The

PAN-PACIFIC

ENTOMOLOGIST

Volume 71 October 1995 Number 4

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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

71(4): 199-203, (1995)

A NEW ANAGRUS (HYMENOPTERA: MYMARIDAE),

EGG PARASITOID OF PROKELISIA SPP.

(HOMOPTERA: DELPHACIDAE)

SERGUEY V. TRJAPITZIN! AND DONALD R. STRONG?

1Department of Entomology, University of California,

Riverside, California 92521

Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California,

P.O. Box 247, Bodega Bay, California 94923

Abstract.—Anagrus sophiae S. Trjapitzin, NEW SPECIES, is described and illustrated on the

basis of a type-series from California and Florida. This species is a common egg parasitoid of

the planthopper Prokelisia marginata (Van Duzee) that feeds on salt marsh cordgrass, Spartina

alterniflora Loisel, in salt marshes along the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coasts of the United

States, and S. foliosa Trinius on the Pacific Coast. The new species also parasitizes eggs of P.

dolus Wilson in Florida. Differences in the biology as well as variability of some morphological

characters of A. sophiae are discussed based on a comparative study of the two populations from

California and Florida. The new species is compared with A. delicatus Dozier.

Key Words.—Insecta, Delphacidae, Prokelisia spp., Mymaridae, Anagrus sophiae NEW SPE-

CIES, egg parasitoid

The sibling planthopper species of Prokelisia (Homoptera: Delphacidae), P.

marginata (Van Duzee) and P. dolus Wilson, are common phloem feeders of the

cordgrass Spartina alterniflora Loisel (Poaceae) in estuaries on the Atlantic sea-

board and the Gulf of Mexico. In California, P. marginata feeds upon the native

cordgrass S. foliosa Trinius, which is distributed as far north as Bodega Bay in

Sonoma Co. The host planthoppers and their egg parasitoid Anagrus sophiae new

species (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) are also found on S. alterniflora that was

introduced into San Francisco Bay in the mid 1970s (Daehler & Strong 1994).

Probably because of the lack of native Spartina species in estuaries north of Bodega

Bay, neither A. sophiae nor its host planthopper species occur upon the introduced

populations of S. alterniflora at Florence, Oregon, or in Willapa Bay and Puget

Sound, Washington.

A. sophiae new species (= A. delicatus Dozier of authors, misidentification) is

a common egg parasitoid of Prokelisia planthoppers (Stiling & Strong 1982, An-

tolin & Strong 1987, Cronin & Strong 1990). A. sophiae has an extremely dis-

tinctive geographical distribution, very long and narrow, that rings North America

in marine salt marshes where its hosts occur. Our study of this parasitoid has

demonstrated that it represents a distinct morphospecies of Anagrus different

from A. delicatus. The latter species was originally described by Dozier (1936)

from a single female specimen (holotype) and a male allotype swept from along

a creek bed near Elizabethtown, Illinois.

Investigative responsibilities have been divided between authors such that Trja-

pitzin worked on taxonomic aspects and Strong provided natural history infor-

mation about the new species. Terminology for morphological features is that of

Chiappini (1989). Measurements are given in micrometers (wm), with the mean

followed, in parentheses, by the range.

200 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

Depositories.— Abbreviations for depositories are: CNCI, Canadian National

Collection of Insects, Ottawa; INHS, Illinois Natural History Survey, Centralia;

UCRC, University of California, Riverside; USNM, National Museum of Natural

History, Washington, D.C. An abbreviation used in the description is: F = fu-

nicular (flagellar in males) segment.

ANAGRUS SOPHIAE S. TRJAPITZIN, NEW SPECIES

Types.—Holotype: female, labelled: 1. “Anagrus sophiae S. Trjapitzin HO-

LOTYPE female’’; 2. “USA. FLORIDA. WAKULLA Co.: Oyster Bay, Dec. 1988,

D. Strong, ex. Prokelisia marginata on Spartina alterniflora’’. Holotype deposited

in USNM. Paratypes: USA. FLORIDA. WAKULLA Co.: same data as holotype,

2 females, 1 male [UCRC]; same data, 1 female, 1 male [CNCI]; same data, 1

male [USNM]; same data but Mar 1981, 1 female, 1 male [USNM]. CALIFOR-

NIA. SAN FRANCISCO Co.: San Bruno Marsh, behind SamTrans bus terminal,

Jul 1992, D. Strong, Prokelisia marginata on Spartina alterniflora, 3 females, 1

male [UCRC]; same data, 1 female [CNCI]; same data, 1 female [USNM].

Female.—(n = 10) Color: body light brown; with head, F2-F6, club, mesoscutum, and metasomal

terga usually slightly darker; eyes dark brown. Head: about as wide as mesosoma or slightly narrower.

Antenna (Fig. 1) sparsely setose, moderately short for genus; pedicel slightly more than 2 x as long as

Fl which is shortest of funicle; F2 longest of funicle; F3 and F4 subequal, without sensory ridges; F5

shorter than F3, F4, or F6, generally without sensory ridges, but sometimes with a small sensory ridge

in some specimens; F6 slightly shorter than F2 but longer than F3-F5, bearing two sensory ridges;

club with five sensory ridges. Mesosoma: 0.62 (0.53-0.69) x as long as metasoma. Mesoscutum with

a pair of setae near notaulices. Forewing (Fig. 2) slightly shorter than body; 10.0 (9.2-10.6) x longer

than wide; with three to five irregular rows of setae at broadest part, setae uniformly distributed on

disk. Lengths of distal and proximal macrochaetae in ratio 2.4:1 (1.8-2.8:1). Marginal fringe with

longest cilia more than 3 x but less than 4x the wing width. Hindwing disk asetose except a complete

row of small setae along posterior margin and another incomplete row along anterior margin on distal

half. Metasoma: Ovipositor moderately long, generally markedly exserted beyond apex of metasoma,

but in Californian specimens only slightly exserted. Ratio of total ovipositor length to length of its

exserted part 9:1 (5—15:1). External plates of ovipositor each with three setae. Ovipositor: foretibia

ratio 3.1:1 (2.7-—3.8:1). Measurements. — Body: 743 (646-796) wm; Head: 117 (95-133) um; Mesosoma:

234 (198-275) wm; Metasoma: 378 (338-403) wm; Ovipositor: 363 (293-445) um. Antenna: Scape:

73 (63-76) um; Pedicel: 42 (38-46) um; F1: 20 (17-23) wm; F2: 54 (49-61) wm; F3: 46 (38-53) um;

F4: 47 (40-55) um; FS: 44 (38-51) wm; F6: 51 (46-59) um; Club: 98 (91-103) um. Forewing: Length:

548 (494-597) wm; Width: 55 (48-65) um; Venation: 165 (152-179) um; Marginal vein: 46 (42-53)

um; Hypochaeta: 34 (32-38) um; Proximal macrochaeta: 33 (27—42) um; Distal macrochaeta: 76 (68-

84) um; Longest marginal cilia: 202 (186-217) wm. Hindwing: Length: 515 (471-567) um; Width: 19

(15-22) um; Venation: 142 (133-152) um; Longest marginal cilia: 144 (133-152) um. Legs: Given as

Femur, Tibia, Tarsus: Fore legs: 114 (106-124) um, 117 (109-125) wm, 152 (137-160); Middle legs:

96 (91-103) um, 160 (146-175) wm, 137 (122-148) um; Hind legs: 101 (91-108) um, 191 (171-209)

um, 160 (152-167) um.

Male.—(n = 5) Similar to female except general body coloration slightly lighter; forewing usually

slightly wider (length : width ratio 9.1:1 (8.8-10.0:1), with disk more densely setose than in female.

Genitalia typical for incarnatus species group (Chiappini 1989). Measurements.— Body: 675 (570-

760) wm. Antenna: Scape: 68 (61-72) um; Pedicel: 42 (41-42) um; F1: 38 (34-43) wm; F2: 56 (49-

63) wm; F3: 53 (48-57) wm; F4: 54 (49-57) wm; F5: 54 (48-59) wm; F6: 54 (49-58) wm; F7: 54 (49-

57) wm; F8: 55 (49-61) um; F9: 56 (49-61) um; F10: 56 (51-61) wm; F11: 57 (51-65) um. Forewing:

Length: 587 (532-608) um; Width: 64 (53-68) um. Genitalia: 150 (129-163) um.

Diagnosis.— This species is easily distinguished from all other described Ne-

arctic species (1.e., 4. armatus (Ashmead), A. columbi Perkins, A. delicatus Dozier,

A. epos Girault, A. nigriventris Girault, A. nigriceps Girault, A. puella Girault, and

1995 TRJAPITZIN & STRONG: A NEW ANAGRUS 201

Figures 1-2. Anagrus sophiae S. Trjapitzin, NEW SPECIES, female paratype [UCRC]. 1. Antenna;

2. Forewing. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

A. takeyanus Gordh) of the incarnatus group of Anagrus s. str., as defined by

Chiappini (1989), by the lack of sensory ridges on F4 of the female antenna. A.

sophiae also differs from A. delicatus Dozier by a combination of the following

morphological features: relatively short antennae (long in A. delicatus); mesos-

cutum with a pair of setae near notaulices (apparently absent in A. delicatus),

external plates of ovipositor each with three setae (two in A. delicatus); and much

lower ovipositor: foretibia ratio (about 4.7:1 in A. delicatus). The latter species

will be redescribed and illustrated by the senior author in a separate paper.

Etymology. —The specific name “‘sophiae”’ meaning “‘wise” was chosen to de-

scribe the astute oviposition behavior of this insect (Cronin & Strong 1993).

202 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

Material Examined.—A. sophiae new species: see types. Additional specimens: same data as ho-

lotype, 2 females, 2 males, parts mounted for scanning electron microscopy [UCRC]. A. delicatus

Dozier: Holotype female on slide labelled: 1. ““Anagrus delicatus Dozier Holotype female SL. 12927

I.N.H.S”; 2. “‘Anagrus delicatus Dozier female Swept from vegetation in bed of creek. Elizabethtown,

Ill. Aug. 5-1932 H. L. Dozier” [[NHS].

COMMENTS

Anagrus sophiae new species belongs to the incarnatus species group of the

subgenus Anagrus s. str. whose females are characterized by the following two

morphological features: five sensory ridges on the club, and external plates of the

Ovipositor each with two or three setae (Chiappini 1989). Unlike the majority of

species from this group, which have the ratio of lengths of the two macrochaetae

on forewing venation lower than 2.0:1, this ratio in A. sophiae is generally slightly

greater than 2.0:1.

The comparative study of some morphological characters in specimens of A.

sophiae collected in California (San Francisco Bay, San Francisco Co.) and Florida

(Oyster Bay, Wakulla Co.) has shown that considerable difference exists between

these two populations. The examined female Californian specimens (n = 5) of

the new species are characterized by generally smaller body size and a combination

of the following morphological features: antenna with shorter funicular segments,

ovipositor length 315 (293-331) um, ovipositor: foretibia ratio 2.8:1 (2.7—2.9:1),

ratio of total ovipositor length to length of its exserted part 12:1 (10-15:1); con-

trasting with the specimens collected in Florida (n = 5) which havelonger funicular

segments of female antenna, ovipositor length 410 (350-445) um, ovipositor:

foretibia ratio 3.4:1 (2.9-3.8:1), and ratio of total ovipositor length to length of

its exserted part 6:1 (5—8:1). No significant difference has been found in proportions

of funicular segments of female antenna between the populations from these two

localities.

Despite the existing differences of the above-mentioned morphological char-

acters in the two populations of A. sophiae, the reasons for which are not clear,

we have very little doubt that the parasitoids of Prokelisia spp. from California

and Florida belong to the same species of Anagrus. Both populations share the

same or very closely related insect and plant hosts found in the similar habitats.

Further, considerable intraspecific variation in body size, as well as in some other

morphological features such as length of ovipositor, are not uncommon among

the species of Anagrus and some other genera of the Mymaridae. For instance,

considerable morphological differences on a host or geographical basis are known

in A. flaveolus Waterhouse (Claridge et al. 1988; E. Chiappini, S. V. Trjapitzin &

A. Donev, unpublished data) and A. nigriventris Girault (SVT, unpublished data).

Conducting cross-breeding experiments between individuals from these two

populations of the new species would be very helpful to complement our mor-

phological study and demonstrate conclusively that the two populations belong

indeed to only one species. However, the existing differences in the type of re-

production between the two populations of 4. sophiae make such experiments

very difficult to conduct: whereas the Floridian population reproduces by arrhen-

otoky (Cronin & Strong 1990), the Californian population displays thelytoky, with

no males found in the natural population and no mating occurring in laboratory

cultures (DRS, unpublished data). Again, such differences in the biology of Anag-

rus species are not unusual. For instance, Claridge et al. (1988) reported that

1995 TRJAPITZIN & STRONG: A NEW ANAGRUS 203

different populations of A. perforator (Perkins) are arrhenotokous in Sri Lanka,

but thelytokous in the Philippines. According to Claridge et al. (1988), populations

of A. optabilis (Perkins) from Philippines and Sri Lanka are thelytokous, whereas

Japanese populations of this species reproduce by both gamogenesis and arrhen-

otokous parthenogenesis (Sahad & Hirashima 1984). Furthermore, Asian A. op-

tabilis show different morphological characters of larvae from those of Hawaii

(Sahad & Hirashima 1984).

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We thank Kathleen Methven (Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign) for

lending us the holotype of A. delicatus and Tatiana M. Tretiakova for technical

assistance. Comments by anonymous reviewers improved the final draft.

LITERATURE CITED

Antolin, M. F. & D. R. Strong. 1987. Long-distance dispersal by a parasitoid (Anagrus delicatus,

Mymaridae) and its host. Oecologia, 73: 288-292.

Chiappini, E. 1989. Review of the European species of the genus Anagrus Haliday (Hymenoptera

Chalcidoidea). Boll. Zool. Agrar. Bachicolt., Ser. II, 21: 85-119.

Claridge, M. F., L. C. Claridge & J. C. Morgan. 1988. Anagrus egg parasitoids of rice-feeding

planthoppers. pp. 617-621. Jn Vidano, C. & A. Arzone (eds.). Proceedings of the 6th Auchen-

orrhyncha Meeting, Turin, Italy, September 7-11, 1987.

Cronin, J. T. & D. R. Strong. 1990. Biology of Anagrus delicatus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an

egg parasitoid of Prokelisia marginata (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.,

83: 846-854.

Cronin, J. T. & D. R. Strong. 1993. Substantially submaximal oviposition rates by a mymarid egg

parasitoid in the laboratory and field. Ecology, 74: 1813-1825.

Daehler, C. C. & D. R. Strong. 1994. Variable reproductive output among clones of Spartina

alterniflora (Poaceae) invading San Francisco Bay, California: the influence of herbivory, pol-

lination, and establishment site. Am. J. Bot., 81(3): 307-313.

Dozier, H. L. 1936. Several undescribed mymarid egg-parasites of the genus Anagrus Haliday. Proc.

Haw. Entomol. Soc., 9(2): 175-178.

Sahad, K. A. & Y. Hirashima. 1984. Taxonomic studies on the genera Gonatocerus Nees and Anagrus

Haliday of Japan and adjacent regions, with notes on their biology (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae).

Bull. Inst. Trop. Agric., Kyushu Univ., 7: 1-78.

Stiling, P. D. & D. R. Strong. 1982. Parasitoids of the planthopper, Prokelisia marginata (Homoptera:

Delphacidae). Fla. Entomol., 65: 191-192.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

71(4): 204-208, (1995)

A NEW SPECIES OF POECILANTHRAX FROM

CALIFORNIA (DIPTERA: BOMBYLIIDAE)

J. ANDREW CALDERWOOD

Exhibits Department, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History,

Santa Barbara, California 93105

Abstract.—A new species of the bombyliid genus Poecilanthrax Osten Sacken is described from

Santa Barbara, California, P. brachypus NEW SPECIES, bringing the total number of species in

the genus to 39. This species is best distinguished from its closest relative, P. alpha Osten Sacken,

by the front tarsi.

Key Words.—Insecta, Diptera, Bombyliidae, Poecilanthrax brachypus NEW SPECIES, tarsus,

California

A new species of the bombyliid genus Poecilanthrax Osten Sacken, 1886 has

recently been discovered in the mountains north of Santa Barbara, California.

Since the genus was last revised (Painter and Hall 1960), one species, mexicanus

Painter, 1969, and one subspecies, moffiti pallidifrons Evenhuis, 1977 have been

described. This brings the total number of species and subspecies in the genus to

39.

To ease comparison, terminology is the same as in Painter and Hall (1960),

except genitalia, which follows Hull (1973).

POECILANTHRAX BRACHYPUS CALDERWOOD NEW SPECIES

Types. —Holotype, male; data: CALIFORNIA. SANTA BARBARA Co.: Upper

Oso Campground, 12 Sep 1993, J. A. Calderwood; deposited: California Academy

of the Sciences, San Francisco, CAS Type no. 17182. Paratypes: same data as

holotype, 10 males, 1 female; deposited: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural His-

tory and in the author’s collection, both Santa Barbara; same locality as holotype,

13 Sep 1992, 3 males, J. A. Calderwood; deposited: JAC collection; same locality

as holotype, 6 Sep 1992, 2 males, Rick Rogers; Sage Hill Campground, Aliso

Loop Trail, 2 Sep 1992, 2 males, J. A. Calderwood; deposited: JAC collection.

Description. — Male: body length 11-15 mm, wing length 12-17 mm (15.2 + 1.05 mm). Front and

face pale yellow, vertex and occiput black. Eyes separated by 2x width of ocellar tubercle. Hair of

face white, at apex of oral margin yellow, a few black hairs may be present; front with hair yellow on

lower one-half, black above, a small patch of downward-appressed tomentum above antennae. Pro-

boscis black, palps orange with white hair. Basal antennal segment produced medially at apex, orange

with black hair dorsally, yellow hair ventrally; segment II orange; segment III black, as long as segments

I and II combined. Occiput with pale yellow, tightly appressed tomentum, more dense along eye

margin; fringe of short, erect hair along margin of excavation white; vertex bare but for a median

ridge of black hair; ocellar triangle with black and yellow hair. Propleuron, upper one-half of meso-

pleuron, posterior metasternum, scutellum (excluding base) and legs (except base of procoxae) orange

in ground color, rest of thorax black. Disk of mesonotum with short black hairs, posterior one-third

and margins of mesonotum yellow pilose; tomentum yellow, covering most of mesonotum; bristles

yellow. Pleural pile pale yellow to white; legs with bristles black, scales yellow, coxae entirely white

pilose. Front tarsi stout, four terminal segments especially short, together shorter than basal segment

as measured along venter (Fig. 1 A); basal segment thicker at base than length of segment III, bearing

dense coat of stiff, proclinate bristles on basal one-half, thicker below. Basicosta with yellow scales

1995 CALDERWOOD: A NEW POECILANTHRAX 205

1mm

I 1

Figure 1. Front tarsi of Poecilanthrax brachypus and P. alpha (lateral views). A. P. brachypus male.

B. P. brachypus female. C. P. alpha male. D. P. alpha female.

and black hair; wing (Fig. 2) narrow, infuscated over most of its surface, including along all veins;

color not sharply defined, infuscations dark gray with tan at base and along major veins; spots darker

at r-m and at bases ofr4, rs, and all posterior cells; apical one-half of discal cell, first to fourth posterior

cells, anal cell, and cells R2 + 3 and R4 with central sub hyaline areas; r4 and r5 connected by a

crossvein, creating a third submarginal cell; third posterior cell with a spur from discal cell. Abdomen

black with orange spots on lateral margins of segments II to VI, those on segments II and III largest,

covering one-half to two-thirds of tergites from dorsal view; pleuron and venter of abdomen pale

orange in ground color with faint, black clouds. Tufts of black pile on posterior lateral corners of

segments II to VII, remainder of abdominal margin with pale, yellow pile; a band of black hairs along

posterior margins of segments II to VII, broader on segment IJ; posterior band of black tomentum

extending one-half way to lateral margin on segment II, usually reduced to a spot on segments III to

VI, often absent beyond segment II, and on all segments giving way to orange tomentum along posterior

margin; rest of abdomen clothed in pale yellow tomentum and sparse, yellow pile. Genitalia as

illustrated (Fig. 3C); lateral ejaculatory apodeme fanned apically (Fig. 3B).

206 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

10 mm

[ee

Figure 2. Wing of Poecilanthrax brachypus.

Female: like male except: dorsal two-fifths of front red-brown in ground color; eyes separated by

3x width of ocellar tubercle. Basal 2 segments of front tarsi with dense coat of long, thin, kinky hairs

on entire surface (Fig. 1B), partially replacing stout bristles found in male.

Immature stages. —Unknown.

Diagnosis. —Three submarginal cells, red propleura and procoxae, and stout

front tarsi separate this fly from its congeners. The stoutness of the front tarsi is

measured thus: the basal segment is thicker at its base than the length of segment

IV, and is longer than the remaining segments combined (Fig. 1 A-B). Measure-

ments should be made along the venter of the tarsus. In Painter and Hall (1960),

this fly would key to couplet 12 where alpha (Osten Sacken), 1877 and Zionensis

Johnson & Johnson, 1957 fall out. It differs from both alpha and zionensis in the

form of the front tarsus which is very long and slender in those species (Fig. 1C—

D). In addition, brachypus can be distinguished from alpha by the black procoxae

in alpha and by the shape of the lateral ejaculatory apodeme which, in alpha (Fig.

3A), is a rough parallelogram, but is markedly fan-shaped in brachy pus (Fig. 3B).

From zionensis, it differs further by the presence of black bristles before the wing

and the almost entirely black pilose abdominal fringe in that species.

Variation.—The known population of brachypus shows considerable variation

in wing venation. Fully seven of the 18 specimens studied bear a major variation

resulting in more or fewer cells than normal.

Distribution.—Known only from Santa Barbara Co., California.

Ecology and Behavior.—The flies were collected in a canyon where hard and

soft chaparral and oak woodland converge at an elevation of 300 m. Males were

especially common cruising among resprouting shrubs in an area cleared by fire

in June, 1992. No flower visitations were observed though the much more abun-

dant Poecilanthrax pilosus were visiting the flowers of Haplopappus sp. nearby.

The larvae are unknown.

Discussion. —The closest relative of brachypus is almost certainly alpha, with

the presence of three submarginal cells the most conspicuous synapomorphy.

Other synapomorphies are the narrow wing and the pattern of wing color which

is very close in the two species and is closely allied with californicus (Cole), 1917

and its relatives. The relative position of Zionensis 1s obscure.

Poecilanthrax brachy pus is known only from the type locality. Further collecting

1995 CALDERWOOD: A NEW POECILANTHRAX 207

0.2 mm 1mm

Figure 3. Genitalia of Poecilanthrax brachypus and P. alpha. A. Right lateral ejaculatory apodeme

of P. alpha (dorsal view). B. Right lateral ejaculatory apodeme of P. brachypus (dorsal view). C. Male

genitalia of P. brachypus (lateral view). Abbreviation: rlea- right lateral ejaculatory apodeme.

may extend the range north into San Luis Obispo County, but it is unlikely to

have been missed in the heavily collected San Gabriel and San Bernardino Moun-

tain Ranges to the southeast. Whereas alpha is known only from the mountainous

regions of the West at altitudes of 700-3300 m (Painter & Hall 1960), brachypus

is found at a much lower 300 m. Since much of lowland California has been

greatly altered by development in one way or another, especially in the Californian

Zone, it is possible that brachypus once enjoyed a much greater range.

Etymology.—The name derives from two Greek roots meaning “‘short’” and

“foot,” referring to the stout front tarsi.

Material Examined. —See types.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I wish to thank Saul Frommer, Riverside, California for the loan of specimens

of P. alpha, Matt Hahn and Dennis Power for allowing me to spend time on this

study, and especially Lauri Marx for her patient tutelage in illustration. Finally,

208 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

I wish to thank my wife, Margaret Pryde, for allowing me to follow flies up distant

canyons.

LITERATURE CITED

Cole, F. R. 1917. Notes on Osten Sacken’s group ‘“‘Poecilanthrax,”’ with descriptions of new species.

J. New York Entomol Soc., 25: 67-80.

Evenhuis, N. L. 1977. New North American bombyliidae (Diptera) with notes on some described

species. Entomol. News., 88: 121-126.

Hull. F.M. 1973. Beeflies of the world: the genera of the family bombyliidae. Smithsonian Institution

Press, Washington, D. C.

Johnson, D. E. & L. M. Johnson. 1957. New Poecilanthrax with notes on described species (Diptera:

Bombyliidae). Great Basin Nat., 17: 1-26.

Osten Sacken, C. R. 1877. Art. XIII. Western Diptera: Descriptions of new genera and species of

Diptera from the region west of the Mississippi and especially from California. Bull. U.S. Geol.

Geogr. Survey Territories, 3: 189-354.

Painter, R. H. & J. C. Hall. 1960. A monograph of the genus Poecilanthrax (Diptera: Bombyliidae).

Agric. Exper. Stat., Kansas State Univ, Tech. Bull. 106.

Painter, R. H. & E. M. Painter. 1969. New Exoprosopinae from Mexico and Central America

(Diptera: Bombyliidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 42: 5-33.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

71(4): 209-216, (1995)

ROLE OF WAVELENGTH-SPECIFIC REFLECTANCE

INTENSITY IN HOST SELECTION BY

HETEROPSYLLA CUBANA CRAWFORD

(HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE)

ERANEO B. LAPIS! AND JOHN H. BORDEN”: 3

‘Center for Forest Pest Management and Research,

Department of Environment and Natural Resources,

ERDB Building, College, Laguna 4031 Philippines

*Center for Pest Management, Department of Biological Sciences,

Simon Fraser University,

Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada

Abstract.—In a field experiment in the Philippines, ‘“‘super yellow” card traps reflecting maximally

at 500-550 nm attracted significantly more adults of the exotic psyllid, Heteropsylla cubana

Crawford, than cards reflecting maximally above 600 nm or below 500 nm. This peak reflectance

corresponded to the maximal reflectance from the psyllids’ preferred site of alightment, the young

expanded leaves of the leguminous tree, Leucaena leucocephala (Lamarck) de Wit. The high

reflectance intensity (RJ) of super yellow cards compared to the lower RIs of less preferred yellow

cards suggest that both wavelength and intensity of relected light influence responses of H. cubana

to its host tree. The relatively low trap catches compared to the population in the field, and the

pronounced orientation observed in previous experiments to the odor of visually-obscured L.

leucocephala seedlings, suggests that olfaction is more important than vision in host selection

by H. cubana.

Key words. —Insecta, Heteropsylla cubana, Leucaena leucocephala, host selection.

Host selection by phytophagous insects is governed by physical and chemical

characteristics of their host (Harris & Miller 1983, Owens & Prokopy 1986,

Nottingham 1987, Thiery & Visser 1987). Many studies have demonstrated that

insects are highly discriminating while foraging for food or oviposition sites using

visual or olfactory stimuli (Todd et al. 1990, Aluja & Prokopy 1993).

Of the potential visual cues, color is the most studied. Most insects respond

positively to spectral reflectance ranging from 350-650 nm (Menzel 1979). Ca-

ribbean fruitflies, Anastre pha sus pensa (Loew), are attracted by orange and yellow,

the colors of many fruits that they attack (Greany et al. 1977). Initial landings of

the aleyrodid, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, appear unrelated to the suit-

ability of the plant as a host, but are strongly related to color (Vaishampayan et

al. 1975). In their flight phase, adults orient towards the sky which reflects at 400

nm but tend to land on green plants that reflect maximally at 550 nm (Coombe

1982). Whiteflies and aphids show strong landing responses to yellow-reflecting

surfaces (Kring 1972), as in green leaves that reflect peaks in the yellow portion

of the visible light spectrum.

Following its introduction into many South Pacific and Southeast Asian coun-

tries, the psyllid, Heteropsylla cubana Crawford, a native of Central America, has

killed and severely debilitated Leucaena leucocephala (Lamarck) de Wit, a le-

3 Reprint requests to J. H. Borden.

210 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

guminous tree of major economic and social importance (Chouinard 1983). One

possibility for the resurrection of L. /eucocephalaas a significant species for forestry

and agro-forestry is the development of resistance to the psyllid (Sorensson &

Brewbaker 1986, 1987). Lapis & Borden (1992) found that on L. leucocephala

the psyllid caused far less height growth, lateral growth, and biomass accumulation

than on a resistant species, L. collinsii Britton & Rose. Lapis & Borden (1993a)

observed an olfactory preference by the psyllid for the former over the latter

species. Moreover, on L. collinsii there was 46-63% less oviposition, 67% lower

nymphal survival, smaller adult size, and in total > 90% fewer adults produced

than on L. leucocephala (Lapis & Borden 1993b).

To date, no research has addressed the role of vision in host preference by H.

cubana. Our objective was to determine if color could influence the differential

preference displayed by H. cubana adults for L. leucocephala over L. collinsii.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chrome-line card traps, 10 x 15 cm (Phero Tech Inc., Delta, B.C.) of the

following colors were compared for their relative attractiveness to adult H. cubana

in the field: non-UV white, blue, bright yellow, orange yellow and super yellow,

which is fluorescent. Visible wavelength reflectance curves for the five colored

board traps are shown in Fig. 1. The differently colored cards were randomly hung

vertically, evenly spaced 0.6 m apart, from a horizontal string suspended 1.5 m

above ground and approximately 1 m away from the nearest vegetation inside an

infested stand of L. leucocephala in Los Bafios, Philippines. The stand was dom-

inated by coppiced trees approximately 2 m high with a sparse overstory of trees

6 m high. After 24 h, the traps were collected and the numbers of captured adults

were counted under a dissecting microscope. The experiment was replicated 36

times over nine days, with four randomized block replications per day. In five of

these days, the numbers of males and females caught were also counted seperately.

Reflectance measurements on leaves of the two Leucaena spp. were made using

a Cary 17 recording spectrophotometer on leaves laid side by side, but overlapping

to provide a suitable reflecting surface, 1.e., 15 unexpanded young leaves, seven

fully expanded leaves just proximal to the unexpanded leaves, and three mature

leaves two positions proximal to the latter. Each leaf for the composit sample was

taken from a different plant. The side by side leaves were imobilized between 24

x 50 mm glass slides. Only the upper leaf surface light reflectance was measured.

The reflectance intensities (RI) of visible light (350-700 nm), the total light of a

specific or defined band of wavelengths reflected from the leaf surfaces (Vernon

1986), were compared with a magnesium oxide standard curve (= 100% reflec-

tance). The same standard was used to derive the curves in Fig. 1.

The trap catch data were transformed using \/(x + 0.5) and the data for all the

experimental days were tested for homogeneity of variance before analyzing the

means by ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test (Gomez & Gomez 1984).

Data on response to color by sex were tested for homogeneity of ratio before

testing by x? for a fixed-ratio hypothesis.

RESULTS

Flying adult H. cubana showed a hierarchical preference for card traps colored

super yellow, orange yellow, bright yellow, white and blue, in descending order

1995 LAPIS & BORDEN: HOST SELECTION BY H. CUBANA 211

120

SY

100 WI

So ee

80

60 OY

4

PERCENT REFLECTANCE

oO

20

——— 2

400 500 600 700

WAVELENGTH (nm)

Figure 1. Spectral reflectance curves of 5 Chrome-line card traps; SY = super yellow, WT = non-

UV white, BY = bright yellow, OY = orange yellow, BL = blue. Data obtained from Phero Tech Inc.,

Delta, B.C.

(Fig. 2). There were no significant differences in the responses of males and females

to the different colored traps (x*, P > 0.05).

The reflectance intensities (RI) of the leaves differed between ages and between

Leucaena spp. (Fig. 3). The fully expanded leaf of L. leucocephala had the highest

overall RI of 51%, followed by the unexpanded leaf at 47%. In comparison, the

maximum RI of the fully expanded young and unexpanded leaves of L. collinsii

were 46.5% and 46% respectively, slightly lower than that of L. leucocephala. The

mature leaf of L. collinsii had a maximum RI of 41.5%, higher than that of L.

leucocephala at 34%.

Leaves of all ages of both species reflected maximally at similar wavelengths,

1.e., 550 nm (yellow). There was a pronounced rise in reflectance beginning at

about 500 nm (Fig. 3), coinciding with a steep rise in reflectance of the most

preferred super yellow cards (Fig. 1). The rise in reflectance at 500 nm was steeper

and the peak at 550 nm was higher in the most vulnerable young leaves of L.

leucocephala than in those of L. collinsii (Fig. 3). As the leaves matured, the yellow

peak became less pronounced.

212 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

Pd

‘ion

7eLL iT

BELL

Figure 2. Numbers of adult H. cubana caught on colored Chrome-line card traps of different light

reflectances. Bars topped by the same letters are not significantly different, Duncan’s multiple range

test, P < 0.05. (SY = super yellow; OY = orange yellow; BY = bright yellow; WT = non-UV white;

BL = blue).

DISCUSSION

Our results suggest that both wavelength-specific (color) preference and reflec-

tance intensity (RJ) influence the attraction of H. cubana in the field (Figs. 1-3).

Traps of yellow hue were preferred by adult H. cubana compared with blue and

white, but maximum preference (Fig. 2) occurred for super yellow at 510 nm with

the highest RI of 110%) (Fig. 1). In the onion maggot, Delia antiqua Meigen,

Ishikawa et al. (1985) found vivid yellow (572 nm), with a RI peak of 40% to be

six times more attractive than pale yellow (576 nm), with a RI peak of 20%.

Vernon (1986) showed violet or blue (400-470 nm) with a peak RI above 30%

to be much more attractive to D. antiqua than the same spectral wavelength below

a RI of 30%. This could explain, in part, why alighting adult H. cubana congregate

on the young leaves and shoots of leucaena, which have higher RI than old mature

leaves (Fig. 3). Prokopy & Owens (1983) noted that some aphids are most attracted

to highly reflective young developing leaves, and brightness has also been dem-

onstrated to be a key factor in the positive responses to color by grasshoppers

1995 LAPIS & BORDEN: HOST SELECTION BY H. CUBANA 213

YOUNG EXPANDED LEAF

PERCENT REFLECTANCE

MATURE LEAF

WAVELENGTH (nm)

Figure 3. Spectral reflectance curves of young-expanded, young unexpanded, and mature leaves

of L. leucocephala (solid line) and L. collinsii (dashed line).

(Kong et al. 1980) and the cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.) (Dapsis & Ferro

1983).

It is surprising that relatively few adults were caught on the traps when there

were thousands of adult psyllids on the host trees during the experiment. The low

numbers of captured H. cubana may be due to the small number of adults dis-

persing during the experiment. Moreover, those that were caught were flying within

214 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

the host canopy and probably did not easily distinguish between the cards and

the foliage. For aphids, Kennedy et al. (1961) suggested that the primary function

of plant color is to distinguish plants from the sky. They found that the predom-

inantly long-wave emission from both leaves and soils (= 540-560 nm) contrasts

sharply with shorter wavelengths of the light from clear or clouded skies (< 500

nm). Coombe (1982) showed that the whitefly, 7. vaporarorium, is more likely

to take off when illuminated with shorter (400 nm) than longer (550 nm) wave-

lengths, which stimulate the whiteflies to land (Coombe 1981). Even to the human

eye, the young expanded leaves of L. leucocephala are more yellow in color than

those of L. collinsii, while mature leaves of L. leucocephala appear to be darker

green than those of L. collinsii. Thus the reflectance of young expanded leaves,

which peaked at about 550 nm (Fig. 3) probably allows alighting psyllids to

distinguish between species, as well as to avoid older leaves. The reflectance of

shorter wavelengths from older leaves could have interferred with a landing re-

sponse. This hypothesis would explain the low response to white and blue cards

(Figs. 1, 2). Similarly, Judd et al. (1988) found ultraviolet reflectance to interfere

with response by D. antiqua to reflectance between 350 and 400 nm.

The low numbers of adults caught suggest that color is a weak stimulus for host

selection by H. cubana, and that other stimuli (e.g., host odor) play a greater role.

Beck (1965) concluded that color by itself probably does not account for an insect’s

host specificity, although it frequently influences early stages of orientation to the

host. In addition, Thorsteinson (1960) found shape, size and color to be “‘too

variable and lacking the identifiable uniqueness required to explain the obvious

discriminatory power of insects.” The superiority of odor over color in host

selection by H. cubana was demonstrated in an experiment in which plants were

caged outdoors in such a manner as to obstruct color perception by the psyllids.

In this experiment adult H. cubana preferentially oriented in large numbers to

cages containing the more susceptible L. /eucocephala than to cages holding either

the less susceptible L. collinsii or a non-host leguminous plant (Lapis & Borden

1993a). Prokopy & Owens (1983) cautioned that plant spectral quality is unlikely

to constitute a host-plant specific character for herbivorous insects because of its

similarity among most plants, with some exceptions, e.g., red and green cotton

plants (Stephens 1957), red and green Brussels sprouts (Dunn & Kempton 1976)

and red and green cabbage (Prokopy et al. 1983). Because of its ability to dis-

criminate between colors (Fig. 2), H. cubana likely uses both color and odor in

locating its preferred host, L. leucocephala.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We thank J. P. M. Mackauer and R. I. Alfaro for advice and critical reviews,

and L. J. Chong, R. S. McDonald and J. Macias-Samano for assistance. The

research was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council

of Canada, and by a McMillan Family Fund Fellowship to EBL.

LITERATURE CITED

Aluja, M. & R. J. Prokopy. 1993. Host odor and visual stimulus interaction during intra-tree host

finding behavior of Rhagoletis pomonella flies. J. Chem. Ecol., 19: 2671-2696.

Beck, S. D. 1965. Resistance of plants to insects. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 10: 207-232.

Chouinard, A. (ed.). 1983. Proc. Workshop on leucaena research in the Asian-Pacific Region, Sin-

gapore, 23-26 November, 1982. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.

1995 LAPIS & BORDEN: HOST SELECTION BY H. CUBANA 215

Coombe, P. E. 1981. Visual behaviour of the whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Ho-

moptera: Aleyrodidae). Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.

Coombe, P.E. 1982. Visual behavior of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Physiol.

Entomol., 7: 243-252.

Dapsis, L. J. & D. N. Ferro. 1983. Effectiveness of baited cone traps and colored sticky traps for

monitoring adult cabbage maggots: with notes on female ovarian development. Entomol. Exp.

& Appl., 33: 35-42.

Dunn, J. A. & D. P. H. Kempton. 1976. Varietal differences in the susceptibility of Brussel sprouts

to lepidopterous pests. Ann. Appl. Biol., 82: 11-19.

Gomez, K. A. & A. A. Gomez. 1984. Statistical procedures for agricultural research. Wiley, New

York.

Greany, P. D., H. R. Agee, A. K. Burditt & D. L. Chambers. 1977. Field studies on color preferences

of the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae). Entomol. Exp. Appl.,

21: 63-70.

Harris, M. O. & J. R. Miller. 1983. Color stimuli and oviposition behavior of the onion fly, Delia

antiqua (Meigen). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 76: 766-771.

Ishikawa, Y., S. Tanaka, Y. Matsumoto, K. Yamashita, M. Yoshida & E. Shirai. 1985. Color

preference of the onion fly, Hylemya antiqua Meigen (Diptera: Anthomylidae) with reference

to ultraviolet reflection. Appl. Entomol. Zool., 20: 20-26.

Judd, G. J. R., J. H. Borden & A. D. Wynne. 1988. Visual behavior of the onion fly, Delia antiqua:

antagonistic interaction of ultraviolet and visible wavelength reflectance. Entomol. Exp. Appl.,

49: 221-234.

Kennedy, J. S., C. O. Booth & W. J. S. Kershaw. 1961. Host finding by aphids in the field. II.

Visual attraction. Ann. Appl. Biol., 49: 1-21.

Kong, K. L., Y.M. Fung & G.S. Wasserman. 1980. Filter-mediated color vision with one visual

pigment. Science, 207: 783-786.

Kring, J. B. 1972. Flight behavior of aphids. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 17: 461-492.

Lapis, E. B. & J. H. Borden. 1992. Growth performance of two Leucaena species exposed to natural

infestation by the Leucaena psyllid, Heteropsylla cubana Crawford (Homoptera: Psyllidae).

Sylvatrop Tech. J. Phillip. Ecosystems and Nat. Res., 2: 61-72.

Lapis, E. B. & J. H. Borden. 1993a. Olfactory discrimination by Heteropsylla cubana (Homoptera:

Psyllidae) between susceptible and resistant species of Leucaena (Leguminosae). J. Chem. Ecol.,

19: 83-90.

Lapis, E. B. & J. H. Borden. 1993b. Components of resistance in Leucaena collinsii (Leguminosae)

to Heteropsylla cubana (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Environ. Entomol., 22: 319-325.

Menzel, R. 1979. Spectral sensitivity and color vision in invertebrates. pp. 503-580. Jn Handbook

of sensory physiology (Vol. 7. Sect. 6A). Springer, New York.

Nottingham, S. F. 1987. Effects of nonhost-plant odors on anemotactic response to host-plant odor

in female cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, and carrot rust fly, Psila rosae. J. Chem. Ecol., 13:

1313-1318.

Owens, E.D. & R. J. Prokopy. 1986. Relationship between reflectance spectra of host plant surfaces

and visual detections of host fruit by Rhagoletis pomonella. Physiol. Entomol., 11: 297-307.

Prokopy, R. J. & E. D. Owens. 1983. Visual detection of plants by herbivorous insects. Ann. Rev.

Entomol., 28: 337-364.

‘Prokopy, R. J., R. H. Collier & S. Finch. 1983. Leaf color used by cabbage root flies to distinguish

among host plants. Science, 221: 190-192.

Sorensson, C. T. & J. L. Brewbaker. 1986. Resistance of Leucaena species and hybrids. Leucaena

Res. Rept., 7: 13-15.

Sorensson, C. T. & J. L. Brewbaker. 1987. Psyllid resistance of Leucaena species and hybrids.

Leucaena Res. Rept., 8: 29-31.

Stephens, S.G. 1957. Sources of resistance of cotton strains to the boll weevil and their possible

utilization. J. Econ. Entomol., 50: 415-418.

Thiery, D. & J. H. Visser. 1987. Misleading the Colorado potato beetle with an odor blend. J. Chem.

Ecol., 13: 1139-1146.

Thorsteinson, A. J. 1960. Host selection in phytophagous insects. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 5: 193-218.

Todd, J. L, P. L. Phelan & L. R. Nault. 1990. Interaction between visual and olfactory stimuli

during host finding by leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). J. Chem. Ecol.,

16: 2121-2133.

216 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

Vaishampayan, S. M., G. P. Waldbauer & M. Kogan. 1975. Visual and olfactory responses in

orientation to plants by the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Al-

eyrodidae). Entomol. Exp. Appl., 18: 412-422.

Vernon, R. S. 1986. A spectral zone of color preference for the onion fly, Delia antiqua (Diptera:

Anthomyiidae), with reference to the reflective intensity of traps. Can. Entomol., 118: 849-

856.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

71(4): 217-226, (1995)

NEW GENERA AND NEW SPECIES OF NEOTROPICAL

COREIDAE (HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA)

HARRY BRAILOVSKY

Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia,

Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México,

Apdo Postal 70153, México 04510 D.F., México

Abstract.—Two new genera and three new species of Coreidae, collected in Brazil, Ecuador and

Peru are described and included in the tribes Anisoscelidini, Leptoscelidini and Nematopodini.

Dorsal view illustrations of each species are provided.

Key Words.—Insecta, Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Coreidae, Anisoscelidini, Leptoscelidini, Ne-

matopodini, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru

Two new genera and three new species of Neotropical Coreidae are new and

described here. The two genera have the posterior tibiae dilated and belong to

the tribes Anisoscelidini and Nematopodini and the third taxon is in the tribe

Leptoscelidini. The latter is the third known species of the genus Malvanaioides,

which is characterized by metallic iridescens on the body, as well as its moderately

expanded humeral angles, which are subacuminate and elevated above the disc.

Because this group of coreids are never abundantly present in collections, their

distributional data are limited and it is hoped more material will be collected.

TOVAROCORIS BRAILOVSKY, NEW GENUS

Type Species. — Tovarocoris ecnomiscos Brailovsky, NEW SPECIES

Description.— Body large, broad, stout, somewhat depressed. Head subquadrate, wider than long;

postocular tubercle forming contiguous curve with eyes; antenniferous tubercle broad, unarmed, widely

separated; tylus projecting anteriorly of antennifers, globose and conspicuously more elevated than

jugum; antennae long, slender and segments IJ to III terete (IV missing); antennal segment I stouter,

slightly curved, longer than II; segment II longer than III; rostrum short, just passing anterior coxae.

Pronotum: Trapeziform, wider than long, very declivent; collar wide; callarregion distinct, all margins

with small tubercles; anterior margin slightly rounded; frontal angles obtuse; anterolateral margin

markedly nodulose and obliquely straight; humeral angles rounded, not exposed; posterolateral margin

sinuate and smooth; posterior margin smooth, slightly concave, with posterior angles rounded; surface

densely punctate and transversely striate. Anterior lobe of metathoracic peritreme reniform, posterior

lobe sharp, small. Mesosternum lacking median longitudinal groove. Legs: Anterior femora slightly

incrassate, dorsal surface smooth, ventrally armed with 2 rows of spines; intermediate femora slightly

incrassate, dorsal surface with some tubercles, ventrally armed with 2 rows of spines; posterior femora

markedly incrassate, dorsal surface conspicuously tuberculate, ventrally armed with 2 rows of spines;

anterior and intermediate tibiae, unarmed, sulcate, external margin carinate; posterior tibiae with

outer dilations barely phylliform with 1 shallow emargination, occupying 0.65 length of posterior

tibiae and about 2 x width of inner dilations; inner dilations slightly phylliform and same size as outer

dilations. Scutellum: Triangular, wider than long and transversely striate. Hemelytra: Macropterous,

reaching anterior one-third of the last abdominal segment. Abdomen: Broad, widest point at segments

IV-V; posterior angles angulate or with a short sharp spine; spiracles relatively transverse much closer

to anterior than lateral margins of the segment; plica on seventh sternite straight.

Male.—Unknown.

Diagnosis. —This new taxa will not run to any known genus in the key to

Nematopodini (O’Shea 1980, Brailovsky 1987). The only genera with the posterior

218 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

tibiae dilated both internally and externally are Thasus Stal, Melucha Amyot &

Serville, Meluchamixia Brailovsky, and Vivianadema Brailovsky. In Thasus and

Meluchamixia, the antennal segment III is markedly dilated, in Vivianadema it

is slightly dilated, in Melucha it is sometimes very slightly dilated, and in Jo-

varocoris NEW GENUS, it is always terete. The outer and inner dilations of the

posterior tibiae of Melucha are always lanceolate and occupying the total length

of tibiae [in M. phyllocnemis (Burmeister) they occupy almost 80% of the length].

In Tovarocoris, the outer and inner dilations are phylliform, with one shallow

emargination, and both occupy 65% of the length of posterior tibiae.

Distribution. —Only known from Brazil.

Etymology. —This genus is named for Dr. Juan Jose Tovar, and coris, bug:

Masculine.

Material Examined.—Tovarocoris ecnomiscos.

TOVAROCORIS ECNOMISCOS, BRAILOVSKY, NEW SPECIES

(Fig. 1)

Type. —Holotype, female; data: BRAZIL. Para, 480 km (330 m1), S of Belem,

1971, D.P. Mills. Deposited in The Natural History Museum, London.

Description. — Female (holotype). Coloration: Bright orange to bright pale orange-yellow with fol-

lowing areas black: apex of rostral segment IV, upper margins of connexival segments II-IX, small

discoidal spot on middle of apical margin of corium, spines and tubercles of each leg, external margin

of coxae, a diffuse patch in meso and meta- acetabulae and on metasternum and few discoidal spots

on abdominalsternites II to VII; hemelytral membrane ambarinetranslucid, with veins slightly darker.

Measurements: Head length: 1.78 mm; width across eyes: 2.58 mm; interocular space: 1.59 mm;

interocellar space: 0.80 mm; preocular distance: 1.25 mm. Length antennal segments: I, 3.26 mm; II,

2.66 mm; III, 2.12 mm; IV, missing. Pronotal length: 4.94 mm; width across frontal angles: 2.50 mm;

width across humeral angles: 5.26 mm. Posterior tibiae: length: 7.60 mm; length outer dilation: 5.01

mm; length inner dilation: 5.01 mm; width outer dilation: 2.12 mm; width inner dilation: 0.76 mm.

Scutellar length: 2.66 mm; width: 3.26 mm. Total body length: 24.40 mm.

Diagnosis. —Tovarocoris ecnomiscos is the only species in its genus.

Etymology.—From the Greek ecnomios, unusual, referring to the posterior

tibiae.

Material Examined. —See Type.

ONOREMIA BRAILOVSKY, NEW GENUS

Type Species.—Onoremia acuminata Brailovsky, NEW SPECIES.

Description. — Body large, slender. Head pentagonal, porrect, wider than long, well prolonged anterior

to antenniferous tubercle and with well developed neck; antenniferous tubercle broad, unarmed, widely

separated; tylus basally nearly flat, unarmed, apically truncate on a wide triangular plate extending

anterior to jugae and more raised when viewed laterally; jugae unarmed, thickened; tylus and jugae

below level of antenniferous tubercles; antennae long, slender, segments I to IV terete; antennal segment

I more than 2 as long as head, slightly curved and shorter than IV; segment II longest; segment III

shortest, stouter; postocular tubercle forming contiguous curve with eyes; buccula not extending beyond

level of antenniferous tubercle; rostrum reaching anterior one-third of abdominal sternite II; rostral

segment I longest, segment III shortest, II longer than IV; rostral segment I reaching anterior margin

of prosternum. Pronotum: Trapeziform, wider than long, declivent; collar wide; all margins entire;

calli slightly elevated; area between calli with 2 large tubercles; anterolateral margins obliquely straight;

posterolateral margins sinuate; posterior margin straight; frontal angles obtuse; humeral areas slightly

expanded, with humeral angles acuminate; surface densely punctate and transversely striate. Anterior

1995 BRAILOVSKY: NEW NEOTROPICAL COREIDS 219

Figure 1. Dorsal view of Tovarocoris ecnomiscos Brailovsky NEW SPECIES.

220 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

Figure 2. Dorsal view of Onoremia acuminata Brailovsky NEW SPECIES.

lobe of metathoracic peritreme reniform, posterior lobe sharp, small. Mesosternum with median

longitudinal groove. Legs: Femora with dorsal surface smooth, ventrally armed with 2 subdistal spines

and 1 row of small tubercles or spines; anterior and intermediate tibiae unarmed, sulcate; posterior

tibiae with outer dilation lanceolate, occupying 0.51-0.52 x length of posterior tibiae, slightly wider

1995 BRAILOVSKY: NEW NEOTROPICAL COREIDS 221

(|

Figures 3-6. Figures 3-5. Posterior tibiae. Figure 3. Anisoscelis scutellaris Stal. Figure 4. Bitta

gradadia (Distant). Figure 5. Onoremia acuminata Brailovsky NEW SPECIES. Figure 6. Caudal view

of the male genital capsule of Onoremia acuminata Brailovsky NEW SPECIES.

than inner dilation; inner dilation lanceolate, almost same size as outer dilation (Fig. 5). Scutellum:

Triangular, flat, longer than wide, transversely striate, with apex acute. Hemelytra: Macropterous,

extending beyond apex of abdomen. Male genitalia. Genital capsule. Median notch shallow, dorsal

prongs low forming a convex posterior margin; lateral angles rounded (Fig. 6).

Female Genitalia. —Abdominal sternite VII with plica and fissura.

Diagnosis.—Onoremia is a unique genus and easily to identify. The length of

the antennal segment I is more than twice as long as the head. In addition, the

pronotum, scutellum, clavus, corium and abdominal segments have metallic ir-

idescens; the posterior tibiae has its outer and inner dilation lanceolate and not

222 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

reaching the apex of tibiae; and the ventral ridge of genital capsule has a shallow

median notch (Figs. 5—6). Also, the area between calli has two large tubercles,

which are absent in Anisoscelis and Bitta. See Key.

Discussion. —Osuna (1984) produced a generic revision of the tribe Anisoscel-

idini, and recognized 14 genera, which are included in three clearly defined groups

of genera: the Diactor group, with the single genus, Diactor Perty; the Leptoglossus

group, including seven genera: Leptoglossus Guerin-Meneville, Narnia Stal, Nan-

no phyllia Bergroth, Fabrictilis Osuna, Theognis Stal, Stalifera Osuna and Veneza

Osuna; the Anisoscelis group, consisting of six genera: Anisoscelis Latreille, Baldus

Stal, Bitta Osuna, Chondrocera Laporte, Holhymenia Le Peletier and Serville and

Tarpeius Stal. Unfortunately in this revision, Osuna only mentioned the number

of species in each genus, but did not list which species belong to each genus.

Onoremia NEW GENUS, is included on the Anisoscelis group, close to Ani-

soscelis and Bitta. In each genus, the outer and inner portion of posterior tibiae

are dilated, the antennal segment IV is not yellow-white, all antennal segments

are terete, the tylus and jugae are below the level of antenniferous tubercles, and

the anterolateral margins of the pronotum are straight or obliquely straight.

In Holhymenia, Baldus and Tarpeius the tibial dilation are restricted to the

outer surface, are usually narrow and extend over almost the whole length of

tibiae; also, the antennal segment IV is yellow-white. In Chondrocera, antennal

segments II and III usually have flat lateral expansions, the tylus and jugae are

above the level of antenniferous tubercles, and the anterolateral margins of pro-

notum are slightly curved.

Anisoscelis, which includes three species [discolor Stal, foliacea (Fabr.) and

scutellaris Stal] and one subspecies [foliacea marginella (Dallas)], has the following

traits: the length of antennal segment I is less than twice as long as the head; the

pronotum, scutellum, clavus, corium and abdominal segments are usually partially

metallic green, but occasionally metallic blue or purple (except in A. discolor and

A. foliacea marginella in which it is pale brown to dark brown); the posterior

tibiae has its outer dilation phyliform, extending over most of tibiae and tapering

towards the apex (Fig. 3); and the ventral ridge of the genital capsule is V-shaped.

Bitta, which includes four species [affinis (Westwood), flavolineata (Blanchard),

gradadia (Distant) and hymeniphera (Westwood)], has the following traits: the

length of antennal segment I 1s twice as long as the head; the pronotum, scutellum,

clavus, corium and abdominal segments are without metallic iridescens and are

usually yellow, orange or red; the posterior tibiae has its outer dilation phyliform

and short, not reaching the apex of tibiae (Fig. 4); and the ventral ridge of genital

capsule has a medial process.

Distribution. —Only known from Ecuador.

Etymology. —Named for Giovanni Onore; feminine.

Material Examined.—Onoremia acuminata.

KEY TO RELATED GENERA OF ANISOSCELIDINI

(AFTER OSUNA, 1984)

1. Outer dilation of posterior tibiae lanceolate (Fig. 5); antennal segment

I more than twice as long as head; area between calli with 2 large

TWDET CESS OR Fee na ee Onoremia Brailovsky, NEW GENUS

1995 BRAILOVSKY: NEW NEOTROPICAL COREIDS 223

1’. Outer dilation of posterior tibiae phyliform (Figs. 3-4); antennal seg-

ment I twice as long as the head or less; area between calli smooth,

without tubercles

2(1'). Antennal segment I less than twice as long as the head; surface partially

with green or blue metallic iridescens; outer dilation of posterior tibiae

extending over most of tibiae and tapering towards the apex (Fig. 3)

PES tn TO ee «tS RTT ns UCR See eee Anisoscelis Latreille

2'. Antennal segment I twice as long as the head; surface without metallic

iridescens; outer dilation of posterior tibiae short, not reaching the

apex of tibiae (Fig. 4) 2.0.0.0... ee Bitta Osuna

ONOREMIA ACUMINATA, BRAILOVSKY, NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 2, 5-6)

Types. — Holotype, male; data: ECUADOR. Napo (Tondaci), March 1991, G.

Onore. Deposited in ‘“‘Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, Quito.” Para-

type: 1 female; data: ECUADOR. Bafios, Tunguramua Cerro Runtun, 30 Aug

1988, V. Nufiez. Deposited in the ““Coleccién Entomologica del Instituto de Biol-

ogia, UNAM, México.”

Description. — Male (holotype). Dorsal coloration: Head yellow with following areas metallic blue-

green: postocular region, ocellar tubercle and a longitudinal stripe that covers interocellar space, frons,

basal one-third of tylus and apex of jugae; apical one-third of tylus yellow-hazel, with brown diffusse

spot; antennal segment I yellow-ochre, with inner face metallic blue-green; segment II metallic blue-

purple with anterior two-thirds of outer face yellow-ochre; segment III creamy yellow, with basal and

apical joint brown; segment IV dark brown; pronotum, scutellum, clavus and corium bright black

with punctures metallic blue-green and following areas red: lateral margins and apex of scutellum,

claval and corial veins, and costal and apical margins of corium; hemelytral membrane dark brown;

connexival segments ITI-VI metallic blue-green with upper margin red and segment VII bright orange-

yellow with upper margin metallic blue-green; dorsal segments II to VI black with metallic blue-green

iridescens and segment VII bright orange-yellow with anterior one-third and a central longitudinal

stripe black with metallic blue-green iridescens. Ventral coloration: Head metallic blue-green-purple

with incomplete central longitudinal stripe yellow; rostral segment I bright black with metallic blue-

green iridescens and segments II to IV bright black; thorax with prosternum and mesosternum bright

orange, with broad central area black with metallic blue-green iridescens; metasternum bright orange;

propleura, mesopleura and metapleura metallic blue-green-purple; metathoracic peritreme and adja-

cent areas bright orange. Legs: Anterior coxae bright black with metallic blue-green iridescens; middle

and posterior coxae black with metallic blue-green iridescens and with posterior one-third yellow;

trochanters, femora and tarsi yellow, with spines bright black; anterior and middle tibiae yellow,

posterior tibiae yellow with outer and inner dilations bright brown-red. Abdomen: Bright orange, with

posterior border of sternite V and VI yellow and following areas with metallic blue-green reflections:

lateral and pleural margins of sterna III to VII, posterior margin of sternite VII and central area of

genital capsule. Measurements: Head length: 2.20 mm; width across eyes: 2.68 mm; interocular space:

1.35 mm; interocellar space: 0.54 mm; preocular distance: 1.40 mm. Length antennal segments: I,

4.75 mm; II, 6.85 mm; III, 3.90 mm; IV, 4.95 mm. Pronotal length: 3.40 mm; width across frontal

angles: 2.30 mm; width across humeral angles: 5.70 mm. Posterior tibiae: length: 11.75 mm; length

outer dilation: 6.00 mm; length inner dilation: 5.98 mm; width outer dilation: 1.75 mm; width inner

dilation: 1.37 mm. Scutellar length: 2.45 mm; width: 2.30 mm. Total body length: 20.60 mm.

Female (paratype).—Color: Similar to holotype. Connexival segments VIII and IX bright orange-

yellow, with posterior angle black with metallic blue-green iridescens; dorsal segments VIII and IX

bright orange-yellow with central longitudinal stripe black with metallic blue-green iridescens; gono-

coxae I black with metallic blue-green iridescens; paratergite VIII and IX bright orange-yellow with

posterior angle black with metallic blue-green iridescens. Measurements: Head length: 2.08 mm; width

across eyes: 2.50 mm; interocular space: 1.27 mm; interocellar space: 0.47 mm; preocular distance:

224 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

Figure 7. Dorsal view of Malvanaioides luridus Brailovsky NEW SPECIES.

1995 BRAILOVSK Y: NEW NEOTROPICAL COREIDS 225

1.25 mm. Length antennal segments: I, 4.65 mm; II, 6.70 mm; III, 3.75 mm; IV, 4.80 mm. Pronotal

length: 3.05 mm; width across frontal angles: 2.00 mm; width across humeral angles: 4.90 mm.

Posterior tibiae: length: 11.75 mm; length outer dilation: 6.12 mm; length inner dilation: 6.10 mm;

width outer dilation: 1.50 mm; width inner dilation: 1.12 mm. Scutellar length: 2.04 mm; width: 1.85

mm. Total body length: 18.15 mm.

Diagnosis. —Onoremia acuminata is the only species in its genus.

Etymology. —Named for the elongate tubercles of the area between calli.

Material Examined. —See Types.

MALVANAIOIDES LURIDUS, BRAILOVSKY NEW SPECIES

(Fig. 7)

Type. — Holotype, female; data: PERU, Chanchamayo (without information).

Deposited in Hungarian Natural History Museum.

Description. — Female (holotype). Dorsal coloration: Head bright orange, with following areas me-

tallic blue-green: ocellar tubercle and broad V-shaped spot that covers most of antenniferous tubercles;

antennal segment I metallic blue-green with orange basal and apical joint; segment IIT brown-red with

dark orange reflections; segment III with anterior one-half orange (basal joint brown-red) and posterior

one-half entirely brown-red; segment IV brown-red; pronotum with anterior margin, callar region and

anterior one-half of anterolateral margin metallic blue-green, and the rest, including scutellum, biack

with punctures metallic blue-purple and with a wide orange-yellow longitudinal stripe extending from

lower one-third of callar region to apex of scutellum; clavus black with punctures metallic blue-purple

and with anal and suture border orange; corium black with punctures metallic blue-purple, with

longitudinal stripe orange-yellow, running along costal margin, reaching apex of apical margin, leaving

only short black stripe close to the middle one-third of costal margin; hemelytral membrane pale

brown; connexival segments metallic green; abdominal segments I-IV bright orange, segment V bright

orange with posterior third black, segments VI and VII black with metallic blue reflections, segments

VIII and IX black. Ventral coloration: Head bright orange; rostral segment I bright orange, internally

with metallic green iridescens; segments II and III bright orange; segment IV bright orange with apex

black; thorax metallic green, with sternal region bright orange; legs entirely bright orange; metathoracic

peritreme and adjacent areas bright orange with apex of anterior and posterior lobe brown-red; ab-

dominal sterna including the genital plates metallic green with following areas bright orange: short

longitudinal stripe running across middle of sternite III, posterior border of sterna IV and V, and

upper margin of pleural sterna II—-VII. Structure.— Head: porrect; tylus blunt, slightly exceeding jugae;

rostrum reaching anterior one-third of abdominal sternite III. Pronotum: Abruptly declivent; antero-

lateral and posterolateral margins dentate; posterior margin slightly concave, with lateral projections

well developed; humeral angles moderately expanded, subacuminate and elevated above disc; calli

barely elevated. Measurements: Head length: 2.50 mm; width across eyes: 2.40 mm; interocular space:

1.44 mm; interocellar space: 0.64 mm; preocular distance: 1.54 mm. Length antennal segments: I,

3.42 mm; II, 4.25 mm; III, 3.19 mm; IV, 5.47 mm. Pronotal length: 3.26 mm; width across frontal

angles: 2.28 mm; width across humeral angles: 6.60 mm. Scutellar length: 2.55 mm; width: 2.80 mm.

Total body length: 23.10 mm.

Diagnosis. —See Key.

Discussion. —Brailovsky (1990) described the genus Malvanaioides to include

M. intricata from Brazil; M. flavolineata from Peru was described later, becoming

the second known species (Brailovsky 1993). Here, a third species, collected in

Peru, is described and the diagnostic characters which separate M. luridus new

species from the other two known species are given in the key.

Distribution. —Only known from Peru.

Etymology. —Named for its light coloration of the legs; from the Latin, /uridus,

pale yellow.

Material Examined. —See type.

226 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

KEY TO SPECIES OF MALVANAIOIDES

1. Posterior one-half of pronotal disc black, with punctures metallic blue-

purple and with wide orange longitudinal stripe; femora entirely bright

orange; tylus bright orange; rostrum reaching anterior one-third of

abdominal sternite III ........... M. luridus Brailovsky, new species.

1’. Posterior one-half of pronotal disc entirely yellow; femora never orange

or yellow; tylus metallic green; rostrum reaching abdominal sternite

Veer pee eae te Sent sie = Been, pose, Le ee, Coenen, or Serre, Se 2

2(1'). Clavus and corium black with transverse yellow fascia; coxae and tro-

chanters bright brown red; thorax with pro-, meso-, and metapleura

orange red, with some metallic blue-purple spots; jugum metallic

SECC ie ance hy ee ee nit. JL, PO M. flavolineata Brailovsky

2 Clavus and corium black with punctures metallic blue-purple, and with

a longitudinal yellow stripe running along costal margin with the apex

of apical margin leaving a short black stripe near the middle one-

third of the corium; coxae and trochanters bright orange; thorax with

pro-, meso-, and metapleura metallic green; jugum yellow ........

TTA, yo: Was ET 9: Pee ERs. WORN wo WR, 208. B M. intricata Brailovsky

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to thank Janet Margerison-Knight (Natural History Museum, Lon-

don), Giovani Onore (Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador), and Tamas

Vasarhelyi (Hungarian Natural History Museum) for the loan of the specimens.

Special thanks to Cristina Mayorga and Albino Luna (both of the Instituto de

Biologia, Universidad Nacional Aut6noma de México) for the illustrations.

LITERATURE CITED

Brailovsky, H. 1987. Three new genera and six new species of Neotropical Coreidae (Heteroptera).

J. New York Entomol. Soc., 95: 518-530.

Brailovsky, H. 1990. Géneros nuevos y especies nuevas de coreidos neotropicales (Hemiptera-

Heteroptera-Coreidae, Acanthocerini, Leptoscelidini y Anisoscelidini). Anales Inst. Biol. Univ.

Nal. Auton. México Ser. Zool., 61: 107-123.

Brailovsky, H. 1993. Género nuevo y especies nuevas de coreidos neotropicales (Hemiptera-Het-

eroptera-Coreidae: Acanthocerini, Chariesterini, Coreini, Discogastrini, Leptoscelidini y Ne-

matopodini). Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nal. Auton México Ser. Zool., 64: 109-127.

O’Shea, R. 1980. A generic revision of the Nematopodini (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae). Stud.

Neotropical Fauna Envir., 15: 197-225.

Osuna, E. 1984. Monografia dela Tribu Anisoscelidini (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Coreidae) I. Re-

vision Genérica. Bol. Ent. Venez. N.S., 3(5—8): 77-148.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

71(4): 227-236, (1995)

A SPECIES DESCRIPTION AND BIOLOGICAL

COMPARISON BETWEEN A NEW SPECIES OF

TELENOMUS HALIDAY (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE)

AND TRICHOGRAMMA PLATNERI NAGARKATITI

(HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE): TWO EGG

PARASITOIDS OF SABULODES AEGROTATA

(GUENEE) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)

JEFFREY Y. HONDA AND SERGUEY V. TRJAPITZIN

Department of Entomology, University of California,

Riverside, California 92521

Abstract.—Telenomus hugi Honda and Trjapitzin, NEW SPECIES, is described and illustrated.

This species is a common egg parasitoid of the geometrid moth, Sabulodes aegrotata (Gueneé),

which feeds on avocado in southern California. The new species belongs to the T. californicus

group of the genus Telenomus but differs from other species of this group based on the structure

of male genitalia. A brief study and discussion of the life history traits of T. hugi and its potential

as a biological control agent in comparison to Trichogramma platneri Nagarkatti are included.

Key Words.—Insecta, Geometridae, Sabulodes aegrotata, Scelionidae, Telenomus hugi NEW

SPECIES, Trichogramma platneri, egg parasitoid

Species of Telenomus often play an important role in the natural control of

insect populations, however, their use in biological control programs has been

inhibited by a lack of systematic and biological study (Bin & Johnson 1982, Orr

1988). The approximately 600 species of recognized Telenomus represent only

10-25% of the species thought to be in existence, and biological studies are few

in number when compared to Trichogramma (Bin & Johnson 1982). Despite the

lack of a strong biosystematic base of information, Telenomus species possess a

number of characteristics that make them effective natural enemies and good

biological control candidates. These include: a high searching capacity, high re-

productive potential, high dispersal capacity, wide ecological range, host speci-

ficity, and host synchronization (Hirose 1986, Orr 1988). Hirose (1986) concluded

that Telenomus species should be better control agents than Trichogramma species

in natural regulation of lepidopterous pests partly because they have greater lon-

gevity and higher searching abilities, although Bin & Johnson (1982) concluded

that both genera may be complementary for certain hosts.

The omnivorous looper, Sabulodes aegrotata (Gueneé) is an important pest of

avocados in southern California (McKenzie 1935). Augmentative releases of the

egg parasitoid Trichogramma platneri Nagarkatti have been used to aid in the

control of this pest, however, another egg parasitoid in the genus Telenomus was

commonly found parasitizing S. aegrotata eggs in the field during the last two

seasons. The latter species is currently maintained in culture at the University of

California, Riverside (UCR), and specimens were sent to N. F. Johnson (The

Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio) for identification. He determined that

this species was undescribed.

The presence of both T. platneri and a new species of Telenomus described

228 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

below provides a good system to test the hypotheses stated above in the laboratory.

Herein, we provide the scientific name and taxonomic description of Telenomus

hugi Honda & Trjapitzin, describe its general biology, and discuss its potential

as a biological control agent when compared with 7. platneri.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For taxonomic description, we followed the protocol of Johnson (1984). Mea-

surements are given in millimeters, with the mean followed, in parentheses, by

the range within the indicated sample. Abbreviations for depositories are: BMNH,

The Natural History Museum, London; CNCI, Canadian National Collection of

Insects, Ottawa; OSUC, The Ohio State University, Columbus; UCRC, University

of California, Riverside; USNM, National Museum of Natural History, Wash-

ington, D.C.; ZMAS, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Pe-

tersburg. Abbreviations used in the description are: A = Antennomere,; DCI =

Dorsal Cephalic Index (head width: dorsal head length); FCI = Frontal Cephalic

Index (head width: frontal head length); TL = Total Length (dorsal head length

+ Weber length + metasomal length); T1, T2: Metasomal tergites 1 and 2 [for

explanation of terms see Johnson (1984)].

For biological studies, a culture of 7. hugi was initiated in May, 1993 with

wasps reared from S. aegrotata eggs collected from avocado trees in Carpenteria,

California (approximately 20 adults were collected from a parasitized egg cluster

by JYH in late April, 1993). The culture was maintained on S. aegrotata eggs

obtained from a moth culture reared on an artificial diet developed by Johnson

& Federici (1982) at UCR. The T. hugi culture was maintained by exposing

approximately 100 freshly laid S. aegrotata eggs to five or six mated female wasps

in an Oviposition rearing unit. This unit consisted of a honey streaked, glass shell

vial (9.5 x 2.5 cm) covered with filter paper held in place with a polyethylene lid

from which the center was removed. Eggs were held with female parasites for 24

hours and then removed and placed in a new rearing unit until emergence.

Parasitoid developmental times were determined by holding individual para-

sitized eggs in gelatin capsules until emergence at 27° C, 50% RH, and 14L:10D.

To determine the effect of honey and host egg availability on longevity, females

were subjected to three treatments: (1) no honey or hosts, (2) honey only, and (3)

honey and hosts. Male wasps were subjected to only two treatments: (1) no honey,

and (2) honey. Wasps were placed individually in rearing units and checked daily

for mortality. Honey was replaced as needed. Due to the irregular availability of

S. aegrotata eggs, female treatments with hosts and honey were given a section

of index card with 20 freshly laid S. aegrotata eggs 9, 13, 17, 19, 22, 25, and 28

days after emergence. Collected eggs from each treatment (m = 12) were held for

emergence to estimate sex ratio and fecundity.

TAXONOMY

TELENOMUS HUGI HONDA & S. TRJAPITZIN, NEW SPECIES

Types. —Holotype: female (on point), labeled: 1. ““Telenomus hugi Honda et S.

Trjapitzin HOLOTYPE female”; 2. “USA. CALIFORNIA. RIVERSIDE Co.:

Riverside, UCR lab. culture, 24 Mar 1994, J. Honda, ex. Sabulodes aegrotata

(Gueneé)”. Holotype deposited in U.S. National Museum of Natural History,

Washington D.C. Paratypes, same data as holotype: 1 female, 2 males [USNM];

1995 HONDA & TRJAPITZIN: A NEW SCELIONID 229

1 female, 1 male [BMNH]; 1 female, 2 males [CNCI]; 2 females, 2 males [OSUC];

1 female, 2 males [ZMAS]; 12 females, 23 males [UCRC].

Female.— Color: General body coloration black; eyes and ocelli gray; A3—A6 slightly lighter than

remainder of antenna; fore and mid femora brown distally; tibiae light brown basally and distally;

tarsi light brown to brown, darkening distally. Head (Fig. 1): Vertex smoothly rounded onto occiput,

coriaceous; hyperoccipital carina absent; occiput with very fine coriaceous sculpturing, almost smooth;

orbital bands broad and incomplete, with broad interruption medially; frons otherwise smooth, shining;

no ocellar setae; preocellar pit usually absent; frontal depression apparently absent; frons slightly

elevated between antennal insertions and inner orbits; eyes hairy; malar space coriaceous but smooth

at toruli. Mesosoma: Mesoscutum coriaceous, evenly covered with small setae; scutellum smooth

except some fine sculpturing anteriorly, with sparser arranged setae; dorsellum (Fig. 2A) strongly

punctate in anterior one-half, striate to smooth posteriorly. Metasoma: T1 (Fig. 2B) with 3 pairs of

lateral setae and 1 pair of sublateral setae. Appendages: Antenna (Fig. 3) densely setose, 1 1-segmented;

club 5-segmented; scape (A 1) about 4x as long as pedicel (A2); A3 as long as A2 and longest of funicle

(A3-A6), A4 as long as broad, AS slightly smaller than A4, A6-A10 transverse. Wings hyaline,

surpassing apex of metasoma; postmarginal vein of forewing longer than stigmal vein; hindwing broad,

maximum width about 1.5 x of fringe hairs length at this point. Measurements (n = 5): TL: 0.86

(0.82-0.87) mm; DCI: 2.60 (2.06-3.27) mm; FCI: 1.27 (1.23-1.31) mm; frons W: eye height: 1.04

(1.02-1.07) mm; W: L T1: 3.93 (3.33-4.60) mm; L: W T2: 0.90 (0.83-1.00) mm; L: W metasoma:

1.41 (1.30-1.54) mm.

Male. —Similar to female except antennae and hind legs concolorous with body. Normal secondary

sexual characters as follows: antenna (Fig. 4) 12-segmented, densely setose, Al almost equal to com-

bined lengths of A2—A4, A3 and A5 subequal, A4 as long as A1l2, A6—-A11 moniliform; genitalia (Fig.

5) elongated, aedeago-volsellar shaft just over 3 as long as basal ring, constricted proximally and

slightly bowed medially; basal ring appears knobbed proximally witha round base, constricted medially

and distally; laminae volsellares very closely approaching one another medially to appear fused; digiti

three-dentate, with long and thick teeth; aedeagal lobe rounded, slightly longer than digiti. Measure-

ments (n= 5): TL: 0.86 (0.83-0.88) mm; DCI: 2.63 (2.29-3.17) mm; FCI: 1.21 (1.16-1.28) mm; frons

W: eye height: 1.04 (0.94-1.13) mm; W: L T1: 3.73 (3.00-4.25) mm; L: W T2: 0.83 (0.76-0.89) mm;

L: W metasoma: 1.36 (1.26-1.42) mm.

Diagnosis. —The new species belongs to the californicus species group of Te-

lenomus, as defined by Johnson (1984), and differs from other species in this

group based on unique male genitalia structures described above (Fig. 5).

Etymology. —The specific name “‘hugi’’ was chosen to honor P. “‘Hugi’’ Bear.

Material Examined. —See types. Additional specimens: same data as holotype, 3 females, 3 males,

parts mounted for scanning electron microscopy [UCRC].

BIOLOGY

Results.—A number of general observations were made regarding the biology

of T. hugi. This parasitoid may be fairly host specific because it failed to elicit

any Ovipositional response when presented a number of alternate host eggs, in-

cluding Manduca sexta (Johannson) (Sphingidae), Amorbia cuneana Walsingham

(Tortricidae), Trichoplusia ni (Hiibner) and Spodoptera exigua (Hiibner) (Noc-

tuidae). However, alternative species of geometrid eggs were not available for

experimentation. Female wasps presented S. aegrotata eggs quickly examined

hosts by drumming them with their antennae, followed by drilling with the ovi-

positor and egg deposition. Total parasitism times averaged 3.31 + 1.34 min for

five individual females without prior oviposition experience. Females isolated

from males (n = 10) parasitized eggs that issued only male wasps, indicating that

this species 1s arrhenotokous. Both male and female developmental times were

similar (17.24 + 0.43 (n = 106) for females and 17.10 + 0.30 (n = 50) for males)

230 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

Figures 1-2. Telenomus hugi Honda & Trjapitzin, NEW SPECIES, paratypes [all UCRC]. Figure

1. Head (female, frontal view). Figure 2. Posterior mesosoma and anterior metasoma (female, dorsal

view): A—dorsellum, B—T1. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

1995 HONDA & TRJAPITZIN: A NEW SCELIONID 231

A

Figures 3-4. Telenomus hugi Honda & Trjapitzin, NEW SPECIES, paratypes [all UCRC]. Figure

3. Antenna (female). Figure 4. Antenna (male). Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

232 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

3

Figure5. Telenomus hugi Honda & Trjapitzin, NEW SPECIES, paratype [UCRC] Genitalia (male).

Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

at 27° C. Wasps deprived of honey did not survive for more than 24 h and died

significantly sooner than those supplied honey (Table 1). Wasps supplied honey

and hosts survived less than one month, whereas wasps supplied only honey

survived well over a month. This difference was significant (Fi, 37; = 20.60, P <

0.01). Females usually did not begin parasitizing hosts until four or five days after

eclosion even when given hosts in the first two or three days of adult life, indicating

1995 HONDA & TRJAPITZIN: A NEW SCELIONID 233

Table 1. Longevity (in days + SEM) of male and female T. hugi when given no honey, honey,

and honey with hosts. Values followed by different letters in each column are significantly different

(ANOVA, Duncan’s multiple range test, P < 0.01).

Male (n) Female (7)

No honey 1.00 + 0.00a (20) 1.00 + 0.00a (13)

Honey 41.25 + 1.94b (16) 59.00 + 1.43b (15)

Honey and hosts ~ 29.42 + 3.05c (12)

that parasitoid eggs may take a few days to mature. Parasitized eggs produced

single offspring and females appeared to mark a parasitized host immediately

after oviposition by scrapping their ovipositor over the host’s surface. We did not

observe host feeding by 7. hugi. A female T. hugi laid an average of 52.08 +

2.27 eggs (n = 12) when given hosts over a 28 day period (Fig. 6). During the

first three days, 80% of the offspring were females, however, by the time the fourth

batch of eggs was presented to the females, wasp mortality had increased, and the

number of eggs laid per female and their sex ratio had declined. The sex ratio

decline was probably due to sperm depletion. By the 28th and 30th day most of

the wasps were either dead or moved sluggishly, ignoring the egg clusters we

offered them.

Discussion.—The association existing between T. hugi and S. aegrotata prob-

ably has been reported previously, however a complete species description and

biological study has not been published. For example, McKenzie (1932) and

Oatman et al. (1983) noted collections of Telenomus emerging from S. aegrotata.

eggs. They did not identify this species, which may have been T. hugi.

The importance of 7. hugi as an integral part of S. aegrotata’s natural enemy

complex is unknown. Extensive sampling and field studies of this species are

lacking. In fact, Telenomus taxonomy and biology studies remain relatively scarce

and few examples of successful classical biological control using Telenomus species

exist (Bin & Johnson 1982). However, our results and observations in the labo-

ratory indicate that this parasitoid has many of the characteristics considered

desirable in a successful natural enemy.

Many workers have compared the potential of Trichogramma and Telenomus

species as biological control agents and concluded that Telenomus species may

be more effective (Hirose 1986, Orr 1988). In general, Trichogramma species are

thought to be too short lived, posses too short a developmental period that inhibits

synchronization, and are too polyphagous when compared to Telenomus species.

In contrast, Telenomus species are usually thought to be better searchers because

they live longer, are usually solitary parasitoids, and are more host specific. How-

ever, Telenomus and Trichogramma species can be complimentary or inter-

changeable for certain hosts and niches, and preliminary tests are indispensable

in evaluating the role each may play in a biological control system (Bin & Johnson

1982). Preliminary studies on the biology of T. hugi along with previous studies

on the biology of T. platneri (Manweiler 1982; Hohmann et al. 1988; JYH,

unpublished data) allow T. hugi to be evaluated and compared with 7. platneri.

The reproductive potential of Trichogramma species are generally greater than

that of Telenomus species (Hirose 1986, Orr 1988) and T. platneri follows this

pattern when compared with T. hugi. The intrinsic rate of increase, (r,) for T.

234 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

Number of Eggs Parasitized per

Sex Ratio

9 13 17 19 22 25 28

Days

Figure 6. Mean numbers of eggs parasitized per female (+ SEM) per given day. Line indicates

mean percentage of females emerging.

platneri is 0.368 (Orr 1986 taken from Manweiler 1982), which is higher than T.

hugi (0.219) at 27° C. Furthermore, inexperienced 7. platneri with mature egg

loads produced more progeny during a 24 h period than TJ. hugi (26.76 + 7.93

versus 13.14 + 2.47). However, T. platneri is gregarious, laying 5.50 + 1.75

offspring per S. aegrotata egg, whereas T. hugi is solitary, laying one egg per S.

aegrotata egg. Thus, a more appropriate measure of the impact of these two wasps

species 1s the number of S. aegrotata eggs a female wasp of each species parasitized.

When this criterion is used a different picture emerges: 7. platneri parasitized an

average of 4.87 + 1.41 eggs per female (JYH, unpublished data), whereas T. hugi

parasitized an average of 13.14 + 2.47 eggs per female in a 24 h period. Therefore,

T. hugi may inflict more mortality even though T. platneri has a higher fecundity.

Furthermore, 7. hugi may have a more restricted host range, as females did not

parasitize four alternative moth species when offered host eggs. Telenomus species

are generally host specific with a few exceptions, and even polyphagous species

appear to be restricted to families within Lepidoptera (Orr 1988). In contrast, T.

platneri is polyphagous, with members of the species complex parasitizing the

eggs of at least 30 different hosts in several lepidopteran families (Pak 1988),

including A. cuneana, which is also an important pest in avocado grooves and

occurs throughout the year (Bailey et al. 1988).

Trichogramma platneri is augmentatively released for the suppression of A.

cuneana and S. aegrotata in avocado orchards. Studies (JYH, unpublished data)

indicate that 7. platneriis a more effective biological control agent for A. cuneana

than S. aegrotata. Although T. platneri is collected from S. aegrotata in the field,

laboratory experiments indicate that it has difficulty parasitizing S. aegrotata eggs

because they have a hard chorion and a sticky secretion that covers the eggs (JYH,

unpublished data). Female 7. platneri take approximately 15 min to penetrate

1995 HONDA & TRJAPITZIN: A NEW SCELIONID 235

the chorion. In contrast, 7. hugi oviposits in an S. aegrotata egg in about three

minutes. Moreover, large 7. platneri loose interest in parasitizing more than two

or three S. aegrotata eggs even though they posses a substantial egg load, whereas

they nearly exhaust their mature eggs parasitizing A. cuneana.

Finally, JT. platneri lives at best eight days post emergence (Hohmann et al.

1988), which is significantly shorter than 7. hugi. Such a short life span may not

allow adult 7. platneri to synchronize with the three or four discrete annual

generations of S. aegrotata (Bailey et al. 1988). Augmentative releases may im-

prove T. platneri’s synchrony, but they must be properly timed to coincide with

the presence of S. aegrotata eggs in the field (Oatman & Platner 1985). In contrast,

T. hugi can live well over a month, which may increase its probability of en-

countering hosts.

These results suggest that T. hugi may be a better biological control agent than

T. platneri for S. aegrotata. Although T. platneri is collected on S. aegrotata in

the field, laboratory experiments indicate that T. platneri is short-lived and has

difficulty in parasitizing S. aegrotata. Hence it does not kill sufficient numbers of

eggs when given an egg cluster of eggs which average approximately 13 eggs (JYH,

unpublished data). The one advantage T. platneri has over T. hugi is that it is

easier to mass produce. No cost effective methods are currently available to rear

T. hugi in large quantities. Until such a cost effective rearing system is developed

for T. hugi, augmentative releases of 7. platneri may still play a complimentary

role in the suppression of S. aegrotata.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We are grateful to Norman F. Johnson for providing initial identification of T.

hugi as new, and taxonomic information on the T. californicus complex, and

especially for reviewing of the manuscript. We thank Gary Platner (UCR) for

technical assistance and Pat Luft (UCR) for assisting on the figure and table.

Robert Luck (UCR) reviewed the manuscript and made useful suggestions for its

improvement. SVT thanks his wife Tatiana M. Tretiakova for her permission to

undertake a side project during the weekends.

LITERATURE CITED

Bailey, J. B., M. P. Hoffmann & K. N. Olsen. 1988. Blacklight monitoring of two avocado insect

pests. Calif. Agric., 42: 26-27.

Bin, F. & N. F. Johnson. 1982. Potential of Telenominae in biocontrol with egg parasitoids (Hym.,

Scelionidae). pp. 275-287. In Les Trichogrammes, Antibes (France), 20-23 avril 1982, Ed.

INRA Publ. Les Colloques de PINRA, no. 9.

Hirose, Y. 1986. Biological and ecological comparison of Trichogramma and Telenomus as control

agents of lepidopterous pests. J. Appl. Entomol., 101: 39-47.

Hohmann, C. L., R. F. Luck & E. R. Oatman. 1988. A comparison of longevity and fecundity of

adult Trichogramma platneri (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) reared from eggs of the cab-

bage looper and the angumouis grain moth, with and without access to honey. J. Econ. Entomol.,

81: 1307-1312.

Johnson, J. J. & B. A. Federici. 1982. Artificial diet and rearing procedures for the omnivorous

looper. J. Econ. Entomol., 75: 295-296.

Johnson, N. F. 1984. Systematics of Nearctic Telenomus: classification and revisions of the podisi

and phymatae species groups (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Bull. Ohio Biol. Surv. (N. Ser.), 6:

1-113.

Manweiler, S. A. 1986. Developmental and Ecological Comparisons of Trichogramma minutum

236 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

and Trichogramma platneri (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Pan-Pacif. Entomol., 62: 128-

139.

McKenzie, H. L. 1935. Biology and control of avocado insects and mites. Univ. Calif. Argric. Exp.

Sta. Bull., 592.

Oatman, E. R., J. A. McMurtry, M. Waggonner, G. A. Platner & H. G. Johnson. 1983. Parasitization

of Amorbia cuneana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Sabulodes aegrotata (Lepidoptera: Geo-

metridae) on avocado in southern California. J. Econ. Entomol., 76: 52-53.

Oatman, E.R. andG.R. Platner. 1985. Biological control of two avocado pests. 1985. Calif. Agric.,

39: 21-23.

Orr, D. B. 1988. Scelionid wasps as biological control agents: a review. Fla. Entomol., 71: 506-528.

Pak, G. A. 1988 Selection of Trichogramma for inundative biological control. Ph.D. Thesis, Agri-

cultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

71(4): 237-244, (1995)

LARVA AND PUPA OF ARCHEDINUS RELICTUS

MORON & KRIKKEN (COLEOPTERA:

MELOLONTHIDAE, TRICHIINAE, INCAINI)

MIGUEL-ANGEL MORON

Departamento de Biosistematica de Insectos, Instituto de Ecologia,

A.C. Apdo. Postal 63 Xalapa, Veracruz 91000 México

Abstract.—The third-stage larva and the pupa of Archedinus relictus Moron & Krikken are

described and illustrated, based on 9 specimens collected in the cloud forest of “El Triunfo,”

Chiapas, Mexico. Morphological characteristics are compared with those of Inca clathrata som-

meri Westwood, with emphasis in pupal abdominal spiracles. A key to the known third-stage

larvae of American Trichiinae is also included.

Restimen. —Se describen la larva de tercer estadio y la pupa de Archedinus relictus Moron &

Krikken, con base en 9 ejemplares colectados en el bosque nebular de “El Triunfo”, Chiapas,

México. Se comparan las caracteristicas morfologicas de esta especie con las de Inca clathrata

sommeri Westwood, destacando la estructura de los estigmas respiratorios abdominales de las

pupas. Se proporciona una clave para separar las larvas de tercer estadio conocidas hasta la

fecha de los Trichiinae americanos.

Key Words.—Insecta, Coleoptera, Trichiinae, Archedinus, immature stages, morphology, tax-

onomy, America

The tribe Incaini is formed by ten Neotropical species of Inca Le Peletier &

Serville, Golinca J. Thomson, Pantodinus Burmeister and Archedinus Moron &

Krikken (Krikken 1984, Moron & Krikken 1990). The two former genera have

a wide Central and South American distribution, and the two later genera have

a very restricted, relictual distribution in the humid mountains of Chiapas, México

and Guatemala. At present, only the third stage larvae and pupae of Inca clathrata

sommeri Westwood and Inca bonplandi (Gyll.) are described and illustrated (Mo-

ron 1983, Costa et al. 1988).

During a fortunate collecting trip conducted in 1983 by Roberto Terrén and

Bert Kohlmann in the cloud montane forest located in “El Triunfo,” State of

Chiapas, a small lot of “‘cetoniid-like’’ larvae with remnants of one female was

found under rotten logs. After rearing in a laboratory in Mexico City, we obtained

only one female pupa of Archedinus relictus Moron & Krikken. In this paper, the

larva and pupa of this species are described and compared with the immature

stages of Inca species. Technical terms used are those of Ritcher (1966) and Morén

(1983, 1987, 1993). The descriptions are based on 8 third stage-larvae and one

cast skin of third-stage larva reared to pupa collected in association with remnants

of adult female (see Material Examined).

ARCHEDINUS RELICTUS MORON & KRIKKEN, 1990,

(Figs. 1-13)

Third-Stage Larva. — Head. Maximum width of head capsule 6.6-7.7 mm. Surface of cranium finely

and densely rugose punctate, red-brown. Frons (Fig. 1) with only 1 seta on each anterior frontal angle

and remaining cranial surface with only 2 para-ocellar setae on each side. Clypeus (Fig. 1) with 1 seta

at right margin and 2 setae at left margin. Labrum (Fig. 1) ovate, slightly asymmetrical, with 2 central

238 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

Figures 1-8. Archedinus relictus third-stage larva. Figure 1. Frontal view of head. Figure 2. Epi-

pharynx. Figure 3. Ventral view of right mandible. Figure 4. Ventral view of left mandible. Figure 5.

Inner view of apex of right maxilla. Figure 6. Dorsal view of right maxilla. Figure 7. Detail of right

maxillary stridulatory area. Figure 8. Dorsal view of hypopharynx. Scale lines are | mm, except Fig.

1 (S mm) and Figs. 5 and 7 (0.5 mm).

setae, 1-2 lateral setae and 2 anterior setae. Ocelli present. Epipharynx (Fig. 2) with vague zygum and

without clithra, 1 anterior row of 5 small tubercles, | irregular transverse row of 11 spine-like setae

and | posterior row of 6 spine like setae on the haptomeral region; right chaetoparia with 24—28 spine-

like setae and 18-21 very short conical setae; left chaetoparia with 32-38 spine-like setae and 4—5

very short conical setae; dexiotorma elongated and laeotorma shortened; sense cone well developed,

1995 MORON: IMMATURES OF ARCHEDINUS RELICTUS 239

eee

RRC

mb cb AS

Pee yey pReonn Ie f

ear ove.

es

ee

SITES

Pet aan

13

Figures 9-13. Archedinus relictus. Figures 9-12. third-stage larva. Figure 9. Dorsal view of last

antennal article. Figure 10. Right hind tarsal claw, inner view. Figure 11. Third abdominal spiracle.

Figure 12. Detail of “choles” in the respiratory plate. Figure 13. Fourth right abdominal spiracle of A.

relictus pupa. Scale lines are 1 mm in figures 9 and 13, or 0.5 mm in Figs. 10-11.

at Wy *

osh sas,

are tal

o tons *g>

sclerotized; acanthopariae with 8 short spine-like setae (Fig. 2). Scissorial area of right mandible with

4 teeth; premolar area without teeth; molar area with 3 flattened lobes; rounded ventral process; slightly

prominent calx and brustia formed by 5 setae (Fig. 3). Scissorial area of left mandible with 3 teeth,

well separated by 2 notches; premolar area with 2 teeth; molar area with | lobe; acia not developed;

rounded ventral process, brustia formed by 5 setae (Fig. 4). Stridulatory area of each mandible absent.

Galea with sharply pointed conical uncus; lacinia with | reduced, rounded uncus (Figs. 5—6); maxillary

stridulatory area with 12 irregular shaped, not pointed teeth, and a distal rounded process (Figs. 6-

7). Labium short, with scarce medium size setae; hypopharyngeal sclerome well developed, with

asymmetrical, rounded, heavily sclerotized prominence (Fig. 8). Dorsal surface of last antennomere

with 7-10 sensory spots (Fig. 9). Thorax. Prothoracic spiracles 0.80 mm long and 0.56 mm wide.

Prothoracic sclerome wide, orange-yellow. Dorsa of thoracic segments covered with a great number

of short and medium size setae (0.3-0.9 mm length), and transverse rows of very long slender setae

(VLSS) (2.9-3.6 mm length) as follows: pronotum VLSS | (8); mesoprescutum VLSS | (4); mesoscutum

VLSS 1 (10-14); mesoscutellum VLSS 1 (4); metaprescutum VLSS 1 (4); metascutum VLSS | (10-

12); metascutellum VLSS 1 (4). Tarsal claws in all the legs similar in size and shape, with 2 internal

preapical setae (Fig. 10). Abdomen. Spiracles I-VII similar in size, 0.72 mm long and 0.56 mm wide;

spiracle VIII slightly small 0.60 mm long and 0.56 mm wide; respiratory plate yellow, C-shaped, with

a maximum of 20-22 irregular ameboid ‘“‘holes” along any diameter; bulla nearly flat with a small

central rounded prominence; distance between the two lobes subequal to the dorsoventral diameter

of the bulla (Figs. 11-12). Dorsa of abdominal segments covered with a dense cover of short and

medium size setae (0.3-0.9 mm length), and transverse rows of very long slender setae (VLSS) (2.9-

3.6 mm length) as follows: segment I VLSS 2 (3-14); II VLSS 3 (4-4-18); II VLSS 3 (10-4-14); IV

VLSS 3 (10-4-16); V VLSS 3 (10-3-10); VI VLSS 3 (12-4-18); VII VLSS 3 (10-4-14); VIII VLSS 2

(4-16); IX VLSS 2 (2-10); X VLSS 2 (8-8). Venter of abdominal segments I-VIII also with transverse

rows of VLSS (Fig. 13). Anal slit transverse, slightly curved. Upper anal lip with a great number of

240 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

Figure 14. Lateral view of Archedinus relictus third-stage larva. Scale line is 10 mm.

long, stout setae; lower anal lip with 24-30 VLSS and a great number of short stout setae; septula and

palidia absent. Approximate dorsal body length: 70-83 mm.

PUPA. —(Figs. 14-15).—Female. Body elongate, robust, exarate. Yellow-red. Covered by very fine,

velvety golden microtrichia. Head. Strongly reflexed downward; antennae and mouth parts clearly

separated; occular canthus and compound eyes well differentiated; clypeus tumid; labrum excavate;

surface of frons very irregular. Thorax. Pronotal disk with a rounded tubercle near middle of anterior

margin and irregular shallow depressions extended toward sides; lateral margins well defined. Meso-

and metanota differentiated. Pterotecae narrow, free, not much compressed around body; hind wings

slightly longer than elytra. Rounded prosternal process emerging between procoxae; metasternum with

2 divergent carinae. Protibiae with 3 short processes on external borders, ventral sulci and preapical

spur well defined; meso- and metatibiae each with 2 rounded apical spurs; all tarsomeres vaguely

defined. Abdomen. Terguites I-II with a well developed pair of dioneiform organs; terguites II-VI with

4 pairs of poorly developed dioneiform organs, decreasing progressively in definition and size from

terguite III to VI. Pleural lobes II-VI prominent. Spiracle I tuberculiform, protected by anteroventral

and posterodorsal fleshy folds. Spiracles II-IV tuberculiform, protected inside deep ovate, partially

opened chambers, located in the prominence of each pleural lobes (Figs. 14-15); the inner walls of

such spiracular chambers lack velvety golden microtrichia. Spirales V-VI closed and sunken sur-

rounded by rugae. Spiracles VII-VIII closed, very small, surrounded by fine rugae. Sternites II-VII

with fine transverse striae. Last terguite only with a pair of small rounded tubercles, without urogomphi.

Genital ampulla wide, flattened, slightly bilobated by fine mesial sulcus. Body length: 38 mm. Max-

imum body width: 14 mm.

Diagnosis. —The great number of very long slender slightly red setae that cover

nearly all the body, the very reduced cranial chaetotaxy, the structure of spiracles,

and the absence of stridulatory areas in the mandibles distinguish the third-stage

larva of Archedinus relictus from any other Trichiinae larvae. The larvae of Inca

clathrata sommeri and Inca bonplandi are also very large (80-120 mm) and bears

1995 MORON: IMMATURES OF ARCHEDINUS RELICTUS 241

Figure 15. Lateral view of Archedinus relictus female pupa. Scale line is 10 mm.

dense vestiture, but present dorso-epicranial setae, the lobes of respiratory plates

are more approximated, the “holes” of respiratory plate are not ameboid in shape;

the mandibles present fine ovate stridulatory areas; and each tarsunguli bears a

pair of basal setae, instead the pair of preapical setae observed in A. relictus. The

third-stage larval cast skin of A. relictus present the ecdisial opening shortened,

running from epicranial suture to third abdominal terguite, like J. clathrata. Dif-

ferences and similarities with other Trichiinae larvae are evident in the attached

key, which includes data from Howden (1968), Ratcliffe (1977), Costa et al (1988)

and Delgado & Moron (1991).

On the other hand, the structure of pupal abdominal spiracles II-IV ofA. relictus

(Fig. 13) is completely different from other known spiracles in the pupae of

Trichiinae, Cetoniinae, Rutelinae, Dynastinae and Melolonthinae. The position

of a tubercle-like spiracle with small rounded atrium at the bottom of a polished

deep cavity represents a very different design within the rotten log inhabiting

scarab species. Usually, the spiracles II-IV of the xylophilous pupae are narrow

slit apertures with conspicuous peritremae, partially hidden between the inter-

segmental folds (vg. Dynastinae, Rutelinae) or are rounded apertures with thick-

ened peritremae placed on rounded tubercles (e.g., Trichiinae, Cetoniinae).

Material Examined.— MEXICO. STATE OF CHIAPAS. Angel Albino Corzo Municipality, Reserva

“El Triunfo’, 28 Feb 1984, 1850 m, R. Terr6n, under rotten log of Guarea sp. (Meliaceae), 8 third-

stage larvae, | cast skin of third-stage larva reared to pupa.

KEy TO THIRD-STAGE LARVAE OF SOME AMERICAN TRICHIINAE

Modified from Ritcher, 1966 and Moron, 1983)

ik Clithra present. Abdominal segments [X—X dorsally fused. Maxi-

mum width of head capsule 5-7 mm. (Southern to Southeastern

Canada and Northeastern to Central U.S.A.)

242

2(1).

PAS

3(1').

4(3').

4'.

5(4’).

a

6(3).

6’.

7(6').

i

8(7').

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

Abdominal spiracles VII-VIII larger than spiracles I-VI. Dorsa of

abdominal segments VII-VIII each with 2 annulets, each bearing

a transverse patch of fairly short setae and a posterior, sparsely set

row of longer setae ..O. eremicola Knoch and O. subplanata (Casey)

Abdominal spiracles I-VIII similar in size. Dorsa of abdominal seg-

ments VII-VIII each with 2 widely separated, sparsely set rows

of long setae but with only a few short setae anterior to each row

ee ee Le ee SULT eee ee, ee eee O. scabra (Beauv.)

Premolar area of left mandible without teeth. Last antennal segment

with 1-3 dorsal sensory spots. Maximum width of head capsule

Gad sGa TOT, S srt eu Ri A A, Ya ee ee nO ae 6

Premolar area of left mandible with 2 teeth. Last antennal segment

with 7-13 dorsal sensory spots. Maximum width of head capsule

GIO=S Ove, ee ee. 5 Rie net Ae Ne ee ere 4

Stridulatory area of each mandible absent. Dorsoepicarnial setae ab-

sent. Maxillary stridulatory area with 12 irregular, not pointed

teeth. Spiracle respiratory plates with ameboid shaped “holes.”

Tarsal claws with 2 internal preapical setae. Dorsa and venter of

abdominal segments with a great number of very long (2.9-3.6

mm length) slender setae. (Southern part of State of Chiapas, Mex-

1CO) Ra re og Archedinus relictus Moron & Krikken

Stridulatory area of each mandible present, well developed. Dorsoe-

picranial setae present. Maxillary stridulatory area with 8 sharply

pointed teeth. Spiracle respiratory plates with polygonal shaped

“holes.” Tarsal claws with 2 internal basal setae. Dorsa and venter

of abdominal segments with a great number of long (0.8—2.7 mm)

slender Séta@. 5.40.0 nee Inca LePeletier & Serville... 5

Head capsule with 4—5 dorsoepicranial setae and 4 posterior frontal

setae on each side. Labrum with 10-12 discal setae. (Eastern and

Southeastern Mexico to Panama) .. I. clathrata sommeri Westwood

Head capsule with 3 dorsoepicranial setae on each side and without

posterior frontal setae. Labrum with 4 discal setae. (Southern Brazil

and Northern Argentina) .................. I. bonplandi Gyllenhal

Last antennal segment with 3 dorsal sensory spots. Haptomerum

without spine-like setae or tooth-like process. Maxillary stridula-

tory area with 3 sharp, anteriorly directed teeth. Head capsule with

1 dorsoepicranial seta, 1 posterior frontal seta and 3 anterior frontal

setae on each side. (Southern part of State of Guerrero, Mexico)

MD er Re na Iridisoma acahuizotlensis Delgado & Moron

Last antennal segment with 1 dorsal sensory spot. Haptomerum with

a circlet of stout, spine-like setae interrupted by a tooth-like process

Scissorial area of left mandible with 2 teeth. Lacinia with a single

terminal uncus. (Southeastern U.S.A.) ...............0 000000

A re a ke ere ee CaO ee Trigono peltastes delta (Forster)

Scissorial area of left mandible with 3 teeth. Lacinia with 2 basally

LUSCOSUING Ig =: he 8: cakee Zee. cel ea Ree Esa RA ot onda te. 8

Frons with an anterior semicircular depression. Labrum without a

1995 MORON: IMMATURES OF ARCHEDINUS RELICTUS 243

median, transverse, emarginate protuberance. (Southeastern Can-

ada and Northeastern U.S.A.) ....... Gnorimella maculosa (Knoch)

8’. Frons without anterior depression, convex. Labrum with a median,

transverse, emarginate protuberance ...... Trichiotinus Casey... 9

9(8'). Spiracles of abdominal segment VIII much smaller than those of

abdominal segments I-VII. Raster with more than 50 very small,

stout setae among and anterior to which are only a very few long

acicular setae. (Eastern Texas to Virgina, U.S.A.) ..............

Ee ek tee ee ee ee ee See Ree T. lunulatus (Fabr.)

9". Spiracles of abdominal segments I—-VIII similar in size. Raster with

40 or fewer, very small, stout setae among which, or anterior to

which, are many long, acicular setae ..................0.00005 10

10(9’). Raster with less than 10 very short setae, all of them spine-like and

borne close to lower anal lip posterior to the acicular setae. (Southern

Canada, Central and Northeastern, U.S.A.) ...................

AES SEEN, SSS SING Pw =. Sar ee Oe T. affinis (Gory & Percheron)

10’. Raster with 15 or more very short setae, but all of them not always

spine-like. Short setae scattered among the long, acicular setae 11

11(10’). Maxillary stridulatory area with 2-4 sharp teeth. (Southern Canada

and Northern U.S.A.) .....0..00......00000004 T. assimilis (Kirby)

11’. Maxillary stridulatory area with 4-6 sharp teeth ................ 12

12(11’). Each lateral, pedal area on the sterna of abdominal segments II-VI

usually with 3-5 setae. (Southeastern Canada and Eastern U.S.A.)

er ee eee ee ee ey eee ee ee oy T. piger (Fabr.)

12% Each lateral, pedal area on the sterna of abdominal segments IJI-VI

with 2 long setae. (Eastern U.S.A.) .............. T. bibens (Fabr.)

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Special thanks are extended to Roberto Terron (UAM-X, México City) for

providing the larvae of A. relictus.

LITERATURE CITED

Costa, C, S. A. Vanin & S. A. Casari-Chen. 1988. Larvas de Coleoptera do Brasil. Museo de Zoologia,

Universidade de Sao Paulo.

Delgado, C. L.& M.A. Moron. 1991. A new genus and species of Trichiini from Mexico (Coleoptera:

Melolonthidae). Pan-Pacif. Entomol. 67: 181-188.

Howden. H. F. 1968. A review of the Trichiinae of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scar-

_ abaeidae). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada, 54.

Krikken, J. 1984. A new key to the suprageneric taxa in the beetle family Cetoniidae, with annotated

lists of the known genera. Zool. Verhand, 210.

Moron, M. A. 1983. Los estados inmaduros de Inca clathrata sommeri Westwood (Coleoptera:

Melolonthidae, Trichiinae) con observaciones sobre el crecimiento alométrico del imago. Folia

Entomol. Mex., 56: 31-51.

Moron, M. A. 1987. Los estados inmaduros de Dynastes hyllus Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Melolon-

thidae, Dynastinae) con observaciones sobre su biologia y el crecimiento alométrico del imago.

Folia Entomol. Mex., 72: 33-74.

Moron, M. A. 1993. Observaciones comparativas sobre la morfologia pupal de los Coleoptera

Melolonthidae neotropicales. G. it. Entomol., 6: 249-255.

244 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

Moron, M. A. & J. Krikken. 1990. A new Mesoamerican genus of Trichiinae (Coleoptera: Scara-

baeoidea). Folia Entomol. Mex., 78: 71-84.

Ratcliffe, B. C. 1977. Descriptions of the larva and pupa of Osmoderma subplanata (Casey) and

Cremastocheilus wheeleri LeConte (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 50:

363-370.

Ritcher, P.O. 1966. White Grubs and their allies. A study of North American Scarabaeoid Larvae.

Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

71(4): 245-246, (1995)

Scientific Note

NEW HOST RECORD FOR METANOTALIA MADERENSIS

(WALKER) (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE)

Mercet erected the monotypic genus Metanotalia for M. hispanica from Spain;

he found only females on wild grasses near arroyos or rivers (Mercet, R. G. 1921.

Fauna Iberica. Himenopteros, Fam. Encirtidos: 175-177). Noyes (Noyes, J. S.

1978. Ent. Mon. Mag., 113: 9-13) determined that M. hispanica was a synonym

for Ectroma maderensis Walker, described from Madeira (Walker, F. 1872. Notes

on Chalcidiae, 7: 116), and reported it as the new combination, M@. maderense.

He later corrected the specific name to M. maderensis, and reported it from New

Zealand and California (Noyes, J. S. 1988. Fauna of New Zealand, 13: 84-85).

Hoffer recorded this species from Spain, Italy, Corsica, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and

the Crimea, and noted that it had been reared from a pseudococcid species (Hoffer,

A. 1977. Stud. entomol. Forest. 2: 229).

In June 1993, Iswept M. maderensis adults (all females) from intermixed vetch

(Vicia cracca L.) and wild oats (Avena sp.) mostly alongside roads, from 7 sites

in five northern California counties (Alameda, Contra Costa, Napa, San Mateo

and Santa Clara). The oats were fairly dry, but the vetch was flowering. I did not

find any free-living M. maderensis on wild oats in the absence of vetch. I found

no living mealybugs on either plant species, but collected 2 mealybug mummies

from oats in Sunol (Alameda Co.). One mummy produced a single M. maderensis

female 3-4 d after it was collected; the other had no emergence.

The empty mummy was dissected in chloralphenol (1 part liquified phenol: 1

part chloralhydrate); I found a single set of larval mouthparts with a well-formed

epistoma indicating that the emergent M. maderensis was probably a primary

parasitoid.

The other mealybug mummy was identified as Phenacoccus madeirensis Green

(Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Although first described in Madeira, this species

may have originated in the New World and thence spread to Madeira and main-

land Africa. The mealybug is known from throughout southern North America,

the Carribean and South America, and has been recorded from numerous hosts

(Williams, D. J. 1987. Bull. ent. Res., 77: 335-356).

In 1994, I found a specimen of which resembles M. maderensis with the label

“Univ. of Calif. B.I.I. Nr. A25” at the University of California at Riverside. This

label refers to the Beneficial Insect Investigation Unit, formerly part of California’s

Department of Agriculture, and precursor to the present Division of Biological

Control at Riverside. Record A25 refers to a shipment of 48 parasitized mealybugs

collected from pomelo and guava in Taiwan (Shinten Konglswan, Taipeh Hsein)

on 9-11 Oct. 1951 by T. Maa and sent to Stanley Flanders (S. Frommer, pers.

comm.). There are no records of this species having been actually released in

California.

Specimens of M. maderensis have been deposited in three institutions: the Essig

Museum at the University of California, Berkeley, the Bohart Museum at the

University of California, Davis, and the California Academy of Sciences in San

246 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

Francisco. The unemerged mummy was retained at the Plant Pest Diagnostic

Center of the California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento.

Acknowledgment. —Leo Caltagirone of the University of California, Berkeley

conducted the dissections. Ray Gill of the California Department of Food and

Agriculture identified the Phenacoccus madeirensis mummy and Junji Hamai of

the University of California, Berkeley identified the plants.

Robert L. Zuparko, Laboratory of Biological Control, University of California,

Berkeley, 1050 San Pablo Avenue, Albany, California 94706.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

71(4): 246-248, (1995)

Scientific Note

VESPULA GERMANICA (FABR.) IN SOUTHERN

CALIFORNIA (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)

The German yellowjacket, Vespula germanica (Fabr.) is native to Europe, north-

ern Africa and western Asia (Spradbery. 1973. Wasps, Univ. Washington Press).

Isolated specimens, often initially misidentified, have been occasionally taken in

the USA since 1891 (Menke & Snelling. 1975. Coop. Econ. Ins. Rep., 25: 193-

200). It has been known to be breeding in the USA since Wagner & Reierson

(1971. Natl. Pest Contr. Oper. News, 31: 6-7, 30-32) described a nest of the

species found in New Jersey in 1971. This wasp has spread throughout the north-

east quadrant of the USA (MacDonald & Akre. 1984. Entomol. News, 95: 5-8)

and into the Pacific Northwest (Akre, Ramsey, Grable, Baird & Stanford. 1989.

Pan-Pac. Entomol., 65: 79-88). On the west coast, V. germanica has been pre-

viously reported as far south as San Francisco (Gambino. 1987. Pan-Pac. Ento-

mol., 63: 358). Here we report the establishment of this wasp in southern Cali-

fornia.

Workers were first collected in southern California in Los Angeles County on

31 Jan 1991 (Garrison. 1993. L. A. Co. Agric. Comm. Off. Bulletin, 2 pp., and

pers. comm.). In Orange County, V. germanica colonies were collected from wall

voids on 29 Aug 1991 in Los Alamitos, and 30 Jun 1992 in Cypress (N. Nisson,

pers. comm.). On 31 May 1993 in Los Angeles, DAR identified 3 queens and 10

males collected from inside a residence, but no nest could be located. PK V iden-

tified a large active nest discovered 25 Jul 1993 in a closet ofa vacant, earthquake-

damaged house in Claremont (Fig 1.). The plasterboard had fallen away from the

wall allowing the wasps to expand the nest from a wall void into an exposed closet

space. The nest dimensions were approximately 1 m long by 0.5 m wide. Given

its large size, this colony may have overwintered at least one year. On 17 Nov

1993, an active nest was identified by RSV in Riverside built around the trunk

of an ornamental date palm tree. This nest was founded in a cavity among the

axils, and was subsequently expanded and wrapped around the terminal axil bases

1995 SCIENTIFIC NOTE 247

Figure 1. Nest of Vespula germanica found in the closet of an vacant, earthquake-damaged house

in Claremont, CA.

for approximately 1.5 m with a uniform height of 1 m. There were multiple

entrances through the envelope of the nest carton.

Vespula germanica now appears to be firmly established in southern California,

being found consecutively for several years, and is probably overwintering or

building perennial nests since specimens are being taken throughout the year,

nests sometimes attain very great size, and males have been found in the spring.

These findings represent the southernmost area in the USA from which V.

germanica has been collected. It has spread westward, but not far southward from

its introduction in the northeastern USA, (MacDonald, Akre & Keyel. 1980. Bull.

Entomol. Soc. Amer., 26: 436-442). In the Palearctic, V. germanica extends into

subtropical climates. Its successful invasion of subtropical southern California,

in varied urban environments from cooler, coastal areas (Los Angeles and Orange

Counties) to the hot, dry inland desert areas (Riverside County) suggests that

temperature alone does not limit its distribution in the eastern USA.

Vespula germanica exhibits behavioral differences in America in comparison

with its European form. In particular, these wasps, in North America, most often

build nests in cavities or voids whereas subterranean nests are predominately

built in the Palearctic region (MacDonald, Akre & Keyel. 1980). Since the southern

California nests have been found in both structural and landscape situations, its

status as a pest to humans may increase the incidence of yellowjacket related

stinging episodes.

Voucher specimens identified by the authors have been deposited in the museum

collections of the University of California, Riverside.

248 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

Acknowledgment.—We thank Jolene Redvale of the San Bernardino County

Museum for bringing the Claremont nest to our attention and to K. G. Ross, R.

W. Matthews and anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript.

This study was supported in part by NSF grant BNS 9120639 to PKV.

R. S. Vetter, P. K. Visscher and D. A. Reierson. Department of Entomology,

University of California, Riverside, California.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

71(4): 248-250, (1995)

Scientific Note

DIGGER WASPS (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) AND

ROBBER FLIES (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE) AS

PREDATORS OF GRASSHOPPERS

(ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) ON

MONTANA RANGELAND

Digger wasps and robber flies have been reported to take short-horned grass-

hoppers as prey, with some predators apparently specialized upon Acrididae (Rees,

N. E. 1973. USDA-ARS Tech. Bull. 1460). While conducting research on grass-

hoppers and robber flies during the summers of 1987-1993, I obtained 56 records

of three species of digger wasps and five species of robber flies preying on grass-

hoppers at three sites in SW Montana. These records are reported here, along

with brief descriptions of nesting behavior of the wasps.

I made all observations at three locations: 1) Madison River Site (MRS)— 14

km south of Three Forks, Gallatin County, Montana (45°45’ N, 111°35' W), 2)

Dead Cow Pasture (DCP)—5 km south of Three Forks, 3) Horseshoe Hills (HH)—

6 km NE of Logan, Gallatin County Montana. All three sites were grassland, with

the predominant grasses at MRS and HH being Stipa comata Trinius & Ruprecht

and Bouteloua gracilis (Humboldt et al.) Lagasca y Segura ex. Steudal. At DCP,

these grasses had been replaced by crested wheatgrass, Agropyron cristatum (L.)

Gaertner and alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. as part of a range management program

in the 1960s. Prey records are listed by species, where possible, with the nymphal

stage (1.e., instar in roman numerals) or adult sex given in parentheses.

North American species of the sphecid genus Prionyx prey solely upon acridid

grasshoppers and, except for one species, place their prey within shallow unicel-

lular nests (Evans, H. E. 1958. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 51: 177-186). The

prey I collected from nests of seven Prionyx atratus (Lepeletier) females included

four grasshopper species, Aulocara elliotti Thomas (2 f), Melanoplus packardii

Scudder (2 f), Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.) (2 f), and Trachyrachis kiowa

Thomas (f). All were collected at MRS, except the two M. sanguinipes which

were collected at DCP.

1995 SCIENTIFIC NOTE 249

Female behavior and nest structure of this species were similar to that described

by Evans for P. atratus. While digging nests, the females stored their already

paralyzed prey in clumps of grass, 1-2 m from the nests. All prey were placed

head inward into horizontal cells 2.5 to 4.0 cm long and 2.5 to 4.5 cm deep at

the center. The burrow leading to the cell was 3 to 8 cm in length and set at an

angle of 30 to 45° to the soil surface. I found eggs on three prey; two were laid

on the basal portion of the right hind femur and one was attached to the right

side of the thorax just posterior to the mesothoracic leg. A small larva on one of

the eggs may have been a miltogrammine fly (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), an adult

of which was seen entering a nest on one occasion. In a fourth nest, excavated

two days after it was provisioned, a small wasp larva was feeding near the right

hind coxal cavity. After provisioning a single cell with a single prey, nests were

immediately closed by the females packing soil into the burrow.

I also observed nesting females of other unidentified Prionyx that may have

been one or both of the species with red abdomens that I have collected at the

same sites: P. canadensis (Provancher) and P. parkeri Bohart and Menke. As with

P. atratus, these three females dug shallow unicellular nests that they stocked with

a single prey on which an egg was deposited on the right hind femur. I observed

two of the prey being stored within clumps of nearby vegetation while the wasps

were constructing their nests. The two prey collected at MRS were Ageneotettix

deorum (Scudder) (f) and T. kiowa (f); at DCP the female provisioned the nest

with an A. elliotti (f). I also observed three Tachytes sp. females carrying acridid

prey of the species 4A. deorum (V at MRS) and M. sanguinipes (V at DCP and V

at MRS).

I observed robber flies of four genera feeding on 12 species of Acrididae. The

prey of Efferia staminea (Williston) at MRS included: Aeropedellus clavatus (Tho-

mas) (1 V), Arphia conspersa Scudder (1 II), Aulocara elliotti (1 I, 1 IV), M.

packardii (1 II), M. sanguinipes (1 II, 3 III, 3 IV), Melanoplus sp. (1 IV), Phli-

bostroma quadrimaculatum (Thomas) (4 IV), and Psoloessa delicatula Scudder

(1 I, 2 II). At HH, this species preyed upon M. femurrubrum (DeGeer) (1 IV), P.

quadrimaculatum (2 IV), and P. delicatula (1 I). Grasshoppers comprised 2% of

1074 prey that I observed for this species from 1987 to 1992. Similarly, in a

previous study of this species, Acrididae made up 4% of all prey (Lavigne, R. J.

& F.R. Holland. 1969. Univ. Wyo. Agric. Expt. Sta. Sci. Monogr. No. 18). Such

low values are not surprising for a predator that takes prey from a wide variety

of insect taxa (O’Neill, K. M. 1992. Can. J. Zool. 70: 1546-1552).

Two other species of Efferia, E. bicaudata (Hine) and E. frewingi (Wilcox), also

occurred at MRS, but, because females are difficult to distinguish, the prey records

for this species are combined. Although P. delicatula (4 II, 2 III) was the most

common prey, I observed the Efferia preying upon A. deorum (m) and P. quad-

rimaculatum (1 V, 1 m). At MRS, I observed the asilid Machimus occidentalis

(Hine) preying upon M. sanguinipes (II) and P. quadrimaculatum (Il); these com-

prised 1.7% of 120 prey (unpublished data).

The robber fly Scleropogon coyote (Bromely) was relatively rare and incon-

spicuous at the study sites, but like Stenopogon picticornis (Loew) (Lavigne, R. J.

& F. R. Holland. 1969) and Proctacanthus milbertii MacQuart (Joern, A. & N.

T. Rudd. 1982. Oecologia 55: 42-46), it preyed primarily on late instar and adult

grasshoppers (10 of 15 prey records). At MRS, I observed this species taking A.

250 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

elliotti (m), P. quadrimaculatum (1 m), P. nebrascensis (Thomas) (V), and T.

kiowa (3 m). At DCP they preyed upon A. clavatus (f) and A. deorum (f), and at

HH upon 4A. deorum (f) and Melanoplus gladstoni Scudder (IV). The other prey

taken by this species included two conspecifics, one Megaphorus willistoni (Wil-

liston) (Asilidae), one sarcophagid fly, and one crambine moth (Pyralidae). Scler-

opogon coyote prey selection did not strongly overlap that of the other predators.

Unlike the Efferia and Machimus, whose prey were 94% nymphs, 80% of the

prey of S. coyote were adults (n = 10). In addition, six of eight of the adult prey

of S. coyote were males, while all 11 of Prionyx prey were females.

Although robber flies have some potential for significant impact on grasshopper

populations (Joern & Rudd 1982), many robber flies also prey on natural enemies

of acridids, thus potentially counterbalancing any positive economic impact (Rees,

N. E. & J. A. Onsager. 1985. Environ. Entomol., 4: 20-23). At the study sites, I

observed robber flies preying on species of Sarcophagidae, Bombyliidae, Asilidae,

and Sphecidae that are known to attack grasshoppers. Furthermore, most asilids

readily switch prey preferences as the local abundance of potential prey changes

(O’Neill 1992). The sphecid species discussed here may be more specialized upon

acridids, but their impact on grasshopper populations will be difficult to measure

because their prey choice and activities are more difficult to observe than those

of asilids.

Acknowledgment. —I thank the following for identifying specimens: Howard E.

Evans (Sphecidae), Eric Fisher and C. Riley Nelson (Asilidae), and Jeffrey Holmes

(Acrididae). Ruth O’Neill and Kathleen Johnson provided assistance in the field.

Cathy Seibert and William Kemp provided comments on the manuscript. This

work was supported by USDA/ARS, USDA/APHIS-PPQ, and the Montana Ag-

ricultural Experiment Station. Contribution J-2927 from the Montana Agricul-

tural Experiment Station.

Kevin M. O’Neill, Department of Entomology, Montana State University, Boze-

man, Montana 59717.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

71(4): 250-251, (1995)

Scientific Note

THE IDENTITIES OF ANAGRUS

(HYMENOPTERA: MYMARIDAE) EGG PARASITOIDS

OF THE GRAPE AND BLACKBERRY LEAFHOPPERS

(HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) IN CALIFORNIA

The grape leafhopper, Erythroneura elegantula Osborn, is an important pest of

grape vineyards in California’s Central Valley. Eggs of E. elegantula were reported

to be attacked by Anagrus epos Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and this

parasitoid was believed to overwinter in eggs of Dikrella sp. (Homoptera: Cica-

dellidae) on blackberry (Doutt, R. L. & J. Nakata. 1965. J. Econ. Entomol., 58:

1995 SCIENTIFIC NOTE ZA

586). Subsequently, it was concluded that the close proximity of blackberry plants

to vineyards would improve parasitism of E. elegantula eggs on vines (Doutt, R.

L., J. Nakata & F. E. Skinner. 1966. Calif. Agric., 20(10): 14-15).

In the 1980s the variegated leafhopper, EF. variabilis Beamer, replaced E. ele-

gantula in importance. Parasitism of eggs of E. variabilis was much lower than

that of E. elegantula (Settle, W. H. & L. T. Wilson. 1990. J. Anim. Ecol., 59:

877-891), which led to the current investigation of the mymarid egg parasitoids.

As apart of the above-mentioned study, mymarid wasps were reared from different

leafhopper species and screened for parasitism of E. elegantula eggs (Doutt, R.

L. & J. Nakata. 1973. Environ. Entomol., 2: 381-386). Specimens of Anagrus

Haliday from this collection, stored at the University of California, Berkeley

(hereafter CISC), were examined. My taxonomic investigation of the material

revealed at least two species of Anagrus with different host associations that had

been previously identified as A. epos.

Anagrus sp. “A” was reared from E. elegantula eggs on both cultivated and

wild grapes. This species has five sensory ridges on the antennal club and therefore

belongs to the incarnatus species-group of Anagrus (Chiappini, E. 1989. Boll.

Zool. Agr. Bachic., II, 21: 85-119). Anagrus sp. ““B,’” which was reared from eggs

of Dikrella sp. on blackberry, has three sensory ridges on the club and belongs to

the atomus species-group of Anagrus as defined by Chiappini (1989).

Specimens of Anagrus sp. “A” are somewhat similar to the original description

of A. epos (Girault, A. A. 1911. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc., 37: 253-324), which

is also a member of the incarnatus species-group. However, because of the existing

uncertainty about the identity of A. epos, it is appropriate to call the examined

material of Anagrus sp. ““A”’ A. sp. near epos Girault. To better clarify taxonomic

separation of these specimens, A. epos should be thoroughly redescribed from a

good series of fresh specimens collected in its type localities (Centralia and Urbana,

Illinois) and Anagrus sp. “A”? compared to A. epos.

Material Examined.— Anagrus sp. “A”: CALIFORNIA. FRESNO Co.: Kingsburg, 15-20 Apr 1965,

J. Nakata, suction trap in vineyard, multiple females and males. KERN Co.: Delano, 7-21 Aug 1961,

R. L. Doutt, E. elegantula on grape, multiple females and males. MERCED Co.: Delhi, 7 Aug 1961,

R.L. Doutt, E. elegantula on grape, 1 female; same data except McConnell St Pk, 28 Jul, 25 Oct,

and 1 Nov 1961, multiple females and males; same loc., 24 Jul 1961, R. L. Doutt and F. E. Skinner,

on wild grape, multiple specimens. STANISLAUS Co.: Ceres, 13 Oct 1961, R. L. Doutt, E. elegantula

on grape, 2 females, 3 males; same loc., 24 Jul 1961, R. L. Doutt and F. E. Skinner, 7 females, 1

male; same data except on wild grape, 4 males. TULARE Co: Exeter, 7 Aug 1961, R. L. Doutt, E.

elegantula on grape, 5 females, 3 males. Anagrus sp. “B’’: CALIFORNIA. FRESNO Co.: Laton, Cole

Slough, 13-31 Mar 1963, J. Nakata, on Rubus, 17 females. MADERA Co.: Madera, 25 Feb 1963, J.

Nakata, on Rubus, 3 females. SAN JOAQUIN Co.: Manteca, Caswell Mem St Pk, 29 Apr 1963, R.

L. Doutt, by suction machine on Rubus, 3 females. TULARE Co: nr Kingsburg, Kings River at Mt

View Ave, 23 Jan 1963, J. Nakata, ex. cage of Rubus, 2 females; same data except Feb 1963, 3 females;

Exeter, 11 Mar 1963, J. Nakata, on Rubus, 9 females [all in CISC].

Acknowledgment.—I thank Robert Zuparko for the loan of material and Kent

M. Daane for the review of the manuscript.

Serguey V. Trjapitzin, Department of Entomology, University of California,

Riverside, California 92521-0314.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

71(4): 252, (1995)

Scientific Note

THE FIRST RECORD OF MIXED NESTS OF

CONOMYRMA BICOLOR (WHEELER) AND

CONOMYRMA INSANA (BUCKLEY)

(HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)

Dolichoderine ants of the genus Conomyrma are common in California and

the southwestern states. Two common species occur in southern California, Con-

omyrma insana (Buckley), which is monodomous and monogynous in California

(but sometimes multiple nests may be in proximity), and Conomyrma bicolor

(Wheeler), which is polygynous and polydomous. Some northern Florida popu-

lations of C. insana are polygynous and polydomous (Nickerson, J. C. et al. 1975.

Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 68: 1083-1085. This geographical variation in colony

organization indicates that C. insana is a complex of several species that are

mostly allopatric (Berkelhamer, R. C. 1984. Ins. Soc., 31: 132-141.). Mixed nests

of C. insana and Conomyrma flavopecta (M. R. Smith) have been found in

northern Florida where the polygynous and polydomous C. insana is a temporary

social parasite of the monogynous C. flavopecta (Buren, W. F. et al. 1975. Psyche,

82: 306-314).

On 16 Jun 1993, in bare area along an oleander bed in a city park, I observed

workers of both C. insana and C. bicolor emerging from the same nest entrances

of four different colonies. Previous to this discovery, only C. insana had been

nesting there for the last four years. The last time I noticed the nests were occupied

only by C. insana, was the week of 19 Apr 1993. By 1 Jul 1993, C. bicolor was

in the majority in all four mixed nests and had established an additional two

nests. By 14 Jul 1993, the nests were occupied only by C. bicolor.

As of 31 Jul 1993, the C. bicolor colonies had increased to a total of nine nests,

with much traffic between the nests in food sharing.

From my observations I believe that where C. bicolor is dominant it is aggressive

towards C. insana and eliminates colonies of the latter by attacking their nests

and I have observed aggressive interaction between the two species.

Material Examined. —CALIFORNIA. LOS ANGELES Co.: Long Beach, Los Cerritos Park, 16 Jun

1993; Long Beach, El Dorado Park East Area 3, 20 May 1994.

Acknowledgment.—I thank Edward O. Wilson of Harvard University for con-

firming my identification of the ants, my wife Charlean for reviewing the manu-

script, and my sister Yolanda Weis and nephew Eric Weis for manuscript prep-

aration. Renaldo Espinosa and Robert I. Martinez also aided in this study.

Michael J. Martinez, City of Long Beach, Department of Parks, Recreation and

Marine, 2760 Studebaker Road, Long Beach, California 908 15-1697.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

71(4): 253-254, (1995)

Scientific Note

OCCURRENCE OF TWO MARINE MIDGES

PONTOMYIA SPP. (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)

IN TAIWAN

Pontomyia midges exhibit morphological adaptation to marine environment

and are exclusively marine (Tokunaga, M. 1932. Mem. Coll. Agric. Kyoto Imp.

Univ., 19: 1-56). Four species have been described in this genus which was

designated by Edwards (Edwards, F. W. 1926. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 51: 779-

806). Pontomyia species are mainly distributed among the archipelago, 43° N to

39° S in the western Pacific with records of most species from Japan, Australia,

and some Pacific islands (such as Samoa and Palau, and P. pacifica Tokunaga

from Singapore), but no Pontomyia sp. has been recorded from Taiwan and the

neighbouring regions (Cheng, L. & H. Hashimoto. 1978. Syst. Entomol., 3: 189-

196). We report P. oceana Tokunaga and P. natans Edwards from Taiwan in this

paper.

We witnessed the mass emergence of P. oceana imagoes on the evening on 20

Nov 1991. Male imagoes skimmed on the sea-water surface at ca. 2 m/sec search-

ing for females. They moved quickly during copulation and looked like a web on

the water surface. The larvae and pupae of P. oceana nest on rocks or polychaete

tubes to a depth of 10 meters. They feed on detritus, and use detritus and sand

particles to build tubes in laboratory culture. In Kenting, South Taiwan, we ob-

served in situ the pelagic atherinid fish (Al/anetta bleekeri Gunther) and the marine

water-strider (Halovelia septentrionalis Esaki) preying on the imagoes as they

emerged. There are only two previous records of P. oceana from Palau (7°30' N,

134°35’ E) (Tokunaga, H. 1964. Micronesia, 12: 485-628) and Australia (23°27'

S, 151°55' E) (Marks, E. N. 1971. Aust. Natur. His., 17: 134-138). Our obser-

vations expand its range. The latitude of Taiwan localities is likely similar to that

for the Australian record and may represent the boundaries of P. oceana distri-

bution; perhaps related to the lower temperature limit for embryonic development

(ca. 13° C: Chen, G. F. 1993. Master Thesis, Nat. Sun Yat-sen Univ).

One male P. natans imago was trapped at night at Lanyu Island on 5 Apr 1992.

We certified a mass emergence of only male P. natans from southern Taiwan in

July, 1992; female imagoes are unknown. Apparently, P. natans has a different

mating strategy than P. oceana. Pontomyia natans has been reported from Japan

and Australia (Cheng, L. & H. Hashimoto. 1978. Syst. Entomol. 3: 189-196).

The presence of P. natansin Taiwan expands its distribution in the western Pacific.

Acknowledgment. —We thank Professor H. Hashimoto of General Education

Department, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan, for his kindly verifying iden-

tification of specimens and making comments on this study; Dr. L. Cheng of

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego for

introducing J. D. Lee to the study of marine insects, and Professor P. S. Alexander,

Department of Biology, Tunghai University, Taiwan, for reviewing the manu-

254 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

script. This research was supported by a grant from the Kenting Marine Station,

the college of Marine Science of the National Sun Yat-Sen University.

Material Examined. —ROC. TAIWAN. PINGTUNG Co.: Wanlitung Village (21°59’ N, 121°41' E)

and Howan Village (22°02’ N, 121°41’ E), 20 Nov 1991, J. D. Lee, P. oceana, 10 males, 5 females;

TAITUNG Co.: Lanyu Island (22°03’ N, 121°30’ E), 5 Apr 1992, J. D. Lee, P. natans, 1 male;

PINGTUNG Co.: Wanlitung Village (21°59’ N, 121°41' E), 15 July 1993, G. F. Chen, P. natans, 20

males.

Jeng-Di Lee,! Gwo-Fang Chen,? and Chin-Seng Chen,? 'Division of Collection

and Research, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic

of China; ?Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kao-

hsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; *Department of Biology, Tunghai University,

Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

71(4): 255, (1995)

Change of Editor and

Address for Manuscript Submission

Beginning with the January 1996 issue of Volume 72, Dr. Robert Dowell will

assume the position of Editor for The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Effective

also with the January 1996 issue, Dr. Richard Penrose of CDFA has accepted

the position of Associate Editor for the journal.

Effective immediately, all manuscripts submitted to The Pan-Pacific

Entomologist should be addressed to:

Dr. Robert V. Dowell

Editor - The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Pest Detection and Emergency Projects Branch,

California Dept. of Food & Agriculture,

1220 "N" Street,

Sacramento, California 95814

Bob, who is proving a welcomed relief for my six year tenure at the editor's

post, has served as Associate Editor for the journal since 1992; he should,

therefore, realize what the job entails. Dick, a taxonomist by training, but

obviously naive about editing and the friends you can make doing it, will be

handling all articles on systematics. Their assumption of these posts

should provide a relatively smooth transition for the journal. Thanks guys

and good luck - and never underestimate the time, energy or complaints

involved with this, or any other, journal.

Bob and I have jointly analyzed the past, present and future of this journal,

as well as that of entomology in the western U.S., and we agree on the

direction in which The Pan-Pacific Entomologist should proceed, if it is to

remain competitively viable - that of a Pacific-Rim targeted publication, as

its name suggests. Although our affiliated organization, The Pacific Coast

Entomological Society, was founded in San Francisco, in 1901, to serve

basically northern California, and later evolved to encompass the western

Nearctic region, it is now clear that the entire Pacific-Rim composes the

"Pacific Coast."

John Sorensen,

Editor, 1990-1995

("free at last")

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

71(4): 256-258, (1995)

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Contents for Volume 71

ALEXANDER, B. A.— Descriptions of the female of

Nomada dreisbachorum Moalif (Hymenop-

tera: Apoidea: Nomadinae) ......... 130

ALINAZEE, M., see KASANA, A. .......... 142

ANDREWS, F. G.— An atypical new species of Cor-

ticarina from the Clarion Islands, Mexico

(Coleoptera: Lathridiidae: Corticariini) ....

110

Announcement: Change of editor and address for

manuscript submission 255

Announcement: New journal submission address,

new laboratory building: Plant Pest Diag-

nostics Center 74

BARTHELL, J. & R. STONE— Recovery of the par-

asite Triarthria spinipennis (Meigen) (Dip-

tera: Tachinidae) from an inland California

Population of the introduced European ear-

wig 137

BARTHELL, J. & H. V. DALy— Male size variation

and mating site fidelity in a population o.

Habropoda depressa Fowler (Hymenoptera.

Anthrophoridae)................... 149

BaTzeER, D. P.—Aquatic macroinvertebrates re-

sponse to short-term habitat loss in experi-

mental pools in Thailand ........... 61

BAYLAC, M., see GUILBERT, E. .......... 3

BERNAYS, E., see MONTLLOR, C. B. ...... 93

BEzARK, L., see DREISTADT, S. H. ....... 135

BisHop, J., see SCHOLL, A. .............. 113

BORDEN, J, see Lapis, E. B. ............. 209

BRAILOVSKY, H.— New genera and new species of

Neotropical Coreidae (Hemiptera: Heterop-

COTA) Ar ae tah Me Re yh tee, Paks 217

Burts, E., see HorTON, D.R. 176

CALDERWOOD, J. A.—A new species of Poecilan-

thrax from California (Diptera: Bombyli-

LCF io) ee Ce eee ot eee | 204

CAMPBELL, B., see SORENSEN, J. T. ....... 31

CHEMSAK, J., see LINSLEY, E. G. ......... 1

CHEN, C.-S., see LEE, J.-D. .............. 253

CHEN, G.-F., see LEE, J.-D. ............. 253

Coop, L., see HorTon, D.R. ........... 176

CROSLAND, M. W. J.—Nest and colony structure

in the primitive ant, Harpegnathos venator

(Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) ......

DALY, H., see BARTHELL, J. ............. 149

DREISTADT, S. H., K.S. HAGAN & L. G. BEZARK—

Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coc-

cinellidae), first western United States recors

for this Asiatic lady beetle 135

Epmunps, G. F. Jr. & C. M. MuRvosH— Obitu-

ary: Richard K. Allen (1925-1992) .. 75

Epmunps, G.F. Jr. & C. M. MurvosH—System-

atic changes in certain Ephemeroptera stud-

Ted by. ROK. -Allemed.v...4e5 6-5 be na ed ieee

ELAM, P., see SUMMERS, C. G. ........... 190

GILL, R., see SORENSEN, J. T. ........... 31

GRAHAM, M., see MONTLLOR, C. B. ...... 93

GUILBERT, E., M. BAYLAc & J. NAjT—Canopy

arthropod diversity in a New Caledonian pri-

mary forest sampled by fogging ..... 3

GULMAHAMAD, H.—The genus Liometopum Mayr

(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in California,

with notes on nest architecture and structural

importance 82

GULMAHAMAD, H.—The desert dampwood ter-

mite (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) as a struc-

tural pest in the Colorado desert of southern

CaltiOniide:.. eet is! we Sy geet ok et 105

HaGan, K., see DREISTADT, S. H. ....... 135

HAMalI, J., see MONTLLOR, C.B.......... 93

Honpba, J. Y. & S. V. TRIAPITZIN—A species de-

scription and biological comparsion between

a new species of Telenomus Haliday (Hy-

menoptera: Scelionidae) and Trichogramma

platneri Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Tricho-

grammatidae): two egg parasitoids of Sabu-

lodes aegrotata (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Ge-

ometridae) 227

Horton, D. R. & T. M.—Tethered flight character-

istics of male and female pear psylla (Ho-

moptera: Psyllidae): comparison of prerepro-

ductive and reproductive individuals

Horton, D. R., E. C. Burts, T. M. Lewis & L.

B. Coor—Sticky trap catch of winterform and

summerform pear psylla (Homoptera: Psyl-

lidae) over non-orchard habitats 176

JOHNSON, J. B., T. D. MILLER & W. J. TURNER—

Lalapa lusa Pate (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae):

new localities and new floral associations in

the Pacific Northwest 64

Kasana, A. & M. T. ALINAZEE— Adult flight dy-

namics of walnut husk fly (Diptera: Tephrit-

idae) in the Willamette Valley of Oregon ..

142

Lapis, E. B. & J. H. BoRDEN— Role of wavelength-

specific reflectance intensity in host selection

1995

by Heteropsylla cubana Crawford (Homop-

tera: Psyllidae) 209

Leg, J.-D., G.-F. CHEN & C.-S. CHEN—Occur-

rence of two Pontomyia spp. (Diptera: Chi-

ronomidae) in Taiwan 253

LEONG, J. M., R. P. RANDOLPH & R. W. THORP—

Observations of the foraging patterns of An-

drena (Diandrena) blennospermatis Thorp

(Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) ........ 68

LEONG, K. L. H.—Initiation of mating activity at

the tree canopy level among overwintering

monarch butterflies in California .... 66

Lewis, T., see HORTON, D.R. ....... 24, 176

LINnsLEy, E. G.—The banded alder beetle in nat-

ural and urban environments (Coleoptera:

Cerambicidae) 133

LINSLEY, E. G. & J. CHEMSAK—Obituary: Celeste

Green, scientific illustrator, 1913-1994

Mackay W. P.—New distributional records for

the ant genus Cardiocondyla in the New World

(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) 169

MarTINEz, M. J.—The first record of mixed nests

of Conomyra bicolor (Wheeler) and Cono-

myra insana (Buckley) (Hymenoptera: For-

micidae) 252

MILLER, T., see JOHNSON, J. B. .......... 64

MONTLLOR, C. B., E. A. BERNAYS, J. HAMAI & M.

GRAHAM— Regional differences in the distri-

bution of the pyralid moth Uresiphita rev-

ersalis (Guenée) on French broom, and in-

troduced seeds 1.5, dein. eres gues als 93

Moron, M.-A.—Larva and pupa of Archedinus

relictus Moron & Krikken (Coleoptera: Mel-

olonthidae, Trichiinae, Incaini) ..... 237

Murvosu, C., see EDMUNDS, G. F. JR. ........

J aABE S Jew e 08 ell Rs Fd Belt Oy Walia TOV SEL.

NajT, J, see GUILBERT, E. .............. 3

NeEwTONn, A., see SUMMERS, C.G. ....... 190

Noor, M. A.—Long-term changes in obscura

group Drosophila species composition at

Mather, California ................. 71

Noor, M. A.—Incipient sexual isolation in Dro-

sophila pseudoobscura bogotana Ayala &

Dobzhansky (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

O’NEILL, K. M.—Digger wasps (Hymenoptera:

Sphecidae) and robber flies (Diptera: Asili-

dae) as predators of grasshoppers (Orthop-

tera: Acrididae) on Montana rangeland ....

OBRECHT, E., see SCHOLL, A. ............ 113

PoOLHEMUs, J. T.—A new genus of Hebridae from

Chiapas amber (Heteroptera) ....... 78

Punzo, F.—Feeding and prey preparation in the

solpugid, Eremorhax magnus Hancock (Sol-

pugida: Eremobatidae) ............. 13

CONTENTS FOR VOLUME 71

257

RANDOLPH, R., see LEONG, J. M. ........ 68

REIERSON, D., see VETTER, R. S. ......... 246

Rust, R. W.—Adult overwinter mortality in Os-

mia lignaria propinqua Cresson (Hymenop-

tera: Megachilidae) ................ 121

SAVARY, W.— Dacne picta Crotch: a recently in-

troduced pest of stored, dried shiitake mush-

rooms (Coleoptera: Erotylidae) ...... 87

SCHOLL, A., R. W. THorp, J. A. BisHop & E. Os-

RECHT— The taxonomic status of Bombus al-

boanalis Franklin and its relationship with

other taxa of the subgenus Pyrobombus from

North America and Europe (Hymenoptera:

Apidae) 113

SHIAO, S.-F. & W.-J. Wu—A new Liriomyza species

from Taiwan (Diptera: Agromyzidae) .....

a Re vet yn ct oe AR nh ee a? 161

SORENSEN, J. T., B. C. CAMBELL, R. J. Git & J.

D. STEFFEN-CAMPBELL— Non-monophylly of

Auchenorrhyncha (“‘Homoptera’’), based

upon 18S rDNA phylogeny: eco-evolution-

ary and cladistic implications within pre-

Heteropterodea Hemiptera (s.l.) and a pro-

posal for new monophyletic suborders ....

STARY, P. & R. L. ZUPARKO—A new species of

Trioxys (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from

CAMPOL ia 2) 6.12).! Med les ces ae ee 173

STEFFEN-CAMPBELL, J., See SORENSEN, J. T. ....

Raat aban Me raat eats SAG oe EN Pag ieat, es 31

STONE, R., see BARTHELL, J. F. .......... 137

STRONG, D., see TRJAPITZIN, S. V. ....... 199

SUMMERS, C. G., P. Elam & A. S. NEWTON JR.—

Colonization of ornamental landscape plants

by Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring

(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) 190

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist: Index for Volume

71 259

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist: Table of Contents

for Volume 71 256

THoRP, R., see LEONG, J. M. ............ 68

THORP, R., see SCHOLL, A. .............. 113

TRJAPITZIN, S. V.—The identities of Anagrus (Hy-

menoptera: Mymaridae) egg parasitoids of the

grape and blackberry leafhoppers (Homop-

tera: Cicadellidae) in California 250

TRIJAPITZIN, S. V. & D. R. STRONG—A new An-

agrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), egg par-

asitoid of Prokelisia spp. (Homoptera: Del-

DHACIGAG) Stare cee in Aen eee, 199

TRJAPITZIN, S., see HONDA, J. Y. ........

TURNER, W., see JOHNSON, J. B. ......... 64

VETTER, R. S., P. K. VISSCHER & D. A. REIERSON—

Vespula germanica (Fabr.) in southern Cal-

ifornia (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) .... 246

VISSCHER, P., see VETTER, R. S. .........

258 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 71(4)

Wu, W. J.-J., see SHIAO, S.-F. ........... 161 ZuPARKO, R. L.—New host record for Metano-

ZUPARKO, R. L.—New records of Trichosteresis talia maderensis (Walker) (Hymenoptera:

Foerster from the western United States (Hy- Encyrtidae): % saves eves e deceuers ots 245

menoptera: Megaspilidae) .......... 65 ZuPARKO, R., see STARY, P. ............. 173

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

71(4): 259-261, (1995)

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Index to Volume 71

(title and key words)

18S rDNA phylogeny 31

Acrididae 248

Agromyzidae 161

Aleyrodidae 190

America 237

Anagrus 199, 250

Anagrus sophiae NEW SPECIES 199

Andrena (Diandrena) blennospermatis 68

Andrenidae 68

Anisocelidini 217

Anthrophoridae 149

ants 18, 169

Apidae 113

Apoidea 130

aquatic macroinvertebrates 61

Arachnida 13

Archedinus relictus 237

Archeorrhyncha, new proposed suborder 31

arthropoda 3

Asilidae 248

Auchenorrhyncha 31

banded alder beetle 133

Bemisia argentifolii 190

biodiversity 3

biogeography 113

blackberry 250

body size 26

Bombus alboanalis 113

Bombyliidae 204

Braconidae 173

Brazil 217

bumble bee genetic relationships 113

Cacopsylla pyricola 176

California 66, 71, 82, 105, 137, 173, 204, 246,

250

canopy arthropod diversity 3

canopy fogging 3

Cardiocondyla 169

Celeste Green, scientific illustrator 1

Cerambicidae 133

Chiapas amber 78

Chironomidae 253

Cicadellidae 250

Cicadomorpha 31

cladistics 31

Clarion Islands 110

Clypeorrhyncha, new proposed suborder 31

Coccinellidae 135

Coleoptera 87, 110, 133, 135, 237

Coleorhyncha 31

colonization 190

colony structure 18

Colorado desert 105

Conomyra bicolor 252

Conomyra insana 252

Coreidae 217

Corticariini 110

Corticarina keiferi NEW SPECIES 110

cosmotropical 169

Cytisus 92

Dacne picta 87

Delphacidae 199

Dermaptera 137

desert dampwood termite 105

digger wasps 248

Diptera 125, 137, 142, 161, 204, 248, 253

dispersal 176

Drosophila 71

Drosophila pseudoobscura bogotana 125

Drosophilidae 125

eco-evolution 31

Ecuador 217

egg parasitoids 199, 227, 250

Encyrtidae 245

enyzme electrophoretics 113

Ephemeroptera 157

Eremobatidae 13

Eremorhax magnus 13

Erotylidae 87

Eucallipterus tiliae 173

Europe 113

European earwig 137

feeding 13

flight activity 142

flight characteristics 24

flight dynamics 142

floral associations 64

fogging 3

foraging patterns 68

Forficula auricularia 137

Formicidae 18, 82, 169, 252

fossil 78

French broom 93

Fulgoromorpha 31

Genista 92

Geometridae 227

260

grapes 250

grasshoppers 248

Habropoda depressa 149

Harmonia axyridis 135

Harpegnathos venator 18

Hebridae 78

Hemiptera 31, 217

Heteropsylla cubana 209

Heteroptera 78, 217

Heteropterodea 31

Homoptera 24, 31, 176, 190, 199, 209, 250

host plants 190

host selection 209

Hymenoptera 18, 64, 65 68, 82, 113, 121, 130,

149, 169, 173, 199, 227, 245, 246, 248, 250,

252.

immature stages 237

Incaini 237 F

insect distribution 92

introduced pests 87

introduced species 169

introductions 169

invasions 169

Isoptera 105

Kalotermitidae 105

lady beetles 135

Lalapa lusa 64

larva 237

Lathridiidae 110

Latin America 169

leafhoppers 250

Lepidoptera 227

Leptoscelidini 217

Leucaena leucoephala 209

Liometopum 82

Liriomyza 161

Liriomyza litorea NEW SPECIES 161

Malvanaioides luridus NEW SPECIES 225

mate-location 149

mating activity 66

mating behavior 125

mating site fidelity 149

mayfly 157

Megachilidae 121

Megaspilidae 65

Melolonthidae 237

Metanotalia maderensis 245

Mexico 110

modeling 176

molecular phylogeny 31

monarch butterflies 66

monophylly 31

Montana 248

morphology 237

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. 71(4)

mortality 121

mushrooms 87

Mymaridae 199, 250

Nematopodini 217

nest architecture 82

nest structure 82

nesting site 149, 169

nests 18, 252

New Caledonian primary forest 3

New Caledonia 3

New World 169

new associations 173

new host records 245

new records 65, 169, 252

Nomada dreisbachorum 130

Nomadinae 130

North America 113

Onoremia NEW GENUS 217

Onoremia acuminata NEW SPECIES 217

Oregon 142

ornamental landscape plants 190

Orthoptera 248

Osmia lignaria propinqua 121

overwinter mortality 121

overwintering 66

overwintering hosts 190

pacific northwest 64

Paraneotermes simplicicornis 105

parasites 137

parasitism 137

pear psylla 24, 76

Peru 217

Plant Pest Diagnostics Center 74

Poecilanthrax 204

Poecilanthrax brachypus NEW SPECIES 204

Pontomyia 253

pools 61

precipitation 92

predation 169

predators 248

prey preparation 13

Prokelisia 199

Prosorrhyncha, now proposed suborder 31

protandry 149

Psyllidae 24, 176, 209

pupa 237

Pyralidae 92

Pyrobombus 113

rangeland 248

reproductive isolation 125

response to short-term habitat loss 61

Rhagoletis completa 142

Richard K. Allen 75, 157

robber flies 248

1995 INDEX TO VOLUME 71

Sabulodes aegrotata 227

sampling 176

Scelionidae 227

seasonal flight 142

sexual isolation 125

silverleaf whitefly 190

size 149

Solpugida 13

solpugids 13

speciation 125

Sphecidae 248

Sternorrhyncha 31

sticky traps 176

stored products 87

structural importance 82

structural pests 105

suborders 31

Tachinidae 137

Taiwan 161, 253

tarsus 204

taxonomy 157, 237

Telenomus 227

Telenomus hugi NEW SPECIES 227

Tephritidae 142

Thailand 61

Tiphiidae 64

Tovarocoris NEW GENUS 217

Tovarocoris ecnomiscos NEW SPECIES 217

tree canopy 66

Triarthria spinipennis 137

Trichiinae 237

Trichogramma platneri 227

Trichogrammatidae 227

Trichosteresis 65

Trioxys 173

Trioxys californicus NEW SPECIES 173

Uresiphita reversalis 93

Vespidae 246

Vespula germanica 246

walnut husk fly 145

wavelength-specific reflectance intensity 209

weeds 93

Willamette Valley 142

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

See volume 66(1): 1-8, January 1990, for detailed general format information and the issues thereafter for examples; see below for

discussion of this journal’s specific formats for taxonomic manuscripts and locality data for specimens. Manuscripts must be in English,

but foreign language summariesare permitted. Manuscripts not meeting the format guidelines may be returned. Please maintain a copy

of the article on a word-processor because revisions are usually necessary before acceptance, pending review and copy-editing.

Format. — Type manuscripts in a legible serif font IN DDOUBLE OR TRIPLE SPACE with 1.5 in margins on one side of 8.5 x 11 in,

nonerasable, high quality paper. THREE (3) COPIES of each manuscript must be submitted, EACH INCLUDING REDUCTIONS

OF ANY FIGURES TO THE 8.5 x 11 IN PAGE. Number pages as: title page (page 1), abstract and key words page (page 2), text

pages (pages 3+), acknowledgment page, literature cited pages, footnote page, tables, figure caption page; place original figures last.

List the corresponding author’s name, address including ZIP code, and phone number on the title page in the upper right corner. The

title must include the taxon’s designation, where appropriate, as: (Order: Family). The ABSTRACT must not exceed 250 words; use

five to seven words or concise phrases as KEY WORDS. Number FOOTNOTES sequentially and list on a separate page.

Text. — Demarcate MAJOR HEADINGS as centered headings and MINOR HEADINGS as left indented paragraphs with lead phrases

underlined and followed by a period and two hypens. CITATION FORMATS are: Coswell (1986), (Asher 1987a, Franks & Ebbet

1988, Dorly et al. 1989), (Burton in press) and (R. F. Tray, personal communication). For multiple papers by the same author use:

(Weber 1932, 1936, 1941; Sebb 1950, 1952). For more detailed reference use: (Smith 1983: 149-153, Price 1985: fig. 7a, Nothwith

1987: table 3).

Taxonomy. — Systematics manuscripts have special requirements outlined in volume 69(2): 194-198; if you do not have access to that

volume, request a copy of the taxonomy/data format from the editor before submitting manuscripts for which these formats are

applicable. These requirements include SEPARATE PARAGRAPHS FOR DIAGNOSES, TYPES AND MATERIAL EXAMINED

(INCLUDING A SPECIFIC FORMAT), and a specific order for paragraphs in descriptions. List the unabbreviated taxonomic author

of each species after its first mention.

Data Formats. — All specimen data must be cited in the journal’s iocality data format. See volume 69(2), pages 196-198 for these

format requirements; if you do not have access to that volume, request a copy of the taxonomy/data format from the editor before

submitting manuscripts for which these formats are applicable.

Literature Cited. — Format examples are:

Anderson, T. W. 1984. An introduction to multivariate statistical analysis (2nd ed). John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Blackman, R. L., P. A. Brown & V. F. Eastop. 1987. Problems in pest aphid taxonomy: can chromosomes plus morphometrics

provide some answers? pp. 233-238. Jn Holman, J., J. Pelikan, A. G. F. Dixon & L. Weismann (eds.). Population structure, genetics

and taxonomy of aphids and Thysanoptera. Proc. international symposium held at Smolenice Czechoslovakia, Sept. 9-14, 1985.

SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands.

Ferrari, J. A. & K. S. Rai. 1989. Phenotypic correlates of genome size variation in Aedes albopictus. Evolution, 42: 895-899.

Sorensen, J. T. (in press). Three new species of Essigella (Homoptera: Aphididae). Pan-Pacif. Entomol.

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THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Volume 71 October 1995 Number 4

Contents

TRJAPITZIN, S. V. & D. R. STRONG—A new Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), egg

parasitoid of Prokelisia spp. (Homoptera: Delphacidae) 22... ices eeeeeeeesenneeeeeeeeenenneneeeserenenee 199

CALDERWOOD, J. A.—A new species of Poecilanthrax from California (Diptera: Bombyli-

LOL) cell NE RLS Ry ta hy. Ste, BN Aa TE) ee DNL ORE, ed et en 204

LAPIS, E. B. & J. H. BORDEN —Role of wavelength-specific reflectance intensity in host

selection by Heteropsylla cubana Crawford (Homoptera: Psyllidae) 2.0 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 209

BRAILOVSKY, H.—New genera and new species of Neotropical Coreidae (Hemiptera:

TLS TEROP. VST A) ee Mee ee Ace aE RE emer Peta ye AE 8 ao) are led ae smo ae Ae

HONDA, J. Y. & S. V. TRJAPITZIN— A species description and biological comparison between

a new species of Telenomus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and Trichogramma

platneri Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae): two egg parasitoids of Sabu-

lodes desrotaia (CiMence. | wepriemicta, CCOIICUAGAG) fo ccc sect cso tctectttee eee nent Lae

MORON, M.-A.—Larva and pupa of Archedinus relictus Moron & Krikken (Coleoptera:

Nrelalonttiictine:. ietenititya es bree yy ete a eae Nees ut le Sl ee ge Daa,

SCIENTIFIC NOTES

ZUPARKO, R. L.—New host record for Metanotalia maderensis (Walker) (Hymenoptera:

FTC TCD st ck ont: S| amen et eats One MR Mt Le A, a Mantes ash tates Uthat fe eae 245

VETTER, R.S., P. K. VISSCHER & D. A. REIERSON— Vespula germanica (Fabr.) in southern

Cali Ora ivinie tieibeena ss Co ptiee perc eG ke 246

O’NEILL, K. M.—Digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) and robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae)

as predators of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) on Montana rangeland ....... 248

TRJAPITZIN, S. V.—The identities of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg parasitoids

of the grape and blackberry leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in California ........... 250

MARTINEZ, M. J.— The first record of mixed nests of Conomyrma bicolor (Wheeler) and

Conomyprmd insana (Buckley) (Aymeneptera: Formicidae) .2220.0.2. ok... ee yan wd

LEE, J.-D., G.-F. CHEN & C.-S. CHEN—Occurrence of two marine midges Pontomyia spp.

CDT ioTa: {eel IPCm eM MOae RT. WaAdWatio vacuk ule oe ae owe ee Bee ee 253

Announcement: Change of editor and address for manuScript SUDMISSION oo co eeeecsssseeeeccceeeeeeeeeee 255

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist: Table of Contents for Volume 7h... eccccscsscceessesssesssssnssssnenesecteeeets 256

Pie Pan Faemced: nrcjoosinm Indexotory oblime 71 io to Se ER eee OE a al 259