

sembles somewhat that of Tephritis opacipennis Foote (see Foote, 1960:74

and fig. 1; Foote and Blanc, 1963:69 and fig. 85), but the latter species has

a different arrangement of discal hyaline spots, 2 distinct rounded hyaline

spots in cell Rl immediately distad of the subcostal cell, and a completely

dark discal cell. Moreover, T. opacipennis possesses much less distinctively

geniculate mouthparts.

Gonioxyna hyalina Foote, new species

Head.—lIn lateral view, head about 1.3 times as high as long, frons slightly

swollen, meeting face at a distinct angle of about 130°, gena directly below

eye about 0.2 times eye height, occiput enlarged; mouthparts clearly genic-

ulate, oral margin distinctly produced; antennal foveae rather deep but face

lacking a central carina; frons yellow, about as wide at vertex as long; 2

pairs delicate black lower fronto-orbitals, 2 pairs upper fronto-orbitals, pos-

terior pair shorter, white, somewhat enlarged; ocellars and verticals slender,

black, prominent; a few of the postoculars short, quite dark, mixed with

longer, stouter, yellow setae; antennal bases rather widely separated, basal

3rd of arista somewhat swollen, bright yellow, remainder black.

Thorax.—Scutum, scutellum, and thoracic pleura concolorous, gray pol-

linose, all bristles slender and black; dorsocentrals very close to transverse

suture; 2 pairs scutellars, posterior pair about 0.6 times as long as anterior

pair; postscutellum colorless; metanotum dark gray to black, pollinose; 1

pair dark katepisternals, 1 pair dark anepisternals, 1 pair colorless anepi-

merals; halter yellow, concolorous with frons. Legs mostly yellow but all

femora suffused with black anteriorly and posteriorly on basal half to two-

168 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

thirds; middle femora and middle and hind tibiae without rows of outstand-

ing setulae; no dorsal setulae near apex of hind femur but with 3-6 long

black anteroventral setae on apical half. Wing (Fig. 5) with costa markedly

bowed anteriorly between subcostal break and apex of vein R2+3, rendering

cell R1 about 2.0 times as wide as cell R3 at level of apex of subcostal cell;

proximal fourth of wing disk with only traces of dark marks, remainder of

disk with dark background, especially middle third of cell R1, and with a

large subapical hyaline area in apical third of cell R3 and anterodistal quarter

of cell RS, numerous rounded hyaline spots present posterior to vein RS;

vein R2+3 bare above and below.

Abdomen.—Abdominal terga concolorous with thorax, dark gray polli-

nose, each tergite with 2 large ill-defined dark spots halfway between an-

terior and posterior margins, one on each side of center line.

The name hyalina is indicative of the prominent hyaline area occupying

the apical third of cell R3 and anterodistal quarter of cell R5.

Holotype, male, Tzontehuitz, near S. Crist., 9600 ft., Chis., Mexico, 17/

V/1969, W. R. M. Mason (CNC). Paratype, 1 6, Mt. Tzontehuitz, 9500 ft.,

27/V/1969, H. J. Teskey (CNC).

Discussion

Gonioxyna hyalina is easily distinguished from G. fuscata by the wing

patterns. In the former species, a prominent hyaline area occupies the apical

third of cell R3 and the anterodistal quarter of cell R5; cell R1 exhibits a

distinct hyaline spot at its apex; and cell R1 is about 2.0 times as wide as

cell R3 at the level of the apex of the subcostal cell. In fuscata, the prom-

inent light area is completely lacking, being replaced by a continuous dark

area having small hyaline spots at the apices of cells R3 and R5; cell R1 is

completely dark without a hyaline spot at its tip; and cell R1 is not more

than 1.5 times as wide as cell R3 at the level of the subcostal cell apex.

Gonioxyna trinotata Foote, new species

Head.—In lateral view, head about 1.3 times as high as long, frons slightly

bowed, meeting face at a distinct angle of about 135°, gena directly below

eye about 0.25 times as high as head, occiput swollen, mouthparts distinctly

geniculate, oral margin only slightly produced; antennal foveae rather deep

but face lacking a distinct central carina; frons yellowish, about as wide at

vertex as long; 2 pairs delicate black lower fronto-orbitals, 2 pairs\upper

fronto-orbitals, the posterior pair shorter, somewhat enlarged, colorless;

ocellars and verticals slender, black, prominent; a few of the postoculars

short, dark, mixed with longer, stouter, yellowish setae; antennal bases

narrowly separated.

Thorax.—Scutum, scutellum, and thoracic pleura concolorous, gray pol-

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 169

linose, all bristles slender, black; dorsocentrals very close to transverse

suture; two pairs scutellars, the posterior pair nearly 0.5 times as ‘long as

anterior pair; postscutellum colorless; metanotum dark gray to black, pol-

linose; 1 pair dark katepisternals, 1 pair dark anepisternals, 1 pair colorless

anepimerals; halter yellow, concolorous with head. Legs mostly yellow but

all femora suffused with black anteriorly and posteriorly on basal half to

two-thirds, middle and hind femora and tibiae without rows of outstanding

setulae; no dorsal setulae near apex of hind femur. Wing (Fig. 6) with costa

markedly bowed anteriorly between subcostal break and apex of vein R2+3,

rendering cell R1 about 4.0 times as wide as cell R3 at level of apex of

subcostal cell; proximal fourth of wing disk yellowish with only traces of

dark markings, remainder of disk with dark background, especially middle

third of cell R1, 3 hyaline spots in cell Rl immediately distad of subcostal

cell, numerous rounded hyaline spots present posterior to vein RS; vein

R2+3 bare above and below.

Abdomen.—Abdominal terga concolorous with thorax, dark gray polli-

nose, each tergite with 2 large, ill defined dark brown spots halfway between

anterior and posterior margins, one on each side of center line.

The name trinotata signifies the three distinct hyaline spots in cell R1

immediately distad of the subcostal cell.

Holotype, male, 11.5 km NW San Marcos, Guatemala, 15°1'N, 91°48'W,

3000 m, 24—25/V/1973, Erwin and Hevel Central American Exped. (USNM

Type No. 75862).

Discussion

Gonioxyna trinotata may be recognized among the New World species

by the presence of 3 distinct hyaline spots in cell R1 immediately distad of

the subcostal cell. This area is either entirely dark, as in fuscata, or pos-

sesses a Small but distinct hyaline spot at the apex of cell R1, as in hyalina.

Moreover, the width of cell R1 at the level of the subcostal cell is about 4.0

times that of cell R3, much wider than in either of the other two species.

The single representative of this species was swept by Mr. Gary Hevel,

Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smith-

sonian Institution, from an unknown plant or plants in a juniper montane

moist forest having a few 5-needle pines. The understory was mostly of

bunch grass.

Paraterellia Foote

In studying several California insect collections, Blanc encountered a pre-

viously undescribed species of Paraterellia from Arizona and Texas. This

discovery adds to the 3 species previously known and reviewed by Foote

(1960).

170 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

That species is described here. The following key is intended to supplant

that provided by Foote (1960:122).

Key to Known Species of Paraterellia

1. Brown costal band immediately posterior to apex of vein R3 as wide

as cell R3 and completely filling it at this point ................ 2

Brown costal band immediately posterior to apex of vein R3 dis-

linctly narrower alan Cell Bo. teh 5. atin sete d Vote ew oe ee 3

2. Dark spot present laterally on mesonotum, immediately anterior to

halter, and a pair on postscutellum and metanotum; costal band

complete, not interrupted immediately distad of subcostal cell

Lee sc llck de cael once ten a Nees Eee el varipennis Coquillett

Dark spots not present in these locations; costal band interrupted,

sometimes incompletely, by a hyaline area immediately distad of

apex of subcostal cell................00. immaculata Blanc, n. sp.

3. Transverse hyaline area between veins r-m and dm-cu with convex

sides, always completely closed by a brown band at costal margin,

and closed, or nearly so, by a brown area on posterior margin of

301, ei QR OE Pee adel ee te er een See AL aoe See superba Foote

This hyaline area almost parallel-sided and extending completely

across wing from costa to posterior margin ......... ypsilon Foote

Paraterellia immaculata Blanc, new species

Head.—In profile, about 1.2 mm high, 1.0 mm long; frons about 0.9 mm

long, 0.7 mm wide at vertex, tapering to about 0.6 mm at antennae, orange

in anterior half blending to light gray in posterior half; face bare, white

except light yellow centrally behind antennae; antennae pale yellow, lighter

on 2 basal segments and base of third, first and second segments with short

black setae dorsally, third antennal segment rounded apically and with very

minute white setulae; arista bare, black except for yellow base; all head

bristles black.

Thorax.—Scutum ochre, subopaque, covered with fine dark brown se-

tulae, dorsocentrals and acrostichals in a transverse line immediately an-

terior to posterior supra-alars, humerus white; scutellum translucent white

to opaquely hyaline and glabrous with 2 pairs well developed scutellars;

postscutellum and metanotum orange to ochre and without black spots; a

brown to black spot immediately posterior to wing base; halter pale yellow;

a wide white stripe beginning at humerus and extending to wing base, re-

mainder of pleural sclerites glabrous, orange to ochre. Wing as in Fig. 7,

about 4.5 mm long, 1.6 mm wide, hyaline, with yellow and smoky gray

markings as follows: a wide costal band extending from wing base distad

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 171

to, or slightly beyond, distal end of vein M; a basal yellowish band extending

from wing base across basal cubital cell, continued as a darker band curving

posteriorly through anal cell and ending near posterior margin of wing; a

median crossband originating in a dark smoky spot on the costal vein slightly

distad of subcostal cell and extending posteriorly across vein r-m, across

the center of discal cell, and about *%4 across cell Cu, this band widened

proximally wedge shaped in the center of discal cell; another crossband

covering vein dm-cu, extending anteriorly across most of the width of cell

R5 and posteriorly to wing margin. Hyaline area present in costal band

covering much of distal half of cell 2nd C, and a wedge shaped hyaline area

immediately distad of subcostal cell, almost always attaining costal vein.

Legs orange to ochre, somewhat darkened in center area of each segment;

mid femur of male with posteroventral row of outstanding setae along nearly

entire length, relatively long and slender at base, gradually becoming short

and spinelike near apex; female without such bristles.

Abdomen.—Glabrous, orange, tergum with evenly distributed fine black

setae; male tergites 2 through 5 each with a prominent pair of black spots,

the pair on 2nd tergum placed dorsally, those on terga 3—5 well down the

sides of the abdomen; | pair black spots on dorsum of epandrium. Female

tergites spotted similarly but with the following differences: tergites 3-5

usually each with an additional pair of black spots halfway between tergal

median line and lateral spots (sometimes these median pairs greatly reduced

or absent); usually 1 pair black spots on dorsum of ovipositor sheath near

its base.

Body length: male, approx. 5 mm; female, 5.4 mm.

The name immaculata is descriptive of the absence of dark spots on the

postscutellum, metanotum, and immediately anterior to the bases of the

halteres.

Holotype, male, 10 mi. W Portal, Arizona, 20/VIII/1976, swept from fruit

of Juniperus decipiens, F. L. Blanc (USNM Type No. 75863). Allotype,

female, same data as holotype (USNM). Paratypes: ARIZONA: 5 @°

(FLB), 5 22 (CDA), 2 dd, 11 22 (USNM), same data as holotype; 1

6,222 (FLB),2 66,2 22 (USNM), AMNH Southwest Research Sta.,

5 mi. W Portal, 5400 ft., 19/VIII—3/LX/1976, in ultraviolet light trap, L. L.

Lampert; 1 2, 10 mi. W Portal, 20/VIII/1971, on Juniperus, E. E. Grissell,

R. F. Denno (UCD); Madera Cyn., Santa Cruz Co., 4880 ft., V. L. Vester-

by, 1 2 11/VII,2 292 15/VH,2 66,2 22 18/VI, 1 3 23/VIl, 1 & 26/VI,

1 @ 22/1X (all 1963, UCD); 1 od, same data except 12/VIII/1965, D. N.

Harrington (UCD); 1 2°, Paradise, Chiricahua Mts., at light, A. B. Patterson

(UCD; 2 2 @, Pinery Cyn., Chiricahua Mts., Cochise Co., 6000 ft., 12/VII/

1919, W. Stone (USNM). TEXAS: 1 6, McKittrick Cyn.; 1 5, Pratt House;

1 2, West Dog Cyn.; all Guadelupe Natl. Park, Culbertson Co., 7/VII-13/

VII/1977 (USNM).

172 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Discussion

Of the previously described species of Paraterellia, this new species most

closely resembles varipennis Coquillett. It differs from varipennis in lacking

a pair of black spots on the postscutellum, black spots on the sides of the

mesonotum, and a black spot in front of each halter. It differs further in

having a hyaline break in the costal wing band (Fig. 7) immediately distad

of the subcostal cell which usually attains the costal vein, while in varipennis

the costal band immediately distad of the subcostal cell is uninterrupted and

usually covers the entire width of cell R1. In immaculata, n. sp., the distal

4 to % of cell 2nd C is mostly hyaline, unlike the yellow opaque condition

over this entire cell in varipennis. The capitate labellar bristles present in

superba and ypsilon are lacking in both immaculata and varipennis.

Stylia Robineau-Desvoidy and Paroxyna Hendel

Stylia Robineau-Desvoidy 1830:734; Cole 1969:356 (review, western U.S.).

Paroxyna Hendel 1927:146; Foote and Blanc 1963:46 (review, California);

Foote 1965:665 (N. Amer. catalog); Novak 1974:1 (revision, Canadian and

U.S. species).

In his original description of the genus Stylia, Robineau-Desvoidy in-

cluded three species—bidentis, mentharum, and maculata—without des-

ignating a type-species, and for years no valid type designation for this

genus was known or recognized. At least the first 2 species belong to the

tribe Tephritini; bidentis has been shown by Collin (1950) and Hering (1954)

to belong to Paroxyna, while H. K. Munro (1957) states that mentharum

is congeneric with other species in the palaearctic genus Myopites Brébis-

son. Hering (1954) designated bidentis as type-species, and Munro (1957)

selected mentharum.

Neither of these designations is valid. As shown by Hardy (1977), the

earliest known (and hence only valid) type-designation was made by Des-

marest (1848), who unambiguously selected the third species, mentharum,

without any indication of its affinities. Foote has recently corresponded with

Loic Matile, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, who indicates

that **. . . of the Robineau-Desvoidy collection, unfortunately, 733 species

only were saved, mostly tachinids, and there are no Stylia available. The

types must be considered destroyed.’ The name Stylia, therefore, must be

considered a nomen dubium. In modern literature, Stylia often has been

mentioned in connection with discussions of Paroxyna, but such an asso-

ciation appears to be no longer tenable.

The only American work known to us actually to use the name Stylia was

that of Cole (1969), who mistakenly (but understandably) followed Hering’s

1954 designation of bidentis in applying it to western U.S. species. The

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 173

species names cited by Cole, henceforth to be combined with the name

Paroxyna as in the recent past (see Foote, 1965; Novak, 1974) are: ameri-

cana Hering, clathrata Loew, coloradensis Quisenberry, corpulenta Cres-

son, distincta Quisenberry, genalis Thomson, murina Doane, maculifem-

orata Hering, obscuripennis Snow, pallidipennis Cresson, snowi Hering,

tenebrosa Coquillett, and variabilis Doane.

Tephritis Latreille

The new species described here was collected by Blanc at Leavitt Lake,

Mono Co., California in 1966. During the same year, J. Novak collected a

few specimens from near Glacier Park in Montana. In 1957 one female was

collected in Washoe Co., Nevada by R. C. Bechtel.

The new species runs to candidipennis Foote (couplet 9) in our key to

the California species of Tephritis (Foote and Blanc, 1963:64). The following

key to replace couplet 9 will enable one to distinguish among the closely

related California species:

9(8) Dark band from subcostal cell to vein R4+5 situated at right

angles to horizontal axis of Wing ........... 0... cece eee eee 9a

Dark band covering subcostal cell extending obliquely to cover

RAT ENIY) cere te rec cde cin emt Sel pals aL ri serene ahd lin AM DLs ey 10

9a(9) Apex of cell R largely dark although hyaline spots may be pres-

ent; Y-shaped mark in apex of cell R5 rarely with broken arms;

hind tibia with distinct row of black anterodorsal setae ......

cash 5 ela Gs eee eee Se J leavittensis Blanc, n. sp.

Apex of cell R largely hyaline; Y-shaped mark in apex of cell R5

often incomplete; hind tibia without distinct row of prominent

DAC SOT: & eo a bee iy tieek Lids wexence Deane candidipennis Foote

Tephritis leavittensis Blanc, new species

Head.—In profile, about 1.3 times as high as long, face distinctly pro-

truding below antennae, face and frons meeting at an angle of about 135°;

gena below eye about 0.18 times eye height, genal bristle black, genal setulae

dark, prominent; occiput swollen; frons brownish yellow, about 0.60 mm

wide at vertex, narrowing to about 0.50 mm at antennal bases, about 0.55

mm long; the 2 lower fronto-orbitals heavy, shining black; posterior upper

fronto-orbital white, about 0.75 times as long as anterior; verticals nearly

as long as head height; face dark yellow, antennal foveae tinged with black;

yellow palpi with 2—5 prominent black setulae apically; antenna nearly as

long as face, arista dark brown except base yellow.

Thorax.—Scutum, scutellum, and pleural sclerites brownish gray polli-

nose, without additional markings except posterior half of notopleuron

174 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

somewhat yellowish, and scutellum darker centrally than marginally; com-

plement of thoracic bristles usual for the genus, all black except posterior

notopleural, which is yellowish white; postscutellum and metanotum dark

gray rather than brownish gray; scutal setulae light yellow, inserted closer

to each other than their average length; scutellum bare centrally, setulae

present only laterally; halter dark yellow. Legs entirely yellow except for

anterior surface of hind coxa, which is suffused with black; posterodorsal

surface of middle tibia with stout but very short black setulae; hind tibia of

both male and female with distinct anterodorsal row of black setae extending

24 to % the length of tibia from its base, the longest seta about as long as

width of tibia; a parallel row of shorter dark setae dorsally; hind femur with

a single black preapical dorsal seta. Wing pattern as in Fig. 8, with a prom-

inent, roughly triangular hyaline area immediately distad of subcostal cell

extending posterior to and touching vein dm-cu; dark area in stigma ex-

tending posteriorly without hyaline spots to middle of cell R, thence to vein

M with a few hyaline markings; vein r-m removed from vein dm-cu by about

its own length; vein R2+3 completely bare above and below; triangular

extension of basal cubital cell about equilateral.

Abdomen.—tTergites dark gray pollinose, concolorous with blackish

metanotum rather than with brownish scutum and scutellum, without pat-

tern; densely covered with light yellow to colorless setulae inserted much

closer to each other than their average length, becoming longer laterally and

posteriorly; about 4 long black setae laterally on last abdominal tergite;

Ovipositor sheath flat, black, with setulae on basal half similar to those on

abdominal tergites, apically with extremely fine short golden hairs; from

above almost 2 times as long as last abdominal tergite and about as wide at

base as long.

Holotype, female, Leavitt Lake, Mono Co., Calif., 1/[X/1966, on Arnica

longifolia, F. L. Blanc (USNM Type No. 75864). Allotype, same data as

holotype (USNM). Paratypes: CALIFORNIA: 2 2 2, same data as holotype

(FLB); 1 2, 2 mi. S Myers, Eldorado Co., 24/VII/1955, J. C. Downey

(CDA); 1 36, 1 2, Lake Tahoe, 20/VI/1953, A. L. Melander (USNM). NE-

VADA: 1 2, 16 mi. NW Gerlach, Washoe Co., 7/VIII/1957, alfalfa, R. C.

Bechtel (NDA). MONTANA: 1 ¢,2 22, 10.0 mi. NW Glacier, 5/VII/1966,

J. Novak (USNM).

Discussion

T. leavittensis belongs to a complex of closely related species containing

candidipennis Foote, ovatipennis Foote, signatipennis Foote, and araneo-

sa (Coquillett). The last-named species is widespread and is commonly held

in itself to be a mixture of species. The principal differences so far observed

among the known species of this complex appear to lie in the degree of

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 175

infuscation of the wing pattern and, inversely, the size of the hyaline areas,

as the distribution of the hyaline areas appears to be quite similar in all

members of the group. However, leavittensis strongly differs from candi-

dipennis, the species which it most closely resembles in wing pattern, by

the prominent rows of black setae inserted on the anterodorsal surface of

the hind tibia in both males and females. This character is absent in can-

didipennis.

Valentibulla Foote and Blanc

The following species was found by Blanc during a recent study of te-

phritids in the insect collection of the University of California at Davis. It

is quite distinctive among other species in the genus (see ‘*Discussion’’

below), having, like steyskali Foote (Steyskal and Foote, 1977:154), a shin-

ing black scutum and scutellum. Because the latter is the only other known

species with the same thoracic character, the key given by Foote (1977)

should be amended as follows:

l(la) At least posterior half of scutum polished black, not grayish

pollinose

la(1) Vein R2+3 abruptly curved toward costa at level of basal one-

181519 9 8 ar UU) Rep SR oe steyskali Foote

Ib(la) Vein R2+3 gradually curving toward costa from about level with

a point midway between crossveins r-m and dm-cu ........

Tek a ree ae ee See eS ek mundulata Foote, n. sp.

Likewise, a corresponding change should be made in the key to the Cal-

ifornia species of Valentibulla (Foote and Blanc, 1963:91) by adding a cou-

plet to precede the one already present, as follows:

ee © © © © © © © eB © ee ew ew el

Valentibulla mundulata Foote, new species

Head.—In profile, about 1.75 times as high as long, face and frons curving

into each other at antennal bases without an angle, gena below eye about

0.2 times eye height; genal bristle one of several rather long, expanded,

yellowish setae inserted in the same area, genal setulae yellowish; frons

about 0.6 mm wide at vertex, about 0.5 mm wide at antennal bases, about

0.5 mm long from vertex to ptilinum, densely covered, especially laterally,

with short, yellowish, expanded setae similar to those on scutum; antennal

foveae rather deep but no central ridge between them; face, frons, and

antennae concolorously yellow; antenna about 0.7 times as long as face,

arista dark brown on apical two-thirds.

176 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Thorax.—Scutum entirely shining black, somewhat roughened on anterior

half; densely covered with expanded yellowish setulae except in the region

of the intra-alars and postalars, some macrochaetae present; pleural sclerites

shining black; bristles usual for the genus, all black except posterior noto-

pleural, which is expanded and yellowish; scutellum shining black; postscu-

tellum very dark red; metanotum glossy black; halter red. Legs mainly

yellow, but following areas of black present on femora: entire length of fore

femur posterodorsally, gradually widening from apex to cover base com-

pletely on posterior surface; basal third to half of ventral and posteroventral

surfaces of middle femur; ventral surface of basal half of hind femur; no

rows of outstanding setae on middle or hind femora or tibiae. Wing (Fig. 9)

about 3.4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide; apical spot in cell R5 0.28 times as long

as cell; anterior and posterior preapical spots in cell R5 quite small, the

proximal base of the V-shaped marking rather wide; hyaline marks in cell

CulA about same width as dark rays between them; vein R2+3 gradually

curving anteriorly toward costa from a point halfway between crossveins r-

m and dm-cu; vein M bowed posteriorly % way between vein dm-cu and

wing margin but not markedly bent posteriorly in its apical third; anterior

extension of vein r-m intersecting apex of subcostal cell; vein R4+5 haired

to level of vein dm-cu or slightly beyond.

Abdomen.—Dorsum shining black, beset with extremely fine, colorless

setulae; ovipositor sheath not flattened, shining black, about 3.0 times as

long as terminal abdominal tergite.

Holotype, female, Mtn. Mdw. Rch., head Coffee Cr., Trinity Co., Cali-

fornia, 5100 ft., 8—10/VII/1969, J. W. Pearson (UCD). Allotype, male, same

data as holotype (UCD). Paratypes: CALIFORNIA: 2 22, same data as

holotype, 1 (USNM), 1 (UCD).

Discussion

At least the posterior half of the scutum in both mundulata and steyskali

is black; all other species of Valentibulla are easily distinguished by having

a scutum with grayish tomentum (see preceding key). The latter species is

distinctive in having vein R2+3 quite sharply upturned close to its apex,

while that curve in mundulata is gradual (Fig. 9); the apical hyaline area in

cell R5 in steyskali forms an equilateral triangle due to the rather marked

expansion of the apex of that cell, while the dark apical V-shaped mark in

mundulata is more constricted; the marginal hyaline areas in cell CulA in

steyskali are distinctly wider than the intervening dark marks, while in mun-

dulata the hyaline and dark marks are about the same width. Other wing

characters to distinguish these two species will be found by comparing Figs.

9 and 10. In some respects, the wing patterns of mundulata, californica

(Coquillett), and munda (Coquillett) are quite similar (see Foote and Blanc,

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 177

1959:155, figs. 5, 6), but the glossy black scutum serves to distinguish mun-

dulata from those species.

Xenochaeta Snow

This rarely encountered genus is represented in U.S. collections by a total

of only 10-12 specimens, as far as known. The type-species, dichromata

Snow (1894:166), was discussed as occurring in California by the authors

(Foote and Blanc, 1963). Since that time, a few additional specimens of

dichromata and of the only other U.S. species belonging to the genus,

aurantiaca (Doane) (1899:185), have been examined and found to present

a considerable amount of variation, particularly in coloration. We have not

been able to find any consistent morphological characters other than wing

pattern that enable us to distinguish these two species. The new key pre-

sented here supplants that previously published by Foote (1960:109).

Wing pattern dark, with numerous small, discrete rounded hyaline

spots; discal cell with at least 1 hyaline spot; hyaline spots in cell R1

immediately distad of subcostal cell separated from each other by a

YS Latha TDL ty uu ere ES ened ahaa eaugnese + AA ae: aurantiaca (Doane)

Wing pattern consisting of large, diffuse hyaline spots on a dark back-

ground; discal cell almost entirely dark; hyaline spots in cell R1 im-

mediately distad of subcostal cell fused with each other and with

large hyaline spots immediately posterior to them in cells R3 and

Soa katy ices a a Alen ete etl ar x cated A GPR: FO ais 2 ee tae ree dichromata Snow

Xenochaeta aurantiaca (Doane)

Previously known only from Washington, aurantiaca is now found to

occur in California according to the following specimen data: CALIFOR-

NIA: 1 2, Mendocino Co., Navarro R., 3 mi SE Dimmick State Pk., 25-

30/VII/1971, P. Rude (CIS); 1 2, Trinity Co., Butter Cr., 3450 ft., ca. 12

mi. SE Hyampom, 22/VII/1968, H. Leech (CAS); 1 2, Marin Co., Mill

Valley, 360 ft., 22—24/1/1968, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., flight trap (CAS).

Xenochaeta dichromata Snow

This species, previously known from Oregon, Washington, and Califor-

nia, is now represented by the following additional records: MONTANA:

1 36,3 mi. SE Polson, 26/VII/1966 (USNM); 1 2.33 mi. N Kalispell, 9/VII/

1966, J. Novak (USNM). CALIFORNIA: 1 ¢, Mendocino Co., Coast

Range Pres., 5 mi. N Branscomb, 26—27/V/1976, R. Wharton, flight trap

(CIS); 1 ¢6, Mendocino Co., 1 mi. SE Piercy, 20-—21/V/1976, J. Powell (CIS);

1 3, Siskiyou Co., McBride Spgs., 1524 m, 8/VIII/1967, P. H. Arnaud, Jr.

(CAS).

178 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Acknowledgments

The authors express their gratitude to Loic Matile, Museum National

d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, for his information on the fate of Robineau-

Desvoidy’s specimens of Stylia; to Mr. Gary Hevel and Dr. T. L. Erwin,

Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smith-

sonian Institution, Washington, D.C., for making available the specimens of

and collection data for Gonioxyna trinotata; and to Abraham Willink, Uni-

versidad Nacional de Tucuman, Argentina, for lending us the holotype of

Aciurina mexicana (Aczél).

We also wish to thank the following entomologists and institutions who

made specimens available for study: P. H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy

of Sciences, San Francisco (CAS); E. I. Schlinger, University of California,

Berkeley (CIS); R. O. Schuster, University of California, Davis (UCD); R.

C. Bechtel, Nevada State Department of Agriculture, Reno (NDA); V. D.

Roth, S W Research Station, Portal, Arizona (AMNH); M. S. Wasbauer,

California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento (CDA); and J.

F. McAlpine, Canadian National Collection, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa

(CNC). Some specimens are deposited in the U.S. National Museum, Wash-

ington, D.C. (USNM); those belonging in the collection of the junior author

are designated (FLB).

Literature Cited

Aczél, M. L. 1953. La familia Tephritidae en la region Neotropical I (Trypetidae, Diptera).

Acta Zool. Lilloana, 13:97-200, pls. I-VIII.

Cole, F. R. 1969. The Flies of Western North America. University of California Press, Berke-

ley & Los Angeles, Calif., xi + 693 pp.

Collin, J. E. 1950. Notes on Trypetidae (Diptera). Entomol. Rec. & J. Var., 62:69-71.

Desmarest, E. 1848. Stylia, p. 78. Jn d’Orbigny, C., ed., Dictionnaire Universel d’ Histoire

Naturelle, Vol. 12.

Doane, R. W. 1899. Notes on Trypetidae with descriptions of new species. J. New York

Entomol. Soc., 7:177—193, pls. III, IV.

Foote, R. H. 1960. Paraterellia, a new genus of Tephritidae from the western United States

(Diptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 53:121-125.

Foote, R. H. 1960. The genus Tephritis Latreille in the Nearctic Region north of Mexico:

Descriptions of four new species and notes on others (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Kansas

Entomol. Soc., 33:71-85.

Foote, R. H. 1960. Notes on some North American Tephritidae, with descriptions of two new

genera and two new species (Diptera). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 73:107—117.

Foote, R. H. 1965. Family Tephritidae, pp. 658-678. Jn Stone, A., et al., eds., A Catalog of

the Diptera of America North of Mexico. U.S. Dept. Agr., USDA Handbook 276, 1696

pp. Washington, D.C.

Foote, R. H., and F. L. Blanc. 1959. A new genus of North American fruit flies (Diptera:

Tephritidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol., 35:149-156.

Foote, R. H., and F. L. Blanc. 1963. The fruit flies or Tephritidae of California. Bull. California

Ins. Surv., Vol. 7, 117 pp. Univ. California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, Ca.

Hardy, D. E. 1977. Family Tephritidae, pp. 44-134. In Delfinado, M. D., and D. E. Hardy,

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eds., A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region, Vol. III, 854 pp. Univ. Press of

Hawaii, Honolulu.

Hendel, F. 1927. Trypetidae [Fam.] 49, pp. 1-64, pls. 1-4 (=Ifg. 16); pp. 65-128, pls. 5-8

(1fg. 17); pp. 129-192, pls. 9-12 (1fg. 18); pp. 193-221, pls. 13-17 (fg. 19). Zn Lindner,

E., ed., Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, Vol. 5, Stuttgart, Germany.

Hering, E. M. 1954. Trypetidae (Diptera) aus Ostafrika. Bonner Zool. Beitr., 1—2:167—172.

Munro, H. K. 1957. Trypetidae. Ruwenzori Exped. 1934-1935, Vol. II, No. 9, pp. 853-1054.

British Museum (Natural History), London.

Novak, J. A. 1974. A taxonomic revision of Dioxyna and Paroxyna (Diptera: Tephritidae)

for America north of Mexico. Melanderia, 16:1—53.

Robineau-Desvoidy, J. B. 1830. Essai sur les Myodaires. Inst. de France, Sci., Math. et

Phys., Acad. Roy. de Sci., Mem. présentées par divers Savans [Ser. 2], 2:1-813. Paris.

Snow, W. A. 1894. Descriptions of North American Trypetidae, with notes. Kansas Univ.

Quart., 2:159-174, pls. VI, VII.

Steyskal, G. C., and R. H. Foote. 1977. Revisionary notes on North American Tephritidae

(Diptera), with keys and descriptions of new species. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington,

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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

July, 1979, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 179-180

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

BIOLOGICAL DATA ON CRYPTOCEPHALUS PALLIDICINCTUS

FALL (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

While determining an unsorted lot of chrysomelid material from the col-

lection of the University of California, Riverside, five unusual specimens of

a Cryptocephalus were noted. These were tentatively determined as Cryp-

tocephalus pallidicinctus Fall. In a review of the genus, White (1968, Smith-

sonian Institution, Bull., 290:76) states that this was the only North Amer-

ican species treated whose type was not examined. The type represented

the only specimen known. For confirmation of the identification of the Riv-

erside specimens the type for C. pallidicinctus was borrowed from MCZ.

Comparison confirmed the identification.

All five UCR specimens were collected at the UCR Boyd—Deep Canyon

Research Station, just south of Palm Desert, Riverside County, California.

180 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Three specimens were taken October 9, 1963, one on April 4, 1963, and one

April 4, 1964. The Fall type was collected at Palm Springs, Riverside Coun-

ty, on March 22, 1917. There were no host records. One October specimen

was taken ‘“‘at light.”’

In order to secure additional data a trip to Deep Canyon and surrounding

desert areas was made on April 7-9, 1978. Beating nets were used to sweep

a wide variety of plant material encountered near Palm Springs, with neg-

ative results. Entering Deep Canyon we resumed collecting in the same

manner to the east of the station facilities, towards Coyote Creek, arcing to

the north and returning to the station from this direction. Within 10 minutes

we collected a specimen of C. pallidicinctus from Dalea schottii Torr. (In-

digo bush). By day’s end 20 specimens had been taken, all but four beaten

from Dalea. The others were beaten from Larrea divaricata Cav. The next

day, April 8, we resumed collecting to the west of the research station

facilities, south into Deep Canyon proper. An additional-20 specimens were

taken, 12 on Dalea, 6 on Larrea, 1 on Eriogonum sp. and 1 on an unknown

plant. Specimens became scarce as we approached the northern and eastern

limits of the alluvial fan formed between Deep Canyon and Coyote Creek,

even though host material was still abundant. The next day (April 9) was

spent, in part, at a location 10 miles west of Chiraco Summit (about 27 miles

east of Deep Canyon). Beating nets were again employed to sample the

vegetation, which was similar to that of Deep Canyon. One specimen was

taken from Dalea. Larrea was beaten extensively with negative results.

Very little, if any, Dalea had been encountered April 7 in the Palm Springs

area, however, Larrea was sampled vigorously. It would appear that D.

schottii Torr. is the principal adult host, but with 25% of the specimens

taken from Larrea one could assume that this may also be an acceptable

host for the adult. The collections from Eriogonum and the unknown plant

may be incidental. From this, one might assume that the ground litter as-

sociated with Dalea would be the habitat for the immature stages of C.

pallidicinctus. Efforts at rearing failed when eight captive individuals died

after laying only one non-viable egg on the branches of Dalea provided.

The egg was on a slender stalk (similar to eggs of Chrysopa sp.) and had

been partially covered with a material (fecal?), which, if it had been com-

plete, would have given the egg a distinctive sculpturing. This is evidently

a characteristic shared by members of the Cryptocephalinae as well as other

subfamilies of the Camptosomata (Moldenke, A. R., 1970, A Revision of

the Clytrinae of North America North of the Isthmus of Panama (Coleop-

tera: Chrysomelidae), Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 310

pp.).

A. J. Gilbert, California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, Exclusion and

Detection, 2550 Mariposa Street, Room 3083, Fresno, California 93721.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

July, 1979, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 181-186

SOME PREDATORS AND PARASITOIDS OF DUNG-BREEDING

DIPTERA FROM CENTRAL CALIFORNIA

ROBERT A. WHARTON

Somerset, California

During a recent study of the biology of alysiine Braconidae (Wharton,

1976), several non-braconid predators and parasitoids were observed at-

tacking various dung-breeding Diptera. Data on habits, prey, and hosts of

these species are presented here to provide baseline information for possible

future studies on the biological control of such important dung-breeding

pests as the face fly, Musca autumnalis (DeGeer) (Muscidae) and the horn

fly, Haematobia irritans (L.) (Muscidae).

Poorbaugh et al. (1968), MacQueen and Beirne (1974), Merritt (1976) and

Merritt and Anderson (1977) collected numerous predacious and parasitoid

Coleoptera and Hymenoptera from open pastures and rangeland in Western

North America, but presented little information on habits, prey, and hosts

of these species. MacQueen and Beirne (1975), however, provided some

information on the importance of Philonthus (Staphylinidae) and Sphaeria-

ium (Hydrophilidae) as predators of coprophagous Diptera in southern Brit-

ish Columbia. Peschke and Fuldner (1977) recently reviewed the biology of

parasitoid aleocharines, and contributed much new data.

Materials and Methods

Data were collected from isolated dung pats in open pastures. The fauna

of accumulated dung masses differs considerably, and has been treated in

detail elsewhere (Legner and Olton, 1970, 1971).

Individual bovine dung pats 0-7 days old were collected at monthly or

bi-monthly intervals in 1974 and 1975 from the following California locali-

ties: Amador Co., 8 km E Plymouth, walnut orchard pasture, irrigated week-

ly; El Dorado Co., 5 km SW Somerset, partially cleared, non-irrigated,

foothill woodland; Mendocino Co., 10 km N Ft. Bragg, cleared, coastal

pasture, bordering fen; Monterey Co., Jolon, partialiy cleared, non-irrigat-

ed, oak woodland pasture; San Luis Obispo Co., San Luis Obispo, partially

cleared, non-irrigated oak-sycamore woodland pasture; Yuba Co., 8 km E

Browns Valley, totally cleared, heavily irrigated (gravity flow) pasture. Ad-

ditional collections and behavioral observations were made at the Yuba Co.

locality in the spring and summer of 1977.

Pats were placed in rearing trays until all flies had pupated. Puparia were

sorted to species and stored in glass and plastic vials until emergence of

182 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

parasitoids. Behavioral observations on predators and parasitoids were

made in the field. Due to lack of equipment, rearing conditions could not be

standardized, but closely approximated ambient meteorological conditions

for Placerville, El Dorado Co., California. All material was reared at the

Somerset locality listed above. Developmental time was one month for all

non-overwintering parasitoids reared during the study. Fifteen overwinter-

ing Aleochara bimaculata Gravenhorst (Staphylinidae) and one Xyalophora

quinquelineata (Say) (Cynipidae) spent eight months in developmental and

resting stages before emergence in late spring.

Most of the parasitoid species treated here were rarely encountered; and

rates of parasitism were low. Rates were calculated by dividing the number

of parasitoids reared by the number of puparia (parasitized + unparasitized)

of the host species on a specific sampling date. Calculations were made on

samples containing 100—300 puparia.

Results and Discussions

The following predators were observed: Oxybelus similis Cresson (Spheci-

dae) and Pogonomyrmex californicus (Buckley) (Formicidae) in El Do-

rado Co., and Philonthus sp. (Staphylinidae) in Yuba Co.

An unshaded pat dropped at approximately 11 am, V/24/75, was visited

3 hours later by several O. similis. Wasps ran rapidly in circles over the pat

surface immediately after landing. Three wasps captured adult Orthellia

caesarion (Meigen) (Muscidae) within 5 sec of landing. The latter was the

most abundant fly on the surface. Flies were immobilized in 1-3 sec, then

carried away. Orthellia was held venter up, beneath the wasp’s body during

flight. Although the prey of similis does not appear to have been previously

recorded, several Nearctic Oxybelus species are known to provision other

muscids (Bohart et al., 1966; Peckham et al., 1973).

Ants may be the most important natural enemies of dung-breeding Diptera

in cleared, non-irrigated, foothill pastures during the dry summer and early

fall months. Observations from 1974-1977 indicate that most other parasit-

oids and predators are relatively inactive at this time. In 1974, many of the

dry season pats at the El Dorado Co. locality were removed, piece by piece,

by swarms of P. californicus. The ants carried off fly eggs and early instar

larvae in addition to pieces of dung and undigested seeds. Pimental (1955)

discussed the significance of ants in fly control in general, and Illingworth

(1923)-and Wingo et al. (1974) mentioned the importance of ants as predators

in association with manure.

Philonthus adults were observed on moist, 1-2 hour old pats in October

of 1974 and 1977. Two individuals successfully attacked adults of O. cae-

sarion and Copromyza sp. (Sphaeroceridae), respectively. Philonthus was

also observed capturing early instar larvae of Ravinia querula (Walker)

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 183

(Sarcophagidae) and O. caesarion, the two most abundant muscoids in the

pats examined. As MacQueen and Beirne (1975) noted, Philonthus is non-

selective, and appeared to take whatever it encountered. Because of its non-

selective habits, its role as a biological control agent will have to be carefully

assessed. This is particularly true since several authors (notably Valiela,

1969; Thomas and Morgan, 1972; Wingo et al., 1974) have stressed the

importance of Philonthus as a predator of face and horn flies.

Three staphylinids (Aleochara tristis Gravenhorst, A. bimaculata, and an

unidentified Aleochara species), and three cynipoids (Eucoila sp. near ru-

focincta Kieffer,! X. quinquelineata, and a Figites sp.) were reared as para-

sitoids.

Thirteen A. tristis were reared from puparia of O. caesarion collected in

Yuba Co., [X/3/77. Although Orthellia was very abundant, the rate of par-

asitism was only 1.7%. A. tristis was not recorded during previous studies

of arthropods associated with isolated dung pats in western North America

(Poorbaugh et al., 1968; MacQueen and Beirne, 1974, 1975; Merritt, 1976;

Merritt and Anderson, 1977). Moreover, none of the 36,300 beetles released

in northern California (Legner, 1978) in 1968 was ever recovered from the

release sites (Hawthorne, pers. comm.). Moore and Legner (1971) cited

Drea (1966), Jones (1967), and Wingo et al. (1967) in listing the face fly as

the only host in America. They also state that tristis was ‘‘probably not

established.’’ Although rates of parasitism are low, field collections of adult

beetles for the last three years indicate that tristis is now established in at

least one pasture in north-central California. While it is recognized that

numerous factors may be involved, competition with A. bimaculata may be

retarding the build-up of tristis populations.

Drea (1966) and Jones (1967) both conducted studies on A. tristis prior

to its release as a biological control agent. Although capable of attacking

the face fly, the importance of tristis as a natural enemy of beneficial species

may have been overlooked. Of the Aleochara species reared in this study,

one attacked a predator, and two attacked flies important in pat decompo-

sition. Because of possible harmful effects due to non-specific feeding hab-

its, more careful consideration should be given to the use of Aleochara in

the biological control of dung-breeding Diptera.

A. bimaculata was reared from Amador, El Dorado, Monterey, San Luis

Obispo, and Yuba Co. It was collected in all types of pastures (heavily

irrigated, totally cleared to dry, natural woodland), from sea level to 1600

m, and from July through September. Forty-nine specimens were reared

from R. querula, 10 from O. caesarion, and four from Ravinia planifrons

(Aldrich). Lindquist (1936), Wingo et al. (1967), and Thomas and Wingo

(1968) discussed parasitism of bimaculata on caesarion and querula, but

planifrons is a new host record for this species. In a small sample from

Yuba Co., rates of parasitism were 18.0% for querula and 1.0% for cae-

184 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

sarion. R. querula thus appears to be the preferred host in this locality,

especially since Orthellia was more abundant in this particular sample.

Five specimens of an unidentified Aleochara species were reared from

Scatophaga stercoraria (L.) (Scatophagidae) collected in Yuba Co., I[V/77.

The beetles emerged as full grown larvae from their hosts’ puparia.

Only a few species of parasitoid Cynipoidea have been studied in detail

(Sychevskaya, 1974). All cynipoids in this study developed as solitary para-

sitoids and emerged from their host’s puparia. Ten X. quinquelineata and

four Eucoila sp. emerged from R. querula, one Eucoila emerged from Ra-

vinia lherminieri (Robineau-Desvoidy), and one Figites sp. emerged from

Sepsis biflexuosa Strobl. (Sepsidae). All Eucoila were collected in Yuba

Co., and the Figites in El Dorado Co.

X. quinquelineata was easily the most commonly encountered cynipoid.

It was found in moderate numbers in El] Dorado, Mendocino, and Yuba Co.

from May through November. Adults were most active on moist pats; and

Oviposited primarily in crevices on the pat surface. They also crawled down

beetle holes. Mohr (1943) recorded similar activity for this species in Illinois.

X. quinquelineata occurs across North America, and has been collected in

nearly every study of North American bovine dung fauna. R. querula ap-

pears to be the preferred host, though other sarcophagids have been re-

corded (Mohr, 1943; Turner et al., 1968; Hays and Turner, 1971). Reported

rates of parasitism are generally low. In one sample collected during this

study, 6.0% of the querula were parasitized by quinquelineata.

Several thousand horn flies and approximately 200 face flies were reared

during this study; however, no parasitoids were collected from either

species. R. querula was by far the most heavily parasitized fly in the study

area.

In biological control programs, care must be taken to introduce natural

enemies specific to face and horn flies. If not, then the reduction of the pest

species by non-specific predators or parasitoids must be great enough to

offset the harmful effects resulting from the attack of beneficial fly species.

Acknowledgments

I am most greatful to the following for assistance in identifications: F.

Andrews (Cynipoidea), D. Tilles (Formicidae), and R. Gagné (Ravinia). R.

Moon graciously allowed me to rear a sample of puparia he collected in

Yuba Co. P. Rowell, C. Whitmore, G. Winkler, and R. Ross kindly gave

their permission to study in pastures under their supervision. And I am most

grateful to an anonymous reviewer for numerous suggestions.

Literature Cited

Bohart, R. M., C. S. Lin, and J. F. Holland. 1966. Bionomics of Oxybelus sparideus Cockerell

at Lake Texoma, Oklahoma. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 59: 818-820.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 185

Drea, J. J. 1966. Studies of Aleochara tristis (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), a natural enemy of

the face fly. J. Econ. Entomol. 59: 1368-1373.

Hays, C. G., and E. C. Turner, Jr. 1971. Field and laboratory evaluation of the parasitism of

the face fly in Virginia. J. Econ. Entomol. 64: 443-448.

Illingworth, J. F. 1923. Insect fauna of hen manure. Proc. Haw. Entomol. Soc. Honolulu 5:

270-273.

Jones, C. M. 1967. Aleochara tristis, a natural enemy of face fly I. Introduction and laboratory

rearing. J. Econ. Entomol. 60: 816-817.

Legner, E. F. 1978. Natural enemies imported in California for the biological control of face

fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, and horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.). Proc. & Pap.

46th Ann. Confr. Calif. Mosquito & Vector Control Assn. : 77-79.

Legner, E. F., and G. S. Olton. 1970. Worldwide survey and comparison of adult predator

and scavenger insect populations associated with domestic animal manure where live-

stock is artificially congregated. Hilgardia 40: 1 225-266.

. 1971. Distribution and relative abundance of dipterous pupae and their parasitoids in

accumulations of domestic animal manure in southwestern United States. Hilgardia 40:

505-535.

Lindquist, A. W. 1936. Parasites of the horn fly and other flies breeding in dung. J. Econ.

Entomol. 29: 1154-1158.

MacQueen, A., and B. P. Beirne. 1974. Insects and mites associated with fresh cattle dung

in the southern interior of British Columbia. J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 71: 5-9.

. 1975. Influence of other insects on production of horn fly, Haematobia irritans (Dip-

tera: Muscidae), from cattle dung in South Central British Columbia. Can. Entomol.

107: 1255-1265.

Merritt, R. W. 1976. A review of the food habits of the insect fauna inhabiting cattle droppings

in North Central California. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 52: 13-22.

, and J. R. Anderson. 1977. The effects of different pasture and rangeland ecosystems

on the annual dynamics of insects in cattle droppings. Hilgardia 45: 31-71.

Mohr, C. O. 1943. Cattle droppings as ecological units. Ecol. Monogr. 13: 275-298.

Moore, I., and E. F. Legner. 1971. Host records of parasitic staphylinids of the genus A/leo-

chara in America (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 64: 1184—

1185.

Peckham, D. J., F. E. Kurczewski, and D. B. Peckham. 1973. Nesting behavior of Nearctic

species of Oxybelus. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 66: 647-661.

Peschke, K., and D. Fuldner. 1977. Ubersicht und neue Untersuchungen zur Lebenweise der

parasitoiden Aleocharinae (Coleoptera; Staphylinidae). Zool. Jb. Syst. 104: 242-262.

Pimental, D. 1955. Relationship of ants to fly control. J. Econ. Entomol. 48: 28-30.

Poorbaugh, J. H., J. R. Anderson, and J. F. Burger. 1968. The insect inhabitants of undis-

turbed cattle droppings in Northern California. Calif. Vector Views 15: 17-36.

Sychevskaya, V. I. 1974. The biology of Eucoila trichopsila Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipoi-

dea), a parasite of the larvae of synanthropic flies of the family Sarcophagidae (Diptera).

Entomol. Rev. 53: 36-44.

Thomas, G. D., and C. E. Morgan. 1972. Parasites of the horn fly in Missouri. J. Econ.

Entomol. 65: 169-174.

Thomas, G. D., and C. W. Wingo. 1968. Parasites of the face fly and two other species of

dung-inhabiting flies in Missouri. J. Econ. Entomol. 61: 147-152.

Turner, E. C., Jr., R. P. Burton, and R. R. Gerhardt. 1968. Natural parasitism of dung-

breeding Diptera: a comparison between native hosts and an introduced host, the face

fly. J. Econ. Entomol. 61: 1012-1015.

Valiela, I. 1969. An experimental study of the mortality factors of larval Musca autumnalis

DeGeer. Ecol. Monogr. 39: 119-225.

186 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Wharton, R. A. 1976. Systematics and biology of New World Alysiini (Hymenoptera:

Braconidae). Ph.D. Diss., Univ. Calif., Berkeley.

Wingo, C. W., G. D. Thomas, and N. W. Nelms. 1967. Laboratory evaluations of two aleo-

charine parasites of the face fly. J. Econ. Entomol. 60: 1514-1517.

Wingo, C. W., G. D. Thomas, G. N. Clark, and C. E. Morgan. 1974. Succession and abun-

dance of insects in pasture manure: relationship to face fly survival. Ann. Entomol. Soc.

Amer. 67: 386-390.

Footnote

1 Comparison of reared specimens with the lectotype male of E. rufocincta (in the California

Academy of Sciences) revealed differences indicating the two may not be the same.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

% British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, SW7 S5BD,

United Kingdom

ITZN 59

The following Opinions (listed by number) have been published recently

by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (see Bulletin

Zoological Nomenclature, Volume 35, part 2, 31 October 1978).

Opinion No.

1107 (p. 88) Conservation of Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, 1908 (Acari-

na, IXODIDAE).

1110 (p. 99) Microterys Thomson, 1875 (Hymenoptera, CHALCIDOI-

DEA): conserved under the plenary powers.

1111 (p. 101) Leucospis gigas Fabricius, 1793 (Hymenoptera, LEUCOS-

PIDAE) conserved under the plenary powers.

1112 (p. 104) Madiza Fallén, 1810 (Diptera, MILICHIIDAE): designation

of a type-species under the plenary powers.

(See Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, Volume 35, part 3, February ’79.)

Opinion No.

1115 (p. 175) Nysson Latreille (Hymenoptera, SPHECIDAE) validated as

from 1796.

The Commission cannot supply separates of Opinions.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

July, 1979, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 187-191

A NEW SPECIES OF BAETIS FROM PANAMA

(EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE)

R. W. FLOWERS

Laboratory of Aquatic Entomology, Florida A&M Univ.,

Tallahassee 32307

Recently, a specimen of a new and unusually large species of Baetis from

Panama was sent to the Laboratory of Aquatic Entomology by Dr. Henk

Wolda, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. The specimen was taken

in a light trap in the forest canopy in the Valle de la Sierpe at the IRHE

(Institution de Recursos Hydraulicos y Electrification) camp in Hornitos

near the Rio Chiriqui, Chiriqui Province. This locality is referred to both

locally and in the literature (Wolda, 1978) as Fortuna. In November and

December 1977, I visited this locality and collected and reared additional

specimens of this mayfly. Nymphs were also collected in a small stream

flowing through disturbed forest above a coffee-growing area near the town

of Boquete, Chiriqui Province.

Baetis maculipennis, new species

Male imago.—Length: body, 10.2—10.5 mm; fore wings, 9.0—9.2 mm; hind

wings, 1.1—1.5 mm; cerci, ca. 23 mm. Head yellowish-white; base of ocelli

and antennae, edge of frontal shelf, and carina from median ocellus to edge

of frontal shelf dark brown; turbinate eyes yellow-brown, medially contig-

uous. Thorax grayish-white; margins of pronotum dark brown, brown areas

laterally; mesonotum with median brown stripe, mesoscutellum white, pleu-

ra and sterna shaded with brown; metanotum grayish-white anteriorly,

brown posteriorly, with median dark brown transverse band covering me-

tascutellum, metascutellum projecting posteriorly. Legs yellowish-white;

coxae with apical margin dark brown; femora dark brown, apex with dark

brown median spot; tibiae dark brown at apex; fore tarsi yellowish-white,

apex of each segment brown; middle and hind tarsi yellowish-white on basal

segments, apical segments smoky brown. Wings hyaline with brown mark-

ings as in Figs. 1-3; stigmatic area of fore wings milky. Abdomen (Fig. 5)

yellowish-white, lateral and posterior margins of terga brown with paired

submedian brown maculae on terga 2-8, maculae elongated and connected

with posterior border on terga 3, 4, 6-8; tergum 8 washed with brown,

tergum 9 brown on anterior and lateral margins; tergum 10 light brown on

anterior and lateral margins; sterna yellowish-white, pale brown on lateral

margins. Genitalia as in Fig. 4; subgenital plate yellowish-white, middle and

188 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 1-8. Baetis maculipennis. Figs. 1-5, Male imago. Fig. 1, Fore wing. Fig. 2, Hind

wing. Fig. 3, Hind wing enlarged. Fig. 4, Genitalia, ventral view. Fig. 5, Abdomen, dorsal

view. Figs. 6-8, Mature nymph. Fig. 6, Left mandible. Fig. 7, Right mandible. Fig. 8, Labrum

(ventral view on left, dorsal view on right).

lateral margins slightly darker, forceps dark smoky brown. Cerci: base with

alternating white and pale brown segments, followed by repeating sequence

of one white and 3 pale brown segments; apical half smoky brown; all

segments darker brown at apex.

Female imago.—Unknown.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 189

15

Figs. 9-16. Baetis maculipennis, mature nymph. Fig. 9, Right maxilla. Fig. 10, Paraglossa

of labium, ventral view with setae removed. Fig. 11, Labium (dorsal view on left, ventral view

on right). Fig. 12, Mesothoracic leg. Fig. 13, Claw of mesothoracic leg. Fig. 14, Gill 4. Fig.

15, Apical edge of abdominal tergum 7. Fig. 16, Paraproct.

Mature nymph.—Length male: body, 10.1-10.3 mm; cerci, 7.0 mm; ter-

minal filament, 4.5 mm. Length female: body, 9.9-11.1 mm; cerci, 6.7-8.2

mm; terminal filament, 4.0 mm. Head yellowish-brown, vertex darker; dark

brown between ocelli and on base of labrum; brown shading on outer side

190 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

of scape and pedicel of antennae. Mouthparts: labrum (Fig. 8) with raised

median area, dorsal surface with long setae, sublateral row of short setae

on ventral surface; mandibles with all canines fused into long blades (Figs.

6, 7), often completely worn away during an instar; maxillary palpi 2-seg-

mented, subequal to galea-lacinia (Fig. 9); segment 3 of labial palpi broader

than long, segment 2 with weak inner apical lobus (Fig. 11), paraglossae

with 2 close ventral rows of bristles at apex (Fig. 10). Thorax light yellowish-

brown, midline of pro- and mesonota darker. Legs yellowish-white; femora

shaded with light yellowish-brown on middle and apex, dark brown median

spot on inner side, dorsal edge fringed with fine setae and with short spines

spaced regularly along dorsal edge and grouped at apex above insertion of

tibiae (Fig. 12); tibiae with heavy setae along dorsal and ventral edges; tarsi

and claws yellowish-brown, tarsi with fine dorsal and stout ventral setae,

claws with 8 denticles and long curved setae (Fig. 13). Abdominal terga light

yellowish-brown, terga 6—7 darker; pale streaks at midline and laterally on

terga 2—9, brown submedian and posterior markings on terga 2—8 as in male

imago; markings darkest on terga 6—7, lightest on 5; sterna white, slightly

darker at lateral margins; terga and sterna densely covered with pores ex-

cept at muscle insertions; tergal hind margins with sharp denticles (Fig. 15).

Gills (Fig. 14) with sclerotized anterior and posterior basal margins, apical

edge serrate with 2-3 fine setae between serrations; tracheae distinct; gills

of segment 1 smaller than those of following segments. Paraprocts (Fig. 16)

with short denticles along inner margin, long teeth at apex, surface with

scattered pores and fine setae. Cerci with dense row of setae on inner mar-

gins; terminal filament with dense row of lateral setae.

Holotype.—Male Imago (reared, with nymphal exuvium and subimaginal

skin): PANAMA: Chiriqui Province, Fortuna (8°44'N:82°15’W), Rio Chiri-

qui, 1050 m, 12-XIJ-1977, R. W. Flowers. Deposited at Florida A&M Uni-

versity.

Paratypes.—1 male imago, same locality, 8/14-VI-1977 (light trap), Henk

Wolda; 1 male imago, same locality, 27-I[V/3-V-1978 (light trap), Henk Wol-

da; 1 nymph, same data as holotype; 1 nymph, 11-XII-1977, 2 nymphs, 13-

XIJ-1977, 1 nymph, 14-XII-1977, all same locality and collector as holotype;

18 nymphs, PANAMA: Chiriqui Province, stream above Alto Lino, 1464 m,

18-XIJ-1977, R. W. Flowers. All specimens are preserved in alcohol. One

male paratype and 5 nymphal paratypes are in the U.S. National Museum

collection. All others are deposited in the collections of Dr. I. Muller-Lei-

benau, Plon, or at Florida A&M University.

Etymology.—macula, L., meaning spot; pennis, L., meaning wing.

The imago of B. maculipennis may be distinguished from all other known

Baetis by the combination of large size and dark markings on both pairs of

wings. Nymphs may be distinguished from other Baetis nymphs by the

combination of (1) group of spines at apex of femora, (2) large size, and (3)

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 191

abdominal pattern of mature specimens. Nymphs from Alto Lino differ from

Rio Chiriqui nymphs as follows: dark area on mesonotum more extensive;

ground color of abdominal terga, except 6 and 7, lighter; no darkening at

lateral margins of sterna.

Baetis maculipennis was collected in swift water by turning large rocks.

It occurs with other species of Baetis, Dactylobaetis, Baetodes, Thraulodes,

and Epeorus. Daytime water temperature was 19°C. Gut contents consisted

of sand, diatoms and organic detritus. The nymphs apparently scrape the

surface of rocks, ingesting sand and its associated aufwuchs. In the one

successful rearing, the subimago emerged in the evening. Imagos were

caught in the light trap, which is some distance from the river, between

sunset and 10 PM (when the trap operates).

Acknowledgments

I sincerely thank Dr. Henk Wolda (Smithsonian Tropical Research Insti-

tute) and Ing. Cecilio Estribi (RENARE, MIDA) for all their invaluable

assistance during my stay in Panama. Also, I thank Sr. Virgilio Echevers

(IRHE) for obtaining permission for me to visit the Fortuna site and Drs.

W. L. Peters and D. R. Towns and Mrs. W. L. Peters for reading the

manuscript. This research was financed by a grant (P.L. 89-106) from the

Cooperative State Research Service, United States Department of Agricul-

ture to Florida A&M University.

Literature Cited

Wolda, H. 1978. Estudios ecologicos sobre Insectos en la regidn de Fortuna y su importancia

para la conservation de la naturaleza. ConCiencia 5: 3-6.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

July, 1979, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 192-194

A NEW RECORD FOR SINARACHNA ANOMALA (HYMENOPTERA:

ICHNEUMONIDAE), AN EXTERNAL PARASITOID OF

MALLOS PALLIDUS (ARANEAE: DICTYNIDAE)

LEONARD S. VINCENT

Division of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California,

Berkeley 94720

Although ichneumonid parasites may be commonly found on spiders

(Eason et al., 1967) only a few have been recorded on dictynids (see How-

ard, 1892, p. 292 and Bristowe, 1941, p. 347).

On August 8, 1976, 96 Mallos pallidus Banks were hand collected at

random from Ceonothus sp. (Rhammaceae). The collecting site was both

sides of a mile stretch of logging road near The Nature Conservancy’s

McCloud River Preserve in Siskiyou County, California. Sixteen spiders

were found to be externally parasitized by Sinarachna anomala (Holmgren)

(Fig. 1), a widely distributed species (Townes and Townes, 1960) but here-

tofore unrecorded on M. pallidus. The host spider has been recorded from

the western United States and northern Mexico by Chamberlin and Gertsch

(1958).

Larval attachment of S. anomala is not always successfully sustained.

Two adult females had attachment scars but no parasite at the usual larval

site (the dorsal anterior portion of the abdomen). Additionally, a late larval

instar was apparently dislodged from an adult female in the laboratory on

September 1, 1976. The spider subsequently laid inviable but normal ap-

pearing eggs six days later.

On September 2, 1976, 69 additional M. pallidus were collected from an

adjacent section of the same logging road. Only three spiders, two adult

females and one immature, were found to be parasitized by S. anomala.

The following is a partial sequence of events for one of three successfully

reared parasites: 2 [LX 76—The spider with attached parasite was placed in

a2 by 9 cm shell vial and kept in the laboratory at approximately

25°C; 18 [IX 76—The parasite, slightly smaller than the size of the host’s

abdomen, was moving freely on the host’s intact abdomen. The spider was

making feeble movements within her web; 19 [X 76—The spider was found

at the bottom of the vial and with her abdominal contents completely con-

sumed. The parasitoid larvae had moved from the web to the wall of the

glass vial; 20 IX 76—1350 hr—The parasitoid began to spin its cocoon

against the glass. 2100 hr—The cocoon was complete; 22 [IX 76—A whitish

yellow pupa was present within a flocculent white cocoon. Meconial pellets

were at one end, outside of the cocoon; 25 IX 76—A teneral adult was

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 193

Fig. 1. Larva of Sinarachna anomala on Mallos pallidus. 10x.

within the cocoon; 29 [X 76—The teneral adult had darkened and was vig-

orously moving within the larval skin; 30 LX 76—The adult was very dark

and not moving; XI 76—The adult parasitoid was flying about within the

vial.!

A more detailed biology of other species of ichneumonid spider parasites

can be found in the extensive works of Nielson (1923, 1928, 1929, 1935,

1937) for European species, and Cushman (1926) and Clausen (1940) for

North American species.

Acknowledgment

This study was funded in part by the Nature Conservancy. I thank Mr.

Robert Carlson of the U.S.N.M. for identifying Sinarachna anomala, Dr.

Evert Schlinger for his suggestions on this manuscript, and Patrick Craig

for technical assistance.

194 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Literature Cited

Bristowe, W. S. 1941. The comity of spiders. Vol. 2. London: Ray Society. 560 pp.

Chamberlin, R. V., and W. J. Gertsch. 1958. The spider family Dictynidae in America north

of Mexico. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 116: 1-152.

Cushman, R. A. 1926. Some types of parasitism among the Ichneumonidae. Wash. Entomol.

Soc. Proc. 28: 29-51.

Eason, R. R., Peck, W. B., and W. H. Whitcomb. 1967. Notes on spider parasites, including

a reference list. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 40: 422-434.

Horvard, L. O. 1892. Hymenopterous parasites of spiders. Entomol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:

290-303.

Nielsen, E. 1923. Contribution to the life history of the pimpline spider parasites (Polysphinc-

ta, Zaglyptus, Tromatobia). Entomol. Meddel. 14: 137-205.

. 1928. A supplementary note upon the life histories of the Polysphinctas. Entomol.

Meddel. 16: 152-155.

—. 1929. A second supplementary note upon the life histories of the Polysphinctas.

Entomol. Meddel. 16: 366-368.

. 1935. A third supplementary note upon the life histories of the Polysphinctas. Ento-

mol. Meddel. 19: 191-215.

. 1937. A fourth supplementary note upon the life histories of the Polysphinctas. Ento-

mol. Meddel. 20: 25-28.

Townes, H., and M. Townes. 1960. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico: 2 Sub-

families Ephialtinae, Xoridinae, Acaenitinae. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 216: 1-676.

Footnote

1 The adult and its cocoon are deposited in the U.S.N.M. collection.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

July, 1979, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 195-198

EXPERIMENTAL TRAPNESTING: NOTES ON NEST RECOGNITION

IN THREE SPECIES OF MEGACHILID BEES

(HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)

V. J. TEPEDINO,! J. M. LOAR? AND N. L. STANTON

Department of Zoology and Physiology,

The University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071

Animals that utilize a single nest over a continuous period, as do many

aculeate Hymenoptera, must relocate their nests on each return flight. In

the summer of 1975 we had an opportunity to examine aspects of nest

recognition in three species of megachilid bees that were nesting in pine and

elderberry trap-nests which had been set out as part of another study. Al-

though we were able to observe only a single individual of each species and

each experimental series is incomplete, the paucity of information available

concerning nest recognition behavior in megachilids warrants this note. The

observations were carried out on shortgrass prairie in Albany County, Wy-

oming, about 13.5 km SSE of Laramie.

Observation Period One

On July 15 we found a female Hoplitis albifrons argentifrons (Cresson)

using a 6.4-mm-bore pine nest. After observing two hours of undisturbed

nest utilization during which she made 17 departures and spent 68.8% of her

time out of the nest, we replaced her nest with an unused one of identical

specifications. Upon returning, she exhibited several previously unrecorded

behaviors before entering the foreign nest: a slower rate of return flight

beginning several feet from the nest, circling of the nest at short distances,

and hovering around the top. A comparison of nest utilization patterns be-

fore and after nest substitution showed that the post-substitution period was

characterized by a dramatic increase in the number of departures and en-

trances and in percent total time spent in the nest (Table 1). Division of the

post-substitution period into three equal subperiods revealed a drop in total

number of entrances into the nest with time; however, total time spent in

the nest and mean time per in-nest period increased dramatically, which

suggests that more time was being spent to investigate the nest internally

(Table 2). At 1300 hours, observations were terminated because of rain. At

that time, the bee had been in the nest for 16 consecutive minutes, appar-

ently because of the weather. When we returned several days later, the nest

was empty.

196

Table 1.

substitution of a foreign nest for the home nest.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Time allocation pattern of a female Hoplitis albifrons argentifrons before and after

Mean time Mean time

spent per spent per

No. of — out-of-nest % total No. of in-nest

departures period time absent entrances period

from nest (seconds) from nest into nest (seconds)

Pre-substitution

(total time 124

minutes, 35 seconds) 17 301 68.8 18 129

Post-substitution

(total time 42

minutes, 30 seconds) 43 21 38.9 44 36

Observation Period Two

A female Hoplitis producta interior (Michener) was observed nesting in

a 4.8-mm-bore pine trap on July 22. During one hour of undisturbed obser-

vation, 14 exits (48.3% total time) were made. When an unused nest was

substituted for the original, the returning bee began circling the nest when

several feet away and occasionally alighted on a nearby rock before entering

one minute later. She emerged almost immediately. Most of the next nine

minutes were used for circling, sitting, or longer orientation flights; only five

seconds were spent in the nest. Since nest acceptance was unlikely, we

replaced the foreign trap with the original; she entered ten seconds later,

and over the next ten minutes the original time utilization pattern reap-

peared. When both nests were offered contiguously, the ‘‘home’’ trap was

chosen without hesitation. Next the foreign nest was placed in the correct

upright position while the original was laid horizontally on the ground. After

Table 2. Division of the post-substitution time period (42 minutes, 30 seconds) into three

equal sub-periods shows the increase, with time, in total amount of time spent in the nest and

in time spent in the nest per discrete in-nest period for Hoplitis albifrons argentifrons.

Mean time per

Number of

% total time in-nest period

Time period entrances spent in nest (seconds)

12:16:10-12:30:20 16 42.5 23

12:30:21-12:44:30 17 65.4 33

12:44:31-12:58:40 11 15 58

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 197

circling and sitting for one minute without entering either nest, she ‘‘solved

the problem’’ by entering the original nest. Normal foraging was resumed

after she performed a brief orientation flight above the horizontal trap upon

her initial departure. Subsequent entrances to the horizontal nest were made

without hesitation.

We next sought to examine nest recognition when internal and external

nest cues were divorced. Therefore, the situation was returned to “‘normal,”’

and she resumed her previous foraging pattern. We then split the original

trap, removed the nest contents, the trap halves were refitted and taped at

the bottom and the trap replaced. Upon returning the bee entered without

hesitation but emerged in 30 seconds to circle the immediate area and then

re-enter the nest. This behavior was repeated 14 times in the next 25 minutes

with all time out of the nest spent in circling, sitting and in longer orientation

flights. The bee spent 70% of her time in the nest, apparently investigating

internally. The experiment was terminated when she was collected for iden-

tification after making 30 pebble collecting trips spanning 18 minutes, prob-

ably for the purpose of plugging the nest.

Observation Period Three

Our final observations were of a Megachile montivaga Cresson in a 6.4-

mm elderberry twig on July 29. After we observed the bee for 73 minutes,

during which she made 12 departures and spent 74.7% of her time out of

the nest, we replaced the original trap with an unused one. The returning

bee exhibited typical hesitation behavior and investigated five other traps

in the vicinity, two of which she unsuccessfully tried to enter. The replace-

ment nest was entered 95 seconds after her reappearance but she exited

immediately and resumed circling and investigating the other traps. Five

minutes later the original trap was returned, and the bee entered in five

seconds.

To test nest acceptance with inappropriate external cues and correct in-

ternal ones, we now removed the original trap, split it, and carefully trans-

ferred the three cells as a unit to a previously split, unused trap that was

then taped at the bottom and returned to the proper position. During the

transfer the bee had returned and was circling the area investigating the

other traps. This behavior continued for over 18 minutes until she finally

entered the nest after previously circling it several times. She emerged 25

seconds later and flew, very slowly and at close range, up and down the

outside of the trap for 15 seconds as if familiarizing herself with its external

appearance. Normal foraging was then resumed.

Finally we tested her choice of nests by offering both the original, now

internally bare, nest and the experimental one which she had been using for

one hour. Upon returning, she flew directly and without hesitation into the

198 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

experimental nest. Over the next 14 minutes she made three additional re-

turns, all to the experimental nest. The experimental nest was now home,

and the original nest was foreign. When we returned several days later, one

additional cell had been added and the nest had been plugged.

Conclusions

Although data for only a single female of each species are available, the

results of the three experimental series seem consistent in indicating the

hierarchy of cues used for nest recognition. The three species all seem to

use topographic cues when in the general nest area. Specific nest recogni-

tion, however, depends upon both external and internal nest cues, and it

appears that to be accepted, a nest must ultimately be in the appropriate

stage of internal workmanship. At least for Megachile montivaga, external

cues, which may be the texture and pattern of the outside of the nest, can

be overridden when foreign, if internal contents are correct.

Acknowledgments

The manuscript was substantially improved by the comments from John

Alcock, R. J. Lavigne, and F. D. Parker. We thank the owners of the Dirt

Farm, Inc. for the use of their land and NSF for support under BMS 75-

14044.

Footnotes

! Present address: Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Agricultural Research, Science

& Education Administration, USDA, Utah State University, UMC 53, Logan 84322.

2 Present address: Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak

Ridge, Tennessee 37830.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

July, 1979, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 199-201

HOST POTENTIAL OF SOME CULTIVATED LEGUMES FOR THE

PEA LEAF WEEVIL, SITONA LINEATUS (LINNAEUS)

(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)!

J. R. FISHER

Northern Grain Insects Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research, SEA,

USDA, Brookings, South Dakota 57006

AND

L. E. O° KEEFFE

Department of Entomology, University of Idaho, Moscow 83843

Since the initial discovery of the pea leaf weevil, Sitona lineatus (Lin-

naeus), in North America near Vancouver, B.C., in 1936, the insect, which

is primarily a pest of dry and green peas, has spread throughout the pea

growing regions of southern British Columbia, Oregon, Washington, and

northern Idaho (Downes, 1938; Anon., 1971). In Europe its primary host

plants are broadbeans (Vicia faba), peas (Pisum sativum), lentils (Lens es-

culenta) and sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis) (Jackson, 1920; Melamed-

Madjar, 1966; and Sedivy, 1972). In the Pacific Coastal region of North

America, peas and vetch have been listed as host plants (Prescott and Reeh-

er 1961), and sweetclover has been shown to be an acceptable host plant

(Fisher 1977) as it is in Finland (Markkula 1959). Spread of the weevil east-

ward will depend on its ability to use legumes other than peas as hosts since

peas are not grown to any extent between northern Idaho and Minnesota.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether cultivated legumes

other than peas or sweetclover could be used as host plants for the pea leaf

weevil.

Methods and Materials

1975 experiment.—In the spring at the University of Idaho Plant Science

Farm, Moscow, Idaho, 3 X 6 m cages were placed over tings (1 cage/plant-

ing) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), red clover (Trifolium pratense), white clo-

ver (Trifolium repens), cv. Alaska spring peas, cv. Austrian winter peas and

broadbeans. The perennials had been seeded the previous season and the

annuals were seeded May 5, 1975. Overwintering adult weevil populations

in the perennials were reduced essentially to zero by an early spraying with

malathion. On May 27, each cage was uniformly infested with 1000 adult

Sitona lineatus that had been collected from nearby overwintering sites.

Uniformity was achieved by releasing 100 weevils at spaced intervals

200 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Table 1. Average per m? (A) and mean per sample (B) of life stages of Sitona lineatus

found on six caged leguminous crops for the 1975 season and on three leguminous crops on

July 19, 1976.

Eggs Larvae Adults

Crop A B A B A B

1975

Broadbeans 2515 17.9 107 0.76 196 1.40

Alaska spring peas 1433 10.2 141 1.00 94 0.67

Austrian winter peas 1391 9.9 51 0.36 67 0.48

White clover 1405 10.0 63 0.45 55 0.39

Alfalfa 1307 9.3 34 0.24 38 0.27

Red clover 1068 7.6 21 0.15 30 0.21

LSDsg. 6 2D 0.28 0.35

1976

Alaska spring peas 1532 148

Lentils 0 0

Alfalfa 492 49

throughout the cage. Each week, weather permitting, three soil-core sam-

ples, each 9.5 cm in diam by 15.54 cm high, were taken from each cage.

The sampling method and subsequent processing have been described by

Fisher (1977). The numbers of eggs, larvae and adults obtained from each

sample were recorded for each sampling time.

1976 experiment.—Plantings of alfalfa, lentils and Alaska spring peas were

caged as in 1975 at the University of Idaho Plant Science Farm, Moscow,

Idaho. Each cage was infested with 5000 adult weevils. Twenty soil-core

samples were taken in each cage on July 19, 1976, and processed. The

numbers of larvae and adults obtained from each sample were recorded.

Results |

1975.—There were statistically significant differences among host plants

in the number of individuals produced for each life stage (Table 1). Broad-

bean was a superior host, and spring peas were intermediate. Winter peas,

white clover, alfalfa and red clover were less acceptable as host plants.

1976.—Peas supported a larger population that alfalfa (Table 1). No larvae

or adults were found on lentils.

Discussion

The results of this study showed that lentil is not a host for Sitona lineatus

and that perennial legumes tended to be less acceptable hosts than spring

peas or broadbeans.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 201

These observations confirm much of the information presented in the

European literature. Hans (1959) found that broadbeans and peas produced

nearly three times more adults than alfalfa and nearly four times more adults

than red clover. Markkula (1959) and Andersen (1934) observed a ratio of

5:1 for eggs on peas compared with red clover. The situation with lentils

provided contradiction with the European literature. Sedivy (1972) found

lentils to be a preferred host in Czechoslovakia.

Literature Cited

Andersen, K. T. 1934. Brief communications on further experiments on the biology and

ecology of S. lineata L. Verh. Deut. Ges. Angew. Entomol., 9:42—49 (Abstract in Rev.

Appl. Entomol., Ser. A, 23:297—298).

Anonymous. 1971. Coop. Econ. Insect Rep., 21:199.

Downes, W. 1938. The occurrence of Sitona lineatus L. in British Columbia. Can. Entomol.,

70:22.

Fisher, J. R. 1977. The population dynamics of the pea leaf weevil, Sitona lineatus (L.) in

northern Idaho and eastern Washington. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of

Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

Hans, H. 1959. Beitrage zur Biologie von Sitona lineatus L. Z. Angew. Entomol., 44:343-

386.

Jackson, D. J. 1920. Bionomics of weevils of the genus Sitones injurious to leguminous crops

in Britain (Part 1). Ann. Appl. Biol., 7:269-298.

Markkula, M. 1959. The biology and especially the oviposition of the Sitona Germ. (Col.,

Curculionidae) species occurring as pests of grassland legumes in Finland. Publ. Finnish

State Agric. Res. Board, 178:41-74.

Melamed-Madjar, V. 1966. Observations on four species of Sitona (Coleoptera, Curculioni-

dae) occurring in Israel. Bull. Entomol. Res., 56:505—514.

Prescott, H. W., and M. M. Reeher. 1961. The pea leaf weevil. USDA Tech. Bull. 1233.

12 pp.

Sedivy, J. 1972. The feeding activity of the leaf weevil (Sitona sp.) on varieties of lentils.

Archiv fur Pflanzenschutz, 8:209-217.

Footnote

1 Contribution of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Journal Series Number 7866.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

July, 1979, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 202-207

FOOD PLANTS OF THE PEA LEAF WEEVIL SITONA LINEATUS

(LINNAEUS) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN NORTHERN

IDAHO AND EASTERN WASHINGTON!

J. R. FISHER

Northern Grain Insects Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research, SEA,

USDA, Brookings, South Dakota 57006

AND

L. E. O’KEEFFE

Department of Entomology, University of Idaho, Moscow 83843

The exclusive host plants of Sitona lineatus (Linnaeus) are legumes. Its

cultivated hosts in Europe are peas (Pisum sativum), broadbeans (Vicia

faba), sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis), and lentils (Lens culinaris) (Jack-

son, 1920; Hans, 1959; Melamed-Madjar, 1966; and Sedivy, 1972). Because

the pea leaf weevil is a new pest in the inland Pacific Northwest and appears

to have a host range there that is somewhat different from that in Europe,

additional information was needed about its food plants and host range. The

purpose of this study was to: 1) survey and record the plants fed upon by

adult S$. lineatus in the inland Pacific Northwest pea growing region; and 2)

determine the degree of feeding by the adults on legumes grown or occurring

in the region.

Methods and Materials

Survey.—During 1973-1975 from early April until October, wild and cul-

tivated legumes and other plant species in northern Idaho and eastern Wash-

ington were examined for presence of adult S. lineatus and evidence of

feeding.

Feeding evaluation.—In the summer season of 1974 plots containing

Austrian’ winter peas, ‘Alaska’ spring peas, ‘First and Best’ peas, broad-

beans, lentils, alfalfa (Medicago sativa), white clover (Trifolium repens),

and red clover (Jrifolium pratense) were planted at the University of Idaho

Plant Science Farm at Moscow, Idaho; also, all the species except broad-

beans were planted at the Washington State University Dairy Farm, Pull-

man, Washington. The experiment was repeated in the summer of 1975 at

the Moscow location.

The plots were evaluated for feeding intensity at Moscow on August 13,

1974 and June 10 and August 5, 1975 and at Pullman on May 28, 1974 and

August 13, 1974. Feeding was rated as heavy, moderate, occasional, or

Table 1. Food and host plants of Sitona lineatus found in northwest United States and inland Pacific Northwest pea growing regions.

Scientific name

Family Leguminoceae

Pisum sativum?

Phaseolus vulgaris

Melilotus officinalis®

Melilotus alba?

Trifolium pratense®

Trifolium repens*®

Trifolium hybridum

Vicia faba*

Vicia hirsuta

Vicia americana

Vicia sativa

Vicia villosa?

Lotus corniculatus

Lathyrus latifolius

Caragana spp.

Robinia pseudoacacia

Medicago sativa*®

Medicago lupulina

Common name

Pea

Bean

Yellow sweetclover

White sweetclover

Red clover

White clover

Aslike clover

Broad bean

Hairy vetch

American vetch

Common vetch

Woolypod vetch

Bird’s foot trefoil

Perennial sweet pea

Siberian pea shrub

Black locust

Alfalfa

Black medic

Spring

+++

+++

Food plant?

Summer

+++

4+

Late

summer-fall

Reference

(North America)

€ WAGWON ‘6s ANWNTIOA

Prescott and Reeher, 1961

Prescott and Reeher, 1961

Webster et al., 1942

Anon., 1967

Prescott and Reeher, 1961

Prescott and Reeher, 1961

£07

Table 1. Continued.

Scientific name Common name

Family Rosaceae

Rosa spp. Rose

Fragaria spp. Strawberries

Rubus spp. Blackberries

Pyrus spp. Apples, pears

Family Polygonaceae

Polygonum aviculare Prostrate knotweed

Family Amaranthaceae

Amaranthus retroflexus Redroot pigweed

. + = occasional feeding.

++ = moderate feeding.

+++ = heavy feeding.

2 Not found in this study.

3 Known host plant.

ll

Spring

Food plant?

Late

Summer summer-fall

++ 44

+44

++

Reference

(North America)

Prescott and Reeher, 1961

Prescott and Reeher, 1961

Prescott and Reeher, 1961

Prescott and Reeher, 1961

Prescott and Reeher, 1961

v07

LSIDO'TOWOLNY OIIOVd-NVd

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 205

Table 2. Intensity of feeding on selected legumes by adult Sitona lineatus for plots (A) in

the late summer of 1974 and 1975 and the spring of 1975 at Moscow, Idaho and (B) in the

spring and late summer of 1974 at Pullman, Washington.

A. Moscow, Idaho B. Pullman, Washington

Aug. 13, June 10, Aug. 5, May 28, Aug. 13,

Legume 1974 1975 1975 1974 1974

Broad beans +++

Alaska spring peas +++ ++

First and best peas +++ ++

Austrian winter peas +++ bet

Lentils

Alfalfa +4 + +++ ++ ++

White clover = Se ae ++ st = Oa Sa is a

Red clover ++ + ++ ++ ++

1 Notation same as Table 1.

absent. Since the weevils cause damage to plants by chewing conspicuous

sub-circular notches in the leaves, damage will vary from occasional notch-

ing to complete defoliation. A score of occasional indicated an average of

at least one notch per plant but not more than one per leaf. A score of

moderate indicated an average of at least 2 notches per leaf but not more

than 4 per leaf. A score of heavy indicated at least five notches per leaf.

Thirty plants of each crop were evaluated, and the score for the majority

of the 30 plants was taken as the degree of feeding intensity for that crop.

Only the perennial forage legumes and lentils were reevaluated in August

since by then the annual legumes (peas and broadbeans) had reached ma-

turity.

Results and Discussion

Food and host plants of S. lineatus have been noted in almost every

report on the biology of this insect since that of Curtis (1860). Nevertheless,

a number of the plant species reported here as food plants are new records

for North America.

Feeding on the greatest variety of plant species occurred during the fall

or early spring (Table 1). Only a few species (peas, sweetclover, and broad-

beans) were heavily fed upon during the summer. In the feeding evaluation

plots, annual legumes (peas and broadbeans) tended to have heavier feeding

in the late spring (May—June) and perennial legumes (alfalfa, white clover

and red clover) were fed upon in the late summer (August) (Table 2). Among

the perennials, white clover had the heaviest feeding and alfalfa and red

clover had moderate feeding. Lentils were not fed upon at any time.

206 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Laboratory studies in Germany with leaf discs of 304 plant species of

dicotyledons have shown that S. lineatus fed on 102 species, most belonging

to the orders Fabales and Rosales; however, little or no feeding on other

plant species occurred when Pisum sativum, Vicia faba, or V. sativa were

present (Greib and Klingauf, 1977). Feeding on plants other than known

host plants in the Pacific Northwest appeared to indicate a drastic need for

sustenance. The majority of host plants (annual legumes) in the inland

Northwest are present only in late spring and summer. Therefore, other

plants must be used for food. S. lineatus is normally active at temperatures

above 4.5°C (Hans, 1959). Even though temperatures may reach 4.5°C or

more in late March and April, the overwintering adults are confined to

movement on foot and to the overwintering sites in perennials until they

can migrate in flight to annual legumes in late April and early May (Fisher,

1977). In northern Idaho and eastern Washington, annual legumes begin to

senesce in late July and early August at the time when the new generation

adults emerge. Since there is little green host plant material to feed upon

and since the weevils do not migrate to the overwintering sites for some

time (Fisher, 1977), any green plants in or close to the emergence sites may

be used for food. Thus we observed feeding on redroot pigweed (Amaran-

thus retroflexus) in only one place in the pea growing region, a 0.1 hectare

fallow field located between two spring pea fields. Likewise, other plant

species, i.e. prostrate knotweed (Polygonum aviculare), rose (Rosa spp.),

black medic (Medicago lupulina), black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia) and

Siberian pea shrub (Caragana arborescens), were fed upon in late summer

and early fall.

Although many plant species were fed upon by S. lineatus in the inland

Pacific Northwest, the weevils were never observed feeding on lentils in the

field. In northern Idaho under field cage conditions lentils did not support

development of Sitona lineatus (Fisher and O’ Keeffe, 1978). Lentils have

been reported to be a preferred host plant in Czechoslovakia (Sedivy, 1972).

The inland northwest pea growing region is the only region in the United

States where lentils are grown commercially in large acreages. S. lineatus

was not found in the pea growing region until 1970 even though it had been

found in the Pacific Northwest coastal areas as early as 1936 (Downes, 1938;

and Anon., 1970). With the absence of lentils as a food plant for at least 34

generations (1936-70), the insect may have lost a preference for this crop.

Also, the varieties of lentils used in Czechoslovakia have not been compared

for S. lineatus feeding preference with the varieties used in this region.

Literature Cited

Anon. 1967. Coop. Econ. Insect Rep., 17:757.

Anon. 1970. Coop. Econ. Insect Rep., 20:339.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 207

Curtis, J. 1860. Farm Insects. Blackie and Son, London, 528 pp.

Downes, W. 1938. The occurrence of Sitona lineatus L. in British Columbia. Can. Entomol.,

70:22.

Fisher, J. R. 1977. The population dynamics of the pea leaf weevil, Sitona lineatus (L.), in

northern Idaho and eastern Washington. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of

Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

Fisher, J. R., and L. E. O’Keeffe. 1979. Host potential of some cultivated legumes for the

pea leaf weevil, Sitona lineatus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Pan-Pac. Ento-

mol. 55:199-201.

Greib, V. G., and F. Klingauf. 1977. Untersuchungen zum Frabpflanzenspektrum von Sitona

lineatus L. (Curcul., Coleopt.). Z. Angew. Entomol., 82:267—274.

Hans, H. 1959. Beitrage zur Biologie von Sitona lineatus L. Z. Angew. Entomol., 44:343-

386.

Jackson, D. J. 1920. Bionomics of weevils of the genus Sitones injurious to leguminous crops

in Britain (Part 1). Ann. Appl. Biol., 7:269-298.

Melamed-Madjar, V. 1966. The phenology of Sitona (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Israel.

Israel J. Entomol., 1:63-74.

Prescott, H. W., and M. M. Reeher. 1961. The Pea Leaf Weevil. U.S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull.

1233. 12 pp.

Sedivy, J. 1972. The feeding activity of the leaf weevil (Sitona sp.) on varieties of lentil.

Archiv fur Pflanzenschutz, 8:209-217. (Abstract in Rev. Appl. Entomol., Ser. A,

63:3620.)

Webster, R. L., E. P. Breakey, W. W. Baker, and L. P. Rockwood. 1942. Life history and

control of the Sitona weevil, Sitona lineata, in Western Washington. In: Fifty-second

Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1942. Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.

425:40-41.

Footnote

1 Contribution of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Journal Series Number 7867.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

July, 1979, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 208-221

ETHOLOGY OF MACHIMUS CALLIDUS WITH INCIDENTAL

OBSERVATIONS ON M. OCCIDENTALIS IN

WYOMING (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE)!”

D. STEVE DENNIS

5875 E. Weaver Circle, Englewood, CO 80111

AND

ROBERT J. LAVIGNE

Entomology, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071

It is not unusual to find several different species of Asilidae occurring in

the same habitat during the same season. However, we have observed very

few species within the same genus that occupy a given ecological niche

simultaneously. Species belonging to the genera Asilus and Efferia are the

only ones which we have previously observed, whose adult populations

have overlapped in the same habitat. Thus, it was with great interest that

we found two species of Machimus, M. callidus (Williston) and M. occi-

dentalis (Hine), occurring together in a habitat 1.6 km east of Laramie,

Wyoming, at an elevation of 1625 m above sea level.

This short-to-mid grass habitat was previously described during a study

of Leptogaster parvoclava Martin (Dennis and Lavigne, 1976b) (Fig. 1).

Both M. callidus and M. occidentalis were found scattered over a 4- to 6-

ha area. However, they were generally associated with areas of dense sage-

brush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.). Only rarely were they observed to ven-

ture out into the more open areas covered primarily by grass (e.g., sandberg

bluegrass, Poa secunda Pres]. and western wheatgrass, Agropyron smithii

Rydb.) or prickly pear cactus (Opuntia polyacantha Haw.). The association

of these asilids with sagebrush suggests that they have adapted to the high

winds and frequent weather changes typical of the Laramie area.

_ During the period 1973 to 1976, M. occidentalis was collected from June

26 to July 21, whereas M. callidis was collected between June 24 and July

28. Although these two species had almost identical seasonal occurrences,

there were approximately 25 times as many M. callidus collected as M.

occidentalis.

Foraging and Feeding Behavior

As has been observed for other species of Asilidae (Dennis and Lavigne,

1975; Lavigne and Holland, 1969), M. callidus and M. occidentalis foraged

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 209

Figs. 1, 2. Fig. 1. Habitat of Machimus callidus 1.6 km east of Laramie, Wyoming. Fig.

2. Female Machimus callidus with Leptogaster parvoclava Martin as prey.

210 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

from both soil and vegetation depending upon the temperature of the soil

surface. Early in the morning and in the late afternoon, these species foraged

from the soil. Between forage flights and while feeding, the asilids often

flattened themselves against the ground or positioned their bodies at right

angles to the sun and elevated the side which was towards the sun. Since

asilids, like other insects, are poikilotherms, these positional changes help

them maintain an optimum body temperature. Once the soil surface tem-

perature exceeded 28 to 31°C, M. callidus moved onto vegetation and for-

aged from there. However, a few individuals were observed to forage briefly

from the soil, even when the surface temperature exceeded 38°C.

While resting on vegetation, M. callidus often maintained a position in

the shade 12.5 to 30 cm above the ground, but when the sun was obscured

by clouds, it would flatten itself against the vegetation or move onto the

ground and assume a flattened position. Similar behavior was exhibited

when the wind gusted in excess of 24 to 32 km/hr.

Machimus callidus was not observed to forage for extended periods of

time from the same site. It would either change foraging sites every 3 to 20

minutes or land on a different site following each forage flight. When this

species changed its foraging site, it generally flew in a straight path 17.5 to

30 cm above the ground. This flight height was reduced to 10 to 12 cm when

the wind blew in excess of 16 to 24 km/hr.

Between forage flights, M. callidus and M. occidentalis both exhibited

a foraging attitude or posture with their body held at a 45° angle to the

substrate upon which they were resting. It is assumed that such a position

allowed the asilids to observe more clearly potential prey with the central

ommatidia of their eyes. Melin (1923) noted that the central ommatidia have

greater powers of vision than do the outer ommatidia.

When engaged in foraging, M. callidus frequently made orientation flights

about its foraging site. These flights were not directed at potential prey, but

presumably were conducted so that the asilid could change its field of vision

and/or more clearly orient to its surroundings. Similar flights of this type

have been observed for other species of Asilidae (Dennis and Lavigne, 1975;

Melin, 1923; Scarbrough and Norden, 1977).

Machimus callidus also made numerous investigatory flights during which —

it would fly up to investigate potential prey or chase insects without coming

into contact with them. These flights covered distances within a 60 to 90 cm

radius of an asilid’s foraging site. Most prey, however, were successfully

captured at a closer distance, usually within 30 to 45 cm of the site. This

species was even observed to make investigatory flights with prey impaled

on its hypopharynx. However, it was never observed to drop the insect it

was feeding on in order to capture another victim. The tendency for indi-

viduals to continue to make investigatory flights, while feeding, may indicate

an extremely high hunger level.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 211

The distances over which M. callidus foraged varied with the time of day.

Short forage flights of less than 30 cm were usually made prior to 10:00 AM.

Thereafter, longer flights were initiated. This change in flight pattern may

be related to increases in soil surface and air temperatures, or to increasingly

favorable light conditions. Environmental conditions have been shown to

have a significant effect on asilid behavior patterns (Adamovic, 1963a; Den-

nis and Lavigne, 1975; Lavigne and Holland, 1969; Scarbrough and Norden,

1977).

All prey were captured in flight, 7.5 to 45 cm above the ground, and at

various positions around M. callidus’ foraging site. This species, whether

on the ground or vegetation even captured prey which were flying behind

it. Such behavior indicates an extremely wide field of vision, which allows

an asilid to react to movement of potential prey flying behind its position.

Melin (1923) observed M. atricapillus Fabr. making ‘‘capture-flights’’ about

30 cm behind its foraging position.

Prior to landing, M. callidus inserted its hypopharynx into the captured

prey without manipulating them. However, a few individuals were observed

to manipulate the prey with all six tarsi during a hover and then insert their

hypopharynx before landing to feed. Asilids capturing larger prey fell to the

ground and held onto the prey with all six tarsi while inserting their hypo-

pharynx. Machimus callidus initially inserted its hypopharynx in the dorsal

surface of the prey’s thorax. We rarely observed this species initially in-

serting its hypopharynx between the prey’s head and thorax, thorax and

abdomen or in the abdomen as does M. atricapillus (Melin, 1923).

Attacked insects were not always fed upon. Numerous individuals were

observed to capture and release insects without manipulating them or to

briefly manipulate them. This behavior was commonly exhibited when Co-

leoptera, such as Dichelonyx backii Kirby, were encountered. It is assumed

that prey were released because the asilids were unable to insert their hy-

popharynx through the prey’s cuticle or the prey were unpalatable. Since

some prey were released when they exhibited thanatosis, continuous move-

ment of the prey during capture also may be necessary before M. cal-

lidus will insert its hypopharynx.

Immediately after the hypopharynx was inserted, most prey became im-

mobilized. However, if the hypopharynx was inserted in the prey’s abdo-

men, some prey did not become immobilized for 30 to 60 seconds. More-

over, larger prey, such as Eucosma spp. (Olethreutidae), required a longer

time for the toxin to become effective.

While feeding M. callidus and M. occidentalis hovered above their feed-

ing site and manipulated the prey with all six tarsi. Prey were generally

manipulated one to three times, depending upon the size of the prey. All

asilid behavior studies to date indicate that hovering and manipulating prey

212 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

above the feeding site is most common among species in the subfamily

Asilinae (e.g., see Dennis and Lavigne, 1975; Lavigne and Holland, 1969).

As has been reported for other species of Asilidae (Dennis and Lavigne,

1975, 1976a; Lavigne and Holland, 1969; Lavigne et al., 1976), M. callidus

exhibited abdominal pumping and subsequent ballooning of the prey. This

was commonly seen when small Diptera and Hymenoptera served as prey.

These phenomena are associated with the asilids pumping in digestive en-

zymes and pumping out digested material.

Machimus callidus fed on prey for an average of 19 minutes 33 seconds,

with a range between 1 minute 30 seconds and 77 minutes (Fig. 2). As is

frequently found among Asilidae, the length of the prey was positively cor-

related with the time spent feeding. Small prey, such as Empoasca sp.

(Cicadellidae), with an average length of 1.5 mm were fed on for less than

3 minutes; whereas larger prey, such as Serica anthracina Le Conte (Scar-

abaeidae) with an average length of 5 mm, required 24 to 28 minutes. The

longest feeding period (77 minutes) occurred when a copulating female con-

tinued to feed on a S. anthracina throughout the mating.

Interfeeding times varied between 8 and 65 minutes, with an average of

28 minutes 17 seconds. Machimus callidus foraged most actively in the

morning and during this time shorter interfeeding times occurred. In the

afternoon, this species spent most of its time resting in the shade or seeking

shelter from early afternoon storms, rather than foraging.

At the completion of feeding, prey were discarded in one of three ways:

(1) they were pushed off the asilid’s hypopharynx with the fore tarsi while

the asilid was still at the feeding site; (2) an asilid dropped its prey in flight

as it moved to a new location and/or resumed foraging; and (3) the asilid

retracted its hypopharynx into the labium and the prey was allowed to slip

off the hypopharynx at the feeding site. The first two methods were most

commonly observed for M. callidus.

This species was approximately 2.4 times as large as its prey (Table 1).

Females were slightly larger than males and also fed on slightly larger prey.

Both sexes of M. callidus fed on the same orders of prey. However,

males fed on a larger percentage of Coleoptera and Diptera (Table 2), while

females were less selective and fed on almost equal percentages of Coleop-

tera, Diptera, Homoptera and Hymenoptera. Both males and females ap-

peared to be opportunistic predators, preying quite heavily on winged For-

mica sp. and Serica anthracina, when these insects would suddenly appear

en masse. Similar behavior has been observed for other species of Machi-

mus (Adamovic, 1963a and b), Ospriocerus latipennis (Loew) and Steno-

pogon inquinatus Loew (Dennis and Lavigne, 1975).

Melin (1923) and Poulton (1906) observed M. atricapillus feeding on Dip-

tera and Homoptera. Parmenter (1941, 1942, 1952) indicated that prey of

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 213

Table 1. Relation between length of Machimus callidus and that of its prey.

Predator length (mm)! Prey length (mm) No. of | Mean

prey _ ratio of

Mini- Maxi- Mini- Maxi- mea- predator

Sex mum mum Mean mum mum Mean sured to prey

Male 13.2 15.6 14.5 1.5 16.0 6.3 60 2.3

Female TSS 16.0 14.8 Bes 14.5 6.1 80 2.4

Unidentified? —o — — 6.0 Be 7 _ —

lec 16.0 14.7 13 16.0 62 148 2.4

1 10 predators of each sex were measured.

2 Unidentified indicates that the sex of the predator was not determined.

that species belong to the Orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hyme-

noptera and Lepidoptera. Lundbeck (1908) added Homalomyia scalaris to

previous listings of prey species. Adamovic (1963a and b) made a detailed

analysis of the prey of several species of Machimus in Yugoslavia. He found

that these asilids, like M. callidus, fed primarily on Coleoptera, Diptera and

Hymenoptera. However, some species also took a large number of Lepi-

doptera. Additionally, insects in the Orders Odonata and Orthoptera were

taken, which we did not observe for M. callidus. Differences in prey selec-

tion relate to prey availability, seasonal occurrence of both predator and

prey, prey density, and, perhaps, species preference.

The following is a list of prey taken by M. callidus. Since specific iden-

tifications are not available for all specimens, some prey were identified

Table 2. Number and percent composition of different orders of prey taken by Machimus

callidus.

Male Female Total

Order Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Coleoptera 16 26.2 18 20.2 cM is 23.4

Diptera 18 29.5 15 16.9 35% 22.2

Hemiptera 1 1.6 3 3.4 5* 332

Homoptera 9 14.8 14 15.7 2a 14.6

Hymenoptera 12 19.7 22 24.7 36* 22.8

Lepidoptera 5 8.2 15 16.9 20 12.7

Neuroptera mu 0.0 Je: 2.2 2 1.3

61 89 158

* Includes 3 Coleoptera, 2 Diptera, 1 Hemiptera, and 2 Hymenoptera for which the predator

sex is unknown.

214 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

only to family or genus. The number and sex, if known, of the predator is

indicated in parentheses following the prey recorded. We wish to acknowl-

edge the efforts of the following taxonomists who identified the prey insects:

W. D. Duckworth (Yeponomeutidae), O. S. Flint (Hemorobiidae), R. C.

Froeschner (Nabidae), R. J. Gagne (Cecidomyiidae), R. D. Gordon (Scar-

abaeidae), J. L. Herring (Miridae), R. W. Hodges (Gelechiidae), L. V. Knut-

son (Bombyliidae), J. P. Kramer (Cicadellidae, Margarodidae), A. S. Menke

(Sphecidae), C. W. Sabrosky (Tachinidae), D. R. Smith (Formicidae), G.

C. Steyskal (Trupaneidae), F. C. Thompson (Dolichopodidae), and W. W.

Wirth (Chironomidae) of the U.S. Systematic Entomology Laboratory, D.

R. Davis (Lyonetiidae, Olethreutidae) of the National Museum of Natural

History, Smithsonian Institution, and F. A. Lawson (Culicidae), of the

Entomology Section, University of Wyoming.

COLEOPTERA, Scarabaeidae: Dichelonyx backii Kirby, VII-8-73 (2 °,

3), VII-9-76 (2), VII-12-76 (2 2), VII-15-73 (4 2), VII-16-73 (2 3); Serica

anthracina LeConte, VI-26-74 (2), VII-3-73 (2, 3), VII-4-73 (2), VII-5-73

(4 2, 2 3d, sex unknown), VII-6-73 (3 2, 2 6), VII-7-73 (3 do, 2 sex un-

known); Serica sp., VI-24-72 (¢), VI-26-72 (3d), VII-5-73 (3), VII-7-73

(3); DIPTERA, Asilidae: Leptogaster parvoclava Martin, VII-4-73 (3 ¢),

VII-5-73 (6), VII-5-74 (d), VII-7-73 (2), VII-8-73 (3 2, sex unknown), VII-

15-73 (2 2, 3), VUH-17-73 (6); Machimus callidus (Williston), VII-6-73

(3d), VII-8-73 (2); Bombyliidae: Phthiria sp., VII-17-73 (6), Cecidomyiidae:

Cecidomyiidi, VI-26-72 (2); Neolasioptera sp., VII-5-73 (2); Chironomi-

dae: unidentified, VII-4-73 (2), VII-18-73 (2); Culicidae: Aedes dorsalis

(Meigen), VII-5-73 (6), VII-6-72 (sex unknown), VII-7-73 (3), VII-15-73

(2), VII-16-73 (¢), VII-17-73 (6); Aedes idahoensis (Theobald), VII-24-72

(3), VI-26-72 (2, 6); Dolichopodidae: Medetera sp., VI-25-72 (2), VII-2-

73 (3); Tachinidae: Gonia albagenae Morr., VII-4-73 (3); Trixoscelididae:

Trixoscelis fumipennis Melander, VII-5-73 (2); Trupaneidae: Paracantha

culta (Wied.), VII-17-73 (6); HEMIPTERA, Miridae: Coquillettia insignis

Uhler, VI-30-74 (sex unknown), VII-8-73 (3), VII-12-73 (2); Europiella sp.

prob. stigmoda (Uhler), VII-12-76 (2); Nabidae: Nabis alternatus Parshley,

VII-8-73 (2); HOMOPTERA, Cicadellidae: Empoasca neaspersa Oman &

Wheeler, VII-3-73 (2), VII-5-73 (2, 3), VI-8-73 (o), VII-12-73 (¢), VII-

16-73 (2); Empoasca nigra var. typhlocyboides Gillette & Baker, VII-5-73

(3d), VII-6-73 (2); Empoasca sp., VI-26-72 (2, 3), VI-26-74 (¢), VII-10-72

(2); Cicadellidae (Euscelidae): Balclutha neglecta (DeLong & Davidson),

VII-4-73 (2 2), VII-6-73 (2), VH-7-73 (¢), VII-8-73 (2), VII-15-73 (¢, 2

3), VII-16-73 (2); Mocuellus collinus (Boh.), VII-15-73 (6); Margarodidae:

Margarodes sp., VII-10-72 (2); HYMENOPTERA, Chalcidoididae: un-

identified, VI-24-72 (2), VII-5-73 (2); Formicidae (all winged reproduc-

tives): Formica sp., VII-3-73 (¢, 2 ¢), VII-5-73 (2 2), VII-7-73 (3), VII-9-

73 (2, sex unknown), VII-9-76 (¢), VII-11-73 (2), VII-12-73 (2), VII-12-76

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 215

(2), VUH-14-74 (2 3), VII-14-76 (od), VII-15-73 (38 2, 2 5, sex unknown),

VII-18-73 (8 2, 2 d6, sex unknown), VII-28-74 (6): Tapinoma sessile (Say),

VII-3-73 (2); Sphecidae: Solierella sp., VII-3-73 (¢); unidentified, VI-27-

74 (2); LEPIDOPTERA, Gelechiidae: unidentified, VII-17-73 (2); Lyone-

tiidae: Bucculatrix sp., VII-3-73 (3d); Olethreutidae: Eucosma propana Kft.,

VII-12-73 (3 2), VII-14-76 (2, 3), VII-15-76 (2), VII-19-76 (3); Eucosma

sp., VII-7-73 (2), VII-8-73 (2); Eucosma sp., prob. propana Kft., VII-12-

76 (2); Phaneta sp., VII-17-73 (2, 6); Yeponomeutidae: Plutella xylostella

(L.), VII-16-72 (2); Unidentified, VII-28-74 (2), VI-30-74 (2), VII-12-76

(3), VII-15-76 (2), VII-19-74 (2); NEUROPTERA, Hemerobiidae: ?Micro-

mus sp., VII-9-76 (2); Sympherobius killingtoni (Carp.), VII-10-76 (¢).

We have only collected M. occidentalis preying on Leptogaster par-

voclava (VII-15-76, 3) and a winged reproductive Formica sp. (VII-12-

74, @).

As noted in the prey list, both sexes of M. callidus were cannibalistic.

On one occasion a male released another male which had exhibited thana-

tosis. The first male may have mistook the second male for a female and

attempted to mate with him or the lack of movement may have interrupted

the sequence of events leading up to insertion of the hypopharynx into the

second male. Another male was observed to attack a male, releasing him

shortly thereafter. The attacked male appeared dead, but after about 30

seconds he groggily crawled onto some prickly pear cactus and flew off. It

is assumed that the male was temporarily paralyzed by an injection from

the salivary glands of the attacking male, but the toxin injected was insuf-

ficient to disable him permanently. Kahan (1964) reported that both Locusta

migratoria and white mice recovered when injected with small quantities of

a salivary gland suspension from Machimus sp. and Machimus rusticus

Meigen.

In addition to cannibalism, M. callidus were preyed on by Stenopogon

inquinatus and a female was pounced on by a salticid spider, Pellenes ameri-

canus (Keyserling). Asilids which occupy the same habitat frequently prey

on each other, and spiders are often observed preying on Asilidae. Melin

(1923) also observed red mites on M. atricapillus.

Mating Behavior

Mating pairs of both M. callidus and M. occidentalis were observed. No

discernible differences existed between these and mating patterns reported

for other species of Machimus (Adamovic, 1963a; Melin, 1923).

Matings were initiated without any courtship and no male searching flights

were observed. In the six species of Machimus that Adamovic (1972) stud-

ied, he was unable to discern any courtship or male searching flights, with

the exception of M. rusticus (Meigen). In this species, “‘the searching flight

of the male is uncertain, irregular, and lasts for a short time.”’

216 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Prior to copulation, a Machimus male would overtake a female in flight,

grasp her on the dorsum of her thorax and the struggling pair would fall to

the ground where the genitalia would be joined. The asilids then usually

flew onto the shaded side of vegetation.

During copulation, both M. callidus and M. occidentalis remained in the

male over female position (Fig. 3). While in this position, the male’s ab-

domen curved around to either the right or left of the female’s abdomen and

clasped her genitalia from below. The female’s wings were generally held

parallel to the sides of her abdomen, although sometimes the wings were

held closed over her dorsal surface or slightly spread. The male’s wings

were always folded over his abdomen. The male’s fore tarsi rested on vege-

tation or on the femlae’s eyes, and the male’s mid and hind tarsi either

rested on the female’s thorax and abdomen, respectively, or passed around

the female and grasped vegetation.

Mating pairs generally remained in situ, unless disturbed. Then they

would fly, maintaining the same mating position, 3 to 5 m to another location

on the vegetation and continue copulating. Occasionally in flight, a few

mating pairs assumed the tail-to-tail position. However, once they landed,

they immediately resumed the male over female position. A behavior com-

monly reported for Proctacanthus micans Schiner (Dennis and Lavigne,

1975) was observed once for M. callidus. When a mating pair fell to the

ground from the vegetation they were resting on, the male unclasped the

female’s genitalia. After 30 seconds the male reclasped the female’s genitalia

and remained in this position for 18 minutes before again unclasping her

genitalia. The mating pair were then lost to sight as they flew from the

ground onto some vegetation.

These asilids did not exhibit foraging behavior while in-copula; however,

females often had prey at the initiation of mating and they continued to feed

during the copulatory act.

Nine complete matings were observed for M. callidus and three complete

matings of M. occidentalis were observed. Machimus callidus matings took

an average of 59 minutes 42 seconds, with a range between 50 minutes 30

seconds and 76 minutes. Machimus occidentalis remained in-copula for 52

to 58 minutes, with an average of 55 minutes.

Matings were generally terminated when the male unclasped the female

and flew off. However, one M. callidus male briefly ‘‘pulled-down’’ on the

female’s genitalia 7 minutes before the termination of mating and the female

rubbed their abdomens and genitalia 3 minutes prior to separation. In ad-

dition, a male of this species was observed to ‘‘excitedly’’ buzz his wings

just prior to unclasping the female’s genitalia.

Male M. callidus frequently pursued other males and attempted to mate

with them. However, they generally separated shortly after contact. This

behavior implies that males of this species must make contact with another

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3

Figs. 3, 4. Fig. 3. Mating pair of Machimus

Ovipositing in a sagebrush branch crevice.

217

callidus. Fig. 4. Female Machimus callidus

218 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

asilid before being able to determine its suitability as a mate. The initial

stimulus for both mating and foraging behavior in this species appears to be

movement. Since M. callidus is cannibalistic, contact stimuli may play an

important role in determining the correct response. Also, size must be im-

portant because potential mates are larger than the majority of prey. Other

key stimuli may be shape and color of the insect being pursued and whether

the male can successfully clasp the other insect’s genitalia. Dennis et al.

(1975) showed that for Efferia frewingi Wilcox, the size, shape and color of

prey are used in determining the attack response, based on experiments

with models constructed to simulate prey.

Although we only timed 12 complete matings, we saw very few encoun-

ters between the sexes that did not result in matings. Adamovic (1963a) also

noted that almost all contacts between male and female Machimus spp.

_Tresulted in mating.

Multiple mating has been observed for other Asilinae. Dennis and Lavigne

(1976a) and Lavigne and Dennis (1975) reported that Efferia frewingi and

E. varipes (Williston) mate more than once. We observed similar behavior

for M. callidus when a male successfully mated twice with two different

females.

Oviposition Behavior

While searching for oviposition sites, M. callidus females flew onto vege-

tation, landed with their heads oriented up, curled their abdomens down-

ward, and began to probe with their ovipositors.. As the females probed,

they crawled around the vegetation and swung their ovipositiors from side-

to-side in contact with the vegetation.

Females frequently spent several minutes searching for an oviposition

site. Once they located a suitable site, they usually deposited one egg over

a 15 second to 1 minute period. However, one female deposited three eggs

during a similar time period (Fig. 4).

Following an oviposition, females either began looking for another site to

deposit eggs or resumed foraging. Females were observed to oviposit as

many as five times in succession before being lost to sight or resuming

foraging.

Female M. callidus oviposited 10 to 30 cm above the ground in the seed

heads of grasses, between the sheath and stem of grasses, on a dead snake-

weed branch (Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. and Rusby), and in the

crevices of sagebrush branches. Females were also observed to use their

Ovipositors to investigate leaves and buds of sagebrush, tumbleweed (Rus-

sian-thistle, Salsola kali L.) and live snakeweed branches, however no eggs

were deposited in these sites. Successful ovipositions may not have oc-

curred on the latter two types of vegetation because of the lack of crevices

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 219

Fig. 5. Eggs of Machimus callidus (32x).

on these plant parts. Melin (1923) observed M. atricapillus depositing eggs

in dry ‘‘flower-heads’’ of Carex and Hieracium spp. The eggs of M. an-

nulipes (Brulle), M. caliginosus (Meigen), M. fimbriatus (Meigen), M. gon-

atistes (Zeller), and M. rusticus (Meigen) are laid on the flowers, dry or

green, spikes and leaves of grasses and other plants, while those of M.

cyanopus Loew are laid on fallen leaves of dried fern (Adamovic, 1972).

All deposited eggs are creamy-white and oblong (Fig. 5). The eggs range

in length from 0.98 to 1.09 mm, with an average of 1.04 mm. The range in

width was from 0.34 to 0.38 mm, with an average of 0.36 mm. Melin (1923)

and Parmenter (1952) reported eggs of a similar shape and color for Mach-

imus spp.

Grooming Behavior

Machimus callidus and M. occidentalis exhibited grooming behavior sim-

ilar to that described for other species of Asilidae (Dennis and Lavigne,

1975). Grooming of the face was quite common after feeding, whereas

grooming of the abdomen and genitalia was usually exhibited following cop-

ulation and oviposition.

Daily Rhythm of Activity

Machimus callidus foraged primarily between the hours of 8:00 and 11:00

220 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

WY)

Sun

—&

EO

SS

ost 60 ; — FEEDING

Div A —— MATING

Or, 45 i | ---- OVIPOSITING

Le

Le

OS 30

Fu

=O.

oye” 15

oo

WO

amre :

7-8 8-9 9-IO lO-Il Il-I2 I2-| I-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7

AM PM

TIME OF DAY

Fig. 6. The diurnal rhythm of activity of Machimus callidus (the percent of observations

for specific behaviors was calculated based on the total number of observations for each

behavior—150, 48 and 7 observations for feeding, mating and ovipositing, respectively).

AM, with a peak period from 9:00 to 10:00 AM (Fig. 6). Most mating pairs

were observed during an overlapping time period between 8:00 AM and 1:00

PM. However, two peak periods for mating occurred, one between 9:00 and

10:00 AM and the other between 12:00 noon and 1:00 PM. Most females

Oviposited concurrently with the latter peak period for mating.

Throughout the period in which M. callidus most actively engaged in

feeding and mating, the air temperature at their height on the vegetation

generally varied between 26 and 35°C. Oviposition occurred when it.was

slightly warmer with an air temperature between 31 and 36°C.

Literature Cited

Adamovic, Z. R. 1963a. Ecology of some asilid-species (Asilidae, Diptera) and their relation

to honey bee (Apis mellifica L.). Mus. D’Histoire Naturelle de Beograd, Hors Serie,

30:1-104.

Adamovic, Z. R. 1963b. The feeding habits of some asilid species (Asilidae, Diptera) in Yu-

goslavia. Arch. Biol. Sci., 15:37-74.

Adamovic, Z. R. 1972. The mating behaviour and the oviposition of some robberflies (Dip-

tera, Asilidae). Ekologija, Beograd, 7:207—225.

Dennis, D. S., and R. J. Lavigne. 1975. Comparative behavior of Wyoming robber flies I]

(Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Wyo. Agr. Exp. Stn. Sci. Monogr. No. 30, iv + 68 pp.

Dennis, D. S., and R. J. Lavigne. 1976a. Ethology of Efferia varipes with comments on

species co-existence (Diptera: Asilidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 49:48-62.

Dennis, D. S., and R. J. Lavigne. 1976b. Ethology of Leptogaster parvoclava in Wyoming

(Diptera: Asilidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 78:208-222.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 221

Dennis, D. S., G. P. Roehrkasse, and R. J. Lavigne. 1975. Prey recognition by Efferia frewingi

(Diptera: Asilidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 68:404—408.

Kahan, D. 1964. The toxic effect of the bite and the proteolytic activity of the saliva and

stomach contents of the robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Israel J. Zool., 13:47-57.

Lavigne, R. J., and D. S. Dennis. 1975. Ethology of Efferia frewingi (Diptera: Asilidae). Ann.

Entomol. Soc. Amer., 68:992—996.

Lavigne, R. J., and F. R. Holland. 1969. Comparative behavior of eleven species of Wyoming

robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Wyo. Agr. Exp. Stn. Sci. Monogr., No. 18,

61 pp.

Lavigne, R. J., L. Rogers, and F. Lavigne. 1976. Ethology of Efferia benedicti (Diptera:

Asilidae) in Wyoming. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 78:145—153.

Lundbeck, W. 1908. Diptera Danica. Genera and species of flies hitherto found in Denmark.

Part II. Asilidae, Bombyliidae, Therevidae, Scenopinidae. G.E.C. Gad, Copenhagen,

pp. 1-14.

Melin, D. 1923. Contributions to the knowledge of the biology, metamorphosis and distribution

of the Swedish asilids in relation to the whole family of asilids. Zool. Bidrag Uppsala,

8:1-317.

Parmenter, L. 1941. Further records of predacious flies and their prey. Entomol. Monthly

Mag., 77:154—-155.

Parmenter, L. 1942. The prey of a population of Machimus atricapillus Fallen (Diptera). Proc.

Roy. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 17:71-72.

Parmenter, L. 1952. Notes on the Asilidae (robber flies). Entomol. Record, 64:229-234, 263-

266, 295-299.

Poulton, E. B. 1906. Predacious insects and their prey. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 1906:323-

409.

Scarbrough, A. G., and A. Norden. 1977. Ethology of Cervtainia albipilosa Curran (Asilidae:

Diptera) in Maryland: Diurnal activity rhythm and seasonal distribution. Proc. Entomol.

Soc. Wash., 79:538-554.

Footnotes

! Published with the approval of the Director, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, as

Journal Article No. JA-963.

2 This research was supported in part by National Science Foundation Research Grant GB-

29617X.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

July, 1979, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 222-227

SYSTEMATICS OF SALDULA PALUSTRIS (DOUGLAS) FROM THE

OREGON COAST (HETEROPTERA: SALDIDAE)

M. W. STOCK

Dept. of Forest Resources, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow 83843

The Saldula pallipes-palustris species complex has presented problems

to the systematic heteropterist for some time. Douglas first described S.

palustris in England in 1874 but its status as a valid species was not at first

generally accepted. Many authors considered it merely a small, dark, coastal

variety of S. pallipes (F.), a common and well-known European species.

Later, Wagner (1950) and Cobben (1960a) described characters of the male

genitalia and wings useful for separating the two species. Cobben (1960a)

pointed out, however, that differentiating species from the New World on

the basis of these characters is difficult and there is some evidence that the

species complex here is not the same as it is in Europe.

Further confusion arises from habitat differences between certain groups

of insects identified as S$. palustris in North America. In Europe, S. palus-

tris is exclusively halophilous, inhabiting estuarine mud flats, while S. pal-

lipes is usually found inland. In North America, many specimens collected

at inland locations have been identified as S$. palustris (Chapman, 1962;

Brooks and Kelton, 1967; Schuh, 1967; Bahr and Schulte, 1976).

In 1949, Drake described a new coastal species, S. fernaldi, from mud

flats in Newfoundland. Drake and Hottes (1950) reported examining speci-

mens of this species from tidal mud flats along the west coast of North

America, including Oregon. Drake (1952) mentioned the presence of this

species in Alaska. In 1962, Drake suppressed fernaldi as a synonym after

examining more specimens of S. palustris from Europe and from both inland

and coastal North America and concluding that they were a single species.

Using available keys, Stock and Lattin (1976) identified a species of Saldi-

dae, abundant on intertidal mud flats along the Oregon coast, as S. palustris.

This insect is readily separated from other coastal Oregon saldids by its

relatively large size and the dense golden pubescence on the anterior half

of the forewings. Preliminary comparisons of this insect with European S.

palustris, however, suggested that they might not be the same species and

the work described here was undertaken.

Distribution

Saldula palustris on the Pacific coast is exclusively halophilous and is

well-adapted to the intertidal habitat (Stock and Lattin, 1976). The species

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 223

has been collected along the entire length of the Oregon coast. While the

insects are abundant near the mouth of the Alsea and Yaquina Rivers, no

S. palustris were found above head-of-tide on these rivers. Examination of

the Oregon State University collection of several thousand Saldidae from

the Pacific coast states (Oregon, Washington, California) revealed no spec-

imens of S. palustris from other than coastal localities.

Morphology

Morphological comparisons were made between European and American

S. pallipes and §. palustris. Many structural features of the coastal Oregon

species identified as S. palustris were very different from those of European

S. palustris.

Differences in length of the hairs on the processus sensualis of the para-

meres (‘claspers’) are used to differentiate S$. palustris from S. pallipes in

Europe (Cobben, 1960a), the former having short hairs and the latter having

long hairs (Fig. la, b). Cobben (1960b) used this character to identify a

Caribbean saldid as S. ‘palustris’ (Fig. 1c). Saldula pallipes and S. palustris

from the Baltic coast could be differentiated by this character (Lindskog,

1974). American authors, however, have found characters of the male gen-

italia of little use in differentiating the two species (Usinger, 1956; Brooks

and Kelton, 1967; Schuh, 1967).

In our dissections, all parameres of Oregon S. palustris had long hairs on

the processus sensualis (Fig. 1g) although European specimens had short

hairs as described by Cobben (Fig. 1d). Dissected specimens of European

S. pallipes had long hairs (Fig. le) as described by Cobben (1960a) but only

5 of 9 specimens of S. pallipes from Oregon had long hairs (Fig. 1h). Par-

ameres of S. fernaldi had long hairs (Drake and Hottes, 1950) (Fig. If).

Other features of the male genitalia (the penisfilum, the shape of the ae-

deagus, and the median sclerotized structure of the aedeagus) and the

subgenital plate of the female appear similar in both European and Oregon

S. palustris.

Wing Characteristics

Pubescence.—The type «f pubescence on the hemelytra is considered a

reliable specific character by some authors (e.g., Brooks and Kelton, 1967).

Drake and Hottes (1950) distinguished S$. fernaldi from S. pallipes by ‘‘the

longer, denser, golden pubescence on the hemelytra.’’ Dense golden pu-

bescence, continuous across the anterior half of the hemelytra, is a con-

spicuous and unique characteristic of Oregon S. palustris. In European S.

palustris, the golden hairs are visible along the clavus and exocorium of the

wing but not on the endocorium. That is, the pubescence is interrupted by

an inverted V-shaped wedge up the middle of the corium. A similar inter-

224 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. 1. Parameres of male S. palustris, S. pallipes, and S. fernaldi, showing differences in

length of hairs on the processus sensualis (p.s.). Drawings are not to scale. a. European S.

palustris (after Cobben, 1960a). b. European S. pallipes (after Cobben, 1960a). c. Caribbean

S. ‘palustris’ (after Cobben, 1960b). d. European S. palustris (my dissections). e. European

S. pallipes (my dissections). f. S. fernaldi (after Drake and Hottes, 1950). g. Oregon S.

palustris (my dissections). h. Oregon S. pallipes (my dissections) showing long- and short-

haired conditions found.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 225

ruption of wing pubescence is seen in Oregon S. pallipes. Lindskog (1974)

noted that §S. palustris in Scandinavia has hemelytra covered by denser,

longer pubescence than S. pallipes.

Pigmentation.—S. palustris and S. pallipes have been separated with

some success in Europe by use of a eunomic wing series for the forewings

or hemelytra (Wagner, 1950). The eunomic series is based on the idea that

the species can be characterized by a series of wings expressing the range

of pigmentation seen in the species. Wagner (1950) considered the pale or

dark types of the hemelytra the only single certain differentiating character

between European S. palustris and S. pallipes. Lindskog (1974) observed,

however, that the range of variation within a species and the overlap be-

tween species is more extensive than Wagner suggested and since single

specimens often turn up, the species cannot be identified reliably by this

character. Other work (Stock, 1972) demonstrated that much of this large

amount of pigmentation variation within the species §. palustris from Or-

egon is environmentally induced. .

Lindskog (1974) noted that in S. pallipes the pale markings may be almost

white, whereas those of S. palustris are generally more yellowish. However,

yellowing of the wings of Oregon S. palustris occurs with age and cannot

be considered a species character (Stock and Lattin, 1976).

Two wing pattern characteristics appear consistently in both Oregon and

European S. palustris and are not seen in Oregon and European S. pallipes.

The first character is an L-shaped pale strip along the inner margin of the

lower exocorium. The strip merges with the two white spots of the exoco-

rium only in very pale individuals. The second characteristic pale strip is

seen along the outer edge of the lower exocorium and is often separated

into two smaller, pale markings in darker individuals. In Oregon specimens,

orange coloration of this second marking is common in S. palustris but not

S. pallipes.

Size

Large size (about 4.7 mm) is a conspicuous character of Oregon S. pa-

lustris relative to other coastal Oregon saldid species, including S. pallipes.

The type specimen of S. fernaldi is 4.25 mm long. According to the litera-

ture, S. palustris in North America is generally larger than S. pallipes

(Chapman, 1962; Brooks and Kelton, 1967) while the reverse is true in

Europe where S. palustris is usually less than 4 mm long (Cobben, 1960a).

Other Characters

Foretibial and antennal markings and spines on the hind femora were not

conspicuously different in the groups compared. Spots along the sides of

the femora (characteristic of Saldula spp. in general) were observed in all

226 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

specimens but appeared more distinct, numerous, and regular in Oregon S.

palustris than in any other group.

Brooks and Kelton (1967) used the callosities of the head as a species-

differentiating character for Canadian S. palustris and S. pallipes but the

Oregon species could not be distinguished on this basis. The callosities of

both European species appeared narrower and longer than those of Oregon

species but since the extent of pigmentation on these structures varies,

actual size and shape were difficult to distinguish.

A structure on the side of the abdomen of male Saldidae, originally de-

scribed as a stridulatory organ (Drake and Hottes, 1951), is used during

mating to grasp the edge of the female forewing (Cobben, 1957). This grasp-

ing organ bears a series of peg- and/or spine-like structures, the number of

which is variable within and among species. European S. palustris has 16—

22 (Cobben, 1957). The structure may have value in species differentiation

when it has been studied in more detail. Electron micrographs have revealed

details of structure (e.g., V-shaped sculpturing of the pegs) not previously

described and have shown that Oregon S. palustris may have up to 24, and

possibly more, pegs (Stock, 1972).

Discussion

Evidence presented here indicates that the coastal Oregon species iden-

tified as S. palustris is not the same as the European species of that name.

The key differentiating character—length of hairs on the male parameres—

is not the same in the two groups. The hairs are long on the Oregon insects

and short in the European species. In addition, the Oregon species is con-

siderably larger than the European species and has longer, more golden

pubescence on the forewings.

Several similarities exist between the Oregon species and insects named

S. fernaldi in the past. They share characteristics of long golden pubescence

on the forewings, an exclusively coastal distribution, parameres with long

hairs, and large size. I therefore suggest that the Oregon insects are not

Saldula palustris and that the name S. fernaldi should be revived and ap-

plied to this species.

Acknowledgments

I thank Dr. J. D. Lattin for his advice and support during this study, and

Dr. R. H. Cobben for providing specimens of European S. palustris and S.

pallipes.

Literature Cited

Bahr, A., and G. Schulte. 1976. Die Verbreitung der Uferwanzen (Heteroptera: Saldidae) im

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 zat

brackigen und marinen Litoral der nordamerikanishen Pazifikktiste. Marine Biol., 36:

37-46.

Brooks, A. R., and L. A. Kelton. 1967. Aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera of Alberta,

Saskatchewan and Manitoba (Hemiptera). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. no. 51. D. P.

Pielou (ed.), Ottawa, 92 pp.

Chapman, H. C. 1962. The Saldidae of Nevada (Hemiptera). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 38:147-159.

Cobben, R. H. 1957. Beitrag zur Kenntis der Uferwanzen (Hem. Het. Fam. Saldidae). Ento-

mol. Berichten, 17:245—257.

Cobben, R. H. 1960a. Die Uferwanzen Europas, Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Saldidae. In: Ilustr.

Bestimmungstabellen der Wanzen. II. Europa, W. Stichel (ed.), 3:209-263.

Cobben, R. H. 1960b. The Heteroptera of the Netherlands Antilles. III. Saldidae (shore bugs).

In: Studies on the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands. P. W. Hummelinck

(ed.), 11:44-61.

Douglas, J. W. 1874. British Hemiptera—additional species. Entomol. Monthly Magazine,

11:9-12.

Drake, C. J. 1949. Some American Saldidae (Hemiptera). Psyche, 56:187-193.

Drake, C. J. 1952. Alaskan Saldidae (Hemiptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 54:145-148.

Drake, C. J. 1962. Synonymic data and two new genera of shore-bugs (Hemiptera: Saldidae).

Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 75:115—124.

Drake, C. J., and F. C. Hottes. 1950. Saldidae of the Americas. Great Basin Naturalist, 10:

51-61.

Drake, C. J., and F. C. Hottes. 1951. Stridulatory organs in Saldidae. Great Basin Naturalist,

11:43-46.

Lindskog, P. 1974. Distributional and systematic notes on Saldula fucicola (J. Sahlb.) and

some other shore bugs of Eastern Fennoscandia (Heteroptera, Saldidae). Not. Entomol.,

54:33-56.

Schuh, R. T. 1967. The shore bugs (Hemiptera: Saldidae) of the Great Lakes Region. Contr.

Amer. Entomol. Inst., 2(2):1-35.

Stock, M. W. 1972. Biological studies of Saldula palustris (Douglas) with emphasis on factors

influencing wing pigmentation (Heteroptera: Saldidae). Ph.D. diss., Oregon State Univ.,

Corvallis, 172 pp.

Stock, M. W., and J. D. Lattin. 1976. Biology of intertidal Saldula palustris (Douglas) on the

Oregon coast (Heteroptera:Saldidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc., 49(3):313-326.

Usinger, R. L. (ed.). 1956. Aquatic insects of California, with keys to North American genera

and California species. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, 508 pp.

Wagner, E. 1950. Notes on Saldidae. I. The Saldula pallipes group. Acta Entomol. Mus.

Natl. Prague, 26(371):1—4.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

July, 1979, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 228-229

NEW NAMES IN CRYPTORHYNCHINAE

(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

CHARLES S. PAPP

Laboratory Services—Entomology,

California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento 95814

Compiling data for a ‘“‘Catalog of the Cryptorhynchinae of the New

World,”’ the following necessary changes in nomenclature came to my at-

tention.

Coelosternus fiecleri Papp, NEW NAME for unicolor Fiedler 1942:147, and

155-156 (not Motschulsky 1858:74) from Peru. Type in the Deutsche En-

tom. Inst., Berlin.

Cophes fiedleri Papp, NEW NAME for albescens Fiedler 1950:156—157 (not

Champion 1906:611 as Graphonotus, transferred by Fiedler to Cophes)

from Brazil and Colombia. Type of male in the Hamburg Museum, of

female in the Deutsche Entom. Inst.; Berlin.

Cryptorhynchus fiedleri Papp, NEW NAME for scutellaris Fiedler 1952:22,

and 33-34 (not Fiedler 1941:92) from Peru. Type in the Hamburg Museum.

Eubulus bisignatifrons Papp, NEW NAME for signatifrons Fiedler 1954:77

and 82 (not Champion 1905:557) from Brazil. Type in the Chevrolat col-

lection, in the Paris Museum.

Tylodes fiedleri Papp, NEW NAME for pulverulentus Fiedler 1943:138 (not

Montrouzier 1857:52) from Brazil. Type in Museum of Natural History,

Dresden.

In 1947, when I resided in Reit im Winkl, near Munich, Germany, the late

Dr. Carl Fiedler helped me to start working on Neotropical Cryptorhyn-

chinae. The above four new names are in his memory.

Literature Cited

Champion, G. C. 1905-1906. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleoptera, 4(4):441-611.

Fiedler, C. 1939. Die Gattung Eubulus Kirsch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr., pp. 37-125.

Fiedler, C. 1941. Uber alte und neue siidamerikanische Arten der Gattung Cryptorhynchus

Illig. Zeitschr. f. Naturwiss., Halle a.S., 95:69-122.

Fiedler, C. 1942. Neue siidamerikanische Arten der Gattung Coelosternus Schonh. Arb.

morph.-taxon. Ent., Berlin-Dahlem, 9(3): 144-162.

Fiedler, C. 1943. Die stidamerikanische Arten der Gattung Tylodes Schonh. Mitt. Munchn.

Ent. Ges., 33(1):136-155.

Fiedler, C. 1950. Neue stidamerikanische Arten der Gattung Cophes Champ. Zool. Anzgr.,

145:155-170.

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 229

Fiedler, C. 1952. Neue siidamerikanische Arten der Gattung Cryptorhynchus Ill. Zool. Anzgr.,

149:20-35.

Fiedler, C. 1954. Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis der sudamerikanischen Arten der Gattung Eu-

bulus Kirsch. In Neue Stidamerikanische Russelkafer, Jena, pp. 77-89.

Hustache, A. (1938) 1939. Spedizione del Prof. N. Beccari nella Guiana inglese (1931-1932):

Curculionidae. Mem. Soc. Ent. Ital., 17(1938):39-43.

Montrouzier, X. 1857. Essai sur la Faune de |’Ile de Woodlark ou Moiou (near New Guinea).

Ann. Soc. Agr. Lyon, Ser. 2, 7(1):1-114.

Motschulsky, V. 1858. Entomologie Speciale. Insectes des Indes orientales. Etud. Ent., 7:20—

12>;

RECENT LITERATURE

Compendium of the Biographical Literature on Deceased Entomologists.

Pamela Gilbert. British Museum (Natural History), London, 1977. 470 pp.,

4 plates. £25.00.

The volume lists 7500 entomologists and contains 17,000 citations in

which biographical information can be found. Reference to bibliographies

and published portraits is also made where they exist.

Freeze Drying Biological Specimens: A Laboratory Manual. Rolland How-

er. Smithsonian Institution Press. $25.00.

American Spiders, Second Edition. Willis J. Gertsch. Van Nostrand Rein-

hold, N.Y. 288 pp., illus. $24.95.

Perspectives in Forest Entomology. John F. Anderson and Harry K. Kaya,

editors. Academic Press. 438 pp. $17.50

An Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Light, Electrons, Ions, X-Rays,

and Ultrasound. T. G. Rochow and E. G. Rochow. Plenum Publ. Corp. 350

pp., illus. $29.50.

Insects of Hawaii, Volume 9: Microlepidoptera. E. C. Zimmerman. Part I,

912 pp., Part II, 1024 pp., illus., incl. 8 color plates. Paperbound. $60.00 for

the set.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

July, 1979, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 230-233

OBITUARY

IRA JOHN LA RIVERS, II, 1915-1977

Dr. Ira John La Rivers, 62, former Director of the Museum of Biology

and Professor of Biology at the University of Nevada—Reno, died suddenly

on the morning of October 11, 1977, after a short illness. The end came only

a few days after his retirement. Dr. La Rivers is survived by his mother

Yvonne of Reno, his widow Marian of Verdi and a son Ira III of Reno.

|

aed

|

oy

veveme,\\

sg ee Ae ;

; + a 3

:

Dr. Ira John La Rivers, I taking notes during a field trip to southern Nevada in 1973.

Dr. La Rivers was born in San Francisco, California May 1, 1915. He was

the only son of Ira La Rivers of Canada and Yvonne Groulx of Bouchette,

Quebec, Canada. He was brought to Nevada by his mother in 1918 to avoid

the flu epidemic that was raging in San Francisco at that time. La Rivers

spent his early youth in the many mining camps and ranches of western

Nevada where he acquired a sturdy self-reliance and love of the out-of-

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 231

doors which stayed with him through his long and active career of exploring

the Great Basin. He graduated from Reno City schools and received his

B.S. degree in zoology from the University of Nevada in 1937.

In the summer of 1937 La Rivers collected plant specimens for the ‘*Indian

Medicine Project’? and insects in Clark and Lincoln Counties, Nevada;

mainly in the area that was to become the Nevada Atomic Test Site, and

in 1938 he collected plants in the Walker Lake, Nevada, area with Dr.

William Andrew Archer. La Rivers’ first scientific paper was published

while he was a graduate student at North Carolina State College in Raleigh

in 1938. This paper was on Cysteodemus (Coleoptera: Meloidae) collected

in 1937 and was published in the Pan-Pacific Entomologist (as a member of

the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, a membership he maintained for

some 36 years).

From 1939 to 1942, La Rivers undertook biological collecting throughout

Nevada. His collections included not only insects but fishes, amphibians,

reptiles, mosses, algae and other invertebrates. In 1939 he worked on Mor-

man Cricket control for the Nevada State Department of Agriculture in

northern Nevada. After that project La Rivers worked briefly in southern

California on peach mosaic control for the Federal Government, as quar-

antine officer at Yermo for the State of California and entomologist at the

University of Nevada, until he entered the United States Navy. During this

time La Rivers published numerous papers, mainly on Nevada dragonflies

(Odonata) and the Mormon Cricket (Anabrus simplex); he was president of

the Nevada Audubon Society and helped found the Nevada Academy of

Natural Sciences.

While in the Navy (1942-1946) La Rivers rose from seaman to ensign in

the Hospital Corps. During this time he published on natural controls for the

Morman Cricket, on the genera Trogloderus and Eleodes (Coleoptera: Te-

nebrionidae), on Strictiella pulla (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), Nevada am-

phibian and reptile records and the nesting mortality of the Brewer’s Black-

bird. During his tour of duty in the South Pacific, La Rivers collected

numerous marine invertebrates and insects which form the main portion of

the invertebrate collection of the University of Nevada—Reno.

In 1946 La Rivers enrolled as a graduate student at the University of

California at Berkeley, where he received his Ph.D. in Entomology in 1948.

His thesis, under the direction of Dr. Robert L. Usinger. was a revision of

the genus Ambrysus (Hemiptera: Naucoridae) in the United States. In 1948

he spent 4 months collecting in Baja California under the auspices of the

University of California Associates in Tropical Biogeography. Following his

graduation, La Rivers joined the staff of the Biology Department, University

of Nevada—Reno as an assistant Professor, where he remained until his

retirement as Professor in 1977.

In the years between 1948 and 1977, La Rivers continued his work on the

232 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

flora and fauna of the Great Basin as well as his interest in the Naucoridae

of the world, taking time out in 1950 to serve as an ecologist to the Pacific

Science Board of the National Science Council on Arno Atoll. La Rivers

published numerous papers on Nevada Dryopidae, Naucoridae, Dytiscidae,

Tenebrionidae, Hydrophilidae and Formicidae. In addition he published

checklists of Nevada fishes and algae, both of which he later developed into

large monographs; Fishes and Fisheries of Nevada in 1962 and the Algae

of the Western Great Basin which has just been published. La Rivers also

published on fossil insects (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae and Coleoptera: Cur-

culionidae), fossil fishes and fossil frogs from Nevada.

Dr. La Rivers’ graduate work with Dr. Usinger developed into a long and

lasting friendship and during the 1960’s they planned a joint program of

research on the family Naucoridae. During this joint venture it was found

necessary to undertake a study of the Naucoridae of New Guinea, however,

the untimely death of Dr. Usinger in 1968 left the project for Dr. La Rivers

to complete. In 1971 La Rivers published Studies in Naucoridae, which

included the Naucoridae of New Guinea. This was followed in 1974 and

1976 by two supplements to this study.

The scope and nature of La Rivers’ scientific work is reflected in his

bibliography that will be published separately by Dr. Paul Arnaud and

Thomas Lugaski. This does not show his deep interest in the history of the

Great Basin, his love for art, music or poetry, or his various artistic com-

positions along these lines published under the name John Grew. Of his

manifold accomplishments and interests, emphasis should most appropri-

ately be placed upon his gifts as a teacher of science to students, specialists

and non-specialists alike; on his contributions towards the understanding of

the biology and paleontology of the flora and fauna of the Great Basin and

on an improved understanding of the taxonomy of the family Naucoridae

of the world. La Rivers believed that field work, an area often neglected in

‘*modern’’ science, was the only true way to study life and natural phenom-

ena. This belief along with careful and exacting collections, measurements

and descriptions would lead him and his students to many important sci-

entific discoveries. The graduate students of the Biology Department, Uni-

versity of Nevada—Reno in recognition of Dr. La Rivers’ work and dedi-

cation to field research in general and the Great Basin in particular have

established the Dr. Ira La Rivers Memorial Fund under the university’s

Scholarship and Prizes Board. This scholarship will be administered and

awarded by the Biology Department graduate students as funds permit.

During his career, Dr. La Rivers served as consultant to the National

Lexicographic Board, the Winston Encyclopedia, the Handbook of Biolog-

ical Data, the Parent’s Magazine Encyclopedia, the Reinhold Encyclopedia

of Biology, the City of San Francisco, the Desert Research Institute and the

Western Analytical Biogeographers, Inc. La Rivers held membership in

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 233

numerous scientific and technical organizations including the: Entomologi-

cal Society of America, Entomological Society of Washington, Coleopter-

ists’ Society, Western Society of Naturalists, California Academy of Sci-

ences, Society of Systematic Zoology, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology,

American Malacological Union and the Pacific Coast Entomological Soci-

ety. In 1962 Dr. La Rivers organized and incorporated the Biological Society

of Nevada for the purpose of dissemination of biological information through

the publishing of occasional papers and memoirs devoted to biology.

Dr. La Rivers’ collection of the family Naucoridae has been donated to

the California Academy of Sciences and his personal collection of Nevada

insects has been donated to the Nevada State Department of Agriculture at

Reno.

Thomas P. Lugaski, P.O. Box 18219, Steamboat, Nevada 89511.

LITERATURE NOTICE

The following publications have recently appeared in the California De-

partment of Food and Agriculture series of ‘‘Special Publications,’’ and are

available free from the Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, California Department

of Food and Agriculture, 1220 N St., Sacramento, CA 95814.

Papp, C. S.: Checklist of the Tenebrionidae of America, North of the Pan-

ama Canal. A reprint of the 1961 edition, 88 pp. (1978).

Papp, C. S.: Catalog of the genus Conotrachelus with references to the

literature and deposition of type material. 84 pp., and 8 plates (1978).

Papp, C. S.: Publications of Carl Fiedler on Curculionidae. 8 pp. (1979).

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

July, 1979, Vol. 55, No. 3, p. 234

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

A NEST OF OSMIA TANNERI SANDHOUSE FROM WYOMING

(HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)

Osmia tanneri Sandhouse has previously been recorded only from the

Raft River Mtns. (G. A. Sandhouse, 1939, Mem. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 1:1-

167) and Wellsville Mt. (Cache Co.) (F. D. Parker, 1975, Pan-Pac. Entomol.,

51:179-183) in Utah. A nest discovered 5/14/78 in a rock garden in Laramie,

Wyoming (altitude 2195 m) is the first record of this species outside of Utah.

In contrast to the nests described by Parker (ibid.) the Wyoming nest was

constructed underneath a rock but not attached to it. The nest was built

atop, and partially incorporated into, the native red clay and was construct-

ed of dark, loamy soil introduced when the lawn was sodded in 1977. The

nest measured 95 x 62 mm and contained 13 cells; those found by Parker

(ibid.) were approximately one-third as large. Except in one spot, where a

female emerged by pushing another dead female out in front of her, the nest

contained a single layer of cells and was about 9 mm deep. At the time of

discovery several cells were partially exposed; others were covered with a

thin layer of mud. Also, three other cells (one containing a Chrysura sp.

parasite (Chrysididae)) that had been built outside the nest proper in the

surrounding clay were visible; all three specimens were dead. Cell arrange-

ment of the main nest was irregular with some cells parallel or perpendicular

to others; the remainder appeared haphazard in their placement. Other de-

tails of cell and cocoon size and structure agreed with the description of

Parker (ibid.). The three females and four males that emerged from the nest

shortly after it was excavated and taken to the laboratory comprise the

largest series of this species collected to date. Five adults and one partially

dismembered Chrysura sp. were found dead. Several of the dead O. tanneri

were also partially dismembered, perhaps by ants.

We thank G. E. Bohart for identifying the specimens and F. D. Parker

and A. Menke for confirming the identification. R. Rust made several helpful

suggestions about the manuscript.

V. J. Tepedino, Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Agricultural

Research, SEA-USDA, Utah State Univ., UMC 53, Logan 84322; and Mark

S. Boyce, Dept. of Zoology and Physiology, Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie

82071.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

July, 1979, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 235-238

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

THE GULF WIREWORM IN CALIFORNIA

(COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE)

Conoderus amplicollis (Gyll.) or Gulf wireworm, formerly known as Het-

eroderes laurentii Guer. was first recorded as a pest of vegetables and po-

tatoes in Alabama in 1927 (Cockerham and Deen, 1936, J. Econ. Entomol.

29: 288-296). In 1954, M. C. Lane (Co-op. Insect Report 12: 244) noted that

it was distributed along the Gulf Coast from Florida to Houston, Texas and

north along the Atlantic Coast to Charleston, South Carolina. He also re-

ported that it was well known in South America and in the West Indies.

Discovered in Los Angeles County, California in 1938, C. amplicollis has

now spread to 15 countries from the southernmost to as far north as Butte

County (Stone, 1975, Coleopt. Bull. 29(3): 163). It is also present in Arizona

(Tuscon, Phoenix and Yuma). Adult specimens from these localities were

collected in the period 1958 to 1969. In addition, the writers have specimens

from Las Vegas, Nevada; Honolulu, Hawaii; and Mexico, collected be-

tween 1961-69.

Descriptions of all stages as well as detailed life history studies have been

reported on by Cockerham and Deen (1936) (photographs of the various

stages are shown in Figures 1—4.). In Alabama they report damage to white

potatoes as high as 25% and that they are also a serious pest of corn, snap

beans, and small grains. Soil samples taken in potato fields showed as many

as 8.5 larvae per sq ft.

The presence of C. amplicollis at Riverside and Olive, California permit-

ted the writers to obtain preliminary data on its abundance and the effect

of possible climatic change on the biology of this insect in California. That

this species has become well established in certain areas was indicated by

the recovery of wireworms by the junior author in his garden plot near

Olive. Of 17 larvae dug up during the winter 1976 and the early spring 1977

and reared on wheat, 15 emerged as adults between March 25 and June 17,

1977.

Adult activity was determined by operating a 15 watt florescent blacklight

at two locations. In Riverside the site was a weedy field formerly planted

to citrus. A similar trap was installed in an avocado grove located four miles

west of Olive, about 30 miles north of Riverside. Collections of adults at

both localities in the five year period 1974-78 were minimal (Table 1) which

seems to be an indication that this species is not overly attracted to artificial

light. Cockerham and Deen (1936) also noted that the adult does not fly

directly to a light and that during their flight period may be found adjacent

to lighted windows crawling about on the sidewalk apparently searching for

hiding places.

236 , PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Table 1. Monthly catches of Conoderus amplicollis adults at black light. Riverside and

Olive, California 1974-78.

Riverside

Year June July Aug. Sept. Total

1974 12 3 4 19

1975 2 3 2 7

1976 10 65 28 51 154

1977 6 56 i) 67

1978 4 32 4 40

Total 14 117 94 62 287

% 4 4] 33 Be.

Olive

1974 4 17 21

1975 6 15 3 24

1976 11 4 4 35 54

1977 1 27 88 9 125

1978 20 142 28 190

Total 32 179 139 64 414

% 8 43 34 15

During the five year period the earliest trapping of adults at both stations

occurred in 1976, on June 16 and 23 in Riverside and Olive, respectively.

The last adults were trapped at Riverside on Sept. 6, 1974 and on Sept. 22,

1975 at Olive. The combined five year trap data show that the adults in both

locations were most abundant in July—August.

Life History Studies, 1977—78

Preliminary data on the duration of the stages of C. amplicollis was de-

termined by confining larvae hatched on May 5, 1977 individually in two

ounce tin containers containing moist 30 mesh soil and from two to as many

as five kernels of wheat, more being required as they increased in size. The

food and soil was replenished at two week intervals. The larvae were con-

fined indoors where temperatures varied from 65 to 78°F (Table 2).

Of a group of 36 larvae, 10 pupated the same year (between July 29 and

September 28) for an average larval period of 114 days. Nine larvae over-

wintered and pupated the following year (in the period April 19 to June 13),

for an average larval period of 382 days. The remaining 17 individuals died

during the larval stage for reasons unknown.

Cockerham and Deen (1936) reported that larvae in southern Alabama

hatching from eggs in June became full-grown by November and overwin-

tered as larvae. Pupation occurred between April and June, the larval period

VOLUME 55, NUMBER 3 237

Figs. 1-4. Conoderus amplicollis (Gyll.). Fig. 1. Larva, dorsal view, <5. Fig. 2. Larva,

dorsal plate of ninth abdominal segment, x30. (Courtesy of Jack Imbriana, U.C.R., River-

side.) Fig. 3. Pupa, ventral view, x7. Fig. 4. Adult, female, x8.

238 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Table 2. Duration of larval and pupal stages of the Gulf wireworm which hatched May 5S,

1977.

Larval stage

Larvae hatched & Larvae pupated

pupated same year second year

Specimens Range _ Average Specimens Range Average

Number Days Days Number Days Days

10 85-146 114 9 350-405 382

Pupal stage

7 10-13 11.8 8 13-18 15

averaging 316 days. Higher temperatures and the presence of ample food in

Riverside may have accounted for the greater percentage of pupations the

first year.

The pupal period varied from an average of 12 days for those maturing

in the fall of the first year to 15 days for those completing development at

lower temperatures in May—June of the second year.

The adults of this species are extremely hardy. Of three adults which

matured September 2 confined in a glass container with sliced carrots, one

remained alive until January 16, or a period of 4.5 months. One died March

13 after 6.4 months and the third specimen died June 15 after 7.8 months.

To our knowledge no other Elaterid adult has survived for such a long

period.

M. W. Stone, 1/37 Sir Damas Dr., Riverside, California 92507 and J.

Wilcox, 7551 Vista Del Sol, Anaheim, California 92807. Collaborators—

USDA, SEA AR. Boyden Entomological Laboratory.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

July, 1979, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 239-240

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

SYMPATRIC ASSOCIATIONS OF SYSTROPUS SPP.

(DIPTERA: BOMBYLITDAE) AND AMMOPHILA SPP.

(HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE)

The bombyliid genus Systropus consists of flies resembling threadwaisted

wasps of the family Sphecidae. Bezzi (1924, The Bombyliidae of the Ethi-

opian region. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist., 390 pp.) considers the group one of the

most primitive bombyliid genera. As they are relatively uncommon, few

reports on the associations and habits of members of the genus can be found.

Cole and Schlinger (1969, The flies of western North America. Univ.

Calif. Press, 693 pp.) reported the sympatric associations of the northern

species Systropus macer Loew with an eastern species Systropus angulatus

angulatus Karsch in Texas. Roberts (1928, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 53:

90-144) proposed the sphecid Sceliphron laetum Smith as the model for

Systropus flavoornatus Roberts.

On 22 August 1977, S. angulatus ammophiloides (Townsend) and Systro-

pus arizonicus Banks were collected while alighting upon and hovering

above the blossoms of Aloysia wrightii (Gray) (Verbenaceae) in Florida

Cyn., Santa Rita Mts., Pima Co., Arizona. Two Ammophila spp. were

captured in association with the flies, Ammophila aberti Haldeman and

Ammophila breviceps Smith.

S.a.ammophiloides and A. breviceps approximate each other in size and

coloration, as do the larger, more colorful S. arizonicus and A. aberti. In

addition, the flies could be distinguished from the sphecids by several be-

havioral patterns. Both Systropus species demonstrated slower, more di-

rected flight, often hovering near the blooms. Further, in flight the abdomens

of the bombyliids droop, while the abdomens of the wasps are held aloft

and arched.

The sympatric associations of S$. a. ammophiloides and A. breviceps, and

S. arizonicus and A. aberti have not been previously reported. However,

the ranges of the species overlap. S$. a. ammophiloides and S. arizonicus

have been collected from the sw./U.S. deserts and n. Mexico (pers. obs.;

Calif. Acad. Sci., U. C. Davis collections), while Bohart and Menke (1976,

Sphecid wasps of the world. Univ. Calif. Press, 695 pp.) reported both

Ammophila species from the w. U.S. and Mexico. During August, 1976,

1977, and 1978, the authors collected each species separately at various

locations in s. Arizona. Of the bombyliids, S$. a. ammophiloides were more

abundant, and were often found on Baccharis glutinosa Pers. and various

annuals in bloom along water courses.

The authors wish to thank A. S. Menke and R. O. Schuster for their

240 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

assistance. Specimens are deposited at the insect repository, Univ. of Calif.,

Davis.

F. G. Zalom, R. P. Meyer, and P. H. Mason, Dept. of Entomology, Univ.

of California, Davis 95616.

NOTICE

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF

SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY

(ICSEB-II)

The Second International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Bi-

ology (ICSEB-II) will be held at The University of British Columbia, Van-

couver, Canada, 17-24 July 1980.

The provisional list of symposia topics includes:

Arctic Refugia and the evolution of Arctic biota

Origins and evolution of the North Pacific marine biota

Evolution of reproductive strategies

Evolutionary epigenetics

Evolution of community structure

Green algae and land plant origins

Macromolecular mechanisms in evolution

Allozymes and evolution

9. Coevolution and foraging strategy

10. Evolution of colonizing species

11. Rare species and the maintenance of gene pools

12. Paleobiology of the Pacific nm

ia gy HR cae a a

Additional symposia may be included.

Sessions for contributed papers and for papers in specialized fields, taxo-

nomic as well as methodological will also be organized.

Those interested in receiving an information circular in the spring of 1979

should write to the following:

Dr. G. G. E. Scudder

Department of Zoology

The University of British Columbia

2075 Wesbrook Mall

Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1W5

CANADA.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including short notes or articles up to ten printed pages,

on insect taxonomy, morphology, ecology, behavior, life history, and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and will be

charged to the author. Papers are published after acceptance in approximately the order that they are received. Papers of less than a

printed page will be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.

All manuscripts will be reviewed before acceptance.

Manuscripts for publication, proofs, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the editor.

General. — The metric system is to be used exclusively in manuscripts, except when citing label data on type material, or in direct

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