The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(1): 1-4, (1996)

PHENOLOGY OF PANDORA MOTH

(LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNITDAE) ADULT EMERGENCE AND

EGG ECLOSION IN CENTRAL OREGON

DARRELL W. Ross

Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University,

Corvallis, Oregon 97331

Abstract.— Pandora moth, Coloradia pandora Blake, adult emergence and egg eclosion were

monitored at three sites in central Oregon. Accumulated degree-days above a threshold of 5° C

from the beginning of adult emergence to the end of adult emergence were between 386.0 + 7.8

and 459.3 + 10.8, and from the beginning of adult emergence to the end of egg eclosion were

between 648.7 + 17.9 and 685.3 + 21.1.

Key Words. —Insecta, Coloradia pandora, phenology, degree-days, adult emergence, egg eclosion

The pandora moth, Coloradia pandora Blake, is a defoliator of ponderosa,

lodgepole, and Jeffrey pines (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., Pinus contorta

Dougl. ex Loud., and Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf., respectively) in the western

United States (Carolin & Knopf 1968, Furniss & Carolin 1977). Most pandora

moths have a two-year life cycle. Adults emerge, mate, and oviposit in mid-

summer. Eggs hatch in late-summer and the young larvae feed in groups on needles

near branch tips. The larvae overwinter on the branches and continue feeding the

following spring. Most defoliation occurs in the spring prior to host shoot elon-

gation. The mature larvae crawl down the bole in early-summer to pupate in the

soil and litter. The pupal stage typically lasts about 12 months, although a small

percentage of the population remains in the pupal stage for two to five years

(Carolin 1971).

The pandora moth is normally inconspicuous, but periodic outbreaks have

severely defoliated pines in parts of Oregon, Colorado, and Arizona (Patterson

1929, Wygant 1941, Schmid & Bennett 1988). Because defoliation occurs in

alternate years and the larvae do not feed on the current years needles, tree

mortality is minimal and usually associated with stressed trees (Wagner & Ma-

thiasen 1985, Bennett et al. 1987). However, defoliation can cause significant

growth loss and may predispose trees to bark beetle infestations (Patterson 1929,

Miller & Wagner 1989). The large number and size of caterpillars and moths and

the dramatic appearance of completely defoliated stands can be a considerable

nuisance to property owners and recreationists within infested areas. The collapse

of outbreak populations after three or four generations has usually been attributed

to a naturally occurring virus.

Knowledge of pandora moth phenology is potentially useful for research and

management applications. Published records of pandora moth phenology are

based upon calendar dates that can vary considerably among generations de-

pending upon weather conditions. This paper reports phenological observations

of pandora moth adult emergence and egg eclosion based upon heat accumulations

from the beginning of moth flight.

2 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Pandora moth phenology was monitored at three sites on the Fort Rock Ranger

District of the Deschutes National Forest about 20 km S of Bend, Oregon. The

three sites were within 2.5 km of one another. Plant associations for the study

sites were ponderosa pine/bitterbrush/fescue and ponderosa pine/bitterbrush-

manzanita/fescue (Volland 1985). Elevations were 1400-1440 m, aspects were S

to SW, and slopes were 0-—5%. Ponderosa pine was the only tree species present

on the plots. At the time of the study, tree age (mean + SE) was 62 + 2 years,

diameter at breast height was 18.4 + 2.0 cm, height was 11.7 + 1.9 m, and basal

area was 37.4 + 6.2 m?/ha.

These stands were moderately to heavily defoliated by the pandora moth in

1990 (USDA Forest Service 1990). Between 28 May and 5 Jun 1991, 25 cages

(34 x 47 cm) were staked to the ground at 5 x 5 m spacings at each site to

monitor adult emergence. The cages were inspected on 16, 17, 22, and 30 Jul; 4,

8, 13, 19, and 27 Aug; and 9 Sep 1990. The number and sex of moths present

on each visit were recorded. For each date, adult emergence was calculated as a

percentage of the total seasonal emergence.

Pandora moth eggs and larvae were sampled on 14 and 29 Aug and 10, 17,

and 24 Sep 1991. On each date, 10 randomly selected dominant or codominant

trees were sampled at each site. One 30-45 cm long branch tip was removed with

a pole pruner from the mid-crown on both the N and S sides of each tree. The

branches were taken to the laboratory and eggs and larvae present were counted.

Percent egg hatch was calculated as the number of larvae divided by the number

of larvae plus the number of unhatched eggs.

At the time that emergence cages were installed, an electronic data recorder

with two temperature sensors (Omnidata Datapod® model DP-212, Logan, Utah)

was placed at each site. The temperature sensors were placed in partially shaded

locations within the crowns of understory trees about 1—2 m above the ground.

The instrument scanned temperatures at 5 min intervals and recorded daily max-

imum and minimum temperatures. Degree-days were calculated from the tem-

perature data by the modified sine wave method (Allen 1976) beginning on 17

Jul when the first adults emerged in the plots. A lower threshold of 5° C was

arbitrarily chosen for degree-day calculations because developmental thresholds

for the pandora moth were unknown. However, temperatures below 5° C interrupt

incubation of pupae and eggs of closely related bombycid and saturnid moths

(Rivnay & Sobrio 1967, Wang 1989), and the lower developmental thresholds

for eggs of other North American forest defoliators are near 5° C (Wickman 1976).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The first adult moths were observed in Bend, Oregon on 12 Jul (R. G. Mitchell,

personal communication) and in La Pine, Oregon (about 20 km S of the study

sites) on 16 Jul (unpublished data). Emergence holes in the soil surface and adult

moths were first observed on the plots on 17 Jul, although no adults were captured

in emergence traps until 4 Aug.

The last adult moths were collected from the emergence traps on 27 Aug when

the mean degree-day accumulation (+ SE) was 459.3 + 10.8 (Fig. 1). Those moths

could have emerged on or after 20 Aug, the day following the previous collection,

when the mean degree-day accumulation was 386.0 + 7.8 degree-days. The last

1996 ROSS: PANDORA MOTH PHENOLOGY 3

100

° Adultemergence /

= Egg eclosion /

Percent of total

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Degree-days

Figure 1. Percent pandora moth adult emergence and egg eclosion as a function of degree-days

accumulated since the beginning of adult emergence in central Oregon, 1991. Bars indicate standard

errors.

male moths were collected on 19 Aug when the mean degree-day accumulation

was 373.0 + 7.8 degree-days. Those moths could have emerged on or after 14

Aug, when the mean degree-day accumulation was 309.0 + 6.1 degree-days.

Egg eclosion reached 96.2 + 3.8% by 24 Sep when the mean degree-day ac-

cumulation was 685.3 + 21.1 degree-days (Fig. 1). The last eggs could have

hatched on 18 Sep, the day after the previous sample date, when the mean degree-

day accumulation was 648.7 + 17.9 degree-days. The few eggs that remained

unhatched on the last sample date were likely infertile or unhealthy.

Degree-day accumulations can be used to estimate the end of adult emergence,

egg eclosion, or to time control activities. For example, a fall application of a

non-persistent insecticide will be most effective if it is applied soon after all eggs

have hatched (Ragenovich et al. 1986). This date could be determined by re-

peatedly sampling foliage for the presence of eggs and larvae. Alternatively, the

date could be estimated by accumulating degree-days from the date adult emer-

gence begins untila total of 649 is reached. These degree-day accumulations should

4 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

be used only in central Oregon until they are verified in other parts of the geo-

graphic range of the pandora moth.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I thank the staff of the Fort Rock Ranger District of the Deschutes National

Forest for providing maps and records, and permitting access to the study sites.

This research was supported, in part, by funds provided by the Research Council,

Oregon State University.

LITERATURE CITED

Allen, J.C. 1976. A modified sine wave method for calculating degree-days. Environ. Entomol., 5:

388-396.

Bennett, D. D., J. M. Schmid, S. A. Mata & C. B. Edminster. 1987. Growth impact of the North

Kaibab pandora moth outbreak. U.S. Dept. Agric, For. Serv. Res. Note, RM-474.

Carolin, V. M.,Jr. 1971. Extended diapause in Coloradia pandora Blake (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae).

Pan-Pac. Entomol., 47: 19-23.

Carolin, V. M., Jr. & J. A. E. Knopf. 1968. The pandora moth. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. For.

Pest Leaflet, 114.

Furniss, R. L. & V. M. Carolin. 1977. Western forest insects. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Miscell.

Publ., 1339.

Miller, K.K. & M. R. Wagner. 1989. Effect of pandora moth (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) defoliation

on growth of ponderosa pine in Arizona. J. Econ. Entomol., 82: 1682-1686.

Patterson, J. E. 1929. The pandora moth, a periodic pest of western pine forests. U.S. Dept. Agric.,

For. Serv. Tech. Bull., 137.

Ragenovich, I. R., J. M. Schmid, D. D. Bennett, J. W. Barry & C. E. Richmond. 1986. Field

evaluations of four insecticides against the pandora moth, 1982. Insecticide and Acaricide

Tests, 11: 426.

Rivnay, E. & G. Sobrio. 1967. The phenology and diapause of Saturnia pyri Schiff. in temperate

and subtropic climates. Z. Angew. Entomol., 59: 59-63.

Schmid, J. M. & D. D. Bennett. 1988. The North Kaibab pandora moth outbreak, 1978-1984. U.S.

Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep., RM-153.

USDA Forest Service. 1990. Aerial survey map of the Deschutes National Forest. U.S. Dept. Agric.,

For. Serv., Forest Pest Management, Region 6, Portland, OR.

Volland, L. A. 1985. Plant associations of the central Oregon pumice zone. U.S. Dept. Agric., For.

Serv., R6-ECOL-104-1985. PNW Region, Portland, OR.

Wagner, M. R. & R. L. Mathiasen. 1985. Dwarf mistletoe-pandora moth interaction and its con-

tribution to ponderosa pine mortality in Arizona. Great Basin Naturalist 45: 423-426.

Wang, S. 1989. Silkworm egg production: volume III. Food and Agriculture Organization of the

United Nations, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 73/3.

Wickman, B. E. 1976. Phenology of white fir and Douglas-fir tussock moth egg hatch and larval

development in California. Environ. Entomol., 5: 316-322.

Wygant, N. D. 1941. An infestation of the pandora moth, Coloradia pandora Blake, in lodgepole

pine in Colorado. J. Econ. Entomol., 34: 697-702.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(1): 5-12, (1996)

DISCOVERY OF COLPOCLYPEUS FLORUS (WALKER)

(HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) IN APPLE

ORCHARDS OF WASHINGTON

JAY F. BRUNNER

Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University,

1100 North Western Avenue, Wenatchee, Washington 98801

Abstract. —Routine collections of leafroller larvae in Washington apple orchards for the purposes

of assessing the kinds of parasites and levels of parasitism revealed the presence of an unknown

species. Specimens sent to the USDA-ARS Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Beltsville, were

identified as Colpoclypeus florus (Walker). This report represents an extension of its geographic

range, the first record in the U.S., as well as a new host record. Colpoclypeus florus is a gregarious

ectoparasitic eulophid which is widely distributed in Europe where it is the most common natural

enemy of tortricids in orchards and other crops. It was introduced into Canada and released in

small numbers in 1966 and 1967. No recovery was reported until 1992 when it was reared from

larvae of obliquebanded leafroller and eyespotted bud moth in Ontario. In that same year the

level of parasitism by C. florus in two unsprayed apple orchards in Washington was 66% and

75%. The parasite’s behavior and key characters that indicate its possible presence in an orchard

are discussed. Notes on the distribution in Washington and methods of rearing C. florus on

pandemis leafroller larvae are described, along with its potential as a biological control agent in

Washington.

Key Words.—Insecta, Colpoclypeus florus, Eulophidae, leafroller parasite, new host record

Two species of leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Pandemis pyrusana Kear-

fott, the pandemis leafroller (PLR), and Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), the

obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR), are the most common pests of pome fruit in

Washington State (Beers et al. 1993; Brunner 1984, 1991). Both species overwinter

as a second or third instar larva and complete two generations per year (Brunner

& Beers 1990). Insecticides are the primary tactics used to control these pests

(Brunner 1988). Natural enemies have been reported attacking leafrollers in the

western United States. In Washington, however, the natural suppression of leaf-

rollers has generally not been sufficient to provide commercially acceptable con-

trol. This is probably due to the use of broad-spectrum insecticides used to control

codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), that are toxic natural enemies of leafrollers.

This is the first report of the parasite, Colpoclypeus florus (Walker), attacking

PLR in Washington apple orchards. It represents an extension of the geographic

distribution of C. florus, as well as a new host record.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Third through fifth instar PLR and OBLR were collected from several apple

orchards near Wenatchee, Washington, and Milton-Freewater, Oregon, in the

spring of 1992 (Table 1). Potential leafroller feeding sites, one or more leaves or

flower parts held together with webbing, were collected, placed in plastic food

storage bags and returned to the laboratory. Feeding sites were examined and

healthy larvae were placed individually in one-ounce plastic portion cups (Prairie

Packaging, S-100), along with a cube of modified pinto bean diet (Shorey & Hale

1965). If parasite larvae or pupae were found, they were placed into a cup along

with the remains of the host and leaf. Cups were kept at a constant temperature

6 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

(23° C) and a long photoperiod (16:8, light : dark) until larvae died or adult leaf-

rollers or parasites emerged.

In late July PLR larvae of a second summer generation were collected from

orchards in Wenatchee (Table 1). Some PLR larvae were attacked by an unknown

ectoparasite. The webbing of the rolled leaf shelter of larvae attacked by this

parasite was uncharacteristically tough. When such sites were found, the entire

leaf, or the portion containing the parasitized leafroller larva, was placed in a

small tight-sealing plastic petri dish (Falcon 1006—50 x 9 mm) which was then

placed in a food storage container. When an apparently healthy larva was found,

it was placed in a one-ounce plastic portion cup with a cube of the modified pinto

bean diet. All cups were held in the conditions described above and were examined

two times per week until a parasite or an adult leafroller emerged. Any parasites

emerging from leafroller larvae or pupae were placed in glass vials with alcohol

and labeled as to host-collection site and date. Adults of the ectoparasitic eulophid

not previously reared from PLR were sent to the USDA-ARS Systematic Ento-

mology Laboratory, Beltsville, for identification.

In late August, several unsprayed orchards were sampled for the density of

leafroller larvae. Twenty shoots, on 40 to 60 trees, were examined for presence

_ of larval feeding sites. Feeding sites were opened and a record was kept of those

which were parasitized by the eulophid.

Adults of the ectoparasite which emerged from field-collected PLR larvae were

counted and sexed. One male and one female were placed inside a one-ounce cup

along with a fourth instar PLR larva. Each cup contained a cube of bean diet as

a food source for the leafroller, and honey was streaked on the top or side of the

cup as a carbohydrate source for the parasites. Cups were placed inside a food

storage container and kept at constant temperature 23.9° C and long photoperiod

(16:8, light:dark). Cups were examined three times per week to determine the

status of leafroller and parasites. The number of leafrollers which emerged as

adults and the number of parasites emerging from each leafroller larva were

counted and sexed. The size of each life stage of C. florus was determined by

measuring the length and width of 30 individuals of each stage, randomly selected

from the parasite colony maintained in the laboratory, using a ocular micrometer

and dissecting microscope.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The ectoparasitic eulophid reared from PLR larvae was identified as C. florus

(M. E. Schauff, Systematic Entomology laboratory, USDA, Beltsville). The dis-

covery of C. florus attacking larvae of PLR in Washington represents the first

record of the species in the United States, as wellas a new host record. Colpoclypeus

florus was transported to Ontario, Canada, from France and Italy and released

against the strawberry leafroller, Ancylis comptana fragariae (Walsh & Riley), in

1966 and the redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), in 1967.

However, no record of its recovery was ever noted (Williamson 1966, Hikichi

1971). Hagley & Barber (1991) reported rearing C. florus from OBLR and Spi-

lonota ocellana (Dennis & Schiffermiieller), the eyespotted bud moth. This report

represented the first official recovery of C. florus in Canada.

Colpoclypeus florus is a gregarious ectoparasite of tortricids and is often the

most common and important natural control in European orchards and other

1996 BRUNNER: COLPOCLYPEUS FLORUS IN WASHINGTON 7

Table 1. Site descriptions where leafroller larvae were collected for determining parasitism levels.

Site Location Crop Management type

TFREC Wenatchee apple unsprayed

Birchmont Wenatchee apple soft pesticide/unsprayed

Marley Yakima apple conventional

WSU Pullman apple feral trees

Davis Milton-Freewater apple conventional/non-bearing

BF Milton-Freewater apple semi-abandoned

Baneck Milton-Freewater apple conventional

Wondra Milton-Freewater apple abandoned

crops (Evenhuis 1974a, Evenhuis & Vlug 1983, Gruys & Vaal 1984, Limon &

Blasco 1973, Monta & Gambaro 1973, Scaramozzino & Ugolino 1978, van Veen

and & van Wijk 1987, Vives 1980). Colpoclypeus florus parasitizes larvae of several

tortricid species in Dutch apple orchards and survives control programs based

on insect growth regulators (Gruys & Vaal 1984, de Reede et al. 1984, Helsen &

Blommers 1989). In Germany C. florus, along with Meteorus ictericus (Nees) and

Apanteles ater (Ratzburg), parasitized up to 80% of Adoxophyes orana (Fisher

von Réslerstamm) in apple orchards treated with the insect growth regulator

fenoxycarb (Harzer 1990). In Italian orchards, C. florus was responsible for 95%

parasitism of Argyrotaenia pulchellana Haworth (Monta & Gambaro 1973).

Colpoclypeus florus is not well synchronized with most tortricid species found

in European apple orchards. It is most common in mid- to late summer when it

parasitizes a high percentage of tortricid larvae (Gruys & Vaal 1984). However,

it is present in low levels in the spring and does not appear to overwinter on A.

orana, 1ts most common host in apple orchards (Evenhuis 1974b). European

orchard fruit tortricid pests overwinter as young larvae or eggs (Alford 1984),

unsuitable host stages for C. florus. Colpoclypeus florus probably uses overwinter

hosts that occur outside the orchard, such as Syndemis musculana (Hiibner) which

overwinters as full-grown larvae and may provide an important overwintering

reservoir for C. florus (Blommers et al. 1988). The most important leafroller pests

of pome fruit in Washington overwinter as eggs or young instar larvae (Beers et

al. 1993). As in Europe, a lack of suitable overwintering hosts may represent a

barrier to the survival and consistency of C. florus populations in the Pacific

Northwest.

How C. florus was transported to the western U.S. and why it was not detected

until 1992 are unknown. Colpoclypeus florus was probably established in British

Columbia by the mid-1970s, based on the inclusion of Colpoclypeus sp. in a list

of parasites reared from leafroller larvae as part of a research project under the

direction of Dr. H. F. Madsen (Jerry Vakenti, pers. comm.). Unfortunately this

information has not been published. Because the genus Colpoclypeus was not

known from North America until it was introduced into Canada (Williamson

1966, Hikichi 1971), it is likely that this unpublished report represents the first

indication of the presence of C. florus in western North America.

Leafroller Parasitism. —Low levels of leafroller parasitism, 0 to 13%, were found

in all orchards in spring (Table 2) and no C. florus were detected. Summer par-

asitism levels were higher, especially in two unsprayed apple blocks, TF-5 and

8 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

Table 2. Leafroller larvae collected from different sites in 1992 and the results of rearing to de-

termine levels of parasitism.

; : Number of parasites reared

Locations: Spring 1992 LLR/OBLR: ——————————————— eS .. 1% total.

Site ID # larvae adults C. florus Apanteles_ Tachinidae Other parasitism

PLR sites

WSU-TFREC-21 86 75 0 0 0 0 0.0

WSU-TFREC-5 100 74 0 0 0 1 1.3

WSU-TFREC-24 87 75 0 0 0 0 0.0

Birchmont-4F east 92 89 0 1 0 0 1.1

Birchmont-4F west 51 47 0 0 0 0 0.0

Birchmont-1A 73 64 0 1 0 0 1.5

Marley 63 48 0 0 0 4 Tish

OBLR sites

WSU-Pullman 100 72 0 0 0 0 0.0

Davis 100 84 0 0 0 0 0.0

BF 31 22 0 0 0 3 12.0

Baneck? 100 41 0 0 0 0 0.0

Wondra 37 17 0 0 0 2 10.5

. Number of parasites reared

Locations: Summer 1992 PLR a SS SSS A 8 ttl,

Sites ID # larvae adults C. florus Apanteles Tachinidae Other parasitism

PLR sites

WSU-TFREC-5 52 11 38 0 0 2 78.4

WSU-TFREC-24a 59 9 40 0 2 0 82.3

WSU-TFREC-24b 109 32 67 0 2 0 68.3

Birchmont-4F west 78 63 0 0 12 0 16.0

Birchmont-1D1 81 46 3 4 11 l 29:2

Birchmont-1D2 71 42 6 6 12 1 37.3

4 Low survival level of leafroller larvae probably due to use of Bt products in the orchard prior to

larval collections.

TF-24, located at the Washington State University Tree Fruit Research and Ex-

tension Center, Wenatchee (WSU-TFREC). In these blocks, C. florus was re-

sponsible for 75% and 78% of the total leafroller parasitism (Table 2). Two col-

lections of PLR larvae were made in block TF-24 three days apart. The first

indication that a different parasite was present in the WSU-TFREC blocks was

the discovery of abnormally dense and much tougher webbing than is typically

formed by PLR larvae. The webbing made by parasitized leafroller larvae was

similar in density to spider webbing, though not of the same consistency.

An average of 13.5 C. florus adults was reared from parasitized PLR larvae

(Table 3). The sex ratio favored females, 71.8%, as found in Europe (Evenhuis

1974b, Gruys & Vaal 1984, van Veen & van Wijk 1987). Colpoclypeus florus was

also reared on PLR larvae originating from a laboratory colony reared on artificial

diet. The average number of C. florus progeny produced from laboratory-reared

PLR larvae and their sex ratio were no different from field collected, parasitized

PLR larvae (Table 3). Colpoclypeus florus is easy to rear on PLR or OBLR larvae

in the laboratory, and thus it may be a promising agent for mass rearing and

augmentative release for biological control of leafroller pests in Washington or-

chards.

1996 BRUNNER: COLPOCLYPEUS FLORUS IN WASHINGTON 9

Table 3. Data on C. florus reared from PLR larvae collected from two unsprayed apple orchards

in Wenatchee and produced in the laboratory using PLR larvae from a colony.

Colpoclypeus florus

No. of Avg. no. progeny

Year Source leafroller larvae % male % female (adults + SE)

1992 Field 85 28.2 71.8 13.5 + 1.02

1992/3 Lab (PLR) 53 27.0 73.0 Qe lect le 27:

Distribution. — Colpoclypeus florus was detected parasitizing PLR larvae at low

levels in two commercial orchards, Birchmont-1D1 and 1D2, located 5 km north

of the WSU-TFREC orchards. These orchards were treated with conventional

insecticides in the pre-bloom period but did not receive additional insecticide

treatments during the summer. Colpoclypeus florus was also found in an organic

orchard in East Wenatchee, 10 km east of the WSU-TFREC location, and in an

unsprayed apple orchard 16 km north of Wenatchee along the Columbia River.

The abundance of C. florus at these sites was very low; only one or two parasitized

PLR larvae were found, but the finds indicate a rather widespread distribution

of C. florus in north-central Washington.

Additionally, C. florus was observed by an agricultural consultant (Steve Harris,

pers. comm.) in an organic orchard near Brewster, Washington, 100 km north of

Wenatchee. Leaves containing pupae from which C. florus had already emerged

were submitted to the WSU-TFREC for identification. Although this report does

not confirm C. florus presence in the Brewster orchard, no other ectoparasitic

eulophids attack leafrollers in Washington. The OBLR population in the Brewster

organic orchard had been very high in the spring, and control measures were

planned against the summer generation. However, when searches of growing

shoots in July and August revealed high levels of parasitism the grower decided

not to apply control sprays.

Parasite Description.—The adult parasite has a shiny black head and thorax

(sometimes appearing greenish under reflected light) with a lighter-colored ab-

domen (Fig. 1A). The average length (head to tip of abdomen) of the female is

1.82 + 0.01 mm (mean + SEM). The ventral side of the abdomen 1s a light cream

to golden-brown color. There are two small dark spots in the center and about

one-third of the way in from the tip of the abdomen that denote the base of the

Ovipositor (Fig. 1C). The legs are golden brown. The male C. florus is slightly

smaller than the female, 1.46 + 0.02 mm, and has a darker and less ovate

abdomen. Eggs are translucent when first laid but later turn a creamy white. They

are elongate, slightly curved and average 0.32 + 0.003 mm in length and 0.08 +

0.001 mm in width (Fig. 1B). Neonate larvae migrate to the host larva and begin

feeding. Colpoclypeus florus larvae are a bright green when young, turning to a

pale green or cream color as they near maturity (Fig. 1D). Mature larvae average

1.90 + 0.04 mm in length and 0.67 + 0.01 mm in width. When mature, C. florus

larvae leave the host larva but remain within the host’s webbed shelter to pupate.

Pupae are naked and a light brown color which soon darkens. Female pupae are

slightly more ovate than males, averaging 1.94 + 0.03 mm in length and 0.78 +

0.01 mm in width (Fig. 1E). Male pupae average 1.60 + 0.02 mm in length and

0.62 + 0.01 mm in width.

Figure 1.

Life stages of Colpoclypeus florus (Walker); A—adult female, B—eggs, C—female abdomen ventral view, D—larvae feeding on leafroller, E—pupae.

LSIDOTOWOLNA OMIOVd-NVd AHL

(ZL IOA

1996 BRUNNER: COLPOCLYPEUS FLORUS IN WASHINGTON 11

Parasite Behavior.—My observations confirm that C. florus does not paralyze

its host (van Veen & van Wijk 1987). Males typically emerge first and mate with

females as they emerge. In my laboratory, adults usually remained within the

host’s webbed shelter for two to three days until all had emerged, and then they

all departed over a short period. I observed female C. florus make rapid thrusting

movements with the ovipositor in the direction of the head capsule of a leafroller

larva. However, I have never observed the ovipositor penetrate the caterpillar’s

head capsule. After the attack there was significant change in the behavior of the

leafroller. It stopped feeding, began spinning a dense webbed shelter, and often

voided fluids. The C. florus female remained with the leafroller larva within the

densely webbed shelter and deposited eggs.

The presence of C. florus in Washington provides another natural enemy to

combat leafrollers. It has been reared on both PLR and OBLR in my laboratory

and may be a parasite that could be mass reared for timely releases. The unusually

high levels of leafroller parasitism noted in unsprayed orchards suggests that C.

florus is well adapted to the eastern Washington climate. The susceptibility of C.

florus to conventional insecticides in Europe suggests that it may be most useful

as a biological control of leafrollers in fruit orchards using alternative controls for

key pests, such as insect growth regulators, pheromones or bacterial insecticides.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I thank M. E. Schauff, Systematic Entomology laboratory, USDA, Beltsville for

the rapid identification of specimens submitted and Drs. Bill Turner, Elizabeth

Beers and Rich Zack for critical reviews and suggestions which helped improve

the manuscript. I am especially grateful to the able assistance of Mike Doerr and

Lisa Mill for their technical skills in rearing leafrollers and parasites in my lab-

oratory. I acknowledge the invaluable contribution of Washington’s fruit growers

who partially funded this research through the Tree Fruit Research Commission.

LITERATURE CITED

Alford, D.C. 1984. A colour atlas of fruit pests their recognition, biology and control. Wolfe House

Ltd.

Beers, E. H., J. F. Brunner, M. Willett & G. Warner. 1993. Orchard pest management: a resource

book for the Pacific Northwest. Good Fruit Grower, Yakima, Washington.

Brunner, J. F. 1984. Pandemis leafroller, a pest of increasing concern to Washington apple growers.

Proc. Wash. State Hort. Assoc., 79: 119-125.

Brunner, J. F. 1988. Apple pandemis in Washington apple orchards. Down to Earth, 44: 5-9.

Brunner, J. F. 1991. Leafroller pests of fruit crops in Washington state. pp. 185-197. Jn Williams,

K. (ed.). New directions in tree fruit pest management. Good Fruit Grower, Yakima, Wash-

ington.

Brunner, J. F. & E. H. Beers. 1990. Apple pandemis and obliquebanded leafroller. Cooperative

Extension, Washington State University EB1582.

Blommers, L., H. Helsen & F. Vaal. 1988. The autumn leafroller: phenology, damage and parasites

in a Dutch apple orchard. Netherlands J. of Plant Path., 94: 95-103.

de Reede, R. H., R. F. Groendijk & A. K.H. Wit. 1984. Field tests with the insect growth regulators,

epofenonane and fenoxycarb, in apple orchards against leafrollers and side-effects on some

leafroller parasites. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 35: 275-281.

Evenhuis, H. H. 1974a. The enemies of apple tortricids. Les organismes auxiliaires en verger de

pommiers. OILB/SROP, Brochuer, 3: 29-30.

12 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

Evenhuis, H. H. 1974b. Colpoclypeus florus (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), an important potential

parasite of Adoxophyes orana (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in apple orchards. Mededelinger van

de Faculteit van de Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent, 39: 769-775.

Evenhuis, H. H. & H. J. Vlug. 1983. The hymenopterous parasites of leaf-feeding apple tortricids

(Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in The Netherlands. Tijdschr. Entomol., 126: 109-135.

Gruys, P. & F. Vaal. 1984. Colpoclypeus florus, a eulophid parasite of tortricids in orchards: rearing,

biology and use in biological control. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 36: 31-35.

Hagley, E. A. C. & D. R. Barber. 1991. Foliage-feeding lepidoptera and their parasites recovered

from unmanaged apple orchards in southern Ontario. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ontario, 122: 1-7.

Harzer, W. 1990. Preliminary findings on the control of the fruit peel tortricid with Insegar. Obstbau

(Bonn), 15: 146-150.

Helsen, H. & L. Blommers. 1989. On the natural control of the summer fruit tortrix in a mildly

sprayed apple orchard. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuni-

versiteit Gent., 54: 905-909.

Hikichi, A. 1971. Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), red-banded leaf roller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

In Kelleher, J. S. (ed.). Biological control programmes against insects and weeds in Canada

1959-1968. Commonwealth Institute of Biol. Control. Tech. Comm. No. 4, 10-11.

Limon, de la Oliva F. & P. J. Blasco. 1973. Measures to use against pests of Citrus in the northern

part of the Levante region, with a view to the establishment of a programme of integrated

control. Boletin Informativo de Plagas, 109: 69-86.

Monta, L. P. dalla & P. I. Gambaro. 1973. Observations on the biology and ethology of Colpoclypeus

florus Wik. (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae) in the laboratory and in the open field.

Redia, 54: 243-259.

Scaramozzino, P. L. & A. Ugolino. 1978. Pandemis heparana (Den. & Schiff.), a tortricid injurious

to peach in Piedmont. Informatore Fitopatologico, 29: 3-6.

Shorey, H. & R. L. Hale. 1965. Mass-rearing of the larvae of nine noctuid species on a simple

artificial medium. J. Econ. Entomol., 58: 522-524.

van Veen, J.C.& M.L. E.van Wijk. 1987. Parasitization strategy in the non-paralyzingectoparasitoid

Col poclypeus florus (Hym., Eulophidae) towards its common summer host Adoxophyes orana

(Lep., Tortricidae). 1. Host finding, acceptance and utilization. J. Appl. Entomol., 104: 402-

417.

Vives, J. M. 1980. An important pest of Spanish carnations, the South African carnation miner,

Epichoristodes acerbella Walk. Agricultura, Spain, 49 (580): 688-691.

Williamson, G. D. 1966. Summary of parasite and predator liberations in Canada and of insect

shipments from Canada in 1966. Canada Dept. of Agric. Report, Research Institute—Belleville,

Ontario.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(1): 13-16, (1996)

APHIDIUS UZBEKISTANICUS

(HYMENOPTERA: APHIDITDAE) ESTABLISHED IN IDAHO

SUSAN E. HALBERT,!? JAMES B. JOHNSON,? PEGGy L. GRAVES,!

PAUL M. MARSH* AND DEBORAH NELSON?

1Aberdeen Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho,

Post Office Box AA, Aberdeen, Idaho, 83210

3Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho,

Moscow, Idaho 83844-2339

4Post Office Box 384, North Newton, Kansas 67117;

>United States Department of Agriculture,

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine,

Niles Biological Control Laboratory, 2534 South Eleventh Street,

Niles, Michigan 49120

Abstract.—Exotic parasites of Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae) were re-

leased in Canyon Co. Idaho in 1988. A survey in 1994 indicated that Aphidius uzbekistanicus

Luzhetzki had become established; however, the parasites were found attacking two other cereal

aphids, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) and Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), but not D. noxia. The

establishment was achieved by releasing wasps into small, shaded cages for 2-5 days.

Key Words.—Insecta, Sitobion avenae, Diuraphis noxia, Schizaphis graminum, Aphididae, bi-

ological control, Aphidius uzbekistanicus, Aphidiidae

Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Russian wheat aphid) is a recently introduced

pest that has caused considerable damage to small grains in the western United

States (Webster & Amosson 1994). It is under good natural control in its native

range (SEH, unpublished observation), suggesting that classical biological control

could minimize the impact of D. noxia, as well as reducing the need for pesticides.

A national effort was initiated under the auspices of the Western Regional Co-

ordinating Committee— 66 (WRCC— 66) to procure and establish exotic natural

enemies of D. noxia. This paper documents the release and establishment in Idaho

of one of the natural enemies (Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki) obtained through

WRCC— 66.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Origin of Released Natural Enemies. —The strain of A. uzbekistanicus released

in Parma (Canyon County) Idaho came from Turkey. It was collected by Tadeusz

Poprawski and Francis Gruber in the spring of 1988. The culture went through

quarantine at the European Parasite Laboratory near Paris, France (USDA-ARS)

and at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. In August, 1988, a shipment

of this culture was received for propagation and release in Idaho.

Propagation of A. uzbekistanicus in Idaho.—The culture of A. uzbekistanicus

was maintained on D. noxia, which in turn, were raised on spring wheat, cv.

"IDO-232,” courtesy of the Idaho wheat breeding program. Wheat plants were

2 Present Address: Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer

Services, Post Office Box 147100, Gainesville, Florida 32614-7100.

14 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

seeded at a rate of about eight per 15 cm diameter pot. They were at least 6 wk

old (but not heading) when infested with D. noxia. Cultures were kept in 41 x

46 cm cages that had slanted glass tops installed about 40 cm above the floors.

Cultures were maintained by transferring 50-100 parasites into a cage with fresh

aphids rather than by adding aphid-infested plants to existing cultures. Parasites

were harvested in groups of about 100 for release.

Release Procedure. —Parasites were released throughout the late summer and

autumn of 1988 in cages about 1 m long, 2 m wide and 4 m high covered with

white chiffon material. A-frame tents of cotton percale cloth were used to shade

the cages in hot weather. Releases were made in the late afternoon or evening

into naturally occurring D. noxia infestations in mixed perennial grasses inter-

seeded with winter wheat and into volunteer wheat in the fall. Release locations

were 1-5 km north of Parma, Idaho. Cages and tents remained in place 2-5 d,

until they were needed for more releases.

Recovery Surveys.—An attempt was made to recover A. uzbekistanicus in the

same fields where it had been released by collecting mummified aphids and al-

lowing the parasites to emerge in a 95% humidity chamber; however, we were

unable to recover any A. uzbekistanicus in 1988. Limited collections in 1989-

1991 also failed to find any A. uzbekistanicus.

A more extensive survey was conducted at the University of Idaho Parma

Research & Extension Center during the 1994 growing season. Spring wheat, cv.

’Penawawa’ was planted on 15 Mar, 12 Apr and 10 May 1994. The last planting

was planted extremely late for the Parma area in order to ensure high populations

of aphids. Each planting occupied about '4 of the entire 0.4 ha. field.

Sampling began in the first two plantings on 11 May, and samples were taken

in all plantings every two weeks thereafter until the wheat matured past the point

where it would support aphid populations on 18 July. Fall samples were taken in

volunteer wheat at the Parma Research & Extension Center on 15 October. Mum-

mies were collected directly from the field and isolated by aphid species in 4

dram shell vials with cotton stoppers. Randomly selected tillers (n = 150-600)

(Feng et al. 1992) were inspected biweekly from each planting date until wheat

matured. Additionally, living aphids were collected each sampling period and

established singly on wheat leaf sections in 50 mm petri dishes. On each sampling

period, 100 D. noxia and 50 of each other species present in sufficient quantities

were collected (Feng et al. 1992).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Parasites Reared from Mummies on Spring Wheat.—A total of 327 mummies

were collected from spring wheat during the sampling season. Rearing 25 D. noxia

mummies yielded 14 Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) and 10 hyperparasites (Table

1). The most abundant aphid species for which mummies were collected was

Sitobion avenae (Fabr.). The 167 S. avenae mummies yielded 35 A. uzbekistanicus,

15 Aphidius ervi Haliday, four Aphidius sp., one D. rapae and 112 hyperparasites.

Samples of 12 Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) and 13 Metopolophium dirhodum

(Walker) yielded two and zero A. uzbekistanicus, respectively.

Parasites Reared from Living Aphids Established in Petri Dishes.—Thirty D.

noxia mummies were reared from which parasites eventually emerged (Table 2).

An additional 55 parasites were obtained from S. avenae. Diaeretiella rapae was

Table 1. Parasites collected from cereal aphid mummies on spring wheat, Parma, ID, 1994.

Primary parasites Hyperparasites

~ Aphidius~SAphidius’=<‘zssSA@*zihidius”=~=<CO*é‘éCé~Scereticiilas=—=—=—“‘éa ‘“OéCOC*é*é‘(C;C™SW Alloxysta Dendrocerus

Aphid host uzbekistanicus ervi spp. rapae Unknown spp. Pteromalidae spp. Total

Diuraphis noxia 0 0 1 14 0 2 8 0 25

Sitobion avenae 35 15 4 1 0 0 109 3 167

Metopolophium dirhodum 0 4 1 0 0 0 8 0 13

Schizaphis graminum 2 2 3 1 1 0 3 0 12

Unknown host? 21 53 9 24 0 1 , 0 110

Total 58 74 18 40 1 3 130 eS 327

9661

a Parasites emerged during field collection and transport to the laboratory, thus they could not be isolated by host.

OHVdI NI SQOINVISTYAIZA SAICIHdY “IV Lo LYUAGIVH

16 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

Table 2. Parasites that emerged from live aphids collected on spring wheat, Parma, ID, 1994.

Primary parasites Hyperparasites

Aphidius Aphidius Aphidius Diaeretiella Pteromalidae

Aphid host uzbekistanicus ervi spp. rapae spp. Total

Diuraphis noxia 0 2 0 27 1 30

Sitobion avenae 11 18 5 1 20 55

by far the most common parasite of D. noxia, while Aphidius spp. were more

common parasites of S. avenae. Hyperparasites were more common in S. avenae

mummies than in D. noxia mummies.

Eleven A. uzbekistanicus were recovered from S. avenae reared in petri dishes.

Aphidius uzbekistanicus accounted for 21 and 20% of total parasitism of S. avenae

in field collections and rearing of live specimens, respectively. The percentage

contributed by A. ervi was higher among live collected S. avenae than among

parasites reared from field collected S. avenae mummies (33% and 9% respec-

tively). The reverse was true for hyperparasites (36% for live collected; 65% for

mummies), suggesting that hyperparasites may prefer A. ervi mummies over 4A.

uzbekistanicus mummies; however, we could not associate specific hyperparasites

with A. uzbekistanicus because all Aphidius mummies are similar.

Our results are similar to the extensive pre-release baseline surveys of Feng et

al. (1992) in that D. rapae was more commonly found in D. noxia mummies than

in mummies of other aphid species. Hyperparasites were also much more common

in S. avenae mummies in both surveys. The collections of A. uzbekistanicus

represent a recovery of parasites released in 1988; however, so far, none have

been found parasitizing D. noxia.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We thank June Thomas, Debra Stansell and Irene Shackelford for field and

laboratory assistance. We are grateful to J. P. McCaffrey, E. J. Bechinski, and two

anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. The work was made possible

through USDA-APHIS cooperative agreement Number 94-8 100-0254 (CA) and

support from the Idaho Wheat Commission. This is Idaho Agricultural Experi-

ment Station Scientific Paper No. 95723.

LITERATURE CITED

Feng, M.-g., J. B. Johnson & S. E. Halbert. 1992. Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae and Aphel-

inidae) and their effect on aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) populations in Irrigated Grain in

Southwestern Idaho. Environ. Entomol., 21: 1433-1440.

Webster, J. A. & S. Amosson. 1994. Economic impact of the Russian wheat aphid in the western United

States: 1992-1993. Great Plains Agricultural Council Publication No. 152. Stillwater, OK.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(1): 17-26, (1996)

GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN ARBOREAL SPIDER

(ARANEAE) COMMUNITIES ON DOUGLAS-FIR IN

WESTERN OREGON

J. HALAS,’ D. W. Ross, R. R. MASON,?

T. R. TORGERSEN,” AND A. R. MOLDENKE!

Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331;

1Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331;

*Pacific Northwest Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, La Grande, Oregon 97850

Abstract. —Relative abundance and community structure of arboreal spiders were estimated in

sapling stands of Douglas-fir, Psewdotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco. Samples were collected on

two dates between June and August 1992 in three geographic provinces in western Oregon. A

total of 7693 spiders of 15 families, 46 genera and at least 62 species were collected from lower

crown branches. On both dates, mean spider density was significantly different among the prov-

inces (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01). Overall web-spinning spiders dominated in both collections,

comprising 63 and 58% of the total spider fauna. The principal web-spinners were the Linyphiidae

and Erigonidae, followed by the Araneidae, Theridiidae and Tetragnathidae. The spectrum of

hunting families was dominated by the Salticidae and Philodromidae. Both families combined

represented 79 and 78% of spiders in this guild for the two sampling dates. On both dates, the

proportions of web-spinning to hunting spiders were significantly different among the provinces

(P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001). Web-spinners were dominant in coastal areas, whereas hunters

were a major group further inland. On both collecting dates, all geographic provinces were similar

in terms of their species composition. A slightly greater similarity was detected between the two

Coast Range provinces.

Key Words.— Arachnida, Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii, spider community structure, geo-

graphic variation, western Oregon

The abundance, polyphagous habit, and widespread distribution of spiders

make these predators well suited as potential natural controls of insect populations

(Riechert 1974, Riechert & Lockley 1984). In forest ecosystems, spiders have been

reported preying on various life stages of important forest insect pests including

the Nantucket pine moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), Douglas-fir tussock

moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), and eastern spruce budworm, Chor-

istoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Turnbull 1956, Loughton et al. 1963, Eikenbary

& Fox 1968, Dahlsten et al. 1977, Jennings & Houseweart 1978, Fichter 1984,

Mason & Paul 1988, Jennings & Houseweart 1989).

Spiders in Pacific Northwest forests are poorly studied despite their abundance

and potential roles in regulating insect pest populations. Turnbull (1956) studied

spider predation on C. fumiferana in British Columbia, Canada. Moldenke et al.

(1987) provide a list of species, key, and estimates of relative abundance for

arboreal spiders in Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco, and true

fir, Abies spp., forests of the Pacific Northwest. Fichter (1984) documented the

densities of arboreal spiders associated with early instar Douglas-fir tussock moth

in Abies concolor (Gordon & Glendinning) Hildebrand, in central California.

Mason (1992) studied spider populations on Douglas-fir and true firs in eastern

Oregon and Washington. He found a similar familial structure of spider com-

18 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

munities across the region, with the spectrum largely dominated by two families

of hunting spiders. We hypothesized that spider abundance and community struc-

ture in the more mesic forests of western Oregon would differ from that in the

dry eastern portions of the state. This study quantifies spider abundance and

community structure on Douglas-fir canopies in three distinct geographic regions

in western Oregon.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Geographic Provinces and Study Sites. —The study was conducted in three geo-

graphic provinces along an east-west transect in western Oregon. The provinces

were the western Coast Range, the eastern Coast Range, and the western Cascade

Range. Sites in the western Coast Range were located on the Siuslaw National

Forest about 10 km east of Waldport, in Lincoln County, Oregon. Sites in the

eastern Coast Range were located on the McDonald and Paul M. Dunn State

Forests about 10 km northwest of Corvallis, in Benton County, Oregon. Sites in

the western Cascade Range were located on the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest

within the Willamette National Forest about 15 km northeast of Blue River, in

Lane and Linn Counties, Oregon. Mean elevations for sites within the three

provinces were 228, 270, and 845 m, respectively. All three provinces are char-

acterized by wet winters, warm dry summers and mild temperatures throughout

the year. The annual precipitation values for the provinces moving from west to

east are 228, 178 and 230 cm, respectively, with the majority of precipitation

occurring between November and March. Mean annual temperatures for the

provinces moving from west to east are 10.4, 9.8 and 7.9° C, respectively (Taylor

& Bartlett 1993, 1994, 1995).

Study sites were mostly pure sapling stands of Douglas-fir (< 15-years-old) with

occasional sparse components of western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Rafin-

esque) Sargent, and western redcedar, Thuja plicata D. Don. The ground vege-

tation included dense patches of bracken fern, Pteridium aquilinum (Linnaeus)

Kuhn in Decken, salmonberry, Rubus spectabilis Pursh, Gaultheria, Gaultheria

shallon Pursh, fireweed, Epilobium angustifolium Linnaeus, and Pacific rhodo-

dendron, Rhododendron macrophyllum D. Don ex G. Don.

Sampling Methods.—Sampling procedures used in this study were similar to

those of Mason (1992). A total of eight sites in each of the geographic provinces

were sampled on two dates between Jun and Aug 1992 approximately one month

apart. The timing of sampling was selected to coincide with the period of maxi-

mum density and diversity of spider populations (Uetz 1979, Hatley & MacMahon

1980, Dodbel et al. 1990). On each collecting date, all provinces were sampled

within a two-week period. A total of fifty sapling Douglas-fir trees were randomly

selected for sampling at each of the sites. On each tree, 45-cm-long tips of three

branches selected from the lower third of the canopy were sampled by beating

over a hand-held drop cloth (Paul 1979). Sampling of the lower canopy was

assumed to provide a good estimate of the structure of the spider community

throughout the whole canopy. It has been shown that the relative abundance and

density of spiders in Douglas-fir remains fairly constant in relation to the height

of the canopy (Fichter 1984, Voegtlin 1982, Moldenke, unpublished data).

Spiders dislodged onto the drop cloth were collected using a portable vacuum

(Paul & Mason 1985) and preserved in 75% ethanol. Ten trees were sampled

1996 HALAJ ET AL.: ARBORAL SPIDERS ON DOUGLAS-FIR 19

before emptying the vacuum, resulting in five 30-branch samples from each site.

In the laboratory, spiders were sorted and identified. The identifications of spec-

imens were based mostly on taxonomic keys in Roth (1985) and Moldenke et al.

(1987). The densities of spiders were calculated as numbers of individuals per m7?

of branch area (Mason 1992).

Data Analyses. —Mean arthropod densities and ratios of web-spinning to hunt-

ing spider densities were compared among the three provinces by a one-way

analysis of variance (ANOVA). Differences in spider densities and diversity be-

tween the two sampling dates were tested using a paired f-test. In order to satisfy

the assumption of equal variance in ANOVA, mean arthropod densities and ratios

of spider guilds were transformed to their natural logarithms (In) before analyses.

Back-transformed values and 95% CI are reported here. Means were compared

and separated by Fisher’s protected least significant difference (LSD) test (Steel

& Torrie 1980). Diversity of spider populations was determined individually for

each of the sites using the Shannon diversity index (H’) (Pielou 1975). The pa-

rameter of evenness (J’) of this index which measures the equitability of abundance

of individual taxa in the sample was calculated. J’ ranges between O and 1 with

the value of | characteristic of hypothetical communities with an equal abundance

of all taxa. Similarity of spider populations among the provinces was determined

using the Sorensen similarity index (C,) (Southwood 1992).

Differences in spider diversity and evenness among the provinces were tested

by ANOVA and means were compared and separated by Fisher’s protected LSD.

All statistical analyses were performed using SAS computer programs (SAS In-

stitute 1985).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Absolute Densities of Spiders.—Statistical analyses revealed significant differ-

ences in mean spider densities (total) among the three provinces on both sampling

dates (F = 28.59; df = 2, 21; P < 0.0001; and F = 5.02; df = 2, 21; P < 0.01).

In June, mean spider densities were significantly higher in the eastern Coast Range

compared with the other two regions which had similar densities (Fig. 1). In late

July—-early August, mean spider densities in both Coast Range regions were not

significantly different and spider densities in the eastern Coast Range were sig-

nificantly higher than those in the western Cascade Range (Fig. 1). Mean spider

densities ranged from 4.6 to 16.7 individuals per m? of branch area similar to

those found by Mason (1992) on true fir and Douglas-fir in eastern Oregon and

by Jennings & Dimond (1988) on balsam fir, Abies balsamea (Linnaeus) Miller,

and spruces, Picea spp., in east-central Maine. Some factors that may influence

spider abundance include tree density, type and abundance of associated vege-

tation, abundance of potential prey organisms, patterns of air movement, and

climate. Significant differences in spider densities among the provinces may have

been caused by natural variation in the structure of branches and foliage (Gun-

narsson 1988, 1990). In addition, we observed an increased abundance of her-

baceous and shrub vegetation at the Coast Range sites in comparison with the

Cascade Range sites. Further, the ground cover communities in the Coast Range

sites were dominated by dense, structurally more complex, patches of salmonberry

and Gaultheria, whereas the sites in the Cascade Range were mostly covered with

patches of architecturally simpler bracken fern and rhododendron.

20 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

[ _]June

VN uly—August

RNOW

ROH

Number per m2Z branch area

W-—Coast E—Coast W—Cascade

Ranges Range Range

Figure 1. Mean spider densities (+ 95% CI) per m? of Douglas-fir branch area in three geographic

provinces in western Oregon. Bars with the same letters are not significantly different (P = 0.05).

There was a significant increase in spider densities between the first and second

sampling dates (t = 7.53; df = 23; P < 0.0001) (Fig. 1). Although the small number

of collecting dates in our study limits temporal analysis of trends in the spider

populations, we suspect that the increase in spider densities can be attributed to

the hatch of eggs laid in the early summer by individuals overwintering as im-

matures (Loughton et al. 1963). This assumption is supported by an increased

number of immature individuals (over 70% of total spiders) in the later samples.

Spider Diversity and Guild Composition. — A total of 7693 spiders of 15 families,

46 genera, and at least 62 species were collected from the foliage of Douglas-fir

in western Oregon. Our data are comparable to those of Turnbull (1956) who

collected 75 species of spiders representing 15 families from Douglas-fir foliage

in British Columbia, Canada. Mason (1992) collected spiders from 11 families

on Douglas-fir and true fir branches in interior Pacific Northwest forests. We

recorded about twice the number of genera and species collected on balsam fir

and spruces from east-central Maine (Jennings & Dimond 1988).

Analyses of variance indicated significant differences in spider diversity (H’)

among the provinces in June reflecting a higher diversity in the western Coast

Range and western Cascade Range provinces compared with the eastern Coast

Range province (F' = 9.32; df= 2,21; P < 0.01)(Table 1). No significant differences

were detected in late July-early August (F = 0.20; df = 2,21; P > 0.80). There

were significant differences in the evenness component of diversity (J') among the

provinces in June (F = 9.86; df = 2,21; P < 0.01), but not in late July—early

August (F = 0.06; df = 2,21, P > 0.90) (Table 1).

1996 HALAJ ET AL.: ARBORAL SPIDERS ON DOUGLAS-FIR 21

Table 1. Mean values (SEM) of the Shannon diversity index (H’) and evenness (J’) for spider

samples collected in western Oregon, 1992.

June Late July—-early August

Province n H’ J H’ J’

W—Coast Range 8 2.43 (0.02)a 0.86 (0.0l)a 2.28 (0.08)a 0.74 (0.02)a*

E—Coast Range 8 2.19 (0.10)b 0.71 (0.03)b 2.41 (0.04)a 0.77 (0.01)a

W—Cascade Range 8 2.32 (0.05)ab 0.83 (0.01)a 2.25 (0.06)a 0.75 (0.02)a*

4 Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05).

* Denotes a significant difference between two collecting dates (P = 0.05).

Significant differences in the evenness (J’) and diversity (H’) among the prov-

inces in June reflected a build up in the relative abundance of the Erigonidae

detected in the eastern Coast Range. In addition, a significant drop in the evenness

between June and late July—-early August in the western Coast and Cascade Ranges

(t = 5.87; df = 7; P < 0.001 and t = 3.58; df = 7; P = 0.009, respectively) can

be attributed to an increase in the relative abundance of the Linyphiidae and

Salticidae, respectively, in samples from these provinces. All three families were

dominated by only a few species comprising over 95% of individuals (see below).

Overall, relatively low values of evenness in our samples indicate an unequal

abundance of species reflecting the presence of a few dominant species. These

results are generally consistent with those of Mason (1992) who compared spider

community structure at the family level among geographic regions of the interior

Pacific Northwest. He found that a few families were dominant in each region,

but individuals of most families were present in low numbers. Similarly, Turnbull

(1966) recorded only a few spider species represented by a large number of in-

dividuals and the majority of species represented by a few individuals 1n a pasture

community in Ontario, Canada.

On both collecting dates, all three provinces were similar in terms of their

species composition. A slightly greater similarity was detected between both Coast

Range provinces in June and late July-early August (0.70 and 0.80, respectively)

(Table 2). In addition, relatively low values of C, between the two collecting dates

in each of the provinces (0.67, 0.75 and 0.69) indicate substantial temporal changes

in the species composition of spider populations (Table 2).

Spiders were divided into two functional guilds based on their foraging strat-

egies; web-spinners and hunters. Relative abundance of these two functional cat-

egories of spiders is often used to describe spider communities (Loughton et al.

1963, Fichter 1984, Jennings & Dimond 1988, Mason 1992). On both sampling

dates, the ratios of web-spinning to hunting spiders differed significantly among

the provinces (F = 13.23; df = 2,21; P < 0.001 and F = 23.24; df = 2,21; P <

0.0001, respectively). In general, the abundance of web-spinning spiders relative

to hunting spiders declined with distance from the coast (Fig. 2). On both sampling

dates, web-spinners were 1.4 to 2.3 times more abundant than hunters in both

regions of the Coast Range. In contrast, hunters were more abundant than web-

spinners in the western Cascade Range. Mason (1992) and Turnbull (1956) both

reported a higher abundance of hunting spiders relative to web-spinners on Doug-

las-fir in interior Pacific Northwest forests.

Table 2. Values of the Sorensen similarity index (C,) for spider samples collected in western Oregon, 1992.

June Late July—-early August

Province ~ W—Coast Range +~=E—CoastRange | W—CascadeRange | W—CoastRange | E—CoastRange | W—Cascade Range

June

W— Coast Range 1.00

E— Coast Range 0.70 1.00

W— Cascade Range 0.63 0.63 1.00

July—August

W —Coast Range 0.67 0.74 0.63 1.00

E—Coast Range 0.63 0.75 0.65 0.80 1.00

W—Cascade Range 0.55 0.69 0.69 0.74 0.78 1.00

LSIDOTOWOLNG OIIOVd-NVd AHL

(DZL TOA

1996 HALAJ ET AL.: ARBORAL SPIDERS ON DOUGLAS-FIR 23

[| June

Wii, Suly- August

Ratio

W-Coast E—Coast W-—Cascade

Range Range Range

Figure 2. Average ratios (+ 95% CI) of web-spinning to hunting spiders in three geographic

provinces in western Oregon. Bars with the same letters are not significantly different (P = 0.05).

Spider Families and Dominant Species. Among the web-spinners, the Liny-

phiidae, Erigonidae and Araneidae combined were the principal families in all

three provinces comprising over 74% of the spiders in this guild (Fig. 3). These

were followed in abundance by the Theridiidae and Tetragnathidae. The Dictyn-

idae and Uloboridae comprised <1% of all spiders collected in this guild. Com-

pared with similar data from the interior Pacific Northwest (Mason 1992) the

Linyphiidae and Erigonidae were much more abundant and the Dictynidae were

much less abundant in our samples.

The Linyphiidae in all three provinces were dominated by Pityohyphantes rub-

rofasciatus Keyserling and Pityohyphantes costatus (Hentz); less abundant but

fairly common was Gnathantes ferosa Chamberlin & Ivie. Among the erigonids,

Ceraticelus atriceps (O. P.-Cambridge) and Ceraticelus vesperus Chamberlin &

Ivie were the most common species. In addition, Spirembolus mundus Chamberlin

& Ivie and Erigone denticulata Chamberlin & Ivie were frequently collected in

the western Coast Range. The theridiids were dominated by Dipoena nigra (Emer-

ton), Theridion simile C. L. Koch, Theridion neomexicanum Banks, Theridion

sexpunctatum Emberton, and Theridion differens Emerton. Araniella displicata

(Hentz) and Cyclosa conica (Pallas) were the most common araneid species.

The guild of hunting spiders was similar to that described by Turnbull (1956)

and Mason (1992). The Salticidae and Philodromidae were dominant hunters

composing over 75% of the spiders in this guild (Fig. 3). The salticids alone

represented about 50% of hunting spiders (Fig. 3). Metaphidippus aeneolus Curtis,

a species common throughout coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest (Mol-

24 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

100% 100% AT B

80 80 FS - Ly

70 70 ca oi ate

60 60 He ot

50 50 ae

40 40 ES - st

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0

W-Coast E—Coast W—Cascade W-Coast E—Coast W—Cascade

Range Range Range Range Range Range

Figure 3. Relative abundance of individual spider families in the guild of web-spinners (A) and

hunters (B) in combined samples from both collection dates in three geographic provinces. Family

abbreviations are: ER, Erigonidae; SL, Salticidae;, LI, Linyphiidae; AR, Araneidae; PH, Philodromidae;

TR, Theridiidae; TE, Tetragnathidae; CL, Clubionidae; AN, Anyphaenidae; TO, Thomisidae; OX,

Oxyopidae; DI, Dictynidae; GN, Gnaphosidae; UL, Uloboridae; LY, Lycosidae.

denke et al. 1987), was the most common jumping spider in our samples. The

Philodromidae was dominated by Philodromus rufus pacificus Banks and Phil-

odromus spectabilis Keyserling. In contrast to the previous studies in interior

forests, our samples from western Oregon contained higher numbers of nocturnal

hunters like the Clubionidae and Anyphaenidae. This was particularly true in the

western Coast Range where clubionids alone comprised about 20% of the hunting

spiders (Fig. 3). Both families include hunting spiders that forage at night, mostly

on grasses and deciduous shrubs but which stray to tree canopies. The higher

abundance of these spiders in western Oregon may reflect more diverse habitats

with a rich layer of ground vegetation. The Oxyopidae, classified together with

salticids as agile hunters, were primarily limited to the Cascade Range, almost

completely lacking in samples from the Coast Range (Fig. 3).

The abundance of web-spinners in the Coast Range may be attributed to several

factors. For sit-and-wait predators, such as web-spinning spiders, the location of

a suitable site is critical to their success (Turnbull 1973, Riechert and Gillespie

1986). Robinson (1981) demonstrated experimentally that web-spinning spiders

prefer more complex substrates that provide a greater number of points of at-

tachment for web construction. Similarly, Chew (1961) postulated that a low

density of shrubs providing less opportunities for web construction was among

the factors responsible for under-representation of web-spinning spiders in a desert

community. The abundance of a more diverse vegetation at the coast sites would

add structural complexity to young conifer plantations possibly improving the

habitat for web-spinning spiders. Further, Scheidler (1990) observed in Germany

that about 70% of spiders inhabiting herbaceous vegetation in forest clearings

were web-spinning spiders dominated by linyphiids. This might explain the dom-

inance of this group in our samples.

1996 HALAJ ET AL.: ARBORAL SPIDERS ON DOUGLAS-FIR 25

In addition, the more consistent air movement near the coast may facilitate

dispersal of these spiders and thus their movement from the herbaceous and shrub

layers to tree canopies. Because of the sit-and-wait foraging strategy of these

spiders, numbers of prey coming into contact with the web is a limiting factor.

The regular air movements in coastal areas may increase the prey supply and,

consequently, affect the suitability of the site.

In summary, our data show that spider communities of western Oregon are

similar in terms of their species composition but significant differences exist in

the absolute density and relative abundance of individual species and families.

There is an increase in web-spinning spiders relative to hunters in forests closer

to the coast. Climatically, all three provinces are very similar, with slightly lower

annual temperatures in the western Cascades reflecting the higher elevation of the

study sites in this province.

Our assessment of the habitat quality indicates that both coast provinces were

characterized by denser and structurally more complex patches of ground vege-

tation which may be partly responsible for the observed differences. In addition,

microclimate conditions at the site or local abundance of prey organisms may be

equally important in determining the structure of spider communities. More re-

search is needed to describe the composition and temporal changes of spider

communities in this region and to experimentally assess the relative importance

of the habitat structure, prey availability and climatic factors in the biology of

these predators.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We thank D. T. Jennings (University of Maine, Orono) for identification of

spider taxa collected in June 1992 and John D. Lattin and David A. Perry (Oregon

State University, Corvallis) for their constructive comments on an early draft of

the manuscript. This research was supported, in part, by funds provided by the

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Re-

search Station.

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Dahlsten, D. L., R. F. Luck, E. I. Schlinger, J. M. Wenz & W. A. Copper. 1977. Parasitoids and

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299-320.

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Univ. Spec. Rep. No. 913.

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at Lillooet, B. C., Canada. pp. 1579-1593. In Proc. 8th Pac. Sci. Congr. vol. 3a.

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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(1): 27-30, (1996)

HYMENOPTERA REARED FROM

PLAGIOTROCHUS SUBERI

(HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE) GALLS IN CALIFORNIA

ROBERT L. ZUPARKO

Laboratory of Biological Control, University of California, Berkeley,

1050 San Pablo Avenue, Albany, California 94706

Abstract.—Nine species of Hymenoptera were reared from stem galls induced by Plagiotrochus

suberi Weld on Quercus suber L. in Albany, California. The most numerous species reared was

P. suberi, but Euderus crawfordi Peck was the most common parasitoid reared. Other species

reared were: Aprostocetus pattersonae (Fullaway), A. sp. nr. verrucarii (Balduf), Acaenacis taciti

(Girault), Sycophila wiltzae (Balduf), Sycophila sp. possibly foliatae (Ashmead), Brasema sp. and

Ceraphron sp. The rearings of all parasitoids (except E. crawfordi and S. wiltzae) constitute new

host records. All described parasitoid species are native to North America and represent new

associations with the introduced P. suberi.

Key Words. —Insecta, Plagiotrochus suberi, Quercus suber, Euderus crawfordi, new associations,

parasitoids

Plagiotrochus suberi Weld (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) was first described by

Weld (1926) from specimens collected in California. It is restricted to cork oak

(Quercus suber L.) and it produces intrinsic stem galls on the twigs, occasionally

resulting in economic damage (Essig 1943). Weld (1926) suggested the cynipid

was a native Nearctic species that shifted hosts when cork oaks were introduced

from Europe, but Kinsey (1935) disagreed and considered it to be the agamic

form of some unspecified European species. The latter view was confirmed when

P. suberi was found in Switzerland in 1957 and in Portugal in 1963 (Bailey &

Stange 1966). It has since been reported from Argentina (Diaz 1972).

The biology of P. suberi was reported by Bailey & Stange (1966) based on studies

in Davis, California. The only parasitoid they found associated with P. suberi was

Euderus crawfordi Peck (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).

The presence of P. suberi on cork oaks at our experiment station provided an

opportunity to study the guild of Hymenoptera associated with the galls. This

paper reports the species of Hymenoptera reared, and their relative abundance

and chronology of emergence.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two Q. suber trees located at the University of California, Berkeley’s Gill Tract

in Albany, California were sampled from 1992-1994. All samples were randomly

chosen from the distal ends of branches accessible from the ground or a 3 m

stepladder. Twigs with swellings or emergence holes were broken into pieces about

7.5 cm long and placed in shell vials stoppered with cotton. These twigs ranged

from 1.5—8 mm in width, and emergence holes were noted in twigs that were 2-

8 mm wide.

In 1992 about 100 twigs were collected on 5 May; these were held inside at

room temperature until 9 May 1993. The trees were sampled eight times (every

1-2 weeks) between 24 Feb and 14 May 1993. Approximately 10-20 twigs were

28 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

Table 1. Number of adult Hymenoptera emerging from Quercus suber twigs, collected in Albany,

California, 1992-1994.

Date of emergence

"27Mar- 1May- 8May—- ~—s«215 May-—-22 May-__29 May

Year Species 30 Apr 7 May 14 May 21 May 28 May 16 Jul Total

19922 P. suberi —4 _ +++ +++ + 0 ca. 150

E. crawfordi — _ 33 9 5 2 49

Other species — — 0 0 3 10 13

1993> P. suberi 0 if: 24 53 29 by 115

E. crawfordi 8 1 3 3 3 3 21

Other species 9 0 0 0 1 1 11

1994¢ P. suberi 0 1 10 10 49 96 166

E. crawfordi 59 13 15 5 5 15 112

Other species 29 1 7 0 3 8 48

4From 100 twigs, collected on 5 May, 1992.

> From ca. 120 twigs, collected 24 Feb-14 May, 1993.

° From 1809 twigs, collected 27 Jan—26 May, 1994.

4 — = not sampled; +++ = many; + = few.

collected each time. In 1994, 10 twigs were collected once per week from 27 Jan

to 26 May (18 total samples). The 1993 and 1994 samples were held outside,

shaded from direct sunlight, until 30 July of each year. The number, sex and dates

of emergence of adults were recorded for all species (except in 1992, when numbers

of P. suberi were only estimated).

RESULTS

In all years P. suberi was the most common species reared, its 400+ adults

accounting for about 63% of all emergents (Table 1). The chronology of P. suberi

emergence was similar each year, peaking in May. No cynipids emerged from

samples collected in February or March. The earliest emergence in any season

was on 2 May 1994, and the latest on 16 Jun 1994. Only females were found.

The exact number ofadults emerging from each twig was not recorded, but samples

collected in April or May produced an approximate mean number of 1.5 adults

per twig in 1992, 1.53 in 1993, and 2.08 in 1994. The highest rate was 8.2 adults

per twig, from a sample collected in mid-May 1994.

Euderus craw fordi was the most common parasitoid reared, representing 23%

of all emergents in 1992, 14% in 1993 and 34% in 1994. In 1992, emergence by

this species peaked in the first half of May. In 1993, low numbers emerged steadily

throughout the spring with no distinct peak, and in 1994, emergence peaked in

mid-April. This was the only species reared from twigs collected during all 26

sampling periods in 1993 and 1994. One female emerged from a twig over 5

months after collection (27 Jan to 6 Jun 1994), and one male emerged over 4

months later (3 Feb to 14 Jun 1994).

Nine Aprostocetus pattersonae (Fullaway) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) emerged

in June 1992 and two in July 1994. This species emerged only from twigs collected

in May. Eight A. sp. nr. verrucarii (Balduf) were reared in April 1993 (twigs

collected from March-April) and 31 from April-May 1994 (collected January-—

April).

1996 ZUPARKO: PLAGIOTROCHUS SUBERI PARASILOIDS 29

Three females and one male Acaenacis taciti (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Pter-

omalidae) were reared in May 1992, and a single male in June 1993 (collected in

May). A male Brasema sp. (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) emerged in May 1993

(collected in May), and two females and nine males in May-June 1994 (collected

from January—May). In 1994, two female and one male Sycophila wiltzae (Balduf),

and a female Sycophila sp. possibly foliatae (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Eurytom-

idae) were reared in May (all collected in May). A single Ceraphron sp. female

(Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae) emerged in April 1993.

DISCUSSION

The emergence pattern of P. suberi reported here agrees with that reported by

Bailey & Stange (1966). The absence of cynipid emergence from the samples

collected in February and March is probably due to larval mortality brought about

by the removal of the twigs from the trees. This species pupates in April, after

which any change in its substrate would have a decreased impact.

Bailey & Stange (1966) calculated that the average number of twig wasp exit

holes over 7 years ranged from 0.4 to 3.0 per linear cm of twig. From twigs

collected in April or May, I reared approximately 0.2 to 0.3 P. suberi adults per

cm. Two factors help explain this discrepancy. First, Bailey & Stange may have

overestimated P. suwberi numbers if they did not distinguish exit holes made by

E. crawfordi. Second, my methods underestimate P. suberi, because additional

adults might have emerged prior to collection, or died without emerging due to

trauma caused by the breaking of the twig. The density of exit holes I observed

in this study appeared similar to that pictured in Figure 4 of Bailey & Stange

(1966).

Albany may also have a higher parasitoid population than Davis. Bailey &

Stange (1966) noted that E. crawfordi reached “high numbers” in one tree, but

appeared to be of little importance in limiting the cynipid’s populations. In the

present study, the ratio of emergent E. craw fordi to P. suberi reached 1:3 in 1992,

and 2:3 in 1994.

Euderus crawfordi is known only from California and Arizona, and its only

other recorded host is Dryocosmus coxii (Bassett) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

(Yoshimoto 1971). Dryocosmus coxii 1s closely related to P. suberi and produces

stem galls on Quercus emoryi Torrey and Q. hypoleuca Engelmann in Arizona

and New Mexico (Burks 1979). The parasitoid may have moved over onto P.

suberi when the latter was introduced through the planting of Q. suber in the

southwestern United States. Although I made no direct observations of parasit-

ization, the emergence pattern and relatively high numbers of FE. craw fordi support

its characterization as a primary parasitoid.

Both Aprostocetus species belong to the subgenus Quercastichus LaSalle, which

is known only from cynipid galls on oaks in North America (LaSalle 1994).

Sycophila wiltzae was reared from undetermined galls on Q. suber in San Jose in

1918 (Balduf 1932). The cynipids issuing from this material (= Hopkins U.S. No.

15608a) were eventually determined to be P. suberi (Weld 1926). Sycophila wiltzae

has also been reared from Andricus wiltzae Fullaway galls on Q. /obata Nee (Balduf

1932). The second Sycophila species resembles S. foliatae, which has been reared

from four genera of gall-forming cynipids on oaks in the eastern United States

(Burks 1979).

30 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

The rearings reported here represent new host associations for both Aprostocetus

species, A. taciti, Sycophila sp., Braesma sp. and Ceraphron sp.

Plagiotrochus suberi is uncommon in Europe: although its sole known host is

native there, the cynipid was unknown there until 39 years after its description

in the New World (Bailey & Stange 1966). In contrast, the cynipid is common

throughout California (Essig 1943). This is a relatively recent introduction, with

the first collection made in 1918 (Weld 1926). In 1966, Bailey & Stange noted

that Q. suber in Davis had appeared to be pest-free since about 1930, but “in

recent years’” had begun to deteriorate due to the cynipid’s activity. They con-

cluded that E. crawfordi does not provide control of P. suberi.

Although the endemic natural enemy complex appears to be better-developed

in Albany than in Davis, the cynipid is still very numerous here. There are also

no records of natural enemies of P. suberi from Europe. This does not necessarily

indicate an absence of such organisms, but more likely is a reflection of the relative

scarceness of the cynipid itself.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Determinations were made by Kathy Schick (Plagiotrochus) and Dr. Steve

Heydon (Acaenacis), University of California, Davis, Dr. Michael Schauff (Eu-

derus) and Dr. Eric Grissell (Sycophila), Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Ag-

ricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Dr. John LaSalle

(Aprostocetus), International Institute of Entomology (London), and Dr. Gary

Gibson (Braesma), Agriculture Canada (Ottawa). I am also grateful to Dr. Leo

Caltagirone and Dr. Ken Hagen of U.C. Berkeley for their comments on and

insights into this study, and to the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful

comments improving the ms.

LITERATURE CITED

Bailey, S. F. & L. A. Stange. 1966. The twig wasp of cork oak—its biology and control. J. Econ.

Entomol., 59: 663-668.

Balduf, W. V. 1932. Revision of the chalcid flies of the tribe Decatomini (Eurytomidae) in America

north of Mexico. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 79: 1-95.

Burks, B. D. 1979. Families Eurytomidae and Cynipidae. pp. 835-860; 1060-1107. Jn Krombein,

K. V., P. D. Hurd Jr., D. R. Smith & B. D. Burks (eds.). 1979. Catalog of Hymenoptera in

America north of Mexico, vol. 1. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Diaz, N. B. 1972. Una nueva plaga del alcornoque en la Republica Argentina. Rev. Soc. Entomol.

Argentina, 34: 85-88.

Essig, E.O. 1943. The cork oak cynipid in California. J. Econ. Entomol., 36: 123-24.

Kinsey, A. C. 1935. The economic importance of the Cynipidae. J. Econ. Entomol., 28: 86-91.

LaSalle, J. 1994. North American genera of Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). J. Nat. Hist.,

28: 109-236.

Weld, L. H. 1926. Field notes on gall-inhabiting cynipid wasps with descriptions of new species.

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 68: 1-131.

Yoshimoto, C. M. 1971. Revision of the genus Euderus of America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera:

Eulophidae). Can. Entomol. 103: 541-578.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(1): 31-36, (1996)

SUITABILITY OF A NON-HOST PALO VERDE FOR

DEVELOPMENT OF STATOR LIMBATUS (HORN)

(COLEOPTERA; BRUCHIDAE) LARVAE

CHARLES W. Fox, AMy D. HARBIN, AND TIMOTHY A. MOUSSEAU

Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina,

Columbia, South Carolina 29208

Abstract.—In the southwestern United States, there are five species of palo verdes (Cercidium

and Parkinsonia sp.; Fabaceae). Stator limbatus (Horn), a seed beetle, has been reared from four

of these: Cercidium floridum (Benth.), C. microphyllum (Torr.) Rose & Johnst., Parkinsonia

aculeata Linnaeus, and P. macra (Johnst.). However, despite extensive collections in North and

Central America, S. /imbatus has never been reared from P. texana (A. Gray) S. Watson. We

tested the suitability of P. texana as a host for a Texas population of S. /imbatus. Survivorship

of S. limbatus on P. texana was high relative to the other palo verde species (except for C.

microphyllum, on which survivorship was also high). Development time and body weight of

emerging adults on P. texanawere each approximately intermediate between those on C. floridum

and P. aculeata (on which beetles developed slowly and emerged small) and C. microphyllum

(on which beetles developed rapidly and became large adults). These data indicate that P. texana

is a suitable host for S. Jimbatus and that, relative to other species of palo verde (except C.

micro phyllum), P. texana is a high-quality host. However, our study examines only the suitability

of these palo verdes as hosts for S. /imbatus in a controlled laboratory experiment. We discuss

other hypotheses that may explain why P. texana is not used by S. Jimbatus in nature.

Key Words.—Cercidium, diet breadth, Fabaceae, host range, Parkinsonia

Most herbivorous insects feed on few of the plant taxa available to them (Fox

& Morrow 1981). It is often observed, however, that herbivores develop very

well, or even better, on plants they will not oviposit or feed upon than on plants

they regularly use (Dethier 1954, Waldbauer 1962). Stator limbatus (Horn) (Co-

leoptera: Bruchidae) is a generalist seed beetle that uses >50 host plants in its

large geographic range (from northern South America to the southwestern United

States; Johnson & Kingsolver 1976, Johnson et al. 1989). In the southwestern

United States, there are five species of palo verdes (Isley 1975), and S. limbatus

has been reared from four of these: Cercidium floridum (Benth.), C. microphyllum

(Torr.) Rose & Johnst. Parkinsonia aculeata Linnaeus, and P. macra (Johnst.)

(Johnson & Kingsolver 1976, Nilsson & Johnson 1993). However, despite exten-

sive collections in North and Central America, S. /imbatus has never been collected

on or reared from Parkinsonia texana (A. Gray) S. Watson (Nilsson & Johnson

1993, C. W. Fox, unpublished observation), although other insects, such as Mi-

mosestes amicus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) have been reared from both P.

texana and other palo verde species (Nilsson & Johnson 1993). Here, we test the

suitability of P. texana as a host for a Texas population of S. limbatus. We find

that P. texana is indeed a suitable host for S. /imbatus. We speculate on numerous

hypotheses to explain the failure of S. /imbatus to use P. texana as a host plant,

andalso speculate whether, despite an inability to collect S. /imbatus on this plant,

P. texana is actually a host for this beetle.

32 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Stator limbatus for these experiments were collected from >50 Acacia greggii

A. Gray (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) plants along a ~ 30 km stretch of Hwy 90, just

south of Van Horn, Texas. Beetles were collected by picking mature pods from

A. greggii. These pods were transferred to the lab, and seeds containing beetles

were separated from uninfested seeds. We estimate that the laboratory population

was initiated with > 200 field collected individuals. Before initiating the laboratory

experiments, beetles were reared in the lab for one generation at 27° C, 24 h light,

on A. greggil.

Virgin female S. /imbatus, collected from isolated seeds <24 h after emergence,

were weighed and paired with a virgin male (also <24 h post-emergence). Each

pair was confined in a 30 mm plastic dish with 12 seeds of one of the following

species; C. floridum, C. microphyllum, P. aculeata, P. texana, or A. greggii. Al-

though A. greggii is not a palo verde (and is even in a different subfamily of the

Fabaceae), it was included here so that these data can be compared with previous

and future projects (e.g. Siemens & Johnson 1990; Siemens et al. 1991, 1992; Fox

et al. 1994, 1995).

Dishes were checked at 24 h intervals, and seeds bearing eggs were transferred

to clean dishes, until a female had laid an egg on each of >10 seeds. All eggs were

reared to adult at densities of one beetle per seed (additional eggs were scraped

from each seed), 27° C, constant light. Development time, body weight, and

survivorship were recorded for all offspring. Development time was estimated as

the time between egg-laying and adult emergence, and thus includes embryonic,

larval, and pupal development time. Emerging adults were weighed individually

on an electronic balance within 24 h of adult emergence.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As in other experiments examining S. /imbatus life history (Siemens & Johnson

1990; Siemens et al. 1991, 1992; Fox etal. 1994, 1995), survivorship on A. greggii

was very high relative to survivorship on the palo verde species (Table 1). Sur-

vivorship on P. texana, which has not been documented as a host for this beetle,

was also high compared to the other palo verdes (except for C. microphyllum, on

which survivorship was also high); beetles reared on C. floridum and P. aculeata

had much lower survivorship than beetles reared on P. texana. This is a surprising

result because C. floridum is heavily attacked by S. /imbatus in southern California

and Arizona (Mitchell 1977, Siemens & Johnson 1990), and females regularly lay

eggs on P. aculeata in California (where it has escaped from cultivation), Arizona

(where it is likely native in Yuma Co. and escaped from cultivation elsewhere)

and in Texas (where it is native throughout most of the state; Isley 1975), but S.

limbatus has never been reared from P. texana.

As previously demonstrated for C. floridum (Siemens et al. 1993; Fox et al.

1994, 1995), most of the mortality on each palo verde species occurred as larvae

penetrated the seed coat (except for mortality on C. microphyllum; Table 1). For

example, although egg-to-adult survivorship on P. aculeata was only 4.6 + 6.9%,

survivorship of larvae that successfully penetrated theseed coat was 77.3 + 34.4%.

Extractions from the seed coat applied to other host species suggest that mortality

on C. floridum is due largely to allelochemicals in the seed coat (Siemens et al.

1992). The high mortality of larvae entering P. aculeata and P. texana, relative

1996 FOX ET AL.: STATOR LIMBATUS HOST PLANTS 33

Table 1. Survivorship of Stator limbatus reared on five host plants. Males and females are lumped

because dead larvae could not be sexed. Values sharing the same letter (within columns) are not

statistically different (Mann-Whitney U-tests).

Host species n

Survivorship

Egg—adult Entering seed Within seed

Acacia greggii 28 0.93 + 0.14a 0.99 + 0.03a 0.94 + 0.14a

Cercidium floridum 31 0.25 + 0.21 0.35 + 0.23 0.67 + 0.31b

Cercidium microphyllum 29 0.89 + 0.18a 0.99 + 0.03a 0.89 + 0.18a

Parkinsonia aculeata 31 0.05 + 0.07 0.06 + 0.09 0.77 + 0.34ab

Parkinsonia texana 32 0.70 + 0.28 0.75 + 0.28 0.93 + O.lla

to mortality within these seeds and mortality entering other seed species, suggests

that P. aculeata and P. texana have similar seed defense mechanisms to those of

C. floridum, although those of P. texana are clearly less effective at preventing

damage to seeds than the defenses of C. floridum and P. aculeata.

The observed patterns of development time and body weight (Table 2) of

emerging beetles closely resembled those for survivorship: C. floridum and P.

aculeata were generally poor hosts for S. limbatus, while A. greggii and C. mi-

crophyllum were generally good hosts for S. limbatus. Development time and

body weight on P. texana were each approximately intermediate between those

on the poor and good hosts.

Our data thus indicate that P. texana is a suitable host for S. limbatus, and

that, relative to other species of palo verde, including C. floridum, which is heavily

attacked by S. /imbatus in Arizona, P. texana is a high-quality host. Nonetheless,

there is no evidence that this host is used by S. /imbatus in nature (Johnson &

Kingsolver 1976, Nilsson & Johnson 1993). However, our study examines only

the suitability of these palo verdes as hosts for S. /imbatus in a controlled labo-

ratory experiment. It is often observed that many herbivores develop very well

in the laboratory on plants that they will not use in nature (Dethier 1954; Wald-

bauer 1962; Wiklund 1974, 1975, 1982; Hsiao 1982; Thompson 1988), suggesting

that the selective environment influencing diet breadth evolution includes nu-

Table 2. Development time and body weight of Stator limbatus reared on five host plants. The

low sample sizes on Parkinsonia aculeata reflect very high mortality on this host, and thus few emerging

adults. Values sharing the same letter, with sexes, are not statistically different from each other (Mann-

Whitney U-tests).

Host species Sex n Development time (days) Body weight (mg)

Acacia greggii f 28 28.5 + 0.3a 3.13 + 0.04a

m pag 28.8 + 0.3a 3.45 + 0.07a

Cercidium floridum f 18 36.3 + 0.7b 2.74 + 0.08b

m 17 36.9 + 0.6b 3.03 + 0.14b

Cercidium microphyllum i px) 29.8 + 0.3c 3.64 + 0.05c

m 29 29.8 + 0.3c 3.80 + 0.06c

Parkinsonia aculeata f 7 36.0 + 1.3b 2.74 + 0.20a,b,d

m 3 36.7 + 2.2b 3.00 + 0.32a,b,d

Parkinsonia texana f 30 31.0 + 0.3d 3.00 + 0.06d

m 2H 31.1 + 0.3d 3.09 + 0.07b,d

34 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

Table 3. The mean size of seeds of Acacia greggii and the four palo verde species used in this

experiment (+ 1 SE).

Host species n Seed weight (mg)

Acacia greggii 150 187+ 5

Cercidium floridum 300 229'+ 2

Cercidium micro phyllum 201 156+2

Parkinsonia aculeata 150 99 +2

Parkinsonia texana 100 84+ 1

merous factors other than host suitability. Hypotheses proposed to explain this

imperfect relationship between host use and host suitability variously implicate

predators and parasitoids (Lawton & McNeill 1979, Bernays & Graham 1988),

plant apparency (Feeny 1976, Rhoades & Cates 1976), phenology (Tahvanainen

1983), abundance (Wiklund 1982), or reliability (predictability) (Futuyma 1976,

Cates 1981), and the interaction between plant chemistry and the neuro-physi-

ological capabilities of insects (Ehrlich & Raven 1964, Smiley 1978, Jermy 1984,

Fox & Lalonde 1993). Currently, there is insufficient data available to reject any

of the above hypotheses as explanations for S. /imbatus’s failure to use P. texana.

The small size of P. texana seeds relative to the other palo verde species (Table

3) does not likely prevent S. /imbatus from using this host. Although survivorship

was lower and surviving adults were slightly smaller when reared on P. texana

than when reared on either A. greggii or C. microphyllum (Table 2), beetles reared

on P. texana survived better and were of similar size to beetles reared on C.

floridum. Also, Mimosestes amicus (Horn), a seed beetle that is substantially larger

than S. /imbatus throughout most of its distribution (VW. amicus biomass >2 x

S. limbatus biomass), successfully uses P. texana in nature (Nilsson & Johnson

1993), although surviving M. amicus adults reared from P. texana are generally

much smaller than those reared from other hosts.

Possibly, beetles may ignore P. texana in favor of Acacia berlanderii Bentham,

which is interspersed with P. texana throughout southern Texas and is heavily

attacked by S. limbatus. Acacia berlanderii is closely related to A. greggii, and

thus survivorship on seeds of this host is likely high, such that it is a physiologically

more suitable host than P. texana. However, A. berlanderii pods dehisce early in

the year relative to P. texana, such that its seeds are not available after July,

whereas P. texanais available into late autumn. Our data suggest that S. limbatus

should use P. texana when A. berlanderii is not available. However, in field

collections we have found S. limbatus eggs on A. berlanderii seeds, but not on P.

texana seeds, even when the two species are within meters of each other (C. W.

Fox, personal observation).

Predation and parasitism may significantly influence the patterns of host use

by S. limbatus. For example, the parasitoid Uscana semifumipennis Girault (Hy-

menoptera: Trichogrammatidae) attacks eggs of S. limbatus on C. floridum in

Arizona (Siemens & Johnson 1992). Rates of parasitism may be affected by host

plant species, such that eggs laid on P. texana may have lower success than eggs

laid on alternative hosts due to parasitism of eggs and larvae, selecting for females

that avoid P. texana. However, mortality due to parasitism is density-dependant

on C. floridum (Siemens & Johnson 1992). If mortality due to parasitism on hosts

1996 FOX ET AL.: STATOR LIMBATUS HOST PLANTS 35

in southern Texas is also density-dependant, then P. texana would represent an

ecological escape from parasitoids (and possibly predators) because other S. /im-

batus are not currently using it.

Alternatively, we must acknowledge that, although S. /imbatus has not yet been

collected from P. texana, this shrub may actually be a host for S. /imbatus and

that more extensive collections may detect its use of this plant. However, even

if S. limbatus uses P. texana, the frequency of use is clearly very low; S. limbatus

is easily collected on Acacia species in southern Texas but, despite extensive

collections, has not been collected from P. texana. The above hypotheses proposed

to explain the absence of S. /imbatus on P. texana need also be considered to

explain the low frequency of use of this host, if indeed future surveys should

detect S. limbatus on P. texana.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We thank C. D. Johnson, L. A. McLennan, and K. J. Waddell for helpful

comments on this manuscript. G. Zigler provided housing while collecting beetles.

L. A. McLennan collected seed size data. Financial support was provided in part

by USDA/CSRS Grant no. 9301887 to T. A. Mousseau and an NSF post-doctoral

fellowship in environmental biology (DEB-9403244) to C. W. Fox.

LITERATURE CITED

Bernays, E. A. & M. Graham. 1988. On the evolution of host specificity in phytophagous arthropods.

Ecology, 69: 886-892.

Cates,R.G. 1981. Host plant predictability and the feeding patterns of monophagous, oligophagous,

and polyphagous insect herbivores. Oecologia, 48: 319-326.

Dethier, V. G. 1954. Evolution of feeding preferences in phytophagous insects. Evolution, 8:

33-54.

Ehrlich, P. R. & P. H. Raven. 1964. Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution. Evolution, 18:

586-608.

Feeny, P. P. 1976. Plant apparency and chemical defenses. Rec. Adv. Phytochem., 10: 1-40.

Fox, C. W. & R. G. Lalonde. 1983. Confusion of hosts and the evolution of insect diet breadths.

Oikos, 67: 577-581.

Fox, C. W, K. Waddell & T. A. Mousseau. 1994. Host-associated fitness variation in a seed beetle

(Coleoptera: Bruchidae): evidence for local adaptation to a poor quality host. Oecologia, 99:

329-336.

Fox, C. W., K. Waddell & T. A. Mousseau. 1995. Parental host plant affects offspring life histories

in a seed beetle. Ecology, 76: 402-411.

Futuyma, D. J. 1976. Food plant specialization and environmental predictability in Lepidoptera.

Am. Nat., 110: 285-292.

Hsiao, T. H. 1982. Geographic variation and host plant adaptation of the Colorado potato beetle.

pp. 315-324. In Visser, J. H. & A. K. Minks (eds.). Proceedings of the Sth International

Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships. Pudoc, Wageningen, the Netherlands.

Isley, D. 1975. Leguminosae of the United State. II. Subfamily Caesalpinioideae. Mem. N. Y. Bot.

Gard., 25: 1-228.

Jermy, T. 1984. Evolution of insect/host plant relationships. Am. Nat., 124: 609-630.

Johnson, C. D. & J. M. Kingsolver. 1976. Systematics of Stator of North and Central America

(Coleoptera: Bruchidae). U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull., 1537: 1-101.

Johnson, C. D., J. M. Kingsolver, & A. L. Teran. 1989. Sistematica del genero Stator (Insecta:

Coleoptera: Bruchidae) en Sudamerica. Opera Lilloana, 37: 1-105.

Lawton, J. H. & S. McNeill. 1979. Between the devil and the deep blue sea: on the problem of being

a herbivore. Symp. Brit. Ecol. Soc., 20: 223-224.

Mitchell, R. 1977. Bruchid beetles and seed packaging by Palo Verde. Ecology, 58: 644-651.

36 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

Nilsson, J. A. & C. D. Johnson. 1993. Laboratory hybridization of Stator beali and S. limbatus,

with new host records for S. Jimbatus and Mimosestes amicus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). South-

west. Natur., 38: 385-387.

Rhoades, D. F. & R. G. Cates. 1976. Toward a general theory of plant anti-herbivore theory. Rec.

Adv. Phytochem., 10: 168-213.

Siemens, D. H. & C. D. Johnson. 1992. Density-dependent egg parasitism as a determinant of clutch

size in bruchid beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Envir. Entomol., 21: 610-619.

Siemens, D.H., C.D. Johnson, and R.L. Woodman. 1991. Determinants of host range in bruchid

beetles. Ecology, 72: 1560-1566.

Siemens, D. H., C. D. Johnson, and K. V. Ribardo. 1992. Alternative seed defense mechanisms in

congeneric plants. Ecology, 73: 2152-2166.

Smiley, J. T. 1978. Plant chemistry and the evolution of host specificity: new evidence from Heli-

conius and Passiflora. Science, 201: 745-747.

Tahvanainen, J. 1983. The relationship between flea beetles and their cruciferous host plants: the

role of plant and habitat characteristics. Oikos, 40: 433-437.

Thompson, J. N. 1988. Evolutionary ecology ofthe relationship between oviposition preference and

performance of offspring in phytophagous insects. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 47: 3-14.

Waldbauer,G.P. 1962. The growth and reproduction of maxillectomized tobacco hornworms feeding

on normally rejected non-solanaceous host plants. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 54: 117-124.

Wiklund, C. 1974. Oviposition preferences in Papilio machaon in relation to the host plants of the

larvae. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 17: 189-198.

Wiklund, C. 1975. The evolutionary relationship between adult oviposition preferences and larval

host plant range in Papilio machaon. Oecologia, 18: 185-197.

Wiklund, C. 1982. Generalist vs. specialist utilization of host plants among butterflies. pp. 181-191.

In Visser, J. H. & A. K. Minks (eds.). Proceedings of the Sth International Symposium on

Plant-Insect Relationships. Wageningen, the Netherlands.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(1): 37-38, (1996)

Scientific Note

GNATHAMITERMES PERPLEX US (BANKS)

(ISOPTERA: TERMITIDAE): A NUISANCE STRUCTURAL

TERMITE PEST IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

The genus Gnathamitermes Light consists of four species (Weesner, F. M. 1970.

Biology of termites. Academic Press, New York. Vol. 2). These termites are

primarily of a southern Nearctic distribution and they occur largely in the south-

western United States and portions of Mexico. Two species, Gnathamitermes

perplexus (Light) and Gnathamitermes nigriceps (Light) were described from spec-

imens taken in western Mexico (Light, S. F. 1930. Univ. Cal. Pub. Ent., 5: 175-

214). Gnathamitermes tubiformans (Buckley) occurs in the arid and semiarid

regions of New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, and northern Mexico (Snyder, T. E. 1949.

Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 112; Allen, C. T., D. E. Foster & D. N. Ueckert. 1980.

Environ. Entomol., 9: 461-466). Gnathamitermes perplexus (Banks) occurs in

southern California, Nevada, Arizona, and Texas. In southern California, it occurs

Figure 1. Surface scarification of wood caused by Gnathamitermes per plexus.

38 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

in the coastal areas of San Diego County and inland in the arid and semiarid

desert regions of the southern portions of the state.

Gnathamitermes tubiformans has received attention because of its supposed

conflict with man in rangeland management for cattle production (Bodine, M. C.

& D. N. Ueckert. 1975. J. Range. Mgmt., 28: 353-358; Ueckert, D. N., M. C.

Bodine & B. M. Spears. 1976. Ecology, 57: 1273-1280; Allen, C. T., D. E. Foster

& D. N. Ueckert. 1980; Schaefer, D. A. & W. G. Whitford. 1981. Oecologia, 48:

277-283). Ecologists have attempted to assess its role in energy flow, nutrient

turnover, and nutrient cycling in desert ecosystems (Johnson, K. A. & W. G.

Whitford. 1975. Environ. Ent., 4: 66-70; Schaefer, D. A. & W. G. Whitford. 1979.

Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer., 60: 128; Schaefer & Whitford 1981).

Ecological data on the distribution, foraging behavior, and food preference of

G. perplexus are presented elsewhere (Light 1930; Light, S. F. 1934. Termites and

termite control. Univ. Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA; Weesner 1970; Haverty, M. L &

W. L. Nutting. 1975. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 68: 533-536; Haverty, M. IL & W.

L. Nutting. 1975. Environ. Ent., 4: 480-486). Gnathamitermes spp. were not

known to attack structures and they were considered to have no structural eco-

nomic significance (Light 1930, 1934).

On 26 Oct 1990, G. perplexus was found within a structure on Kalmia Street,

Murrieta, California where it created a nuisance problem and caused superficial

aesthetic damage. On 27 Sep 1994, it was discovered within a structure on west

Franklin Street, Lake Elsinore, California. At this location, G. perplexus caused

appreciable superficial scarification and aesthetic damage to baseboards, wall-

paper, drywall, ceiling tiles, and door frame moldings (Fig. 1).

Both of these infestations were of such intensity and persistence that it took

one complete subterranean termite treatment and several retreatments per prop-

erty to control them.

Gnathamitermes spp. were not previously reported to cause aesthetic damage

within structures. The two incidences reported here involving G. perplexus rep-

resent the first cases of a species of this genus entering structures and causing

nuisance problems and aesthetic damage.

Acknowledgment. —I thank John Chapman, Stoy Hedges, Rusty Bracho, and

Ken Hobbs for reading the manuscript and offering suggestions for improvement.

Hanif Gulmahamad, Terminix International, 9559 Center Avenue, Suite N.

Rancho Cucamonga, California, 917 30.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(1): 39-40, (1996)

Scientific Note

THE DISTRIBUTION OF AQUATIC HETEROPTERA

(NOTONECTIDAE) IN HAWAII

Lentic habitats on the main Hawaiian islands were sampled for hemipterans,

particularly backswimmers (Heteroptera: Notonectidae), during Jul and Aug 1991

and Aug 1992. The primary habitats were ponds, stock troughs (concrete and

metal), and cisterns associated with stock troughs. Sampling was conducted on

Hawaii, Oahu, and Maui in 1991 and 1992, and on Kauai in 1992. During the

course of the sampling effort, three species of notonectids were collected, two

previously known in Hawaii and a single specimen of a genus that had not been

reported for the State and the Western Hemisphere. This latter specimen has since

been reported in the literature (Polhemus, D. A. 1995. Bishop Museum Occasional

Papers, 42: 42-43).

Of the two species of notonectids that had been recorded from the state, Buenoa

pallipes (Fabr.) was recorded around the turn of the century (Zimmerman, E. C.

1948. Insects of Hawaii. Volume 3: Heteroptera. University of Hawaii), whereas

Notonecta indica L. is far more recent. This was the first collection of the third

species, Anisops kuroiwae Matsumura, in the Hawaiian Islands. It is entirely

possible that these species have colonized the islands as the result of human

activities, perhaps as eggs in aquatic plants used in the aquarium trade. Even so,

all but A. kuroiwae have successfully exploited available still-water habitats on

all major islands surveyed. In their successful colonization of various islands after

the initial event, man-aided or not, they owe no small debt to the presence of live

stock. Most of the localities where notonectids were found in 1991 and 1992 were

either ponds that had been augmented to hold more water for cattle or metal/

concrete/plastic stock troughs.

The single male specimen of A. kuroiwae was collected on Maui in 1991 (Pol-

hemus 1995) and is notable as it is the first confirmed record for the Western

Hemispere. The recorded distribution of this species extends from India through

Burma, mainland China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Iriomote Island, and Okinawa

Island (Brooks, G. T. 1951. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34: 301-519). Brooks (1951)

reports that this genus is restricted to the Eastern Hemisphere, with one “‘some-

what questionable” record from Unalaska, the only previous record from the

Western Hemisphere. It is impossible to tell if this record of Anisops from Hawaii

represents a colonization or a human mediated introduction. In either event, a

single male specimen was found and preserved in alcohol. Since this specimen

was collected, others have collected additional specimens of Anisops in two hab-

itats on the island of Lanai (D. A. Polhemus, personal communication).

Notonecta indica was collected on the islands of Hawaii, Oahu, and Maui in

1991 and 1992 (Polhemus 1995). None was found on Kauai in 1992. This species

was found in natural ponds and man-made habitats (metal or concrete stock

troughs). This species was abundant on the island of Hawaii in 1991 as hundreds

were observed in several ponds. These ponds were dry in 1992, but 8 adults and

40 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

numerous nymphs were collected from another pond not observed in 1991. Five

adults and 50 nymphs were taken from two stock troughs on Oahu in 1991. One

of the troughs remained in 1992 and numerous adults were observed. Numerous

stock troughs were sampled on Maui, west and south of Haleakala National Park,

each with adults and nymphs in both 1991 and 1992.

Buenoa pallipes was collected on the islands of Hawaiiin 1991, Oahu and Maui

in 1991 and 1992, and Kauai in 1992 (Polhemus 1995). On the island of Hawaii,

this species was found with N. indica in only one pond. Even though numerous

Notonecta were found in the stock troughs on this island, no Buenoa were found

in this habitat. This species was found in two locations on Oahu, near Puu O

Mahukona Heian State Monument, and Makakilo. The solitary specimen near

the Monument was collected in a shallow muddy pool just below the road from

the Monument. On Maui, specimens were collected from numerous stock tanks.

Aquatic habitats on Kauai were sampled onlyin 1992, and only Buenoa specimens

were found.

The solitary specimen of A. kuroiwae was collected in a concrete stock trough

on Maui along with 10 specimens of N. indica. The head and pronotum are

deposited in the entomological collection of the Bishop Museum, Honolulu as a

voucher specimen. The remainder of the specimen was used to obtain DNA for

molecular systematic studies of the Notonectidae.

Acknowledgment. —Two anonymous reviewers made helpful corrections to this

manuscript. Dan Polhemus assisted with the initial identification of the Anisops

specimen, and an anonymous reviewer clarified a synonomy.

Eric Larsen, Biology Department, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania

19085-1699.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(1): 41-42, (1996)

Scientific Note

NORTHERN RANGE EXTENSION FOR

HAEMATOSIPHON INODORUS (DUGES)

(HEMIPTERA: CIMICIDAE)

Herein we report the occurrence of a hematophagous ectoparasite, Haemato-

siphon inodorus (Dugés), in raptor nests and on nestlings at the Snake River Birds

of Prey National Conservation Area (NCA), near Kuna, Idaho. Commonly known

as the Mexican chicken bug, H. inodorus was previously reported south of 37°

latitude from western Oklahoma to southern California and south to central

Mexico (Usinger R. L. 1966. Monograph of Cimicidae. Horn Shafer Co., Balti-

more, Maryland). The presence of H. inodorus in southwestern Idaho (c. 43°10’

N, 116°30' W) represents a new northern latitudinal distribution and a range

extension of over 800 km from the nearest previously identified population (Red

Mountain, California).

We conducted reproductive surveys of prairie falcons (Falco mexicanus Schle-

gel) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos L.) from 1991-1994. We noticed an

increase from 1991 to 1992 in the number of ectoparasitized nests and in the

degree of infestation. Because we suspected that the bugs contributed to prairie

falcon nest failure in 1992 and 1993, we collected specimens for identification

from prairie falcon nestlings, from cavities in basalt cliffs used by nesting prairie

falcons, and from an active golden eagle nest. Cimicid bugs collected from seven

nests during the 1992-94 breeding seasons were subsequently identified as H.

inodorus and are in the possession of M. E. McFadzen.

Prairie falcons, golden eagles, and other raptor species, as well as California

condors (Gymnogyps californianus Shaw), turkey vultures (Cathartes aura Weid),

and domestic fowl, are known hosts of this ectoparasite (Grubb, T. G., W. L.

Eakle & B. N. Tuggle. 1986. J. Wild. Dis. 22: 125-127).

Since 1967, biologists have noted the presence of “‘bedbugs’ in raptor nests at

the NCA (M. Kochert, personal communication). More recently, cimicid bugs

collected from prairie falcon nests at the NCA were reported as Oeciacus vicarius

(Horvath), the cliff swallow bug (Sitter, G. 1983. M.S. Thesis. Univ. Idaho. Mos-

cow). Although active cliff swallow (Hirundo pyrrhonota Vieillot) colonies were

near some of the prairie falcon nests from which we obtained bug specimens, O.

vicarius was not found in any of our samples.

Little is known about the ecological impact of H. inodorus on raptors. However,

these parasites appear to have detrimentally influenced reproductive success. High

levels of H. inodorus in raptor nests have been blamed for nestling mortality

(Platt, S. W. 1975. Wilson Bull. 87: 557; Grubb et al. 1986; McFadzen, M. E. &

J. M. Marzluff, unpublished data) and for low nestling mass and hematocrit

(McFadzen, M. E. & J. M. Marzluff, unpublished data). Additionally, hemato-

phagous ectoparasites significantly increase costs associated with reproduction

(Moller, A. P. 1993. J. Anim. Ecol. 62: 309-322), which may consequently de-

crease fitness.

42 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

Record. —USA. Idaho. ADA CO.: nr Kuna, June/July 1992-94, M. E. McFadzen and M. S. Vekasy,

ex. prairie falcon and golden eagle nestlings and nests.

Acknowledgment. — Thanks are extended to Greenfalk Consultants and the Rap-

tor Research and Technical Assistance Center, U.S. National Biological Service,

Boise, Idaho, for providing field support, and to W. Hansen and A. Roe, Utah

State University, Logan, and D. Baker, University of California, Davis, for iden-

tification of some cimicid specimens. C. Schaefer, University of Connecticut,

Storrs, and J. M. Marzluff, Sustainable Ecosystems Institute, Boise, Idaho, pro-

vided helpful comments on the manuscript. This note is a result of a cooperative

research project between the U.S. Bureau of Land Management and the Idaho

Army National Guard. Funding for the work was provided by the Idaho Army

National Guard through the U.S. Army Chemical Research, Development, and

Engineering Center to Greenfalk Consultants, contract # DAAD 05-90-C-0135.

Mary E. McFadzen,!* Mark S. Vekasy,!? Theresa Y. Morishita,’ and John H.

Greve,’ /Greenfalk Consultants, 8300 Gantz Ave., Boise, Idaho, 83709. ?Present

address: 441 Thatcher St., Boise, Idaho, 83702. 7Department of Preventive Med-

icine, Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio, 43210-1092.

#Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 5001 1-

1250.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(1): 43-47, (1996)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 1990

FouR HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FOUTH MEETING

The 474th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held 19 January 1990 in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences with President Robert Dowell presiding.

The meeting was called to order and minutes of the 473rd meeting were read and accepted. Five new

members were proposed and accepted, 3 regular, 1 student and 1 sponsoring; Barbara Wilson, Shawn

O’Kief, Dr. Spangler, Glen Connor, and Bob Sautter.

Several announcement were made. Barbara Wilson announced that the California Department of

Health Services will have 2 vacancies to fill in their vector surveillance and control program, one in

Santa Rosa and one in Berkeley. She noted that an examination for the positions will be given no

later than June 1990, and that the state of California is an affirmative action employer. Dr. Dowell

announced that the next meeting will be on 23 February, at U.C. Berkeley. A map will appear in the

next Bits & PCES. The March meeting will be held on 16 March at U.C. Davis. The April meeting

will be held on 21 April at U.C. Berkeley and the program will be an “Old Timers Day.”

Kirby Brown showed several slides of a very attractive stellate scale, family Coccidae which arrived

in a shipment in Florida. President Dowell introduced the speaker for the evening. Dr. Jeffrey Granett,

chairman of the Department of Entomology at U.C. Davis. Dr. Granett’s presented an excellent slide

lecture titled ““Grape Phylloxera in California: No Sex in the Vineyard.” Dr. Granett’s talk covered

the pest status, biology, research and consequences of Phylloxera. Interestingly there are only females

present in California, no males. However, there are males present in other parts of the world such as

the eastern U.S. and Europe. Dr. Granett outlined two types of reproductive behavior, asexual if living

in the soil and sexual if living only on the leaves. Phylloxera is restricted to species of grapes. Under

stress the nymphs develops into the winged form and lay male and female eggs. The species native

to the eastern U.S, infects several species and forms galls on the leaves but the roots are fairly resistant.

In the European strain, the root is not resistant but the leaves are. A club shaped formation on the

roots near a feeding site is very characteristic. Galls on leaves form all over the plant and harm the

plant but do not kill it, but if the population size is large enough on the roots it will kill the plant. Dr.

Granett gave a detailed history of phylloxera’s arrival in Europe and North America and discussed

the ocurrance of two biotypes and several host races. Dr. Granett’s talk gave a interesting and ento-

mological glimpse of the trials and tribulations of the wine industry.

The meeting was adjorned at 9:10 PM. Refreshments were served in the Entomology Department

of the Academy.—L. S. Saul, Recording Secretary.

The following 36 persons were present. 29 members: K. W. Brown, F. E. Cave, D. K. Dabney, R.

V. Dowell, J. T. Doyen, J. G. Edwards, S. V. Fend, C. W. Fox, C. D. Franklin, N. E. Gershenz, D.

W. Gray, D. F. Gross, J. E. Hafernik Jr., K. S. Hagen, P. S. Johnson, B. Keh, R. L. Langston, V. F.

Lee, D. L. Mead, W. W. Middlekauff, R. L. Penrose, J. A. Powell, L. S. Saul, W. E. Savary, J. T.

Sorensen, R. E. Stecker, P. H. Sullivan, C. Y. Takahashi, R. L. Zuparko. 7 guests: E. Amdt, V. M.

Barlow, J. Carter, M. D. Hagen, K. Hobson, S. Renkes, | illegible signature.

FouR HUNDRED SEVENTY-FIFTH MEETING

The 475th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on Friday, 23 February

1990, in room 159, Mulford Hall at University of California Berkeley. The meeting was called to

order at 8:02 PM with President Robert Dowell presiding. The minutes of the 474th meeting were

read and accepted. David M. Pollack was proposed and accepted for student membership.

A motion to support the movement to designate the Monarch butterfly as the national insect of the

United States was proposed and accepted. Several announcements were made. Dr. Dowell announced

that the upcoming meeting will be on 16 March at U.C. Davis. A map will appear in the next Bits &

PCES. The speaker will be Dr. David Kistner giving a talk titled “Biological Glimpses of Australia.”

An unofficial announcement was made that there will be an Acarologist position opening at CDFA.

44 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

Rex Dufore, member of PCES and officer ofthe United Nations in Thailand says hello. Warren Savary

announced that Dr. Martin Muma, author of 195 papers passed away 1 December 1989. Harriet

Reinhard, long time butterfly enthusiast, is convalescing after surgery at Fairfield Convalescent Hos-

pital. The Xerces Society is looking for donations to publish a 45 page article by Harriet Reinhard

on “San Francisco Butterflies, Urban Survivors.” Historical records, food plants and current status

will be included. Anyone interested in making a donation should contact Melody Mackey Allen, 1050

SW Ash Street, Portland, Oregon 97204.

At 8:20 PM, Dr. Dowell introduced the speaker for the evening, Dr. John Hafernik, Professor of

Biology at San Francisco State University and past President of the Society. Dr. Hafernik gave a

fascinating slide lecture titled ““Mating Behavior of Jschnura Damselflies.” After a brief overview of

sexual selection theory was given. Dr. Hafernik discussed the natural history of five species of Ischnura

damselflies that occur in the Bay Area, Ischnura erratica, I. perparva, I. cervula, I. denticollis, and I.

gemina. Dr. Hafernik presented his research spanning the past 10 years on the mating behavior of

Ischnura gemina. His research concerned the variability of mating success of males versus females,

the effects of coloration on mortality and mating success and the ecological interactions that affect

mating systems in this genus.

The meeting was adjourned at 9:15 PM. Refreshments were served in the Entomology Museum in

Wellman Hall, U.C. Berkeley.—L. S. Saul, Recording Secretary.

The following 32 persons were present. 23 members: P. H. Arnaud Jr., L. G. Bezark, T. S. Briggs,

K. W. Brown, H. K. Court, R. V. Dowell, C. D. Franklin, D. W. Gray, D. F. Gross, A. Hom, N. N.

Hrebtov, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, W. A. Maffei, G. J. Mallick, N. D. Penny, K. J. Ribardo, R. G.

Robertson, L. S. Saul, H. I. Scudder, C. Y. Takahashi, D. Ubick, B. A. Wilson. 9 guests: M. M.

Amaud, J. E. Court, J. Granett, C. Hrebtov, D. Maffei, A. M. L. Penny, W. C. Rauscher, J. M. Ribardo,

J. Robertson.

FouR HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SIXTH MEETING

The 476th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 16 March 1990 in Room

122, Briggs Hall at the University of California, Davis. The meeting was called to order at 8:00 PM

with President Robert Dowell presiding. The minutes of the 475th meeting were read and accepted.

22 members and 11 guests attended. No new members were proposed.

Several announcements were made. Dr. Dowell announced that the position open at the California

Department of Food and Agriculture will be filled with someone with experience in biosystematics.

No new business was discussed. The next PCES meeting will be held on 21 April 1990 at the University

of California at Berkeley. The program will be ‘“‘Old Timers Day’: Changes in Entomology. Retired

entomologists will relate their early experiences as entomologists. The program portion will run from

10:00 AM to 12:30 PM. and there will be a picnic lunch on the lawn. A map will appear in Bits &

PCES. The Insect Zoo’s 11th Annual Open House will be held on Sunday, 24 June 1990 from 10:30

AM to 4:30 PM, and will be an opportunity to reach thousands of people and let them know how

wonderful, interesting and important insects are.

Dr. Dowell introduced Dr. David Kistner professor at California State University at Chico. Dr.

Kistner presented an interesting slide lecture titled “Biological Glimpses of Australia.”’ Dr. Kistner’s

primary research interest is insects associated with ants and termites and has focused his attention on

the army ant genus /nictus and its myrmecophiles. This expedition to Australia spanned four and a

half months, 18,000 kilometers and was funded by the National Science Foundation and the National

Geographic Society. The nest structure and biology of several species of termites and their associated

termitophiles was discussed. Beetles from the families Staphylinidae, Histeridae, and Adaridae can

be found in termite mounds. Dr. Kistner discussed many interesting features of termite and termi-

tophile behavior and ecology including phoresy, the use of special glands and termite mimicing larvae.

The meeting was adjourned at 9:01 PM. Refreshments were served in the Bohart Museum. —L. S.

Saul, Recording Secretary.

The following 34 persons were present. 23 members: R. M. Bohart, R. M. Brown, D. A. Carmean,

R. V. Dowell, J. G. Edwards, C. D. Franklin, D. M. Gordon, D. W. Gray, D. F. Gross, L. S. Kimsey,

D. H. Kistner, V. F. Lee, J. M. Leong, D. L. Mead, N. D. Penny, J. A. Powell, R. G. Robertson, L.

S. Saul, R. E. Somerby, J. T. Sorensen, C. Y. Takahashi, R. W. Thorp, T. L. Tyler. 11 guests: V. M.

Barlow, M. Bohart, J. Garcia, J. Granett, S. Granett, R. Longair, D. P. Muth Jr., R. D. Oliver, A. M.

L. Penny, J. Robertson, G. Spaulding.

1996 PROCEEDINGS 45

FoUR HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SEVENTH MEETING

The 477th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 19 October 1990 in

Room 122, Briggs Hall at the University of California, Davis. The meeting was called to order at 8:05

PM with President Robert Dowell presiding. The minutes of the 476th meeting were read and accepted.

Six new regular members including David Mills, Alan Robinson, and Dr. Robert Pemberton and 2

new student members were proposed and accepted.

Dr. Dowell announced that “Old Timer’s Day” was held on 21 April 1990 at Morgan Hall on the

U. C. Berkeley campus. The event was attended by 24 people and included the following speakers:

Louie Blanc, Dr. Edwards, Dr. Dean Furhman, Dr. Harry Laidlaw, Dr. Harry Lange, Dr. Mittlecoff,

Dr. Edward Ross, Dr. Harvey Scudder, and Dr. Arthur Smith. All the speakers gave some very

interesting and entertaining insights into what it was like working in the field of entomology during

the 30’s, 40’s, 50’s to the present.

The PCES sponsored a symposium at the AAAS Pacific Division meeting held at U.C. Davis in

June 1990 entitled ““The Ecology, Taxonomy, Evolution and Importance of Insect Biotypes, Host-

plant Races and Sibling Species’’; the symposium was very well received. Daniel Gross has accepted

a position with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in Los Angeles, hence he will be resigning as

membership chairman. Vincent Lee will become acting chairman of membership. It was announced

that several other positions were still open: recording secretary, managing secretary, and president-

elect. Harvey Scudder announced that the africanized bee was discovered in Texas. Dr. Dowell

announced that the medfly program was being wrapped up in southern California, however that

mexican, oriental, and melon fruit flies have been caught and they will be treating for gypsy moth in

San Diego and Santa Barbara Countries. Cornell style cabinets and drawers are available for purchase

from the Entomology Department of the California Academy of Sciences.

Dr. Dowell introduced the speaker for the evening, Dr. Larry Orsak. Dr. Orsak presented an

interesting slide lecture entitled ‘““How to Keep from Being Eaten in Papau New Guinea— From an

Insect’s Point of View.” After a giving an overview of some of the cultural aspects of New Guinea,

Dr. Orsak described some of the biological flora and fauna of New Guinea. Using the WAU Institute

as a base and funding and volunteers from Earthwatch a reference moth collection was established.

The defenses of moths are being studied as possible biological indicators. Dr. Orsak discussed the

concept of apparency and the multiple defenses strategies used by moths.

The meeting was adjourned at 9:35 PM. Refreshments were served in the Bohart Museum.—L. S.

Saul, Recording Secretary.

The following 39 persons were present. 22 members: R. L. Aalbu, F. G. Andrews, T. D. Cuneo, D.

C. Dailey, R. V. Dowell, J. G. Edwards, E. M. Fisher, D. W. Gray, L. S. Kimsey, C. Y. Kitayama,

V. F. Lee, W. A. Maffei, L. J. Orsak, N. D. Penny, K. J. Ribardo, R. G. Robertson, L. S. Saul, H. I.

Scudder, R. E. Stecker, C. Y. Takahashi, G. W. Ulrich, B. M. Wilk. 17 guests: V. M. Barlow, C.

Greene, D. Kitaya, D. Limburg, C. Lupcho, D. Maffei, J. C. Marston, A. M. L. Penny, J. M. Ribardo,

C. Sala, K. Schwarz, D. R. Shaffer, B. Trimble, M. Williams, R. Worth, 2 illegible signatures.

FouR HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-EIGHTH MEETING

The 478th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 16 November 1990 in

Room 101, Morgan Hall at U.C. Berkeley. The meeting was called to order at 8:10 PM with President

Robert Dowell presiding. The minutes of the 477th meeting were read and accepted. One new regular

member Dr. William Tolzer and one new student member, Mr. Stephen J. Sulatycki were proposed

and accepted.

Several announcements were made. Curtis Takahashi announced that Hugh B. Leach died on

Thursday, 15 November 1990 of Parkinson disease. He was born on 10 May 1910 and came to work

at the Academy in 1947. He area of specialty was water beetles. He retired in 1974. President Dowell

announced that the December meeting will be held on the 14th and that he will speak on western

tiger swallowtails. Vincent Lee will be acting membership chairman. Dr. Gordon Frank and Dr. Howell

Daly offered to help recruit new members to PCES. Dr. Dowell announced that the Peach fly Dacus

zonatus was found recently in California.

President Dowell introduced the evening’s speaker Dr. Richard Karban from U.C. Davis. His talk

was titled ‘Local Adaptation of Thrips to Individual Plants and the Role of Sexuality.”” Dr. Karban

discussed two questions: 1. Is a natural population of herbivores structured according to the genotype

46 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

oftheir host; and 2. Does sexual reproduction allow plants to escape the evolutionary tracking oftheir

adapted herbivores. The thrip populations studied were found on the long lived host plants Erigeron

glaucus in the Bodega Bay area. These plants can live up to eighteen years and stay green throughout

the entire season but most of the biomass is underground. They are also easy to manipulate and can

be grown from cuttings. Thrips are active year round but do not move very much from plant to plant

or from rosette to rosette. They have a winged and apterous form and have a short generation time

going from adult to adult in three weeks. Males are rare in the population and there is both sexual

and asexual reproduction. The number of thrips supported by different plants varied greatly from 10-

100-1000 thrips per plant. The same population levels were found experimentally as well. It was

determined that the host clone is very important in explaining abundance of thrips rather than

interspecific competition and climatic conditions. Morphological differences seem to environmentally

produced (i.e. height, leaf size). It was concluded that the population of thrips are adapted to individuals.

The meeting was adjourned at 9:15 PM Refreshments were served in the entomology museum.—

L. S. Saul, Recording Secretary.

The following 28 persons were present. 17 members: K. W. Brown, H. V. Daly, R. V. Dowell, J.

T. Doyen, J. G. Edwards, G. W. Frankie, C. D. Franklin, D. W. Gray, V. F. Lee, S. B. Opp, N. D.

Penny, A. B. Rackett, K. J. Ribardo, R. G. Robertson, L. S. Saul, C. Y. Takahashi, B. A. Wilson. 11

guests: D. Corey, L. Culp, R. Dake, S. Griffin, R. Karban, J. Knipe, A. M. L. Penny, J. M. Ribardo,

J. Robertson, S. Spisak, T. Williamson.

FouR HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-NINTH MEETING

The 479th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 14 December 1990 in

the Goethe Room of the California Academy of Sciences. The meeting was called to order at 8:10

PM with President Robert Dowell presiding. The minutes of the 478th meeting were read, corrected

and accepted. Two new regular members Dr. Brian J. Armitage and Dr. Chad M. Murvosh were

proposed and accepted. Annual reports were given by the following committees. Acting Membership

Chairman Vincent Lee reported that in 1990 there was a total of 461 members: 343 regular, five

family, two retired, 56 student, 42 sponsoring, 4 honored and 9 life members. A total of 18 new

members joined the Society in 1990; 12 regular, 5 student and 1 sponsoring. The Publication Com-

mittee discussed new guidelines for publications. Dr. Paul Amaud reported that the Historical Com-

mittee received material containing correspondence of Dr. E. Gorton Linsley and Dr. Donald G.

Denning’s Trichoptera correspondence. This has now been stored in 35 archival boxes. Dr. Amaud,

chairman of the Historical Committee was asked to confirm that there were 264 shares of stock and

while doing so discovered correspondence from William Seymour Edwards to butterfly specialist, W.

G. Wright from 1894. Dr. Amaud on behalf of Treasurer Sandra Shanks reported that all accounts

were in order. The Society as of 30 September 1990 had $112,000 in assets, $45,000 in the C. P.

Alexander Fund and $30,000 in the Fall Memoir Fund. Dr. Norman Penny reported for Vannoy

Davis, Chairman of the Audit Committee, that all the accounts were in order. The Nominating

Committee proposed the following candidates: President-elect, Dr Norman Penny; recording Secretary,

Larry Bezark; Managing Secretary, Mr. Wesley Maffei: Membership Chairman, Mr. Curtis Takahashi;

and there were two replacements to the Publication Committee, Dr. Susan Opp and Dr. Alice Hunter.

All candidates were elected.

President Dowell reported the highlights of the Executive Board Meeting held on 14 December

1990. Seventeen years of changes have now been incorporated into the by-laws and will be published

in the January 1991 issue (Vol. 67: number 1) of The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. The Society will

support efforts to obtain additional budgetary resources through Congress for the USDA Lab. A motion

to approve moneys for exceptional speakers was accepted. It was decided that PCES would not sponsor

a symposium at the 1991 AAAS meeting in Utah but would sponsor one at the 1992 AAAS meeting

in Santa Barbara. Several announcements were made. The Society has started a journal exchange with

Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia and it will be available for study in the Academy Library. Ron

Stecker and Keve Ribardo will be traveling in April to Copper Canyon in Mexico and requested

information on the area from any members. Several notes were given. Dr. Donald Burdick from Cal.

State Fresno demonstrated the Mideo microscopy system and showed how the system could be used

to store images of type and holotype specimens. By putting this information onto video tapes, this

information can be shared without having to send out the type specimens. Leslie Saul showed a group

slide of the “Old Timers Day” participants. Dr. Edward Smith gave a note on new discoveries of

1996 PROCEEDINGS 47

fossils in the Gilboa area of New York which were extracted by acid maceration of rock dated at 414

million years. Large arachnoid predators were found. Dr. Dowell announced the upcoming meetings

and speakers: 18 January, Dr. Robert Page; 15 February, Dr. John Alcock; and 15 March, Dr. Jerry

Powell.

President-elect Leslie Saul introduced the evening’s speaker Dr. Robert Dowell of the California

Department of Food and Agriculture. Dr. Dowell gave a fascinating presidential address titled ““Host

Plant Relations in the Western Tiger Swallowtail.” The natural history of Papilio rutulus was sum-

marized. Data on larval food preference was collected and growth and survival rates of larvae reared

on over 20 different native and exotic food plants was analyzed and reported. It was determined that

the highest survival rate was achieved when reared on Lombardy poplar. A relationship between

survivorship, developmental time and pupal weight was discovered.

The meeting was adjourned at 9:45 PM. Refreshments were served in the entomology museum.—

L. S. Saul, Recording Secretary.

The following 38 persons were preserit. 28 members: P. H. Arnaud Jr., L. G. Bezark, T. S. Briggs,

D. J. Burdick, J. S. Chinn, H. K. Court, P. R. Craig, D. K. Dabney, R. V. Dowell, J. T. Doyen, J. G.

Edwards, N. E. Gershenz, D. W. Gray, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, W. A. Maffei, G. J. Mallick, D. L.

Mead, N. D. Penny, K. J. Ribardo, L. S. Saul, W. E. Savary, J. T. Sorensen, G. S. Spicer, R. E. Stecker,

C. Y. Takahashi, D. Ubick, T. J. Zavortink. 10 guests: M. M. Arnaud, L. Baker, D. Bohmann, J. E.

Court, T. F. Hlavac, L. Lubin, A. M. L. Penny, W. C. Rauscher, J. M. Ribardo, R. Saint John.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(1): 47-54, (1996)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 1991

FouUR HUNDRED AND EIGHTIETH MEETING

The 480th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 18 January 1991 in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with

President Leslie Saul presiding, and 26 members and 11 guests in attendance.

The minutes of the meeting held 14 December 1990 were read and corrected.

The following members were elected to membership in the Society: Student Members; James E.

Baxter and Wayne R. Owen; Regular Members; John A. DeBenedictis, Andre Macedo and Thomas

O. Robbins.

Vince Lee announced an upcoming showing of insect drawings done by Debbie S. Brennan of the

Academy.

President Saul gave a pitch for membership renewals and announced a job opening for a production

supervisor for a butterfly facility, and enticed the membership to participate in an upcoming San

Francisco Zoo run by extolling the virtues of the walking stick T-shirt given away to participants.

The speaker of the evening was Dr. Robert Page of the University of California at Davis, who

summarized his research on the influence of genetics on honeybee worker behavior and organization

within the hive, with a talk entitled “Self Organization and Adaptation in Insect Societies.”

Refreshments were served in the Entomology Department Conference room.—Larry G. Bezark,

Recording Secretary.

The following 37 persons were present. (26 members): P. H. Arnaud Jr., L. G. Bezark, T. S. Briggs,

D. K. Dabney, W. A. Doolin, S. V. Fend, N. E. Gershenz, J. E. Hafernik Jr., A. Hom, B. Keh, R. L.

Langston, V. F. Lee, W. A. Maffei, G. J. Mallick, N. D. Penny, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, R. G.

Robertson, L. S. Saul, H. I. Scudder, E. L. Smith, R. E. Stecker, P. H. Sullivan, C. Y. Takahashi, D.

Ubick, and S. P. Welles Jr.; (11 guests) M. M. Arnaud, D. Maffei, B. Page, M. Page, R. Page, A. M.

L. Penny, W. C. Rauscher, S. Renkes, J. Robertson, A. Sternfeld-Dunn, and D. Sternfeld-Dunn.

48 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

FouR HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-FIRST MEETING

The 481st meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 15 February 1991 in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with

President Leslie Saul presiding, and 36 members and 37 guests in attendance.

The minutes of the meeting held 18 January 1991 were read and approved.

The following members were elected to membership in the Society: Student Members; Paul da Silva

and Richard A. Worth; Regular Members; Rodney L. Crawford and Kingston Leong.

Ron Stecker introduced Elias Castillo of the National Geographic Society who will be leading an

upcoming expedition into Northern Mexico’s Copper Canyon.

Leslie Saul asked for recommendations for future Spring or Fall programs and workshops.

Vince Lee announced two seasonal positions with the San Mateo Mosquito Abatement District that

will be available from May through September. He also announced a journal exchange for the Japanese

“Elytra” which is not to be confused with the Spanish “Elytron” which we already receive as part of

another exchange.

President Saul described a macrovideo system, similar to the one that Don Burdick exhibited

recently, that is available at the San Francisco Zoo for various projects. She also mentioned the need

for a new recording secretary for next year and the immediate need for a refreshment chairperson.

The speaker of the evening was Dr. John Alcock of Arizona State University, who presented us

with a fascinating overview of insect mating strategies, illustrated with carpenter bee and pompilid

wasp examples in a talk entitled: ‘“Hilltopping Mating Systems of Insects: A Continuing Puzzle.”

John’s refreshing style, coupled with misleading audience participation brought everyone into the

subject. After the talk, many good questions were posed and Dr. Alcock tied up the loose ends.

Refreshments were served in the Entomology Department Conference room.—Larry G. Bezark,

Recording Secretary.

The following 73 persons were present. (36 members): J. R. Anderson, P. H. Amaud Jr., L. G.

Bezark, T. S. Briggs, K. W. Brown, P. Buickerood, R. Buickerood, D. K. Dabney, P. G. da Silva, L.

H. Davis, H. E. M. Dobson, J. G. Edwards, C. W. Fox, N. E. Gershenz, J. E. Hafernik Jr., R. L.

Langston, V. F. Lee, J. Leong, D. L. Mead, J. A. Powell, B. E. Rackett, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo,

R. G. Robertson, L. S. Saul, W. E. Savary, H. I. Scudder, S. S. Shanks, R. E. Stecker, C. Y. Takahashi,

R. W. Thorp, D. Ubick, S. C. Williams, R. A. Worth, T. J. Zavortink, and R. L. Zuparko; (37 guests)

J. Alcock, S. E. Alcock, M. M. Arnaud, E. Amdt, V. M. Barlow, L. Bergey, V. H. P. Bueno, H.

Chilstrom, D. Corey, L. Culp, J. R. Cure, R. Dake, M. A. Garcia, J. Hauptman, K. Hobson, A.

Johnson, K. Jones, J. Knipe, C. Lijo, L. MacTague, L. McPheron, D. Miller, D. Nebenyahl, M. J.

O’Dowell, J. O’Keeffe, E. Pearson, B. Peterson, W. C. Rauscher, J. Robertson, D. Schmidt, K. Schwarz,

M. Seyeh, S. Spisak, A. L. Symors, K. Verhousek, U. L. Yee, and M. Zavortink.

FouR HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-SECOND MEETING

The 482nd meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 15 March 1991 in the

Goethe Room of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President

Leslie Saul presiding, and 46 members and 14 guests in attendance.

The minutes of the meeting held 15 February 1991 were read and approved as amended.

The following members were elected to membership in the Society: Student Members; Ms. Elizabeth

Amdt, John M. Collier and William A. Titherington; Regular Members; Mr. David J. Bohmann, Dr.

John D. Lattin, Dr. Gerhard Ringel, Dr. Thomas R. Unruh, and Mr. Josef O. C. Wiley.

Vince Lee had copies of the meeting report of the recent International Commission on Zoological

Nomenclature gathering in Maryland. A number of radical code changes have been proposed.

Paul Amaud mentioned that a series of insect drawings done by D. Brennan of the Academy were

upstairs for observation.

Larry Bezark showed the 3rd edition of the Young Entomologists Society, Resource Guide, which

lists entomological equipment, books and novelties. He also announced the availability of a newsletter

on scarabs, called (suprisingly enough) Scarabs.

President Saul discussed the upcoming 4th annual Lepidopterists’ Society meeting 1-4 August in

Tucson. She also mentioned a call for papers for the Xerces Society meeting being held 18-22 June

at the University of Wisconsin, in Madison, in conjunction with the Conservation Biology Society.

The Tropical Lepidopterology Society is still going strong with a beautifully illustrated full-color journal

and many field activities including collecting expeditions to Brazil and Africa. A field course on the

1996 PROCEEDINGS 49

Biology of Butterflies, is being held 29 June-S July near Pike’s Peak through the Colorado Outdoor

Education Center. Also mentioned was the California Native Plant Society meeting for March (which

you obviously missed, if you are hearing about it now!), and the one year moratorium on mining in

the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona.

The speaker of the evening was Dr. Jerry A. Powell, of the University of California at Berkeley,

who summarized many years of field studies and taxonomic work on a wide variety of insects as they

related to the Antioch Dunes system, in a talk entitled “Changes in the Insect Fauna at the Antioch

Dunes During 60 Years of Human Exploitation.’ Due to habitat destruction and over SO years of

human intervention, this area has undergone catastrophic alterations and as a result more than 40%

of the insects known from these dunes have not been collected in recent times. In 1980, this area was

afforded wildlife refuge status and as a result the endangered riodinid butterfly that lives there has

increased its population. This very well organized and extensively researched presentation by Dr.

Powell, generated a lot of questions about endangered species and habitat management.

Refreshments were served in the Entomology Department Conference room.—Larry G. Bezark,

Recording Secretary.

The following 60 persons were present. (46 members): R. L. Aalbu, F. G. Andrews, P. H. Arnaud

Jr., J. F. Barthell, L. G. Bezark, F. L. Blanc, D. J. Bohmann, D. S. Brennan, T. S. Briggs, K. W. Brown,

R. M. Brown, P. Buickerood, R. Buickerood, J. R. Clopton, J. M. Collier, H. K. Court, D. K. Dabney,

P. G. da Silva, J. A. DeBenedictis, T. D. Eichlin, S. S. Ferguson, W. E. Ferguson, E. M. Fisher, N. E.

Gershenz, D. M. Gordon, J. E. Hafernik Jr. A. Hom, D. H. Kavanaugh, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee,

W. A. Maffei, D. L. Mead, J. A. Powell, W. J. Pulawski, A. E. Rackett, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo,

R. G. Robertson, L. S. Saul, W. E. Savary, P. H. Sullivan, C. Y. Takahashi, W. A. Titherington, D.

Ubick, S. C. Williams, and R. L. Zuparko; (14 guests) M. M. Arnaud, R. Berlin, F. Blanc, J. E. Court,

K. Davey, B. Deutsch, M. Hannaford, K. Hobson, A. K. Johnson, D. Kammerer, D. Miller, F.

Ratmelis, W. C. Rauscher, and J. Robertson.

FouUR HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-T HIRD MEETING

The 483rd meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 19 April 1991 in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with

President Leslie Saul presiding, and 19 members and 9 guests in attendance.

The minutes of the meeting held 15 March 1991 were read and approved.

The following members were elected to membership in the Society: Student Member; David S.

Guertin; Regular Members; Carl D. Barrentine, William Chapco, Barbara Deutsch, David A. Guinn,

Ian D. Hodkinson and John Lane.

Susan Opp from Cal State Hayward, introduced several students that accompanied her from the

University, Larry Bezark exhibited photographs from the Museum Dedication at San Jose State

University (8 April 1991). The Entomology Museum was dedicated to J. Gordon Edwards.

Warren Savary showed a newsletter from the Oakland Museum Nature Sound Society which de-

scribed their many recordings including those of stoneflies drumming, as well as upcoming Society

events.

The speaker of the evening was Dr. Susan Opp of Hayward State University, who presented us with

an interesting look into the mating behavior and strategies of the apple maggot fly in a talk entitled

“Polygamy in the Apple Maggot Fly: Influence on Male and Female Reproductive Success.”’ This

research focused on the variance in mating success for each sex relative to multiple matings.

Refreshments were served in the Entomology Department Conference room.—Larry G. Bezark,

Recording Secretary.

The following 28 persons were present. (19 members): P. H. Arnaud Jr., B. T. Berke, L. G. Bezark,

T. S. Briggs, D. K. Dabney, N. E. Gershenz, A. Hom, V. F. Lee, W. A. Maffei, S. B. Opp, N. D.

Penny, A. E. Rackett, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, L. S. Saul, W. E. Savary, E. L. Smith, C. Y.

Takahashi, and D. Ubick; (9 guests) M. M. Arnaud, L. Culp, R. Dake, S. Griffin, J. Knipe, R. Pelleter

Jr., A. M. L. Penny, K. Reynolds, and S. Spisak.

FouR HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-FOURTH MEETING

The 484th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 17 May 1991 in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with

President Leslie Saul presiding, and 33 members and 9 guests in attendance.

50 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

The minutes of the meeting held 19 April 1991 were read and approved, as amended.

The following persons were elected to membership in the Society: Student Member; Douglas E.

Kain; Regular Members; Harry Brailovsky, Luis M. Chong L., Daniel L. Gustafson, Thomas M.

Mowry, and Robert M. Nowierski.

Warren Savary introduced Luis Salzarno from the Food and Drug Administration in San Francisco.

A report from the publication committee indicated that the cost to publish volume 66 (1990) of

the Pan-Pacific Entomologist exceeded the revenue from dues, and as a result a dues increase will be

forthcoming in January 1992.

Ed Smith announced the new “Life Through Time,” exhibit at the Academy, and recommended a

visit.

Vince Lee announced the sale of Schmitt boxes and half-unit trays, available in the Entomology

Department. He also announced that the second issue of volume 67 of the journal would soon be

delivered, and that the third issue will contain the annual dues envelope; prompt payment is always

appreciated.

Warren Savary told the members about positions with the Food and Drug Administration in San

Francisco.

President Saul announced a Unified School District open house; mentioned the San Francisco Zoo

12th Annual open house and that WTN in London was to do a piece on the Zoo. Also discussed was

a Japanese Insectorium outside Tokyo.

Tom Briggs showed slides of Banksula harvestmen; cave dwellers which have recently been found

on talus slopes on San Bruno Mountain by Darryl Ubick.

Ed Smith discussed recent articles by Jarmila Kukalova-Peck and showed drawings of an early

hemipteroid insect; and several drawings from his atlas of insect anatomy showing many structures

of primitive insects. He also showed slides of Bittacus chlorostigma and the grassy oak-woodland

habitat in which it lives in Chico’s Bidwell Park. Although the adults are numerous and commonly

collected in the Spring, no one has yet discovered the whereabouts of the larvae.

The speaker of the evening was Dr. Norman Penny of the California Academy of Sciences, who

spoke on the “Insects of the La Amistad Biosphere Reserve in Costa Rica.” In his illustrated talk,

Norm discussed field stations and diversity studies on insects and plants in the tropics, often showing

trails that simply end somewhere in the middle of the jungle at property boundaries.

Refreshments were served in the Entomology Department Conference room.—Larry G. Bezark,

Recording Secretary.

The following 42 persons were present. (33 members): R. L. Aalbu, B. T. Berke, L. G. Bezark, R.

L. Brett, T. S. Briggs, P. Buickerood, R. Buickerood, J. S. Chinn, J. M. Collier, H. K. Court, D. K.

Dabney, J. G. Edwards, F. Ennik, S. V. Fend, E. M. Fisher, N. E. Gershenz, J. E. Hafernik Jr., V. F.

Lee, W. A. Maffei, G. J. Mallick, N. D. Penny, A. E. Rackett, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, R. G.

Robertson, E. S. Ross, L. S. Saul, W. E. Savary, H. I. Scudder, E. L. Smith, C. Y. Takahashi, D.

Ubick, and S. P. Welles Jr.; (9 guests) J. Arciniega, L. W. Berke, J. E. Court, S. Hauguee, A. M. L.

Penny, S. Renkes, J. Robertson, L. Solerzano, and C. Stewart.

FouR HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-FIFTH MEETING

The 485th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 20 September 1991 in

the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,

with President Leslie Saul presiding, with a whopping 57 members and 53 guests in attendance.

The minutes of the meeting held 17 May 1991 were read and approved.

The following persons were elected to membership in the Society: Student Members; Darren A.

Pollack, Carolyn E. Warren, Vonny (sometimes also known as Chaz) Barlow, Kerri A. Schwarz, and

Steve Toarmino. Regular Members; Marian J. Barksdale, Stephen H. Bullock, Leland M. Humble,

C. Don MacNeill, Michael J. Martinez, Fred Punzo and Nobuyo Yoshida.

Bob Dowell announced that the Society will sponsor a symposium entitled ‘““The Status of Native

California Arthropods,” at the AAAS meeting in Santa Barbara in June of 1992.

Leslie Saul told the members about the availability of unit trays and Cornell cabinets at the Academy;

of course for a price. She also mentioned that a butterfly book, “Butterflies of Southeast Arizona,” is

now available.

Larry Bezark announced an open house and unveiling of exhibits at the Bohart Museum of Ento-

mology, at UC Davis, on 11 October 1991, at 4:30-7:30 pm in rooms 381 & 394 of Briggs Hall.

1996 PROCEEDINGS 51

Larry Bezark gave a note on an interesting population of the primitive tabanid, Stonemyia californica

(Bigot), collected in El Dorado county, in Summer 1991. These files are not haematophagous, but are

pollen feeders. Males are dominant in collections and most specimens have a spur vein. Each of the

seven flies collected from this location lacked the spur vein, and three of the individuals were females.

The speaker of the evening was Dr. Daniel Janzen, of the University of Pennsylvania, who presented

the lecture ““How to Inventory a Tropical Country’s Entomofanua with Local Human Resources.” He

discussed preserving the biodiversity of Costa Rica by developinghuman resources, the ongoing process

of maintenance of the country’s national parks and an inventory of insects and other groups, and the

integration of the entomological data into a form that is available to and used by society. He stressed

that the collection of insects itself, is not really the end product as seen by funding agencies, but is

merely the extension of the human resource development, that made the collection possible.

Refreshments were served in the Entomology Department Conference room.—Larry G. Bezark,

Recording Secretary.

The following 110 persons were present. (57 members): R. L. Aalbu, F. G. Andrews, P. H. Arnaud

Jr., V. M. Barlow, L. G. Bezark, T. S. Briggs, K. W. Brown, P. Buickerood, R. Buickerood, J. S. Chinn,

J. R. Clopton, P. R. Craig, T. D. Cuneo, D. K. Dabney, J. A. DeBenedictis, W. A. Doolin, R. V.

Dowell, J. G. Edwards, S. V. Fend, S. S. Ferguson, W. E. Ferguson, E. M. Fisher, J. Garcia, N. E.

Gershenz, J. E. Hafernik Jr., L. P. Kite, J. Lane, V. F. Lee, J. M. Leong, W. A. Maffei, J. D. McCarty,

D. L. Mead, S. B. Opp, J. A. Powell, N. D. Penny, R. L. Penrose, A. E. Rackett, J. M. Ribardo, K.

J. Ribardo, R. G. Robertson, L. S. Saul, W. E. Savary, K. A. Schwarz, W. D. Shepard, E. L. Smith,

R. E. Stecker, C. Y. Takahashi, S. P. Taormino, R. W. Thorp, W. A. Titherington, D. Ubick, C. E.

Warren, J. S. Wasbauer, M. S. Wasbauer, S. C. Williams, B. A. Wilson, and R. A. Worth; (53 guests)

M. M. Armaud, J. D. Barackman, M. M. Barackman, C. B. Barr, M. Barzman, C. Benesh, M. H.

Chapman, L. Culp, G. Enfiajian, C. Geiger, S. Griffin, J. Guardi, J. J. Hafernik, W. Hallwachs, D.

Janzen, L. Jasinskyj, J. Y. Kim, J. Knipe, N. Lewin, D. Limburg, D. Maffei, W. May, D. Miller, R.

Myatt, M. O’Malley, B. Orr, V. T. Parker, E. Pearson, A. M. L. Penny, L. Randall, H. G. Real, S.

Renkes, K. Reynolds, J. Robertson, N. E. Robinson, R. Roche, A. Royer, R. Saint John, D. Schmidt,

A.R. Seaborg, D. M. Seaborg, A. Smyth, L. Solerzano, G. Spaulding, S. Spisak, D. Stark, A. Stroganoff,

D. Ugles, M. Vasey, N. Warnock, B. A. Zlotnick, and 2 illegible signatures.

Four HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-SIXTH MEETING

The 486th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 18 October 1991 in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with

Leslie Saul presiding, and 39 members and 24 guests in attendance.

The minutes of the meeting held 20 September 1991 were read and approved.

The following persons were elected to membership in the Society: Student Member; Ms. Gail M.

Getty, and Regular Members; Mr. Donald Mahoney, and Ms. Robin K. Roche

Norm Penny of the Academy, introduced Dr. Brett Ratcliffe of the University of Nebraska, who

was visiting the Academy and working on the scarab collection.

Dr. Bill Ferguson will be collecting in Chiapas, Mexico next year and solicited information from

members who had recently been to the area.

He also had in the coffee room after the meeting, an initiave sponsored by the Audubon Society

and the Sierra Club, which dealt with Forest Trees.

President Saul appointed an auditing committee, chaired by Vannoy Davis and including Paul

Arnaud. They will give their report at the annual meeting in December.

Warren Savary of the Food and Drug Administration told about a job in the Los Angeles area at

the GS 5, 7, or 9 level for an entomologist to deal with insects in stored products.

Curtis Takahashi announced that H. T. Harvey & Associates in San Jose will need a part time

worker to sort insects to family. This job is to be in Concord.

Paul Arnaud read a brief obituary about Herman Real who died on 15 October 1991. Ron Stecker

showed a couple of slides of Herman and others taken at the September 1991 meeting and mentioned

that he had a video of Herman also from the September meeting.

Leslie Saul announced that the Academy still was selling off some schmidt boxes and unit trays.

Curtis Takahashi showed a Cybister (Dytiscid beetle) from the Tar Pits in Southern California. The

specimen was purchased in a curio shop.

52 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

The speaker of the evening was Dr. Edward S. Ross, of the California Academy of Sciences, who

presented a lecture entitled ‘“‘Close Encounters Along Amazon Forest Trails.’’ He showed many insect

slides from recent and past field trips to Ecuador.

Refreshments were served in the Entomology Department Conference room.—Larry G. Bezark,

Recording Secretary.

The following 63 persons were present. (39 members): P. H. Amaud Jr., V. M. Barlow, L. G. Bezark,

T. S. Briggs, R. M. Brown, J. A. Chemsak, J. R. Clopton, D. K. Dabney, J. G. Edwards, S. S. Ferguson,

W. E. Ferguson, E. M. Fisher, M. Garcia-Vidal, N. E. Gershenz, P. S. Johnson, D. H. Kavanaugh, B.

Keh, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, C. D. MacNeill, T. C. MacRae, J. D. McCarty, D. L. Mead, N. D.

Penny, A. E. Rackett, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, R. G. Robertson, E. S. Ross, L. S. Saul, W. E.

Savary, H. I. Scudder, R. E. Stecker, C. Y. Takahashi, S. P. Taormino, C. E. Warren, J. S. Wasbauer,

M. S. Wasbauer, and S. P. Welles Jr.; (24 guests) M. M. Arnaud, L. J. Boutin, A. S. Brick, J. Cruz,

L. Cruz, B. Deutsch, D. D. Giuliani, K. S. Hom, J. Johnston, A. Jung, J. Jung, J. Jung, T. Kipping,

L. B. Mak, R. Morgan, N. Nealley, B. Ng-Jung, A. M. L. Penny, W. A. Rauscher, B. Rice, J. Robertson,

S. Simmons, L. Solerzano, and L. M. Wolcott.

FouR HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-SEVENTH MEETING

The 487th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 22 November 1991 in

the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,

with President Leslie Saul presiding, and 23 members and 15 guests in attendance.

The minutes of the meeting held 20 September 1991 were read and approved, with the following

amendments: 1) Dr. Edward S. Ross’ presentation was dedicated to the memory of Herman Real, and

2) Helen Court was also a member of the auditing committee.

The following persons were elected to membership in the Society: Student Member; Ms. Mary H.

Chapman, Mr. Yu-Feng Hsu and Mr. Michael Prentice, and Regular Members; Mr. Jeff B. Knight

and Dr. Phillip S. McNally.

Vince Lee of the Academy, presented an Entomation flier he had received from Mark F. O’Brien.

This flier described several Macintosh programs of an entomological nature that were available for

purchase. Copies of the flier were made available to those interested, in the Entomology Conference

room.

President Saul made the following announcements: First—she announced the receipt of a letter from

the Entomological Society of America about endorsing the Monarch Butterfly as the National insect.

This letter was soliciting letters of support and also had attached with it, a joint resolution listing

those organizations that already endorsed it. The letter and resolution were available for viewing in

the Entomology Conference room.

Second —President Saul briefly talked about her visit to the butterfly sanctuary at Cairns, Australia

and brought a packet of information which was available for inspection during the social hour.

Third—President Saul presented information about the Entomological Collections Network meet-

ings that were to be held in Reno, Nevada on December 7th and 8th preceding the National ESA

meetings. A program of information was also available for inspection during the social hour.

Dr. Ed Smith showed an unusual fruit (possibly a cucumber relative?) which he had found in the

street earlier in the day and asked members for assistance in its identification before presenting it to

the Botany Department.

The speaker of the evening was Dr. Robert Full, of U. C. Berkeley, who presented a lecture entitled

“Inspirations From Insects: The Design of Legged Robots.”’ Dr. Full showed slides and a video tape

about some robots that had been developed by various researchers and himself. He also discussed

the basic principles of motion and presented information that compared and modeled the walking

motion of various animals, arthropods and robots.

Refreshments were served in the Entomology Department Conference room following the main

speakers’ presentation. — Wesley A. Maffei, Acting Recording Secretary.

The following 38 persons were present. (23 members): R. L. Aalbu, P. H. Amaud Jr., T. S. Briggs,

K. W. Brown, R. M. Brown, D. J. Burdick, D. K. Dabney, W. A. Doolin, J. Garcia, P. S. Johnson,

B. Keh, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, W. A. Maffei, G. J. Mallick, S. B. Opp, N. D. Penny, J. M. Ribardo,

K. J. Ribardo, L. S. Saul, W. E. Savary, H. I. Scudder, and E. L. Smith; (15 guests) M. M. Amaud,

H. Barter, L. J. Boutin, L. Culp, M. Fish, R. J. Full, W. Hamersky, D. A. O’Leary, A. M. L. Penny,

W. A. Rauscher, J. Rogers, A. Shinnick, G. Spaulding, S. Spisak, and 1 illegible signature.

1996 PROCEEDINGS 53

FouR HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-EIGHTH MEETING

The 488th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 20 December 1991 in

the Goethe Room of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with

President Leslie Saul presiding, and 29 members and 9 guests in attendance.

The minutes of the meeting held 22 November 1991 were read and approved.

The following persons were elected to membership in the Society: Regular Members; Dr. J. A.

Slater, and Mr. Matthew Fish.

Norm Penny of the Academy introduced Margaret Thayer and Al Newton from the Field Museum

of Natural History in Chicago. Both are currently doing work on staphylinid beetles.

The following committee reports were given: Curtis Takahashi reported for the Membership Com-

mittee, that for 1991 there were 327 Regular, 45 Student, 22 Regular Retired, 6 Regular Family, 25

Sponsoring, 9 Life and 1 Honored members. The total for 1991 is 435 members. Curtis mentioned

that the Committee was soliciting additional names for Honored Member status.

Paul Arnaud reported for the Historical Committee that correspondence or photos of Hugh B. Leech,

Herman G. Real, James W. Tilden, and Thomas W. Davies. In the last few years several hundred

archival boxes of historical materials have been transferred to the archives section of the Academy.

It would be desirable to prepare a list of the entomologists’ who are represented in the archives.

Larry Bezark reported for the Nominating Committee, the following slate of candidates for 1992:

President, Norman Penny, President-Elect, Susan B. Opp, Recording Secretary, Keith Dabney, Man-

aging Secretary, Wes Maffei, Treasurer, Roberta Brett. There were no additional nominations from

the floor, and subsequently, these candidates were unanimously approved for office in the Society for

1992.

Larry Bezark reported that the Treasurer’s report was in the mail. H. Vannoy Davis had prepared

the Society’s report which would be read at the next meeting.

Helen Court gave the Auditing Committee report, stating that Mr. Davis had completed his audit

and the Society’s tax forms and that everything was in order.

Dr. Smith suggested that the Society formally thank Mr. Davis for his excellent service to the Society.

President Saul reported that the Executive Board met and that an Assistant Treasurer position was.

created. This will be an appointed not an elected position. Julie Parinas has been doing a great deal

of the bookkeeping work and the Society wishes to thank her. Julie will continue to serve the Society

in this official capacity. How the California sales tax affects the Society, and the fact that the Society

needs to upgrade it computer technology were also discussed at the Board meeting.

The Society would also like to thank Vince Lee of the Academy for his tremendous contributions

throughout the year. Although Vince currently does not hold an official position, he still performs

quite a few services for the Society.

Norm Penny announced that the Academy still had drawers and units for sale.

Vince Lee made the following announcements: A new CAS publication on Neuroptera, by Norm

Penny is now available for purchase.

Order forms were available for a Macintosh program called CLADOS version 1.0.

He also announced a summer class at Sagehen Creek given by Phil Ward of UC Davis. Entitled

“Insect Diversity and Natural History in the Sierra Nevada, this field course runs from 21 June to 26

July of 1992.

A position for an aquatic insect systematist working with Trichoptera is available at the Royal

Ontario Museum; the position starts in July of 1992.

Leslie Saul announced that Art Evans of the Los Angeles County Museum will be leading an

expedition from 1-6 February to Monarch butterfly overwintering sites.

Notes and Exhibits: Ed Smith of the Academy showed slides of primitive insects from his Atlas

and slides of the Life Through Time exhibit at CAS and briefly discussed the entire phylogeny of

insects as seen by Kukalova-Peck and others.

Larry Bezark talked briefly about a collecting trip to the rain forests of Rondonia, Brazil and had

two cases of insects from that trip. He discussed mimetic assemblages which included endomychid

and cerambycid beetles and scutellarid bugs.

President Saul then handed off the gavel to incoming President Norm Penny who introduced Leslie,

of the San Francisco Zoological Society, as the speaker of the evening. Her talk was entitled “In Search

of Insect Emissaries and Some Thoughts on Their Conservation.” Leslie discussed the need to educate

the public about the good that can be found.in insects and arthropods, the features that make insects

54 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

good emissaries and the role we can play in conserving their habitats. She showed slides of a few

recent collecting expeditions, to Borneo and Papua New Guinea.

Refreshments were served in the Entomology Department Conference room following the meeting. —

Larry G. Bezark, Recording Secretary.

The following 38 persons were present. (29 members): R. L. Aalbu, P. H. Arnaud Jr., V. M. Barlow,

L. G. Bezark, T. S. Briggs, H. K. Court, D. K. Dabney, J. G. Edwards, N. E. Gershenz, J. E. Hafernik

Jr., A. Hom, P. S. Johnson, B. Keh, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, W. A. Maffei, G. J. Mallick, N. D.

Penny, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, E. S. Ross, L. S. Saul, W. E. Savary, E. L. Smith, R. E. Stecker,

C. Y. Takahashi, S. P. Taormino, R. W. Thorp, and C. E. Warren; (9 guests) M. M. Arnaud, J. E.

Court, M. Fish, C. Greene, A. F. Newton Jr, A. M. L. Penny, W. A. Rauscher, J. Sigg, and M. K.

Thayer.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(1): 55-56, (1996)

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

YEAR ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1991

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Accounting Method

Income and expenses are recorded by using the cash basis of accounting.

Capital Expenditures

Annual capital expenditures of $5000 or less are charged to expense.

Marketable Securities

American Telephone & Telegraph Co. and Pacific Telesis Group common stocks

are carried at market value. Increases and decreases in value are reflected in

income.

Income Tax

The Society is exempt from Federal Income and California franchise tax.

As Chairman of the Auditing Committee, and in accordance with the Society’s

bylaws, I have reviewed the financial records of the Society but have not made

an audit of them.

During the course of this review, nothing was noted which indicated any material

inaccuracy in the financial statements.

H. Vannoy Davis

Chairman of the Auditing Committee

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

STATEMENT OF INCOME, EXPENDITURES AND

CHANGES IN FUND BALANCES

YEARS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1991 AND 1990

99 Te §e 920

Income

Des atid SUbSCrIpEONS 4m. ok, gins skew otere oo ule ele a scale Steal scely name). $ 17,375 $ 11,689

Reprints and miscellaneous ............. 0... c cece cece cee ences 18,159 12,539

[PTAC do gs a oe en Re a eT in ee Pe se SOT Te coh» 5,407 6,117

DIV IGENdS rhs 4 fe A Ree yea ht ee Se a 4 Lee en r22 616

Increase (Decrease) in value of capital stock:

American Telephone & Telegraph Company ..................... 530 (1,120)

Pacific Telesis Group

Pie ETE Se Le BA Oe hn tes ne ae eaten ee (627) (231)

WOta EIN CONISE se eee ee es OG le a DO DS A $ 41,566 $ 29,610

56 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

Expenditures

Publication costs—Pan-Pacific Entomologist .................00000. $ 41,561 $ 16,818

Postage, newsletter and miscellaneous expenses .................... 1,462 1,652

Total Bxmenditres (0055 2) 2h eg ea he Oi cee tee ade a $ 43,023 $ 18,470

Increase (Decrease) in fund balances ............ 0.0.0 cc cece cece eee $ (1,457) $ 11,140

Fund balances October 1, 1990 and 1989 ......... 0.0... ccc cee eee 112,001 100,861

Fund balances September 30, 1991 and 1990 ......................... $110,544 $112,001

STATEMENT OF ASSETS

AS OF

SEPTEMBER 30, 1991 AND 1990

1991 1990

Cash in bank

OTMAET C1AL ACCOUT oe cy canine tn oy arta epic ees he tei ie eae $ 5,144 $ 6,379

Undeposited dividend checks ............ 0... cc cece eee eee es 183 319

Certificates of Deposit and Money Fund:

General Fund— Wells Fargo Bank .............. 0.000 cece cee ee eee 9,219 13,656

C. P. Alexander Fund—Capital Preservation Fund ................ 47,630 44,990

Fall Memoir Fund— Wells Fargo Bank .................. 00000 eee 34,313 32,505

Potal-cach Inibanic. = 2 h.95 oe ees rh oe, Se a aaron GS OaAS APD Le $_ 96,489 $_ 97,849

Capital Stock (at market value)

American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 80 shs. .................005. 3,000 2,470

Pacific Telesis Group, 264 shs. ..... 00.0... c ccc cece cece tees

11,055 11,682

14,055 14,152

$110,544 $112,001

See accompanying notes to the financial statements

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(1): 57-58, (1996)

1990 SPONSORING MEMBERS OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Phillip A. Adams

Robert P. Allen

William F. Barr

Richard M. Bohart

Paula & Robert Buickerood

Donald J. Burdick

Leopoldo E. Caltagirone

Arthur L. Chan

Kenneth W. Cooper

J. Gordon & Alice Edwards

William E. & Stephenie S. Ferguson

George R. Ferguson

Wayne C. Fields Jr.

John G. Franclemont

E. Eric Grissell

John E. Hafernik Jr.

Kenneth S. Hagen

Alice S. Hunter

Benjamin Keh

Robert J. Lyon

Lowe B. Mak

Robert L. Mangan

David G. Marqua

Gordon A. Marsh

Woodrow W. Middlekauff

Calvert E. Norland

Harry W. Oswald

Richard L. Penrose

Robert W. L. Potts

Jacqueline L. Robertson

Norman E. Gershenz & Leslie S. Saul

Evert I. & Marion E. Schlinger

Harvey I. Scudder

Terry N. Seeno

Frank E. Skinner

Edward L. Smith

Roy R. Snelling

Patrick H. Sullivan

Marius S. & Joanne S. Wasbauer

David B. Weissman

Barbara “A. Wilson

Sandra S. Shanks & Thomas J. Zavortink

1991 SPONSORING MEMBERS OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Robert P. Allen

Paula & Robert Buickerood

Arthur L. Chan

Steve H. Dreistadt

J. Gordon & Alice Edwards

John G. Franclemont

E. Eric Grissell

John E. Hafernik Jr.

Kenneth S. Hagen

Franklin T. Hovore IV

Robert L. Mangan

David G. Marqua

Gordon A. Marsh

Calvert E. Norland

Harry W. Oswald

Richard L. Penrose

Robert W. L. Potts

Norman E. Gershenz & Leslie S. Saul

Evert I. & Marion E. Schlinger

Harvey I. Scudder

Frank E. Skinner

Edward L. Smith

Roy R. Snelling

David B. Weissman

Sandra S. Shanks & Thomas J. Zavortink

58 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(1)

1992 SPONSORING MEMBERS OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Robert P. Allen Calvert E. Norland

Paula & Robert Buickerood Richard L. Penrose

Steve H. Dreistadt Norman E. Gershenz & Leslie S. Saul

J. Gordon & Alice Edwards Warren E. Savary

John G. Franclemont Evert I. & Marion E. Schlinger

E. Eric Grissell Harvey I. Scudder

John E. Hafernik Jr. Frank E. Skinner

Kenneth S. Hagen Edward L. Smith

Franklin T. Hovore IV Roy R. Snelling

David G. Marqua David B. Weissman

Gordon A. Marsh Sandra S. Shanks & Thomas J. Zavortink

1993 SPONSORING MEMBERS OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Robert P. Allen Gordon A. Marsh

Ernest Anderson Calvert E. Norland

Fred G. Andrews Harry W. Oswald

Paul Belluomini Richard L. Penrose

Paula & Robert Buickerood Norman E. Gershenz & Leslie S. Saul

Barbara Deutach Warren E. Savary

Steve H. Dreistadt Harvey I. Scudder

E. Eric Grissell Frank E. Skinner

Charles E. & Teresa Meikle Griswold Edward L. Smith

John E. Hafernik Jr. David B. Weissman

Franklin T. Hovore IV Thomas J. Zavortink

1994 SPONSORING MEMBERS OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Robert P. Allen Richard L. Penrose

Ernest Anderson J. Michael Poellot

Paula & Robert Buickerood Albert E. Rackett

Bryan K. Eya Norman E. Gershenz & Leslie S. Saul

E. Eric Grissell Warren E. Savary

Charles E. & Teresa Meikle Griswold Harvey I. Scudder

John E. Hafernik Jr. Frank E. Skinner

Franklin T. Hovore IV Edward L. Smith

Calvert E. Norland David B. Weissman

Harry W. Oswald Thomas J. Zavortink

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(1): 59-60, (1996)

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Reviewers

Volumes 70 and 71

Aide, M. Feminella, J. McCafferty, W.

Akre, R. Fisher, E. Michener, C.

Alarie, Y. Foottit, R. Neff, J.

Alcock, J. Froeschner, R. Nishida, T.

Alexander, B. Gagne, R. O’Brien, C.

Allred, D. Garrison, R. Opp, S.

Andrews, F. Gaulet, H. Ordway, E.

Atkinson, T. Gibson, G. Page, R.

Arnaud, P. Giesbert, E. Peck, S.

Asquith, A. Gill, R. Penny, N.

Asquith, M. Goeden, R. Penrose, R.

Bari, A. Griswold, T. Perring, T.

Baumann, R. Hagen, K. Peters, W.

Beers, E. Hall, R. Powell, J. R.

Bellinger, P. Halstead, J. Pratt, H.

Berlocher, S. Hamilton, K. Prokopy, R.

Berner, L. Helms, K. Purcell, A.

Bert, T. Henneberry, T. Rees, N.

Bezark, L. Henry, T. Resh, V.

Black, W. Heyden, S. Rice, R.

Bohart, R. Holldobler, B. Robbins, R.

Borkent, A. Horn, D. Rust, M.

Brower, L. Hovore, F. Rust, R.

Cane, J. Huber, J. Sasakawa, M.

Chemsak, J. Hunter, A. Saul, L.

Cheng, L. Joern, A. Schaeffer, C.

Christiansen, K. Johnson, K. Schmid, J.

Clement, S. Jones, V. Schoenly, K.

Cole, B. Kaneshiro, K. Schuh, R.

Dahlsten, D. Kaspari, M. Schwartz, M.

Daly, H. Krombein, K. Shapiro, A.

Danforth, B. Krysan, J. Sheppard, W.

Deitrich, C. Lattin, J. Smetana, A.

DeVries, P. Lange, H. Smith, D.

Dingle, H. Lawrence, J. Sorensen, J.

Dobel, H. Leong, K. Spangler, J.

Dowell, R. Lewis, V. Starmer, W.

Doyen, J. Liquido, N. Summers, C.

Ehler, L. Lockwood, J. Tassano, T.

Erwin, T. Mackauer, M. Tauber, M.

Evanhuis, N. Markov, T. Thorpe, R.

Faulkner, D. Masner, L. Torchio, P.

Triplehorn, C.

Trumbo, S.

Turner, C.

Unnithan, G.

van den Berg, N.

Vaughn, C.

Vargas, R.

Vocheroth, J.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Voegtlin, D.

Walker, G.

Wagner, M.

Wasbauer, M.

Wharton, R.

Wheeler, Q.

Whitfield, J.

Williams, S.

Vol. 72(1)

Wood, D.

Wood, T.

Woodley, N.

Woolley, J.

Wrubel, R.

Zavortink, J.

Zedler, P.

Zoller, B.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

See volume 66(1): 1-8, January 1990, for detailed general format information and the issues thereafter for examples; see below for

discussion of this journal’s specific formats for taxonomic manuscripts and locality data for specimens. Manuscripts must be in English,

but foreign language summaries are permitted. Manuscripts not meeting the format guidelines may be returned. Please maintain a copy

of the article on a word-processor because revisions are usually necessary before acceptance, pending review and copy-editing.

Format. — Type manuscripts in a legible serif font IN DOUBLE OR TRIPLE SPACE with 1.5 in margins on one side of 8.5 x 11 in,

nonerasable, high quality paper. THREE (3) COPIES of each manuscript must be submitted, EACH INCLUDING REDUCTIONS

OF ANY FIGURES TO THE 8.5 x 11 IN PAGE. Number pages as: title page (page 1), abstract and key words page (page 2), text

pages (pages 3+), acknowledgment page, literature cited pages, footnote page, tables, figure caption page; place original figures last.

List the corresponding author’s name, address including ZIP code, and phone number on the title page in the upper right corner. The

title must include the taxon’s designation, where appropriate, as: (Order: Family). The ABSTRACT must not exceed 250 words; use

five to seven words or concise phrases as KEY WORDS. Number FOOTNOTES sequentially and list on a separate page.

Text. — Demarcate MAJOR HEADINGS as centered headings and MINOR HEADINGS as left indented paragraphs with lead phrases

underlined and followed by a period and two hypens. CITATION FORMATS are: Coswell (1986), (Asher 1987a, Franks & Ebbet

1988, Dorly et al. 1989), (Burton in press) and (R. F. Tray, personal communication). For multiple papers by the same author use:

(Weber 1932, 1936, 1941; Sebb 1950, 1952). For more detailed reference use: (Smith 1983: 149-153, Price 1985: fig. 7a, Nothwith

1987: table 3).

Taxonomy. — Systematics manuscripts have special requirements outlined in volume 69(2): 194-198; if you do not have access to that

volume, request a copy of the taxonomy/data format from the editor before submitting manuscripts for which these formats are

applicable. These requirements include SEPARATE PARAGRAPHS FOR DIAGNOSES, TYPES AND MATERIAL EXAMINED

(INCLUDING A SPECIFIC FORMAT), and a specific order for paragraphs in descriptions. List the unabbreviated taxonomic author

of each species after its first mention.

Data Formats. — All specimen data must be cited in the journal’s locality data format. See volume 69(2), pages 196-198 for these

format requirements; if you do not have access to that volume, request a copy of the taxonomy/data format from the editor before

submitting manuscripts for which these formats are applicable.

Literature Cited. — Format examples are:

Anderson, T. W. 1984. An introduction to multivariate statistical analysis (2nd ed). John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Blackman, R. L., P. A. Brown & V. F. Eastop. 1987. Problems in pest aphid taxonomy: can chromosomes plus morphometrics

provide some answers? pp. 233-238. In Holman, J., J. Pelikan, A. G. F. Dixon & L. Weismann (eds.). Population structure, genetics

and taxonomy of aphids and Thysanoptera. Proc. international symposium held at Smolenice Czechoslovakia, Sept. 9-14, 1985.

SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands.

Ferrari, J. A. & K. S. Rai. 1989. Phenotypic correlates of genome size variation in Aedes albopictus. Evolution, 42: 895-899.

Sorensen, J. T. (in press). Three new species of Essigella (Homoptera: Aphididae). Pan-Pacif. Entomol.

Illustrations. — Illustrations must be of high quality and large enough to ultimately reduce to 117 x 181 mm while maintaining label

letter sizes of at least 1 mm; this reduction must also allow for space below the illustrations for the typeset figure captions. Authors

are strongly encouraged to provide illustrations no larger than 8.5 x 11 in for easy handling. Number figures in the order presented.

Mount all illustrations. Label illustrations on the back noting: (1) figure number, (2) direction of top, (3) author’s name, (4) title of

the manuscript, and (5) journal. FFGURE CAPTIONS must be on a separate, numbered page; do not attach captions to the figures.

Tables. — Keep tables to a minimum and do not reduce them. Table must be DOUBLE-SPACED THROUGHOUT and continued

on additional sheets of paper as necessary. Designate footnotes within tables by alphabetic letter.

Scientific Notes. — Notes use an abbreviated format and lack: an abstract, key words, footnotes, section headings and a Literature Cited

section. Minimal references are listed in the text in the format: (Bohart, R. M. 1989. Pan-Pacific. Entomol., 65: 156—-161.). A short

acknowledgment is permitted as a minor headed paragraph. Authors and affiliations are listed in the last, left indented paragraph of

the note with the affiliation underscored.

Page Charges. — PCES members are charged $35.00 per page, for the first 20 (cumulative) pages per volume and full galley costs for

pages thereafter. Nonmembers should contact the Treasurer for current nonmember page charge rates. Page charges do not include

reprint costs, or charges for author changes to manuscripts after they are sent to the printer. Contributing authors will be sent a page

charge fee notice with acknowledgment of initial receipt of manuscripts.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Volume 72 January 1996 Number 1

Contents

ROSS, D. W.—Phenology of pandora moth (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) adult emergence and

eee sc Omisiomalne com Al (Olen iia ae, as. 2ikeene. Me Bele Le SM ee J

BRUNNER, J. F.—Discovery of Colpoclypeus florus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in

APPle OnCharaasoleyy aan CMOl ia ewe ed et ee Pe

HALBERT, S. E., J. B. JOHNSON, P. L. GRAVES, P. M. MARSH & D. NELSON —<Aphidius

uzbekistanicus (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) established tr [Gabo ccc cceeceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

HALAJ, J., D. W. ROSS, R. R. MASON, T. R. TORGERSEN & A. R. MOLDENKE—

Geographic variation in arboreal spider (Araneae) communities on Douglas-fir in western

Oey CTEM ec a Wc es el ay se Me peal bm Lale dn ines ey Toned ty rc :

ZUPARKO, R. L.—Hymenoptera reared from Plagiotrochus suberi (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

galls in California

FOX, C. W., A. D. HARBIN & T. A. MOUSSEAU —Suitability of a non-host palo verde for

development of Stator limbatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) larvae

SCIENTIFIC NOTES

GULMAHAMAD, H.— Gnathamitermes per plexus (Banks) (Isoptera: Termitidae): A nuisance

structural termite pest in southern California

LARSEN, E.—The distribution of aquatic Heteroptera (Notonectidae) in Hawaii .......0.............

McFADZEN, M. E., M. S. VEKASY, T. Y. MORISHITA & J. H. GREVE—Northern range

extension for Haematosi phon inodorus(Dugés) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

Pacific Coast Entomological Society, Proceeding for 1990

Pacific Coast Entomological Society, Proceeding for 1991

Pacific Coast Entomological Society, financial statement for 1990, 1990 oe ceestenceseeeee

Pacific Coast Entomological Society, Sponsoring Members 1990-1994

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST REVIEWERS, Volumes 70 and 71

The

PAN-PACIFIC

ENTOMOLOGIST

Volume 72 April 1996 Number 2

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

(ISSN 0031-0603)

The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

EDITORIAL BOARD

R. V. Dowell, Editor R. M. Bohart

R. L. Penrose, Associate Editor J. T. Doyen

R. E. Somerby, Book Review Editor J. E. Hafernik, Jr.

Julieta EK Parinas, Treasurer Warren E. Savary

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed-

ings usually appearing in the October issue. All communications regarding non-

receipt of numbers should be addressed to: Vincent EK Lee, Managing Secretary;

and financial communications should be addressed to: Julieta F Parinas, Treasurer;

at: Pacific Coast Entomological Society, Dept. of Entomology, California Acad-

emy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118-4599.

Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be

addressed to: William Hamersky, Membership Committee chair, Pacific Coast

Entomological Society, Dept. of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences,

Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118-4599.

Manuscripts, proofs, and all correspondence concerning editorial matters (but

not aspects of publication charges or costs) should be sent to: Dr. Robert V.

Dowell, Editor, Pan-Pacific Entomologist, California Dept. of Food & Agriculture,

1220 N St., Sacramento, CA 95814. See the back cover for Information-to-Con-

tributors, and volume 66(1): 1—8, January 1990, for more detailed information.

Information on format for taxonomic manuscripts can be found in volume 69(2):

194-198. Refer inquiries for publication charges and costs to the Treasurer.

The annual dues, paid in advance, are $25.00 for regular members of the So-

ciety, $26.00 for family memberships, $12.50 for student members, or $40.00 for

institutional subscriptions or sponsoring members. Members of the Society receive

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Single copies of recent numbers or entire volumes

are available; see 67(1): 80 for current prices. Make checks payable to the Pacific

Coast Entomological Society.

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

OFFICERS FOR 1996

Wojciech J. Pulawski, President Vincent E Lee, Managing Secretary

Julieta E Parinas, Treasurer Stanley E. Vaughn, Recording Secretary

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST (ISSN 0031-0603) is published quarterly for $40.00 per

year by the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, % California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate

Park, San Francisco, CA 94118-4599. Second-class postage is paid at San Francisco, CA, and addi-

tional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to the Pacific Coast Entomological

Society, % California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118-4599.

This issue mailed 8 May 1996

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist (ISSN 0031-0603)

PRINTED BY THE ALLEN PRESS, INC., LAWRENCE, KANSAS 66044, U.S.A.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(2): 61-69, (1996)

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF

BRACHYSTOMELLINAE

(COLLEMBOLA: NEANURIDAE)

JupItH NAJT! AND WANDA M. WEINER?

‘Laboratoire d’Entomologie et EP go du CNRS, MNHN,

45, rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France;

Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals,

Polish Academy of Sciences,

Slawkowska 17, PI-31106 Krakow, Poland.

Abstract.—The subfamily Brachystomellinae, Collembola, currently includes 14 genera occurring

mostly on the Southern Hemisphere with the sole exception of Brachystomella, which is dis-

tributed worldwide. The genera Bonetella, Salvarella and Subclavontella are endemic for Aus-

tralia. Rapoportella occurs primarily in the Neotropical region, with a single species known from

the Australian region, although Cassagnella, reported also from the southern part of South

America, is well developed in Australia. Brachystomellides and Setanodosa are represented in

the Neotropical and the Australian regions. The other five genera: Micronella, Parastomella,

Raponella, Winterella and Folsomiella occur exclusively in the Neotropical region. Probrachys-

tomellides is distributed in the Ethiopian region. Thus, both the greatest number of genera (as

many as 10), and maximum species diversity (57 species), are to be found in the Neotropical

regions.

Key Words.—Insecta, Collembola, Brachystomellinae, biogeography, zoogeographic regions

TAXONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS

The subfamily Brachystomellinae is distributed on all continents and includes

15 genera: Bonetella Stach, 1949; Brachystomella Agren, 1903; Brachystomellides

Arlé, 1959; Cassagnella Najt & Massoud, 1974; Folsomiella Bonet, 1930; Mas-

soudella (= Australella, Stach, 1949), Ellis & Bellinger, 1973; Micronella Arlé,

1959; Parastomella Rapoport & Rubio, 1968; Probrachystomellides, Weiner &

Najt, 1991; Raponella Najt, 1988; Rapoportella (= Probrachystomella Rapoport,

1962) Ellis & Bellinger, 1973; Salvarella Greenslade & Najt, 1987; Setanodosa

Salmon, 1942; Subclavontella Stach, 1949; and Winterella Massoud, 1967. A

dubious genus, Guacharia Jackson, 1927, similar to Brachystomella with seven

ocelli was distinguished on the basis of immature specimens (Type species: G.

trinitata = B. septemoculata Denis, 1931?).

We examined types of brachystomelline species from the collection of the Na-

tional Museum of Natural History in Paris, and concluded that some of the genera

contain species which are either transitional or difficult to classify as belonging

to one of the closely related genera. Thus, within one population of Brachystomella

surendrai Goto, 1961, specimens may have normal or reduced mucro. Brachys-

tomella minimucronata Palacios-Vargas & Najt, 1981 has its mucro strongly

reduced and Brachystomella cyanea (Rapoport, 1962) has the whole furca reduced

to two mamelons. Brachystomella emder Greenslade & Najt, 1987 possesses all

characters of the genus but it is the only species known so far with spiniform setae

on dens, which is typical of the genus Brachystomellides.

62 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

Among the species of the genus Brachystomellides, only B. neuquensis Cassag-

nau & Rapoport, 1962, has globular maxillae with numerous teeth, as found in

the genus Brachystomella; the remaining three species have a globular maxilla

with only one or two teeth. Winterella arlesiana Massoud, 1967, has a pair of

reduced mandibles, without a molar plate. This is a primitive character, which

also occurs in Probrachystomellides nicolaii Weiner & Najt, 1991. In all other

genera the mandibles are absent.

As regards chaetotaxy, most of the genera demonstrate a distinct paurochaetosis.

Plurichaetosis is developed only in three genera: less conspicuously in Cassagnella,

abundantly in Bonetella and Salvarella.

Massoudella and Brachystomellides are identical in all generic characters, in-

cluding the presence of crosier-like structures on labium, as described by Massoud,

1967. For this reason we propose the following synonymy: Brachystomellides =

Massoudella syn. nov. Consequently, the subfamily Brachystomellinae should

contain 14 genera.

To better understand the geographical distribution of this group we have per-

formed a phylogenetic analysis based on morphological characters (to be published

separately), the results of which were applied in this work. The analysis enabled

us to distinguish two sister lineages: brachystomellian and rapoportellian groups,

each descended from a common ancestor.

Geographic Distribution.—In 1967 Massoud presented an outline of the geo-

graphic distribution for ten genera of Brachystomellinae. The principal lineage

includes five genera, Brachystomella, Folsomiella, Setanodosa, Micronella and

Winterella, and gives rise to two Neotropical lineages: one with Rapoportella, the

other with Brachystomellides. The fourth lineage, exclusively Australian, includes

three genera: Subclavontella, Bonetella and Massoudella.

Rapoport (1971) published a study of the geographical distribution of Neo-

tropical and Antarctic Collembola, considering only a few representatives of Bra-

chystomellinae. The author postulated that Folsomiella, Micronella, Parasto-

mella, Brachystomellides, Winterella and Rapoportella were endemic to the Neo-

tropical region. The occurrence of Brachystomellides neuquensis in Argentina and

Chile and the discovery of a new (although not described) species from this genus

in Peru (Winter 1962) gave evidence of the existence of contacts between the two

major stocks: Paleantarctic (relegated to the Araucanian subregion) and Neotrop-

ical (probably Afro-Brazilian or Holotropical). The genus Brachystomella was

reported to occur commonly in two regions: Palaearctic and Neotropical, but

Rapoport apparently overlooked its occurrence in the Australian region. Setan-

odosa is distributed in two regions: Australian and Neotropical. Rapoport con-

sidered the Holotropical region as the whole space between the tropics of Cancer

and Capricorn, claiming that Brachystomella contorta Denis, 1931 was widely

distributed over this vast area.

More than twenty years have passed since the publication of the two papers,

which discussed, among other things, the distribution of Brachystomellinae. New

genera and new species have since been described and the way in which their

characters are analyzed has changed and with more attention paid to chaetotaxy.

We re-examine the geographical distribution of genera and of species using the

zoogeographic division of continents by Mroczkowski (1968). However, we note

that, even today, the available data are fragmentary.

1996 NAJT & WEINER: BRACHYSTOMELLINAE DISTRIBUTION 63

Table 1. Geographic distribution of the genera Brachystomellinae. Zoogeographic regions: Nea—

Nearctic; Pal— Palearctic; Neo— Neotropical; Eth—Ethiopian; Ori— Oriental; Aus— Australian.

Genus Nea Pal Neo Eth Ori Aus

Bonetella Stach, 1949

Brachystomella Agren, 1903 + +

Brachystomellides Arlé, 1959

Cassagnella Najt & Massoud, 1974

Folsomiella Bonet, 1930

Micronella Arlé, 1959

Parastomella Rapoport & Rubio,

+++4++H+

++4++4

1968 +

Probrachystomellides Weiner &

Najt, 1991 +

Raponella Najt, 1988 +

Rapoportella Ellis & Bellinger,

1973 + +

Salvarella Greenslade & Najt,

1987 +

Setanodosa Salmon, 1942 + +

Subclavontella Stach, 1949 +

Winterella Massoud, 1967 +

ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF BRACHYSTOMELLINAE

Distribution of Genera.—The distribution of the brachystomelline genera by

geographic regions is presented in Table 1. Only Brachystomella occurs in all

regions. Folsomiella, Micronella, Parastomella, Raponella and Winterella are

known only from the Neotropical region. One genus: Probrachystomellides belongs

to the South-African subregion in the Ethiopian domain. Three genera: Bonetella,

Salvarella, and Subclavontella are Australian. The distribution of Brachystomel-

lides and Cassagnella covers two regions: the Australian and the Neotropical.

Rapoportella is principally a Neotropical genus, but it is found in the southern

part of the Nearctic region. This is probably the result of a neotropical expansion

to the north (Sonoran province, see map 1: Mroczkowski 1968) prior to the rise

of the Mexican neovolcanic chain. Rapoportella is also represented in Australia.

Setanodosa occurs in the Neotropical and the Australian. Brachystomella is the

only genus with a wide distribution; all other genera are found only south of the

Tropic of Cancer.

Distribution of Species.—The distribution of species is presented according to

two sister groups (to be published separately).

The brachystomellian group contains ten genera: Brachystomella, Setanodosa,

Micronella, Probrachystomellides, Brachystomellides, Parastomella, Bonetella,

Winterella, Subclavontella and Folsomiella.

Brachystomella includes 52 know species (Table 2). Brachystomella parvula is

a typically Palaearctic species, which is found in the Nearctic region. It is our

opinion that all specimens from other parts of the world that have been identified

as belonging to this species should be re-examined. Brachystomella contorta is

dispersed in the Neotropical, the Ethiopian, the Oriental regions and in the Ha-

walian subregion (Australian region).

The distribution of Brachystomella platensis is rather peculiar: originally de-

64 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

Table 2. Geographic distribution of species of the genus Brachystomella. Zoogeographic regions:

Nea—Nearctic; Pal—Palearctic, Neo—Neotropical; Eth—Ethiopian; Ori—Oriental; Aus— Australian.

Species Nea Pal Neo Eth Ori Aus

Brachystomella Agren, 1903

agrosa Wray, 1953 a

baconaoensis Gruia, 1983 +

barrerai Palacios-Vargas

& Najt, 1981 +

chilensis Rapoport

& Rubio, 1965 +

christianseni Massoud, 1965 +

coatesi Weiner & Najt, 1991 +

contorta Denis, 1931 + + + +

curvula Gisin, 1948 +

cyanea (Rapoport, 1962) +

dianae Greenslade & Najt, 1987

disputa Greenslade & Najt, 1987

emder Greenslade & Najt, 1987

fungicola Womersley, 1933

gabrielae Najt

& Palacios-Vargas, 1986 +

georgensis Weiner & Najt, 1991 +

globulosa Cassagnau & Rapoport,

1962 +

grootaerti Najt, Thibaud

& Jacquemart, 1991 +

hawaiiensis Yosii, 1965 +

heo Christiansen

& Bellinger, 1992 +

hiemalis Y osii, 1956 +

honda Christiansen

& Bellinger, 1988 +

insulae Najt & Thibaud,

1988 +

kahakai Christiansen

& Bellinger, 1992 +

kiko Christiansen

& Bellinger, 1992 +

koreana Weiner & Najt,

1985 +

mauriesi Thibaud & Massoud,

1983 +

micromucronata Palacios-

Vargas & Najt, 1981 +

momona Christiansen

& Bellinger, 1992 +

montebella Najt

& Palacios- Vargas, 1986

nana Rubio & Najt, 1979

neomexicana (Scott, 1960)

nubila Gisin, 1957 +

parvula (Schaeffer, 1896) + +

pastoralis Greenslade

& Najt, 1987 +

perraulti Thibaud

& Najt, 1993 +

++4+4+

+++

1996 NAJT & WEINER: BRACHYSTOMELLINAE DISTRIBUTION 65

Table 2. Continued.

Species Nea Pal Neo Eth Ori Aus

platensis Najt

& Massoud, 1974 + +

quadrituberculata Stach,

1964 +

ronderosi Najt, 1973 +

septemoculata Denis, 1931 +

sexoculata Massoud, 1967 +

solidaria Greenslade

& Najt, 1987 +

stachi Mills, 1934 + +

subandinensis Massoud,

1967 +

surendrai Goto, 1961 +

taxcoana Palacios-Vargas

& Najt, 1981 +

terrafolia Salmon, 1944 +

tuberculata (Wahlgren,

1906) +

ultima Greenslade

& Najt, 1987 +

unguilonga Najt

& Thibaud, 1988 +

victoriensis Izarra, 1972 +

villalobosi Cassagnau

& Rapoport, 1962 +

zapatai Najt

& Palacios-Vargas, 1986 +

scribed from an eucalyptus grove in Argentina, and never found anywhere else

in South America, this species appears to be widely distributed in Australia

(Greenslade & Najt 1987). Originating from the Australian region, 1t has been

most probably, introduced into the Neotropics. Brachystomella stachi is known

from the Nearctic and the Neotropical regions. Brachystomella surendrai is an

Oriental species. Brachystomella curvula, B. nubila, B. hiemalis, B. koreana and

B. quadrituberculata are known only from the Palaearctic region. Brachystomella

honda is marine littoral and occurs in the south Nearctic and the north Neotropical

regions.

Sixteen species originate from the Australian region: seven from Australian,

five from the Hawaiian (Brachystomella hawaiiensis, B. heo, B. kahakai, B. kiko

and B. momona), and three from the Polynesian (B. perraulti, B. insulae, B.

unguilonga) subregions. Among these 16 species Brachystomella fungicola may

represent another, probably new genus. Brachystomella terrafolia described from

the New Zelandian subregion was reported also from India (Prabhoo 1971), but

the specimens belong perhaps to a new species. Of the remaining 24 species, 22

are exclusively Neotropical and two are Ethiopian (from the South-African sub-

region).

The genus Setanodosa has 14 species (Table 3), eight belong to the Neotropical

fauna, five to the Australian and one occurs in the Ethiopian and the Australian.

66 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. 72(2)

Table 3. Geographic distribution of species belonging to brachystomellian group (except Brachy-

stomella sp.—see Table 2). Zoogeographic regions: Nea—Nearctic; Pal— Palearctic; Neo— Neotropical,

Eth—Ethiopian; Ori— Oriental; Aus— Australian.

Species

Setanodosa Salmon, 1942

afurcata (Womersley, 1933)

capitata (Womersley, 1930)

clavata (Schaeffer, 1897)

decemoculata (Cassagnau

& Rapoport, 1962)

fueguensis Najt, 1973

granulata (Womersley, 1935)

kanalua Christiansen

& Bellinger, 1992

occidentalis (Arlé, 1959)

peruensis Massoud, 1967

quinseta Salmon, 1944

rosasi (Bonet, 1934)

serrata Massoud, 1967

steineni (Schaeffer, 1891)

tetrabrachta Salmon, 1942

Micronella Arlé, 1959

porcus (Denis, 1933)

checayensis Massoud, 1967

Probrachystomellides Weiner & Najt,

1991

nicolaii Weiner & Najt, 1991

Brachystomellides Arlé, 1959

compositus Arlé, 1959

geniculatus (Womersley, 1934)

micro pilosus Cassagnau

& Rapoport, 1962

neuquensis Cassagnau

& Rapoport, 1962

Parastomella Rapoport & Rubio, 1968

mylodontis Rapoport

& Rubio, 1968

Bonetella Stach, 1949

terricola (Womersley, 1933)

Winterella Massoud, 1967

arlesiana Massoud, 1967

Subclavontella Stach, 1949

acantha (Womersley, 1933)

subacantha Massoud, 1967

Folsomiella Bonet, 1930

caeca (Folsom, 1927)

albida (Arlé, 1959)

intermedia (Arlé, 1939)

nothofagutalis (Rapoport

& Rubio, 1963)

polylepiana Massoud, 1967

Nea

Pal

Eth

1996 NAJT & WEINER: BRACHYSTOMELLINAE DISTRIBUTION 67

Table 4. Geographic distribution of species belonging to rapoportelian group. Zoogeographic regions:

Nea—Nearctic; Pal— Palearctic; Neo— Neotropical; Eth—Ethiopian; Ori— Oriental; Aus— Australian.

Species Nea Pal Neo Eth Ori Aus

Rapoportella Ellis & Bellinger, 1973

bonariensis (Rapoport, 1962) +

boneti Massoud, 1963 +

karta Greenslade & Najt, 1987 +

lowriei Najt, 1984 +

margaritae Najt &

Palacios-Vargas, 1986 +

mucronata Najt & Massoud,

1974 +

punillensis Izarra, 1973 +

rapoporti (Massoud, 1963) +

sergioi (Najt, 1973) +

sigwalti Najt &

Palacios-Vargas, 1986 +

yolandae (Rapoport & Mafio,

1969) +

Raponella Najt, 1988

dodecophthalma (Rapoport &

Rubio, 1963) +

Cassagnella Najt & Massoud, 1974

alba Najt & Massoud, 1974 +

anomala (Womersley, 1933) +

Salvarella Greenslade & Najt, 1987

wallacei Greenslade & Najt,

1987 ae

The only species of Micronella are exclusively Neotropical. Probrachystomellides

nicolai is monotypic, at present known only from South Africa, and thus belonging

to the Ethiopian region. Brachystomellides includes four species, three in the

Neotropical region and one in Australia. Parastomella mylodontis, described from

Mylodon Cave in Chile, is monotypic and limited to the Neotropical region

(Patagono-Andean subregion). Bonetella terricola, also a monotypic genus, is known

only from the Australian region, and Winterella arlesiana from the Neotropics.

Subclavontella is represented by two species in the Australian region. Fol/somiella,

with five species, 1s characteristic for the Central and South-American continent:

the Neotropical region.

Within the brachystomellian group, only three species of Brachystomella are

distributed over two and one in four geographical regions. Each of the remaining

77 species has its distribution restricted to a single biogeographic realm.

The rapoportellian group includes four genera: Rapoportella, Raponella, Cas-

sagnella and Salvarella (Table 4). Ten species of the genus Rapoportella are Neo-

tropical and one is Australian.

Raponella dodecophtalma is monotypic in the Neotropical region. Cassagnella

contains two species, the Patagono-Andean C. a/baand the Australian C. anomala.

This latter species, characterized by elongated maxillae with lamellae, was orig-

68 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

inally described as belonging to the genus Brachystomella but according to Wom-

ersley (1939) this classification was incorrect. Salvarella wallacei is monotypic

and known only from the Australian region. The rapoportellian group has no

representatives in the Holarctic region.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Only one of the 14 brachystomelline genera, Brachystomella, has a worldwide

distribution; the occurrence of five genera is limited to the Neotropical region,

three to the Australian region, and one to the Ethiopian region. Four genera occur

in the Neotropical and the Australian regions.

Of the 98 known species of Brachystomellinae, three are from two and one

from four regions. Among the remaining 94 species, 55 are characteristic of the

Neotropical, 28 of the Australian, five of the Palaearctic, one of the Nearctic,

three of the Ethiopian, one of the Ethiopian and Australian and one of the Oriental

regions. Thus, both the greatest number of genera (as many as 10) and maximum

of species diversity (57 species) are to be found in the Neotropical region.

Collembola, a sister group of insects, are known from the mid Devonian, from

about 400 millions y.b.p. This panchronic group has survived all geological epochs

without undergoing any basic change of its initial form. Their center of origin was

doubtlessly located in Pangaea. Collembola have developed a variety of adap-

tations that allowed them not only to conquer all habitats but also invade various

continents.

We postulate that the Brachystomellinae began with a Pangaean ancestor, and

that the strongest diversification and the most intense speciation took place on

Gondwana Land beginning from an ancestor of Brachystomella type. The original

group: Brachystomella, survived unchanged on the continent of Laurasia, but

Gondwana Land, isolated and drifting away, developed a variety of climates and

habitats which allowed for an evolutionary explosion in situ. As we have shown

above, Brachystomellinae are represented by a few species in the Holarctic region

and only the genus Brachystomella. The same genus occurs throughout the Southern

Hemisphere, where it has diversified into many species and also given origin to

the proliferation of genera endemic to the Southern Hemisphere.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. J. Casevitz-Weulersse for the critical

reading of the manuscript. The work was partly supported by the grant KBN

1828/4/91 from the Polish Committee for Scientific Research to W. M. Weiner.

LITERATURE CITED

Ellis, W. N. & P. F. Bellinger. 1973. An annotated list of the generic names of Collembola (Insecta)

and their type species. Monogrn. Ned. Entomol. Veren., 7: 1-74.

Greenslade, P. & J. Najt. 1987. Collemboles Brachystomellinae de 1l’Australie I. Les genres Bra-

chystomella et Rapoportella. Ann. Soc. Entomol. France (N.S.), 23: 435-453.

Massoud, Z. 1967. Monographie des Neanuridae, Collemboles Poduromorphes 4 piéces buccales

modifiées. Biol. Am. Austr. CNRS, 3: 1-399.

Mroczkowki, M. 1968. Distribution of the Dermestidae (Coleoptera) of the world with a catalogue

of all known species. Ann. Zool., 26: 15-190.

Prabhoo, N. R. 1971. Soil and litter Collembola of South India. I—Arthropleona. Oriental Insects,

5: 1-46.

1996 NAJT & WEINER: BRACHYSTOMELLINAE DISTRIBUTION 69

Rapoport,E.H. 1971. The geographical distribution of Neotropical and Antarctic Collembola. Pacific

Insects Monogr., 25: 99-118.

Winter, C. 1962. Zur 6kologie und Taxonomie der neotropischen Bodentiere. (II). Zur Collembolen-

Fauna Perus. Zool. Jb. Syst., 90: 393-520.

Womersley, H. 1939. Primitive insects of South Australia. silverfish, springtails and their allies.

Government Printer, Adelaide.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(2): 70-81, (1996)

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF NICROPHORUS NIGRITA,

A WESTERN NEARCTIC SPECIES

(COLEOPTERA: SILPHIDAE)

DEREK S. SIKES!

Department of Biology, University of California,

Santa Cruz, California 95064

Abstract. — Nicrophorus nigrita Mannerheim is an atypical Nearctic burying beetle due to its lack

of dorsal, elytral maculations. Aspects of this species’ natural history were investigated and

compared to those of Nearctic congeners. Adults from a central Californian coastal population

were found to be crepuscular and active year-round, with minimal activity during winter. The

sex ratio of wild-trapped N. nigrita was female-biased while laboratory-raised broods were slightly

male-biased. Adult male pronotal width was greater than that of females (mean + SD) (5.84 +

0.74 vs. 5.67 + 0.66). A minimum population size of 4565 individuals was calculated for Big

Creek Canyon. Analysis of mouse carcass transect data indicated that N. nigrita adults located

dead mice more successfully in moist, cool, redwood-forested canyons than in six other habitat-

types. Vertebrate scavengers, flies and ants were the most common competitors of N. nigrita for

mouse carcasses. The reproductive biology of this species differed only slightly from known

Nicrophorus biology. Carcass mass strongly predicted the mean pronotal width of the offspring

in a brood. Nicrophorus nigrita differs from Nearctic congeners in the lack of elytral maculations,

the greater length of time required to complete development from larva to adult and an apparent

lack of reproductive diapause. It only shares year-round activity with Nicrophorus mexicanus

Matthews.

Key Words.—Insecta, Nicrophorus nigrita, Silphidae, Nicrophorinae, burying beetle, carrion,

Acari, Parasitidae, Poecilochirus carabi, P. subterraneus, Histiostomatidae, Pelzneria

Approximately 85 species of Nicrophorus are described, 20 of which are found

in the New World and 15 of these are found north of Mexico (Peck & Anderson

1985). Ecological aspects of six old world and 11 new world Nicrophorus species

have been investigated (Pukowski 1933, Anderson & Peck 1985, Kozol et al.

1988, Scott & Traniello 1990, Robertson 1992, Trumbo 1994 and citations there-

in), but the bionomics of western and southern Nearctic species remains poorly

known. All the well-studied Nicrophorus species occur in regions that experience

harsh winters and the biology of species from environments lacking harsh winters,

such as the central coast of California, is poorly understood.

Nicrophorus biology, particularly reproductive behavior, is well described (Pu-

kowski 1933, Trumbo 1994, and citations therein). In brief, interspecific and

intrasexual competition occur for dominance of small (< 100 g) carcasses. Car-

casses dominated by Nicrophorus adults are buried by a male-female pair and

used as a food resource for developing offspring. The larvae develop within a

brood chamber which also houses the parents and the carcass. Both parents tend

the larvae by regurgitating food, maintaining the brood chamber and defending

the brood against predators or competing congeners. Numerous aspects of burying

beetle behavior, such as biparental care, communal breeding, brood parasitism,

1 Present Address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut,

Storrs, CT 06269.

1996 SIKES: NATURAL HISTORY OF NICROPHORUS NIGRITA El

etc. have been recently explored from a behavioral ecology perspective (Bartlett

1988; Bartlett & Ashworth 1988; Miiller et al. 1990; Scott 1990; Trumbo 1990a,

1991, 1994; Trumbo & Wilson 1993; Trumbo & Fiore 1994; Eggert & Miiller

1992; Scott & Gladstein 1993).

Nicrophorus nigrita Mannerheim, occurs along the Pacific coast, from British

Columbia to Baja California and inland to Nevada, (Anderson & Peck 1985, Peck

& Anderson 1985). It is the most common silphid in California (Miller & Peck

1979). These large, black beetles are present in most Californian ecosystems, yet

current knowledge is limited to data gathered from museum specimens.

The lack of dorsal, elytral maculations on N. nigrita adults is a species-level

trait unique among Nearctic Nicrophorus. Anderson & Peck (1986) suggest a

thermoregulatory hypothesis, supported by the evidence that melanic morphs of

Nicrophorus guttula Motschulsky, Nicrophorus defodiens Mannerheim and Nicro-

phorus investigator Zetterstedt are found in regions of reduced levels of solar

radiation, where N. nigrita is common. If N. nigrita is adapted to environmental

conditions unique for Nearctic burying beetles, as suggested by its dark coloration,

then other traits associated with this adaptation should exist. This investigation,

in addition to providing new natural history information, attempts to test this

prediction.

I investigated the hypothesis that N. nigrita displays additional traits associated

with its lack of elytral maculations, and documented this species’ life history.

During 1991 and 1992, I collected information on abundance, phenology, sex

ratio, morphology, diel periodicity, population size, carrion community species

composition, habitat preference and reproductive biology from a central Califor-

nian, coastal population of N. nigrita.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Site.— Research was conducted from 19 Apr 1991 to 7 Mar 1992 at the

University of California Landels-Hill Big Creek Reserve. The reserve is located

within the Santa Lucia coastal mountain range, Monterey County, California

(36°4' N, 121°36’ W). The topography is convoluted with mountain ridges reaching

elevations above 600 m. Extreme climatic variation and steep elevational gra-

dients in the reserve are associated with many diverse communities. Twelve plant

communities exist within the reserve, with redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D.

Don) Endlicher), oak (Quercus spp.), bay (Umbellularia californica (Hooker &

Arnott) Nuttall), and coastal sage scrub (Artemisia spp., Baccharis sp., Ceanothus

sp. et al.) being members of the more common communities (Bickford & Rich

1985).

Live Trapping. —Traps were positioned throughout the reserve to sample beetle

abundance over time and to obtain sex ratio and body size data. Eight 1 m?

hanging live-catch pitfall traps (Wilson et al. 1984), were modified by adding a

funnel inside the collecting entrance, fashioned from a 12 oz. plastic Solo (R) cup

minus its bottom, to prevent beetles from escaping. Traps were opened on 19

Apr 1991 and were rebaited at ten day intervals with 250 g of rotten chicken that

had been contained for 2—5 days at ambient temperature. Starting in mid October,

traps were rebaited at monthly intervals and trapping ceased 7 Mar 1992.

Population abundance and phenology were evaluated by recording trap catches

at ten day intervals and by marking, releasing and recapturing beetles. Captured

72 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

N. nigrita were marked by cutting a triangular piece, approximately 1 mm? in

size, from the posterior margin of an elytron (Wilson & Knollenberg 1987, Trumbo

1990b, Goldwasser et al. 1993) before releasing them at the trap site. I also

obtained phenology information from museum specimens of the California Acad-

emy of Sciences Entomology Collection in San Francisco and the Entomology

Collection of the University of California at Davis.

Sex ratio and morphology were evaluated by sexing trapped individuals and

by measuring their pronotal widths (to 0.05 mm). Sex determinations were based

on this species’ sexual dimorphism: the male’s foretarsi are wider and have more

pubescence than the female’s and the male has larger ridges above the eyes and

a larger clypeus than the female. Dried beetles obtained from the traps were

weighed to evaluate the relationship between pronotal width and mass (Bartlett

& Ashworth 1988, Scott 1990, Robertson 1992).

Diel periodicity was investigated by using a single trap located in a redwood-

forested canyon bottom, that was checked once for beetles an hour before and

once an hour after sun-up and sun-set. The data represent thirty days of obser-

vations, spanning 16 Jul to 30 Aug 1991.

Insect specimens of species not previously seen in the hanging traps were col-

lected and identified (Table 3). Only presence/absence data were recorded for

species other than N. nigrita. Voucher specimens of these species were deposited

in the Montana Entomology Collection, Montana State University. A long series

of adult N. nigrita specimens was deposited in the research collection at the

Landels-Hill Big Creek Reserve.

A minimum population size for this species within Big Creek Canyon (one of

four canyons sampled) was estimated using a sequential, Bayesian algorithm (Ga-

zey & Staley 1986, Kozol et al. 1988). To help meet assumptions of the algorithm,

data from a single trap run from 22 May to 21 Oct 1991 in Big Creek Canyon

were used.

Mouse Carcass Transect Studies. —Habitat preference was assessed by moni-

toring mouse carcass transects. Dead laboratory mice, (Mus musculus L.), thawed

10-15 h before use and weighing 15-35 g, were spaced on transects at 20 m

intervals in seven habitats (Table 4). Each mouse was attached to a flag marker

by 0.5 m of copper wire that prevented their removal by invertebrates, yet allowed

burial by beetles and subsequent carcass location. The mice were observed daily

for the first three days and every other day thereafter. I eventually recorded all

mice as being dominated, displaced or consumed. During these observations, I

hand collected representatives of the Coleoptera and Hymenoptera found on the

mouse carcasses (Table 3). Voucher specimens of these species were deposited in

the Montana Entomology Collection, Montana State University.

Laboratory Re production Studies. — Wild pairs of beetles obtained from hanging

traps were placed with freshly thawed mouse carcasses in plastic 2 liter repro-

duction chambers (RC). Each RC had a perforated lid, was filled with soil from

a redwood-forested, canyon-bottom floor and contained one pair of beetles and

a mouse carcass. The RCs were kept in a well aerated room within the reserve,

where the photoperiod and temperature fluctuated with external conditions. Lab-

oratory temperatures ranged from 13 to 20 °C. To test for seasonal reproductive

activity, wild-caught adults were placed in RCs on the following dates: 3 May, 5

Jul, 28 Jul, 24 Sep and 5 Nov 1991.

1996 SIKES: NATURAL HISTORY OF NJCROPHORUS NIGRITA 73

Abundance of Beetles /trap

100 158 217 275 333 27 85

Julian Day

Figure 1. Abundance of adult Nicrophorus nigrita captured in hanging pitfall traps; day 120 (1991)

= first trap capture = (30 Apr 1991); day 67 (1992) = last trap capture = (7 Mar 1992).

Quantitative data on the duration of parental care, duration of larval feeding

and the number of emerging progeny were obtained by observing activity within

the RCs daily. Fecundity data were obtained by counting the number of larvae

per brood on day 12. Sex ratios and pronotal widths of the emerging adults from

40 RCs were recorded.

Other aspects of Nicrophorus reproductive biology, such as the creation of a

brood ball and biparental care, were noted during the course of the study, but no

quantitative data were gathered. Phoretic mites were collected and identified for

comparative purposes. Mite specimens were deposited in the private collection

of B. M. O’Connor.

Reproductive Success.—I investigated the following three variables as possible

predictors of reproductive success: paternal pronotal width, maternal pronotal

width and mouse carcass size. Reproductive success was measured by two vari-

ables: the number of offspring, and the mean pronotal width of the offspring in

a brood. I also determined the relationship between offspring size and days from

burial to eclosion.

RESULTS

Live-trapping. —The abundance of N. nigrita adults steadily increased through-

out the summer but decreased sharply with the onset of cooler weather and greater

precipitation in early November (Fig. 1). However, N. nigrita adults were captured

74 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

Table 1. Pronotal width of Nicrophorus nigrita (mm) captured in hanging-pitfall traps.

Sex n Mean (SD) Min. Median Max. Var.

é 862 5.84 (0.74) 3.90 5.85? 7.85 0.55

g 1022 5.67 (0.66) 3.70 5.70? 7.52 0.44

@ Males significantly larger than females, Mann-Whitney test, H = 24.27, df = 1, P = 0.000001.

throughout the winter. Specimens of N. nigrita in the California Academy of

Sciences Entomology Collection and the UC Davis Entomology Collection had

been collected during each month of the year (n = 611). In 313 days of trapping,

2349 N. nigrita adults were caught. I marked and released 1497 N. nigrita adults,

of which 123 (8.2%), were later recaptured.

The sampled, wild population of N. nigrita had a female-biased sex ratio (0.84:

1.0, n = 1884; differs significantly from 1:1 x? = 13.58, df = 1, P < 0.05). The

combined F, sex ratio of 32 laboratory reared broods was male-biased (1.08:1.0,

n = 354; differs significantly from 1:1 x? = 7.59, df= 1, P < 0.05).

The mean pronotal width of males was greater than that of females (Table 1).

Pronotal width was found to be a positive predictor of dried beetle mass (n =

214, linear correlation r = 0.65, P < 0.001, Kendall’s Tau = 0.461, P = 1.47 x

10-23),

Nicrophorus nigrita adults were most often caught at dusk, with some catches

recorded at dawn and fewer recorded during the night (Table 2). No beetles were

caught during the day (Table 2).

The agyrtid, Necrophilus hydrophiloides Guérin-Méneville, was commonly cap-

tured in the hanging pitfall traps during the winter months when silphids were

rare (Table 3).

Within Big Creek Canyon a total of 623 beetles were marked during 23 capture-

mark-release events and 83 (13%) were recaptured. I calculated a minimum pop-

ulation size of 4565 beetles (95% confidence intervals of 1832 and 5866 individ-

uals).

Mouse Carcass Transect Studies. — Fifty-eight of 90 dead mice placed on tran-

sects were displaced by vertebrate scavengers (64%). Two transects placed over

100 m from a trail or road were the least disturbed by vertebrates (Table 4). Table

3 lists Coleoptera and Hymenoptera species found associated with mouse car-

casses.

Table 2. Diel Periodicity of Nicrophorus nigrita adults caught in a hanging pitfall trap.

# Beetles

Time intervals # Days Total hrs. obs? observed>

Daytime >06:30 h <20:00 h 6 81 0

PM crepuscular >20:00 h <21:00 h 8 8 18

Night >21:00 h <05:30 h 10 85 >

AM crepuscular >05:30 h <06:30 h 6 6 3

@ Total hrs. obs. is the total number of hours during the specified time intervals that were sampled

for beetle presence.

> Beetles were most often caught at sundown (x? = 405.4, df = 3, P < 0.0001).

° Four beetles trapped on a cloudless night of full moon, 29 Aug 1991.

1996 SIKES: NATURAL HISTORY OF NICROPHORUS NIGRITA 75

Table 3. Coleoptera and Hymenoptera species caught in hanging pitfall traps baited with 280 g

rotten chicken, and on mouse carcasses in a variety of habitats (see Table 4), May through Oct 1991.

Mouse

Order, family Species carcasses Traps

COLEOPTERA

Silphidae Nicrophorus nigrita Mannerheim xX xX

Nicrophorus guttula Motschulsky xX

Agyrtidae Necrophilus hydrophiloides Guérin-Méneville xX

Staphylinidae Creophilus maxillosus (L.) xX

Dermestidae Dermestes marmoratus Say x x

Dermestes talpinus Mannerheim xX

Megatoma sp. x

Leiodidae Catops simplex Say xX

Histeridae Saprinus prob. lugens Erichson xX

Melyridae Collops sp. xX

Cleridae Necrobia rufipes (De Geer) 4

HYMENOPTERA

Vespidae Vespula vulgaris (L.) xX

Braconidae Alysia nr. alticola (Ashmead) xX

Formicidae Solenopsis xyloni McCook x

Solenopsis molesta (Say) xX

Crematogaster (mormonum Emery or coarctata Mayr) x

M onomorium ergatogyna Wheeler x

Formica moki Wheeler xX

Camponotus nr. vicinus Mayr xX

Nicrophorus nigrita only buried mice in cool, mesic, redwood habitats (Table

4). Temperature fluctuations within these habitats were less severe than habitats

found near or on ridge tops (unpubl. weather station data).

Laboratory Reproductive Studies. —Wild N. nigrita adults were reproductively

active in the laboratory from 3 May to 5 Nov 1991. The means of the number

of offspring produced from three independent rearing attempts were 15.6 (SD =

11.7, n = 3 broods), 15.3 (SD = 6, n = 8 broods) and 12.6 (SD = 5.6, n = 40

broods). Male parents remained with the brood for a mean of 11.1 days (SD =

1.2, n = 6 broods) whereas females remained with the brood for a mean of 13.1

days (SD = 2.3, n = 7 broods). Paternal residence time was not significantly

shorter than maternal (t = — 1.98, df = 9.5, P = 0.076). Together, parents tended

offspring for a mean of 10.9 days (SD = 1.5, n = 8 broods).

Larvae began pupation a mean of 12.3 days (SD = 1.2, n = 3 broods) after the

adults had been placed with a dead mouse (initiated 3 May 1991). Approximately

80 days elapsed between placement of adults with a dead mouse and the emergence

of offspring from their pupal chambers (mean = 79.9, SD = 6.6, n = 10 broods,

initiated 28 Jul 1991).

Features of N. nigrita biology consistent with other known Nicrophorus spp.

include: construction of a brood chamber and a brood “‘ball’’; deposition of anal

compounds onto the carcass purported to inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi

(Pukowski 1933, Halffter et al. 1983); departure of the male parent prior to the

female parent; regurgitation of food to the larvae by the parents; stridulation by

the parents while tending the young; three instars of larval development; and the

76 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

Table 4. The proportion of mouse carcasses displaced, dominated or consumed by vertebrates or

saprophagous arthropods in 10 locations, over 10 days, Aug and Sep 1991.

Approx. N. Vespula

Habitat elevation n nigrita Vertebrates Flies Ants vulgaris Other

rwd?/mesic W sl 90 m 10 0.10 0.10° 0.80

rwd/mesic N sl 90 m 10 0.10 0.90

rwd/mesic N sl 90 m 10 0.90 0.10

rwd/mesic N sl 90 m 5 1.00

rwd/mesic N sl 150 m 11 0.40 0.60

rwd/xeric S sl 90 m 10 0.70 0.10 0.204

grass/xeric hltp 300 m 10 0.40 0.40¢ 0.20

oak/xeric hltpf 480 m 5 1.00

Pinus/xeric S sl 678 m 9 0.89 0.11

coast scrub N sl 330 m 10 1.00

mean %: 6 69 16 6 1 Ps

a4 rwd = redwood.

> sl = slope.

4 Solenopsis xyloni.

f hltp = hilltop.

presence of phoretic mites and nematodes. The nematodes occasionally bred to

enormous population levels on carcasses in the laboratory causing the beetles to

abandon the carcasses—a previously unreported competitive interaction.

Three species of phoretic mites taken from N. nigrita adults were identified as

Poecilochirus carabi Canestrini (Parasitidae), Poecilochirus subterraneus (Mueller)

(Parasitidae) and Pel/zneria sp. (Histiostomatidae). These mites were all removed

from adult beetles and were deutonymphs.

Re productive Success. —No adult offspring were produced by 8 (20%) of 40 RCs

begun on 28 Jul 1991. Within the 32 remaining broods, a total of 465 larvae were

counted on day 12 after initiation. In the predator-free, laboratory environment,

354 (76%) of these larvae survived to eclosion. A significant, positive relationship

was found between days to eclosion and pronotal width of emerging adults (n =

354, r? = 0.17, P < 0.01).

Mouse carcass mass predicted the pronotal widths of emerging adults but pa-

ternal and maternal size did not. Mouse carcass mass (using mouse tissue parcels

weighing 2.75—42 g) was significantly related to mean pronotal width of the off-

spring in a brood (n = 37 broods, r? = 0.419, P < 0.0001; Fig. 2). Carcass mass

was a weak positive predictor of the number of larvae found on day 12 (n = 37

broods, r? = 0.104, P = 0.052) but not a predictor of the number of emerging

adult offspring (n = 37 broods, r? = 0.0039, P = 0.71).

DISCUSSION

Live-trapping & Mouse Carcass Transect Studies.—The phenologies of N. ni-

grita and its hypothesized sister species, Nicrophorus mexicanus Matthews (Peck

& Anderson 1985), are unique among the documented phenologies of Nearctic

Nicrophorus because adults of these species remain active in low numbers during

1996 SIKES: NATURAL HISTORY OF NICROPHORUS NIGRITA 77

7.2

e e

‘= e

E. 6.6 " e e

oO $ e

re) ea .

SG ©

= e e

— &

g 5.5 A e a

5 : °

o @

o 4.9

= a

4.3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Mouse Carcass Mass (g)

Figure 2._ Relationship between mouse carcass mass and the mean pronotal width of the offspring

in a brood for Nicrophorus nigrita, (n = 37 broods, Kendall’s Tau = 0.42, P = 0.000265; linear

correlation: r = 0.648, P < 0.001, pronotal width = 0.0407 (carcass mass) + 5.29).

winter months (Terron et al. 1991). These two species are found in regions that

generally lack cold winters, a factor related to their year-round activity. Species

in the southern United States, such as Nicrophorus carolinus Linnaeus, may also

remain active during the winter months due to the mild winters of those regions.

Peck & Anderson (1985) and Anderson & Peck (1985) state that N. mexicanus

and N. nigrita adults are most active during fall, winter and spring—a finding not

corroborated by this investigation. Terron et al. (1991) document N. mexicanus

as being most active during the summer, and least active during the winter, which

is consistent with my observations of N. nigrita.

Terron et al. (1991), studying N. mexicanus, Trumbo (1990a), studying Nicro-

phorus orbicollis Say and Wilson & Knollenberg (1984), studying N. orbicollis and

N. defodiens found female-biased sex ratios at pitfall traps. Trumbo (1990a) found

1:1 sex ratios for Nicrophorus pustulatus Herschel and Nicrophorus tomemtosus

Weber, whereas male-biased sex ratios were found in Palearctic Nicrophorus spp.

studied by Easton (1979) and Springett (1967). Wilson & Knollenberg (1984) and

Trumbo (1990a) both reported laboratory raised broods were non-biased sug-

gesting intrinsic and/or extrinsic factors skew the sex ratios in N. mexicanus, N.

orbicollis, N. tomentosus and N. nigrita.

This study indicates N. nigrita adults are crepuscular (Table 2), whereas N.

nigrita had been reported to be a nocturnal species based on data from black light

captures (Peck & Kaulbars 1987). The method used here, provides data more

78 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

representative of natural behavior than black-light data (Wilson et al. 1984).

However, I recorded activity during a brightly moon-lit night (Table 2), suggesting

these beetles may prolong their period of activity under such conditions.

Nicrophorus defodiens is active crepuscularly in Michigan (Wilson et al. 1984),

whereas N. tomentosus is diurnal and two other species, N. orbicollis and Nicro-

phorus sayi LaPorte, were documented to be strictly nocturnal. My data support

the nocturnal and crepuscular activity pattern more commonly found in this genus.

The low proportion of transect mouse carcasses dominated by N. nigrita adults

(Table 4) may result from a number of causes. Vertebrate scavengers, most likely

foxes, consumed the majority of dead mice placed in the field. Similar results,

with vertebrate scavengers removing from 60% to 100% of small carcasses, are

not uncommon (Putman 1976, 1983). Nicrophorus nigrita adults were more suc-

cessful in using carrion in areas where vertebrate scavengers have less impact as

seen in the two transects located more than 100 m from a trail or road (Table 4).

Other arthropod species may outcompete N. nigrita for carrion within the study

region (Table 3). Itis unclear whether N. nigrita prefers to breed on large carcasses,

as some congeners have been shown to do (e.g. N. pustulatus; Peck 1986, Rob-

ertson 1992, Trumbo & Wilson 1993). If shown to occur, this would help explain

the scarcity of adults on small carcasses in the field.

Laboratory Reproductive Studies.—The reproductive biology of N. nigrita is

similar to other Nicrophorus. The greatest difference found, in addition to the

apparent lack of reproductive diapause, involved the time required to complete

development. Robertson (1992) reports that Canadian N. pustulatus complete

development from larva to adult in 22-27 d. Scott & Traniello (1990) report N.

orbicollis from New Hampshire require approximately 44 d from burial ofa carcass

to eclosion. Halffter et al. (1983), studying N. mexicanus, found development was

completed from larva to adult in 39 days. These records are significantly shorter

than the corresponding 73-85 d development time required for N. nigrita. How-

ever, these traits may be population-level adaptations, or simple plastic (non-

fixed) responses to the temperature of the environments or laboratories in which

the species were studied, rather than fixed, species-level traits. Robertson (1992),

Scott & Traniello (1990), and Halffter et al. (1983) did not state at what temper-

ature the larvae developed, but all three of these studies were conducted within

laboratories, which generally range from 15 to 25° C.

Thereproductive phenologies of many Nearctic Nicrophorus are known (Wilson

et al. 1984, Scott & Traniello 1990, Anderson & Peck 1985). Nicrophorus nigrita

displays a less constrained reproductive schedule than those of congeners that are

tightly associated with the seasonal changes present in the eastern and northern

Nearctic. Nicrophorus nigrita females are able to reproduce within a month of

eclosion (unpublished data) and no evidence of reproductive diapause was found,

although reproduction in the field during the months of December to April has

yet to be demonstrated.

The reproductive success of N. nigritais consistent with that of other congeners.

Nicrophorus orbicollis shows no correlation between female size and offspring

number (Scott & Traniello 1990), but does show a strong correlation between

carcass size and total brood mass (Scott & Traniello 1990, Robertson 1992,

Trumbo 1994). I found similar relationships for N. nigrita.

Scott & Traniello (1990) found a significant negative correlation between brood

1996 SIKES: NATURAL HISTORY OF NICROPHORUS NIGRITA 79

size and days to eclosion for N. orbicollis. This is consistent with my findings

showing offspring size to be positively correlated with days to eclosion; brood size

and offspring size have been shown to be inversely related (Scott & Traniello

1990).

The departure of the male parent prior to the female has been reported from

other Nicrophorus (Bartlett 1988; Miiller & Eggert 1989; Scott 1990; Scott &

Traniello 1990; Trumbo 1991). I did not establish that male N. nigrita adults

abandon their offspring prior to females, however, this is most likely a result of

small sample sizes rather than strong evidence against the pattern of early male

departure. Scott & Gladstein (1993) present a predictive model and analysis of

the sociobiological ramifications of the duration of paternal care in burying beetles.

The geographic and phylogenetic distance (Peck & Anderson 1985) between N.

nigrita and the more well-known eastern species predicted differences were likely

to be found in the phoretic mite fauna of N. nigrita. Of the three mite species

found on N. nigrita, P. carabi is Holarctically distributed and the most commonly

reported phoretic associate of Nicrophorus spp. (Brown & Wilson 1992). Poe-

cilochirus subterraneus is not documented to occur in the Nearctic but is wide-

spread in the Palearctic (B. M. O’Connor, personal communication). There are

no described Nearctic species within the genus Pelzneria (B. M. O’Connor, per-

sonal communication). The presence of a Palearctic species of phoretic mite (P.

subterraneus) on N. nigrita indicates a possible biogeographic Asian connection.

The diversity and complexity of the phoretic fauna found on Nicrophorus spp.

has attracted attention (Wilson 1983, Wilson & Knollenberg 1987, Schwarz &

Miiller 1992, Richter 1993) but many avenues of ecological and systematic re-

search remain open (Brown & Wilson 1992).

In conclusion, I suggest that the autapomorphic aspects of N. nigrita’s biology

are associated with this species’ thermoregulatory adaptation to survival in regions

of cool but relatively constant temperatures. This hypothesis was first proposed

by Anderson & Peck (1986) for the melanic forms of N. guttula, N. investigator

and N. defodiens found predominantly along the pacific coast. The autapomorphic

aspects of N. nigrita are the continual activity throughout the winter months

(possible synapomorphy with N. mexicanus), the prolonged time span to complete

development from larva to adult, the apparent lack of seasonally-fixed reproduc-

tive activity and the absence of bright elytral maculations. Future studies inves-

tigating behavioral and ecological correlates of Nicrophorus thermoregulation are

needed to test this hypothesis.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Iam grateful to J. T. Smiley for providing advice, supplies and help throughout

this study. I thank M. E. Sikes for her assistance in the field and encouragement,

D. S. Wilson, S. T. Trumbo and S. B. Peck for sharing information regarding

Nicrophorus, the collection managers N. Penny (CAS) and S. Heydon (UCDC)

for their assistance, reviewers R. S. Miller, M. A. Ivie, J. T. Smiley, D. K. Le-

tourneau, C. Seibert, and two anonymous reviewers whose input improved the

manuscript, P. Ward (Formicidae), S. Heydon (Braconidae), D. Carmean (Ves-

pidae), B. O’Connor (Acari) and M. A. Ivie (Coleoptera) for their identifications

and S. V. and A. Sikes and F. Arias for their technical support. Financial support

80 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

was provided by F. F. Bliss, J. T. Smiley, S. V. and S. B. Sikes and The Department

of Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz. This research was carried out

as part of a Senior Thesis in Biology at UCSC. This is contribution J-3007 of the

Montana Agricultural Experiment Station.

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Wilson, D.S. & W. G. Knollenberg. 1984. Food discrimination and ovarian development in burying

beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae: Nicrophorus). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 77: 165-170.

Wilson, D. S., W. G. Knollenberg & J. Fudge. 1984. Species packing and temperature dependent

competition among burying beetles (Silphidae: Nicrophorus). Ecol. Entomol., 9: 205-216.

Wilson, D. S. & W. G. Knollenberg. 1987. Adaptive indirect effects: the fitness of burying beetles

with and without their phoretic mites. Evol. Ecol., 1: 139-159.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(2): 82-88, (1996)

A COMPARISON OF THE SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF

PTEROSTICHUS BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)

IN A COMMERCIAL APPLE ORCHARD IN

SONOMA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

Eric W. RIppICcK! AND Nick J. MILLS

Laboratory of Biological Control,

Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management,

University of California, Berkeley, California 94720

Abstract.— Adults of the predatory Pterostichus beetles were trapped in a commercial orchard

for two consecutive apple-growing seasons. Pterostichus (Dysidius) lustrans LeConte, Pterostichus

(Poecilus) cursitor LeConte, and two Pterostichus (Hypherpes) species, were occasionally more

active on the soil surface in plots under organic management of insect pests of apple, than in

plots under conventional management. But, the mean number of individuals captured in rep-

licated plots, between the two management schemes, was not significantly different on any

collection date. Adults of P. /ustrans, the predominant species of Pterostichus inhabiting the

orchard, were most active on the soil surface during May, June, and July 1991. In the 1992

season, P. /ustrans were most active during June and July, P. (Hypherpes) spp. were most active

during June, and P. cursitor were most active during July. The activity of Pterostichus beetles

may coincide with the time interval in which fifth-instar Cydia pomonella (L.) (codling moth)

larvae wander on the ground prior to pupation.

Key Words.—Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Pterostichus, predators

Carabid beetles are major components of the predator assemblages in managed

and unmanaged ecosystems (Kulman 1974, Luff 1987). Many species are predators

of insect pests in agroecosystems (Allen 1979, Clark et al. 1994). For example, in

apple orchards, adult carabids are important predators of apple maggot, Rhagoletis

pomonella (Walsh) (Allen & Hagley 1990) and codling moth, Cydia pomonella

(L.) (Hagley et al. 1982, Hagley & Allen 1988). Several Pterostichus species are

the most effective carabid predators of the codling moth (Riddick & Mills 1994).

However, carabid predation alone cannot reduce codling moth populations to a

level sufficient to prevent economic damage to fruit and eliminate the use of

insecticides.

Previous research has determined the effect of organophosphate insecticides on

carabid populations in orchards. Phosmet sprays reduced the numbers of Amara

spp. and Harpalus affinis (Schrank) adults captured in pitfall traps in an apple

orchard in Ontario, Canada; but not the number of Prerostichus melanarius (Illiger)

adults captured (Hagley et al. 1980). In the laboratory, phosmet killed Amara

spp. and H. affinis, but not P. melanarius (Hagley et al. 1980).

The use of a formulation of codling moth granulosis virus, a microbial insec-

ticide, was correlated with enhanced surface activity of Harpalus pensylvanicus

DeGeer adults in July, but not with the activity of Pterostichus (Hypherpes) sp.

adults in an apple orchard in Contra Costa County, California (Riddick & Mills

1 Current Address: Department of Entomology, 1300 Symons Hall, University of Maryland, College

Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

1996 RIDDICK & MILLS: CARABID SEASONAL ACTIVITY 83

1995). This suggests that some carabid species can become more useful in orchards

that are treated with microbial insecticides for the suppresion of insect pests.

The objective of this research was to compare the seasonal activity of Pteros-

tichus beetles in replicated plots ofa commercial apple orchard under conventional

or organic apple production. It is essential to determine the activity patterns of

the Pterostichus species so that their potential as control agents of insects pests

can be evaluated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study site was a commercial apple orchard (Jewell Ranch) located in the

coastal region of northern California (Sonoma County), near Sebastopol, a major

apple growing district. The orchard was dry-farmed and contained standard trees

of Gravenstein, Red, and Golden Delicious varieties. The 6.5 ha experimental

section of this ~20 ha orchard was surrounded by non-experimental sections of

trees, which were treated with organophosphate insecticides, on three sides and a

residence on the remaining side. The experimental section was subdivided into

eight plots, which were originally designated in 1989 to monitor the effect of various

insecticides on the codling moth. Each 0.81 ha (2 acre) plot was comprised of 9

rows of trees and each containing ~20 trees. The average distance between trees

in a row was 7.3 m, and the average distance from the adjacent row was 6.4 m.

Details of the pest management practices in the commercial orchard have been

reported elsewhere (Vossen et al. 1994). During the 1991 and 1992 apple growing

seasons, synthetic organophosphate or granulosis virus insecticides (designed to

suppress the neonate stage of C. pomonella), were sprayed onto trees in replicated

plots. Conventional plots contained trees that were sprayed with organophosphate

insecticides and herbicides, whereas organic plots contained trees that were sprayed

with microbial insecticides and in which mating disruption pheromones (in dis-

pensers) were used.

Each treatment (conventional or organic) plot was replicated four times for a

total of eight 0.81 ha plots. Both treatments were systematically alternated within

the experimental section of the orchard such that the first replicate plot of the

conventional treatment was proceeded by the first replicate plot of the organic

treatment. Thus, four replicate plots of the conventional treatment were alternated,

spatially, with four replicate plots of the organic treatment. Although this design

lacked control plots, it provided a realistic method of comparing the activity of

carabid beetles in a commercial setting.

Insecticide treatments were applied during C. pomonella egg-hatch periods,

predicted from degree-day models (Pickel et al. 1986). Two to three generations

of C. pomonella per season have been common in northern California. In the

1991 season, chlorpyrifos (Lorsban®) was sprayed in the conventional plots on

14 May at a rate of 2.8 kg/ha and on 7 June at a rate of 3.4 kg/ha, and phosmet

(Imidan®) was sprayed on 9 July at a rate of 5.75 kg/ha. In the organic plots,

codling moth granulosis virus (CMGV/UCB.87) was sprayed on 11, 29 May; 13,

20, 27 July; and on 3, 10, 17, 24 August in applications of 1.5 x 10!* granular

inclusion bodies per ha, plus 0.45 liters/ha of NuFilmP sunscreen, and 5.7 kg/ha

of DriFlo molasses. Each formulation was combined with 378.5 liters of tap water,

then applied with a fan air-blast sprayer. In the 1992 season, chlorpyrifos was

sprayed again in the identical conventional plots of the previous season on 23

84 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

April (rate of 3.4 kg/ha) and phosmet on 2 June (rate of 5.75 kg/ha). Codling

moth granulosis virus was sprayed in the identical organic plots on 28 April and

15 May as described above.

Early in the season 1991-1992, the herbicide paraquat was used to suppress

weed growth at the base of the tree trunks in the conventional plots, but a hand

hoe was used to remove the weeds in the organic plots. Mating disruption pher-

omones in dispensers (Isomate C) were positioned on trees in the organic and

conventional plots on 23 Mar 1992 and again on 8 Jun 1992 at a rate of 1000

per ha.

The soil type in the commercial orchard is a Goldridge fine sandy-loam. The

soil was disked, and the remaining resident vegetation was removed at the be-

ginning of the apple growing season, in mid- to late April. After the end of the

season in October or November, the soil was cultivated and a cover crop of bell

beans (Vicia faba L.) and vetch (Vicia spp.) was seeded in all plots.

The seasonal activity of adult Pterostichus beetles inhabiting the commercial

orchard was compared between the treatment plots, with pitfall traps. Pitfall

trapping has become a standard technique for sampling carabids (Morrill 1975,

Halsall & Wratten 1988). Trap catch may estimate the activity of adult carabids

on the soil surface as well as reflect the density of carabid populations (Hokkanen

& Holopainen 1986). Traps were plastic cups (473 ml), with a 9 cm diameter

opening, which were sunk into the ground so that the rim was flush with the soil

surface. Leaf litter within 20 cm of the perimeter of each trap was removed and

the soil smoothed to prevent the litter from impeding the movement of carabids

around the traps (Greenslade 1964, Powell et al. 1985). Traps were filled to the

one-quarter mark with a solution of water and liquid detergent, which reduced

the surface tension of the water causing captured beetles to sink to the bottom of

the trap. A preservative was not used in the traps because of the risk that it would

alter the catch and sex ratio of the trapped species (Holopainen 1992).

Six pitfall traps were positioned in the central row of trees in each of the eight

plots in the 1991 season. The distance between traps was not recorded, but traps

were two to three trees apart within the same row. Traps were in place for con-

secutive days during each of five sampling periods in 1991, 30 April—-7 May, 4—

11 June, 3-9 July, 30 July-9 August, and 4-11 September. In the 1992 season,

three traps were positioned in the identical tree rows of the previous season. Traps

were in place for consecutive days during each of five sampling periods, 11-14

May, 5-8 June, 7-10 July, 28-31 July, and 18-21 August. Samples were collected

on the last day of each sampling period.

Trapped beetles of the genus Pterostichus were sorted to species or species groups

in the laboratory. Pterostichus beetles were selected because of their potential as

effective predators of codling moth (Riddick & Mills 1994). The species counted

were Pterostichus (Dysidius) lustrans LeConte, Pterostichus (Poecilus) cursitor

LeConte, and two Pterostichus (Hypherpes) species, namely, Pterostichus califor-

nicus (Dejean) and Pterostichus castanipes (Ménétriés) which are morphologically

similar, and not readily distinguishable at the time that this research was under-

taken. Pterostichus californicus and P. castanipes adults have been collected in

California only. Pterostichus cursitor adults have been collected in California and

Oregon, and P. /ustrans adults have been collected in British Columbia, south to

California and east to New Mexico and Colorado (Bousquet & Larochelle 1993).

1996 RIDDICK & MILLS: CARABID SEASONAL ACTIVITY 85

Trap data were converted to mean number of Pterostichus species per tree row

per trap per day in each treatment plot. All means were log-transformed before

subjection to the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Treatment means were consid-

ered significant if P < 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed with Stat-

graphics (STSC) software. Voucher specimens are located at the Laboratory of

Biological Control, University of California, Berkeley, and the Department of

Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park.

RESULTS

A total of 577 adult carabids were captured in pitfall traps in the 1991 apple

growing season. Pterostichus lustrans represented 22.2%, Pterostichus cursitor rep-

resented 11.8%, and the two Pterostichus (Hypherpes) species represented a com-

bined 11.3% of the total adult carabids. In the 1992 season, a total of 638 adult

carabids were captured, and P. /ustrans represented 10.3%, P. cursitor, 6.0%; and

P. (Hypherpes) spp., 2.3%.

The seasonal activity of all adult Pterostichus species was compared between

the conventional and organic treatment plots. There was no significant difference

in total beetle activity on the soil surface on any collection date between treatments

in the 1991 or 1992 season (Tables 1 and 2). Individually, P. /ustrans was most

active during early May, June, and July, but no clear pattern was discernable for

P. cursitor or P. (Hypherpes) spp. (Table 1). In 1992, P. ustrans adults were most

active during early June and early July, whereas P. cursitor adults were most active

during early July, and P. (Hypherpes) spp. adults were most active during early

June (Table 2).

DISCUSSION

During the first two sampling periods (7 May, 11 June) in the 1991 season, P.

lustrans adults were almost significantly more active in the organic plots than in

the conventional plots of the commercial orchard. Apparently, a number of these

beetles avoided contact with chlorpyrifos, phosmet or paraquat on the ground in

the conventional plots. Chlorpyrifos has been shown to have no significant effect

on the activity of Pterostichus spp. adults in treated fields of grass in comparison

to untreated fields (Asteraki et al. 1992) but it is toxic to P. melanarius and

Pterostichus chalcites Say adults (Bale et al. 1992, Reed et al. 1992). Phosmet did

not reduce the activity of P. melanarius in an apple orchard, nor did it kill P.

melanarius in the laboratory (Hagley et al. 1980).

Paraquat was applied in the conventional plots, but not in the organic plots.

Brust (1990) found that the activity of Pterostichus sp. adults was reduced for up

to 28 d after paraquat had been sprayed.

Codling moth granulosis virus and mating disruption pheromone did not appear

to affect Pterostichus beetle activity. The seasonal activity of P. (Hypherpes) spp.

adults in an organic managed section of a commercial apple orchard in Contra

Costa County was not altered by these alternative methods of suppressing codling

moth (Riddick & Mills 1995). In this study a complete randomized design was

used and each treatment (formulations of granulosis virus, Bacillus thuringiensis

Berliner plus oil, oil alone, no-spray control) was replicated three times. In the

present study, a no-spray treatment was not allowable. Consequently, these data

Table 1.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Mean (+SEM) no. of beetles per tree row per trap per day

Vol. 72(2)

Seasonal activity of Pterostichus beetles in organic and conventional plots on collection

dates in the commercial orchard, 1991 season.

Treatment 7 May 11 June 9 July 9 Aug. 11 Sept.

P. lustrans

Organic 0.24 (0.09) 0.17 (0.07) 0.12 (0.04) 0.02 (0.02) 0.01 (0.01)

Conven. 0.06 (0.03) 0.01 (0.01) 0.07 (0.05) 0.02 (0.01) 0.01 (0.01)

F; Pa 4.20; 0.09 4.99; 0.77 0.87; 0.40 0.48; 0.52 0.00; 1.00

P. cursitor

Organic 0.10 (0.04) 0.03 (0.02) 0.06 (0.03) 0.08 (0.03) 0.00 (0.00)

Conven. 0.02 (0.01) 0.01 (0.01) 0.03 (0.01) 0.05 (0.05) 0.00 (0.00)

F; P 3.71; 0.10 0.48; 0.52 0.90; 0.39 0.40; 0.55 —;-

P. (Hypherpes) spp.

Organic 0.01 (0.01) 0.09 (0.07) 0.10 (0.04) 0.03 (0.01) 0.05 (0.01)

Conven. 0.00 (0.00) 0.03 (0.01) 0.03 (0.03) 0.01 (0.01) 0.03 (0.02)

F; P 3.00; 0.13 0.74; 0.43 2.32; 0.18 2.07; 0.20 0.82; 0.41

@ Degrees of freedom = 1, 6; and 8 plots were sampled on each collection date. —; — = F and P

values not reported because no beetles were captured.

cannot reveal whether Prerostichus activity in unsprayed plots differed from that

observed in the conventional or organic managed plots.

Pterostichus lustrans adults were the most numerous of the Prerostichus beetles

in the orchard. The adults were most active on the soil surface during May, June,

and July 1991, and during June and July of 1992. Similar activity was observed

for P. lustrans in a nearby orchard that was not sprayed with pesticides (Riddick,

unpublished data). This pronounced activity may correlate with an increased

availability of suitable prey. The activity of Pterostichus beetles may coincide

with the time that C. pomonella larvae are wandering on the ground in search of

pupation sites. First generation larvae leave fruit during May or June in orchards

in California (Pickel et al. 1986), and thereafter become vulnerable to predation

by Pterostichus beetles on the ground.

The nightly rate of predation of tethered C. pomonella fifth-instar larvae by

carabids was 60% in early June in an organic managed block of an apple orchard

of semi-dwarf trees in Brentwood, California (Riddick & Mills 1994). Pterostichus

(Hypherpes) sp. (possibly P. californicus) adults were one of the most active carabid

species on the soil surface during this time interval. (Note that P. /ustrans and P.

cursitor were very rare in this Brentwood orchard.) When Pterostichus beetles are

active and abundant, their predation may help reduce the density of the upcoming

second generation of C. pomonella in modern orchards. But this assumption is

valid only when Pterostichus adults readily locate and capture unrestricted fifth-

instars on the ground.

The reduced activity of P. /ustrans in August in the Sebastopol orchard may

have resulted from inadequate moisture and intolerable temperatures at the soil

surface. The climate in the Sebastopol region is Mediterranean, characterized by

hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters (Altieri & Schmidt 1986). The lack of

ideal conditions for activity may have influenced the adults to remain beneath

the surface. In contrast, the reduced activity in August could have resulted from

1996 RIDDICK & MILLS: CARABID SEASONAL ACTIVITY 87

Table 2. Seasonal activity of Pterostichus beetles in organic and conventional plots on collection

dates in the commercial orchard, 1992 season.

Mean (+SEM) no. of beetles per tree row per trap per day

Treatment 14 May 8 June 10 July 31 July 21 Aug.

P. lustrans

Organic 0.03 (0.03) 0.64 (0.39) 0.47 (0.11) 0.05 (0.03) 0.00 (0.00)

Conven. 0.14 (0.05) 0.00 (0.00) 0.22 (0.08) 0.03 (0.03) 0.00 (0.00)

F; Pa 3.38; 0.12 3.77; 0.10 3.44; 0.11 0.43; 0.54 ——

P. cursitor

Organic 0.00 (0.00) 0.03 (0.03) 0.58 (0.19) 0.05 (0.03) 0.00 (0.00)

Conven. 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.25 (0.08) 0.03 (0.03) 0.08 (0.05)

F; P —— 1.00; 0.36 2.27; 0.18 0.43; 0.54 2.51; 0.16

P. (Hypherpes) spp.

Organic 0.05 (0.05) 0.25 (0.08) 0.03 (0.03) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00)

Conven. 0.00 (0.00) 0.08 (0.05) 0.05 (0.05) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00)

F; P 1.00; 0.36 2.63; 0.16 0.18; 0.69 -—;-— —3-

4 Degrees of freedom = 1, 6; and 8 plots were sampled on each collection date. —; — = F and P

values not reported because no beetles were captured.

increased growth of native vegetation in the commercial orchard. Although the

vegetation was sparse in all plots, its presence could have obstructed or altered

the speed of movement of P. /ustrans, especially if these beetles investigated the

base of plants when searching for potential prey.

In conclusion, although the activity of Pterostichus beetles was not significantly

different between the conventional and organic treatments at any sampling period,

the spraying of conventional pesticides must be minimized in the spring, the

season of heightened activity of these carabids.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We thank Sue Blodgett, former IPM Advisor, North Coast Counties, and Lucia

Varela, current IPM Advisor, North Coast Counties (University of California

Cooperative Extension, Santa Rosa, California) for providing information on the

spray schedules in the orchard; David Kavanaugh (Department of Entomology,

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco) for his assistance with the carabid

identifications; and George Jewell, Jr. for allowing us to collect insects on his

farm. This research was supported in part by a Mentored Research Fellowship

(from the Graduate Division, University of California at Berkeley) awarded to

EWR.

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their evolution, natural history, and classification. Junk Publ.

Allen, W. R. & E. A. C. Hagley. 1990. Epigeal arthropods as predators of mature larvae and pupae

of the apple maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae). Environ. Entomol., 19: 309-312.

Altieri, M. A. & L. L. Schmidt. 1986. The dynamics of colonizing arthropod communities at the

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Asteraki, E. J. C. B. Hanks & R. O. Clements. 1992. The impact of two insecticides on predatory

ground beetles (Carabidae) in newly-sown grass. Ann. Appl. Biol., 120: 25-39.

Bale, J. S., M. Ekebuisi & C. Wright. 1992. Effect of seed bed preparation, soil structure and release

time on the toxicity of a range of grassland pesticides to the carabid beetle Pterostichus melan-

arius (Ill.) (Col., Carabidae) using a microplot technique. J. Appl. Entomol., 113: 175-182.

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Rhysodidae, Carabidae including Cicindelini) of America north of Mexico. Mem. Entomol.

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Brust, G. E. 1990. Direct and indirect effects of four herbicides on the activity of carabid beetles

(Coleoptera: Carabidae). Pestic. Sci., 30: 309-320.

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of some orchard carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Can. Entomol., 114: 431-437.

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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(2): 89-91, (1996)

EUBRANCHIPUS BUND YI FORBES

(ANOSTRACA; CRUSTACEA), A NEW

RECORD FROM CALIFORNIA

D. CHRISTOPHER ROGERS

Jones and Stokes Associates, Incorporated,

2600 ““V”’ Street, Sacramento California 95818-1914

Abstract.— A new distributional record for Eubranchipus bundyi Forbes, (Anostraca), from Cal-

ifornia is reported along with a review of the previously known distribution. The two other

Eubranchipus species found in California are discussed.

Key Words. —Crustacea, fairy shrimp, Anostraca, Eubranchipus, disjunct, Eubranchipus bundyi

Belk & Brtek (1995) report nine species of the anostracan genus Eubranchipus

from North America. Eng et al. (1990) reported the first records of Eubranchipus

in California when they detailed the occurrence in the state of two species. This

report adds a third species of this genus, Eubranchipus bundyi Forbes to the list

of fairy shrimps known to occur in California.

In May 1990, I was sampling vernal pools in Siskiyou County in northern

California and on 8 May 1990, collected Eubranchipus bundyi from Grass Lake,

(T.44N, R.3W, S.22 and 23), on the north side of Highway 97, approximately 35

km northeast of the community of Weed. Grass Lake lies in the extreme end of

an eastern arm of the Shasta Valley.

Grass Lake covers approximately 3 square km, is nearly 3 km long and 1.5 km

wide. In places, the pool is 0.5 m deep. The pool is at an altitude of 1370 m and

is surrounded by coniferous forest. The pool contained sedges and perennial

grasses at the time I collected E. bundyi.

Grass Lake is formed in Esro Silt loam. This soil has very poor drainage. Water

levels in this pool are seasonally astatic, and fed by snow-melt runoff. The pool

is surrounded by soils containing high amounts of granite and lava rock.

Water quality data gathered by the California Department of Water Resources

for the central part of Siskiyou County in the 1950s (unpublished) showed the

surface water in Shasta Valley annual lakes with pH values greater than 9.0 and

electrical conductivity reaching a maximum extreme of 12,420 umhos/cm. So-

dium and chloride ion concentrations were greater than 2700 mg/L, and these

small basins had greatly elevated aluminum and boron levels. Additionally, due

to concentration through evaporation, basins such as Grass Lake have a high

mineral salt content. Grass Lake is also noted for having a tiger salamander

(Ambystoma tigrinum) Green population.

Eubranchipus bundyi occurred in areas of the pool that were sparsely vegetated,

and 30+ cm deep. They swam actively, but always several cm below the surface.

Clasping pairs were observed. No temperature data were taken. Mature adults

were taken with an aquarium dip net and fixed in 100% ethyl alcohol before being

transferred to a 70% ethanol solution.

The specimens were identified using Belk (1975) and Pennak (1978), and were

90 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

verified by Dr. Belk. Specimens are deposited at the California Academy of Science

(CASIZ #103358).

Eubranchipus bundyi is known from New Hampshire, Vermont, Illinois, Min-

nesota, South Dakota, and Nebraska in the central and eastern United States,

with unspecified reports from New York, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Wiscon-

sin. In Canada, collections have been made in Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Al-

berta, and Yukon, with unspecified reports from Saskatchewan. In the western

United States, collections were made from Arizona, Utah, Wyoming, Washington,

and Alaska (Belk, personal communication, Belk 1975, Donald 1983, Hartland-

Rowe 1967, Daborn 1976, Forbes 1876, Maynard and Ross 1975). Further in-

vestigation may reveal populations in Oregon.

Eubranchipus bundyi is generally found in snow-melt-filled pools in coniferous

areas and appears to be more abundant in years when higher-than-average rain

occurs during the preceding year (Donald 1983).

Daborn (1976) and Broch (1965) report that upon hatching, the first free-

swimming stage of E. bundyi has the rudiments of the first nine or 10 swimming

legs. Daborn believes the first instar stages pass in the cyst. After eclosion, the

metanauplius undergoes a period of rapid development, completing the juvenile

stages in 12 days.

Belk (1977) reports temperature tolerances for E. bundyi; after acclimating

adults at 13.5° C for 19-27 hours, he found an LD50 for males at 29° C and an

LDSO for females at 32° C.

Eubranchipus bundyi is reported to co-occur on occasion with Eubranchipus

intricatus Hartland-Rowe, E. ornatus Holmes, Branchinecta lindahli Packard, B.

mackini Dexter, and B. paludosa Muller (Donald 1983, Hartland-Rowe 1967,

Maynard & Ross 1975).

Eubranchipus bundyi can be seperated from the other two recorded Californian

Eubranchipus by the apex of the distal segment of the second antennae of the

males, which in E. bundyi is trifid (whereas in E. serratus and E. oregonus it is

bifid or truncate). Eubranchipus bundyi can be distinguished from all other North

American Eubranchipus by the labrum, which has a large anteriorly produced

boss or knob between the bases of the second antennae (Belk 1975, Hartland-

Rowe 1967, Forbes 1876).

Eng et al. (1990) first reported the occurrence of Eubranchipus species (E.

oregonus Creaser and E. serratus Forbes) from the northern extremes of California.

Eubranchipus oregonus was recorded from a single locality along Deetz Road,

1.7 km, west of Interstate 5, nearly 8 km south of the community of Weed in

Siskiyou County. This is approximately 44 km southwest of the E. bundyi locality

at Grass Lake. The Deetz Road locale is at an altitude of 1770 m in the Cascade

Mountain Range. Like Grass Lake, this pool is surrounded by coniferous forest,

but the soils are clays in a wet meadow. The vernal pool is seasonally and annually

astatic. Other populations occur in western Oregon through Washington to British

Columbia, with disjunct populations in Oklahoma (Belk 1975, Eng et al. 1990,

Creaser 1930).

Eubranchipus serratus is also known from a single California locality, at McCoy

Flat, in Lassen County (Eng et al. 1990). This site is nearly 20 km from Susanville,

and nearly 6 km from Eagle Lake. McCoy flat is situated on the south side of

Highway 44 between Lassen Park and Susanville at an elevation of 1650 m, in

1996 ROGERS: EUBRANCHIPUS BUNDYI IN CALIFORNIA 91

the southeastern end of the Cascade Mountain Range. This pool is also fed by

snow melt and is ringed with conifers.

I attempted to collect E. serratus from this site in July 1990 (the previous E.

serratus collections from this site were made in December), and I found only

Streptocephalus sealii Ryder.

Belk (1977) measured temperature LDSOs for Arizona E. serratus of 30° C for

males and 32° C for females, and had eggs hatched at 5° C.

Outside California, E. serratus is known from British Columbia, Washington,

Oregon, Arizona, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Maryland, and

Virginia (Belk 1975 and 1977, Eng et al. 1990).

Eubranchipus bundyi is the twenty-third anostracan species recorded from Cal-

ifornia. This is one of ten species discovered in California in the last four years

(Eng et al. 1990, Fugate 1993, Thiery & Fugate 1994; one species has yet to be

described). The northern extremes are the least explored areas of California for

anostracans, and other locales, if not species, will certainly be found.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author would like to thank Denton Belk for all his help in reviewing both

this paper and the specimens, Clyde Eriksen for review and trouble shooting and

Cynthia Casanova for editing, reediting and patience.

LITERATURE CITED

Belk, D. 1975. Key to the Anostraca (Fairy Shrimps) of North America. Southwest. Natural., 20:

91-103.

Belk, D. 1977. Zoogeography of the Arizona fairy shrimps, (Crustacea: Anostraca). Ariz. Acad. of

Sci., 12: 70-78.

Belk, D. & J. Brtek. 1995. Checklist of the Anostraca. pp. 315-354. In Belk, D., H. J. Dumont &

G. Maier (eds.). Hydrobiologia; studies on large branchiopod biology and aquaculture, II. Vol.

298: 1-5.

Broch, E. S. 1965. Mechanism of adaption of the fairy shrimp Chirocephalus bundyi Forbes to the

temporary pond. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn., Memoir 392.

Creaser, E. P. 1930. Revision of the phyllopod genus Eubranchipus, with the description of a new

species. Occas. Papers Mus. of Zool., Univ. Mich., No. 208.

Daborn, G. R. 1976. The life cycle of Eubranchipus bundyi Forbes (Crustacea: Anostraca) in a

temporary vernal pond of Alberta. Can. J. of Zool., 54: 193-201.

Donald, D. B. 1983. Erratic occurrences of anostracans in a temporary pond: colonization and

extinction, or adaption to variations in annual weather? Can. J. Zool., 61: 1492-1498.

Eng, L., D. Belk, and C. H. Eriksen. 1990. Californian Anostraca: distribution, habitat, and status.

J. Crust. Biol., 10: 247-277.

Forbes, S. A. 1876. List of Illinois Crustacea, with descriptions of new species. Bull. Ill. Muse. Natur.

Hist., 1: 25.

Fugate, M. 1993. Branchinecta sandiegonensis, a new species of fairy shrimp (Crustacea: Anostraca)

from western North America. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 106: 296-304.

Hartland-Rowe, R. 1967. Eubranchipus intricatus N. SP., a widely distributed North American fairy

shrimp with a note on its ecology. Can. J. Zool., 45: 663-666.

Maynard, S.S.&S.V.Romney. 1975. The occurrence of four new anostracan (Crustacaea) phyllopods

in Utah, multispecies records, and some notes on their ecology. Utah Acad. Proc., Vol. 52,

Part 2: 7-11.

Pennak, R.W. 1978. Eubranchiopoda (fairy, tadpole and clam shrimps). Jn Fresh-water invertebrates

of the United States, 2nd ed., No. 44-368. Wiley, New York.

Thiery, A. & M. Fugate. 1994. A new American fairy shrimp, Linderiella santarosae (Crustacea:

Anostraca: Linderiellidae), from vernal pools of California, U.S.A. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 107:

641-656.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(2): 92-101, (1996)

THE MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN SPECIES OF

LOPHOSTIGMA MICKEL, INCLUDING A NEW SPECIES,

NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS, AND

TAXONOMIC NOTES FOR THE GENUS

(HYMENOPTERA: MUTILLIDAE)

ROBERTO A. CAMBRA T. AND DIOMEDES QUINTERO A.

Museo de Invertebrados “‘G. B. Fairchild,’’ Estafeta Universitaria,

Universidad de Panama, Republica de Panama;

(DQA) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute,

Unit 0948, APO AA 34002-0948

Abstract.—We present taxonomic comments on the genus Lophostigma Mickel, and a key for

the species from Mexico and Central America, including the new species, L. grisselli Cambra

& Quintero from Mexico, the northernmost distribution record for this Neotropical genus. Lo-

phostigma lebasi (Mickel), is synonymized with L. cincta (du Buysson). New distribution records

are given for: L. cincta (du Buysson), Costa Rica and Ecuador; L. subgracilis (Cameron), Mex-

ico, Guatemala and Costa Rica; L. acanthophora (Dalla Torre), Pert; L. caenodonta (Cameron),

Brazil; and L. cayennensis (André), Venezuela and Brazil.

Key Words.—Insecta, Mutillidae, Lophostigma, key, Lophomutilla, Mexico, Central and South

America, synonymy, taxonomy

The genus Lophostigma Mickel (1952) was established for nine sphaeropthal-

mine species, known only from females, distributed from the Province of Chiriqui

(8°50' N), in the Republic of Panama, to the northern half of South America

(above 10° S). Casal (1963) described an additional species, L. seabrai Casal,

from Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, Brazil (27°03' S), disjunct from the rest.

Females of Lophostigma range from 6 to 12 mm in length and are relatively rare

in collections. Casal (1963) confirmed this when he remarked that he had seen

only two specimens of Lophostigma out of some ten thousand specimens of Neo-

tropical Sphaeropthalminae studied.

During a recent visit to the Natural History Museum, London, R.A.C. examined

three specimens of Lophostigma from Mexico, and recognized two of them as

belonging to an undescribed species. The new species, with the northernmost

distributional record (21°15’ N) for the genus, is here described and illustrated.

In addition, we recently examined seven additional specimens of Lophostigma

from Costa Rica and one from Mexico. The Costa Rican specimens helped us to

understand and unravel the marked integumental color variations of L. subgracilis

and L. lebasi.

We have diligently amassed 53 specimens of Lophostigma that permit us to

present new distribution records for five species, discuss the affinities of the genus,

intraspecific variation, and to provide a key to the three species known from

Mexico and Central America: grisselli, cincta and subgracilis. We suspect syn-

onymies of the following species: L. seabrai Casal, 1963 with L. alopha Mickel,

1952; L. cayennensis (André), 1906, with L. iracunda (Cresson), 1902 (see Tax-

onomic Notes).

Format for the description of the new species follows Mickel (1952). Two new

1996 CAMBRA & QUINTERO: MEXICAN AND C. AMER. LOPHOSTIGMA 93

specific characters are used here: the outline of the thorax in lateral view (Figs.

3, 5), and the ratio of the distance from the hind margin of the eye to the posterior

angle of genal carina (EMGC) to the greatest diameter of the eye (EGD), or

EMGC/EGD (Fig. 6). Scanning electron microscopy was done with a JEOL model

JSM-5300LV SEM.

Depository Abbreviations.—British Museum of Natural History BM (NH); U.S.

Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (USNM);

Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay IZAUCV); Snow Entomological

Museum, University of Kansas (SMUK); Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Ama-

zonia, Manaus, Brazil (INPA); Museo de Insectos, Universidad de Costa Rica,

San Pedro (MIUCR); Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Heredia, Costa Rica

(INBio); Museo de Invertebrados “‘G.B. Fairchild’, Universidad de Panama

(MIUP).

Lophostigma grisselli Cambra and Quintero, NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 1—3, 7)

Types.—Holotype, female: MEXICO. N[orth] YUCATAN [State]: Temax, Gau-

mer col., BM (NH) [P. Cameron Coll. 1914-110 / 43 / Lophostigma sp. CEM

1955]. The latter is C. E. Mickel’s hand written det. label. Paratypes: same data

as holotype, one female; deposited: MIUP; 8 mi E[ast] of Mérida, 28 Jun 1966,

U. Kansas Mex. Exped., one female; deposited: Snow Entomological Museum,

University of Kansas.

Description—Holoty pe female.—Vertex with large yellow integumental spot; antennal tubercles,

mandible and clypeus light brown-red, scape dark red, rest of head black. Thorax black, except for

yellow propodeal spiracles. Abdomen black except sternum I and two distal segments red-brown;

tergum II with two suboval-transverse postmedian yellow integumental spots, separated by a distance

equal to one-third the width of a spot. Front, vertex and gena with deep, close punctures, not confluent.

Antennal scrobes strongly carinate dorsally. Antennal tubercles smooth, set distinctly apart. Anterior

margin of clypeus bituberculate in front of antennal sockets; mandible slender, edentate at tip and not

toothed within. Distance from posterior eye margin to posterior angle of genal carina 0.93 times

greatest diameter of eye. Gena carinate, carina not forming a tooth anteriorly, not extending to vertex

posteriorly. Front, vertex and gena with sparse, pale pubescence; scape and clypeal fringe with sparse,

fine pale pubescence. Thoracic dorsum distinctly convex in lateral view, with moderate, dense, but

not confluent punctures. Propodeum with short anterodorsal mesal longitudinal carina, distinctly higher

in middle. Anterolateral angles of pronotum defined by short, transverse carina; sides of pronotum

with moderate, close punctures. Lateral margins of mesonotum with pair of small teeth; propodeum

laterally with four sharp teeth. Sides of propodeum glabrous on anterior third, with strong, distinct,

deep punctures on posterior two-thirds. Meso- and metapleura glabrous, micropunctate. Dorsum of

thorax with sparse pale pubescence, and scattered long, erect pale hairs. Dorsum of propodeum with

pale micropubescence and scattered, long erect pale hairs. Mesopleura, metapleura and sides of pro-

podeum with sparse, inconspicuous, decumbent pale pubescence; posterior margin of mesopleura with

row of long, erect pale hairs. Legs dark red, almost black, clothed with pale pubescence. Tibial spine

on posterodistal internal angle slightly longer than the cylindrical process. Calcaria pale. Anterior face

of tergum I with small, sparse punctures; dorsal face with moderate, dense punctures. Tergum II with

anterolateral areas only slightly elevated, leaving a shallow depression in between, and crested with

short, parallel, interrupted carinae; with moderate, dense contiguous punctures throughout. Terga III-—

V with fine, close punctures. Pygidial area glabrous. Sternum I with a short, longitudinal, median

carina, higher anteriorly. Sternum II with moderate, close punctures. Sterna III-VI throughout with

fine, close punctures. Tergum I with sparse, erect, appressed pale pubescence. Tergum II with a short

anteromedian, longitudinal stripe of pale pubescence; posterior margin with short, dense, black pu-

bescence, except for small subtriangular spot of pale pubescence at middle; remainder of tergum II

94 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

Figure 1. Lophostigma grisselli, NEW SPECIES. Dorsal habitus.

with sparse, erect and semierect pale hairs. Terga III—-V clothed with dense, pale pubescence. Sterna

covered with sparse pale hairs. Length: 8.6 mm.

Variation—The paratype deposited at MIUP has the frons, gena, thorax, ab-

dominal sterna II-IV, and legs dark red. These structures are black in the holotype

and the other paratype.

1996 CAMBRA & QUINTERO: MEXICAN AND C. AMER. LOPHOSTIGMA 95

Figures 2-3. Lophostigma grisselli, NEW SPECIES. Figure 2. Propodeum, lateral view. Figure 3.

Thorax, lateral outline. Figures 4-5. Lophostigma cincta (du Buysson). Figure 4. Propodeum, lateral

view. Figure 5. Thorax, lateral outline. Abbreviations: ep = endophragmal pit; Ipp = lateral propodeal

punctures; mp = mesopleural punctures; pc = propodeal carina; pst = propodeal spiracle, tubercle.

Diagnosis——This species runs to L. simoni, from Venezuela, in the second part

of couplet 4 of Mickel’s key (1952). Both species have the dorsum and posterior

face of propodeum with a pair of broad, lateral stripes of appressed pale pubes-

cence. They can be separated as follows: L. grissellihas the propodeal side smooth

on the anterior third while in L. simoni the side is deeply punctate; L. grisselli

has an EMGC/EGD ratio of 0.92 + 0.03 (n = 3), largest in the genus (0.81 in

L. acantho phora, 0.59 in L. simoni); in lateral view the thorax of L. grisselli is

convex dorsally while that of L. simoni, as other species of Lophostigma we have

examined (specimens of L. seabrai and L. iracunda have not been seen) presents

a flat dorsal thoracic surface. In addition, L. grisselli has a large yellow integu-

mental spot on the vertex; in L. simoni the head is uniformly dark red but col-

oration is not a reliable character to separate species (see Taxonomic Notes).

Etymology.—Named in honor of our colleague and friend, Dr. E. Eric Grissell,

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, USNM.

Lophostigma cincta (du Buysson), 1892

(Figs. 4-6)

Mutilla cincta du Buysson 1892: 58: Type locality: VENEZUELA. CARABOBO

STATE: San Esteban (Parque Nacional Miguel J. Sanz), M. E. Simon col.

96 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

Figure 6. Lophostigma cincta (du Buysson). Head, lateral view. Abbreviations: af = antennal

foramen left, egd = eye greatest diameter; emgc = distance from eye posterior margin to genal carina.

Holotype female deposited MNHN, Paris, examined; Lophostigma cincta:

Mickel, 1952: 147 (in key).

Pseudomethoca lebasi Mickel 1937: 179-180. Type locality: COLOMBIA (no

additional data). D. Lebas col. Holotype female deposited Spinola Collection

No. 114, Torino, Italy; Lophostigma lebasi: Mickel 1952: 146-7 (in key, Pan-

1996 CAMBRA & QUINTERO: MEXICAN AND C. AMER. LOPHOSTIGMA eA

Figure 7. Distribution of species of Lophostigma. Solid symbols: L. grisselli (square), L. cincta

(triangle), and L. subgracilis (circle). Open symbols: L. cayennensis (triangle), L. acanthophora

(square), L. caenodonta (circle).

ama and Colombia); Cambra and Quintero 1992: 473 (six females, records for

Panama). NEW SYNONYM Y.

Notes on Synonymy.—The only recognized difference between L. lebasi and L.

cincta was coloration of the vertex. In /ebasi a large, yellow integumental spot is

present, while in cincta this spot is entirely ferruginous (“‘téte jaune’’ of du Buys-

son’s original description changes to “‘vertex entirely ferruginous”’ in Mickel’s

1952 key). As indicated in Taxonomic Notes, color is not a reliable character to

separate species in Lophostigma because of the large intraspecific variation. The

30 females examined from Panama have a yellow spot on the vertex but its size

is quite variable. No specimens have been seen from Colombia, and the type

remains the only specimen reported for that country. At the latitudinal extremes

of the distributional range of L. cincta we found a marked reduction or absence

of yellow spots on the vertex in six of the eight females examined outside of

Panama. Of five specimens from Costa Rica, two have the vertex solid black, and

one solid red. The Ecuadorian specimen has two very small yellow spots on the

vertex.

Distribution—Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador (Fig. 7).

Material Examined.—Specimens from Costa Rica and Ecuador represent new distribution records.

COSTA RICA. GUANACASTE PROVINCE: Estacion Maritza, 600 m, lado oeste Volcan Orosi, 27

Feb-10 Mar 1992, R. Vargas, 1 female (MIUP); Refugio Nacional Fauna Silvestre Rafael Lucas

Rodriguez, Palo Verde, 10 m, Mar 1991, U. Chavarria, 1 female (INBio); PUNTARENAS PROVINCE:

98 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

Tres Rios, 18 Apr 1940, A. Bierig, 1 female (MIUCR); Osa Peninsula, 2.5 mi SW of Rincén (08°42'

N, 83°29’ W), 26 Feb 1967, C. Rettenmmeyer, | female (SMUK); SAN JOSE PROVINCE: 3 km S

of San Antonio de Escazt, 10-25 Dec 1987, W. Wcislo, 1 female (MIUP).: ECUADOR. NAPO

PROVINCE: Yuturi, 27 Feb 1990, S. Sandoval, 1 female (MIUP). PANAMA. COCLE PROVINCE:

Valle de Antoén, 13 Jul 1991, 27 Dec 1991, R. Contreras, 2 females (MIUP); DARIEN PROVINCE:

El Real, 4 Feb 1993, R. Cambra, 1 female (MIUP); Cruce de Mono, Estaci6n INRENARE, Parque

Nacional Darién, 9—23 Feb 1993, R. Cambra, 8 females (MIUP); PANAMA PROVINCE: Summit

Gardens, 9 Jan 1989, J. Bernal, 1 female (MIUP); Summit Gardens, 18 Dec 1994, D. Osorio, 1 female

(MIUP); Capira, 17 May 1991, 18 May 1991, 17 Jan 1992, R. Contreras, 3 females (MIUP); Capira,

La Julianita, Ollas Arriba, M. Castro, 31 Dec 1994, 2 females (MIUP); Potrero Rio Perequeté, Chorrera

Dist., 17 Jan 1992, R. Contreras, 2 females (MIUP); same loc, 7 Aug 1991, R. Contreras, 1 female

(MIUP); same loc, 27 Feb 1991, R. Cambra, 1 female (MIUP); Llano Largo, Chorrera Dist., 8 Apr

1990, A. Mena, 1 female (MIUP). VENEZUELA. FALCON STATE: Yaracal, 30 Apr 1989, L. J. Joly,

1 female IZAUCV); BARINAS STATE: Calderas, 1000 m, 8 May 1972, J. & B. Bechyne, 1. female

(MIUP).

Lophostigma subgracilis (Cameron), 1895

Sphaerophthalma subgracilis Cameron 1895: 339-340. Type locality: PANAMA.

Volcan de Chiriqui, 1220 m. Syntype females deposited BM (NH), examined;

Lophostigma subgracilis: Mickel 1952: 146-147 (in key); Cambra & Quintero

1992: 473.

Color variation—-The Teapa female has a black head with a small yellow

integumental spot on the vertex and a very thin, elongated spot of same color at

base of second tergite, and the thorax black. Two females from El Copé, Panama,

have the anteromedian part of the second tergite and the head integument uni-

formly black ferruginous, one with ferruginous thorax and the other with thorax

mostly black, except for lateral propodeum ferruginous. Two females from Costa

Rica: one with head mostly yellow-ferruginous, thorax black-ferruginous; other

female, yellow spot on vertex and rest of head black, thorax black.

Distribution—Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica and Panama (Fig. 7). Five of

the eight specimens studied (including the syntype) were collected on or near the

Cordillera Central, at elevations between 800 to 1200 m (personal observation).

On this evidence we recognize that L. subgracilis is the only species in the genus

that occurs primarily at altitudes higher than 800 m.

Material Examined.—Specimens from Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica represent new distribu-

tion records. MEXICO. TABASCO STATE: Teapa, Feb (H.H.S.), 1 female BM (NH). GUATEMALA.

ALTA V[ERA] PAZ DEPARTMENT: Cacao, Trece Aguas, Schearz and Barber, 1 female (USNM).

COSTA RICA. PUNTARENAS PROVINCE: Golfo Dulce, 24 km west of Piedras Blancas, 200 m,

Apr-May 1991, C. Hanson, 1 female (MIUCR); CARTAGO PROVINCE: Chitaria [alt. approx. 769

mJ], 17-20 Feb 1943, 1 female (MIUP). PANAMA. COCLE PROVINCE: El Copé, Div. Continental,

900 m, 21 Feb 1990, R. Cambra, 1 female (MIUP); same loc., 1-2 Sep. 1990, R. Cambra, 1 female

(MIUP).

Lophostigma acanthophora (Dalla Torre), 1897

Mutilla spinifera Smith 1879: 213, nec Olivier 1811: 59. Type locality: BRAZIL.

Para. Holotype female deposited BM (NH), London, examined.

Mutilla acanthophora Dalla Torre 1897: 6, new name for spinifera Smith; Lo-

phostigma acanthophora: Mickel 1952: 146 (in key).

Distribution—This species was known previously only from the holotype from

Brazil; Peri (Fig. 7).

1996 CAMBRA & QUINTERO: MEXICAN AND C. AMER. LOPHOSTIGMA 99

Material Examined.—The specimen from Pert represents a new distribution record. PERU. MADRE

DE DIOS DEPARTMENT: Reserva de Manu, Cocha Cashu, 27 Feb 1992, I. Bohorquez, 1 female

(MIUP).

Lophostigma caenodonta (Cameron), 1912

Ephuta ? caenodonta Cameron 1912: 415. Type locality: GUYANA (no additional

data). Holotype female deposited BM (NH), London, examined; Lophostigma

caenodonta: Mickel 1952: 146-148 (Gn key, redescription of type).

Distribution Guyana and Brazil (Fig. 7).

Material Examined.—Specimens from Brazil represent new distribution records. BRAZIL. MA-

RANHAO STATE: Isla Sao Luis, Foresta Sacavem, 1 Oct 1992, R. Cambra, 1 female (MIUP); Isla

Sao Luis, Foresta Sacavem, 1 Oct 1992, R. Cambra, 1 female (MIUP); Isla SAo Luis, Vila Maranhao,

29 Sep 1992, D. Quintero, 1 female (MIUP).

Lophostigma cayennensis (André), 1906

Ephuta cayennensis André 1906: 70—72. Type locality: FRENCH GUIANA. Cay-

enne. Holotype female deposited MNHN, Paris; Lophostigma cayennensis:

Mickel 1952: 146 Gn key).

Distribution—French Guiana, Venezuela and Brazil (Fig. 7).

Material Examined.—The specimens from Venezuela and Brazil represent new distribution records.

VENEZUELA. TERRITORIO FEDERAL AMAZONAS: Yavita, Pimichin, Apr 1952, Buchel, 1 female

(MIUP). BRAZIL. AMAZONAS STATE: Manaus, 24 Jun 1977, A. P. Luna Dias, 1 female (INPA);

same loc., 20 Jun 1977, 2 females (MIUP).

Three species of Lophostigma are now known from Venezuela: L. cayennensis, L. simoni and L.

cincta.

TAXONOMIC NOTES ON LOPHOSTIGMA

The genus Lophostigma is closest to Lophomutilla Mickel, presenting a re-

markable resemblance in most characters, except for the shape of the mandibles

(distally tridentate in Lophomutilla, edentate in Lophostigma) and the first abdom-

inal segment (nodose in Lophomutilla, disciform in Lophostigma). In addition,

the following combination of characters, although not autapomorphies, permits

the recognition of specimens of Lophostigma: a median longitudinal low carina

on the propodeum; an anteromedian elongated short pale pubescent spot on the

second abdominal tergum; and distinct parallel, longitudinal, interrupted carinae

on each side of the anteromedian area of pale pubescence on the second abdominal

tergum. The generic description by Mickel (1952) is quite thorough, but of the

above generic characters, the first two were not mentioned by Mickel.

We have recently reported the sex association of Paramutilla Mickel, 1973 as

the males of Lophomutilla Mickel, 1952 (Quintero & Cambra 1996). In this work,

we expanded our previous generic key (Cambra & Quintero 1992) to include the

mutillid taxa from South America. We expect that comparison of the males of

Lophostigma, with those of Lophomutilla will provide additional characters valu-

able to separate both genera.

The two groups of species in Mickel’s key (1952), were based on the degree

of elevation of the anterolateral areas of the abdomen (strongly or inconspicuously

elevated). We now recognize that L. grisselli and L. seabrai, which are found at

the distributional limits of the genus, north and south respectively, are interme-

100 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

diate with respect to the elevation of the anterolateral areas, thus the two groups

are not clearly defined.

The size of the integumental spots (one anteromedian and two transverse, post-

median) on the second abdominal tergum, and the coloration of the thorax are

variable in L. cayennensis, L. grisselli, L. subgracilis and L. cincta, and thus,

cannot be used to separate species. Lophostigma cayennensis is probably a junior

synonym of L. iracunda (Cresson), 1902 (species known only from the holotype

from Santarerm, Brazil), because it has been separated only by differences in

thoracic coloration and the size of the integumental spots on abdominal tergum

two.

Casal (1963) erroneously considered the presence of the median longitudinal

propodeal carina as the main difference between L. seabrai Casal and L. alopha

Mickel (present in the former, from Brazil, and absent in the latter, from Guyana).

However, the type of L. alopha has a faint carina, and the two species are oth-

erwise indistinguishable. Thus, L. seabrai probably is a junior synonym of L.

alopha.

KEY TO THE MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN SPECIES OF

LOPHOSTIGMA (FEMALES ONLY)

1. Anterolateral area of second abdominal tergum slightly swollen, leaving a dis-

tinct, shallow medial depression (Fig. 1); median longitudinal carina on pro-

podeum highest in the middle; in lateral view, outline of thoracic dorsum

convex (Fig. 3); EMGC/EGD ratio: 0.92 (0.88 to 0.95) ..............

SOU En yee, rea ek ee evel en oe ee, eee eee ee grisselli NEW SPECIES

— Second abdominal tergum uniformly convex anteriorly, not swollen anterolat-

erally; median longitudinal carina on propodeum uniformly elevated along its

entire length; in lateral view, outline of thoracic dorsum flat (Fig. 5); EMGC/

Gi) -Tatiot OW OE MSS G5 ire ary toe Mere cat OMAN Re tee PR oy Od Shee: ape 8 Be one oe 2

2. Mesopleura and sides of propodeum densely punctate (Fig. 4); propodeal dor-

sum with a median longitudinal black pubescent band (Costa Rica through

We ZUG 1A wr CUAC OI): 2 ona deo er nC MeL ES tee, cyto os MMS ot ote cincta (du Buysson)

— A few scattered punctures on posterior margins of mesopleura and sides of

propodeum; propodeum covered with dense short white pubescence (Mexico,

Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama) ................... subgracilis (Cameron)

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We are grateful to the British Embassy in Panama, in particular to Ambassador

Thomas H. Malcomson, for securing transportation funds to England for R.A.C.;

to the Entomology Department personnel of the British Museum (Natural Histo-

ry), London, for providing R.A.C. with working facilities and assistance during

his visit. Our thanks to the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), in

particular to Ira Rubinoff, for providing research facilities. We highly appreciate

STRI Research Opportunities Fund No. 1234F20A-3400 to D.Q.A., that helped

us carry out field work in Brazil, and the great hospitality and facilities provided

by Patricia Albuquerque, Sao Luis, Maranhao, Brazil. We appreciate the loan of

unidentified mutillid specimens from John E. Lattke, Instituto Zoologia Agricola,

Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Robert Brooks, Snow Entomological

1996 CAMBRA & QUINTERO: MEXICAN AND C. AMER. LOPHOSTIGMA 101

Museum, University of Kansas, and Professor Giovanni Onnore, Universidad Pon-

tificia Catdélica del Ecuador, Quito. We also thank José Albertino Rafael, Instituto

Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil, Roger D. Hutchings H..,

INPA-Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project-Smithsonian Institution,

Paul Hanson, Museo de Insectos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Jestis

Armando Ugalde Gémez, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Heredia, and Philip

J. Clausen, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, for

hospitality and loan of specimens. Recent collections of L. cincta from Darién

Province were made possible by funds Nos. 1-4500-91-12 & 04-05-94-01 from

Vicerrectoria de Investigaci6n y Postgrado, Universidad de Panama. Our thanks

to Arnold S. Menke, Karl V. Krombein, USNM, E. E. Grissell, U.S. Department

of Agriculture-USNM, and Annette Aiello, STRI, for reviewing the manuscript

and for their helpful suggestions. Special thanks to Isabelita Bohorquez, Univer-

sidad Nacional de San Marcos, Lima, Peru, for collecting and donating to us the

very rare female of L. acanthophora.

LITERATURE CITED

André, E. 1906. Nouvelles espéces de Mutillides d’Amerique (Hym.). Zeit. Hym. and Dipt., 6: 65-80.

Cambra T., R. & D. Quintero A. 1992. Velvet ants of Panama: distribution and systematics (Hyme-

noptera: Mutillidae). pp. 459-478. Jn Quintero A., D. & A. Aiello (eds.). Insects of Panama

and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Cambra T., R. & D. Quintero A. 1993. Timulla Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae): new distribution

records and synonymies, and descriptions of previously unknown allotypes. Pan-Pacific Ento-

mol., 69(4): 296-310.

Cameron, P. 1894-96. Mutillidae. pp. 259-395. In Biologia Centrali Americana, Hymenoptera 2.

Cameron, P. 1912. The Hymenoptera of the Georgetown Museum. Part IV. The fossorial Hymenop-

tera. Timehri J. Royal Agri. Com. Soc. Brit. Guiana, 2: 413-416.

Casal, O. H. 1963 (1961). Mutillidae Neotropicales. 18. (Hymenoptera). Dos nuevas especies de

Argentina y Brasil. Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argentina, 24: 71-76.

Dalla Torre, C. G. 1897. Catalogus Hymenopterorum, 8 (Fossores): 1-749.

du Buysson, R. 1892. Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela, Dec. 1887—April 1888. Hymenopteres.

Ann. Soc. Entomol. France., 61: 55-59.

Mickel, C. E. 1937. New World Mutillidae in the Spinola collection at Torino, Italy (Hymenoptera).

Rev. Entomol. (Rio de Janeiro), 7: 165—207.

Mickel, C. E. 1952. The Mutillidae (wasps) of British Guiana. Zoologica, 37(3): 105-150.

Olivier, A. G. 1811. Encyclopédie méthodique. Histoire naturelle. Insectes, 8: 51-66.

Quintero, D. & R. A. Cambra. 1996. Contribucion a la sistematica de las mutilidas (Hymenoptera)

del Pert, en especial las de la Estacién Biol6gica BIOLAT, Rio Manu, Pakitza. pp. 263-293.

In Wilson, D. E. & Sandoval, A. (eds.). La Biodiversidad del Sureste del Pert: Manu. Office

of Biodiversity Programs, Smithsonian Institution. Editorial Horizonte, Lima, Pert.

Smith, E 1879. Descriptions of new species of Hymenoptera in the collection of the British Museum.

London, pp. 189-227.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(2): 102-103, (1996)

Scientific Note

RECENT CALIFORNIA RECORDS FOR THE SAWFLY

XIPHYDRIA MELLIPES HARRIS (HYMENOPTERA:

XIPHYDRITIDAE)

The Xiphydriidae, with 22 genera and 90 species, is a small family of wood-

boring sawflies that are found in most of the world except Africa (Smith, D. R.

1976. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc., 102: 101—131). The only North American genus

is Xiphydria, with 10 species now occurring in the U.S. and Canada (Smith, D.

R. 1983. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 85: 860-861). In his revision of Xiphydria,

Smith (1976) states that X. mellipes Harris is the most widespread North American

Species in the genus occurring across Canada and the northern U.S. Although

(especially southern) British Columbia has. several records, his distribution map

(Fig. 1) and text show the only western U.S. records to be from NW Montana

and NE Oregon.

In the last decade X. mellipes has been recorded from non-quarantine situations

from several California locations (Fig. 1) in Fresno, Sacramento, Santa Clara and

San Mateo counties; therefore, its listed nearctic distribution warrants expansion.

Xiphydria mellipes is apparently restricted to Betula spp., although other ques-

tionable host records exist (Smith 1976: 118-119). It occurs in dead or decaying

logs, and commonly emerges from firewood brought into buildings (Smith 1976).

It bores galleries about 2.5 mm dia. in the partly decaying heartwood of standing

trees (Yuasa, H. 1922. Illinois Biol. Monographs, 7[4]: 1-172).

It is uncertain if the California records represent a recent range expansion, either

naturally or by movement of wood (e.g., firewood), or reflect a more accurate

sampling of the state’s fauna. Several Betula spp. have been planted in California

urban settings as ornamentals, but two native species do. exist in the state: Betula

glandulosa Michaux [north California] and Betula occidentalis Hook [north Cal-

ifornia, south through the Sierra Nevada to desert mountain ranges and the Great

Basin] (Hickman, J. C. [ed.] 1993. The Jepson manual, higher plants of California.

Univ. California Press, Berkeley; Griffin, J. R. & W. B. Critchfield. 1972. USDA

Forest Serv. Res. Paper, PSW-82/1972: map 13.). It seems most probable that X.

mellipes occurs indigenously in California but was undetected until recently. It

may have moved into urban settings naturally infesting aging ornamental Betula,

and/or with the movement of firewood from the northern or Sierran parts of the

state.

Xiphydria mellipes represents the second, but most confirmed, species of Xiph-

ydria occurring in California. A single (questionable) record for X. maculata Say,

an otherwise eastern species primarily associated with Acer spp., exists for Cal-

ifornia (Smith 1976: fig. 3); that record is “*... considerably out of the range of

maculata and is based on a single specimen labeled ‘Cal.’, ‘Collection T. Per-

gande.’’”’ (Smith 1976: 115).

Records —CALIFORNIA. FRESNO Co.: Fresno, 11. Apr 1991, N. Smith, “‘ex birch,’ 3 males, 4

females. NAPA Co.: Napa, 6 Jan 1982, ‘““Whitmer’’ collr., 1 male, 1 female. SACRAMENTO Co.: no

locality given, 16 Dec 1991, L. Allen, “‘reared Betula sp.,” 1 male, 1 female. SAN MATEO Co.:

1996 SCIENTIFIC NOTE 103

Figure 1. Distribution of Xiphydria mellipes, modified from Smith (1976: fig. 4). Black dots are

records in Smith (1976), white triangles are added California records.

Redwood City, 27 Feb 1992, “‘Eaton’’ collr., “in house,’ 1 female. SANTA CLARA Co.: no locality

given, late Mar or early Apr 1994, A. Clark, ‘‘found inside [residence] near/on window,”’ 1 female.

John T. Sorensen, Plant Pest Diagnostics Center, California Dept. of Food &

Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Rd., Sacramento, California 95832-1448.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(2): 104-109, (1996)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 1992

FouUR HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-NINTH MEETING

The 489th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 17 January 1992, at

8:00 PM, in the Goethe Room of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,

with President Dr. Norman D. Penny presiding.

The minutes of the meeting held 20 December 1991 were read and accepted. Six persons were

proposed and elected as new members: Mr. Eric W. Riddick, Ms. Katherine M. Schick, Mr. Steven

J. Seybold, and Ms. Diane M. Stark as student members; Dr. James F. Cornell Jr. and Dr. Conley K.

McMullen as regular members.

Dr. Penny announced that a meeting of the Association of Biologists in Computing will be held 18

January 1992 at California State University, Hayward. He also announced that the Northern California

Lepidopterists will meet on 15 February 1992 and that the location will be listed in the February Bits

and PCES. Mr. Curtis Y. Takahashi presented a book titled The Illustrated Book of Insects which he

had purchased at a retail bookstore. Dr. Penny presented slides of many of the California species of

Mecoptera and briefly described the distributions and habits of each California species.

The featured speaker Dr. Wojciech J. Pulawski, California Academy of Sciences, presented a lecture

entitled ‘Wasp Collecting in Africa.”” He showed slides and discussed his study of the wasp genus

Gastrosericus (Sphecidae) and his discovery of range extensions for certain species. He stressed the

importance of field work by systematists and taxonomists as a means of discovering life history traits

of the taxa which they are studying.

The meeting adjourned at 9:40 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology conference room. —

D. K. Dabney, Recording Secretary.

The following 41 persons were present. 32 members: P. H. Amaud Jr., T. S. Briggs, R. M. Brown,

P. Buickerood, R. Buickerood, J. S. Chinn, H. K. Court, D. K. Dabney, W. A. Doolin, J. G. Edwards,

B. K. Eya, S. S. Ferguson, W. E. Ferguson, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, W. A. Maffei, G. J. Mallick,

D. L. Mead, N. D. Penny, M. Prentice, W. J. Pulawski, A. E. Rackett, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo,

R. G. Robertson, E. S. Ross, R. E. Stecker, C. Y. Takahashi, S. P. Taormino, D. Ubick, C. E. Warren,

and S. P. Wells; (9 guests) M. M. Arnaud, R. Bandar, J. E. Court, N. Doolin, S. Haugues, A. M. L.

Penny, C. Prentice, W. A. Rauscher, and J. Robertson.

FouUR HUNDRED AND NINETIETH MEETING

The 490th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 21 February 1992, at

8:00 PM, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President Dr. Norman D. Penny presiding.

The minutes of the meeting held 17 January 1992 were read and accepted. Six persons were proposed

and elected as new members: Ms. Caroline M. Crenshaw, Mr. William Hamersky, Ms. Stacie T.

Kawaguchi, and Ms. Barbara M. Rice as student members; Ms. Lisa J. Boutin and Mr. Luis A.

Solorzano as regular members.

Dr. Penny announced that there had been a business meeting and that the Society will buy a new

computer. Dr. Penny announced that the Society’s old computer is now for sale, and that he and

Vincent Lee will entertain offers. Dr. Ronald E. Stecker announced that Dr. Edgar Smith had died on

2 February 1992, read brief details concerning Dr. Smith’s career, and mentioned that Dr. Paul H.

Arnaud, Jr. will be publishing a more complete account of Dr. Smith’s career in the Society’s journal.

Dr. Penny announced that Dr. David H. Kavanaugh, California Academy of Sciences, has recently

published a study of the carabid beetles of the Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, and that this

monograph is available from Scientific Publications at the Academy.

Dr. Penny presented a note concerning Oliarces clara Banks (Neuroptera: Ithonidae), and mentioned

that it is the only New World species in this family.

The featured speaker Dr. J. Gordon Edwards, San Jose State University, presented a lecture entitled

“Insect Collecting in Australia and New Zealand.” His slides and discussion of his travels in these

1996 PROCEEDINGS 105

countries included accounts of insects, numerous other animals, and plants. Dr. Edwards also described

a brief trip to Tasmania.

The meeting adjourned at 9:25 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology conference room.—

D. K. Dabney, Recording Secretary.

The following 60 persons were present. 46 members: P. H. Arnaud Jr., V. M. Barlow, L. G. Bezark,

F. L. Blanc, T. S. Briggs, K. W. Brown, R. M. Brown, P. Buickerood, R. Buickerood, J. R. Clopton,

J. S. Cope, H. K. Court, C. M. Crenshaw, T. D. Cuneo, D. K. Dabney, W. A. Doolin, J. G. Edwards,

B. K. Eya, S. V. Fend, S. S. Ferguson, W. E. Ferguson, M. P. Fish, P. S. Johnson, D. H. Kavanaugh,

S. T. Kawaguchi, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, W. A. Maffei, P. S. McNally, D. L. Mead, S. B. Opp, N.

D. Penny, A. E. Rackett, S. Renkes, K. J. Ribardo, B. M. Rice, R. G. Robertson, R. K. Roche, W.

E. Savary, H. I. Scudder, S. J. Seybold, R. E. Stecker, C. Y. Takahashi, S. P. Taormino, R. W. Thorp,

and C. E. Warren; (14 guests) A. Bandar, R. Bandar, C. Benesh, F. Blanc, J. E. Court, N. Doolin, B.

Kavanaugh, P. Krauny, D. Limberg, C. Miller, A. M. L. Penny, W. A. Rauscher, K. Reynolds, and

J. Robertson.

FouR HUNDRED AND NINETY-FIRST MEETING

The 49 1st meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 20 March 1992, at 8:00

PM, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President Dr. Norman D. Penny presiding.

The minutes of the meeting held 21 February 1992 were read and accepted. Two persons were

proposed and elected as new regular members: Mr. Floyd C. Baptista and Mr. Fred J. Moitoza.

Ms. Leslie S. Saul announced an open house of the San Francisco Zoological Society’s Insect Zoo

scheduled for 17 May 1992 and invited PCES members to attend or participate. Ms. Saul also

mentioned that the Insect Zoo was displaying Scolopendra gigantea (Chilopoda: Scolopendridae), a

26 cm (10%%”) centipede from Trinidad, and the Sexton Beetle Nicrophorus carinata (Coleoptera:

Silphidae). Dr. Penny announced the “Mariposa Butterfly Bonanza,” a short course scheduled for 8-9

May 1992 with John Lane of the Santa Cruz City Museum. He also mentioned “Bugfair,”’ an insect

exhibit scheduled for 6 June 1992 by the Sulphur Creek Nature Center in Hayward. Dr. Penny also

reported that the Entomology Department of the California Academy of Sciences was giving away

surplus large insect trays, and that on 5 April 1992 he and others would be driving to Tulare Co. to

collect insects from a flume trap with Dr. Donald J. Burdick and invited any interested members to

join the group.

The featured speaker Mr. Wesley A. Maffei of the Alameda County Mosquito Abatement District

presented a lecture entitled “Insect Iridescence and Morpho Colors.” He discussed insect colors in

general and his research on iridescence in Morpho butterflies.

The meeting adjourned at 9:12 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology conference room.—

D. K. Dabney, Recording Secretary.

The following 24 persons were present. 19 members: V. M. Barlow, D. K. Dabney, W. A. Doolin,

J. G. Edwards, B. K. Eya, W. Hamersky, S. T. Kawaguchi, V. F. Lee, W. A. Maffei, D. L. Mead, N.

D. Penny, A. E. Rackett, R. G. Robertson, L. S. Saul, K. N. Schick, C. Y. Takahashi, S. P. Taormino,

D. Ubick, and R. A. Worth; (5 guests) N. Doolin, D. Maffei, A. M. L. Penny, J. Robertson, and J.

Schick.

FouR HUNDRED AND NINETY-SECOND MEETING

The 492nd meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 24 April 1992, at 8:00

PM, in the Goethe Room of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,

with President Dr. Norman D. Penny presiding.

The minutes of the 20 March 1992 meeting were read and accepted. Two persons were proposed

and elected as new regular members: Mr. J. Scott Cox and Mr. Andrew P. Jarman.

Ms. Leslie S. Saul announced a full-time permanent position at the San Francisco Zoological Society’s

Insect Zoo. Dr. Penny noted three full-time seasonal positions with the San Mateo Mosquito Abatement

District. He also mentioned that the organizers of ““Bugfair,” an insect exhibit scheduled for 6 June

1992 by the Sulphur Creek Nature Center in Hayward, are interested in having people display their

106 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

insect collections. Dr. Penny also announced a collecting trip to a flume site in Tulare County, and

the Xerces Society’s annual butterfly count scheduled for July.

Mr. Curtis Y. Takahashi announced insect-related exhibits scheduled forthe Sanborn Youth Science

Institute in Saratoga on 9 May 1992. Dr. Harvey I. Scudder mentioned that he has seen large groups

of migrating Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui) butterflies and that some local media had mistakenly

called them Red Admirals (V. atalanta). Dr. William E. Ferguson noted having seen Painted Lady

butterflies moving from the Wawona area in the southern Sierra, contrary to what he knew of their

migration patterns. Mr. Robert L. Zuparko requested information about collecting sites in the New

Orleans area. Ms. Saul showed slides of a spring trip to the deserts of Southern California and Arizona,

including those of desert wildflower bloom and the Sonoran Arthropod Studies center and remarked

on the center’s education and research projects.

The featured speaker Dr. Steven L. Heydon presented a slide lecture entitled “Summer Camp for

Professionals— Collecting in Rondonia, Brazil.” He discussed tour details, field stations, and some of

the insects he collected.

The meeting adjourned at 9:05 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology conference room. —

D. K. Dabney, Recording Secretary.

The following 38 persons were present. 30 members: P. H. Amaud Jr., V. M. Barlow, L. J. Boutin,

T. S. Briggs, K. W. Brown, J. S. Chinn, D. K. Dabney, S. S. Ferguson, W. E. Ferguson, W. Hamersky,

A. Hom, A. S. Hunter, A. P. Jarman, D. H. Kavanaugh, V. F. Lee, G. J. Mallick, J. D. McCarty, N.

D. Penny, A. E. Rackett, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, R. G. Robertson, L. S. Saul, K. N. Schick,

H. I. Scudder, R. E. Somerby, C. Y. Takahashi, R. W. Thorp, D. Ubick, and R. L. Zuparko; (8 guests)

M. M. Arnaud, R. Bandar, S. L. Heydon, R. Johnson IV, A. M. L. Penny, J. C. Rackett, J. Robertson,

and W. C. Rauscher.

FouR HUNDRED AND NINETY-THIRD MEETING

The 493rd meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 15 May 1992, at 8:00

PM, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President Dr. Norman D. Penny presiding.

The minutes of the 24 April 1992 meeting were read, corrected, and accepted. There were no new

members proposed. Dr. Penny mentioned the AAAS Pacific Division annual meeting sceduled for

21-25 June 1992 in Santa Barbara.

Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr. presented a note concerning Achias rothschildi (Diptera: Platystomatidae)

and displayed three specimens. He noted that with a head width of up to 52 mm, this species might

be the widest-headed fly known and that most of the 98 species of the genus occur in New Guinea.

The featured speaker Dr. Edward S. Ross of the California Academy of Sciences presented a slide

lecture entitled “Recent Encounters with Insects in South America.” He discussed his photographic

and observational examples of numerous evolutionary phenomena including camouflage and mimicry.

The meeting adjourned at 9:50 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology conference room.—

D. K. Dabney, Recording Secretary.

The following 53 persons were present. 31 members: P. H. Amaud Jr., V. M. Barlow, B. T. Berke,

L. G. Bezark, L. J. Boutin, T. S. Briggs, R. M. Brown, P. Buickerood, R. Buickerood, H. K. Court,

D. K. Dabney, J. G. Edwards, S. V. Fend, S. S. Ferguson, W. E. Ferguson, M. A. Garcia-Vidal, A.

Hom, D. H. Kavanaugh, V. F. Lee, G. J. Mallick, J. D. McCarty, D. L. Mead, N. D. Penny, W. J.

Pulawski, E. S. Ross, H. I. Scudder, R. E. Stecker, C. Y. Takahashi, S. P. Taormino, W. A. Titherington,

and D. Ubick; (22 guests) V. Ahrens-Pulawski, M. M. Arnaud, A. Bandar, R. Bandar, L. Berke, L.

Bezark, J. E. Court, H. V. Davis, J. M. Donald, K. S. Hom, J. Johnston, A. Jung, N. Kostek, G. Y.

Leung, P. Myers, A. M. L. Penny, M. Porter, W. C. Rauscher, S. Renkes, S. Ross, and 2 unsigned

guests.

FouR HUNDRED AND NINETY-FOURTH MEETING

The 494th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 18 September 1992, at

8:00 PM, in the Goethe Room of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,

with President Dr. Norman D. Penny presiding.

The minutes of the 15 May 1992 meeting were read and accepted. Ten persons were proposed and

elected as new members: Ms. Aljona Andrejeff, Mr. Charles M. Brandau, Mr. Ronald L. Cauble, Mr.

Larry V. Desmond, Dr. Judith Najt, Mr. Martin G. Rigby, and Mr. Ron Wilson as regular members;

and Mr. Damian S. Bruss, Ms. Paula M. Hartgraves, and Ms. Mozelle M. Langford as studentmembers.

1996 PROCEEDINGS 107

Dr. Edward L. Smith introduced Dr. Helmut Sturn of Universitat Hildesheim and mentioned that

Dr. Sturn has described several new local species of archaeognathans. Dr. Penny announced that

agricultural inspectors had recently found a Mediterranean fruit fly in Pasadena, CA. Mr. Curtis Y.

Takahashi added that authorities had confirmed seven medflies in Pasadena, as well as a Mexican

fruit fly. Dr. Penny also mentioned a report which appeared in newspapers during the summer involving

a brown recluse spider bite in southern California.

Dr. Smith presented a note concerning winglessness in primitive insects in relation to other arthopods

and discussed phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphological and other evidence from fossil and

extant species.

The featured speaker Dr. David H. Kavanaugh of the California Academy of Sciences presented a

slide lecture entitled “Collecting Undisturbed Hawaii.” He discussed his collecting and biogeographic

study of the carabid genus Bembidion (Coleoptera: Carabidae).

The meeting adjorned at 9:30 pm, followed by a social hour in the Entomology Department con-

ference room.—D. K. Dabney, Recording Secretary.

The following 49 persons were present. 29 members: P. H. Arnaud Jr., V. M. Barlow, T. S. Briggs,

R. M. Brown, R. L. Cauble, H. K. Court, D. K. Dabney, W. A. Doolin, J. G. Edwards, W. Hamersky,

D. H. Kavanaugh, S. T. Kawaguchi, B. Keh, V. F. Lee, N. D. Penny, J. A. Powell, M. Prentice, W.

J. Pulawski, A. E. Rackett, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, R. G. Robertson, W. E. Savary, H. I. Scudder,

E. L. Smith, L. A. Solorzano, R. E. Stecker, C. Y. Takahashi, and S. P. Taormino; (20 guests) V.

Ahrens-Pulawski, M. M. Arnaud, S. Arnaud, M. Caterino, J. E. Court, E. Goff, P. M. Hartgraves, M.

Hannaford, M. M. Langford, T. Meikle, R. Morgan, J. M. Parinas, A. M. L. Penny, C. Prentice, J.

Robertson, N. Kukich, H. Sturm, D. Tom, and 2 unsigned guests.

FouR HUNDRED AND NINETY-FIFTH MEETING

The 495th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 16 October 1992, at

8:00 PM, in the Goethe Room of the California Academy ofSciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,

with President Dr. Norman D. Penny presiding.

The minutes of the 18 September 1992 meeting were read and accepted. Three persons were proposed

and elected as new members: Mr. Keith F. Dobry and Mr. Joseph Martin as regular members, and

Mr. Morgan J. Hannaford as student member.

Dr. C. Don MacNeill introduced Mr. Mike Collins. Mr. W. E. Savary introduced Mr. Al Olsen of

the U. S. Food and Drug Administration. Dr. Penny introduced Ms. Julieta Parinas and welcomed

Mr. Derham Giuliani of Big Pine, California.

Dr. Paul H. Arnaud announced that the Entomology Department at the Academy had received a

children’s pop-up book about spiders and had the book available for viewing during the social hour

following the meeting. Dr. Penny announced the publication and availability of the book Life in Amber

by G. Poinar.

The featured speaker Mr. K. J. Ribardo of the California Academy of Sciences presented a slide

lecture entitled ““Natural History Travels in Panama.” He discussed his recent collecting trip to Panama,

giving details on traveling and collecting in the area.

The meeting adjorned at 9 pm, followed by a social hour in the Entomology Department conference

room.—D. K. Dabney, Recording Secretary.

The following 49 persons were present. 32 members: P. H. Arnaud Jr., V. M. Barlow, T. S. Briggs,

K. W. Brown, J. S. Cope, H. K. Court, D. K. Dabney, C. E. Griswold, W. Hamersky, M. J. Hannaford,

Y.-F. Hsu, M. M. Langford, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, C. D. MacNeill, W. A. Maffei, M. J. O’Halloran,

S. T. O’Keefe, A. R. Olsen, S. B. Opp, N. D. Penny, A. B. Rackett, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, L.

S. Saul, W. E. Savary, K. A. Schwarz, H. I. Scudder, L. A. Solorzano, C. Y. Takahashi, D. Ubick,

and R. A. Worth; (17 guests) M. M. Arnaud, D. Carbon, M. Caterino, M. Collins, S. Cope, J. E. Court,

D. Giuliani, N. Kukich, T. Meikle, R. Morgan, D. O’Halloran, A. Olsen, J. M. Parinas, A. M. L.

Penny, J. Schweikert, D. Sear, and C. Tom.

FouR HUNDRED AND NINETY-SIXTH MEETING

The 496th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 20 November 1992, at

8:00 PM, in the Goethe Room of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,

with President Dr. Norman D. Penny presiding.

The minutes of the 16 October 1992 meeting were read and accepted. Seven persons were proposed

and elected as new members: Mr. Paul Belluomini as a sponsoring member; Dr. Mary Carver, Dr.

108 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

Maria Luisa Castillo, Dr. Walter H. Sakai, and Mr. Jere Schweikert as regular members; and Ms. Lee

A. Norton and Mr. Stanley E. Vaughn as student members.

Dr. Wojciech J. Pulawski introduced Dr. Eduardas Budrys from Lithuania. Dr. Ronald E. Stecker

introduced Mr. Lawrence Garibaldi, Ms. Lee A. Norton, Mr. Stanley E. Vaughn, and Mr. Dan Wolfe,

from San Jose State University. Mr. D. Keith Dabney introduced Mr. José Manuel Pino Moreno from

Mexico and announced that Mr. Pino would be offering two books about edible insects for sale during

the social hour.

Dr. Edward L. Smith announced the formation of a new entomological society The International

Society of Hymenopterists, and showed a copy of their journal with articles on Hymenoptera phylogeny

and on the use of SEM in entomology.

Mr. José M. Pino Moreno presented a note with slides describing the study of edible insects in

Mexico.

Dr. Norman D. Penny announced that the society has an IBM PC for sale. Dr. Penny also announced

that the society was seeking members to serve as officers in the positions of President, President Elect,

Treasurer, Managing Secretary, and Recording Secretary for 1993, and that he had formed a nominating

committee composed of Drs. Paul H. Arnaud Jr., John T. Doyen, and Marius S. Wasbauer.

The featured speaker Dr. Wojciech J. Pulawski of the California Academy of Sciences presented a

slide lecture entitled ““A Study of World Gastrosericus.” He discussed his approach to studying the

systematics of these wasps and included information on the use of natural history and biogeography

in systematics.

The meeting adjourned at 9:50 PM, followed by a social hour in the Entomology Department

conference room.—D. K. Dabney, Recording Secretary.

The following 46 persons were present. 35 members: V. M. Barlow, L. G. Bezark,-D. L. J. Boutin,

T. S. Briggs, R. M. Brown, P. Buickerood, R. Buickerood, J. S. Chinn, D. K. Dabney, S. S. Ferguson,

W. E. Ferguson, C. E. Franklin III, C. E. Griswold, W. Hamersky, A. P. Jarman, S. T. Kawaguchi,

M. M. Langford, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, G. J. Mallick, S. B. Opp, N. D. Penny, M. Prentice, A.

E. Rackett, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, J. Schweikert, H. I. Scudder, E. L. Smith, R. E. Stecker, C.

Y. Takahashi, D. Ubick, S. E. Vaughn, J. S. Wasbauer, and M. S. Wasbauer; (11 guests) V. Ahrens-

Pulawski, E. Budrys, L. Garibaldi, T. Meikle, L. A. Norton, J. M. Parinas, A. M. L. Penny, J. M.

Pino Moreno, W. Rauscher, K. Reynolds, and D. Wolfe.

FouR HUNDRED AND NINETY-SEVENTH MEETING

The 497th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 11 December 1992, at

8:00 PM, in the Goethe Room of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,

with President Dr. Norman D. Penny presiding.

The minutes of the 20 November 1992 meeting were read and accepted. Five persons were proposed

and elected as new members: Ms. Virginia L. Scott and Prof. Dr. Helmut Sturm as regular members;

and Mr. Mikael Niehoff, Ms. Kathy Reynolds, and Mr. Daniel Wolfe as student members.

Committee members read reports from the auditing, historical, membership, nominating, and -

publication committees.

Mrs. Helen K. Court read the auditing committee report, announcing that the auditing committee,

under the chairmanship of Mr. H. Vannoy Davis, CPA, examined the financial records of the society

and found everything in order. A statement of Income Expenditures and Changes in Fund Balances

will be published in the proceedings.

Dr. Paul H. Amaud Jr. read the historical committee report, announcing that Dr. Kenneth E. Frick

had posthumously donated his correspondence files, and that Dr. Frick had had previously donated

his agromyzid collection to CAS in 1960.

Mr. Curtis Y Takahashi read the membership committee report, announcing that the society added

23 new regular members, 17 new student members, and | new sponsoring member, for a total of 41

new members, which is the lowest number in recent years.

D. K. Dabney read the 1992 slate of officers for Dr. J. T. Doyen, chairman of the nominating

committee, and proposed Dr. Susan B. Opp as President, Dr. Kirby W. Brown as President-elect, Dr.

Paul H. Arnaud Jr., as Treasurer, Mr. Vincent F. Lee as Managing Secretary, and Mr. Keve J. Ribardo

as Recording Secretary. All members present unanimously approved the slate. Dr. Penny read an-

nounced that the fourth number of The Pan-Pacific Entomologist for 1992 had been mailed and that

Dr. John E. Hafernik Jr. is the new chair of the publication committee.

Dr. Robbin W. Thorp announced that the 1993 Bohart Museum calendars featuring SEM photo-

graphs by the late Mr. Robert O. Schuster are available for sale.

1996 PROCEEDINGS 109

Dr. K. W. Brown presented a slide illustrated note about the varroa mite (Varroa), a pest of the

honey bee.

The featured speaker Dr. Norman D. Penny of the California Academy of Sciences presented the

presidential lecture entitled ‘“‘Use of Computers in Systematic Research and Collection Management.”

He discussed the use of computers in the Academy’s collection and in insect systematics, and then

opened the meeting to discussion of the topic.

The meeting adjourned at 9:00 PM, followed by a social hour in the Entomology Department

conference room.—D. K. Dabney, Recording Secretary.

The following 30 persons were present. 27 members: P. H. Arnaud Jr., K. W. Brown, R. M. Brown,

H. K. Court, D. K. Dabney, W. A. Doolin, W. E. Ferguson, J. E. Hafernik Jr., A. Hom, M. M.

Langford, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, W. A. Maffei, L. A. Norton, S. B. Opp, N. D. Penny, A. E.

Rackett, K. Reynolds, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, R. G. Robertson, W. E. Savary, L. E. Serpa, R.

E. Stecker, C. Y. Takahashi, R. E. Thorp, and S. E. Vaughn; (3 guests) M. M. Arnaud, J. E. Court,

and A. M. L. Penny.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(2): 109-114, (1996)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 1993

FoUR HUNDRED AND NINETY-EIGHTH MEETING

The 498th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 15 January 1993, at

8:00 PM, in the Goethe Room of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,

with President Dr. Susan B. Opp presiding.

The minutes of the 11 December 1992 meeting were read and accepted. Two persons were proposed

and elected as new members: Dr. Diomedes Quintero Arias as a regular member, and Ms. Maria

Elena Resendiz Ruiz as a student member.

Dr. Opp thanked Dr. Norman D. Penny and congratulated him on a job well done as president of

PCES for 1992. She announced that the program committee consists of Ms. Leslie S. Saul and Dr.

Ronald E. Stecker. The historical committee will be chaired by Dr. David H. Kavanaugh.

Dr. Penny introduced Dr. Paul J. Johnson from the University of Wisconsin and Dr. Paul H. Arnaud

Jr. introduced Mr. Gary L. Peters from Oregon. Dr. Penny announced that the entomology department

of the California Academy of Sciences has insect drawers, unit trays, schmitt boxes, and envelope

boxes for sale.

Mr. Warren E. Savary of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration presented a note on the erotylid

beetle Dacne picta Crotch, a recently introduced pest of stored, dried shiitake mushrooms.

The speaker Dr. Carol Boggs of Stanford University presented a slide lecture entitled “Resources,

Reproduction, and Male Nutrient Donations in Insects.” Dr. Boggs described interconnections among

foraging, allocation, and life history strategies.

The meeting adjourned at 9:35 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology department

conference room.—K. Ribardo, Recording Secretary.

The following 33 persons were present, (25 members), P. H. Arnaud, Jr., L. G. Bezark, T. S. Briggs,

R. M. Brown, J. S. Chinn, C. D. Franklin II, C. E. Griswold, J. E. Hafernik, Jr., W. Hamersky, P. J.

Johnson, M. M. Langford, V. F. Lee, S. B. Opp, N. D. Penny, G. L. Peters, K. Reynolds, J. M.

Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, R. G. Robertson, L. S. Saul, W. E. Savary, J. Schweikert, L. A. Solorzano,

C. Y. Takahashi, and S. E. Vaughn; (8 guests) M. M. Arnaud, W. Baumgantl, C. Boggs, T. Meikle, J.

F. Parinas, A. M. L. Penny, W. E. Rauscher, and C. Tom.

110 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

FouR HUNDRED AND NINETY-NINTH MEETING

The 499th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 19 February 1993, at

8:00 PM, in the Goethe Room ofthe California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,

with President Dr. Susan B. Opp presiding.

The minutes of the 15 January 1993 meeting were read and accepted. Four persons were proposed

and elected as new members: Ms. Hariana Chilstrom as a regular member; Ms. Ana Maria Lira Penny

as a family member; and Mr. Leo T. Margolf and Mr. Mohammed A. Noor as student members.

Dr. Opp announced that Ms. Sandy S. Shanks needs live bumble bee queens. She also mentioned

that in March 1993, the Pacific Coast Entomological Society will hold its 500th meeting. She suggested

the Society celebrate this event by having a catered dinner at the California Academy of Sciences,

possibly in the Steinhart Aquarium.

Mr. Michael S. Caterino announced that Dr. Jarmila Kukalova-Peck would be speaking at the

University of California, Berkeley, on Monday, 22 February 1993, at 4:00 PM on fossil Paleozoic

insects and their contribution to understanding insect evolution. A flyer will be available in the

conference room after the meeting.

Dr. Norman D. Penny announced that a new preserve was being created near the Jatun Sacha

Biological Station in eastern Ecuador. Interested parties should contact Dr. Edward S. Ross of the

Entomology Department of the California Academy of Sciences for more information and about

contributions to help save this vanishing rainforest.

Ms. Leslie S. Saul announced that the San Francisco Insect Zoo had acquired and is displaying a

live Malaysian Flower Mantis, she encouraged everyone to see it.

Mr. Vincent F. Lee announced that Mr. Dexter Sear started an organization called IO Vision to

promote cultural entomology.

Dr. Ronald E. Stecker introduced Mr. Pyon Cho from Rangoon, Burma.

Mr. Curtis Y. Takahashi of the California State Department of Food and Agriculture presented a

note on the Sweet Potato Weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius), which is an ‘“‘A”’ rated pest that has

recently been reported from Merced County where sweet potatoes are a 35 million dollar industry.

The speaker Dr. Douglas Whitman of Illinois State University presented a slide lecture entitled

“How Insects Defend Themselves Against Predators.” Dr. Whitman explained that because so many

other organisms eat insects, including insects themselves, they have evolved many kinds of strategies

to avoid being eaten, including chemical defense, mimicry, crypsis, and unpalatability.

The meeting adjourned at 9:15 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology department

conference room.—K. Ribardo, Recording Secretary.

The following 49 persons were present. (34 members): P. H. Amaud, Jr., L. G. Bezark, T. S. Briggs,

M. S. Caterino, J. G. Edwards, E. M. Fisher, C. D. Franklin II, C. E. Griswold, W. Hamersky, A.

Hom, B. Keh, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, G. J. Mallick, S. T. O’Keefe, S. B. Opp, A. M. L. Penny,

N. D. Penny, A. B. Rackett, K. Reynolds, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, R. G. Robertson, L. S. Saul,

K. A. Schwarz, J. Schweikert, R. E. Stecker, C. Y. Takahashi, S. E. Vaughn, C. E. Warren, D. W.

Whitman, D. Wolfe, R. A. Worth and R. L. Zuparko; (15 guests) M. M. Amaud, A. M. Castellanos,

P. Cho, R. Kawin, T. Meikle, R. Pelletier, Jr.. W. E. Rauscher, M. Slawinski, D. Whitman, K. S.

Whitman, L. S. Whitman, R. Whitman, T. Zaviezo, and 2 illegible signatures.

FIVE HUNDREDTH MEETING

The 500th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 19 March 1993, at 8:00

PM, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President Dr. Susan B. Opp presiding.

The minutes of the 19 February 1993 meeting were read and accepted. Three persons were proposed

and elected as new members: Mr. Andreas Crameri and Dr. Robert D. Waltz as regular members,

and Mr. Robert Pelletier Jr. as a student member.

Dr. Sandy Ross announced that a new preserve at and near Cabanas Alifiahui, Tena, Ecuador was

being created. Members and friends of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society were encouraged to

donate or pledge towards preserving rainforest habitat at this species-rich site. Dr. Opp proposed that

the Society lend its moral support for the formation of the Alifiahui preserve. The motion was approved

by the majority of members present.

For the occasion of the 500th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, Dr. Paul H.

1996 PROCEEDINGS 111

Arnaud, Jr. presented a series of slides and discussions on most of the 22 persons and the one Society

that were the founding Charter members of the Society. This included Mr. Carl Fuchs (1839-1914),

Prof. Vernon L. Kellogg (1867-1937), Dr. Frank E. Blaisdell (1862-1946), Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke

(1869-1952), Prof. Henry C. Fall (1862-1939), Mr. Lucius E. Ricksecker (1841-1913), Dr. Hans

Herman Behr (1818-1904), Mr. W. G. W. Harford (1825-1911), Mr. Beverly Letcher (1865-1905),

Mr. Frederick W. Nunenmacher (1870-1946), Dr. William H. Ashmead (1855-1908), Mr. Edwin M.

Ehrhorn (1862-1941), Mr. James E. Cottle (1861-1935), Mr. Julius G. Grundel (1857-1933), Prof.

James J. Rivers (1824-1913), Dr. Leland O. Howard (1857-1950), the Grattum Naturalists Club of

Eldorado, California. Pictures and information were not available for C. A. Whiting, Newton B. Pierce,

C. W. Herr, George W. Harney, F. C. Clark, and L. Dustein.

Mr. Carl Fuchs had issued a call for the organization of an Entomological Society on August 7,

1901, and the first meeting was held at the California Academy of Sciences, on Market Street, in San

Francisco, on August 15, 1901, at 2 o’clock. The Society was first named the “‘California Entomology

Club” but the name was changed to the “Pacific Coast Entomological Society” at the society’s 5th

meeting held on August 16, 1902.

The speaker Dr. Edward S. Ross of the California Academy of Sciences presented a slide lecture

entitled “Surprise Insect Encounters in South America.” Dr. Ross showed a selection of slides dem-

onstrating the great beauty and almost infinite variety of plants and animals of the neotropical rain-

forest.

The meeting adjourned at 10:15 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology department

conference room.—K. Ribardo, Recording Secretary.

The following 106 persons were present. (58 members): F. G. Andrews, P. H. Armaud Jr., R. L.

Brett, T. S. Briggs, R. M. Bohart, K. W. Brown, R. M. Brown, P. Buickerood, R. Buickerood, M. S.

Caterino, H. Chilstrom, J. R. Clopton, H. K. Court, A. Crameri, J. G. Edwards, T. D. Eichlin, S. S.

Ferguson, W. E. Ferguson, E. M. Fisher, C. D. Franklin II, C. E. Griswold, K. S. Hagen, W. Hamersky,

M. J. Hannaford, A. Hom, D. H. Kavanaugh, M. M. Langford, C. D. MacNeill, G. J. Mallick, L. A.

Norton, S. T. O’Keefe, S. B. Opp, R. Pelletier Jr., A. M. L. Penny, N. D. Penny, A. B. Rackett, V.

H. Resh, K. Reynolds, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, R. G. Robertson, E. S. Ross, W. E. Savary, K.

A. Schwarz, J. Schweikert, W. D. Shepard, E. L. Smith, R. E. Somerby, J. T. Sorensen, R. E. Stecker,

C. Y. Takahashi, D. Ubick, S. E. Vaughn, J. S. Wasbauer, M. S. Wasbauer, D. Wolfe, R. A. Worth,

and R. L. Zuparko; (48 guests) J. Adams, M. M. Arnaud, A. Bandar, R. Bandar, C. B. Barr, M. E. R.

Bohart, S. Brown, K. Bunnell, J. E. Court, M. H. Crameri, H. V. Davis, J. Edwards, R. Ferguson, E.

Goff, T. Guenette, M. D. Hagen, C. Haigh, K. Kipping, T. Kipping, V. Kipping, S. Marino, D.

McGinnis, D. S. McInnes, T. C. Meikle, H. Nevins, C. Nufio, J. F. Parinas, G. Prlain, W. E. Rauscher,

J. Robertson, S. M. Ross, M. Rutherford, R. Schryrer, D. Smith, S. Smith, K. H. Sorensen, K. Sprague,

P. E. Stecker, B. Stewart, P. Svensson, R. Takumi, P. Thompson, C. Vaughn, R. Wilson, R. J. Worth,

B. Yew, T. Zaviezo, and C. Zuparko.

FIVE HUNDRED FIRST MEETING

The 5Ol1st meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 16 April 1993, at 8:00

PM, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President Dr. Susan B. Opp presiding.

The minutes of the 19 March 1993 meeting were read and accepted. Two persons were proposed

and elected as new members: Mr. Glenn K. Goodwin as a regular member and Ms. Teresa C. Meikle

as a family member.

The speaker Dr. Deborah Letourneau of the University of California, Santa Cruz, presented a slide

lecture entitled ““Trophic Cascades: Ant-Plants and Their Associates in Tropical Forests.” Dr. Le-

tourneau showed the important interrelationships between certain plants and their ants, in Costa Rica.

The meeting adjourned at 9:15 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology department

conference room.—K. Ribardo, Recording Secretary.

The following 32 persons were present. (21 members): P. H. Arnaud Jr., V. M. Barlow, T. S. Briggs,

N. E. Gershenz, C. E. Griswold, W. Hamersky, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, L. A. Norton, S. B. Opp,

A. M. L. Penny, N. D. Penny, A. B. Rackett, K. A. Reynolds, L. S. Saul, W. E. Savary, J. Schweikert,

R. E. Stecker, C. Y. Takahashi, D. Ubick, and S. E. Vaughn; (11 guests) M. M. Amaud, P. Cho, C.

Craig, D. Farison, B. Gottlieb, L. Harnish, D. Letourneau, T. C. Meikle, W. E. Rauscher, M. Tokar-

zewski, and W. Wood.

112 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

FIVE HUNDRED SECOND MEETING

The 502nd meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 17 September 1993, at

8:00 PM, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President Dr. Susan B. Opp presiding.

The minutes of the 16 April 1993 meeting were read and accepted. Sixteen persons were proposed

and elected as new members: Mr. Ernest Anderson as a sponsoring member; Dr. Harry E. Andersen,

Mr. Robert P. Apsey, Mr. Terry L. Bishop, Dr. Michael W. J. Crosland, Dr. Bryan N. Danforth, Dr.

William G. Eberhard, Dr. Hanif Gulmahamad, Mr. Donald G. Harrington, Mr. Katsuya Ichinose,

Mr. Richard G. Little, Dr. Robert E. Roughley, Dr. Deborah A. Waller, and Dr. Jiri Zidek as regular

members; and Mr. Darin B. Allred and Mr. John C. Herr as student members.

Dr. Opp introduced and welcomed Dr. Richard M. Bohart, Dr. J. Gordon Edwards, Dr. Kenneth

S. Hagen, Dr. Harry W. Lange, Dr. Edward S. Ross, and Dr. Elwood C. Zimmerman as honorary

members of the Society. She presented Mr. Vincent F. Lee with a special award in recognition of his

many years of service to the society.

Dr. Opp announced that the executive board voted in favor of raising member dues and publication

fees in the journal for the coming year.

Mr. Lee announced that duplicate reprints will be available for sale in the entomology department

conference room, following the meeting.

Dr. Opp called for members and interested students to consider sponsoring a symposium, workshop,

or contributed paper section at the 1994 American Association for the Advancement of Science Pacific

Division meeting which will be held 19-23 June at San Francisco State University.

Dr. Norman D. Penny circulated a container with several giant lacewings (Polystoechotidae) which

were recently collected in the Sierra Nevada.

The speaker Dr. Jenella Loye of the University of California, Davis, presented a slide lecture entitled

“Blood Feeding Maggots That Live With Birds.” Dr. Loye observed that birds avoid highly parasitized

nests and described how parasites utilize their food source and, in turn, the host adaptive response

to parasitism.

The meeting adjourned at 9:35 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology department

conference room.—K. Ribardo, Recording Secretary.

The following 49 persons were present. (38 members): P. H. Arnaud Jr., L. G. Bezark, R. M. Bohart,

K. W. Brown, P. Buickerood, R. Buickerood, M. S. Caterino, H. K. Court, P. G. da Silva, D. K.

Dabney, W. A. Doolin, J. G. Edwards, C. D. Franklin II, P. H. Freytag, M. J. Hannaford, R. L.

Langston, V. F. Lee, L. A. Norton, S. B. Opp, A. M. L. Penny, N. D. Penny, W. J. Pulawski, A. B.

Rackett, K. A. Reynolds, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, R. G. Robertson, E. S. Ross, W. E. Savary,

H. I. Scudder, W. D. Shepard, R. E. Stecker, C. Y. Takahashi, J. E. Tobler I, S. E. Vaughn, J. S.

Wasbauer, M. S. Wasbauer, and R. L. Zuparko; (11 guests) C. Barr, S. Carroll, S. A. Casari Chen, J.

E. Court, K. Graham, S. Hammond, J. Loye, J. J. McNicol, J. Robertston, A. Telang, and S. Warnock.

FIVE HUNDRED THIRD MEETING

The 503rd meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 15 October 1993, at

8:00 PM, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President Dr. Susan B. Opp presiding.

The minutes of the 17 September 1993 meeting were read and accepted. Seven persons were proposed

and elected as new members: Mr. J. Michael Poellot as a sponsoring member; Dr. Nicholas J. Mills

and Mr. Shawn A. Steffan as regular members; and Mr. Richard J. Adams, Ms. Sha Hammond, Ms.

Jeanette J. McNicol, and Ms. Aparna Telang as student members.

Dr. Norman D. Penny introduced Dr. Derrick Blocker, Mr. Armando Equihua, and Dr. Bradley

Sinclair, who were visiting scientists at the California Academy of Sciences Entomology Department.

It was announced that the Entomology Club at the University of California, Berkeley, is selling

T-shirts for 12 dollars each.

Ms. Leslie S. Saul announced that the Center for the Arts at Yerba Buena Gardens had put in new

plants to specifically attract butterflies.

Dr. Penny announced that the Department of Entomology at the California Academy of Sciences

had two curatorial assistant positions available.

The speaker Dr. Scott Carroll of UC Davis presented a slide lecture entitled ‘““Adaptive Radiation

in Soapberry Bugs, the New Darwin’s Finches: Evolution in Action!” Dr. Carroll studied the beak

1996 PROCEEDINGS 113

lengths of soapberry bugs on balloon-vines, golden raintree and silkberrys and discussed other host

race adaptations to fitness.

The meeting adjourned at 9:30 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology department

conference room.—K. Ribardo, Recording Secretary.

The following 43 persons were present. (30 members): T. S. Briggs, K. W. Brown, M. S. Caterino,

P. G. da Silva, S. S. Ferguson, W. E. Ferguson, N. E. Gershenz, C. E. Griswold, W. Hamersky, S.

Hammond, V. F. Lee, G. J. Mallick, T. E. Meikle, L. A. Norton, S. B. Opp, A. M. L. Penny, N. D.

Penny, J. A. Powell, A. B. Rackett, K. A. Reynolds, R. G. Robertson, L. S. Saul, W. E. Savary, J.

Schweikert, R. E. Somerby, C. Y. Takahashi, A. Telang, J. E. Tobler I, D. Ubick, and S. E. Vaughn;

(13 guests) H. D. Blocker, S. M. Carroll, A. Equihua, D. D. Giuliani, K. Graham, K. Kocurek, M.

McIntosh, S. S. Mead, M. Orr, W. E. Rauscher, J. Robertson, B. J. Sinclair, and W. Veder.

FIVE HUNDRED FOURTH MEETING

The 504th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 19 November 1993, at

8:00 PM, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President Dr. Susan B. Opp presiding.

The minutes of the 15 October 1993 meeting were read and accepted. One person was proposed

and elected as a student member: Ms. Tunyalee Morisawa.

Dr. Norman D. Penny announced that the Department of Entomology at the California Academy

of Sciences had filled the two full-time curatorial assistant positions.

Dr. Ronald E. Stecker presented a slide-illustrated note on the egg masses of Sialidae or alderflies

encountered in Alum Rock Park in the spring.

The speaker Dr. Deborah Gordon of Stanford University presented a slide lecture entitled ‘““The

Population Consequences of the Development of Ant Colony Behavior.” Dr. Gordon studied the

dynamic nature of ant colonies and the effect on their population as it relates to the division of labor

in seed harvesting desert ants. Dr. Gordon showed how behavioral changes occur as these ant colonies

age and grow.

The meeting adjourned at 9:40 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology department

conference room.—K. Ribardo, Recording Secretary.

The following 48 persons were present. (38 members): L. G. Bezark, T. S. Briggs, K. W. Brown, R.

M. Brown, H. K. Court, D. K. Dabney, B. Deutsch, J. G. Edwards, S. V. Fend, C. D. Franklin II, J.

E. Hafnernik Jr., W. Hamersky, S. Hammond, C. Y. Kitayama, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, G. J.

Mallick, L. A. Norton, S. T. O’Keefe, S. B. Opp, A. M. L. Penny, N. D. Penny, A. B. Rackett, S.

Renkes, K. A. Reynolds, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, R. G. Robertson, W. E. Savary, J. Schweikert,

H. I. Scudder, R. E. Stecker, C. Y. Takahashi, A. Telang, J. E. Tobler I, D. Ubick, S. E. Vaughn, and

S. P. Welles Jr.; (10 guests) I. Brown, S. M. Carroll, J. E. Court, L. Culp, D. Gordon, C. Hironymous,

J. Loye, W. E. Rauscher, J. Robertston, and T. Vich.

FIVE HUNDRED FIFTH MEETING

The 505th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 10 December 1993, at

8:00 PM, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President Dr. Susan B. Opp presiding.

The minutes of the 19 November 1993 meeting were read and accepted. Four persons were proposed

and elected as new members: Dr. James A. Bethke, Mr. John A Calderwood, and Mr. Dick Fagerlund

as regular members; and Mr. Stanley A. Wright as a student member.

Mrs. Helen K. Court gave the auditing committee report announcing that the Mr. H. Vannoy Davis,

CPA, was still reviewing the societies finances.

Mr. Curtis Y. Takahashi read the membership committee report, announcing that the Society added

23 new regular members, 2 new family members, 12 new student members, and 2 new sponsoring

members, for a total 49 new members in 1993.

President Opp gave the nominating committee report, and the following persons were proposed

and accepted as officers for 1994: Mr. Curtis Y. Takahashi as President-elect, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud,

Jr. as Treasurer, Mr. Vincent F. Lee as Managing Secretary, and Mr. Keve J. Ribardo as Recording

Secretary.

Dr. Opp passed the gavel over to incoming president Dr. Kirby W. Brown.

114 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

Mr. Vincent F. Lee announced that the fourth number of the Pan Pacific Entomologist would be

mailed shortly and reminded members to pay their dues for 1994.

Mr. D. Keith Dabney presented a slide-illustrated note on some habitats and insects of east Maui,

Hawaii.

The speaker Dr. Susan B. Opp of California State University, Hayward, presented a slide lecture

entitled “Control of Walnut Husk Fly in California: What Have We Learned from the Apple Maggot

Fly.”” Dr. Opp compared control programs of these two pest species and discussed plans for future

control of Walnut Husk Fly. Dr. Opps student, Mr. William Hamersky then took the podium to

discuss tests of Walnut Husk Fly’s attraction to volatile compounds of the walnut.

The meeting adjourned at 9:10 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology department

conference room.—K. Ribardo, Recording Secretary.

The following 40 persons were present. (28 members): R. L. Aalbu, P. H. Amaud Jr., F. L. Blanc,

T. S. Briggs, K. W. Brown, M. S. Caterino, H. K. Court, D. K. Dabney, P. G. da Silva, E. M. Fisher,

W. Hamersky, S. Hammond, J. C. Herr, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, J. J. McNicol, L. A. Norton, S.

T. O’Keefe, S. B. Opp, K. A. Reynolds, R. G. Robertson, L. S. Saul, H. I. Scudder, N. J. Smith, C.

Y. Takahashi, A. Telang, D. Ubick, and S. E. Vaughn; (12 guests) M. M. Amaud, M. Baiznon, F.

Blanc, P. Coogan, J. E. Court, L. Culp, R. Derasary, K. Graham, W. E. Rauscher, J. Robertson, J. A.

Tarralba, and W. L. Yee.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

72(2): 114-120, (1996)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 1994

FIVE HUNDRED SIXTH MEETING

The 506th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 21 January 1994, at

8:00 PM, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President Dr. Kirby W. Brown presiding.

The minutes of the 10 December 1993 meeting were read and accepted. Five persons were proposed

and elected as new members: Dr. Richard J. Bell, Mr. Walter J. Bentley, Dr. John G. O’Reilly, and

Ms. Jody McWilliams as regular members; and Mr. Derek S. Sikes as a student member.

Dr. Brown encouraged members to bring in notes and exhibits.

Two guests were introduced: Mr. Scott E. Haskins and Dr. Yu-hua Yan.

The featured speaker Dr. Rolf L. Aalbu of the California Department of Food and Agriculture

presented a slide lecture entitled “Environmental Assessment and IPM Consulting In Africa: A Maur-

itanian Adventure.’ He discussed Project Oasis and showed how crops have to contend with not only

lack of water, but insect pests, plant diseases, and sand dune encroachment. Mesquite trees are now

being grown to help in stabilizing sand dunes. Dr. Aalbu observed that scale insects are a very serious

pest and that palm scale infests all palms.

The meeting adjourned at 9:00 PM, followed by a social hourin the entomology conference room. —

K. Ribardo, Recording Secretary.

The following 37 persons were present. 29 members: F. G. Andrews, P. H. Amaud Jr., T. S. Briggs,

K. W. Brown, R. M. Brown, M. S. Caterino, J. S. Chinn, D. K. Dabney, P. G. da Silva, W. A. Doolin,

E. M. Fisher, C. E. Griswold, S. Hammond, R. L. Langston, J. D. McCarty, T. C. Meikle, L. A.

Norton, A. M. L. Penny, N. D. Penny, A. E. Rackett, K. A. Reynolds, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo,

W. E. Savary, K. N. Schick, C. Y. Takahashi, A. Telang, D. Ubick, and S. E. Vaughn; (8 guests) M.

M. Amaud, C. B. Barr, S. E. Haskins, J. F. Parinas, W. E. Rauscher, J. Schick, Y.-h. Yan, and T.

ZavieZo.

1996 PROCEEDINGS 115

FIVE HUNDRED SEVENTH MEETING

The 507th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 18 February 1994, at

8:00 PM, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President Dr. Kirby W. Brown presiding.

The minutes of the 21 January 1994 meeting were read and accepted. Four persons were proposed

and elected as new members: Mr. Donald W. Darling and Ms. Dana C. Russell as regular members;

and Mr. Mark A. Isaak and Mr. Steven E. Jungers as student members.

Dr. Brown encouraged members to bring in notes and exhibits.

Dr. Susan B. Opp announced that the Pacific Coast Entomological Society is sponsoring an Ento-

mology section at the Pacific Division of AAAS. Dr. Opp especially encouraged students to give talks

or poster sessions.

The featured speaker Mr. Raymond J. Gill of the California Department of Food and Agriculture

presented a slide lecture entitled ““New Homopterans in California.’’ He noted that homopterans have

accounted for three times as many new introductions as all other insects combined. The 27 introduced

homopterans included such agriculturally important pests as the sweet potato whitefly, ash whitefly,

and silverleaf whitefly. Mr. Gill explained that pesticide spraying was not usually effective and that

problem infestations are usually turned over to biological control officers.

The meeting adjourned at 9:30 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology conference room. —

K. Ribardo, Recording Secretary.

The following 52 persons were present. 33 members: R. L. Aalbu, P. H. Arnaud Jr., L. G. Bezark,

T. S. Briggs, K. W. Brown, R. M. Brown, M. S. Caterino, H. K. Court, D. K. Dabney, P. G. da Silva,

B. Deutsch, B. K. Eya, C. E. Griswold, S. Hammond, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, T. C. Meikle, L. A.

Norton, S. T. O’Keefe, S. B. Opp, A. M. L. Penny, N. D. Penny, A. E. Rackett, K. A. Reynolds, K.

J. Ribardo, R. G. Robertson, W. E. Savary, J. Schweikert, L. A. Solorzano, R. E. Somerby, C. Y.

Takahashi, D. Ubick, and S. E. Vaughn; (19 guests) M. M. Amaud, J. Brown, S. Brown, J. E. Court,

J. W. Dale, R. F. Gill, R. J. Gill, C. Hirschener, M. A. Isaak, S. Johnson, S. E. Jungers, T. Kipping,

A. L. LeMon, K. D. Levy, J. F. Parinas, J. Pretare, W. E. Rauscher, D. C. Russell, and R. Takumi.

FIVE HUNDRED EIGHTH MEETING

The 508th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 18 March 1994, at 8:00

PM, in the Goethe Room of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,

with President Dr. Kirby W. Brown presiding.

The minutes of the 18 February 1994 meeting were read and accepted. Mr. Ricardo Ayala was

proposed and elected as a new regular member.

Mr. Steven E. Jungers exhibited an introduced sow bug and its introduced spider predator.

Dr. Brown announced that the Robert T. Wallace undergraduate research internship is being offered

by the California Academy of Sciences. Applications are being accepted until 1 April 1994.

Dr. Norman D. Penny announced that the Department of Entomology at the California Academy

of Sciences will not accept donations of specimens unless any necessary permits and accompanying

documentation are included. He also announced that the Academy will have a new exhibit this coming

summer called Monarca highlighted with live monarch butterflies.

Dr. Brown announced that the Nature Conservancy is conducting a biologicalinventory of California.

They would like help from specialists on species lists and determinations.

The featured speaker Mr. James E. Tobler I of Santa Rosa, California, presented a slide lecture

entitled ““Adventures of an Amateur Entomologist.” Mr. Tobler talked about his interest in entomology

as early as the 5th grade and reminisced about being hired by Dr. Edward S. Ross to pin insects for

the entomology department of the California Academy of Sciences during a summer vacation for

$1.50 per hour. After high school Mr. Tobler served in the United States Navy aboard an aircraft

carrier and visited 29 ports in the eastern Mediterranean and western Pacific, collecting insects when-

ever he could. When his enlistment was up, Mr. Tobler took a year-long collecting trip to the South

Pacific and shipped specimens home, later to be prepared and donated to the Academy.

The meeting adjourned at 10:00 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology conference room .—

K. Ribardo, Recording Secretary.

The following 58 persons were present. 41 members: R. L. Aalbu, P. H. Arnaud Jr., C. M. Brandau,

116 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

T. S. Briggs, K. W. Brown, R. M. Brown, B. Buickerood, P. Buickerood, H. K. Court, D. K. Dabney,

J. A. DeBenedictis, W. A. Doolin, E. M. Fisher, N. E. Gershenz, C. E. Griswold, M. A. Isaak, S. E.

Jungers, R. L. Langston, G. J. Mallick, J. D. McCarty, J. J. McNicol, T. C. Meikle, S. T. O’Keefe, A.

M. L. Penny, N. D. Penny, A. E. Rackett, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, R. G. Robertson, E. S. Ross,

L. S. Saul, W. E. Savary, J. Schweikert, H. I. Scudder, C. Y. Takahashi, J. E. Tobler I, D. Ubick, S.

E. Vaughn, R. Wilson, R. J. Worth, and R. L. Zuparko; (17 guests) M. M. Amaud, V. Avery, T.

Aweeka, A. Baier, J. Baier, C. B. Barr, S. Brown, J. E. Court, K. Doi, S. E. Haskins, S. Johnson, D.

J. Leprince, J. F. Parinas, A. Prather, W. E. Rauscher, and 2 persons with illegible signatures.

FIVE HUNDRED NINTH MEETING

The 509th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 15 April 1994, at 8:00

PM, in the Goethe Room of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,

with President Dr. Kirby W. Brown presiding.

The minutes of the 18 March 1994 meeting were read and accepted. Five persons were proposed

and elected as new members: Mr. Raymond J. Gill as a regular member; and Mr. Michael R. Carbiener,

Ms. Emily J. Friess, Ms. Leslie Goldberg, and Mr. Jeffrey Honda as student members.

Mr. Darrell Ubick exhibited an adult and pupa of the acrocerid genus Turbopsebius, a family of

flies which parasitizes spiders.

Mr. Warren E. Savary presented a note on Saltonia incerta (Banks), a previously very rare spider

known from only a few specimens. Mr. Savary was able to collect approximately one hundred specimens

using pitfall traps placed in the salt flats of Soda Lake, a dry lake bed, near Baker, California.

Mr. Vincent F. Lee announced that the first issue of the Pan Pacific Entomologist for 1994 will be

mailed in a few weeks.

Dr. Brown announced that the newsletter of the Pacific Division of the American Association for

the Advancement of Science was sent out for distribution. He announced that the 8th annual Insect

Fair will be held 14 and 15 May at the Los Angeles County Arboretum.

The featured speakers Dr. James Carey, University of California, Davis, and Dr. Robert V. Dowell,

California Department of Food and Agriculture, presented a slide-illustrated discussion entitled ““The

Medfly in California: Two Perspectives.’ Dr. Dowell proposed that the medfly is not a permanent

member of the California fauna. It can be eradicated, and reinfestation occurs when infested host

material enters the state. Dr. Carey proposed that the medfly is established (at least since 1987), and

it can’t be eradicated. He believes unaffected areas should be kept free from invasion by containing

the flies where they are now.

The meeting adjourned at 9:50 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology conference room .—

K. Ribardo, Recording Secretary.

The following 51 persons were present. 32 members: P. H. Amaud Jr., L. G. Bezark, F. L. Blanc,

T. S. Briggs, K. W. Brown, R. M. Brown, D. K. Dabney, R. V. Dowell, E. M. Fisher, C. D. Franklin

II, C. E. Griswold, W. Hamersky, S. Hammond, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, J. D. McCarty, T. C.

Meikle, S. B. Opp, A. M. L. Penny, N. D. Penny, A. E. Rackett, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, W. E.

Savary, J. Schweikert, L. A. Solorzano, J. T. Sorensen, R. E. Stecker, C. Y. Takahashi, A. Telang, D.

Ubick, and S. E. Vaughn; (19 guests) F. Blanc, I. Brown, M. R. Carbiener, J. R. Carey, G. Flohr, M.

Gilkey, S. E. Haskins, S. L. Holt, A. L. LeMon, D. J. Leprince, S. S. Mead, J. F. Parinas, D. A.

Piechnik, W. E. Rauscher, D. C. Russell, M. J. Sawyer, K. Sorensen, K. Sorensen, and D. Vorous.

FIVE HUNDRED TENTH MEETING

The 510th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 20 May 1994, at 8:00

PM, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President Dr. Kirby W. Brown presiding.

The minutes of the 15 April 1994 meeting were read and accepted. Three persons were proposed

and elected as new members: Mr. Mentor F. Huebner and Dr. Stephen W. Taber as regular members;

and Ms. Gretchen Flohr as a student member.

Dr. Brown announced that the annual butterfly count will be held in mid- to late June. Areas to be

surveyed include Marin, Sonoma, Mt. Diablo, South San Francisco Bay Lands, and San Joaquin.

Mr. Vincent F. Lee announced that copies of the newsletter of the Pacific Division of the American

Association for the Advancement of Science are available in the entomology conference room.

Dr. Brown announced that the 8th annual Insect Fair was held 14 and 15 May at the Los Angeles

1996 PROCEEDINGS 117

County Arboretum. He observed that there were a lot of insects for sale, good attendance by the

public, and of special interest, an atlas of insects on stamps of the world for sale.

Mr. Keve J. Ribardo announced that the Entomology Club of San Jose State University held an

overnight collecting trip on 14-15 May at the Arroyo Seco campground in the Los Padres National

Forest. A good time was had by all, and everyone is welcome to participate in future trips.

Mr. Paul G. da Silva announced that there was a job opening for someone interested in insect pests

of fruit and nut crops in the San Joaquin Valley. Flyers would be available after the meeting.

Dr. Norman D. Penny presented a note on Nothochrysinae, a subfamily of the Chrysopidae (Neu-

roptera). California seems to be a center of endemism with two genera and six species represented in

the state. Slides of Pimachrysa nigra Adams and Nothochrysa californica Banks were shown.

The featured speaker Dr. Edward S. Ross of the California Academy of Sciences presented a slide

lecture entitled ““More Surprises Along Amazon Forest Trails,” with an update on the research facility

on the Upper Rio Napo in Ecuador. Dr. Ross showed examples of mimicry complexes of tropical

insects with many slides of both models and their mimics. Facilities and trails of Cabafias Alifahui

were featured, showing the high species diversity and endemism of this biotically rich zone.

The meeting adjourned at 9:55 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology conference room.—

K. Ribardo, Recording Secretary.

The following 91 persons were present. 52 members: R. L. Aalbu, E. Anderson, P. H. Arnaud Jr.,

T. S. Briggs, K. W. Brown, R. M. Brown, P. Buickerood, R. Buickerood, M. R. Carbiener, J. R.

Clopton, P. G. da Silva, D. K. Dabney, B. Deutsch, J. T. Doyen, B. K. Eya, S. S. Ferguson, W. E.

Ferguson, E. M. Fisher, E. J. Friess, M. Garcia-Vidal, C. E. Griswold, W. Hamersky, A. Hom, M. A.

Isaak, B. Keh, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, J. J. McNicol, T. C. Meikle, W. D. Murray, A. M. L. Penny,

N. D. Penny, A. E. Rackett, K. A. Reynolds, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, R. G. Robertson, E. S.

Ross, R. W. Rust, W. E. Savary, J. Schweikert, H. I. Scudder, L. A. Solorzano, R. E. Somerby, R. E.

Stecker, C. Y. Takahashi, A. Telang, D. Ubick, S. E. Vaughn, S. P. Welles Jr., T. J. Zavortink, and 1

illegible signature; (39 guests) M. M. Arnaud, T. Aweeka, R. Bandar, B. Bell, D. Bell, I. Biagi, C.

Cripps, H. V. Davis, S. Haugue, K. S. Hom, G. C. Howard, A. Jesse, D. Judd, A. Jung, P. Knykl, D.

J. Leprince, G. Y. Leung, W. A. Maffei, S. S. Mead, J. Mendeleyev, L. Merrell, F. Murray, J. F.

Parinas, J. Robertson, S. M. Ross, J. C. Rust, J. Shackelfold, K. Simms, T. E. Simms, V. Simms, D.

Truax, M. Truax, and 7 illegible signatures.

FIVE HUNDRED ELEVENTH MEETING

The 511th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 16 September 1994, at

8:00 PM, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President-elect Mr. Curtis Y. Takahashi presiding.

The minutes of the 20 May 1994 meeting were read and accepted. Eight persons were proposed

and elected as new members: Mr. Robert W. Duncan, Mr. Richard E. Hill, and Mr. Daniel J. Leprince

as regular members; Mr. Luis E. Rivera-Cervantes and Ms. Edith Garcia-Real as family members;

and Mr. Matthew D. Dean, Mr. Juraj Halaj, and Mr. Michael J. Stout as student members.

Mr. Takahashi announced that Dr. Kirby W. Brown had retired after 20 years as economic ento-

mologist for San Joaquin County and was taking a part-time teaching position at Northland Pioneer

College in Holbrook, Arizona. Dr. Brown will not be able to attend the last 4 meetings of 1994, but

plans to present a lecture at the January 1995 meeting.

Mr. Jere Schweikert presented a note on Terellia fuscicornis (Loew), a tephritid fly that infests seed

heads of artichokes, artichoke thistle, and cardoon. It has been found in most counties in the Bay

Area and Central Valley. This is a new record for this fly in North America. Slides of the adults, host

plants, and damage were shown.

The featured speaker Dr. Charles E. Griswold of the California Academy of Sciences presented a

slide lecture entitled ““Rapid Assessment of Arthropod Species Richness in the Tropics.’ Dr. Griswold

described sampling protocols used to estimate biodiversity in tropical ecosystems. Three sites in

Bolivia, two in Cameroon, and two in Madagascar were sampled. Four main factors effecting sampling

were compared: site, collector, time of day, and method. Little overlap in species of arthropods between

sites was found. Dr. Griswold noted three types of information in conservation biology that systematic

biologists should be able to provide based on sampling: total species richness, degree of endemism,

and phylogenetic importance of species found. He believes that museum collecting methods can be

modified to provide statistically analyzable samples while still maximizing the collecting effort for

traditional use of specimens.

118 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

The meeting adjourned at 9:35 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology conference room. —

K. Ribardo, Recording Secretary.

The following 51 persons were present. 33 members: P. H. Amaud Jr., J. E. Brandriff, T. S. Briggs,

J. S. Chinn, H. K. Court, P. G. da Silva, D. K. Dabney, J. G. Edwards, S. V. Fend, C. E. Griswold,

M.A. Isaak, D. H. Kavanaugh, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, J. J. McNicol, T. C. Meikle, L. A. Norton,

S. T. O’Keefe, A. M. L. Penny, N. D. Penny, J. A. Powell, W. J. Pulawski, A. E. Rackett, J. M.

Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, R. G. Robertson, E. S. Ross, D. C. Russell, J. Schweikert, R. E. Stecker, C.

Y. Takahashi, S. E. Vaughn, and S. C. Williams; (18 guests) V. Ahrens-Pulawski, M. M. Amaud, T.

Aweeka, G. E. Ball, L. H. Carroll, J. E. Court, A. Elinor, D. F. Field, J. B. Fraser, M. H. Fraser, B.

R. Manchester, R. Morgan, J. F. Parinas, W. E. Rauscher, S. Renkes, A. Sebastian, L. Sebastian, and

J. Urzykowski.

FIVE HUNDRED TWELFTH MEETING

The 512th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 21 October 1994, at

8:00 PM, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President-elect Mr. Curtis Y. Takahashi presiding.

The minutes of the 16 September 1994 meeting were read and accepted. Seven persons were proposed

and elected as new members: Mr. Lawrence W. Currie Jr., Dr. Manfredo Fritz, Dr. William T. Starmer,

Dr. Patrick M. Sugg, and Dr. Charles E. Turner as regular members; Ms. Johanna E. Brandriff and

Mr. Blane R. Manchester as student members.

Mr. Vincent F. Lee announced that copies of the Entomology Collection Network registration form

would be available in the entomology conference room after the meeting. Mr. Lee reminded members

that dues envelopes were included with the third issue of the Society’s journal, which was mailed a

couple of days ago, and issue number four would be out by the end of the month.

Dr. Norman D. Penny presented a note on an ant lion he collected in the Ciervo Hills of Fresno

County. This specimen is the first new species of ant lion to be discovered since the family was revised

in 1970. Dr. Penny also displayed a neuropteran with a four-inch wingspan from Honduras, which

appears to be intermediate between ithonids and rapismatids.

Mr. Larry G. Bezark presented a note on Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), a coccinellid from Asia,

released for suppression of pecan aphids. He collected two adult specimens on fennel in May, near

downtown Sacramento. This represents the first recovery of this species in California.

The featured speaker Mr. Robert L. Allen of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

presented a slide lecture entitled ““Arthropods of Special Concern in California.” Mr. Allen discussed

the decline of diversity in California due to habitat destruction. Mr. Allen gave some scenarios of

how very localized populations could be wiped out when fields are disked or when sheep or goats are

put on a piece of land to mow down plants before Environmental Impact Reports are completed. He

explained that arthropods are poorly surveyed, and information is not widely available so they are

not usually included in habitat management or mitigation. There is a lack of available specialists, and

with no information and no requirements to gather any, no surveys are done.

The meeting adjourned at 9:20 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology conference room.—

K. Ribardo, Recording Secretary.

The following 37 persons were present. 30 members: R. L. Allen, L. G. Bezark, T. S. Briggs, R. M.

Brown, D. C. Carlson, M. S. Caterino, H. K. Court, L. W. Currie Jr., B. Deutsch, W. Hamersky, A.

Hom, V. F. Lee, D. J. Leprince, B. R. Manchester, J. J. McNicol, L. A. Norton, S. T. O’Keefe, N. D.

Penny, A. E. Rackett, K. A. Reynolds, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, D. C. Russell, W. E. Savary, J.

Schweikert, H. I. Scudder, C. Y. Takahashi, D. Ubick, S. E. Vaughn, and S. A. Wright; (7 guests) C.

B. Barr, J. E. Court, D. D. Giuliani, W. E. Rauscher, H. Stigler, R. Takumi, and G. Yoshimura.

FIVE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH MEETING

The 513th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 18 November 1994, at

8:00 PM, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President-elect Mr. Curtis Y. Takahashi presiding.

The minutes of the 21 October 1994 meeting were read and accepted. Two persons were proposed

and elected as new regular members: Dr. William J. Roltsch and Dr. Felix A. H. Sperling.

Mr. Curtis Y. Takahashi announced that this year’s auditing committee would consist of Mr. H.

Vannoy Davis, CPA, Mrs. Helen K. Court, and Dr. Norman D. Penny; and that the nominating

1996 PROCEEDINGS 119

committee members are Mr. Larry G. Bezark, Dr. John E. Hafernik Jr., Dr. Ronald E. Stecker, and

chaired by Dr. Susan B. Opp. Mr. Takahashi announced that the 29th Annual Conference of the

Association of Applied Insect Ecologists will be held on 5—7 February 1995 in Santa Barbara, California.

He also noted that a member of the Society, Mr. Robert L. Langston, was presented the John A.

Comstock Award by the Lepidopterists’ Society on 22 October 1994.

Dr. Charles E. Griswold announced that Mrs. Stella E. Tatro, a curatorial assistant of the Department

of Entomology at the California Academy of Sciences, passed away on 12 November, and a memorial

service would be held in the Trustees Room at the Academy on Monday, 5 December at 4:00 PM.

All were welcome to attend.

Dr. J. Gordon Edwards announced that Dr. William E. Hazeltine passed away on 5 November

1994, at the age of 68. He suffered a fatal heart attack while collecting scarab beetles in the Santa Cruz

Mountains of California.

Ms. Cheryl B. Barr announced that the U. C. Berkeley insect museum was looking for a part-time

insect preparator. Interested persons were encouraged to apply.

Mr. Stanley E. Vaughn presented a note on collecting the “‘rain beetle” P/eocoma at Calero Reservoir

in Santa Clara County, California.

The featured speaker Dr. David B. Weissman presented a slide lecture entitled ““Biotaxonomy of

the Jerusalem Crickets: An Uncircumscribed Group.” Dr. Weissman discussed the status of Jerusalem

cricket genera in North America, all of which will be included in the genus Steno pelmatus. Their size

ranges from 8 to 70 mm, and they go through ten molts in the two years to reach maturity. The

crickets communicate with each other and attract mates by drumming. The cadence of the drumming

is species specific.

The meeting adjourned at 9:30 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology conference room.—

K. Ribardo, Recording Secretary.

The following 43 persons were present. 34 members: R. L. Aalbu, P. H. Arnaud Jr., L. G. Bezark,

T. S. Briggs, M. R. Carbiener, H. K. Court, L. W. Currie Jr., B. Deutsch, W. A. Doolin, J. G. Edwards,

C. E. Griswold, A. Hom, S. E. Jungers, V. F. Lee, T. C. Meikle, S. T. O’Keefe, A. M. L. Penny, N.

D. Penny, A. E. Rackett, K. A. Reynolds, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, D. C. Russell, W. E. Savary,

J. S. Schweikert, H. I. Scudder, F. Sperling, R. E. Stecker, C. Y. Takahashi, D. Ubick, S. E. Vaughn,

D. B. Weissman, R. R. White, and R. L. Zuparko; (9 guests) M. M. Arnaud, C. B. Barr, J. E. Court,

B. Deutsch, J. Floh, L. Garibaldi, R. Morgan, W. E. Rauscher, and D. W. Weissman.

FIVE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH MEETING

The 514th meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held on 9 December 1994, at

8:00 PM, in the Redwood Room of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, with President-elect Mr. Curtis Y. Takahashi presiding.

The minutes of the 18 November 1994 meeting were read and accepted. Ms. Julieta F. Parinas was

proposed and elected as a new regular member.

Mr. Vincent F. Lee announced that Mr. George J. Mallick passed away on the 28 November 1994.

Mr. Mallick was a member of the Society for 20 years and a strong supporter of the California Academy

of Sciences. Mr. Lee reported that the Pacific Coast Entomological Society exchanged the Pan-Pacific

Entomologist for 71 publications from 53 organizations.

Dr. Norman D. Penny announced that an old alcohol case was available for the taking and that

duplicate reprints would be given away to those who wished them.

Dr. Paul H. Arnaud Jr. presented a slide-illustrated note on Mrs. Stella E. Tatro, curatorial assistant

of the Department of Entomology at the California Academy of Sciences for 30 years, who passed

away on 12 November 1994.

Mr. Paul G. da Silva presented a note on the abundance of the “‘rain beetle”? Pleocoma tularensis

Leach this year.

The featured speaker Mr. Patrick A. Luft presented a slide lecture entitled ‘““Adaptive Biology and

Behavior of Trioza eugeniae (Froggatt) (Homoptera: Triozidae) in Response to Biotic and Abiotic

Factors.”” Mr. Luft discussed the biology of psyllids and described a detailed study of T. eugeniae

including spatial distribution patterns.

The meeting adjourned at 9:20 PM, followed by a social hour in the entomology conference room. —

K. Ribardo, Recording Secretary.

The following 32 persons were present. 23 members: P. H. Arnaud Jr., L. G. Bezark, H. K. Court,

T. D. Cuneo, D. K. Dabney, P. G. daSilva, W. Hamersky, R. L. Langston, V. F. Lee, D. J. Leprince,

120 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 72(2)

A. M. L. Penny, N. D. Penny, A. E. Rackett, J. M. Ribardo, K. J. Ribardo, R. G. Robertson, W. E.

Savary, J. S. Schweikert, C. Y. Takahashi, S. E. Vaughn, R. R. White, S. C. Williams, and R. L.

Zuparko; (9 guests) M. M. Arnaud, M. Benoit, J. E. Court, E. Goff, P. A. Luft, W. A. Maffei, J. F.

Parinas, J. Pretare, and J. Robertson.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Information for Contributors

See volume 66(1): 1-8, January 1990, for detailed general format information and the issues thereafter for examples; see below for

discussion of this journal’s specific formats for taxonomic manuscripts and locality data for specimens. Manuscripts must be in English,

but foreign language summaries are permitted. Manuscripts not meeting the format guidelines may be returned. Please maintain a copy

of the article on a word-processor because revisions are usually necessary before acceptance, pending review and copy-editing.

Format. — Type manuscripts in a legible serif font IN DOUBLE OR TRIPLE SPACE with 1.5 in margins on one side of 8.5 X 11 in,

nonerasable, high quality paper. THREE (3) COPIES of each manuscript must be submitted, EACH INCLUDING REDUCTIONS OF

ANY FIGURES TO THE 8.5 X 11 IN PAGE. Number pages as: title page (page 1), abstract and key words page (page 2), text pages

(pages 3+), acknowledgment page, literature cited pages, footnote page, tables, figure caption page; place original figures last. List

the corresponding author’s name, address including ZIP code, and phone number on the title page in the upper right corner. The title

must include the taxon’s designation, where appropriate, as: (Order: Family). The ABSTRACT must not exceed 250 words; use five

to seven words or concise phrases as KEY WORDS. Number FOOTNOTES sequentially and list on a separate page.

Text. — Demarcate MAJOR HEADINGS as centered headings and MINOR HEADINGS as left indented paragraphs with lead phrases

underlined and followed by a period and two hypens. CITATION FORMATS are: Coswell (1986), (Asher 1987a, Franks & Ebbet

1988, Dorly et al. 1989), (Burton in press) and (R. F Tray, personal communication). For multiple papers by the same author use:

(Weber 1932, 1936, 1941; Sebb 1950, 1952). For more detailed reference use: (Smith 1983: 149-153, Price 1985: fig. 7a, Nothwith

1987: table 3).

Taxonomy. — Systematics manuscripts have special requirements outlined in volume 69(2): 194-198; if you do not have access to that

volume, request a copy of the taxonomy/data format from the editor before submitting manuscripts for which these formats are

applicable. These requirements include SEPARATE PARAGRAPHS FOR DIAGNOSES, TYPES AND MATERIAL EXAMINED

(INCLUDING A SPECIFIC FORMAT), and a specific order for paragraphs in descriptions. List the unabbreviated taxonomic author

of each species after its first mention.

Data Formats. — All specimen data must be cited in the journal’s locality data format. See volume 69(2), pages 196-198 for these

format requirements; if you do not have access to that volume, request a copy of the taxonomy/data format from the editor before

submitting manuscripts for which these formats are applicable.

Literature Cited. — Format examples are:

Anderson, T. W. 1984. An introduction to multivariate statistical analysis (2nd ed). John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Blackman, R. L., PR. A. Brown & V. F Eastop. 1987. Problems in pest aphid taxonomy: can chromosomes plus morphometrics provide

some answers? pp. 233-238. Jn Holman, J., J. Pelikan, A. G. EK Dixon & L. Weismann (eds.). Population structure, genetics and

taxonomy of aphids and Thysanoptera. Proc. international symposium held at Smolenice Czechoslovakia, Sept. 9-14, 1985. SPB

Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands.

Ferrari, J. A. & K. S. Rai. 1989. Phenotypic correlates of genome size variation in Aedes albopictus. Evolution, 42: 895-899.

Sorensen, J. T. (in press). Three new species of Essigella (Homoptera: Aphididae). Pan-Pacif. Entomol.

Illustrations. — Illustrations must be of high quality and large enough to ultimately reduce to 117 X 181 mm while maintaining label

letter sizes of at least | mm; this reduction must also allow for space below the illustrations for the typeset figure captions. Authors

are strongly encouraged to provide illustrations no larger than 8.5 X 11 in for easy handling. Number figures in the order presented.

Mount all illustrations. Label illustrations on the back noting: (1) figure number, (2) direction of top, (3) author’s name, (4) title of

the manuscript, and (5) journal. FIGURE CAPTIONS must be on a separate, numbered page; do not attach captions to the figures.

Tables. — Keep tables to a minimum and do not reduce them. Table must be DOUBLE-SPACED THROUGHOUT and continued on

additional sheets of paper as necessary. Designate footnotes within tables by alphabetic letter.

Scientific Notes. — Notes use an abbreviated format and lack: an abstract, key words, footnotes, section headings and a Literature Cited

section. Minimal references are listed in the text in the format: (Bohart, R. M. 1989. Pan-Pacific. Entomol., 65: 156—161.). A short

acknowledgment is permitted as a minor headed paragraph. Authors and affiliations are listed in the last, left indented paragraph of

the note with the affiliation underscored.

Page Charges. — PCES members are charged $35.00 per page, for the first 20 (cumulative) pages per volume and full galley costs for

pages thereafter. Nonmembers should contact the Treasurer for current nonmember page charge rates. Page charges do not include

reprint costs, or charges for author changes to manuscripts after they are sent to the printer. Contributing authors will be sent a page

charge fee notice with acknowledgment of initial receipt of manuscripts.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Volume 72 April 1996 Number 2

Contents

NAJT, J. & W. M. WEINER—Geographical distribution of Brachystomellinae (Collembola:

ISSR MORON CHG Pav) eye hE ek i be Ae ge SEs Re ee 61

SIKES, D. S.—The natural history of Nicrophorus nigrita, a western Nearctic species (Cole-

Sj emg rg OTE 2s Mae BZ Ea ee ee) ee 70

RIDDICK, E. W. & N. J. MILLS—A comparison of the seasonal activity of Pterostichus beetles

(Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a commercial apple orchard in Sonoma County, California __ 82

ROGERS, D. C.—Eubranchipus bundyi Forbes (Anostraca: Crustacea), a new record from

(GRINGO Ig ere ee ee Ee a ee ee ee 89

CAMBRA, R. A. & D. QUINTERO A.—The Mexican and Central American species of Lo-

phostigma Mickel, including a new species, new distribution records, and taxonomic

netes forthe genus (hiymenoptera, Mmtllitae) 9 os 92

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

SORENSEN, J. T-—Recent California records for the sawfly Xiphydria mellipes Harris (Hy-

TMeOOpieka: Sulpyvanitciie |). Ln | Gama ee eee Oe Ree ee ee 102

Paciiie Coast Bitomo@logicalisocirety Proceedines or moo 2? «2 4 Se 104

Pacific: Coast Entomological Seciety, Proceedings for 1993. spk 109

Pacific Coast Entomological Socrety,-Proceedings for 1994.4. 2 114

The

PAN-PACIFIC

ENTOMOLOGIST

Volume 72 July 1996 Number 3

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

(ISSN 0031-0603)

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

EDITORIAL BOARD

R. V. Dowell, Editor R. M. Bohart

R. L. Penrose, Associate Editor J. T. Doyen

R. E. Somerby, Book Review Editor J. E. Hafernik, Jr.

Julieta E Parinas, Treasurer Warren E. Savary