Vol. 56

OCTOBER 1980

No. 4

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

MOCKFORD—Identification of Elipsocus Species of Western North America with De¬

scriptions of Two New Species (Psocoptera: Elipsocidae)_ 241

NUTTING—New California Hyperaspis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) _ 260

SCHUSTER et al.—A New Species of Echiniscus from California (Tardigrada: Echin-

iscidae)_ 265

HARTMAN and HYNES—Environmental Factors Influencing Hatching of Tipula

simplex Eggs (Diptera: Tipulidae)_ 268

WAGNER—The Nearctic Trichomyiinae (Diptera, Psychodidae) _ 273

BARR—New Genera and a New Species of New World Cleridae (Coleoptera) _ 277

SILVERMAN and GOEDEN—Life History of a Fruit Fly, Procecidochares sp., on the

Ragweed, Ambrosia dumosa (Gray) Payne, in Southern California (Diptera:

Tephritidae) _ 283

KAVANAUGH—On Type Specimens of Amphizoa LeConte (Coleoptera: Amphizoi-

dae)_ 289

THOMAS—A New Pseudevoplitus Ruckes from Guatemala with a Key to the Species

(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) _ 293

NELSON—A Review of the Genus Thrincopyge LeConte (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)_ 297

POLHEMUS—Studies on Neotropical Veliidae (Hemiptera). V. New Species of

Rhagovelia _ 311

VINCENT—Field Observations on the Biology of Tetragnatha extensa Emerton, in a

Riparian Habitat (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) _ 316

LACEY and MULLA—Observations on the Biology and Distribution of Simulium tes-

corum (Diptera: Simuliidae) in California and Adjacent Areas _ 323

SCIENTIFIC NOTES

Evans and Evans—Swarming of Leucorrhinia hudsonica (Selys) _ 292

Chemsak and Linsley—Records of Cerambycidae from Cocos Island _ 310

Shapiro—Evidence for a Return Migration of Vanessa cardui _ 319

BOOK REVIEW_ 332

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE_ 333, 334

PROCEEDINGS of the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY_ 335

INDEX TO VOLUME 56 _ 343

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1980

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

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OFFICERS FOR 1980

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Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist (ISSN 0031-0603)

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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 241-259

IDENTIFICATION OF ELIPSOCUS SPECIES OF WESTERN NORTH

AMERICA WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES

(PSOCOPTERA: ELIPSOCIDAE) 1

Edward L. Mockford 2

Illinois State University, Normal 61761

This paper presents a taxonomic treatment of the species of Elipsocus

found from the eastern slopes and outlier hills of the Rocky Mountains west

to the Pacific Coast in the United States and in the Canadian province of

British Columbia.

The literature reveals only a single named species of Elipsocus in this

region, E. occidentalis Banks. The present study recognizes six species.

Four are known European species, three of which are recorded for the first

time from North America {E. hyalinus (Stephens), E. pallidus Jentsch, and

E. westwoodi McLachlan). The fourth European species, E. mclachlani

Kimmins is identical with E. occidentalis, and its name falls into the syn¬

onymy of the latter. The other two species are new to science and are named

here and described.

Banks’ catalogue (1907b) lists six species of Elipsocus for the United

States and Canada. Of these, all but two have subsequently been removed—

by synonymy, correction of erroneous placement, and restriction of the

genus. The remaining two are E. occidentalis, here treated, and E. pumilis

(Hagen), an eastern species not currently recognizable by modern criteria.

The genus Elipsocus was set up by Hagen (1866) in one of the earliest

attempts at higher classification of psocids following their recognition as a

natural group. Since its first use, Elipsocus has undergone several restric¬

tions. The usage followed here is that now generally accepted (Badonnel

1943, Roesler 1944), differing only in that female microptery is noted here

for the first time in this genus.

Species determination in Elipsocus is a difficult task. Reliable characters

are few, and the extent of variation of each remains poorly understood.

Identification at present relies heavily on minor differences in female exter¬

nal genitalia (male external genitalia apparently offer no useful characters)

coupled with color pattern differences in head, forewing, and abdomen. The

color pattern characters vary with state of color development at the time of

preservation and state of preservation. They are never as obvious in males

as in females. Lacinial tip figures generally are included with descriptions,

but the actual differences between species in these structures appear to be

few.

242

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Several new characters were discovered during this study. The color pat¬

tern of the epiproct appears to be diagnostic for females of most species

although it shows no differences in males. A row of small setae occurs on

the anterior margin of the forewing very near the wing base and is contin¬

uous onto the humeral lobe. The number of setae in the row (on the wing

proper, excluding those on humeral lobe) appears to be relatively constant,

subject to sexual dimorphism, within each species and to differ between

species. In no case are my data sufficient to allow statistical analysis, but

the numbers (BR of Table 1) are recorded for all individuals observed. The

ratio of length of pterostigma (measured from base of stigmasac to distal

end of pterostigma on wing margin) to forewing length (measured along

longest axis of fore wing) appears to be a useful character for some species.

Materials and Methods

The present study is based on examination of 264 adult specimens from

the geographic region indicated above. Morphological observations were

made on slide preparations in Hoyer’s medium under a compound micro¬

scope. Color observations were made on whole specimens in alcohol with

direct light under a dissecting microscope. Measurements were made with

a filar micrometer. The micrometer unit was 0.987 /jl. All characters noted

above in the discussion of species determination are recorded for all species.

All data in the diagnoses of European species are taken from the North

American specimens on hand. Abdominal color patterns of the European

species were amply illustrated by Jentsch (1938) and Gunther (1974). No

differences were noted in abdominal color pattern between European and

North American representatives of these species, and these patterns are not

re-illustrated here.

The following abbreviations are used in the measurements (Table 1): FW =

forewing; HW = hindwing; F = hind femur; T = hind tibia; t l5 t 2 , t 3 =

first, second, and third hind tarsomere; cten = ctenidia (comb-based setae)

on first hind tarsomere; f x , f 2 , f 3 = first, second, and third flagellomeres;

IO/D = least distance between compound eyes divided by greatest antero¬

posterior eye diameter in dorsal view; PO = transverse diameter of eye

divided by greatest antero-posterior diameter of eye in dorsal view; FW/P =

fore wing length divided by length of pterostigma; BR = row of small setae

on anterior margin of fore wing at base; M = macropterous; m = microp-

terous.

Elipsocus hyalinus (Stephens)

Psocus hyalinus Stephens 1836:123. Complete synonymy in Gunther

1974:170.

Table 1. Measurements (p.), counts, and ratios for Elipsocus species of western United States and British Columbia. Abbreviations are

explained in text.

Species

4- sex

t,3

cten

f 2

f 3

IO/D

FW/P

guentheri S

3855

2861

587

1177

369

102

514

410

339

1.57

0.70

3.17

guentheri 6

3493

2651

602

1141

348

107

480

378

324

1.79

0.75

3.38

guentheri 3

3940

2944

671

1247

427

123

595

456

398

1.63

0.78

3.33

guentheri 9 M

3831

2843

655

1240

341

126

503

396

300

2.30

0.60

3.26

guentheri 9 m

277

207

521

809

225

—

245

204

173

2.86

0.54

—

guentheri 9 m

293

203

533

860

242

105

—

269

244

200

2.79

0.69

—

obscurus <S

4348

3287

675

1407

368

113

593

473

399

1.76

0.78

3.21

obscurus 6

4508

3392

676

1421

395

120

593

458

400

1.01

0.94

3.05

obscurus 9

3849

2935

646

1301

319

114

563

437

360

2.21

0.65

3.42

obscurus 9

3346

2562

582

1137

287

112

508

355

314

2.34

0.59

3.39

hyalinus 9

3400

2337

513

1023

296

115

422

293

216

1.98

0.70

3.83

hyalinus 9

3069

2289

501

1039

292

114

426

319

246

2.00

0.59

3.40

occidentalis 6

2768

2103

534

974

320

106

444

317

247

1.34

0.75

3.64

occidentalis 9

2645

2002

505

882

264

110

325

231

183

2.45

0.59

3.56

pallidus 6

3421

2600

598

1221

381

112

580

413

341

0.95

0.86

3.27

pallidus 9

3253

2472

574

1137

318

112

528

343

283

2.25

0.74

3.39

westwoodi <5

3280

2487

602

1166

353

125

565

428

359

—

3.47

westwoodi S

3080

2305

514

1032

314

107

475

363

304

0.99

0.78

3.50

westwoodi 9

3161

2421

557

1047

279

114

452

338

276

2.32

0.67

3.80

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

244

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 1-5. Elipsocus hyalinus (Stephens) 9 . Fig. 1. Forewing. Scale = 1.0 mm. Fig. 2.

Head, dorsal view. Scale = 0.5 mm. Fig. 3. Ovipositor valvulae. Scale = 0.1 mm. Fig. 4.

Subgenital plate. Scale = 0.1 mm. Fig. 5. Epiproct. Scale of Fig. 3.

Diagnosis .—Only females known throughout most of range. Without wing

polymorphism. Head (Fig. 2) dark brown except for two paler spots on each

side between ocelli and antennal base. Forewing (Fig. 1): pterostigma darkly

pigmented; forewing otherwise marked with a spot before R-M junction and

a small spot at nodulus. Abdomen with terga 4-6 dark brown, contrasting

with paler terga before and after. Subgenital plate (Fig. 4) with transverse

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

245

band of setae not as wide as distance between lateral edges of distal lobes.

Ovipositor valvulae (Fig. 3): second valvula with a small process on median

edge of pigmented area. Epiproct (Fig. 5) deeply pigmented on each side at

base, more lightly pigmented throughout rest of basal half, unpigmented

over most of distal half. Measurements, counts, and ratios in Table 1.

Records. —British Columbia: Vancouver Co.: Vancouver, 15 August

1950, 2 2, H. H. and J. A. Ross; 10-26 July 1962, in light trap, 58 2, G. G.

E. Scudder; 16 July 1963, beating conifers, 1 2, R. C. Rounds; Nanaimo

Co.: Vancouver Island: Langford, 5 September 1963, light trap, 1 2. Cali¬

fornia: Marin Co.: Mill Valley, early June 1950, caught in cheesecloth trap,

1 2, H. B. Leech. Oregon: Coos Co.: Eel Creek State Park, 1 August 1969,

beating lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Loudon) in dunes scrub, 2 2, E. L.

Mockford.

Elipsocus occidentalis Banks

Elipsocus occidentalis Banks 1907a: 166.

Elipsocus mclachlani Kimmins 1941:528, NEW SYNONYMY. See also syn¬

onymy of E. mclachlani in Kimmins (1941).

Diagnosis. —Known from both sexes. Without wing polymorphism. Head

marked as in E. westwoodi (Fig. 20 and diagnosis of that species). Fore wing

(Figs. 6, 7): pterostigma pale in basal half, remainder dark; forewing oth¬

erwise marked with brown border of first segment of Rs, first segment of

M, first segment of Cu t from its base to slightly beyond half its length, Cu la

except at its base and tip, a brown spot before nodulus, and another in cell

IA near its base. Abdomen with terga yellowish white except some females

with a narrow transverse spot of brown on each of terga 6-8. Subgenital

plate (Fig. 9) with transverse band of setae relatively narrow, not as wide

as distance between lateral edges of distal lobes; transverse band flanked

by two large setae somewhat anterior to the band. Ovipositor valvulae (Fig.

8): second valvula with a minute, pointed process on median edge of pig¬

mented area. Epiproct (Fig. 10) with a deeply pigmented area on each side

of midline at base, an irregular unpigmented area to each side of heavy

pigmentation of base, remainder lightly pigmented. Measurements, counts,

and ratios in Table 1.

Records. —British Columbia: Nanaimo Co.: Vancouver Island: Victoria,

3 S (paratypes), 1 2 (lectotype, #11466, Museum of Comparative Zoology),

Dr. Bergroth; Vancouver Co.: Vancouver: Surrey, 10 July 1946, 1 d, 2

2, H. H. Ross; Vancouver: Brockton Point, 15 July 1946, 1 6, 8 2, H. H.

Ross. Oregon: Lane Co.: Armitage State Park, 28 June 1963, beating west¬

ern red cedar ( Thuja plicata Donn), Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga taxifolia Brit¬

ton), and broad-leaved trees, 2 S, 18 2, E. L. Mockford and F. Hill. Wash¬

ington: Pierce Co.: 14 km east of Olympia on U.S. Highway 99, 28 June

246

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 6-10. Elipsocus occidentalis (Banks). Fig. 6. S, forewing. Scale =1.0 mm. Fig. 7.

2 , forewing. Scale of Fig. 6. Fig. 8. 2 , ovipositor valvulae. Scale = 0.1 mm. Fig. 9. 2 ,

subgenital plate. Scale = 0.1 mm. Fig. 10. 2 , epiproct. Scale of Fig. 8.

1963, on maple trunks (Acer sp.) and beating maples and alders (Alnus sp.),

15 6, 10 9 , 1 nymph, E. L. Mockford and F. Hill.

Note. —Although the name E. occidentalis has not been used except in

catalogues since it was first coined, it cannot be suppressed according to

the present International Rules in favor of the name E. mclachlani, as the

latter name has not been in use long enough (anonymous 1974).

Elipsocus pallidus Jentsch

Elipsocus pallidus Jentsch 1938:27.

Diagnosis. —Known from both sexes. Without wing polymorphism. Head

(Fig. 13) creamy yellow with band of brown spotting along median ecdysial

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

247

Figs. 11-17. Elipsocus pallidus Jentsch. Fig. 11. 6, forewing. Scale = 1.0 mm. Fig. 12.

9 , forewing. Scale of Fig. 11. Fig. 13. Head, dorsal view. Scale = 0.5 mm. Fig. 14. 9 , lacinial

tip. Scale = 0.05 mm. Fig. 15. 9 , ovipositor valvulae. Scale = 0.1 mm. Fig. 16. 9 , subgenital

plate. Scale = 0.1 mm. Fig. 17. 9 , epiproct. Scale of Fig. 15.

248

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

line and bordering each compound eye medially; brown spot on frons before

median ocellus; broad brown chevrons on postclypeus. Lacinial tip (Fig.

14) with one or more minute denticles. Forewing (Figs. 11, 12): pterostigma

slightly pigmented distally or along its posterior margin; fore wing otherwise

washed over its entire surface with yellowish brown (more pronounced in

female than in male) and with discemibly deeper clouding along M-Cu in its

distal third, first segment of Rs, first segment of M, and in its basal half;

a small brown spot before nodulus. Abdominal terga uniformly medium

reddish brown dorsally, becoming creamy yellow on sides in all segments

but last 3-4. Subgenital plate (Fig. 16) with broad transverse band of setae,

exceeding in width the distance between lateral edges of distal lobes. Ovi¬

positor valvulae (Fig. 15): second valvula with a rounded process on median

margin. Epiproct (Fig. 17) lightly pigmented except unpigmented on sides

in basal two-thirds and over entire distal third. Measurements, counts, and

ratios in Table 1.

Records .—British Columbia: Vancouver Co.: Vancouver, 17 July 1963,

beating pines ( Pinus sp.), 1 9, R. C. Rounds; 6 August 1963, on Scotch

broom (< Cytisus scoparius [Linnaeus] Link), 2 S, G. G. E. Scudder; 9 Au¬

gust 1963, on Scotch broom, 1 <3, R. C. Rounds; 12 August 1963, beating

Douglas fir, 1 9, R. C. Rounds; Vancouver: Brockton Point, 15 July 1946,

1 9, H. H. Ross.

Elipsocus westwoodi McLachlan

Elipsocus westwoodi McLachlan 1867:274. Complete synonymy in Smithers

(1967:80) except E. moebiusi Tetens regarded as distinct species by Gun¬

ther (1974).

Diagnosis. —Known from both sexes. Without wing polymorphism. Head

(Fig. 20) creamy yellow marked with medium brown: a band along median

ecdysial line, a spot in front of median ocellus becoming darker along clypeal

border, a field of coalescing spots bordering each compound eye medially,

a band from compound eye through antennal base to clypeus on each side,

narrow chevron marks on clypeus. Forewing (Figs. 18, 19): pterostigma

lightly pigmented basally, moderately pigmented in distal one-half to two-

thirds. Male fore wing not otherwise marked except for a faint pigment spot

before nodulus and faint pigmentation in some basal cells and along veins

R and R,. Well-colored females with a large cloudy brown spot covering

distal half of cell R, middle third of cell Cu lb , distal fourth of cell Cu 2 , and

extending into cells Rj and M 3 ; another spot of same color broadly bordering

vein Cu la except at its base. Abdominal terga dark purplish brown dorsally

on terga 3-6, creamy yellow on sides; terga 1-2, 7-8 creamy yellow except

for purplish brown band of varying width along dorsal midline; clunium

(fused terga 9-10) reddish brown. Subgenital plate (Fig. 22) with transverse

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

249

Figs. 18-22. Elipsocus westwoodi McLachlan. Fig. 18. 6 , forewing. Scale = 1.0 mm. Fig.

19. 9 , forewing. Scale of Fig. 18. Fig. 20. 9 , head, dorsal view. Scale = 0.5 mm. Fig. 21.

9 , ovipositor valvulae. Scale = 0.1 mm. Fig. 22. 9 , subgenital plate. Scale = 0.1 mm.

band of setae about equal in width to distance between lateral margins of

distal lobes; the band subtended by three long setae in addition to smaller

ones. Ovipositor valvulae (Fig. 21): second valvula with a small spinulose

process on edge of pigmented area. Epiproct with two broad pigmented

bands extending from base to distal two-thirds, there ending on margin;

leaving unpigmented the distal third, a broad median band, and a narrow

band on each lateral margin (as in Fig. 35 of E. oh scums n. sp.). Measure¬

ments, counts, and ratios in Table 1.

Records .—British Columbia: Vancouver Co.: Vancouver, 1 July 1963,

beating cedars, 1 < 3 , 1 2 , beating maples, 3 <5,3 9 , R. C. Rounds; 17 July

1963, beating pines, 1 6, 2 $, R. C. Rounds; 9 August 1963, on Scotch

broom, 1 < 5 , R. C. Rounds.

250

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Elipsocus guentheri, new species

Diagnosis. —Known from both sexes. Wing polymorphism well devel¬

oped. Most populations with macropterous males (Fig. 23 of fore wing) and

micropterous females (Figs. 25, 26 of thorax and wings), but macropterous

females also known. Fore wings (Figs. 23, 24) totally without pigment spots

or bands outside of slight pigmentation of pterostigma in macropterous in¬

dividuals of both sexes. Measurements, counts, and ratios in Table 1.

Male. —Morphology.—Median cranial ecdysial line well developed,

reaching ocellar interval; frontal ecdysial lines faint. Ocellar interval prom¬

inent, the pigmented cups of ocelli meeting in middle. Lacinial tip as in

female (Fig. 27). Antennae about length of body, about two-thirds length of

forewing. Forewing (Fig. 23) with pterostigma long and shallow; stem of Rs

fork only slightly curved anteriorly beyond its origin; position of origin of

Rs fork variable in relation to origin of M 3 ; cubital loop long and low,

approximately one and one-third times longer than high. Male external gen-

italic structures typical for the genus (phallosome as in Fig. 36 of E. obscu¬

ms n. sp. c3).

Color (in alcohol ).—Compound eyes and ocellar interval black. Head

medium reddish brown with paler (yellow) spot mediad of each antennal

base on frons bordering clypeus. Antennae and legs medium reddish brown;

thorax of same color but paler (creamy yellow) on poorly sclerotized areas.

Fore wings as described in diagnosis (above); hindwings unmarked. Abdo¬

men creamy yellow with broad transverse bands of dark reddish brown

subcuticular pigment interrupted on dorsal midline on terga 2-7, continuous

on terga 8-10.

Macropterous female .—Morphology.—Head ecdysial lines as described

for male; ocellar interval less prominent, the pigment cups not quite meeting

in middle. Lacinial tip as in micropterous morph (Fig. 27). Antennal length

relative to fore wing and body as described for male. Forewing features as

described for male except origin of Rs fork slightly distal to origin of M 3 .

Terminal abdominal structures as in micropterous morph.

Color (in alcohol). —As described for male, but well colored individuals

with head with a pale reddish yellow band from ocellar interval diagonally

through each parietal area, nearly reaching posterior margin of vertex (Fig.

28). Some individuals with head uniformly pale reddish yellow. Well colored

specimens with transverse bands of reddish brown subcuticular pigment on

abdominal sterna 3-6, the bands faint along ventral midline, more intense

laterally.

Micropterous female .—Morphology.—Aspects related to microptery.—

Of normal facies for a micropterous psocid. Compound eyes relatively small

(see IO/D figures, Table 1). Ocelli represented by dark pigment spots on

some specimens, pigment spots each with a minute cornea on others. An-

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

251

252

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

tennae one-half to two-thirds length of body. Thoracic terga virtually flat,

without indication of notal lobes. Forewinglet usually about as long as length

of meso- and metathorax together, in a few specimens exceeding this length

by about length of first abdominal segment. Hindwinglet somewhat shorter

than forewinglet (Figs. 25, 26).

Aspects not related to microptery.—Lacinial tip (Fig. 27) with lateral cusp

high and bilobed, a small denticle between lateral and median cusps; median

cusp lower, with slight indication of marginal lobing. Subgenital plate (Fig.

30) with transverse band of setae slightly less wide than space between

lateral edges of distal lobes; the band subtended by two long setae. Ovi¬

positor valvulae (Fig. 29): second valvula lacking process; pigmented area

of second valvula with deep cleft in middle; third valvula decidedly nar¬

rowed before apex. Epiproct (Fig. 34) with pigmentation in two wide bands,

each slightly more than one-third width of epiproct at its base, extending

from base about two-thirds length of epiproct and leaving the margin un-

pigmented except at and near base.

Color (in alcohol ).—In general similar to male and macropterous female,

differing in following particulars: Head with broad creamy yellow areas

(with slight reddish tinge) producing pattern approximately same as that of

E. pallidus (Fig. 13). Abdomen medium reddish brown dorsally on segments

2-7 except for narrow creamy yellow intersegmental lines; ventrally paler

reddish brown, the color absent along ventral midline. Terga 8-10 dark

reddish brown.

Holotype .—Micropterous female, allotype male, 13 male and 8 microp-

terous female paratypes and 6 nymphs, Wyoming: Teton Co.: U.S. Highway

89, 8.1 km south of Yellowstone National Park southern boundary, el. 2103

m, 8 August 1969, beating lodgepole pine, E. L. Mockford. The types are

in my collection. A pair of paratypes will be deposited in the Florida State

Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville.

Records .—British Columbia: Cariboo Co.: east end of Tacheeda Lake,

27 July 1963, beating spruces (Picea sp.), 5 6, 3 macropterous 9, 3 mi¬

cropterous 9, 28 nymphs, R. C. Rounds; west end of Tacheeda Lake, 27

July 1963, beating spruces, 4 6, R. C. Rounds; Prince Rupert Co.: 13.8 km

west of Endako, Highway 16, 31 July 1963, on spruce, 1 6 ,4 macropterous

Figs. 23-30. Elipsocus guentheri n. sp. Fig. 23. 6, forewing. Scale = 1.0 mm. Fig. 24.

Macropterous 2 , forewing. Scale of Fig. 23. Fig. 25. Micropterous 2 , pterothorax, dorsal

view. Scale = 0.5 mm. Fig. 26. Micropterous 2 (shorter-winged form), pterothorax, dorsal

view. Scale of Fig. 25. Fig. 27. 2 , lacinial tip. Scale = 0.05 mm. Fig. 28. Macropterous 2 ,

head, dorsal view. Scale of Fig. 25. Fig. 29. 2 , ovipositor valvulae. Scale = 0.1 mm. Fig. 30.

2 , subgenital plate. Scale = 0.1 mm.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

253

Figs. 31-36. Elipsocus guentheri n. sp. and E. obscurus n. sp. Fig. 31. E. guentheri,

macropterous 2, abdomen, dorsal view. Scale = 0.5 mm. Fig. 32. E. obscurus 9 , abdomen,

dorsal view. Scale of Fig. 31. Fig. 33. E. obscurus 9 , head, dorsal view. Scale = 0.15 mm.

Fig. 34. E. guentheri 2, epiproct. Scale = 0.1 mm. Fig. 35. E. obscurus 9 , epiproct. Scale =

0.1 mm. Fig. 36. E. obscurus 6, phallosome. Scale = 0.1 mm.

9, R. C. Rounds; 8.1 km north of Owen Lake, 31 July 1963, beating spruce,

2 6, R. C. Rounds. Arizona: Cococino Co.: Grand Canyon National Park:

north rim near Kaibab Lodge, el. 2134 m, August 1956, beating dead pine

branches, 4 micropterous 9, R. B. Root. Colorado: Gunnison Co.: Highway

135, 24.1 km north of Almont, 22 July 1969, beating Engelmann spruce

{Picea engelmannii : [Parry] Engelmann), 1 nymph, E. L. Mockford. Mon-

254

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 37-41. Elipsocus obscurus n. sp. Fig. 37. 3, forewing. Scale of Fig. 38. Fig. 38.

9, forewing. Scale = 1.0 mm. Fig. 39. 9, lacinial tip. Scale = 0.05 mm. Fig. 40. 9, ovipositor

valvulae. Scale = 0.1 mm. Fig. 41. 9 , subgenital plate. Scale = 0.1 mm.

tana: Flathead Co.: Glacier National Park: Virginia Falls, 20 August 1966,

beating dead, lichen covered branches of fir (Abies sp.), 4 S , 3 micropterous

9 , 1 nymph. E. L. Mockford. North Dakota: Burke Co., 11 September

1962, beating dead aspen (.Populus sp.), 2 micropterous 9, R. L. Post and

R. D. Gordon; Montraill Co., 11 September 1963, beating dead aspen

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

255

branches, 1 micropterous $, R. L. Post and R. D. Gordon. Wyoming: Fre¬

mont Co.: Wind River Ranch, 27.4 km west of Dubois, Highway 26, 4

August 1966, beating pine and spruce, 4 6, 3 micropterous 9, 4 nymphs,

E. L. Mockford; Tetons Co.: Grand Teton National Park, Highway 36, 22.5

km north of Jackson, 5 August 1966, beating Douglas firs, 2 3 , E. L. Mock-

ford; Yellowstone National Park, 6 August 1947, 1 micropterous 9 , H. H.

and J. A. Ross.

Note .—The only known macropterous females are from the northern end

of the known range of the species, in central British Columbia. This is

apparently the only known case of microptery in Elipsocus.

This species is named for Dr. Kurt K. Gunther of the Museum fur Na-

turkunde, Berlin, D.D.R., whose excellent work on Psocoptera in the series

“Die Tierwelt Deutschlands” (Gunther 1974) ably brought together the in¬

formation on European Elipsocus and all other central European psocid

genera.

Elipsocus obscurus, new species

Diagnosis .—Known from both sexes. Without wing polymorphism. Fore¬

wings (Figs. 37, 38) with markings variable: male with pterostigma pale

brown to deep brown, cell IA colorless to pale brown, wing otherwise un¬

marked; female with pterostigma medium brown to dark brown; veins in

basal half of wing, except Cu 2 , brown bordered, likewise Cu la . Measure¬

ments, ratios, and counts in Table 1.

Male. —Morphology.—Median cranial ecdysial line distinct to ocellar in¬

terval; frontal ecdysial lines absent or extremely faint. Ocellar interval

prominent. Antenna slightly longer than body, about two-thirds length of

forewing. Forewing (Fig. 37) as described for E. guentheri (above). Male

external genitalic structures typical for the genus (Fig. 36 of phallosome).

Color (in alcohol).—Compound eyes black. Head dark chestnut brown

with a yellowish brown spot medial to each antennal base on frons bordering

clypeus. Antennae deep chestnut brown; legs medium brown. Thorax deep

chestnut brown on heavily sclerotized areas, pale reddish brown to white

on membranous areas and in a spot in middle of mesonotum and metanotum.

Forewings as described in diagnosis (above). Hindwings colorless. Abdo¬

men ringed with broad bands of reddish brown subcuticular pigment on

preclunial segments, the bands broadly interrupted on ventral midline;

creamy yellow where banding absent; clunium and hypandrium medium

chestnut brown.

Female. —Morphology.—Median and frontal ecdysial lines distinct. Ocel¬

lar interval smaller, less prominent than in male. Antenna about three-

fourths length of body, two-thirds length of forewing. Lacinial tip (Fig. 39)

with relatively high, slightly bilobed lateral cusp, lower median cusp, and

256

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

rounded denticle between but closer to lateral cusp. Forewing (Fig. 38) with

pterostigma relatively shorter than in male, cell Cu la slightly shorter, about

as long as high. Subgenital plate (Fig. 41) with transverse band of setae

slightly less wide than space between lateral edges of distal lobes; the band

subtended by two long setae. Ovipositor valvulae (Fig. 40): second valvula

lacking process; pigmented area of this valvula with moderate cleft in mid¬

dle; third valvula with apex slightly narrowed. Epiproct (Fig. 35) with pig¬

mentation in two wide bands, each slightly more than a third width of epi¬

proct at its base, extending parallel most of length of epiproct from base

nearly to tip, ending on margin near tip but leaving lateral margins unpig-

mented from base to near tip.

Color (in alcohol).—Generally as in male, differing in following features.

Head (Fig. 33) with distinct pattern of dark and pale areas, the pale areas

white or creamy yellow, the white restricted to a spot mesad of each an¬

tennal base on frons bordering clypeus; dark areas of head medium to dark

chestnut brown, distributed as a band along median ecdysial line almost to

ocellar interval, a spot including ocellar interval and extending forward to

clypeus, a field of spots bordering each compound eye medially, a narrow

ring around each antennal base connected to eye by a narrow band, clypeus

except for narrow pale lines separating the darker areas into chevrons; fron¬

tal ecdysial lines bordered with reddish brown. Forewings as described in

diagnosis. Hind wings unmarked.

Holotype female, allotype male, 10 male and 8 female paratypes and 10

nymphs, California: Riverside Co.: 9 km south of Sage on Highway 3, 14

March 1979, beating sumac ( Rhus sp.), jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis Link),

and other chaparral shrubs, E. L. Mockford and J. D. Pinto. The types are

in my collection. A pair of paratypes will be deposited in the Florida State

Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville.

Additional paratypes .—Type locality, 18 March-21 April 1976, beating

jojoba, 6 6, 12 9, collector not indicated; 8 April 1978, beating jojoba, 1

6 , collector not indicated. These paratypes will be deposited in the collec¬

tion of the Entomology Department, University of California, Riverside.

Other records .—California: Mendocino Co.: Hopland, 7 April 1970, swept

from grass, 1 9, A. G. Forbes; Riverside Co.: Dripping Springs Camp

Ground, Cleveland National Forest, 14 March 1979, beating sage brush

(Artemisia sp.), live oak, ( Quercus agrifolia Nee) and sumac, 1 6,2 9,2

nymphs, E. L. Mockford; H. James Reserve near Lake Fulmor, el. ca. 1622

m, 26 May 1973, 1 6, J. D. Pinto; Manifee Valley, west end, el. 549 m, 10

March 1979, beating sage ( Salvia sp.), 1 6, 1 nymph, E. L. Mockford and

J. D. Pinto; type locality, 29 March 1977, beating jojoba, 1 6 (teneral),

collector not indicated; San Bernardino Co.: Camp Angelus, el. 1829 m, 3

May 1958, 2 6, 1 9, G. H. Nelson.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

257

Discussion

The four European species recorded here are presumably introduced.

This is suggested by their coastal distribution, two of them ( E . pallidus and

E. westwoodi ) being known only from the city of Vancouver, British Co¬

lumbia. The two new species appear to be native for the following reasons:

they occur more inland, they occur on native vegetation, and they appear

to share more character states than either one does with any European

species. E. guentheri occurs throughout the Rocky Mountains in coniferous

woodlands. E. obscurus occurs on chaparral vegetation in the foothills of

the ranges paralleling the coast in southern California. The shared character

states of these two species include the following: abdominal color pattern,

female epiproctal color pattern, lack of a process of the median margin of

the second valvula, and relatively large size in macropterous individuals.

These shared character states suggest that the two species arose from a

North American radiation of Elipsocus.

Key to Species of Elipsocus of Western North America

1. Males. Subgenital plate (hypandrium) evenly rounded posteriorly,

subtending a closed phallic frame or phallosome (Fig. 36). All

individuals macropterous. 2

Females. Subgenital plate with posterior margin in two lobes, each

bearing several short, stout setae distally. Ovipositor valvulae

conspicuous to sides of subgenital plate. Some individuals mi-

cropterous. 6

2. Forewings very long, generally 3500-4500 g. BR poorly devel¬

oped, with 0-3 setae. 3

Forewings shorter, generally <3450 g. BR moderately to well de¬

veloped, with 3-9 setae . 4

3. Head and well sclerotized regions of thorax medium reddish

brown. Forewings <4000 g. Rocky Mountain species .

. E. guentheri n. sp.

Head and well sclerotized regions of thorax dark chestnut brown.

Forewing >4000 g. California species . E. obscurus n. sp.

4. Forewing relatively long, around 3400 g\ pterostigma relatively

very long, FW/P = approx. 3.27-3.37. BR well developed, with

6-9 setae. E. pcdlidus Jentsch

Forewings shorter, <3300 g\ pterostigma relatively shorter, FW/

P = 3.47-3.64. BR with 3-5 setae. 5

5. Abdomen dorsally before clunium pale yellowish white. Forewings

generally <3000 p . E. occidentalis Banks

Abdomen at least slightly dark pigmented on terga 3-6. Forewings

generally >3100 g . E. westwoodi McFachian

258

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

6 . Micropterous. Abdomen almost uniformly reddish brown dorsally

and laterally with only very narrow pale intersegmental areas

. E. guentheri n. sp.

Macropterous. Abdominal coloration not as above . 7

7. Second valvula lacking a minute process on median margin. Ab¬

dominal terga, at least in well colored individuals, with broad

transverse bands of reddish brown or dark brown interrupted on

dorsal midline of most segments (Figs. 31, 32) .. 8

Second valvula with a minute process on or near median margin

(Figs. 3, 8 , 15, 21). Abdominal terga never with broad pigmented

segmental bands. 9

8 . Pterostigma medium to dark brown; veins in basal half of forewing

brown bordered. Vertex of head pale except for dark brown

band along median ecdysial line and dark brown field of spots

bordering each eye medially . E. obscurus n. sp.

Forewing at most with faint reddish brown wash; no veins bor¬

dered in brown; pterostigma not darker than rest of membrane.

Vertex of head uniformly reddish brown. E. guentheri n. sp.

9. Head dark brown except for four pale spots on frons: two on each

side between ocelli and antennal base (Fig. 2). Pterostigma gen¬

erally dark brown throughout. Parthenogenetic species .

• * •. E. hyalinus (Stephens)

Head with more extensive pale areas than described above. Ptero¬

stigma medium brown throughout or dark brown in distal two-

thirds, pale brown in basal third, or pale throughout. 10

10. Head with a brown band, sometimes faint, from compound eye

through antennal base to clypeus. A pigment spot bordering

veins across middle of fore wing (extending to basal fourth of

wing in E. westwoodi). Vein Cu la of forewing with broad brown

border. . j I

Head uniformly pale in region from compound eye to antennal

base to clypeus. Forewing lacking distinct pigment spots except

for slight pigmentation in some specimens in pterostigma around

its distal and posterior margins; forewing generally with yellow¬

ish brown wash, the intensity deepening somewhat along veins

in middle of wing.... E. pallidus Jentsch

11 . Abdominal terga uniformly pale yellowish white, at most with a

narrow transverse brown spot on each of terga 6 - 8 . Brown spot

in middle of forewing restricted to vein borders.

’ ’' *. E. occidentalis Banks

Abdominal terga 3-6 dark purple; terga preceding and following

these pale yellow. Brown spot in middle of forewing extending

to basal fourth of wing... g westwoodi McLachlan

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

259

Acknowledgments

The following individuals have collected material included in this study:

Mr. S. I. Frommer, Mr. F. Hill, Dr. G. H. Nelson, Dr. J. Pinto, Dr. R. B.

Root, the late Dr. H. H. Ross, Mr. R. C. Rounds, and Dr. G. G. E. Scudder.

My collecting in Washington and Oregon in the summer of 1963 was sup¬

ported by a National Science Foundation grant to Illinois State University

N'SFG 19263). Ms. Marilyn Pearce of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Harvard University, arranged the loan of types of Elipsocus occidentals

Banks. To these individuals and institutions I express my sincere thanks.

Literature Cited

Anonymous. 1974. Ammendments to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

adopted since the XVI International Congress of Zoology, Washington, 1963. Bull. Zool.

Nomen., 31:77-89.

Badonnel, A. 1943. Psocopteres. Faune de France, 42:1-164.

Banks, N. 1907a. New Trichoptera and Psocidae. J. New York Entomol. Soc., 15:162-166.

Banks, N. 1907b. Catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects (except Odonata) of the United

States. Pp. I -53. American Entomol. Soc., Philadelphia.

Giinther, K. K. 1974. Staublause, Psocoptera. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, 61:1-314.

Hagen, H. A. 1866. Psocidorum et Embidinorum Synopsis Synonymica. Verh. Zool. Bot.

Ges. Wien, 16:201-222.

Jentsch, S. 1938. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Uberordnung Psocoidea. 3. Zur Copeo-

gnathenfauna Nordwestfalens. Abh. Landesmus. Prov. Westf., 9:1-42.

Kimmins, D. E. 1941. Notes on British Psocoptera.—I. Elipsocus hyalinus (Steph.), and its

allies. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 11, vol. 7:520-530.

Me Lachlan, R. 1867. A monograph of the British Psocidae. Entomol. Mon. Mag., 3:177-181,

194-197, 226-231, 241-245, 270-276, pi. II.

Roesler, R. 1944. Die Gattungen der Copeognathen. Stett. Entomol. Z., 105:117-166.

Smithers, C. N. 1967. A catalogue of the Psocoptera of the world. Australian Zool., 14:1-

145.

Stephens, F. 1836. Illustrations of British entomology, or synopsis of indigenous insects, etc.,

Part 6:115-129. London.

Footnotes

! Contribution No. 463, Bureau of Entomology, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Depart¬

ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, Florida, 32602.

' Research Associate, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Florida Department of Agri¬

culture and Consumer Services, Gainesville.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 260-264

NEW CALIFORNIA HYPERASPIS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)

Willard H. Nutting

5616 Estates Drive, Oakland, California 94618

This paper is based on a portion of a doctoral dissertation prepared by

Ali A. El-Ali, while a student at the University of California, entitled “A

Biosystematic Study of Hyperaspini of California with Emphasis on the

Immature Stages.” The dissertation was written under the direction of Dr.

Kenneth S. Elagen of the Department of Biological Control, University of

California, Albany, California. Plans for publication of the results of this

thesis were terminated by El-Ali’s death in 1977, and Dr. Hagen has en¬

couraged me to publish at least a portion of the data.

El-Ali dealt with a number of subjects in his study, including a key to the

California species of Hyperaspis, descriptions of a number of immatures,

a review of the classification system of the tribe Hyperaspini, a study of

certain biological attributes of species of Hyperaspis, suggested modifica¬

tions in the groupings of United States Hyperaspis proposed by Dobzhansky

(1941) and Watson (1969), and designation of four new species and one new

subspecies of Hyperaspis found in California. The present paper deals with

the new species only, but it is expected that additional results of El-Ali’s

work will be published at a later time.

The author is deeply appreciative of Dr. Hagen’s encouragement and of

his assistance in the preparation of this paper.

In his thesis El-Ali designated four new species and one new subspecies

(which is not treated here). The names he proposed are retained, with the

exception of H. hageni. Dr. Hagen has requested that this species be named

for El-Ali, and I am privileged to do so. Type labels prepared by El-Ali

have not been removed from the specimens; however, labels designating

Holotypes and Allotypes have been stricken and new labels supplied.

As indicated, paratypes have been placed in the following collections:

CAS—California Academy of Sciences; USNM—United States National

Museum; UCA—University of California-Albany; UCR—University of

California-Riverside; WHN—W. H. Nutting.

Hyperaspis longicoxitis, new species

Broadly oval, strongly convex, each elytron with five distinct separate

yellow spots (Figs. 1, 2). In males and females face yellow. In males labrum

and mesepimeron yellow; in females, brown. Pronotum in females with a

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

261

Figs. 1-6. Hyperaspis longicoxitis, n. sp. Fig. 1, lateral view. Fig. 2, dorsal view. Fig. 3,

tegmen, ventral view. Fig. 4, tegmen, lateral view. Fig. 5, tip of sipho. Fig. 6. siphonal

capsule.

Figs. 7-12.—Hyperaspis elali, n. sp. Fig. 7, lateral view. Fig. 8, dorsal view. Fig. 9, tegmen,

ventral view. Fig. 10, tegmen, lateral view. Fig. 11, tip of sipho. Fig. 12. siphonal capsule.

Figs. 13-18.—Hyperaspis querquesi, n. sp. Fig. 13, lateral view. Fig. 14, dorsal view. Fig.

15, tegmen, ventral view. Fig. 16, tegmen, lateral view. Fig. 17, tip of sipho. Fig. 18. siphonal

capsule.

Figs. 19-24.—Hyperaspis mckenziei, n. sp. Fig. 19, lateral view. Fig. 20, dorsal view. Fig.

21, tegmen, ventral view. Fig. 22, tegmen, lateral view. Fig. 23, tip of sipho. Fig. 24. siphonal

capsule.

262

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

pair of lateral vittae as wide as long. Antennae 11-segmented (6 funicle

segments). Male genitalia (Figs. 3, 4) with median lobe evenly rounded

apically, shorter than parameres; parameres spoon-shaped; tip of sipho (Fig.

5) enlarged, membranous, truncate apically; siphonal capsule (Fig. 6) with

outer arm longer than inner arm. Female genitalia with coxites elongated,

distinctly more than three times longer than wide, and with distinct styli

bearing two long setae on each. Length 2.9 mm, width 2.2 mm.

Holotype .—Male. Jacumba, San Diego County, California, June 1955. D.

C. Lloyd collector. (CAS). Allotype .—Female. Same data. (CAS).

Paratypes .—Total 14 (8 males and 6 females). Same data as holotype.

(CAS), (USNM), (UCR), (WHN).

This species is unique among the Hyperaspis found in America north of

Mexico in that the female coxites are narrow and elongated, not transverse

as in the other groups in Hyperaspis. Also, the elytral pattern differs from

that of any other species in our fauna. Species with similar characteristics

do occur in Central and South America. The color pattern in this group,

although usually consisting of five pairs of yellow spots on black elytra,

sometimes consists of black spots on yellow elytra. The modification in the

female coxite could be connected with certain biological attributes. For

example, H. notata Mulsant, which belongs in this group, is a red scale

feeder.

Hyperaspis elali, new species

Elongate oval (somewhat acuminate at apexU somewhat depressed, each

elytron with a longitudinally oval apical spot (suggesting a remnant of a

discal vitta), definitely closer to suture than to margin, and a midmarginal

spot two times as long as wide, located between V 2 to 3 A the length of the

lateral margin, a trace of a marginal vitta extending apically (Figs. 7, 8).

Lateral vittae on sides of pronotum slightly produced on anterior margin,

distinctly narrowed posterially. Antennae 10-segmented (5 funicle seg¬

ments). Male genitalia (Figs. 9, 10) with median lobe broad throughout,

about as long as parameres, with subtruncate apex, convex side clearly

bisinuate, forming two angulations, one acute at apical fourth, the other

about at midmargin; tip of sipho (Fig. 11) with membranous part swollen in

a semicircular shape at outer side; siphonal capsule (Fig. 12) with inner arm

about as long as outer arm. Length 2.4-2.5 mm, width 1.6-1.7 mm.

Holotype .—Male. Yosemite National Park, Tuolumne County, Califor¬

nia, February 5, 1955. R. Schuster collector. (CAS). Allotype .—Female.

Eagle Peak Meadows, Alt 7050 ft, Tuolumne County, California, June 2,

1931. E. O. Essig collector. (CAS).

Paratypes .—Total 4 (2 males and 2 females). Lyell Canyon, Tuolumne

County, California, August 8, 1935. Collector unknown. (CAS), (USNM),

(WHN).

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

263

This species has been found only in a limited area in or immediately

adjacent to Yosemite National Park. In addition to the specimens noted

above, H. elali has been collected on willow in the Hall Natural Area, a

few miles northwest of Tioga Pass (at the eastern border of the Park), at an

elevation in excess of 3050 meters (10,000 feet).

H. elali belongs in the Annexa Group as defined by Dobzhansky (1941).

In addition to differences in maculation, the male genitalia exhibit obvious

differences. H. annexa Leconte has the median lobe as long as or longer

than the parameres, evenly narrowing toward apex. H. quadrivittata Le¬

conte has the median lobe clearly shorter than the parameres, angulated at

apical third of the sclerotized side. H. oregona Dobzhansky has the median

lobe longer than the parameres, sides more or less parallel, apex slightly

bent, angulation feeble.

H. elali has a superficial resemblance to H. querquesi, n. sp. (which,

however, belongs in the Postica Group) except that the apical spot of H.

elali looks like a remnant of a discal vitta, definitely closer to the suture

than to the margin. The apical spot of H. querquesi is transversely oval,

not a remnant of a discal vitta, and definitely closer to the margin than to

the suture.

Hyperaspis querquesi, new species

Elliptical, each elytron with a transversally oval apical spot and a narrow

midmarginal spot, apical spot twice as far from suture as from lateral margin

(Figs. 13, 14). Anterior margin of pronotum in males black. Antennae 10-

segmented (5 funicle segments). Male genitalia (Figs. 15, 16) with median

lobe somewhat shorter than parameres; apex slightly produced on one side,

sides parallel with slight angulation at about midmargin of convex side; tip

of sipho (Fig. 17) with membranous part not expanded, but open; siphonal

capsule (Fig. 18) with outer arm twice as wide as, but shorter than inner

arm. Length 2.6-2.9 mm, width 1.9-2.1 mm.

Holotype .—Male. Bird Observation Station, Marin County, California,

November 14, 1970, collected on Quercus agrifola. Ali A. El-Ali collector.

(Cas). Allotype .—Female. Same data. (CAS).

Paratypes .—Total 21 (10 males and 11 females). Same collecting data as

type, except reared on Phenacoccus solani at Albany, California. (CAS),

(USNM), (UCA), (WHN).

In addition to the specimens noted above, one female specimen from San

Antonio Valley, Santa Clara County, California, collected by W. F. Barr,

probably belongs here. It has not been designated as a paratype, however.

This species belongs in the Postica Group (which, however, should prob¬

ably be redefined and broadened, rather than limited as in Dobzhansky

(1941)). The related species can be separated by the elytral markings as well

264

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

as by comparison of the male genitalia. Both H. postica Leconte and H.

quadrioculata Motschulsky lack the strong angulation at convex side of the

median lobe. In H. oculaticauda Casey the median lobe is subtruncate and

relatively narrow at apex. In H. arizonica Dobzhansky the median lobe

narrows evenly apically, with the tip broadly pointed. In addition, differ¬

ences will be observed in the form of the siphonal capsules of these species.

Hyperaspis mckenziei, new species

Broadly oval, moderately convex, each elytron with a discal spot, more

than two times as far from the margin as from the suture, rounded, and

apical spot, transversely oval, more than two times as far from the suture

as from the margin; spots not connected (Figs. 19, 20). Face with hair above

epistomal ridge. Antennae 11-segmented (6 funicle segments). Male genitalia

(Figs. 21, 22) with median lobe shorter than parameres, strongly angulated

at convex side; parameres spoon-shaped, not constricted at apical third; tip

of sipho (Fig. 23) slightly enlarged preapically, divergent apically with few

membranous folds; siphonal capsule (Fig. 24) with arms about equal in

length. Length 2.1-2.3 mm, width 1.7—1.8 mm.

Holotype .—Male. Palm Springs (near Palm Canyon), Riverside County,

California, December 31, 1934, collected on Encelia farinosa. H. L. Mc¬

Kenzie collector. (CAS). Allotype .—Female. Same data. (CAS).

Paratypes. —Total 4 (1 male and 3 females). Same data as type. (CAS),

(USNM), (WHN).

This species was named for its collector by El-Ali, and I am pleased to

carry out his wishes.

This species differs from most other 4-spotted species in that the discal

spots are closer to the suture than are the apical ones. It bears a superficial

resemblance to H. rotunda Casey. However, H. rotunda is a larger insect

with relatively larger elytral spots; and the shape of the median lobe of the

male genitalia is different, with the tip subtruncate in H. mckenziei.

Literature Cited

Dobzhansky, Th. 1941. Beetles of the Genus Hyperaspis Inhabiting the United States. Smith¬

sonian Misc. Coll., 101(6).

Watson, W. Y. 1969. Three new Species of Hyperaspis from Eastern North America (Co-

leoptera; Coccinellidae). Michigan Entomol., 1(10).

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 265-267

A NEW SPECIES OF ECHINISCUS FROM CALIFORNIA

(TARDIGRADA: ECHINISCIDAE)

Robert O. Schuster, Albert A. Grigarick and

Elizabeth C. Toftner 1

Department of Entomology and department of Genetics,

University of California, Davis 95616

The tardigrade species Echiniscus (E.) oihonnae Richters was reported

to occur in California (Schuster and Grigarick, 1965) based on specimens

incorrectly determined at that time. Comparisons of specimens from Cali¬

fornia with recent acquisitions of E. oihonnae from European localities have

brought this error to our attention, and we propose the following name for

the species that we formerly considered to be E. oihonnae.

Echiniscus (Echiniscus) laterculus, new species

(Figs. 1-5)

Echiniscus ( Echiniscus ) oihonnae, Schuster and Grigarick (not Richters,

1904), 1965, Univ. of California Pub. in Zoology 76:53-54; Grigarick,

Schuster and Toftner, 1975, Mem. 1st. Ital. Idrobiol., 32 Suppl. 133-151;

Schuster, Grigarick and Toftner, ibid. 346, 362, 365.

Holotype. —Adult female. Length excluding legs IV 440 ^m. Dorsal plates

as shown by Fig. 2; sculpture of dorsal cuticle (Fig. 1) weak on anterior

halves of plate pairs C and D, anterior half of median II and posterior margin

of median III, absent between plates. Ventrally, two jugular plates distinctly

granulate (Fig. 3). Head with internal buccal cirrus 25 pan long; external

buccal cirrus 40 pun long; buccal papilla 10 pan long located near external

cirrus. Lateral filament lengths (approx.) A 130 ptm, C 200 pan, D 180 pan,

E 130 pan. Dorsomedian and dorsolateral spines 9 pan or less. Dorsal surface

leg IV minutely sculptured; fringe of 6 or 7 teeth (Fig. 5). Leg I with spine;

leg IV with small papilla. Inner claws of legs I-IV with basally directed

spur; outer claws of legs I—III simple, leg IV with small distally directed

spur (Fig. 4).

Type series .—Holotype female. Riverton, El Dorado Co., California, II-

1-1974, E. C. Toftner, R. O. Schuster. Deposited with the Department of

Entomology, University of California, Davis, California. Paratypes, 150

specimens including larvae, juveniles and adults, all from the same locality

with slides labeled as: Nr. Riverton (some with P. G. & E. Falls or P. G.

& E. waterfall) El Dorado Co., III-7-1963 or 1965, R. O. Schuster; Riverton,

266

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 1-5. Echiniscus (. E .) laterculus Schuster, Grigarick and Toftner, new species. Fig.

1. Detail of dorsal sculpture. Fig. 2. Dorsal aspect. Fig. 3. Ventral surface of head, jugular

plates stippled. Fig. 4. Inner and outer claws of leg IV. Fig. 5. Fringe of leg IV.

El Dorado Co., XI-5-1973, R. O. Schuster, E. C. Toftner; Riverton, El

Dorado Co., II-1-1974, E. C. Toftner, R. O. Schuster. These specimens

were removed from the mosses Hypnum subimpoens Lesq., Anocolia men-

ziesii (Turner) Paris, and Scler op odium touretii (Brid.) L. Koch.

Etymology. —Latin m. dim., little tiles, for the regular pattern of the dorsal

plates.

Discussion.— Information on the morphogenesis of this species (Grigar¬

ick, Schuster and Toftner, 1975) has been published with the name E. oi-

honnae.

By use of the keys in Ramazzotti (1972) E. laterculus can be determined

as E. clavisetosus Mihelcic if the ventral plating is apparent or as E. oi-

honnae if the plating is not detected. A relationship to E. clavisetosus is

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

267

indicated by the ventral plating and type of cuticular sculpture. The general

appearance of E. clavisetosus differs markedly by the presence of filaments

B and C rt and by the absence of filament E. Ramazzotti’s key discriminates

E. oihonnae in two species groups depending on whether there are lateral

filaments in three or four positions additional to the scapular filament. All

of the specimens from Europe that we have examined possess filament B,

i.e., have lateral filaments in four positions. Filament B is consistently ab¬

sent from E. Iciterculus. Another, perhaps more important, difference is in

the nature of the cuticular sculpture. The polygons apparent for E. oihonnae

are of uniform density whereas those of E. laterculus have a central pore

surrounded by many dark granules (Fig. 1).

Echiniscus oihonnae was questionably listed for the fauna of Canada

(Murray, 1910). The figure provided by Murray doesn’t agree with the de¬

scription or other figures of E. oihonnae. Riggin (1962) included the species

in a key to Echiniscus for the United States without indicating a specific

locality or whether or not specimens were seen. The absence of E. oihonnae

from later surveys indicates that the species doesn’t occur in North Amer¬

ica.

Literature Cited

Grigarick, A. A., R. O. Schuster, and E. C. Toftner. 1975. Morphogenesis of two species of

Echiniscus. Mem. 1st. Ital. Idrobiol., 32 Suppl.: 133—151.

Murray, J. 1910. British Antarctic Expedition 1907-9. Tardigrada, 1(5):83—185.

Ramazzotti, G. 1972. II Phylum Tardigrada. Seconda edizioni aggiornata Mem. 1st. Ital. Id¬

robiol. 28: 732 pp.

Richters, F. 1904. Arktische Tardigraden. Fauna Arctica, 3:493-508.

Riggin, T. G., Jr. 1962. Tardigrada of Southwest Virginia: With the addition of a new marine

species from Florida. Va. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull., 152:1-145.

Schuster, R. O., and A. A. Grigarick. 1965. Tardigrada from western North America with

emphasis on the fauna of California. Univ. of Calif. Pub. in Zoology, 76:1-67.

Schuster, R. O., A. A. Grigarick, and E. C. Toftner. 1975. Ultrastructure of tardigrade cuticle.

Mem. 1st. Ital. Idrobiol., 32 Suppl.:337-375.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 268-272

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING HATCHING OF

TIPULA SIMPLEX EGGS (DIPTERA: TIPULIDAE)

Margaret J. Hartman

Department of Biology, California State University, Los Angeles 90032

AND

C. Dennis Hynes

Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic

State University, San Luis Obispo 93407

The range crane fly, Tipula simplex, is a univoltine species found in the

unirrigated pastures in the Central Valley of California. The eggs undergo

a summer dormancy, and hatch in the late fall. The larvae feed on grass

roots or cow manure. In most years, density ranges from <1-300 larvae/m 2 ,

with no measureable effect on forage production. In outbreak years, the

density reaches or exceeds 3000 larvae/m 2 . At this density, the larvae de¬

nude the hills of all forage (Doane, 1908; Alexander, 1967; Hartman and

Hynes, 1977).

These periodic high densities could be the result of extremely high fecun¬

dity of the spring females, differential hatching success of the eggs, and/or

differential mortality of the early instar larvae.

Preliminary investigations indicated that fall hatches would occur if eggs

were dried after they were oviposited, maintained at a long photoperiod in

the summer, placed in a short photoperiod in September, and then mois¬

tened for two weeks, dried for one week, and then remoistened (Hartman

and Hynes, 1977). Here we report on the effect of photoperiod, summer

temperature, winter temperature, length of first drying, length of first mois¬

tening, and length of second drying on the hatching success of Tipula sim¬

plex.

Materials and Methods

Tipula simplex eggs were collected in the field in Tulare County, Califor¬

nia. One hundred ml plastic cups were buried up to the lip, and were par¬

tially filled with moist sand. Females would fall into the cups, and since

they are wingless, were trapped. Males would fly into the cups and copulate

with the females, then leave. The females would oviposit in the moist sand.

The sand was dried and sifted to separate out the eggs. Fifteen thousand,

two hundred eggs were counted into groups of 100 and stored dry in glass

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

269

Table 1. Effect of photoperiod on percent hatch.

# of eggs

Month of

moistening

Photoperiod

Mean %

hatch

400

October

10L: 14D

58.4 a

400

October

12L: 12D

62.0 a

400

October

14L: 10D

35.5 b

400

October

16L:8D

0 c

Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P < .05) according to

Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.

petri dishes at 25°C at 16L:8D photoperiod. When hatching was to be in¬

duced, 100 eggs were transferred onto a piece of filter paper in a water-tight

container 9 cm in diameter. The filter paper was moistened with 1.6 ml of

distilled water and placed at 15°C at a 10L:14D photoperiod (light phase =

0.76 lux). After two weeks, the lids were removed for one day, allowing the

paper to dry. After one week, the paper was remoistened with 1.6 ml of

distilled water and the lid was replaced. Hatches were counted twice week¬

ly. Four replicates were used for each test. All tests were performed in the

manner described except where specifically stated otherwise.

To determine the effect of photoperiod, the eggs were dried until October,

and when moistened, were placed at 10L:14D; 12L:12D; 14L:10D; 16L:8B,

dried, and remoistened.

To determine the effect of length of first drying, the eggs were first mois¬

tened 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11 months after oviposition.

To determine the effect of summer temperature, eggs were placed in one

of the following temperatures (degrees Celsius) in June and held there until

September: 25°; 35°; 45°; 35° day/20° night; 45° day/20° night; 55° day/35°

night. In only this experiment, the eggs were left in sand until September.

To determine the effect of fall temperature, eggs were held until Septem¬

ber, then subjected to one of the following temperatures (° Celsius): 35°;

25°; 15°; 5°; 30° day/15° night; 25° day/15° night; 15° day/5° night.

To determine the effect of the length of the first moistening, eggs were

held until October, then moistened for 4, 7, 10, 14, 21 or 28 days, then dried

for 7 days, then remoistened.

To determine the effect of the length of the second drying, eggs were held

until October, then moistened for two weeks, then dried for 0, 3, 7, 10, 14,

21 or 28 days, then remoistened.

Results and Discussion

Photoperiod .—Results are shown in Table 1. A scotophase of 12 or 14

hours allows maximum hatching; under a scotophase of 8 hours eggs will

270

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Table 2. Effect of length of first drying on percent hatch.

# of eggs

Month of

moistening

Photoperiod

Mean %

hatch

S.E.

400

April

10L: 14D

0 c

400

May

10L: 14D

0 c

400

June

10L: 14D

0 c

400

July

10L: 14D

0 c

400

August

10L: 14D

29.0 b

2.3

400

September

10L: 14D

38.0 b

3.0

400

October

10L: 14D

58.4 a

2.0

400

November

10L: 14D

60.0 a

1.9

400

December

10L: 14D

30.0 b

3.7

400

January

10L: 14D

29.0 b

2.1

400

February

10L: 14D

0 c

Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P < .05) according to

Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.

not hatch. With a 10 hour scotophase the eggs have a significant hatch rate,

but this rate is reduced significantly from that observed under a longer

scotophase.

Length of first drying .—As can be seen in Table 2, August is the earliest

time at which the eggs hatched, even though the photoperiod is artificially

decreased as early as April. Hatching can be induced anytime from August

through January, but those which are exposed to water in October and

November have a significantly greater hatching rate than those exposed

either earlier or later.

Summer temperatures .—Results are shown in Table 3. Lower summer

temperatures give a significantly higher hatching rate, indicating that high

temperature is a definite stress on the eggs. Although the highest hatching

success occurs in the lowest temperature tested (25°C), we did not test lower

Table 3. Effect of summer temperature on percent hatch.

# of eggs

Summer

temperature

Month of

moistening

% Hatch

S.E.

400

25°

September

37.8% a

3.0

400

35720°

September

25.3% b

4.2

400

35°

September

12.2% c

3.7

400

45°

September

0 d

400

45720°

September

0 d

400

55735°

September

0 d

Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P < .05) according to

Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

271

Table 4. Effect of fall temperature on percent hatch.

Fall

# of eggs

temperature

Time

% Hatch

S.E.

400

15°

September

39.0 a

6.1

400

1575°

September

20.5 b

3.8

400

25715°

September

19.8 b

0.1

400

5°

September

16.0 b

1.0

400

35°

September

2.5 c

0.3

400

25°

September

0.8 c

0.1

400

30715°

September

0 c

Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P < .05) according to

Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.

summer temperatures, because 25°C was already 15°C or more below the

temperatures occurring in the field during summer days.

Fall temperatures .—Results are shown in Table 4. A constant tempera¬

ture of 15°C provides significantly higher hatch success than any other test

temperature. Constant temperatures higher than 15° are very poor at induc¬

ing hatching. An intermediate level of hatches occurs when daytime tem¬

perature is as high as 25° if nighttime temperature is 15°, or when nighttime

temperature is 5°.

Length of first moistening .—Length of first moistening from 4 to 28 days

has no significant effect on the hatching success. Per cent hatch ranges from

42.3 to 51.8 (not significant at P < 0.05 according to the Duncan Multiple

Range Test).

Length of second drought .—Results are shown in Table 5. A second

drying period of at least one week gives maximal hatch.

Outbreak versus nonoutbreak years .—If the hatching success is a major

factor in causing outbreaks, we should find that outbreak years differ from

Table 5. Effect of length of second drought on percent hatch.

Length of

# of eggs

time (days)

Time

% Hatch

S.E.

400

October

51.8 a

5.3

400

October

50.8 a

4.6

400

October

42.9 ab

4.2

400

October

35.2 b

6.7

400

October

34.6 b

6.0

400

October

34.5 b

2.8

400

October

6.4 c

1.5

Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different {P < .05) according to

Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.

272

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

nonoutbreak years by the following criteria: summer temperatures should

be cooler, fall temperatures should be closer to 15°C, and/or the first rainfall

should be closer to October and November. There should be a definite break

between the first set and second set of rains which will allow the fields to

dry out, although the amount of rain in the first set and the amount of time

between the first and second set should not be important.

Tulare County has had devastating crane fly outbreaks in the winters of

1960-1961, 1966-1967, and 1972-1973. We compared the weather for out¬

break and nonoutbreak years, using data collected by the U.S. Weather

Bureau from 1960-1976 in Lindsey, Tulare County. Neither summer nor

winter temperatures are statistically different in outbreak and nonoutbreak

years, assuming that no significant difference between air temperatures in

any two years translates to no significant difference between soil tempera¬

tures in those two years. Neither October nor November average temper¬

atures in outbreak years are significantly different from nonoutbreak years.

In every year there is a definite break between first rainfall in September

(rarely October) and later rains in October or November which, on the

average, start in late October (Table 6).

Conclusions

Hatching can be induced in Tipula simplex eggs between August and

January, but hatching success is greatest in October and November.

The presence of a second drying period after an early fall rain is essential.

Higher hatching success occurs under cooler summer temperatures, and

under moderate (15°C) fall temperatures, rather than under very warm or

very cold temperatures.

However, in Tulare County the October and November temperatures and

the time of the second rainfall do not vary significantly between outbreak

and nonoutbreak years. We must conclude that some other factors, such as

larval survival or female fecundity, is responsible for the extremely high

densities which occur about once every six years.

Literature Cited

Alexander, C. P. 1967. The crane flies of California (Series: Bull. Calif. Insect Survey #8).

U.C. Press, Berkeley, 269 p.

Doane, R. W. 1908. A remarkable outbreak of Tipula larvae. Entomol. News., 19:437-438.

Hartman, M. J., and C. D. Hynes. 1977. The biology of the range crane fly, Tipula simplex

(Diptera: Tipulidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol., 53:118-123.

Footnote

1 The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of the Boston Land Company and

the Tulare County Agricultural Commission.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 273-276

THE NEARCTIC TRICHOMYIINAE (DIPTERA, PSYCHODIDAE)

Rudiger Wagner

Limnologische FluBstation des M.P.I. fur Limnologie, Schlitz

(Federal Republic of Germany)

While examining the type-specimens of the Nearctic species of the genus

Trichomyia Haliday it became evident that, in addition to T. nuda (Dyar),

T. wirthi Quate and T. sequoiae Quate, there is an undescibed species,

which has been overlooked by Quate (1955). The drawings of his study

simplify the complicated construction of the genitalia and the features most

important for species-distinction were not taken into account. It is therefore

the purpose of this short paper to point out the decisive differences of the

genitalia of the species mentioned above and of the new species.

I want to thank Dr. Paul H. Arnaud Jr. (California Academy of Sciences,

CAS) and Dr. Christian Thompson (U.S. National Museum, Washington

D.C., USNM) for the loan of specimens.

Trichomyia nuda (Dyar)

(Figs. 1-2)

Material examined. — 4 S, Fields Church, Va Holmes Run, 6-VI-1961, 15-

VI-1961, 1-VII-1961, 2-IX-1961 (all W. W. Wirth, light trap) 1 6, “Mamina”

nuda Dyar Md 2246 (all in the USNM) 1 S , Buffalo N.Y. VI. 15.09 Me Van

Duzee; 1 6 Gowanda N.Y. VI. 14.12 Me Van Duzee; 1 9 East Aurora N.Y.

VI.22.12 Me Van Duzee (all specimens in CAS).

Description. —For a general description and the measurements refer to

Quate (1955, p. 117-119).

Genitalia .—Dististyle slightly curved and a little longer than basistyle.

9th sternite with 3 distal prolongations, the middle one shorter and rounded,

the lateral pair thinner, with their tips bent outward. The basal part of the

aedeagus consists of an apodeme and of 2 gonoducts, which fuse immedi¬

ately before their entrance into the seminal pump at the distal end of the

apodeme. The distal part of the aedeagus consists of a thin plate and mor¬

phologically below it there is the intromitting part of the penis. Morpholog¬

ically above the plate the 2 inner dorsal apodemes of the basistyles, which

seem to support the aedeagus, join and form a small bridge. 9th tergite

normal with 2 hirsute cerci.

274

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 1-5. Figs. 1-2, Trichomyia nuda (Dyar): 1, styles, aedeagus and ventral bridge 2, 9th

tergite and cerci with the apodeme of the basistyles. Fig. 3, trichomyia sequoiae Quate: styles,

aedeagus and ventral bridge. Fig. 4, trichomyia californica n. sp.: styles, aedeagus and ventral

bridge. Fig. 5, trichomyia wirthi Quate: styles and aedeagus.

Trichomyia sequoiae Quate

(Fig. 3)

Material examined .—Holotype (d) Orick, Humboldt Co., California

3-VII-50 (L. W. Quate); allotype ($) same data, both specimens in CAS.

Paratype (d) same data as holotype, in USNM.

Description .—For a general description and measurements of antenna,

palp and wing refer to Quate (1955, p. 120).

Genitalia .—Basistyles each with a ventral prolongation, which is ornated

by strong setae, bearing an apical knob (most of the knobbed setae of the

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

275

holotype are broken, but they are visible in the paratype). Dorsally they are

fused and ventrally joined by a rather thin sternal bridge. Basistyles basally

with a small apodeme, distally near the articulation of the dististyles there

are two prolongations, which are parts of the basistyles. The lateral prolon¬

gation slightly curved, the inner one strong with 4 or 5 setae. Dististyles

bent medially with rounded tips. All these parts surround and protect the

aedeagus, which is placed between them. Aedeagus consists of a basal

apodeme, and 2 lateral gonoducts lead into the basal part of the character¬

istic vase-shaped seminal pump. The distal part of the seminal pump leads

into a thinwalled sack, bearing 6 flattened spines on each side, the tips of

the 2 stronger inner spines bent medially.

Trichomyia californica, new species

(Fig. 4)

Material examined .—Holotype (d) Mill Valley, Marin Co., California 26-

V-26 Me Van Duzee (Diaphone VIII 51 LWQ), wrongly associated paratype

of Trichomyia sequoiae Quate. Holotype deposited in the CAS (CAS Ent.

Type No. 13527).

Description .—Vestitute similar to T. sequoiae.

Head .—Eyes separated by a distance of 4 facet diameters. Scape larger

than pedicel, flagellar segments elongate pyriform, each bearing 2 ascoids,

which are twice as long as the segments. Palpus 3-segmented, first segment

with a group of sensory rods in a circular depression, the following segments

shorter than the first; ratio of segments 4-3-3. Thorax and abdomen without

characteristic features. Wing length 2.7 mm.

Genitalia .—Compared with T. sequoiae the ventral bridge is very strong.

Basistyle of the same shape as in T. sequoiae, also with knobbed setae.

There is only 1 appendage near the articulation of the dististyles, its shape

is quadrangular with a lateral prolongation. The dististyles are long and

slender and their tips are bent caudally. Gonoducts as in T. sequoiae, shape

of seminal pump different, and in particular, its walls are much stronger.

The thin distal sack is comparatively small and bears only 2 triangular plates

on each side.

Relations .—The new species is closely related to T. sequoiae Quate, but

differs from it by the shape of the ventral bridge, the styles and the seminal

pump. Furthermore, the thinwalled sack, which is much smaller in T. cal¬

ifornica n. sp., bears only 2 spines on each side instead of 6 in T. sequoiae.

I assume the differences between these 2 species have been overlooked,

because the thinwalled sack and its spines, which are poorly sclerotized,

are nearly invisible. Another reason might be the small size of the genitalia.

276

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Trichomyia wirthi Quate

(Fig. 5)

Material examined .—Holotype (6) and allotype (9), both L. Worth Flo.

l-VIII-51 (light trap W. W. Wirth) (specimens in the USNM).

Description. —For a general description and the measurement refer to

Quate (1955, p. 119).

Genitalia .—Basistyle with a short apical prolongation ventrally, dististyle

slender, its tip slightly bent medially. Apodeme of the aedeagus flattened

horizontally with a hole in its base, which might represent the entrance of

the gonoduct, because in Trichomyia brasilensis Satchell, which is similar

in this respect, an annulated tube is attached to this perforation (the type

from the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) has been examined). The distal part

of the aedeagus consists only of 2 lateral lamellae surrounded by a thin

membranous sack.

Relations .—Concerning all known features of body, wing and genitalia,

it is my opinion that there are no close relations of T. wirthi to any species

of the now known Nearctic Trichomyiinae and to any other species of the

genus Trichomyia.

While the characteristics used to distinguish subgroups within Trichomyia

(Duckhouse 1965, 1972, 1978) clearly place T. nuda (Dyar) into the “group

A” (4-segmented palpus, shape of the styles etc.), T. sequoiae Quate and

T. californica n. sp. fall into “group B” (3-segmented palpus, shape of the

basistyles, articulation of the dististyles etc.). T. wirthi Quate does not seem

to be a member of any of these groups, in view of the rather simple build

of the aedeagus and gonoducts.

Summary

The genitalia of the four known species of Nearctic Trichomyiinae, T.

nuda (Dyar), T. sequoiae Quate, T. californica n. sp. and T. wirthi Quate

are described and figured. The placement of these species into subgroups

of Trichomyia are briefly discussed.

Literature Cited

Duckhouse, D. A. 1965. Psychodidae (Diptera, Nematocera) of southern Australia, subfam¬

ilies Bruchomyiinae and Trichomyiinae. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 117 (11):329—

343.

Duckhouse, D. A. 1972. Psychodidae (Diptera, Nematocera) of south Chile, subfamilies Sy-

coracinae and Trichomyiinae. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 124 (3):231—268.

Duckhouse, D. A. 1978. Taxonomy, phylogeny and distribution of the genus Trichomyia

(Diptera, Psychodidae) in Australia and New Guinea. Systematic Entomol., 3:197-243.

Quate, L. W. 1955. A revision of the Psychodidae (Diptera) in America North of Mexico.

Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 10:103-273.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 277-282

NEW GENERA AND A NEW SPECIES OF NEW WORLD

CLERIDAE (COLEOPTERA ) * 1 * 3

William F. Barr

Department of Entomology, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow 83843

In preparing for the coverage of the Cleridae in the new Catalogue of

North American Coleoptera it has become apparent that a number of generic

name changes will be necessary before a satisfactory listing of the species

can be accomplished. In this paper, which deals with several groups of the

Enopliini, two new generic names are provided for two North American

species and a North American genus formerly in synonymy is resurrected.

Also, a new generic name is provided for some South American species,

which in turn will now allow for a more realistic arrangement of another

genus, several species of which occur in North America.

Boschella, new genus

Enopliini, Head subquadrate; eyes moderate in size, finely faceted,

broadly, rather deeply emarginate behind antennal insertion; antenna (Figs.

1 and 2) 11-segmented, segment 1 enlarged, slightly less than twice as long

as the subglobular segment 2, segments 3 and 4 somewhat elongate, seg¬

ments 5-8 compact, subglobose, segments 9-11 forming a loose club,

segments 9 and 10 abruptly enlarged, subequal, elongate-triangular,

somewhat flattened, male with apical angle of inner margin slightly pro¬

longed, acute, segment 11 elongate with apical half of inner margin slightly

emarginate; maxillary palpus with last segment subcylindrical (Fig. 3), labial

palpus with last segment elongate-triangular (Fig. 4). Pronotum (Fig. 5)

convex, coarsely punctate, disk broadly flattened, usually with a faint lon¬

gitudinal ridge or tumescence on either side of middle; margins entire, lateral

and hind margins slightly ridged; lateral margin rather abruptly, broadly

expanded at middle; front and hind angles broadly rounded. Elytra elongate,

subcylindrical, covering abdomen; surface coarsely, densely punctate,

mostly serially arranged; epipleuron indistinct, narrow, extending to middle

of elytron. Anterior coxal cavities broadly open behind, proepimeron nar¬

rowly triangular behind cavity, transversely extending to about outer hind

cavity. Legs rather slender; fore tibia not serrate along front margin or

apically toothed; tarsal segment 1 narrow, plantula distinct, segments 2 and

3 apically expanded with well developed, rounded plantula; pretarsal claws

rather large, with a slight basal lobe (Fig. 6).

Type of genus: Enoplium fas datum LeConte.

278 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 1-16. Figs. 1-6, Boschella : 1, antenna of male; 2, antenna of female; 3, maxillary

palpus, last two segments; 4, labial palpus, last 2 segments; 5, outline of pronotum in dorsal

view; 6, pretarsal claws. Figs. 7-11, Exochonotus : 7, antenna; 8, maxillary palpus, last two

segments; 9, labial palpus, last two segments; 10, outline of pronotum in dorsal view; 11,

pretarsal claws. Figs. 12-16, Parapelonides nigrescens Schaeffer: 12, antenna; 13, maxillary

palpus, last two segments; 14, labial palpus, last two segments; 15, outline of pronotum in

dorsal view; 16, pretarsal claws.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

279

Boschella is erected to receive the Californian species currently listed in

Corporaal’s Catalogue of the Cleridae as Corinthiscus fasciatus (LeConte)

and its synonym C. trilobatus (VanDyke). However, the affinities of this

genus are not with Corinthiscus s.s., but rather with the Pelonium section

of that genus and with the genus described here as Exochonotus. Boschella

can be recognized by a combination of features which include the finely

faceted eyes, the non-lobed first and second segments of the antennal club,

the entire front margin of the fore tibia, the narrow and shortened elytral

epipleura and differently shaped last segment of the maxillary and labial

palpi.

This genus is dedicated to a friend and colleague, the late Robert van den

Bosch of the University of California who effectively carried the banner of

Biological Control with dedication and forthrightness during his productive

career.

Exochonotus, new genus

Enopliini, Head subquadrate; eyes moderate in size, coarsely faceted,

broadly, moderately emarginate behind antennal insertion; antenna (Fig. 7)

11-segmented, segment 1 enlarged, slightly more than twice as long as sub-

cylindrical segment 2, segments 3-8 filiform, segments 9-11 forming a loose

club, segments 9 and 10 moderately enlarged, subequal, elongate-triangular,

indistinctly flattened, segment 11 subovate to elongate in outline; maxillary

palpus and labial palpus with last segment triangular (Figs. 8 and 9), max¬

illary palpus larger. Pronotum (Fig. 10) convex, coarsely punctate; disk

subflattened or irregularly contoured; margins entire, lateral and hind margin

slightly ridged; lateral margin angulately lobed at middle; front and hind

angles subrectangular. Elytra elongate, subcylindrical, covering abdomen;

surface coarsely, densely punctate, serially arranged; epipleuron distinct,

narrow, extending from base to near apices. Anterior coxal cavities open

behind, proepimeron narrowly triangular behind cavity, transversely ex¬

tending to midpoint of cavity. Legs rather slender; fore tibia not serrate

along front margin or apically toothed; tarsal segment 1 narrow, plan tula

distinct, segment 2 slightly wider, plantula distinct, segment 3 expanded,

ovate, with plantula rounded apically; pretarsal claws rather large, with a

slight basal tooth or a distinct basal lobe (Fig. 11).

Type of genus: Lebasiella varipennis Spinola.

In addition to the type species which is transferred from Cregya, Pelo¬

nium tuberculatum Pic and P. lobaticolle Lesne are included in Exochon¬

otus. They are transferred from Corinthiscus where they have been placed

in Corporaal’s Catalogue.

This genus which is restricted to South America shows similarities with

Boschella in antennal structure, general body form, the entire front margin

280

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

of the front tibia and in the serially arranged punctation of the elytra. They

differ in the form of the last segment of the maxillary and labial palpi, the

nature of the elytral epipleura and in the size of the facets of the eyes.

Exochonotus shows an intermediate condition with respect to the toothing

of the pretarsal claws. A slight toothed condition exists on some specimens

examined whereas the others have the claws basally lobed.

Pelonides Kuwert

Pelonides Kuwert, 1894, Ann. Ent. Soc. Belg. 38:8.

This North American genus has been incorrectly associated with the

South American genus Pyticara by several clerid workers over the years

and most recently was listed as a synonym of that genus in Corporaal’s

Catalogue of the Cleridae. After studying nearly all the type specimens of

the assigned specimens, I can only conclude that Pelonides must be re¬

garded as a distinct genus and one that is not related to Pyticara. This is

indicated by the antennae which are 10-segmented and have the first two

segments of the club lobed in Pelonides and are 11 segmented and have the

segments of the club parallel-sided in Pyticara. Also, the pretarsal claws

are feebly lobed in Pelonides and basally toothed in Pyticara ; the front tibia

has the anterior margin entire in Pelonides and serrate in Pyticara ; and the

epipleura is weakly reflexed in Pelonides and strongly reflexed in Pyticara.

The following names, as listed in Corporaal’s Catalogue under Pyticara,

are recognized as belonging to Pelonides :

1. granulatipennis (Schaeffer)

2. humeralis (Horn)

militaris (Chevrolat)

perroudi (Pic)

3. quadripunctata (Say)

quadrinotata (Haldeman)

4. scabripennis (LeConte)

5. similis Knull

Parapelonides, new genus

Enopliini, Head subquadrate; eyes small, finely faceted, deeply emargin-

ate behind antennal insertion; antenna (Fig. 12) 10-segmented, segment 1

enlarged, twice as long as subglobular segment 2, segments 3-5 nearly fili¬

form, segments 6 and 7 shorter and slightly thicker, segments 8-10 forming

a loose club, segments 8 and 9 abruptly enlarged, subequal, subflattened,

subtriangular, segment 10 slightly longer than segment 9, narrowly ovate;

maxillary and labial palpus with last segment subcylindrical (Figs. 13 and

14). Pronotum (Figs. 15 and 17) subovate in dorsal view, strongly convex;

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

281

Fig. 17. P. beckeri Barr, pronotum and elytra.

margins entire, lateral and hind margins slightly ridged; lateral margin ar¬

cuate to slightly lobed at middle; front and hind angles broadly rounded.

Elytra subovate, broadest behind middle, covering abdomen; coarsely punc¬

tate; epipleuron distinct, rather narrow, broadest below humeri, gradually

narrowing to area of greatest elytral width near the apical fourth. Anterior

coxal cavities narrowly open behind, proepimeron narrowly triangular be¬

hind cavity, transversely extending at least to midpoint of cavity. Legs

rather slender; fore tibia not serrate along front margin or apically toothed;

tarsal segment 1 narrowed, plantula inconspicuous, segments 2 and 3 api¬

cally expanded with well developed rounded plantula; pretarsal claws small

with a slight basal lobe (Fig. 16).

Type of genus: Enoplium nigrescens Schaeffer.

Parapelonides is allied to Pelonides. The two genera are separated by the

first and second segments of the antennal club being slightly triangular in

Parapelonides and apically lobed in Pelonides, by the elytra being densely

punctate in Parapelonides and entirely or in part granulose in Pelonides

and by the pretarsal claws being conspicuously smaller in Parapelonides.

The genus is represented by two species, P. nigrescens from southern

Texas and adjacent Mexico which is transferred from Pyticara and the

following undescribed species.

Parapelonides beckeri, new species

(Fig. 17)

Female: Somewhat shining; yellow-orange, elytra with a pair of irregular

black markings at base and a pair of transverse, black discal spots in front

of middle, antennae and legs black except trochanters and basal half of

upper and lower surfaces of fore femora yellowish. Head rather densely,

282

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

irregularly punctate, moderately clothed with short, suberect brown hairs;

front broadly subdepressed at middle. Pronotum densely punctate laterally,

less densely punctate medially, densely clothed with short, suberect brown

hairs; lateral margins somewhat lobed at middle. Elytra with punctations

serially arranged, rather coarse, deep, becoming obsolete at apical fourth,

rather densely clothed with erect and suberect, short tawny hairs and with

a few longer hairs at sides; lateral margins feebly bisinuate along apical

fourth; apices broadly rounded. Ventral surface impunctate, indistinctly

pubescent; metasternum strongly convex. Legs with femora impunctate,

tibiae densely, irregularly punctate. Length : 4 mm, width 1.8 mm.

Holotype, male (Canadian National Collection), from 12 mi west of Olan-

chito, Honduras, Jan. 1949, E. C. Becker.

Parapelonides beckeri, the second known species of the genus, is readily

separated from the other, P. nigrescens, by several features. Most obvious

with this new species the elytra have two pairs of dark spots rather than a

pair of broad dark vittae; the elytral punctations are serially arranged rather

than being irregularly and densely placed; the sides of the pronotum are

slightly lobed at the middle rather than being evenly arcuate; and the middle

and hind legs are mostly blackish rather than being distinctly bicolored.

This species is named after the collector of the type specimen, Dr. Edward

C. Becker, Curator of the Canadian National Collection, in acknowledgment

of the many favors he has extended me over the years.

Footnote

1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station

as Research Paper No. 8061.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 283-288

LIFE HISTORY OF A FRUIT FLY, PROCECIDOCHARES SP.,

ON THE RAGWEED, AMBROSIA DUMOSA (GRAY)

PAYNE, IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

(DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

J. Silverman and R. D. Goeden

Dept, of Entomology, Univ. of California, Riverside 92521

One of several species of gallicolous, stenophagous insects associated

with the native, perennial ragweed, Ambrosia dumosa, in southern Califor¬

nia (Goeden and Ricker, 1976a), this tephritid first was identified for us as

Procecidochares stonei Blanc and Foote by F. L. Blanc (pers. commun.),

based on what was known of this group at that time. Subsequently, R. H.

Foote (pers. commun.) determined that it and a different species reared

from stem galls on A. eriocentra (Gray) Payne (Goeden and Ricker, 1976b)

are both undescribed Procecidochares. We herein describe the life history

of the tephritid on A. dumosa, which we call Procecidochares sp. in antic¬

ipation that its taxonomy will be clarified elsewhere in the future. Little

information otherwise is available on the biologies of California Proceci¬

dochares spp. (Foote and Blanc, 1963; Tauber and Tauber, 1968).

Host-plant and distribution. —Separate Procecidochares spp. gall con¬

generic species of Compositae (Steyskal, 1974). Only 2 of the 9 species of

Ambrosia (subtribe Ambrosiinae) native to southern California host Pro¬

cecidochares spp. (Goeden and Ricker, 1974a, 1974b, 1975, 1976a, 1976b,

1977c). And yet, P. stonei reportedly has been reared from Viguirea laci-

nata Gray (Foote and Blanc, 1963) and Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook¬

er) Nuttall (Tauber and Tauber, 1968), host-plants belonging to a different

subtribe (Verbesininae) and tribe (Astereae) of Compositae (Munz and

Keck, 1957), respectively. It is unlikely that these Compositae are galled by

a single species of tephritid, P. stonei.

Galls characteristic of Procecidochares sp. were observed on A. dumosa

at the following locations in southern California: Imperial Co.—Durmid,

Niland, Ocotillo; Los Angeles Co.—Llano; Riverside Co.—Desert Center,

Mecca, Palm Springs; San Bernardino Co.—Amboy, Apple Valley, Clarks

Pass, Twentynine Palms, Yucca Valley; San Diego Co.—Borrego Springs.

Biology. —Field data reported herein were obtained at a study site located

8 km northwest of Palm Springs, where a large population of this tephritid

had been detected by Goeden and Ricker (1976a). Laboratory and insectary

studies were conducted at Riverside. Insectary conditions were 27 ± 1°C,

40-70% relative humidity, and a 12/12-hr (light/dark) photoperiod.

284

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Egg. —The egg is elongate-ellipsoidal, translucent white, and tapers at its

micropylar end to a pedicel. Mean (±S.D.) measurements of 31 eggs were:

egg body length, 0.38 ± 0.06 mm; greatest width, 0.17 ± 0.06 mm; and

pedicel length, 0.10 ± 0.02 mm.

Eggs were inserted, cephalic pole first, between the unexpanded, young

leaves of axillary and terminal buds. Usually 1 (rarely 2) egg per bud was

found in field samples, but as many as 17 eggs were recovered from a single

axillary bud in insectary cagings. In the field, most oviposition occurred in

axillary buds located 3-20 cm from the apex of the current season’s branch

growth. The incubation period was 7-8 days.

Larva. —There are 3 larval instars. Twenty-two, 10, and 26 first through

third instars averaged 0.16 ± 0.03 mm, 1.09 ± 0.25 mm, and 3.17 ± 0.50

mm in length, respectively; 0.10 ± 0.01 mm, 0.46 ± 0.06 mm, and 1.39 ±

0.28 mm in greatest width, respectively. The cephalopharyngeal skeletons

of these 3 instars averaged 0.08 ± 0.01 mm, 0.15 ± 0.03 mm, and 0.27 ±

0.05 mm in length and 0.04 ± 0.01 mm, 0.10 ± 0.01 mm, and 0.21 ± 0.09

mm in greatest width, respectively.

The newly hatched larva tunneled directly into the bud and caused it to

swell laterally, while halting internode elongation. Thus, the young gall (Fig.

la) consisted of a small, compact rosette of stunted, sessile leaves distinct

from ungalled buds and the senescent and dead, semi-persistent, grey-green

leaves of the terminal branches. Fifteen galls containing aestivating first

instars collected in mid-summer (early July) measured 2.5 ± 0.46 mm ex¬

ternally, 0.7 ± 0.49 mm internally, and 0.59 ± 0.19 mm in wall thickness.

Farval and gall development resumed concurrent with the vegetative host-

plant growth that followed periods of substantive, summer and winter rain¬

fall. Dissections of 20 galls collected at the study site each day after torren¬

tial rains fell on September 10, 1977, indicated that the second and third

stadia lasted only 3-6 days and 4-5 days, respectively, under field condi¬

tions. Second and third instars fed actively by rasping the inner wall of the

expanding gall with their mouthhooks, thus excavating a round or ellipsoi¬

dal, superficially smooth-surfaced, central cavity (Fig. lb). This gall lumen

eventually reached 2-3 times the size of the third instar. The central cavities

of 15 fully developed galls measured 5.83 ± 0.33 by 4.71 ± 0.58 mm.The

mature larva used its mouthooks to dig an exit tunnel, 1.29 ± 0.12 mm

wide (N = 15), leading from the lumen to the gall apex (Fig. lb). Material

removed in constructing this exit tunnel apparently was ingested, as the gall

lumen remained free of debris. The exit tunnel was completed in 1-3 days.

The larva then returned to the central cavity, ceased feeding, and pupari-

ated.

Pupa .—Twenty puparia averaged 4.09 ± 0.27 mm in length; 1.77 ± 0.18

mm in greatest width. During pupariation, gall growth ceased, but the tissues

remained green and succulent. Under insectary conditions, adults emerged

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

285

Fig. 1. Procecidochares sp. (a) young bud gall on Ambrosia dumosa, 4.4x, (b) mature gall

in cross section containing puparium and showing exit tunnel, 3.3x, (c) old, empty, woody,

persistent galls, 0.4x, (d) mating adults, 8.7x.

8-10 days after pupariation began. Following adult emergence, the walls of

the empty galls hardened and darkened and the leaves thereon dried and

abscised. Old galls persisted as permanent woody swellings that festooned

the stems and branches of the repeatedly galled plants (Fig. lc).

Adult .—Under both field and insectary conditions, males began their

emergence 1-2 days before the females and they predominated during the

early phase of the emergence period. Most emergence occurred during the

morning hours. Males also consistently outnumbered females in field col¬

lections. The closest male:female capture ratio recorded was 2.1:1 for 160

adults aspirated in 1 hr during their peak field abundance in October, 1976.

Wind speeds greater than 24 kph (15 mph) (measured with a hand-held

Dwyer® wind meter at 1-m height) greatly curtailed adult activities and

rendered their collection difficult. During such windy periods, most flies

rested on sheltered branches inside the crowns of gall-bearing plants.

Mating was first observed on the fourth day after adult emergence began

in the field; however, in the insectary, newly emerged adults attempted

mating as soon as their exoskeletons became fully hardened and pigmented.

In nature, males contacted females atop terminal foliage and branches,

where the males waited with their bodies oriented horizontally. When a

286

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

female approached, the male responded by crossing his wings repeatedly

with a scissors-like motion. This stimulus perceived, the female ceased lo¬

comotion. The pair then faced each other and moved their wings scissors¬

like in unison. After 5-10 sec, the male swiftly ran posteriorly along the

female’s dorsum, stopped, turned, and positioned himself, headfirst atop

the female (Fig. Id). On occasion, a male flew over a female and mounted

her from behind. At this point, if the female was receptive and did not move

away, the male clasped her wing bases with his fore tarsi. His mid tarsi

clasped the sides of her abdomen at about the fourth segment. His hind tarsi

curved under her posterior abdominal segments and aided in uncoiling the

aedaegus. As the aedeagus was being uncoiled, the male grasped the ovi¬

positor with his claspers. Upon coupling, the male rested hind tarsi on the

plant surface. During copulation, the female’s wings were spread and held

motionless at an angle of 45°, while the male’s wings usually remained

closed. Both sexes pumped their mouthparts continuously during copula¬

tion. Adults in copula rarely separated if disturbed. The pair usually moved

away from an offending stimulus in tandem; however, they were never seen

flying while paired. In the insectary, copulation lasted an average of 45 min

(range: 28-71 min, N = 15). Mating was observed in the field in the early

morning, at mid-day, and in the late afternoon; in the insectary, throughout

the photophase.

Females first were observed ovipositing 3 days after they began to emerge

in the field; however, in the insectary, 16 or 20 (80%) isolated females laid

an average of 8 (range: 2-20) eggs 1 day after their emergence. Before

ovipositing in nature, the female repeatedly probed a leaf axil on the flush,

terminal branch growth with her ovipositor. The ovipositor usually was

withdrawn after the deposition of a single egg; however, egg deposition did

not always follow ovipositor insertion in accepted buds. After ovipositing,

the female always moved to the next, proximal axil. She thus worked her

way towards the base of the current branch growth, probing most nodes

encountered until she reached the more woody portion of the branch. She

then either walked back up the same branch and/or flew to another branch

to begin this behavioral sequence anew.

Oviposition was observed in the field throughout the day and only oc¬

curred during the photophase in the insectary. Four days after their emer¬

gence in the insectary, 20 females provided with water, honey, and bouquets

of freshly cut, terminal branches, deposited 90+% of their total egg pro¬

duction. Their oviposition periods lasted 6 or 7 days, during which time

they produced an average total of 107 ± 35 (range: 38-166) eggs. One female

laid 78 eggs during a 12-hr photoperiod. The average time required for 10

females to deposit an egg under field conditions was 3.5 ± 0.5 min.

In the insectary, the mean longevity of 20 males was 7 ± 1.4 (range: 5-

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

287

9) days; for 20 females, 7 ± 0.8 (range: 5-8) days. Capture records suggested

that adults also live about 1 week in nature.

Seasonal history. —This tephritid species normally is bivoltine in southern

California; however, univoltine reproduction, conceivably even biennial re¬

production, may occur under certain conditions. This is because the re¬

sumption of gall and larval development depends on and coincides with the

production of host-plant vegetative regrowth triggered by winter as well as

late-summer/early-fall rainfalls. Should only one or neither of these rainfall

periods locally produce enough moisture to stimulate and sustain host-plant

growth, then local reproduction by Procecidochares sp. is likewise cur¬

tailed.

At our study site, first instars remained quiescent in galls for as long as

5 months, from mid-April to early September, 1976, during which time no

rainfall occurred and A. dumosa remained dormant. Ten days after a heavy

rainfall, most larvae had already reached the third instar in their rapidly

growing galls.

Natural enemies .—The following parasitic Hymenoptera were reared

from fully formed galls collected during 1970 and 1971 at various locations

in southern California: Chalcididae —Spilochalcis flavopicta (Cresson); Eu-

lophidae— Aprostocetus sp., Tetrastichus sp.; Eurytomidae —Eurytoma (2)

spp.; Platygasteridae —Platygaster sp.; Pteromalidae —Halticoptera Stella

Girault, Pteromalus sp.; Torymidae —Microdontomerus anthonomus Craw¬

ford, Torymus capillaceus capillaceus (Huber).

In addition, a jumping spider, Pellenes signatus (Banks) (Araneida: Sal-

ticidae), was observed feeding on adults at Palm Springs. Several full-sized,

newly formed galls were observed that had been chewed open and the con¬

tents destroyed, apparently by rodents. Larvae of an undetermined species

of Lepidoptera also were found within the developing galls feeding on the

plant tissues and, occasionally, on the larvae of Procecidochares sp.

Interesting, though as yet unresearched, relationships were suggested by

the Apion sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adults reared from current sea¬

son’s galls and the eggs of a large weevil ( Ophyrastes sp.) found packed

inside an old, weathered gall at Palm Springs.

Acknowledgments

The technical assistance of Mr. D. W. Ricker, Division of Biological Con¬

trol, University of California, Riverside, is gratefully acknowledged. Our

sincere thanks to Dr. G. Gordh, at the same address, and Drs. E. E. Grissell

and P. M. Marsh, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, USDA, %

U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., for identi¬

fying the parasites. Dr. R. H. Foote, also at the Systematic Entomology

288

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Laboratory, and F. L. Blanc, California Department of Food and Agricul¬

ture (retired), Sacramento, identified this fruit fly, as previously noted.

Literature Cited

Foote, R. H., and F. L. Blanc. 1963. The fruit flies or Tephritidae of California. Bull. California

Insect Surv., 7:1-117.

Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1974a. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed,

Ambrosia acanthicarpa, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 3:827-834.

Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1974b. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed,

Ambrosia chamissonis, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 3:835-839.

Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1975. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed,

Ambrosia confertijiora, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 4:301-306.

Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1976a. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed,

Ambrosia dumosa, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 5:45-50.

Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1976b. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweeds,

Ambrosia chenopodiifolia, A. eriocentra, and A. ilicifolia, in southern California. En¬

viron. Entomol., 5:923-930.

Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1976c. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed,

Ambrosia psilostachya, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 5:1169-1177.

Munz, P. A., and D. D. Keck. 1959. A California flora. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley

and Los Angeles, 1681 pp.

Steyskal, G. C. 1974. A new species of Procecidochares (Diptera: Tephritidae) causing galls

on stems of Hamakua Pamakani ( Ageratina riparia: Asteraceae) in Hawaii. U. S. Dept.

Agr., Coop. Econ. Ins. Rpt., 24:639-641.

Tauber, M. J., and C. A. Tauber. 1968. Biology of the gall-former Procecidochares stonei on

a Compositae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 61:553-554.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 289-292

ON TYPE SPECIMENS OF AMPHIZOA LECONTE

(COLEOPTERA: AMPHIZOIDAE)

David H. Kavanaugh

Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences,

Golden Gate Park, San Francisco 94118

The most recent taxonomic treatment of members of the beetle family

Amphizoidae was Edwards’ (1951) worldwide revision. He recognized five

Amphizoa LeConte (1853:227) species—one Palaearctic and four Nearctic

species, one of which ( Amphizoa carinata ) he described as new. Since then,

a sixth species, Amphizoa kashmirensis Vazirani (1964:145), has been de¬

scribed from India.

Because of more restrictive institutional lending policies than at present

and difficulty in visiting major museums across North America and in Eu¬

rope, Edwards (personal communication) was unable to study type material

for most of the Amphizoa species. Consequently, his revision contains data

only for the type of A. carinata (Edwards, 1951:326). Further, reference to

the original descriptions of all nine nominal species (including three junior

synonyms) of Amphizoa indicates that lectotypes are needed for all but four

(i.e. A. carinata, A. planata, and A. striata Van Dyke and Dysmathes

sahlbergii Mannerheim) of these names.

The purpose of this report is (1) to provide data (including lectotype des¬

ignations) for type specimens of Amphizoa nominal species which have

been located to date and (2) to solicit help in locating the remaining type

specimens and/or series. Publication of these data is also prerequisite for

their inclusion in the forthcoming fascicle on Amphizoidae (Kavanaugh,

manuscript in preparation) in “A Catalog of the Coleoptera of America

North of Mexico” (J. M. Kingsolver, editor in chief).

Type Specimens of Amphizoa Nominal Species

Amphizoa carinata Edwards (1951:326). HOLOTYPE, a male, in California

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco [CAS], labelled: “Monkhaven Col.

VI-21-35”/‘‘On Conejos River”/‘‘Van Dyke Collection’’/[blank card with

left hindwing mounted]/”Holotype Amphizoa carinata Edwards” [red-

tipped label]/ 4 ‘California Academy of Sciences Type No. 8130.” Allotype

also in CAS.

Amphizoa davidis Lucas (1882:157) [=A. davidi Lucas, emended by Wu

(1933:335)]. Location of type specimen unknown.

290

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Edwards, Vazirani (personal communication), and I have been unable to

locate a specimen of this species in any of the major museums in North

America or in Europe or Asia. It is therefore not possible to determine at

present if, in fact, this taxon is actually related to the Nearctic Amphizoidae.

Because Lucas’ original description gives no clue to the number of speci¬

mens he examined, and in the event that a type specimen or series is even¬

tually relocated, a lectotype should be designated.

Amphizoa insolens LeConte (1853:228). LECTOTYPE (here designated), a

male, in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

[MCZ], labelled: [gold disk]/“Type 5969” [red label]/ 1 ‘Amphizoa insolens

Lee. ’’/‘‘Lectotype Amphizoa insolens LeConte designated by D. H. Ka-

vanaugh 1979” [red label]. One paralectotype female also in MCZ.

LeConte’s original series apparently included five specimens (LeConte,

1853:228). However, only two specimens likely to have been part of that

series have been located at MCZ (A. F. Newton, personal communication).

Amphizoa josephi Matthews (1872:119) [=A. insolens LeConte]. LECTO¬

TYPE (here designated), a male, in British Museum (Natural History),

London [BMNH], labelled: “Type” [red-trimmed disk]/”Matthews coll.

1904-120.’’/“Amphizoa josephi” [horizontal inked line traversing the

label] “Vancouvers-I-” [yellow label]/”Amphizoa josephi, Matthews.

Type mihi, D.S.’’/“Lectotype Amphizoa josephi Matthews designated by

D. H. Kavanaugh 1979” [red label].

Although the type series presently consists of a single specimen, a lec¬

totype is here designated because Matthews’ original description gives no

indication of the number of specimens he studied.

Amphizoa kashmirensis Vazirani (1964:145). HOLOTYPE, a male, in Zoo¬

logical Survey of India Collection, Calcutta.

I have not yet studied the type specimen [see Vazirani (1964:145) for

specimen data], nor have I seen other specimens referable to this species.

Therefore, I am not yet certain that this species belongs in genus Amphizoa

or even in Amphizoidae.

Amphizoa lecontei Matthews (1872:121). LECTOTYPE (here designated),

a male, in BMNH, labelled: “Matthews coll. 1904-120.’’/“Amphizoa le¬

contei” [horizontal inked line traversing the label] “Vancouvers-I.” [yel¬

low label]/” Lectotype Amphizoa lecontei Matthews designated by D. H.

Kavanaugh 1979” [red label].

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

291

A lectotype is here designated for the same reason as for A. josephi

above.

Amphizoa planata Van Dyke (1927a:98) [=A. lecontei Matthews]. HOLO-

TYPE, a female, in CAS, labelled: “Beaver Cr. Alta” [date illegible] “F.

S. Carr”/“Van Dyke Collection’’/“Holotype Amphizoa planata Van

Dyke” [red-tipped label]/” = Amphizoa lecontei Matth.”/“California

Academy of Sciences Type No. 2453.”

Amphizoa striata Van Dyke (1927b: 197). HOLOTYPE, a male, in CAS,

labelled: “Northbend King Co. Wsh. VII-1 l-1920”/“Coll. by E. C. Van

Dyke’’/“Van Dyke Collection”/“Holotype Amphizoa striata Van Dyke”

[red-trimmed label]/”California Academy of Sciences Type No. 2463.”

Dysmathes sahlbergii Mannerheim (1853:265) [=A. insolens LeConte].

Originally described as a genus in family Tenebrionidae. Location of type

specimen unknown.

According to his original description, Mannerheim studied only one spec¬

imen of D. sahlbergii which, therefore, is the holotype. However, no spec¬

imen identified as belonging to this taxon has yet been found in the Man¬

nerheim Collection at Universitetets Zoologiska Museum Entomologiska

Avdelningen, Helsingfors [UZMH] (H. Silfverberg, personal communica¬

tion).

Acknowledgments

I thank A. F. Newton (MCZ) and M. E. Bacchus (BMNH) for lending

type material in their care to me for study, and H. Silfverberg (UZMH) for

his efforts on my behalf in searching through the Mannerheim Collection.

Literature Cited

Edwards, J. G. 1951 (1950). Amphizoidae (Coleoptera) of the World. WasmannJ. Biol., 8:303-

332.

LeConte, J. L. 1853. Descriptions of twenty new species of Coleoptera inhabiting the United

States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 6:226-235.

Lucas, H. 1882. Description d’une espece nouvelle du genre Amphizoa. Bull. Soc. Entomol.

France, Series 2, 21:157-158.

Mannerheim, G. C. G. 1853. Dritter Nachtrag zur Kaefer-Fauna der Nord-Amerikanischen

Laender des Russischen Reiches. Bull. Soc. Imp. des Natural. Moscou, 26:95-273.

Matthews, A. 1872. Descriptions of two new species of Amphizoa discovered in Vancouver’s

Island by Mr. Joseph Beauchamp Matthews. Cistula Entomol., 1:119-122.

Van Dyke, E. C. 1927a. A new species of Amphizoa (Coleoptera). Pan-Pacific Entomol.,

3:97-98.

292

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Van Dyke, E. C. 1927b. The species of Amphizoa (Coleoptera). Pan-Pacific Entomol., 3:197-

198.

Vazirani, T. G. 1964. On a new species of aquatic beetle of the genus Amphizoa LeConte,

1853 [Insecta: Coleoptera: Amphizoidae] from Kashmir, India. Proc. Zool. Soc., Cal¬

cutta, 17:145-147.

Wu, C. F. 1933. Catalogue of Chinese Amphizoidae. Peking Nat. Hist. Bull., 7:335.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, p. 292

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

SWARMING OF LEUCORRHINIA HUDSONICA (SELYS)

(ODONATA: LIBELLULIDAE)

On 10 July, 1978 at about 1300 hr, immediately after a thunderstorm, we

saw what we believe was an unusual swarm of Leucorrhinia hudsonica

(Selys). This swarm occurred on a partially shaded dirt road (Grassy Lake

Rd.) which runs west from Hwy 89 between Yellowstone and Grand Teton

National Parks. At about 5-6 km from the intersection, the road approaches

the south edge of a large marsh, and there several hundred Leucorrhinia

were flying up and down in such a way that the space above the road seemed

to be undulating, although the individual dragonflies were not in synchrony.

Of those collected, none were teneral, and most were males. However,

several mating pairs were observed. Occasionally an individual dragonfly

would land briefly on the road, or on top of our car, or in one of the lodge-

pole pines beside the road, but most remained in the air. No other odonate

species were seen and there were no swarms of midges or other small insects

over the road. The swarm extended along the road for about 200 m, and up

to a height of 3-4 m.

On 10-11 July 1979, we returned to this site, but did not observe a swarm

such as we had seen the year before, perhaps because the season was ear¬

lier. However, we did observe, between 1800 and 1900 hr, feeding flights

along the edge of the marsh near the road. Leucorrhinia, as well as other

species of different genera, were feeding on midges, as has been described

by Corbet (1962, Biology of Dragonflies, pp. 151-154) and others.

Mary Alice Evans and Howard E. Evans, Department of Zoology and

Entomology, Colorado State University, Lort Collins 80523.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 293-296

A NEW PSEUDEVOPLITUS RUCKES FROM GUATEMALA

WITH A KEY TO THE SPECIES

(HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) 1

Donald B. Thomas, Jr.

University of Missouri-Columbia 65211

A recent trip to Guatemala resulted in the collection of 5 specimens of an

undescribed pentatomid assignable to the genus Pseudevoplitus Ruckes,

1958. Pseudevoplitus superficially resembles Evoplitus Amyot & Serville,

1843, but differs by having the tip of the scutellum entire versus emarginate,

and in having a shorter ostiolar sulcus. Additional characters for diagnosing

this genus are given by Ruckes (1958) but include most importantly the

structure of the thoracic and abdominal sterna. In Pseudevoplitus the me-

sosternal carina is very prominent, broadly contiguous with the metaster¬

num posteriorly and compressed into a crest reaching between the procoxae

anteriorly. The metasternum is elevated and notched behind to receive the

anteriorly directed spine of the third abdominal segment. The abdominal

venter is obtusely, longitudinally keeled mesially.

Pseudevoplitus now contains 3 species: the genotype P. paradoxus

Ruckes, 1958, found in Peru, P. longicornis Ruckes, 1959, which occurs in

Panama and Costa Rica, and the new species described below. These 3

species can be separated by the key provided below following the descrip¬

tion of the new species, and by features of the male genitalia figured by

Ruckes (1958, 1959) and accompanying this description.

Pseudevoplitus casei, new species

(Figs. 1-4)

Ovate; dorso-ventrally compressed. Overall color brownish-gray, mottled

with dark patches of pigment on prothorax, scutellum and corium; matte

dorsally, semi-glossy ventrally. Dorsum and thoracic venter with dense,

black to dark brown punctations. Abdominal venter with shallower, less

dense, castaneous punctations. Head, measured from base of ocelli to tip

of tylus, longer than intraocular width (ratio 9:7). Anteocular margins

strongly sinuate, weakly reflexed and thinly margined with castaneous pig¬

ment. Tylus slightly elevated above the plane of the disc; tips of jugae

convergent and contiguous; disc evenly, castaneously punctate. Ocelli light

red; eyes reddish-brown, somewhat protuberant. Antennae long, total

length more than 80% of the total body length; segment I exceeding apex

294

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

3 4

Figs. 1-4. Pseudevoplitus casei Thomas n. sp.: Fig. 1, dorsal aspect; Fig. 2, caudal view

of male genital capsule; Fig. 3, ental view of right paramere; Fig. 4, lateral view of aedeagus.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

295

of head; segmental ratios 9:23:23:29:23, i.e. segment I shortest, IV longest,

II, III and V subequal; segments infuscated except for short distance at

base and apex of segments II through V pale. Rostrum of moderate length,

nearly or just attaining base of abdominal setment III in repose; rostral

segment II arcuate in lateral view in apposition to mesosternal crest. Buc-

culae evanescent posteriorly. Thorax convex dorsally; more than twice as

wide across the humeri than long mesially; anterolateral margins straight

and distinctly reflexed, the reflexion terminating abruptly at humeri; pos¬

terior margin of pronotum mildly concave. Pronotal punctations densest on

either side just posterior to cicatrices. Scutellum longer mesially than wide

basally (ratio 10:8); apical half feebly concave; tip bluntly acuminate, mar¬

gined with black; basal angles subfoveolate, black. Apex of corium sinuate,

lateral margin reflexed anteriorly; surface with punctations coalescing form¬

ing blotches on disc of corium and apical portions of embolium. Membrane

darkly infuscated basally becoming hyaline apically except veins which are

distinguished in the middle portion of their length as brown streaks. Con-

nexivum broadly exposed; alternately blotched at the angles, maculated

thickly between blotches. Prosternum with obtuse, broadly V-shaped Cari¬

na, the notch of the V hidden by the mesosternal crest, the arms of the V

paralleling the propleural border and reaching behind eyes. Mesosternum

and metasternum as characteristic of the genus: mesosternum either side of

carina sparsely to moderately hirsute. Metasternal scent gland canal mod¬

erately wide, elevated from pleural surface, curving anteriorad, reaching 2 /s

distance from orifice to pleural margin. Evaporative surface matte, fuscous,

mottled with black. Femora maculate; tibia with alternate, castaneous

blotches; superior surface narrowly but distinctly sulcate. Abdominal venter

bearing anteriorly directed, spinose tubercle on segment III (2nd visible),

the tubercle continued posteriorly as a longitudinal, obtuse, mesial keel

ornamented with a dark brown, mesial vitta. Ventral abdominal surface

semi-glossy, maculate, each maculation bearing a short seta. Spiracles with

thin, piceous ring. Connexival apices and lateral abdominal margin just pos¬

terior to apices blotched with black. Male pygophore (Fig. 2) broadly open

dorso-posteriorly. Posterior border nearly obsolescent mesially (prominent,

entire in P. longicornis)\ inferior margin armed by a pair of broad, blunt

cusps, forming a mesial cleft between them, this cleft subtended ectally by

a shallow, mesial concavity; much smaller than the mesial concavity of P.

longicornis. Head of parameres terete, elongate, black, the tips bluntly acu¬

minate (Fig. 3). Phallotheca of aedeagus bearing a prominent, elongate,

mesial horn (Fig. 4). Female 2nd gonocoxites large, quadrate, contiguous

mesially, the surface strigose basally, granulate apically. Holotype: Male,

11.5 mm long, 6.7 mm wide across the humeri. Guatemala, Jutiapa Province,

Canon de Monjoy; 27 July 1979. E. P. Case and D. B. Thomas, collectors.

Deposited in the United States National Museum.

296

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Allotype. —Female, 12.6 mm long, 7.3 mm wide across humeri. Same

locality, date and collectors as holotype. Deposited in United States Na¬

tional Museum.

Paratypes .—Males (3). All same locality, date and collectors as holotype.

Deposited in the author’s collection.

Derivation of epithet .—Named for botanist, companion and co-collector

of the type series, Elizabeth P. Case of the University of Missouri-Colum-

bia.

Comments.—Pseudevoplitus casei is clearly closely allied to P. longi-

cornis from Costa Rica, as evidenced by the overall morphology, but es¬

pecially by the form of the genitalia. The principal differences between these

2 species being the relative size of the submedial cusps on the inner margin

of the pygophore and its subtendant concavity. The new species is more

distantly related to the genotype P. paradoxus from Peru, particularly with

respect to the form of the male pygophore and proctiger. While this differ¬

ence might support a subgeneric distinction for P. casei and P. longicornis,

a nominal separation would seem unnecessary since the genus contains only

3 species. In their major morphological features, in particular the form of

the ventral armature, the 3 species are in conformity.

Key to the Species of Pseudevoplitus Ruckes

1. Pronotal humeri produced, cornute. Peru. paradoxus Ruckes

Pronotal humeri not produced, entire. Central America. 2

2. Rostrum long, attaining abdominal segment V in repose.

. longicornis Ruckes

Rostrum shorter, not exceeding abdominal segment III in repose ..

. casei, n. sp.

Literature Cited

Ruckes, H. 1958. Some New Genera and Species of Tropical Pentatomids (Heteroptera).

Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 1918:1-15.

Ruckes, H. 1959. New Genera and Species of Pentatomids from Panama and Costa Rica

(Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 1939:1-18.

Footnote

1 Contribution from the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station. Journal Series No. 8456.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 297-310

A REVIEW OF THE GENUS THRINCOPYGE LECONTE

(COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE) 1

G. H. Nelson 2

College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Pomona, California

The genus Thrincopyge has 3 known species and belongs to the mono¬

generic tribe Thrincopygini. The last treatment was by Kerremans (1907).

Since that work is not readily available and more information has become

available, a review of the genus is in order. Only the more important cita¬

tions are listed under the genus and species. The type locality for each

species is given as it appears in the original publication, and any additional

information is placed in brackets.

Unless otherwise indicated, specimens are in the collector’s collection.

Abbreviations for collections [brackets] are as published in Arnett and Sam-

uelson (1969). The following were not included in that work: W. F. Barr

collection = WFBC; British Museum (Natural History) = BMNH; Narodni

Museum, Prague = NMPC; and D. S. Verity collection = DSVC. My name

is abbreviated GHN.

Biology

The larvae of Thrincopyge work in the dead flower stalks of Dasylirion

spp., Fig. 1, and Nolina spp. [ T. ambiens (LeC.)] (Agavaceae), and adults

of all 3 species have been collected on Dasylirion spp. Larvae mine the

interior of stalks and pupate there. Adults emerge from March to September

and can generally be found at the bases of the leaves, where they usually

sit facing upward. It is helpful to have long forceps to collect the adults if

they are on Dasylirion spp., which have hooks along the margins of the

leaves. Suspicions that adults feed on the leaves of the host plants were

confirmed when D. S. Verity collected live adults of T. ambiens and T.

alacris LeConte from Arizona and New Mexico and kept them alive for 2

weeks. During that time he reported (in litt.) that they fed voraciously on

young leaves of Dasylirion sp. and Nolina sp. They made notches along the

margins, sometimes cutting completely through the leaf, causing the distal

part to drop. Efforts were unsuccessful to get oviposition in the basal flower

stalk of a Dasylirion sp. that had recently bloomed. Frank Parker reported

(in litt.) that he has observed T. ambiens feeding on the edges of leaves and

inside the center leaf bundle of Nolina sp. in Arizona, including in winter.

This indicates the adults might live more than 1 season.

298

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Geographical Distribution

This genus occurs in the southwestern United States and northern Mex¬

ico. T. ambiens and T. alacris are known from Arizona, New Mexico,

Texas, and northern Mexico, with alacris extending south to Puebla. Thrin-

copyge marginata Waterhouse is recorded from Durango and Jalisco.

Family Buprestidae

Subfamily Thrincopyginae

Tribe Thrincopygini

Tribe Thrincopygini LeConte, 1861:154; LeConte & Horn, 1883:198; Kerre-

mans, 1902:44; 1907:595.

Distinctive features of the monogeneric tribe Thrincopygini include: body

elongate, depressed; poriferous area of antennal segments on inner surface

and inferior margin toward apex; mesosternum emarginate but not divided;

metacoxae dilated medially; last visible abdominal sternite with deep sulcus

around margin of apical half; tarsal claws simple.

Genus Thrincopyge LeConte

Thrincopyge LeConte, 1858:17; 1860:219; 1861:154; LeConte & Horn,

1883:198; Horn, 1885:146; Kerremans, 1900:307; 1902:44; 1907:595;

Burke, 1917a:6; Chamberlin, 1926:240; Arnett, 1960:483.

Body elongate, parallel-sided, depressed above, convex below.

Head convex; foveae for antennal insertion small and widely separated;

clypeus shallowly arcuately emarginate; mentum corneous; antennae with

segment 1 clavate, twice as long as 2, segment 3 one-half longer than 2,

segments 4 to 11 subequal in length to 2, serrate from 5 and with poriferous

area on internal surface and inferior margin toward apex of each segment;

eyes small, oval.

Pronotum wider than long; disk convex, depressed in midline toward

base; sulcus along lateral margin basally; scutellum small, distinct.

Elytra with disk moderately flattened, with rows of punctures; lateral

margins sulcate; apex serrate-truncate.

Prosternum broad, with anterior margin feebly arcuately emarginate, lat¬

eral sutures oblique; prosternal process with fine sulcus along lateral margin,

apex obtusely rounded, enclosed by mesosternum; mesosternum emargin¬

ate, not divided; meso-metasternal suture entire and straight; metacoxae

dilated medially, with anterior margin sinuate, posterior margin oblique;

tibiae straight, unarmed; protibia with brush of setae on inner margin at

apex, Fig. 9; metatibia with similar brush along outer border, Fig. 10; tarsi

broad, segments subequal in length, claws small, simple.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

299

Abdomen convex, not sulcate; sternite 1 distinctly longer than either ster-

nites 2, 3, or 4; sternite 5 narrowly rounded or slightly truncate at apex in

female, Fig. 7, or broadly rounded to truncately rounded in male, Fig. 8,

both with distinct sulcus around inside of apical half, producing deflexed

margin.

Type species.—Buprestis ambiens LeConte, designated by Chamberlin,

1926:240.

Comparisons.—Thrincopyge is the only genus in the subfamily Thrinco-

pyginae and has no known close relatives. Chalcophorinae and Buprestinae,

which also have the metacoxae dilated medially are nearest, but Thrinco¬

pyge differs from genera in those subfamilies in the following features: body

elongate depressed; mesosternum emarginate, not divided; last visible ab¬

dominal sternite with deep sulcus around margin of apical half. Features

mentioned as distinctive under the tribe Thrincopygini also serve to distin¬

guish the genus.

Immature Stages

Larva. —Records of the immature stages of this genus were based on

larval studies of T. ambiens by Burke (1917a:6, PI. 4, Fig. 3) as follows:

first thoracic segment distinctly larger and broader than segment 2; dorsal

and ventral plates of segment 1 rather small, oval, without distinct chitinous

rugosities and marked by distinct brownish median sulcus which is enlarged

in front and forked behind; median subdorsal areas of thoracic segments 2

and 3 with pair of brown spots; last abdominal segment narrowed and bi-

lobed, without chitinous fork at apex.

Three larvae of what are possibly T. alacris were collected in Texas, Val

Verde Co., near Sanderson, 2 July 1972, R. L. Westcott, in Dasylirion sp.

They are similar to the above description but lack the brown spots on tho¬

racic segments 2 and 3.

Adults

In the following specific descriptions, the generic characteristics already

mentioned will usually not be repeated. The species are more strikingly

different in their color patterns than they are in external structure and these

color differences usually readily distinguish them. The male genitalia are

distinctive in the 3 species.

Key to the Species of Thrincopyge

1. Pronotum with yellow markings, at least along lateral margins .... 2

Pronotum immaculate, occasionally with red-orange along lateral

margins. 3

300

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 1-2. Fig. 1, plant of Dasylirion wheeled Watson showing the workings of Thdncopyge

ambiens (LeConte) in the flower stalk. Photo taken by H. F. Howden, near Portal, Arizona.

Fig. 2, adult T. alacris LeConte, showing variations in color pattern.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

301

2. Yellow markings usually as spots on elytra and usually along lateral,

anterior, and/or posterior margins of pronotum; punctures of

pronotum and elytra small and sparse, Fig. 2; male genitalia, Fig.

11. 1. alacris LeConte

Yellow markings confined to lateral margin of pronotum and elytra;

punctures of pronotum and elytra larger and denser, Fig. 4; male

genitalia, Fig. 12. 2. ambiens (LeConte), typical form

3. Elytra immaculate, Fig. 5 .. . 2. ambiens (LeConte), immaculate form

Elytra margined with red-orange, Fig. 6 ... 3. marginata Waterhouse

1. Thrincopyge alacris LeConte

(Figs. 2, 11)

Thrincopyge alacris LeConte, 1858:17; 1860:219, PI. 11, Fig. 2; Waterhouse,

1882:19; Kerremans, 1900:308; 1907:598; Good, 1925:272, Figs. 32, 33

(wing venation).

Thrincopyge alacris var. strandi Obenberger, 1936:104 (NEW SYNONYM).

Diagnosis. —Blue or greenish blue above and below with yellow markings

as follows: on pronotum along lateral margins, usually along anterior margin

and as midline spot along basal margin; on elytra as transverse spots at

basal fourth, as transverse spot at middle and as elongate spot in apical

third, variably reduced; ventrally on metacoxae and sometimes on first and

second abdominal sternites; punctures of pronotum and elytra fine and

sparse; elytral striae not evident.

Male. —Head glabrous, front coarsely punctate and rugose, punctures

more sparse toward vertex.

Pronotum with anterior margin straight; posterior margin bisinuate; lateral

margins parallel at base then arcuately expanding to widest at middle and

converging to narrowest at anterior angles; disk glabrous, convex, surface

finely chagreened with fine sparse punctures; shallow sulcus along basal

margin and posterior three-fourths of lateral margins. Scutellum cordate.

Elytra sinuately parallel on anterior two-thirds, then converging to apices;

disk glabrous, flattened, with rows of fine punctures not deeply impressed,

and sulcate along lateral margins.

Ventrally: thoracic sternites moderately densely punctate laterally, sparse

medially; prosternal process convex with fine lateral sulcus evident, surface

with few elongate punctures; meso- and metasterna flattened in midline;

abdominal sternites convex; punctures very fine and sparse toward middle,

larger and more dense laterally; fifth sternite with apex broadly rounded,

with deep sulcus around apical half producing deflexed margin; femora mod¬

erately robust, sparsely punctate; tibiae more coarsely punctate; protibia

with dense brush of setae on inner margin at apex; metatibia with similar

brush along outer border.

302

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Male genitalia, Fig. 11.

Length 21.5 mm; width 6.7 mm.

Redescribed from a male homotype from Arizona, Gila Co., near Globe,

Sixshooter Canyon, 18 August 1961, GHN, on Dasylirion wheeleri Watson.

Female .—Differs from male in having last visible abdominal sternite more

elongate and more narrowly rounded at apex.

Variation .—The males vary in size from 16.5 to 22.0 mm long and from

5.2 to 7.2 mm wide; the females from 16.5 to 22.5 mm long and from 5.5 to

7.2 mm wide. This species exhibits a highly variable color pattern ranging

from predominantly blue with yellow only along lateral margins of pronotum

with no elytral spots to the common pattern of large yellow spots, or pre¬

dominantly yellow (Fig. 2). The variety strandi was based on a specimen

in which the yellow color predominates. Of the 10 specimens in the LeConte

collection [MCZC] 9 have the background color purplish black, probably

resulting from discoloration. Those seen from Coahuila, Mexico are more

greenish than blue.

Type locality .—Of alacris, “Arizona,” lectotype female [MCZC, Le¬

Conte collection]; of strandi, “Texas,” type [NMPC].

When LeConte described alacris he mentioned 1 specimen from Arizona

and numerous specimens from New Mexico. There are 10 specimens in his

collection and 9 of these are marked with dark green disks, indicating New

Mexico. One female labelled as follows: silver disk [indicating Arizona]/red

label with “Type 2713’’/white label with handwritten “Thrincopyge alacris

Lec.,” is here designated as the lectotype. The others, numbered 2 through

10 (including 5 males and 4 females) are labelled as paralectotypes.

Geographical distribution .—UNITED STATES: Arizona, New Mexico,

and Texas. MEXICO: Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco,

Puebla, and Zacatecas. New state record: San Luis Potosi, Matehuala, 23

September 1976, J. A. Chemsak, A. & M. Michelbacher [CISC].

Hosts .—Recorded from flower stalks of Dasylirion wheeleri Watson

(Chamberlin, 1926); also, Texas, Big Bend Nat. Park, May 1959, H. F.

Howden, E. C. Becker, working in flower stalks of Dasylirion leiophyllum

Englemann (New host record). Adults have been taken from 5 March to 12

August.

Comparisons .—The usual color pattern for alacris, deep blue with yellow

spots, is distinctive. The other species are more greenish and any dorsal

markings are confined to the lateral margins. Occasional specimens have

the yellow markings reduced, but the punctures of the pronotum and elytra

are smaller and on the pronotum sparser in alacris than in the other 2

species.

A few specimens have been taken among mixed populations of alacris

and ambiens that are possibly hybrids of the 2 species with the general

facies of alacris but with the yellow markings more confined to the lateral

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

303

Figs. 3-6. Fig. 3, three adults of possible hybrids between Thrincopyge alacris LeC. and

T. ambiens (LeC.). Fig. 4, adult T. ambiens (LeC.), typical color pattern, male left, female

right. Fig. 5, adult T. ambiens (LeC.), immaculate form, male left, female right. Fig. 6, adult

T. marginata Waterhouse, male left, female right.

304

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

parts of the pronotum and elytra and with the dorsal sculpture being inter¬

mediate, Fig. 3. In 2 males available, the genitalia are similar to alacris in

one specimen and to ambiens in the other. Records of possible hybrids are

as follows: Arizona: Base of Pinal Mts., 3 & 12 June 1958, D. K. Duncan

[UAIC]; Pinal Mts., Sixshooter Canyon, near Globe, 7 June 1958, Fig. 2

(left), 5 August 1959, D. S. Verity, on Dasylirion wheeleri Watson [DSVC

& GHNC]. New Mexico, Lincoln Co., 9.7 km NW Carrizozo, 24 August

1970, D. S. Verity, on Dasylirion sp. Texas: Presidio Co., 16.1 km N Shaf-

ter, 26 August 1971, D. E. Foster [WFBC]; El Paso Co., NW Franklin Mts.,

elev. 1371 m, Tom Mays Park, 26 September 1975, A. R. Valdez, on Das¬

ylirion sp., Fig. 3 (middle) [GHNC]. MEXICO, Coahuila, 29.7 km S Saltillo,

26 July 1975, T. W. Taylor, on Dasylirion sp., Fig. 3 (right) [GHNC].

D. S. Verity stated (in litt.) that while he found both alacris and marginata

in the same plants south of Durango, he found no specimens that might be

considered hybrids.

2. Thrincopyge ambiens (LeConte)

(Figs. 4, 5, 7-10, 12)

Buprestis ambiens LeConte, 1854:83.

Thrincopyge ambiens LeConte, 1860:219; Kerremans, 1900:308; 1907:599;

Burke, 1917a:Pl. 4, Fig. 3 (larva); 1917b:329.

Thrincopyge laetifica Horn, 1885:146; Kerremans, 1900:309; 1907:601 (NEW

SYNONYM).

Diagnosis. —Relatively slender; green with cupreous tints above and be¬

low, with lateral margins of pronotum and elytra narrowly yellow to im¬

maculate; punctures of pronotum and elytra moderately coarse; elytral

striae evident, Figs. 4, 5.

Male .—Head glabrous, densely punctate with moderately coarse punc¬

tures; front weakly rugose.

Pronotum with anterior margin straight; posterior margin bisinuate; lateral

margins obliquely expanding from base to widest at middle, then arcuately

converging to narrowest at anterior angles; disk convex, with faint median

sulcus at base, a stronger sulcus along basal margin and posterior three-

fourths of lateral margins; discal punctures moderately coarse, more dense

laterally. Scutellum small, rounded.

Elytra sinuately parallel on anterior three-fourths, then converging to api¬

ces, lateral margin faintly serrate toward apex; disk flattened, glabrous, with

punctate striae and with sulcus along lateral margins.

Ventrally: thoracic sternites densely punctate, punctures of moderate size

laterally, very fine and sparse medially; prosternal process feebly convex

with fine distinct sulcus along lateral margin, surface with punctures fine

and sparse; meso- and metasterna flattened and feebly concave toward mid-

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

305

line; abdominal sternites convex, punctures fine and sparse toward midline

and also along posterior margins of sternites 1-4, becoming larger and dense

laterally; fifth sternite with apex truncately rounded, with deep sulcus

around apical half producing pronounced deflexed margin, Fig. 8; femora

moderately robust; protibia with dense brush of setae on inner margin at

apex, Fig. 9; metatibia with similar brush along outer border, Fig. 10.

Male genitalia, Fig. 12.

Length 17.5 mm; width 5.7 mm.

Female. —Differs from male in having last visible abdominal sternite more

elongate and narrowly rounded at apex. Fig. 7.

Length 20.0 mm; width 6.0 mm.

Redescribed from homotypes: male from Arizona, Gila Co., near Globe,

Sixshooter Canyon, 30 August 1959, F. H. Parker [GHNC]; and female

from same locality, 18 August 1961, GHN.

Variation .—The males vary in size from 15.0 to 20.0 mm long and from

5.0 to 6.5 mm wide; the females from 16.2 to 22.5 mm long and from 5.2 to

7.5 mm wide. The color varies from the more common green with cupreous

tint to almost totally cupreous in some, blue-green in others, and occasion¬

ally the upper surface is almost black. Occasional specimens have a yellow

spot or spots ventrally. Immaculate specimens were described as laetifica

Horn and until recently no color intermediates had been seen. In a series

of 9 collected in Texas, Val Verde Co., near Amistad Dam, Rough Canyon,

5-9 March 1979, Mel [UMRM, GHNC] and 1, same area, 20 March 1976,

B. G. Beyer [GHNC], 2 are immaculate and 8 have the yellow lateral margin

of the pronotum and elytra much narrower than in those from Arizona and

the Chisos Mts., Texas. In 6 of these the yellow elytral margin is also

interrupted. Since the male genitalia are identical with typical ambiens,

laetifica Horn should be considered a synonym of ambiens (LeConte). Im¬

maculate specimens have also been collected in Texas, Sutton Co., Sonora,

17 June 1968, GHN, dead at leaf bases of Dasylirion sp.; and same locality,

10 April 1950, Beamers, Stephan, Michener, and Rozens [CASC].

Type locality .—Of ambiens, “Frontera (Rio Grande)” [Texas], lectotype

female [MCZC, LeConte collection]; of laetifica, “Texas,” lectotype male

[MCZC, Horn collection].

There are 3 specimens of ambiens in the LeConte collection [MCZC], 2

of which are labelled “Ariz.” One female, 17.0 mm long, labelled as follows:

dark red disk [Texas]/red label with “Type 2714”/white label with hand¬

written “T. ambiens Lee.,” is evidently the one referred to in the original

description as from “Frontera (Rio Grande)” and is here designated as the

lectotype. As indicated in the original description, it lacks antennae, palpi,

left middle leg, right hind leg and all tarsi. It is not certain that the other 2

were before LeConte when this species was described.

There are 2 male specimens of laetifica in the Horn collection from which

306

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 7-13. Figs. 7-10, Thrincopyge ambiens (LeC.). 7) last visible abdominal sternite,

female. 8) last visible abdominal sternite, male. 9) right protibia. 10) left metatibia. Fig. 11,7.

alacris LeC., male genitalia, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. Fig. 12, 7. ambiens (LeC.),

male genitalia, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. Fig. 13, 7. marginata Waterh., male genitalia,

dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. (Line = 3 mm).

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

307

he evidently made the original description. One of these, here designated

and labelled as lectotype, bears the following labels: white label with “Tex”/

white label with “cJ’’/green label with “PARATYPE, 3500.” This specimen

is 16.0 mm long, as indicated in the original description, and 5.2 mm wide.

The second specimen, here designated and labelled as paralectotype, bears

the following labels: first 2 labels as on lectotype/third label, red with “LEC¬

TOTYPE, 3500”/fourth label, white with T. laetifica Horn. This specimen

is 16.5 mm long and 5.2 mm wide. Many specimens in the Horn collection

bear “lectotype” labels that have never been validated. In this case, and

possibly in others, the lectotype label may have been wrongly applied.

Geographical distribution. —UNITED STATES: Arizona, New Mexico,

Texas. MEXICO: Coahuila. One specimen [USNMf bears labels “CA” and

“Shoemaker Coll.” Its occurrence in California has not been verified.

Hosts .—Larvae recorded from Dasylirion wheeleri Watson by Burke

(1917b). Its occurrence in Yucca, reported by Chamberlin (1926), has not

been verified. Adults have been taken many times in various parts of SE

Arizona on D. wheeleri. Other records include Arizona: Gila Co., 12.9 km

E Superior, 31 May 1958, GHN; Pinal Mts., Sixshooter Canyon, near Globe,

30 August 1959, F. H. Parker [GHNC]; Icehouse Canyon, near Globe, 31

May 1958, GHN, on Nolina microcarpa Watson; Mojave Co., Hualapai

Mts., Hualapai Mt. Park, 27 July 1974, GHN, on Nolina bigelovii (Torrey)

Watson. Texas, Big Bend Nat. Park, Green Gulch, 1615 m, 8 May 1959,

Howden & Becker [CNCI, GHNC]; Big Bend Nat. Park, Chisos Mts. Basin,

24 June 1963; 21 June 1965, GHN, both dates on Dasylirion leiophyllum

Englemann. (New adult host records)

Comparisons. — T. ambiens is compared with T. alacris under that species

and differs from T. marginata as follows: body more slender than in mar-

ginata ; lateral margins of elytra begin converging more apically and are less

sinuate toward apices; pronotum typically with yellow lateral margins, im¬

maculate in marginata ; and elytra typically with yellow lateral margins, red-

orange in marginata.

3. Thrincopyge marginata Waterhouse

(Figs. 6, 13)

Thrincopyge marginata Waterhouse, 1890:218; Kerremans, 1907:600.

Thrincopyge magnifica Kerremans, 1900:309 [erroneous name for

marginata ].

Diagnosis. —Relatively robust; blue-green above and below, with lateral

borders of elytra broadly margined by red-orange and ill-defined red-orange

spots along midline of sternal areas; punctures of pronotum and elytra mod¬

erately coarse; elytral striae evident.

Male .—Head glabrous, coarsely densely punctate, front rugose.

308

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Pronotum with anterior margin straight; posterior margin bisinuate; lateral

margins obliquely expanding from base to widest at middle, then arcuately

converging to narrowest at anterior angles; disk strongly convex with mid¬

line sulcus basally, basal margin with sulcus and posterior three-fourths of

lateral margins with strong sulcus; discal punctures coarse and sparse me¬

dially, denser laterally. Scutellum small, rounded.

Elytra sinuately parallel on anterior two-thirds, then converging to trun¬

cate apices, lateral margins toward apex faintly serrate, apices more strongly

so; disk flattened, glabrous, with punctate striae and with sulcus along lat¬

eral margins.

Ventrally: thoracic sternites with punctures moderate in size and dense

laterally, very small and sparse medially; prosternal process feebly convex

with sulcus along lateral margin; meso- and metasterna flattened, with weak

midline concavity on metasternum; abdominal sternites convex; punctures

small and sparse medially becoming large and dense laterally and on apical

sternite; last visible sternite with apex truncately rounded, with deep sulcus

around apical half producing deflexed margin; femora moderately robust;

protibia with dense brush of setae on inner margin at apex; metatibia with

similar brush along outer border.

Male genitalia, Fig. 13.

Length 19.0 mm; width 6.5 mm.

Redescribed from a male from MEXICO, Durango, 11.3 km N Durango,

13 August 1962, D. S. Verity [GHNC].

Female .—Differs from male as in ambiens.

Variation .—The general color varies from cupreous-green to blue-green.

Most of the specimens from Jalisco have the red-orange margins of the

elytra narrower than those from Durango, with 2 [DSVC, GCWC] having

the red-orange elytral margins reduced to a few small irregular spots. In the

series from Jalisco [DSVC] there are 2 with red-orange pronotal markings

at the anterior angles. These color variations have not been observed in the

series from Durango. The males vary from 15.0 to 19.0 mm long and from

5.2 to 6.7 mm wide; the females from 16.5 to 21.0 mm long and from 5.5 to

7.2 mm wide.

Type locality. —“Mexico, Kurango City” [sic, Durango], lectotype

[BMNH]. The lectotype is one of 2 specimens in the BMNH. Since Water-

house did not indicate how many specimens were before him at the time of

its description, I designate as lectotype the specimen with the following

labels: “Thrincopyge marginalis [sic] Waterh. (Type)’7“Kurango City Mex¬

ico Flohr.” It is 21 mm long.

Geographical distribution. —MEXICO: Durango, Jalisco.

Hosts .—No biological information has been recorded for this species. It

has been taken in Durango: 17.7 km E Revolcaderos, elev. 2377 m, 11

August 1972, MacNeill & Veirs, on palm grass [CISC, GHNC]; 8 km W

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

309

Durango, 17 June 1964, H. F. Howden [&GHNC]; 11.3 km N Durango, 13

August 1962; 31 km S Durango, 12 August 1962, D. S. Verity, all on Das-

ylirion sp. [&GHNC]; 29 km W Durango, 8 August 1973, D. S. Verity; 35

km W Durango, 8 July 1973, D. S. Verity, all on Nolina sp.; Jalisco, 6.5

km NW Tequila, 18 July 1966, D. S. Verity, G. C. Walters, on Dasylirion

sp. [&GHNC]. (New adult host records)

Comparisons .—This species is discussed under alacris and ambiens.

Acknowledgments

Thanks are extended to W. F. Barr, Univ. of Ida., Moscow; D. S. Verity,

Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles; R. L. Westcott, Ore. Dep. of Agr., Salem;

and the publications committee of the Division of Plant Industry, Fla. Dep.

of Agr. and Consumer Services, for their helpful suggestions concerning the

manuscript; and the following for help in other aspects of this study and/or

for the loan of specimens: W. F. Barr; W. W. Glosser, Audiovisual Dep.,

Kansas City College of Osteopathic Med.; C. M. F. von Hayek, BMNH;

H. F. Howden, Carleton Univ., Ottawa, Ont.; W. A. Iselin, El Centro,

Calif.; J. M. Kingsolver, USNM; E. G. Riley, Univ. of Mo., Columbia; T.

W. Taylor, Ft. Davis, Tex.; Margaret Thayer, MCZ, Harvard Univ.; D. S.

Verity; G. C. Walters, Los Angeles, Calif.; F. G. Werner, Univ. of Ariz.,

Tucson; and R. L. Westcott.

Literature Cited

Arnett, R. H., Jr. 1960. The beetles of the United States (a manual for identification). The

Catholic Univ. Press, Washington, D.C., 1112 pp.

Arnett, R. H., Jr., and G. A. Samuelson (eds.). 1969. Directory of Coleoptera collections of

North America (Canada through Panama). Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana, 123 pp.

Burke, H. E. 1917a. Flat-headed borers affecting forest trees in the United States. U.S. Dep.

Agr., Bull., 437:1-8, plates I-VIII.

Burke, H. E. 1917b. Notes on some western Buprestidae. J. Econ. Entomol., 10(3):325—332.

Chamberlin, W. J. 1926. Catalogue of the Buprestidae of North America north of Mexico.

Published by author, Corvallis, Oregon, 289 pp. + index.

Good, H. G. 1925. Wing venation of the Buprestidae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 18:251—

276.

Horn, G. H. 1885. Contributions to the coleopterology of the United States. (No. 4). Trans.

Amer. Entomol. Soc., 12:128-162.

Kerremans, C. 1900. Buprestides nouveaux et remarques synonymiques. Ann. Soc. Entomol.

Belg., 44:282-351.

Kerremans, C. 1902. In Wytsman, genera insectorum, Coleoptera, fam. Buprestidae, fasc.

12a. Verteneuil and Desmet, Bruxelles, pp. 1-48.

Kerremans, C. 1907. Monographic des buprestides, Vol. II, livraison 19. Chez l’Auteur,

Bruxelles, pp. 577-608.

LeConte, J. L. 1854. Notice of some coleopterous insects, from the collections of the Mexican

Boundary Commission. Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci. Phila., 7:79-85.

310

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

LeConte, J. L. 1858. Catalogue of Coleoptera of the regions adjacent to the boundary line

between the United States and Mexico. J. Acad. Natur. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, 4:9-42.

LeConte, J. L. 1860. Revision of the Buprestidae of the United States. Trans. Amer. Phil.

Soc. (1859), 11 (n.s.): 187-258.

LeConte, J. L. 1861. Article III. Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Part I.

Smithsonian Misc. Collect., 3:i-xxv, 1-208.

LeConte, J. L., and G. H. Horn. 1883. Classification of the Coleoptera of North America.

Smithsonian Misc. Collect. Vol. 26, No. 507, pp. i-xxxviii, 1-567.

Waterhouse, C. O. 1882. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Coleoptera, Buprestidae,

3(1): 1-32.

Waterhouse, C. O. 1890. Descriptions of two new Central-American Buprestidae. Ann. Mag.

Natur. Hist., 5(6th ser.):218-219.

Footnotes

1 Contribution No. 442, Bureau of Entomology, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Depart¬

ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL 32602.

2 Research Associate, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry,

Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, p. 310

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

RECORDS OF CERAMBYCIDAE FROM COCOS ISLAND

(COLEOPTERA)

A recent collection of Cerambycidae from Cocos Island was made avail¬

able for study by R. Silberglied of Harvard University. Although the five

species represented have all been previously recorded from the island by

Linsley and Chemsak (1966, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4)33:237-247), we are

making these records known.

The material, all taken at Chatham Bay, 8-11 April, 1979, R. Silberglied,

includes the following species: Parandra glabra Degeer, 7 9, at light; Tae-

niotes hayi (Mutchler), 26 6, at light, 13, in flight (N. Smythe); Acanthod-

eres circumflexus Jacquelin duVal, 13, malaise trap; Acanthoderes co-

coensis Linsley and Chemsak, 13, malaise trap; Anisopodus longipes

Linsley and Chemsak, 56 3, 109 9 , at light, A3 3, malaise trap.

John A. Chemsak and E. G. Linsley, Division of Entomology and Par¬

asitology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 311-315

STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL VELIIDAE (HEMIPTERA). V.

NEW SPECIES OF RHAGOVELIA

John T. Polhemus * 1

3115 S. York, Englewood, Colorado 80110

This paper is the fifth of a series intended to revise the veliid fauna of the

New World. Earlier papers by Polhemus (1974, 1976, 1977) dealt mainly

with Microvelia and Paravelia. A more recent paper by Smith and Polhe¬

mus (1978) treated all Veliidae of North America, but this fauna is depau¬

perate compared to the Neotropical region and a similar work covering the

latter would be a formidable undertaking. It is planned, therefore, that small

segments of the fauna be treated as time permits. Reviews, keys and check

lists will be published at appropriate times.

I am indebted to R. T. Schuh for the opportunity to study material from

the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Unless otherwise not¬

ed, 60 units = 1 mm for all measurements.

Rhagovelia chiapensis, new species

Apterous male .—Dorsum brown black; abdominal tergites 6-8 shining

medially; anterior eighth of pronotum except narrow median black area,

much of venter lightly frosted; two (1 + 1) small quadrate spots on prono¬

tum behind vertex of head brown. Venter blackish except sternite 8 medi¬

ally, part of propleura, proepisternum, all coxal cavities yellow brown to

brown; connexiva narrowly yellowish. Legs, antennae blue black; basal

fourth of first antennal segment, anterior and posterior coxae, part of middle

coxae, trochanters, base of anterior and posterior femora, first genital seg¬

ment beneath yellowish to yellow brown. Pronotum of moderate length,

covering mesonotum except for posterior angles; length: width, 66:86.

Length of metanotum on midline, 8. Abdominal tergites 2-7 subequal in

length (11-14), tergite 8 longer (26).

Proepisternum with 1-5 minute black conical setae adjacent to ventral

angle of eye. Each abdominal sternite laterally with two (2 + 2) ovate slight¬

ly depressed hair-free areas having numerous tiny round glabrous pits. Dor¬

sum thickly clothed with moderate length (8) fine brown semi-recumbent

setae; dorsum of head, dorsum and sides of thorax set with much stouter

longer (10-15) curved setae. Venter clothed with fine yellowish pubescence

and scattered long yellowish hairs, not as shaggy as dorsum. Legs, antennae

clothed with short to moderate length (2-6) yellowish to brown semi-recum-

312

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. 1. Rhagovelia chiapensis n. sp., left male paramere (setae not shown).

Fig. 2. Rhagovelia aestiva n. sp., left male paramere (setae not shown).

bent setae; femora, tibia, antennal segments 1-2 with numerous scattered

longer (10-15) stout black setae. Posterior trochanters armed with 10-12

small brown pegs. Posterior femur armed at middle with a stout spine fol¬

lowed by ten smaller spines decreasing in length distally; basally with a row

of 16 small black conical pegs extending from trochanter to median spine.

Posterior tibia beneath with an evenly set row of short black distally directed

conical pegs; short (2) apical spur present. Down-curving arolia of hind tarsi

dorsoventrally flattened. Antennal formula I:II:III:IV; 68:36:37:35.

Proportions of legs as follows:

femur

tibia

tarsal 1

tarsal 2

tarsal 3

—

Middle

132

Posterior

108

110

Abdominal tergite 8 slightly excavate beneath, forming a shallow trans¬

verse sulcus; posterior margin with a row of short (2) evenly spaced pos¬

teriorly directed setae. Parameres symmetrical, shape as shown in Figure

1. Length 3.88 mm, width 1.48 mm (paratype).

Apterous female .—Dorsum black to grey black; abdominal tergites not

shining. Connexiva broadly yellow on basal two visible segments, narrowly

yellow on remainder. Dorsum with moderate length brown setae only on

postero-lateral pronotal dorsum and first connexival segment; ventrally

with short recumbent yellow pubescence. Otherwise coloration and hairi¬

ness as in male.

Proepisternum with about 10 minute black conical setae behind ventral

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

313

angle of eye. Middle femur flattened over most of its length. Posterior femur

armed just beyond middle with a moderate length (12) spine, followed by

a row of five smaller spines decreasing in length distally. Posterior tibia

basally with a row of 7-8 tiny black pegs.

Abdomen distally upturned at a 45° angle to remainder of body; connexiva

abruptly incurved and reflexed at a 45° angle after first visible segment (3),

narrowly separated over tergite 5; divergent caudad, vertical distally, ter¬

minating in an acute angle slightly beyond tergite 8. Dorsum of tergite 9

strongly bent downward distally; tergite 10 directed downward at a 90° angle

to distal part of abdomen.

Length 3.38 mm, width 1.83 mm (paratype; length measured with head,

thorax and base of abdomen horizontal).

Macropterous female .—Coloration and most other characteristics as in

apterous females. Dorsal setae on pronotum much shorter. Pronotum pro¬

longed into long straight simple lobe-like process extending posteriorly bare¬

ly above wings; process increasingly shaggy distally, with moderate length

(8) curved setae distally; humeri moderately produced. Abdomen straight,

not upturned. Wings black basally, brown-black distally, extending well

beyond apex of abdomen. Abdominal tergite 9 mostly horizontal, slightly

downturned caudad; tergite 10 bent downward at about 75° angle to longi¬

tudinal axis of body. Connexiva broadly yellow, yellow stripe narrowest

basally.

Length 4.83 mm (to tip of wing), width 2.13 mm.

Material. —Holotype, apterous male, allotype, apterous female, Mexico,

16 mi SE San Cristobal de las Casas, CL1330, 1-14-1970, J. T. Polhemus

(in Polhemus collection). Paratypes as follows: 51 apterous 3 3 ,39 apterous

9 9, 29 nymphs, same data as holotype; 58 apterous 33, 50 apterous

9 9,1 macropterous 9 , 26 nymphs, Mexico, SE of San Cristobal de las

Casas, CL1079, V-2-1964, J. T. and M. S. Polhemus. Paratypes in the Pol¬

hemus collection, AMNH, USNM and other museums.

Comparative notes.—Rhagovelia chiapensis n. sp. belongs to the Rha-

govelia obesa Uhler group established by Bacon (1956). It drops out at the

second part of couplet 3; if forced beyond, it keys to R. obesa but clearly

is not. While most closely related to the latter and Rhagovelia knighti Drake

and Harris, the female differs from both in having the connexiva widespread

terminally and diverging posteriorly, the abdomen upturned distally at a 45°

angle, and the terminalia turned downward at a 90° angle to the distal part

of the abdomen. The male of chiapensis differs from these two species in

the hairy dorsum and dorsal median shining areas only on the posterior two

or three abdominal tergites; both sexes of chiapensis are relatively much

broader than other members of the obesa group. This species is so far

known only from one small forest stream in the pine highlands of southern

Chiapas.

314

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Rhagovelia aestiva, new species

Apterous female .—Dorsum brown black; abdominal tergites 8-9 shining

medially; anterior two-thirds of pronotum, pleura, much of venter lightly

frosted; anterior third of pronotum with elongate orange brown spot behind

vertex. Venter blackish except sternite 8 broadly fuscous; connexiva con-

colorous with venter, margins of segments 4-8 shining. Legs, antennae fus¬

cous to blue black; basal fourth of first antennal segment, bucculae, base of

rostrum, coxal cavities ventrally, anterior and posterior coxae and trochan¬

ters yellow to yellow brown. Pronotum short (25), clearly shorter than ex¬

posed mesonotum (38); width of pronotum 64. Abdominal tergite 2 short

(10), tergites 3-6 subequal in length (13-15), tergites 7-8 longer (20, 27

respectively).

Proepisternum, jugum of head without noticeable black setae. Abdominal

sternites laterally with sparse pubescence, hair-free areas with tiny round

glabrous pits barely noticeable. Dorsum of head, thorax, abdominal stergites

8-9, basal half of tergite 7, abdominal venter except laterally thickly clothed

with brown recumbent pubescence, more yellowish on venter medially;

longer pubescence on sides of abdomen, dorsum of head, posterior part of

mesonotum. Abdominal tergites 2-6 hair-free. Legs, first two antennal seg¬

ments, head, thorax at sides with numerous scattered longer (8-15) stout

black setae. Trochanters unarmed. Connexiva reflexed, almost meeting over

tergite 6, slightly divergent posteriorly.

Intermediate femur slightly flattened over most of its length. Posterior

femur flattened beneath, armed at distal 5 /s with a short (4) spine followed

by three smaller spines decreasing in length distally; unarmed basally. Pos¬

terior tibia unarmed, with a short straight spur distally. Downcurving arolia

of hind tarsi dorsoventrally flattened, long, acuminate; upcurving arolia leaf¬

like, slender, flattened surface vertically oriented. Antennal formula

I:II:III:IV;55:27:33:32.

Proportions of legs as follows:

femur

tibia

tarsal 1

tarsal 2

tarsal 3

—

Middle

114

Posterior

108

Length, 3.75 mm; width, 1.25 mm.

Macropterous male .—Coloration and hairy vestiture similar to apterous

female except as follows: connexival margins not shining; posterior margin

of pronotum roundly produced, set with long recumbent setae. Abdominal

tergites 6-7 shining medially; length of tergites 2-6 subequal (10-13), tergite

7 longer (22). Wings broken off near base.

Posterior femur armed at middle with a medium length (8) curved spine,

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

315

followed by 7 smaller spines decreasing in length distally. Posterior tibia

with an evenly set row of short black distally directed conical pegs; short

straight apical spur present. Antennal segment 3 flattened, broad (11).

Seventh abdominal sternite not depressed but shining medially. Genital

segments brown, without ornamentation; parameres symmetrical, shape as

in Figure 2.

Length, 3.70 mm; width, 1.5 mm.

Macropterous female. —Similar in most respects to preceding. Hemely-

tra with long hairs on basal half; extending beyond apex of abdomen.

Length (to end of hemelytra), 4.00 mm; width, 1.55 mm.

Material. —Holotype, macropterous male, and allotype, apterous female,

Haiti, NE Foothills, La Hotte, 2400 ft, Oct. 10-24, 1934, Darlington, in

AMNH. Paratypes, same data, 1 8 macropterous; 5 9 9 apterous; 3 9 $

macropterous (wings broken off near base on all but one female), 1 nymph;

in AMNH and J. T. Polhemus collection.

Comparative notes.—Rhagovelia aestiva clearly belongs to the abrupta

group as characterized by Bacon (1956) and Matsuda (1956), and is the third

known Rhagovelia species wherein the males have the third antennal seg¬

ment flattened and dilate, Rhagovelia secluda Drake and Maldonado and

Rhagovelia agra Drake being the others. In Bacon’s (1956) work, aestiva

keys to the torquata-vivata complex but differs from these in the less heavi¬

ly armed posterior femora of both sexes, darker coloration, and inflated

third antennal segment of the male. R. aestiva differs from secluda and

agra in having the pronotum clearly shorter than the exposed portion of the

metanotum (vs. longer in secluda and agra).

Literature Cited

Bacon, J. A. 1956. A taxonomic study of the genus Rhagovelia (Hemiptera, Veliidae) of the

Western Hemisphere. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 38(10):695—913.

Matsuda, R. 1956. A supplementary taxonomic study of the genus Rhagovelia (Hemiptera,

Veliidae) of the Western Hemisphere. A deductive method. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 38

(11):915—1017.

Polhemus, J. T. 1974. The austrina group of the genus Microvelia (Hemiptera; Veliidae).

Great Basin Naturalist, 34 (3):207-217.

Polhemus, J. T. 1976. A reconsideration of the status of the genus Paravelia Breddin, with

other notes and a check list of species (Veliidae: Heteroptera). J. Kansas Entomol.

Soc., 49 (4):509—513.

Polhemus, J. T. 1977. Type-designations and other notes concerning Veliidae (Insecta: He¬

miptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 79 (4):637-648.

Smith, C. L., and J. T. Polhemus. 1978. The Veliidae (Heteroptera) of America north of

Mexico—keys and a check list. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 80 (1):56—68.

Footnote

1 Contribution from the University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, 80309 and the Martin

Marietta Corporation, P.O. Box 179, Denver, Colorado 80201.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 316-318

FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF TETRAGNATHA

EXTENSA EMERTON, IN A RIPARIAN HABITAT

(ARANEAE: TETRAGNATHIDAE)

Leonard S. Vincent

Division of Entomology and Parasitiology, University of California,

Berkeley 94720

The following field observations on the biology of Tetragnatha extensa

Emerton were made at the Nature Conservancy’s McCloud River Preserve

in Siskiyou County, California, from August 1-15, 1976 as part of a larger

team study examining the effects of changing water levels on stream ar¬

thropods. This study site is described by Resh and Sorg (1978) and Tippets

and Moyle (1978).

Gerhardt (1923) observed in the laboratory a European T. extensa female

mating with a second male a day after the first mating. In contrast, LeSar’s

(1978) laboratory mating studies with T. laboriosa Hentz indicated that fe¬

males mate only once. The following describes male x female, male x

male, and female x female interactions involving T. extensa.

On August 5, 1976, between 21:45 and 22:00 hr, I observed a female T.

extensa mate with two males consecutively. The second male was present

on the web perimeter when the first male was observed in copula. At one

point the second male approached the mating pair but was repelled by vig¬

orous leg movements from the mating pair. The leg movements began as

the second male approached and they ceased as the male retreated to the

web perimeter. Immediately after the first male completed copulation and

left the web the second male approached the female and mating proceeded.

During this second mating another adult female from a nearby rock entered

the web and successfully removed and exited with a chironomid midge in

her chelicerae. Copulation lasted about three minutes in the first mating and

10 minutes in the second. In another example, on August 11, at 2100 hr, a

male, after mating for approximately seven minutes, was chased to the

perimeter of the web by his mate. However, the pursuit by the female was

not vigorous; the male managed to stop and remove two chironomids from

the web before reaching the perimeter. The female ceased approaching her

mate and returned to the center of her web just before he left the web.

On August 9, at 22:22 hr, I saw two males on a web approach each other

and make contact with their chelicerae and first pair of legs. During the

seven seconds that they were in contact the first pairs of legs were held at

right angles to the body axis while the chelicerae of both spiders were

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

317

Table 1. Orders and families of insects removed from Tetragnatha extensa webs.

Ephemeroptera

Baetidae

Heptogeniidae

Lepidoptera

Geometridae

Trichoptera

Rhyacophilidae

Hymenoptera

Formicidae

Coleoptera

Staphylinidae

Homoptera

Aphidae

Diptera

Sciomyzidae

Cecidomyidae

Dixidae

Tipulidae

Psychodidae

Simuliidae

interlocked. This position strongly resembled the male x male encounter

position of Linyphia triangularis (Clerck) described in detail by Rovner

(1968). The spiders separated uninjured with one spider remaining on the

web and the other retreating to a nearby rock. Other male x male encoun¬

ters were similar but were too brief for detailed observation.

On August 9, at 1500 hr I observed three adult females, walking on a tree

branch overhanging a creek, make simultaneous contact with each other.

After sparring briefly with their first pair of legs all three spiders dispersed

to separate branches approximately one half meter apart. Rovner (1968)

observed female x female encounters in L. triangularis but they were on

the webs of one of the combatants.

Although it is well known that tetragnathids commonly prey on nemato-

cerous flies (Kaston, 1948; Bristowe, 1941; Gertsch, 1979), I could find few

potential or actual prey items of tetragnathids in natural habitats reported

in the literature. LeSar (1978) lists prey items of T. laboriosa in soybean

fields. Small insects, especially nematocerous flies, make up the bulk of

potential prey items found in T. extensa webs (Table 1). I saw T. extensa

feeding on mayflies and chironomids, and these items were carried from the

web to an adjacent sheltered rock surface before feeding. Feeding in shel¬

tered areas may be an adaptation to the splashing water. In contrast, LeSar

(1978) observed T. laboriosa feeding in the hub and elsewhere in the web.

Prey was not always removed immediately by T. extensa. I counted forty-

one chironomids in one web on August 11 at 21:15 hr. The adult female

occupant of this web often entered the web, removed a chironomid, and

retreated to a rock to feed. Males were seen to enter the webs of females

and remove prey, while the females were in their retreats. At 21:30 hr I saw

an adult female T. extensa eating part of her web and the minute prey items

it contained, while selectively cutting out debris such as wind blown seeds.

The prey were eaten as the web was being consumed, and thus added to

318

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

the web nutrients. As Breed et al. (1964) suggested, this behavior could be

energetically efficient since the silk is redigestible. The small prey probably

were not energetically worth individual predatory responses (see Peakall

and Witt, 1976 for a discussion of energy budgets in an orb weaving spider).

I detected no apparent vertical stratifications of T. extensa webs accord¬

ing to spider size. The webs of both adults and immatures were generally

found within a range of 1.5 meters above the water. I did find vertically

oriented webs arranged one behind the next under overhanging rocks, but

not enough micro-habitats of this type were found to allow me to draw any

conclusions on horizontal stratification based on spider size.

To measure dispersal potential for adults, ten T. extensa were captured,

marked with fluorescent dye, and released on one bush adjacent to the river.

Four days later four marked spiders were recaptured in webs ranging from

3 to 33 meters downstream. The ability to reestablish webs and to run across

water probably aids tetragnathids to survive in environments with fluctuat¬

ing water levels.

Acknowledgments

I thank I. A. Boussy, B. J. Kaston, W. J. Gertsch, C. E. Griswold, E. I.

Schlinger and especially J. S. Rovner for their comments and suggestions

on this manuscript. R. Dileo identified the insects.

Literature Cited

Breed, A. L., V. D. Levine, D. B. Peakall, and P. N. Witt. 1964. The fate of the intact orb

web of the spider Araneus diadematus Cl. Behaviour, 23:43-60.

Bristowe, W. D. 1941. The comity of spiders. Vol. 2. London: Ray Society. 560 pp.

Gerhardt, U. 1923. Weitere sexualbiologische Untersuchung an spinnen. Arch. f. Naturg.,

Abt. A, 89:1-225.

Gertsch, W. J. 1979. American Spiders. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 274 pp.

Kaston, B. J. 1948. Spiders of Connecticut. Hartford: Conn. Geol. Natur. Hist. Surv. Bull.

70, 874 pp.

LeSar, C. D., and J. D. Unzicker. 1978. Life history, habits, and prey preferences of Tetra-

gnatha laboriosa (Araneae: Tetragnathidae). Environ. Entomol., 7:879-884.

Peakall, D. B., and P. N. Witt. 1976. The energy budget of an orb web-building spider. Comp.

Biochem. Physiol., 54:187-190.

Rovner, J. S. 1968. Territoriality in the sheet-web spider Linyphia triangularis (Clerck) (Ar¬

aneae, Linyphiidae). Z. Tierpsychol., 25:232-242.

Resh, V. H., and K. L. Sorg. 1978. Midsummer flight activity of caddisfly adults from a

Northern California stream. Environ. Entomol., 7:396-398.

Tippets, W. E., and P. B. Moyle. 1978. Epibenthic feeding by rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri)

in the McCloud River, California. J. Anim. Ecol., 47:549-559.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 319-322

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

EVIDENCE FOR A RETURN MIGRATION OF VANESSA CARDUI

IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE)

Although the existence of a migration has never been proven by mark-

recapture studies, it is generally accepted that the Painted Lady, Vanessa

cardui (Linnaeus), migrates northward in late winter and early spring on the

Pacific coast of North America, proceeding in a series of steps correspond¬

ing to successive generations (Tilden, 1962, J. Res. Lepid., 1: 43-50). The

existence of a southward return migration is less widely accepted, either

here or in the Palaearctic region. There are at least two reasons for this:

few observers are afield in September to November to see it, and it never

seems to attain the great density characteristic of northward flights in fa¬

vorable years. The latter point is crucial, because “thin” migrations are

often not recognized as migrations at all. This has led some observers to

believe that even the northbound flights occur only in high-density years,

and leads them to infer causation from this alleged correlation. Animals

present in the north in low-density years are then interpreted as a “resident”

population upon which the mass movements are intermittently superim¬

posed. The timing, directionality, and sexual condition of V. cardui through

the season argue against this interpretation and instead suggest that long-

range dispersal is a characteristic seasonal phenomenon in this species and

is independent of density. The 1979 season provided especially interesting

data bearing on this idea.

At the latitude of Davis and Sacramento the first V. cardui of the season

may occur as early as 7 February (as in 1976) to as late as 20 April (as in

1975). In 1979 several were seen (two taken) on 18 March at Davis; all of

these were flying due north. No other adults were seen until 7 April. At

least one gravid female must have arrived in late February, since one half-

grown larva was found (on Lupinus succulentus, an unusual host) at Gates

Canyon, Solano County, on 8 March. The 18 March animals were too fresh

to have flown all the way from the desert. The two captured specimens were

both males; therefore, it is not known if this group included gravid females.

On 7 April large numbers of frayed cardui appeared on a broad front across

Yolo County, moving northward. All females examined were gravid, and

egg-laying was seen from the first. Numbers fluctuated through early May,

with occasional surges but with some butterflies always present. Larvae

were numerous through this period. The resulting butterflies must have de¬

parted almost immediately after hatching, since none of the local collectors

noted abnormally high numbers of fresh cardui in June, although by early

July there were thousands of abandoned larval nests on various weeds.

320

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Virtually no adults were present in July and August, and no larvae at all

were seen in the Sacramento Valley after July 1.

On 29 August a southward-moving front of cardui passed through Davis.

Its arrival was as dramatic and well-defined as the northward one almost

five months earlier. Ovipositing on mallows was observed the same day.

Thereafter, cardui were continuously present into November. The numbers

varied from day to day, with eight distinct surges. When not at flowers the

butterflies moved in classic migratory fashion, flying due south to SSW,

often against the wind, and going over, rather than around, obstacles. In¬

dividual cardui were observed in one place visiting flowers in gardens for

two or three days and then not seen again. Thirty-two individuals were

marked with a blue marking pen in the Experimental College gardens at

Davis in October; only four were seen again, all within 3 days of marking.

At Donner Pass (Nevada-Placer Counties, 2100 m), a few cardui were

flying on 12 July but none seen on 30 July. In the mass-migratory year 1973

larvae were very numerous at Donner, but in 1979 no larvae were found,

despite careful searching. However, on 10 September several dozen adults

were found nectaring at Rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus ) flowers. By 30 Sep¬

tember the amount of blooming Rabbitbrush had declined greatly, but adult

cardui were still common. Two ovipositing females were also seen in the

western foothills between Auburn and Nevada City on the latter date. At

1400 m on the South Yuba River they were common at Aster blossoms on

3 October; a few were seen there on 15 October, but none at Donner on the

latter date.

On 20 September cardui was the commonest butterfly at Deadfall Lakes,

Trinity-Siskiyou Counties, about 50 having been seen on a handful of Rab¬

bitbrush plants at 2100 m. The next day another 50 or so were seen visiting

the same species of plant in Scott Valley, especially at French Creek and

the banks of the Scott River at Callahan. Many potential hosts were

searched in vain for old larval nests and damage. There was no evidence of

large-scale breeding locally, nor were many larvae seen anywhere in the

Trinity-Eddy area, despite four collecting trips to this region in the 1979

season. Yet cardui were generally distributed in late September up to the

Klamath River at Humbug, Siskiyou County!

How exceptional are the events of 1979? Tilden {loc. cit .) speaks of “large

populations . . . late in the fall at high elevations,” and gives examples.

These autumn concentrations on flowers, especially composites, are quite

common and apparently bear no relation to the abundance of larvae in the

same area earlier in the season. Both sexes are present; if the sex-ratio

deviates markedly from 1:1, it is toward larger numbers of females. Early

in the fall, and especially at high elevations, females contain a great deal of

yellow fat and no well-developed ova. Later, and at lower elevations, the

proportion of gravid females increases to near 100% at the end of the flight.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

321

Autumn cardui are very large and richly colored, with forewing lengths

of 32-35+ mm. They are phenotypically very similar to the brood produced

under “optimal” conditions in spring at Sacramento from eggs laid by

March immigrant females. They are easily told from the northbound mi¬

grants which originate in winter in the desert and from the occasional early

winter emergent in the Sacramento Valley, which resembles the northbound

migrants.

On 6 October 1979 about 3 dozen cardui were found, apparently feeding

on honeydew on the south side of a California Walnut ( Juglans hindsii ), in

disturbed riparian habitat at Rancho Cordova, Sacramento County. Butter¬

flies were observed from ground level to 15 m. The weather at 1300-1330

h was as follows: breaks in altostratus overcast, 27°C, R.H. ca 40%, wind

calm. There were no cardui on nearby Baccharis pilularis ssp. sanguinea

in bloom, and only a handful were scattered over nearby grass- and wood¬

land. All of the cardui were large. Four females were found to be barren

and full of fat. On 26 October the tree was still covered with honeydew and

cardui were again abundant, but uniformly distributed over the habitat, with

only two seen at this tree.

On 7 October large cardui were common on composites {Aster, Grindelia,

Pluchea, Baccharis, Centaurea ) at the Suisun Marsh, Solano County. Four

females were collected: two were very worn and had many ova; two were

less worn and had only fat. In addition, a locally-reared, teneral cardui of

the winter (desert) phenotype was found; its fore wing length was 25 mm,

vs. 32+ mm for the others. On 10 October very worn females were common

at Gates Canyon and at Vacaville, Solano County, flying in a uniformly

southerly direction in early afternoon. Three ovipositions were seen on

Malva and one on Althea.

The last two surges of cardui in the Valley were on 17 and 27 October.

On the latter date they were more abundant than at any time previously at

both Davis and Suisun City, and on 28 October similarly were more common

at Gates Canyon and Vacaville than previously. A sample of 24 females

collected on these two days (17th and 27th) was uniformly gravid. Larvae

were common on Malva throughout the area into early November. Every

female brought into the lab in late October oviposited freely.

The most parsimonious explanation of these observations is that there is

a return southward migration of V. cardui in autumn, and that it is, in effect,

a “mirror-image” of the northward one in spring. The biggest problem is

where the butterflies are coming from. Although the most likely source is

the Pacific Northwest, we cannot rule out the possibility that the autumn

migrants were hatched at low elevations in spring and underwent altitudinal

or latitudinal displacement, followed by aestivation. Aestivation has not

322

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

been reported in V. cardui, but is known in other nymphalids, viz. Nym-

phalis antiopa L. in northern California, and in females of Speyeria zerene

(Bdv.) and S. coronis (Behr) (S.R. Sims, pers. comm.), and in the satyrid

Coenonympha California Westwood.

The reproduction by cardui in autumn 1979 failed. By mid-January only

two larvae could be found in fields where thousands of eggs had been laid.

These were allowed to pupate on a sheltered outdoor balcony; one died and

the other, which had pupated 21 January, eclosed on 17 February 1980 as

a perfect specimen during a violent rainstorm. No cardui were seen at all

through early March at Davis, though they were common at Santa Barbara

on February 11-12. Winter 1979/80 was mild and very wet at Davis. By

mid-June 1980 only one cardui had been seen in Davis, and no larvae had

been encountered.

California’s summer drought poses a problem for insects which can be

solved only by diapause/aestivation on one hand, or migration on the other

(Shapiro, 1975, J. Res. Lepid., 14:93-97); there is no way to breed contin¬

uously in the absence of hosts. In at least part of the state, overwinter

survival may also be a major problem. The functional parallelism of diapause

and migration (Dingle, 1978, Evolution of Insect Migration and Diapause,

Springer-Verlag, New York), viewed in this context, frees migration from

causal dependency on population density and allows us to consider the

possibility that it is a normal seasonal aspect of the biology of the animal.

Arthur M. Shapiro, Department of Zoology, University of California,

Davis 95616.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 323-331

OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF

SIMULIUM TESCORUM (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) IN

CALIFORNIA AND ADJACENT AREAS 1

Lawrence A. Lacey 2 and Mir S. Mulla

Department of Entomology, Univ. of California, Riverside 92521

The larval habitat of the family Simuliidae is generally typified as cold,

fast running streams. Simulium tescorum Stone and Boreham, is an excep¬

tion, since its larvae are found in small warm streams in the lower desert

regions of California and western Arizona. The water temperature in these

streams sometimes exceeds 30°C and the stream velocity may be as low as

2 cm/sec.

Simulium tescorum is also one of the most serious black fly pests in

California. Although its pestiferous nature has minimal impact on man be¬

cause of its small and often isolated desert habitats (Mulla and Lacey,

1976a), it occasionally needs to be controlled (Pelsue et al., 1970).

Very little is known about this unusual species, other than a few brief

biological notes and a thorough description of the species (Stone and Bore-

ham, 1965) and studies on its larval feeding rates (Mulla and Lacey, 1976b).

This paper presents information on the number of larval instars, contains

a description of the egg stage, extends the known distribution, and provides

some biological notes for the species.

Methods and Materials

Eggs and larvae of S. tescorum were collected from Thousand Palms

Canyon in the lower Colorado desert of southern California. This area con¬

sists of a series of natural oases along Mill Creek in the region of the San

Andreas fault, north of Thousand Palms, Riverside County, California. Eggs

were collected and transported to the laboratory at the University of Cali¬

fornia, Riverside, where each batch was divided into two nearly equal lots.

One half of each lot was fixed in aqueous Bouin’s solution for 12 hours,

removed and then stored in 70% ethanol. The other half of each lot was

placed in a rearing unit using the rearing procedures as described by Lacey

and Mulla (1977a) and maintained at 19°C. After hatching, the larvae were

allowed to mature and these, with pupae, were then preserved in 80% al¬

cohol. Several eggs from each of five individually preserved batches were

measured, and the number of eggs per batch was counted.

324

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. 1. Frequency distributions of the lengths of the postgenae of larvae of Simulium tes-

corum from two collections, April 15 and 22, 1977, at Thousand Palms Canyon, California (n =

453).

Larvae collected in the field were preserved in 80% ethanol. For the

purpose of determining the number of larval instars, the length of the post-

gena and of the whole larva were measured with an ocular micrometer in

a Zeiss® dissecting microscrope as described by Fredeen (1976). Lengths of

the postgenae were then grouped following the procedures of Sokal and

Rohlf (1969) and plotted against the number of larvae in each group. In all,

453 larvae were measured.

Periodic observations on larval biology were made primarily in the Thou¬

sand Palms Canyon from December 1973 until January 1978. Stream veloc¬

ities were determined with a float and stopwatch; water temperatures were

measured with a mercury thermometer and the pH was determined in the

laboratory with a pH meter. Additional observations on the larvae of this

black fly were made at Willis Palms, an oasis just south of Thousand Palms

Canyon, and at Coyote Creek north of Borrego Springs, San Diego County,

California.

New distribution records for S. tescorum were established by collecting

throughout southern California, southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona

between December 1973 and November 1977. Other unpublished records

were obtained from specimens in the Los Angeles County Museum and the

entomological museum and medical entomology collections of the Univer¬

sity of California, Riverside. These records supplement those of Stone and

Boreham (1965) and Hall (1972).

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

325

Results and Discussion

Eggs

The eggs of S. tescorum occur in small to medium batches with 96-275

eggs per batch (x = 171, n = 5). They are deposited at the water line usually

on sedges and cattails trailing in the water current. The largest egg batch

found might have been two contiguous batches. The bluntly triangular eggs

measured 94.4 ± 2.91 g, by 55.6 ± 1.55 g, (n = 32) and were oriented on

their large ends in a position similar to that of eggs of S. aureum Fries

described by De Foliart (1951) as reported by Peterson (1959), or in a leaning

position. They were readily separated from the eggs of S. argus Williston

and S. vittatum Zetterstedt, which are oriented on their sides and often

deposited in a meandering line and frequently in large masses (Lacey and

Mulla, 1977b).

Newly laid eggs were creamy white in color and gradually darkened to

deep brown on maturing. Prior to hatching, the embryo could be seen clearly

through the chorion.

Larvae

The frequency distributions of the lengths of the postgenae of the larvae

(Fig. 1) indicate that there are seven larval instars. Although very few first

instars were found, they could be readily separated from the second instars

by their small size and the presence of the egg burster. Penultimate and

ultimate instars were separated on the basis of size and the degree of de¬

velopment of the histoblast, and the complete lateral separation of the cer¬

vical sclerites. The peaks representing each of the other four instars were

easily distinguished.

The mean lengths ± s.d. for the postgenae of each instar are graphed in

Fig. 2. The means of each instar fall on, or close to, the regression line

drawn through the intercept (—0.857 g) and the average of each variable

(instar IV, 245.29 g). Utilizing the least squares method, the natural log of

the postgenal length plotted against the instar number generates the regres¬

sion line log e Y = .3036x + 4.1211.

The ratio of head capsule growth in successive instars going from the first

to the seventh, was 1.75, 1.66, 1.30, 1.24, 1.21, 1.17 respectively. These

findings differ somewhat from those of Fredeen (1976) for S. arcticum Mal-

loch for the first and second instars. This may be due in part to the low

numbers of S. tescorum larvae that were measured for each of these two

instars.

The body lengths ± s.d. of the seven instars of S. tescorum are: 0.46 ±

0.05, 0.90 ± 0.11, 1.76 ± 0.22, 2.29 ± 0.26, 2.95 ± 0.34, 4.06 ± 0.56, and

5.15 ± 0.39 mm respectively. The larval growth ratios were 1.96, 1.96, 1.30,

326

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

400

g 300

200

100

2 3 4 5 6 7

Instar

Fig. 2. Mean lengths ± s.d. of the postgenae of the seven larval instars of S. tescorum .

1.29, 1.38, and 1.26 for the first through the seventh instars respectively.

Here again the first two instars were considerably different from the other

five. The ratio of growth for the third through seventh instars was fairly

constant, indicating a geometric progression of growth (Dyar’s rule, from

Wigglesworth, 1972).

Ultimate instars of S. tescorum reared in the lab from field-collected eggs

had an average postgenal length of 406 ±8.9 /x and a body length of 4.73

± 0.19 mm (n = 21). These measurements are considerably lower than the

larval and postgenal lengths of the seventh instars that were collected in the

field. The 95% confidence limits (t-distribution) for the means of the post¬

genae of lab-reared and field-collected ultimate instars are 401.95-410.05 /x

and 428.45-433.55 ^ respectively. It is thus possible that measurements of

anatomical characters of larvae collected from various habitats that differ

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

327

considerably from each other will show significant variation. The larvae of

S. tescorum that were collected at Thousand Palms Canyon were found in

a variety of stream types, some having wide temperature differences. Pos¬

sibly for this reason, a wider variation in the measurement of the postgenae

of each instar was observed in our studies than that reported by Fredeen

(1976) for S. arctic urn.

Larval Habitats

The larvae of S. tescorum were found attached to rocks, roots and trailing

vegetation in diverse lotic habitats in the lower desert. A seep in Willis Palms

with flowing water ca. 2 cm wide and less than 1 cm deep supported low

numbers (<l/cm 2 ) of larvae in current as low as 2-3 cm/sec. No other

species were found at this location. Several small natural and artificial

streams in Thousand Palms Canyon having currents varying from 0.3 to

0.6+ m/sec, pH’s from 7.4 to 8.9 and temperatures ranging from 10-32°C

supported different densities of S. tescorum larvae. The greatest densities

(ll/cm 2 ) were observed in an area having a temperature of 22°C, a pH 8.6,

and a water velocity of ca. 0.6 m/sec just below a spillway draining a pond.

In water at 10-22°C, S. tescorum was found in association with 5. argus,

S. aureum and S. vittatum and occasionally S. virgatum Coquillett and

rarely S. piperi Dyar and Shannon. They were still found with S. argus and

S. aureum at higher temperatures but only S. tescorum were found at 32°C.

In a medium size stream (Coyote Creek, San Diego County) they were

found with S. argus, S. virgatum, and S. vittatum. Stone and Boreham

(1965) reported S. tescorum in association with S. argus, S. aureum and S.

encisoi Vargas and Dias in a current velocity of 0.3-0.9 m/sec at 16.7°C.

In the lower Colorado desert (Thousand Palms Canyon), larval popula¬

tions begin to decline in late April and almost disappear during the summer.

The larvae that were collected in mid and late April 1977 showed a paucity

of early instars (Fig. 1), indicating a decline in oviposition at this time of

year. The reappearance of larvae from the hatch of newly laid eggs in Oc¬

tober is followed by a steady increase in numbers.

Occasional flash floods eliminated larval populations especially in the late

fall of 1977 and the early winter of 1978, which was an unusually wet season

for the lower desert.

Adult Activity

Host seeking activity of S. tescorum females in Thousand Palms Canyon

is evident from late October until late May or early June depending on the

severity of the late spring temperatures. Females are initially attracted to

the head region of humans, but appear to prefer the arms and hands for

328

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

bloodfeeding. Once biting has commenced the females are determined feed¬

ers and take from 3-8 minutes to engorge.

Although biting may occur throughout the day, two daily peaks of activity

are apparent during the spring, one in the morning and one at dusk. From

late April until late May the morning feeding activity drastically subsides

after 0930-1000 hr. Also, the intensity of biting activity begins to decline

from late April until the beginning of summer. Extremely high summer tem¬

peratures and low humidity are undoubtedly responsible for the seasonal

decrease in the population. Occasionally the air temperatures from June

through September may reach as high as 50°C and temperatures around 43°

are not uncommon.

While their activity in the lower desert during the summer is negligible to

nonexistent, adults of S. tescorum have been collected from early June

through July 30th in Whitewater Canyon northwest of Palm Springs, Cali¬

fornia. The presence of this species in the higher cooler canyons which

border the lower desert may be an indication of their oversummering, and

from these canyons the species then migrate into the desert during the cooler

months.

Information from specimens of S. tescorum collected in other low desert

habitats such as Death Valley (Scotty’s Castle, and Furnace Creek) indi¬

cates that their activity in these localities parallels that of the lower Colorado

desert populations. There are, however, records of specimens collected in

Death Valley in the months of June and September. Periodic searches in

parts of northwestern Arizona throughout the summer of 1974 for adults

and larvae of S. tescorum were unsuccessful.

Male Swarming

The swarming activity of the males of S. tescorum was only observed

occasionally in the course of these studies. The densest, most active swarm

was observed on March 17, 1975, at Thousand Palms Canyon at 1400 hr

during the approach of a storm. The swarm began as a loose aggregation of

males several meters wide, oriented toward the leeward side of a narrow

line of salt cedars, Tamarix pentandra Pell, that lined a small stream on the

west end of the canyon. The initial height of the swarm was 1-3 m above the

ground. As the storm front approached, the males condensed into tighter,

more active groups. The flight activity and mating as well as female biting

activity intensified until it peaked just before precipitation.

Similar spontaneous bursts of activity have been reported for other black

flies by several authors, such as Wellington (1974), who attributed the “al¬

most frenzied activity” associated with a traveling frontal system to the

minute and rapid fluctuations in the barometric pressure. Normally, as men-

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

329

Fig. 3. Known distribution of S. tescorum in California, Arizona and Nevada. Roman

numerals following each locality indicate the months in which collections were made.

tioned above, midafternoon adult activity in the Thousand Palms oasis was

minimal in the spring. The lowered temperature and light, and increased

humidity, as well as the fluctuations in barometric pressure, were possibly

responsible for the observed intense activity.

Distribution

The known distribution of S. tescorum is shown in Figure 3. Six new

records extend the southern range to Coyote Creek (near Borrego Springs,

San Diego County, California). Throughout this range, larvae were not

found above 458 m (a location near Gavilan Hills, Riverside County, Cali¬

fornia). Most of the larval collections were made in the lower desert of

southeastern California from below sea level (lower Colorado desert) to 177

m (Coyote Creek, Anza Borrego Desert). Adults, however, were taken at

higher altitudes. In Arizona, biting females were collected by Wayne L.

Kramer at an elevation of 923 m in late March 1975 near the Havasupai

Indian Reservation adjacent to the Grand Canyon.

330

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

It was interesting to note that in spite of the availability of larval breeding

habitats in the Mohave Desert near Victorville, California (elev. 835 m),

neither larvae nor adults of S. tescorum were encountered during our 2 or

more year study. Similarly, the area near Las Vegas, Nevada (elev. 625 m),

where other Simulium species breed, was negative for this species. Since

adults (at some locations) are found at higher elevations during the warm

weather, the distribution of S. tescorum is probably limited by the winter

water temperatures of streams at the higher elevations or the more northerly

regions.

By collecting near small streams one may expect to extend the range of

this low-desert species in California, Arizona, Nevada and possibly north¬

ern Mexico. Additional collecting at various locations should provide a

more accurate picture of the seasonal occurrence of this locally important

black fly species.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful for the technical and clerical assistance of Joann and

Jacuilin Lacey. The collecting assistance rendered by Mr. Richard Hicks,

Clark County Health Dept., Las Vegas, Nevada is duly acknowledged. We

also thank Saul Frommer for providing (unpublished) distribution records

for S. tescorum, and Rick Wilhelm, Dart Enterprises, for permitting us to

work in the Thousand Palms Canyon Reserve.

Literature Cited

De Foliart, G. R. 1951. The life histories, identification and control of blackflies

(Diptera:Simuliidae) in the Adirondack Mountains. Ph.D. thesis, Cornell Univ. (Un¬

published).

Fredeen, F. J. H. 1976. The seven larval instars of Simulium arcticum (Diptera:Simuliidae).

Can. Entomol., 108:591-600.

Hall, F. 1972. Observations'on blackflies of the genus Simulium in Los Angeles County,

California. Calif. Vect. Views, 19:53-58.

Lacey, L. A., and M. S. Mulla. 1977a. A new bioassay unit for evaluating larvicides against'

blackflies. J. Econ. Entomol., 70:453-456.

Lacey, L. A., and M. S. Mulla. 1977b. Biting flies in the lower Colorado River Basin. II.

Adult activities of the blackfly, Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt (Diptera:Simuliidae).

Proc. Calif. Mosq. Cont. Assoc., 45:214-218.

Mulla, M. S., and L. A. Lacey. 1976a. Biting flies in the lower Colorado River Basin: Eco¬

nomic and public health implications of Simulium (Diptera:Simuliidae). Proc. Calif.

Mosq. Cont. Assoc., 44:130-133.

Mulla, M. S., and L. A. Lacey. 1976b. Feeding rates of Simulium larvae on particulates in

natural streams (Diptera:Simuliidae). Environ. Entomol., 5:283-287.

Pelsue, F. W., G. C. McFarland, and H. I. Magy. 1970. Buffalo gnat (Simuliidae) control in

the Southeast Mosquito Abatement District. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Cont. Assoc., 38:102-

104.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

331

Peterson, B. V. 1959. Notes on the biology of some species of Utah blackflies

(Diptera:Simuliidae). Mosq. News, 19:86-90.

Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 1969. Biometry. W. J. Freeman and Co., San Francisco. 776

pp.

Stone, A., and M. M. Boreham. 1965. A new species of Simulium from the southwestern

United States (Diptera:Simuliidae). J. Med. Entomol., 2:164-170.

Wellington, W. G. 1974. Black-fly activity during cumulus-induced pressure fluctuations. En¬

viron. Entomol., 3:351-353.

Wigglesworth, V. B. 1972. The Principles of Insect Physiology. 7th ed. Chapman & Hall,

London. 827 pp.

Footnotes

1 Send reprint requests to Mir S. Mulla.

2 Present address: Divisao de Ciencias Medicas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Ama¬

zonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil.

332

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

BOOK REVIEW

Vocabularium Nominum Animalium Europae Septem Linguis Redactum

(Septemlingual Dictionary of the Names of European Animals). Edited

by Laszlo Gozmany. Vol. I, 1171 pp.; Vol. II, 1015 pp. (7 x lOVi")-

Budapest, 1979. Hardbound, $200.00 (published by the Akademia Kiado,

Budapest, Hungary).

This well organized dictionary contains 12,026 original entries (species,

etc.), and an estimated 80,000 names in seven languages (Latin, German,

English, French, Hungarian, Spanish, and Russian). It also includes all

economically important species of Europe from the mid-Atlantic (Long.

30°W) to the Ural Mountains, Caspian Sea, Caucasus, Black Sea and ter¬

ritories north from (and including) the Mediterranean Sea. Names adopted

in the dictionary are those used in European zoological literature in the

20th Century.

The dictionary is unusually well organized, concise and easy to use.

There are only 8 kinds of symbols (inch (3,9,5) and 36 abbreviations,

all of which are familiar to the users of any dictionary.

All entries are chronologically numbered and arranged in alphabetical

order. The scientific names are coded, with reference to a systematic

list of the animal kingdom (pp. 1129-1171), which helps the reader to

identify the systematic position of the species to the family level.

Vol. II is the index to common names presented in six languages.

Each entry (over 60,000 of them) ends with a set of numbers referring

to the numbered scientific names in Vol. I. For the Russian names cyrillic

letters are used.

This monumental work is the result of many years of hard work by

dedicated specialists. Certainly, it is a very useful addition to any library

interested in economic zoology, and in particular in entomology.

Charles S. Papp, California Department of Food and Agriculture,

Sacramento 95814.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

333

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

A.N.(S.) 113 16 May 1980

The Commission hereby gives six months’ notice of the possible use of

its plenary powers in the following cases, published in Bull. Zool. Nom.

Volume 37, part 1, on 8 May 1980, and would welcome comments and

advice on them from interested zoologists. Correspondence should be ad¬

dressed to the Secretary at the above address, if possible within six months

of the date of publication of this notice.

2197 Peggichisme Kirkaldy, 1904 (Hemiptera, Heteroptera); proposed des¬

ignation of a type species.

2216 LYMANTRIIDAE Hampson, [1893] (Insecta, Lepidoptera); proposed

precedence over ORGYIIDAE Wallengren, 1861 and DASYCHIRI-

DAE Packard, 1864.

2264 Harminius Fairmaire, 1852 (Insecta, Coleoptera); proposed designa¬

tion of a type species.

2291 Chrysolina Motschulsky, 1860 (Insecta, Coleoptera); proposed con¬

servation.

A.N.(S.) 114 30 June 1980

The Commission hereby gives six months’ notice of the possible use of

its plenary powers in the following cases, published in Bull. Zool. Nom.

Volume 37, part 2, on 19 June 1980.

1175 Heterelis Costa, 1887 (Insecta, Hymenoptera): proposed procedure

for concluding the case.

2048 Leptinotarsa Chevrolat, 1837 (Insecta, Coleoptera): revised proposals

for conservation.

R. V. Melville, Secretary

% British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

ITZN 59 30 June 1980

The following Opinions and Direction No. 108 have been published re¬

cently by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in the

Bull. Zool. Nom., Volume 37, part 2, 19 June 1980.

334

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Opinion No.

1155 (p. 89) Saperda inornata Say, 1824 (Insecta, Coleoptera): designation

of a neotype by the use of the plenary powers.

1157 (p. 96) Sphex viatica [sic] Linnaeus, 1758 (Insecta, Hymenoptera): des¬

ignation of lectotype.

The Commission regrets that it cannot supply separates of Opinions or

Directions.

R. V. Melville, Secretary

% British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

ITZN 59 16 May 1980

The following Opinions have been published recently by the International

Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in the Bull. Zool. Nom., Volume

37, part 1, 8 May 1980.

Opinion No.

1147 (p. 11) Status, for the purposes of the type fixations, of the remains

of Chironomid Larvae (Insecta, Diptera) provided by Thienemann to

Kieffer for the description of new species based on the adults reared

from those larvae.

1148 (p. 27) Stabilisation of the generic name Orchelimum Audinet-Serville,

1838 and the specific name Orchelimum vulgare Harris, 1841 (Insecta,

Coleoptera) by use of the plenary powers.

The Commission regrets that it cannot supply separates of Opinions.

Please note that there is an error in the printing of the ruling of 1147 in

the Bull. Zool. Nom., vol. 37:11. After the title and before (1) of the

Ruling should be inserted:

“In the case of species of CHIRONOMIDAE established by Professor

J. J. Kieffer from adults provided by Professor A. Thienemann:”

R. V. Melville, Secretary

% British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 335-340

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

John Doyen Marius Wasbauer Larry Bezark Paul Arnaud, Jr.

President President-elect Secretary Treasurer

PROCEEDINGS

THREE HUNDRED AND NINTIETH MEETING

The 390th meeting was held 19 January 1979, at 8:00 p.m. in the Morrison Auditorium of the

California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President Doyen

presiding and 23 members and 10 guests present.

The minutes of the meeting held 17 November 1978 were summarized. The following persons

were elected to membership in the Society as regular members; Mrs. Roberta Brett and Dr.

Theodore Kohn.

Dr. Schlinger reported on the death of Dr. Robert Van Den Bosch. Dr. Edward L. Smith

kept the Society up to date on morphological studies with a discussion of the position of the

compound eye in insects and related arthropods. Dee Wilder discussed the biology of the

uncommon empidid fly Niphogenia eucera Melander, a terrestrial species in the mostly riparian

subfamily Clinocerinae.

The main speaker of the evening was Dr. Evert I. Schlinger, Department of Entomology,

University of California, Berkeley. His illustrated discussion of “An entomologist’s view of

down under,’’ was well received.

Refreshments including home made cookies from Charles Dailey were served in the Goethe

Room following the meeting.—L. G. Bezark, Secretary.

THREE HUNDRED AND NINETY-FIRST MEETING

The 391st meeting was held 16 February 1979 at 8:00 p.m. in the Morrison Auditorium of

the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President Doyen

presiding and over one-hundred persons in attendance.

Minutes of the meeting held 19 January 1979 were summarized. The following persons were

elected to membership in the Society, regular members; David M. Katz, Charles E. Kennett,

Donald G. Manley, Laurel R. Fox and Richard L. Hurley; student members, John D. Mc¬

Laughlin and Larry D. French.

The main speaker of the evening was Dr. William Jordan, whose film on insect biology

entitled “Insects: Secrets of an Alien World,’’ was enjoyed by all.

Refreshments were served in the Goethe Room following the meeting.—L. G. Bezark, Sec¬

retary.

THREE HUNDRED AND NINETY-SECOND MEETING

The 392nd meeting was held 16 March 1979 at 8:00 p.m. in the Morrison Auditorium of the

California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President Doyen

presiding and 25 members and 5 guests present.

The minutes of the meeting held 16 February 1979 were summarized. The following persons

were elected to membership in the Society, Gary Shook and Conrad Bravo.

Dave Kavanaugh introduced Dr. Morgan, a visiting professor studying coleoptera subfossils

in Alaska. He also reported on the death of Carl Lindroth, noted carabid taxonomist. Frank

Ennik discussed the dilemma of a proposed cut of 60% of the staff of the Vector Biology and

Control Section of the California Department of Health Services. Dr. Arnaud gave the following

336

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

note: Annette Frances Braun (1884-1978). Dr. Annette Frances Braun, a recognized authority

on North American Microlepidoptera, died on November 27, 1978, in her 94th year, at Cin¬

cinnati, Ohio. Dr. Braun, a member of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society for at least 54

years (since our Society records show payment for the Pan-Pacific Entomologist with the

beginning volume of this journal in 1924), was born on August 28, 1884, at Cincinnati, and

received her M.A. (1908) and Ph.D. (1911) degrees from the University of Cincinnati. Dr.

Braun’s collections, including types, were presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences at

Philadelphia within the last few years. It has been announced in the News of the Lepidopterists’

Society that a complete obituary will be published on Dr. Braun in a forthcoming issue of the

Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society.

The main speaker of the evening was Dr. Vincent Resh, Department of Entomology, Uni¬

versity of California, Berkeley. He presented an illustrated program entitled “Caddisflies,

Sponges, and Geothermal Energy: Hot-tubbing with the Trichoptera.”

Refreshments were served in the Goethe Room following the meeting.—L. G. Bezark, Sec¬

retary.

THREE HUNDRED AND NINETY-THIRD MEETING

The 393rd meeting was held 27 April 1979 at 8:00 p.m. in the Morrison Auditorium of the

California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President Doyen

presiding and 23 members and 14 guests present.

The minutes of the meeting held 16 March 1979 were summarized. The following persons

were elected to membership in the Society, regular member; Dr. Vincent H. Resh; student

members; Rex B. Dufour and Bill MacLachlan.

Dr. Arnaud read the following announcement: Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales.—

Mrs. Nadia Venedictoff has requested that the founding of the Museum of Natural Sciences

of Ecuador be announced. It is to be officially called the Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias

Naturales. Correspondence in Spanish may be addressed to the Director: Ing. Miguel Moreno

Espinosa, Calle Cordero, 1452, Quito, Ecuador. International correspondents may address

correspondence to the Officer of International Relations (Oficial de Relaciones Exteriores):

Senora Nadia Venedictoff, Castilla 6090, Quito, Ecuador. Correspondents may write, in order

of preference, in French, Spanish, English, or Russian. They are requesting the contribution

of separates, reprints, or any literature dealing with the natural sciences which applies to the

American Tropics, especially if these deal in any way with the Ecuadorian flora or fauna.—

Herman G. Real, Department of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720.

Dr. Edwards reported for Neil Wright about a collection of the rare leaf beetle Timarcha

in the Fort Bragg area of California. Dr. Ross showed slides of mating insects from around the

world to ready us for spring. Rosser Garrison discussed finding a small population of the

damselfly Ischnura gemina (Kennedy) in San Francisco. The First San Francisco, California

Records of Glaucopsyche lygdamus incognitus Tilden (Lepidoptera:Lycaenidae). Glauco-

psyche lygdamus (Doubleday) is a common, widespread, polytypic lycaenid butterfly. In the

San Francisco Bay Area of California it is represented by the subspecies G. 1. incognitus

Tilden (formerly known as G. /. behrii (Edwards)). Despite its occurrence throughout most of

the San Francisco Bay Area, G. 1. incognitus has not been reported from San Francisco itself.

Previous records cite only the closely related and now extinct G. xerces (Boisduval). On April

1, 1979 one male and one female G. /. incognitus were collected along the bottom of Glen

Canyon Park. On the same day, Harriet Reinhard (Personal Communication) found G. 1.

incognitus at a second San Francisco locality, Bay View Park. The Glen Canyon locality is

probably less than a mile from the closest former G. xerces habitat located on the seaward

slopes of Twin Peaks. This suggests that G. 1. incognitus has either invaded San Francisco

after the extinction of G. xerces or that earlier workers confused the two species.—John E.

Hafemik, Jr., San Francisco State University.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

337

THREE HUNDRED AND NINETY-FOURTH MEETING

The annual picnic was held 12 May 1979 at Del Vail Regional Park.

THREE HUNDRED AND NINETY-FIFTH MEETING

The 395th meeting was held 19 October 1979 at 8:00 p.m. in the Morrison Auditorium of the

California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President Doyen

presiding and 32 members and 37 guests present.

The minutes of the meeting held 27 April 1979 and the Annual Picnic of 12 May 1979 were

summarized. The following persons were elected to membership in the Society, regular mem¬

bers; Panayotis Katsoyannos, Ron Russo, Lester E. Ehler, and Meldon A. Embury; student

members; Timothy L. Tyler, John D. Beggs, Pauline Hnatow, Craig Holdren, and Christopher

D. Nagano.

Alan Kaplan introduced Mel Thompson, of the American Arachnological Society, and Cliff

Kitayama introduced Dr. Katsoyannos, visiting professor from Greece. Dee Wilder discussed

some cave insects from Coppermine Gulch, and Dr. Ross showed slides of the curved front

tarsi of a megachilid bee which he suggested could be used to cover the female’s eyes during

mating.

First records of 2 species of horse flies (Tabanus) in Baja California Sur. —The following

records of Tabanidae in Baja California Sur (a pair of each species is passed among the audi¬

ence) are unusual for several reasons; The 2 species of Tabanus are previously unrecorded

from Baja California, one of which is otherwise widespread in mainland Mexico. Though no

corresponding, biting females of either species have been recorded from this peninsula, among

insects recently curated at the Academy were a single male each of the 2 species taken inci¬

dental to general collecting of Orthoptera by D. B. Weissman and D. Lightfoot, both specialists

in that order of insects. It is not surprising that neither recalls the circumstances of capture,

though black light had been much used for certain crepuscular crickets and might have attracted

these 2 males from adjacent resting places. Both species belong in the widely colonizing

subgroup of Neotabanus, the lined horse flies, a species of which is the only one that is

established and isolated on the Galapagos Islands. Both males carry the same data on the

collection labels: Baja California Sur. 0.5 km N Km 8 N. La Paz on Mex (hwy) 1, 16-VII-1978.

Tabanus subsimilis Bellardi, one male. This is the typical form with upper area of enlarged

facets much expanded and with minute hairs, but body colors brighter, not faded as in the

desert form, ssp. nippontucki Philip.

The species on mainland Mexico has been seen mostly as females, from most states from

Nuevo Leon to Sonora south to Chiapas. I had earlier described this species from southeastern

United States as T. schwardti before discovering, on visit to Bellardi’s collection in Turin,

Italy, that he had already named it subsimilis in Mexico.

Tabanus commixtus Walker, one male. This has the characteristic bare, small faceted eyes.

This is a more surprising record for Baja California, since the sparse records for the females

in southern mainland Mexico are not previously known north of Sinaloa on the west coast of

Mexico.

I am indebted to Dr. G. B. Fairchild of the University of Florida for identification of these

2 male Tabanus. —Cornelius B. Philip, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

The main speaker of the evening was Dr. Stan Williams, Professor of Biology, San Francisco

State University. His presentation entitled “Biology of Scorpions,” was informative and well

illustrated.

Refreshments were served in the Goethe Room following the meeting.—L. G. Bezark, Sec¬

retary.

338

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

THREE HUNDRED AND NINETY-SIXTH MEETING

The 396th meeting was held 16 November 1979 at 8:00 p.m. in the Morrison Auditorium of

the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President Doyen

presiding and 31 members and 23 guests present.

Minutes of the meeting held 19 October 1979 were summarized. Ed Rodgers was elected to

membership in the Society as a student member.

President Doyen designated the nominating committee as Drs. Grigarick, Thorp and Hagen.

Students were introduced from Sonoma State, Hayward State and Sierra College. Dr. E. L.

Smith showed drawings of the mouthparts of ancient insects and discussed similarities with

those of today.

The main speaker of the evening was Dr. David H. Kavanaugh, Department of Entomology,

California Academy of Sciences. His discussion of Lituya Bay: a glacial refugium, was inter¬

esting and well illustrated with slides from a recent expedition there.

Refreshments including home made cookies from Esther Ulrich were served in the Goethe

Room following the meeting.—L. G. Bezark, Secretary.

THREE HUNDRED AND NINETY-SEVENTH MEETING

The 397th meeting was held 7 December 1979 at 8:00 p.m. in the Goethe room of the

California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President Doyen

presiding and 30 members and 14 guests present.

The minutes of the meeting held 16 November were summarized. Dr. Ross reported for the

auditing committee and Dr. Arnaud for the treasurer and said that the treasurer’s office is

indebted to Mrs. Vashti F. Getten (as volunteer) and Mrs. Gail Freihofer (Entomology Sec¬

retary) for their handling of the Society’s accounts, billings, and mailing of publications, and

to our member Mr. H. Vannoy Davis of Walnut Creek, California, for his annual audit of the

Treasurer’s records and completion of the Society’s tax forms. The nominating committee

brought forth the following names for office in 1980: President-elect David H. Kavanaugh,

Secretary Larry G. Bezark, and Treasurer Paul H. Arnaud, Jr.

The following person was elected to membership in the Society as a student member; Laura

D. Merrill.

Kirby Brown discussed Stenomorpha compressa in the Fresno area. Jerry Powell showed

slides of the Lepidopterists’ Society meeting held in Fairbanks, Alaska. Dee Wilder showed

slides of the dolichopodid Polymedon from the Eel River. Edward L. Smith reported on insect

palpi and genitalia, in reference to their origins. John Hafernik talked about mating behavior

of skippers.

The gavel was turned over to the new president, Marius Wasbauer, who introduced Dr.

John Doyen and the presidential address entitled “The darkling ground beetles—some aspects

of the biology and classification of the Tenebrionidae.”

Refreshments were served in the Goethe Room following the meeting.—L. G. Bezark, Sec¬

retary.

Marius Wasbauer Dave Kavanaugh R. E. Somerby Paul Arnaud, Jr.

President President-elect Secretary Treasurer

THREE HUNDRED AND NINETY-EIGHTH MEETING

The 398th meeting was held on Friday, 18 January 1980 at 8:00 p.m. in the Goethe Room of

the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President Was¬

bauer presiding. Thirty-four members and sixteen guests were present.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

339

Minutes of the meeting held 7 December 1979 were summarized. Dean Gooch and James A.

Steele were elected to student membership.

Robert Langston gave a note on the activity of Lepidoptera in central Alaska. In seven days,

examples were taken in nine families. Areas collected were 108 miles NE of Fairbanks, Uni¬

versity of Alaska, Fairbanks, Nenana, east of Mt. McKinley Park and Denali Highway.

Charles Griswold reported on a general collecting trip to Sierra Laguna in Baja California

Sur with John Doyen, Walter Tschinkel, Marius Wasbauer, and Paul Rude. The general vege¬

tation included Madrone, oaks and pine. The plants were going into the dry season. Plecoptera,

Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera were taken for the first time in this area.

John Hafernick reported on a desert field trip. He reported on the biology of flower meloid

beetles with tubular mouth parts. The life cycle was discussed mentioning anthophorid bees

with many triungulins.

Dr. Marius Wasbauer introduced Dr. Paul Tuskes who presented an interesting talk entitled

“Population Dynamics and Physiological Changes in Overwintering Populations of the Mon¬

arch Butterfly.” An informative discussion continued after the talk.

Refreshments were served in the Goethe Room following the meeting.—R. E. Somerby,

Secretary.

THREE HUNDRED AND NINETY-NINTH MEETING

The 399th meeting was held on Friday, 15 February 1980, at 8:00 p.m., in the Morrison

Auditorium, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President

Wasbauer presiding. A total of 38 persons were present of which 22 signed as members and

six as guests.

Minutes of the meeting held 18 January 1980 were summarized. Mr. Kevin N. Barber of

Ontario, Canada became a student member and Mr. W. Anthony Doolin a regular member.

Ed Smith brought to our attention a large illustration of a mysterious insect showing details

of the head capsule and mouth parts. He revealed later that it represented a predaceous mayfly

from Australia.

Dr. Marius Wasbauer introduced Dr. Lynn S. Kimsey who presented an illustrated talk

entitled “The Functional Morphology and Evolution of Orchid Bees and Cuckoo Wasps.” The

flight, feeding and behavior of both groups were related to the evolutionary development of

their morphology.

Refreshments were served in the Goethe Room following the meeting.—R. E. Somerby,

Secretary.

FOUR HUNDREDTH MEETING

The 400th meeting was held on Friday, 14 March 1980, at 8:00 p.m. in the Morrison Audi¬

torium, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President

Wasbauer presiding. A total of 24 persons were present of which 20 signed as members and

4 as guests.

Minutes of the meeting held 15 February 1980 were summarized. Dr. J. V. Mankins of

Siguatepeque, Honduras and Mr. T. W. Bowen of the Environmental Laboratory, Hunterville,

North Carolina became regular members.

Robert L. Langston gave a note on seasonal and laboratory conditions, as they affect the

phenotype of the Buckeye Butterfly Precis coenia (Hubner). He brought a collection of such

variants that showed; an increase in the size of the eye-spots; an increase of blue colors; and

the appearance of blue-green ground color, to name a few variants.

Charles Dailey brought to our attention a new book entitled “Galls in California” by Ron

Russo. It was published by Boxwood Press and is available at the Academy Book Store; Lucas

340

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Book Store in Berkeley. The book pictures galls and the causative agents, including fungi,

bacteria and insects.

Robert Wharton showed a series of slides depicting the ovipositional behavior of an unde¬

scribed species of Halterorchis, a Mydas fly of the Namib Desert. The adult female buried her

abdomen to a depth that almost entirely covered her wings.

Dr. Marius Wasbauer introduced Dr. John H. Perkins who presented an illustrated talk

entitled “Crisis and Change in Economic Entomology 1945-1980.” The presentation was pro¬

vocative for many, if not all present. Dr. Perkins clearly outlined the genesis of three scientific

paradigms, each of which was woven from the respective historic time, scientific group, and

institutional association. He tied the views represented by each paradigm to individuals who

formed like-minded groups. Each group was apparently influenced by the constraints and

organizational parameters of the institutions to which they belonged, and to their immediate

entomological world, The three paradigms were respectively:

1. Chemical Pest Management.

2. Integrated Management.

3. Total Pest Management.

Refreshments were served in the Goethe Room following the meeting.—R. E. Somerby,

Secretary.

FOUR HUNDRED AND FIRST MEETING

The 401st meeting was held on Friday, 18 April 1980, at 8:00 p.m. in the Morrison Audito¬

rium, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President Was¬

bauer presiding. A total of 37 persons were present of which 27 signed as members, and 10 as

guests.

Minutes of the meeting held 14 March 1980 were summarized. Dr. Wasbauer discussed

dropping the annual picnic because of poor attendance.

Two notes were given. Dr. Eichlin presented some slides on the damage to junipers in San

Diego County by the introduced pest Stenolechia bathrodyas Meyr. (Gelechiidae). He also

discussed the presence in Sacramento County of a heretofore Eastern clearwing moth Podo-

sesia syringae (Harris). Dr. Kavanaugh discussed the distribution of Amphizoidae. There are

five species, of which four occur in North America. Two were reported from the Old World,

but kasmerensis of India was determined to be a Dytiscidae. The remaining species is presumed

to be in the Paris Museum, but has not been seen.

Dr. Marius Wasbauer introduced Dr. Robert Wharton, formerly a Research Associate with

the Namib Research Institute who presented an illustrated talk entitled “Biology of selected

Namib Desert Invertebrates with emphasis on the Tenebrionidae.”

Refreshments were served in the Goethe Room following the meeting.—R. E. Somerby,

Secretary.

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

341

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

STATEMENT OF INCOME, EXPENDITURES AND

CHANGES IN FUND BALANCES

Years Ended September 30, 1979 and 1978

1979 1978

Income

Dues and subscriptions .$ 8,737 $ 8,432

Reprints and miscellaneous . 5,847 7,615

Sales of Memoirs . 171 375

Interest on savings accounts . 1,692 872

Dividends, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. .. 292 352

Decrease in value of capital stock of American

Telephone & Telegraph Co. (570) (90)

16,169 17,556

Expenditures

Publication costs—Pan-Pacific Entomologist . 10,972 9,405

Reprints, postage and miscellaneous . 4,024 2,928

14,996 12,333

Increase in fund balances . 1,173 5,223

Fund balances October 1, 1978 and 1977 . 33,143 27,920

Fund balances September 30, 1979 and 1978 . $34,316 $33,143

STATEMENT OF ASSETS

September 30, 1979 and 1978

Cash in bank 1979 _ 1978

Commercial account .$ 390 $ 668

Savings accounts

General fund . 12,374 11,015

Memoir, Fall funds . 13,911 13,491

Life membership fund . 3,241 2,999

Total cash in bank . 29,916 28,173

Investment in 80 shares of American Telephone

& Telegraph Co. common stock (Life Membership

and Fall Funds), at market value . 4,400 4,970

$34,316 $33,143

See accompanying notes to the financial statements.

342

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Year Ended September 30, 1979

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Accounting Method

Income, expenditures and assets are recorded on the cash basis of

accounting.

Marketable Securities

American Telephone & Telegraph Co. common stock is carried at market

value. Increases and decreases in value are reflected in income.

Income Tax

The Society is exempt from Federal income and California franchise tax.

Accounts Receivable

As of September 30, 1979 accounts receivable aggregated $552 as follows:

September, 1979 billings . $210

Prior billings . 312

$522

Accounts Payable

As of September 30, 1979 unpaid bills aggregated $721.

As Chairman of the Auditing Committee, and in accordance with its by

laws, I have reviewed the financial records of the Society.

During the course of this review nothing was noted which indicated any

material inaccuracy in the foregoing statements.

H. Vannoy Davis

Chairman of the Auditing Committee

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

INDEX TO VOLUME 56

Acmaodera discalis - 179

rigradei - 175

Agapostemon spp. - 144

Agrilus auricomus - 85

tarahumarae - 82

Amphizoa spp. - 289

Andricus cryptus - 173

quercusfrondosus - 172

truckeensis - 172

Anthaxia cyanella - 86

Apoerypha dyschirioides - 122

setosa - 126

Apsena labreae - 2

Araneae - 316

Armitage, H. M. - 197

Araaud and Davies - Collembolan Pest - 155

Asilus gilvipes - 79

Auplopus esmeralda - 98

Barr - New Cleridae - 277

Bednairk and Edmunds - Larval Heptagenia

- 51

Bionomics

Agapostemon - 144

Asilus - 79

Auplopus - 98

Coleoptera - 1

Conoderus - 157

Entomobrya - 155

Hymenoptera - 98

Lesperisinus - 181

Leucorrhinia - 292

Melissodes - 200

Metaphycus - 107

Nornada - 316

Osmia - 38

Planoculus - 187

Procecidochares - 283

Rhagovelia - 111

Saissetia - 107

Simulium - 323

Stenolechia - 213

Tetragnatha - 316

Tipula - 207, 268

Blickle - New Oxyethria - 101

Bohart - North American Dienoplus - 63

Book Review - 25, 212, 220, 238, 332

Boschella fasciatum - 277

Brachys apachei - 86

Braun, A. F. - 336

Buchmann and Jones - Melissodes Nests - 200

Bullington and Lavigne - Mating Asilus - 79

Buprestis Salisburyensis - 87

Ceratophyllus spp. - 105

Chalcophorella strandi - 88

Chemsak - Stenobatyle Revision - 113

Chemsak and Linsley - Cocos Island Ceram-

bycidae - 310

Chemsak et al. - Honduras Cerambycidae - 26

Chrysobothris calcarata - 88

concinnula - 88

delecta - 90

floricola - 88

georgei - 89

pubescens - 89

Coleoptera

Amphizoidae - 289

Buprestidae - 81, 175, 297

Cerambycidae - 26, 113, 310

Cleridae - 277

Coccinellidae - 260

Elateridae - 157

Scolytidae - 181

Tenebrionidae - 1, 121

Zopheridae - 1

Collembola - 11, 155

Coniontis abdominalis caseyi - 3

/ragmans - 3

labreae - 3

blissi - 3

pectoralis interrupta - 3

paraelliptica - 3

tristis alpha - 3

asphalti - 3

latigula - 3

Conoderus spp. - 157

Cydistomyia delicata - 74

Dailey - Book Review - 212

Dailey and Menke - Cynipid Nomenclature

- 170

Dasymutilla foxi - 153

Denning - Book Review - 25

Deshefy - Rhagovelia Behavior - 111

Dienoplus clypeatus - 66

pueblicus - 67

rugulosus - 67

russulus - 68

sinopis - 69

Diptera - 99

Asilidae - 79

Ceratopogonidae - 137

Chironomidae - 221

Psychodidae - 273

Simulidae - 323

Tabanidae -71, 337

Tephritidae - 283

Tipulidae - 207, 268

343

344

Doyen and Kitayama - Review of Apocrypha

- 121

Doyen and Miller - Pleistocene Coleoptera - 1

Dystaxia murrayi cuprea - 92

Echiniscus laterculus - 265

Eichlin - Conifer Pest Stenolechia - 213

Eickwort and Abrams - Sweat Bee Parasit¬

ism - 144

Eleodes behri - 3

intermedius - 3

Elipsocus guentheri - 250

mclachlani - 245

obscurus - 255

Enoplium fasciatum - 277

nigrescens - 281

Entomobrya kanada - 155

Entomosterna trucidata - 115

unicostata - 115

Ephemeroptera - 51

Evans - A New Mystacagenia - 185

Evans and Evans - Swarming of Leucorrhinia

- 292

Exochonotus varipennis - 299

Financial Statement - 341, 342

Fossils - 1

Glaucopsyche spp. - 336

Gressittia titsadaysi - 72

Grogan and Wirth - New Macrurohelea - 137

Harper and Buxton - H. M. Armitage Obitu¬

ary - 197

Hartman and Hynes - Tipula egg Diapause

- 207

Hartman and Hynes - Tipula Egg Biology

- 268

Hass et al. - Alaskan Bird Fleas - 105

Hemiptera - 43

Pentatomidae - 293

Veliidae - 111, 311

Heptagenia spp. - 51

Hesperolpium andrewsi - 164

Heteromurus bidentatus - 11

Homoptera - 107

Hymenoptera - 183, 287

Anthophoridae - 144, 200

Cynipidae - 170

Encyrtidae - 107

Halictidae - 144

Megachilidae - 38

Mutillidae - 99, 153

Pompilidae - 98, 185

Sphecidae - 63, 187

Hyperaspis elali - 262

longicoxitis - 260

mckenziei - 264

querquesi - 263

Kavanaugh - Amphizoa Types - 289

Kennett - Black Scale Parasite - 107

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Kimsey - Panamanian Pompilidae - 98

Lacey and Mulla - Simulium Biology - 323

Larvae

Coleoptera - 121, 157, 297

Diptera - 221, 284, 323

Ephemeroptera - 51

Hymenoptera - 41, 144, 191, 200

Lepidoptera - 213, 319

Lebasiella varipennis - 299

Leperisinus spp. - 181

Lepidoptera

Gelechiidae - 213

Lycaenidae - 336

Nymphalidae - 319

Leucorrhina hudsonica - 292

Macrurohelea irwini - 140

paracaudata - 141

Manley - Dasymutilla Synonymy - 153

Mari Mutt - Heteromurus Notes - 11

Melanophila abietis - 93

hungarica - 92

pecchiolii - 92

Melissodes persimilis - 200

Metaphycus bartletti - 107

Mockford - New Elipsocus - 241

Moody - Book Review - 238

Muchmore - New Pseudoscorpions - 161

Mutilla phoenix - 154

Mystacagenia elegantuia - 185

Nanularia pygmaea - 93

Nelson - Buprestid Synonymy - 81

Nelson - A New Acmaeodera - 175

Nelson - Review of Thrincopyge - 297

Neoamblyopium giulianii - 165

Nomada spp. - 144

Notice - 143, 152, 196

Nutting - New Hyperaspis - 260

Obituary - H. M. Armitage - 197

Odonata - 292

Osmia marginipennis - 38

Oxyethira allosi - 101

Pachyschelus biimpressus - 94

oblongus - 93

Papp - Book Review - 332

Parapelonides beckeri - 281

nigrescens - 280

Parasitism - 99, 107, 144, 181, 287

Parker - Osmia Nests - 38

Pechuman - Book Review - 220

Pelonides spp. - 280

Philip - Far Eastern Tabanidae - 71

Plenoculus spp. - 187

Polhemus - New Rhagovelia - 311

Polycesta californica - 94

Procecidochares sp. - 283

Proceedings of PCES - 335

Pseudevoplitus casei - 293

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4

345

Pseudogarypinus cooperi - 167

Pseudopachybrachinus nesovinctus - 46

Pseudoscorpionida - 161

Psocoptera - 241

Publication Notice - 10

Rhagovelia aestiva - 314

chiapensis - 311

obesa - 111

Rubink and O’Neill - Plenoculus behavior

- 187

Saissetia oleae - 107

Schaefer et al. - Galapagos Hemiptera - 43

Schuster et al. - A New Echiniscus - 265

Scientific Note - 155, 157, 292, 310, 319

Shapiro - Vanessa Migration - 319

Silverman and Goeden - Procecidochares

Biology - 283

Simulium tescorum - 323

Siphonoptera - 105

Stenobatyle eburata - 115

gracilis - 116

inflaticollis - 114

miniaticollis - 118

Stenolechia bathrodyas - 213

Stenomorpha mckittricki - 4

Stone - Conoderus Life History - 157

Sublette and Martin - New Chironomid Yama

- 221

Tabanus spp. - 337

Tardigrada - 265

Tarsopsylla sp. - 106

Tetragnatha extensa - 316

Thomas - A New Pseudevoplitus - 293

Thrincopyge alacris strandi - 301

laetifica - 304

Tipula simplex - 207, 268

Trichomyia californica - 275

Trichoptera - 101

Trigonaspis obconica - 171

Vanessa cardui - 319

Vernoff - Leperisinus Notes - 181

Vincent - Tetragnatha Notes - 316

Wagner - Nearctic Trichomyiinae - 273

Xanthoteras clavuloides - 171

Yama tahitiensis - 221

Zoological Nomenclature - 50, 97, 180, 239,

240, 333, 334

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in cooperation with

The California Academy of Sciences

VOLUME FIFTY-SIX

1980

EDITORIAL BOARD

T. D. EICHLIN and A. R. HARDY, Co-Editors

S. KUBA, Editorial Asst.

R. M. BOHARD

HUGH B. LEECH

E. S. ROSS

J. A. CEHMSAK

P. H. ARNAUD, JR., Treasurer

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

1980

1981

1982

1983

Frank Ennik

David Kavanaugh

G. A. H. McClelland, Chairman

Kenneth Cooper

J. T. Doyen

Fred litis

Fred Andrews

John Hafemik

San Francisco, California

1980

CONTENTS FOR VOLUME 56

Arnaud, P. H., Jr. and Davies, T. W.

Note on collembolan household pest . 155

Barr, W. F.

New genera and a new species of New World Cleridae .277

Bednarik, A. F. and Edmunds, G. F., Jr.

Larval Heptagenia from the Rocky Mountain Region. 51

Blickle, R. L.

A new Oxyethira of the Aeola Ross Group . 101

Bohart, R. M.

Review of the North American species of Dienoplus . 63

Book Reviews . 25, 212, 220, 238, 332

Buchmann, S. L. and Jones, C. E.

Nesting biology of Melissodes persimilis Ckll.200

Bullington, S. W. and Lavigne, R. J.

Multiple mating in Asilus gilvipes . 79

Chemsak, J. A. and Linsley, E. G.

Records of Cerambycidae from Cocos Island .310

Chemsak, J. A., Linsley, E. G. and Mankins, J. V.

Records of some Cerambycidae from Honduras . 26

Dailey, D. C. and Menke, A. S.

Nomenclatorial notes on North American Cynipidae . 170

Deshefy, G. S.

Anti-predator behavior in swarms of Rhagovelia obesa . Ill

Doyen, J. T. and Kitayama, C. Y.

Review of North American Apocrypha ; description of immatures of Apo¬

crypha anthicoides . 121

Doyen, J. T. and Miller, S. E.

Pleistocene darkling ground beetles of California asphalt deposits . 1

Eichlin, T. D.

Stenolechia bathrodyas Meyrick, introduced pest of conifers in southern

coastal California .213

Eickwort, G. C. and Abrams, J.

Parasitism of sweat bees ( Agapostemon ) by cockoo bees ( Nomada ) . 144

Evans, H. E.

A new species of Acmaeodera . 185

Evans, M. A. and Evans, H. E.

Swarming of Leucorrhinia hudsonica (Selys) .292

Grogan, W. L. and Wirth, W. W.

Two new species of Macrurohelea from Chile; key to Neotropical species .. 137

Haas, G. E., Rumfelt, T., Barrett, R. E. and Wilson, N.

Fleas from some Alaskan birds . 105

Harper, R. W. and Buxton, G. M.

Obituary—Horace Morton Armitage, 1890-1980 . 197

Hartman, M. J. and Hynes, C. D.

Embryonic diapause in Tipula simplex ; action of photoperiod in termina¬

tion .207

Hartman, M. J. and Hynes, C. D.

Environmental factors influencing hatching of Tipula simplex eggs .268

Kavanaugh, D. H.

On type specimens of Amphizoa LeConte . 289

Kennett, C. E.

Metaphycus bartletti, a South African parasite of black scale, in Central

and Northern California . 107

Kimsey, L. S.

Biology of some Panamanian Pompilidae; description of communal nest ... 98

Manley, D. G.

Dasymutilla phoenix, a new synonym of D. foxi . 153

Mari Mutt, J. A.

Descriptive notes for nine species of Heteromurus ; key to species . 11

Mockford, E. L.

Elipsocus species of Western North America; descriptions of two new

species . 241

Muchmore, W. B.

Three new olpiid pseudoscorpions from California. 161

Nelson, G. H.

Nomenclatural changes in Buprestidae; descriptions of unknown sexes .... 81

Nelson, G. H.

A new species of Acmaeodera . 175

Nelson, G. H.

Review of the genus Thrincopyge LeConte . 297

Notices . 143, 152, 196

Nutting, W. H.

New California Hyperaspis .260

Parker, G. D.

Nests of Osmia marginipennis; description of the female . 38

Philip, C. B.

Far Eastern Tabanidae VII. New generalized Oriental species of unusual

zoogeographic interest . 71

Polhemus, J. T.

Neotropical Veliidae. V. New species of Rhagovelia . 311

Proceedings of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society . 335

Rubink, W. L. and O’Neill, K. M.

Nesting behavior of three species of Plenoculus Fox . 187

Schaefer, C. W., Vagvolgyi, J. and Ashlock, P. D.

On a collection of Heteroptera from the Galapagos Islands . 43

Schuster, R. O., Grigarick, A. A. and Toftner, E. C.

A new species of Echiniscus from California .265

Shapiro, A. M.

Evidence for a return migration of Vanessa cardui .319

Silverman, J. and Goeden, R. D.

Life history of Procecidochares sp. on Ambrosia dumosa in Southern Cali¬

fornia . 283

Stone, M. W.

Notes of life history of three Conoderus species . 157

Sublette, J. E. and Martin, J.

Yama tahitiensis n. gen., n. sp. from Tahiti.221

Thomas, D. B., Jr.

A new Pseudevoplitus from Guatemala; key to the species .293

Vemoff, S.

Emergence, maturation and parasites of Leperisinus oregonus and L. cali-

fornicus . 181

Vincent, L. S.

Field observations on the biology of Tetragnatha extensa .316

Wagner, R.

The Nearctic Trichomyiinae .273

Zoological Nomenclature . 50, 97, 180, 239, 240, 333, 334

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including short notes or articles up to ten printed pages,

an insect taxonomy, morphology, ecology, behavior, life history, and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and will be

:harged to the author. Papers are published after acceptance in approximately the order that they are received. Papers of less than a

printed page will be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.

All manuscripts will be reviewed before acceptance.

Manuscripts for publication, proofs, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the editor.

General. — The metric system is to be used exclusively in manuscripts, except when citing label data on type material, or in direct

quotations when cited as such. Equivalents in other systems may be placed in parentheses following the metric, i.e. "1370 m (4500

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Typing. — Two copies of each manuscript must be submitted (original and one xerox copy or two xerox copies are suitable). All

manuscripts must be typewritten, double-spaced throughout, with ample margins, and be on bond paper or an equivalent weight.

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Underscore only where italics are intended in the body of the text. Number all pages consecutively and put authors name on each

sheet. References to footnotes in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes must be typed on a separate sheet.

Manuscripts with extensive corrections or revisions will be returned to the author for retyping.

First Page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript must include (1) the complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses,

(3) the author’s name or names, (4) the institution with city and state or the author’s home city and state if not affiliated (5) the

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Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should include the full scientific name with the author

of a zoological name not abbreviated. Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style. The

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature must be followed.

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Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimension of the printed page (117 x 181 mm; 4% x 1V& inches). If possible,

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Essig, E. O. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212.

Essig, E. O. 1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev. ed. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1050 pp.

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Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. 472 pages. Published July

1955. Price $10.00 (Plus $1.25 postage and handling.)*

Volume 3. Revisionary Studies in the Nearctic Decticinae by

David C. Rentz and James D. Birchim. 173 pages. Published

July 1968. Price $4.00 (Plus $.75 postage and handling.)*

Volume 4. Autobiography of an Entomologist by Robert L.

Usinger. 343 pages. Published August 1972. Price $15.00. (Plus

$1.25 postage and handling.)*

Volume 5. Revision of the Millipede Family Andrognathidae

in the Nearctic Region by Michael R. Gardner. 61 pages. Pub¬

lished January 21, 1975. Price $3.00 (Plus $.75 postage and

handling.)*

*(Add 6% sales tax on all California orders (resident of Alameda, Contra

Costa, San Francisco, Santa Clara and Santa Cruz counties add 6Vi%).

Members of the Society will receive a 20% discount.)

Send orders to:

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

c/o California Academy of Sciences

Golden Gate Park

San Francisco, California 94118