Vol. 60

No. 1

January 1984

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

EVANS, E. D.—A new genus and a new species of Dobsonfly from the far Western United

States (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) . 1

LATTIN, J. D. and G. M. STONEDAHL —Campyloneura virgula, a predacious Miridae not

previously recorded from the United States (Hemiptera). 4

THOMAS, D. B., JR.—A new species of Dendrocoris Bergroth from Mexico (Hemiptera:

Pentatomidae). 8

BOHART, R. M. — Gastrodynerus, a new genus of Eumenidae from western North America

(Hymenoptera: Eumenidae). 12

COYNE, J. A., I. A. BOUSSY, and S. BRYANT—Is Drosophila pseudoobscura a garbage

species?. 16

MUCHMORE, W. B.—Further data on Mucrochernes hirsutus (Banks) (Pseudoscorpionida,

Chemetidae)... 20

BROWN, H. P. and M. P. THOBIAS—World synopsis of the riffle beetle genus Leptelmis

Sharp, 1888, with a key to Asiatic species and description of a new species from India

(Coleoptera, Dryopoidea, Elmidae). 23

BAUMANN, R. W. and A. L. SHELDON— Capnia hornigi, a new winter stonefly from the

western Great Basin (Plecoptera: Capniidae). 30

POLHEMUS, D. A.—A new species of Dichaetocoris Knight from the western United States,

with notes on other species (Hemiptera: Miridae). 33

BARNBY, M. A. and V. H. RESH —Distribution and seasonal abundance of brine flies (Diptera:

Ephydridae) in a San Francisco Bay salt marsh. 37

STONEDAHL, G. M.—Two new conifer-inhabiting Phytocoris from western North America

(Hemiptera: Miridae). 47

BEZARK, L. G.—Description of the first Central American species of Slenopogon Loew (Dip¬

tera: Asilidae). 53

POLHEMUS, J. T. and D. A. POLHEMUS—Notes on Neotropical Veliidae (Hemiptera) VI.

Revision of the genus Euvelia Drake. 55

COPE, J. S.—A new species of Phymatodes from New Mexico (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).... 63

SCIENTIFIC NOTES

TILLES, D. A.—Feeding behavior of Lacon profusa (Candeze) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in

Carpenter Ant attended colonies of Cinara spp. (Homoptera: Aphididae). 65

TURNBOW, R. H., JR.—New records for two cerambycids from the Pacific Northwest. 67

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1984

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

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OFFICERS FOR 1984

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Statement of Ownership

Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

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This issue mailed January 27, 1984

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist (ISSN 0031-0603)

PRINTED BY THE ALLEN PRESS, INC., LAWRENCE, KANSAS 66044, U.S.A.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

60(1), 1984, pp. 1-3

Published 27 January 1984

A New Genus and a New Species of Dobsonfly from the Far

Western United States (Megaloptera: Corydalidae ) 1

Elwin D. Evans

Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Stevens T. Mason Building, P.O.

Box 30028, Lansing, Michigan 48909.

During my study of the Megaloptera of the Pacific Coastal Region of the United

States, a new species of dobsonfly was discovered and a previously described

species was found to form a monotypic genus (Evans, 1972). I later noted that

this situation existed in this group of aquatic animals (Evans, 1978).

Orohermes, New Genus

Forewings with median vein 2-branched; posterior branch of radial sector forked

in both wings; hind wings with median vein 3-branched; wing expanse less than

110 mm. Larvae with ventral abdominal gill-tufts absent; last pair of abdominal

spiracles lateral and sessile, located above and slightly anterior to base of lateral

filaments.

Etymology. — From the Greek or os, mountain + Hermes, Greek God.

Type of genus.—Dysmicohermes crepusculus Chandler, 1954:107-110.

Chandler (1954) provisionally placed O. crepusculus in Dysmicohermes Munroe

and noted that it was not closely related to the other two species in this genus

which are larger in size and have the median vein of the hind wings four-branched.

These two genera differ from the other Chauliodinae which have the posterior

branch of the radial sector in both wings simple. Later, Chandler (1956) recognized

this larvae which is unique among the Chauliodinae with the last pair of abdominal

spiracles being lateral, instead of dorsal and raised or extended as in all other

known species of this subfamily.

The larvae of O. crepusculus are usually found in permanent, cold water streams

and rivers in the Sierra Nevada Mountains or the northern coast range of California

and in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon.

Protochauliodes cascadius , New Species

Male.— Wings and body similar to P. spenceri Munroe, alar expanse 67 mm;

genitalia with short, stubby claspers, less than twice as long as broad, convex

dorsally and ventrally, indented apically; aedeagus flattened in lateral view (Fig.

1); aedeagus in dorsal view narrowly notched apically, markedly expanded laterally

to about mid-point and sharply constricted basally (Fig. 2).

Female. — Similar to male, alar expanse 71 mm; claspers triangular shaped in

lateral view, slightly convex dorsally and ventrally (Fig. 3), trichobothrium slightly

raised, light in color and occupying most of clasper lateral surface. Claspers of P.

spenceri more elongate with basal width shorter than sides.

The claspers of the short, stubby male genitalia of P. cascadius resemble those

1 Collected with P. spenceri.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

CLASPER

AEDEAGUS

LATERALIS

Figures 1-3. 1. Protochauliodes cascadius, lateral view of male genitalia. 2. P. cascadius, dorsal

view of aedeagus. 3. P. cascadius, lateral view of female genitalia.

of P. montivagus Chandler, another mountain species to the south in the Sierra

Nevada Mountains. Claspers of the males of other species of Protochauliodes

Weele in western North America have elongate genital claspers. The aedeagus of

P. cascadius with its apical notch and constricted base is distinct from that of P.

montivagus which is not constricted basally and is broadly indented apically.

Holotype. — Male, ca. 8 mi W Mill City, along Little Santiam R., Marion Co.,

Oregon, 26 July 1963 (S. Jewett). California Academy of Sciences.

Allotype. — Same as holotype.

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

Twenty paratypes .—All from Oregon as follows: Marion Co. 8, Silver Falls State

Park, 22 May 1957 (S. Jewett); Lane Co. 8, 40 mi E Eugene, 30 July 1965 (K.

Goeden); 8, 4 mi S Mackenzie Bridge, Horse Ck. (J. Bedea); Clackamus Co. 6 8,

vie. Firwood Rd., 4 mi W Oregon City, 5 August 1974 1 (S. Jewett); 2, 10 August

1974 (S. Jewett); 2, 30 July 1972 (S. Jewett); 2, 10 August 1972 1 (S. Jewett); 6, 5

August 1972 1 (S. Jewett); 3 8, 2, 4 August 1974 (S. Jewett); 8,9, 17 July 1972 (S.

Jewett); 8, 14 July 1972 1 (S. Jewett).

Paratypes will be distributed to the California Academy of Sciences, San Fran¬

cisco, California; Oregon State University Entomological Collection, Corvallis,

Oregon; United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.; Stanley G. Jewett

Collection, Rt. 1, Box 399, West Linn, Oregon and my personal collection.

This species is sympatric with P. spenceri, in the foothills of the Cascade Moun¬

tains of Oregon. The larval habitat of P. cascadius is unknown although adults

have been collected along permanent streams.

Acknowledgment

Financial support from a United States Department of Agriculture Research

Service grant, number 12-14.-9160(33).

Literature Cited

Chandler, H. P. 1954. Four new species of dobsonflies from California. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 30(2):

105-111.

-. 1956. Megaloptera. Pp. 229-233 in R. L. Usinger (ed.). Aquatic insects of California. Univ.

Cal. Press, Berkeley, 508 pp.

Evans, E. D. 1972. A study of the Megaloptera of the Pacific Coastal Region of the United States.

Ph.D. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 210 pp.

-. 1978. Megaloptera and aquatic Neuroptera. Pp. 133-145 in R. W. Merritt and K. W.

Cummins (eds.), Aquatic insects of North America. Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., Dubuque, Iowa,

441 pp.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

60(1), 1984, pp. 4-7

Published 27 January 1984

Campyloneura virgula, a Predacious Miridae Not Previously

Recorded from the United States (Hemiptera ) 1

John D. Lattin and Gary M. Stonedahl

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Oregon State

University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331.

Abstract. —Campyloneura virgula (Herrick-Schaeffer), a European species, is

recorded from the United States, based on specimens from western Washington

and Oregon and northwestern California. C. virgula is predacious on small ar¬

thropods and is found on a variety of trees and shrubs including alder, filbert and

rhododendron.

Campyloneura virgula (Herrick-Schaeffer) is a predacious species of Miridae

whose natural range includes Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor and Turkestan

(Wagner and Weber, 1964). It has been reported from a variety of trees and shrubs

including Alnus, Corylus, Crataegus, Fagus, Fraxinus, Quercus and Tilia (Wagner

and Weber, 1964; Southwood and Leston, 1959). The latter authors report that

C. virgula overwinters as an egg on the British Isles, whereas the adult overwinters

on the continent of Europe. Males are very rare and it is assumed that partheno¬

genesis is the usual mode of reproduction. The food of this species includes spider

mites, Psocoptera, greenflies and occasionally honeydew (Southwood and Leston,

1959).

Downes (1957) reported C. virgula from Vancouver Island and the lower main¬

land of British Columbia, Canada. His earliest collections were made in 1949.

Specimens were collected on alder, poplar, nettles and other plants. He mentioned

the potential value of this species as a predator, especially of mites. Scudder (1960)

again referred to this species while discussing various introduced Hemiptera.

The present paper was prompted by the submission of a specimen for identi¬

fication by Duane Hatch, County Agent for Lane County, Oregon. The bug had

bitten a person on the ankle, raising a hard welt. Rykman (1979) reviewed the

literature on Hemiptera and Homoptera bites. He cited a number of references

for Miridae but C. virgula was not included.

All of the specimens we have examined from the United States were females,

further supporting the likelihood of parthenogenetic reproduction being the nor¬

mal mode. Specimens examined include: CALIFORNIA: Humboldt County:

Shiveley, 4 August 1964, pear and apple (T. K. Haig, F. Spallini) (USNM).

OREGON: Benton County: Corvallis, 11 August 1962; Corvallis, 21 July 1968

(Evans); Corvallis, 30 July 1968, at light (Lattin); Corvallis, 24 June 1979, Quercus

garryana Dougl., Corylus cornuta Marsh., Ulmus sp., apple (Stonedahl) many

specimens (all OSU); Lobster Valley, 15 mi SW Alsea, 24 July 1979, Alnus rubra

1 Oreg. Exp. Sta. Paper No. 5837.

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

Bong., Corylus cornuta (Lattin) (OSU); 4 mi W Philomath, Hwy 20, 26 July 1979,

Quercusgarryana (Stonedahl) (OSU); Rock Creek, nr. Philomath, 23 August 1961,

Ribes sp. (Lattin) (OSU); Curry County: Alfred A. Loeb State Park, 10 August

1979, Lithocarpus densiflora (H. & A.) Rehd., Umbellularia californica (H. &

A.) Nutt. (Stonedahl) (OSU); Little Redwood campground, T39S-R12W-S29-

NW‘/ 4 , 11 August 1979, Lithocarpus densiflora, Umbellularia californica (Stone¬

dahl) (OSU); Linn County: 2 mi NE Green Peter Dam, 15 July 1979, Castanopsis

chrysophylla (Dougl.) A. DC. (Stonedahl) (OSU); Polk County: 6 mi E Indepen¬

dence, 10 July 1957, apple, (Lattin) (OSU). WASHINGTON: King County: Se¬

attle, Shipcanal, 4 August 1977 (Leffler) (Leffler Collection); Seattle, U. Wash.

Campus, 14 July 1977, leaves of Corylus sp. (Leffler) (Leffler Collection); Lewis

County: Chehalis, Urquhart Rd., 22 July 1979, Corylus cornuta (Stonedahl) (OSU);

Clark Co.: Vancouver, 20 July 1975 (Oman) (OSU); Whatcom County: Belling¬

ham, 19 July 1979, Alnus rubra, Rhododendron sp. (Stonedahl) (OSU); 4 mi NE

Welcome, N. Fork Rd., 22 July 1979, Corylus cornuta, Alnus rubra, Acer macro-

phyllum Pursh, Acer circinatum Pursh, Rubus spectabilis Pursh, Rubus parviflorus

Nutt. (Stonedahl) (OSU).

Campyloneura belongs to the tribe Dicyphini of the Bryocorinae (Schuh, 1976).

The genus may be recognized as a member of the subtribe Dicyphina by the

following characters: (1) setiform parempodia, (2) anterior pronotal margin in the

form of a well developed, rounded collar, (3) pseudopulvilli present, (4) parallel¬

sided tarsi and (5) two cells in the membrane of the forewing.

This genus runs to couplet 160 ( Cyrtopeltis ) in Slater and Baranowski (1978).

The eyes are contiguous with the anterior margin of the pronotum in Campylo¬

neura, while the eyes are removed from the anterior margin by a distance equal

to or greater than the thickness of the second antennal segment in Cyrtopeltis

Reuter, Dicyphus Fieber and Macrolophus Fieber. Other distinctive features of

C. virgula include a bright yellow cuneus with a red apex and a large brown spot

on either side of the ninth abdominal segment. The accompanying figure shows

the habitus of the species. The nymphs are yellow with the wing pads and sides

of the pronotum red, while the antennae are banded with red.

In June 1980, nymphs, and later adults of C. virgula were abundant on a

deciduous species of rhododendron heavily infested with the aphid Illinoia ( Ma -

sonaphis) lambersi (MacGillivary) (determined by D. Hille Ris Lambers, June

1980). As indicated in the information on specimens examined, this mirid occurs

on a variety of trees and shrubs. Where observed, it appears to be a common

associate of a variety of species of Aphidae. On filbert this species is part of a

rather substantial complex of predatory Miridae (5 spp.) and Anthocoridae (3

spp.).

Campyloneura virgula is a useful addition to our western mirid fauna. Its pre¬

dacious habits, its occurrence on a variety of economically important plants, and

its reproduction via parthenogenesis all are beneficial attributes. Since so many

of our introduced species of Hemiptera occur on both coasts, it seems likely that

C. virgula will be collected on the east coast as well. Other introduced species of

predacious Miridae known to occur in the Pacific Northwest include: Blephari-

dopterus angulatus (Fallen), Campylomma verbasci (Meyer), Heterotoma meriop-

terum (Scopoli), and Phytocoris tiliae (Linn.). A species of Hyaliodes occurs in

western Oregon and may represent an introduction from eastern North America.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figure 1. Adult female Campyloneura virgula (Herrick-Schaeffer).

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

Based upon collection records most of the introductions into the Pacific North¬

west appear to be relatively recent. As the landscape becomes more disturbed,

the likelihood of successful colonization by selected species from other regions

seems to increase. Thus, we may look forward to additional adventitious species

being found here.

Acknowledgments

Our thanks to Bonnie B. Hall for the fine illustration of the adult, to the General

Research Fund, Oregon State University, for the funds for the illustration, to Dr.

Richard C. Froeschner of the Smithsonian Institution for assistance in examining

specimens under his care, to Dr. S. LefRer, Seattle, Washington, for the opportunity

of examining specimens in his collection, and to Dr. D. Hille Ris Lambers,

Bennekom, The Netherlands, for the identification of Aphidae.

Literature Cited

Downes, W. 1957. Notes on some Hemiptera which have been introduced into British Columbia.

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia, 54:11-13.

Henry, Thomas J., and A. G. Wheeler, Jr. 1979. Palearctic Miridae in North America: Records of

newly discovered and little-known species (Hemiptera:Heteroptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.,

81(2):257-268.

Ryckman, Raymond E. 1979. Host reactions to bug bites (Hemiptera, Homoptera): A literature

review and annotated bibliography. Parts I and II. California Vector Views, 26:1-49.

Schuh, R. T. 1976. Pretarsal structure in the Miridae (Hemiptera) with a cladistic analysis of rela¬

tionships within the family. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Novitates, No. 2601:1-39.

Scudder, G. G. E. 1960. Dictyonota fuliginosa Costa (Hemiptera:Tingidae) in the Nearctic. Proc.

Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia, 57:22.

Slater, J. A., and R. M. Baranowski. 1978. How to know the true bugs. W. C. Brown Co., Dubuque,

Iowa, 256 pp.

Southwood, T. R. E., and D. Leston. 1959. Land and water bugs of the British Isles. Frederick Warne

and Co., Ltd., London, 436 pp.

Wagner, E., and H. H. Weber. 1964. Faune de France. No. 67. Heteropteres Miridae. Paris, 589 pp.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

60(1), 1984, pp. 8-11

Published 27 January 1984

A New Species of Dendrocoris Bergroth from Mexico

(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Donald B. Thomas, Jr.

Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

The genus Dendrocoris Bergroth was most recently revised by Nelson (1955).

That revision provided keys, descriptions, and figures of the male genitalia for

the eight known species. A review of the literature and a discussion of the biology

of the species was also included. In a subsequent article (Nelson, 1957), a ninth

species was added.

Rolston (1978) discussed the position of Dendrocoris in relation to some other

pentatomine genera and provided a key for its separation. Dendrocoris is related

to Odmalea Bergroth, Brepholoxa Van Duzee, and Thoreyella Spinola. From

these, Dendrocoris is distinguished by the combination of an elongated ostiolar

canal and obtuse femoral apices.

A new species is described here based on two specimens from Jalisco, Mexico.

It is readily distinguished from all other species of Dendrocoris by the presence

of spots on the legs. The description below follows Nelson’s format except that

the terminology for the genitalic structures follows McDonald (1966). All mea¬

surements are from the holotype male.

Dendrocoris maculosus. New Species

(Figs. 1-5)

Appearing dull gray in dorsal view, with alternate connexivum. Distinctive

features: legs maculate; spiracles ringed with black. Related to D. variegatus Nel¬

son.

Color. — Pale ochraceous dorsally; yellowish tan ventrally. Posterolateral angles

of abdominal sternites with broad, black blotch. Spiracles ringed with black. Legs

pale yellow except tarsi and apical sixth of tibiae orange; femora and tibiae densely

black maculate. Antennae orange. Eyes reddish-brown; ocelli clear, transparent;

an irregular, short, black, supra-antenniferal vitta present beginning at anterior

margin of each eye. Each connexival segment with broad, posterior, marginal,

black stripe and an anterior, submarginal stripe; stripes connected along mesial

border by narrow, irregular band of black punctures. Hemelytral membrane in-

fuscated, translucent, veins reticulate.

Punctations dense dorsally; black, except those on discs of coria and pronotum

which are dark brown. Ventral punctures concolorous with surface except for row

of 6-7 black punctures near lateral margin of each propleura and short coalescent

series near lateral margin of each metapleura.

Structure.— Length 7.4, width 4.5 mm; widest point of abdomen and humeral

width subequal. Head flat dorsally; vertex and posterior half of tylus weakly tumid.

Sides of jugae edentate, parallel for short distance before apex; apices overlapping

tylus and contiguous anteriorly. Length of head 1.2, width 1.2 mm. Antennifers

prominent and distinctly visible from above. Antennal segments III, IV, and V

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

with short, dense pilosity; I and II glabrous; segmental ratios 10:11:24:22:24.

Rostrum in repose just attaining metacoxae; bucculae longer than first rostral

segment, lobed posteriorly.

Pronotum broad, flat, somewhat explanate laterally; humeri prominent but not

as produced as in D. humeralis (Uhler); anterolateral margins irregularly subrec-

tilinear in dorsal view. Thoracic width 4.5, mesial length 1.6 mm. Hemelytral

coria reach to middle of connexival segment VI.

Abdominal tubercle vestigial in male.

Male genitalia .—Pygophore similar in structure to D. variegatus. Posterolateral

Figures 2-5. D. maculosus genitalia. 2. Left paramere, ental aspect. 3. Aedeagus, ventral view. 4.

Pygophore, caudal view. 5. Female terminalia, ventral view.

“hypopygial” plates fused with sides of pygophore; ventral margin deeply, rect¬

angularly emarginate mesially; nadir of emargination with pair of rounded cusps

either side of median; pygophoral rim either side of mesial emargination with

black, spinose, laterally directed tooth. Posteroventral face with pair of black,

triangular teeth either side of middle near end of carinae contiguous with margins

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

of mesial emargination; a shallow concavity subtending emargination; weak carina

connecting triangular teeth, below this another shallow concavity subtended by

a darkened tumescence (Fig. 4).

Parameres terete basally; abruptly flattened and flared apically; very apex ta¬

pering to digitiform process (Fig. 2). A finely shagreened, irregular tumescence

located anterolaterad of each paramere; tumescence stalked and its basal ligaments

attached to base of paramere. Aedeagus simple in structure; theca with prominent,

subapical, mesial tubercle dorsally; penisfilum elongate, strongly sinuately curved;

slightly flared apically (Fig. 3). Proctiger broad, inornate.

Female genitalia. — First gonocoxites small, widely separated. Triangulum

broadly, sinuately emarginate. Fused second gonocoxites shallowly transversely

strigose. Eighth paratergite with large marginal blotch either side of each ninth

paratergite (Fig. 5).

Holotype.—S ; labeled: mtns. N. Ajijic, Jalisco, Mexico. 5200-7600' 9 July 1964.

W. L. Nutting and sons. Deposited U.S. National Museum.

Allotype. — Labeled as holotype. Deposited U.S. National Museum.

Comments.— As in some other species of Dendrocoris, D. maculosus exhibits

a characteristic pattern of sexual dimorphism. The mesial abdominal tubercle is

well developed in the female, vestigial in the male. The second antennal segment

is proportionately longer in the female. The female is slightly larger.

D. maculosus has a pair of teeth on the posterior face of the pygophore, a

character shared with D. variegatus and D. reticulatus Barber. It also has the

hypopygial plates (the posterior visible portion of the pygophore) fused with the

sides of the pygophore as in D. variegatus to which the new species is obviously

related. D. maculosus differs from this latter species in having the head edentate,

the connexivum alternated, the spiracles ringed with black and the legs maculated.

Key to the Mexican Species of Dendrocoris

1. Femora and tibiae maculate (Jalisco) . maculosus, n. sp.

Femora and tibiae immaculate . 2

2. Dorsum ochraceous with anterior pronotum contrastingly dark brown (So¬

nora, Coahuila, Baja) . contaminatus Uhler

Anterior pronotum concolorous with dorsum . 3

3. Spiracles ringed with black (Chiapas, Morelos, Zacatecas, Guerrero) ....

. suffultus (Distant)

Spiracles pale (Oaxaca, Mexico, Guerrero, Chiapas, Sinaloa, Michoacan,

San Luis Potosi) . variegatus Nelson

Literature Cited

McDonald, F. J. D. 1966. The genitalia of North American Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera:Heteroptera).

Quaest. Entomol., 2:7-150.

Nelson, G. H. 1955. A revision of the genus Dendrocoris and it’s generic relationships. Proc. Entomol.

Soc. Wash., 57(2):49-67.

-. 1957. A new species of Dendrocoris and a new combination of Atizies (Hemiptera, Penta-

tomidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 59(4): 197-199.

Rolston, L. H. 1978. A revision of the genus Odmalea Bergroth (Hemiptera:Pentatomidae). N.Y.

Entomol. Soc., 86(l):20-36.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

60(1), 1984, pp. 12-15

Published 27 January 1984

Gastrodynerus, a New Genus of Eumenidae from Western

North America (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae)

Richard M. Bohart

Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616.

The inclusion of “ Stenodynerus” vanduzeei in that genus has never been sat¬

isfactory because the faint dimples on the polished front face of the pronotum

are unlike the pair of pits so characteristic of Stenodynerus. Likewise, an assign¬

ment to Cephalodynerus is ruled out by the asulcate sternum II and unmarked

ocular emargination of vanduzeei. With the Ending of two additional species from

Mexico it now seems appropriate to establish a new genus.

Abbreviations used throughout the paper are T-I, T-II etc. for terga and S-I,

S-II etc. for sterna. Types of the new species are in the University of California

at Davis Entomology Museum (UCD).

Gastrodynerus Bohart, New Genus

(Gr.: gaster + Odynerus)

Generotype.— Stenodynerus vanduzeei Bohart, 1948.

Diagnosis. — Medium sized, 5-8 mm long, palpi 6-4, mandibles evenly 5-den-

tate in female, 5-dentate in male with subbasal one a little prominent, F-I 1.5-

2.0 times as long as broad, male antennal hook small and slender, clypeus apically

incised, vertex with strong tubercles or at least faint traces, female vertex pits

indistinct between postocellar tubercles or in a weak median postocellar depres¬

sion. Pronotum with a hardly visible pair of dimples on polished front face,

transverse carina weak and effaced toward middle, length of pronotal dorsum at

middle less than antennal socket diameter, no pretegular sulcus and following

carina, humeral angles moderate; notauli and parapsidal furrows weakly impressed

in posterior half, parategula slender and incurved, scutellum conspicuously flat¬

tened, metanotum flattened and not raised above level of scutellum, tegula slender

and with outer edge evenly curved to posterior point, omaulus undeveloped,

stemaulus absent, submarginal cell II narrowly truncate anteriorly, submarginal

III longer posteriorly than anteriorly, prestigmal radial stem short (Fig. 8), male

midleg relatively unmodified; propodeum without superior teeth or ridges, no

lateral tooth or carina, a sharp uptilted membranous projection laterally below,

valves connected but deeply incised (Fig. 1), median sulcus deep and sharp. T-I

moderately rounded at summit, about as long as broad, with a slightly raised and

smooth apical border; T-II sharply rounded (bent) in profile at basal fourth to

fifth (Fig. 1), apical margin convex and slightly to strongly reflexed, T-II basally

with a series of pits or ridges; S-II without a median sulcus, basal third nearly flat

and rather sharply bent out in profile (Fig. 1); S-III with massive punctures in

middle third (Fig. 9); genitalia relatively simple (Figs. 4, 5).

Discussion. — The combination of polished front pronotal surface, pitted base

of T-II, and asulcate as well as bent S-II distinguish Gastrodynerus from such

related genera as Stenodynerus and Cephalodynerus. The former has distinct

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

pronotal pits, and the latter has S-II with a median sulcus toward the base, and

teeth or carinae on the propodeum above. Further, Gastrodynerus differs in having

three lower propodeal projections (inferior membranous tooth and two valves)

instead of two (valves only). The genus is also rather unusual in having the ocular

emarginations dark. Three species are known, vanduzeei and two new ones de¬

scribed below.

Key to Species of Gastrodynerus

1. T-II hardly reflexed at apex (Fig. 1) hind margin of pronotum yellow at

least posteriorly (Fig. 6), T-I coarsely punctate and with a shallow groove

across summit (Fig. 1) vertex with only traces of polished tubercles (Fig.

6) . searsi Bohart

T-II reflexed at apex about 2-3 times median ocellus diameter, margin of

pronotum dark (Fig. 7), T-I rather evenly and moderately punctate across

summit, vertex various . 2

2. Vertex with large round polished postocellar tubercles (Fig. 7), interocellar

tubercles present, upper mesopleural spot well developed, usually a free

spot on T-II . vanduzeei (Bohart)

Vertex with insignificant or small and oblique tubercles, interocellar tu¬

bercles absent, upper mesopleural spot absent or rarely present and small,

no free spot on T-II . stangei Bohart

Gastrodynerus searsi Bohart, New Species

(Figs. 1-6)

Male holotype.— Length 6.5 mm, forewing 5.5 mm. Black with pale yellow as

follows: clypeus, inside of scape, interantennal dot, postocular dot, narrow and

irregular humeral margin, hind margin of pronotum narrowly in posterior two

thirds (Fig. 6), metanotal band, propodeum toward abdominal insertion, apical

dot on midfemur, T-I laterally and posteriorly, T-II posterior band, T-III-VII

banded, S-I mostly, S-II-V narrowly across apex; reddish yellow are: flagellomeres

inside but not including hook, legs partly; wings smoky, stigma brown. Pubescence

inconspicuous. Punctures of frons, vertex, and notum moderately coarse and close,

clypeus nearly impunctate, punctures of T-I coarse and close, those of T-II fine

to medium and mostly 2-3 puncture diameters apart, those of S-I coarse and

close, of S-II medium and well spaced. Face as in Figure 2, antennal apex Figure

3. traces of postocular and postocellar polished welts, T-I a little longer than

broad, and with a slight depression across summit, T-II as long as broad and

faintly reflexed apically (Fig. 1), genitalia relatively simple (Figs. 4, 5).

Female.— Length 7 mm, forewing 6 mm. Clypeus with lateral and subapical

dots, sometimes a tiny mesopleural dot, midfemur dark.

Holotype male. — Santo Nino, Chihuahua, Mexico, September 1, 1968 (T. A.

Sears, R. C. Gardner, C. S. Glaser, UCD). Paratypes, 19 males, 3 females, same

data as holotype, 4 females, 4-6 mi nw. Choix, Sinaloa, Mexico, August 6-

September 5, 1968 (T. A. Sears, R. C. Gardner, C. S. Glaser, UCD).

Discussion. — The weakly developed vertex tubercles, yellow hind pronotal mar¬

gin, absence of a free spot on T-II, somewhat flattened as well as coarsely punctate

T-I, and practically no apical reflex on T-II distinguish the species. It is named

for Terry Sears who collected a great many Mexican eumenids in 1968.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figure 7. Gastrodynerus vanduzeei, male head and prothorax, dorsal. Figures 8, 9. Gastrodynerus

stangei. 8. Forewing apex. 9. Male sternum III.

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

Gastrodynerus stangei Bohart, New Species

(Figs. 8, 9)

Male holotype. —Length 7 mm, forewing 6 mm. Markings as given above for

searsi except: clypeus with median dark spot, pronotum narrowly banded in front

only, tegula with two dots, yellow streaks on tibiae, forewing stigma orange (not

brown), S-I half dark, S-III banded, other segments with faint apical bands. Punc¬

tures of frons, vertex and notum medium and close, clypeus nearly impunctate,

punctures of T-I medium and somewhat spaced across summit, those of T-II

medium and 1-2 puncture diameters apart except coarse and close before apical

reflex. Face and antennal apex much as in Figures 2, 3, postocellar polished

tubercles weak and punctate, no interocellar tubercles, T-I longer than broad,

more strongly convex than Figure 1, T-II as long as broad and with an apical

reflex of 2 MOD, genitalia about as in Figures 4, 5.

Female. — Length 8.5 mm, forewing 7.5 mm. About as in male, no markings

on abdominal segments after II.

Holotype male.— Three mi n. Petlalcingo, Puebla, Mexico, August 3, 1963 (F.

D. Parker, L. A. Stange, UCD). Paratypes, 6 males, same data as holotype, 1

male, Zimapan, Hidalgo, Mexico, June 11, 1951 (H. E. Evans, Cornell), 1 female,

Chapala, Jalisco, Mexico, July 6, 1952 (A. E. Michelbacher, UCB on loan to CAS).

Discussion.— As indicated in the key, stangei is most similar to vanduzeei. The

absence of a free spot on T-II distinguishes stangei from vanduzeei in southwestern

U.S. but not from all Mexican specimens. However, the weak postocellar tubercles

and absence of interocellar ones in stangei are adequate for separation. Another,

more subtle, distinction is the less strongly rounded T-I in side view. In this

respect stangei is halfway between vanduzeei and searsi. The species is named for

my friend, the well known Neuropterist and Hymenopterist, Lionel Stange.

Gastrodynerus vanduzeei (Bohart)

(Fig. 7)

Stenodynerus vanduzeei Bohart, 1948, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4)24:327.

Holotype male, Baboquivari Mts., Arizona (CAS).

Male.— About as described above for searsi except: length 8.0 mm, forewing

6.5 mm, a broad pale yellow band across pronotum anteriorly, tegula yellow with

a central reddish dot, parategula and a mesopleural spot yellow, legs more exten¬

sively yellow, forewing stigma orange, an attached lateral spot on T-I and usually

a free spot on T-II, S-I dark, abdomen dark beyond second segment, punctures

of T-I medium coarse and about a puncture diameter apart across evenly rounded

summit, postocellar polished tubercles large and round (Fig. 7), postocular ones

smaller, T-I and T-II about as long as broad, T-II with an apical reflex of 2-3

times median ocellus diameters, male genitalia about as in Figures 4, 5.

Female. — Length 9.0 mm, forewing 7.5 mm. About as in male.

Distribution.— Mostly mountainous areas in S Arizona, S New Mexico, W Tex¬

as, Baja California, Sonora, Nuevo Leon, Sinaloa, and Zacatecas.

Discussion. — The main structural features were illustrated by Bohart in Figures

9-12 of the original description. This is the only known Gastrodynerus in the

U.S., where its slender form, pronounced postocellar polished knobs, interocellar

swellings, asulcate and bent S-II, dark ocular emarginations, and polished pronotal

front margin make it easy to recognize. Most Mexican specimens lack the free

lateral spot on T-II but are quite similar otherwise.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

60(1), 1984, pp. 16-19

Published 27 January 1984

Is Drosophila pseudoobscura a Garbage Species?

Jerry A. Coyne, Ian A. Boussy, and Stephen Bryant

(JAC, IAB) Department of Genetics, The University of California at Davis,

Davis, California 95616; (SHB) Department of Biological Sciences, Western Il¬

linois University, Macomb, Illinois 61455. Present address: (JAC) Department

of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742.

An enormous amount is known about the genetics of natural populations of

Drosophila pseudoobscura and its sibling species D. persimilis. Spatial and tem¬

poral patterns of the frequencies of allozymes, lethal genes, and third-chromosome

inversions have been studied in detail by Dobzhansky, his students, and colleagues

(Dobzhansky and Epling, 1944; Dobzhansky, 1970; Lewontin, 1974; Anderson

et al., 1975). In many instances, however, the interpretation of these patterns has

been hampered by our ignorance of the ecology of these flies. Very little is known

about where these species live, feed, and breed in nature. We report here findings

which suggest that they are at least partial human commensals and can be fre¬

quently found breeding in agricultural refuse.

There are only a few reports of immature stages of D. pseudoobscura and D.

persimilis in nature. Carson and his colleagues (1951, 1956) discovered a large

number of larvae and pupae in slime fluxes of the California black oak ( Quercus

kelloggii ) and one larva in a flux on white fir {Abies concolor) in the Sierra Nevada.

Additional larvae were found in black oak fluxes in the San Jacinto mountains

of California (Carson, 1978). Dobzhanksy and Epling (1944) describe two addi¬

tional slime flux breeding sites: one on the introduced deodar cedar {Cedrus

deodara) in Beverly Hills, California, and the other on an injured California

grapevine ( Vitis californica) in Sonoma, California. However, Carson (1978) re¬

ported that adult D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis could be found in areas with

no apparent slime fluxes. This suggests that the fluxes may not be the major

breeding site—or even an important one.

Implicit in many studies, and in much written about these species, is the as¬

sumption that they breed only in natural substrates and are not associated with

human activity. However, there has been sporadic evidence that they may be

partial human commensals. Noting that D. pseudoobscura could be collected

around human habitation, Dobzhansky (1965) and Carson (1965) suggested that

the species had the potential to become a domestic colonizer. In addition, H.

Ikeda and H. Carson found young D. pseudoobscura adults in an isolated garbage

can in Malibu, California, although the flies were not observed hatching directly

from the garbage (Carson, 1971). Finally, Spencer (1944) reared 10 D. pseudoob¬

scura from 27,805 Drosophila pupae collected in a citrus dump near Azusa,

California. Despite these observations, the conventional wisdom appears to be

that these species are largely confined to natural habitats.

The possibility of human association and transport is nevertheless worth con¬

sidering since it may help explain certain genetical phenomena, especially the

synchronous rise and fall of inversion frequencies in many populations (Anderson

Table 1. Drosophila flies reared from agricultural refuse.

Location

Date collected

Substrate

Obscura group

flies reared

Obscura group

flies identified

Other species reared 1

Riverside, CA

Biocontrol citrus grove

May 1970

oranges

325

me, si, im, re

grapefruit

503

me, si, im, re

March 31, 1971

grapefruit

4781

me, si, im

April 4, 1981

oranges

me, si, im, re, bu

April 5, 1982

oranges

305

me, si, im

Mill Valley, CA

Residence

Sept. 14, 1979

compost

1 pe, 6 az

me, si

Winters, CA

Fruit orchard

Nov. 1, 1979

pomegranates

1 pe

me, si

June 15, 1980

peaches

122

39 ps

me, si, im, re

cherries

26 ps

me, si, im, re

March-May 1982

oranges

139

52 ps

me, si, im

grapefruit

602

22 ps, 1 pe

me, si, im, re

tangerines

5 ps

lemons

246

75 ps

me, si, im, re

July 29, 1982

figs

33 ps

me, si

Camino, CA

Fruit orchard

Nov. 4, 1979

pears

47 ps

me, si, im

prunes

43 ps

me, si, im

apples

29 ps

me, si

Fruit warehouse

Jan.-Feb. 1980

apples

16 ps

—

Pompano State Beach, CA

Garbage can

March 8, 1980

orange peel

275

76 ps, 6 pe

—

Furnace Creek Ranch,

Death Valley, CA

Date grove

March 30, 1980

dates

2 ps

me, si

Jan. 17, 1981

dates

6 ps

me, si

April 2, 1982

dates

18 ps

me, re

1 Key to species of Drosophila : az,

azteca; bu, busckii\ im,

immigrant me, melanogaster,

pe, persimilis ; ps, pseudoobscura ; re,

species of the repleta group

(probably D. hydei ); si, simulans.

2 Probably both D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis (both species present in the grove).

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

et al., 1975), the homogeneity of allozyme frequencies among populations (Le-

wontin, 1974), the reappearance of flies in desert oases following supposed summer

extinction (Jones et al., 1981), and the recent appearance of Drosophila pseu-

doobscura in New Zealand (Parsons and Stanley, 1982). Turner and Jeffrey (1980,

p. 777) find human transport an objectionable explanation since “it can be used

to explain almost any changes in chromosome arrangement patterns observed,”

but we do not think facts should be ignored because they suggest untestable

hypotheses.

Table 1 shows our breeding records of D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis from

fruit and garbage. Rotting fruit or compost was collected from the ground in areas

where these species come to banana traps. The citrus fruit from the 1970 and

1971 collections in Riverside, California was artificially injured and placed on

the ground in a citrus orchard harboring fly populations. All material was brought

back to the laboratory and placed in jars or rearing cages containing damp sand.

Eclosing flies were counted, and samples of obscura group Drosophila flies were

identified by electrophoresis or karyotyping of larvae from females mated to

laboratory stocks (Anderson et al., 1977).

These records substantially increase the known breeding substrates of these

species, and show that they can indeed be reared from a variety of human¬

generated substrates from different localities. The association of these species with

agriculture appears to be a widespread and not merely a casual phenomenon. In

addition, D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis are often reared out with the other

well-known “garbage” species D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. immigrans, D.

busckii, and D. hydei. These species are among those drosophilids most easily

reared in the laboratory, probably because of their polyphagy in nature. The rearing

of D. azteca from compost appears to be the first breeding record of this species.

It is worth noting that a large number of flies can sometimes be bred from a

small amount of material: the piece of orange peel from Pompano State Beach

which produced 275 D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis measured only 7 x

10 cm.

Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis thus appear to be facultative gar¬

bage species, partially associated with human activity. This association may play

some role in the genetic patterns described above, since agricultural cultivation

is widespread in the western United States. The remarkable appearance of D.

pseudoobscura in New Zealand could, for example, be the result of the importation

of citrus from the United States.

We should emphasize that we do not believe that all individuals of D. pseu¬

doobscura and D. persimilis derive from human refuse. They can often be collected

in areas far removed from human settlement, though not in the profusion found

in orchards. There may be some natural breeding sites besides slime fluxes, which

remain unknown despite the intensive work of Carson and his colleagues and our

own futile efforts to rear D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis from “natural”

substrates (leaf litter, fungi, berries, animal feces, etc.). Further work must dem¬

onstrate what proportion of flies in the field originate from “domestic” versus

“natural” breeding sites.

Acknowledgments

We thank Timothy Prout, Phil Ward, and Hampton Carson for comments on

the manuscript. We are also grateful to Dr. Carson for permission to cite his

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

unpublished manuscript, to John Moore for the 1981 rearing record from Death

Valley, and to Lorraine Barr for doing the electrophoresis. This work was sup¬

ported by an NIH postdoctoral fellowship to JAC and NIH grant GM 22221 to

the UC Davis Department of Genetics.

Literature Cited

Anderson, W. W., F. J. Ayala, and R. E. Michod. 1977. Chromosomal and allozymic diagnosis of

three species of Drosophila. J. Heredity, 68:71-74.

-, Th. Dobzhansky, O. Pavlovsky, J. Powell, and D. Yardley. 1975. Genetics of natural pop¬

ulations. XLII. Three decades of genetic change in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Evolution, 29:

24-36.

Carson, H. L. 1951. Breeding sites of Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila persimilis in the

transition zone of the Sierra Nevada. Evolution, 5:91-96.

-. 1965. Chromosomal morphism in geographically widespread species of Drosophila. Pp.

503-531 in H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins (eds.), The genetics of colonizing species. Academic

Press, New York.

-. 1971. The ecology of Drosophila breeding sites. Univ. Hawaii Arboretum Lecture #2, pp.

1-27.

-. 1978. Some thoughts on population structure in the obscura group of Drosophila. Unpub¬

lished ms.

—--E. P. Knapp, and H. J. Phaff. 1956. Studies on the ecology of Drosophila in the Yosemite

region of California. II. The yeast flora of some species of Drosophila. Ecology, 57:538-544.

Dobzhansky, Th. 1965. “Wild” and “domestic” species of Drosophila. Pp. 533-562 in H. G. Baker

and G. L. Stebbins (eds.), The genetics of colonizing species. Academic Press, , New York.

-. 1970. Genetics of the evolutionary process. Columbia University Press, New York.

-, and C. Epling. 1944. Contributions to the genetics, taxonomy, and ecology of Drosophila

pseudoobscura and its relatives. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. 554, Washington, D.C.

Jones, J. S., S. H. Bryant, R. C. Lewontin, J. A. Moore, and T. Prout. 1981. Gene flow and the

geographical distribution of a molecular polymorphism in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Amer.

Nat., 98:157-178.

Lewontin, R. C. 1974. The genetic basis of evolutionary change. Columbia University Press, New

York.

Parsons, P. A., and S. M. Stanley. 1982. Special ecological studies—Domesticated and widespread

species. In M. Ashburner, H. Carson, and J. N. Thompson (eds.), The genetics and biology of

Drosophila. Volume 3a. Academic Press, New York.

Spencer, W. P. 1944. Iso-alleles of the bobbed locus in Drosophila hydei populations. Genetics, 29:

520-536.

Turner, M. E., and D. E. Jeffry. 1980. Drosophila pseudoobscura of the Great Basin. II. Third

chromosome arrangements of selected northern Utah populations. Amer. Nat., 115:771-779.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

60(1), 1984, pp. 20-22

Published 27 January 1984

Further Data on Mucrochernes hirsutus (Banks)

(Pseudoscorpionida, Chernetidae)

William B. Muchmore

Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627.

Mucrochernes hirsutus was redescribed and placed in the new genus Mucrocher¬

nes on the basis of a single individual, the holotype female of Atemnus hirsutus

Banks, which was “found 10 ft. from ocean. No trees near.” at Laguna Beach,

Orange County, California (Muchmore, 1973). More recently I have received

from Kenneth W. Cooper, University of California, Riverside, additional material

which sheds more light on the nature of this very interesting species.

Mucrochernes hirsutus (Banks)

(Figs. 1-5)

Material.— Three males and 3 females “from between splits in intertidal rocks,”

at San Pedro, Los Angeles County, California, 14 October 1975, K. W. and R.

Cooper. Two males and 2 females have been mounted on slides and studied in

detail.

Supplemental description.— The males are generally similar to the females ex¬

cept for genital features and slightly deeper palpal chelal hands in some males

(Figs. 1-3). There is considerable variation in size and proportions in both sexes

and usually the larger specimens are the more robust.

As in the holotype, all setae long, thin, and completely simple or with a single

lateral spinule. Carapace with about 200 setae. Abdominal tergal chaetotaxy of

largest male 25:29:32:43:48:53:57:53:57:57:T43T:2. Sternal chaetotaxy of same

57:(2)[4-3]/42(3):(3)28(3):47:61:59:56:50:47:T39T:2; anterior genital operculum

with 10 long setae flanked by 47 shorter ones; posterior operculum with two

groups of very small setae, [4-3], at middle of anterior margin and 42 setae

scattered over face and along posterior margin. Internal genitalia of male rather

compact, but with no outstanding features. Spermathecae of female as shown in

Figure 4, somewhat longer and more convoluted than was noticed in the holotype.

Though not mentioned earlier, the anterior tracheal trunks are greatly expanded

anteriorly (Fig. 5). Cheliceral galea variously branched in different specimens, but

seems equally developed in males and females. Palps of the newly collected females

essentially like those of holotype (Muchmore, 1973: Figs. 4, 5); it appears, there¬

fore, that distortion of the holotype was not serious. For the 4 mounted specimens

(males and females), palpal femur 2.95-3.1, tibia 2.6-2.9, and chela 3.1-3.2 times

as long as broad; hand 1.1-1.35 times as long as deep; movable finger 1.15-1.25

times as long as hand. Chelal fingers with 50-60 marginal teeth and 4-8 internal

and external accessory teeth. Leg IV with entire femur 4.0-4.3 and tibia 4.7-5.5

times as long as deep.

Measurements (mm). — Body length 2.75-3.65. Carapace length 0.89-1.10. Che-

licera length 0.32-0.41. Palpal femur 0.77-1.04 by 0.25-0.34; tibia 0.755-1.00

by 0.28-0.36; chela (without pedicel) 1.42-1.89 by 0.45-?; hand (without pedicel)

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

Figures 1-5. Mucrochernes hirsutus (Banks). 1. Right palp of largest male, dorsal view. 2. Left

chela of largest male, lateral view. 3. Left chela of smallest male, lateral view. 4. Spermathecae of

female. 5. Spiracle and anterior tracheal trunk.

0.66-0.86 by 0.49-0.78; pedicel about 0.12 long; movable finger 0.77-1.0 long.

Leg IV: entire femur 0.67-0.92 by 0.17-0.215; tibia 0.53-0.74 by 0.11-0.135.

Remarks. — This species is apparently well adapted for life on the seashore,

where it may be periodically covered by water: 1) The general hairiness probably

serves to keep the surface of the animal dry by trapping air between the bases of

the setae. A similar, but not so great, increase in numbers of setae is seen in

Pachyolpium atlanticum Mahnert and Schuster (1981), a species which inhabits

the tidal zone in Bermuda. 2) The expanded anterior tracheal trunks appear

admirably suited to hold air during the time the pseudoscorpion is covered by

water. No other instance is known of this phenomenon. 3) The galea is very well

developed in both male and female, suggesting that both sexes of the adults spin

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

silken cocoons, possibly to protect them from the tides. A similar situation was

noted with respect to the littoral Epactiochernes tumidus (Banks) in southeastern

United States (Muchmore, 1974). 4) The genera Corosoma Karsch and Dasy-

chernes Chamberlin are also characterized by having very large numbers of ves-

titural setae (cf. Mahnert, 1982). These two genera are, however, apparently mod¬

ified for quite a different function from Mucrochernes, namely for protection (?)

in the hives of meliponine bees. Also, in these forms, while the vestitural setae

are long and thin, many are finely denticulate toward the tips (Mahnert, and

personal observation).

Acknowledgments

I am much indebted to Kenneth Cooper for sending me the specimens and to

C. H. Alteri for drawing the figures.

Literature Cited

Banks, N. 1914. A new pseudoscorpion from California. J. Entomol. Zool., Pomona Coll., 6:203.

Mahnert, V. 1982. The pseudoscorpion genus Corosoma Karsch, 1879, with remarks on Dasychernes

Chamberlin, 1929 (Pseudoscorpiones: Chemetidae). J. Arachnol., 10:11-14.

-, and R. Schuster. 1981. Pachyolpium atlanticum n. sp., ein Pseudoskorpion aus der Gezei-

tenzone der Bermudas—Morphologie und Okologie (Pseudoscorpiones: Olpiidae). Rev. Suisse

Zool., 88:265-273.

Muchmore, W. B. 1973. A new genus of pseudoscorpions based upon Atemnus hirsutus (Pseudo-

scorpionida, Chemetidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol., 49:43-48.

-. 1974. Pseudoscorpions from Florida. 3. Epactiochernes, a new genus based upon Chelanops

tumidus Banks (Chemetidae). Florida Entomol., 57:397-407.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

60(1), 1984, pp. 23-29

Published 27 January 1984

World Synopsis of the Riffle Beetle Genus Leptelmis

Sharp, 1888, with a Key to Asiatic Species and

Description of a New Species from India

(Coleoptera, Dryopoidea, Elmidae)

Harley P. Brown and M. P. Thobias

(HPB) Department of Zoology (and Stovall Museum of Science and History),

University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019; (MPT) St. Thomas’ College

(University of Calicut), Trichur, Kerala 680 001, India.

Abstract.— The genus Leptelmis is close to Stenelmis, but more similar to Ste-

thelmis. Citations for each known species of Leptelmis (15 Asiatic, 8 African)

include reported distribution, all known illustrations, and location of holotype.

A key to Asiatic species is based primarily upon the literature. Leptelmis philom-

ina, n. sp. from the Western Ghats of southern India is described and figured

(habitus, aedeagus).

Sharp (1888) created the genus Leptelmis upon the basis of one mutilated

specimen from Tokyo, Japan. He wrote: “This insect, though allied to Stenelmis,

cannot be placed in that genus; it differs in several respects, more especially in

the great separation of the hind legs and the very dependent front of the proster¬

num. The form is different from that of Stenelmis, and the sculpture is not similar

to that of any other Elmid known; the eyes, too, are much smaller than in Ste¬

nelmis, and the terminal joint of the maxillary palpus more slender.” Sharp did

not mention that a major feature linking Leptelmis to Stenelmis was the lack of

a fringe of hairy tomentum on the inner margin of the anterior tibia, a character

that separates Stenelmis from virtually all other elmine riffle beetles. More sur¬

prising is the fact that he did not mention the most conspicuous feature separating

Leptelmis from Stenelmis : the anterior portion of the pronotum is set off from

the rest of the pronotum by a broad transverse impression, giving an appearance

reminiscent of a turtleneck sweater—in fact, the anterior portion of the pronotum

often appears at first glance to be part of the head (Fig. 1). Furthermore, the

pronotum lacks the median longitudinal impression so characteristic of Stenelmis,

the legs are quite long, and the tarsal claws are large and with basal teeth. All of

these latter characters not mentioned by Sharp are shared by Stethelmis (Hinton,

1945), which occurs in Chile and Argentina. The general aspect of Leptelmis is

also reminiscent of Ancyronyx in North America (see Brown, 1976 for illustration),

of Hintonelmis in South America (Spangler, 1966; Hinton, 1971), and of Ony-

chelmis in Central and South America (Hinton, 1941).

Bollow (1941) added to the characterization of the genus that the tarsi are 4-

segmented, but he had apparently seen specimens only of L.flavicollis. His Figure

2 shows this feature; however, it is not characteristic of the genus. Most, if not

all, other species have the usual 5 tarsal segments. In contrast with Sharp, Bollow

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

characterized the eyes as larger than those of Stenelmis. Actually, the eyes vary

considerably in size, depending upon the species.

Nothing is known about the immature stages of Leptelmis, and very little about

the habitat, habits, or behavior of the adults. The little that has been published

is entirely from Deleve (1966). Most specimens are presumably from streams,

but even this is seldom stated in the literature. The holotype of L. fragilis was

found on vegetation in a flowing stream. From the morphology of Leptelmis, this

is the habitat we would expect, especially in view of the nature of the legs and

tarsi. Other elmids with similar structure, such as Ancyronyx and Hintonelmis,

are typically found clinging tenaciously to waterlogged wood or other submerged

vegetation, and it is a good guess that Leptelmis exhibits similar behavior. Two

of the paratypes of L. major were taken from forest humus. We can only wonder

how they happened to be there and how far they were from water, e.g., it would

be of interest to know whether the site had been inundated a few weeks earlier.

Deleve (1945, 1966) reported that both macropterous and brachypterous indi¬

viduals occur within the same species (e.g., L. fragilis and L. orchymonti). Only

macropterous forms, of course, have been taken at lights, but the fact that some

come to lights informs us that Leptelmis can utilize flight as a means of dispersal—

a common ability among elmids just after emergence from pupation.

Of the 117 known genera of elmids, only Leptelmis and Stenelmis occur in

both Africa and the Orient (Brown, 1981). Leptelmis is also unusual in being the

largest elmid genus for which the larva is unknown. Perhaps our pointing out the

large gaps in our knowledge of this group will stimulate investigators to fill the

gaps.

While collecting in streams of the Western Ghats (Sahyadri Mountains) of South

India, one of us (M. P. Thobias) obtained two specimens of Leptelmis that ap¬

parently represent a new species, which we here describe.

Leptelmis philomina , New Species

(Figs. 1, 2)

Holotype male. —Length 2.15 mm, width 0.75 mm. Subparallel, convex. Cuticle

tuberculate, feebly shining; brown, with pronotum and head darker than elytra;

anterior margin of pronotum, antennae, palps and legs testaceous (somewhat

darker in paratype). Head retractable within pronotal collar; visible portion with¬

out distinct impressions; on vertex and in a band tapering on each side toward

but not reaching antennal base covered by ashen white plastron studded with

small granules separated by about their own diameters; frons, clypeus and labrum

black, rather finely punctate; circumocular area black. Eyes rather small, their

greatest dimension being less than interocular distance. Antennae barely reaching

elytral humeri, slender, with segments 3-11 progressively longer. Frontoclypeal

suture indistinct. Maxillary palp with apical segment elongate and somewhat larger

than apical antennal segment. Pronotum slightly longer than broad, 0.625: 0.575

mm; widest at basal 2 / 5 ; width at base 0.550 mm; width at transverse impression

0.465 mm; width at apex 0.50 mm. Sides conspicuously bisinuate; anterior angles

broadly rounded as seen from above, posterior angles subacute; apical margin

arcuate and projecting over the head; lateral borders feebly margined, most no¬

ticeably so in posterior third; lateral margins not perceptibly crenate. Surface

rather coarsely granulate or tuberculate, the flattened granules on disk separated

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

Figures 1, 2. Leptelmis philomina n. sp. 1. Dorsal aspect of adult. 2. Aedeagus, ventral aspect.

by about their own diameters. Without sublateral carinae. Transverse impression

at anterior third broad and deep, giving the appearance of a bottleneck. With

prominences as follows: a feeble, flattened, median longitudinal ridge in the basal

quarter suggests a rather long, narrow human nose with the scutellum representing

a small chin; continuing the comparison with a human face, each “cheek” is low

and composed of a doubled or divided very feeble prominence, and the “eyes,”

though small, bulge rather prominently; each “eye” is located half way between

the midline and lateral margin on the posterior edge of the major transverse

impression and anterolateral to the anterior end of the “nose”; between the “nose”

and each “eye” there is also a minor elevation. Scutellum small (0.075 mm across),

about as long as wide, with sides rounded. Elytra more than twice as long as

pronotum (1.5 mm); humeri not prominent, but distinctly broader than pronotum;

sides subparallel in anterior half, then tapering arcuately in posterior half to

rounded apex. Strial punctures on disk rather large, subcircular, and separated

from one another by slightly less than their own diameters; punctures smaller and

shallower on apical declivity. Strial intervals rather flat, none genuinely carinate,

but third somewhat elevated at base and intervals 6-8 fused basally and slightly

elevated basally; intervals 2 and 3 merge on apical declivity. Lateral borders very

feebly margined and finely serrate. Epipleura narrowed gradually toward apex.

Venter and legs (except tarsi) covered with flattened granules separated by less

than to about twice their own diameters and suggestive of a medieval coat of

mail; each granule bearing an inconspicuous, short, decumbent seta. Although we

have not observed living specimens under water, apparently the plastron covers

the entire ventral surface, entire pronotum, vertex of head, and all of the legs

except the tarsi. Prosternum rather long anterior to procoxae, deflected in such a

way as to permit retraction of head until only frons, clypeus, and labrum are

exposed, together with eyes and antennae; granules on deflected portion smaller

and sparser; prosternal process without carinae, about equal in width to diameter

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

of globular procoxa, slightly longer than wide, broadly rounded at apex, feebly

margined, coarsely granulate. Mesosternum short, coarsely granulate, with a shal¬

low anteromedian excavation to accommodate prosternal process. Metasternum

with a bare area between mesocoxae and anterior to median impressed line.

Abdomen without carinae or other conspicuous features; cuticular granules very

coarse on segment 1, progressively less coarse posteriorly; segment 1 longest, 2-

4 progressively shorter, but 5 almost as long as 1; posterior margins of segments

1-4 straight to broadly emarginate, but 5 sinuate laterally and rather narrowly

rounded at apex. Sternita without conspicuous teeth or other projections for

attachment to elytra. Legs long and slender, especially the tibiae and tarsi; tibiae

almost straight and cylindrical, without tomental brushes, spines, or other con¬

spicuous features but with small inner apical projections and inconspicuous rows

of small setae along inner margins distally. Tarsi 5-segmented, that of foreleg

shortest and that of hind leg longest, each with the segments progressively longer

from base to apex, the apical segment of each being longer than the other 4

combined; segments 1-4 each with a short apical tuft of pale setae on ventral

surface; claws large, each with a basal tooth and curved ca. 90 degrees. Genitalia

(Fig. 2) rather standard in general aspect, 0.50 mm in length; basal piece 0.26

mm; penis or median lobe 0.30 mm; parameres 0.23 mm. As viewed dorsally or

ventrally, the parameres are slender distally with bluntly rounded apices and the

relatively broad penis projects beyond them, tapering to a blunt point.

Female. — Unknown.

Type. — Male to be deposited in the British Museum (Natural History), London;

South India: Western Ghats, leg. M. P. Thobias. Genitalia mounted in Hoyer’s

medium on slide #Lpp-Agm-l, at BMNH.

Paratype.—OnQ male with same data as type, in Stovall Museum of Science

and History, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla., U.S.A.

Etymology. — This species is named in honor of the beloved mother of the junior

author.

Comments.— As shown in the list below, only one species of Leptelmis, L.

fracticollis Champion, has previously been reported from India, that being from

the Haldwani Division of Kumaon, far to the north (in the foothills of the Him¬

alaya Mountains north or northeast of Delhi. Much closer geographically is the

island of Sri Lanka (Ceylon), from which two species of Leptelmis have been

described: L. nietneri Champion and L. cederholmi Deleve. L. philomina n. sp.

differs from L. fracticollis in pronotal sculpture, in being less broad across the

humeri, and in having the cuticle granulate or tuberculate ventrally rather than

punctate. From L. nietneri, the new species differs in being considerably larger

(2.15:1.5 mm), in lacking elytral maculae, and in having a much deeper transverse

prothoracic impression. L. philomina differs from L. cederholmi in having the

venter granulate rather than punctate and in aedeagal structure: in L. cederholmi

the basal piece is proportionately shorter, the parameres broader, the penis longer

and parallel-sided with a subapical denticulate collarette. Differences from and

among other Asiatic species are indicated in the key below, which is based largely

upon characters extracted from the literature. It includes 13 of the 15 known

Asiatic species, L. parallela and L. formosana being omitted because we cannot

distinguish them from L. gracilis by the descriptions.

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

Key to Asiatic Species of Leptelmis (Except L. parallela

from Japan and L. formosana from Taiwan)

1. Elytra maculate . 2

Elytra essentially uniform in color or with the humeri lighter. 5

2. Each elytron with 5 yellow spots (Viet Nam) . L. signata

Elytron with fewer than 5 spots or markings. 3

3. Very small (1.5 mm); each elytron with an oblique testaceous streak (Sri

Lanka). L. nietneri

Larger than 1.5 mm; elytral markings not oblique . 4

4. Small (1.8 mm); elytral vitta in apical half on intervals 2 and 3 (Philippine

Islands) . L. tawitawiensis

Larger (2.3 mm); elytral vitta in apical half on intervals 3 and 4, and

expanded apically (Viet Nam) . L. basalis

5. Elytra expanded posteriorly, much wider than pronotum; 2.5-2.8 mm

(Japan) . L. gracilis

Elytra not expanded posteriorly . 6

6. Tarsi 4-segmented, head as broad as pronotum; 2.4 mm (South China)

. L. flavicollis

Tarsi 5-segmented . 7

7. Large (3 mm); pronotum with anterior transverse impression indistinct

medially; cuticle very shiny (Sumatra). L. stricticollis

Smaller; pronotum with transverse impression complete and distinct . . 8

8. Venter granulate; 2.15 mm (South India) . L. philomina, n. sp.

Venter punctate rather than granulate. 9

9. Antennae reddish. 10

Antennae yellow or yellowish at least at base . 11

10. Penis parallel-sided, with subapical collarette of denticles; parameres ta¬

pering from near base (Sri Lanka). L. cederholmi

Penis constricted near middle, without denticles; parameres subparallel

in apical half (Sumatra, Java) . L. sulcata

11. Smaller (2 mm) (North India) . L. fracticollis

Larger (2.2 mm or more) . 12

12. Elytra with strial interval 3 raised from base to apex; aedeagus with

parameres (in ventral aspect) tapering from base almost to apex (Viet

Nam) . L. obscura

Elytra with strial interval 3 feebly raised at base only; parameres sub¬

parallel in apical half (Viet Nam) . L. vietnamensis

World Checklist of the Species of Leptelmis

Zaitzev (1910) cited the type species and emended the generic name to Leph-

thelmis. Since this emendation was unjustified by the rules of zoological nomen¬

clature, it has been quietly dropped, except by Bollow (1941). Sato (1960) pub¬

lished a world checklist which at that time included a total of only 8 species,

compared with the present 23.

To be as helpful as possible to others, we indicate in the list below, after the

name and citation, reference to published illustrations, location of holotype, and

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

reported distribution. Location of holotype is placed in parentheses, with abbre¬

viations as follows: BMNH = British Museum (Natural History), London; FCM =

Frey Collection, Munich; LMS = Lund Museum, Sweden; MNHB = National

Hungarian Museum, Budapest; MPF = Museum of Paris, France; MPSA = Mu¬

seum of Pretoria, South Africa; MRAC = Musee Royal de l’Afrique Centrale;

MRHNB = Musee Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, Brussels; NSMT =

National Science Museum, Tokyo; ZMUC = Zoological Museum, University of

Copenhagen, Denmark.

Leptelmis Sharp

Sharp, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) II, 1888, p. 243.

Lephthelmis Zaitzev, Coleop. Cat., Pars 17, Dryopidae, etc., 1910, p. 21.

Type Species: L. gracilis Sharp, 1888.

amoena Deleve, 1966, p. 8, f. 15. (MRAC) AFRICA: COTE D’IVOIRE, GHANA.

basalis Deleve, 1968, p. 155, no figs. (MNHB) VIET NAM.

cederholmi Deleve, 1973a, p. 11, f. 23. (LMS) SRI LANKA (CEYLON).

collarti (as Stenelmis ) (Deleve), 1937, p. 152, f. 3. Transferred to Leptelmis by

Deleve, 1938, p. 364. Genitalia in Deleve, 1966, f. 2-4. (MPF) AFRICA:

CONGO (ZAIRE), GABON, CONGO (BRAZZAVILLE).

costulata Deleve, 1942, p. 1, f. 1 (habitus); genitalia in Deleve, 1966, f. 1. (MRHNB)

AFRICA: CONGO (ZAIRE), CONGO (BRAZZAVILLE).

flavicollis Bollow, 1941, p. 86, T. 7, f. 2 (habitus). (FCM) SOUTH CHINA.

formosana Nomura, 1962, p. 48, no figs. (NSMT?) TAIWAN.

fracticollis Champion, 1923, p. 167, f. 3 (habitus). (BMNH) NORTH INDIA.

fragihs Deleve, 1966, p. 7, f. 13, 14. (MPSA) SOUTH AFRICA: VAAL.

gracilis Sharp, 1888, p. 244; habitus, hind tarsus, maxillary palp, prosternal pro¬

cess, and male genitalia in Sato 1960, f. 1, 2. (BMNH) JAPAN: HONSHU,

SHIKOKU, KYUSHU.

major Deleve, 1966, p. 4, f. 8-10. (MRAC) AFRICA: CONGO: ELIZABETH-

VILLE, KIVU; TANGANYIKA.

nietneri Champion, 1923, p. 168, no figs. (BMNH) CEYLON (SRI LANKA).

obscura Deleve, 1968, p. 153, f. 6. (MNHB) VIET NAM.

orchymonti Deleve, 1942, p. 3; genitalia in Deleve, 1966, f. 5-7. (MRHNB)

AFRICA: CONGO: ELIZABETHVILLE; RUANDA; SOUTHERN RHO¬

DESIA.

parallela Nomura, 1962, p. 46, no figs. (NSMT?) JAPAN: HONSHU, SHIKOKU,

KYUSHU.

philomina Brown and Thobias, n. sp. (BMNH) SOUTH INDIA.

seydeli Deleve, 1966, p. 6, f. 11, 12. (MRAC) AFRICA: CONGO: ELIZABETH¬

VILLE.

signata Deleve, 1968, p. 152, f. 5. (MNHB) VIET NAM.

sobrina Deleve, 1974, p. 272, f. 1. (MNHB) AFRICA: GHANA.

stricticollis (as Stenelmis ) (Grouvelle), 1896, p. 45, no figs. Transferred to Lep¬

telmis by Hinton, 1941, p. 88. (syntypes in BMNH, MPF) SUMATRA, PA-

LEMBANG.

sulcata (as Stenelmis ) (Grouvelle), 1892, p. 188; genitalia in Deleve, 1970, f. 1,

2. Transferred to Leptelmis by Deleve, 1970, p. 236. (MPF) SUMATRA, JAVA.

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

tawitawiensis Deleve, 1973, p. 28, f. 20. (ZMUC) PHILIPPINES: TAWI TAWI.

vietnamensis Deleve, 1968, p. 154, f. 7. (MNHB) VIET NAM.

Literature Cited

Bollow, H. 1941. Monographic der palaearktischen Dryopidae mit Beriicksichtigung der eventuell

transgredierenden Arten. (Col.) (Fortsetzung). Mitteil. Miinchner Ent. Ges., 31(1): 1-89.

Brown, H. P. 1976. Aquatic dryopoid Beetles (Coleoptera) of the United States. U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 82 pp. (Paperback reprint of 1972 book.)

-. 1981. A distributional survey of the world genera of aquatic dryopoid beetles (Coleoptera:

Dryopidae, Elmidae, and Psephenidae sens. lat.). Pan-Pacific Ent., 57(1): 133—148.

Champion, G. C. 1923. Some Indian Coleoptera (11). Ent. Mo. Mag., 59:165-179.

Deleve, J. 1937. Dryopidae du Congo beige. Bull. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 77:149-164.

-. 1938. Dryopidae du Congo beige. II. Dryopinae. III. Elmmae. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., 31(3-

4):351-375.

-. 1942. Contribution a l’etude des Dryopidae. I. Deux Leptelmis nouveaux du Congo beige.

II. Remarque sur le genre Microdinodes et description d’une espece nouvelle. Bull. Mus. Roy.

Hist. Nat. Belg., 18(59): 1-8.

-. 1945. Contribution a l’etude des Dryopidae. III. Le genre Pseudo macro nychus Grouvelle et

le dimorphisme alaire de ses especes. Bull. Mus. Hist. Belg., Brussels, 21(9): 1-12.

-. 1966. Contribution a l’etude des Dryopoidea. XVIII. Notes complementaires sur les especes

africaines du genre Leptelmis Sharp et descriptions d’especes nouvelles (Coleoptera Elminthi-

dae). Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg., 42(8): 1-10.

-. 1966a. Dryopidae et Elminthidae de 1’Angola. Separata de No. 76 das publicafoes culturais

da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, Lisboa, pp. 39-62.

-. 1968. Dryopidae et Elminthidae (Coleoptera) du Vietnam. Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Nat. Hung.,

Pars Zool., 60:149-181.

-. 1970. Contribution a l’etude des Dryopoidea. XXL Elminthidae (Coleoptera) peu ou mal

connus de l’lndonesie et du Vietnam. Bull. Ann. Soc. Roy. Ent. Belg., 106:235-273.

-. 1973. Limnichidae, Dryopidae et Elminthidae des lies Philippines et de l’Archipel Bismarck

(Insecta, Coleoptera, Dryopoidea). Steenstrupia (Zool. Mus. Univ. Copenhagen), 3(3): 17-30.

-. 1973a. Coleoptera: Dryopidae et Elminthidae. Ent. Scand. Suppl. 4:5-23. (=Report No. 25

from the Lund Univ. Ceylon Expedition in 1962.)

-. 1974. Elminthidae (Coleoptera) du Ghana. Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hung., 20(3-4):271-289.

Grouvelle, A. 1892. Trois especes nouvelles d’helmides des lies de la Sonde. Not. Leyden Mus., 14:

187-190.

-. 1896. Note VI. Descriptions de dryopides (Parnides) et helmides nouveaux. Not. Leyden

Mus., 18:33-52.

Hinton, H. E. 1941. New genera and species of Elmidae. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, 91 (3):65—

104.

-. 1945. Stethelmis chilensis, new genus and species of Elmidae from Chile (Coleoptera). Proc.

Roy. Ent. Soc. London (B), 14(5-6):73-76.

-. 1971. A revision of the genus Hintonelmis Spangler (Coleoptera: Elmidae). Trans. Roy. Ent.

Soc. London, 123(2): 189-208.

Nomura, S. 1962. Some new and remarkable species of the Coleoptera from Japan and its adjacent

regions. Toho-Gakuho, (12):35—51, pis. 1, 2.

Sato, M. 1960. On the genus Leptelmis Sharp from Japan with checklist of the world (Coleoptera:

Elmidae). Akitu, 9:43-46.

Sharp, D. 1888. XXXI. Descriptions of some new Coleoptera from Japan. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

(6)11:242-245.

Spangler, P. J. 1966. The Catherwood Foundation Peruvian-Amazon Expedition. XIII. Aquatic

Coleoptera (Dytiscidae; Noteridae; Gyrinidae; Hydrophilidae; Dascillidae; Helodidae; Pse¬

phenidae; Elmidae). Mon. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14:377-443.

Zaitzev, P. A. 1910. Dryopidae, Cyathoceridae, Georyssidae, Heteroceridae. Coleopterorum Cata¬

logs, Pars 17, Vol. 14:1-68.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

60(1), 1984, pp. 30-32

Published 27 January 1984

Captiia hornigi , a New Winter Stonefly from the Western

Great Basin (Plecoptera: Capniidae)

Richard W. Baumann and Andrew L. Sheldon

(RWB) Department of Zoology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602;

(ALS) Department of Zoology, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812.

During a recent study on the distribution of stonefly species in the Great Basin

ranges of Nevada (Sheldon, 1979) a previously undescribed Capnia species was

discovered. The faunal affinities of this species are not with the Rocky Mountain

fauna (Baumann et al., 1977) but are with the Sierra Nevada fauna (Jewett, 1960).

Capnia hornigi Baumann and Sheldon, New Species

Male.— Wings macropterous. Length of forewing 4-5 mm; length of body 4-6

mm. Body and appendages dark brown; wings hyaline except for fumose area in

costal space beyond cord. Abdominal segments one to six without special mod¬

ifications. Seventh tergum with median posterior portion modified as large pos¬

terior directed process, apex of process darkly sclerotized and narrowly rounded.

Eighth tergum reduced to narrow sclerotized band, posterior portion of tergum

membranous. Ninth tergum produced dorsally into low bifurcate ridge upon which

epiproct rests. Tenth tergum with large reflexed epiproct which extends forward

to posterior margin of ninth tergum; base of epiproct stout laterally, slightly

narrowed at bend, becoming gradually broader anteriorly with rounded apex,

small membranous area visible at apex, bordered by narrow triangular pointed

process on each side dorsally; dorsal aspect of epiproct with narrow base, becoming

abruptly broader toward apex, base sclerotized but with membranous area ap¬

pearing slightly anterior to base which becomes increasingly larger until it covers

the complete apex, much like in the genus Paracapnia (Figs. 1, 2).

Female.— Wings macropterous. Length of forewing 6-7 mm; length of body

6-8 mm. General appearance similar to male. Dorsal broad membranous stripe

extends from abdominal terga one to eight, with sclerotized triangular patch at

base of eighth tergum. Subgenital plate well developed and very darkly sclerotized

encompassing entire eighth sternum, plate flat at base and broadly rounded at

apex, not extending over ninth sternum, joined broadly to seventh sternum with

no apparent separation except coloration. Oblong, sclerotized patches present on

lateral posterior margins of eighth segment, bordering subgenital plate (Fig. 3).

Material. — Holotype male, #76499, allotype and two male and seven female

paratypes, Middle Creek, White Mountains, Esmeralda Co., Nevada 10-11-1977,

A. L. Sheldon. Types deposited at the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C.

Additional paratypes: Nevada, Esmeralda Co., Middle Creek, White Mountains,

4-III-1979, C. E. Hornig, 14 males, 17 females.

Etymology. — This species is named for Evan Hornig who collected some of the

paratypes of this new species. Evan is an avid student of aquatic insects and has

collected many interesting specimens in Nevada and surrounding states.

Diagnosis. — Capnia hornigi is the sister species of Capnia barberi Claassen from

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

Figures 1-3. Capnia hornigi. 1. Male genitalia, dorsal. 2. Male genitalia, lateral. 3. Female genitalia,

ventral.

the Sierra Nevada. The projection on the male seventh tergum is much more

massive in C. hornigi. The epiproct is more rounded in lateral view and apically

in dorsal view in C. hornigi. Capnia barberi has an epiproct which is much more

angular and pointed at the apex. The processes on the dorsal lateral areas of the

epiproct near the apex are larger and much more distinctive in C. barberi.

The female subgenital plate is broadly rounded apically in C. hornigi where in

C. barberi it is flat with sharply angled corners.

Ecology.— Adults of Capnia hornigi were collected at three locations (2160-

2470 m) on Middle Creek. No adults were collected at the highest station sampled

(2590 m) but capniid nymphs were present. Capnia utahensis was the only capniid

emerging on nearby Chiatovitch Creek (2100 m) and no capniids were collected

on the open bajada (1950 m) below the confluence of Middle and Chiatovitch

creeks. Collections made at other times may, however, extend the altitudinal

range of C. hornigi.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Middle Creek originates at 3650 m on the east side of the White Mountains

on the slopes of the Jumpoff and Mt. Montgomery (4097 m). At the collecting

sites, the substrate is dominated by shifting granitic sands while stable gravels

and cobbles are rare. Channel structure is regulated to a considerable extent by

roots and limbs of cottonwood and water birch ( Betula occidentalis). Leaf packs

and debris dams are common.

Associated species (collected in Middle Creek) were Zapada cinctipes, Yoraperla

brevis, Frisonia picticeps, Sweltsa townesi and Triznaka diversa. Most of these

species are common in the Sierra Nevada and C. hornigi may occur there also.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported in part by Grant 7717 from the Penrose Fund of the

American Philosophical Society.

The drawings were made by Connie A. Bevan Bhagat.

Literature Cited

Baumann, R. W., A. R. Gaufin, and R. F. Surdick. 1977. The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of the Rocky

Mountains. Mem. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 31:1-208.

Jewett, S. G., Jr. 1960. The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of California. Bull. Calif. Insect Surv., 6:125-177.

Sheldon, A. L. 1979. Stonefly (Plecoptera) records from the basin ranges of Nevada and Utah. Great

Basin Natur., 39:289-292.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

60(1), 1984, pp. 33-36

Published 27 January 1984

A New Species of Dichaetocoris Knight from the

Western United States, with Notes on Other

Species (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Dan A. Polhemus

Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112.

Collections made in western Colorado and southeastern Utah over the past

several years have turned up many specimens of the poorly known genus Di¬

chaetocoris. Among these was a new species, D. anasazi, described herein. The

material reported here is held in the J. T. Polhemus collection (JTP) unless oth¬

erwise noted.

Measurements are given in units, with 40 units = 1 mm, unless otherwise noted.

Dichaetocoris anasazi, New Species

Description. — Male: Small, ovate; length 2.87 mm; maximum width 0.91 mm.

Coloration yellowish orange, occasionally tinged with green on venter and along

anterior angles of pronotum.

Head yellowish orange, eyes black; frons set with erect black setae intermixed

with fine recumbent silky pubescence; gula with a patch of pale erect setae; vertex

with erect black setae; width of vertex over twice the dorsal width of an eye.

Antennae amber brown, clothed with short stiff setae; segment I with three stout

setae; antennal proportions I-IV: 8; 27; 25; 9.

Pronotum yellowish orange, smooth, shining, width/length = 36/16; margins

set with dark pubescence; calli indistinct; posterior angles rounded. Scutellum

amber, smooth, wider than long, width/length = 23/17; mesoscutum broadly ex¬

posed.

Hemelytra yellowish orange, semi-transluscent, surface faintly rugulose; set with

black recumbent setae interspersed with fine, pale, recumbent silky pubescence;

margins nearly parallel; cuneus with anterior margin weakly sinuate; wing mem¬

brane dusky grey, veins gold.

Venter light gold, often shaded with green along femora and posterior margin

of genital segment; rostrum gold, tip infuscated, length 1.30 mm, reaching well

beyond tips of hind coxae. Legs golden brown, covered with short erect setae;

tibiae armed with stout brown spines; tips of tarsi infuscated. Abdomen sparsely

covered with fine pallid hairs; genital segment with bifurcate tergal process (see

Fig. 3); left clasper slender, curving, acuminate; right clasper broadly bifurcate,

multispinose, distinctive (see Fig. 4).

Female: Similar to male in structure and pubescence, coloration often lighter;

length 3.09 mm; maximum width 1.00 mm.

Material examined.— Holotype, male, and allotype: UTAH, San Juan Co., White

Canyon at Soldier’s Crossing, approx. 5 miles N of Fry Canyon Store, 1219 m

(4000'), V-29-78, D. A. & J. T. Polhemus (JTP). Paratypes: 7 6, 5 9, same data

as types, all taken on Pinus edulis (Pinyon Pine) (JTP); 15 6, 9 9, UTAH, San

Juan Co., Grand Flat nr. Collins Canyon, VI-1-82, D. A. & J. T. Polhemus (JTP);

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figure 1. Dichaetocoris anasazi, n. sp. Male, dorsal view.

Figure 2. Dichaetocoris anasazi, n. sp. Male, lateral view.

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

Figures 3, 4. Dichaetocoris anasazi, n. sp. 3. Male genital segment, posterior view, showing po¬

sitions of male claspers and bifurcate tergal process. 4. Male right clasper.

1 S, COLO., Montrose Co., 10 miles W of Montrose, VII-8-81, D. A. & J. T.

Polhemus, on Pinus edulis (JTP).

Etymology .—The name anasazi is a Navajo word meaning “ancient ones” and

refers to the prehistoric cliff dwellers who once inhabited the canyons of the

Southwest.

Discussion

Dichaetocoris anasazi, n. sp. runs to couplet 11 in Knight’s (1968) key, where

it may be immediately distinguished by the bifurcate tergal process on the male

genital segment and by the distinctive male right clasper. The right clasper is

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

characterized by a deep bifurcation dividing two multispinose processes, and may

be easily viewed without dissection (see Figs. 3, 4). The left clasper is similar to

those of several other species, notably D. pinicola Knight, and is thus not diag¬

nostic. No other known species of Dichaetocoris possesses a bifurcate tergal pro¬

cess.

The following records are noted for other species in this genus:

Dichaetocoris utahensis Knight: UTAH, San Juan Co., head of Lake Canyon

along the Nokai Dome road, 4200' (1280 m), V-29-78, 1 3, D. A. & J. T. Polhemus;

Garfield Co., Hog Spring in North Wash, near Hite, 5300' (1615 m), V-30-78,

1 <3, D. A. & J. T. Polhemus (JTP).

Dichaetocoris nevadensis Knight: UTAH, San Juan Co., White Canyon at Sol¬

dier’s Crossing, approx. 5 miles north of Fry Canyon Store, 4000' (1219 m),

V-29-78, 5(3, 1 9, D. A. & J. T. Polhemus; Grand Co., 5 miles south of Moab

along U.S. 163, 4000' (1219 m), V-27-80, 2 <3, D. A. & J. T. Polhemus (JTP).

These records represent the first instances in which either of these species have

been recorded outside the Great Basin. It is likely that these species, and others

of the same genus, occur widely in the pinyon-juniper woodlands across southern

Utah, but have been generally overlooked due to the remote nature of the country

and the fact that these insects mature in late May and early June, well before most

collectors visit the region.

Acknowledgments

The author is indebted to J. T. Polhemus of Englewood, Colorado for helpful

comments and advice in the preparation of this paper.

Literature Cited

Knight, H. H. 1968. Taxonomic review: Miridae of the Nevada Test Site and the Western United

States. Brigham Young Sci. Bull., IX(3): 1-282.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

60(1), 1984, pp. 37^46

Published 27 January 1984

Distribution and Seasonal Abundance of

Brine Flies (Diptera: Ephydridae) in a

San Francisco Bay Salt Marsh

Mark A. Barnby and Vincent H. Resh

Division of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley,

California 94720.

Abstract. — Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of adult brine flies (Dip¬

tera: Ephydridae) were examined in Petaluma Marsh, San Francisco Bay, Cali¬

fornia. Biweekly D-vac samples (November 1977-1978) were collected along three

strata located 1 m, 3 m, and 10 m from three sites, a 2- and a 5-yr-old mosquito

control recirculation ditch and a natural channel. Adults were also collected weekly

(March-December 1980) from ethylene glycol pan-traps designed to simulate

pond and pothole habitats. Of the 28 species collected, 22 occurred in D-vac

samples. Distribution patterns of five were analyzed statistically: three species

[Scatella ( Scatella) stagnalis Fallen, Scatophila sp., and Atissa litoralis (Cole)]

exhibited similar patterns at ditches and natural channels and two species exhib¬

ited dissimilar patterns [ Scatella ( Neoscatella ) setosa Coquillett and Psilopa ( Cer-

opsilopa) coquilletti (Cresson)]. Of 23 species collected in pan-traps, Ephydra

millbrae Jones accounted for 95.5% of the total catch.

As part of a study to evaluate the impact of mosquito control recirculation

ditches on San Francisco Bay marshlands, the arthropod fauna of selected salt

marshes has been examined in terms of community structure and biomass and

the response of selected populations to ditches (Resh and Balling, 1979). The

insect family Ephydridae has been of particular interest since it is one of the most

abundant and species-rich arthropod families collected in these marshlands. The

Ephydridae occur in a variety of aquatic and semi-aquatic environments, but are

most remarkable for their ability to exist in “unique” habitats (e.g., oil pools

[Crawford, 1912], inland saline lakes [Aldrich, 1912], and hot springs [Wirth and

Mathis, 1979]). The purpose of this study has been to examine the seasonality

and distribution of ephydrid adults associated with man-made and natural wa¬

tercourses in a hypersaline Pacific coast salt marsh.

Materials and Methods

Study site.— This study was conducted at Petaluma Marsh, Sonoma Co., Cal¬

ifornia, a 1145-ha salt marsh located in the Petaluma River basin. The marsh

flora is dominated by pickleweed, Salicornia virginica Linnaeus.

A variety of natural aquatic habitats occurs throughout the marsh, e.g., ponds

(10 m-100 m in diameter), potholes (~ 3 m), sloughs (~ 10m), and natural channels

(«3 m). In addition, man-made recirculation ditches have been constructed to

connect a variety of ponds and potholes with natural channels to allow for tidal

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

flushing, which results in effective mosquito control. Natural channels and recir¬

culation ditches examined in this study were similar in width (40 cm), although

natural channels in general are deeper than ditches (100 cm cf. 60 cm).

Experimental design .—The influence of mosquito control recirculation ditches

and natural watercourses on the distribution of adult brine flies was examined

from two approaches:

1) Are distributions influenced by distance from a watercourse?

2) Does watercourse type (recirculation ditches or natural channels) influence

distribution patterns?

Three watercourses were chosen as study sites, a 2-yr-old ditch, a 5-yr-old ditch,

and a natural channel. At each site, three parallel strata at distances of 1 m (stratum

1), 3 m (stratum 2), and 10 m (stratum 3) from the watercourse were designated

(Fig. 1). Stratum 3 served as a control for intra- and inter-site comparisons since

a variety of physical factors exhibited gradients that occur only within 3 m of

either watercourse type. For example, standpipes placed perpendicular to both

ditches and natural channels indicated that tidal depression and recharge of the

water table are limited to a 3-m distance. Also, groundwater salinity and soil

surface salinity increased with distance from the channel, both becoming asymp¬

totic before 10-m distance (Balling and Resh, 1982).

Collecting methods. — Adult brine flies were sampled at approximately biweekly

intervals during late morning hours from November 1977 through November

1978 using a gasoline-powered suction device, the D-vac (Dietrick et al., 1959),

which collected insects into a 0.25-mm nylon mesh bag. All 9 strata (3 sites, each

with 3 strata) were sampled over a distance of 30 m by placing the suction cone

onto the substrate for 5 sec at approximately 1-m intervals. Samples were then

placed in Berlese-Tullgren funnels for 24 hr with the brine flies being collected

directly into 70% ethanol.

Seasonal occurrence of brine fly adults was also determined from ethylene glycol

pan-traps that were designed to simulate small ponds or potholes in the marsh.

This artificial habitat consisted of 16 aluminum roasting pans (0.3 m x 0.6 m)

arranged in a rectangular 4x4 grid (Fig. 2). Samples were taken at weekly in¬

tervals from March 1980 (after the last heavy rain of the wet season) to December

1980 (prior to the first heavy rain of the subsequent wet season). Since periodic

examination of all 16 pans indicated no inter-pan difference in species or their

abundances, only flies from the four interior pans were identified and enumerated.

Data analysis. — Due to fluctuations in brine fly abundance throughout the

study, it was necessary to remove the seasonal variation in the D-vac samples to

equally weight all sampling dates. This was done by converting the number of

each species in a sample to a percentage of that species total collected at all sites

and distances on the same date. An arc-sine square-root transformation was used

to normalize the percentages for parametric statistical analysis. Comparisons be¬

tween distances and between sites for each species were made with one-way

ANOVA and Student-Neuman-Keuls multiple range tests (SNK).

Results

The fauna. — During this study 28 species of brine fly adults were collected in

Petaluma Marsh with 22 species recorded from D-vac and 23 species from pan-

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

Figure 1. Location of study sites (2-yr-old ditch, 5-yr-old ditch, and natural channel) and sampling

strata (1 m, 3 m, 10 m) in the Petaluma Marsh.

trap samples (Fig. 3). Of these, 11 species were not included in Simpson’s (1976)

list of marine species [Limnellia sejuncta (Loew), Napaea socia Cresson, Pelina

truncatula Loew, Hydrina nigrescens Cresson, Ilythea caniceps Cresson, Ilythea

spilota (Curtis), Nostima picta (Fallen), Psilopa ( Psilopa) olga Cresson, Psilopa

( Psilopa ) compta (Meigen), P. coquilletti, Lytogaster gravida (Loew)]. Although

several of these new records occur in low numbers and possibly reflect their

transient status in the marsh, the repeated occurrence and abundance of some

species ( H. nigrescens, N. picta, P. truncatula, P. compta, and P. coquilletti ) in

1977 and 1980 suggests the presence of established populations.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figure 2. Ethylene glycol pan-traps used to collect adults associated with potholes in Petaluma

Marsh.

Total numbers of adult brine flies collected with both sampling methods was

43,271. D-vac samples contained 11,343 individuals with five species comprising

>98% of the total: S. stagnalis (11.5%), S. setosa (25.7%), Scatophila sp. (5.2%),

P. coquilletti (17.9%), and A. litoralis (38.1%). Pan-traps produced 31,928 indi¬

viduals with 95.5% (30,505) represented by one species, E. millbrae. Of the

remaining 22 species sampled by pan-traps, 6 species comprised 4%: S. stagnalis

(0.5%), Scatella ( Scatella ) paludum (Meigen) (0.7%), Lamproscatella muria Math¬

is (1.2%), P. coquilletti (0.5%), A. litoralis (0.7%), and Polytrichophora sp. (0.4%).

Seasonal occurrence and abundance.—Scatella stagnalis adults were common

from March to mid-June in D-vac samples, and to a lesser extent in pan-trap

samples (Fig. 3). Other workers have collected this species from a variety of

Holarctic locations throughout the warm periods of the year and in a variety of

freshwater and maritime habitats, usually along mud and sand shores (Dahl, 1959;

Williams, 1938; Deonier, 1965, 1972; Eastin and Foote, 1971; Scheiring and

Foote, 1973; Simpson, 1976; Miyagi, 1977; Zack, 1979). Foote (1979:65) con¬

sidered S. stagnalis to be a “fugitive, nonequilibrium species” common in unstable

habitats that are frequently flooded. Both larvae and adults are polyphagous,

feeding on algae, diatoms, and decaying material (Simpson, 1976; Scheiring and

Foote, 1973; Foote, 1977, 1979), although certain food items may be preferred

since development time appears to be sensitive to diet (Zack and Foote, 1978).

Scatella paludum adults were abundant from mid-March to early-June in pan¬

trap samples. D-vac samples contained fewer adults, but they were found during

approximately the same season (Fig. 3). Dahl (1959) collected adults from beds

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

D-VAC

PAN TRAP

1978

1980

A A

1 L.

Scatella stagnalis

Scatella paludum

Scatella setosa

Lamproscatella lattini

Lamproscatella muria

Limnellia sejuncta

Sea tophi la sp.

Ephydra mi librae

Ephydra cinerea

Paracoenia sp.

Napaea socia

Pelina truncatula

Brachydeutera sturtevanti

Hydrina nigrescens

llythea caniceps

llythea spilota

Nostima picta

Notiphila decoris

Notiphila aenigma

Hydrellia griseola

Psilopa olga

Psilopa compta

Psilopa coquilletti

Atissa litoral is

Polytrichophora sp.

Lytogaster gravida

Mosillus tibialis

Clanoneurum americana

232

128

Figure 3. Abundance (as log 10 ) of brine fly adults from 1977-1978 D-vac samples and 1980 pan¬

trap samples.

of decaying seaweed and from freshwater and maritime sand beaches in Scan¬

dinavia from May to October. Zack (1979) near Mt. Rainier, Washington, re¬

corded adults from sandy beaches along the Tahoma River from June through

August. Similar to their close relative S. stagnalis, they most likely feed on a

variety of algal species (Foote, 1979).

Scatella setosa adults were found throughout the year in D-vac samples with

their peak abundance occurring from spring through mid-summer (Fig. 3). Adults

were sampled in lower numbers in the pan-traps, primarily during the early spring.

Cameron (pers. comm.) found this species in the fall and winter months in a

nearby San Francisco Bay salt marsh. The habits of both larvae and adults are

reported as similar to S. stagnalis (Wirth and Stone, 1956).

Lamproscatella muria adults were abundant in pan-trap samples beginning in

late-March and extending into autumn; however, only one specimen was recorded

from the D-vac samples (Fig. 3). This species is known to occur primarily in

saline habitats along both eastern and western North American coasts, although

it has been found occasionally in freshwater environments (Sturtevant and Whee¬

ler, 1954) and in alkaline ponds (Mathis, 1979). Also, Scheiring and Foote (1973)

have reported adults from saline waters in Ohio during late summer.

Scatophila sp., possibly a complex containing more than a single species (W.

Mathis, pers. comm.), was found from early spring to autumn in D-vac samples

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

(Fig. 3) although only one specimen was found in pan-trap samples. Scatophila

adults have generally been found to occur from July to September in a variety of

freshwater and maritime habitats including mud and sand shores, glacial river

beds, manure heaps, salt and freshwater meadows, seeps, spoil banks, and in

greenhouses (Bolwig, 1940; Dahl, 1959; Deonier, 1965, 1974; Scheiring and Foote,

1973; Harris and Deonier, 1979; Zack, 1979). Their diet consists of blue-green

algae, diatoms, and gram-positive bacteria (Bolwig, 1940; Deonier, 1974).

Ephydra millbrae, collected only rarely in the D-vac samples, was by far the

most abundant species collected in the pan-traps (Fig. 3). All life stages commonly

occur throughout the year, with abundant numbers observed each year since 1977

in Petaluma Marsh. Adults of E. millbrae are known to frequent calm, saline

pools where they feed, mate, and oviposit into the larval habitat. Jones (1906)

first described this species from salt marshes along South San Francisco Bay,

although his illustration of the egg resembles that of the hemipteran waterboatman

Trichocorixa reticulata (Guerin-Meneville), a common coexisting species. De¬

pending on the availability of suitable habitat, Ephydra adults have been collected

year round (e.g., Ping, 1921; Dahl, 1959; Kelts, 1979) and Foote (1979) considered

species in this genus to be oligophagous in algal food selection.

Psilopa coquilletti adults occurred from early spring to autumn in both D-vac

and pan-trap samples (Fig. 3). The habits and seasonality of P. coquilletti have

not been previously described, although closely related species are known to be

scavengers (Simpson, 1976) and some freshwater Psilopa are leafminers (Hennig,

1943).

Atissa litoralis adults were found throughout most of the year (Fig. 3). A. litoralis

has been found along the eastern U.S. seashore (Sturtevant and Wheeler, 1954)

and in the midwestern U.S. where they occur in both freshwater and saline habitats

(Deonier, 1965; Scheiring and Foote, 1973; Steinly, 1978). Cresson (1942:110)

considered it a “scarce western species”, but in Petaluma Marsh it was the second

most abundant ephydrid collected. Its larval biology is unknown.

Polytrichophora sp. adults occurred from spring through the summer in the

pan-trap samples. In D-vac samples, adults occurred sporadically and in low

numbers during the spring and summer (Fig. 3). Adults of Polytrichophora sp.

have been collected along mud and sand shores in Washington (Zack, 1979), Ohio

(Scheiring and Foote, 1973), and Iowa (Deonier, 1965). Diatoms and other algae

are utilized as food items by species in this genus (Deonier, 1972).

Seasonal abundance of the other 19 ephydrid species in Petaluma Marsh are

presented in Figure 3.

Distribution of species in relation to watercourses. — Five of 23 species collected

in D-vac samples were sufficiently abundant to statistically analyze their distri¬

bution patterns in relation to recirculation ditches (2- and 5-yr-old ditches) and

natural channels (Table 1).

Psilopa coquilletti adults showed no consistent trends within sites. A significantly

higher number of adults occurred away (i.e., at the 10-m distance) from the 2-yr-

old ditch (P = 0.01), yet the natural channel displayed a different trend (P = 0.03),

with significantly fewer adults at the 10-m cf. the 3-m distance (P = 0.03). Com¬

paring sites, the 1-m and 3-m distances at the natural channel had significantly

higher numbers of adults than either ditch (P = 0.01), whereas for the 10-m

distance densities at the 2-yr-old ditch were significantly higher than at either the

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

Table 1. Distribution of adult brine flies in relation to man-made (2- and 5-yr-old ditches) and

natural (channel, NC) watercourses; cell values are mean percents of adults/sample and * and | refer

to horizontal rows and vertical columns, respectively. Within any row (e.g., NC), two cells marked

with * are significantly different from one another, as determined from SNK multiple range tests. If

only one cell is marked with *, that cell is significantly different from the other two cells. Vertical

columns are marked in an identical manner, except for the use of f.

P. coquilletti

S. setosa

1 m

3 m

10 m P

1 m

3 m

10 m

2-yr

13.3

14.6

23.3|* 0.01

2-yr

11.7

5.0

16.9

0.10

5-yr

10.7

11.9

12.2 0.88

5-yr

8.3

5.9

11.7

0.62

20.7f

26.5|*

14.4* 0.03

36.8f*

1.8

14.9

0.01

0.44

0.76

Scatophila sp.

5. stagnalis

1 m

3 m

10 m P

1 m

3 m

10 m

2-yr

-i-

5.5

11.8* 0.04

2-yr

17.2

8.6

16.6

0.57

5-yr

25.9|

12.4

21.1 0.39

5-yr

21.0

9.6

13.2

0.18

19.6

10.0

6.4 0.20

31.8*

7.2*

13.4

0.04

0.45

0.10

0.36

0.93

0.86

Utoralis

1 m

3 m

10 m P

2-yr

17.5

10.6

14.6 0.33

5-yr

13.3

6.0*

22.5* 0.02

14.1

11.8

21.8 0.11

0.69

0.24

0.36

5-yr-old ditch or the natural channel (P = 0.01). Thus, even though the densities

at the natural channel appear to be significantly different from those at the 1 -m

and 3-m distances of either ditch, the significant differences between sites at the

10-m distance (i.e., the control—see Experimental design) indicate that factors

other than those associated with presence of watercourses may be affecting the

distribution of this species.

Scatophila sp. distribution similarly displayed no consistent trends within sites.

The 2-yr-old ditch had significantly fewer adults at the 1-m distance cf. the 10-m

distance (P = 0.04), but different patterns were evident at the other two sites.

Comparing sites, the only significant difference occurred between the 2-yr-old

ditch and the 5-yr-old ditch at the 1-m distance (P = 0.04). The 5-yr-old ditch

and the natural channel had similar abundances at both the 1 -m and 3-m distances.

Scatella setosa adults were more abundant at the 1-m distance than at the

3- and 10-m distances from the natural channel (P = 0.01), a pattern not repeated

at either ditch site. Likewise, a significant difference existed between the 1-m

distance strata at the natural channel and either ditch site (P = 0.01). Therefore,

S. setosa distribution patterns at ditches did not appear to be similar to those at

natural channels.

Scatella stagnalis adults at the natural channel were significantly more abundant

at 1-m distance cf. the 3-m distance (P = 0.04). While similar distribution patterns

occurred at both ditched sites, neither was statistically significant. Also, compar¬

isons between sites revealed no significant differences. From this we conclude that

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

ditches and the natural channel were not dissimilar with respect to the distribution

of this species.

Atissa litoralis adults occurred in significantly greater numbers at the 10-m

distance cf. the 3-m distance at the 5-yr-old ditch (P = 0.02). Although the same

pattern was present, no statistically significant trends were detected at either the

2-yr-old ditch or the natural channel. No significant differences were found be¬

tween sites at any distance. Thus, the ditches and the natural channel did not

appear to affect distribution patterns of A. litoralis dissimilarly.

Discussion

Of the five species which accounted for >98% of the total specimens collected

with the D-vac in 1977-1978, all were found to occur in the same season in the

1980 pan-trap samples. Scatophila sp., L. muria, and E. millbrae were sampled

predominantly by one method ( Scatophila sp. from the D-vac, the other two from

the pan-traps). Two possible reasons may account for this: 1) a difference in actual

population abundance between years, i.e., Scatophila sp. populations may have

declined drastically sometime between 1977-1978 and 1980 and L. muria and

E. millbrae densities increased; or 2) the two methods (D-vac/Berlese-Tullgren

funnels cf. pan-traps) sampled selectively. For E. millbrae and L. muria, this

second explanation is far more likely since the larvae are aquatic and the adults

occur almost exclusively on pond rather than ditch or natural channel surfaces.

Also, both species have been observed on potholes and ponds in rather large

numbers since 1977. In the case of Scatophila sp., insufficient information is

available to determine why only one individual was sampled in 1980 pan-traps.

The distribution of salt marsh arthropods has been observed to vary with

distances from natural channels, marsh ponds, and other water bodies (e.g., Hull

et al., 1934; Williams, 1938; Rockel, 1969; Evans et al., 1971; Garcia and Schlin-

ger, 1972; Freeman and Hansens, 1972; Foster and Treherne, 1975, 1976a, 1976b;

Magnarelli and Anderson, 1978) and results of this study clearly indicate that

population distribution patterns of some species can be related to distance from

man-made ditches and/or natural channels. Whether the addition of recirculation

ditches produces the same results as increasing the number of natural channels

also depends on the species involved. At man-made and natural watercourses

different distribution patterns were found for two species, S. setosa and P. co-

quilletti. For P. coquilletti, factors other than those associated with presence of a

watercourse are apparently affecting its distribution, since abundances at the con¬

trol distance (10-m) of the sites were significantly different. Of the remaining three

species, no significant differences were noted between the natural and man-made

watercourses at any distance.

Differences in natural and man-made watercourses may have varied and com¬

plex effects on the adult brine fly populations. For example, greater woody (i.e.,

perennial) biomass of Salicornia in Petaluma Marsh occurs at 1 -m distance from

the natural channels than at the same distance from ditches (Balling and Resh,

1983). This increase in woody material may afford adult brine flies better pro¬

tection against inundating tides, predators, and extreme temperature fluctua¬

tions. These factors may be more important to some species than others and thus

produce the different distribution patterns observed for the Petaluma Marsh brine

flies.

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

Acknowledgments

We thank S. S. Balling and J. N. Collins for field and laboratory assistance and

the Marin/Sonoma Mosquito Abatement District for their continued support and

cooperation. W. N. Mathis confirmed brine fly identifications. Support for this

project was provided by University of California Mosquito Research Funds.

Literature Cited

Aldrich, J. M. 1912. The biology of some western species of the dipterous genus Ephydra. J. N.Y.

Entomol. Soc., 20:77-99.

Balling, S. S., and V. H. Resh. 1982. Arthropod community responses to mosquito control recir¬

culation ditches in San Francisco Bay salt marshes. Environ. Entomol., 11:801-808.

-, and-. 1983. The influence of mosquito control recirculation ditches on plant biomass,

production, and composition in two San Francisco Bay salt marshes. Estuarine Coastal Shelf

Sci., 16:151-160.

Bolwig, N. 1940. The description of Scatophila unicornis Czerny, 1900 (Ephydridae, Diptera). Proc.

Roy. Entomol. Soc. London (B), 9:129-137.

Crawford, D. L. 1912. The petroleum fly in California Psilopapetrolei Coq. Pomona Coll. J. Entomol.,

4:687-697.

Cresson, E. T., Jr. 1942. Synopses of North American Ephydridae. I. The subfamily Psilopinae, with

descriptions of new species. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 68:101-128.

Dahl, R. G. 1959. Studies on Scandinavian Ephydridae. Opusc. Entomol., Suppl. 15:224 pp.

Deonier, D. L. 1965. Ecological observations on Iowa shore flies. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 71:496-

510.

-. 1972. Observations on mating, oviposition, and food habits of certain shore flies. Ohio J.

Sci., 72:22-29.

-. 1974. Biology and descriptions of immature stages of the shore fly Scatophila iowana. Iowa

State J. Res., 49:17-22.

Dietrick, E. J., E. I. Schlinger, and R. van den Bosch. 1959. A new method for sampling arthropods

using a suction collecting machine and modified Berlese funnel. J. Econ. Entomol., 52:1085-

1091.

Eastin, W. C., and B. A. Foote. 1971. Biology and immature stages of Dichaeta caudata. Ann.

Entomol. Soc. Amer., 64:271-279.

Evans, P. D., C. N. E. Ruscoe, and J. E. Treherne. 1971. Observations on the biology and submergence

behavior of some littoral beetles. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 51:375-386.

Foote, B. A. 1977. Utilization of blue-green algae by larvae of shore flies. Environ. Entomol., 6:

812-814.

-. 1979. Utilization of algae by larvae of shore flies. Pp. 61-72 in D. L. Deonier (ed.), First

symposium on the systematics and ecology of Ephydridae (Diptera). North American Ben-

thological Society, Erie, Pennsylvania, 147 pp.

Foster, W. A., and J. E. Treherne. 1975. The distribution of an intertidal aphid, Pemphigus trehernei

Foster, on marine saltmarshes. Oecologia, 21:151-155.

-, and-. 1976a. The effects of tidal submergence on an intertidal aphid, Pemphigus

trehernei Foster. J. Anim. Ecol., 45:291-301.

-, and-. 1976b. Insects of marine salt-marshes: Problems and adaptations. Pp. 5-42 in

L. Cheng (ed.). Marine insects. North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 581 pp.

Freeman, J. V., and E. J. Flansens. 1972. Collecting larvae of the salt marsh greenhead Tabanus

nigrovittatus and related species in New Jersey: Comparison of methods. Environ. Entomol.,

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Garcia, R., and E. I. Schlinger. 1972. Studies of spider predation on Aedes dorsalis (Meigen) in a

salt marsh. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Ass., 40: 117-118.

Harris, S. C., and D. L. Deonier. 1979. Ecological observations of immature Ephydridae in North

Dakota springbrooks. Pp. 111-122 in D. L. Deonier (ed.), First symposium on systematics and

ecology of Ephydridae (Diptera). North American Benthological Society, Erie, Pennsylvania,

147 pp.

Hennig, W. 1943. Ubersicht fiber bisher bekannten Metamorphosestadien des Ephydriden, mit

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Neobeschreibungen nach dem Material der Deutschen Limnologischen Sundaexpedition (Dip-

tera: Ephydridae). Arb. Morphol. Taxonom. Entomol., 10:105-138.

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172.

Jones, B. J. 1906. Catalogue of Ephydridae, with bibliography and descriptions of new species. Univ.

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zoogeography of Nearctic Lamproscatella Hendel. Smith. Contrib. Zool., 295:1-41.

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Ping, C. 1921. The biology of Ephydra subopaca Loew. Mem. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta., 49:557-

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North American Benthological Society, Erie, Pennsylvania, 147 pp.

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of California. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, 508 pp.

Zack, R. S. 1979. Habitat distribution of Ephydridae (Diptera) of Mount Rainier National Park

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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

60(1), 1984, pp. 47-52

Published 27 January 1984

Two New Conifer-Inhabiting Phytocoris from Western

North America (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Gary M. Stonedahl

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Oregon State

University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331.

Abstract. — The new plant bug species Phytocoris nobilis and P. occidentalis are

described from western North America. Phytocoris nobilis was collected on Abies

spp. and P. occidentalis was taken on several species of Pinus and also collected

at light. The adult male of P. nobilis and male genitalia of both species are

illustrated.

Relatively little is known about the plant bug fauna of the northwestern United

States. A recent survey of the Phytocoris species that occur in this region has

revealed the presence of several undescribed species. Phytocoris nobilis and P.

occidentalis are described to provide names for a forthcoming study of the Miridae

of Oregon. Phytocoris nobilis was taken at several localities in the Coast and

Cascade Ranges of Oregon on Abies spp. Phytocoris occidentalis occurs throughout

much of coastal western North America on pines and also has been taken at light.

The following abbreviations are used for specimen depositories cited in the

locality data: American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); California Acad¬

emy of Sciences (CAS); California State Department of Food and Agriculture

(F&A); Los Angeles County Museum (LACM); Oregon State University (OSU);

San Diego Natural History Museum (SDNH); University of British Columbia

(UBC); University of California, Berkeley (UCB); University of California, Riv¬

erside (UCR); National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

(USNM).

Phytocoris nobilis, New Species

(Figs. 1, 2-4)

Male (Fig. 1).—Length 7.68-8.85 mm, width 2.50-2.74. Head: width across

eyes 1.20-1.27, vertex 0.36-0.39; dark reddish brown to nearly black; frons, gula,

and ventral margin of lorum marked with white or pale yellow; base of jugum

with conspicuous pale spot; vertex and frons with scattered, erect, black bristles.

Rostrum: length 3.36-3.69, extending to 6th or 7th abdominal segment. Antennae:

dark brown or black; with closely appressed, recumbent, light setae; I, length 1.50-

1.71, with scattered, pale, often indistinct spots, and stout erect black bristles; II,

length 3.46-3.93, narrowly pale at base; III, length 1.86-2.18; IV, length 1.14-

1.27. Pronotum: mesal length 1.12-1.18, posterior width 1.98-2.05, white or pale

yellow, lateral margins broadly fuscous. Scutellum: moderately convex, white or

pale yellow, pale midline bordered by broad fuscous band. Hemelytra: opaque

white, densely marked with small to large fuscous patches, particularly along

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figure 1. Phytocoris nobilis, n. sp., adult male.

claval, cubital and radial veins; apices of clavus and cuneus, posterolateral angle

of corium, and posterior margin of paracuneus fuscous; membrane conspurcate,

veins dark, becoming pale posteriorly. Venter: dark brown or black, shining, with

scattered pale setae. Legs: coxae white or pale yellow; femora fuscous, apical half

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

Figures 2-4. Phytocoris nobilis. 2. Left paramere. 3. Right paramere. 4. Sclerotized process of

vesica. 5-7. Phytocoris occidentalis. 5. Left paramere. 6. Right paramere. 7. Sclerotized process of

vesica.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

marked with scattered pale spots, metafemora with preapical, transverse, pale

band; tibiae fuscous, triannulate with white; tarsi fuscous; tarsal claws yellowish

brown. Vestiture: pronotal disk, scutellum, and hemelytra with semierect, black

setae intermixed with recumbent, silvery setae. Genitalia: Figures 2-4. Genital

segment with large, broad tubercle at base of left paramere, and similar but smaller

tubercle at base of right paramere. The male description is based on the exami¬

nation of nine specimens.

Female. — Similar to male in color and vestiture; hemelytra with fewer fuscous

patches, often nearly entirely white. Length 6.78-7.26 mm, width 2.32-2.60.

Head: width across eyes 1.12-1.20, vertex 0.44-0.47. Rostrum: length 3.63-3.82,

extending to base of ovipositor. Antennae: I, 1.46-1.63; II, 3.19-3.57; III, 1.67-

2.05; IV, 0.95-1.18. Pronotum: mesal length 1.01-1.12, posterior width 1.79-

1.98. The female description is based on the examination of 12 specimens.

Type data. — HOLOTYPE male, Oregon, Lane Co., H. J. Andrews Experimental

Forest, T15S, R6E, Sec. 29, NW l A, 1450 meters, July 31, 1979 (G. M. Cooper;

USNM). PARATYPES: OREGON. Benton Co.: 2 males, Marys Peak, T12S,

R7W, Sec. 21, SW l A, 1097 meters, Aug. 6, 1975 (J. D. Lattin; OSU); 1 male and

3 females, Marys Peak, T12S, R7W, Sec. 20, SW l A, 1070 meters, July 25-Aug.

17, 1979 (G. M. Cooper; OSU); 1 male and 2 females, Marys Peak, T12S, R7W,

Sec. 21, SW 1 A , 1097 meters, Aug. 3, 1979 (G. M. Cooper; OSU). Lane Co.: 1

female, same data as holotype (G. M. Stonedahl; USNM); 2 males and 5 females,

H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, T15S, R6E, Sec. 29, SW X A and SE l A, 1480

meters, July 20 & 31, 1979 (G. M. Cooper, G. M. Stonedahl; AMNH, OSU);

1 male and 1 female, same data as above but July 13, 1980 (G. M. Cooper; CAS);

1 male, H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, T15S, R6E, Sec. 7, SW X A, 1329

meters, July 31, 1979 (G. M. Stonedahl; OSU).

Specimens were collected on noble fir, Abies procera Rehd. and silver fir, Abies

amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes.

Remarks.— This species belongs to the junceus species group formed by Knight

(1974) and discussed by Kelton (1979) and Henry (1979). Phytocoris nobilis keys

to P. rainieri Knight in Knight (1974:126) based on the predominantly white

pronotal disk and hemelytra, and the relatively short first antennal segment. The

two species can be separated on the basis of color and vestiture of the dorsum,

legs, and antennae. The dorsum of P. nobilis has a lighter, grayish white cast

compared to the reddish brown cast of P. rainieri. The hind femora of P. nobilis

are fuscous with scattered pale spots that are largely restricted to the apical half

of the femur. In P. rainieri, the hind femora are pale yellow with a reticulate,

reddish brown pattern that extends to the base of the femur. The tibiae of P.

nobilis are clearly triannulate with white, but banding is indistinct or lacking in

P. rainieri. The femora and first antennal segments of P. rainieri are more densely

set with erect, black, bristle-like setae than are those of P. nobilis. Male genitalia

were not compared since the male of P. rainieri is unknown.

Phytocoris occidentalis, New Species

(Figs. 5-7)

Male. — Length 4.43-5.83 mm, width 1.53-1.71. Head: width across eyes 0.90-

0.94, vertex 0.29-0.32; pale yellow to testaceous; buccula, lorum, jugum, and

clypeus marked with red or reddish brown; frons with 6-8 fuscous striae each

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

side of midline. Rostrum: length 1.89-2.30, extending to 5th or 6th abdominal

segment. Antennae: dark reddish brown to fuscous; I, length 0.68-0.79, with

recumbent, black setae and 10-12 erect, pale bristles; II, length 1.78-2.03, nar¬

rowly pale at base; III, length 1.03-1.30, narrowly pale at base; IV, length 0.68-

0.90. Pronotum: mesal length 0.71-0.81, posterior width 1.28-1.42; testaceous

or grayish yellow, collar and calli marked with red; posterior submargin with 4-

6 slightly elevated tubercles outlined posteriorly by a wavy, fuscous band. Scu-

tellum: testaceous or grayish yellow; frequently marked or tinged with red, es¬

pecially along midline. Hemelytra: testaceous or grayish yellow with distinct red¬

dish cast, areas bordering claval suture darker brown; cuneus deeper red; membrane

translucent, confusedly sprinkled with fuscous spots which often coalesce to form

larger fuscous patches, veins pale, usually tinged with red and sometimes infus-

cated basally. Venter: testaceous or grayish yellow, extensively mottled with red

or reddish brown; base of 9th abdominal segment broadly fuscous. Legs: coxae

pale yellow with scattered, reddish patches; femora pale yellow, reticulated with

red or reddish brown so that pale areas appear as spots, metafemora more exten¬

sively infuscated apically; tibiae reddish brown to fuscous with scattered, pale

spots, pale markings on front tibiae often appearing as three distinct bands; tarsi

testaceous to fuscous; tarsal claws testaceous. Vestiture: pronotal disk, scutellum,

and hemelytra with semierect, black setae intermixed with brown or black, scale¬

like setae and white, scale-like setae. Genitalia: Figures 5-7. Genital segment with

a finger-shaped tubercle at bases of left and right parameres. The male description

is based on the examination of 46 specimens.

Female.—Very similar to male in color, vestiture, and size. Length 4.37-5.29

mm, width 1.51-1.71. Head: width across eyes 0.80-0.95, vertex 0.33-0.41. Ros¬

trum: length 1.98-2.47, extending to 5th or 6th abdominal segment. Antennae:

I, 0.68-0.80; II, 1.76-2.11; III, 1.12-1.30; IV, 0.76-0.94. Pronotum: mesal length

0.70-0.86, posterior width 1.19-1.49. The female description is based on the

examination of 29 specimens.

Type data. — HOLOTYPE male, Oregon, Josephine Co., 4 mi NE Cave Junction

on US 199, Aug. 8, 1979, ex Pinus ponderosa Dougl. (G. M. Stonedahl; USNM).

PARATYPES: OREGON. 3 males and 1 female, same data as holotype (OSU);

9 males and 3 females, same data as holotype but Aug. 24, 1979 (AMNH, CAS,

OSU).

Additional specimens. — CANADA. BRITISH COLUMBIA. Goldstream, Aug.

4, 1927 and Aug. 16, 1929 (W. Downes; UBC). UNITED STATES. CALIFOR¬

NIA. Alameda Co.: Berkeley, Aug. 28 and Oct. 1, 1965, at light (R. L. Langston;

UCB). Butte Co.: Oroville, July 13, 1926 (H. H. Keifer; CAS). Contra Costa Co.:

Moraga, July 24 and Sept. 23, 1976 (D. G. Denning; AMNH); San Pablo Dam

Res., June 29, 1978, ex Pinus radiata D. Don (C. P. Ohmart; OSU); Walnut Crk.,

Aug. 20, 1969, at blacklight (J. A. Powell; UCB). Mariposa Co.: Feliciana Mtn.,

July 26, 1946, ex Pinus attenuata Lemmon (R. L. Usinger; UCB). Plumas Co.:

Johnsville, Sept. 2, 1967, light trap (H. Pini; F&A). Sacramento Co.: Sacramento,

June 15-26, 1968 (R. A. Belmont; F&A). San Bernardino Co.: San Bernadino

Mts., Mill Crk., 1829 meters, Sept. 2, 1950, at light (Timberlake; UCR); San

Bernardino Mts., South Fork Camp, 1890 meters, Sept. 10, 1944, ex Pinus pon¬

derosa (Timberlake; UCR); San Bernardino Mts., Camp O-Ongo nr. Running

Springs, 1920 meters, Aug. 31, 1971 (C. L. Hogue; LACM); 4 mi S Twentynine

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Palms, March 30, 1970, ex Yucca schidigera Roezl (UCB). San Diego Co.: Laguna,

Aug. 21, 1927 (SDNH). Shasta Co.: Lakehead, 350 meters, June 26, 1981, ex

Pinus sabiniana Dougl. (J. D. Lattin; OSU). Siskiyou Co.: McCloud, 1073 meters,

Aug. 9 & 20, 1980, ex Pinus attenuata (G. M. Stonedahl; OSU). Yolo Co.: 5 mi

N Rumsey, May 2, 1973 (J. C. Miller; OSU). OREGON. Grant Co.: Malheur

Nat. For., Dixie Campground, Aug. 24, 1981, ex Pinus ponderosa (G. M. Stone¬

dahl; OSU). Hood River Co.: Mt. Hood, Cloud Cap, 1829 meters. Sept. 5, 1979,

ex Pinus contorta Dougl. (G. M. Stonedahl; OSU); T1S, R10E, Sec. 31, Sept. 13,

1979, ex Pinus contorta (G. M. Stonedahl; OSU); T3S, R9E, Sec. 18, 1311 meters,

Sept. 13, 1979, ex Pinus contorta (J. D. Lattin; OSU). Josephine Co.: O’Brien,

Aug. 2, 1968 (P. Oman; OSU); 2 mi W O’Brien, Aug. 10, 1979, ex Pinus ponderosa

(G. M. Stonedahl; OSU). Linn Co.: 1 mi W jet. State Hwy. 22 on US 20, Sept.

19, 1979, ex Pinus contorta (G. M. Stonedahl; OSU); 0.5 mi N jet. US 20 on

State Hwy. 22, 1158 meters, Sept. 1, 1977, ex Pinus contorta (J. D. Lattin; OSU).

Remarks.—Phytocoris occidentalis will key to P. miniatus Knight in Knight

(1968:219) but is easily separated from miniatus by the submarginal, fuscous band

on the pronotal disk and the black, scale-like setae on the dorsum. Phytocoris

occidentalis is much larger than P. miniatus which has an average size of only

3.4 mm. The geographic ranges of these two species also are different. Phytocoris

miniatus is known only from Arizona and Utah.

Phytocoris occidentalis is superficially similar to another pine-inhabiting Phy¬

tocoris species, P. stellatus Van Duzee. Phytocoris stellatus is easily separated

from occidentalis by the absence of black, scale-like setae on the dorsum and the

structure of the male genitalia, particularly the absence of the genital tubercles.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank John D. Lattin (OSU), Paul W. Oman (OSU), and Thomas J.

Henry (USDA, SEL, % USNM) for reviewing the manuscript; and special thanks

to Richard C. Froeschner (USNM) for loaning type specimens of P. abiesi Knight

and P. rainieri Knight for comparison. I also thank Bonnie B. Hall for the fine

illustration of P. nobilis and Julie A. Stonedahl for help in preparing the manu¬

script. The Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Fund (AMNH) and the Oregon State

University Foundation provided funds to study additional type material at the

USNM.

Literature Cited

Henry, T. J. 1979. Descriptions and notes on five new species of Miridae from North America

(Hemiptera). Melsheimer Entomol. Ser., 27:1-10.

Kelton, L. A. 1979. Two new species of Phytocoris from western Canada (Heteroptera:Miridae).

Can. Entomol., 111:689-692.

Knight, H. H. 1968. Taxonomic review: Miridae of the Nevada Test Site and the western United

States. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser., 9(3): 1-282.

-. 1974. A key to the species of Phytocoris Fallen belonging to the Phytocoris junceus Kngt.

group of species (Hemiptera, Miridae). Iowa State. J. Res., 49:123-135.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

60(1), 1984, pp. 53-54

Published 27 January 1984

Description of the First Central American Species of

Stenopogon Loew (Diptera: Asilidae)

Larry G. Bezark

California Department of Food and Agriculture, Biological Control Services

Program, Division of Environmental Monitoring and Pest Management, Sacra¬

mento, California.

Abstract.—A new species of Stenopogon Loew from La Pacifica in Costa Rica

is described. This represents the first Central American record for this genus.

Stenopogon setosus , New Species

Male .—Length 12 mm. Head black; face silvery tomentose, frons and occiput

golden tomentose. Mystax composed of strong white bristles extending halfway

to antennae; white hairs subequal in length to antennal segment 1, extending %

the distance from upper edge of mystax to antennal bases; occipital bristles brown;

bristles of frons and ocellar tubercle dark-brown. Antennae (Fig. 1) dark-brown,

bristles whitish; segments 11-6-20-11.

Mesonotum black, humeri dark-reddish, tomentum light-brownish, central

stripes and intermediate areas darker. Hairs numerous, brownish, anteriorly as

long as antennal segment 1, becoming longer and whitish posteriorly. Bristles

whitish; 3 humeral; 3-4 strong post-humeral; 4 strong, 1 weak presutural; 5

supraalar; 3 postalar; 3 strong dark-brown, 1 strong white anterior and 4 white

posterior dorsocentral. Pleurae and coxae black, golden-brown tomentose, hairs

and bristles white. Entire scutellum light-golden tomentose; 4 long white marginal

bristles.

Abdomen dark-brownish, silvery tomentose dorsally, becoming brownish to¬

mentose laterally. Hairs white, longer laterally on 1-3; 4 white lateral bristles on

1. Sternites dark-brownish, brown tomentose; hairs erect white on 1-7. Genitalia

dark-brownish; hairs white (Figs. 2-4).

Legs black; tibiae and tarsi dark-brownish. Hairs and bristles white; a few dark-

brown bristles on the tibiae and tarsi.

Halteres pale-brown. Wings very lightly infuscated; posterior cell 1 open; pos¬

terior cell 4 closed and petiolate; anal cell closed at wing margin.

Female. — Unknown.

Holotype. — Male, La Pacifica, 4 km NW of Canas, Gte Province (Guanacaste),

Costa Rica. Dec. -22/27-73, P. Opler. Deposited on indefinite loan in the collection

of the California Academy of Sciences.

Paratypes. — 3 males, same data, except: Jan. -23-74. Specimens deposited in

the collections of the Essig Museum of Entomology, Berkeley and the author.

Stenopogon setosus belongs to the Albibasis Group as defined by Wilcox (1971).

It differs from the other known species of this group by the presence of long hairs

above the mystax which extend nearly to the antennal bases, and by the closed

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figures 1-4. Stenopogon setosus, n. sp. 1. Antenna. 2-4. Male genitalia, lateral, dorsal, and ventral

views.

and petiolate 4 th posterior cell. The presence of long anterior dorsocentral bristles

will separate it from the remainder of the Albibasis Group species except for S.

lomae Wilcox, in which the anterior mesonotal hairs are yellowish and are only

as long as the second antennal segment. There is some variation in the color of

the anterior dorsocentrals and in the number of marginal scutellar bristles, ex¬

hibited by the paratypes.

Two additional specimens (one male, one female) of Stenopogon from Alajuela,

Costa Rica, are similar except the thorax and abdomen are reddish in ground

color. It is possible that they represent a second new species, but as they are in

poor condition, species determination will have to be deferred until more material

is accumulated.

The illustrations were prepared by Susan Kaiser. Thanks to L. Knutson (USNM)

for sending specimens in his care, and to C. S. Papp for technical assistance.

Special thanks go to John Chemsak who never lets me leave U.C. Berkeley without

unidentified asilids.

Literature Cited

Wilcox, J. 1971. The genera Stenopogon Loew and Scleropogon Loew in America North of Mexico

(DipteraiAsilidae). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 89, 134 pp.,

263 figs.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

60(1), 1984, pp. 55-62

Published 27 January 1984

Notes on Neotropical Veliidae (Hemiptera) VI.

Revision of the Genus Euvelia Drake

John T. Polhemus 1 and Dan A. Polhemus 2

3115 S. York St., Englewood, Colorado 80110.

The genus Euvelia was founded by Drake (1957) with E. advena Drake as the

only included species. Whereas Drake had but a single female before him, we

fortunately have series of E. advena , and of three new species described below.

A redescription of E. advena is provided along with a key to the known species.

We are indebted to the following individuals and institutions for the opportunity

to study specimens; abbreviations for the various collections are given in paren¬

theses and used in the text: Dr. R. T. Schuh, American Museum of Natural History,

New York (AMNH); Dr. P. H. Arnaud, California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco (CAS); Dr. T. J. Henry, United States National Museum (Natural His¬

tory), Washington (USNM); Dr. R. C. Froeschner, Curator, Drake Collection,

Smithsonian Institution, Washington (CJD); Dr. H. H. Weber, personal collection

(HHW) and Max Planck Institut of Fimnologie, Plon (Plon); J. T. Polhemus

collection (JTP).

Unless otherwise noted, measurements are given in units, 60 units = 1 mm.

Euvelia Drake

Euvelia Drake, 1957. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 70:116.

Type-species Euvelia advena Drake, monotypy and original designation.

This genus is characterized by four large blade-like pretarsal structures on each

middle tarsus, short fusiform antennal segments, and the middle and posterior

acetabula approximate and far removed from the front pair; other characteristics

are typical of the Microveliinae. The most closely related genus, Husseyella Her¬

ring (1955), has four much smaller blade-like pretarsal structures on each middle

tarsus and relatively much longer, more slender antennae, but shares the unusual

placement of the middle acetabula. The only other American member of the

Microveliinae with blade-like pretarsal structures is Xiphovelia lacunana (Drake

& Plaumann) with three blades on each middle tarsus and the acetabula about

equidistant from each other (see Polhemus, 1977).

The differences between Euvelia and Husseyella are not greater than say the

austrina group of Microvelia and other Microvelia species. We believe, however,

that a revision of the generic structure of the Microveliinae should result from a

cladistic analysis of all taxa of the subfamily, so this matter will be treated in a

later publication.

1 Contribution from University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colorado 80309.

2 Contribution from Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figure 1. Euvelia species, anterior trochanter. A. E. advena Drake. B. E. lata, n. sp.

Key to Species of Euvelia

1. Body very broad; connexival segments 1 and 4 with silvery hair patches;

connexiva without pruinose areas (Fig. 3) . E. discala, n. sp.

Body moderately broad to broad; connexival segments without silvery hair

patches; connexival segments 2 and 4-7 (at least) with pruinose areas

(Fig. 4) . 2

2. Male fore trochanter produced distally into a long distinct spur (Fig. la);

width of females across humeri about 1.5 times width of head across

eyes; females without glabrous area on pleura . E. advena Drake

Male fore trochanter not or only slightly produced; females with a glabrous

area on pleura or width of humeri almost twice as wide as head across

eyes . 3

3. Females broad, with short to moderately long stout setae and no glabrous

area on pleura; males with a short anteriorly directed spur or tuft of stiff

hairs distally on fore trochanter (Fig. lb) . E. lata, n. sp.

Females narrower, with no stout setae on pleura, but with a depressed

glabrous area on pleura (Fig. 2); males without spur or tuft on fore

trochanter . E. concava, n. sp.

Euvelia advena Drake

Euvelia advena Drake, 1957. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 70:116.

Description.— Apterous male: Elongate, broadest across mesonotal angles; ab¬

domen tapering evenly to apex; tergite seven trapezoidal. Length 1.37 mm, max¬

imum width 0.80 mm.

Ground color black, with scattered pruinose areas. Head black, narrow area

along base of vertex and adjoining eyes reddish brown; frons with scattered stout

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

1mm

Figure 2. Euvelia concava, n. sp., female, lateral view showing depressed glabrous area on pleura.

Figure 3. Euvelia discala, n. sp., female, dorsal view (legs omitted).

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Figure 4. Euvelia concava, n. sp., female, dorsal view (legs omitted).

setae. Antennae chestnut brown, terminal segment black; proportions of segments

I-IV: 13; 11; 14; 14.

Pronotum black; anterior lobe with rectangular area medially near anterior

margin not reaching inner eye margins pink, surrounded by larger rectangular

black area covering medial part of anterior lobe and extending laterally beyond

inner eye margins, flanked by lateral pruinose areas; posterior lobe brownish to

black medially, black laterally. Posterolateral angles of metanotum pruinose. Pleu¬

ral region sparsely set with stout setae, without glabrous areas.

Abdomen black; connexiva moderately reflexed; tergites two, five, six, and

seven, and connexival segments two, four, five, and six with broad pruinose areas;

pruinose areas appearing lavender on more distal segments.

Ventral surface dark grey; rostrum chestnut brown, glabrous; margins of coxal

cavity and venter embrowned; narrow glabrous areas present medially on ab¬

dominal sternites one through six; usual small tuft of setae arising at end of scent

channel above and between hind and middle coxae. Legs pale yellow, infuscated

distally along femora and tibiae; male fore trochanter with distinct spur (Fig. la);

fore tibia sparsely set with stout setae; middle femora with sparse tuft of four

setae at base. Legs with following proportions:

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

Femur

Tibia

Tarsal I

Tarsal II

—

Middle

Posterior

Genital segments small, inconspicuous; parameres tiny, symmetrical, not di¬

agnostic.

Apterous female: Similar to male but slightly larger, body shape more ovate;

tergite 8 broader than in male, nearly rectangular. Length 1.55 mm, maximum

width 0.89 mm.

Material examined. — BOLIVIA: 1 2 (Holotype), Cuarto Ojo, Piray River, IV-

25-1957 (CJD). BRAZIL: 1 <3, 2 2, Rio Madeira, Porto Velho, IX-1937, A. M.

Ollala (JTP); 2 6, 7 2, Goias, Santa Isabel, Ilha de Bananal, Rio Araguaia, B.

Malkin (JTP); 10 <5, 4 2, Source region, Rio Xingu, VIII-28 and 29-1965, E. J.

Fittkau (JTP, HHW, Plon); 1 6, 1 2, Rio Negro, 30 km below Barcelos, A333, II-

7-1962, E. J. Fittkau (HE1W, Plon); 17 6, 13 2, Rio Cuieiras, Igarape Cachoeira,

A428, XI-25-1962, E. J. Fittkau (JTP, HHW, Plon). PERU: 2 2, Estiron, Rio

Ampiacu, Loreto, rapid forest stream, XI-28 to XII-7-1961, B. Malkin (USNM).

Euvelia lata, New Species

Description .—Apterous male: Ovate, broadest across mesonotal angles, abdo¬

men curving broadly and evenly to apex. Length 1.34 mm, maximum width 0.95

mm.

Ground color black, with scattered pruinose areas; body thickly covered with

fine golden pubescence. Head black, narrow area along base of vertex and adjoining

inner margins of eyes reddish brown; frons with distinct medial cleft, set with

scattered stout setae, especially prominent at base of labrum. Antennae chestnut

brown, terminal segment black; proportions of segments I-IV: 11; 11; 16; 16.

Pronotum black; anterior lobe set with scattered stout setae, with ovate area

medially near anterior margin but not reaching inner eye margins pink, surrounded

by larger rectangular black area covering medial portion of anterior lobe and

extending laterally to inner eye margins, flanked by lateral pruinose areas; posterior

lobe black, with faint medial furrow. Posterolateral angles of metanotum pruinose.

Pleural region sparsely set with stout setae, lacking glabrous areas.

Abdomen black; connexiva weakly reflexed; tergite one with two small trian¬

gular pruinose areas flanking medial black area; tergites two, three, five, six, and

seven, and connexival segments two, four, five, and six with broad pruinose areas;

connexival margins set with stout setae.

Ventral surface dark grey; rostrum chestnut brown, glabrous; coxal cavity black,

margins embrowned; small glabrous areas present medially on abdominal sternites

four through six; usual small tuft of setae present at end of scent channel. Legs

chestnut brown, femora infuscated distally; fore trochanter with small, anteriorly

directed tuft of setae (Fig. 1 b); middle femora with tuft of four stout setae basally.

Legs with following proportions:

Femur

Tibia

Tarsal I

Tarsal II

—

Middle

Posterior

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Apterous female: Similar to male but slightly larger, body shape slightly broader.

Length 1.64 mm, maximum width 1.05 mm.

Material examined. —Holotype, male, BRAZIL: Rio Cuieiras, Igarape de Arara,

A410, XI-22-1962, E. J. Fittkau (Plon). Paratypes as follows: BRAZIL: 1 6, 1 9 ,

same data as holotype (JTP, Plon); 1 9 , Rio Cururu, Lago da Ziganea, A103,

1-24-1961, E. J. Fittkau (HHW); 1 9 , above Manaus, Cachoeira da Igarape Gigante,

A198, VII-3-1961, E. J. Fittkau (Plon); 1 6, above Manaus, St. Antonio, Igarape

da Bajaon, A276, XII-11-1961, E. J. Fittkau (HHW); 3 < 5 , 3 9 , Lago Catua, IX-

12-1961, E. J. Fittkau (JTP).

Discussion. — The key characters will separate this species from all other known

Euvelia. The body is relatively broad, but not nearly as broad as in E. discala,

n. sp. The name lata refers to the broad body.

Euvelia concava , New Species

Description .—Apterous male: Elongate, broadest across mesonotal angles; ab¬

domen tapering evenly to apex, connexival margins weakly sinuate. Length 1.25

mm, maximum width 0.75 mm.

Ground color black, with scattered pruinose areas. Head black, narrow area

along base of vertex adjoining eyes light brown; frons with scattered stout setae

along inner margins of eyes, lower portion pruinose. Antennae chestnut brown,

segment III infuscated, terminal segment black; proportions of segments I-IV:

11; 9; 11; 13.

Pronotum black; anterior lobe with roughly triangular area medially near an¬

terior margin not reaching inner eye margins pink, surrounded by larger rectan¬

gular black area covering medial part of anterior lobe and extending laterally to

inner eye margins, flanked by small lateral pruinose areas; posterior lobe black,

with distinct medial depression. Posterolateral angles of metanotum pruinose.

Pleural region sparsely set with stout setae, without glabrous areas.

Abdomen black; connexiva moderately reflexed; tergite one with two small

triangular pruinose areas flanking medial black area, bases adjoining posterior

lobe of pronotum; tergites two, three, five, six, and seven, and connexival segments

two, four, five, and six with broad pruinose areas; pruinose areas appearing blue

on more proximal segments fading to lavender distally.

Ventral surface dark grey; rostrum chestnut brown, glabrous; margins of coxal

cavity and venter embrowned; glabrous areas present medially on abdominal

sternites three through five; usual small tuft of setae arising at end of scent channel

between hind and middle coxae. Legs pale yellow, lightly infuscated distally along

femora and tibiae; fore and middle tibiae sparsely set with stout setae. Legs with

following proportions:

Femur

Tibia

Tarsal I

Tarsal II

Anterior 20

—

Middle 39

Posterior 29

Apterous female: Similar to male but slightly larger; pruinose areas of slightly

different shape (Fig. 4). Length 1.49 mm, maximum width 0.80 mm. Anterior

lobe of pronotum with stout setae; medial pink pruinose area more rectangular

than in male; pleural region with large glabrous area (Fig. 2). Abdomen with

VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1

connexiva strongly reflexed; pruinose areas more extensive than in male; triangular

pruinose patches on abdominal tergite 1 extending to posterior margin of tergite.

Material examined. — Holotype, male BRAZIL: Capitao Vasconselos, on Rio

Tuatuari, Upper Xingu Basin, Matto Grosso, VII-31-1957, B. Malkin (CAS).

Paratypes, BRAZIL: 21 S, 71 2, 3 nymphs, same data as holotype (CAS, JTP,

USNM).

Discussion.—Euvelia concava, n. sp. most closely resembles E. advena Drake,

but may be easily separated by the lack of a spur on the male anterior trochanter,

and the depressed glabrous area on the pleura of the female. The latter character

separates the females from all other known Euvelia species, and is apparently the

result of a modification to facilitate phoresy. The name concava refers to the

glabrous concavity on the female.

Euvelia discala, New Species

Description.— Apterous male: Ovate, broadest across mesonotal angles, shape

as in Figure 3. Length 1.46 mm, maximum width 1.05 mm.

Ground color black, with scattered silvery hair patches, body thickly clothed

in fine golden pubescence. Head reddish brown; frons black, with distinct medial

furrow, set with stout setae. Antennae chestnut brown, terminal segment lightly

infuscated, segments two and three each with three stout spines; proportions of

segments I-IV: 11; 11; 18; 16.

Pronotum black; anterior lobe with rectangular area medially near anterior

margin reaching inner eye margins reddish brown, sparsely set with stout setae;

posterior lobe black, with two round silvery hair patches flanking faint medial

furrow, set sparsely with stout setae. Pleural region moderately set with stout

setae, lacking glabrous areas.

Abdomen black; connexiva moderately reflexed, set with stout hairs; tergites

two, six, and seven, and connexival segments one and four with small round

patches of silvery hairs.

Ventral surface dusky brown; rostrum chestnut brown, glabrous; margins of

coxal cavity and venter embrowned. Legs chestnut brown; fore and middle tibiae

sparsely set with stout setae; distal comb on fore tibia prominent, black. Legs

with following proportions:

Femur

Tibia

Tarsal I

Tarsal II

—

Middle

Posterior

Apterous female: Similar to male, but slightly larger and broader, shape and

markings as in Figure 3. Length 1.70 mm, maximum width 1.19 mm. Reddish

brown area on anterior lobe of pronotum divided medially by black line; margins

of pronotum somewhat more heavily set with stout setae than in male.

Material examined. — Holotype, male BRAZIL: Rio Cuieirias, Igarape da Arara,

A410, XI-22-1962, E. J. Fittkau (Plon). Paratypes as follows: BRAZIL: 4 6, 3 9,

same data as holotype (JTP, HHW, Plon); 1 9, Rio Negro, Furo de Paracuuba,

Si/Sa 7, IX-17-1959, Sioli & Sattler (Plon); 1 6, above Manaus, Reserva Duke,

Igarape Barro Branco, A584, XI-6-1965, E. J. Fittkau (Plon). PERU: 1 6, 1 9,

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Estiron, Rio Ampiacu, Loreto, rapid forest stream, XI-28 to XII-7-61, B. Malkin

(USNM).

Discussion. — The broad body, long hairs on the dorsum, and silvery spots on

the connexiva will separate E. discala from other known species of the genus.

The name discala refers to the shape of the insect.

Literature Cited

Drake, C. J. 1957. New neotropical water-striders (Hemiptera). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 70:111-118.

Herring, J. L. 1955. A new American genus of Veliidae (Hemiptera). Florida Entomol., 38:21-25.

Polhemus, J. T. 1977. Type-designations and other notes concerning Veliidae (Insecta: Hemiptera).

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 79:637-648.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

60(1), 1984, pp. 63-64

Published 27 January 1984

A New Species of Phymatodes from New Mexico

(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

James S. Cope

6689 Mt. Holly Dr., San Jose, California 95120.

Abstract.— Phymatodes shareeae, is described as new from the Nacimiento

Mountains, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. Larval and pupal habits in Acer

glabrum are also reported.

Members of the relatively large genus, Phymatodes, are found throughout the

Holarctic Region. The species are mostly small, slender, with maculate elytra,

and are found mainly upon broad-leaved trees. In North America however, a

considerable number of the described species are immaculate and many utilize

coniferous hosts. A new species, closely related to Phymatodes vulneratus (Le-

Conte), was collected from northern New Mexico.

Phymatodes shareeae, New Species

Male. — Form subcylindrical; color piceous with coxae, bases of femora, tibiae,

and antennae rufous or rufotestaceous; elytra with a single pair of oblique white

fasciae just behind middle, expanded at the margin. Head with upper frons and

vertex coarsely, closely punctate; antennae nearly as long as body, scape sparsely

punctate, sparsely ciliate, third segment about as long as fourth. Pronotum a little

wider than long, sides broadly rounded, base moderately constricted; disk coarsely,

closely punctate, clothed with short, coarse, erect, dark pubescence, interspaces

shining. Elytra about twice as long as basal width, sides subparallel, apical half

often explanate, apices broadly rounded externally, narrowly rounded internally,

surface distinctly punctate at base, more finely and subrugosely punctate behind

fasciae; pubescence short, dark, suberect, shining, sparsely clothed with short,

erect hairs; posterior tarsi with first segment distinctly longer than following two

together. Abdomen with sternites polished, shining, very sparsely punctate and

subglabrous; fifth sternite shorter than fourth, apex broadly, feebly emarginate.

Length 6-9 mm.

Female. — Antennae surpassing elytral fasciae; femora less strongly clavate; fifth

sternite about as long as fourth, apex narrowly rounded. Length 6-10 mm.

Holotype male, allotype (California Academy of Sciences) from 9 miles SW

Coyote, Nacimiento Mountains, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, beaten from

Acer glabrum Torrey, 21 June 1977 (J. S. Cope). Paratypes as follows: 37 males,

28 females, same locality data, reared from Acer glabrum, emerged April 2-19,

1978 (J. S. Cope). Paratypes are deposited in the following collections: University

of California at Berkeley, San Jose State University, J. S. Cope, E. Giesbert, F.

T. Hovore, J. Huether, R. Penrose, R. Surdick, R. H. Turnbow, Jr., W. H. Tyson,

J. E. Wappes.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

This species resembles Phymatodes vulneratus but the two may be separated

by the uniform, dark, short, erect elytral pubescence, expanded elytral fasciae,

and rufous antennal coloration of Phymatodes shareeae. In contrast Phymatodes

vulneratus may be characterized by longer, erect, golden elytral pubescence, par¬

allel sided elytral fasciae, and typically dark antennae. Antennal coloration of

specimens from southern California often tends to be a light reddish-brown.

Phymatodes vulneratus is a Pacific Coast species ranging from Southern California

to British Columbia while Phymatodes shareeae is located 500 miles to the east

in northern New Mexico.

Biology. — Both of these closely related species utilize various species of Acer

as hosts. The entire type series was beaten from or reared from Acer glabrum.

Larval work is typical of other species in the genus, as summarized by Chemsak

and Powell (1964). Larvae work just under the bark of larger branches, lightly

scoring the sapwood. The meandering galleries are loosely packed with a light,

fine, granular frass mixed with darker bits of bark. Prior to pupation the larva

cuts an oblique tunnel into the wood, then turns parallel to the wood grain where

a pupal chamber is constructed. The exit hole is plugged with packed granular

frass. Adult emergence at the type locality apparently occurs in June.

The following key segment may be inserted into the “Key to North American

Species of Phymatodes ” found in Linsley’s (1964) monograph of the Cerambyci-

dae.

3(2). Elytra with 2 pairs of white fasciae or with a single pair just before apex

.(Linsley’s 4) 5

Elytra with a single pair of white fasciae just behind middle, pronotum

with disk distinctly, closely punctate; elytra distinctly punctate from

base to apex . 4

4(3). Elytra with single pair of oblique white fasciae, each parallel sided or at

most curving slightly forward just before margin; basal % of elytra

usually rufous or rufotestaceous, rarely black or piceous; antennae

usually dark, with long flying hairs on segments 2-7. Pacific Coast

species. vulneratus

Elytra with single pair of oblique white fasciae, expanded at margin;

elytra piceous; antennae rufotestaceous with short suberect hairs on

segments 2-7. New Mexico . shareeae

Acknowledgments

I wish to express my appreciation to John Chemsak for reviewing this manu¬

script and to my wife Sharee for assistance, patience, and encouragement under

circumstances often well above the call of duty.

Literature Cited

Chemsak, J. A., and J. A. Powell. 1964. Observations of the larval habits of some Callidiini with

special reference to Callidiellum cupressi (Van Dyke). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 37:119-122.

Linsley, E. G. 1964. The Cerambycidae of North America, Pt. V, Taxonomy and classification of

the subfamily Cerambycinae, Tribes Callichromini through Ancylocerini. Univ. Calif. Pubis.

Entomol., Vol. 22, 197 pp.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

60(1), 1984, pp. 65-66

Published 27 January 1984

Scientific Note

Feeding Behavior of Lacon profusa (Candeze) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in

Carpenter Ant Attended Colonies of Cinara spp. (Homoptera: Aphididae) 12

Very little is known about the food habits of elaterid adults. Most reports suggest

that they feed on plant juices and young, tender leaves. Balduf (1935, The bionom¬

ics of entomophagous Coleoptera, John Swift Inc. Co., St. Louis), reported Cor-

ymbites virens Schr. feeding upon Vanessa sp. caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Nym-

phalidae). Bradley and Hinks (1968, Can. Ent., 100:40-50) noted adults of Lacon

brevicornis (LeConte) at rest in colonies of Cinara gracilis Wilson attended by

Dolichoderus taschenbergi (Mayr) and by Formica obscuripes Forel. Lacon pro-

fusus (Candeze) is treated as a subspecies of L. brevicornis by some workers (Arnett,

1952, Supplementary review of the Adelocerina, Wasmann J. Biol., 10:103-126).

Day (1971, The southern potato wireworm, U.S.D.A. Tech. Bull. 1443) observed

large numbers of adult Conoderus falli Lane (Elateridae) associated with honeydew

on plants but did not mention whether they were feeding on it. Thomas (1940,

Biology and control of wireworms, Bull. Pa. Agric. Exp. Stn., no. 392) reported

that baits containing sugar solution or molasses were attractive to some elaterid

adults. The literature appears devoid of reference to elaterids or any other Co¬

leoptera attending Homoptera except for Wheeler’s (1928, The social insects:

Their origin and evolution, Degan, Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co. Ltd., London,

378 pp.) report of silvanid beetles of the neotropical genera Coccidotrophus and

Eunausibius attending pseudococcids.

Adult L. profusa were occasionally found associated with Cinara occidentalis

Davidson on white fir {Abies concolor Gord. and Glen.) and Cinara moketa Hottes

on sugar pine ( Pinus labertiana Doug.). When disturbed by attending carpenter

ants, Camponotus modoc Wheeler, the beetle retracted its appendages into pronotal

grooves and remained motionless.

During 1977, a total of four females were observed, three at C. moketa and

one at C. occidentalis colonies. The first beetle was observed for 12 hours at the

same C. moketa colony on July 14, 1977, and it remained on the same tree until

it was collected on July 19. On July 15, this aphid colony, previously consisting

of 12 apterae and one alate, had disappeared and the beetle had moved to another

branch. As this beetle was not marked, it was not certain whether or not it was

the same individual on both occasions. The second beetle was observed on July

26 and marked with a spot of red paint on the right elytron. It remained on the

same tree until August 3 and at the same C. moketa colony for 4 days.

On July 14, 1977, another adult L. profusus was observed at one end of an ant-

attended C. moketa colony. The beetle remained motionless while using its an-

1 Supported, in part, by a contract (CX 8000-6-0016) to the Department of Entomological Sciences,

University of California, Berkeley, from the United States Department of Interior, National Park

Service.

2 From a thesis submitted to the University of California, Berkeley, in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology, June 1979.

3 Present address: Division of Forest Entomology, Department of Plant and Forest Protection,

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7044, S-750-07 Uppsala, Sweden.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

tennae and mouthparts to stroke an aphid directly beneath its head. This stroking

continued while carpenter ants crawled over the beetle’s dorsum. After about 15

minutes of such behavior, the attending ants were carefully removed. The beetle

continued its stroking behavior for another 10 minutes with no apparent effect

on the aphid. At this point, the beetle slowly picked up the aphid between its

mandibles and began consuming it. After 15 minutes, the aphid’s head was still

protruding from the beetle’s mandibles. A newly-arrived ant stroked the pro¬

truding head of the aphid and then walked away. After consuming the aphid, the

beetle began stroking another aphid which raised its abdomen and exuded a drop

of honeydew. Minutes later, the beetle was observed collecting a honeydew droplet

from another aphid. It continued stroking the same aphid for another 5 minutes

at which time it received more honeydew. This behavior contrasts with that of

ants which would move on to a new aphid immediately after collecting honeydew.

On July 17, an adult L. profusus was observed eating a C. moketa while under

attack simultaneously by several ants. One Camp, modoc worker grasped the

partially consumed aphid and bracing itself against the beetle’s head, tore off about

half of the aphid’s body. Although many ants exhibited alarm behavior (i.e., rapid

running about and greatly increased turning rate), the beetle remained absolutely

motionless with mouthparts and antennae retracted.

On July 19, 1977, the same beetle (marked earlier) was found at another C.

moketa colony where it consumed one aphid over a period of 9 minutes. Sub¬

sequently, it walked back to the trunk where it elicited no response from a minor

worker of Camp, modoc and was then attacked by a major worker. The attack

lasted about 5 minutes during which time the beetle remained motionless.

By collecting honeydew and consuming aphids, L. profusa obtains both car¬

bohydrates and protein. This rich food resource is both immobile and fairly

dependable. Thus the beetle may feed for prolonged periods with very little energy

expended in search of food, thereby increasing its fecundity and longevity. Al¬

though attending ants reduce the beetle’s foraging efficiency with their frequent

attacks, the ant’s presence is probably beneficial to the beetle by reducing com¬

petition for aphids from other predators and by reducing aphid dispersal (Tilles

and Wood, 1981, Can. Ent., in press). Although Camp, modoc competes directly

with L. profusus for both honeydew and aphids, the ants are much more efficient

honeydew collectors and are often successful in pulling aphids from the beetle’s

grasp. Protective behavior may be stimulated by aphid produced compounds to

which the ants respond. Camp, modoc becomes very excited when a crushed C.

moketa is suspended above it.

The armoured exoskeleton of the L. profusus appears to be highly resistant to

ant attacks. The beetle is apparently undisturbed by attacking ants as it may

continue stroking aphids while under attack, or alternatively, can maintain a

protective posture for varying periods and thus resume feeding within seconds

after cessation of an ant attack.

L. profusus appears to be an inefficient predator because: 1) it spends long

periods of time soliciting honeydew from a single aphid, often up to 15 minutes,

and 2) it often takes as long as 20 minutes to consume a single aphid.

D. A. Tilles, 3 Department of Entomological Sciences, University of California,

Berkeley.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

60(1), 1984, p. 67

Published 27 January 1984

Scientific Note

New Records for Two Cerambycids from the Pacific Northwest

Specimens of Phymatodes oregonensis Chemsak are uncommon in collections

and the larval host has apparently not been recorded. The author reared two

female P. oregonensis from small branches of an Alnus sp. (A. rubra Bong, or A.

rhombifolia Nutt.) collected in Dabney St. Pk., Multnomah County, Oregon, in

December 1978. The infested wood was collected from the crown of a fallen tree.

The larvae mined beneath the bark and pupated in chambers constructed in the

sapwood. Both specimens emerged in February 1979.

A male of Obrium californicum Van Dyke was collected by the author on the

University of Idaho campus, Latah County, in July 1981 (NEW STATE REC¬

ORD). The specimen was taken from the foliage of ocean spray ( Holodiscus

discolor (Pursh) Maxim.) growing in a stand of western white and lodgepole pine.

Linsley (Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 21:139) recorded O. californicum as occur¬

ring from central Oregon and northern California south through the Sierra Nevada

to the Tehachapi and Santa Cruz Mountains. It has also been collected in the San

Gabriel Mts. of southern California (F. T. Hovore, pers. comm.). This species is

known to use western yellow and Jeffrey pines for larval development (ibid.).

Robert H. Turnbow, Jr., Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University,

College Station, Texas 77843.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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Members are invited to submit manuscripts on the systematic and biological phases of entomology, including short notes or articles

on insect taxonomy, morphology, ecology, behavior, life history, and distribution. Non-members may submit manuscripts for publi¬

cation, but they should read the information below regarding editing and administrative charges. Manuscripts of less than a printed

page will be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes. All manuscripts will be reviewed before acceptance. Manuscripts for

publication, proofs, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the editor.

General. — The metric system is to be used exclusively in manuscripts, except when citing label data on type material, or in direct

quotations when cited as such. Equivalents in other systems may be placed in parentheses following the metric, i.e. “1370 m (4500

ft) elevation”.

Typing. — Two copies of each manuscript must be submitted (original and one xerox copy or two xerox copies are suitable). All

manuscripts must be typewritten, double-spaced throughout, with ample margins, and be on bond paper or an equivalent weight.

Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 8 Vi X 11 inches are not acceptable.

Underscore only where italics are intended in the body of the text. Number all pages consecutively and put authors name on each

sheet. References to footnotes in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes must be typed on a separate sheet.

Manuscripts with extensive corrections or revisions will be returned to the author for retyping.

First Page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript must include (1) the complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses,

(3) the author's name or names, (4) the institution with city and state or the author’s home city and state if not affiliated (5) the

complete name and address to which proof is to be sent.

Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should include the full scientific name with the author

of a zoological name not abbreviated. Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style. The

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature must be followed.

Tables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be prepared as a line drawing or typed on a

separate page with heading at top and footnotes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecutively for

each table. Use only horizontal rules. Extensive use of tabular material requiring typesetting may result in increased charges to the

author.

Illustrations. — No extra charge is made for line drawings or halftones. Submit only photographs on glossy paper and original drawings.

Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimension of the printed page (1 1 7 X 181 mm; 4 5 /» X 7 1 /# inches). If possible,

allowance should be made for the legend to be placed beneath the illustration. Photographs should not be less than the width of the

printed page. Photographs should be mounted on stiff card stock, and bear the illustration number on the face.

Loose photographs or drawings which need mounting and/or numbering are not acceptable. Photographs to be placed together should

be trimmed and abut when mounted. Drawings should be in India Ink, or equivalent, and at least twice as large as the printed

illustration. Excessively large illustrations are awkward to handle and may be damaged in transit. It is recommended that a metric

scale be placed on the drawing or the magnification of the printed illustration be slated in the legend where applicable. Arrange figures

to use space efficiently. Lettering should reduce to no less than 1 mm. On the back of each illustration should be stated (1) the title

of the paper, (2) the author’s complete name and address, and (3) whether he wishes the illustration returned to him. Illustrations

not specifically requested will be destroyed. Improperly prepared illustrations will be returned to the author for correction prior to

acceptance of the manuscript.

Figure legends. — Legends should be typewritten double-spaced on separate pages headed EXPLANATION OF FIGURES and placed

following LITERATURE CITED. Do not attach legends to illustrations.

References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig 1958), must be listed alphabetically under LITERATURE CITED in the

following format;

Essig, E. O. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212.

Essig, E. O. 1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev. ed. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1050 pp.

Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow a recent volume of Serial Sources for the Biosis Data Base, BioSciences Information

Service. For Scientific Notes the citations to articles will appear within the text, i.e. . . . “Essig (1926, Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212)

noted ...”.

Proofs, reprints, and abstracts. — Proofs and forms for the abstract and reprint order will be sent to authors. Changes in proof will be

charged to the author.

Editing and administrative charges. — Papers by members of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society are charged at the rate of $30.00

per page. Members without institutional or grant funds may apply for a society grant to cover a maximum of one-half of these charges.

Non-members will be charged at the rate of $60.00 per page. Editing and administrative charges are in addition to the charge for

reprints and do not include the possible charges for author’s changes after the manuscript has been sent to the printer.

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (9 numbers, 131 pages). 1901-

1930. Price $5.00 per volume.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vol. 1 (1924) to Vol. 51 (1975), price $10.00 per volume of 4 numbers, or

$2.50 per single issue. Vol. 52 (1976) to Vol. 57 (1981), price $15.00 per

volume, or $3.75 per single issue, except for Vol. 57, no. 1, $10.00. Vol. 58

(1982) and subsequent issues, $20.00 per volume or $5.00 per single issue.

MEMOIRS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. 320 pages. Published October

1951. Price $10.00 (plus $1.00 postage and handling).*

Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family Tetranychidae by A. Earl Pritchard and

Edward W. Baker. 472 pages. Published July 1955. Price $10.00 (plus $1.25

postage and handling).*

Volume 3. Revisionary Studies in the Nearctie Deeticinae by David C. Rentz

and James D. Birchim. 173 pages. Published July 1968. Price $4.00 (plus

$0.75 postage and handling).*

Volume 4. Autobiography of an Entomologist by Robert L. Usinger. 343

pages. Published August 1972. Special price $5.00 (plus $1.25 postage and

handling).*

Volume 5. Revision of the Millipede Family Andrognathidae in the Nearctie

Region by Michael R. Gardner. 61 pages. Published January 21, 1975. Price

$3.00 (plus $0.75 postage and handling).*

*(Add 6 % sales tax on all California orders (residents of Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco,

Santa Clara and Santa Cruz counties add 6 '/ 2 %). Members of the Society will receive a 20%

discount on the price of the memoirs.)

Send orders to:

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% California Academy of Sciences

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San Francisco, California 94118-9961

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Vol. 60 April 1984 No. 2

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CHANDLER, D. S.—A new species and records of Tanarthrus (Coleoptera: Anthicidae). 69

CHEMSAK, J. A. and E. G. LINSLEY—A new California species of Phymatodes Mulsant

(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). 73

KORMILEV, N. A.—A new species of the genus Chinessa Usinger and Matsuda, 1959, from

Papua New Guinea (Hemiptera: Aradidae).... 76

MacKAY, E. E. and W. P. MacKAY—B iology of the thatching ant Formica haemorrhoidalis

Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 79

STEINER, J. W.—Descriptions of the Nearctic larvae of Pseudosmittia gracilis, Mesocricotopus

thienemanni and Heleniella nr. ornaticollis (Diptera: Chironomidae). 88

STEIN, J. D. and J. E. HARAGUCHI—Meridic diet for rearing of the host specific tropical

wood-borer Plagithmysus bilineatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). 94

QUICKE, D. L. J.—The genus Acanthodoryctes Turner (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Rede¬

scription and new generic synonymy. 97

SMITH, D. R. and G. A. P. GIBSON— Filacus, a new genus for four species of sawflies

previously placed in Macrophya or Zaschizonyx (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). 101

CHEMSAK, J. A.—Description of a new purpuricenine genus, Linsleyella (Coleoptera: Cer¬

ambycidae) . 114

RUST, R. W. — Synonymy in California Channel Island Epeolini bees (Hymenoptera: Antho-

phoridae). 119

SMETANA, A. —Review of the Japanese species of the genus Gabrius Stephens (Coleoptera:

Staphylinidae). 122

McCLUSKEY, E. S. and D. K. McCLUSKY—Hour of mating flight in three species of ants

(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) . 151

NEFF, J. L. —Observations on the biology of Eremapis parvula Ogloblin an anthophorid bee

with a metasomal scopa (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). 155

LUNDGREN, R. W .—Ambracyptus, a new name for Paracyptus Seevers (Coleoptera: Staphy¬

linidae) . 163

EDITORIAL NOTICE. 164

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1984

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES