The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

EDITORIAL BOARD

T. D. Eichlin, A. R. Hardy, Co-Editors

S. Kuba, Editorial Asst.

P. H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer H. B. Leech

R. M. Bohart E. S. Ross J. A. Chemsak

Published quarterly in January, April, July and October with Society Proceedings

appearing in the October number. All communications regarding nonreceipt of num-

bers, requests for sample copies, and financial communications should be addressed

to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, Golden

Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118.

Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be ad-

dressed to the Secretary, Larry Bezark, c/o Department of Entomology, California

State University, San Jose, CA. 95120.

Manuscripts, proofs and all correspondence concerning editorial matters should

be addressed to either Dr. Thomas Eichlin or Dr. Alan Hardy, Insect Taxonomy

Laboratory, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 1220 ‘‘N’’ St., Sacra-

mento, 95814.

The annual dues, paid in advance, are $12.00 for regular members of the Society,

$7.00 for student members, or $15.00 for subscription only. Members of the society

receive The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Single copies of recent numbers are $3.75

each or $15.00 a volume. Write to the treasurer for prices of earlier back numbers.

Make all checks payable to Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

The Pacific Coast Entomological Society

OFFICERS FOR 1980

M. S. Wasbauer, President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer

D. Kavanaugh, President-Elect L. Bezark, Secretary

Statement of Ownership

Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October).

Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast Entomological Society,

California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118.

Editors: T. D. Eichlin and A. R. Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, California Dept. of Food and Agriculture,

1220 N St., Sacramento, California 95814.

Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: None.

This issue mailed 24 January 1980

Second Class Postage Paid at San Francisco, California and Additional offices.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist (ISSN 0031-0603)

PRINTED BY THE ALLEN PRESS, INC., LAWRENCE, KANSAS 66044, U.S.A.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. 56, No. 1 (1980), pp. 1-10

REVIEW OF PLEISTOCENE DARKLING GROUND BEETLES OF THE

CALIFORNIA ASPHALT DEPOSITS (COLEOPTERA:

TENEBRIONIDAE, ZOPHERIDAE)

JOHN T. DOYEN

Univ. of California, Berkeley 94720

AND

Scott E. MILLER!

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, CA 93105

Darkling ground beetles (Tenebrionidae) are the most abundant insects

preserved in the California asphalt deposits, and have been found at Rancho

La Brea, Carpinteria, McKittrick and Maricopa. A total of 33 species and

subspecies have been recognized by various workers, including several

which were regarded as extinct taxa. This paper reviews published reports

for Rancho La Brea and McKittrick and presents new records for Carpin-

teria. The fossil faunas are discussed in terms of the present California

tenebrionid fauna and its distribution.

The first tenebrionids recorded from the California asphalt deposits were

from excavations at Rosemary, near Los Angeles. This site is now known

as Rancho La Brea. These specimens were described by Grinnell (1908),

who designated 3 new species of Eleodes from the material.

Grinnell’s specimens were later examined by Blaisdell (1909:505—508)

who believed they were synonymous with extant species. Essig (1931:1-11)

listed several additional tenebrionids and zopherids from the La Brea de-

posits. After a preliminary paper (1944) in which the lists of Essig and

Grinnell were repeated, Pierce (1954a, b, c) catalogued the tenebrionid fau-

nas of La Brea and McKittrick, describing 4 new species and 8 new sub-

species. Pierce did not finish his work, never publishing on Eleodes, and

no one has worked with the material since. The Pierce types were cata-

logued by Sphon (1973).

Like other arthropods preserved in the asphalt deposits, tenebrionid fos-

sils consist almost entirely of disarticulated body parts. Tenebrionid frag-

ments useful in recognizing taxa are: 1) the head capsule; 2) the prothorax;

and 3) the combined pterothorax (including elytra) and anterior three ab-

dominal sternites. Any one of these items is usually adequate for determi-

nation to genus or species group. More precise identification, however, is

most reliably made by comparing details of surface sculpturing, which, as

noted by Blaisdell (1909), are often obscured or modified, even in well-

2 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

cleaned specimens. Furthermore, much of the material from the La Brea

deposits appears badly abraded, probably by water transport from adjacent

hills. Prominences such as the elytral humeri, the epipleural ridges and the

prosternal process are rounded or sometimes obliterated in such specimens,

and cuticular sculpturing and appearance are drastically altered. Some of

the material studied by Grinnell and Essig was incorrectly identified because

of this problem.

Pierce felt that fragments he could not associate with known species

should be described as new taxa so that they could be considered ‘‘identi-

fied.’’ Most are obviously very similar to extant species which occur in

southern California today, and were described by Pierce as new subspecies.

As indicated by Miller and Peck (1979), infraspecific names are inappro-

priate, since the fossils do not represent geographic races and there is no

morphological basis upon which to found chronospecies. Consequently,

these names are placed in synonymy below.

We have re-examined the material described by Grinnell, Essig and Pierce

in order to provide the following lists. We have not examined the large

number of unstudied tenebrionids from the recent re-excavation at La Brea

Pit 91. In addition, unstudied Eleodes are available from the McKittrick and

Maricopa asphalts.

Rancho La Brea

The Rancho La Brea asphalt deposits in Los Angeles are well known for

vertebrate fossils, and have a complex history of excavation. Specimens

unearthed during the early (1905-1912) excavations by the University of

California are deposited at the University of California Museum of Paleon-

tology in Berkeley. This material forms the basis of the species lists of

Grinnell and Essig. The most extensive excavations were undertaken by the

Los Angeles County Museum from 1913 to 1915, and included Pits 4, 9, 28

and 81, which produced many of the fossils studied by Pierce. Pits A, B,

and C were excavated in 1929, and Pierce’s ‘*‘Bliss 29’’ material was col-

lected from these sites. Pierce’s ‘‘Pit(?)’’ or ‘‘Pit X’’ refers to mixed material

lacking data (Pierce, 1954a), and may not be fossil. Further details of ex-

cavation are provided by Miller and Peck (1979). The following list includes

the species known to be represented in the La Brea material, with synonyms

listed where appropriate.

TENEBRIONIDAE

Apsena laticornis Casey [Essig, 1931; Pierce, 1954b].

Apsena labreae Pierce, 1954b. NEW SYNONYMY.

Apsena pubescens (LeConte) [Pierce, 1954b].

Apsena rufipes (Eschscholtz) [Pierce, 1954b].

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 3

Coniontis abdominalis LeConte [Grinnell, 1908; Pierce, 1954c].

Coniontis abdominalis caseyi Pierce, 1954c. NEW SYNONYMY.

Coniontis abdominalis fragmans Pierce, 1954c. NEW SYNONYMY.

Coniontis abdominalis labreae Pierce, 1954c. NEW SYNONYMY.

Coniontis blissi Pierce, 1954c. NEW SYNONYMY.

Coniontis pectoralis interrupta Pierce, 1954c. NEW SYNONYMY.

Coniontis pectoralis paraelliptica Pierce, 1954c. NEW SYNONYMY.

Coniontis tristis alpha Pierce, 1954c. NEW SYNONYMY.

Coniontis tristis asphalti Pierce, 1954c. NEW SYNONYMY.

Coniontis tristis latigula Pierce, 1954c. NEW SYNONYMY.

Coniontis elliptica Casey (Grinnell, 1908; Pierce, 1954c].

Coniontis remnans Pierce, 1954c.

Coniontis lamentabilis Blaisdell [Pierce, 1954c].

Eleodes acuticaudus LeConte [Grinnell, 1908; Essig, 1931].

Eleodes gracilis distans Essig (not Blaisdell), 1931.

Eleodes omissus Essig (not LeConte), 1931.

Eleodes laticollis LeConte [Grinnell, 1908; Essig, 1931].

Eleodes grandicollis LeConte [Grinnell, 1908; Essig, 1931].

Eleodes elongatus Grinnell, 1908.

Eleodes osculans (LeConte) (=Cratidus osculans; see Doyen and Law-

rence, 1979) [Essig, 1931].

Eleodes behri Grinnell, 1908 [Essig, 1931]. NEW SYNONYMY.

Eleodes intermedius Grinnell, 1908. NEW SYNONYMY.

Eleodes consobrinus Grinnell (not LeConte), 1908.

Eleodes omissus LeConte.

Nyctoporis carinata LeConte [Essig, 1931; Pierce, 1954a].

ZOPHERIDAE

Noserus plicatus LeConte [Pierce, 1954a; identified as N. corrosus Casey].

Phloeodes pustulosus LeConte [Pierce, 1954a].

These species are represented by reasonably complete remains, usually

the pterothorax (including elytra) and abdomen, and may readily be asso-

ciated with extant species. Coniontis remnans Pierce cannot be synony-

mized with any presently described species. It probably represents an un-

recognized southern California species of the opaca group of Casey (1908).

The paratypes of C. pectoralis interrupta were incorrectly assigned to C.

blissi by Sphon (1973).

Coniontis puncticollis LeConte and C. robusta Horn, listed from La Brea

by Grinnell (1908) are represented by remains which are too fragmentary to

allow taxonomic assignment. Several other species attributed to the Rancho

La Brea deposits clearly represent misdeterminations. For example,

4 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Eleodes behri and Eleodes intermedius were described by Grinnell (1908)

as new species of the subgenus Blapylis. Blaisdell (1909) suggested that

both should be placed in synonymy under E. parvicollis Eschscholtz, which

presently occurs in the area of San Francisco Bay. Cleaning of Grinnell’s

type specimens revealed that the elytral sculpturing is coarsely punctate,

rather than tuberculate, as in Blapylis. The epipleuron is exceptionally

broad, and slightly concave, as noted by Blaisdell, who attributed this to

distortion caused by preservation. These specimens clearly represent

Eleodes osculans (LeConte), but lack the characteristic long setation which

was apparently lost during preservation. The abdomen of the type of inter-

medius still contained well preserved male genitalia, allowing further con-

firmation of its correct identity. The elytra identified by Grinnell as those

of Eleodes consobrinus also represent E. osculans.

The specimens attributed by Essig (1931) to Eleodes omissus LeConte

and E. gracilis distans Blaisdell are badly abraded remains of E. acuticau-

dus LeConte. In acuticaudus the elytral declivity bears a median longitu-

dinal depression, and the mesocoxal cavities are separated from the meta-

coxal cavities by less than half the mesocoxal diameter. In E. gracilis the

elytral declivity is slightly raised along the midline, and in omissus the

declivity is flat. In both species the coxal cavities are more distant. Eleodes

omissus is represented among undetermined Rancho La Brea material in

the University of California Museum of Paleontology (Locality No. 2051).

Eleodes gracilis is not presently known from the La Brea deposits, but has

been identified from the Carpinteria deposit.

McKittrick Asphalt Deposit

The ‘‘classic’’ McKittrick asphalt deposit of vertebrate fossils is in Kern

County, about one km south of McKittrick. Pierce’s material came from

adjacent sites (sites 3 and 4; LACMIP locality 260) along a road cut south-

east of the vertebrate localities (Pierce, 1947b; Miller and Peck, 1979). Lo-

cality and age data are confused for Pierce’s McKittrick specimens, which

are probably younger than the vertebrate fossils (Miller and Peck, 1979).

~Unstudied Eleodes are present in material from the vertebrate fossil local-

ities, and Eleodes has also been found in asphalt deposits near Maricopa in

Kern County.

At present the only tenebrionid species recorded from the McKittrick

deposits is Parasida mckittricki Pierce, 1954a. The holotype consists of the

pterothorax, elytra and the abdominal sternites, with the right rear leg still

articulated with the body. This specimen is remarkably preserved, clearly

showing the original cuticular sculpturing, and by comparison with museum

specimens is easily associated with the costipennis complex of Stenomor-

pha. The holotype of Stenomorpha mckittricki is clearly conspecific with

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 5

beetles which presently occur in the vicinity of McKittrick. The excellent

preservation of the type specimens suggests that they may have become

embedded in the asphalt very recently; certainly they are less modified than

Eleodes fossils from the Maricopa or Rancho La Brea deposits. Because

Pierce’s description was restricted only to the posterior part of the body,

Stenomorpha mckittricki is redescribed here.

Stenomorpha mckittricki (Pierce)

(Fig. 1)

Parasida mckittricki Pierce 1954a:43.

Body elongate, suboval, constricted at waist, convex; black with sparse

covering of short, decumbent setae; legs reddish brown. Epistoma, frons

and genae with closely set large punctures, separated by less than puncture

diameter anteriorly, becoming sparser on vertex; large punctures irregularly

interspersed with much smaller, sparse punctures; mentum transversely

oval, shallowly and narrowly emarginate anteriorly, coarsely, closely punc-

tate; antennae with Ist segment about twice as long as broad, 2nd segment

subquadrate, 3rd segment about 4 times length of 2nd, segments 4—9 trap-

ezoidal, about 1.5 times as long as broad, segments 9-10 about 1.5 times

broader than long, segment 11 small, globular, amplected in 10; eyes elon-

gate oval, barely emarginate in front. Pronotum broadly, shallowly emar-

ginate anteriorly, with acutely rounded anterior angles; lateral margins

evenly arcuate, upturned; posterior margin evenly arcuate, with angles ob-

tuse, reflexed; disk set with coarse, contiguous punctures, becoming coarser

laterally and sharply punctatorugose near lateral margins; hypomera and

sternum very coarsely, shallowly and sparsely punctate; prosternal process

gradually declivous posteriorly, not projecting. Elytra finely, sparsely and

shallowly punctate with raised medial margin and 4 prominent, sharply

rounded longitudinal costae; costae anastamosing posteriorly, Ist (inner-

most) and 2nd usually fusing about %4 posteriorly, 3rd terminating 34 pos-

teriorly, and 4th fusing with Ist and 2nd near elytral apex; 4th costa forming

pseudoepipleuron, true epipleuron short, extending from 3rd to Sth abdom-

inal sternites, not reaching elytral apex; abdominal sternites alutaceous to

finely rugose or finely, asperately rugose. Femora punctatorugose to rugose;

tibiae faintly rugose or very sparsely, finely tuberculate. Length, 11-16 mm;

greatest elytral width, 5-7.5 mm.

Holotype, consisting of posterior half of body, from McKittrick Asphalt

Deposit, Pierce Site 4, depth 4’, Kern Co., California; Invertebrate Paleon-

tology type no. 3064, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; 1

paratype, same data; 4 paratypes, same data but Pierce site 3.

Modern material examined.—130 individuals, California, Kern Co., 1.6

km (1 mi) NE McKittrick, March 19, 1975. J. Doyen.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Dorsal aspect of female of Stenomorpha mckittricki (Pierce).

Fig. 1.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 7

Remarks.—Stenomorpha mckittricki is known only from the region im-

mediately around McKittrick, where it occurs on the eroded badlands ad-

jacent to the San Joaquin Valley. During its limited period of activity in

early to mid-spring it can be exceedingly abundant.

Stenomorpha mckittricki is similar to S. costipennis (LeConte) and S.

neutralis (Casey). Both of these species have black legs (red in mckittricki)

and have the integument glabrous or with very short, sparse setae (longer,

denser in mckittricki). Stenomorpha costipennis and neutralis occur north

of the distribution of mckittricki, at various localities in Kern, Kings and

Fresno Counties, along the western margin of the San Joaquin Valley.

Asphalt Deposits at Carpinteria

The Carpinteria asphalt deposit is located about 2 km southeast of Car-

pinteria, Santa Barbara County. Fossils were first discovered in the Car-

pinteria asphalt quarry in 1927, and excavations were initiated by the Santa

Barbara Museum of Natural History. After the quarry was abandoned, the

site was used as a refuse dump, beginning about 1940. Subsequently the

natural topography of the area was so drastically altered by human activities

that the asphalt beds are no longer accessible for study.

Tenebrionids are here recorded from Carpinteria for the first time. Speci-

mens are deposited in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History and

the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. A detailed treatment of

the fossil insect fauna of Carpinteria is in preparation by Miller. Fragments

of unidentified Eleodes occur in the Carpinteria deposits, as well as the

species listed below.

Eleodes acuticaudus LeConte; 6 specimens, elytra and abdomens

Eleodes laticollis LeConte; 15 specimens, elytra and abdomens

Eleodes gracilis LeConte; 5 specimens, elytra and abdomens

Eleodes grandicollis Mannerheim; 1 prothorax

Eleodes giganteus Mannerheim; 2 prothoraces

Discussion and Summary

A total of 18 species (16 Tenebrionidae, 2 Zopheridae) can be definitely

identified from the California asphalt deposits. The Rancho La Brea deposit,

with 13 species of Tenebrionidae and 2 Zopheridae, comprises the richest

fauna, but probably only because it has been more completely studied. The

assemblage from Carpinteria, represented by only a small sample, contains

5 species, including 1 not yet confirmed in the Rancho La Brea material.

The 18 species represent a little over half of the cumulative number of

species attributed to the asphalt deposits by various authors. Most of the

reduction results from placing Pierce’s taxa of Coniontis in synonymy. Sev-

8 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

eral species have been deleted from the Rancho La Brea list because of

misidentification. In particular, the subgenus Blapylis of Eleodes is not

represented among material we examined.

With the possible exception of Coniontis remnans the fossils recovered

from the asphalt deposits represent species which occur in the same regions

today. The three most abundant species in the Rancho La Brea material,

Eleodes acuticaudus, E. osculans and Coniontis abdominalis, are very

common in remnants of coastal scrub and dry woodland habitats in southern

California. Coniontis lamentabilis occurs in coastal scrub, generally on mar-

itime bluffs or behind coastal sand dunes. The remaining species occur in

many semiarid habitats in southern and central California, and Noserus

plicatus, Phloeodes pustulosus and Nyctoporis carinata are most abundant

in woodland situations, ranging into coniferous forest. It is significant that

species which are restricted to woodland or forest habitats have not been

recorded from the fossil deposits. For example, Coelocnemis magna

LeConte, C. californica Mannerheim and Cibdelis blaschkei Mannerheim

are extremely common in southern California woodland. These are distinc-

tive species which would be easily recognized if present in the asphalt de-

posits.

Contrary to popular belief (i.e. Stock, 1956), the “‘pits’’ at Rancho La

Brea do not represent deep pools of liquid asphalt which trapped unwary

animals continuously for 40,000 years. Recent studies (Woodard and Mar-

cus, 1973) and continuing excavation (W. A. Akersten, pers. comm.) have

revealed a far more complex situation. Many insects, including tenebrionids,

were probably trapped in relatively shallow puddles of asphalt, while others

appear to have been deposited in stream sediments and preserved by sub-

sequent asphalt impregnation of the sediments. Paleoecological interpreta-

tion of the tenebrionids recorded from Rancho La Brea is difficult due to

uncertainties in age and mode of accumulation. Pierce’s material is domi-

nated by specimens from ‘‘Pit (?)’’ and “Bliss ‘29,’’ which may include a

large amount of Recent contamination. Pit A, also dominant in Pierce’s

material, was placed among the younger accumulations by Howard (1962),

based on fossil bird faunal composition. Overall, the recorded tenebrionids

suggest a drier and warmer period than implied by most Rancho La Brea

fossils. This may reflect differences in age (the beetles being comparatively

younger) or habitat (the beetles walking or being carried by water from

adjacent drier habitats). The insects associated with Late Pleistocene ver-

tebrate faunas are too few in number for useful comparison. Study of spec-

imens from the recent excavation of Pit 91 may allow more meaningful

comparisons, and could reveal a more diverse fauna.

The tenebrionid species represented by the Carpinteria fossils all pres-

ently occupy dry scrub and woodland habitats in southern and south central

California. Eleodes grandicollis and E. giganteus range north to the San

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 9

Francisco Bay region, and E. acuticaudus to Monterey County, but in the

northern portions of their ranges these species occupy areas of local aridity

or with exceptionally well-drained soils. Thus, the tenebrionid assemblage

indicates a climate and ecological situation similar to that now present at

Carpinteria, rather than the predominantly moister environment suggested

by vertebrate and plant fossils studied by Chaney and Mason (1933), DeMay

(1941) and Wilson (1933).

The only tenebrionid species recorded from Pierce’s McKittrick material

is presently restricted to the McKittrick region. These specimens may be

subfossil material which became embedded in the asphalt very recently, and

are of very limited use in paleoecological reconstruction. The Eleodes from

the ‘“‘classic’’ vertebrate localities probably represent a different age, and

may be more useful indicators of past environments at the McKittrick site.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported and assisted by Edward C. Wilson, Christopher

A. Shaw and William A. Akersten (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles

County), F. G. Hochberg (Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History), and

Joseph H. Peck (University of California Museum of Paleontology). Wilson

and Peck were especially helpful in allowing study of type material. The il-

lustration of Stenomorpha mckittricki was prepared by Celeste Green.

Literature Cited

Blaisdell, F. E. 1909. A monographic revision of the Coleoptera belonging to the tenebrionid

tribe Eleodiini inhabiting the United States, Lower California, and adjacent Islands.

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 63:xi + 524 pp., 15 pls.

Casey, T. L. 1908. A revision of the tenebrionid subfamily Coniontinae. Proc. Wash. Acad.

Sci., 10:51-166.

Chaney, R. W., and H. L. Mason. 1933. A Pleistocene flora from the asphalt deposits at

Carpinteria, California. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ., 415:45-79.

DeMay, I. S. 1941. Pleistocene bird life of the Carpinteria asphalt, California. Carnegie Inst.

Wash. Publ., 530:61-76.

Doyen, J. T., and J. F. Lawrence. 1979. Relationships and higher classification of some

Tenebrionidae and Zopheridae (Coleoptera). Syst. Entomol., 4:(in press).

Essig, E. O. 1931. A history of entomology. MacMillan, New York, vii + 1029 pp.

Grinnell, F. 1908. Quaternary myriapods and insects of California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol.,

5:207-215.

Howard, H. 1962. A comparison of avian assemblages from individual pits at Rancho La

Brea, California. Los Angeles Co. Mus. Contrib. Sci., 58:1-24.

Miller, S. E., and S. B. Peck. 1979. Fossil carrion beetles of Pleistocene California asphalt

deposits, with a synopsis of Holocene California Silphidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Silphi-

dae). Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 19:85—-106.

Pierce, W. D. 1944. Fossil arthropods of California. 1. Introductory statement. Bull. So. Calif.

Acad. Sci., 43:1-3.

Pierce, W. D. 1947. Fossil arthropods of California. 14. A progress report on the McKittrick

asphalt field. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 46:138-143.

10 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Pierce, W. D. 1954a. Fossil arthropods of California. No. 18. The Tenebrionidae—Tentyriinae

of the asphalt deposits. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 53:35-45.

Pierce, W. D. 1954b. Fossil arthropods of California. No. 19. The Tenebrionidae—Scaurinae

of the asphalt deposits. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 53:93-98.

Pierce, W. D. 1954c. Fossil arthropods of California. No. 20. The Tenebrionidae—Coniontinae

of the asphalt deposits. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 53:142-156.

Sphon, G. C. 1973. Additional type specimens of fossil Invertebrata in the collections of the

Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co.

Contrib. Sci., 250:1-75.

Stock, C. 1956. Rancho La Brea: a record of Pleistocene life in California. Los Angeles Co.

Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Ser., 20:1-81.

Wilson, R. W. 1933. Pleistocene mammalian fauna from the Carpinteria asphalt. Carnegie

Inst. Wash. Publ., 440:59-76.

Woodard, G. D., and L. F. Marcus. 1973. Rancho La Brea fossil deposits: a re-evaluation

from stratigraphic and geological evidence. Jour. Paleontol., 47:54-69.

Footnote

1 Research Associate in Invertebrate Paleontology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles

County.

PUBLICATION NOTICE

Papp, C. S. 1979. An Illustrated Catalog of the Cryptorhynchinae of the

Western World, with Generic Descriptions, References to the Literature,

and Deposition of Type Material (Coleoptera: Curculionidae):I—XVII +

1-467, with 39 plates and 36 portraits; Paper; Order through ‘‘Cali-

fornia Dept. of Food and Agric. Acct. #1-03-361,’’ 1220 N Street,

Sacramento, CA 95814. $14.00 postpaid.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. 56, No. 1 (1980), pp. 11-25

DESCRIPTIVE NOTES FOR NINE SPECIES OF HETEROMURUS

(S.G. HETEROMURTRELLA) AND A KEY TO THE

SPECIES (COLLEMBOLA: ENTOMOBRYIDAE)!

JosE A. MARI Mutt

Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagtiez 00708

The subgenus Heteromurtrella was erected by Mari Mutt (1979a) for the

12 tropical species of Heteromurus not belonging in Alloscopus Borner 1903

(reviewed by Mari Mutt (1978a)), the only other tropical subgenus. The

description of Heteromurtrella was supplemented with descriptions of two

new species (barrai and puertoricensis), by a map detailing the geographic

distribution of all the species, and by a key to the subgenera of Hetero-

murus.

The present contribution completes a revision of Heteromurtrella through

a key to the species and addition to the descriptions of nine species.

Throughout this paper I have used a series of abbreviations to indicate

the repository of specimens. These are as follows: BMNH—British Museum

(Natural History), Department of Entomology, Cromwell Rd., London SW7

SBD, England; FMNH—Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Rd.

and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605; INHS—lIllinois Natural His-

tory Survey, Division of Faunistics Surveys, Natural Resources Bldg., Ur-

bana, Illinois 61801; JAB—J. A. Barra collection, Institut de Zoologie, 12

rue de l'Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France; JAMM—J. A. Mari Mutt

collection, Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagtiez,

Puerto Rico 00708; MCZ—Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Uni-

versity, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; MNHN—Museum National

d’ Histoire Naturelle, Ecologie Générale, 4 Avenue du Petit Chateau, 91—

Brunoy, France; NZNM—New Zealand National Museum, Private Bag,

Wellington, New Zealand; RY—R. Yosii collection, Department of Biology,

Yoshida College, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan.

Key to Species

Lee CaR Oe kU 4 SNE ares i Putte sel ee Guay ei ee oie abruptus

| ote Aces eke 8 OM ae ea Se ee a Z

2. Head and body deeply pigmented throughout .................. 3

Pigment absent, restricted to eye patch, restricted to anterior por-

tion of head and to antennae or if diffused throughout head and

body (stannardi) it is very light and visible only under magnifi-

ats Wo) a BRIAR CL i RR A tL ere PB OO Me 7 je Me em MOT ee a 4

10.

11.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

. Ungues relatively short, basally wide, bidentate (Salmon, 1954:126,

EEG Ses fe RUS RETA op ON 2 aca aden Pes ely ads RAEN Pl teat ome cabin a 4 lividus

Ungues long, basally slender, tridentate (Fig. 23; Denis, 1931:144,

figs. 148-150); Costa Rica ........ 02... cece es diommatus

. Abd. 1 with 1 or 2 machrochaetae per side..................00. i]

Abd. 1 with 3 macrochaetae per side ........... 0.0.0. cee eee eee 7

. Three P macrochaetae present? (Mari Mutt, 1977:327, fig. 1); body

macrochaetotaxy as in Mari Mutt, 1977:327, fig. 2; labral papillae

of type III (Fig. 3); very diffuse pigment on antennae, head, body

and coxae (pigment visible only under high magnification); un-

guiculus without tooth on inner margin; mucro without basal

spine; Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal) ................. stannardi

One P macrochaeta present (Fig. 9); body macrochaetotaxy as in

Figures 10 or 19; labral papillae of type II (Fig. 1); fairly con-

centrated pigment restricted to anterior portion of head and to

antennae; unguiculus with inner tooth; mucro with basal spine 6

. Abd. 1 with 1 macrochaeta per side; outer pair of macrochaetae of

Th. 3 close together (Fig. 10); Gabon................... mirificus

Abd. 1 with 2 macrochaetae per side; outer pair of macrochaetae of

Th. 3 farther apart (Fig. 19); Ueanda ....... 06.06. .e ees similis

. Th. 2 with 4 inner posterior setae (Fig. 17) .................0005 8

Th. 2 with 2 or 3 inner posterior setae (Figs. 10, 16, 18, 19)...... 9

. Th. 3 with 7 macrochaetae per side (Yosu, 1964:15, fig. 6h); labral

papillae of type III (Yosii, 1964:15, fig. 6a): eyes 1 + 1; Tonga

Pepe SCE Diese OF Pete pees be ol pra, Ree eee os ree segue nitens

Th. 3 with 6 macrochaetae per side (Fig. 17); labral papillae of type

II (Fig. 2); Eyes 2 + 2; Costa Rica, Guatemala, Peru ..... schoetti

. Th. 2 with 2 inner posterior setae (Mari Mutt, 1979a:fig. 7); 2 P

macrochaetae present (Mari Mutt, 1979a:fig. 2); unguiculus with

inner toothlike projection; Gabon: ..........6..5..6.ese.05- barrai

Th. 2 with 3 inner posterior setae (Figs. 16, 18); 3 P macrochaetae

present (e.g. Figs. 5, 8); unguiculus without inner toothlike pro-

POUR pie aR eer Paresh ler BE lod Seco a9, oe eects et es 10

Eyes not surrounded by pigment; mucro without basal spine; Ga-

ERTL gear, aah geo atta SRL ee eee a atest A at Reb ea ea 3S subdubius

Eyes surrounded by pigment; mucro with basal spine ........... 11

Tibiotarsi with inner row of smooth (very finely striated) setae

(Barra, 1968:111, fig. 4); differentiated seta of outer labial papilla

reaching apex of its papilla (Fig. 15); Ivory Coast.......... dubius

All tibiotarsal setae conspicuously ciliated; differentiated seta of

outer labial papilla typical, not reaching apex of its papilla (Mari

Mott, 19/9a:tie. 15); “Puerto Rice. ..ci.ccee ees. ane. puertoricensis

VOLUME 56, NUMBER I! 13

Heteromurus (Heteromurtrella) stannardi Mari Mutt

Heteromurus stannardi Mari Mutt, 1977:326—329. Mari Mutt, 1978a:242.

Mari Mutt, 1978b:5.

Apex of Ant. 5 without pin seta but with 1 or 2 unusually long, apically

spatulated setae (Fig. 20, 21). Eyes (2 + 2) surrounded by dark pigment.

Labral papillae of type III (Fig. 3); middle pair large, placed close together,

lateral pair rounded in dorsal view. Labial chaetotaxy as in Fig. 13. Setae

of maxillary palp typical of subgenus (e.g. Fig. 12). Differentiated seta of

outer labial papilla not reaching apex of its papilla (Fig. 14). Inner unguicular

lamellae toothless. Abd. 2 with a second macrochaeta (omitted in original

description) placed in the same position as in other members of subgenus

(e.g. Figs. 10, 16). Dorsum of manubrium with 3 pairs of smooth erect setae;

proximal dorsal portion of dentes with a pair of these setae.

Diagnosis.—The species is closest to H. nitens and subdubius. From the

first it may be separated by the color pattern, claw structure, number eyes

(1 + 1 in nitens, 2 + 2 in stannardi), chaetotaxy of Th.2-Abd. 1, and by

lack of periocellar pigmentation in nitens. From subdubius it may be sep-

arated by the color pattern, claw structure, chaetotaxy of Abds. 1-4, ab-

sence of periocellar pigmentation in subdubius, and by the type of labral

papillae (II in subdubius, WI in stannardi).

Material examined and distribution.—INHS. Solomon Islands, Gua-

dalcanal, Mt. Popamanasiu, 1320 m, Nov. 1-4, 1965, mossy ridge forest

litter, P. N. Lawrence, col., Royal Society Expedition, B. M. 1966—1, 3

paratypes. The holotype and additional paratypes are at the BMNH.

The species is known from a single locality in the Solomon Islands.

Heteromurus (Heteromurtrella) mirificus (Salmon)

Ptenura mirifica Salmon, 1954:125—127. Salmon, 1964:480.

Heteromurus mirificus (Salmon). Barra, 1968:107, 114-116, 117 (misidenti-

fication, specimens described as a new species by Mari Mutt, 1979a).

Habitus as in Figure 27. Length up to 1.7 mm. Pigment restricted to

antennae and anterior half of head. Pin seta not seen but apex of Ant. 5 with

a conspicuous apically knobbed seta. Eyes 2 + 2 on dark patch. Head

macrochaetotaxy as in Figure 9. Labral papillae of type II (Fig. 1), large,

strongly hooked and apically pointed, not as type II of schoetti (see Fig. 2),

shorter than in barrai. Labial chaetotaxy, setae of maxillary palp, and dif-

ferentiated seta of outer labial papilla typical of subgenus. Body macro-

chaetotaxy as in Figure 10. Tibiotarsi without smooth setae. Structure of

claws as in Figure 24, inner margin of unguiculus with conspicuous tooth.

14 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

No smooth setae seen on furcula but this may be due to condition of spec-

imens. Mucro with basal spine.

Diagnosis.—The species is most similar to H. similis from which it may

be separated by the chaetotaxy of Abd. 1 (2 setae in mirificus, 1 in similis),

and by the relative position of the outer pair of macrochaetae of Th. 3 (Figs.

10, 19).

Material examined and distribution. —BMNH, Uganda, Ruwenzori, Mt.

Baker, about 4340 m, in soil sample R3, Feb. 2, 1949, G. Salt, col., 1

paratype (J. T. Salmon colln., 3788, 1953—388). MCZ. Ruwenzori, above

Lake Bujuka, under moss on stone, about 4000 m, Jan. 31, 1949, G. Salt,

col., 2 paratypes (J. T. Salmon colln., 2598-9, 29423). The holote (not seen)

is at the BMNH.

The species is known only from Uganda.

Heteromurus (Heteromurtrella) similis Barra

Heteromurus similis Barra, 1968:105—107, 112-114, 117.

This species is very similar to H. mirificus (sensu Salmon, 1954, nec.

Barra, 1968); the only difference I can find is the chaetotaxy of Th. 3-Abd.

2 (Figs. 10, 19). Both species are similar in all other characteristics listed

under mirificus. Habitus as in Figure 28, manubrium dorsally with smooth

setae.

Material examined and distribution.—JAB. Gabon, Plateau-Ipassa, IPA

5E, 17, June 7, 1956, in soil 0-5 cm, J. A. Barra, col., holotype and 1

paratype. As preceding but IPA 3, fruit B, May 15, 1966, fruit B of Stro-

phantus sarmentosus lying on soil, 1 paratype. As preceding but IPA 6, Cl.

3, June 11, 1966, on burned area, 1 paratype.

The species is known only from Gabon.

Heteromurus (Heteromurtrella) nitens Yosu

Heteromurus nitens Yosii, 1964:14-16. Barra, 1968:106, 110. Mari Mutt,

1977:326.

The type material of this species is in the author’s collection (RY) and

has not been available for study.

Judging from the original description, the species appears closest to H.

stannardi and subdubius. From the former it may be separated by a series

— >

Figs. 1-9. Figs. 14. Labral papillae. 1. Heteromurus (Heteromurtrella) mirificus. 2. H.

(H.) schoetti. 3. H. (H.) stannardi. 4. H. (A.) diommatus. Figs. 5-9. Head macrochaetotaxy,

each dot represents one seta. 5. H. (A.) dubius. 6. H. (H.) schoetti. 7. H. (H.) diommatus.

8. H. (A.) subdubius. 9. H. (H.) mirificus.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 15

Se A SUOMI a ea

16 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 17

of characters listed in that species’ diagnosis. From subdubius it may be

separated by the color pattern, claw structure, chaetotaxy of Th. 2 & Abd.

1, and by the type of labral papillae (II in subdubius, III in nitens).

The species is known only from its type locality in the Tonga Islands

(Eua).

Heteromurus (Heteromurtrella) schoetti Denis

Heteromurus schoetti Denis, 1931:145, 146, 164. Denis, 1933:254—255. Barra

1968:105, 107.

Ptenura schoetti (Denis). Salmon, 1964:483.

Heteromurus (Heteromurus) schoetti Denis. Mari Mutt, 1978a:244.

Heteromurus bidentatus Denis, 1931:146, 147, 164. Denis, 1933:255. Yosii,

1964:16. Barra, 1968:105, 107. NEW SYNONYMY.

Ptenura bidentata (Denis). Salmon, 1964:478.

Habitus as in Figure 30. Length up to 2.0 mm (type material up to 1.5

mm). Completely devoid of pigment. Apex of Ant. 5 without pin seta but

with a long, apically knobbed seta (Fig. 22). Eyes 2 + 2, not surrounded by

pigment. Head macrochaetotaxy as in Figure 6. Labral papillae of type II

(Fig. 2), all strongly conelike, straight, not as type II of mirificus (see Fig.

1). Labial chaetotaxy (Fig. 11), setae of maxillary palp (Fig. 12), and dif-

ferentiated seta of outer labial papilla typical of subgenus. Tibiotarsi without

smooth setae. Ungues bi-, tri-, or quadridentate (Figs. 25, 26). Unguiculus

without inner tooth. Body macrochaetotaxy as in Figure 17. Dorsum of

manubrium with 4 pairs of smooth setae arranged in 2 longitudinal rows; 1

pair of these setae also on dorsal proximal portion of dentes. Mucro with

or without basal spine (see comments).

Diagnosis.—The species is close to H. puertoricensis and nitens. From

the first it may be separated by the chaetotaxy of Th. 2 (with 7 posterior

setae in schoetti (Fig. 17), with 6 posterior setae in puertoricensis, see Mari

Mutt, 1979a: fig. 6), and by the type of labral papillae (II in schoetti, HII in

puertoricensis). Denis’ species may be separated from nitens by the chae-

totaxy of Th. 3, type of labral papillae (II in schoetti, HI in nitens), and by

the number of eyes (2 + 2 in schoetti, 1 + 1 in nitens).

Comments.—The three specimens from Guatemala (see material exam-

Figs. 10-19. Fig. 10. H. (H.) mirificus—body macrochaetotaxy. Fig. 11. H. (H.) schoetti—

chaetotaxy of labial triangle. Fig. 12. H. (A.) schoetti—maxillary palp. Fig. 13. H. (H.)

stannardi—chaetotaxy of labial triangle. Figs. 14-15. Differentiated seta of outer labial pa-

pilla. 14. H. (A.) stannardi. 15. H. (H.) dubius. Figs. 16-19. Body macrochaetotaxy. 16. H.

(H.) subdubius. 17. H. (A.) schoetti. 18. H. (H.) dubius. 19. H. (H.) similis.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

rian

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 19

ined) differ in two ways from those of Costa Rica. The largest Guatemalan

specimen is about 2.0 mm long while none of the Costa Rican specimens

exceed 1.5 mm. No trace of mucronal spine is found in the Guatemalan

specimens, the site where the base of the spine should be is occupied by a

conspicuous depression. The basal spine seems absent in one of the mu-

crones of two Costa Rican specimens. Both Peruvian specimens possess

the basal spine.

The condition of preservation of the Costa Rican material did not allow

the comparison of many characters between both groups of specimens but

for those that could be studied both groups are identical. The four inner

macrochaetae of Th. 2 are clearly visible in the Costa Rican specimens.

One of the front ungues of one Guatemalan specimen is clearly bidentate

and based on this I regard bidentatus as a junior synonym of schoetti.

Specimens of both taxa have been collected together (Denis, 1931:147).

Material examined and distribution.—MNHN. Costa Rica, Orizuaco

(spelled Orijuco in label), Mat. Silvestri 1930, T:2, 4 syntypes (slide D-0007).

San Jose, Mat. Silvestri 1930, T:16, 1 syntype (slide D-0009). La Carpinteria,

C.R. 32, No. 12, March 1931, 1 specimen (slide D-0008). La Palma, C.R.

32, July 1931, 1 specimen (as H. bidentatus, slide D-0006). FMNH. Gua-

temala, Finca San Rafael, Sacatepaquez, 2300 m, June 30, 1948, leaf mold,

R. D. Mitchell, col., Field Museum of Natural History Guatemala Expedi-

tion, 2 specimens. INHS. 1 specimen from preceding locality. JAMM. Peru,

surroundings of Tingo Maria, Monzon-Tal, banana plantation, 800 m, Dec.

14, 1956, C. Winter, col., 2 specimens (identified as H. nitidus (Templeton)

by Winter 1963:509, collection 34a).

The species is known from Costa Rica, Guatemala and Peru.

Heteromurus (Heteromurtrella) subdubius Barra

Heteromurus subdubius Barra, 1968:105, 106, 108-110, 112, 117. Mari Mutt,

1977:326 (misspelled subduvius).

Habitus as in Figure 29. Completely unpigmented. Pin seta and apically

knobbed seta of Ant. 5 present. Eyes 2 + 2, not surrounded by pigment.

Head macrochaetotaxy as in Figure 8, Ao absent. Labral papillae of type

III, as in diommatus (Fig. 4). Tibiotarsi without smooth setae. Ungues tri-,

Figs. 20-26. Figs. 20-22. Apex of Ant. 5. 20, 21. H. (H.) stannardi. 22. H. (H.) schoetti.

Figs. 23-26. Metathoracic claws. 23. H. (H.) diommatus. 24. H. (H.) mirificus 25, 26. H. ia

schoetti from Guatemala.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 27-28. Habitus. 27. H. (4.) mirificus—paratype deposited at the MCZ. 28. H. (H.)

similis—holotype.

or quadridentate. Unguiculus without tooth on inner margin. Body macro-

chaetotaxy as in Figure 16. Dorsum of manubrium and proximal dorsal

portion of dentes with smooth setae. Mucro with basal spine.

Diagnosis.—The species is closest to H. dubius and puertoricensis. It

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1

Figs. 29-30. Habitus. 29, H. (H.) subdubius—holotype. 30. H. (H.) schoetti—specimen

from Guatemala. :

may be separated from both by the absence of periocellar pigmentation and

mucronal spine in subdubius.

Material examined and distribution.—JAB. Gabon, Plateau-Ipassa, IPA

8 AVTC 5, June 23, 1966, in leaf litter, J. A. Barra, col., holotype. As

preceding but IPA 6 Cig, June 11, 1966, 2 paratypes.

The species is known only from Gabon (Plateau-Ipassa).

22 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Heteromurus (Heteromurtrella) dubius Delamare Deboutteville

Heteromurus dubius Delamare Deboutteville, in Delamare Deboutteville &

Paulian, 1952:68. Delamare Deboutteville, 1951a:54, 67. Delamare De-

boutteville, 1951b:271. Barra, 1968:105, 106, 108, 110-112, 117. Mari

Mutt, 1978a:242.

Ptenura dubius (Delamare Deboutteville). Salmon, 1964:479.

Length up to 1.2 mm. Pigment restricted to eye patch. Apex of Ant. 5

with knobbed seta. Eyes 2 + 2. Head macrochaetotaxy as in Figure 5.

Labral papillae of type III, as in diommatus (Fig. 4). Labial chaetotaxy and

setae of maxillary palp typical of subgenus. Differentiated seta of outer

labial papilla as in Figure 15, reaching apex of its papilla. Tibiotarsi with an

inner row of smooth (finely striated) setae (see Barra, 1968:111, Fig. 4).

Ungues tri- or quadridentate. Unguiculus without tooth on inner margin.

Body macrochaetotaxy as in Figure 18. Dorsum of manubrium with four

pairs of smooth erect setae arranged in two longitudinal rows. Mucro with

basal spine.

Diagnosis.—The species is closest to H. subdubius and puertoricensis.

It may be distinguished from the first by the presence of periocellar pig-

mentation in dubius, absence of the mucronal spine in subdubius, and by

the tibiotarsal chaetotaxy. From puertoricensis it may be separated by the

tibiotarsal chaetotaxy (absence of smooth setae in puertoricensis) and by

the length of the differentiated seta of the outer labial papilla in relation to

the length of its papilla.

Material examined (collected by C. Delamare Deboutteville and R. Pau-

lian) and distribution.—Ivory Coast, Lo Banco, x 44, Aug. 17, 1945 (type

locality), 23 paratypes. As preceding but H 9, July 27, 1946, 5 specimens.

As preceding but T 22, Aug. 3, 1945, 2 specimens. The holotype (not seen)

is at the MNHN.

The species is known only from Ivory Coast (Lo Banco).

Heteromurus (Heteromurtrella) abruptus (Salmon)

Ptenura abrupta Salmon, 1951:137-138. Salmon, 1964:478.

Heteromurus abruptus (Salmon). Mari Mutt, 1979a:214.

The number and shape of the eyes (6 + 6, 3 large and 3 small—see

Salmon, 1951:137, Fig. 32) serves to separate this species from all other

Heteromurus. It is placed in Heteromurtrella based only on geographic

distribution.

The paraptype at hand measures 0.85 mm (original description states up

to 0.65 mm) but otherwise agrees with Salmon’s description, including that

of the number and arrangement of the eyes. Its condition did not allow the

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 23

study of chaetotaxy or other characters recently introduced in the taxonomy

of the genus.

Material examined and distributionx—BMNH. Singapore, catchment

area jungle, in leaf mold, Sept. 1949, M. W. F. Tweedie, col., 1 paratype

mounted in polyvinyl alcohol mounting medium, J. T. Salmon colln., no.

65. The holotype (not seen) and other paratypes are at the BMNH.

The species is known only from the type locality in Singapore.

Heteromurus (Heteromurtrella) lividus (Salmon).

Ptenura livida Salmon, 1954:125, 126. Salmon, 1964:479.

Heteromurus lividus (Salmon). Mari Mutt, 1979a:214.

The material at hand is in poor condition and only a few details can be

added to Salmon’s description: At least a pair of macrochaetae on posterior

portion of head and at least 1 on Abd. 1. Tibiotarsi devoid of smooth setae

with exception of opposite seta to tenent hair on metathoracic legs. Ungues

bidentate, inner lamellae on which teeth are placed do not continue down

inner margin of ungues as shown by Salmon (p. 126, Fig. 8) but end at base

of teeth as in stannardi (see Mari Mutt, 1977:329, Fig. 6). Unguiculi quad-

rilamellate, not trilamellate as stated in original description. Outer tooth of

unguiculus large. Tenent hair lanceolate. Dorsum of manubrium with at least

1 smooth seta. Number of eyes and distribution of pigment as stated by

Salmon.

Material examined and distribution.—NZNM. Uganda, Ruwenzori, Mt.

Baker, about 4620 m, in soil sample, Jan. 26, 1949, G. Salt, col., 3 paratypes

(2 without head), J. T. Salmon colln., slides no. 329 and 330. The holotype

(not seen) is at the BMNH.

The species is known only from the type locality in Uganda.

Heteromurus (Heteromurtrella) diommatus Denis

Heteromurus diommatus Denis, 1931:143-145, 164. Mari Mutt, 1978a:242.

Ptenura diommata (Denis). Salmon, 1964:479.

Although 3 specimens are at hand, their condition did not allow a detailed

study. Eyes 2 + 2 ona large dark patch. Labral papillae of type III (Fig. 4).

Smooth setae present along both sides of median cleft of venter of head.

Head macrochaetotaxy as in Figure 7. Tibiotarsi without smooth setae.

Claw structure as in Figure 23. Dorsum of manubrium with smooth setae.

Diagnosis.—On account of its pigmentation, 2 + 2 eyes on a dark patch,

and claw structure; the species may be separated with some confidence

from all other Heteromurus. It appears closest to A. lividus but differs from

it by its claw structure (see key).

24 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Material examined and distributionx—_MNHN. Costa Rica, Nov. 1928,

mat. Silvestri, 1030 T. 3, 3 specimens on slides D-0010, 0011, 0012.

Although these specimens are not labeled as type material, they are part

of the type series and should be regarded as syntypes (article 73c of the

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature). The specimen on slide

D-0010 is probably the one on which Denis based his figure 147 (p. 144).

The species is known only from the type locality in Costa Rica.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank the staff of the Faunistics Section of the Illinois Natural

History Survey, Urbana, Illinois, for their support and encouragement dur-

ing my four-year stay there.

I must also express my gratitude to the specialists and institutions that

lent material for study. I am especially thankful to Dr. J. A. Barra.

Literature Cited

Barra, J. A. 1968. Contribution a l’étude du genre Heteromurus Wankel 1860 (Collemboles).

Biol. Gabon., 4:105-117.

Borner, C. 1903. Uber neue altweltliche Collembolen, nebst Bemerkungen zur Systematik der

Isotominen und Entomobryinen. Sitzber. Ges. naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, 3:129-182,

1 pl.

Delamare Deboutteville, C. 1951a. Microfaune du sol des pays tempérés et tropicaux. Actual.

Sci. Indust., Hermann & Cie., éditeurs, Paris, 1160: 1-360.

Delamare Deboutteville, C. 1951b. Les dependances du sol et les sols suspendus. Considér-

ations sur les facteurs historiques en biocénotique (Coll. Internat. Centre Rec. Sci.

Ecol.), Ann. Biol., 27(4):267—280.

Delamare Deboutteville, C., and R. Paulian. 1952. Faune des nids et des terriers en Basse

Cote d'Ivoire. Encycl. biogéogr. écol. VII, Paul LeChevalier, ed., 12 Rue de Tournon,

Paris (VI°), pp. 1-116.

Denis, J. R. 1931. Contributo alla conoscenza del ‘‘microgenton’’ di Costa Rica. II. Collem-

boles de Costa Rica avec une contribution au species de l’ordre. Boll. R. Lab. Entom.

Agr. Portici, 25:69-170.

Denis, J. R. 1933. Contributo alla conoscenza del ‘‘microgenton’’ di Costa Rica. III. Collem-

bolles de Costa Rica avec une contribution au species de l’ordre (deuxieme note). Boll.

R. Lab. Entom. Agr. Portici, 27:222—322.

Mari Mutt, J. A. 1977. A new species of Heteromurus from the Solomon Islands (Collembola:

Entomobryidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 52(4):326-330.

Mari Mutt, J. A. 1978a. The taxonomic status of Alloscopus and redescriptions of its two

species (Collembola: Entomobryidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 53(4):241-249.

Mari Mutt, J. A. 1978b. The types of Collembola (Insecta) at the Illinois Natural History

Survey. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Biol. Notes, 103:1-7.

Mari Mutt, J. A. 1979a. Heteromurtrella, a new subgenus of Heteromurus with descriptions

of two new species (Insecta: Collembola: Entomobryidae). J. Agr. Univ. P. R.,

63(2):214—-222.

Mari Mutt, J. A. 1979b. A revision of the genus Dicranocentrus Schott Insecta: Collembola:

Entomobryidae). Agr. Exp. Sta. Univ. P. R. Bull., 259:1-79.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 pe

Salmon, J. T. 1951. Some Collembola from Malaya. Proc. Roy. Entomol. Soc. Lond., Ser.

B, 20(11-12):131-141.

Salmon, J. T. 1954. Orchesellini (Collembola) from East Africa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser.

12, 7:122-127.

Salmon, J. T. 1964. An index to the Collembola. Roy. Soc. New Zealand Bull., 7:1-651.

Yosii, R. 1964. Collembola of the Tonga Islands. Kontyt 32(1):9-17.

Footnotes

1 This article is based, in part, on a thesis deposited by the author in the Graduate College

of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology, 1978.

? The system for naming head macrochaetae was proposed by Mari Mutt (1979b) and is

detailed therein.

BOOK REVIEW:

R. L. Blickle. 1979. Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) of America North of Mex-

ico. New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station, University of New

Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire. Station Bulletin 509.

Included in this bulletin are 180 species in 15 genera of the family known

to occur in the United States and Canada. This is an increase of 102 species

and 3 genera since Ross’ 1944 The Caddis Flies or Trichoptera of Illinois.

This is the first single publication in 35 years in which all recognized genera

and species to 1977 are presented. An excellent key to genera and to species

in each genus is given. A checklist of alphabetically arranged species in

each genus is included with known distributional records by state and/or

provinces. For those confused by the United States and Canada postal ab-

breviations of provinces and states an explanatory list of all such abbrevi-

ations is included. The bulletin is well illustrated with 183 original or re-

drawn published figures. Selected literature references are arranged as

follows: ‘‘Literature,’’ ‘‘Scent Organs,’’ ‘‘Hydroptilidae Records,’’ **‘Larval

Literature.’ Dr. Blickles’ excellent publication brings together figures, de-

scriptions and records of the family currently scattered in several dozen

publications. It is indispensible to present and future workers on the group.

It would be difficult for any Trichopterist to have any adverse criticisms.

Dr. Robert Blickle is to be congratulated on a publication long needed and

well done. There is a need for such compilations of the remaining families

in the order.

D. G. Denning

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. 56, No. 1 (1980), pp. 26-37

RECORDS OF SOME CERAMBYCIDAE FROM HONDURAS

(COLEOPTERA)

J. A. CHEMSAK AND E. G. LINSLEY

Division of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California,

Berkeley 94720

AND

J. V. MANKINS

Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Forestales, Siguatepeque,

Dept. Comayagua, Honduras

The Cerambycidae of Honduras, like many other groups of insects, are

not as well known as those from most other Central American countries. A

preliminary study of the collection at the Escuela Nacional de Ciencias

Forestales, Siguatepeque, Honduras, assembled by Jerome V. Mankins

from material collected primarily by himself and his students, the private

collection of Gary V. Manley of the Standard Fruit Company, presently

located at La Ceiba, Honduras, and 1978 collections made by Edmund Gies-

bert and by John A. Chemsak, E. G. and J. M. (Mrs. E. G.) Linsley revealed

not only many new records for the country but significant northern and

southern extensions of known geographical ranges. As a result, we decided

to make as much of the collection data as possible available at this time.

We have omitted undescribed species, of which there are many, some of

which will be described elsewhere, as well as those species which cannot

now be identified with reasonable certainty. Thus the paper is not intended

as a list of the Cerambycidae of Honduras but merely as a preliminary

contribution to a knowledge of the cerambycid fauna of that country.

Those species designated by an asterisk represent, to our knowledge, new

records for Honduras. The letter N indicates a northern record for the

species and S, a southern record. Because of the difficulty in determining

the sex of many species without the aid of a microscope, we have omitted

citing this in a number of cases.

Localities

In the interest of saving space, and since the number of localities involved

are relatively few, they are listed below within the appropriate Department.

Honduran Localities

Barocoa—Cortes Los Manos—Yuscaran

Catacamas—Olancho Minas de Oro—Comayagua

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1

Choloma—Cortes

Choluteca—Choluteca

Comayagua—Comayagua

Copan—Copan

Coyoles—Atlantida

Danli—E] Paraiso

El Mochito—Santa Barbara

El] Ricon—Comayagua

El Taladro—La Paz

Jutiapa—Olancho

La Ceiba—Atlantida

La Esperanza—Intibuca

Lago Yojoa—Santa Barbara

La Libertad—Comayagua

La Lima—Cortes

Lamani—Comayagua

Lancetilla—Atlantida

La Lajas—Comayagua

La Paz—La Paz

Lempira—Lempira

Morazan—Y oro

Nuevo Armenia—Atlantida

Olanchito—Olancho

Olancho—Olancho

Omoa—Cortes

Pena Blanca—Santa Barbara

Pespire—Morazan

San Jose de Comayagua—Comayagua

San Marcos de Colon—San Marcos de

Colon

San Pedro Sula—Cortes

Santa Ana—F. Morazan

Santa Barbara—Santa Barbara

Siguatepeque—Comayagua

Taulabe—Comayagua

Tegucigalpa—Distrito Central

45 km S Tela—Yoro

Trujillo—Colon

Yoro—Yoro

Zambrano—F. Morazan

Zamorano—F. Morazan

Acknowledgments

This study was carried out in conjunction with a National Science Foun-

dation sponsored study on North American Cerambycidae through Grant

DEB 76-23849 AO1.

John Chemsak and E. G. Linsley wish to express appreciation to the

authorities of the Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Forestales in Siguatepeque

for providing living accomodations for them and Mrs. Linsley during their

stay in Honduras, as well as making facilities at the Escuela available for

examination of the collections. We also wish to thank Gary V. Manley

(G.V.M.) and Edmund Giesbert (E.G.) for allowing us to extract records

from their collections. Material collected by the authors and J. M. Linsley

is designated by the initials, J.A.C., E.G.L., J.L. and J.V.M.

Parandrinae

Parandra glabra (Degeer)* Lago Yojoa: 1 3, [V-28-77 (Padilla): 1 2, V-12-

77 (Flores); 1 2, VII-16-77 (JVM); 3 d4,1 9, X-6-77 (JVM); 1 6, VII-

7-78 (JVM).

Parandra angulicollis Bates* Lago Yojoa: 1 2, VII-29-76 (Chavez); 1 3, 2

29, VII-31-77, 2 22, V-12-77 (Flores); 1 6, 2 22, VII-6-78. Pespire: 1

3, X-12-74 (Canales). La Paz: 1 ¢, VII-21-78. Siguatepeque: 1 2, VII-7-

28 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

78. La Ceiba: 1 ¢, 1 2, V-30-78 (GVM); 3 22, VI-17-78 (GVM); 1 °,

VII-15-78 (GVM).

Parandra polita Say* Siguatepeque: 45 3 6, 19 2 2, February to November,

many under bark, in rotting stumps and logs of dead Pinus (JVM and

various collectors). San Jose de Comayagua: IV-18-74, ex dead Pinus

(Cardenas). Lago Yojoa: 2 6d, IV-28-77 (Padilla); 2 ¢6¢, V-12-77 (Na-

varro); 1 36, V-7-77 (JVM); 1 @, III-18-77 (Rodriguez); 1 2, VII-29-76; 1

6, VII-7-78; 1 3d, X-6-77 (JVM); 1 &, III-4-77 (Shion); 4 6d, 1 92, VII-

6 to 15-78. El Rincon: 1. 9, IV-22-77 (Diaz). Lancetilla: 1 3, [V-18-76

(Sarmiento). Copan: 1 ¢, V-18-77 (Duarte). La Libertad: 2 9 2, IV-22-

77. Taulabe: 1 2, VII-20-76 (Castro). El Taladro: 1 ¢, II-17-77 (Andrade);

1 3, VIII-26-77 (JVM). Comayagua: 1 6, VI-25-78. Jutiapa: 1 ¢, V-15-

78. Las Lajas: 1 3, VI-10-78.

Prioninae

Callipogon barbatum (Fabricius)* La Ceiba: hundreds of individuals on two

old but living orange trees, including mating pairs, VI-11-72 (JVM); 1

2, V-24-72 (JVM); 4 22, VI-12-73; 1 2, VII-29-78 (GVM). Catacamas,

IX-1-76 (Oseguera). Siguatepeque: 1 2, X-20-74 (JVM). Lago Yojoa: 15

63,8 22, June and July (JVM and various collectors). Nuevo Armenia:

1 6, VII-22-78. Lancetilla: 1 9, V-24/28-78 (EG).

Callipogon cinnamomeum (Linnaeus)* N Siguatepeque: 1 ¢, II-2-77 (JVM).

El Taladro: 1 6, VIII-1-75 (JVM); 1 2, I-12-78 (JVM). Choluteca: 1 ¢,

X-20-75 (Guerra). La Ceiba: 1 ¢, X-25-71 (JVM); 1 6, VIII-5-78 (GVM).

Callipogon lemoinei Reiche* N La Ceiba: 1 2, I[I-2-72 (JVM).

Derobrachus apterus Bates* S La Esperanza: 1 @, VII-22-78 (JVM). Si-

guatepeque, 10 mi N: 1 @, VII-16-78 (JVM).

Derobrachus sulcicornis LeConte Siguatepeque: 20 ¢46, 7 22, March to

November (most individuals taken from April to August) (JVM and var-

ious collectors). Comayagua: 1 9°, [X-17-77 (JVM). Pespire: 1 3, 1 9,

VII-12-75 (Canales). Zamorano: 1 3, V-20-78. Las Lajas: 1 6, VI-10-78.

Macrodontia dejeani Gory Siguatepeque: 1 6, VII-7-74 (JVM). La Esper-

anza: 1 @, VII-22-78 (JVM).

Strongylaspis corticaria (Erichson)* Siguatepeque: 1 ¢, V-2-78 (Cornejo).

Lago Yojoa: 1 °, VI-6-78 (Maradiaga). Tela: 1 d, 1 2, V-26-77 (Rivas),

IX-4-78 (JVM). La Ceiba: 1 9, VI-9-72 (JVM); 1 3, VII-29-78 (GVM).

Pyrodes marginata White Tela: 1 3, [X-4-78 (JVM). Lago Yojoa: 1 3, [X-

10-78 (JVM).

Aseminae

Arhopalus asperatus (LeConte)* S Siguatepeque: 18 646,17 2°, March to

July (SVM and various collectors). Taulabe: 1 ¢, VII-20-76 (Carvajal).

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 2g

Pespire: 1 2, IV-24-74 (JMV). Choluteca: 1 3, IV-7-77 (Moncada). Lago

Yojoa: 1 d, V-12-77 (Flores); 1 6, 2 292, VII-6-78. El Taladro: 1 2, II-

17-77 (Mejia); 1 2, VI-18-78 (Maradiaga); 1 ¢, V-26-78; 1 2, V-18-78.

Zamorano: | 2, XII-23-77 (JVM). Las Lajas: 2 2 2, VI-10-78 (Martinez).

Jutiapa: 1 ¢, V-15-78 (Caceres). La Libertad: 1 6, III-3-77. Tegucigalpa:

1 2, VI-28-78.

Arhopalus productus (LeConte)* S Siguatepeque: 6 d¢, 3 2°, April to

September (JVM and various collectors). La Paz: 1 2, VII-21-78 (Bar-

rios). Lago Yojoa: 1d, IV-28-77 (Moncada). Tela: 1 ¢, V-19-77 (Flores).

Arhopalus rusticus (Linnaeus)* S Siguatepeque: 1 6, V-19-77 (Quezada).

El Taladro: 1 °, VIII-26-77 (JVM).

Cerambycinae

Malacopterus tenellus (Fabricius)* La Ceiba: 1 ¢, X-25-71 (JVM); 1 6, HI-

22-73 (JVM); 1 3, VI-17-78 (GVM). El Taladro: 1 ¢@, III-4-78 (JVM).

Yoro: 1 d, XII-29-73 (JVM).

Atenizus simplex Bates* N Isla Roatan: 2, VI-26—30-78 (EG).

Achryson surinamum (Linnaeus)* Siguatepeque: 1 9, V-22-76; 1 6,1 @,

VI-5-76 (JVM); 1 36, 1 2, VI-14 to 16-75 (JVM). El Taladro: 1 2, VII-9-

76; 146, 1 2, VI-26-78 (JVM); 12 d¢, 11 2, H-12 to 26-78; 1 3,1 &,

III-25-76. La Lima: 1 ¢, IV-13-76. Comayagua: 1 2, VI-3-78. La Ceiba:

1 3d, VII-15-78 (GVM). Coyoles: 1 3, II-1-78 (GVM); 1 2, IV-7-78

(GVM). Zamorano: 1 3, [X-12-78 (JVM).

Brasilianus batus (Linnaeus)* N Siguatepeque: 1 ¢°, V-10-77 (JVM). La

Ceiba: 1 6, V-17-72 (JVM); 1 6, IL]-1-77 (Madrid); 1 3, V-13-77 (GVM).

Yoro: 1 ¢, XII-28-77 (JVM). Choloma: 1 2, IV-3-77 (Flores). Taulabe:

1 3d, VII-8-78 (Esbeih).

Perilasius championi Bates* S Siguatepeque: 1 ¢, VII-12-76 (JVM).

Eburodacrys havanensis Chevrolat* N Pespire: 1 ¢, V-29-76 (JVM). Za-

morano: 1 d, V-30-75 (Bega); 1 56, 1 2, VII-25-77 (JVM). El Taladro: 1

3d, V-22-76 (JVM). San Marcos de Colon: 1 ¢, V-16-76 (Mong).

Eburodacrys mexicana Thomson* Isla Roatan: 3 2 2, VI-26-30-78 (EG).

Eburodacrys callixantha Bates* Siguatepeque; 1 2, VI-14-76 (JVM); 1 6,

VI-15-78. Zamorano: 1 9, III-5-75; 1 2, IV-27 to V-5-64 (Axtell). El

Taladro: 1 6, II-12-78 (JVM).

Eburodacrys coalescens Bates* N 45 km S Tela: 1 ¢, V-25-—27-78 (EG).

Eburia pedestris White* Siguatepeque: 1 °, I[V-24-77 (JVM). Tela: 2 °°,

V-10 & 12-23 (T. Hubbell). Lancetilla: 1 6,3 29, V-24-78 (EG).

Malobidion grande Chemsak & Linsley* S Coyoles: 2 66, VI-17-78

(GVM).

Aneflus pubescens Linsley Jutiapa: 1 2, V-15-78 (Caceres).

Psyrassa ebenina Linsley* Yoro: 1 2, XII-28-77 (JVM).

Psyrassa basicornis Pascoe* Siguatepeque: 16 (both sexes), various dates,

30 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

April to September (most April to June) (JVM). Yoro: 2, XII-28-77 (JVM).

Lago Yojoa: 1, V-7-77 (JVM); 1, VII-6-78. La Paz: 1, VII-21-78. Zam-

brano: 1, VIJ-15-78. Tegucigalpa: 1, VI-30-78.

Micropsyrassa bimaculata (Bates)* Coyoles: 1 5, VI-21-78 (GVM). Copan:

1, VI-22—23-78 (EG).

Stenosphenus cribripennis Thomson* S Yoro: 1 2, XII-29-77 ( (JVM).

Stenosphenus ochraceus Bates* Coyoles: 2 64, 10 2°, various dates,

January to July (GVM).

Stenosphenus trispinosus Bates* Siguatepeque: 1 ¢, VI-14-78. La Esper-

anza: 1 ¢, VII-22-78 (JVM). Yoro: 1 2, XIJ-28-77 (JVM). Lago Yojoa:

1 3d, IX-10-78 (JVM). Lamani: 1 3, [X-14-78 (JVM).

Stenosphenus sp. La Ceiba: 1, [X-14-78 (GVM).

Atylostagma polita White Siguatepeque: 1 3, [X-13-75 (JVM). 45 km S

Tela: 1 9, V-5—27-78 (EG).

Nephalioides nigriventris (Bates) El Taladro: 1 ¢, H-12-78 (JVM).

Eutrichophoroides albisparsus (Bates)* N Zamorano: 1 6, VI-75.

Ironeus duplex Bates* N Siguatepeque: 1 ¢, [X-14-75 (JVM). Coyoles: 1

3, VI-21-78 (GVM).

Enaphalodes coronatum (White) El Taladro: 1 6, II-17-76 (Moncada). 45

km S Tela: 1 3, 1 9, V-25-27-78 (EG.). Siguatepeque: 1 2, VII-16-78

(JVM).

Enaphalodes atomarius (Drury)* S Zamorano: 1 6, IV-11-77.

Elaphidionoides gibbulus (Bates)* S Siguatepeque: 1 ¢, VII-3-74 (JVM); 1

3d, VI-15-77 (JVM). Choluteca: 1 2, IV-14-76 (Estrada). Zamorano: 1

3d, XII-23-77 (JVM). Pespire: 1 2, IV-24-74 (JVM). El Taladro: 1 6, II-

12-78 (JVM).

Anelaphus misellus (Bates)* Siguatepeque: 1 6, VI-15-77 (JVM). Pespire:

14,1 9, V-3-75, VIII-14-73 (Canales). Lago Yojoa: 1 2, IV-28-77 (Mon-

cada). El Taladro: 1 @, V-4-76 (Sarmiento); 1 6, IJ-17-77 (Vasquez); 1

3d, II-12-78 (JVM).

Anelaphus inermis (Newman)* S Isla Roatan: 3 9 2, VI-26-30-78 (EG). Za-

morano: 1 6, II-14-77. Lago Yojoa: 1 ¢, V-12-77 (Padilla). Comayagua:

1 6, I-7-77 (JVM).

Peranoplium undulatum (Bates)* S Lago Yojoa: 1 ¢, V-12-77 (Argueta). El

Taladro: 1 °, I[-27-77 (Rivas).

Trichophorus electus Gahan* N Zamorano: 1 @, IIJ-14-74, 1 ¢, [V-22-77;

2466,2 28, VU-25-77 (JVM); 1 6, 1 @, XII-22-77 (JVM); 2 dd, 2

22, [X-12-78 (JVM). Yoro: 2 ¢66, XII-28-77 (JVM). Siguatepeque: 1

2, V-15-77 (SVM). Comayagua: 1 ¢, X-9-77 (Lanza); 1 6, XII-14-78. El

Taladro: 1 2, [-12-78 (JVM).

Elaphidion irroratum (Linnaeus)* S Siguatepeque: 1 2, VI-14-75 (JVM). La

Paz: 1 6, VU-21-78 (JVM). Zamorano: 2 22, VII-22—25-77 (JVM); 2

36d6,3 22, IX-12-78 (JVM).

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 31

Haruspex inscriptus Gahan* 45 km S Tela: 1 9, V-25—27-78 (EG).

Piezocera monochroa Bates* S Siguatepeque: 1 d, 1 2, VI-3-75 (JVM).

Barocoa: 1 ¢, IV-13-75 (Sanchez). Coyoles: 3 d6¢,3 2°, various dates,

June and July (GVM). Comayagua: 1 9°, VI-2-78 (GVM). Copan: 7, VI-

22-78 (EG).

Gorybia reclusa Martins* N 45 km S Tela: 50 62, V-25—27-78 (EG). This

species was very abundant with adults running over dead logs.

Hexoplon calligrammum Bates* S Siguatepeque: 1 6, X-3-76 (JVM).

Compsibidion vanum Thomson* 45 km S Tela: 1 ¢6, 1 2, V-25-27-78 (EG).

Siguatepeque: 1 2, V-20-76 (JVM).

Neocompsa textilis (Thomson) Siguatepeque: 1 °, VII-15-74 (Alvarado); 1

6, VI-3-76 (JVM). Lago Yojoa: 1 6, [X-10-78 (JVM).

Neocompsa alacris (Bates)* La Paz: 1 3, VII-2-74 (JVM). Choluteca: 1

3, V-8-77 (JVM). El Taladro: 1 ¢, VII-23-78 (Fonseca).

Neocompsa ruatani (Bates) Isla Roatan: 6, VI-26-30-78 (EG).

Neocompsa tuberosa Martins* N Lancetilla: 1 6, V-24—28-78 (EG).

Heterachthes ebenus Newman Siguatepeque: 4 d66, 6 29, various dates,

April to July (JVM and various collectors). El Taladro: 1 9°, X-14-76

(Chavez). La Paz: VI-21-78 (Palmer).

Acyphoderes acutipennis Thomson* S La Ceiba: 1 2, V-20-78 (GVM).

Acyphoderes yucateca (Bates)* S Coyoles: 1 ¢, 1 2, VI-22-78 (GVM).

Ornithia mexicana (Sturm) Siguatepeque: 5 6 46,4 2 9, various dates, April

to August (JVM and various collectors). Lago Yojoa: 4 66,4 2 9, var-

ious dates, May to July (JVM and various collectors). La Ceiba: 1 ¢, IV-

20-71 (JVM); 8 od, 3 2%, various dates, March to July (GVM). Yoro:

1 3, XII-29-77 (JVM). El Taladro: 1 9, V-22-76 (JVM).

Megacyllene cayennensis (Laporte and Gory)* Taulabe: 1, VI-26-75 (JVM).

45 km S Tela: 8, V-25—27-78 (EG).

Megacyllene guttata (Chevrolat)* Comayagua: 1 °, V-22-78 (EG). 45 km

S Tela: 21, V-25—27-78 (EG).

Placosternus crinicornis (Chevrolat) Siguatepeque: 1 2, III-25-76 (JVM); 2

2¢, VI-15-77 (JVM); 1 6, VIII-18-76 (Messen). Danli: 1 3, [X-6-76

(Valerio). San Pedro Sula: 1 6, [X-14-77 (Guerra). Choluteca: 1 d, 1

2, V-7-77 (Moncada). El Taladro: 2 2 @, II-19-78 (JVM); 1 3, [X-25-77

(Aguilar). Lago Yojoa: 1 6, VIII-20-77 (JVM). 45 km S Tela: 1 6,1 9,

V-25-27-78 (EG).

~ Ochraethes citrinus Chevrolat* S Zamorano: 1 2, XII-24-65 (Freytag, Har-

lan). Los Manos: 3 9 @, XI-16-78.

Anthoboscus tricolor (Chevrolat)* Comayagua: 1 2, X-12-77 (Mejia). El

Taladro: 1 2°, VIII-6-76 (Espinosa). Los Manos: 1 9°, XI-16-78.

Mecometopus ion Chevrolat* La Ceiba: 1 6, 2 22, V-27-78, VI-17-78

(GVM). Coyoles: 1 2, VI-4-77 (GVM); 1 2, VI-17-78 (GVM). Trujillo: 1

2, [V-26-23 (Hubbell).

Mecometopus mundus Chevrolat* S Lancetilla: 1 9, X-27-77 (Valerio). Te-

a2 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

gucigalpa: VIII-10-74 (Servillon). Tela: 1 3d, V-19-77 (Mejia). 45 km S

Tela: 2 292, V-25-27-78 (EG). La Ceiba: 6, VI-10-78, VIII-5-78 (GVM).

Copan: 1, IV-1-78 (GVM). Coyoles: 1, VI-21-78 (GVM).

Neoclytus cacicus Chevrolat Siguatepeque: 1 6, X-10-77 (JVM). El Taladro:

20 63,5 2&, Il-19-26-78 (JVM); 1 3, XII-26-77 (JVM); 4 dd, V-21-78

(EG). Choluteca: 2 66, IV-7-77 (Moncado). Comayagua: 1 ¢, X-2-76

(Romero). Coyoles: 7 6d, 1 9, various dates. January to August (GVM).

Copan: 3 66, IV-1-78 (GVM).

Neoclytus irroratus (LeConte)* S Siguatepeque: 2 ¢64, 11 2°, various

dates, March to July (JVM and various collectors). Comayagua: 2 dd,

1 @, II-7-77 (JVM). Lago Yojoa: 1 6, 1 2, IV-28-77 (Cuadra).

Eplophorus boucardi Chevrolat Siguatepeque: 1 ¢, VII-24-78. Lago Yojoa:

1 2, VII-7-78. La Paz: 2 2°, VII-21-78 (JVM). Comayagua: 1 ¢, VII-10-

64 (Axtell).

Cleozona pulchra Bates* Comayagua: 1 2, VI-2-78 (GVM).

Tetranodus angulicollis Chemsak Copan: 2 6d, VI-22—23-78 (EG).

Diphyrama singularis Bates* N La Ceiba: 3 6d, 1 2, IV-8-78 (GVM).

Listroptera aterrima (Germar)* Lancetilla: 1 9, IV-26-74 (Herrera). Co-

yoles: 1 6, II-25-78 (GVM).

Rhopalophora laevicollis LeConte* S El Taladro: 1 ¢, V-21-78 (EG).

Dihammophora aurovittata Bates* Siguatepeque: 1 6, 2 992, V-4—17-77

(JVM).

Ozodes xanthophasma Bates* N La Ceiba: 2 66, 4 °°, various dates,

April to July (GVM). 45 km S Tela: 2 9 2, V-25-78 (EG).

Agallissus lepturoides (Chevrolat)* S El Taladro: 1 3, V-4-76 (Espinal).

Ancylocera amplicornis Chemsak* S Siguatepeque: 4 6d, 5 2°, various

dates, March to June (JVM and various collectors). Taulabe: 1 3, [X-20-

76 (JVM).

Ancylocera macrotela Bates* Siguatepeque: 9 dd, 15 22, various dates,

June to October (JVM and various collectors); 1 6,3 2°, VIII-10 to 26-

78 (JAC, EGL and JL). Lago Yojoa: 2 6d, 1 2, X-16-75 (JVM); 3 36,

4 °°, X-6-77; 1 6,2 @¢, VII-6-78. El Taladro: 2 6d, 2 22, May to

August. Comayagua: 1 2, XI-6-75 (JVM); 3 66, 1 2, [X-17-77 (JVM);

1 2, VI-4-78; 1.4, II-26-78; 1 ¢, VI-2-78 (GVM). Taulabe: 1 3, X-27-77

(JVM). Lempira: 1 6, VIII-16-77 (JVM). La Paz: 4 d6¢,2 29, VII-21-

78. Libertad: 1 ¢, VII-20-78. Zambrano: 1 °, VII-15-78.

Platyarthron bilineatum Guerin* S Omoa: 1 6, XII-30-77 (JVM).

Stenygra histrio Serville* Lago Yojoa: 3, June and July (JVM); 6, X-6-77.

Zamorano: 1, V-25-77 (JVM); 1, VII-25-77 (JVM); 2, XII-22-77 (JVM). El

Taladro: 9, July and September (JVM). La Paz: 5, VII-21-78 (JVM); 2,

VITI-22-78 (JAC, EGL and JL). Siguatepeque: 5, July and September.

Comayagua: 26, May to October. Coyoles: 4, VI-26-77 (GVM). 30 km

SE Siguatepeque: 1, VIII-23-78 (JAC, EGL and JL).

Cosmoplatidius sellatus (White) La Paz: 2, VII-32-78 (JVM). Siguatepeque:

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 ao

2, V-18-75 (JVM). Zamorano: 2, XII-22-77 (JVM). Lago Yojoa: 1, X-17-

76 (JVM). Tela: 1, [X-28-23 (Hubbell).

Deltosoma guatemalense Bates* S Comayagua: 1 6, VII-21-78 (JVM).

Gnaphalodes trachyderoides Thomson* Siguatepeque: 1 6, V-24-75 (JVM).

El Taladro: 1 ¢, V-4-76 (Padilla). Olanchito: [V-2-77 (Rivas). La Ceiba:

1 3d, VI-10-78 (GVM). Coyoles: 2 92, VI-19 and VIII-28-77 (GVM).

Lancetilla: 1 9, V-24—28-78 (EG).

Crioprosopus saundersi White* S La Paz: 1 6, VII-21-78 (JVM). Danli: 1

2, VII-28-78 (Hernandez).

Taranomis bivittata (Dupont)* S Coyoles: 5 66,3 2, various dates, Feb-

ruary to July (GVM).

Stenaspis verticalis Serville* S Pespire: 1 6, H-78 (JVM).

Metaleptus angulatus (Chevrolat)* El Taladro: 1 ¢, II-12-78 (JVM); 2

36, II-17-76; 1 56, 1 &, V-4-76; 4 29, V-21-78 (EG). La Paz: 2 dd, 1

2, VII-21-78 (JVM). Lago Yojoa: 2 6d, V-23-76 (JVM). Siguatepeque:

1 3, V-18-30-76; 1 2, III-27-75 (JVM). 10 km W Siguatepeque: 1 ¢, V-22-

78 (EG). Zamorano: 4 2 2, March to June. Taulabe: 1 2, VII-20-76. Tela:

1 2, IV-23-76. Comayagua: 1 @°, II-11-76 (JVM). Tegucigalpa: 1 6, 3

22, V-14—-29-78. Pespire: 1 2, V-29-76 (JVM). La Ceiba: 3 66,7 29,

June and July, 1978 (GVM). Coyoles: 1 ¢, 1 2, VI-4-77 (GVM).

Rhodoleptus comis (Bates)* S Siguatepeque: 1 6, V-15-77 (JVM). Zamo-

rano: 1 2, XII-22-77 (JVM).

Triacetelus sericatus Bates* Siguatepeque: 1 2, V-13-76. El Taladro: 7¢ 6,

722, V-1-76 (JVM). Lago Yojoa: 1 2, X-18-76; 1 2, VII-29-76. Comay-

agua: 1 6, 1 2, VII-11-76 (JVM).

Sphaenothecus picticornis Bates* S El Taladro: 1 6, V-1-76 (JVM).

Sphaenothecus trilineatus Dupont* Coyoles: 1 2, VII-10-78 (GVM).

Chlorida festiva (Linnaeus)* Yoro: 1 @°, XII-29-77 (JVM). El Taladro: 1

3,1 2, V-1-76, H-17-77 (JVM). Zamorano: 1 ¢, VII-25-77 (JVM). Lago

Yojoa: 1 3, III-21-78 (JVM); 1 °, III-23-76 (JVM); 1 3, X-2-76. Taulabe:

1 2, VI-3-78. La Ceiba: 1 ¢, VII-15-78 (GVM).

Chlorida cincta Guerin* Omoa: 1 ¢, XII-30-77 (JVM).

Elytroleptus grandis Linsley* S Siguatepeque: 1 9, V-7-77 (JVM). Zamo-

rano: 1 2, XII-22-77 (JVM). La Paz: 1 °, VII-21-78 (JVM).

Elytroleptus luteus Duges* S Tegucigalpa: 1 2, V-21-78 (Tervel). Lago Yo-

joa: 1 &, VII-6-78 (JVM); 1 2°, [X-10-78 (JVM).

Dendrobius mandibularis Serville* S La Paz: 1 ¢, 1 9, VII-21-78 (JVM).

Tela: 1 6, 1 2, V-26-77 (Rivas). La Ceiba: 1 ¢, V-8-71 (JVM); 3 36,4

22, VI-10-78, VII-15-78 (GVM). Coyoles: 1 ¢, VIII-28-77 (GVM); 1

2, II-23-78 (GVM).

Trachyderes succincta (Linnaeus)* N Siguatepeque: 9 dd, 12 29, various

dates, February to November (JVM and various collectors). El Taladro:

4366,1 2, XII-26-77 (JVM). Tegucigalpa: 1 d6, XI-1-76; 1 5, VI-6-78; 1

34 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

2, [X-22-78. San Marcos de Colon: 1 @, [X-19-76. Yoro: 1 ¢, 1 2, XII-

28-77 (JVM). Comayagua: | ¢, 1 2, V-1-77, VI-27-78. Lago Yojoa: 2

33, I-1-78 (JVM); 1 2, IV-28-77. Santa Ana: 2 66, VII-22-78. 45 km §S

Tela: 1 ¢6, V-25-27-78 (EG). La Ceiba: 3 366, 1 9, II-28-72, IV-29-72

(JVM); 3 22, VII-15-19-78 (GVM).

Lissonotus flavocinctus Dupont* El Taladro: 4 646, 9 2°, various dates,

February to August (JVM and various collectors). Yoro: 3 dd, 1 2, XII-

29-77 (JVM). Omoa: 2 664, XII-3-77 (JVM). La Paz: 2 66,1 2, VII-21-

78. Siguatepeque: 1 2, X-13-77 (JVM). 30 km SE Siguatepeque: 1 3, 3

22, VIII-11-78 (JAC, EGL and JL). Comayagua: 2 ° 2, V-18 and VI-25-

78. Zamorano: 1 46, XII-22-77 (JVM). La Ceiba: 1 6, 5 22, VI-10 and

VII-15-78 (GVM). Coyoles: 1 6, 1 @, VIII-28-77, II-23-78 (GVM).

Megaderus bifasciatus Dupont* S Siguatepeque: 7 66, 4 2°, various

dates, May to October (most in May, 4 ¢6 taken under bark of rotting

Pinus) (JVM). San Marcos de Colon: 1 3, [V-22-77. El Taladro: V-4-76

(JVM). La Libertad: 1 3, 1 9°, [V-28-77.

Lepturinae

Choriolaus filicornis Linsley and Chemsak* S La Paz: 1 °, VII-21-78 (JVM).

Lago Yojoa: 1 6, I[V-28-77 (Diaz); 1 2, VII-6-78 (Rivera).

Cyphonotida laevicollis (Bates)* Siguatepeque: 1 9, V-22-78 (EG).

Lamiinae

Taeniotes scalaris (Fabricius) Lancetilla: 1 9, V-24-78 (EG). 45 km S Tela:

236, 1 2, V-25-27-78 (EG). Zamorano: 1 6, XII-22-78 (JVM). Lago

Yojoa: 3 646, 4 2°, various dates, May to December (JVM). Yoro: 1

6, XII-29-77 (JVM). Taulabe: 1 6, VII-20-76 (Zepeda). La Ceiba: 1 ¢,

XII-27-71 (JVM); 1 3, 1 &, VI-17 and VII-29-78 (GVM). Siguatepeque:

1 3d, V-22-76 (JVM).

Taeniotes luciani Thomson 45 km §S Tela: 1 6, 1 2, V-25-27-78 (EG).

Siguatepeque, 10 mi N: 1 9, VII-16-78 (JVM).

Neoptychodes hondurae (White) Lago Yojoa: 2 ¢ 6, V-12-77 (Navarro); 1

3, VI-6-78 (Maradiaga); 3 6d, VII-6-78; 1 d, [X-10-78 (JVM).

Neoptychodes trilineatus (Linnaeus) Siguatepeque: 1 3, V-17-75 (JVM).

Lago Yojoa: 1 6, V-23-76 (JVM); 1 2, XII-22-77 (JVM). San Pedro Sula:

1 3, [X-17-77 (JVM). Comayagua: 1 6d, II-7-77 (JVM). Coyoles: 1 6, VII-

16-77, VIII-21-77 (GVM).

Ptychodes politus Serville Siguatepeque: 1 ¢, VII-3-74 (JVM). Omoa: 1

3,1 2, XII-30-77 (JVM). Lago Yojoa: 5 64,1 @, II-2-76, VI-6-76, VII-

6-78, VIII-20-77, XII-22-77 (JVM and various collectors). La Ceiba: 3

63,1 2, VII-15-29-78 (GVM).

Plagiohammus spinipennis (Thomson) Siguatepeque: 1 6, III-19-77 (Na-

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 35

varro); 1 ¢, IV-24-73 (JVM); 1 2, V-10-77 (McAfee). El Taladro: 1 9°,

V-1-76 (JVM). La Esperanza: 1 9, VII-22-78 (JVM).

Plagiohammus elatus (Bates)* N Omoa: 1 @, XII-30-77 (JVM).

Plagiohammus maculosus (Bates)* Tela: 1 ¢, [V-22-76 (Montalvan).

Monochamus rubigeneus Bates* S Siguatepeque: 1 6,3 2 2, various dates,

April to September (JVM). Comayagua: | 2, X-12-77 (JVM). La Libertad:

1 3, [V-22-77 (Lozano).

Tapeina transversifrons Thomson Danli: 1 3d, V-3-77 (Aplicano). El Taladro:

1 2, V-4-76 (Villalobos). La Ceiba: 1 ¢, 1 2, VI-24-78 (GVM). Coyoles:

1 2, VI-4-77 (GVM).

Adetus pictus Bates* Lancetilla: 1, V-24-28-78 (EG). Lago Yojoa: 1, V-78

(EG).

Adetus costicollis Bates* 45 km S Tela: 3, V-25—27-78 (EG).

Parmenonta minor Bates* S Isla Roatan: 8, VI-26-30-78 (EG).

Parmenonta valida Thomson* Lancetilla: 1, V-24—28-78 (EG). 45 km S Tela:

1, V-25—27-78 (EG).

Phrynidius singularis Bates Lago Yojoa: 7, VIII-20-77 (JVM); 1, LX-22-77

(JVM); 1, VI-22-77 (JVM); 2, V-23-78 (EG).

Phrynidius echinus Bates Lago Yojoa: 3, VIII-20-77 (JVM); 4, VII-22-77

(McAfee); 2, V-23-78 (EG); 1, VIII-17-78 (JVM). 45 km S Tela: 1, V-25-

27-78 (EG).

Esthlogena porosa Bates* 45 km S Tela: 9, V-25—27-78 (EG).

Asyngenes chalceolus Bates Copan: 3, VI-22—23-78 (EG).

Lypsimena fuscata LeConte* Siguatepeque: 3 d6¢, 1 2, June and July

(JVM); 1 5, V-14-77 (Madrid). Tegucigalpa: 1 2, V-7-77 (Quesada). Lago

Yojoa: 1 5, V-13-76 (JVM). El Mochito: 1 3, V-20-76 (Mong). El Taladro:

1 3, IV-23-77 (Rosales). Zamorano: 1 3, XIJ-23-77 (JVM).

Callipogonius hircinus (Bates)* S Lancetilla: 1 9, V-24—28-78 (EG).

Eupogonius vittipennis Bates* S El Taladro: 1, V-21-76 (EG). Lancetilla: 1,

V-24—28-78 (EG). Copan: 1, VI-22—23-78 (EG).

Charoides lycimnia Dillon and Dillon Isla Roatan: 1 9, VI-26-30-78 (EG).

Lancetilla: 2 6¢,1 9, V-24—28-78 (EG).

Lochmaeocles batesi Aurivillius* N Lancetilla: 5 636, 4 292, V-24-28-78

(EG).

Oncideres ocellaris Bates* S Siguatepeque: 4 dd, 8 2°, various dates,

July to November (JVM, JAC, EGL and JL and various collectors). El

Taladro: 3 2°92, XII-26-77 (JVM). Yoro: 1 ¢d,2 2¢@, XII-28-77 (JVM).

Hippopsis lemniscata (Fabricius)* Siguatepeque: 24, various dates, Febru-

ary to December (most in May and June) (JVM and various collectors).

Lago Yojoa: 5, March to October (JVM). Comayagua: 1, VII-11-76

(JVM). Taulabe: 3, VI-14-75, X-27-77 (JVM). La Ceiba: 2, IIJ-1-72, II-19-

72 (JVM); 1, VII-29-78 (GVM). Coyoles: 1, I-5-78 (GVM). Lancetilla: 1,

V-24—28-78 (EG). Zamorano: 4, L[X-12-78 (JVM).

36 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Thryallis maculosus Thomson* S Lago Yojoa: 5 22, V-12 to VII-22-77

(JVM, McAfee); 1 ¢, XII-31-77 (JVM). El Taladro: 1 2°, XII-26-77 (JVM).

La Ceiba: 1 36, 4 22, VI-17 to VIII-5-78 (GVM). 45 km S Tela: 16,

V-25-27-78 (EG).

Anisocerus palliatus White* 45 km S Tela: 1, V-25—27-78 (EG).

Acrocinus longimanus (Linnaeus)* Siguatepeque: 2 ¢d¢, 10 2°, various

dates, February to November (JVM and various collectors). Isla Roatan:

1 6, IV-12-77. La Ceiba: 1 2, VI-18-78 (JVM). Olancho: 1 @, III-10-78.

Lago. Yojoa: 1 2, XII-21-75 (JVM).

Polyrhaphis paraensis Bates* N Lancetilla: 1 2, V-24—28-78 (EG).

Oreodera corticina Thomson* S El Taladro: 13, H-19-26-78 (JVM); 1, V-4-

76 (JVM); 1, XII-26-77 (JVM). Santa Barbara: 1, IV-8-77 (Sabillon).

Oreodera fasciculosus Thomson* Lancetilla: V-24—28-78 (EG).

Steirastoma histrionica White* Danli: 1 ¢6, 1 2, [X-3-77 (Valerio).

Steirastoma senex White* Lancetilla: 6, V-24—28-78 (EG).

Acanthoderes circumflexa Jacquelin du Val* Siguatepeque: 5, IV-6 to VII-

13 (JVM and various collectors). Tela: 3, [V-24-76. Lago Yojoa: 1, I-1-78

(JVM). El Taladro: 4, XII-26 to IV-12 (JVM). La Lima: 1, IV-13-74.

Zamorano: 3, XII-23-77, VII-25-77 (JVM). La Ceiba: 1, III-20-73 (JVM);

17, V-20 to VIII-2 (GVM). Coyoles: 1, VIII-31-77 (GVM).

Neacanthocinus obliquus (LeConte)* S Siguatepeque: 1 9, [X-25-76 (Mon-

cada). El Taladro: 1 6, [X-25-77 (JVM). Comayagua: 1 °, IV-24-76.

Graphisurus vexillaris Bates* 45 km S Tela: 1 9, V-25-27-78 (EG).

Astyochus mucoreus (Bates)* Tela: 1 2°, [V-24-74 (Padilla); 1 2, X-27-77

(JVM). Lancetilla: 2 dd, V-24—28-78 (EG). 45km S Tela: 1 6, 1 9, V-25-

27-78 (EG). Lago Yojoa: 1 @, VII-22-75 (JVM); 1 3, VII-14-78.

Lagocheirus araneiformis (Linnaeus) La Ceiba: 1 6, HI-16-72 (JVM). Lago

Yojoa: 1 ¢, V-15-76 (JVM); 1 2, X-6-76 (JVM); 1 3, XII-21-75 (JVM).

Pena Blanca, Lago Yojoa, 14 66,4 29, VIII-17-78, on dead Inga (JAC,

EGL and JL). El Taladro: 1 2, V-4-76; 1 ¢, III-4-78 (JVM). Siguatepeque:

2 66,2 29, IV-25 to [X-1 (JVM). Danli: 1 9, V-3-77; 1 @, X-9-77.

Comayagua: 2 66, IX-17-77 (JVM); 1 6, II-7-77 (JVM). Minas de Oro;

1 6, V-5-77. Lancetilla: numerous individuals, V-78 (EG).

Lagocheirus cristulatus Bates* Lancetilla: 1 6, V-24—28-78 (EG).

Lagocheirus simplicicornis Bates* N Siguatepeque: 1 ¢, V-15-77 (JVM). El

Taladro: 3 66,2 22, V-4-22-76 (JVM). Comayagua: 2 66,3 92 9, II-7-

77 (JVM). Yoro: 1 6, XII-28-77 (JVM). Zamorano: 1 6, 1 2, XII-25-77

(JVM); 1 3, [X-12-78 (JVM).

Lagocheirus tuberculatus (Fabricius)* Pena Blanca, Lago Yojoa: 2 66, 5

2¢@, VIUI-17-78 on dead Inga (JAC, EGL and JL). 45 km S Tela: 3

63,3 22, V-25-27-78 (EG). Yoro: 1 9, XII-28-77 (JVM).

Mecotetartus antennatus Bates* Coyoles: 1 6, VII-26-77 (GVM).

Olenosus serrimanus Bates* Coyoles: 1 ¢ (GVM).

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 37

Sangaris polystigma Bates* N 45 km S Tela: 1 2, V-25—27-78 (EG).

Mecas rotundicollis Thomson* La Paz: 1 3, 1 2, VII-23-78 (JVM). Lago

Yojoa: 1 6, VII-6-78 (JVM); 1 ¢, [X-10-78 (JVM).

Mecas obereoides Bates* S Siguatepeque: 2 6d, XI-6—10-76 (Cubos, Perla).

Tetraopes umbonatus LeConte* Omoa: 3 366, XII-30-77 (JVM). La Paz: 1

2, VII-21-78 (JVM). Pespire: 1 6, LX-28-74.

Tetraopes discoideus LeConte* Comayagua: 2 ¢ 64, VII-19-77 (JVM). La

Paz: 2 66, VII-21-78 (JVM).

Cirrhicera sallei Thomson La Paz: 1 3, VII-21-78 (JVM). Lago Yojoa: 1

6, IV-28-77 (Madrid).

Oedudes spectabilis (Drury) Zamorano: 1 2, VII-25-77 (JVM).

Adesmus callizona Bates* Lago Yojoa: 5 6¢,3 2°, various dates, April

to July (JVM and various collectors). La Paz: 1 ¢, VII-21-78 (JVM).

Comayagua: | 3, VII-14-78.

Erana dispar Bates* Morazan: 1 ¢, VII-22-78 (Martinez). Comayagua: 1

6, V-18-78 (Hernandez). Siguatepeque: 1 ¢, VII-23-78 (Burgos). Copan:

1 3d, VI-22—23-78 (EG).

Erana pusilla Bates* Siguatepeque: 6, V-14 and VI-7 (JVM); 3, VIII-10—26-

78 (JAC, EGL and JL). Tela: 3, V-26-77, X-27-77 (JVM). La Paz: 1, VII-

2-74 (JVM). La Ceiba, 1, [X-13-71 (JVM). Lago Yojoa: 2, VII-22-75

(JVM).

Aerenicopsis championi Bates* N Choluteca: 1 2°, V-8-77 (Moncado).

Cymatonycha castanea Bates* Siguatepeque: 1 2, VI-6-78 (Maradiaga).

Coyoles: 1 6,2 92, VI-4-77 (GVM). Comayagua: 1 ¢, VI-2-78 (GVM).

Isla Roatan: VI-26—-30-78 (EG). Copan: VI-22—23-78 (EG).

Amillarus apicalis Thomson* N Coyoles: 4 66, VI-21 to VII-25-78 (GVM).

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. 56, No. 1 (1980), pp. 38-42

NESTS OF OSMIA MARGINIPENNIS CRESSON

WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE FEMALE

(HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)

FRANK D. PARKER

Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, FR, SEA, USDA,

Utah State University, Logan 84322

Osmia marginipennis Cresson is one of the five species placed in Ceph-

alosmia, a subgenus of bees that is restricted to North America. The biology

of three species of Cephalosmia is partly known and all build nests in ex-

isting burrows in wood (Rust, 1974). In mid June of 1978 my sons and I

found several nests of Osmia marginipennis built in cracks in rock out-

croppings on a mountain ridge near Logan, Utah. Previously, the biology

of this bee was unknown, and the females were indistinguishable from those

of O. californica Cresson.

This paper describes the distinctive features of females and the construc-

tion and provisions of their nests and their nest associates.

Female.—Black, some specimens with metallic blue terga, wings light

brown, veins dark, medial area of marginal cell and apical margin of fore-

wing darker. Pubescence black except for mixture of whitish hairs along

inner orbits of compound eyes and behind vertex; scutum ringed by pale

hair but hair entirely black medially; white hair tufts behind pronotal lobe;

scutellum, metanotum, propodeum laterally with white hair; tergum I en-

tirely white dorsally, apically. Punctation close, contiguous over most of

body; pits separated by about their diameter on most of clypeus and pos-

terior edge of vertex; pits on medial area of scutum, tegula more widely

separated; propodeal enclosure shagreen; tergum I closely pitted, II-V with

shallow separate micropits, pits progressively more numerous posteriorly;

terga with narrow impunctate apical bands; tergum shagreen, dull. Mandi-

bles as long as distance between base of compound eyes, 4-toothed, basal

2 teeth similar, 3rd triangular, 4th elongate, acute, apical tooth twice dis-

tance from basal teeth as these teeth are from one another; emargination

between mandibular teeth progressively deeper from base to apex; folded

mouthparts extending between forecoxa; head as long as broad; apical mar-

gin of clypeus truncately produced medially, truncation sometimes concave,

apical part of clypeus bent down in profile; distance between median ocellus

and lateral ocellus equal to distance between lateral ocelli; distance between

lateral ocelli and compound eye equal to distance between lateral ocelli;

distance between lateral ocelli 34 distance from lateral ocellus to margin of

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 39

vertex behind ocelli; distance from compound eye to apical margin of vertex

twice distance from lateral ocelli to compound eye; hind basitarsus !/5

as wide as long, uniformly spiculate; scutum slightly wider than long, ster-

num VI depressed, rimmed apically; width of tergum III about 3x its length.

Females of O. marginipennis can be separated from those of O. califor-

nica by the all white hair pattern on tergum I, the white hair pattern on the

scutum, the large area medially on the scutum that is less pitted, the black

head and thorax and their larger size, 10-16 mm.

Rust (1974) listed Osmia pascoensis Cockerell, 1897 as a synonym of O.

californica. However, Cockerell’s name is a synonym of O. marginipennis

Cresson, 1878 based on material in the U.S. National Museum collection.

Nesting site.—A west-facing exposed ridge with numerous rock outcrop-

pings, scattered flat stones, and stunted sagebrush occurs near the summit

of Wellsville Mountain, 2500 m (8000’) Cache County, Utah. There, nests

of O. marginipennis were made in vertical and horizontal cracks in rock

outcropping (Fig. 1). Most of the large broken stones in the outcroppings

were loose, and the nests were easy to remove or mark. Beneath stones and

in smaller cracks in rock outcroppings mud nests of Osmia tanneri Sand-

house and masticated leaf nests of Anthocopa elongata (Michener) and A.

abjecta (Cresson) (Parker, 1975a, b, 1977) were found at this same site.

Nest construction.—All nests were found in cracks 6-14 mm wide (Fig.

1). Six completed nests were found with an average of 12.3 cells/nest and

a range of 13-23 cells. Most nests were begun in the far end of a crack and

extended toward the front (Fig. 2). The arrangement of the cells appeared

rather random, as they were made by partitioning the crack into chambers.

The surfaces of the rock around the crack and walls of old cells served as

portions of the sides of new cells. Because the rock surface was irregular,

the width and height of the cells varied considerably, although the nests

were only one cell deep.

Cell walls were made from a mixture of mud and masticated plant parts

and were 1-2 mm thick. Some nests were surrounded with additional mud

walls on the outer surfaces and these layers were 3—10 mm thick. Finished

cells were plugged with a circular pattern of nest-building material, but the

outside of the plug was smoothed by additional layers. Cells were between

7-9 mm wide and 13-16 mm long.

Provisions.—The pollen-nectar stores were packed tightly against the cell

walls from the end to near the cell cap. However, in all cells there was a

space between the pollen and cell plug (Fig. 3). Nearly all of the pollen

came from composites (99%). The sizes of the pollen grains indicate that at

least 3 kinds of plants were visited. The host egg was placed in a small

chamber inside of the provisions (Fig. 4) as is characteristic for species of

Cephalosmia.

40 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 1-6. Fig. 1. Cracks (arrows) in a rock outcropping where nests of Osmia margini-

pennis were found. Fig. 2. Old nests of O. marginipennis. The cells below the arrows contained

adults of both Stelis and Osmia. The nests above the arrows contained prepupal larvae of

hosts and parasites. The arrows mark cocoons of the parasite Stelis callura. Fig. 3. A newly

constructed nest of O. marginipennis in progress of being finished. Note space at end of

provisions (arrow). Fig. 4. A pollen ball opened to illustrate the central egg chamber (arrow),

now almost filled by a young larvae. Fig. 5. An old nest of O. marginipennis. The cells

contained prepupal larvae. Note the partially destroyed cell walls. Fig. 6. Cells in a nest of O.

marginipennis. One (arrow) contained the coarctate larva of the meloid beetle, Tricrania stans-

buryi.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 4]

Feces.—Most fecal pellets were uniformly shaped, 1 mm long, slightly

bent, round in cross section, yellowish brown and without impressed lines.

The fecal material was outside of the cocoon at the bottom or sides of the

cell.

Cocoon.—Larvae of O. marginipennis, like other species of Cephalos-

mia, spun a 3-layered cocoon. The first layer in O. marginipennis was spun

thickly and closely against the cell walls, lining the entire cell; at the top of

the cell a concentric network of thin, ribbon-like silk bands was formed that

held the cocoon securely in place. This layer was light when first spun, but

it darkened with age. The second layer was barrel-shaped, thick, and reddish

brown. At the top of the barrel was the characteristic nipple that is found

on most cocoons of Osmia. The nipple was 1 mm high and made of coarse

mat-like strands of brown silk, but on the inner surface and beneath the

nipple the second layer was sealed. The third layer consisted of a thin,

opaque, varnish-like material, probably excreted from the anus. Cocoons

with males were 10-12 mm long, and those with females were 13-14 mm

long.

Overwintering.—In June of 1978, 3 types of nests were found: (1) Those

in which adults or parasites had emerged or were alive and still within their

cocoons; (2) those with old cocoons (nests with cell walls partially destroyed

and discolored cocoons) containing prepupal larvae; (3) those with newly

provisioned cells containing eggs or young larvae. The old cocoons con-

taining prepupal larvae were kept in the laboratory at room temperature and

in September, 1978, they changed to adults but did not exit the cocoons.

Apparently these adults would exit the following spring. The newly provi-

sioned nests were marked and in October 1978, these cells contained only

prepupal larvae. If this type of overwintering pattern is usual for the species,

then larvae of O. marginipennis have a 2 year developmental cycle. A

related species, Osmia californica, has a similar but facultative pattern of

overwintering.

Sex ratio.—Twenty cells contained females and 35 contained males

(Y:1.73¢).

Parasites.—Three parasite species were found in cells or cocoons of O.

marginipennis. The most common parasite (10 cells) was a bee, the me-

gachilid, Stelis callura Cockerell. These parasitized cells were easily distin-

guished by the smaller, smooth, nippled cocoons (Fig. 2, arrows) in them.

The Stelis had a similar overwintering pattern as did the host. This parasite

rearing is the first host association for Stelis callura. Seven old cells con-

tained coarctate larvae of the common meloid, Tricrania stansburyi Halde-

man (Fig. 6). These beetles changed to the adult stage in September of 1978.

Two cells contained larvae of the pteromalid, Pteromalus venustus Walker.

These wasps emerged during the summer and reparasitized 30 additional

cells held in a petri dish. Some female bees had the hypopial stages of the

42 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

mite, Chaetodactylus sp. (near anthidii Oudemans), stuck to the propodeum

and abdomen.

Discussion

The nest building material used by O. marginipennis is similar to that

used by O. californica. Both species incorporate mud with the plant parts,

whereas other biologically known Cephalosmia do not use mud in their

nesting activities. Unlike O. californica, O. marginipennis does not fill the

cell entirely with its provision. Also, O. marginipennis is the only member

of this subgenus that is known to nest in places other than wood. The varied

pattern of overwintering as either larvae or adults is found in populations

of O. californica also.

Acknowlegments

I would like to thank my sons, Scott and Andy for aiding me in this study

by finding most of the nests. Also, D. Veirs of this laboratory identified the

pollens. The chalcid wasps and mites were determined by E. E. Grissell

and E. W. Baker, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S.D.A.

Literature Cited

Rust, R. W. 1974. The systematics and biology of the genus Osmia, subgenera Osmia, Chal-

cosmia, and Cephalosmia. Wasmann Jour. Biol., 32:1—93.

Parker, F. D. 1975a. Nest descriptions and associates of three American bees of the genus

‘‘Anthocopa’’ Lepeletier. Pan Pacific Entomol., 51:113—122.

Parker, F. D. 1975b. Nests of the mason bees Osmia tanneri Sandhouse and O. longula

Cresson with a description of the female of O. tanneri. Pan-Pacific Entomol., 51:179-

183.

Parker, F. D. 1977. Nests of Anthocopa enceliae (Cockerell) and A. elongata (Michener).

Pan-Pacific Entomol., 53:47-52.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. 56, No. 1 (1980), pp. 43-50

ON A COLLECTION OF HETEROPTERA (HEMIPTERA)

FROM THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS

CARL W. SCHAEFER

Systematic and Evol. Biol. Sec., Biol. Sci. Group,

Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs 06268

JOSEPH VAGVOLGYI

Biol. Dept., College of Staten Island, City Univ. of N.Y.,

Staten Island 10301

AND

PETER D. ASHLOCK

Dept. of Entomol., Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence 66045

One of us (JV) recently spent a total of 24 months in the Galapagos

Islands, between 1970 and 1974. Although his major interests lay: in other

directions, he collected several species of Heteroptera in the year 1971-—

1972. Despite its small size, the collection is of considerable interest because

it was made in several islands not usually visited by collectors, and because

valuable habitat notes were taken. In addition, several species new to sci-

ence were collected; these have been described elsewhere (Villiers, 1978),

and are also listed here.

Here we list these specimens with their distributions and notes on their

habitats. Distributions of these species published up to 1965 are taken from

Linsley and Usinger (1966), and those published subsequently are taken

from various papers, as cited.

The names of the islands are the official Ecuadorian ones, from Bowman

(1966: xvii). However, in transcribing label data, English names are some-

times used. Most specimens, except for types of new species, are in the

California Academy of Sciences; a few specimens are in the collection of

J. A. Slater (Univ. Conn.).

In general, the lower the elevation the drier the habitat, and northern

slopes are drier than southern ones. The smallest islands are low in eleva-

tion, hence only provide dry-zone habitats. With increasing size, elevation

also increases, and as a consequence, transitional, rain forest and fern-grass-

sedge zone habitats are added. The only notable exception is provided by

Pinta Island, which combines a relatively small area with a relatively high

elevation. In the habitat notes that accompany each species’ account, it may

be taken that elevations up to 50’ are dry, 50-500’ are intermediate, 500-

44 . PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Table 1. Monthly mean temperatures (°C) (1964-1971) at two elevations on Santa Cruz

(from Ecuadorian Ministry of Agriculture. ‘‘Recursos del Archipiélago de Colon,’ 1973).

Over-

all

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. avg.

6 meters 24.6 26.1 26.2 26.1 24.0 23.4 22.1 21.4 21.4 21.8 22.5 23.3 23.8

average precipitation for this period, 372.6 mm/year

200 meters 23.4 24.2 24.7 24.4 23.3 21.5 21.3 19.4 19.4 19.7 20.3 21.3 21.9

average precipitation for this period, 1113.4 mm/year

1000’ are moist (rain-forest), and above 1000’ are a fern-grass-sedge zone

(see sample data in Table 1). It should be noted that the year in which these

collections were made (1971-1972) was an unusually wet one. See Palmer

and Pyle (1966) and Wooster and Hedgpeth (1966) for a more general and

more complete account of Galapagos climate and habitats.

CYDNIDAE

Dallasiellus murinus (Van Duzee)

Previous island records: Isabela, San Crist6bal, Santa Cruz, Santa Maria,

Fernandina (Froeschner, 1968).

Present island record: Pinta (new island record) 3 °, 3 64, 1 fourth instar,

‘* Abingdon I/Galapagos/XII.2.71/J. Vagvolgyi.”’

Previous biological notes: ‘“‘at lights,’’ ‘‘in litter,’ ‘‘under bunchgrass,”’

fourth and fifth instars collected on II/26 (quotes and data from label-

data cited in Froeschner, 1968).

Habitat notes: Collected in saddle between main and secondary peaks

elev. about 400 m (1300’); ‘‘pampas’’ grass and Opuntia; specimens

collected from bases of grass and from rocks made by the collapse of

lava ‘‘bubbles.’’ No recent rain, but had been wet from May—Nov.

previously.

PENTATOMIDAE

Acrosternum viridans (Stal)

Previous island records: Isabela, San Cristobal, Santa Cruz, San Salvador

(from Linsley and Usinger, 1966).

Present island record: Santa Cruz, 2 2,1 d¢, ‘‘Puerto Ayora/Indefatigable

I/Galapagos/Dec.—March, 1971-2/J. Vagvolgyi/at lights.”’

Habitat notes: Elev. 12-15 m (40-S0’), ‘‘dry’’ zone, at lights.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 45

Podisus sordidus (Stal)

Previous island records: Santa Maria, Santa Cruz, San Cristobal, Isabela

(from Linsley and Usinger, 1966).

Present island record: Santa Cruz, 2 2, 1 3, ‘‘Puerto Ayora/Indefatigable

I/Galapagos/Dec.—March, 1971-2/J. Vagvolgyi/at lights.’’ Seymour

(new island record) 1 2, 1 3, ‘‘North Seymour I/Galpagos/IV.23.72/J.

Vagvolgyi.”’

Habitat notes: Santa Cruz: Elev. 12-15 m (40—-50’), “‘dry’’ zone. Sey-

mour: low and flat; mostly covered with high grass and palo santo

(Bursera) trees, with some large boulders. Specimens collected from

litter under trees and around boulder; vegetation ‘‘beautiful and green.”’

RHOPALIDAE

Harmostes disjunctus Barber

Previous islahd records: Santa Cruz, Isabela (from Linsley and Usinger,

1966).

Present island record: San Salvador (new island record), 1 2,1 3, ‘‘James

I/Galapagos/XII.10.71/J. Vagvolgyi.’’

Habitat notes: ‘“‘On ground/800—1000’ elev.’’ (label). Southwest corner of

island, near salt mine, on inside of northern slope of larger volcano.

Macraea bush dominant large vegetation. Collected under small easily

pulverized stones. ‘‘Dry’’ zone.

Liorhyssus hyalinus (F.)

Previous island record: Daphne Major, Genovesa (from Linsley and Usin-

ger, 1966).

Present island record: Sombrero Chino (new island record), 1 2, 1 6,

‘*Trenton I./Galapagos/IV .22.72/J. Vagvolgyi/on ground.”’

Habitat notes: Sombrero Chino (English = Trenton), an island with

sparse vegetation, off the southeast corner of San Salvador I. Speci-

mens collected where soil had accumulated among rocks in lava-flow

depression. 9-12 m (30-40’) elev. Vegetation low, herbaceous, unusu-

ally green because, although the island normally dry, had recently

rained.

Jadera sanguinolenta (F.)

Previous island record: Wolf (from Linsley and Usinger, 1966).

Present island record: Santa Cruz (new island record), 1 3, at Puerto

Ayora, ‘‘Puerto Ayora/Indefatigable I/Galapagos/Dec.—March, 1971-—2/

J. Vagvolgyi/at lights.’’ Macropterous specimen (Heidemann [1901] re-

ports 2 of 4 specimens brachypterous).

Habitat notes: see Acrosternum viridans (Stal).

46 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

LYGAEIDAE

Darwinysius marginalis (Dallas)

Previous island records: Santa Maria, San Salvador, Daphne Major (from

Linsley and Usinger, 1966).

Present island records: Sombrero Chino (new island record), 1 2, ‘“Tren-

ton I/Galapagos/IV.22.72/J. Vagvolgyi/on ground.’’ Beagle (new island

record), 3 2,2 6d, ‘‘Beagle I/Galapagos/IV.22.71/J. Vagvolgyi.”’

Habitat notes: Feeding on Portulaca seeds beneath plant (Ashlock, 1972).

Sombrero Chino: see Liorhyssus hyalinus (F.). Beagle: under Portu-

laca; 60 M (200’) elev. ‘‘Dry’’ zone.

Pachybrachius insularis (Barber)

Previous island records: Baltra, San Salvador, Isabela, Santa Cruz (from

Linsley and Usinger, 1966); Santa Maria, Fernandina (Ashlock, 1972).

Present island records: Pinta (new island record), 1 ¢, ‘‘Abingdon I/Ga-

lapagos/XII.2.71/J. Vagvolgyi.’’ Santa Cruz, 1 2, at Puerto Ayora,

‘‘Puerto Ayora/Indefatigable I/Galapagos/Dec.March, 1971-2/J.

Vagvolgyi/at lights.”’

Habitat notes: At lights, forest floor (Ashlock, 1972). Pinta: see Dalla-

siellus murinus (Van Duzee). Santa Cruz: see Acrosternum viridans

(Stal).

Pseudopachybrachius nesovinctus (Ashlock) NEW COMBINATION

Previous island records: Santa Cruz, Fernandina (Ashlock, 1972).

Present island records: Pinta (new island record), 1 2, Abingdon I/Ga-

lapagos/XII.2.71/J. Vagvolgyi.’’

Habitat notes: See Dallasiellus murinus (Van Duzee).

Heraeus pacificus Barber

Previous island records: San Salvador (from Linsley and Usinger, 1966);

Santa Cruz, Santa Maria (Ashlock, 1972).

Present island records: Santa Cruz, 3 °°, “‘Puerto Ayora/Indefatigable I/

Galapagos/Dec.—March, 1971-2/J. Vagvolgyi/at lights.”’

Habitat notes: at light, grassland, 550 m (1800’) (Ashlock, 1972). Santa

Cruz: see Acrosternum viridans (Stal).

ANTHOCORIDAE

Lasiochilus pallidulus Reuter

Previous island record: Santa Cruz (Herring, 1966).

Present island record: Santa Cruz, 11 2, ‘‘Puerto Ayora/Indefatigable I/

Galapagos/Dec.—March, 1971-2/J. Vagvolgyi/at lights.”’

Habitat notes: see Acrosternum viridans (Stal).

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 47

NABIDAE

Nabis consimilis (Reuter)

Previous island records: Santa Maria, Isabela, San Salvador, Santa Cruz

(Kerzhner, 1968).

Present island records: Pinta, 1 °, 1 fourth instar, (new island record),

‘‘Abingdon I/Galapagos/XII.2.71/J. Vagvolgyi.’’ Santa Cruz, 2 @, 2

6, ‘“‘Puerto Ayora/Indefatigable I/Galapagos/Dec.—March, 1971-2/J.

Vagvolgyi/at lights.’’

Habitat notes: Pinta: see Dallasiellus murinus (Van Duzee). Santa Cruz:

see Acrosternum viridans (Stal).

MIRIDAE

Fulvius geniculatus Van Duzee

Previous island records: San Salvador, Rabida, San Cristobal, Santa Mar-

ia, Fernandina (from Linsley and Usinger, 1966); Santa Cruz (Carvalho

and Gagné, 1968).

Present island records: Pinta (new island record), 1 teneral 2, 4 6,

‘Abingdon I/Galapagos/XII.2.71/J. Vagvolgyi.’’

Habitat notes: see Dallasiellus murinus (Van Duzee).

Psallus insularis Barber

Previous island records: San Salvador (from Linsley and Usinger, 1966);

Santa Cruz, Darwin, Isabela, San Cristobal, Santa Maria, Pinta, Fer-

nandina (Carvalho and Gagné, 1968).

Present island record: Santa Cruz, 3 2, “‘Puerto Ayora/Indefatigable I/

Galapagos/Dec.—March, 1971-2/J. Vagvolgyi/at lights.”’

Habitat notes: see Acrosternum viridans (Stal).

Cyrtopeltus (Engytatus) modestus (Distant)

Previous island records: Santa Cruz (from Linsley and Usinger, 1966);

Santa Maria, San Salvador (Carvalho and Gagne, 1968).

Present island record: Santa Cruz, 1 6, ‘“‘Puerto Ayora/Indefatigable I/

Galapagos/Dec.—March, 1971-2/J. Vagvolgyi/at lights.”’

Habitat notes: see Acrosternum viridans (Stal).

Cyrtopeltus (Engytatus) sp. prob. nov.

A series of specimens, comprising both sexes and some immatures, was

swept from grass on Pinta Island, XII.2.71, by J. Vagvolgyi. Unfortunately,

the condition of the specimens is too poor to permit identification; but the

likelihood that they represent a new species is suggested by Dr. Wagne

Gagné (pers. commun., 1978), and by their having been found on Pinta

Island. As Carvalho and Gagné (1968) and Usinger (1972:278) note, Gala-

pagos species of Cyrtopeltus are quite island-specific. Pinta is some distance

48 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

from other islands and these are the first Cyrtopeltus to be collected from

it. The chances are good that they are new, and specimens in better con-

dition would be welcome.

Dolichomiris linearis Reuter

Previous island records: Fernandina, Santa Cruz, San Salvador, Isabela,

(Carvalho and Gagné, 1968).

Present island records: Pinta (new island record), 2 °, 1 6, 5 first, 2

second, 7 third, 3 fourth instars, ‘‘Abingdon I/Galapagos/XII.2.71/J.

Vagvolgyi.”’

Habitat notes: ‘“‘Swept from grass’’ (label); otherwise see Dallasiellus

murinus (Van Duzee).

REDUVIIDAE

Ploiaria macrophthalma (Dohrn)

Previous island record: Santa Cruz (Villiers, 1970).

Present island record: Santa Cruz, 3 ¢, 1? (abdomen missing), ‘*‘Puerto

Ayora/Indefatigable I/Galapagos/Dec.—March, 1971-2/J. Vagvolgyi/at

lights.”’

Habitat notes: see Acrosternum viridans (Stal).

Ghinallelia galapagensis Heidemann

Previous island records: Isabela, Espanola (from Linsley and Usinger,

1966).

Present island record: Espanola, 2 specimens, *‘Bahia Gardner/Galapa-

gos/III.29.72.”’

Habitat notes: Peak near Bahia Gardner, northeast part of Isla Espan-

ola; 170 m (550’), both northeastern and southwestern sides of peak;

under rocks and on terraces bearing litter and logs, and in crevices.

Cordia bushes dominant vegetation. Had recently rained.

Ghinallelia leleuporum Villiers

Previous island record: Santa Fé (Villiers, 1970).

Present island record: Santa Fé, 1 specimen, ‘‘Barrington I/Galapagos/

Il.3.72/J. Vagvolgyi.”’

Habitat notes: Central peak of Santa Fé, 213 m (700’), under rocks on

inward slopes of hills. Opuntia spp., Burseras, Cordia dominant.

Ghinallelia vagvolgyianus Villiers

Present island records [type series]: Rabida, 3 2, 2 d, ‘‘Jervis I./Gala-

pagos/IV.21.72/J. Vagvolgyi.’’ And ‘‘1000 ft. elev.”’

Habitat notes: Steep western cliffs of the eastern peak of Isla Rabida,

1000-1100’, under rocks; entire area (including rocks) covered with

vegetation; some Acacia, many Cordia, Croton, and other bushes;

rather dry.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 49

Ghinallelia schaeferi Villiers

Present island record [holotype]: Rabida, 1 ¢@, ‘‘Jervis I./Galapagos/

IV.21.72/J. Vagvolgyi.’’

Habitat notes: see Ghinallelia vagvolgyianus Villiers.

Note.—Wygodzinsky (1966) notes that the Emesinae are likely to be the

major reduviid group on islands, but not on mainlands; he attributes this

phenomenon to the high ‘‘spread potential’’ (Leston, 1957) of the Emesinae.

However, our records suggest that the concept of spread potential re-

quires some modification, at least for the Emesinae. For the large amount

of speciation on these island-groups indicates that inter-island movement is

restricted.

Acknowledgments

Support for collecting was received (by JV) from the Research Foundation

of the State University of New York. Preparation of this material was sup-

ported by a grant (to CWS) from the University of Connecticut Research

Foundation. We are also grateful to J. A. Slater (University of Connecticut),

who identified several of the lygaeids, and aided in the preparation of this

paper.

Literature Cited

Ashlock, P. D. 1972. The Lygaeidae of the Galapagos Islands (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Proc.

Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 29:87-103.

Bowman, R. L. 1966. The Galapagos. Berkeley, Univ. Calif. Press, pp. xvii—318.

Carvalho, J. C. M., and W. C. Gagné. 1968. Miridae of the Galapagos Islands (Heteroptera).

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 36:147-219.

Froeschner, R. C. 1968. Burrower bugs from the Galapagos Islands collected by the 1964

expedition of the Galapagos Scientific Project. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 70:192.

Heidemann, O. 1901. Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos expedition, 1898-1899.

Entomological results (1): Hemiptera. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3:363-370.

Herring, J. L. 1966. The Anthocoridae of the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. Proc. Entomol.

Soc. Wash., 68:127-—130.

Kerzhner, I. M. 1968. Insects of the Galapagos Islands (Heteroptera, Nabidae). Proc. Calif.

Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 36:87-91.

Leston, D. 1957. Spread potential and the colonisation of islands. Syst. Zool., 6:41-46.

Linsley, E. G., and R. L. Usinger. 1966. Insects of the Galapagos Islands. Proc. Calif. Acad.

Sci., Ser. 4, 33:113-196.

Palmer, C. E., and R. L. Pyle. 1966. The climatological setting of the Galapagos. In: Bowman,

1966 (q.v.), pp. 91-99.

Usinger, R. L. 1972. Robert Leslie Usinger: Autobiography of an Entomologist. San Fran-

cisco, The Pacific Coast Entomol. Soc., pp. xili-330.

Villiers, A. 1970. Les Emésinés des Iles Galapagos (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). In: Mission

zoologique belge aus iles Galapagos et en Ecuador (N. et J. Leleup, 1964-1965), 2:227-

237.

50 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Villiers, A. 1978. Deux nouveaux Emésinés des iles Galapagos. Bull. Soc. Entomol. de

France, 83:46—50.

Wooster, W. S., and J. W. Hedgpeth. 1966. The oceanographic setting of the Galapagos. In:

Bowman, 1966 (q.v.), pp. 100-107.

Wygodzinsky, P. W. 1966. A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bull.

Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 133:1-614.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

AN(S) 109 June 1979

The Commission hereby gives six months notice of the possible use of its

plenary powers in the following cases, published in Bull. zool. Nom. vol.

35, part 4, on 31 May 1979, and would welcome comments and advice on

them from interested zoologists. Correspondence should be addressed to

the Secretary at the above address.

2161 Lethocerus Mayr, 1853 (Insecta, Hemiptera, Belostomatidae); pro-

posed conservation in place of Jliastus Gistel [1847].

2234 Lespesia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863; proposed designation of a type

species under the plenary powers (Diptera, TACHINIDAE).

% British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD,

United Kingdom

AN(S) 110 July 1979

The Commission hereby gives six months notice of the possible use of its

plenary powers in the following cases, published in Bull. zool. Nom. vol.

36, part 1, on 1 July 1979, and would welcome comments and advice on

them from interested zoologists. Correspondence should be addressed to

the Secretary at the above address.

2255 Tipula ferruginea Fabricius, 1805 (Diptera, TIPULIDAE): proposed

conservation.

2221 ‘‘Staphylinus fulgidus’’ as the type species of several nominal genera

(Coleoptera, STAPHYLINIDAE).

2044 Phytoptus avellanae Nalepa, 1899 (Acarina): proposed suppression of

unused senior synonyms.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. 56, No. 1 (1980), pp. 51-62

DESCRIPTIONS OF LARVAL HEPTAGENIA FROM THE ROCKY

MOUNTAIN REGION (EPHEMEROPTERA: HEPTAGENIIDAE)

ANDREW F. BEDNARIK AND GEORGE F. EDMUNDS, JR.

Dept. Biol., Univ. Utah, Salt Lake City 84112

To date, only 14 larvae of the 38 nominal species of Heptagenia Walsh

from North America have been described. Larvae from western North

America are especially poorly known. Larvae of five western Heptagenia

are described and keyed herein. Of these, three [Heptagenia criddlei

McDunnough, Heptagenia elegantula (Eaton), and Heptagenia solitaria

McDunnough] are based on reared associations and two (Heptagenia petersi

Allen and Heptagenia simplicioides McDunnough) are based on field as-

sociations with adults. Descriptions are drawn from mature individuals

stored in 70% ethanol in the University of Utah collection.

Traver (1935) placed larvae of Heptagenia in two groups. The maculi-

pennis-lucidipennis group has the pronotum widest near the middle, dentic-

ulate claws, posterolateral projections present on abdominal segments 6-8,

and the filamentous portion of gill 7 absent. In the flavescens-pulla-elegan-

tula group, the pronotum is widest near the anterior margin, claws are ad-

enticulate, posterolateral projections are absent on segment 8 and usually

6-8, and the filamentous portion of gill 7 is present. In the larvae studied,

those of the former group (H. criddlei, H. petersi, and H. simplicioides)

also have setae scattered on the apical ventral surface of the maxillary galea-

lacinia and only hair setae on the posterior margin of the fore femur while

those in the latter group (H. elegantula and H. solitaria) have setae on the

maxillary surface in a submedial row and spinelike setae in addition to hair

setae on the posterior margin of the fore femur. Descriptions are ordered

according to the above grouping.

There are a total of 11 species of Heptagenia listed for western North

America, of which seven are known from the Rocky Mountain region. The

larvae of Heptagenia rosea Traver were keyed but not described by Day

(1956). Edmunds and Allen (1957) listed H. rubroventris as a synonym of

H. rosea. This synonymy was based on the fact that specimens from a

single locality in California ranged through the color differences of the two

species. This California-Oregon species is closely related to Heptagenia

salvini Kimmins from Mexico and the two may prove to be synonymous;

if so, the name salvini is prior. Heptagenia jewetti Allen is known only

from Oregon; the larvae are unknown. Heptagenia kennedyi McD. is con-

fined to the coastal ranges of California and Oregon; the larvae also are

52 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

unknown. Heptagenia otiosa McD. is known only from the type locality of

Maupin, Oregon; the late Jay R. Traver told the junior author on several

occasions that she believed this species to be a synonym of H. criddlei

McD. A study of the types or new collections from Maupin may solve the

problem of the identity of H. otiosa. Heptagenia rodocki Traver was de-

scribed from specimens taken from store windows in Lewiston, Idaho. The

species differs from H. simplicioides primarily in having brownish lateral

marks on the abdominal sterna and terga. It may be synonymous with H.

simplicioides which is common at lights in summer in Lewiston. H. sim-

plicioides apparently occurs both in the Clearwater and Snake Rivers, which

join at Lewiston. Even though the validity of rodocki remains in doubt, it

can not be synonymized without study of the types. Heptagenia adequata

McD. was described from Cowley, Alberta. The junior author collected

adults of this species from the Salmon River at Salmon, Idaho. From the

same locality, larvae morphologically similar to H. solitaria were collected;

probably these were the larvae of H. adequata. These specimens have not

been located for the present paper.

The following key will separate the five species described herein. We

emphasize that the keys are for mature larvae, and that the younger the

larvae are the less likelihood of correct identification, but this is especially

true of elegantula and solitaria since the length of the caudal filaments may

be greater than body length in young elegantula.

Key to Mature Larvae

1. Filamentous portion of gill 7 present; claws adenticulate; setae on

maxillary galea-lacinea ventral surface restricted to submedian

row; pronotum widest near anterior margin ................... pis

Filamentous portion of gill 7 absent; claws denticulate; setae on

maxillary galea-lacinea ventral surface scattered, at least apically;

PPOMOUMMMI WIE SE TITS: 3 eile athe: op ein lela dle We motile a eae 3

2. Caudal filaments 1.5 length of body; dorsal abdominal pattern as

DYN EA 9 AR xcs eth ets, SET TES ae a a solitaria

Caudal filaments subequal to body in length; dorsal abdominal pat-

PE as EEE Ui SEA G8 oe Forno aide oft se bg SRN Wi eel teta elegantula

3. Dorsal abdominal pattern as in Fig. 5; cerci without setae on inner

LOW TSbe UN), RO Ade One oe 8 I yo ee me a Mo oi ee ae eee petersi

Dorsal abdominal pattern not as above; cerci with setae on inner

NR FAO Saat Rg erie pin eee ag te nee 3 oi ss Eo ert oe ee eta Bera Shas 4

4. Dorsal surface of fore femur with distally directed V-shaped pale

area at middle, with numerous paddle-shaped setae (Fig. 3); dorsal

abdominalpatiert: agai Fig 1 wssese + See teres A se ds criddlei

Dorsal surface of fore femur with undulate pale band at middle, with

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 53

sparse paddle-shaped setae (Fig. 4); dorsal abdominal pattern as

EE eA edie 5 Le ae AE Min, ee a ie simplicioides

Heptagenia criddlei McDunnough

Length.—Body 8-9, caudal filaments 8-9 mm.

Head.—Color brown with pale markings. Head wider than long, posterior

margin straight or rarely slightly emarginate. Compound eyes of male sep-

arated by distance equal to or usually less than separation of lateral ocelli.

Each galea-lacinia with 12-19 (usually 15-17) pectinate spinelike setae on

crown; hair setae scattered on ventral surface, especially apically, of each

galea-lacinia, not restricted to submedial row.

Thorax.—Color brown dorsally with pale markings, pale ventrally with

median brown spot between fore leg bases and paired submedian brown

spots between and posterior to middle leg bases. Pronotum width greater

than or equal to head, widest in middle. Fore femora (Fig. 3) brown dorsally,

each with distally directed V-shaped pale area at middle and pale spot in

basal third; dorsal surface of each fore femur with numerous paddle-shaped

setae; posterior margin with hair setae; anterior margin with sparse, small

spinelike setae or without armature. Claws denticulate.

Abdomen.—Color brown dorsally with pale maculations (Fig. 1); terga 2—

7 or 2-8 with paired submedian pale areas on anterior margins, rounded on

anterior segments, elongate on posterior; 2—7 or 2-8 each with paired pale

spots near posterior margin, approximately halfway between midline and

lateral margins, median posterior pale dot sometimes present; 9 or 8-9 with

continuous medial pale patch and paired posterior pale dots between mid-

line and lateral margins. Color brown ventrally, each sternum paler poste-

riorly; sterna usually with paired dark longitudinal markings approximately

halfway between midline and lateral margins. Posterolateral projections

on segments 6-8. Filamentous portion absent on gill 7. Caudal filaments

brown with paler articulations; cerci with setae on inner margins.

Diagnosis.—Heptagenia criddlei larvae may be distinguished from AH.

simplicioides by the more extensive armature and the nature of the pale

maculations on the dorsal surface of the fore femur (Figs. 3, 4). Pale tergal

markings in H. criddlei are also helpful (Fig. 1).

Ecology.—Heptagenia criddlei larvae have usually been collected in Utah

on smooth rocks in a variety of clear and silted mountain streams between

1370-2600 m. Prior to emergence, larvae have primarily been found on large,

partially submerged boulders at stream margins in negligible current.

Distribution.—Type locality.—Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.

Heptagenia criddlei is reported from Alberta (Traver, 1935), Arizona (Allen

and Chao, 1978), Colorado (Traver, 1935; Edmunds, 1952), Idaho (Ed-

munds, 1952; Jensen, 1966), Montana (Traver, 1935), Nevada (see below),

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 ie

New Mexico (Allen and Chao, 1978), Oregon (Allen and Edmunds, 1956),

Utah (Edmunds, 1954), Washington (Traver, 1935), and Wyoming (Mc-

Dunnough, 1927, type; Edmunds, 1952).

Material examined (‘‘L’”’ = Larva)—COLORADO: Gunnison Co., Iola,

Gunnison R., 1L, 16-VIII-1949 Higgins; Montrose Co., Buckeye Res., 1L,

3-I[X-1946 Edmunds; IDAHO: Gooding Co., Hagerman, 1L, 16-VIII-1945

Harmston; Idaho Co., Whitebird Cr., Jct. Salmon R., 2L, 16-VIII-1964 Ne-

beker, Petty; NEVADA: Elko Co., Franklin R., Hwy. 11, 3L, 19-[X-1957

Edmunds, Allen; Washoe Co., Truckee R., Verdi, 2L, 21-[X-1957 Ed-

munds, Allen; Truckee R., Lawton, 6 mi W Reno, 6L, 21-[X-1957 Edmunds,

Allen; OREGON: Baker Co., Camp Cr., 68 mi N Vale, 7L, 20-VIII-1954

Edmunds; S Fk. Burnt R., 2 mi W Unity, 7L, 20-VIII-1954 Allen; Benton

Co., Corvallis, Willamette R., 5L, 26-VIII-1954 Edmunds; Clackamas Co.,

Molalla R., 3 mi E Molalla, 3L, 26-VII-1954 Allen; Douglas Co., Umpqua

R., Milo, 6L, 24-VIII-1954 Allen; Grant Co., Canyon Cr., John Day, 6L,

21-VI-1954 Allen; Upper W Fk. John Day R., 9L, 21-VIII-1954 Edmunds;

UTAH: Abajo Mts., Indian Cr., 7L, 10-[X-1946 Edmunds; Salt Lake Co.,

Salt Lake City, Parleys Can., 4L, 23-VII-1945 Edmunds; Parleys Can. at

Wasatch Blvd., 1L (reared cast), 10-VIII-1962 Anderson; San Juan Co.,

Upper La Sal Cr., 3L, 8-[X-1946 Edmunds; Devil Canyon, 12 mi S Monti-

cello, 1L, 28-VI-1947 Downey; Utah Co., Pleasant Grove, 9L, 16-VITI-1944

Edmunds; Washington Co., Zion Natl. Pk., 10L, 14-VII-1947 Edmunds;

WYOMING: Washakie Co., Ten Sleep Can., 8L, 16-VIII-1947 Harmston.

Heptagenia petersi Allen

Length.—Body 6—7, caudal filaments 6 mm.

Head.—Color light brown with pale areas laterad of compound eyes and

freckled, brown dots anteriorly. Head wider than long, posterior margin

slightly emarginate. Compound eyes of male separated by distance greater

than separation of lateral ocelli. Each galea-lacinia with 14-17 pectinate

spinelike setae on crown; maxillary hair setae scattered on ventral surface,

especially apically, of galea-lacinia, not restricted to submedial row.

Thorax.—Color light brown dorsally with pale markings, pale ventrally.

Pronotum less than or equal in width to head, widest in middle. Fore femora

pale dorsally, each with distally directed V-shaped light brown area in distal

half and paired light brown areas in basal half, sometimes connected forming

distally directed V-shaped area; dorsal surface of each fore femur with sparse

Figs. 1-4. Figs. 1-2. Abdomen, dorsal view. Fig. 1. Heptagenia criddlei. Fig. 2. H.

simplicioides. Figs. 3-4. Fore femur. Fig. 3. H. criddlei. Fig. 4. H. simplicioides.

Fig. 5.

Dorsal view. Heptagenia petersi.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

VOLUME 56, NUMBER | 57

paddle-shaped or slightly acute setae; posterior margin with hair setae; an-

terior margin with sparse, small spinelike setae. Claws denticulate.

Abdomen.—Color light brown dorsally with pale maculations (Fig. 5);

terga 1-9 each with lateral pale areas and pair of brown spots in postero-

lateral corners; 4-5 each with large median pale areas in posterior two-

thirds; 6 predominantly light brown, sometimes with paired pale submedian

areas in posterior half; 7 with paired pale submedian areas or entirely pale

in posterior two-thirds; 8-9 predominantly pale; 10 predominantly brown;

1-8 sometimes with brown longitudinal sublateral markings. Color pale ven-

trally; sterna 7-8 each sometimes with median transverse brown markings

near anterior margin. Posterolateral projections on segments 6-8. Filamen-

tous portion absent on gill 7. Caudal filaments light brown or yellow, artic-

ulations spinous; cerci with setae absent on inner margins.

Diagnosis.—Heptagenia petersi larvae may be easily distinguished from

other western Heptagenia by the distinctive dorsal abdominal color pattern

(Fig. 5).

Ecology.—Heptagenia petersi larvae have been collected on silt covered

rocks in medium-speed riffles in rather warm, medium-sized rivers.

Distribution.—Type locality.—Little America, Sweetwater Co., Wyo-

ming (Allen, 1966). Heptagenia petersi has also been reported from Utah

(Allen, 1966).

Material examined.—_WYOMING: Sweetwater Co., Blacks Fk. R. at

Granger, 1L, 22-VII-1971 Jensen, Provonsha; Blacks Fk. R. at 180, 6 mi E

Little America, 5L, 22-VII-1971 Jensen, Provonsha; Uinta Co., approx. 4

mi E Lyman, Smith Fk. R., 180, 1L, 3-VIIJ-1968 McCafferty, Koss.

Heptagenia simplicioides McDunnough

Length.—Body 8-12, caudal filaments 7-9 mm.

Head.—Color brown with pale markings. Head wider than long, posterior

margin usually straight. Compound eyes of male separated by distance less

than or equal to separation of lateral ocelli. Each galea-lacinia with 15-17

pectinate spinelike setae on crown; hair setae scattered on surface, espe-

cially apically, of galea-lacinia; not restricted to submedial row.

Thorax.—Color brown dorsally with pale markings, pale ventrally with

brown markings. Pronotum greater than or equal in width to head, widest

in middle. Fore femora (Fig. 4) brown dorsally, each with basal and distal

pale spots and pale median undulate band; dorsal surface of each fore femur

with paddle-shaped setae present but sparse; posterior margin with hair

setae; anterior margin with sparse, small spinelike setae or without arma-

ture. Claws denticulate.

Abdomen.—Color brown dorsally with pale maculations (Fig. 2); tergum

1 pale; 2, S—7 uniformly brown or with posterior paired pale spots; 3-4 with

58 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

posterior paired pale spots; 4 usually with pale posterior margin; 8 mostly

pale; 9 mostly brown with anterior paired pale submedian marks; 10 mostly

dark brown; 4-10 sometimes entirely brown with pale markings obscured.

Color ventrally usually uniformly brown. Posterolateral projections on seg-

ments 6-8. Filamentous portion absent on gill 7. Caudal filaments brown

with paler articulations; cerci with setae on inner margins.

Diagnosis.—Heptagenia simplicioides may be distinguished from H. crid-

dlei as indicated under the latter species. [H. simplicioides larvae were

keyed and included in a verification table by Traver (1935) but have not

been previously described. ]

Ecology.—Heptagenia simplicioides larvae have been collected among

rocks and gravel in warmer, often silted, rivers and streams below 2130 m

elevation.

Distribution.—Type locality—Waterton Lakes, Alberta. Heptagenia

simplicioides is reported from Alberta (McDunnough, 1924, type; Traver,

1935), Arizona (Allen and Chao, 1978), Colorado (see below), Idaho (Jensen,

1966), Montana (Edmunds, 1952), Nevada (see below), Oregon (Allen and

Edmunds, 1956), Utah (Edmunds, 1954), and Washington (Traver, 1935).

Material examined.—COLORADO: Boulder Co., St. Vrain Cr., Hy-

giene, 2L, 17-VII-1975 Ward; IDAHO: Lemhi Co., Pahsimeroi R., 4 mi NW

May, 1L, 25-VII-1964 Edmunds; Lincoln Co., Big Wood R. at Jct. U.S.

Hwy. 93, 17 mi N Shoshone., 2L, 24-VII-1964 Jensen, Lombardi, Isenberg;

Payette Co., Payette R. at Jct. Id. Hwy. 52, 9.8 mi E Payette, 1L, 22-IX-

1963 Jensen. NEVADA: Elko Co., Deeth, Humbolt R., 1L, 18-VI-1966

Edmunds.

Heptagenia elegantula (Eaton)

Length.—Body 10-12, caudal filaments 10-12 mm.

Head.—Color brown with pale markings. Head wider than long, posterior

margin straight or slightly emarginate. Compound eyes of male separated

by distance greater than separation of lateral ocelli. Each galea-lacinia with

9-14 (usually 9-11) pectinate spinelike setae on crown; maxillary hair setae

on surface of galea-lacinia forming submedial row.

Thorax.—Color brown dorsally with pale markings. Pronotum greater

than or equal in width to head, widest near anterior margin. Fore femora

usually brown dorsally with pale undulate median band and large basal pale

spot, often extending to median band, distal one sixth pale; fore femora some-

—_

Figs. 6-7. Abdomen, dorsal view. Fig. 6. Heptagenia elegantula. Fig. 6a. ‘‘Typical,”’

Fig. 6b. “‘Variant.’’ Fig. 7. H. solitaria. Fig. 7a. ‘‘Typical.’’ Fig. 7b. ‘‘ Variant.”

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1

ates

Eee

eta

KES

Rot

60 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

times pale dorsally with 2 yellowish brown bands; dorsal surface of each fore

femur with oval and/or paddle-shaped setae; posterior margin with hair

setae and spinelike setae; anterior margin with sparse small spinelike setae

only. Claws adenticulate.

Abdomen.—Color brown dorsally with pale maculations (Figs. 6a, b);

terga 2—7 each with paired submedian pale streaks arising at anterior margin,

pale area medially at posterior margin, and pale markings, often round be-

tween submedian streaks and lateral margins; 2—8 with pale lateral margins;

8—9 each with median pale patch with brown median spot on anterior mar-

gin; 10 with pale area medially at anterior margin. Pale ventrally; sterna

with small paired sublateral spots on anterior and posterior margins. Pos-

terolateral projections absent on segment 8. Filamentous portion present on

gill 7. Caudal filaments with alternate narrow light and dark bands; cerci

with setae present on at least part of inner margins.

Diagnosis.—Heptagenia elegantula and H. solitaria are easily separated

if the caudal filaments are present and unbroken, but unfortunately caudal

filaments are frequently broken from larvae. With a series, the color pattern

will usually allow separation of the two species (see Figs. 6a, b; 7a, b). [H.

elegantula larvae were keyed and included in a verification table by Traver

(1935) but have not been previously described. ]

Ecology.—Heptagenia elegantula larvae are found in warmer silted

streams and are the most common heptageniids of the silted Colorado River

system. Individuals are most often collected on rocks or wood but are com-

mon in beds of Potamogeton in canals. Larvae have been collected in Utah

at elevations between 1030-2010 m. Ecologically, H. elegantula and H.

solitaria overlap to some degree, but in large rivers where trout are excluded

by high temperatures H. elegantula frequently occurs, and H. solitaria is

excluded. However, in some cases H. elegantula is found in trout waters.

Distribution.—Type locality.—Arkansas Canyon, Colorado. Heptagenia

elegantula is also reported from Alberta (McDunnough, 1924), Arizona

(Eaton, 1883-88), Colorado (Eaton, 1883-88, type; Traver, 1935; Edmunds,

1952), Idaho (Jensen, 1966), New Mexico (Allen and Chao, 1978), Saskatch-

ewan (Edmunds, 1952), and Utah (Needham and Christenson, 1927; Ed-

munds, 1954).

The description of H. elegantula by Daggy (1945) in Minnesota does not

agree with our specimens and is referable to Heptagenia diabasia Burks.

Records of H. elegantula from Iowa (Daggy, 1945), Kansas (Traver, 1935),

and Nebraska (Traver, 1935) are also likely the latter species.

Material examined.—COLORADO: Grant Jct., Colorado R., 2L, 1-V-

1962 Knight; NEVADA: Clark Co., Virgin R. nr. Mesquite, 2L, 4-IV-1970

Edmunds; NEW MEXICO: Confluence San Juan and Pine R., 1L, 25-V-

1949 Higgins; OREGON: Quinalt R., 1L, 22-V-1947 Needham; UTAH: San

Juan Co., Colorado R., 2 mi below Ticaboo Can., 4L, 7-VII-1958 Musser;

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 61

Colorado R., 113 mi N Lees Ferry, 1L, 16-VIJ-1958 Smith, Musser; Uintah

Co., Brush Cr., 3 mi N Jensen, 1L, 4-VII-1968 Koss; WYOMING: Albany

Co., Big Laramie R. at Laramie, 5L, 18-19-VI-1977 Edmunds; Sweetwater

Co., Blacks Fk., 1 mi above Jct. Green R., 4L, 10-VII-1959 Smith, Musser;

Blacks Fk. R. at 180, W Green R. City, 5L, 2-VIII-1969 Provonsha; Green

R. 12L, 29-VI to 4-VII-1959 Smith, Musser.

Heptagenia solitaria McDunnough

Length.—Body 11, caudal filaments 19 mm.

Head.—Color brown with pale markings. Head wider than long, posterior

margin straight or slightly emarginate. Compound eyes of male separated

by distance equal to or greater than separation of lateral ocelli. Each galea-

lacinia with 11-15 pectinate spinelike setae on crown; maxillary hair setae

on surface of galea-lacinia forming submedial row.

Thorax.—Color brown dorsally with pale markings, pale ventrally. Prono-

tum greater than or equal in width to head, widest near anterior margin.

Fore femora brown dorsally with subproximal, median, and distal pale un-

dulate crossbands, subproximal band sometimes incomplete; dorsal surface

of each fore femur with paddle-shaped and/or oval setae; posterior margin

with hair setae and spinelike setae; anterior margin with sparse, small spine-

like setae only. Claws adenticulate.

Abdomen.—Color mostly brown dorsally with pale maculations (Figs. 7a,

b); tergum | predominantly pale; 2-7 brown, each with paired submedian

spots, occasionally elongate anteriorly, and pale spots halfway between mid-

line and each lateral margin; 4 pale on posterior margin; 8-9 each with large

pale median patches and brown median spot near anterior margin; 10 mostly

brown with narrow anterior pale area. Sterna pale; 2-8 each with light brown

sublateral dots at anterior margin; 9 brown on lateral margins. Posterolateral

projections absent on segment 8. Filamentous portion present on gill 7.

Caudal filaments alternately pigmented, 2 dark and 2 pale; cerci with setae

on inner margins.

Diagnosis.—Heptagenia solitaria larvae may be distinguished from H.

elegantula as indicated under the latter species.

Ecology.—Heptagenia solitaria larvae have been collected on large

smooth rocks in large, often silted, mountain streams, usually at elevations

between 1670-2290 m.

Distribution.—Type locality.—Waterton Lakes, Alberta. Heptagenia

solitaria is reported from Alberta (McDunnough, 1924, type); Arizona (Allen

and Chao, 1978), Colorado (McDunnough, 1926; Traver, 1935; Edmunds,

1952), Idaho (Jensen, 1966), Montana (Traver, 1935; Edmunds, 1952), Ne-

vada (see below), Oregon (Allen and Edmunds, 1956), Utah (Edmunds,

1954); and Wyoming (Edmunds, 1952).

62 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Material examined.—IDAHO: Franklin Co., Bear R., Jct. Id. Hwy. 34,

4 mi N Preston, IL, 20-VI-1964 Jensen, Richardson; NEVADA: Elko Co.,

N Fk. Humbolt R., 15 mi E Elko, 4L, 23-I[X-1957 Edmunds, Allen; UTAH:

Duchesne Co., Strawberry R. above Starvation Res., SL, 1-[X-1974 Ed-

munds; E Fk. Sevier R., Osiris, 1L, 14-VII-1947 Edmunds; Summit Co.,

Weber R. at Peoa, 2L, 14-X-1970 Boreham; Uintah Co., Vernal refuge,

3 mi S. Vernal, 3L, 16-VI-1949 Bell; WASHINGTON: Spokane Co.,

Little Spokane R., Dartford, 3L, 13-VI-1955 Allen; WYOMING: Sublette

Co., Green R., Big Piney, 2L, 9-VIII-1949 Higgins.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge Emma L. Bednarik and Julia N. Bailey for preparing the

illustrations appearing in this paper.

Literature Cited

Allen, R. K. 1966. New species of Heptagenia from western North America (Ephemeroptera:

Heptageniidae). Can. Entomol., 98:80-82.

Allen, R. K., and E. S. M. Chao. 1978. Mayflies of the Southwest: new species and records

of Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera). Pan.-Pac. Entomol., 54:311-315.

Allen, R. K., and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1956. A list of the mayflies of Oregon. Proc. Utah Acad.

Sci. Arts Lett., 33:85—87.

Daggy, R. H. 1945. New species and previously undescribed naiads of some Minnesota may-

flies (Ephemeroptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 38:373-396.

Day, W. C. 1956. Ephemeroptera. In: Aquatic insects of California, R. L. Usinger, ed., Univ.

Calif. Press, Berkeley., pp. 79-105.

Eaton, A. E. 1883-1888. A revisional monograph of recent Ephermeridae or mayflies. Trans.

Linn. Soc. London, Sec. Ser. Zool., 3:1-352.

Edmunds, G. F., Jr. 1952. Studies on the Ephemeroptera Part II. The taxonomy and biology

of the mayflies of Utah. Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Mass., 399 pp.

Edmunds, G. F., Jr. 1954. The mayflies of Utah. Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. Arts Lett., 31:64-66.

Edmunds, G. F., Jr., and R. K. Allen. 1957. A checklist of the Ephemeroptera north of

Mexico. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 50:317-324.

Jensen, S. L. 1966. The Mayflies of Idaho (Ephemeroptera). Unpubl. MS thesis, Univ. of

Utah., ix + 367 pp.

McDunnough, J. 1924. New Canadian Ephemeridae with notes, II]. Can. Entomol., 56:90-98,

113-122, 129-133.

McDunnough, J. 1926. New Canadian Ephermeridae with notes, IV. Can. Entomol., 58:296—

303.

McDunnough, J. 1927. A new Heptagenia from the Yellowstone region (Ephemeroptera).

Can. Entomol., 59:261.

Needham, J. G., and R. O. Christenson. 1927. Economic insects in some streams of northern

Utah. Utah Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull., 201:1-36.

Traver, J. R. 1935. Part II, Systematic. In: The biology of mayflies by J. G. Needham et al.,

Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, pp. 239-739.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. 56, No. 1 (1980), pp. 63-70

A REVIEW OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DIENOPLUS

(HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE)

R. M. BOHART

Dept. Entomol., Univ. Calif., Davis 95616

The genus Dienoplus W. Fox occurs in many parts of the world, but

seems to be absent in South America and Australia. Most of the described

species were originally placed in Gorytes or its synonym, Harpactus. Char-

acters and habits of the 54 previously known species were discussed by

Bohart (1976). The New World fauna has been known from four species

ranging from Florida to California. I am describing five additional ones

herein. Our species divide almost equally into two groups, recognized by

their markings. The gyponae group has the body extensively red, with white

spots on terga II and V. The pictifrons group typically has the head and

thorax black, the abdomen red. Occasionally, males of the second group

may be all black. Although the palearctic generotype, /aevis (Latreille) is

somewhat darker than our species of the gyponae group, the distribution

of white markings on the abdomen indicates a close relationship. Other Old

World species in the same group (that I have seen) are annulatus (Evers-

mann), decipiens (Arnold), histrio (Saussure), moravicus (Snoflak), ornatus

(F. Smith), tumidus (Panzer), and vicarius (Handlirsch). Of these, only

annulatus and moravicus have the pale stigma found in New World species

of the group.

Most of the nearly 1000 specimens studied are in the collection of the

University of California. Critical types and some additional material came

from Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, American Museum of

Natural History, National Museum of Natural History in Washington, Uni-

versity of Kansas, and California Academy of Sciences.

The few publications of consequence on American Dienoplus are Hand-

lirsch (1893) (description of D. mendicus from British Columbia, p. 278),

Fox (1894) (description of D. pictifrons, pp. 549-550), Williams (1914) (de-

scription and habits of D. gyponae, pp. 223-230), Krombein (1954) (de-

scription of citipes and comparison with gyponae, pp. 20-23), and Bohart

(1976) (generic synopsis and synonymic list, pp. 495-496.

In the interest of brevity, articles of the antennal flagellum have been

designated F-I, F-II, etc; terga T-I, T-II, etc.; and sterna S-I, S-II, etc. The

last visible sternum in the male often resembles a blunt sting. This is S-VIII

and its shape has considerable specific value (Figs. 1, 3, 4, 6).

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Key to American Species of Dienoplus

. Abdomen red to black but without white markings, forewing stigma

AT ied Sh LE I eh ie ce tay sol eRe ele forte RR aetna lt ea fs

Abdomen extensively light brownish red with a pair of white spots

on T-II and a median one on T-V; forewing stigma whitish or

Aen ea ee re 2 te Qa far cere alee ee Se al etc ees i 5

. Male F-I more than 1.5 times as long as broad (Fig. 10), considerably

longer than ocellocular distance; female clypeus with dark mark-

ings or all black; propodeal enclosure with inconspicuous silvery

PUBESCEN Cts re ae ot Akon ee eae, Boat tetas 3

Male F-I less than 1.5 times as long as broad, about as long as

ocellocular distance; female clypeus all yellow or propodeal en-

closlire COnspICUGUsly SilVeRy sc. oe. eb ba eo dn 2S aig Be es 4

. Propodeum extensively carinulate over enclosure and adjacent

rounded area lateral to it (Fig. 5), male abdomen extensively black

but T-I-II usually mostly red, female frons with well defined ma-

cropunctures (Utah and west) .................. rugulosus Bohart

Propodeum lateral to enclosure sparingly or finely carinulate, enclo-

sure sometimes nearly smooth; male abdomen nearly all red; fe-

male frons with indistinct macropunctures (Wyo., Utah, Colo.,

. Clypeus in both sexes all yellow; propodeal enclosure not unusually

pubescent, with a central furrow which is usually better defined

than rest of sculpture (Fig. 11) (western U.S.) ..... clypeatus Bohart

Clypeus with a pair of black spots, a black band, or (in some females)

all black; propodeal enclosure with rather dense silvery pubes-

cence which obscures sculpture in some views (Utah, Colo., and

AE ey See ed eat ade Mel ae lin Mitel wie Tea mendicus (Handlirsch)

. Propodeal enclosure with a median longitudinal groove defined on

either side by carinulae (as in Fig. 11), mesopleuron with consid-

erable coarse punctation, hindtibia without a distinct white area

Pu Stere cacy Ae casei My cch ous he Brena epee. sia wel ria Ses arabes 6

Propodeal enclosure with a median seam (Figs. 12, 13), rarely bor-

dered by short and anterior carinulae (Fig. 13), other characters

ASAT Ucar nrc a Be a eae a ee ee eo Oty ne etic Aaah 7

Female metanotum with short black pubescence, imparting a sooty

appearance; T-IIJ with medium to medium coarse punctation in

lateral view (U.S. and Mex. mostly west of 98th meridian) .....

Be Mr a Pee gt re teas a ees, en Se on gyponae (Williams)

Female metanotum with silvery pubescence; T-II with fine to me-

dium-fine punctation (Fla.) ................0008: citipes Krombein

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 65

1. russulus SS

3. clypeatus

5. rugulosus

4. rugulosus acne ees na

6. sinopis

7. clypeatus 9. clypeatus

8. russulus 10. rugulosus

11. clypeatus 12. sinopis 13. pueblicus

Figs. 1-13. Figs. 1, 3, 4, 6. Male Sternum VIII. Fig. 2. Male face. Fig. 5. Propodeal

enclosure and left side of propodeum, dorsal. Figs. 7-8. Last four male flagellomeres, later-

al. Figs. 9-10. Pedicel and basal three male flagellomeres, inner lateral. Figs. 11-13. Propodeal

enclosure, male holotypes.

66 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

7. Mesopleuron with numerous coarse, separated punctures; hindtibia

without a distinct posterobasal pale spot; male S-VIII unusually

narrow and parallel sided distad (as in Fig. 4) (Puebla, Guanajuato,

Po ie Dae Sie ee a le ee ei ees pueblicus Bohart

Mesopleuron with scarcely any coarse punctures, at least male hind-

tibia with a basoposterior pale spot; male S-VIII slightly to strong-

ly broadened distad (Figs. 1, 6) ........ ccc ccc cece eens 8

8. Male S-VIII strongly broadened distad (Fig. 6); male sterna IV—VI or

V-VI nearly always darkened; male hindtibia but not female with a

small, yellowish-white posterobasal spot; female F-VI-X all dark

COAT etd yk ac a PR nee dre coed x et ene eam. sinopis Bohart

Male S-VIII slightly broadened distad (Fig. 1); male sterna IV-VI

not darkened; hindtibia in both sexes with a prominent, white

posterobasal spot; female F-VI-X not all dark (Colo., Ks., and

WES MINUSNUA) tes ee eee hs oe russulus Bohart

Dienoplus clypeatus, new species

(Figs. 3, 7, 9, 11)

Male holotype.—Length 5 mm; head and thorax black; T-I posteriorly,

T-II, S-II, red; mandible partly, labrum, clypeus, broad lateral bands on

frons, scape beneath, tibiae in front, yellow; flagellum light brownish red,

darker above; tarsi brown; wings nearly clear, marginal cell somewhat dus-

ky, veins and stigma dark brown. Pubescence silvery, inconspicuous. Punc-

tation fine and scattered, especially visible on scutum, mesopleuron and T-

II laterally. F-I about 1.2 times as long as wide, shorter than F-II, F-XI

almost angularly depressed beneath (Fig. 7); propodeal enclosure with a

median sulcus bordered on either side by a carinula, other short carinulae

from anterior margin of enclosure (Fig. 11); S-VIII slightly broadened (Fig.

Female.—Length 5-6 mm; about as in male except: hindtibia mostly dark;

abdomen usually all red beyond extreme base; pygidial plate microsculp-

tured, with coarse and irregular punctation.

Holotype male (UCD), Samuel Springs (now Berryessa Lake), Napa Co.,

California, May 13, 1956 (R. M. Bohart). Paratypes, 18 males, 13 females,

topotypical, May 9-29 (E. Schlinger, R. Bechtel, R. Bohart). Other para-

types, 8 males, 37 females, Arroyo Seco Camp, Monterey Co., California,

May 11-June 6 (A. Menke, F. Parker, D. Burdick, L. Stange, R. Bohart).

Other material, 37 males, 31 females, mostly from Upper Sonoran Life Zone

localities on either side of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley. Exceptional

records are Claremont, Los Angeles Co., California; Pullman and Tyler,

Washington; and Boise, Idaho.

Systematics. —Abdominal markings vary considerably. All males seen

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 67

have at least some red on T-I-II and some are red also on T-III-IV. The

majority of females have the abdomen all red except at the base of I, but

about a third have some black on V—VI or IV—VI. Best species characters

are the combination of all pale clypeus and distinctive propodeal enclosure

in both sexes (Fig. 11), and features of F-I and F-XI in the male (Figs. 7,

9).

Dienoplus pueblicus, new species

(Fig. 13)

Male holotype.—Length 5 mm; mahogany red; black are: large ventral

area of mesopleuron; dark brown are: flagellum above, femora narrowly

above, tarsi, wing veins; white are: forewing stigma, lateral spot on T-II,

median spot on T-V; wings nearly clear, a little dusky in marginal cell.

Pubescence inconspicuous and silvery, most noticeable laterally on propo-

deum. Punctation fine to moderate, some coarse punctures on mesopleuron,

moderate and well spaced ones on scutum and T-II, especially at sides. F-I

about 1.7 times as long as broad, longer than F-II; F-XI slightly concave

beneath; propodeal enclosure nearly flat, median sulcus faint, a series of

short carinulae from anterior margin, the two which border the sulcus ex-

tending nearly halfway back (Fig. 13); S-VIII narrow and parallel-sided (as

in Fig. 4).

Female.—Length 6 mm; about as in male except: F-IV—X dark reddish

brown, a trace of soot-like micropubescence on metanotum; pygidial plate

minutely sculptured, with coarse and separated punctures.

Holotype male (UCD) and one female paratype, 3 mi N Petlalcingo, Pueb-

la, Mexico, August 3, 1963 (F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange). One male paratype,

Guanajuato, Mexico (E. Duges, returned to J. Leclerq).

Systematics.—Among the gyponae group, pueblicus differs by the sep-

arated coarse punctures of the mesopleuron, unmarked hindtibia, short car-

inulae on the propodeal enclosure (Fig. 13), and narrow male S-VIII (as in

Fig. 4).

Dienoplus rugulosus, new species

(Figs. 2, 4, 5, 10)

Male holotype.—Length 5 mm; black; red are: T-I-II mostly, S-II partly;

yellow are: mandible spot, labrum, clypeus except for broad subbasal spot

(Fig. 2), frons laterally, fore and midtibia in front; wings slightly stained.

Pubescence silvery, inconspicuous. Punctation moderate and well spaced

on frons, scutum and T-II laterally; coarse and well spaced on mesopleuron.

F-I about twice as long as broad, about as long as F-II (Fig. 10); F-XI

slightly concave beneath; propodeal enclosure with complete longitudinal

rugulae which are continued laterally over rounded part of propodeum (Fig.

68 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

5); posterior propodeal surface shiny but microsculptured; S-VIII narrow

(Fig. 4).

Female.—Length 5—7 mm; about as in male except: clypeus often and

legs sometimes all dark, abdomen all red beyond extreme base; pygidial

plate partly shiny but with slightly spaced micro- and macropunctation.

Holotype male (UCD), Davis, Yolo Co., California, August 3, 1955 (R.

K. Washino). Paratypes, 14 male and 19 female topotypes, April 28—June

11 and July 17-November 27 (F. Parker, J. Downey, E. Schlinger, A

MacClay, A. Grigarick, M. Irwin, A. Menke, P. Marsh, R. Bohart). Other

material, 14 pair from widespread localities in California from Lower So-

noran to Canadian Life Zone localities. Out-of-state specimens are 11 males,

9 females from Washington (Pullman, Walla Walla), Idaho (Sweet, Notus,

Owyhee Co., Twin Falls Co.), Oregon (Josephine), Utah (Petersboro, 12 mi

W Tremonton, Park Valley), and Nevada (Verdi, Orovada, 16 mi NW Ger-

lach, Humboldt Co., Douglas Co.).

Systematics.—Most males have T-I-II red, the rest black. However, I

have seen seven males from California and Nevada with the abdomen all

black. Females, on the other hand, seem to have all segments red except

at the base of I and sometimes on VI. The propodeal rugulae extend onto

the rest of the propodeum to a variable degree, but at least cover the round-

ed lateral areas (Fig. 5). Both sexes customarily have a dark blotch on the

clypeus, or in females it may be all black. Oddly, two males with all black

abdomen have the clypeus all yellow.

Dienoplus russulus, new species

(Figs. 1, 8)

Male holotype.—Length 5 mm; light brownish red; black are: fore and

midtibiae posteriorly, fore and midtarsi partly, hindtarsi; whitish are: scape

beneath, fore and midtarsi in front, long basoposterior hindtibial spot, small

lateral spot on T-II, median spot on T-V; wings mostly clear, dusky in

marginal cell, veins brown, stigma whitish yellow. Body with extensive but

mostly inconspicuous silvery micropubescence, prominent on mesopleuron

and propodeal side, some obscure dark micropubescence on scutum and

T-IIJ-IV. Punctation fine and inconspicuous. F-I a little more than twice as

long as broad, longer in every view than F-II; F-XI slightly concave beneath

(Fig. 8); propodeal enclosure finely microsculptured, divided by a longitu-

dinal sulcus (as in Fig. 12); S-VIII slightly broadened (Fig. 1).

Female.—Length 5-6 mm; about as in male except: labrum, clypeus,

lateral stripes on lower frons, broader median spot on T-V, whitish; some

sootlike pubescence on metanotum; pygidial plate mostly smooth, scattered

medium punctures.

Holotype male (UCD), 18 mi W Blythe, Riverside Co., California, Oc-

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 69

tober 14, 1967, on Euphorbia mat (R. M. Bohart). Paratypes, 5 female

topotypes, April 16, October 14-16 (P. Hurd, F. Parker, R. Bohart). 2 males,

Thousand Palms, Riverside Co., April 4-9, on Euphorbia mats (F. Parker,

R. Bohart). Other material, 13 males, 3 females, CALIFORNIA: Redlands,

Glamis, 18 mi W Blythe; NEVADA: 18 mi W Denio, 15 mi E Reno, Patrick;

NEW MEXICO: Albuquerque; COLORADO: Colorado Springs; KAN-

SAS: Stafford Co. (Salt Flats), Kearny Co. (Lake McKinney); CHIHUA-

HUA: 9 mi S Hidalgo del Parral.

Systematics.—There is considerable variation in amount of black mark-

ings. The type series has a minimum, with little on the propodeum and the

ocelli merely rimmed or surrounded by a small ocellar blotch. However,

other specimens from Glamis, 18 mi W Blythe, and western Nevada may

have the propodeal enclosure all black, at least in males. Within the gyponae

group, russulus is best characterized by a combination. of the fine meso-

pleural punctation, sharply defined hindtibial white mark, simple longitu-

dinal groove on the propodeal enclosure (as in Fig. 12), and slightly broad-

ened male S-VIII (Fig. 1).

Dienoplus sinopis, new species

(Figs. 6, 12)

Male holotype.—Length 5 mm; light brownish red; black are: antenna

above, ocellar area, adjacent and slightly posterior ocular spot, irregular

areas behind wing base and in propodeal spiracle area, posterior spot on

propodeal enclosure, spot behind pronotal lobe, venter of mesopleuron,

dorsal stripes on femora, tibiae and tarsi partly, S-IV—VI and S-VIII; whitish

are: clypeus, mandible, labrum, lower frons, fore and midtibiae in front,

hindtibia posterobasally, large lateral spot on T-II, broad spot on T-V; wings

smoky, venation brown, stigma pale yellow. Body with extensive, short,

silvery pubescence. Punctation fine and inconspicuous. F-I about twice as

long as broad, F-XI slightly concave beneath (as in Fig. 8), propodeal en-

closure polished and divided by a longitudinal sulcus (Fig. 12), S-VII un-

usually stout (Fig. 6).

Female.—Length 5-6 mm; about as in male except: clypeus mostly red-

dish, antenna darker with F-VI-X all dark, S-IV—VI reddish, pubescence

of metanotum black and sootlike, some black micropubescence on T-II-IV,

pygidial plate mostly smooth, scattered medium punctures.

Holotype male (UCD), 1 mi S Soledad, Monterey Co., California, May

- 1, 1968 (R. M. Bohart). Paratypes, 20 males, 3 females, topotypical but

collected from April 11—May 15 (J. MacSwain, R. Thorp, C. Goodpasture,

R. Bohart). Other paratypes, 2 males, 1 female, Pinnacles, San Benito Co.,

CA, May 25, 1956 (P. Hurd); Ventura Co., CA: 2 pair, Chuchupate Ranger

Station, Frazier Mountains, May 4—5, 1959 (P. Hurd, J. Powell); 1 pair,

70 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Lockwood Valley, May (E. Schlinger, G. Stage); 3 males, 2 females, Hungry

Valley, 5 mi S Gorman, May 4-6, 1959 (P. Hurd, C. O’Brien, G. Stage).

Systematics.—The best single recognition feature of the species is the

broadened male S-VIII (Fig. 6). This can be detected even if it is exserted

only slightly. Otherwise, sinopis differs from others in the gyponae group

by the simple groove of the propodeal enclosure (Fig. 12), fine mesopleural

punctation; darkened distal sterna in the male and distal flagellomeres in the

female, and the absence of a discrete pale basoposterior spot on the female

hindtibia.

Literature Cited

Bohart, R. M. 1976. Genus Dienoplus W. Fox, pp. 495-496. In: Bohart and Menke, Sphecid

wasps of the world, a generic revision. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, 695 pp.

Fox, W. J. 1894. The North American Larridae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 467-551.

Handlirsch, A. 1893. Neue Arten der Gattung Gorytes Latr. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Vienna,

8:276—282.

Krombein, K. V. 1954. Taxonomic notes on some wasps from Florida with descriptions of

new species and subspecies. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 80:1-27.

Williams, F. X. 1914. Notes on the habits of some solitary wasps that occur in Kansas, with

description of a new species. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 8:223-230.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. 56, No. 1 (1980), pp. 71-78

FURTHER NOTES ON FAR EASTERN TABANIDAE VII. NEW

GENERALIZED ORIENTAL SPECIES OF UNUSUAL

ZOOGEOGRAPHIC INTEREST (DIPTERA)

CORNELIUS B. PHILIP

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco 94118

New information on Oriental Tabanidae was supplied in a recent report

(Philip, in press) on material mostly supplied by the Bernice P. Bishop

Museum (Bishop) in Honolulu. This report involves a few additional records

of unusual zoogeographic interest from the same source, augmented by

comments on Cydistomyia species supplied from the U.S. Smithsonian In-

stitution Expeditions to Sri Lanka.

Generalized species of the tabanine genus Cydistomyia are widely dis-

tributed in the southwest Pacific region (Mackerras, 1964). Recent recog-

nition by Mackerras and the writer of extension of these westward into

India was discussed in part IV (Philip, 1970). An additional species de-

scribed below is the first from Sarawak, Borneo (East Malaysia).

However, Dr. Mackerras subsequently studied the genitalia of the male

type of ‘“‘Cydistomyia’’ aberrans Philip from Sikkim, and confirmed his

suspicion that it should be transferred to Mesomyia subgenus Perisilvius

Enderlein in the Tribe Chrysopsini; I had overlooked the very reduced hind-

tibial spurs. The prominent triocellar tubercle had influenced me to relate

this to C. primitiva Mackerras from Madras. The chrysopsine-type styles

in male genitalia (Fig. 1) are tapered to simple, blunt points. This is the first

record in the Orient intermediate between the obvious African locus of

speciation of the subgenus (Oldroyd, 1957; Usher, 1972) and a remote east-

ern species described by Mackerras (1964) from Papua (New Guinea). This

appears to add evidence of an additional Far Eastern tabanid element with

derivation from Ethiopian ancestry. On the other hand, Philip and Mack-

erras (1960; distributional map, Fig. 2) discussed an isolated species, pul-

chripennis (Hine), in Kenya of the chrysopsine genus Gressittia with several

species in the Far East and apparent reversed pathway of ancestral exten-

sion.

Added herewith is an eighth Far Eastern species of Gressittia, the first

from the Philippine Islands, and the most eastward known extension of the

genus. Relationships of this also were confirmed by genitalic studies by Dr.

Mackerras.

72 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. 1. Mesomyia (Perisilvius) aberrans (Philip). Male genitalia with styles tapered to sim-

ple blunt points.

Gressittia titsadaysi, new species

Figs. 2, 3

A medium-sized, triocellate dark brown species with mostly concolorous

vestiture except for inconspicuous pale hairs on the scutum, wings brown,

bifenestrate (Fig. 2), no body pattern evident, and female with frontal cal-

losity.

Holotype 2, 12 mm in length, wings 11.5 mm. Eyes bare, no pattern

revivable. Frons tall and rather narrow, somewhat divergent below, making

the index about 1:3.5, and sides slightly constricted mesally; 3 prominent

ocelli on a darkened, low boss at vertex; callosity yellow rugose below, not

reaching eyes, produced above in a tapering, darkened ridge to about two-

thirds the frontal heights, and flanked on each side by a pair of pollinose

furrows which extend downward from the ocellar tubercle. Subcallus brown

pollinose, with a few short yellow hairs at the sides. Face subshiny brown

with sparse brown hairs on parafacials and cheeks. Antenna (Fig. 3) reddish,

darker apically, 2 basal segments short, but little produced dorsally, with

sparse short black hairs, plate subrectangulate dorsally and a little shorter

than the style; apical annulus cylindrically elongate and obviously longer

than the other 3 annuli together. Palpus II (apical segment) rather slender,

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 73

Fig. 2. Gressittia titsadaysi n. sp. Female wing.

somewhat flattened laterally, darker brown witn short black hairs, and as

long as the short proboscis with large fleshy labella.

Thorax, including notopleural lobes, and scutellum brown, vestiture pale,

appressed, sparse on scutum, and brown on pleura, yellow on hemispherical

propleural lobes and fore coxae; otherwise legs brown with concolorous

hairs; hind-tibial fringes not prominent, yellowish, and 2 hind-tibial spurs

very reduced at apex. Wing brown with 2 hyaline areas, the basal one

crossing apices of 2 basal cells, the other originating just beyond the reduced

stigma and irregularly crossing cells R,, R2,3, R; and M,, and without the

usual expansion along the hind margin. Basal (1st) M cell with small hyaline

crescent in base. No spur vein. Haltere brown.

Abdomen subshiny, reddish brown grading to black on the caudal 3 seg-

ments, mostly brown to black-haired with inconspicuous narrow yellowish

hair fringes on the first 2 tergites and mesally on the third. Genitalia (Fig.

3) reveal some structural differences from other Gressittia species figured

by Philip and Mackerras (1960): sternite VIII is narrower, and gonopophyses

more deeply emarginate, while divided tergite X, basad of the angular cerci,

is heavier. The laterally-situated divisions of tergite [X are very lightly scler-

otized.

Type locality.—Philippine Is. ‘‘Eran Pt., 8 km SW Tarumpitao Pt.,

74 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. 3. Gressittia titsadaysi n. sp. Female antenna (left) and genitalia.

31.XII.59—4.1.60.’’ L. W. Quate; (probably Mindanao where this collector

also trapped other tabanids a month earlier). In Bishop. No. 11539.

Schuurmans Stekhoven (1926) treated relatives of the group in Malaysia

and the former Dutch East Indies in part under Silvius. The wing pattern

and genitalia, however, are distinctive in the chrysopsine group of Gressittia

as is the peculiar, long tapered annulus of the antennal style.

The unpatterned body with concolorous scutellum and tarsi, and un-

swollen tibiae, prevent keying with 6 other Far Eastern Gressittia treated

by Philip and Mackerras (1960). While the propleural lobes are accentuated

by yellow hairs, they are not as prominent as in the ‘‘double breasted’’ G.

birumis Philip and Mackerras, taken by Dr. Gressitt in the primitive Dawn

Redwood region of Central China. The specific name, fitsadaysi, is adapted

from a whimsical nickname used in a magazine article on the primitive tribe

of Tasadays recently discovered in Mindanao, and this species belongs with

the more primitive or generalized chrysopsine flies.

Cydistomyia (Cydistomyia) delicata, new species

Fig. 4

A small gray species with pale red appendages and pinkish abdomen,

clear yellow-veined wings and mostly bare basicostas except for 3-4 black

setae on each.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 75

Fig. 4. Cydistomyia delicata n. sp. Female frons, antenna and palpus.

Holotype °, 7.5 mm in length, wing same. Eyes bare, plain bluish green

(relaxed). Frons parallel-sided, index 1:3.6, buff gray with obscure sparse

black hairs; callosity rounded, separated from margins, reddish brown with

a short black extension above. Subcallus pinkish pollinose. Face, cheeks

and vestiture white. Antenna orange, pale yellow-haired basally, plate

chunky, little over a third longer than wide, not dorsally excised, the basal

angle low, obtuse, taller than either scape or pedicel, tooth of latter scarcely

developed, style short, equal to basal height of plate. Palpus II yellowish,

swollen basally, attenuated apically, sparsely pale yellow-haired with a few

black setae intermixed, subequal to the dull yellow proboscis.

Scutum gray pollinose overlying dark sooty integument, notopleural lobes

and apex of scutellum pinkish. Pleura whitish pollinose and pilose. Legs

pale red, mostly pale yellow to whitish-haired, a few inconspicuous black

hairs on outer faces of tibiae, most noticeable, though not fringed, on hind

pair. Wing with veins yellow and with normal venation, no spur vein. Hal-

tere orange.

Abdomen dull pinkish, without pattern entirely pale yellow-haired.

Type locality.—East Malaysia (Borneo): Sarawak, Kuching Santubong,

797-1500 m. 18-30. VI.1958. T. C. Maa. In Bishop. No. 11540.

Apparently similar to this is -Tabanus borniensis Ricardo, also from Sa-

rawak. The author believed she was providing a new name and amplified

description for the preoccupied TJ. apicalis Rondani, type in Museo Civico

di Storia Naturale, Genoa, Italy, which she studied. However, Schuurmans

Stekhoven (1926) considered that another Sarawak specimen in the British

Museum assigned by her to T. borniensis actually represented a different

species which he described as 7. flavopilosus, apparently chiefly based on

76 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

a red-brown rather than black callosity and tall mid-frontal keel. Unfortu-

nately, I was able to find in 1953 no type labelled by him, but the only

specimen with correct locality labels (“‘Stevens 1857’’) and an attached note

in his writing, ‘‘prob. the true borniensis Ric.-Stekhoven,’’ can be accepted

as type of flavopilosus as concurred in by Mr. H. Oldroyd of BM(NH).

Both of the above differ significantly from C. delicata n. sp. by the much

narrower fronts, indexes 1:8 to 9, convergent below.

Though this genus was undoubtedly established in ‘‘Borneo,’’ as postu-

lated by Philip (1959) in discussing the widely separated records of the larger

but similar appearing C. longirostris (Schuurmans Stekhoven) in Sumatra

and north Palawan in the Philippine Islands, this is the first actual record of

Cydistomyia for ‘‘Borneo.”’ Tabanus acallosus Philip from Balabac Is.

north of Sarawak, also somewhat resembles this in size and coloration but,

in addition to setulose basicostas, has a narrower frons without callosity.

I have little doubt, however, that the Sarawak specimens discussed by Ri-

cardo (1911) under her 7. boriensis (see above) should also be assigned to

Cydistomyia, which would afford increased evidence of the probable north-

ward extension of the genus from the Australian-Papuan region, where vig-

orous speciation in the group has occurred.

Included in material received from Dr. Krombein was a series of speci-

mens from Sri Lanka which confirms the prediction (Philip, 1973), that Cy-

distomyia would be discovered on that island. Though not previously rec-

ognized, a series of both sexes of ‘‘Tabanus’’ puteus Ricardo, originally

described from Ceylon, belongs in this genus, as well as some other possibly

undescribed miscellaneous males being studied by Dr. Burger. Data on the

C. putea (Ricardo) (new combination) are: Sri Lanka: 3 females, Ratnapura

Dist., Udawalawa, Dam Site, 19.X.1970, 76 m. O. S. Flint, Jr.; 5 males,

Anuradhapura Dist., Hunuwilagama, near Wilpattu, black light, 28.x-

3.X1.1976, 60 m. C. F. Hevel, R. E. Dietz, S. Karunrathe, D. W. Balasoo-

riya. In U.S. National Museum.

Cydistomyia (Chasmia) basifasciata (de Meijere). A possible new record

for the Philippine Islands is represented by two badly damaged small females

(probably damaged in fly traps) that appear to belong at least to this genus

though the species may be in doubt. If correctly assigned, this would rep-

resent a new element in the Philippine fauna since Mackerras (1964) had

considered that the Chasmia group of species ‘“‘. . . appears to be strictly

Papuan’’ (New Guinea). Vein R, of the wing is unusually decurved toward

the costal margin, and the frons and antenna agree with Figure 43 of this

species by Mackerras. Broken parts of both specimens are mounted on

points, one pierced by a minuten pin (suggesting damage in capture) and

labelled ‘‘P. I., Mindanao, Agusan, S. Francisco 10 km SE, 14-XI-1959. L.

W. Quate.’’ In Bishop.

A larger, also broken female with same data, is unidentifiable, but prob-

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 77

ably represents a species near or the same as C. longirostris (Schuurmans

Stekhoven), which was previously reported from Busuanga Island north of

Palawan by Philip (1959) as ‘‘attracted to penned crocodiles.’”’

New Oriental homonymy

One of 2 species of tabanine flies from Celebes (now Sulawesi) Islands,

Neobolbodimyia laticornis Schuurmans Stekhoven, was transferred by

Mackerras (1962) to his new subgenus of Tabanus, Pseudobolbodimyia.

This creates a junior homonym to the Nearctic ‘‘Tabanus’’ laticornis Hine

(now Hybomitra), and requires a new name for the Celebes species; the

new name Jabanus (Pseudobolbodimyia) yarchus is proposed for laticornis

Schuurmans Stekhoven (not Hine), adapted from Greek, an ornamented

container, in reference to the black body with contrasting white ornamen-

tation of the fly.

The basalis group (Schuurmans Stekhoven) of Far Eastern Tabanus with

sharply bicolored abdomens, is in need of review. Among recently added

Oriental species is T. jacobi Coher from Nepal which, as Stone (1975) has

pointed out, is preoccupied by 7. (Therioplectes) aterrimus var. jacobi

Bouvier (see Stone for references) and requires a new name. However, I

refrain from proposing a new one at this appropriate time, pending assess-

ment by a future reviewer of the basalis group.

Not homonomous but requiring taxonomic reassessment is Charmiella

polyzona Szilady from ‘‘Oriental India’? which, apparently because of its

original generic assignment to a presently considered synonym of Cydisto-

myia, was catalogued by Stone (1975) in Cydistomyia. Though inadequately

described for generic assignment, the eyes ‘‘covered with grey hairs’’ pre-

clude this assignment (see Mackerras, 1962), and the occipital rima with a

pale post-ocular hair-fringe would be unusual in the genus. The type will

need further study for decision about generic relationships.

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to various members of the staff of Bishop for the oppor-

tunity to study the unusual specimens acknowledged in text, types of which

are in that museum. Dr. H. V. Krombein of Washington, D.C., furnished

the Sri Lanka specimens also discussed above. A more complete report on

Sri Lanka Tabanidae taken at the same time is in preparation by Dr. J. H.

Burger of the University of New Hampshire. I am especially indebted to

Dr. I. M. Mackerras of Canberra, Australia, for comments and the genitalic

studies of pertinent specimens as detailed and figured also above.

Literature Cited

Mackerras, I. M. 1962. On some Oriental and Pacific Tabanini (Diptera, Tabanidae). Pac.

Insects, 4:101-112.

78 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Mackerras, I. M. 1964. The Tabanidae (Diptera) of New Guinea. Pac. Insects, 6:69-210.

Oldroyd, H. 1957. The horse-flies (Diptera, Tabanidae) of the Ethiopian Region. Volume III.

Subfamilies Chrysopinae, Scepsidinae, and Pangoniinae and a revised classification.

Brit. Muse. (Nat. Hist.), 489 pp.

Philip, C. B. 1959. The Philippine Expedition 1946-1947: Tabanidae (Diptera). Fieldiana,

Zool., 33:543-625.

Philip, C. B. 1970. Further notes on Oriental Tabanidae (Diptera). IV. Descriptions of Cydis-

tomyia and Tabanus and other records, particularly from India and Sikkim. H. D.

Srivastava Commem. Vol., pp. 443-452.

Philip, C. B. 1973. Diptera: Tabanidae from Ceylon. Ent. Scand. Suppl. 4, pp. 56-61.

Philip, C. B. (in press, 1979). Further notes on Far Eastern Tabanidae (Diptera). VI. New

and little known species from the Orient and additional records, particularly from Ma-

laysia. Pac. Insects.

Philip, C. B., and Mackerras, I. M. 1960. On Asiatic and related Chrysopinae (Diptera:

Tabanidae). Philipp. J. Sci., 88:279-324.

Ricardo, G. 1911. A revision of the species of Tabanus from the Oriental region. Rec. Indian

Mus., 4:111-—258.

Schuurmans Stekhoven, H. H., Jr. 1926. The tabanids of the Dutch East Indian Archipelago.

Treubia, 6 (Suppl.):1—551.

Stone, A. 1975. Family Tabanidae. In: M. D. Delfinado and E. E. Hardy, eds., A catalog of

the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Univ. Press, Honolulu, vol. II, pp. 43-81.

Usher, P. J. 1972. A review of the South African horsefly fauna (Diptera: Tabanidae). Ann.

Natal Mus., 21:459-507.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. 56, No. 1 (1980), pp. 79-80

AN INSTANCE OF MULTIPLE MATING IN

ASILUS GILVIPES (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE)!

STEPHEN W. BULLINGTON AND ROBERT J. LAVIGNE

Plant Science Division, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071

Multiple matings of individual asilids have only occasionally been record-

ed in the literature. Scarbrough (1978) observed multiple mating by females

of Cerotainia albipilosa Curran; Lehr (1958), of Promachus leontochlaenus

Loew; and Scarbrough and Sipes (1973), of Leptogaster flavipes Loew.

Additionally, Adamovic (1973) observed females of Dysmachus stylifer

Loew and Echthistus rufinervis Meigen copulating following oviposition,

which, if one assumes oviposition was not forced by egg pressure, implies

multiple mating.

Lehr (1958) observed multiple mating by males of Promachus leonto-

chlaenus Loew; Lavigne and Holland (1969), of Promachus dimidiatus Cur-

ran; and Dennis and Lavigne (1976), of Efferia varipes Williston.

Lavigne (1972) observed recopulation by the same male and female of

Ablautus rufotibialis Back; Scarbrough (1978), of Cerotainia albipilosa Cur-

ran; Lavigne and Holland (1969), of Efferia pallidula Hine; and Dennis and

Lavigne (In Press), of Machimus callidus (Williston).

Asilus gilvipes Hine is a 14-17 mm long, golden-brown asilid associated

with animal burrows in Wyoming (Lavigne, 1968). Two complete matings,

involving the same female of A. gilvipes, were observed on July 14, 1978,

at the entrance to a badger hole on shortgrass prairie, 10.4 miles west of

Laramie, Wyoming, on the north side of Wyoming 130. The female was first

observed sitting in the shade on the upper wall of the burrow. At 10:37 AM,

a male A. gilvipes flew into the vicinity and, without landing, grabbed the

female from behind. One and a half seconds later, when the male released

his grip on the body of the female, he had joined his hypopygium to her

ovipositor. The newly formed pair immediately assumed a “‘tail-to-tail’’ po-

sition, 1.e., their heads pointed in opposite directions. At 10:45 AM, the

male attempted to move in the opposite direction from the stationary female

and, at 10:47 AM, buzzed his wings for a second or two, thus elevating

himself above the substrate but remaining in place. At 11:03 AM, the pair

fell to the floor of the burrow. They separated immediately. The male flew

off; the female crawled about 15 cm down the wall of the burrow, where

she remained in an upside-down position for an extended period of time.

She was not visible from a horizontal plane. Consequently, it was necessary

for a male to enter the burrow to see her.

At 11:11 AM, a male landed at the edge of the burrow. Between 11:11

80 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

AM and 11:33 AM, he engaged in a variety of activities unrelated to mating.

At 11:33 AM, he suddenly hovered within the entrance to the burrow, flew

directly into it, and grabbed the female. The grappling pair fell to the floor

of the burrow, joined their genitalia together, and immediately assumed a

tail-to-tail position. Two seconds later, the pair flew from the floor to the

roof of the burrow near the entrance, both of which were in deep shade. At

11:54 AM, the male disengaged his hypopygium from the female’s ovipos-

itor, hovered in front of the female for about one-half second, and then

landed an inch or two away from her on the wall of the burrow.

During both matings the surface temperature in the shade just inside the

burrow was 10°C; in the sunlight just outside the entrance, 29°C.

Complete matings have not previously been recorded for A. gilvipes.

Lavigne (1968) had speculated that copulation was initiated while both male

and female were in flight. In both observed instances, however, the male

initiated copulation while the female was on the soil surface. The first mating

lasted 26 minutes; the second, 21 minutes. A 30 minute interval separated

the two matings. The second male may or may not have been the same

individual as the first.

Literature Cited

Adamovic, Z. R. 1973. The mating habits and egg-laying of some Echthistus, Eutolmus and

Dysmachus species of the robber flies (Diptera, Asilidae). Bull. Mus. Hist. Natur.,

Beograd, Ser. B, 28:111-133.

Dennis, D. S., and R. J. Lavigne. 1976. Ethology of Efferia varipes with comments on species

coexistence (Diptera: Asilidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 49:48-62.

Dennis, D. S., and R. J. Lavigne. (In Press). Ethology of Machimus callidus with incidental

observation on M. occidentalis in Wyoming (Diptera: Asilidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol.

Lavigne, R. J. 1968. Notes on two species of Asilus (Diptera: Asilidae) associated with animal

burrows with a redescription of Asilus gilvipes Hine. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 41:334—

339.

Lavigne, R. J. 1972. Ethology of Ablautus rufotibialis on the Pawnee Grasslands IBP site. J.

Kansas Entomol. Soc., 45:271-274.

Lavigne, R. J., and F. R. Holland. 1969. Comparative behavior of eleven species of Wyoming

robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Stn. Sci. Monogr. 18,

61 pp.

Lehr, P. A. 1958. Materials on the biology of Promachus leontochlaenus Loew (Diptera:

Asilidae). Trudy nauchno-issled. Inst. Zach. Rast., KazASKhN, Alma-Ata, 4:210—224.

Scarbrough, A. G. 1978. Ethology of Cerotainia albipilosa Curran (Diptera: Asilidae) in Mary-

land: Courtship, mating and oviposition. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington, 80:179—-190.

Scarbrough, A. G., and G. Sipes. 1973. The biology of Leptogaster flavipes Loew in Maryland

(Diptera Asilidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington, 75:441—448.

Footnote

1 Published with the approval of the Director, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, as

Journal Article no. JA-988.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including short notes or articles up to ten printed pages,

on insect taxonomy, morphology, ecology, behavior, life history, and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and will be

charged to the author. Papers are published after acceptance in approximately the order that they are received. Papers of less than a

printed page will be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.

All manuscripts will be reviewed before acceptance.

Manuscripts for publication, proofs, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the editor.

General. — The metric system is to be used exclusively in manuscripts, except when citing label data on type material, or in direct

quotations when cited as such. Equivalents in other systems may be placed in parentheses following the metric, i.e. ‘1370 m (4500

ft) elevation’.

Typing. — Two copies of each manuscript must be submitted (original and one xerox copy or two xerox copies are suitable). All

manuscripts must be typewritten, double-spaced throughout, with ample margins, and be on bond paper or an equivalent weight.

Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 814 x 11 inches are not acceptable.

Underscore only where italics are intended in the body of the text. Number all pages consecutively and put authors name on each

sheet. References to footnotes in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes must be typed on a separate sheet.

Manuscripts with extensive corrections or revisions will be returned to the author for retyping.

First Page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript must include (1) the complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses,

(3) the author’s name or names, (4) the institution with city and state or the author’s home city and state if not affiliated (5) the

complete name and address to which proof is to be sent.

Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should include the full scientific name with the author

of a zoological name not abbreviated. Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style. The

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature must be followed.

Tables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be prepared as a line drawing or typed on a

separate page with heading at top and footnotes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecutively for

each table. Use only horizontal rules. Extensive use of tabular material requiring typesetting may result in increased charges to the

author.

Illustrations. — No extra charge is made for line drawings or halftones. Submit only photographs on glossy paper and original drawings.

Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimension of the printed page (117 x 181 mm; 4% x 7% inches). If possible,

allowance should be made for the legend to be placed beneath the illustration. Photographs should not be less than the width of the

printed page. Photographs should be mounted on stiff card stock, and bear the illustration number on the face.

Loose photographs or drawings which need mounting and/or numbering are not acceptable. Photographs to be placed together should

be trimmed and abut when mounted. Drawings should be in India Ink, or equivalent, and at least twice as large as the printed

illustration. Excessively large illustrations are awkward to handle and may be damaged in transit. It is recommended that a metric

scale be placed on the drawing or the magnification of the printed illustration be stated in the legend where applicable. Arrange

figures to use space efficiently. Lettering should reduce to no less than 1 mm. On the back of each illustration should be stated (1)

the title of the paper, (2) the author’s complete name and address, and (3) whether he wishes the illustration returned to him.

Illustrations not specifically requested will be destroyed. Improperly prepared illustrations will be returned to the author for correction

prior to acceptance of the manuscript.

Figure legends. — Legends should be typewritten double-spaced on separate pages headed EXPLANATION OF FIGURES and placed

following LITERATURE CITED. Do not attach legends to illustrations.

References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig 1958), must be listed alphabetically under LITERATURE CITED in the

following format:

Essig, E. O. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212.

Essig, E. O. 1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rey. ed. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1050 pp.

Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1966, 47(21):8585—8601. For Scientific Notes the

citations to articles will appear within the text, i.e... . ‘Essig (1926, Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212) noted ...’’.

Proofs, reprints, and abstracts. — Proofs and forms for the abstract and reprint order will be sent to authors. Major changes in proof

will be charged to the author. Proof returned to the editor without the abstract will not be published.

Page charges. — All regular papers of one to ten printed pages are charged at the rate of $18.00 per page. Private investigators or

authors without institutional or grant funds may apply to the society for a grant to cover a portion of the page charges. In no case

will society grants subsidize more than two thirds of the cost of page charges. Individuals receiving a society subsidy thus will be

billed a minimum of $6.00 per page. Pages additional to the first ten are charged at the rate of $30.00 per page, without subsidy. Page

charges are in addition to the charge for reprints and do not include the possible charges for extra pagination or the costs for

excessive changes after the manuscript has been sent to the printer.

Reprint costs. — Current charges for reprints are approximately as listed below. These charges are subject to change, and authors will

be billed at the rate in effect at the time of publication.

Each Additional

1 pp Printed Page

Ist 100 18.25 3.00

Additional 100’s 12.75 1.75

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL

SOCIETY.

Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (numbers 1-9, 131

pages). 1901-1930. Price $5.00 per volume.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vol. 1 (1924) to Vol. 51 (1975), price $10.00 per volume of 4

numbers, or $2.50 per single issue. Vol. 52 (1976) and subse-

quent issues, $15.00 per volume or $3.75 per single issue.

MEMOIR SERIES.

Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. 320 pages. Pub-

lished October 1951. Price $10.00 (Plus $1.00 postage and han-

dling.)*

Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family Tetranychidae by A. Earl

Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. 472 pages. Published July

1955. Price $10.00 (Plus $1.25 postage and handling.)*

Volume 3. Revisionary Studies in the Nearctic Decticinae by

David C. Rentz and James D. Birchim. 173 pages. Published

July 1968. Price $4.00. (Plus $ .75 postage and handling.)*

Volume 4. Autobiography of an Entomologist by Robert L.

Usinger. 343 pages. Published August 1972. Price $15.00. (Plus

$1.25 postage and handling.)*

Volume 5. Revision of the Millipede Family Andrognathidae

in the Nearctic Region by Michael R. Gardner. 61 pages. Pub-

lished January 21, 1975. Price $3.00. (Plus $ .75 postage and

handling.)*

*(Add 6% sales tax on all California orders (resident of Alameda, Contra

Costa, San Francisco, Santa Clara and Santa Cruz counties add 614%).

Members of the Society will receive a 20% discount.)

Send orders to:

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

c/o California Academy of Sciences

Golden Gate Park

San Francisco, California 94118