^^^ 4 2006

DtC 1 5 1993

PROCEEDINGS harvard

UNIVERSITY

of the

San Diego Society of Natural History

Founded 1K74

Number 28 I Novemher IW3

Annotated Checklist of the Marine Mammals of the Gulf of California

Omar Vidal

Di'parlameiUo dc Ciciuias Mciiinus. Instiliito Tecnolo^ko y cle Esludios Superiores ilc Moiucrrcy-Cumpus Giiaymas.

Apdo. Postal 4S4, Guaymas. Sonora 85400, Mexico

Lloyd T. Findley

Cciuro dc liivc.slificH Idii v Dcsarrollo dc los Recwsos Naliindes de Soiioni — Unidad Giiuyimis. Mirainar 6.-?, Guaymcis

Sonora 85450. Mexico

Stephen Leatherwood

lUCN/SSC Cetacean Specialist Group. Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences. 210 Nagle Hall. Texas A & M University.

College Station. Texas 77843-2258, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT. — There are reliable records from the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez) for 30 species of marine mammals representing 8 families:

the Phocoenidae ( 1 species), Delphmidae (12), Ziphiidae (.3), Physeteridae (3), Eschrichtiidae ( 1 ), Balaenopteridae (6), Otariidae (2), and Phocidae

(2). These 30 species constitute 75% of the marine mammal species known from Mexican waters and 2^9c of extant species. Confirming records are

presented, along with statements of current status where known.

RESUMEN. — Existen registros confiables de 30 especies de mamiferos marinos en el Golfo de California (Mar de Cortes), que representan 8

familias: Phocoenidae (1 especie), Delphinidae (12), Ziphiidae (3), Physeteridae (3), Eschrichtiidae (1), Balaenopteridae (6), Otariidae

(2) y Phocidae (2). Estas 30 especies constituyen el 75% de las especies de mamiferos marinos conocidas en aguas mexicanas y el 25% de las

especies existemes. Se presentan registros confimiados, asi como consideraciones sobre la situacibn actual si se conoce.

INTRODUCTION Prescott, 1961; Gilmore ct id.. 1967; LIuch, 1969; Barhani, 1970;

Rice, 1974).

Interest in the study of Mexican marine mammals dates from Although in the last 25 years increasing numbers of reports have

the mid-nineteenth century, mainly between 1850 and 1870, and been published on individual species or groups of species occurring

was a direct result of their coinmercial exploitation. Whalers, prin- in the Gulf of California (also known as the Marde Cortes or Sea of

cipally American, made numerous voyages to hunt large cetaceans Cortez). there has been no comprehensive account of this sea's

in the Mexican Pacific. From sailing ships and whaling dories, they diverse and rich marine mainmal fauna. Furthermore, much itnpor-

soughl mostly gray whales, Eschrichtiiis rohiistiis. but also took tant infonnation remains unpublished, existing in difficull-to-ob-

humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliac (Scammon, 1874; tain "gray" literature or in researchers" field notes. The purpose of

Henderson, 1972. 1984). and sperm whales. Physeter catodon (= P. this paper is to summarize relevant infonnation on the distribution.

macroceplialiis) {Rice. 1974). By the early twentieth century, mod- movements, abundance, and seasonality of all marine mammals

em mechanized whalers had expanded the catch to include some of known to occur in the Gulf of California, here defined (following

the faster rorquals [blue whale. Balaenoptera muscuhts, Bryde's Alvarez-Borrego, 1983) as the marine waters from the Colorado

whale, B. edeni. and minke whale, B. acntoroslrata (Rice. 1974)]. River delta to a line connecting the tip of the Baja California

previously uncatchable by the "Yankee" whalers. The Califomia peninsula (Cabo San Lucas) to Cabo Corrientes, Jalisco (Fig. 1 ).

sea lion. Z(//«/'/'".v(«/'/'"'i/(;/i/(.v. Guadalupe fur seal, A/c'to(f/7/k;/i/.s This summary was prepared from data representing osteological

townseudi. and northern elephant seal, Minninga angiLStirosiris. materials housed in scientific collections, strandings docutnented

were also heavily exploited on islands off the Pacific coast of Baja with photographs, sightings documented with photographs, and

Califomia (Bartholomew and Hubbs. 1960; Le Boeuf cr <//., 1983; sightings presented with sufficient detail and/or by sufficiently

Fleischer, 1987). Until the 1970s, scientific studies of the marine competent/reputable observers to be judged credible,

mammals of Mexico were infrequent and limited mainly to occa- At least 30 species of marine mammals, representing eight

sional observations by American and a few Mexican scientists (e.g.. families, have been recorded from the Gulf of California; these

Bartholomew and Hubbs. 1952; Berdegue, 1956; Norris and constitute 75% of the species known from Mexican waters (Vidal.

McFarland, 1958; Gilmore, 1960; van Gelder, 1960; Norris and 1991 ) and 25% of extant species. The families represented arc the

O. Vidal, L. T. FindlcN. and S. Leatheruood

115'

am

NAYARIT

3

JALISCO

Annotated Checklist of the Marine Mammals of the Gulf of ralifoniia

Phocoetiidae (1 species), Delphinidae {12). Ziphiidae (3).

Physetciidac (3). Eschrichtiidae ( 1 1, Balacnopteridae (6). Otariidae

( 2 ). and Phocidae ( 2 ). Three species of cetaceans not yet recorded in

the Gulf of California but documented in nearby Mexican Pacific

v\aters are Eraser's dolphin or ilclfin dc Fraser, LuKcniKlvlplus

liosei (see Aguayo and Sanchez. 1987). the pygmy killer whale or

ima pii;»wi.i. Fere.ui alicmuila (see Holt and Sexton. 1987. 1988;

van Waerebeek and Reyes, 1988), and a botllenose whale or zijula

iniii: de hotella. Hypemodon sp. (see Pitman er al.. 1988).

The classification follows Honacki et al. (1982). Barnes et al.

( 1985). Heyning (1989), and Perrin ( 1989). English common names

for the cetaceans follow Perrin (1989).

SPECIES ACCOUNTS

Order Cetacea Brisson, 1762 — Whales, dolphins and porpoises:

hallciHis. delfines y niarsapas

Suborder Odonloceti Elower. 1867 — Toothed whales;

cctdceos con dicntes

Superfaniil> Delphinoidea (Gray. 1821 )

Family Phocoenidae (Gray. 1825) — Porpoises; inarsopas

Subfamily Phocoeninae (Gray. 1825)

Phocoena sinus Norris and McFariand. 1958. \'acjiilui: Gulf of

California harbor porpoise: The vaquita is one of the world's rarest

and most endangered cetaceans: even its external appearance was

unknown to science until 1985 (Brownell eM/., 1987). It is the sole

member of the family Phocoenidae ("true porpoises") found in

Mexican waters and the only cetacean known to be endemic to

Mexico. Vidal (in press) and Vidal cr al. (in press a) have reviewed

all available information on the vaquita's distribution, population

biology, and mortality incidental to fishing. The vaquita has the

most limited distribution of any marine cetacean, being restricted to

the uppemiost Gulf of California (Browiiell. 198.3. 1986: Vidal. in

press). Although Silber( 1990a) reported two unconfimied sightings

south of Bahia de La Paz in the southern Gulf, all known osteologi-

cal and anatomical specimens have been collected in the uppermost

Gulf ('Vidal. 1991. in press), implying that the species" range is

confined to that area. Most records (osteological materials, decom-

posed whole carcasses, specimens captured incidentally during

fishing, and sightings) are from near San Felipe. Baja California

(Norte) (BCN). Rocas Consag. and El Golfo de Santa Clara. Sonora

(Brownell. 1986; Silber. 1990a; Vidal. 1991. in press). Although

there are no reliable estimates of abundance, the population is very

small, probably numbering only a few hundred individuals (Vidal.

in press).

Vaquitas are killed incidentally in gill nets, especially those with

mesh sizes of 15 to 30.5 cm: 128 deaths were confirmed between

March 1985 and February 1992 (Vidal. in press). At least b5'7< of

these were caught in gill nets set experimentally or (mainly) ille-

gally for the endemic, endangered loloaba. Toloaha macdoiialdi. a

large corvina-like fish of the family Sciaenidae that is protected

under Mexican federal law. These 128 known captures, however,

certainly represent only a fraction of the total number killed in

largely unmonitored gill netting for totoaba. sharks (e.g..

Caicharodoii canliarias. Isiinis o.xyrinchii.s. Negaprii>ii

hrevirostris, Rhizoprionodon longurio. Carcharhinus spp.. Alopias

supeirlliosiis. Sphyrna lewini. and Musteliis spp.), rays (e.g.,

Myliohatis californica, Rhinopiera .sleindachneii, Dasyalis hrevis.

and Mobida spp.). corvinas {Cynoscloii spp.. Alraclo.icion nohilis).

and mackerels {Sccnihcnniitinis .sierra and S. concolor). as well as

in trawling for shrimps (Pfiiaeus spp.). Vidal (in press) estimated at

least 35 vaquitas to be killed each year by fisheries. Because this

level of incidental mortality is high relative to the low population

size, the vaquita is thought to be in imminent danger of extinction

(Roblesf/t;/., 1987; Silber. 199()a: International Whaling Commis-

sion, 1991; Klinowska. 1991; Vidal, in press).

Family Delphinidae Gray. 1821 — Dolphins: delfines

Subfamily Steninae (Fraser and Pur\es. 1960)

Steno bredanensis (G. Cuvier. in Lesson. 1828). Rough-toothed

dolphin: delfin de dicnies nif;osos: The rough-toothed dolphin is a

pelagic species occurring in tropical and wann temperate waters

around the world. In the eastern Pacific it is present, though sparse,

from northern California to Peru (Leatherwood et al.. 1988). From

the low frequency of observations during extensive casual and

dedicated surveys of the eastern tropical Pacific tuna fishing

grounds, rough-toothed dolphins appear to be uncommon through-

out the region.

We know of only 10 records of this dolphin in the Gulf of

California. Four are strandings: a decomposed carcass ( length about

3.15 m) found 28 May 1984 on the beach near El Golfo de Santa

Clara (Heyning. 1986). a skull collected on 4 March 1983 at El

Mogote, a skull collected |?| in October 1983 at El Muelle. and a

skull collected in October 1984 at San Juan de la Costa, the last

three localities being in Bahia de La Paz. Baja California Sur ( BCS )

(Rizo. 1990: Vidal. 1991). The other six are sightings (some sup-

ported by photographs): one of seven dolphins on 30 August 1991

(J. Urban. Univ. Auton. Baja Calif Sur. La Paz. field notes) and one

of two dolphins in early September 1991 (Vidal. Cendon. and

Whitehead, field notes), both in Bahia de La Paz: one of four

dolphins on 3 November 1988 at <</. 25'^ 15' N. 109^^0' W (D.

Breese and B. Tershy. Section of Neurobiology and Behavior.

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, pers. comm.. 1 2 April 1 992 ).

and one of two dolphins on 28 June 1984, one of four on 30 June

1985, and one of seven on 25 October 1983 in Bahi'a de Banderas

(Salinas and Bourillon, 1988).

Figure I.Gulf of California, with numbers indicating place names appearing in the text. 1. Bahi'a Concepcion; 2. Bahia deAltata; 3. Bahia de Banderas;

4. Bahia de La Pa/; .S. Bahia de los Angeles: 6. Bahia de Navachiste: 7. Bahia de Topolohampo-Ohuira: ,S. Bahia Kino; 4. Bahia Magdalena; 10. Bahia San

Luis Gonzaga; II. Bahia Santa Maria (Reforma); 12, Bahia Santa Barbara; 1.^. Bahia San Rafael: 14. Banco Gorda; l.'i. Boca del Rio Fuene: 16. Cabo

Corrientes; 17. Cabo Lobes; 18. Cabo Tepoca (Puerto Lobos); 19. Cabo San Lucas; 20. Canal de Ballenas; 21. Canal de Salsipuedes; 22. Canal de San

Lorenzo; 23. Colorado River delta; 24. Coloraditos; 2.'). Desemboque (del Rio Concepcion): 26. El Golfo de Santa Clara; 27. Ensenada de los .Muenos; 28.

Guaymas; 29. Huaiabampito; 30. Isia Angel de la Guarda; 31. Isia Coronados; 32. Isia del Camien: 33. Isla Espiritu Santo; 34. Isla Guadalupe; 3.'>. Isla

Isabela; 36. Isla Magdalena: 37. Isla Monserral; 38. Isla Partida (None): 39. Isla San Esteban; 40. Isla San Francisco; 41. Isla San Ildefonso: 42. Isla San

Jorge; 43. Isla San Jose; 44. Isla San Lorenzo; 4.S. Isla San Pedro Martir; 46. Isla San Pedro Nolasco: 47, Isla San Marcos; 48, Isla Santa Cruz; 49, Isla

TIburon; 50. IslaTortuga: 51, IslasTres Marias: 52. Laguna del Caimanero: 53. Laguna Guerrero Negro: 54. Laguna Ojo de Liebre (Scammon's Lagoon l;

.'i.'i. Laguna San Ignacio; 56. La Paz: 57. Loreto; 58. Los Islotes; 54. Mazatlan: 60. Mulege: 61 . Puerto Libertad; 62. Puerto Pefiasco: 63. Punta Concepcion;

64. Punta San Francisquito: 65. Punta San Marcial: 66. San Felipe; 67. San Jose del Cabo: 68. Santa Rosalia: 64. Rocas Consag: 70. Tojahui: 71. Yavaros.

O. Vidal. L. T. Findlev, and S. LealherwiKid

Siibtamily Delphininae (Gray. 1821)

l.agenorhynchus obliquidens Gill. 1865. Pacific while-sided

ddlphin; ilclfiii ilc iosiados hUiiuos del Pacifico: In the eastern

North Pacific, white-sided dolphins are common from the northern

Gulf of Alaska to about 23' N. off the tip of Baja California, being

among the most abundant of delphinids within that broad range.

There is a specimen from farther north (Valdez. Alaska), and there

are a few (sometimes disputed) sightings from farther south (near

the oceanic Islas Re\ illagigedo. far off the west coast of Mexico).

In general, white-sided dolphin populations shift southward and

inshore during winter when the water is colder, then northward

from spring through autuinn. when the water is wanner ( Leather-

wood ef a/.. 1984. 1987. 1988).

According to Aurioles et al. (1988. 1989). until the mid-198()s

the only indications that the species occurred in the Gulf of Califor-

nia were fishermen's accounts (from the 1960s and early 1970s) of

occasional sightings near Banco Gorda at the mouth of the Gulf

These authors reported 16 sightings (2-250 individuals) between

Cabo San Lucas and Isla Coronados from 28 January to 16 August.

1980 through 1988. At least one group (seen on 15 April 1984)

contained newborns. On the basis of these records. Aurioles ct al.

( 1988. 1989) suggested that white-sided dolphins may be frequent

visitors, at least seasonally, to the southwestern Gulf Findley el al.

( 1988) reported a sighting of seven individuals near San Jose del

Cabo on 7 December 1987. Urban and Balcomb (in press) reported

13 in February 1989 at Banco Gorda. and Urban el al. ( 1990a) and

Urban (field notes) sighted them four times in Bahia de La Paz: 18

individuals in February 1988. 20 in March 1990. 25 in April 1990.

and 12 in March I99l'

Walker el al. (1986) studied 152 skulls from the eastern North

Pacific (6 from Baja California waters north of 24°30' N. 1 12 from

southern California waters. 32-37° N. and 34 from north of 37° N).

finding modal differences between animals from the extreme north-

em (above 37° N) and extreme southern (below 32° N) ponions of

the area. Vidal (1991) documented the existence of osteological

materials from eight specimens from western Baja California

(Norte) and 15 from western Baja California Sur (the southernmost

from Isla Magdalena. about latitude 24°35' N). These specimens

have not been studied in detail. To date, no osteological materials

have been collected in the Gulf.

Grampus griseus (G. Cuvier. 1812). Risso"s dolphin; Jelfiii de

Risso: Risso's dolphins occur globally in tropical and temperate

seas. In the eastern North Pacific, these wide-ranging aniinals have

been recorded from the Gulf of Alaska [about 50° N (Shults el al..

1982; Braham, 1983)] south to the equator (Leatherwood el al..

1 980; Kruse ei al.. 1 99 1 ). They are abundant throughout the year in

warm temperate and tropical waters, with apparent zones of low

density near 20 and 43° N (Leatherwood el al.. 1980). In cooler

temperate seas (10-18° C). Risso"s dolphins are most abundant

durmg periods of wann water [15-16.9° C (Leatherwood el al..

1980; Krusc. I989)|.

Risso's dolphin is a pelagic species, most commonly seen sea-

ward of the continental shelf and above rugged sea-floor topogra-

phy (Leatherwood el al., 1980; Kruse, 1989; Kruse et al.. 1991", in

press), although they are often sighted close to shore off southern

California, where they have becoine abundant during the past de-

cade (J. E. Heyning. National History Museuin of Los Angeles

County, pcrs. comm.. 1 1 December 1992). This gregarious

delphinid has been observed in groups of up to about 4000 indi-

viduals but is more commonly seen in groups of fewer than 50

(Leatherwood el al.. 1980; Kruse. 1989; Kruse el al.. 1991. in

press).

Numerous records exist of Risso's dolphnis from oceanic wa-

ters off westem Baja California and mainland Mexico south of the

Gulf of Calilornia. However, there are relatively few records of

sightings and strandings from the Gulf. A skull collected in La Paz

from a specimen stranded on 15 January 1982 represents the only

osteological material from the area (Vidal. 1991). In June 1973.

four females and an individual of undetermined sex were stranded

together at Punta Bufeo. 160 km south of San Felipe (Leatherwood

el al.. 1979). No materials were collected from these animals,

which were estimated to be about 4 m long. This stranding, and a

sighting from the Midriff Islands area, are the only records of

Risso's dolphin from the northern Gulf Six sightings, all far from

shore, have been reported from between Bahi'a de Banderas and 25°

N (Leatherwood cl al.. 1980; Findley el al.. 1988). Aguayo el al.

(1988a) and J. Urban (pers. conim.. 2 March 1992) reported four

sightings: two of five individuals each and one of two individuals in

August 1984 near the southeastern coast of Isla del Carmen, and

one of five individuals in March 1987 off the coast of Nayarit.

About 30 were observed traveling with four rough-toothed dolphins

on 3 November 1988 at about 2.5° 15' N, 109°.W W (D. Breese and

B. Tershy. pers. comm.. 12 April 1992).

Tursiops truncatus (Montagu. 1821). Bottlenose dolphin;

tonina. liirsion: Bottlenose dolphins are widely distributed in

ncarshore as well as offshore waters of all oceans. Differences in

morphology, feeding habits, and parasite loads suggest there are al

least two distinct forms (coastal and offshore) in the eastern North

Pacific (Walker. 1981; Scott and Chivers, 1990). The southern

California and Mexico coastal form (Tursinps Inincatus gillii) is

continuously distributed from about Santa Barbara County, Califor-

nia, south to the tropics, while the eastern tropical Pacific offshore

t'onn {T. Ininealus luiiiami) occurs farther from the mainland, in-

cluding waters around islands off Baja California and California, al

least as far north as Point Conception (Walker. 1981; Leatherwood

(•/ al.. 1988; Hansen. 1990; Scott and Chi\ers. 1990).

Both fomis have been documented in the Gulf of California

(Walker, 1981 ), where the species is common. Osteological materi-

als have been collected from all parts of the Gulf (Walker, 1981;

Vidal, 1991). Numerous sightings have been reported from the

uppermost Gulf (Wells el al.. 1981; Vidal et al.. 1987a; Silber.

1990b), including the estuarine areas of the Colorado River delta

(Perez-Cortes el al.. 1989), near the Midriff Islands (Breese, 1988;

Breese and Tershy, 1988a. unpublished), off the coast of Sonora and

the east coast of Baja California (Ballance. 1987. 1990; Vidal et al..

1987a; Findley et al.. 1988; Acevedo. 1989). and along the coast of

Sinaloa south to Bahi'a de Banderas (LIrban. 1983; De la Parra and

Galvan. 1987; Findley el al.. 1988; Salinas and Bourillon. 1988).

The habitat use and residence patterns of bottlenose dolphins in the

Gulf have been studied in detail at only four locations. Of 155

different individuals identified by Ballance (1987. 1990, 1992)

from May to July and from October to December 1984 in Bahi'a

Kino. Sonora. at least 399f were resident in that area to some

degree. Acevedo (1989) estimated that from May to September

1987. at least 60 individuals regularly used the area off La Paz.

Observations from 1988 to 1992 show a group of about 30 indi-

viduals resident year round in Bahia de La Paz (J. Urban, field

notes). De la Parra and Galvan ( 1987) identified about 30 individu-

als between May 1983 and February 1985 in Bahi'a de

Topolobampo-Ohuira. Sinaloa. On 19 December 1991. four preg-

nant females were stranded alive at Guaymas; total lengths of two

of them and total lengths and weights of three of the fetuses were:

275 cm (66.8 cm, 6 kg). 265 cm (99 cm) and ? (70.5 cm, 6 kg). The

fetuses are preserved in the Marine Vertebrates Collection at

ITESM-Campus Guaymas. Bottlenose dolphins are incidentally

killed in gill nets in the Gulf mainly along the coasts of Sonora and

Sinaloa (Walker. 19S1 : Vidal el al.. in press h). and Mitchell (1975)

estimated about 50 dolphins to be taken each year in the shark and

totoaba fisheries north of San Felipe.

Stenella alteniiata (Gray, 1846). Pantropical spotted dolphin:

delfin iitaihluidii panlnipiral: Two subspecies or forms of the

Annotated Checklist iitthe Marnie Mammals of the GulfolCalilomia

pantropical spotted ciolphin (the olTshore S. alteiniatu alleniuita and

the coastal S. ailcnuaia i;i\i[fi>iuiii) have been idcntilled in the

eastern tropical Pacific, but well-supported records indicate that

both can occur near shore as well as far offshore (Perrin ct al..

14851. Both subspecies have been captured incidentally in the

offshore tuna purse-seine fishery, and several sightings have been

reported in the Mexican Pacific, including the area near the mouth

and just inside the Gulf of California (Perrin <V(;/.. 19X5), Also, two

skulls of S, a. finiffmani have been collected from Ensenada. on the

northwest coast of Baja California (Norte) (J. Urban cl <;/., unpub-

lished).

Osteological and other anatomical materials from at least 49

individuals have been collected from the Gulf of California, but

most of these were from its southeastemmost part, in or near Bahi'a

de Banderas (Salinas and Bourilloii, 19<SS; Perrin and Kashiwada,

1989; Vidal, 1991: Urban et al.. unpublished). On the basis of skull

characters, body size, and coloration (see Perrin, 1975), 30 indi-

viduals [at least nine males (1.46-2.27 m total length) and six

females (1.82-2.21 m)] have been identified as S. a. gmjfmani

(Esquivel. 1989: Vidal, 1991: Urbane; a/., unpublished). The north-

ernmost confinned record for the species in the Gulf is a skull of S.

a. tiiaffmani collected at Laguna del Caimanero. south of Mazatlan.

Sinaloa (about 23'()0'N. l()6''()5'W)on 27 May 1984(Vidal. 1991).

Salinas and Bourillon ( 1988) listed several sightings of this form in

all seasons in Bahfa de Banderas. and Findley cl al. ( 1988) reported

sightings in the spring off Mazatlan and near the tip of Baja Califor-

nia. J. Urban (field notes) observed two tuna purse-seiner sets on S.

a. attcnuata in September 1988 near Banco Gorda.

Slenella longirostris (Gray, 1828). Spinner dolphin: ilelfin

girador. deljiu tiinullo: Three subspecies of the spinner dolphin

(Slenella l(m)'ir(>.sliis) have been distinguished in the eastern Pa-

cific: S. loiii^ini.'ilri.s loni;irt).slii.s. worldwide in tropical oceans. S.

loiiiiiro.slri.s orieiUalis. from tropical oceanic and coastal waters of

the eastern Pacific, and S. Iniisiuoslris centrnamericaiia. from Pa-

cific coastal waters of Central America (Perrin. 1990). Sightings in

Mexican Pacific waters have been of 5. /. orieiuulis (Perrin ei al..

1985: Peirin. 1990). The so-called whitebelly spinner porpoise,

cited in some Mexican records, is a highly variable intergrade

between S. I. oricnialis and S. /. longirnsths (Perrin, 1990).

Osteological materials from nine specimens have been col-

lected in the Gulf of California (Vidal. 1991). The skull of a

decomposed carcass found on 19 February 1984 at Bahi'a de

Navachiste. Sinaloa. is the northernmost confimied record for the

species in this sea. Of six specimens from Bahia de Banderas and

the Islas Tres Marias, four were collected in May (including a male

and a female, both 1.68 m long, and a 1.88-m female), one in

December: month of collection is unknown for the other specimen.

The remaining two specimens were a 1.95-m female and a 72-cm

male ( the latter killed in a tuna purse-seine), collected in early April

near Mazatlan. Sightings have been reported from near the mouth

of the Gulf south to at least Bahia de Banderas (i.e.. from about 20-

N. 105° W to about 25° N. 110° W) (Perrin el al.. 1985: Perrin.

1990).

Stenella coeriileoalba (Meyen. 1833). Striped diilphin: Jelfiii

li.';laclii: In the eastern tropical Pacific striped dolphins are relatively

common from the equator to about 25° N (Perrin el al.. 1983),

although there are records as far north as British Columbia (J. E.

Heyning. pers. comm.. 1 1 December 1992).

Osteological materials from four individuals have been col-

lected in the Gulf of California: on 12 November 1983 near San

Felipe (Aguayo and Perdomo. 1985). on 18 November 1979 at

Punta San Marcial. BCS (Vidal. 1991 ). from a 1.59-in individual on

15 January 1975 at Isla del Espiritu Santo (Mullen. 1977). and a

skull collected in Bahia de Banderas and now housed at the Facultad

de Ciencias of the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (J.

Urban, pers. comm.. 2 March 1992). Rizo (1990) reported three

single strandings near San Juan de la Costa in Bahi'a de La Paz,

October 1984, January 1985. and ""winter" 1986. Several individu-

als (including adults) of this generally oceanic species have been

incidentally killed in the tuna purse-seine fishery near the western

side of the mouth of the Gulf, and sightings have been reported

south to at least Bahia de Banderas (Perrin el al.. 1983).

Delpliinus delphis Linnaeus. 1758. Common dolphin: dcljiii

comi'w. The common dolphin is found in all oceans from tropical to

temperate. In the eastern North Pacific it occurs from 36° N to the

equator and offshore to about 142° W. with gaps between 13° and

20°N and between 27° and 32° N (Perrin elal.. 1985: Leatherwood

cl al.. 1 988 ). At least two forms have been defined, by differences in

morphology and color patterns (Evans. 1982: Perrin e! al.. 1985:

Leatherwood cl al.. 1988: Heyning and Perrin. 1989): a smaller,

short-beaked form (D. delphis delphis) distributed in three appar-

ently separate populations (one north of 32" N off southern Califor-

nia, one between 28 ' and 30° N off Baja California, and one south

of 15° N), and a larger, long-beaked form (D. delphis hairdii)

occurring inside the 1 00-fathom curve north of 20° N. After analyz-

ing morphometric and meristic data from over 270 specimens from

st)uthem California, Heyning and Perrin ( 1989) concluded that the

two forms are ""either extremely differentiated subspecies or two

distinct species. ""

Both the short-beaked and long-beaked forms have been docu-

mented in the Gulf of California (Evans, 1982: Perrin ct al.. 1985:

Aguayo cl al., 1986a: Vidal ct al., 1987a), where the former is rare

and the latter is very common (J. E. Heyning, pers. comm.. 1 1

December 1992). Osteological materials (mainly skulls) of

common dolphins have been collected along both coasts of the Gulf

(Gallo and Alessio-Robles, 1989: Vidal. 1991). and undetermined

numbers have been killed in the tuna purse-seine fishery in the

southern part of this sea (Perrin ct al., 1985). This species, which is

sometimes seen in groups of hundreds or thousands of individuals,

is without doubt the most abundant cetacean in the Gulf of Califor-

nia, with sightings in all seasons and throughout the entire Gulf,

from the uppermost part to Bahia de Banderas (Wells el al., 1981:

Urban, 1983: Perrin el al., 1985: Aguayo el al.. 1986a, b: Vidal el

al., 1987a: Findley era/., 1988: Salinas and Bourillon. 1988: Silber.

1990b). On the basis of numerous sightings between 1981 and

1985. Aguayo el al. (1986a) concluded that the long-snouted form

is resident in the Gulf, with some animals migrating to the outer

coast of Baja California during winter, and that the short-snouted

fomi occurs on the west coast of the peninsula and in the southern

Gulf, penetrating farther north into this sea in winter. In the Gulf,

common dolphins are incidentally killed in gill-net (Vidal cl al.. in

press /)) and sardine purse-seine fisheries (Vidal. field notes). Infor-

mation on total numbers of dolphins killed is lacking, but recent

(1990-1991) observations suggest that this incidental mortality

may be relatively high. For example, the carcasses of 19 net-caught

common dolphins were found between late February and late March

along 5 km of beach approximately 60 km northwest of Guaymas

(Vidal el al.. in press /)).

Subfamily Globicephalinae (Gray, 1866)

Peponocephala electro (Gray, 1846). Melon-headed whale:

delfin caheza dc nielon: These dolphins occur worldwide from

tropical to warm-temperate oceanic waters (Leatherwood and

Reeves, 1983). In the North Pacific, they have not been recorded

from north of Hawaii and southern Baja California but have been

reported widely elsew here, including off the Pacific coast of main-

land Mexico. Perryman ct al. (in press) have reviewed all published

records of this species worldwide and added infomiation on 12

sightings and one specimen from the eastem North Pacific from

1977 to 1983. Au and Perryman ( 1985) reported that these dolphins

are "'frequently seen ... in the equatorial tropical Pacific," where

O. Vidal. L. T. Findlev. and S. Lealheruood

the distribution of sightings suggests that the species" oceanic habi-

tat is primarily equatorial waters modified by upwelling.

The only record known fortheGulf of California is of a stranded

indi\idual collected at Isladel Espiritu Santo (Aurioles. 1987). The

skeleton is housed at the Universidad Autonoma de Baja California

Sur in La Paz (Vidal. 1991).

Pseudorca crassidens (Owen. 1846). False killer whale; area

falsa: This species has been reported from all tropical, subtropical,

and temperate seas (Stacey ef a/., in press) and has one of the largest

continuous ranges of all cetaceans (Davies. 1963). In the eastern

North Pacific it is known from Prince William Sound. Alaska, south

to the equator (Leatherwood and Reeves, 1983; Leatherwood et uL.

1988). Records are sparse from California and more northerly

waters but become more abundant from Mexico southward (Leath-

erwood el al.. 1987). For example, in the files of the U.S. National

Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) in La Jolla, California, there are

240 records of sightings by observers on the eastern tropical Pacific

tuna fishing grounds for the years 1972-1987 (Leathei^ood et al..

1989; Stacey el al.. in press).

There have been several sightings and some published

strandings in Mexico. Gailo and Rojas ( 198.'i) listed this species as

occurring in all Pacific zones of Mexico. The NMFS records re-

ferred to above include seven sightings from within the Gulf of

California (Leatherwood el al.. 1989: fig. 2). Aguayo ct al. (1986b)

found that false killer whales represented only about 1% of all

cetaceans seen during their surveys in the Gulf. 1981-1985. Breese

(1988) and Breese 'and Tershy (1988a. unpublished) made 12

sightings between 1983 and 1986 in the Canal de Ballenas. Salinas

and Bourillon ( 1988) reported four sightings in Bahia de Banderas:

3 individuals on 20 January 1983, 15 on 18 December 1984, 4 on 20

December 1984, and 20 on 22 February 1985. Strandings and

collected specimens include a stranding on 29 April 1888 at Bahfa

de Pichilingue. near La Paz (Miller, 1920); two skulls found (Van

Gelder. 1960) and later, evidently, collected on 27 June 1964 (Lind-

say, 1964) on Isla San Jose; three skulls collected (one in August

1914 and two on 14 February 1940) on Isla del Espiritu Santo

(Mitchell. 1965; Vidal, 1991 ); a skull collected on 28 April 1966 on

Isla Partida (Norte) in the Midriff Islands; a skull collected in

February 1983 in Bahfa de La Paz; and a skull, partial skeleton and

stomach contents from a decomposed carcass of a 4.83-ni male

collected on 16 April 1989 nearDesemboque (del Ri'oConcepcion),

Sonora (Vidal. 1991).

Oreiniis area (Linnaeus, 1758). Killer whale; oira: This cos-

mopolitan species is widely distributed in the eastern North Pacific

(Dahlheim el al.. 1982; Heyning and Dahlheini, 1988; Leather-

wood f/ ^i/.. 1988),

As far as we know, no osteological materials of killer whales

have been collected in the Gulf, although the species is observed,

albeit sporadically, throughout this sea (Acevedo and Fleischer.

1987). For example, Dahlheim et al. (1982) reported about eight

sightings from 26° N southward. The frequency of observations

suggests that although the species is not abundant in these waters, it

is not rare. Three reports are of killer whales attacking or harassing

baleen whales. Tarpy (1979) described a pod of about 30 killer

whales (including several mature males) attacking and severely

injuring an immature blue whale. Balaeuoptera musculu.s. off the

tip of Baja California. Silber et at. ( 1990) reported 15 killer whales

(including two adult males and al least two calves) attacking,

killing, and feeding on a Bryde's whale, B. edenl. near Rocas

Consag, in the northern Gulf. Vidal and Pechter (1989) reported

three killer whales (females or immatures) chasing two fin whales.

B. phxsalus. off Tojahui, Sonora. Edward Asper. of Sea World ol

Florida, described an unsuccessful attack by three killer whales on a

humpback whale, Mei;aplera novacaualiae. off the Islas Ties

Marias in 1973 (Leatherwood, field notes). Killer whale tooth

marks have been seen on the Oukes of blue whales near Loreto,

BCS (Sears, 1990), and of humpback whales near Cabo San Lucas

and La Paz (Urban et al.. 199()b); it is not known where these

attacks occurred (for recent reviews see Heyning and Dahlheim,

1988; Vidal and Pechter, 1989). Between 1983 "and 1986 in the

Canal de Ballenas. Breese (1988) and Breese and Tershy (1988a,

unpublished) reported 2 1 sightings of killer whales for a total of 1 3 1

animals, with an average group size of six. Sightings were distrib-

uted throughout the year and in all months except October. One

particular pod of six to eight killer whales was seen in each year of

this study (Breese and Tershy. 1988a). Killer whales also have been

observed in the Gulf in Bahia San Luis Gonzaga and near Isla San

Lorenzo, BCN, near the sea lion rookery of Los Islotes, just north of

Isla Espiritu Santo (Urban et al.. 1990a), off Loreto (Findley el al..

1988), at Guaymas (Findley, field notes), near Yavaros (Vidal,

1989), and in Bahia de Banderas (Salinas and Bourillon, 1988).

Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846. Short-finned pilot

whale; ealderdn de aletas cartas: This species is distributed world-

wide from tropical to warm temperate waters and in cold temperate

waters in the eastern North Pacific, where it has been reported from

the Gulf of Alaska (rare) south to Peril, being much more common

from central California southward (Leatherwood and Reeves,

1983). Some individuals remain year round near some Baja Califor-

nia coastal islands (Leatherwood ei al.. 1988).

Since 1911, at least 30 osteological specimens (mainly skulls)

have been collected from several areas, mostly islands, in the Gulf

of California (Vidal, 1991): Isla Angel de laGuarda; Baja California

Sur (Santa Rosalia, Isla San Marcos. Loreto, Isla San Diego, Isla

Santa Cruz, Isla San Jose, and La Paz); Sonora (Bahia ChoUa near

Puerto Pefiasco. Isla Tiburon, and near Bahia Kino). Also, three

mass strandings are known, of at least 14 individuals in the early

1980s in Bahia Guadalupe, north of Bahia de los Angeles (Breese

and Tershy, 1988a. unpublished), of 30 individuals (26 females and

4 males ranging from 3 to 6.6 m in length) on 20 and 21 February

1 988 in Bahia San Rafael. BCN ( Breese and Tershy, 1 988a. unpub-

lished), and of 31 individuals (including at least eight males and six

females) that were stranded and then were successfully driven

offshore on 13 January 1989 near La Paz (Urban, 1989). A carcass

of this species was photographed on the beach at Coloraditos, BCN

(R. Houston, pers. comm.). In addition, we know of several

sightings: 5 between 1988 and 1991 in Bahia de La Paz (Urban,

1989),! 4 during 1978 between the Midriff Islands and Bahia de La

Pa^ (Balconibcr al.. 1979), 6 between 1983 and 1985 on the

southern coast of Baja California (Connally el al.. 1986), 21 be-

tween 1981 and 1987 from the southern coasts of Sinaloa and Baja

California Sur to the upper Gulf of California (Aguayo ei al..

1 988a), in the Canal de Ballenas ( Breese and Tershy. 1 988a, unpub-

lished; Findley et al.. 1988), east of Isla San Pedro Nolasco (Gallo,

1984), near Isla del Carmen, near Isla Tortuga, and northwest of

Guaymas (Findley and Vidal, field notes).

Superfamily Ziphioidea (Gray. 1865)

Family Ziphiidae Gray. 1865 — Beaked whales; zifidcs

Berardius bairdii Stejneger, 1883. Baird's beaked whale; r/'/zi/"

(/(■ Band: Baird's beaked whale is an oceanic species found only m

the temperate North Pacific. On the eastern side, it occurs from the

Pribilof Islands and Alaska south to the tip of Baja California

(Leatherwood and Reeves, 1983). Along the California coast, these

whales apparently spend the winter and spring far offshore, then,

during early summer, move shoreward to over the continental slope,

where their abundance peaks in September and October (Balconib,

1989).

We know of onh lour reports of Baird's beaked whales off the

Annolalfil Chcckllsi of ihe Murine Mammals ofllic riulI'drCalifdinia

west coast of the Baja California Peninsula: ( 1 ) reporting of the

species" distribulion south to M N (Rice, 1974); (2) reporting of

the species' distribution south to 28 N (Leatherwood cl al.. 19SS):

(3) sightings of 10 whales on 16 August I9S7 at 27=1 1' N. 114 49'

W. and of 25 whales on 1 September 1987 at 27° 1 8' N, 1 14°59' W

(Aguayo el al., 1988b): and (4) a sighting of a group of at least

seven whales at 3()°01 .4' N, 1 1 7°56.5' W (Leatherwood el al.. 1 987:

fig. 15). We know of only six records from inside the Gulf of

California: (Da skull collected on 13 August 1964 at Isla San

Esteban and housed in the Oklahoma Museum of Natural History.

Nomian (Vidal. 1991 ); (2) seven individuals (four males and three

females. 9.03-1 1.35 m total length) stranded on 2 July 1986 at El

Mogote. near La Paz (Aurioles. 1987) (three skulls, one each housed

at the Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas. the Centro Regional dc

Investigacion Pesquera, and the Universidad Autcinoma de Baja

California Sur, all in La Paz: Vidal, 1991): (3) a 10.5-m female

stranded on 9 June 1990 at Costa Baja. near La Paz (Urban and

Jaramillo. in press): (4) six individuals sighted on 3 June 1990 in

Canal de San Lorenzo (Urban and Jaramillo. in press): (5) four

whales photographed at the surface on 16 June 1987 near the

western side of the mouth of the Gulf (23° 15' N. 109°2r W) in

water 730 m deep; and (6) five whales photographed at the surface

on 13 October 1987 at 24°34' N. 109°59' W in water 2160 m deep

(Aguayo et al.. 1988b). The last appears to be the southernmost

confirmed record for this oceanic species, which appears to be an

infrequent visitor to the Gulf.

Mesoplodon spp. Mesoplodonts: mesoplodontes: Confirmed

records of beaked whales of the speciose genus Mesoplodon in

Mexican waters are rare. The majority are from the Mexican Pacific.

Species of this oceanic genus are difficult to identify al sea, so it is not

surprising that most sightings in Mexico remain unidentified.

Leatherwood el al. ( 1 988 ) and Vidal ( 1 99 1 ) reported the skull of

a ginkgo-toothed beaked whale (mesoplodonle de dienles de

i;inl<i;o). M. ,i,'//iA?()c/f».v, collected on 30 December 1980 at Playa

Malarrimo. outside Laguna Ojo de Liebre (Scammon's Lagoon)

(about 27°52' N, 1 14°28' W). Four publications contain references

to a total of 23 sightings of unidentified mesoplodonts (only a few

supported by photographs) in Mexican waters (Pitman et al., 1987:

Urban and Aguayo. 1987a; Salinas and Bourillon, I98S; Aguayo el

al.. 1988b). These include 1 1 sightings (38 individuals) in the Gulf

of California; most of these (seven sightings for total 21 individu-

als) were in Bahi'a de Banderas. though two (four individuals) were

near the mouth of the Gulf (Aguayo et al.. 1988b).

Mesoplodon peruvianus Reyes. Mead and Van Waerebeek.

1991. Pygmy beaked whale: mesoplodonle pigmeo: The pygtriy

beaked whale was recently described from 10 specimens stranded

or incidentally captured by fishermen between 1976 and 1989 in

Peru (Reyes et al.. 1991). This sample included only one adult (a

male) of known sex (sex unknown for two other adults).

Three specimens of this species were recently found in the Gulf

of California. The skull from a decomposed carcass of a male

(estimated total length 3.4 m; catalog number DAG 160) and the

skull and nearly complete skeleton of a female (estimated total

length 3.3 m: catalog number UABCS-MM-053). both judged to be

physically mature, were collected on 13 January and 19 April 1990.

respectively, near La Paz (24°24' N, 1 10°38' W) and on Isla Espirilu

Santo (24°25'N. 1 10°25'W) (Aurioles and Urban. 1990: Urban and

Aurioles. 1992). These specimens are housed at the Universidad

Autonoma de Baja California Sur and Centro de Investigaciones

Biologicas de Baja California Sur. both at La Pa/.

The third record is based on a skull and 1 2 connected lumbar ( 3 )

and caudal (9) vertebrae of an individual that was stranded during the

summer of 1988 or 1989 at San Carlos (about 27°5V N. 1 10 59^' Wi

near Guaymas (these materials were collected by a local fisheniian,

donated to Vidal on 7 January 1 992, and are now housed at ITESM-

Campus Guaymas: catalog number ITESM 920107). The nearly

completely filled mesorostral canal (mesorostral ossification) and

the fusion of all vertebral epiphyses to their centra imply the animal

was a physically mature male (see Moore. 1966; Heyning. 1989;

Mead. 1989; Reyes el al.. 1991 ). The specimen was identified as M.

peruvianus by the shape and small size of the cranium (condylobasal

length 520 mm: zygomatic width 250 mm) and direct comparisons

with the specimens collected near La Paz. Other cranial measure-

inents (in mm. all but those with an asteri.sk taken on the right side by

Vidal and J. Torre, following Reyes el al., 1991) include tip of

rostrum to posterior extension of maxillary plate. 472: tip of rostrum

to anterior margin of superior nares, 357; tip of rostrum to anterior

point of premaxillary crest, 388*: tip of rostruin to posterior exten-

sion of premaxillae and lateral tip of premaxillary crest. 400*; tip of

rostrum to posterior extension of temporal fossa, 480; length of

rostrum, 301 : breadth of skull across orbital centers, 232; breadth of

skull across postorbital process of frontal, 241: least breadth of skull

at posterior margins of temporal fossae, 139: greatest breadth of

skull across exoccipitals, 150: greatest span of occipital condyles.

97: greatest width of occipital condyle. 36: greatest length of occipi-

tal condyle (66); greatest breadth of foramen magnum. 42: greatest

length of nasal on vertex, 40*: length of nasal suture, 42*: extension

of premaxilla posterior to nasal on vertex, 22; greatest breadth of

nasal on vertex, 27; least distance between anterior prominences of

synvertex, 19: greatest transverse width of superior nares, 31: least

width of premaxillae where they narrow opposite superior nares, 77:

greatest width of premaxillae anterior to above, 93: width of rostrum

in apices of antorbilal notches, 132; width of rostrum in apices of

prominential notches, 101; least distance between main maxillary

foramina, 112; least distance between premaxillary foramina, 30:

distance from posterior margin of maxillary foramen to most ante-

rior point of inaxillary prominence, 91*; width of rostrum at its

middle, 38: width of premaxillae at middle of rostrum. 22: depth of

rostrum at its middle, 47: height of skull, 200: external cranial

height, 143: greatest length of temporal fossa, 37; greatest width of

temporal fossa, 47: length of orbit on frontals, 75; tip of rostrum to

posterior extension of maxillae between pterygoids, 313: tip of

rostrum to most anterior extension of pterygoids, 279: length of

vomer visible on palatal surface, 88.

To date, these three strandings are the only confirmed records of

pygmy beaked whales for the North Pacific. Also. R. L. Pitman

(Southwest Fisheries Science Center. La Jolla. California) saw two

individuals probably of this species on 13 July 1986 in Bahia de

Banderas and three individuals (two adults and a calf) off the coast

of Oaxaca, southern Mexico (10°58' N, 98°15' W) (Urban and

Aurioles, 1992). From the available data. Urban and Aurioles

( 1992) hypothesized that M. peruvianus is endemic to the eastern

tropical Pacific (northern limit at about 25° N) and noted that the

paucity of sightings and strandings in this area can be attributed to

lack of search effort.

Ziphius cavirostris G. Cuvier, 1823. Cuvier's beaked whale:

zifido de Cuvier. This species is one of the world's most widely

distributed cetaceans and probably the most common beaked whale

in the eastern North Pacific (Mitchell. 1968; Leatherwood et al..

1972. 1988; Leatherwood and Reeves, 1983). There are numerous

reports from off the west coast of Baja California (Hubbs, 1951:

Mitchell, 1968: Leatherwood cr «/.. 1972, 1988: Rice, 1978: Urban

and Aguayo, 1987a: Vidal, 1991).

Osteological materials (mostly beached skulls) from the Gulf of

California have been collected in Baja Califomia (Norte) (near San

Felipe; Isla Smith, in Bahi'a de los Angeles; Bahia San Luis Gonzaga)

and Baja California Sur | Bahi'a Amortajada of Isla San Jose:

Ensenada de los Muertos (24 '00' N. 1()9°56' W) (a stranded animal

found in autumn and its skull collected): at 22°55' N, 109°45'W (a

stranded animal observed in summer; skull collected)] (Aurioles,

O. Vidal. L. T. Findlev. and S. Leatherwood

1987; Aguayo el a/., 1988b; Vidal. 1991). In addition, there were

strandings of an adult female and a juvenile (no materials collected)

in September 1980 at 24° 12' N. lltnS' W (Aguayo el uL. 1488b)

and of an animal of unknown >e\ photographed in September 1980 at

Pichihngue near La Paz (.Aurioles ct iil.. 1984). Eight sightings (20

indi\iduals) have been reported from the Gulf. These include one

near Isla San Jose (2.'i' 08' N. 1 1()°29' W) on 1 April, two off Mazatlan

aym' N, 106° 34'W and 23°0r N. 107 '.SO' W) on .^ March, two

(one on 29 June and one on 17 December) in Bahiade Banderas. and

a female with a calf photographed at 25°15' N. 109°30.1' W on .3

November (Aguayo et at.. 1988b; Salinas and Bourillon. 1988; D.

Breese and B. Tershy. pers. comm., 12 April 1992).

Superfaniil\ Physeteroidea (Gray. 1821)

Family Physeteridac (Gray, 1821 )

Subfamily Koghnae (Gill. 1871)

Kogia breviceps (de Blainville, 1838). Pygmy sperm whale;

cachalotc pigniea: Because whales of the genus Kot^ia Gray, 1 846,

are only rarely identified at sea. and then usually not to species, it is

difficult to establish the distributional range of the two living spe-

cies (see below). The pygmy spemi whale appears to be a cosmo-

politan species, occurring in nearly all temperate and tropical wa-

ters (Leatherwood and Reeves. 1983; Caldwell and Caldwell.

1989). In the eastern North Pacific, it is believed to be sparsely

distributed from Washington south to Baja California and into the

Gulf of California (Leatherwood el <;/.. 1988).

A few records are known from the Gulf: a cranium found about

15 km north of San Felipe (Brownell. 1969); a 1.91-m moribund

male stranded on 2.5 January 1984 at Puerto Penasco (Maldonado el

III.. 1984; Vidal (7 <//.. 1987b); a male and female (both about 3.4 m

in length) stranded together on 19 May 198,5 near La Paz (Vidal el

uL. 1987b); three sightings (one supported by photographs) for a

total of five individuals on 17 June 1984 near IslaTortuga (Vidal el

uL. 1987b); a partial skull collected in 1868 at Mazatlan (Vidal,

1991 ). and a skull collected on 10 July 1991 at Isla Coronados and

now in a private collection in Loreto (K. L. Connally and M. D.

Daily, pers. comm.. January 1992).

Kogia simiis (Owen. 1866). Dwarf sperm whale; eachaiole

enano: The distribution of the dwarf sperm whale appears to be

similar to that of the pygmy spenn whale, although the former

apparently occurs more frequently in slightly warmer seas

(Caldwell and Caldwell, 1989). In the eastern North Pacific outside

the Gulf of California, dwarf spenn whales have been documented

from central California and Cabo San Lucas (Leatherwood el uL.

1988).

Osteological materials from four dwarf spenn whales, some

freshly dead, have been collected from the Gulf, all in Bahi'a de La

Paz; a 2.27-m female on 19 October 1983 (Fleischer el at.. 1984)

and a 2.2()-m male, a female, and a third individual (sex not deter-

mined) in March 1985 (Aurioles. 1987; Vidal, 1991). Rizo (1990)

reported a stranding of two animals in September 1989, also in

Bahia de La Paz. The only other records we know of are a sighting

of one individual on 4 November 1985 in the Canal de Ballenas

(Breese and Tershy. 1988a. unpublished), three sightings of four

animals plus one of a solitary individual on 6 March 1987 about 8

km east of Isla San Jose (J. E. Heyning, pers. comm.. 1 1 December

1992). a sighting of three individuals on 25 February 1985 in Bahia

de Banderas, and a sighting of a female with a calf there on 29 June

1985 (Salinas and Bourillon, 1988).

Subfamily Physelennae (Gray. 1821 )

Physeter ealodon (= I', nun nn ephu/ns) Linnaeus. 1758. Spenn

whale; mi luilnie: The sperm whale has one of the most extensive

distributions of any marine mammal, ranging throughout all oceans

from the equator to the edges of polar ice (Rice. 1989). Mainly on

the basis of commercial whaling records, it has been postulated that

at least three populations of spenn whales inhabit the North Pacific,

one each in the western, central, and eastern regions (Bannister and

Mitchell. 1980; Veinger, 1980). The Gulf of California (within the

eastern region) contains spenn whales, but their population num-

bers, distribution, and movements are not known.

Vidal and Findley { 1984. 1986) reviewed the five known mass

strandings and three single strandings of sperm whales in the Gulf:

(1)9 bulls (ranging from 10.6 to 13.6 m) on 12 April 1953 at Cabo

Tepoca, Sonora (Gilmore, 1957. 1959); (2) 22 bulls (10.6-12.1 m)

on 16 January 19.54 at La Paz (Cockrum. 19.56; Gilmore. 1957.

1959); (3) 17 whales (sex not determined for most but including at

least some lactating females plus seven individuals of about 7 m

and an aborted 3-in fetus) on I September 1973 at Huatabampito.

Sonora (Balcomb. 1981); (4) 56 whales |38 males (9-13 m). 9

females (9.7-12.4 m). 9 sex undetennined. plus 3 aborted fetuses,

none of which appeared to be full lenn] on 1 January 1979 at San

Bruno. 15 km north of Mulege. BCS (Patten. 1979; Patten el ah.

1979); and (5) 3 males (11.87-12.28 m). judged to be sexually

mature by size and age. on 6 March 1 983 at the Boca del Ri'o Fuerte.

about 40 km northwest of Bahia de Topolobampo. Sinaloa (Vidal

and Findley. 1986). The single strandings were of a 13-m male on

28 December 1954 at San Felipe, a ca. 11-m individual (sex not

detennined) about July 1978 at Isla San Jose, and a 14.39-in male

on I February 1479 at Isla Espiritu Santo (Vidal and Findley. 1986).

Vidal and Findley ( 1984) reviewed eight sightings of live sperm

whales in the Gulf and noted that all but one were near the coast of

Baja California, where the sea bottom drops precipitously and deep

waters are closer to shore. They speculated that the distribution of

spenn whales in the Gulf may be related to the distribution of one of

their important prey items, the jumbo squid Dosidieus ,i;/,i;;(/.v (family

Ommastrephidae) (see Klett. 1981). Breese and Tershy (1988a.

unpublished) reported four sightings in the Canal de Ballenas. one

in 1 983 and three from late January to early February 1 988. Aguayo

el al. ( 1988a) reported seven sightings between February 1983 and

July 1985 from Isla Mari'a Magdalena (Islas Tres Marias) to the

Canal de Salsipuedes. Of 1849 sightings in the eastern tropical

Pacific by observers aboard American tuna boats, the only ones in

the Gulf were in the oceanic waters of its mouth (Reilly and

Leatherwood. unpublished).

Suborder Mysticeti Flower. 1864 (= Mystacoceti) — Baleen or

wiialebone whales; eeldeeas o hallenas eon harhas

Family Eschrichtiidae Ellerman and Monison-Scott. 1951

Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg. 1861 ). Gray whale; hallenu

fiiis: Today, the gray whale inhabits only the North Pacific, where it

is represented by two populations; the nearly extinct northwestern

Pacific or "Korean"" population, which migrates from the Okhotsk

Sea to South Korea (Andrews. 1914). and the abundant northeast-

ern Pacific or "California"" population, which migrates from pri-

mary summer feeding grounds in the Bering. Chukchi, and Beau-

fort seas to principal winter breeding/calving grounds in northwest

Mexico, mainly the outer coast of the Baja California Peninsula

(Scammon. 1874; Gilmore. I960; Rice and Wolman. 197 1 ; Jones el

III.. 1984). The main wintering areas are in ornear Laguna Guenero

Negro. Laguna Ojo de Liebre (Scammon "s Lagoon). Laguna San

Ignacio. and Bahia Magdalena (Jones el al.. 1984; Wolman. 1985).

Though less widely published, smaller numbers of gray whales

also occur throughout the Gulf of California (Findley and Vidal.

unpublished). Most recent records for the Gulf come from its

soulheni half, as in the nineteenth century, when the species began

to be commercially exploited (Scammon, 1874; Henderson, l'-)72.

Annotated Chccklivi of the Murine Mammals of the Gulf ofCahfomia

1984). Until about 1984. gray whales still visited the two winter

calving sites most distant from the summer range, the area of

Yavaros-Tojahui. Sonera, and Bahfa Santa Maria (Reforma).

Sinaloa (Gilmore and Ewing. 1954; Gilmore. I9fi(); Gilmore and

Mills. 1962; Gilmore et al.. 1967; Vidal. 1989; Findley and Vidal.

unpublished). A few cow/calf pairs and occasional solitary sub-

adults could be seen at these two sites during the winter, principally

froin mid-January to late March. However, with the accelerated

economic development of these areas, especially with increased

fishing and shipping, it appears that gray whales no longer visit

these sites or do so only sporadically (Findley and Vidal. 1983.

unpublished; Vidal. 1989).

In other areas of the Gulf, gray whales have been seen along

both coasts in small groups, as cow/calf pairs or. most commonly,

as solitary individuals. There have been isolated sightings or

strandings from as far south as Bahfa de Banderas (Salinas and

Bourillon. 1988) to the northernmost parts of the Gulf, such as

Puerto Pefiasco and near El Golfo de Santa Clara (Brownell. 1971;

Patten and Samaras. 1977; Findley and Vidal. 1983. unpublished;

Tershy and Breese, 1991 ). In general, gray whales are seen in Gulf

waters most frequently during the species' wintering residence on

the outer coast of Baja California, and most of the few cow/calf

pairs have been reported from the southern Gulf. Sightings and

strandings in the northern Gulf have usually involved solitary sub-

adults (Tershy and Breese, 1991; Findley and Vidal, unpublished).

Some of these have been during late spring, autumn, or even

summer, indicating that not all individuals participate in the normal

migration to suminer feeding grounds in the North Pacific (Findley

and Vidal. 1983) and must therefore find food in Gulf waters

(Tershy and Breese. 1991). Movements of gray whales within the

Gulf remain unknown.

Family Balaenopteridae Gray. 1864 — Rorquals; nnciiales

Subfamily Megapterinae Gray. 1864

Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski. 1781 ). Humpback whale;

halleini jorcihciihi: Humpback whales are widely distributed in ail

oceans, from tropical wintering grounds around islands and conti-

nental coasts where they breed and calve, to high-latitude summer-

ing grounds (even to the edges of polar ice) where they feed

(Leatherwood and Reeves. 1983). Three stocks are recognized in

the Nonh Pacific: the Asian. Hawaiian, and Mexican (Leatherwood

etal.. 19S8).

After reviewing records of humpback whales on winter breed-

ing grounds in the Mexican Pacific. Aguayo euil. ( 1984) and Urban

and Aguayo ( 1987b) recognized four regions of concentrations: ( 1 )

the southernmost coasts of Baja California, (2) the mainland coast

of Mexico, including Isla Isabel and the Islas Tres Marias, (3) the

oceanic Islas Revillagigedo. and (4) the central Gulf of California,

where a few individuals are hypothesized to remain year round, not

participating in the seasonal migration of the other groups. Urban cl

al. ( 1987. 1989) and Urban and Balcomb (in press) reported partial

segregation and different migratory (feeding) destinations of the

groups in the Mexican Pacific, with central California being the

destination for whales of the southern Baja California and mainland

coast and an unknown area (Gulf of Alaska?) being the destination

for those of the Islas Revillagigedo. Urban el al. ( I99()b) estimated

that approxiinately 1.500 humpback whales visit the Mexican Pa-

cific each winter. We know of only one report of a stranded hump-

back whale in the Gulf, of a ca. 1 1 -m male near La Paz on 19 March

1983 (-Fleischer «(;/.. 1984).

Subfamily Balaenopterinae (Gray, 1864)

Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacepede, 1804. Minke whale;

hallena iiiiiikc: The cosmopolitan minke whale occurs from the

Bering and Chukchi seas south to at least the equator in the eastern

North Pacific but is not abundant anywhere within this range

(Leatherwood (V(;/.. 1988).

Apparently, this species is not common in the Gulf of Califor-

nia. Only a few confimied records exist, including three of whales

found dead (Vidal. 1991, field notes): one al Bahfa San Luis

Gonzaga (an 8-m female on 15 June 1986), two near El Golfo de

Santa Clara (a 7.4-m male on 12 April 1990 and an 8.23-m female

on 1 February 1992). Vidal ( 1991 ) reported a partial skull found at

Bahia San Luis Gonzaga, and Findley saw a complete skull being

used as a house ornament at Coloraditos. south of San Felipe.

During extensive observations in the Canal de Ballenas, Tershy I'l

al. ( 1990) saw only 17 minke whales, six of which were individu-

ally identified. These authors concluded that minke whales were

less transient than either the fin or blue whales observed there and

that this smallest of the rorquals seemed equally abundant through-

out the year. Only a few other sightings have been reported, e.g.,

near San Felipe and Isla San Pedro Martir(two individuals. Wells c/

al.. 1981 ). and in the central Gulf (Balcomb cl al.. 1979; Le Boeuf,

1984).

Balaenoptera borealis Lesson. 1828. Sei whale; halk'iia sei:

The sei w hale is a cosmopolitan oceanic species inhabiting mainly

polar and cold temperate waters. In winter in the northeastern

Pacific, .sei whales occur from California (35°30' N) to the Islas

Revillagigedo (18°30' N) (Leatherwood e/a/„ 1988).

The only confirmed records for the Gulf of California are two

sightings, one in January off the north end of Isla del Camien and

one in March off Los Islotes (Connally el al.. 1986). However,

because sei whales are difficult to distinguish from Bryde's whales

in the water, it is possible that some individuals reported as Bryde's

whales, from both observations at sea and whaling, could actually

have been sei whales. Nonetheless, sei whales appear to be infre-

quent visitors to the Gulf.

Balaenoptera erfe/ii Anderson. 1878. Bryde's whale; hallena de

Bryde: Bryde's whales occur in tropical and warm temperate waters

around the world. In the eastern North Pacific, they are apparently

limitedto warmer waters south of 30°N. In Mexican waters, Bryde's

whales have been reported from 26°N. off western Baja California

Sur, south to Cabo San Lucas, and from several localities in the

Gulf of California, south along the mainland coast to at least the

Islas Tres Marias (Leatherwood ct al.. 1988).

In the Gulf, skulls have been collected near La Paz and on Isla

Angel de la Guarda (Vidal. 1991 ). Sightings of Bryde's whales are

relatively common, mainly in summer and autumn, around the

Midriff Islands, especially in the Canal de Ballenas (Vidal ct al..

1987a; Breese. 1988; Breese and Tershy. 1988a; Tershy ei al..

1990), near Lorelo (Cimimings et al.. 1986; Flores, 1989), and in

and near Bahia de La Paz (Llrbiin et al.. 1991 ). Apparently, Bryde's

whales worldwide migrate relatively short distances, in contrast to

the other balaenopterid whales, which typically migrate great dis-

tances. However, seasonal and local movements of Bryde's whales

in the Gulf are poorly known. As a result of concentrated efforts in

the Canal de Ballenas between 1983 and 1986, Tershy £>?«/.( 1990)

photo-identified 160 individuals of 307 seen and concluded that the

species was the most abundant baleen whale in that area. Although

present in all months of the year. Bryde's whales were more abun-

dant in summer and fall, their numbers being positively correlated

with water temperature (Tershy cl al.. 1990). Calves were obser\'ed

in every inonth of the year, and of all individuals seen, cow/calf

pairs constituted from I l<7r (in 1983) to 22% ( 1985-1986) (Breese

and Tershy. 1987. 1988b; Tershy. 1992). Overall. 10.6% of all

individual identified adults were females with calves, and these

pairs were more sedentary in the study area than were Bryde's

whales of undetermined sex (Tershy ct al.. 1990). Urban el al.

(1991) photo-identified more than 60 individuals (of 307 seen

between May 1989 and June 1991 ) in Bahfa de La Paz, 82% of all

10

O. Vidal. L. T. Findley. and S. Leatherwood

baleen whales they sighted (mainly during summer and fall) were

Bryde's whales.

Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758). Blue whale: hallena

azui. Blue whales occur in all oceans. Reilly and Thayer (1990)

reviewed the distribution of blue whales in the eastern tropical

Pacific. Over909r of the 21 1 sightings (355 individuals; since 1974)

they presented were made in just two areas: along the Baja California

Peninsula, and in the vicinity of the oceanographically defined Costa

Rica Dome (about 9" N. X9° W). Because the whales were sighted in

relatively cool upwelling-modified waters (the most productive

parts of the eastern tropical Pacific), these authors suggested that

blue whales at low latitudes select habitats that permit foraging for

euphausiid crustaceans (krill). The waters off western Baja Califor-

nia were occupied seasonally, with a peak in sightings coinciding

with the spring peak in upwelling and biological production.

A similar pattern of blue w hale distribution has been found in the

Gulf of California (Gendron and Sears. 1989: Gendron. 1990: Vidal

ft (//.. unpublished). Blue whales have been seen in the Gulf from

Januarv through August but are more concentrated in March and

.^pril along the southwestern side of the Gulf (Sears et al.. 1987:

Gendron, 1990: Sears, 1990: Vidal et al., unpublished). Gendron

(1990) reported blue whales feeding on daytime surface swarms of

their predominant prey, the euphausiid Nyclipluines sim/jlex. in the

southwestern Gulf in spring from 1984 to 1989 and discussed the

year-to-year variability of blue whales in this area in relation to El

Niiii). Vidal el al.. (unpublished) have identified four areas of blue

whale concentration: ( 1 ) islas San Jose, Santa Cruz, and San Fran-

cisco: (2) islas Monserrat, Carmen, and Coronados: (3) from Punta

Concepcion, BCS, to Isla San Ildefonso: and (4) Canal de

Salsipuedes and Canal de Ballenas. In the latter area, Tershy el al.

(1990) reported sighting only nine blue whales from May 1983 to

April 1986, but frequency was highest in April and May. They noted

a cow/calf pair on 20 October 1984, and Vidal el al. (unpublished)

sawasubadulton 1 1 November 1985. Tershy era/. ( 1990) concluded

that blue whales were more transient there than were Bryde"s and

minke whales. Isolated sightings have been reported from near San

Felipe. Guaymas, and Yavaros (Vidal el al.. unpublished).

On the basis of photo-identification matches. Sears el al. ( 1987),

Sears (1990), and Calambokidis el al. (1990) suggested that blue

whales seen in the Gulf (a total of 117 different individuals since

1983) migrate out of the Gulf and north along the Pacific coast in

late spring to central and northern California, thence southward

toward the Gulf in late autumn. Although certain stereotyped sounds

produced by blue whales in theGuIf of California (Thompson era/.,

1987) differ somewhat from those recorded off California, the

similarity in general characteristics and inter-sound intervals tends

to support this migration hypothesis (Thompson, Findley, and Vidal,

unpublished). The Gulf is probably an important calving and/or

nursery area for this species. Between December and March. 1984-

1990, at least 22 different cow/calf pairs were reported in the Gulf,

representing between 8 and 97c of the blue whale calves catalogued

10 date in the northeastern Pacific (Sears, 1990).

Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758). Fin whale: hallena

de alela, roirnal ediniiir. The fin whale is a cosmopolitan species. In

summer, fin whales of the eastern North Pacific are distributed from

at least the Southern California Bight north to the Bering Sea and

occasionally to the edge of the pack ice. In winter, the southern linnt

of distribution shifts south to al least 20^ N, perhaps farther (Leath-

erwood and Reeves, 1983: Lealherwood elal.. 1987, 1988). Leath-

erwood ei al. ( 1987) suggested that fin whales may remain off the

west coast of Baja California and southern California year round,

not vacating those latitudes in winter as was once thought, but

simply shifting farther offshore.

Although the fin whale's abundance in the Gulf of California

peaks in winter and spring, sightings in all seasons and most months

led to the speculation that fin whales in the Gulf are residents

(Gilmore, 1957: Lealherwood el al.. 1972). A review of the season-

ality of observations along the west coast of Baja California and in

the Gulf by Aguayo el al. ( 1 983 ) and comparison of some vocaliza-

tions of fin whales in the Gulf w ith those in other areas by Thomp-

son ('/ al. ( 1 992 ) support this hypothesis. Also, Aguayo el al. ( 1 983 1

reported that a few calves have been sighted in all seasons. In the

Canal de Ballenas, 2.T7c of individually photo-identified adults

( 148) were females with calves (Tershy el al.. 1990). Lirban ci al.

( 1988) reported 31 sightings and five strandings between July 1978

and August 1987 in the southern Gulf, and on the basis of lack of

records between Cabo San Lucas and Cabo Corrientes agreed with

the hypothesis of a resident population in the Gulf of California.

This hypothesis, however, needs further testing.

Within the Gulf, the fin whale is the most widely distributed and

abundant mysticete (Wells elal.. 1981: Aguayo en//., 1983: Rojas,

1984: Maldonado el al.. 1984: Tershy and Strong, 1 984: Connally el

al.. 1986: Cummings el al.. 1986: Vidal el al.. 1987a: Findley el'al..

1988: Tershy el al.. 1990: Thompson el al.. 1992). Areas of major

concentration are the Canal de Ballenas and Canal de Salsipuedes.

off Puerto Pehasco, Puerto Libertad, Isla San Pedro Martir, and Isla

Tiburon, between Bahia de La Paz and Isla del Ciinnen, between Isla

San Pedro Nolasco and Guaymas, and Bahia Santa Barbara. One

hundred forty-eight different individuals (of 291 seen) in the Canal

de Ballenas (Tershy el al.. 1990: Tershy, 1992) and several others

near Guaymas. Puerto Libertad. and Bahi'a Santa Barbara (Findley

and Vidal. unpublished) have been photo-identified. In the Canal de

Ballenas, Tershy el al. ( 1990) sighted fin whales in all months of the

year, most frequently in w inter and spring: numbers were negatively

correlated with water temperature. Data presented by these authors

suggest that, like blue whales, fin whales are more transient in the

Canal de Ballenas than are Bryde's and minke whales. The distribu-

tion of the fin whale in the Gulf, like that of other mysticetes, is

undoubtedly correlated with upwelling or tide-driven vertical mix-

ing ( for the Midriff Islands) supporting high biological productivity

(Fmdiey el al.. 1982: Tershy (7 al.. 1990).^

Order Camivora Bowdich, 1821

Family Otariidae Gill, 1866

Subfamily Otariinae (Gill, 1866)

Zalophus calif oniian us californianits (Lesson, 1828). Califor-

nia sea lion: lahci or leon inarino de California: Three subspecies of

ZidopliH.K califoinianus inhabit the Pacific: Z. c. ealifoniiaiuis.

found on the west coast of North America from British Columbia

south to at least Mazatlan and the Islas Tres Manas, Mexico,

including the entire Gulf of California, Z. e. wollehaeki. found at

the Galapagos Islands, and Z. c.japonieiis (possibly extinct), found

in Japanese waters (Odell, 1981). A comparison of skulls of Z. c.

californiumis from California with tho.se from the Gulf of Califor-

nia showed no significant morphological differences between the

two areas (Orr era/., 1970).

California .sea lions are widely distributed on many islands and

islets off the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula and in the

Gulf. At least 29 colonies have been identified in the Gulf, but only

four of these lie on mainland coasts |Cabo Lobos and Guaymas

(Cabo Haro), Sonora: Puma San Francisquilo, BCN: and Cabo San

Lucas] (Aurioles, 1988). Fourteen of the 29 colonies are located in

the northern Gulf (83.5% of the Gulf's sea lion population), 11

colonies (15.8%) are in the central Gulf, and four colonies (0.7%)

are in the southern Gulf (Aurioles, 1988). This distribution is appar-

ently related to concentrations of stable food (fish) resources. About

83% of the annual pup production occurs in the northern part

Annotated Checklist of the Marine Mammals of the Gulf ol Califoniia

(Aurioles. 1988). The total Gulf population has beeti estimated at

about 2().()0(l individuals, representing nearly 24'7r of the entire

Me\ieati population (Le Bocuf tv al.. 198.^; Aurioles, 19S8). The

population biology of sea lions in the Midriff Islands has been

studied by Morales and .Aguaso ( 1992).

Arcloceplialtis luwnseiidi Merriam. 1897. Guadalupe fur seal;

loho fino de Guadalupe: This is the only species oi Anlocephalus

found north of the equator. After coming dangerously close to

extinction as a result of overhunting during the late eighteenth and

early nineteenth centuries (b> the early 1950s the .species was

belie\ed to be extinct), the Guadalupe fur seal is slowly recovering.

Todav. the species is confined to Isla Guadalupe (its only known

breeding rookery ) far off the west coast of Baja California at 28 "N.

with isolated strays on the Channel Islands of southern California

(Bonner. 1981 ). The population on Isla Guadalupe was estimated at

1073 individuals in 1977 (Fleischer. 1978, 1987) and at .\5.^l

individuals in 1988 (Torres, 1991).

We know of only three records of stray Guadalupe fur seals

seen in the Gulf of California: one on 27 October 1981 at Guaymas,

and two on 20 July 1985 and 26 June 1986 at Los Islotes near La

Paz (Aurioles <■/ al.. 1985. in press).

Family Phocidae

Mirounga angustirostris Gill, 1866. Northern elephant seal;

elefaiuc manna del none: Northern elephant seals are regularly

found from Isla Cedros and Islas San Benito (ca. 28° 1 5' N) off the

Pacific coast of central Baja California north to the Farallon Islands,

California, although nonbreeding individuals are frequently seen

farther north along the west coast of North America to Vancouver

Island, Canada (McGinnis and Schustemian, 1981). Males typi-

cally go to the Aleutian Islands to feed. The southernmost records

are of four juveniles from the west coast of Baja California; a male

( 1.3 m in length) on 20 January 1982 at 26°20' N, 1 13° 12' W and an

individual of unknown sex, a female (ca. 1.4 m), and a male (1.98

ni) in February, on 6 June 1983, and on 29 November 1984,

respectively, at 24°20' N, 1 1 1°43' W (Aurioles et al.. in press).

We know of only six records (total of seven animals) of stray

northern elephant seals, all immature, in the Gulf of California

(Aurioles el al.. in press); one at Isla Angel de la Guarda on 4 July

1979; two at Isla Granito in Puerto Refugio, northernmost Isla

Angel de la Guarda, one on 29 June 1984 (Condit and Le Boeuf,

1984; Aurioles (7 c;/.. 1985) and the other (a female 3 or 4 years old)

on 4 May 1987 (Petrszyn and Mesnick. unpublished); a "yearling""

in Bahia de los Angeles in August 1982; another ""yearling"" in the

canal de Ballenas in March 1986; and two (a "yearling"" and a 6- or

7-year-old male) at Isla San Pedro Martir in May 1992 (Tershy and

Breese, unpublished).

Phoca vitulina riehardsi Linnaeus. 1758. Harbor seal; /()<(/

comiin: Harbor seals are regularly found from the central-west

coast (Isla Asuncion) of Baja California north to the Aleutian and

Pribilof islands (Bigg. 1981 ). A few individuals, all of which were

likely strays, have been reported south to Cabo San Lucas (Gallo

and Aurioles, 1984).

We know of only two records of stray harbor seals in the Gulf

of California: on 8 April I98I at Los Frailes (ca. 23°30' N) and on

23 April 1983 at Los Islotes, southernmost Baja California (Gallo

and Aurioles, 1984; Aurioles el al.. in press)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the many dedicated researchers whose hard work

contributed to our knowledge of the marine mammals of the Gulf of

California and made this paper possible. We also thank \. Robles

(""Waftles""), S. Findley. R Cendiin, F Manrique, H. Schafer, P

Prieto, L. Muggenburg. J. C. Barrera, R. Ruvalcaba. Ed Pfeiler, D.

Arosemena, W. Graham, B. Tershy, D. Breese, and many students

(too numerous to mention by name) of the Instituto Tecnolcigico y

de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM)-Campus Guaymas

tor their help and support during these past 14 years of research.

Sections of the manuscript were reviewed by W.F. Perrin (Sleiwlla

spp.), W. Perryman (melon-headed whale), and S. Kruse (Risso"s

dolphin). The entire manuscript was reviewed by T.A. Jefferson, J.

Urban, J.E. Heyning. and an anonymous reviewer. Philip Unitt's

editorial expertise greatly improved it. We dedicate this work to the

memory of Horacio Cruz-Acosta, a good friend who was instru-

mental in beginning the marine mammal research program in

Guaymas.

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