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FOR THE REOGPLE

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LIBRARY

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

NATURAL HISTORY

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—

PUBLIC LIBRARY, MUSEUM, AND ART GALLERY

OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

RECORDS

OF THE

SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Vole Il

Published by the Board of Governors, and edited by

the Museum Director

EDGAR R: WAIMIE,b.L5. (GA sh

DIRECTOR

ADELAIDE, 1921-1924:

Printep AT THE Hassett Press, CURRIE STREET

mbes oes

Bean 7) 0

CONTENTS

Wont Published April 23, 1921

Catalogue of the Fishes of South Australia, Edgar R.

Waite, Pl. i, Text figs. 1-332 - = Z

Index to Genera and Species - Z Z

Index to Common Names Z £ =

No. 2. Published April 3, 1922

South Australia, Edgar R. Waite, Pls. 11-11 -

Description of a New Australian Fish of the Genus

Congiopus, Edgar R. Waite, Text fig. 333 -

Studies in Australian Sharks, No. 4, Edgar R. Waite,

ext Nes 334 4 = = - = 2

Record of a European Mollusc not previously reported

from Australia, Sir Joseph Verco - =

Undescribed Crane-flies (Tanyderidae and Tipulidae) in

the South Australian Museum, Dr. Charles P.

Alexander, Text figs. 335-336 - - -

On Australian Coleoptera, Pt. rv, Arthur M. eae lenis

Mexto 337 = s : e

Studies ‘n Australian Aquatic Hemiptera, No. 1, Herbert

M. Hale, Text figs. 338-350 - - -

No. 3. Published June 30, 1923

An Aboriginal Girdle, Edgar R. Waite, Pl. v, Text fig. 351

The Marsupial Genus Thalacomys: A Review of the

Rabbit-Bandicoots, with the Description of a New

Species, Frederic Wood-Jones, Text figs. 352-360

Australian Dung Beetles of the Sub-Family Coprides,

Arthur M. Lea, Pls. vi-1x -

Studies in Australian Aquatic Hemiptera, No. 11, Herbert

M. Hale, Pls. x-x1, Text figs. 361-373 = -

Review of Australian Mantidae, Norman B. Tindale,

Pils: witiextt) Text fies. 374-377) - -

PAGE

333

CONTENTS

No. 4. Published April 30, 1924

Title page

Contents -

List of Contributors = as 2 a * >

Index

Six hitherto undescribed Skulls of Tasmanian Natives,

with an account of the Palate and Teeth, Frederic

Wood-Jones and T. D. cues Pls. xxii-xxv,

Vext fie..3738" >) = . -

Dummy Mourning Caps of the Murray River Nees:

Edgar R. Waite, Pls. xxvi-xxvii - - -

‘ Illustrations of and Notes on some Australian Fishes,

Edgar R. Waite, Pls. xxix-xxxi, Text figs. 379-380

Record of European Land Molluscs introduced into

South Australia, Sir Joseph Verco - -

Notes on Australian Crustacea, No. 1, Herbert M. Hale,

Pls. xxxii-xxxiil, Text figs. 381-384 - -

Studies in Australian Aquatic Hemiptera, No. 11, Her-

bert M. Hale, Pls. xxxiv-xxxvi, Text figs. 385-386

Aquatic Hemiptera from Groote Py ene Herbert M.

Hale = = s ¥ m

On Australian Coleoptera, Pt. v, Arthur M. Ueapaeiee

XXXVII-XXXVII1 = = Z x ie

Review of Australian Mantidae, Pt. 11, Norman B. Tin-

dale sPl secnix so Bext fic. 387 = = ds

Notes on and the Synonymy of Xanthoberis siliacea White

(Diptera-Stratiomyiidae), G. H. Hardy, Text fig. 388

Index to Catalogue of Fishes z: = = is a

(Prices: No. 1, 12/6; No. 2, 5/-; No. 3, 7/6; No. 4;iaeaiae

PAGE

LIST or CONTRIBUTORS

Alexander, Dr. Charles P.

Undescribed Crane-flies (Tanyderidae and pee) in the

South Australian Museum 2

Paaie, Herbert M.

Studies in Australian Aquatic Hemiptera, No.1 - -

do. 1m - -

do. iris = -

Notes on Australian Crustacea, No. 1 - = 2

Aquatic Hemiptera from Groote Eylandt - = =

Hardy, G. H.

Notes on the Synonymy of Xanthoberis siliacea White (Dip-

tera- Stratiomyidae) = m -

Jones, Frederic Wood-

The Marsupial Genus Thalacomys: A Review of the Rabbit

Bandicoots, with the Description of a new Species -

Jones, Frederic Wood-, and Campbell, T. D.

Six hitherto undescribed Skulls of Tasmanian Natives, with

an account of the Palate and Teeth - - -

Wea arthur M.

On Australian Coleoptera, Pt. rv - - - -

do. vy = = 2 -

Australian Dung Beetles of the Sub-Family Coprides -

Tindale, Norman B.

Review of Australian Mantidae, Pt. 1 = - =

do. II 2 = -

Verco, Sir Joseph

Record of a European Mollusc not previously reported from

Australia = < % x 2

Record of European Land Molluscs introduced into Sonne

Australia = es = = 2

Waite, Edgar R.

Bisicouc of the Fishes of South Australia 2 =

Two Zip hioid Whales, not previously recorded from South

Australia = = = =

Description of a New ceoieas ae of the Genus eon

Studies in Australian Sharks, No. = = =

An Aboriginal Girdle = = Z

Dummy Mourning Caps of the Ne ices Natives =

Illustrations of anc Notes on some Australian Fishes =

PAGE

oes)

Rec. S.A. Museum, Vor. TI. PLATES i

EDGAR R WAITE, pinx .

HETEROSCARUS FILAMENTOSUS Cast.

CATALOGUE

OF THE

PiSoHES OP-SOU TH AUSPRALIA.

By EDGAR R. WAITE, F.L.S., Direcror Sour Austrratian Museum.

Plate i and Text fig. 1—332.

Tue primary object of the catalogue, is to record the present state of our

systematic knowledge of the fishes found in the seas and fresh waters of South

Australia. In doing this, however, it is recognized that the list is a mere

foundation, known to be incomplete, but supplied as a basis upon which to build.

Examination of much material and consequent revision of the catalogue, as it

now stands, will be necessary, but were publication to be withheld until this is

accomplished, the list could not be issued for many years to come. The want of a

key to the literature of our fishes is a deterrent to would-be students, who might

otherwise feel inclined to take up the study: to such the lst wall be useful

and an incentive. The angler desires to know more than the fisherman’s names

of his spoils; to him the illustrations, and through them references to lterature,

will be appreciated and may lead to a wider view of the subject. The interest

evineed in this catalogue by officers in the Department of Fisheries indicates that

the production will be welcomed by professional fishermen, and though a more

popular publication would naturally be preferred by the public generally, it is

hoped that the illustrations and accompanying remarks will be appreciated by

those to whom ‘thé subject of fish is one of utilitarian, rather than of strictly

scientific import.

As indicated by the title, the list is confined to an enumeration of the fishes

known from the State of South Australia, as politically defined: it therefore

includes species recorded from the Great Australian Bight. The western border

of the State is the 129th meridian of East longitude, but as it would scarcely be

practicable to extend this limit to the ocean, the fishes recorded from the whole

of the Bight (the littoral of Western Australia excepted) have been included.

Hemmed in as South Australia is, and possessing only a southern seaboard,

the marine fauna is conspicuous by the absence of tropical forms, which to a

greater or lesser extent occur on the shores of other continental States. Some of

the species included in the catalogue are certainly nominal only, but, on the

other hand, many remain to be defined, and it is hoped that the publication of

the list, imperfect though it is, may be the means of stimulating interest and thus

2 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

increasing our knowledge of the subject. Workers on the fish fauna of South

Australia, present or prospective, will in the course of their reading come across

specles accredited to South Australia that do not appear in this catalogue. The

Zoological Record, for example, for the year 1872, compiled by Dr. Giinther,

furnishes several such instances. In that vear Klunzinger(+) published a paper

under the title, “‘Zur Fischfauna von Siid-Australien.’’ A glance at the localities

supplied shows that the translation should have been Southern Australia, but Giin-

ther rendered it as South Australia, which has, of course, a definite and restricted

meaning. All the localities given by Klunzinger are Victorian, hence the species

therein listed, unless otherwise supported, are not to be included in the fauna of

South Australia. Giinther also used South Australia in a similar sense in his

own writings, and species therefor included by others do not appear in this

catalogue. Such, for example, is Welambaphes nigroris. which was defined in a

paper bearing the title “‘On New Species of Fishes from Victoria, South

Australia’’ (2);

It is well known that many of the species named by Castelnau are ill-founded,

but as the descriptions are for the most part meagre, the recognizable ones often

imaccurate, and the types, if existing, not accessible, there is little hope of

ascertaining the status of several such species named by this author.

Illustrating Count Castelnau’s method of taxidermy.

It may be of interest to describe the method employed by Count Castelnau

to preserve the larger of his specimens. One side of the fish was skinned and,

the rather more than half skin, was tacked on to a piece of board, cut more or

(1) Klunzinger, Arch. f. Naturg., xxxviii, 1872, p. 17-47, pl. ii.

(2) Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), xi, 1863, p. 115.

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 3

less accurately to the shape of the specimen. The space between the skin and

the board was stuffed with sawdust through holes previously cut in the board;

the holes were then filled with cotton wadding to prevent the sawdust escaping.

The process was usually completed by pasting a piece of newspaper over the

board, thus keeping the wadding in place. A glass eye was fixed in the orbit

of the show side and the specimen generously varnished. The accompanying

illustration is from an example of Tephraeops zebra, so treated and preserved,

with some others, in this Museum.

The Government has assisted the publication of the catalogue, financially,

and, at the instance of the Department of Fisheries and Game, asked that its

scope should be extended to interest a larger number of users than would obtain

if the list were restricted to purely systematic records. ‘To this end the number

of illustrations has been greatly increased. It was originally intended to supply,

as far as possible, a figure of a representative species of each genus; as it now

stands all species of which a useable picture could be obtained are illustrated.

These illustrations will assist in arriving at an approximate disposition in the

system of any specimen obtained; they must not, however, be relied upon for

absolute determinations; important features, such as the nature of the teeth

and squamation and certain comparative dimensions not being indicated. First

choice of illustrations has been made from the published drawings by Mr. A. R.

McCulloch and myself, either jointly or separately; photographs of casts made

in the Museum by the formator, Mr. Robert Limb, under my supervision, and

coloured by Mr. G. A. Barnes, have also been used, but the bulk of the figures

are culled from illustrations which have appeared in scientific literature

published in different parts of the world, the source of which will generally be

found in the references to the species to which they are assigned.

To meet the requirements of the public, as represented by the Fisheries

Department, short explanatory notes are appended to the entries of many of the

species, especially such as are used for food.

‘

I have also been asked to supply ‘‘common names’’ for the fishes; where

such names exist, these are given: many fishes, however, have no such names, for

some of these more or less appropriate ones have been furnished. The edible

fishes have, naturally, been named by the public, but such names vary greatly in

the different States, and Mr. D. G. Stead has written a pamphlet ‘‘On the need

for more uniformity in the vernacular names of Australian Edible Fishes.’’(?)

Where known, the aboriginals’ names of fishes have been furnished, and some

of these, as for example ‘‘Mullowayv’’ for the Butter-fish (Sciaena antarctica),

(3) Stead, Publications, Fisheries Branch, N.S.W., 1911, 12 p.

+ RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

are even more commonly used than their, English cognomens. The contractions

‘“‘syn.”’ and ‘‘ref.’’ appended to some of the entries denote that further synonomy

or references will be found in the publications so indicated. Slight differences

in spelling names in the synonomy have not necessarily been observed; for

example, separate, entries are not made for Cheilodactylus and Chilodactylus.

The dates supplied are, so far as it has-been possible to ascertain

them, those of actual publication; for.example, the Report-of the British

Association for the year 1842 was published in 1843; references to species

recorded in this volume are therefore dated 1843.

The catalogue has been reprinted, or rather duplicated, for the State

Department of Fisheries and Game, with identical pagination and date of

publication, the only deviation from the original being the substitution of the

special title page issued with the copies printed for the Department.

One cannot, of course, study the fishes of any given area without knowing

what has been done elsewhere, but for present purposes it must suffice to

indicate the principal systematic works that have been published in Australasia.

The completion, in 1870, of Dr. Albert Giinther’s monumental work (+)

provided a stimulus for the preparation of local.catalogues. .

New Zealand.. The first to appear was Captain F. W. Hutton’s catalogue (*)

issued in 1872, followed, in 1893, by Dr. heodore Gill’s ‘‘Comparison of

Antipodal Faunas’’ (°). In 1904 Hutton produced another lst (7). The

latest published catalogue, issued in 1907, is ‘*‘ A-Basic List of the Fishes of New

Zealand,’’ by Edgar R. Waite (°).

Australia. Sir William Macleay’s ‘‘ Descriptive Catalogue of Australian

Fishes’’ (®) was published in 1880, 1881, and was closely modelled on Giinther’s

work, but original observations and descriptions-were introduced.

Tasmania. The fishes of Tasmania were included in Macleay’s catalogue,

above mentioned, but in 1883 they were separately listed by R. M. Johnston, under

the title ‘‘General and Critical Observations on the Fishes of Tasmania”? (1°)

which list, as in the case of some of the other works recorded, was later revised.

New South Wales. In 1886 J. Douglas Ogilby (1!) published the first

catalogue restricted to the fishes of the State. In 1904 Waite issued a list under

(4) Giinther; Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i-vili, 1859-1870.

(5) Hutton, Fishes of New Zealand: Catalogue with diagnoses of the species, 1872.

(6) Gill, Nat. Acad. Sciences, Wash., vi, 1893.

(7) Hutton, Index Faunae Novae Zealandiae, 1904.

(8) Waite, Rec. Cant. Mus., i, 1907, 1912.

(9) Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, v, 1880; vi, 1881; ix, 1884.

(10) Johnston, Pap. and Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1883, 1891.

(11) Ogilby, Catalogue of the Fishes of N.S.Wales with their principal synonyms, 1886.

ented a.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 5

the title ‘‘Synopsis of the Fishes of New South Wales’’ (1%). This, in turn, is to

be superseded by an ‘‘Illustrated Cheek-list,’’ by Allan R. McCulloch (13), of

which a first part appeared in 1919.

Victoria. The only list of Victorian fishes extant was produced by A. H.8.

Lucas in 1880, under the title ‘‘A Systematic Census of Indigenous Fish,

hitherto recorded from Victorian Waters’ (!*),

Queensland. The publication of a ‘‘Check-list of the Cephalochordates,

Selachians and Fishes of Queensland’’ has been undertaken by Ogilby (1°), but

so far one part only, published in 1916, and dealing with the Protochordata

Mars‘pobranchii and [sospondyli, has appeared. I understand it is doubtful if

the state of my old colleague’s health will permit him to continue the work.

South Australia. The present catalogue is the first completed lst of the

fishes of South Australia to be published, though one previous attempt is to be

chronicled. In 1908, 1909, A. H. C. Zietz issued three parts under the title, “‘A

Synopsis of the Fishes of South Australia’ (1%). The Leptocardu, Cyclostomata

and portion of the Teleostei were included.

Western Australia. <A bare list of the fishes of this State, compiled by

Bernard H. Woodward, was published in 1902 (17).

General subject. Though not confined to strictly systematic records, the

following publications may be mentioned:

R. A. A. Sherrin, Handbook of the Fishes of New Zealand, 1886.

J. E. Tenison Woods, Fish and Fisheries of New South Wales, 1883.

J. Douglas Ogilby, Edible Fishes and Crustaceans of New South Wales,

1893.

F. G. Aflalo, A Sketch of the Natural History of Australa, 1896.

David G. Stead, Fishes of Australia, 1906.

David G. Stead, Edible Fishes of New South Wales, 1908.

T. G. Roughley, Fishes of Australia and their Technology, 1916.

The publications of scientific Societies and Institutions in many parts of the

world contain articles on Australian fishes, and references to most of these will

be found in the text.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. I am indebted to the Trustees of the Australian

Museum for lending books and the beautiful drawings made, in illustration of

(12) Waite, Mem. N.S.Wales Nat. Club, No. 2, 1904.

(13) McCulloch, Aust. Zoologist, i, 1919.

(14) Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. (n.s.), ii, 1890.

(15) Ogilby, Mem. Queensl. Mus., v, 1916.

(16) Zietz, Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Aust., xxxii, 1908; xxxiii, 1909.

(17) Woodward, Western Australian Year Book, 1902.

6 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Mr. MeCulloch’s papers, either by himself or Miss Phyllis Clarke; to the Director

of the National Museum, Melbourne, for the loan of books, and to my Assistant,

Mr. Herbert M. Hale, for taking the photographs of the casts of fishes in this

Museum and for much general help.

INTRODUCED FISHES.

A number of exotic fishes have been introduced into South Australia; the

majority are kept in private tanks and aquaria and need not be enumerated.

Five species, however, have been liberated for economic purposes, and are firmly

established as denizens of our fresh waters; they are:

Gold Carp (Carassius auratus Linn.). Asia, via Europe.

Tench (Tinca tinca Linn.). Europe.

Perch (Perca fluviatilis Linn.). Europe.

Brown Trout (Salmo trutta Linn.). Europe.

Rainbow Trout (Salmo irideus Gibbons). California.

All of these, excepting the Carp, were intentionally introduced into South

Australia. The Trout were placed in the various reservoirs, and have thriven

immensely; a Brown Trout was recently caught measuring 2 ft. 104 in. in

length. The Carp were originally introduced into Victoria, and entered our

waters by way of the River Murray. I have seen hundreds of thousands of them

taken from the irrigation drains and loaded into carts, but Adelaide did not

receive a single fish, most of them being railed to Melbourne, where selling prices

are higher than even in Adelaide. In consequence of this, the majority of our

inland fishes are sent to the Victorian capital, and large numbers of marine

species also, the exceptions being from such places as are within easy reach of

our city.

E. R. W.

South Australian Museum,

Adelaide, 21st February, 1921.

THE FISHES

SOUTH AUSTRALIA

KEY TO THE DESIGNATIONS OF FISH-LIKE VERTEBRATES.

a. No localized brain, no protective skull, no heart .. ACRANIA

(Laneelets)

aa. Anterior end of central nervous axis developed

into a brain and protected by a skull, heart

STASI A Ons 2 ees SNES Do oe i fect ae ai CRANIATA

(Lampreys, Fishes and

higher Vertebrates)

b. Nostril single, median; no mandible, no

immbs-or linb-irdlesst (or). as a CYCLOSTOMATA

(Lampreys)

bb. Nostrils paired ; mandible, limb-girdles and

limbs usually present, developed as rayed

MMS COCMIS WELSISEOMt, kesh ese eystans tee. ee Pisces (Fishes)

ACRANIA (LANCELETS).

Famity BRANCHIOSTOMIDAE.

EPIGONICHTHYS Peters, 1876 (cultellus).

EPIGONICHTHYS BASSANUS Giinther (Southern Lancelet).

Branchiostoma bassanum Giimth., Voy. Alert, Zool., 1884, p. 31.

ITeteropleuron bassanum Kirkaldy, Q.J.M.S., xxxvii (n.s.), 1895, p. 314, pl. xxxiv,

fig. 6.

Fig. 1*. Epigonichthys bassanus.

This and the following species are small transparent marine animals,

occurring near the shore and burrowing in the sand.

*The numbers of the illustrations are not necessarily consecutive, but represent the

sequence of the species.

8 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

EPIGONICHTHYS AUSTRALIS Raff (S. Australian Lancelet).

Asymmetron australis Raff, Endeavour Res., i, 1912, p. 303, pl. xxxvii, fig. 1-7

(structure ).

CRANIATA.

Grass.” © ¥-G LO ST O Mae Es (Lampreys).

a. A single median suproral lamina, developed from

the upper arch of the annular cartilage,

mouth iringes present,- 2. 25 9 eee PETROMYZONIDAE

aa. ‘Two distant lateral laminae developed, mouth

fringes: rudimentary <4. ie itn yds meee CARAGOLIDAE

Famity PETROMYZONIDAE.

GEOTRIA Gray, 1851 (australis).

GEOTRIA AUSTRALIS Gray (Wide-mouthed Lamprey).

Geotria australis Gray, Chondropt., 1851, p. 142, pl. ii and P.Z.S., 1851, p. 239,

pl iv, fig. 3 and pl. v; Ogil., P.U.S:, N:S:W., xx1, 1896) p, 422%

Geotria allportu Ginth., P.Z.S., 1871, p. 675, pl. lxx.

Big. 3. Geotria australis.

Lampreys are eel-shaped animals which undergo a metamorphosis; in the

earlier stages the eyes are rudimentary and teeth are entirely absent. When

adult these parasites attach themselves to fishes and rasp off the flesh by means

of the horny teeth with which the circular mouth is provided. Some examples, at

least, of the Wide-mouthed Lamprey, develop a throat pouch, as illustrated.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA i)

Famity CARAGOLIDAE.

CARAGOLA Gray, 1851 (lapicida).

CARAGOLA MORDAX Richardson (Short-headed Lamprey).

Petromyzon mordax Rich., Zool. Ereb. and Terr., 1848, p. 62, pl. xxxviii, fig. 3-6.

Merdacia mordax Gray, Chondropt., 1851, p. 144, pl. i, fig. 6 and P.Z.S., 1851,

p. 240, pl. iv, fig. 6 (mouth); Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., xxi, 1896, p. 400.

Fig. 4. Caragola mordax.

Before the construction of the weir this lamprey was very common in the

River Torrens, which it ascended for breeding purposes; it 1s occasionally washed

up on the ocean beaches.

Ciass) 1S °C ES (Fists).

a. Skeleton cartilaginous, skull without membrane

bones (opercles, suborbital ring, etc.) ; males

with paired claspers.

b. Gills with five to seven separate external

SUSE Se kc ala ee ene! Phys MWe nD es ELASMOBRANCHII

(Sharks and Rays)

bb. Gills with a single external opening .. .. HOoLocEPHALI

(Klephant Fishes)

aa. Skeleton usually bony, skull with membrane

bones; males without paired claspers .. .. TELEOSTOMI

(True Fishes)

Sus-Ciass ELASMOBRANCHIT (SuHarks anp Rays).

a. Gill-openings on the sides; pectorals free from

Pet ETRT ts) CRO Re ryarghin te Diino SELACHII

(Sharks)

aa. (Gill-openings on the lower surface; pectorals

attached to the head; no anal fin .. .. .. BATOIDEI

(Rays)

10 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

OrverR SELACHITI (Snarks).

Famity HEXANCHIDAE.

NOTORHYNCHUS Ayres, 1855 (maculatus).

NOTORHYNCHUS PECTOROSUS Garman (Seven-gilled Shark).

Heptranchus indicus Macedon. & Barr., P.Z.8., 1868, p. 371, pl. xxxiii.

Notidanus indicus Hutt., Cat. Fish. N.Z., 1872, p. 79; MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict.,

dec. v, 1880, pl. xlin, fig. 2.

Heptranchias pectorosus Garm., Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1884, p. 56.

Heptranchias haswelli Ogil., P.U.S., N.S.W., xxii, 1898, p. 62.

Notorhynchus indicus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, ii, 1904, p. 5.

Notorhynchus pectorosus Garm., Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 1913, p. 20

(syn.).

Fig. 5. Notorhynchus pectorosus.

Most sharks and rays have five gill slits; this species and some of its allies

have seven slits, also a single fin only on the back. The teeth hkewise are most

characteristic, and are dissimilar in each jaw.

Famity HETERODONTIDAE.

HETERODONTUS Blainville, 1816 (philippi).

HETERODONTUS PHILIPPI Bloch & Schneider (Port Jackson Shark).

Squalus philippi Bl. & Schn., Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 134.

Heterodontus philippi Blainv., Bull. Soc. Phil., 1816, p. 121; MeCoy, Prod. Zool.

Vict., dec. xii, 1886, pl. exili.

Cestracion philippi Less., Voy. Coquille, Zool., ii, 1830, p. 97, pl. ii; Waite, J.L.8.,

xxv, 1896, p. 325, pl. xii, fig. 1, 2 (egg); Saville Kent, Nat. in Aust., 1897,

pao 2 one.

Centracion philippi Garm., Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 1913, p. 182 (ref.).

Sometimes called a living fossil, existing forms being but little different from

species living in Palaeozoic ages. The crushing teeth are arranged obliquely and

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 11

Fig. 6. Heterodontus philippi.

are often stained with colour from the spines of sea urchins: the egg-cases are

formed of a double spiral.

Famity CARCHARINIDAE.

CARCHARINUS Blainville, 1816 (commerson1).

CARCHARINUS GANGETICUS Miller & Henle (Sea Shark).

Carcharias gangeticus Mill. & Henle, Plagiost., 1838, p. 39, pl. xiii; Day, Fish.

india 13878, p. 115, pl. clxxxvi, fig: 1.

Carcharinus gangeticus Garm., Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 19138, p. 139.

Fig. 7. Carcharinus gangeticus.

Though known from’ Australian seas, this species is much more common in

Indian waters, where it attains to nine feet in length. It is one of the most

ferocious of Indian sharks and frequently attacks bathers, even in the Hoogly

at Calcutta,

12 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

CARCHARINUS BRACHYURUS Giinther (Whaler).

Carcharias brachyurus Giimth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 1870, p. 369; Waite,

Rec. Aust. Mus., vi, 1906, p. 226, pl. xxxix.

Carcharias macrurus Rams. & Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W. (2) ii, 1888, p. 163.

Fig. 8. Carcharinus brachyurus.

The name ‘‘Whaler’”’ is said to have been bestowed by the whale fishers of

Twofold Bay, N.S.W., from the circumstance that it is this shark that usually

appears during the whaling operations there carried on.

HYPOPRION Miiller & Henle, 1838 (macloti).

HYPOPRION HEMIODON Miiller & Henle.

Carcharias hemiodon Mill. & Henle, Plagiost., 1838, p. 35, pl. xix (teeth); <A.

Aiea CT IRS., SA., x, 1886. p.- 303:

Fig. 9. Hypoprion macloti.

The figure is of Hypoprion macloti, an allied species, the type of the genus.

PRIONACE Cantor, 1849 (glauca).

PRIONACE GLAUCUM Linnaeus (Blue Shark).

Saualus glaucus, Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1758, p. 235.

Prionace glauca Jord. & Everm., Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1896, p. 33 and iv,

1900, pl. iv, fig. 16.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 13

Galeus glaucus Garm., Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 1913, p. 145, pl. iii, fig. 1-3

(syn. ).

Fig. 10. Prionace glaucum.

Not common in Southern Australian waters, «but examples from South

Australia are preserved in the Museum.

GALEOCERDO Miiller & Henle, 1837 (arcticus).

GALEOCERDO ARCTICUS Faber (Tiger Shark).

Squalus arcticus Faber, Fischer Islands, 1829, p. 17.

Galeocerdo arcticus Mill. & Henle, Arch. f. Nature., 11, 1837, p. 308.

Galeocerdo tigrinus and G. arcticus Mill. & Henle, Plagiost., 1837, p. 59, 60, pl.

mead KK TV.

Galeocerdo rayneri Macdon. & Barr., P.Z.S., 1868, p. 368, pl. xxxil; Day, Fish.

imedie, 1078, p. 718, pl. dxxxvu, fig. 3.

Fig. 11. Galeocerdo arcticus.

- Attains to a length of sixteen feet, and is said to be ‘‘the most cunning and

ferocious of all the scourges of the sea.’’

GALEUS Rafinesque, 1810 (galeus).

GALEUS AUSTRALIS Macleay (School Shark).

Galeus australis, Maci., P.L.S., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 354; MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict.,

dee. vii, 1882, pl. lxiv, fig. 2; Waite, Ree. Cant. Mus., i, 1909, pi 139) plese

_(young).

14 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Galeorhinus australis Hutt., Index Faunae N.Z., 1904, p. 54.

Fig. 12. Galeus australis.

A very common and prolific species, as many as fifty living young being

produced, which accompany the mother for some time after birth.

Famity MUSTELIDAE.

MUSTELUS Linck, 1790 (mustelus).

MUSTELUS ANTARCTICUS Giinther (Gummy or Sweet William).

Mustelus antarcticus Giimth., Cat Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 1870, p. 387; Parker,

T.N.Z. Inst., xv, 1883, p. 219, pl: xxx (embryos) ; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict.,

dec. ix, 1884, pl. Ixxxvii; MeCull., Rec. Aust. Mus., vii, 1909) pata

fig. 3.

Galeus antarcticus Waite, Ree. Aust. Mus., iv, 1902, p. 175, fig. 19 (feetus and

shell-gland ).

Fig. 13. Mustelus antarcticus.

The young are produced alive, each in a separate compartment of the uterus,

but there is no vascular connection between the feetus and the mother, unlike the

remarkable condition occurring in one of the northern species of the genus.

Famity SPHYRNIDAE.

SPHYRNA Rafinesque, 1810 (zygaena).

SPHYRNA ZYGAENA Linnaeus (Hammer-headed Shark).

Squalus zygaena Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1758, p. 234.

W AITE—-FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 15

Zugaena lewini Lord (in Griffith), Anim. King., x, 1834, p. 640, pl. 1.

Zygaena malieus Day, Fish. India, 1878, p. 719, pl. elxxxvi, fig. 4; MeCoy, Prod.

Zool. Vict., dec. vi, 1881, pl. lvi, fig. 1.

Cestracion eygaena Garm., Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 1913, p. 157, pl. i,

fig. 1-3 (ref.).

Fig. 14. Sphyrna zygaena.

Several species of Hammer-heads are known, but in none is the ‘‘hammer”’

so pronounced as in this one. The Shark grows to a leneth of fifteen feet. As

many as thirty-seven embryos have been taken from a female eleven feet in

length.

Famity ORECTOLOBIDAE.

ORECTOLOBUS Bonaparte, 1837 (barbatus).

ORECTOLOBUS MACULATUS Bonnaterre (Common Carpet Shark).

Squalus maculatus Bonn., Eneyel. Meth., Ichth., 1788, p. 8.

Saualus barbatus Gmel., Syst. Nat., i, 1789, p. 1498.

Crossorhinus barbatus Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 1870, p. 414; McCoys,

Prod. Z00l. Vict., dee. v, 1880, pl. xlni, fig. 1.

Orectolobus maculatus Ogil. & MeCull, P.R.S., N.S.W., xlu, 1908, p. 278, pl. xlu,

fie. 2.

Fig. 15. Orectolobus maculatus.

The Carpet Sharks, called Wobbegongs in the Eastern States of Australia, are

sluggish bottom-haunting forms, where their remarkable colour patterns doubtless

harmonize well with their varied surroundings.

16 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

ORECTOLOBUS DEVISI Ogilby (Banded Carpet Shark).

Crossorhinus barbatus McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. v, 1880, pl. xliii, fig. 1 (not

Gmel.).

Crossorhinus ornatus De Vis, P.I.S., N.S.W., vili, 1883, p. 289 (not Bonap.).

Orectolobus ornatus Regan, P.Z.8., 1908, p. 356, pl. xi, fig. 2 (young); Ogil. &

McCull., P_R.S., N.S.W.4 xlii, 1909, p. 276, pl. xlii, fig. 1,

Orectolobus devisi Ogil., Mem. Qld. Mus., v, 1916, p. 181.

Fig. 16. Orectolobus devisi.

The illustration of this beautiful species is from the coloured cast of a

specimen taken in St. Vincent Gulf: it measures six and a half feet in length.

ORECTOLOBUS TENTACULATUS Peters (Sombre Carpet Shark).

Crossorhinus tentaculatus Peters, Mon. Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1864, p. 123.

Orectolobus tentaculatus Regan, P.Z.S., ii, 1908. p. 357, pl. xii, fig. 2; Ogil. &

MecCull., P.R.S., N.S.W., xlii, 1908, p. 278.

SEE ee

Fig. 17. Orectolobus tentaculatus.

This is the least ornate of our three species; the illustration represents a

young example, in which the dark markings are more conspicuous than in the

adults.

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 17

PARASCYLLIUM Gill, 1861. (variolatum).

PARASCYLLIUM VARIOLATUM Duméril (Cat Shark).

Hemiscyll.um variolatum Dum., Rey. & Mag. Zool., 1853, p. 121, pl. iii, fig. 1.

Parascyllium nuchale McCoy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xiii, 1874, p. 15, pl. ii.

Parascyllium variolatum Gill, Ann. N.Y. Lyceum, vii, 1861, p. 413; MeCull.,

modeavour Res., 1, 1911, p. 7, pl. u, fig. 1.

Fig. 18. Parascyllium variolatum.

This and allied sharks are small species, seldom attaining to more than three

feet in length; they are also known as Dogfishes, but the name ‘‘Cat Shark’’ is

of the Family

useful, as it serves to distinguish them from the ‘‘spiny dogs’

Saualidae. The ege-cases of the Cat Sharks resemble those of the rays, familiarly

known as ‘‘skate-barrows,’’ but are of more elongate shape.

PARASCYLLIUM FERRUGINEUM McCulloch (Rusty Cat Shark).

Parascyllium ferrugineum MeCull., Endeavour Res., 1, 1911, p. 7, pl. u, fig. 2,

and text fig. 2; Waite & McCull., T.R.S., 8.A., xxxix, 1915, p. 459.

Fig. 19. Parascyllium ferrugineum.

Two specimens only are so far known, one from outside Port Philip, Victoria,

the other from the Great Australian Bight.

Kawminy SCY ELIOREINIDAE,

SCYLLIORHINUS Blainville, 1816 (canicula).

SCYLLIORHINUS VINCENTI A. Zietz (Gulf Cat Shark).

Neyllium vincenti Zietz, T.R.S., S.A., xxxii, 1908, p. 287.

18 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Scyliorhinus vincenti McCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 4, pl. ii, fig. 3 and text

fe.

Fig. 20. Scylliorhinus vincenti.

A local species, occurring in shallow water and occasionally cast on to the

ocean beaches after violent storms.

HALAELURUS Gill, 1861 (burgeri).

HALAELURUS ANALIS Ogilby (Spotted Cat Shark).

Scyllium maculatum Rams., P.L.8., N.S.W., v, 1880, p. 97 (not Gunth.).

Scyllium anale Ogil., P.1.8., N.S.W., x, 1886, p. 445.

Catulus analis Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 31, pl. ii, fig. 1 and Rec.

Aust. Mus., vi, 1905, p. 228, pl. xl and fig. 38 (egg).

Ialaelurus analis Garm., Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 1913, p. 85.

’

Fig. 21. Halaelurus analis.

Occurs in deeper water than the foregoing species, to which fact it doubtless

owes its much more extended distribution.

Famity ALOPIIDAE.

ALOPIAS Rafinesque, 1810 (macrourus =vulpinus).

ALOPIAS VULPINUS Bonnaterre (Thresher).

Squalus vulpinus Bonn., Eneyel. Meth., Ichth., 1788, p. 9, pl. [xxxy, fig. 349.

Alopias vulpes Day, Fish. Gt. Brit. and Trel., ii, 1884, p. 300, pl. elvil.

Alopecias vulpes McCoy, Prod. Zool. Viet., dee. ix, 1884, pl. Ixxxviil.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 19

Vulpecula marina Garm., Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 1918, p. 30, pl. vii,

fig. 1-8 (syn.).

Fig. 22. Alopias vulpinus.

The long tail is employed to thresh the surface of the water around a school

of fish so as to cause them to huddle together, in which frightened condition they

fall an easy prey to the shark.

Famity CARCHARIIDAE.

CARCHARIAS Rafinesque, 1810 (taurus).

CARCHARIAS ARENARIUS Ogilby (Grey Nurse).

Odontaspis tawrus McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. vii, 1882, pl. xiv, fig. 1 (not

Rafin.).

Carcharias arenarius Ogil., Ann. Qld. Mus., x, 1911, p. 37.

Fig. 23. Carcharias arenarius.

Fairly common in our waters, but apparently more so in Victoria, where it

devours large quantities of edible fish and is a great terror to bathers.

CARCHARIAS TRICUSPIDATUS Day (Blue Nurse).

Odontaspis americanus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 1870, p. 392.

20 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Curcharias tricuspidatus Day, Fish. India, 1878, p. 713, pl. clxxxvi, fig. 1.

Fig. 24. Carcharias tricuspidatus.

Far from common here, but occurs plentifully in Indian seas, where it attains

a length of at least twenty feet.

TRIAKIS Miiller & Henle, 1838 (scyllium).

TRIAKIS SCYLLIUM Miiller & Henle.

Triakis scyllium Mill. & Henle, Plagiost., 1838, p. 63, pl. xxvi; Garm., Mem. Mus.

Comp: Zool., xxxyip 1913; p, doo (ret.)- ‘

Bie. 25. Triakis seylliam.

This species is included on the evidence of a single specimen taken from the

Semaphore Jetty in St. Vincent Gulf. It was originally described from Japan

and oceurs also in the Indian Ocean.

Famity MITSUKURINIDAE.

MITSUKURINA Jordan, 1898 (owstoni).

MITSUKURINA OWSTONI Jordan (Elphin Shark).

Mitsukurina owstoni Jord., Proce. Cal. Acad. Sci. (ser. 3), i, 1898, p. 200, pl. xi,

xi; A.. Zietz, TRIS. S.A;, xxx, 1908 Mp) 201.

?Scapanorhynchus jordan: Huss., Bull. Am. Mus., xxvi, 1909, p. 257, pl. xliv.

and text figs.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA Biv

28eapanorhynchus dofleini Engelh., Zool. Anz., xxxix, 1912, p. 644.

Fig, 26. Mitsukurina owstoni.

The size of the spiracle is doubtless variable and can scarcely be regarded as

a specific character; its small size in the South Australian example accords with

the description of M. dofleini. This specimen, the only one recorded from Austra-

lian waters, was caught at Goolwa within the River Murray mouth, in a seven-inch

oill-net.

Famity ISURIDAE.

ISURUS Rafinesque, 1810 (oxyrhynchus).

ISURUS GLAUCUS Miiller & Henle (Blue Pointer).

Oxryrhina glauca Mill. & Henle, Plagiost., 1838, p. 69, pl. xxix.

Lamna spallanzanii Day, Fish. India, 1878, p. 722, pl. elxxxvi, fig. 2.

Tsurus glaucus Garm., Mem. Mus. Com». Zool., xxxvi, 1913, p. 38 (ref.).

Pig. 27. Tsurus glaucus.

Not to be confounded with the Blue Shark, which has small gill-slits and a

very unequally-lobed tail.

CARCHARODON Miiller & Henle, 1838 (rondeletii = carcharias).

CARCHARODON CARCHARIAS Linnaeus (White Pointer).

Squalus carcharias Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1758, p. 235.

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Carcharodon rondeletii Mill. & Henle, Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), ii, 1838, p. 37 and

Plagiost., 1838, p. 70; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Viet., dec. viii, 1883, pl. Ixxiv.

Carcharodon carcharias Garm., Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 1913, p. 32, pl. v,

fig. 5-9 (syn.).

Fig. 28. Carcharodon carcharias.

The great Man-eating Shark; found in all warm seas, its distribution girdling

the globe. It attains to between thirty-five and forty feet in length. Teeth of but

recently extinct allies, dredged from the mid-Pacific, indicate that these huge

sharks were quite ninety feet in length, or as long as the largest living whales.

Famity CETORHINIDAE.

CETORHINUS Blainville, 1816 (gunneri= maximus).

CETORHINUS MAXIMUS Gunner (Basking Shark).

Squalus maximus Gunn., Trondhj. Selsk. Skrift., iii, 1765, p. 33, pl. 11.

Selache maxima Cuy., Reg. Anim., ii, 1817, p. 129; Day, Fish. Gt. Brit. and Ivel.,

u, 1884, p. 303, pl. elviil, fig. 1.

Cetorhinus maximus Gerv., C.R. Acad. Sei. Paris, Ixxxil, 1876, pl. exxxvim-

McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. xi, 1885, pl. civ; Jord. & Ever., Bull 47, U.S.

Nat. Mus., i, 1896, p. 51 and iv, 1900, pl. vii, fig. 23; Garm., Mem. Mus. Comp.

Lool:, xxxvi, 1913p. 39 (syn-).

Fig. 29. Cetorhinus maximus.

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 23

The cast specimen in the S.A. Museum, of which the illustration is a photo-

eraph, is over twenty-five feet in length; the species is said to attain to nearly

forty feet. The gill-shts extend from the top of the head to the throat, and the

gill-rakers act as do the blades of baleen in the whalebone whales, straining from

the water the small animals upon which they similarly feed.

Famity SQUALIDAE.

SQUALUS Linnaeus, 1758 (acanthias).

SQUALUS FERNANDINUS Molina (Spiny Dogfish).

Squalus fernandinus Moll., Saggio sulla storia Nat. Chih, 1782, p. 229; Garm.,

Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 1918, p. 195 (syn.).

Acanthias blainvillui and A. megalops Macl., P.L.8., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 367.

iv, 1901, p. 33, pl. iv, fig. 2 (foetus).

Acanthias vulgaris McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. vill, 1883, pl. xxv (not Risso).

Squalus megalops Waite, Rec. Aust. Mus.

;

Fig. 30. Squalus fernandinus.

The young are born alive, and to provide against laceration of the membranes

of the mother by the sharp spines in front of the dorsal fins, each is, before birth,

covered with a little knob.

The sharks of the Squalidae and following Families have no anal fin.

ACANTHIDIUM Lowe, 1839 (pusillum).

ACANTHIDIUM QUADRISPINOSUM McCulloch (long-snouted Dogfish).

Acanthidium quadrispinosum MeCull., Endeavour Res., iii, 1915, p. 100, pl. xiv,

fig. 5-8.

Fig. 31. Acanthidium quadrispinosum.

Found in deep water in the Great Australian Bight and off Victoria.

24 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

OXYNOTUS Rafinesque, 1910 (centrina).

OXYNOTUS BRUNIENSIS Ogilby (Rough Shark).

Centrina salviana Hutt., T.N.Z. Inst., xxii, 1890, p. 276 (not Risso).

Centrina bruniens:s Ogil., Rec. Aust. Mus., i, 1893, p. 62.

Oxynotus bruniensis Waite, Rec. Cant. Mus., 1, 1907, p. 8; McCull., Endeavour

Res., 11, 1914, p. 80, pl. xi.

Fig. 32. Oaxynotus bruniensis.

A small ground shark with high triangular body and rough scales, each

having five cusps.

Famity SCYMNORHINIDAE.

SCYMNORHINUS Bonaparte, 1846 (lichia= licha).

SCYMNORHINUS LICHA Bonnaterre.

Squalus licha Bonn., Eneyel. Meth., Ichth., 1788, p. 12.

Daiatias lichia Gray, Chondropt., 1851, p. 75.

Scymnorh nus licha Garm., Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 1913, p. 236 (syn.) ;

McCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 81, pl. xiv, fig. 1 and text fig. 1.

Pig. 33. Seymnorhinus licha.

This and the foregoing species (Oxrynotus brumiensis) oceur in the Great

Australian Bight, also in New Zealand waters.

WAITE—-FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 25

Famity PRISTIOPHORIDAE.

PRISTIOPHORUS Miiller & Henle, 1837 (cirratus).

PRISTIOPHORUS CIRRATUS Latham (Saw Shark). .

Pristis cirratus Lath., T.L.S., ii, 1794, p. 281, pl. xxvi, fig. 5 (saw) and xxvii.

Pristiophorus cirratus Mill. & Henle, Arch. f. Naturg., ili, 1837, and Plagiost.,

1838, p. 98.

The little saw sharks, of which we have two species, are not to be confounded

with the sawfishes (Prist’s), the latter being rays, not sharks, and not, so far,

recorded from South Australia.

PRISTIOPHORUS NUDIPINNIS Giinther (Saw Shark).

Prist-ophorus nudipinnis Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vii, 1870, p. 432; MeCoy,

Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. vi, 1881, pl. lvi, fig. 2; MeCull., Endeavour Res., i,

ele. p10, pl. i, fig. 2.

Fig. 35. Pristiophorus nudipinnis.

The teeth in the saw are not developed at the expense of the true teeth,

which arm the mouth. The young are born alive, and until birth the saw teeth

are folded against the blade and so prevent injury to the parent.

Famity SQUATINIDAE.

SQUATINA Duméril, 1806 (squatina).

SQUATINA AUSTRALIS Regan (Angel Shark).

Rhina squatina MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. iv, 1879, pl. xxxiv (not Linn.).

Squatina squatina Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 37.

Squatina australis Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 7), xviii, 1906, p. 438.

26 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 36. Squatina australis.

Though classed with the sharks, the general features ally it rather with the

rays; the broad flattened body, the small dorsal fins and their backward position,

the slender tail and character of the vertebrae, are all ray-like; the lateral

pesition of the gill-slits indicates affinities with the sharks. It is, in faet, a

transitional form. | .

SQUATINA TERGOCELLATA McCulloch (Large-spotted Angel Shark).

Squatina tergocellata MceCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 84, pl. xv, and text

fig. 2.

Fig. 37. Squatina tergocellata.

Known from a single specimen, taken in the Great Australian Bight.

: 4

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 27

OrverR BAT OIDE I (Rays).

Famity RHINOBATIDAE.

RHINOBATUS Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (rhinobatus).

RHINOBATUS PHILIPPI Miiller & Henle (Shovel-nosed Ray).

Rhinobatus philippi Mill. & Henle, Plagiost., 1838, p. 119, pl. xxxix; Garm.,

Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 1913, p. 278.

Rhinobatus banksii Mill. & Henle, Plagiost., 1838, p. 123, 192; Waite, Mem.

Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 38, pl. i.

Rhinobates vincentianus Haacke, Zool. Anz., vill, 1885, p. 508.

Phinobatus bougainvillei Ogil., P.L.8., N.S.W., x, 1886, p. 464.

Fig. 38. Rhinobatus philippi.

Unlike the skates, the rays of this Family hatch the eges within the body;

the young are thus born alive and active.

TRIGONORRHINA Miiller & Henle, 1838 (fasciata).

TRIGONORRHINA FASCIATA Miiller & Henle (Fiddler).

Rig. 389. Trigonorrhina fasciata.

28 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Trigonorrhina fasciata Mill. & Henle, Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), ii, 1837, p. 90 and

Plagiost., 1838, p. 124, pl. xliii.

Extremely common; a frequenter of shallow water, where it cruises around

the jetties in search of food which is harboured by the piles.

Famity NARCOBATIDAE.

NARCOBATUS Blainville, 1816 (torpedo).

NARCOBATUS FAIRCHILDI Hutton (Southern Numbfish).

Torpedo farchildi Hutt., Cat. Fish. N.Z., 1872, p. 83, pl. xu, fig. 134; MeCullL,

Rec. Aust. Mus:, xii, 1909) p. 174 splay.

Torpedo fusca Parker, T.N.Z. Inst., xvi, 1884, p. 283, pl. xxii.

Narcacion fairchildi Waite, Ree. Cant. Mus., 1, 1909, p. 144, pl. xvii.

Fig. 40. Narcobatus fairchildi.

Frequents deeper water than the foregoing, and its range extends to the

south of New Zealand.

HYPNARCE Waite, 1902 (subnigra).

HYPNARCE SUBNIGRA Duméril (Numbfish).

Hypnos subnigrum Dum., Rey. Mag. Zool. (2), 1v, 1852, p. 279, pl. xu.

Hypnarce submigra Waite, Rec, Aust. Mus., iv, 1902, p. 180.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 29

Fig. 41. AHypnarce subnigra.

The larger forms of the family of electric rays are capable of giving very

powerful shocks. This species attains to over two feet in length and, in our

waters, 1s subject to peculiar distortion, which greatly changes its appearance.

Famity RAJIDAE.

RAJA Linnaeus, 1758 (batis).

RAJA LEMPRIERI Richardson (Skate).

Fig. 42. Raja lempriert.

0 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Raia lemprieri Rich., Fool, Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 34, pl. xxiii.

Raja dentata Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxvili, 1872, p. 46.

aga australis Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., vill, 1884, p. 461; Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus.,

iv, 1899, p. 40, Aa lv.

In other countries skates are used as food. The eges are laid in four-cornered

cases, the familiar ‘‘Skate-barrows.’’

PSAMMOBATIS Gunther, 1870 (rudis).

PSSMMOBATIS WAITII McCulloch (Round Ray).

Raja waitii MeCull., Endeavour Res., i., 1911, p. 12, pl. iii, and text fig. 4.

Fig. 43. Psammobatis waiti.

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA yl

Remarkable for its almost circular shape and smooth skin. It is known only

from a single specimen, taken off Greenly Island, South Australia.

Famity DASYATIDAE.

DASYATIS Rafinesgue, 1810 (pastinacus).

DASYATIS BREVICAUDATUS Hutton (Stingray).

Trygon brevicaudata Hutt., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xvi, 1875, p. 317.

Dasybatus brevicaudatus Waite, Ree. Cant. Mus., i, 1909, p. 151, pl. xxii.

Dasyatis brevicaudatus MeCull., Endeavour Res., iii., 1915, p. 102, pl. xv, fig. 1

and xvii, fig. 1.

Fig. 44. Dasyatis brevicaudatus.

This species was described from a mutilated example, hence the unfortunate

name (brevicaudatus). The large dark object seen gliding along the bottom in

the deeper water off Kangaroo Island is doubtless this Stingray.

32 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

UROLOPHUS Miiller & Henle, 1837 (cruciatus).

UROLOPHUS CRUCIATUS Lacepéde (Banded Stingaree).

Raja cruciata Lacep., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., iv, 1804, p. 201, 210, pl. ly, fig. 2.

Leiobatus cruciatus Blainy., Bull. Soc. Philom., 1816, p. 121.

Urolophus ephippiatus Rich., Zool. Hreb. & Terr., 1845, p. 35, pl. xxiv.

Urolophus cruciatus, Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vili, 1870, p. 485; MeCull.,

Endeavour Res., iv, 1916, p. 171.

Fig. 45. Urolophus cruciatus.

Stingaree is the name assigned to the smaller forms, in which the tail is

of moderate length and provided with an expanded fin. The larger rays, with a

long whip-like tail, are called Stingrays, though the nomenclature is not observed

threughout Australia. The Banded Stingaree is a deep-water form, hence the

species generally taken by trawling.

UROLOPHUS TESTACEUS Miiller & Henle (Stingaree).

Trygonoptera testacea Mill. & Henle, Plagiost., 1838, p. 174, pl. Ivii. -

Urolophus testaceus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 1870, p. 486; MeCull.,

Endeavour Res., iv, 1916, p. 174, pl. 1.

Trygon testacea Zietz, T.R.S., S.A., xxxii, 1908, p. 292.

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 33

Trygonoptera mulleru, T. henler and T. australis, Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss.

Wien, Ixxx, 1866, p. 479, 480, pl. vi, fig. 4, 5 and pl. vu.

Fig. 46. Urolophus testaccus.

Common in shallow water. There is no poison sac in connection with the

tail-spines of the Stingarees, but the spines make jagged and painful wounds.

UROLOPHUS EXPANSUS McCullech (Broad-backed Stingaree).

Urolophus expansus McCull., Endeavour Res., iv, 1916, p. 178, fig. 2.

Fig. 47. Urolophus expansus.

34 =: RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Taken in the Great Australian Bight, 80-120 fathoms.

Famity MYLIOBATIDAE.

MYLIOBATIS Cuvier, 1817 (aquila).

MYLIOBATIS TENUICAUDATUS Hector (Eagle Ray).

Myliobatis tenuicaudatus Heet., T.N.Z. Inst., ix, 1877, p. 468; Garm., Mem. Mus.

Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 1913, p. 483.

Myliobatis australis Macel., P..8., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 880; McCoy, Prod. Zool.

Vict., dec. vii, 1882, pl. bxiii.

Mio. 48. Myliobatis tenwicaudatus.

Crushes shells with its flat pavement-like teeth, whence it is also called

Mill Ray.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 335)

Sus-CLass HOLOCEPHALI.

Famity CALLORHYNCHIDAE.

CALLORHYNCHUS Cuvier, 1817 (callorhynehus).

CALLORHYNCHUS MILII Bory (Elephant Shark).

Callorhynchus milit Bory, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat., iii, 1823, p. 62, pl..v; Garm.,

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xl, 1904, p. 266, pl. vi, fig. 7-8 (teeth) and xv,

fig. 4, 5 (brain).

Callorhynchus antarcticus Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 1870, p. 351 (part) ;

McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. xii, 1886, pl. exii.

Fig. 49. Callorhynchus milii.

The quaint forms of the Sub-class Holocephali have a single external gill-slit

and a depressible dorsal spine. In the Port Jackson Sharks and the Spiny

Deefishes, the spines are fixed in erect position and precede both dorsal fins.

Sern CL Ass TELEOSTOMI (Bony FisHEs).

OrpeR ISOSPONDYLI.

Famity ENGRAULIDAE.

ENGRAULIS Cuvier, 1817 (encrasicholus).

ENGRAULIS AUSTRALIS Shaw (Anchovy).

Atherina australis Shaw, in White’s Voy. N.S.W., 1790, p. 296, pl. lxiv, fig. 1.

36 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM .

Engraulis australis McCoy, Off. Ree. Interc. Exhib. Melb., 1866, p. 319; MeCull.,

Rec. Aust. Mus., xiii, 1920, p. 43, pl. xi, fig. 1 (ref.).

Engraulis antipodum Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vii, 1868, p. 386.

Engraulis antarcticus Cast., P.Z.S. Vict., 1, 1872, p. 186.

Fig. 50. Hngraulis australis.

Occasionally reported as occurring in immense shoals off Kastern and Vie-

torian coasts. Has been similarly recorded here, but systematic observations are

needed, only possible when a fisheries bureau is instituted on a scientific basis.

Anchovies are valuable economic fishes.

Famity CLUPEIDAE.

ETRUMEUS Bleeker, 1853 (micropus).

ETRUMEUS JACKSONIENSIS Macleay (Maray).

Etrumeus jacksoniensis Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., ii, 1878, p. 36, pl. iv, fig. 1 and iv,

1879, p. 382; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 186; MeCull., Keer Wye

Muse, 1914p: 721 plexi

Fig. 51. Hirumeus jacksoniensis.

Like the Pilchard, occurs in great shoals: it is somewhat similar to that fish

but can be at once distinguished by the round smooth belly, from which character

the name ‘‘ Round Herrings’’ is applied to members of this genus.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 37}

CLUPEA Linnaeus, 1758 (harengus).

CLUPEA BASSENSIS McCulloch (Sprat).

Clipea sprattus Giinth., P.Z.S., 1871. p. 672 (not Tinn.).

Clupea bassensis McCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 16, pl. iv, fig. 2.

Fig. 52. Clupea bassensis.

Searcely distinguishable from the European Sprat, but not commercially

netted.

SARDINIA Poey, 1860 (pseudohispaniea).

SARDINIA NEOPILCHARDA Steindachner (Pilchard).

Clupea neopilchardus Steind., Denk. Akad. Wien., xli, 1879, .p. 12.

Clipea sagax Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., i, 1872, p. 187; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893,

p. 180, pl. xlv.

Clupanodon neopilchardus Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 53; Stead, Edib.

Haigh. N.S, W.., 1908, p. 25, pl. iv; MeCull., Endeavour Res., 1, 1911, p: 17;

Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 30. 7

Amblygaster neopiichardus Waite, Aust. Antarct. Exped. Fishes, ili, 1916, p. 56.

Sardina neopilchardus Regan, A.M.N.H. (8), xvii, 1916, p. 14, pl. i, fig. 2

woe

me ed ety

Fig. 53. Sardinia neopiicharda.

Said to visit Australian shores every winter in countless myriads, and

destined some day to become an important source of food. In Europe young

38 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Pilchards are the familiar Sardines.

Iu America Pilchards of any age are called

Sardines.

These and allied fishes differ from the ‘‘Round Herrings’’ in having

the belly sharp and rough to the touch.

DOROSOMA Rafinesgue, 1820 (heterura).

DOROSOMA COME Richardson (Bony Bream, Tukari).

Chatoessus come Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., ii, 1845, p. 62, pl. xxxviii, fig. 7-10.

Chatoessus erebi Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vii, 1868, p. 407; Cast., P.Z.S.,

Viet., 1, 1872, p. 184.

Chatoessus richardson’ Cast., op. cit., ii, 1873

3, p. 144; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W..

1893, p. 178.

Chatoessus horni Zietz, Rep. Horn Exped., ii, 1896, p. 180, pl. xvi, fig. 6.

Derosoma nasus Stead, Edib, Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 24, pl. iil.

Fig. 54. Dorosoma come.

Too bony to be appreciated as food. but the objectionable feature may be

largely overcome by sousing the fish in vinegar.

STOLEPHORUS Lacepede, 1803 (japonicus).

STOLEPHORUS ROBUSTUS Ogilby (Blue Sprat).

Spratelloides robustus Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., xxii, 1898, p. 64,

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 39

Stolephorus robustus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 1, 1904, p. 12 and Rec. Aust.

Mus., vi, 1906, p. 195; McCull., Ree. Aust. Mus., xii, 1920, p. 42, pl. xi,

hel.

Spratelloides delicatulus Zietz, T.R.S., S.A., xxxii, 1908, p. 295 (not Benn.).

Fig. 55. Stoiephorus robustus.

An excellent little food fish, but not more than four inches long. Differs from

the next species in having the back and belly smooth.

HYPERLOPHUS Ogilby, 1893 (spratellides=vittatus).

HYPERLOPHUS VITTATUS Castelnau (Rough-backed Sprat).

Meletta vittata Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 46.

Clupea vittata Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., iv, 1879, p. 379.

Clupea spratellides Ogil., Rec. Aust. Mus., 11, 1892, p. 24.

Diplomystus spraiellides Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 183.

Hyperlophus (Omochetus) copii Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., xxii, 1898, p. 72.

Huperlophus vittatus. MeCull., Ree. Aust. Mus., xi, 1917, p. 163, pl. xxix,

fig. 1, 2.

40 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

‘*A delicate and delicious little fish, destined to become the very finest

sardine of commerce.’? The back and belly are both rough.

FamMity GONORHYNCHIDAE...

GONORHYNCHUS Scopoli, 1777 (gonorhynchus).

GONORHYNCHUS GREYI Richardson (Sand lish).

Rinchana greyi Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 44, pl. xxix, fig. 1-6 and

text fig.

Gonorhynchus greyi Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vii, 1868, p. 573.

Gonorhynchus gonorynehus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, ii, 1904, p. 15; Stead,

‘*Beaked Salmon,’’ 1908, plate and text fig. (seale).

Gonorrynchus forsteri Ogil., Ann. Qld. Mus., x, 1911, p. 34.

57. Gonorhynchus greyt.

Fig.

A somewhat primitive marine fish, living on sandy stretches, but seldom

seen; its body is almost circular in section; its fiesh white, firm and good to eat.

The undershot jaw is responsible for the name ‘‘Sand Shark’’; it is also known

as ‘‘Beaked Salmon.’’

Famity GALAXIIDAE.

GALAXIAS Cuvier, 1817 (truttaceus).

GALAXIAS ATTENUATUS Jenyns (Native trout, Pulangi).

Galarias truttaceus Valenc., in Cuv., Il}. Rég. Anim., 1829, pl xevii, fig. 1 (not

Cuv.).

Mesites attenuatus Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, 11, 1842, p. 121, pl. xxu, fig. 5.

Galaxias scriba and G. attenuatus Cuy. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvii, 1846,

p. 347, 348.

Galarias maculatus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 75, pl. xl, fig. 14-17

(not Jenyns).

Galarias minutus Philippi, Arch. f. Naturg., xxiv, 1858, p. 309.

Galaxias krefftii and G. punctatus Gimth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vi, 1866, p.

211, 212.

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 4]

Galaxias waterhousei Krefft, P.Z.S., 1867, p. 943.

Galaxias cylindricus and G. delicatulus Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 177, 178.

Galaxias campbelli Sauvy., jie Soe. Phil. roe P80 S pace.

Galazias nebulosa Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 234.

Austrocobitis attenuatus Oeil. P.ILS., ie xXiv, 1899, p. 158.

Galaxias alpinus (part) Smitt, Bih. Svenska Akad., xxvi (iv, 13), 1901, p. 21,

pl. uy, fig. 9-12. ; :

Galaxias attenuatus Regan, P.Z.S., 1906, p. 368, pl. xii, fig. 1 and xin, fig. 2

Hig. 58. Galaxias altenuatus.

Common in all our fresh-waters that run to the sea, where the species is

beheved to spawn. Has a very wide distribution in Southern seas, which cireum-

stance is frequently advanced in support of the contention of a former Antarctic

Continent. The young of this species, caught ascending the rivers, is the main

constituent of the New Zealand ‘‘whitebait.”’

GALAXIAS OLIDUS Giinther (Minnow).

Galaxias olidus Gimth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vi, 1866, p. 209; Regan, P.Z.S.,

1906, p. 381, pl. xi, fig..3.

Galaxias schomburgkii Peters, Mon. Akad. Berl., 1868, p. 455; Regan, op. cit., p.

382.

Galaxias kayi Rams. & Ogil., P.L.S8., N.S.W. (2), 1, 1887, p. 6.

Kig. 59. Galarias olidus.

Similar to the preceding but confined to fresh-water; is appreciated as a

pan fish by picnickers. An excellent aquarium fish, but has, so far, not been

bred in captivity.

42 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

GALAXIAS COXII Macleay (Mountain Trout).

Galaxias cox Macl., P.1.S., N.S.W., v, 1880, p. 45; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W.,

1893, p. 176; Regan, P.Z.S., 1906, p. 380; pl. xii, fig. 2- Zietz, TRS sae

xxx, 1908; p: 297.

Galaxias n:gothoruk Lueas, P.R.S., Vict. (2), iv, 1892, p. 27.

Kio, 60. Galaxias cowii.

tn]

The occurrence of this species in South Australie is doubtful.

Famity ARGENTINIDAE.

ARGENTINA Linnaeus, 1758 (sphyraena).

ARGENTINA ELONGATA Hutton (Silverside).

Argentina elongata Hutt., A.M.N.H. (5), iii, 1879, p. 538; Giimth., Chall. Rep.,

xx, 1887, p.. 218, pl. ly, fig. B; McCull., Endeavour Res: 1, 190i 3gea8

and 11, 1914, p..87; Waite, Ree. Cant. Mus., i, 1911, p. 161, pl. xxv.

Argentina decagon Clarke, T.N.Z.1., xi, 1879, p. 296, pl. xiv.

Fig. 61. Argentina elongata.

A deep-water fish, taken by the *‘ Endeavour’? in the Great Australian Bight.

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 43

Famity RETROPINNIDAE.

RETROPINNA Gill, 1862 (retropinna).

RETROPINNA SEMONI Weber (Smelt, Kantari).

Richardsonia retropinna Steind., Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, liii, 1866, p. 469 (not

Rich. ).

Retropinna r:chardsonii Macl., P.L.8., N.S.W., vi, 1882, p. 228 (not Gill).

Retropinna retropinna Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 11, 1904, p. 13 (not Rich.).

Prototroctes semoni Weber, Zool. Forschr. Aust., v, 1895, p. 274.

Jenynsella weatherilli Ogil., Ann. Qld. Mus., ix, 1908, p. 15.

Jenynsella semoni Ogil.; Mem. Qld. Mus.,.1, 1912, p. 32.

Retropinna semoni Ogil., Mem. Qld. Mus., vi, 1918, p. 97; MeCull., Ree. Aust.

Wous,, xii,1920, p. 49, pl. xi, fig. 2, 3.

Iig. 623. LRetropinna semoni.

Like its British prototype (Osmerus), this little fish has an odour resembling

that of a cucumber.

Famity STERNOPTYCHIDAE.

POLYIPNUS Giinther, 1887 (spinosus).

POLYIPNUS TRIDENTIFER McCulloch (Luminous Fish).

Polyipnus tridentifer MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 87, pl. xvi and fig. 4.

+4 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fie. 63. Polyipnus tridentifer.

Fishes of this Family are recorded from considerable depths, but are believed

to ascend to or near the surface at night. The markings on the lower half of the

body are hght-giving organs.

OrvpeR INIOMI.

Famity AULOPIDAE.

AULOPUS Cuvier, 1817 (filamentosus).

AULOPUS PURPURISSATUS Richardson (Sergeant Baker).

Aulopus purpurissatus Rich., leon. Pise., 1848, p. 6, pl. u, fig. 3; MeCoy, Prod. -

Zool. Vict., dec. vi, 1881, pl. liv, lv; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S8.W., 1893, p. 166,

pl. xl; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 33, pl. ix; Roughley, Fish. Aust.,

JOT65 1. 25, ples

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 45

SWSiat .

Hie. 64. Aulopus purpurissatus,

A good table fish, attaining a length of twenty-four inches. The long fin

ray seen in the figure occurs in the male only.

Famity MYCTOPHIDAE.

MYCTOPHUM Rafinesque, 1810 (punctatum).

MYCTOPHUM CEPHALOTES Castelnau (Lantern Fish).

Neoscopelus cephalotes asi: Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 46.

The Lantern Fishes bear a large number of photovhores or light organs,

disposed chiefly on the head and towards the lower side oi the body.

NEOSCOPELUS Johnson, 1863 (macrolepidotus).

NEOSCOPELUS MACROLEPIDOTUS Johnson (Lantern Fish).

Neoscopelus macrolepidotus Johnson, P.Z.S., 1863, p. 44, pl. vu; Goode & Bean,

wes. Nat. Mus: sp: Bull., 11 Oceanic Ichth.), 1895, p. 93; ply xsax, fig:

108, 109; MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 90, pl. xvii; Vaill., Exp. Sei.

rave Lal, 1888, p. 1195 pl. 1x, fig. 2.

Scopelus macrolepidotus Gunth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 1864, p. 414.

46 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 66. Neoscopelus nacrolepidotus.

5 .

OrveER NEMATOGNATHI.

Famity SILURIDAE.

CNIDOGLANIS Giinther, 1864 (megastoma).

CNIDOGLANIS MEGASTOMA Richardson (Estuary Catfish).

Plotosus megastomus Qich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 31, pl. xxi, fig. 1-3.

Cnidoglanis megastoma Gimth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 1864, p. 27; Ogil., Edib.

Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 164; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 29, pl. vu.

Chaeroplotosus decemfilis Kner, Reise Novara Fische, 1867, p. 300, pl. xu, fig. 1.

2Ostophycephalus duriceps Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., xxiv, 1899, p. 156.

Fig. 67. Ciridoglanis megastoma.

A good-flavoured fish, but unsaleable owing to its prejudicial appearance,

excepting at a nominal price to Asiaties. In our waters the fish is somewhat liable

to a peculiar condition, in which the body is emaciated and the fins shrunken and

hardened. Such a specimen appears to have been the foundation of Ogilby’s

Ostophycephalus duriceps.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 47

TANDANUS Mitchell, 1838 (tandanus).

TANDANUS TANDANUS Mitchell (Kresh-water Catfish, Pamori).

Platosus (Tandanus) tandanus Mitch., Exped. Aust. (ed. i), i, 1838, p. 95, pl. vy,

fig. 2.

Copidoglanis tandanus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 1864, p. 26; Stead, Fish.

st. 1906) p. 39. pli. ;

Tandanus tandanus Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 19, pl. ii.

Pig. 68. Tandanus tandanus.

Said to be much better food than the Estuary Catfish, and frequently sold

under some other name after removal of its tell-tale features. This fish makes a

nest and guards its eges.

NEOPLOTOSUS Castelnau, 1875 (waterhousii).

NEOPLOTOSUS WATERHOUSII Castelnau (S. Australian Catfish).

Neoplotosus waterhousi: Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 45.

NEOSILURUS Steindachner, 1867 (hyrtli).

NEOSILURUS HYRTLII Steindachner (Central Australian Catfish).

Neosilurus hyrtlu Steind., Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lv, 1867, p. 14, pl. 1, fig. 3.

Silurichthys australis Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 45.

?Neosilurus australis Cast., P.L.S., N.S.W., i, 1878, p. 239:

?Cainosilurus australis Macl., P.L.8., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 211.

Plotosus argenteus Zietz, Rep. Horn Exped., ii, 1896, p. 410, pl. xvi, fig. 7.

Neosilurus argenteus Zietz, T.R.S., S.A., xxxu1, 1908, p. 296.

48 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 70. Neosilurus hyrtlii.

In the last quoted paper, Zietz erroneously presumed that NV. hyrtlii has but —

six barbels. Castelnau’s count of a similar number in his N. australis may be due

to imperfections in the single specimen examined, or to his characteristic

carelessness.

Orper SYMBRANCHII.

Famity SYMBRANCHIDAE.

CHEILOBRANCHUS Richardson, 1845 (dorsalis).

CHEILOBRANCHUS RUFUS Macleay (Shore Hel).

Chilobranchus rufus Macl.,; P.U.S.,.N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 266; Waite, Rec. Aust.

Mis. svi, 1906, 2p; 195.01 xxoevi eA.

Sumbranchus bengalensis Zietz, T.R.S., S.A., xxx, 1908, p. 296 (not Bleek.).

Fig. 71. Cheilobranchus rufus.

This little fish, the relationship of which is somewhat doubtful, is coloured

green when alive; it changes to red in certain preservatives, hence the name

rufus.

OrvpeR APODES.

Famity ANGUILLIDAE.

ANGUILLA Shaw, 1803 (anguilla).

ANGUILLA AUSTRALIS Richardson (Short-finned Eel).

Anguilla australis Rich., P.Z.S., 1841, p. 22 and Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 112,

pl. xlv, fig. 1-6.

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 49

Mig. 72. Anguilla australis.

Eels are essentially marine fishes, and though this and the Long-finned Eel

probably spend the greater part of their lives in fresh-water lakes or rivers, they

descend to the sea for breeding purposes.

ANGUILLA REINHARDTII Steindachner (Lone-finned Eel).

Anguilla reinhardtu Steind., Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lv, 1867, p. 15, text fig.

Gmead) = Oct. Kidib. Fish: N.S.W., 1893, p. 187 and. P18. N.S2W., xxi,

1693, p. 767; Stead, Hdib. Fish. N.S:W., 1908, p. 31, pl. vin; Roughley,

Bish Aust: L916, p. 22.

Fig. 73. Anguilla reinhardtii.

Not sufficiently appreciated as food, but its freedom from small bones is an

estimable quality. ‘‘ Have them spitch-cock’d—or stew d—they’re too oily when

fried !””

Famity CONGRIDAE.

CONGER Houttuyn, 1764 (conger).

2?CONGER WILSONI Bloch & Schneider (Conger Eel).

Gymnothorax wilsoni Bl. & Sehn., Syst. [chth., 1801, p. 529.

Gonger uilsom? Cast., P-Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 193.

50 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 74. ?Conger wilsont.

Searcely distinguishable from the European Conger, which is an excellent

food fish and the foundation of the famous turtle soup, to which the turtle

furnishes only the garnish and the name,

Famity ECHELIDAE.

MURAENICHTHYS Bieeker, 1853 (gymnopterus).

MURAENICHTHYS BREVICEPS Giinther (Slender Eel).

?Muraenichthys macropterus Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxvin, 1872, p. 43 (not

Bleek.). —

Muraenichthys breviceps Ginth., A.M.N.H., (4), xvii, 1876, p. 401; MeCull.

Endeavour Res., 1, 1911, p. 21, fig. 7.

OrvpeER SOLENICHTHYES.

Famity MACRORHAMPHOSIDAE.

CENTRISCOPS Gill, 1862 (humerosus).

CENTRISCOPS HUMEROSUS Richardson (Bellows Fish).

Centriscus humerosus Rich., Zool. Kreb. & Terr., 1846, p. 56, pl. xxxiv, fig. 5, 6.

Centriscops humerosus Gill, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phil., 1862, p. 254 (footnote) ;

McCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 90.

Centriscus (Limiculina) humerosus Fowl.. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phil., lix, 1907.

p. 425.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA Sil

Centriscops humerosus var. obliquus Waite, Rec. Cant. Mus., i, 1911, p. 170,

pl. xxvi.

Fig. 76. Centriscops humerosus.

None of the members of this Order is of economic value.

Famity SYNGNATHIDAE.

SYNGNATHUS Linnaeus, 1758 (acus).

SYNGNATHUS POECILOLAEMUS Peters (Long-snouted Pipefish).

Fig. 77. Syngnathus poecilolaemus, male and female.

52 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Syngnathus poecilolaemus Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1869, p. 458;

Dunck., Faun. Stidwest Aust., 11, 1909, p. 245; Waite & Hale, Rec. S. Aust.

Mus:; 1, 1921, 2295, fies 39:

Syngnathus modestus Sauv., Bull. Soe. Phil. (7), ii, 1879, p. 209 (not Giinth.),

Corythroichthys poecilolaemus MeCull., Ree. W. Aust. Mus., i, 1912, p. 82, fig. 2.

SYNGNATHUS PHILLIPI Lucas (Medium-snouted Pipefish).

Syngnathus phillipi Lucas, P.R.S., Viet. (2), 11, 1891, p. 12; Dunek. Faun.

Sudwest Aust., ii, 1909, p. 245; Waite & Hale, Rec. S. Aust. Mus.,7i, 1921,

mp: 207, tie40)

Corythroichthys phillipi MeCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 26, fig. 10.

rie. 78. Syngnathus phillipi, male and female.

SYNGNATHUS VERCOI Waite & Hale (Little Pipefish).

Ichthyocampus filum Zietz, T.R.S., S.A., xxxii, 1908, p. 298 (not Giinth.).

Syngnathus vercoi Waite & Hale, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1921, p. 208, fig. 41.

: WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 55

SS Soo

; 3 ie : . .

' Mg. 79. Syngnathus verect, male and female.

}

SYNGNATHUS CURTIROSTRIS Castelnau (Short-snouted Pipefish).

syngnathus curtirostris Cast., P:Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 243 and nu, 1873, p. 79;

Dunek., Faun. area Aust., ie 1909, p. 244; MeCull & Waite, Rec. S. Aust.

Mie 1918 p. 39, pl. v, fig. 1;-Watte & Hale, Ree: 8. Aust. Mus., 1, 1921,

300, fig. 42.

0 ee QE= See

as < ee SS ECE? ELIS;

rr" Perut ree GN apa

Fig. 80. Syngnathus curtirostris.

LEPTONOTUS Kavp, 1853 (blainvillianus).

LEPTONOTUS COSTATUS Waite & Hale (Deep-bodied Pipefish).

Leptonotus costatus Waite & Tale, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1921, p. 301, fig. 43,

" 54 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 81. Leptonotus costatus.

HISTIOGAMPHELUS McCulloch, 1914 (briggsii).

HISTIOGAMPHELUS ROSTRATUS Waite & Hale (Knife-snouted Pipefish).

Syngnathus semifasciatus Zietz, T.RS., SA., xxx, 1908, p. 298 (not Ginth.).

Doryichthys heterosoma Zietz, op. cit., p. 299 (not Bleek.).

Histiogamphelus rostratus Waite & Hale, Rec. S. Aust. Mas., i, 1921, p. 303, fig. 44.

6 te tk eee eae be

Fig. 82. Histiogamphelus rostraius.

ICHTHYOCAMPUS Kaup, 1853 (belcheri).

ICHTHYOCAMPUS CRISTATUS McCulloch & Waite (Crested Pipefish).

Ichythyocampus cristatus MeCull. & Waite, Ree. S. Aust, Mus., 1, 1918, p. 40,

fig. 26; Waite & Hale, Ree. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1921, p. 304, fig. 45.

a a

[ee ©6—

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

—cupareemmmenscsin@sen tamreeces samen

pe pe eeliacenenntin rms ~~ me eS “

Fig. 83. Ichthuocampus cristatus.

LISSOCAMPUS Waite & Hale, 1921 (caudalis).

LISSOCAMPUS CAUDALIS Waite & Hale (Smooth Pipefish).

Lissocampus caudalis Waite & Hale, Rec. 8S. Aust., Mus., 1, 1921, p. 306, fig. 46.

Pio. 84. Lissocampus caudalis.

LEPTOICHTHYS Kaup, 1853 (fistularius).

LEPTOICHTHYS FISTULARIUS Kaup (Brush-tailed Pipefish).

56 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Leptoichthys fistularivs ‘Kaup, Arch. f. Naturg., xix, 1853, p. 232 and Cat.

Lophob., 1856, p. 52; Dunck., Faun. Stidwest Aust., 11, 1909, p. 234; Waite

& Hale, Ree. 8. Aust. Mus., 1. 1921, p. 307, fig. 47.

Leptoichthys castelnaw Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 295.

Fig. 85. Leptoichthys fistularius.

STIGMATOPORA Kaup, 1853 (aregus).

STIGMATOPORA ARGUS Richardson (Spotted Pipefish).

Syngnathus argus Rich., P.Z.8., 1840, p. 29 and T.Z.S., ii, 1849, p. 183, pl. vii,

ae 2.

Stigmatophora argus Kaup, Arch. f. Naturg. xix, 1853, p. 233 and Cat. Lophob.,

1856, p. 53; Dunck., Fauna Siidwest Aust., ii, 1909, p. 239; Waite & Hale,

Rec. S. Aust. Mus., 1, 1921, p. 308, fig. 48.

Stigmatophora olwacea Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 244 and ii, 1873, p. 77;

Ogil., Mem. Qld. Mus., i, 1912, p. 36.

PA CR Oe Ty eek as

a ee 2

ss ae

a ey

Fig. 86. Stigmatopora argus, female and male.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 57

Gastrotokeus gracilis Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxvili, 1872, p. 44.

Stigmatophora unicolor Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 49. ~

Stigmatophora depressiuscula and S. gracilis Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., vi, 1882,

p. 299.

Stigmatophora argus var. brevicaudata Lucas, P.R.S., Viet., ii (n.s.), 1891, p. 14.

STIGMATOPORA NIGRA Kaup ( Wide-bodied Pipefish).

Stigmatopora nigra Kaup, Arch. f. Naturg., xix, 1853, p. 233 and Cat. Lophob.,

1856, p. 53; Dunck., Fauna Sudwest Aust., 1, 1909, p. 239; MeCull.,-Aust.

Zool., i, 1914, p. 29, fig. 1, 2,3 (portions) ; Waite & Hale, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., 1,

1921, p. 311, fig. 49.

Stigmatophora boops Cast., P.Z.8., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 203.

lod

Fig. 87. Stigmatopora nigra, female and male.

SOLEGNATHUS Swainson, 1839 (hardwicki).

SOLEGNATHUS ROBUSTUS McCulloch (Pipe-horse).

Solenognathus spinosissimus Zietz, T.RS., SuA., xxxii, 1908, p. 299 (not Gunth. ).

Fig. 88. Solegnaihus robustus.

58 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Nolegnathus robustus MeCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 28, pl. ix, fig. 2; Waite

& Hale. Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1921, p. 312, fig. 50.

PHYLLOPTERYX Swainson, 1839 (foliatus).

PHYLLOPTERYX FOLIATUS Shaw (Common Sea Dragon).

Sungnathus foliatus Shaw, Gen. Zool., v, 1804, p. 456, pl. elxxx.

re A f

Fig. 89. Phyllopterys folialus, male with eggs.

——————

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 59

Syngnathus taeniopterus Lacep., Ann. Mus., iv, 1804, p. (184-211), pl. lviii, fig. 3.

Phyllopteryx foliatus Swains., Nat. Hist. Fish., ii, 1839, p. 332, fig. 109; Giinth.,

P.Z.8., 1865, p. 327, pl. xiv; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. vii, 1882, pl. xv,

fig. 1; Dunek., Faun. Siidwest Aust., ii, 1909, p. 236; Waite & Hale, Ree.

Be aust, Mus: 1, 1921, p. 313, fig. 51.

Phillopteryx elongatus Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., i, 1872, p. 243 and ii, 1873, p. 70.

Phyllopteryx altus MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. vii, 1882, p. 20.

Males of the Pipe-fishes, Sea-horses, and other forms comprising the Order

Lophobranchii, carry the eggs glued to the underside of the body or tail, or in a

more or less perfect pouch developed thereon. The accompanying photograph

of a male Sea-dragon shows a complement of eggs attached to the underside of

the tail.

PHYLLOPTERYX EQUES Giinther (Leafy Sea Dragon).

a Be

Fig. 90. Phyllopteryx eques.

60 * RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Phyllopteryx eques Giinth., P.Z.S., 1865, p. 327, pl. xv; Dunck., Faun. Sudwest

Aust., 11, 1909, p. 237; Waite & Hale, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., 1, 1921, p. 315, fig. 52.

Phycodurus eques Gill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1895, p. 159.

ACENTRONURA Kaup, 1853 (eracilissima).

ACENTRONURA AUSTRALE Waite & Hale (Little Pipe-horse).

Acentronura australe Waite & Hale, Ree. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1921, p. 317, fig. 53.

Fig. 91. Acentronura australe, male and female.

HIPPOCAMPUS Rafinesque, 1810 (hippocampus).

HIPPOCAMPUS ABDOMINALIS Lesson (Sea-horse).

Hippocampus abdominalis Less., in Ferussaec, Bull. Sci. Nat., x1, 1827, p. 127;

Bleek., Verh. Akad. Wetens. Amsterd., ii, 1855, p. 48, pl. fig. 4; Kaup,

Cat. Lophob, 1856, p. 17, pl. ii, fig. 3; Dunck., Faun. Stiidwest Aust., 11,

1909, p. 247; Waite, Ree. Cant. Mus., i, 1911, p: 175, pl. xxvin; Me@ull>

Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 29. pl. vi, fig. 1; Waite & Hale, Rec. 8S. Aust. Mus..

i, 1921, p. 319, fig. 54.

Hippocampus graciliformis MeCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 29, pl. vi, fig. 2.

EEE —_

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 61

.. Big. 92. Hippocampus abdominalis, male and female.

62 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

HIPPOCAMPUS NOVAE-HOLLANDIAE Steindachner (Common Sea-horse).

Syngnathus hippocampus Shaw, in White’s Voy. N.S.W., 1796, p. 295, pl. 1, fig. 2

(not Linn.).

Hippocampus novae-hollandiae Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lili, 1866, p. 474,

pl. i, fig. 2; Dunck., Faun. Siidwest Aust., ii, 1909, p. 248; Waite & Hale,

Ree. S. Aust. Mus.; 1, 1921, p. 320, fig. 55.

HIPPOCAMPUS BREVICEPS Peters (Short-headed Sea-horse).

ITippocaumpus breviceps Peters, Mon. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1869, p. 710; MeCoy,

Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. vii, 1882, pl. lxv, fig. 2; Dunck., Faun. Sidwest Aust.,

ii, 1909, p. 247; Waite & Hale, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1921, p. 321, fig. 56.

Hippocampus tuberculatus Cast., Res. Fish, Aust., 1875, p. 48.

WAITE—-FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

Fig. 94. Hippocanpus breviceps, male and female.

OrpeER HYPOSTOMIDES.

Famity PEGASIDAE.

ACANTHOPEGASUS McCulloch, 1915 (lancifer).

ACANTHOPEGASUS LANCIFER Kaup.

Pegasus natans Kaup, Cat. Lophob., 1856, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 2 (not Linn.).

Peaasus lancifer Kaup, Arch. f. Naturg., xxi, 1861, p. 116, 117.

Parapegasus lancifer Dum., Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 1870, p. 294.

Acanthopegasus lancifer MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1915, p. 106, fig. 1.

64 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 95. Acanthopegasus laneifer.

Orver SYNENTOGNATHI.

Famity SCOMBRESOCIDAE.

SCOMBRESOX Lacepfde, 1803 (camperii).

SCOMBRESOX FORSTERI Cuvier & Valenciennes (Billfish, Skipper).

Scombresox forsteri Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvii, 1846, p. 481.

Scomberesox saurus var. forsteri MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. xiv, 1887, pl.

exxxv, fig. 2.

Fig. 96. Scombresox forsteri. '

Frequently netted with Garfishes, to which it is allied.

Famiry: EXOCGCOETIDAE:

CYPSELURUS Swainson, 1839 (nuttalii).

CYPSELURUS CRIBROSUS Kner (Flying Fish).

Erocoetus unicolor? Cuv. & Val.. vel cribresa Kner, Reise Novara, i, 1867, p. 325

DJ ? >

(not Cuv. & Val.).

Exonautes fulvipes and E. cribrosus Ogil., P-R.S., Qld., xxi, 1908, p. 8, 13.

Cypselurus cribrosus MeCull., Mem. Qld. Mus., v, 1916, p. 59, pl. vil.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 65

Fig. 97. Cypselurus cribrosus.

Famiry HEMIRHAMPHIDAE.

HYPORHAMPHUS Gill, 1859 (tricuspidatus).

HYPORHAMPHUS INTERMEDIUS Cantor (Garfish).

Hemirhamphus intermedius Cant., A.M.N.H., 1x, 1842, p. 485; MeCoy, Prod.

Zool. Vict., dee. xiv, 1887, pl. exxxv, fig. 1; Ogil., Edib. Fish: N.S.W., 1893,

pate pl, xin- houghley, Kish. Aust., 1916, p. 27, pl: 1v-

Hemirhamphus melanochir Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xix, 1846, p. 41.

ep a

Se SP Pe

Fig. 98. Hyporhamphus intermedius.

A recognized breakfast fish and would be more appreciated but for the

presence of small hair-like bones.

OrvperR ANACANTHINI.

Famity MACROURIDAE.

NEMATONURUS Giinther, 1887 (armatus).

NEMATONURUS ARMATUS Hector.

Macrurus armatus Ueet., A.M.N.H. (4), xv, 1875, p. 81 and T.N.Z, Inst., vii, 1875,

pm, 249, pls xi, fig. 78a.

66 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Coryphaenoides variabilis, Giinth., A.M.N.H. (5), ii, 1878, p. 27.

Nematonurus armatus Giimth., Chall: Rep., xxii, 1887, p. 150, pl. xl, fig. A.

Fig. 99. Nematonurus armatus.

This and the following species are known only from very deep water.

OPTONURUS Giinther, 1887 (denticulatus).

OPTONURUS DENTICULATUS Richardson.

Macrourus denticulatus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 538, pl. xxxui, fig. 1-3.

Coryphaenoides denticulatus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 396.

Optonurus denticulatus Ginth., Chall. Rep., xxu, 1887, p. 147.

Famity GADIDAE.

LOTELLA Kaup, 1858 (phycis).

LOTELLA CALLARIAS Giinther (Beardie).

Lotella callarias Giinth., A.M.N.H. (3), 1, 1863, p. 116; McCoy, Prod. Zool.

Vict., dec. ii, 1878, pl. xix; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 152, pl. xxxvil;

Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 47, pl. x. .

Lotella schuettei Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lili, 1866, p. 466, pl. ii, fig. 1.

Lotella marginata Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 114 (not Giinth, 1878).

Lotella swanii Johnston, P.R.S., Tasm., 1883, p. 126.

Lotella limbata Ogil., Cat. Fish. N.S.W., 1886, p. 47.

FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 67

WAITE

‘ee

i rte ae

SSS

Fig. 101. Lotella caliarias.

Not regarded as a prime fish; the flesh is rather soft and of poor keeping

quality.

PHYSICULUS Kaup, 1858 (dalwigkii).

PHYSICULUS BARBATUS Giinther (Cod).

Pseudophysis barbatus Giimth., A.M.N.H. (3), xi, 1868, p. 116; MeCoy, Prod.

Zool. Viet., dec. 11, 1878, pl. xx.

Physiculus palmatus Klanz., Arch. f. Nature., xxxvill, 1872, p. 38.

Lotella grandis Rams., P.L.S., N.S.W., v, 1881, p. 462.

Physiculus barbatus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 11, 1904, p. 24.

Physiculus bachus Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, pl. xvi (not Forst.).

Kig. 102. Physiculus barbatus.

‘‘The flesh is soft and not very good.’’

PHYSICULUS BACHUS Forster (Red Cod).

Lota bachus Forst., in Bloch & Schneid., Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 53.

68 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Leta breviuscula Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 61, pl. xxxviii, fig. 1, 2.

Phyusiculus bachus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, ii, 1904, p. 24 and Ree. Cant.

Mus., 1, 1911, p.183; pl xexr tend

Fig. 103. Physiculus bachus.

Not recognized by fishermen as distinct from the foregoing.

Orver BERYCOMORPHI.

Famity BERYCIDAE.

TRACHICHTHODES Gilchrist, 1903 (spinosus).

TRACHICHTHODES LINEATUS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Swallow-tail).

Beryxz lineatus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., i, 1829, p. 226, pl. Ix.

Beryx mulleri Klunz., Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xxx, 1880, p. 359, pl. i, fig. 1.

Pe sca

43 {<*a TESS

OTC ke ak

é.

Fig. 104. TLrachichthodes lineatus.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 69

Trachichthodes lineatus Waite & McCull., T.R.S., S.A., xxxix, 1915, p. 461,

fig. (head).

An exeellent and much esteemed food fish. The commonest fish taken on

the **Simplon’’ trawling cruise, 1914, 700 Ib. weight being netted in one haul.

TRACHICHTHODES AFFINIS Giinther (Nannyegai).

berya ayinis Gunth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 13*and A:M.N.H. (5), xx,

138. ps 238, fig. (snout); Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 18938, sp. 69, pl. xxi;

Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 48, pl. xvii.

Poplopieryxafinis Rezan, A.M.N.H. (8), vii, 1911, p..5, pl. i.,

Austroberyx affins McCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 48, fig. 11.

ioemcninodes afins,. Waite’& MecCull., T.R.S:, S.A., xxxix, 1915, p. 463;

Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 49, pl. xi.

Fig. 105. Trachichthodes affinis.

The eastern representative of our Red Snapper, but recorded from South

Australia.

TRACHICHTHODES GERRARDI Giinther (Red Snapper).

Beryx gerrardi Giinth., A.M.N.H. (5), xx, 1887, p. 238, fig. (snout).

Austroberyx gerrardi MeCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 41, pl. vii.

Trachichthodes gerrardi Waite & MeCulL, T.R.S., S.A., xxxix, 1915, p. 463.

70 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Mig. 106. Trachichthodes gerrardi.

An excellent and highly esteemed food fish, scarcely distinguishable from the

Nannygai. All three species of the genus are of beautiful red colour.

Famity TRACHICHTHYIDAE.

HOPLOSTETHUS Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829 (mediterraneus).

HOPLOSTETHUS MEDITERRANEUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Hoplostethus mediterraneus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 1829, p. 469, pl.

xevili, bis; Steind. & Doder., Denks. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xlvii, 1883, p. 218, pl.

i; Goode & Bean, Oceanic [chth, 1895, p. 189, pl. lvi, fig. 208; Alcock, Illus.

Zool. Investigator, 1895, pl. xiv, fig. 3.

Trachichthys pretiosus lowe, P.%.S., 1839, p. 77.

Hoplostethus japonicus Hilgend., Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1879, p. 78.

THoplostethus mediterraneus var. latus MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 97,

fig. 9.

ee a ©

—

ee Ee a

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA Fai

Fig. 107. Hoplostethus mediterrancus.

The fishes of this Family occur in deep water and are not netted for food.

HOPLOSTETHUS INTERMEDIUS Hector.

a ee ee

Trachichthys intermedius Hect., T.N.Z. Inst., vii, 1875, p. 245, pl. xi, fig. 18a;

Gunth., Chall. Rep., xxii, 1887, p. 24, pl. v, fig. D.

Hoplostethus intermedius MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 100, fig. 6.

SSN ee ee Oe OS

Fig. 108. Hoplostethus intermedius,

72 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

HOPLOSTETHUS GIGAS McCulloch.

Hoplostethus gigas MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 101, pl. xix.

Fig. 109. Hoplostethus gigas.

GEPHYROBERYX Boulenger, 1902 (darwinii).

GEPHYROBERYX DARWINII Johnson. ;

i i te

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

Trachichthys darwinii Johnson, P.Z.S8., 1866, p. 311, pl. xxx; Goode & Bean,

Oceanic¢ Ichth., 1895, p. 188, pl. lvi, fig. 207.

Gephyroberyx darwinitt Boul., A.M.N.H. (7), ix, 1902, p. 203; MeCull., Endeavour

ies. tv, 1916,p: 182%

PARATRACHICHTHYS Waite, 1899 (trailli).

PARATRACHICHTHYS TRAILLI Hutton.

irdemeninys trail Hutt., T.N.Z. Inst., viii, 1876, p. 212; Gunth., Chall. Rep.,

Bem 1687, p. 23, Dl lv.. fie, A.

Trachichthys macleayi Johnston, P.R.S., Tasm., 1881, p. 56.

Paratrachichthys trailli Waite, Mem. Austr. Mus., iv, 1890, p. 65.

Mig, 111. Paratrachichthys trailli.

; TRACHICHTHYS Shaw & Nodder, 1799 (australis).

TRACHICHTHYS AUSTRALIS Shaw & Nodder (Roughy).

Trachichthys australis Shaw & Nodder, Nat. Mise., x, 1799, pl. ecelxxvin; MeCoy,

Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. xii, 1886, pl. exiv.

7H RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Pig. 112. Trachichthys australis.

Famity ZEIDAE.

ZEUS Linnaeus, 1758 (faber).

ZEUS FABER Linnaeus (John Dory).

Zeus faber Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1758, p. 267; Day, Fish. Gt. Brit. and Irel.,

i, 1881, p. 138, pl. xlviii; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 168, pl. lviii.

Zeus australis Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 36, pl. xxv., fig. 1.

WAITE—-FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA WS

Iie, 113. Zeus faber.

A most excellent table fish, seldom seen in the Adelaide market, owing to

entire absence of the trawling industry.

Bawiy CY EEDA:

CYTTUS Giinther, 1860 (australis).

CYTTUS AUSTRALIS Richardson (Silver Dory).

Capros australis Rich., T.Z.S., iii, 1849, p. 73 and Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 137,

plelix, fic. 1-5.

Cyttus australis Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, 1860, p. 396; Stead, Edib. Fish.

N.S.W., 1908, p. 102, pl. Ixviii,

76 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

¥ a ,

er:

Fig. 114. Cyttus australis.

Another good fish which will doubtless be better known when our waters are

properly fished.

CYTTOSOMA Gilchrist, 1904 (boops).

CYTTOSOMA BOOPS Gilchrist (Ox-eyed Dory).

Cyttosoma boops Gilch., Mar. Invest. S. Afrie., iii, 1904, p. 6, pl. xxiii; MeCullL.,

Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 113,

—

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA Fi.

Big. 115. Cyttosoma boops.

Likewise awaiting the advent of the trawl. Specimens were taken by the

“Simplon’’ in 1914, in 80-140 fathoms, and previously by the ‘‘ Endeavour’’ in

still deeper water, all obtained in the Great Australian Bight.

t=)

NEOCYTTUS Gilchrist, 1907 (rhomboidalis).

NEOCYTTUS RHOMBOIDALIS Gilchrist.

Neocyttus rhomboidalis Gilch., Mar. Invest. 8. Afric., iv, 1907, p. 153, pl. xii.

73 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 116. Neocyttus rhomboidalis.

South Australian specimens are referred to a variety, as below.

var. GIBBOSUS McCulloch.

Neocyttus rhomboidalis var. gibbosus McCull., Endeavour Res., 1, 1914, p. 119,

fig. 8.

Typical forms of this and the following species were first described from

South Africa. Australian representatives were secured in the Great Australian

sight by the ‘*‘ Endeavour’? in 350-450 fathoms.

ALLOCYTTUS McCulloch, 1914 (verrucosus).

ALLOCYTTUS VERRUCOSUS Gilchrist.

Oreosoma sp. Boul., Compt. Rendu, Acad. Sci. Paris, exxxvui, 1903, p. 523.

Cyttosoma verrucosum Gilch., Mar. Invest. 8. Afric., iv. 1908, p. 151, pl. xl.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 79

Fig. 117. Allocyttus verrucosus.

South Australian specimens are referred to a variety, as below.

var. PROPINQUUS McCulloch.

Allocyttus verrucosus var. propinquus MeCull., Endeavour Res., ii, 1914, p. 116,

fig. 7.

OrvpER PERCOMORPHI.

Sus-OrpeER PERCESOCES.

Famity ATHERINIDAE.

CRATEROCEPHALUS McCulloch, 1912 (fluviatilis).

CRATEROCEPHALUS FLUVIATILIS McCulloch (Fresh-water Hardyhead,

Parl).

Craterocephadlus fluviatilis McCull., P.R.S., Qld., xxiv., 1912, p. 49, pl. i, fig. 1,

80 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Pig. 118. Craterocephalus fluviatilis.

The members of this Family are small fishes of no commercial value.

CRATEROCEPHALUS EYRESII Steindachner.

Atherinichthys eyresii Steind., Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx, 1883, p. 194 and

Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviii, 1884, p. 1075.

Atherina interioris Zietz, T.R.S., S.A., xxxii, 1909, p. 264 (nom. nud.).

Craterocephalus eyresti MeCull. & Waite, Ree. S. Aust. Mus., 1, 1918, p. 43, fig. 27.

Fig. 119. Craterocephalus cyresii.

ATHERINA Linnaeus, 1758 (hepsetus).

ATHERINA TAMARENSIS Johnston.

Atherina tamarensis Johnston, P.R.S., Tasm., 1883, p. 122.

Atherina tasmaniensis Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., ix, 1884, p. 443.

Atherinichthys cevhalotes Zietz, T.R.S., S.A., xxxili, 1909, p. 264 (not Cast.).

Taenomembras tamarensis MeCuli. & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 41.

ATHERINA DANNEVIGI McCulloch.

Atherina hepsetus Giinth., A.M.N.H. (4), xvii, 1876, p. 396 (not Linn.).

Atherina dannevigi McCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 31, pl. xvi, fig. 2.

ee a ee

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 81

Tae

Fig. 121. Atherina dannevigi.

HEPSETIA Bonaparte, 1837 (boyeri).

: HEPSETIA PINGUIS Lacepéde (Hardyhead).

Atherina pinguis Lacep., Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 1803, p. 371, pl. xi, fig. 1; Ogil.,

Mem Old. Mus., i, 1912, p. 38, pl. xii; fig. 1.

Atherinichthys modesta, A. picta and A. cephalotes Cast., P.Z.S8., Vict., 1, 1872,

pe tab, 137.

Atherina lacunosa Giinth., Journ. Mus. Godeff., xii, 1877, p. 213, pl. exviu, fig. E

(not Forst.).

Fig. 122. Hepsetia pinguts.

Famity MELANOTAENIIDAE.

MELANOTAENIA Gill, 1862 (nigrans).

MELANOTAENIA NIGRANS Richardson (Pink ear).

Atherina mgrans Rich., A.M.N.H., xi, 1848, p. 180.

Melanotaenia nigrans Gill, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1862, p. 280.

Nematocentris splendida Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1866, p. 516.

Strabo nigrofasciatus Kner & Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, liv, 1866, p. 373,

adorn pl. i, fig. 10.

Zantecla pusilla Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 11, 1873, p. 88.

7) 10,

Aida inornata Cast., Res, Fish, Aust., 1875, p. 1

82 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Neoatherina australis Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1874, p. 32.

Aristeus fitzroyensis, A. fluviatilis and Atherinichthys duboulayi Cast., P.LS8.,

N.S.W., ili, 1878, p. 141, 143.

Aristeus rufescens and A. lineatus Macl., P.U.S., N.S.W., v, 1881, p. 625.

Aristeus cavifrons Macel., op. cit. vii, 1882, p. 70.

Aristeus perporosus De Vis, P.L.S., N.S.W., ix, 1884, p. 694.

Aristeus loriae Perugia, Ann. Mus. Genova (2), xiv, 1894, p. 549.

Nematocentris tater and N. winneckei Zietz, Rep. Horn Exped., ii, 1896, p. 178,

179) sol. evi, AS 23,

Melanotaenia maculata Weber, Nova Guinea, v, 1908, p. 239, pl. xi, fig. 4.

Melanotaemia ogilbyi Weber, Notes Leyden Mus., xxxii, 1910, p. 230.

Rhombatractus patoti Weber, Abh. Senckenb. Nat. Ges., xxxiv, 1911, p.*26, pl. i,

fig. 3.

Melanotaenia maccullochi; Ogil., Mem. Qld. Mus., iii, 1915, p. 118, pl. xxix, fig. 1.

Fig. 123. Melanotaenia nigrans.

A small fresh-water fish, admirably suited for the aquarium.

Famity MUGILIDAE.

MUGIL Linnaeus, 1858 (cephalus).

MUGIL ARGENTEUS Quoy & Gaimard (Jumping Mullet, Wankari).

Mugil argenteus Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Uran. & Physic., Poiss., 1825, p. 338, pl. lix,

fig. 3.

Mugil peronii Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xi, 1836, p. 1388; Ogil., Edib. Fish.

N.S.W., 1893, p. 126, pl. xxxii; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 42, pl

xiii; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 41, pl. vin.

Mugil ferrandi Cuv. & Val., op. cit., p. 142.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 83

Me. 124. Mugil argenteus.

The Flat-tailed Mullet of the eastern States, plentiful and good-eating, but

not so esteemed as the next species.

MUGIL DOBULA Giinther (Sea Mullet).

Mugil dobula Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 11, 1861, p. 420, fig. (head) and

Fische Siidsee, ii, 1877, p. 214, pl. exx, fig. A (head); Ogil., Edib. Fish.

N.S.W., 1893, p. 118, pl. xxxi; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 40, pl. xii;

Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 37, pl. vii.

Mugil waigiensis Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 140 (not Quoy & Gaim.).

Mugil grandis Cast., P.L.S., N.S.W., 10, 1879, p. 386.

Mugil cephalotus Johnston, P.R.S., Tasm., 1883, p. 122 (not Cuv. & Val.).

125. Mugil dobula.

One of the most important food fishes of the Commonwealth, plentiful

throughout the year.

AGONOSTOMUS Bennett, 1830 (telfari).

AGONOSTOMUS FORSTERI Bloch & Schneider (Fresh-water Mullet,

Conmurl).

84 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Albula forsteri Bl. & Sehn., Syst. Ichth, 1801, p. xxxii and 120.

Dajaus diemensis Rich., P.Z.8., 1840, p. 25 and Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 37,

Dl xEviy foe,

Dajaus forsteri Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr, 1847, p. 77, pl. xliv, fig. 20-26 (young).

Agonostoma forstert Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., in, 1861, p. 465.

‘

Fig. 126. Agonostomus forsteri.

Widely distributed, but of small economic value.

MYXUS Giinther, 1861 (elongatus).

MYXUS ELONGATUS Giinther (Sand Mullet).

Myrus elongatus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, 1861, p. 466; Ogil., Edib. Fish.

N.S.W., 1898, p. 128, pl, xxxiii; Waite, Prelim. Rep. Thetis, 1898, p. 61;

pl. xii; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 45, pl. xiv; Roughley, Fish. Aust.,

1916, p. 43, pl. ix.

Cestraeus norfolcensis Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., xxii, 1898, p. 80.

Fig. 127. Myaus elongatus.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 85

Though commonly taken and eaten, it is not to be compared with the fish

known as Sea Mullet.

Famity SPHYRAENIDAE.

SPHYRAENA Rose, 1793 (sphyraena).

SPHYRAENA NOVAE-HOLLANDIAE Giinther (Snook, Short-finned Pike).

Sphyraena novae-hollandiae Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, 1860, p. 335; Ogil.,

Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, pl. xxx (description, p. 114, is of S. waiti Ogil.) ;

Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 45.

Mie. 128. Sphyraena novae-hollandiae.

An excellent table fish, and affords good sport by trailing a lure after a

sailing boat. It attains to 3 feet in leneth.

SPHYRAENA OBTUSATA Cuvier & Valenciennes (Pike).

Sphyraena obtusata Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iii, 1829, p. 350; Giinth., Fische

Sudsec, ii, 1877, p. 212, pl. exix; fig. B.

Sphyraena flavicauda Rupp., Neue Wirbelt., Fisch., 1835, p. 100, pl. xxv, fig. 3.

Fig. 129. Sphyraena obtusata.

86 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Sus-OrpeR STROMATEOIDEA.

Famity STROMATEIDAE.

SERIOLELLA Guichenot, 1848 (porosa).

SERIOLELLA BRAMA Giinther (Sea Bream).

Neptomenus brama Gimth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 11, 1860, p. 390.

Neptonemus? travale Cast, P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 119.

Secriolella brama Regan, A.M.N.H. (7), x, 1902, p. 129; Waite, Ree. Cant. Mus.,

reals NAL p. 229, pl. 1; MeCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 34, pl. 1x, fig. I.

Fig. 130. Seriolella brama.

The Warehou of New Zealand, where it is fairly common and esteemed as

food.

HYPEROGLYPHE Giinther, 1959 (porosa).

HYPEROGLYPHE POROSA Richardson (Deep-sea Trevally).

Diagramma porosa Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 26, pl. xvi., fig. 5, 6.

Hyperoglyphe porosa Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 337.

Eurumetopos johnstonii Morton, P.R.S., Tasm., 1888, p. 77 and plate; Waite,

NN .Z. Insts. xl, 1012, 200=plexat

Schedophilus porosus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 1904, p. 24.

Hyperoglyphe johnstonii MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 95, pl. xviii.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 87

Big, 131. Hyperoglyphe porosa.

A large and excellent fish of erratic occurrence. Large quantities have at

times been taken at the Chatham Islands.

Sus-OrpER PERCOIDEA.

Division oP ER Gl by Ouk MMe sr

Famity SERRANIDAE.

PERCALATES Ramsay & Ogilby, 1887 (colonorum).

PERCALATES COLONORUM Giinther (Australian Perch, Taralgi).

Lates colonorum Ginth., A.M.N.H. (3), xi, 1863, p. 114; MeCoy, Prod. Zool.

Vict., dec. ii, 1878, pl. xiv.

Dules novem-aculeatus Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, hii, 1866, p. 428, pl. u,

ne.” 1.

Lutes similis, L. antarcticus, and L. victoriae Cast., P.Z.8., Viet., 1, 1872, p. 44, 45.

Lates curtus Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 5.

Lates ramsayi Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., v, 1881, p. 306.

Percalates colonorum Rams. & Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W. (2), ti, 1887, p. 182; Ogil.,

Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 2, pl: 1; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 53,

le, XxX.

88 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM :

Fig. 132. Percalates colonorum.

A good table fish and a favourite with river anglers.

PLECTROPLITES Gill, 1862 (ambiguus).

PLECTROPLITES AMBIGUUS Richardson (Callop, Tarki).

Datnia? ambiguua Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 25, pl. xix.

Dules ambiguus Giimth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 270; Klunz., Sitzb.

Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxx, 1880, p. 348.

Fig. 183. Plectroplites ambiguus.

WAITE 2S OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 89

Plectroplites ambiguus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1863, p. 286; Stead,

Kdib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 55, pl. xxiii; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 67,

pl. Xvi.

Ctenolates macquariensis Giinth., P pat L371 py S20) pl: xx:

res auratus Cast., P.Z.S.; Vict.. i, a Ppa:

Dules flavescens Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 10.

Clenolates ambiguus Giinth., Chall. Rep., 7 1880, p. 32; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict.,

dée: 1x, 1884, pl. Ixxxiv; Ogil. Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 22, pl.-v.

Also known as Murray Perch and Golden Perch. Second only to the Murray.

Cod as a river fish; by some preferred on account of the less oily nature of the

flesh; also esteemed when smoked.

MACQUARIA Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830 (australasica).

MACQUARIA AUSTRALASICA Cuvier & Valenciennes (Macquarie Perch).

Macquaria australusica Cuv. & Val.,, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,..v; 18305ipad1, pl) cxxxa.

hess. & Garn., Voy. Coquille, ii, 1830, p. 194; pl. xiv, fig. 1; Ogil., Edib.

Mish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 24, pl. iv

Dules viverrinus Krefft, P.Z.8., 1867, p. 943.

Murrayia giintheri, M. cyprinoides, and M. bramoides Cast., P.Z.S., Viet., 1,

Meteo. 61, 625-63.

Riverina fluviatilis Cast., op. cit., p. 64.

NK)

134. Macquaria australasica,

90 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

An excellent table fish, but as with many of our River Murray fish, catches

are sent to Melbourne rather than to Adelaide.

OLIGORUS Giinther, 1859 (macquariensis).

OLIGORUS MACQUARIENSIS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Murray Cod, Pondi).

Grystes macquariensis Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iii, 1829, p. 58; Guérin,

Icon. Rég. Anim. Poiss., 1844, pl. v, fig. 2; Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848,

[oe talc ies 0} Maltin te

Grystes brisbanii Less., Voy. Coquille, Zool. 4, 1831, p. 227

Gristes peelii Mitch., Exp. Aust., i, 1838, p. 95, pl. v, fig. 1.

Gligorus macquariensis Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 1859, p. 251; MeCoy,

Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. ix, 1884, pl. Ixxxv, Ixxxvi; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W.,

1893, p. 17, pl. viii; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 56, pl. xxiv;

Roughiey, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 62, pl. xvi.

Oligorus mitchellii Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., ii, 1873, p. 150.

Homodemus cavifrons De Vis, P.L.S., N.S.W., ix, 1884, p. 396.

Oligorus gibbiceps Macl., P.L.8., N.S.W., x, 1885, p. 267.

Fig. 135. Oligorus macquariensis.

The largest and most esteemed fresh-water fish: is smoked and cured in

various ways. <Attains to a length of nearly 5 feet and a weight of 100 Ib.

COLPOGNATHUS Klunzinger, 1880) (dentex).

COLPOGNATHUS DENTEX Cuvier & Valenciennes (Harlequin Fish).

Plectropoma dentex Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 1828, p. 394; Quoy & Gaim.,

Voy. Astrol., 1835, p. 660, pl. iv, fig. 2; Rich., Zool. Hreb. & Terr., 1848,

Daw, pl lvar, aie. (3-5:

Plectropoma richardsonii Giinth., P.Z.S., 1861, p. 391, pl. XXXVIll.

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 91

Colpognathus dentex Klunz., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxx, 1880, p. 339, pl. i,

Bowen ( mead) boul: Cat. Kish: Brit, Mus, (2); i, 1895, p. 310) te, 21

(dentition).

Fig. 1386. "Colpognatiius dentex.

A good eating fish, but seldom seen in the markets. Of gorgeous colouration ;

scarlet, with blue spots and vellow markings.

5 CALLANTHIAS Lowe, 1839 (paradisaeus).

CALLANTHIAS ALLPORTI Giinther (Allport’s Perch).

Fig. 137. Callanthias allporti.

92 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Callanthias allporti Giinth:, A.M.N.H. (4), xvi, 1876, p. 390; Boul., Cat. Fish.

Brit. Mus. (2), i, 1895, p. 335, pl. xv; Waite, Prelim. Rep. Thetis Exped.,

1898, p. 31, pl. i1; MeCull., Endeavour Rep., i, 1911, p. 51.

Callanthias platei Boul., A.M.N.H. (7), iii, 1899, p. 346; Waite, Mem. Aust.

Mus., iv, 1899,-p. 80.

Callanthias platei australis and Anogramma allporti Ogil, P.L.8., N.S.W., xxiv,

Rc) Bes aa rps to Bip)

Not very common in Australian waters, but said to occur in large shoals off

the west coast of America.

CAESIOPERCA Castelnau, 1872 (rasor).

CAESIOPERCA RASOR Richardson (Red Perch).

Serranus rasor Rich., P.Z.S., 1839, p. 95 and T.Z.S., ii, 1849, p. 73, pl. iv, fig. 1.

Anthias rasor Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 93.

Caesioperca rasor Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 49.

Anthias extensus Klunz., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxx, 1880, p. 339, pl. 11.

Fig. 138. Caesioperca rasor.

Uommon in winter in Tasmania. where it is known as The Barber.

CAESIOPERCA LEPIDOPTERA Forster (Butterfly Perch).

Epinepheius lepidopterus Forst., in Bl. & Sehn., Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 302.

Serranus lepidopterus Rich., A.M.N.H., ix, 1842, p. 18.

Perca lepidoptera Forst., Deser. Anim., 1844, p. 138.

Anthias richardson Giinth., P.Z.8., 1869, p. 429,

ee EEE

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 93

Scorpis hectori Hutt., Cat. Fish. N.Z., 1872, p. 4, pl. i, fig. 4.

Pseudanthias lep:dopterus Gill., Mem. Acad. Wash., vi, 1894, p. 116.

Caesioperca lepidoptera. Boul., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. (2), 1, 1895, p. 312:

Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 75, pl. xxi. :

Anthias lepidopterus Waite, Prelim. Rep. Thetis Exped., 1898, p. 31, pl. 1.

Fig. 139. Caesioperca lepidoptera.

Commonly taken at moderate depths off New South Wales and Tasmania,

where it is much esteemed. It was almost unknown until the advent of the trawl.

HYPOPLECTRODES Gill, 1862 (nigroruber).

HVPOPLECTRODES NIGRORUBER Cuvier & Valenciennes (Black-banded

Sea Perch). :

Plectropoma nigrorubrum Cuy. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 1828, p. 402; Quoy &

Gaim’, Voy. Astrol., iii, 1835, p. 659, pl. iv, fig. 1; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W.,

HOGS, scl,

Hypoplectrodes nigroruber Gill (Poey), Ann. Lie. Nat. Hist. N. York, x, 1871,

p. 40.

Gilbertia nigrorubra Boul., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. (2), 1, 1895, p. 308.

94+ RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Ie. 140, Hypoplectrodes nigroruber.

Occurs from Eastern to Western Australia, and though much appreciated

is hot common.

Famity CKENTRARCHIDAE.

NANNOPERCA Giinther, 1861 (australis).

NANNOPERCA AUSTRALIS Giinther (Pigmy Perch).

Nannoperca australis Giinth., P.Z.8., 1861, p. 116, pl. xix, fig. 2; MeCull. &

Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 46, pl. i, fig. 1.

Paradules leetus Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxviu, 1872, p. 21.

?Microperca yarrae Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 48.

ee oe OAs

a0 A OTR xe

{ 4 Fea \

Fig. 141. Nannoperca australis.

—E—EEOe—EEE—EeEeeE

ee ae ae ee ee

oo?

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 95

?Nannoperca riverinae Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., v, 1881, p. 342.

?Microperca tasmaniae Johnston, P.R.S., Tasm., 1883, p. 110.

Micropena Zietz, T.R.S., S.A., xxvi, 1902, p. 265.

An excellent fresh-water aquarium fish.

Famity THERAPONIDAE.

THERAPON Cuvier, 1817 (servus); (originally spelt Terapon).

THERAPON PERCOIDES Giinther (Black-striped Perch).

Therapon percoides Giinth., A.M.N.H. (3), xiv, 1864, p. 374; Zietz, Rep. Horn.

Exped., ii, 1896, p. 177, pl. xvi, fig. 1; Ogil. & MeCull., Mem. Qld. Mus., v,

1916, p. 105, pl. x, fig. 1.

Datnia fasciata Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lvi, 1867, p. 322.

Therapon fasciatus Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 11.

Therapon terrae-reginae Cast., P.L.S., N.S.W., 11, 1878, p. 227.

Therapon spinosior De Vis, P.U.8., N.S.W., ix, 1884, p. 397.

Fig. 142. Therapon percoides.

In Australia, the members of the genus Therapon are confined to fresh-water.

THERAPON BIDYANA Mitchell (Silver Perch, Tcheri).

Acerina (Cernua) bidyana Mitch., Exped. Aust., 1, 1838, p. 95, pl. vill.

Datnia elliptica Rich., Zool, Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 118, pl. li, fig. 4-8.

96 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Therapon ellipticus Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 1859, p. 276; Ogil., Edib.

Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 28, pl. vi; Stead, Fish. Aust., 1906, p. 123, pl. iv and

Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 73, pl. xlii.

Therapon nger and T. richardsoni Cast., P.Z.8., Vict., i, 1872, p. 59, 60.

Therapon macleayana Rams., P.L.8., N.S.W., vi, 1882, p. 831. ;

Therapon bidyana MecCull., Ree. Aust. Mus., ix, 1913, p. 359 and P.L.S., N.S.W.,

xl, 1915, p. 262, pl. xxxvi, fig. 1; Ogil. & McCull., Mem. Qld. Mus., v, 1916,

Pe culiZ:

Fig. 143. Therapon bidyana.

A good sporting and food fish, common in the River Murray system,

THERAPON UNICOLOR Giinther.

Therapon wnicolor Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 1859, p. 277; Ogil. & MeCull.,

Mem: "Qld; Mins. -v; 1916, p. <109™ piesa: mes

Fig. 144. Therapon wunicolor,

FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 97

WAITE

2?Datmia brevispinis Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lvi, 1867, p. 309.

Therapon truttaceus and:T. longulus Mael., P..S8., N.S.W., v, 1881, p. 366, 367.

Therapon elphinstonensis De Vis, P.R.S., Qld., i, 1885, p. 57

Terapon idoneus Ogil., P.R.S., Qld., xx, 1907, p. 37.

In common with 7’. percoides this species ranges into Central Australia, where

it hes dormant in the mud during periods of drought.

THERAPON WELCHI McCulloch & Waite.

Therapon welchi McCull. & Waite, T.R.S., S.A., xh, 1917, p. 472, fig. 1.

This and the following species are, so far, known only from Cooper Creek, in

Central Australia.

THERAPON BARCOO McCulloch & Waite.

Therapon barcoo McCull. & Waite, T.R.S., 8.A., xl, 1917, p. 474, fig.

»)

329 (sexlineatus).

HELOTES Cuvier, 182!

HELOTES SEXLINEATUS Quoy & Gaimard (Striped Perch).

Terapon serlineatus Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Uranie & Physie., 1824, p. 840, pl. Lx,

figs,

Helotes sexlineatus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iii, 1829, p. 149, pl. lvi; Valence.

im Cuy., Ree. Anim. Ill. Poiss., 1839, pl: xii, fig. 3; Bleek., Atl. Ichth., vii,

1876, p. 118, pl. ecexlii, fig. 5; Kner, Reise Novara, Fisch., 1865, p. 46, pl. 11,

ite I

x9,

ois

98 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

?Helotes profundior De Vis, P.L.S., N.S.W., ix, 1884, p. 397.

?Helotes scotus Haacke, Zool. Anz., villi, 1885, p. 508.

Our only marine species of the Family.

Famity PLESIOPIDAE.

875 (bleeker1).

PARAPLESIOPS Bleeker, 1!

PARAPLESIOPS MELEAGRIS Peters (Blue Devil).

Plesiops meleagris Peters, Mon. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1870, p. 708.

Ruppellia prolongata Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 29 (not of 1873).

Paraplesiops meleagris Boul., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. (2) i, 1895, p. 339; MeCull.,

Ree. W.A. Mus., i, 1912, p. 84, pl. ix.

Fig. 148. Paraplesiops meleagris.

Of intense blue colour with pale blue spots.

PARAPLESIOPS GIGAS Steindachner.

Plesiops gigas Steind., Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx, 1883, p. 196 and Sitzb., Akad

Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviii, 1884, p. 1089.

Paraplesiops gigas Boul., Cat. Fish, Brit. Mus., i, 1895, p. 339,

WAITE-—-FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 99

Famity APOGONIDAE.

APOGON Lacepéde, 1802 (ruber).

APOGON CONSPERSUS Klunzinger (Soldier Fish).

Apogon conspersus Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxviii, 1872, p. 18 and Sitzb.

Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxx, 1880, p. 344, pl. iii, fig. 2; Steind., Sitzb. Akad.

Wiss. Wien, Ixxxvili, 1884, p. 1066, pl. i, fig. 1.

Vincentia waterhousvi Cast., P.Z.S., Viet., 1, 1872, p. 245.

Apogon opercularis Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., ii, 1878, p. 347, pl. vii, fie. <1.

Amia conspersa MeCull., Endeavour Res., ii, 1914, p. 103.

Fig. 150. Apogon conspersus.

DINOLESTES Klunzinger, 1872 (mulleri—lewini).

DINOLESTES LEWINI Griffith (Long-finned Pike).

Fsox lewini Griffith, Ann. King., x, 1834, p. 465, pl. Ix.

Dinolestes muelleri Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., 1872, p. 30, pl. 11; Ogil., Edib.

ish N:S..W., 18938, p. 115.

Neosphyraena multiradiata Cast., ZS Nich 41.872. pscune

Lanioperca mordaz Ginth., A.M.N.H. (4), x, 1872, p. 183; MeCoy, Prod. Zool.

Vict., dec. xii, 1886, pl. exv.

Dinolestes lewini Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 11, 1904, p. 30.

100 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 151. Dinolestes lewini.

This fish has no near relationship to the Snook, which is also known as the

Short-finned Pike.

FamiLty SILLAGINIDAE.

SILLAGINODES Gill, 1861 (punctatus).

SILLAGINODES PUNCTATUS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Spotted Whiting).

Sillago punctata Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 1829, p. 413; Quoy & Gaim..

Voy. Astrol., iii, 1835, p. 671, pl. i, fig. 1; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908)

p. 66, pl. xxxvi.

Sillaginodes punctatus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phil., 1861, p. 505.

Tsosillago maculata Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., ii, 1878, p. 34, pl. iv, fig. 3 (mot Quoy

& Gaim.).

Fig. 152. Sillaginodes punctatus.

The largest and most esteemed of the Australian Whitings; attains a length

of 20 inches.

WAITE—FISHES. OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 101

SILLAGO Cuvier, 1817 (acuta).

SILLAGO BASSENSIS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Bass Whiting).

Sillago bassensis Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iii, 1829, p. 412; Quoy & Gaim.,

Voy. Astrol., i, 1835, p. 672, pl. i, fig. 2; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908,

m 65, pl. xxxv. | |

Sillago maculata Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 94 (not Quoy & Gaim.).

Silago ciliata Johnston, P.R.S., Tasm., 1883, p. 80,116 (not Cuv. & Val.).

Fig. 153. Sillago bassensis.

The Australian Whitings are in no wise related to their European name-

sakes.

Famity CARANGIDAE.

SCOMBEROIDES Lacepsde, 1802 (commersonianus).

SCOMBEROIDES TOLOO Cuvier & Valenciennes (leather-skin).

Fig. 154. Scomberoides toloo,

102 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Chorinemus toloo Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., viii, 1831, p. 377; Day, Fish.

India, 1878, p. 232, pl. i A. fig. 3; Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 19 (not

Lichia toloo-parah Riipp.).

SERIOLA Cuvier, 1817 (dumerilli).

SERIOLA GRANDIS Castelnau (Yellow-tail).

Scriola grandis Cast., P.Z.8., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 115: MeCull., Endeavour Res., iii,

1915, p. 121, pl. xxxv, fig. 1; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 97, ple

Seriola lalandu Cast., P.L.8., N.S.W., ii, 1879, p. 352; MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict.,

dee. xviii, 1889, pl. clxxii: Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 82 (not Cuv.

& Val.).

Fig. 155. Seriola grandis.

A good edible and sporting fish, attaining a weight of 60 Ib.

TRACHURUS Rafinesque, 1810 (trachurus).

TRACHURUS NOVAE-ZELANDIAE Richardson (Horse Mackerel).

Trachurus novae-zelandiae Rich., Rep. Brit. Ass., 1843, p. 21; MeCull., Endeay-

our Res., i; 191, p. 123, pl. xxiv, fice 3.

Trachurus trachurus Hutt., Cat. Fish. N.Z., 1872, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 23; MeCoy,

Prod. Zool. Viet., dee. ii, 1878, pl. xviii; Ogil., Ndib. Fish. N.S.W 18a

Dp: Gc (not, Liam),

Trachurus declivis Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 72 (not Jenyns).

Decapterus leptosomus Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 87 (mot Ogil.).

Very similar to the next species, the differences scarcely to be shown in an

illustration.

TRACHURUS DECLIVIS Jenyns (Sead).

Caranx declivis Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, iii, 1842, p. 68, pl. xiv.

Trachurus declivis McCull., Endeavour Res., iii, 1915, p. 125, ph. xxxiv, fig. 2;

Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 101,

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 103

Fig. 157. Trachurus declivis.

CARANX Lacepéde, 1802 (carangus).

CARANX GEORGIANUS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Trevally).

Caranz georgianus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 1833, p. 85; Rich., Zool.

Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 135, pl. lviii, fig. 1-8; Ogil., Edib: Fish. N.S.W., 1893,

p. 80, pl. xxiv; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 87, pl. lvii; MeCull.,

Endeavour Res., iii, 1915, p. 126, pl. xx; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 95,

le xax.

Caranxz nobilis Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., v, 1881, p. 532.

Mig. 158. Caranx georgianus.

Grows to 30 inches in length; it is an excellent food fish and is used fresh,

salted, or smoked.

Famity POMATOMIDAE.

POMATOMUS Lacepéde, 1802 (skib=saltator).

POMATOMUS SALTATOR Linnaeus (Skipjack).

Perea saltatrix Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1758, p. 293.

104 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Temnodon saltator Cuv. &=Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 1833, p. 225, pl. eelx;

g. Anim. Ill. Poiss., 1839; pl. lvi, fig. 3; MeCoy, Prod.

Zool. Vict., dee. xix, 1889, pl. elxxxiii; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 86,

pl. xxv (ref.).

Pomatomus saltatrix Jord. & Gilb., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1883, p. 914; Stead,

Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 90, pl. lxi; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 108,

pl. -exxiVv:

Valence. in Cuy., Re

Fig. 159. Pomatomus saltator.

Owing to the circumstance that it cuts the fishermen’s nets is also known as

‘*Tailor.’’ It is commonly taken in the seine net, but also affords sport to

the angler. Is good feod, but must be eaten quite fresh.

Famity ARRIPIDIDAE.

ARRIPIS Jenyns, 1842 (eeorgianus).

ARRIPIS TRUTTA Forster (Australian Salmon).

Sciaena trutta Forst., in Bl. & Schn., Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 542.

?Perca trutta and P. marginata Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 1828, p.

Centropristes truttaceus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., i, 1829, p. 50.

Centropristes salar Rich., P.Z.S., 1839, p: 95 and T.Z.S., i, 1849, p. 78 and

Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 29, pl. xx, fig. 4-6.

Centropristes tasmanicus Homb. & Jacq., Voy. Pole Sud, in, 1853, p. 40, pl. iv

new:

Arripis salar. Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 253; Ogil., Edib. Fish.

N.S.W., 1893, p. 20, pil. ix.

Arripis truttaceus Giinth., op. ett. p. 254; MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. 11, 1878,

I } ] i

03, O4.

Die soy ey.

Arripis trutta Gill, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., vi, 1893, p. 116; Roughley, Fish. Aust.,

1916,:p. 107, pl. seoyir,

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 105

Fig. 160. Arripis trutta.

Appears in summer in enormous shoals. -Aduits are not greatly prized as

‘food, but half-grown examples, known as Salmon Trout, are by no means

despised. Gives good sport to anglers.

ARRIPIS GEORGIANUS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Tommy Rough, Wankaldi).

Centropristes georgianus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., vii, 1831, p. 451; Rich.,

Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 117, pl. liv., fig. 3-6.

Arripis georgianus Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, 1842, p. 14; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict.,

deencax, 1889 pl. clxxxiv.

Fig. 161. Arripis georgianus.

A small fish, but plentiful and much appreciated as food.

106 ; RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fauny ERY PHRICETHYIDAL.

PLAGIOGENEION Forbes, 1890 (rubiginosus).

PLAGIOGENEION MACROLEPIS McCulloch (Ruby Fish).

Plagiogeneion macrolepis MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 104, pl. xx.

Fig. 162. Plagiogeneion macrolepis.

Famity GERRIDAE.

PAREQUULA Steindachner, 1879 (bicornis).

PAREQUULA MELBOURNENSIS Castelnau.

Gerres melbournensis Cast:, P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 158.

Chthamalopteryx melbournensis Ogil., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 616, fig.

Fig. 163. Parequula melbournensis.

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 107

Famity SCIAENIDAE.

SCIAENA Linnaeus, 1758 (umbra).

SCIAENA ANTARCTICA Castelnau (Butterfish, Mulloway).

Sciaena antarctica Cast., P.Z.S., Viet., i, 1872, p. 100; Ten. Woods, Fish. N.S.W.,

1883, p. 53, pl. xvi; Stead, Fish. Aust., 1906, p. 113, fig. 42 and Edib. Fish.

N.S.W., 1908, p. 66, pl. xxxvii; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 112, pl. xxxv.

Corvina axillaris De Vis., P.U.S., N.S.W., ix, 1884, p. 538.

Sciaena neglecta Rams. & Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W. (2), i, 1886, p. 941.

Sciaena aquila Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 72, pl. xxii.

Sciaena hololepidota antarctica Ogil., Mem. Qld. Mus., vi, 1918, p. 70, pl. xxi.

4 |

Fig. 164. Sciaena antarctica.

One of the most popular food fishes of the State, plentiful, and of good

keeping quality.

Famity MULLIDAE.

UPENEUS Cuvier, 1829 (bifasciatus).

UPENEUS POROSUS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Red Mullet).

Upeneus porosus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 1829, p. 455.

Upeneichthys porosus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 1859, p. 400; Roughley,

Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 139, pl. xliv.

Upeneichthys vlamingti Hect., T.N.Z. Inst., ix, 1877, p. 465, pl. ix, fig. 5.

Hypeneus vlamingiti and H. porosus Ogil., Cat. Fish. N.S.W., 1886, p. 17.

Mullus porosus Ogil., Edib, Fish, N.S.W., 1893, p. 33,

108 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 165. Upeneus porosus.

As much appreciated as was its Mediterranean congenor by the Romans of

Go .

old.

Famity SPARIDAE.

PAGROSOMUS Gill, 1893 (auratus).

PAGROSOMUS AURATUS Foster (Snapper).

Sciaena aurata Forst., in Bl. & Schn., Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 266.

Chrysophrys wnicolor Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Uran. & Physic., 1824, p. 299.

Pig. 166. Pagrosomus auratus,

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 109

Pagrus un-color Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 1830,-p. 162; Ten. Woods, Fish.

N.S.W., 1883, p. 39, pl. viii and frontispiece; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893,

Ds Atal xi11. .

Pagrus guttulatus and P. micropterus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 1830,

p: 160, 163:

‘Pagrus latus Rich., Rep. Brit. Ass., 1842, p. 209.

Chrysophrys gibbiceps Canestrini, Arch. Zool. Anat. (2), 1, 1869, p. 154.

Pagrosomus (and Sparosomus) auratus Gill, Nat. Acad. Sei., vi, 18938, p. 97, 116,

123; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 75, pl. xlv; Roughley, Fish. Aust.,

1916, p. 1380, frontispiece and pl. xli (young).

The best known Australian food fish, generally caught with hand lines;

seldom trawled as in New Zealand.

SPARUS Linnaeus, 1758 (aurata).

SPARUS AUSTRALIS Giinther (Black Bream).

Chrysophrys australis Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 1859, p. 494; McCoy,

Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. 1, 1878, pl. iv; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W.; 1908, p. 77,

pl. xlvi.

Chrysophrys sarba Cast., P.L.S., N.S.W., 10, 1879, p. 373 (not Forsk.).

Pagrus australis Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 51, pl. xv.

Sparus australis Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 154, pl. xli.

Fig. 167. Sparus australis.

110 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

A prime favourite with anglers, and said to require a most ‘delicate finger”?

for its capture. A delicious table fish.

Famity PEMPHERIDAE.

LIOPEMPHERIS Ogilby, 1913 (multiradiata). [? CATALUFA Snyder, 1911.|

LIOPEMPHERIS MULTIRADIATA Klunzinger (Bull’s-eye).

Pempheris multiradiatus Klunz., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1xxx, 1880, p. 381.

Pempheris macrolepis Macl., P.L.8., N.S.W., v, 1881, p. 516; Waite, Mem. Aust.

Mus av, 1899) sp. Tarp. ex.

Pempheris lineatus Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., x, 1885, p. 447.

Liopempheris multirad-ata Ogil., Mem. Qld. Mus., ii, 1913, p. 66.

Fig. 168. Liopempheris multiradiata. °

Members of this Family are not of economic importance.

PEMPHERIS Cuvier, 1829 (argenteus).

PEMPHERIS KLUNZINGERI McCulloch.

Pempheris muelleri Klunz., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxx, 1880, p. 380, pl. vi

(not Poey).

Pompheris klunzingeri MeCull., Endeavour Res., i, Lp ae

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA Lila

reat ETIIen

aph anean ay

Fig. 169. Pempheris klunzingeri.

PARAPRIACANTHUS Steindachner, 1870 (ransonneti).

PARAPRIACANTHUS ELONGATUS McCulloch.

Pempheris elongata MeCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 47, pl. iv, fig. 1.

lod

Parapriacanthus elongatus Ogil., Mem. Qld. Mus., 11, 1913, p. 67.

Pig. 170, Parapriacanthus elongatus,

iy) RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Famity SCORPIDIDAE.

SCORPIS Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831 (georgianus).

SCORPIS GEORGIANUS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Banded Sweep).

Scorpis georgianus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., viii, 1831, p. 503, pl. cexlv;

Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 121.

It is possible that this may prove to be the young of S. aequipinnis.

SCORPIS AEQUIPINNIS Richardson (Sweep).

Scorpis aequipinnis Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 121; Ogil., Edib. Fish.

N.S.W.., 1893, p. 38; pl. x; MeCull., Rec. Aust. Mus.,.x1, 1917, p. 27 @amieeen

Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 141, pl. xlv.

Scorpis lineolatus Kner, Reise Novara, 1865, p. 108, pl. v, fig. 3.

Scorpis boops Peters, Sitzb., Akad. Berlin, 1866, p. 519.

Scorpis richardsoni Steind., Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien. li, 1866, p. 437, pl. v,

eae

Scorpis oblungus Canestrini, Arch. Zool. Anat. (2), i, 1869, p. 153.

Fig. 172. Scorpis acquipinnis.

The Sweep is a favourite food and sporting fish, and always find a ready

sale,

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA Als}

Famity KYPHOSIDAE.

KYPHOSUS Lacepéde, 1802 (bigibbus).

KYPHOSUS SYDNEYANUS Giinther (Drummer).

Pachymetopon grande Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., v, 1881, p. 406 (not Giinth.).

Pimelepterus sydneyanus Giinth., A.M.N.H. (5), xviii, 1886, p. 368; Ogil., Edib.

Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 40, pl. xvi.

Pimelepterus meridionalis Ogil., P.Z.8., 1886, p. 539.

Kyphosus sydneyanus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, ii, 1904, p. 26; Roughley,

Pishs Aust., 1916, p. 58, pl. xv; McCull., Rec. Aust. Mus., xiii, 1920, p. 56,

mies fic, 2.

Fig. 173. Kyphosus sydneyanus.

Though attaining a length of 30 inches, this fish is not regarded with favour:

it does not take an animal bait.

Famity GIRELLIDAE.

GIRELLA Gray, 1833 (punctata).

GIRELLA TRICUSPIDATA Quoy & Gaimard (Blackfish).

114 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Boops tricuspidatus Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Uranie & Physic., 1824, p. 296.

Oblata tricuspidata Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 1830, p. 372.

Crenidens triglyphus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 36, pl. xxv., fig. 2.

Crenidens simplex Rich., op. cit.. 1846, p. 120.

Girella tricuspidata Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 1859, p. 428; Ogil., Edib.

Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 42, pl. xii; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 49,

pl. xix; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 52, pl. xii; MceCull, Rec. Aust. Mus.,

x11, 1920; 9p. 60, pl. xin, fie. syne

Girella simplex Gunth., op. cit. p. 429; MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. viii, 1883,

pl. Ixxii; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p.. 44.

Melanichthys tricuspidata and M. simplex Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 67, 68.

Melanichthys blacku Cast., op. cit., 1, 1873, p. 41.

Girella percoides Hect., Trans. N.Z. Inst., vii, 1875, p. 243, pl. x, fig. 6d.

Mig. 174. Girella tricuspidata.

Our two species of this Family, being vegetable feeders, are of indifferent

flavour and poor keeping quality. They may be caught with seaweed as a bait.

TEPHRAEOPS Giinther, 1859 (tephraeops).

TEPHRAEOPS ZEBRA Richardson (Zebra lish).

Crenidens zebra Rich., Zool. Ereb, & Terr., 1846, p. 70,

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA ila)

Tephraeops zebra Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 1859, p. 432.

Girella zebra Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, hii, 1866, p. 480, pl. vi, fig. 2.

Girellichthys zebra Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxvili, 1872, p. 22.

Néotephroeops zebra Cast., P.R.S., Vict., i, 1872, p. 69.

Meclambasis zebra Cast., op. cit., 11, 1873, p. 42.

Fig. 175. Tephracops zebra.

Famity CHAETODONTIDAE.

VINCULUM McCulloch, 1914 (sexfasciatum).

VINCULUM SEXFASCIATUM Richardson (Six-banded Coral-fish).

Chaetodon sexfasciatus Rich., A.M.N.H., x, 1842, p. 26.

Chaetodon ocellipinnis Macl., P..S., N.S.W., iii, 1878, p. 33, pl. ili, fig. 1 (young).

Vinculum serfasciatum MecCull., Endeavour Res., ii, 1914, p. 110, pl. xxii.

Vinculum ocellipinnis MeCull., op. cit., iv, 1916, p. 193.

116 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM i

Fig. 176. Vineulwm sexfasciatum.

A dainty well-fleshed fish, said to be most readily caught at night, whence

one of its cognomens, The Moonlghter.

CHELMONOPS Bleeker, 1876 (truncatus).

CHELMONOPS TRUNCATUS Kner.

Chaetodon truncatus Kner, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xxxiv, 1859, p. 442, pl. ii.

Chelmo trochilus Ginth., A.M.N.H. (4), xiv, 1874, p. 368.

Chelmonops truncatus Bleek., Arch. Neerl. Sei. Nat., xi, 1876, p. 304.

Famity ENOPLOSIDAE:

ENOPLOSUS Lacepede, 1802 (armatus).

ENOPLOSUS ARMATUS Shaw (Old Wife).

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA aly

Chaetodon armatus Shaw, in White’s Voy. N.S.W., 1790, p. 254, pl. xxxix, fig. 1.

Enoplosus white Lacep., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 1803, p. 541.

Enoplosus armatus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., ii, 1828, p. 133, pl. xx; Ten.

Woods, Fish. N.S.W., 1883, p. 32, pl. ii; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 18938, p. 6;

Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 62, pl. xxxii; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916,

Ds Oo, pl. xxvVi

Fig. 178. Hnoplosus armatus.

A good little fish, but owine to its frequenting rocky localities cannot be

taken with a net.

Famity HISTIOPTERIDAE.

PENTACEROPSIS Steindachner, 1883 (recurvirostris).

PENTACEROPSIS RECURVIROSTRIS Richardson (Striped Boar-fish).

118 - RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

HTistiopterus recurvirostris Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 34, pl. xxii, fig. 5-6;

Canestrini, Arch.-Zool. Anat. (2), 1, .1869)"p." 152) pl. au:

Pentaceropsis recurvirostris Steind. & Doder., Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xlviii,

1883, p. 13 (footnote), pl. vi.

Prosoplismus recurvirostris Waite, Rec. Aust. Mus., v; 1903, p. 58, pl. vi.

Fig. 179. Pentaceropsis recurvirostris.

The Boar-fishes are excellent food, but owing to the non-employment of the

trawl are seldom seen in our markets.

ZANCLISTIUS Jordan, 1907 (elevatus).

ZANCLISTIUS ELEVATUS Ramsay & Ogilby (Short Boar-fish).

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 119

fMistiopterus elevatus Rams. & Ogil., P.L.S., NSW. (2), iii, 15388, ps 1st:

Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv,.1899, p. 114, pl. xxvi; Stead, Edib. Fish.

Nes.W., 1908,"p. 75, pl. xliv.

Zanclistius elevatus Jord., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxii, 1907, p: 236; MeCull.

Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 67, fig. 14-18.

iy)

MY ;

Fig. 180. Zanelistius clevatus.

QUINQUARIUS Jordan, 1907 (japonicus).

QUINQUARIUS HENDECACANTHUS McCulloch.

Guinquarius hendecacanthus MeCull., Endeavour Res.,

1, 1915, p. 144, pl. xxvi,

me, 13.

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

~ 2.

ANN

Fig. 181. Quinquarius hendecacanthus.

PARISTIOPTERUS Bleeker, 1876 (labiosus).

PARISTIOPTERUS LABIOSUS Giinther (Boar-fish).

Fig. 182. Paristiopterus labiosus.

a ee a

FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 121

WAITE

Histiopterus labiosus Giinth., P.Z.S., 1S. p. Goe,°ple bs Oeil. Hdib. Wish.

N-S: W.., 18938, p: 29, pl. vil.

richardsona insignis Cast., P.Z.S., Viet., 1, 1872, p. 112.

Paristiopterus labtosus Bleek., Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat., xi, 1876, p. 268.

Histiopterus farnelli Waite, Thetis Prelim. Rep., 1898, p. 33, pl. iv and Mem.

Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 116, pl. xxvii.

Maccullochia labiosa Waite, Proc. N.Z. Inst., 1, 1910, p. 25; Roughley, Fish. Aust.,

hotG. ps 127; plexi:

Famity OPLEGNATHIDAE.

OPLEGNATHUS Richardson, 1840 (conwaii).

OPLEGNATHUS WOODWARDI Waite (Knife-jaw).

Loplegnathus woodwardi Waite, Ree. Aust. Mus.. 11, 1900, p. 212, pl. xxxvu.

Oplegnathus woodward’ Waite & MeCull., T.R.S., S.A., xxxix, 1915, p. 464;

McCull., Endeavour Res., iv, 1916, p. 187, pl. liv (young).

Toplegnathus australis Regan, Ann. Durban Mus., 1, 1916, p. 169.

Fig. 188. Oplegnathus woodwardi.

Easily recognized trom the fact that its teeth are fused into a pair of plates,

whence the term Knife-jaw.

ie RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Famity CEPOLIDAE,

CEPOLA Linnaeus, 1764 (rubescens).

CEPOLA AUSTRALIS Ogilby (Band Fish).

Cepola australis Ogil., P.L.8., N.S.W., xxiv, 1889, p. 185; MeCull., Endeavour

Res., 11,1914, p: 109) pl; xxxiv, fie. a:

Mig. 184. Cepola australis.

Division (CT RR ESE OR Nia

Famity CHEILODACTYLIDAE.

GONIISTIUS Gill, 1862 (zonatus).

GONIISTIUS VIZONARIUS Kent (Magpie Perch).

Cheilodactylus gibbosus Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., i, 1872, p. 75 (not Rich.).

Chilodactylus vizonarius Kent, P.R.S., Tasm., 1887, p. xxx, 48.

Fig. 185. Goniistius vizonarius.

WAITE—-FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 123

Chilodactylus bizonarius Kent, Nat. in Aust., 1897, p. 165, 166, pl. xxviii, fie. 13.

Gonustius vizonarius MeCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 64, pl. xi.

The members of this Family may usually be recognized by the fact that the

lower rays of the pectoral fin are undivided, one of which is more or less elongated.

DACTYLOPAGRUS Gill, 1862 (carponemus).

DACTYLOPAGRUS CARPONEMUS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Sea-carp).

Cichla macroptera Bl. & Schn.. Syst. [ehth., 1801, p. 342 (not Forst.).

Cheilodactylus carponemus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 1830, p. 362, pl.

exxvili; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. xviii, 1889, pl. elxxili, elxxiv.

Fig.

186. Dactylopagrus carponemus.

It may be noted that references to D. carponemus from Eastern Australia

are applicable to D. morwong Rams. & Oeil.

DACTYLOPAGRUS MACROPTERUS Forster (Jackass Fish).

Sciaena macroptera Forst., in Bl. & Schn., Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 342.

Cheilodactylus macropterus Rich., P.Z.S., 1850, p. 62; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W.,

1893, p. 57; Riberro, Arch: Mus. Nac. Rio Jan., xv, 1915, Chilod. p. 2, pl.

Dactylosparus macropterus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, ii, 1904, p. 32;

McCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 66, pl. xii.

124 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 187. Dactylopagrus macropterus.

Seldom seen here, but one of the commonest food fishes of New Zealand,

where it is called The Tarakihi. The name Ja¢kass Fish is in allusion to the cross

on the nape.

DACTYLOPHORA De Vis, 1883 (semimaculata—nigricans).

DACTYLOPHORA NIGRICANS Richardson (Strong Fish, Tillywurti).

Cheilodactylus nigricans Rich., P.Z.8., 1850, p. 63.

Chilodactylus nebulosus Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxvili, 1872, p. 26; Steind.,

Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviii, 1884, p. 1078, pl. ii, fig. 1.

Dactylophora semimaculata De Vis, P.U.8., N.S.W., viii, 1883, p. 284.

Fig. 188. Dactylophora nigricans,

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 125

Psilocramium cox and P. nigricans Macl., P.L.S8., N.S.W., viii, 1884, p. 440, 441,

[eee 0: 40

Dactylophora mgricans MeCull., Ree. W.A. Mus., i, 1914, p. 217 (syn.).

The best known of our Sea-carps; esteemed as food and reaching a length of

about 3 feet.

THREPTERIUS Richardson, 1850 (maculosus).

THREPTERIUS MACULOSUS Richardson.

Chironemus maculosus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 1860, p. 78. ‘

Threpterius maculosus Rich., P.Z.S., 1850, p. 70; pl. ii, fig. 1, 2

Fig. 189. Threpterius maculosus.

Famity LATRIDIDAE.

LATRIDOPSIS Gill, 1862 (ciliaris).

LATRIDOPSIS FORSTERI Castelnau (Silver Trumpeter).

_Latris forsteri, L. bilineata and L. inornata Cast., P.Z.S., Viet., 1, 1872, p. 77, 79,

2Latris ramsayi Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., x, 1885, p. 229. .

Latris ciliaris Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 85; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W.,

1908, p. 70, pl. xxxix (not Forst.}.

Latridopsis forsteri McCull., Endeavour Res., ili, 1915, p. 146, pl. XXVil.

126 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 190. Latridopsis forsteri.

A near relative of the famed ‘‘ Hobarttown Trumpeter,’’ though not equal to

that fish in economic value. Z

Division PO M-A°C7E UN? TREO Ravi

Famity POMACENTRIDAE.

PARMA Giinther, 1862 (microlepis).

PARMA MICROLEPIS Giinther (Puller).

Fig. 191. Parma imicrolepis.

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 127

Glyphisodon biocellatus Benn., P.Z.S., 1859, p. 222, pl. ix. fig. A (not Cuv. & Val.).

Parma microlepis Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p.57; Stead, Edib. Fish.

N.S.W., 1908, p. 81, pl. 1.

Parma squanipinnis Giinth.. op. cit., p. 58, 505.

2Glyphidodon australis Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lvi, 1867, p. 328.

Glyphidodon brownriggt! Waite, P.L.8., N.S.W. (2), ix, 1894, p. 219 (not Benn.).

Hypsipops microlepis Waite, Rec. Aust. Mus., vi, 1905, p. 67, pl. xii.

GLYPHISODON Lacepéde, 1803 (moucharra).

‘ GLYPHISODON VICTORIAE Giinther (Scaly-fin).

Glyphidodon victoriae Giinth., A.M.N.H. (3), xi, 1863, p. 115.

Heliastes lividus Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxviii, 1872, p. 36.

Glyphisodon victoriae McCull. & Waite, Rec. S.A. Mus., i, 1918, p. 46, pl. ii, fig. 2.

Fig. 192. Glyphisodon victoriae,

128 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Diviston LA BR EE OR Mees:

Famity LABRIDAE.

PSEUDOLABRUS Bleeker, 1862 (rubiginosus).

PSEUDOLABRUS PSITTACULUS Richardson.

Labrus psittaculus Rich., P.Z.S8., 1840, p. 26 and Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 129,

pl. iva, ne: ‘710:

Labrichthys psittacula Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 114.

Labrichthys rubicunda Macel., P.L.S8., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 89.

Labrichthys mortoni Johnston, P.R.S., Tasm., 1885, p. 256.

Pscudolabrus psittaculus MeCull., Endeavour Res., 1, 1911, p. 77, fig. 19.

Pseudolabrus miles MeCull., Ree. Aust. Mus., ix, 1913, p. 372 (not Bl. & Sehn.).

Fig. 193. Pseudolabrus psittaculus.

Members of this genus are called Parrot-fishes. Being of herbivorous habit,

they do not keep well and are not valued as food.

PSEUDOLABRUS FUCICOLA Richardson.

Labrus fucicola Rich., P.Z.8., 1840, p. 26 and Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 127,

pli div, the. be

Labrichthys fucicola Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 112 (footnote).

Labrichthys bothryocosmos Hutt., Cat. Fish. N.Z., 1872, p. 43, pl. vii, fig. 68 (not

Rich.).

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 129

Pseudolabrus fucicola Gill, Mem. Nat. Aead. Sci., vi, 18938, p. 116; MeCull., Ree.

Aust.“Mus., ix, 1913)>sp. 374, pl. xvii.

Fig. 194. Pseudolabrus fucicola.

PSEUDOLABRUS CELIDOTUS Forster.

Labrus celidotus Forst.. in Bl. & Schn., Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 265; Rich., Zool.

Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 53, pl. xxxi, fig. 1-5.

Labrus poecilopleura Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xi, 1839, p. 99.

Julis? notatus Rich., A.M.N.H., xi, 1843, p. 425.

Latrus botryocosmus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 53, pl. xxxi, fig. 6-10.

Labrichthys celidota Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 113.

Pseudolabrus celidotus Gill, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sei., vi, 1893, p. 98, 117.

Labrichthys bothryocosmus Giinth., op. cit., p. 114; Huitt., T.N.Z. Inst., v, 18

mpaZoo, pl. x, fig. 68.

co |

(Ju)

Fig. 195. Pseudolabrus celidotus.

130 : RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

PSEUDOLABRUS AURANTIACUS Castelnau.

Cheilinus aurantiacus Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 245.

Labrichthys elegans Steind., Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx, 1883, p. 195 and Sitzb.

Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviii, 1884, p. 1102, pl. vi, fig. 2 (male), 3 (female).

Pseudolabrus elegans Gill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1892, p. 403.

Pseudolabrus aurantiaeus MeCull. & Waite, Ree. S.A. Mus., 1, 1918, p. 47.

Fig. 196. Pseudolabrus aurantiacus.

PSEUDOLABRUS TETRICUS Richardson.

Labrus tetricus Rich., P.Z.S., 1840, p. 25 and Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 126,

pl. lv, fig. 1-4.

Labrichthys ephippium Giinth., A.M.N.H. (3), xi, 1863, p. 116 (not Cuv. & Val.).

Fig. 197. Pseudolabrus tetricus,

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 131

Labrichthys tetrica Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxviii;, 1872, p. 37 (with var.

tigripinmis and fuseipinnis) and Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxx, 1880,

p. 401 (with var. ocellata).

Labrichthys richardson: and L. westita Cast., P.Z.8., Viet., i, 1872, p. 150, 151.

Labrichthys bleekeri Cast., op. cit., p. 148; MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. xiv,

1887, pl. exxxiv.

2Labrichthys cuviert Cast., op. cit., 11, 1873, p. d3.

Labrichthys cyanogenys Rams. & Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W. (2), ii, 1887, p. 242.

Pseudolabrus cyanogenys Gill, P.U.S, Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, p. 4083; MeCull.,

Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 76, pl. xiii.

PSEUDOLABRUS PUNCTULATUS Giinther.

Labrichthys punctulata Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 118.

Labrichthys edelensis Cast., P.Z.S., Viet., 1, 1873, p. 137.

Pseudolabrus punctulatus Gill, P.U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1892, p. 401; Waite, Ree.

Aust. Mus., vi; 1905, p. 69, pl. xni.

Fig. 198. Pseudolabrus punctulatus.

PSEUDOLABRUS MACLEAYI Herzenstein.

Labrichthys macleayi Herz., Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersb., i, 1896, p. 10.

PICTILABRUS Gill, 1891 (laticlavius).

PICTILABRUS LATICLAVIUS Richardson (Senator Fish).

Labrus laticlavius Rich, P.Z.S., 1839, p. 99, and Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 128,

plerivt,. fic. 3-6;

iB? RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Labrichthys laticlavius Giimth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 115, 507;

McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. xvii, 1888, pl. ¢lxiii.

Labrichthys labiosa Macl., P.L.8., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 88, pl. i, fig. 2.

Pictilabrus laticlavius Gill, P.U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1892, p. 403.

Pseudolabrus laticlavius Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, ii, 1904, p. 39.

Fig. 200. Pictilabrus laticlavius.

AUSTROLABRUS Steindachner, 1884 (maculatus).

AUSTROLABRUS MACULATUS Macleay.

Labrichthys maculata Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 89 (not De Vis).

Austrolabrus maculatus Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviii, 1884, p. 1100,

pl. v (male) and vi fig. 1 (female); MeCull., Ree. Aust. Mus., ix, 1913, p

367, pl. xvi.

Fig. 201. Austrolabrus maculatus.

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA Si)

THALLIURUS Swainson, 1839 (blochi).

THALLIURUS BLEASDALEI Castelnau.

Hemigymnus bleasdalei Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 38.

OPHTHALMOLEPIS Bleeker, 1861 (lineolatus).

OPHTHALMOLEPIS LINEOLATUS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Maori).

Julis lineolatus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xii, 1839, p. 436.

Julis cyanogramma Rich., A.M.N.H. (2), vii, 1851, p. 289.

Ophthalmolepis lineolata Bleek., P.Z.8., 1861, p. 418; Roughley, Fish. Aust.,

1916, p. 157, pl. liv; Kner, Reise Novara, 1865, p. 258, pl. x1.

Coris lineolata Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 206; Ogil., Edib. Fish.

N.S.W., 1893, p. 142; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 84, pl. liv.

Julis adelaidensis Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 35.

Fig. 203. Ophthalmolepis lineolatus.

As food, superior to the Parrot-fishes.

ACHOERODUS Gill, 1863 (gouldii).

ACHOERODUS GOULDII Richardson (Groper).

Labrus gouldii Rich., A.M.N.H., xi, 1848, p. 358.

Cossyphus gouldii Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 132 and P.Z.S8., 1850, p. 72,

pl. i, fig. 3; Ten. Woods, Fish. N.S.W., 1883, p. 74, pl. xxxi.

Achoerodus gouldi Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., xv, 1863, p. 222; Roughley,

Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 147, pl. xlviii (Blue form) and xlix (Red form).

Platychoerops muelleri WKlunz., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxx, 1880, p. 399,

ple van, fe: 2: .

Platychoerops gouldi Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 132, pl. xxxv.

Platychoerops badius Ogil., op. cit., p. 134.

‘134 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 204. Achoerodus gouldii.

Two colour varieties occur, respectively known as Blue and Red Gropers.

Attains a length of 33 feet and a weight of 40 Ib. Not greatly favoured as food.

Famity ODACIDAE.

ODAX Cuvier, 1829 (pullus).

ODAX RADIATUS Quoy & Gaimard.

Malacanthus radiatus Quoy & Gaim., Voy Astrolabe, Zool., 1, 1835, p. 717,

DiI ers.

Cheilio lineatus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xiii, 1839, p. 354.

Odax lineatus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 133, pl. lx, fig. 1-5.

Odar radiatus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 242.

ODAX RICHARDSONII Giinther (Rock Whiting).

Odazx pullus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xiv, 1839, p. 304, pl. eececvin, fig. 1 (not

orst.).

Odax richardsonii Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 241; Roughley, Fish.

Aust.,-1916, p. 159, pl. lv; Klunz., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lxxx, 1880,

p. 404; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 143, pl. xxxvi; Stead, Edib. Fish.

N.S.W., 1908, p. 85, pl. lv.

Odax hyrtlii Steind., Sitzb, Akad, Wiss, Wien, liu, 1866, p. 464,

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 1355)

Fig. 206. Odax richardsonit.

The Rock Whitings have no affinities with members of the Family Silla-

ginidac; the respective food values are not comparable.

ODAX FRENATUS Giinther.

Odax frenatus Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 241.

ODAX PUSILLUS Castelnau.

Oddr pusillus Cast., P.Z.S., Vict. 0,.1873, p. 72.

ODAX WATERHOUSII Castelnau.

Neodax waterhousii Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 37.

Odax waterhouse: Macl., P.U:S., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 109.

OLISTHOPS Richardson, 1850 (cyanomelas).

OLISTHOPS CYANOMELAS Richardson (Herring Cale).

Olisthops cyanomelas Rich., P.Z.8S., 1850. p. 75, pl. 1m, fig. 1, 2; Ogil., Edib. Fish.

N.S.W., 1893, p. 145; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 85, pl. lvi; MeCull.,

Ree. Aust. Mus., xiii, 1920, p. 69, pl. xiv, fig. 3.

Olistherops brunneus Macl., P.U.S., N.S.W., iii, 1878, p. 36, pl. v, fig. 1.

Olistherops browni Johnst., P.R.S., Tasm., 1884, p. 198.

(“ve Lome Aah Pd ey

Fn . : me

aw Seth A we tt i «

TOS fuse.” ene Ns oo

gd hee © eee

ib <x

Fig. 210. Olisthops cyanomelas.

136 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

SIPHONOGNATHUS Richardson, 1857 (areyrophanes).

SIPHONOGNATHUS ARGYROPHANES Richardson (Tube-mouth).

Siphonognathus argyrophanes Rich., P.Z.S., 1847, p. 288, pl. vi.

Pio. 211. Siphonognathus argyrophanes.

tan] . Je

Lives among seaweed; of no economic value.

Famity SCARIDAE.

PSEUDOSCARUS Bleeker, 1861 (microrhinos).

PSEUDOSCARUS MODESTUS Castelnau.

Pseudoscarus modestus Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 41.

Members of the Families Odacidue and NScaridae differ from those of the

Labridae by having the teeth in each jaw united to form a sharp-edged plate.

PSEUDOSCARUS DUMERILII Castelnau.

Pseudoscarus dumerilit Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 41.

HETEROSCARUS Castelnau, 1872 (filamentosus).

HETEROSCARUS FILAMENTOSUS Castelnau (Rainbow-fish).

Heteroscarus filamentosus Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., i, 1872, -p. 246 and ii, 1873, pats

Steind.. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviii, 1884, p. 1092, pl. ii, fig. 1 (male).

Hicteroscarus modestus Cast., op. cit.. 1, we 246 and 11, p.. 79.

2Heteroscarus castelnaui Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., iti, 1878, p. 36, pl. v, Ageia;

Steind., op. cit., p. 1095, 1097, a s (female) and (H. elegans), 101, fig. 2

(young ).

?Heteroscarus tenwiceps De Vis, P.1.S., N.S.W., ix, 1885, p. 883.

One

WAITE---FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 137

Fig. 214. Heteroscarus filamentosus male and female.

of our most gorgeous fishes. Illustrated on the coloured frontispiece.

“138 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

DivistiomneG A'D OFP SEE OR Mee 5S.

Famity GADOPSIDAE.

GADOPSIS Richardson, 1848 (marmoratus).

GADOPSIS MARMORATUS Richardson (Slippery, River Blackfish).

Gadopsis marmoratus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 122, pl. lix, fig. 6.11;

Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W:, 1893, p. 149 and Mem. Qld. Mus., 1, 1913, p. 69;

pl. xx° (syn. and econ. hist.); Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 116,

pl: Txkx,

Gadopsis gracilis MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. 111, 1879, pl. xxvii, fig. 2.

Gadopsis g:bbosus McCoy, op. cit., p. 41.

Gadopsis fuscus Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviti, 1884, p. 1105, pl. i,

Fig. 215. Gadopsis marmoratus.

Attains a leneth of 25 inches in Victoria; specimens over 10 inches are

unknown in our streams.

Division oR A CHP NIE OR Mes:

Famity PINGUIPEDIDAE.

NEOPERCIS Steindachner & Doderlein, 1584 (ramsayi).

NEOPERCIS RAMSAYI Steindachner.

Percis ramsay! Steind., Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx, 1885, p. 194.

Porapercis ramsayi Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviii, 1884, p. 1072.

Percis novae-cambriac Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., x, 1885, p. 228.

Parapercis novae-cambriae Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 111, pl. xxv.

Neopercis novae-cambriae Waite, Rec. Aust. Mus., v, 1904, p. 237.

; W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 139

Fig. 216. Neopercis ramsayi.

Our members of this Family are fleshy little fishes, but are not taken in

sufficient numbers to be generally used as food.

NEOPERCIS HAACKEI Steindachner.

Percis haackei Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxvili, 1884, p. 1070.

Neopercis haackei Steind. & Déder., Denk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xlix, 1884, p. 212.

Parapercis haackei MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 155, pl. xxxiv, fig. 2.

NEOPERCIS ALLPORTI Giinther.

Percis allporti Giinth., A.M.N.H. (4), xvii, 1876, p. 394.

Parapercis ocularis Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 109, pl. xxiv.

Neopercis allporti Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, ii, 1904, p. 50.

Parapercis allporti McCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 157,

140 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 218. Neopercis allporti.

Famity URANOSCOPIDAE.

KATHETOSTOMA Giinther, 1860 (laeve).

KATHETOSTOMA LAEVE Bloch & Schneider (Stone-lifter).

Uranoscopus laevis Bl. & Schn., Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 47, pl. vin.

Kathetostoma laeve Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, 1860, p. 231; Stead, Fish.

Aust., 1906, p. 206, pl. viii; Waite & McCull, T.RS., 8.A., xxxix, 1915,

p. 471, pl. xiii, fig. 3° (head).

Fig. 219. Hathetostoma laeve. e

The repulsive appearance of the Stone-lifters militates against their popu-

on]

larity as food,

_ WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 141

KATHETOSTOMA NIGROFASCIATUM Waite & McCulloch (Banded

Stone Lifter)

Kathetostoma nigrofasciatum Waite & MeCull., T.R.S., S.A., xxxix, 1915, p. 469,

le saa, tie V5: 2,

g. 220. HNathetostoma nigrofasciatum.

Division N, ©. LO Ey EB Nae Ee OoReIMER Ss.

Famity BOVICHTHYIDAE.

PSEUDAPHRITIS Castelnau, 1872 (bassi—urvilli).

PSEUDAPHRITIS URVILLII Cuvier & Valenciennes (Congolli).

Aphritis urvillu Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., viii, 1831, p. 484, pl. cexlii.

Pseudapnriais bass Cast., P.Z:S., Vict., i, 1872; p. 92.

Aphritis bassi Ogil., Rec. Aust. Mus., 1, 1890, p. 68.

Pseudaphritis urvillaa Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., xxu, 1898, p. 560.

Mig. 221. Pseudaphritis urvillir.

Oceurs in our estuarine rivers in both salt and fresh water. It reaches a

length of 14 inches and is a fairly well-flavoured table fish.

142 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

BOVICHTHYS Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831 (diacanthus).

(Originally written Bovichtus.)

BOVICHTHYS VARIEGATUS Richardson.

Bovicthys variegatus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1846, p. 56, pl. xxxiv, fig. 1-4.

Pie. B22. Bovichthys varicgatus.

ao . «

Division C A L-L BON Y Mal FOV R VEE se

Famity CALLION Y MIDAE.

CALLIONYMUS Linnaeus, 1758 (lyra).

CALLIONYMUS CALAUROPOMUS Richardson (Stink-fish).

Callionymus calauropomus Rich., Zool. Eveb. & Terr., 1844, p. 10, pl. vu, fig.

4.5; McCoy, Pred. Zool. Vict., dec. xx, 1890, pl. ¢xeil.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 143

Sus-OrpER SCOMBROIDEA.

Famity SCOMBRIDAE.

THUNNUS South, 1845 (thynnus).

THUNNUS THYNNUS Linnaeus (Tunny).

Scomber thynnus Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1758, p. 297.

Scomber albacores Bonnat., Eneyel. Ichth., 1788, p. 120.

Thynnus mediterraneus Risso, Hur. Merid., 11, 1826, p. 414.

Thynnus vulgaris, T. brachypterus, T. coretta and Scomber sloanei Cuy. & Val.,

frets Nat. Poiss., viii, 1881, p. 58, 98, 102) 148; pl. cex, cexi.

Thynnus maccoyi Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., i, 1872, p. 104; Roughley, Fish. Aust.,

1916, p. 164, pl. lvii.

Thynnus thynnus MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Viet., dec. v, 1880, pl. xliv, fig. 2.

Orcynus schlegeli Steind. & Déder., Denk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xlvii, 1884, 10)p

HOF plo im; fig. 1.

Albacora thynnus Jord., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1888, p. 180.

Fig. 224. Thunnus thynnus.

The famous Tuna of American anglers; reaches a weight of 1,500 lb. The

flesh of large examples is very oily.

SCOMBER Linnaeus, 1758 (scombrus).

SCOMBER COLIAS Gmelin (Mackerel).

Scomber colias Gmel., Syst. Nat. (ed. xiii), 1789, p. 1329; Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat.

Poirs., vi, 1831, p39, pl. cei: Day; Fish, Gt. Brit. & Irel:, 1,.1881,“p. 91,

pl. xxxiv; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 94, pl. Ixiii; Roughley, Fish.

mauist:, R916; -p. 162; pl. vi,

144 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Scomber pneumatophorus De la Roche, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., xiii, 1809, p. 315,

334; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. iii, 1879, pl. xxviii; Ogil., Edib. Fish.

N.S.W., 1893, p. 93.

Scomber australasicus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., viii, 1831, p. 49.

Scomber antarcticus Cast., P.Z.S., Viet., 1, 1872, p. 106.

Pneumatophorus prewnatophorus Jord. & Gilb., P.U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, p. 593.

Fig. 225. Scomber colias.

The famous Blue-cod of New Zealand, which, in the writer’s opinion, is the

finest food-fish Australasia produces.

Sus-Orper TRICHIUROIDEA.

Famity TRICHIURIDAE.

THYRSITES Cuvier, 1829 (atun).

THYRSITES ATUN Euphrasen (Barracouta).

Scomber atun Euphr., Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl.. xii, 1791, p. 315.

Thyrsites atun and T. chilensis Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., viii, 1831, p. 196,

204, pl. eexix; Valenc., in Cuv., Rég. Anim., Ill. Poiss., 1839, pl. xlix, fig? a>

McCoy, Prod. Zool. Viet., dee. v, 1880, pl. xliv, fig. 1.

Thyrsites altivelis Rich., P.Z.S., 1839, p. 99.

Wh A thd v9 he ihth ihe

vg aii

Senn, ae

Pe mee Sen

Fig. 226. Thyrsites atun,

W AITE—-FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 145

The illustration is of a New Zealand specimen. Examples taken in our

waters are generally infested with muscle worms and are much emaciated; in

’

such condition they are spoken of as ‘‘axe-handles.”’

Sus-Orper XIPHIOIDEA.

Famity XIPHIIDAE.

XIPHIAS Linnaeus, 1758 (gladius).

XIPHIAS GLADIUS Linnaeus (Swordfish).

Xiphias gladius Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1758, p. 248; Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat.

Poiss., viii, 1831, p. 258, pl. eexxv, eexxvi; Valenc., in Cuv., Rég. Anim.,

iieeroiss:, pl. ilu: Day, Fish. Gt: Brit. & Ireli, i, 188i, p. 146, ply xix

Xiphias rondeletii Leach, Zool. Mise., i, 1814, p. 62, pl. xxvii and Mem. Wern.

Nab. Hist. Soc., u, 1818, p. 58, pl. i, fig. 1.

Fig. 227. Xiphias gladius.

The species is here determined from an imperfect skull, 4 ft. 2 in. in total

length, found at Windsor, St. Vincent Gulf. The Museum possesses the sword of

another example, taken at Port Augusta, Spencer Gulf; this specimen measured

14 feet in length; the species is said to attain to 15 feet. The extremely flattened

sword is characteristic of this monotypic Family.

Sus-Orper GOBIOIDEA.

Famity GOBIIDAE.

GOBIUS Linnaeus, 1758 (niger).

GOBIUS BIFRENATUS Kner (Bridled Goby, Tarkatuki).

146 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Gobius bifrenatus Kner, Reise Novara, 1865, p. 177, pl. vil, fig. 3; Klunz., Sitzb.

Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxx, 1880, p. 383; MeCull. & Ogil., Rec. Aust. Mus.,

xn, 1919, pr 242.

Gobius bassensis Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 123.

Gobius caudatus Cast., op. cit., 11, 1873, p. 47.

?Gobius frenatus Zietz, T.R.S., 8.A., xxvi, 1902, p. 267 (not Giinth.).

Fig. 228. Gobius bifrenatus.

All the Gobies are small fishes, economically used only as bait. Several

species are kept in aquaria.

GOBIUS HINSBYI McCulloch & Ogilby.

Gobius pictus Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., i, 1872, p. 124 (not Malm.).

robius hinsbyi Johnston, P.R.S., Tasm., 1903, p. x (name only) ; MeCull. & Ogil.,

Ree. Aust, Mus., xii, 1919, p. 215) pl. xxxin, fie: 1-

Fig. 229. Gobius hinsbyi.

GOBIUS LATERALIS Macleay.

Gobius lateralis Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., v, 1881, p. 602.

Rhinogobius lateralis McCull. & Waite, Ree, S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 48, pl. 1,

fig. 3.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 147

Rhinogobius lateralis var. obliquus MceCull. & Ogil., Rec. Aust. Mus., xii, 1919,

p. 249, pl. xxxiv, fig. 4.

Fig. 230. Gobius lateralis.

GOBIUS HAACKEI Steindachner.

Gobius haackei Steind., Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx, 1883, p. 194 and Sitzb. Akad.

Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviii, 1884, p. 1074.

GOBIUS FILAMENTOSUS Castelnau.

Gobius filamentosus Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 19.

GOBIUS EREMIUS Zietz.

Gobius eremius Zietz, Rep. Horn. Exped., 11, 1896, p. 180, pl. xvi, fig. 5; MeCull.,

Erec eAuist. Mus: xi, 1917, p. 188, pl. xxx, fig. 7.

Fig. 2338. Gobius eremius.

148 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

VALENCIENNEA Bleeker, 1868 (hasse!ti).

VALENCIENNEA HASSELTI Bleeker.

Eleotris hasselti Bleek., Nat. Tijds. Ned. Indie., 1, 1851, p. 253.

South Australian specimens are referred to a variety as below.

var. MUCOSA Giinther.

Gobius mucosus Giinth., P.Z.S., 1871, p. 663, pl. Ixin, fig. A.

Gobius depressus Rams. & Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W. (2), i, 1886, p. 4.

Mucogobius mucosus MeCull., Rec. W. Aust. Mus., i, 1912, p. 93.

Callogobius hasseltii var. mucosus McCull. & Ogil., Ree. Aust. Mus., xi, 1929)

poli, pl; sccm, ne. 4:

MUGILOGOBIUS Smitt, 1899 (fontinalis).

MUGILOGOBIUS GALWAYI McCulloch & Waite (Blue-spot Goby).

Mugilogobius galwayi MeCull. & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 50, pl in,

ne)

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 149

Famity ELEOTRIDAE.

MOGURNDA Gill, 1863 (mogurnda).

MOGURNDA ADSPERSA Castelnau (Chequered Gudgeon).

Eleotris mogurnda Bleek., Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., 1, 1865, p. 71 (not Rich.).

Eleotris adspersa Cast., P..S., N.S.W., ti, 1878, p. 142.

Eleotris mimmus and E. concolor De Vis, P.U.S., N.S.W., ix, 1884, p. 690, 692.

Krefftius adspersus Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., xxii, 1898, p. 789; Waite, Rec. Aust.

Mus., v; 1904, p. 282, pl. xxv, fig. 1.

Mogurnda mogurnda adspersus MeCull & Ogil., Ree. Aust. Mus., xii, 1919,

p. 282.

A favourite aquarium fish, successfully introduced into America and there

bred by fanciers.

PHILYPNODON Bleeker, 1874 (nudiceps—grandiceps?).

PHILYPNODON GRANDICEPS Krefft (Big-headed Gudgeon).

Eleotris grandiceps Krefft, P.Z.S., 1864, p. 183.

Eleotris gymnocephalus Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lili, 1866, p. 453, pl. 11,

fig. 3.

?Hleotris nudiceps Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 126.

Gymnobutis gymnocephalus Bleek., Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat., ix, 1874, p. 304.

Ophiorrhinus grandiceps Ogil., P.L.8., N.S.W., xxi, 1897, p. 746.

Ophiorrhinus angustifrons Oeil., op. cit., xxu, 1898, p. 793.

Philypnodon grandiceps Waite, Rec, Aust. Mus., v, 1904, p. 285, pl. xxxvi, fig. 2.

150 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 237. Philypnodon grandiceps.

8 YI {

Not known from South Australia until this year (1921), when members of

the S.A. Aquarium Society obtained examples in the River Murray billabongs. —

Sus-OrpErR BLENNIOIDEA.

Famity BLENNIIDAE.

BLENNIUS Linnaeus, 1758 (ocellaris).

BLENNIUS TASMANIANUS Richardson (Blenny).

Blennius tasmanianus Rich., P.Z.S8., 1839, p. 99 and T.Z.S8., iii, 1849, p. 129; Waite,

Rec. Aust. Mus., vi, 1906, p. 205, pl. xxxvi, fig. 5d.

Blennius victoriae Fowl., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., lix, 1907, p. 442, fig. 10.

Fig. 238. Blennius tasmanianus.

All the Blennies are small and of no marketable value, The group is greatly

in need of scientific revision,

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 151

NEOBLENNIUS Castelnau, 1875 (fasciatus).

NEOBLENNIUS FASCIATUS Castelnau (Banded Blenny).

Neoblennius fasciatus Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 28.

PERONEDYS Steindachner, 1884 (anguillaris).

PERONEDYS ANGUILLARIS Steindachner.

Peronedys anguillaris Steind., Anz, Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx, 1883, p. 197 and Sitzb.

Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviii, 1884, p. 1083; McCull. & Waite, Rec. 8. Aust.

his:, 1, 1918, p: 60; pl.-v, fiz.-2.

Eucentronotus zietzi Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., xxi, 1898, p. 294.

Fig. 240. Peronedys anguillaris.

HETEROCLINUS Castelnau, 1872 (adelaidae).

HETEROCLINUS ADELAIDAE Castelnau.

Heteroclinus adelaidae Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 247.

OPHICLINUS Castelnau, 1872 (antarcticus).

OPHICLINUS ANTARCTICUS Castelnau.

Ophiclinus antarcticus Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 246.

Neogunellus sulcatus Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 27.

Ophichinus sulcatus MeCull. & Waite, Rec. 8. Aust. Mus., 1, 1918, p. 55, fig. 28

(head).

OPHICLINUS GRACILIS Waite.

Onhioclinus gracilis Waite, Res. Aust. Mus., vi, 1906, p. 207, pl. xxxvi, fig. 6.

152 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 248. Ophiclinus gracilis.

OPHICLINUS PARDALIS McCulloch & Waite.

Ophiclinus pardalis MeCull & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 58, pL. lv,

fig. 2.

Fig. 244. Opluiclinus pardalis.

OPHICLINUS HOMACANTHUS Herzenstein.

Neogunellus homacanthus Herz., Ann. Mus. Zool., St. Petersb., 1, 1896, p. 5.

OPHICLINUS MICROCHIRUS Herzenstein.

Neoqunellus microchirus Herz., Ann. Mus. Zool., St. Petersb., i, 1896, p. 7.

>] b 3 7} ?

CRISTICEPS Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1836 (australis).

CRISTICEPS AUSTRALIS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Weed Fish).

Cristiceps australis Cuyv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xi, 1836, p. 402, pl. CCCXXXVI ;

Iiueas, PsR:S.,° Vict. (u.s.), iii, 1891, p. 10, pl. iii, fig. 3; MeCull, Ree. Aust.

Mus., vii, 1908, p. 39, pl. x, fig. 3.

Christiceps splendens Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 244 and ii, 1873, p. 66.

Cristiceps howittii Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., ii, 1873, p. 48, 66.

Cristiceps macleayi Cast., P.U.S., N.S.W., 11, 1879, p. 389.

Cristiceps pallidus Macl., P..S., N.8S.W., vi, 1881, p. 26.

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 1153)

Fig. 247. Cristiceps australis.

CRISTICEPS TRISTIS Klunzinger.

Cristiceps tristis Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxviii, 1872, p. 31.

or7

CLINUS Cuvier, 1817 (superciliosus).

CLINUS PERSPICILLATUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Clinus perspicillatus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xi, 1836, p. 372; MeCull.,

Rec. Aust. Mus., vii, 1908, p. 48, pl. xi, fig. 4.

Clinus despicillatus Rich., Zool. Journ., 1839, p. 90 and T.Z.S., iii, 1849, p. 128,

pl. vi, fig. 2.

Fig. 249. Clinus perspicillatus.

LEPIDOBLENNIUS Steindachner, 1867 (haplodactylus).

LEPIDOBLENNIUS MARMORATUS Macleay.

Tripterygium marmoratum Macl., P.I.S., N.S.W., iii, 1878, p. 34, pl. ili, fig. 2.

Lepidoblennius marmoratus MeCull. & MeNeill, Rec. Aust. Mus., xii, 1918, p. 24;

McCull. & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 62, pl. v, fig. 3.

154 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 250. Lepidoblennius marmoratus.

HELCOGRAMMA McCulloch & Waite, 1918 (decurrens).

HELCOGRAMMA DECURRENS McCulloch & Waite.

Helcogramma decurrens MeCull. & Waite, Rec. 8S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 52, pl. ii,

fig. 2.

Fie, 251. Helcogramma decurrens.

TRIANECTES McCulloch & Waite, 1918 (bucephalus).

TRIANECTES BUCEPHALUS McCulloch & Waite.

Trianectes bucephalus MeCull, & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 53, pl. ii,

fig. 3.

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 5

Famity BROTULIDAE.

DERMATOPSIS Ogilby, 1896 (macrodon).

DERMATOPSIS MULTIRADIATUS McCulloch & Waite. |

Dermatopsis multiradiatus MeCull. & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 63,

pl. v, fig. 4.

Fig. 253. Dermatopsis multiradiatus.

Famity OPHIDIIDAE.

GENYPTERUS Phillipi, 1857 (nigricans).

GENYPTERUS BLACODES Bloch & Schneider (Rockling).

Ophidium blacodes Bl. & Schn., Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 484.

Genypterus blacodes Giimth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 379 (part) ;

Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 117, pl. Ixxxi.

Genypterus tigerinus Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxviii, 1872, p. 39.

Genypterus australis Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., i, 1872, p. 164; MeCoy, Prod. Zool,

Wiet. dec. 11,1879; pli xxvily fie 1,

156 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 254. Genypterus blacodes.

Neither of the two described species is brought to our markets in payable

quantity.

GENYPTERUS MICROSTOMUS Regan.

Genypterus microstomus Regan, A.M.N.H. (7), xi, 1903, p. 599; MeCull.,

Endeavour Res., ii, 1914, p. 159, pl. xiv, fig.

Fig. 255. Genypterus microstomus.

OrverR HETEROSOMATA.

Famity BOTHIDAE.

LOPHONECTES Giinther, 1880 (gallus).

LOPHONECTES GALLUS Giinther (Crested Flounder).

Mig. 256. Lophonectes gallus,

a |

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 15

Lophonectes gallus Giinth., Chall. Rep., i, 1880, p. 29, pl. xv, fig. B (reversed).

Lophorhombus cristatus Macl., P..8., N.S.W., vii, 1882, p. 14.

Though esteemed, as everywhere, flat-fishes are far from common in our

markets and always command high prices. Scientifically, the Order needs

revision.

Famity PLEURONECTIDAE.

RHOMBOSOLEA Giinther, 1862 (monopus—plebeia).

RHOMBOSOLEA PLEBEIA Richardson (Flounder).

Rhombus plebeius Rich., in Dieffenbach, ii, 1843, p. 222.

Rhombosolea monopus Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 459.

Ehombosolea plebeia Gill, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., vi, 1893, p. 121; Waite, Ree.

amt. Maus;i, 1911p. 208, pl xxx.

Fig. 257. Rhombosolea plebeia.

158 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

RHOMBOSOLEA VICTORIAE (Melbourne Flounder).

Pleuronectes? victoriae Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., i, 1872, p. 168.

AMMOTRETIS Giinther, 1862 (rostratus).

AMMOTRETIS ROSTRATUS Giinther (lLong-snouted Flounder).

Ammotretis rostratus Giimth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 458; Stead,

Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 103, pl. Ixx.

Ammotretis adspersus Kner, Reise Novara, Fisch., 1868, p. 286, pl. xiii, fig. 4.

‘ Rhombosolea bassensis Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 167.

Ammotretis zonatus Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., vii, 1882, p. 367.

Ammotretis macleay: Ogil., P.L.8., N.S.W., x, 1885, p. 121, 122.

Peltorhamphus bassensis Waite, Rec. Aust. Mus., vi, 1906, p. 198, pl. xxxiv.

Fig. 259. Ammotretis rostratus.

el a ee

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 159

AMMOTRETIS ELONGATUS McCulloch.

Ammotretis elongatus MeCull., Endeavour Res., ii, 1914, p. 123, pl. xxvii.

Fig. 260. Ammotretis elongatus.

AMMOTRETIS TUDORI McCulloch.

Ammotretis tudor’ MeCull., Endeavour Res., ii, 1914, p. 124, pl. xxvi.

Fig. 261. Ammotretis tudori.

160 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Famity SOLEIDAE.

ASERAGGODES Kaup, 1858 (euttulatus).

ASERAGGODES HAACKEANA Steindachner (Sole).

Solea (Achirus) haackeana Steind., Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx, 1883, p. 195 and

Sitzb. Akad Wiss. Wien, lxxxvil, 1884, p. 1104, pl. i, fig. 3.

- Solea (Aseraggodes) textilis Rams. & Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W. (2), 1, 1886, p. 6.

Aseraggodes haackeana MeCull., Mem. Qld. Mus., v, 1916, p. 59.

OD AE dt,

Rte. oO

Fig. 262. Aseraggodes haackeana.

OrveER DISCOCEPHALI.

Famity ECHENEIDIDAE.

ECHENEIS Linnaeus, 1758 (naucrates).

ECHENEIS AUSTRALIS Bennett (Sucker Fish).

Echeneis australis Benn., Narr. Whaling Voy., ii, 1840, p. 273; Waite, T.R.S.,

Dee. oem 1915, p, 340, plt sa disk):

Echeneis scutata Giinth., A.M.N.H. (3), v, 1860, p: 401, pl. x, fig. B.

Remilegia australis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phil., 1864, p. 61.

Pig. 263. Heheneis australis,

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 16]

The only example recorded from our waters accompanied a Norwegian

vessel into dock, probably from the Indian Ocean.

Sucker fishes attach themselves to ships, whales, sharks, and other fishes

by means of the sucking disk on the top of the head.

ECHENEIS REMORA Linnaeus (Remora).

Echeneis remora Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1758, p. 260; Day, Fish. Gt. Brit.

ene Irel., 1, 1681, p, 108, pl. xxxix, ‘fig, 2.

Fig. 264. Hcheneis remora.

Under the title ‘‘The Myth of the Ship-holder,’’ Mr. KE. W. Gudger (18) has

brought together the legends of the habits attributed to this curious fish.

Orver SCLEROPAREIL.

Famity SCORPAENIDAE.

SCORPAENA Linnaeus, 1758 (porcus).

SCORPAENA CRUENTA Richardson (Red Rock-cod).

Scorpaena cruenta Rich., A.M.N.H., ix, 1842, p. 217; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S. W.,

1893, p. 63, pl. xx; Stead, Fish. Aust., 1906, p. 193, pl. vii and Edib. Fish.

N.S.W., 1908, p. 108, pl. Ixxy. |

Scorpaena ergastulorum Rich., loc. eit.

Scorpaena militaris Rich., Zool, Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 22, pl. xiv, fig. 1, 2.

(18) Gudger, Ann. Mag.. Nat. Hist. (9), ii, 1918, p. 271, pl. xv-xvii and fig. 10 and iv,

HOMO Tp. 17.

162 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Big. 265. Scorpacna cruenta.

Well known to rock anglers, its capacious mouth accommodating very large

baits. The flesh is white and tender.

HELICOLENUS Goode & Bean, 1895 (dactylopterus).

HELICOLENUS PERCOIDES Richardson (Red Gurnard-perch).

Fig. 266. Helicolenus percoides.

WAITE---FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 163

Sebastes percoides Rich., A.M.N.H., ix, 1842, p. 384 and Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845,

pe 2a. pl xv, fig) 1, 2° McCoy, Prod. Zool. Viet., dee; iv, 1879, pl. xxii:

Ten. Woods, Fish., N.S.W., 1883, pl. xiv; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893,

De O8;

Sebastes alporti Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 11, 1878, p. 40.

Scorpaena barathri Hect., T.N.Z.1., vii, 1875, p. 245, pl. x, fig. 15a.°

Sebastapistes percoides Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, ii, 1904, p. 46.

ITelicolenus percoides McCull., Ree. Aust. Mus., vi, 1907, p. 350.

A fair food fish, but not regarded as equal to the preceding species.

NECSEBASTES Guichenot, 1867 (scorpaenoides).

NEOSEBASTES SCORPAENOIDES Guichenot (Gurnard-perch).

Neosebastes scorpaenoides Guich., Mem. Soe. Sci. Cherbourg, xiii, 1867, p. 85;

MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. xx, 1890, pl. exeiii.

Sebastes scorpaenoides Klunz., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xxx, 1880, p. 365, pl. v,

fig. 1 (head).

Fig. 267 Nceosebastes scorpaenoides.

A winter market fish.

164 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

NEOSEBASTES PANDUS Richardson ((iurnard-perch).

Scorpaena panda Rich., A.M.N.H., ix, 1842, p. 216.

Sebastes pandus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1846, p. 70, pl. xh, fig. 3, 4.

Neosebastes panda Guich., Mem. Soe. Sci. Cherbourg, xiii, 1867, p. (867).

Fig. 268. Neosebastes pandus.

Not so well known here as in Victoria, where it is a common market fish.

NEOSEBASTES NIGROPUNCTATUS McCulloch (Black-spotted Gurnard-.

perch).

Neosebastes nigropunctatus MeCull., Endeavour Res., 111, 1915, p. 167, pl. xxx.

WAITE—-FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 165

Fig. 269. Neosebastes nigropunctatus.

NEOSEBASTES THETIDIS Waite (Thetis Fish).

Fig. 270. Neosebastes thetidis,

166 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Sebastes thetidis Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 100, pl. xx.

Sebastodes thetidis Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club., 1, 1904, p. 47.

_Neosebastes thet:dis MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1915, p. 154.

The name of this fish is associated with the first trawling venture of the

N.S. Wales Government, conducted in 1898; H.M.C.S. ‘‘Thetis’’ being employed.

The writer of this catalogue was in charge of the Zoological operations. The

Thetis Fish has been obtained at Glenelg, S.A.

NEOSEBASTES PANTICA McCulloch & Waite.

Neosebastes pantica McCull. & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 64, pl. iv,

fic: 1.

Fig. 271. Neosebastes pantica.

GYMNAPISTES Swainson, 1839 (marmoratus).:

GYMNAPISTES MARMORATUS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Cobbler).

Apistus marmoratus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 1829, p. 416; Valene. in

Cuv., Rég. Anim., Til. Poiss., 1839;-pl. xxiv, fig.3.

Apistes marmoratus Cuv. (Griff.), Anim. Kine., x, 1834, pl. xxi, fig. 3.

Gymnapistes marmoratus Swains., Nat. Hist. Fish., 11, 1839, p. 266.

Pentaroge marmorata Giimth., Cat. Fish. Brit.. Mus., 11, 1860, p. 182; MeCull.,

Endeavour Res., i111, 1915, p. 161, pl. xxxvi, fig. 2.

FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 167

WAITE

Fig. 272. Gymnapistes marmoratus.

Of no commercial value; known to every boy on the coast, and handled with

caution on account of its venomous spines.

GLYPTAUCHEN Giinther, 1860 (panduratus).

GLYPTAUCHEN PANDURATUS Richardson (Saddle-head).

( Apistes panduratus Rich., P.Z.S., 1850, p. 58, pl. i, fig. 3, 4.

Glyptauchen panduratus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, 1860, p. 121.

Fig. 2738. Glyptauchen panduratus.

The Family Scorpaenidae furnishes some bizarre forms, of which this is one.

168 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Famity APLOACTIDAE.

APLOACTIS Schlegel, 1843 (aspera).

APLOACTIS MILESII Richardson (Velvet-fish).

Aploactis milesti Rich., P.Z.S., 1850, p. 60, pl. 1, fig. 1, 2.

Aploactisoma schomburykti Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 244 and u1, 1873, p. 64.

Big. 274. Aploactis milesu.

The name Velvet-fish is also bestowed on Guathunacanthus, to which it is more

applieable.

Famity PATAECIDAE. |

PATAECUS -Richardson, 1844 (fronto).

PATAECUS FRONTO Richardson (lorehead Fish).

Fig. 275. Pataecus fronto.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 169

Pataecus fronto Rich., A.M.N.H., xiv, 1844, p. 280 and Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845,

n220.5 plexi, fie. 1,2.

Pataecus subocellatus Giinth., P.Z.S., 1871, p. 665, pl. xiv.

For obvious reasons this fish has also received: the book name of Red Indian

Fish.

PATAECUS MACULATUS Giinther (Warty-fish).

Pataecus maculatus Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 111, 1861, p. 292; Waite, Ree.

poust, Mus.,. vi, 1905, p. 75, pill. xv.

ee)

Pataecus armatus Johnston, P.R.S., Tasm., 1891, p.

Fig. 276. Pataecus maculatus.

The members of the Family Pataecidae are small and of no value.

PATAECUS VINCENTII Steindachner.

Pataecus vincentiui Steind., Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx, 1883, p. 195 and Sitzb.

Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviii, 1884, p. 1085, pl. vii, fig. 2.

170 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 277. Pataecus vincentii.

The specimen figured is the only adult example so far recorded; it was

recently obtained at Glenelg after a severe storm.

NEOPATAECUS Steindachner, 1883 (maculatus—waterhousii).

NEOPATAECUS WATERHOUSII Castelnau.

Pataecus waterhousii Cast., P.Z.S., Viet., 1, 1872, p. 244.

Neopataecus maculatus Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxvui, 1884, p. 1087,

pl. vii, fig. 3 (not Giinth.).

Fig. 278. Neopataecus waterhousti.

Readily distinguished from members of the allied genus by the separate

tail fin.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 1p7Al

Famity CONGIOPIDAE.

CONGIOPUS Perry, 1811 (pereatus).

CONGIOPUS LEUCOPAECILUS Richardson (Pigfish).

Agriopus leucopaccilus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1846, p. 60, pl. xxxvui, fig. 4, 5.

Congiopodus leucopoecilus Gill, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sei. Wash., vi, 1893, p. 118.

Fig. 279. Congiopus leucopaectius.

Famity GNATHANACANTHIDAE.

GNATHANACANTHUS Bleeker, 1855 (goetzeei).

GNATHANACANTHUS GOETZEEI Bleeker (Velvet-fish).

Gnathanacanthus goetzeei Bleek., Verh. Akad. Wetens. Amsterd., lil) LODO, D. 4s

ned.

Holorenus cutaneus Giinth., A.M.N.H. (4), xvii, 1876, p. 393.

Beridia flava Cast., P.L.8., N.S.W., ii, 1878, p. 229, pl. 1."

Gnathanacanthus goetzi Gill, P.U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, p. 701, fig

172 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 280. Gnathanacanthus goetzcei.

Specimens obtained alive, in our waters, are of beautiful orange colour.

Famity PLATYCEPHALIDAE.

PLATYCEPHALUS Bloch, 1795 (spathula).

PLATYCEPHALUS FUSCUS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Dusky Flathead). - i

Platycephalus fuscus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 1829, p. 241; Quoy & Gaim.,

Voy. Astrolabe, 111, 1835. p. 681, pl. x, fig. 1; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893,

p. 105, pl. xxvii; Stead,’ Edib.» Fish: N'S.W., 1908, p. 111, pl ieee

Roughley,, Fish, Aust.,.19G, 905 Usd. plas:

?Platycephalus cinereus Giimth., P.Z.S., 1871, p. 662.

Fig. 281. Platycephalus fuscus. x

All the Flatheads are good food. The Dusky and Sand Flatheads are the n

species commonly marketed in Adelaide,

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 173

PLATYCEPHALUS BASSENSIS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Sand Flathead).

Platycephalus bassens's Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 1829, p. 247; Quoy

& Gaim., Voy. Astrolabe, iii, 1835, p. 683, pl. x, fig. 3: Stead, Edib. Fish.

Nasu. 1908, p.112, ple isexviii

Platycephalus tasmanius Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 23, pl. xviii, ee We:

ait),

Fig. 282. Platycephalus bassensis.

PLATYCEPHALUS LAEVIGATUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Platycephalus laevigatus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 1829, p. 248; Quoy

& Gaim., Voy. Astrolabe, iii, 1835, p. 684, pl. x, fig. 4.

Fig. 283. Platycephalus lacvigatus.

174 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

PLATYCEPHALUS INOPS Jenyns.

Platycephalus inops Jenyns. Zool. Beagle, 111, 1842, p. 33.

PLATYCEPHALUS HAACKEI Steindachner.

Platycephalus haackei Steind., Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx, 1883, p. 195 and Sitzb.

Akad. Wiss. Wien, lxxxviii, 1884, p. 1081, pl. 11, fig. 2.

Fig. 285. Platycephalus haacket.

PLATYCEPHALUS SEMERMIS De Vis.

Platycephalus semermis De Vis, P.I.S8., N.S.W., vill, 1883, p. 289.

NEOPLATYCEPHALUS Castelnau, 1872 (grandis). .

NEOPLATYCEPHALUS GRANDIS Castelnau.

Neoplatycephalus grandis Cast.,-P.Z.S8., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 87.

NEOPLATYCEPHALUS CONATUS Waite & McCulloch (Deep-water

Flathead).

Neoplatycephalus conatus Waite & McCull., T.R.S., S.A., xxxix, 1915, p. 466,

pl. xu.

Fig. 288. Neoplatycephalus conatus.

THYSANOPHRYS Ogilby, 1898 (cirronasus).

THYSANOPHRYS CIRRONASUS Richardson (Tassel-snouted Flathead).

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA A/S

Platycephalus cirronasus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1846, p. 114, pl. li, fig. 7-10.

Thysanophrys cirronasus Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., xxiii, 1898, p. 40.

Fig. 289. Thysanophrys cirronasus.

Famine HOPEICELY H Yibak:

HOPLICHTHYS Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829 (lanesdorfil).

HOPLICHTHYS HASWELLI McCulloch.

Hoplichthys haswelli MeCull., Ree. Aust. Mus., vi, 1907, p. 351, pl. Ixiv and

Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 132.

Fig. 290. Hoplichtlys haswelli.

A deep-water form taken only by the trawl,

176 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Famity TRIGLIDAE.

LEPIDOTRIGLA Giinther, 1860 (aspera).

LEPIDOTRIGLA VANESSA Richardson (Butterfly Gurnard).

Trigla vanessa Rich., P.Z.8., 1839, p. 97 and T.Z.S., 11, 1849, p. 83, pl. vy, fig. 1.

Lepidotrigla vanessa Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, 1860, p. 197; MeCoy, Prod.

Zool. Vict., dee. 1, 1878, pl. y.

This and the next species are small fishes, having large scales compared with

those of other Gurnards.

Fig. 291. Lepidotrigla vanessa.

PARATRIGLA Ogilby, 1911 (pleuracanthica).

PARATRIGLA PLEURACANTHICA Richardson.

Trigla pleuracanthica Rich , Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 23, pl. xvi, fig. 1-4.

Lepidotrigla pleuracanthica Rams. & Ogil., P.I.8., N.S.W., x, 1886, p. 578.

Paratrigla pleuracanthica Oegil., Ann. Qld. Mus., x, 1911, p. 56,

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA WA 7

Fig. 292. Paratrigla pleuracanthica.

PTERYGOTRIGLA Waite, 1899 (polyommata).

PTERYGOTRIGLA POLYOMMATA Richardson (Flying Gurnard).

Trigla polyommata Rich., P.Z.S8., 1839, p. 96 and T.Z.S., iti, 1849, p. 87, pl. v,

nee Oo. Hdib. Kish. N.S. W., 1893) p. 111:

Tloplonotus polyommatus Guich., Ann. Soe. Linn. Maine-et-Loire, Ichth., ix, 1866,

De 3.

Fig. 298, Pterygotrigla polyommata,

178 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Trigla amoena Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 11, 1873, p. 131.

Pterygotrigla polyommata Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., tv, 1899, p. 108; Roughley,

Fish. Aust., 1916, ). 186, pl: isyv.

The name Flying Gurnard is bestowed on account of its reputed habit of

jumping out of the water.

CHELIDONICHTHYS Kaup, 1873 (hirundo).

CHELIDONICHTHYS KUMU Lesson & Garnot (Red Gurnard).

Trigla kumu Less. & Garn., Voy. Coquille, Poiss., 1826, p. 214, pl. xix; MeCoy,

Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. i, 1878, pl. vi; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 109,

pl, sce,

Trigla spinosa MeClell., Caleutta Journ. Nat. Hist., iv, 1844, p. 396, pl. xxu, fig. 2.

Trigla dorsomaculata Steind., Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxiv, 1876, p. 216.

Chelidonichthys kumu Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, ii, 1904, p. 49; Stead,

Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 114, pl. Ixxix; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916,

p. 184, pl. lxiv.

Fig. 294. Chelidonichthys kumu.

This and the Flying Gurnard are obtained plentifully where the trawl is

operated; both species furnish excellent food, always in demand,

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 179

OrpveR XENOPTERI.

Famity GOBIESOCIDAE.

ASPASMOGASTER Waite, 1907 (spatula).

ASPASMOGASTER TASMANIENSIS Giinther (Cling-fish ).

Crepidogaster tasmaniensis Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, 1861, p. 507.

Members of this Family are called Cling-fishes because they fasten themselves

{o stones and seaweed by means of a sucker formed by their ventral fins. All are

small and of no economie value.

ASPASMOGASTER SPATULA Giinther (Cling-fish).

Crepidogaster spatula Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 111, 1861, p. 508; Waite,

xec, Aust. Mus., vi, 1906, p. 201, pl. xxxvi, fig. 4.

Aspasmogaster spatula Waite, op. cit., 1907, p. 315.

Fig. 296. Aspasmogaster spatula.

DIPLOCREPIS Giinther, 1861 (puniceus).

DIPLOCREPIS COSTATUS Ogilby (Cline-fish).

Diplocrepis. costatus Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., x, 1885, p. 270; Waite, Rec. Aust.

Mais, Vv, 1994p..179, p. xxiv, fie. 1.

* 5 ro

ae Oe

Fig. 297. Diplocrepis costatus.

180 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

DIPLOCREPIS PARVIPINNIS Waite (Small-finned Cling-fish).

Diplocrepis parvipinnis Waite, Ree. Aust. Mus., vi, 1906, p. 202, pl. xxxvi, fig. «

Fig. 298. Diplocrepis parvipinnis.

Orver PEDICULATI.

Sus-OrpeEr LOPHIOIDEA.

Famity ANTENNARIIDAE.

RHYCHERUS Ogilby, 1907 (wildii—filamentosus). :

RHYCHERUS FILAMENTOSUS Castelnau (Tasselled Frog-fish).

Chironectes filamentosus Cast., P.Z.S8., Vict., i, 1872, p. 244 and ui, 1873, p. 65.

Antennarits filamentosus Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., v, 1881, p. 979.

Chironectes bifurcatus McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. xiii, 1886, pl. exxiii,

Fig. 299. Rhycherus filamentosus.

(o/¢)

—

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA ]

thycherus wild and R. bifurcatus Ogil., P-R.S., Qld., xx, 1907, p. 18, 19.

Rhycherus filamentosus MeCull., Mem. Qld. Mus., v, 1916, p. 68; MeCull. & Waite,

Ree. 8. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 70, pl. vi, fig. 3 and text fig. 31.

The quaint sluggish fishes of this and the next Family are also known as

Fishing-frogs, the fexible rod-like spine on the snout being furnished with a

mobile fleshy lure that attracts smaller fishes to their destruction.

HISTIOPHRYNE Gill, 1863 (bougainvilli).

HISTIOPHRYNE BOUGAINVILLI Cuvier & Valenciennes (Smooth Frog-

fish).

Chironectes bougainvilli Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xii, 1837, p. 431.

Antennarius bougainvill:’ Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iii, 1861, p. 199.

ITistiophryne bougainvillii Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phil., 1863, p. 90; MeCull.

“ & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 72, pl. vii, fie. 1.

Fig: 300. Histiophryne bougainvilli.

HISTIOPHRYNE SCORTEA McCulloch & Waite (White-spotted Frog-fish).

ITistiophryne scortea McCull. & Waite, Rec, S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 74, pl.-vii,

fig. 2 and var. inconstans, op. cit., p. Td,

182 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 301. Histiophryne scortea.

ECHINOPHRYNE McCulloch & Waite, 1918 (crassispina).

ECHINOPHRYNE CRASSISPINA McCulloch & Waite (Prickly Frog-fish).

Echinophryne crassispina McCull. & Waite, Ree. 8. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 67,

pl. vi, fig. 2.

(Deion: San eS eM

ey EN oP eS

Soe UA ut oa Ae

we a += Ba

bec ey

Fig. 302. Echinophryne crassispina.

————

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 183

TRICHOPHRYNE McCulloch & Waite, 1918 (mitchellii).

TRICHOPHRYNE MITCHELLII Morton (Bristly Frog-fish).

Antennarius mitchellu Mort., P.R.S., Tasm., 1897, p. 98.

Trichophryne mitchell McCull. & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., 1, 1918, p. 68, pl. vi,

oes

Hig. 308. Trichophryne mitchellii.

Famity BRACHIONICHTHYIDAE.

SYMPTERICHTHYS Gill, 1878 (laevis).

SYMPTERICHTHYS VERRUCOSUS McCulloch & Waite (Warty Frog-fish).

Fig. 304. Sympterichthys verrucosus.

184 RECORDS OF THE S:A. Mus&UM

Sympterichthys verrucosus MeCull. & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., 1, 1918, p. 76,

pl. vu, fig. 3.

OrpeER PLECTOGNATHI.

Division. Stsi4e R-O DER wl:

Famity MONACANTHIDAE.

CANTHERINES Swainson, 1839 (nasutus).

CANTHERINES GRANULATUS Shaw (Rough Leather-jacket).

Balistes granulata Shaw, in White’s Voy. N.S.W., 1790, p. 295, pl. xxxix, fig. 2.

Monacanthus granulatus Rich., Zool. Ereb, & Terr., 1846, p. 63, pl. xl, fig. 1, 2.

Monacanthus granulosus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vin, 1870, p. 243.

Monacanthus perwlifer Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 245.

Monacanthus margaritifer and M. brunneus Cast., op. cit., 1, 1873, p. 80, 145.

Monacanthus obscurus Cast., Res. Fish. Aust.. 1875, p. 51.

Monacanthus sancti-;oanni Cast., P.S., N.S.W., 1, 1878, p. 246.

Pseudomonacanthus granulatus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 11, 1904, p. 56.

Fig. 305. Cantherines granulatus.

The Leather-jackets are excellent food, but require te be skinned before

cooking. As their appearance is prejudicial they are often skinned before being

exposed for sale.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 185

CANTHERINES HIPPOCREPIS Quoy & Gaimard (Horseshoe Leather-jacket).

Balistes hippocrepis Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Uran. & Physic., 1824, p. 212.

Aleuterius variabilis Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1846, p. 67, pl. lil, fig. 1-7.

Monacanthus hippocrepis Holl., Ann. Sci. Nat. (4), ii, 1854, p. 338; McCoy,

Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. xiii, 1886, pl. exxv; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893,

p. 194, pl. xlviu.

Pseudomonacanthus hippocrepis Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 11, 1904, p. 56.

Mig. 306. Cantherines hippocrepis.

A large and well-flavoured species, reaching a length of 18 inches.

CANTHERINES BROWNII Richardson (Toothbrush Leather-jacket).

Pig. 307. Cantherines brownn.

186 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Aleutersus brown Rich., Zool: Ereb. & Terr., 1846, p. 68.

Monacanthus lineo-guttatus Holl., Ann. Sei. Nat. (4), 1, 1854, p. 352.

Monacanthus browniti Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vili, 1870, p. 249; McCoy,

Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. xiii, 1886, pl. exxiv.

Monacanthus yagoi Cast., P.I.8., N.S.W., ii, 1878, p. 245.

The patch of bristles on each side of the tail is responsible for the common

name,

CANTHERINES AYRAUDI Quoy & Gaimard (Yellow Leather-jacket).

Balistes ayraud Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Uran. & Physic., 1824, p. 216, pl. xlvii, fig. 2.

Aleuteres velutinus Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, 11, 1842, p. 157.

Monacanthus vittatus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr.. 1846, p. 66.

Monacanthus frauenfeldii Kner, Reise Novara, 1867, p. 397.

Monacanthus ayraudi Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vill, 1870, p. 244; Ogil., Edib.

Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 196.

Pseudomonacanthus ayraudi Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, i, 1904, p. 56;

Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 188, pl. Ixvi.

Fig. 308. Cantherines ayraudi.

Our largest and most important species, attaiming a length of nearly 2 feet.

CANTHERINES VITTIGER Castelnau.

Monacanthus vittiger Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1873, p. 81.

CANTHERINES GUNTHERI Macleay.

Monacanthus peronii Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 1870, p. 249 (not Holl.).

Monacanthus guntheri Macl. P.L.S., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 314.

Pseudomonacanthus guntheri Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 0, 1904, p. 56.

WAITE---FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 187

CANTHERINES PERONII Hollard (Banded Leather-jacket).

Monacanthus peronn Holl., Ann. Sci. Nat. (4), ii, 1854, p. 856, pl. xiii, fig. 8;

McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. xv, 1887, pl. exlili.

Fig. 311. Cantherines peronii.

CANTHERINES MULTIRADIATUS Giinther.

Monacanthus multiradiatus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vii, 1870, p. 248.

CANTHERINES SPILOMELANURUS Quoy & Gaimard (Bridled Leather-

jacket).

Balistes spilomelanurus Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Uran. & Physic., 1824, p. 217.

Aleuterius paragaudatus Rich., Zool. Kreb. & Terr., 1846, p. 66, pl. xxxix, fig. 1-4.

Fig. 315, Cantherines spilomelanurus,

188 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Monacanthus spilomelanvurus Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 1870, p. 250.

Pseudomonacanthus spilomelanurus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, ii, 1904,

p. 06.

CANTHERINES SETOSUS Waite (Velvet Leather-jacket).

Monacanthus setosus Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 91, pl. XVI.

Pseudomonacanthus setosus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club., 4, 1904, p. 56.

Cantherines setosus Waite & MeCull., T.R.S., S.A., xxxix, 1915, p. 472, pl. xiv.

Fig. 314. Cantherines setosus.

The Leather-jackets are elsewhere called Trigger-fishes. The barbed spine

can be locked erect; it can be released at will, or by the fisherman depressing

the small second spine, which acts as a trigger.

CANTHERINES MOSAICUS Ramsay & Ogilby (Mosaic Leather-jacket).

Monacanthus mosaicus Rams. & Ogil., P.1.8., N.S.W. (2), i, 1886, p. 5; Waite,

Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 18995 p. 93, pl. xvii, fig. 1.

Pseudomonacanthus mosaicus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 11, 1904, p. 56.

Cantherines mosaicus MecCull., Endeavour Res., iii, 1915, p. 170, pl. xxxvii,

ne, 12

<i}

WAITE—FISHES OF SouTH AUSTRALIA 189

reg

Pox

Srare

eee i *

oe We ee EAS SUEY PREP CHS

seedy tee ttt

Takats! pyc en D . : . é ee 4 : \ ; a

Fig. 315. Cantherines mosaicus.

The mosaic-like markings, whence the fish derives its name, are largely lost

in adult life.

BRACHALUTERES Bleeker, 1866 (trossulus).

BRACHALUTERES TROSSULUS Richardson (Little Leather-jacket).

Aleuterius trossulus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1846, p. 68, pl. xl, fig. 5,6; Holl.,

mm wer. Nat. (4). 1v. 1855, p..6,-pl. 1, fie. 1.

Brachaluteres trossulus Bleek., Ned. Tyds. Dierk., 111, 1866, p. 13.

Monacanthus trossulus and HM. oculatus Gunth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 1870,

p. 284, 235.

Fig. 316. Brachalutcrves trossulus.

The figure represents the natural size of this species.

190 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Famity OSTRACIONTIDAE.

OSTRACION Linnaeus, 1758 (cubicus—tuberculatum).

OSTRACION TUBERCULATUM Linnaeus (Box-fish).

Ostracion tuberculatus and O. cubicus Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1758, p. 331, 332.

Ostracion cubicus Day, Fish. India, 1878, p. 696, pl. clxxxi, fig. 3 (syn.).

Fig. 317. Ostracion tuberculatum.

The seales are modified to form a rigid carapace; parts around the gill-

openings and bases of the fins are exposed to permit of breathing and swimming.

CAPROPYGIA Kaup, 1855 (unistriata).

CAPROPYGIA UNISTRIATA Kaup.

Capropygia unistriata Kaup, Arch. f. Naturg., xxi, 1855, p. 220; MeCull. & Waite,

TA, SY, Dats, xxx IGM ap. Aratepl) xvii

Fig. 318. Capropygia unistriata.

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 191

ANOPLOCAPROS Kaup, 1855 (erayi—lenticularis).

ANOPLOCAPROS LENTICULARIS Richardson.

Ostracion lenticularis Rich., P.Z.S., 1841, p. 21.

Anoplocapros lenticularis Kaup, Arch. f. Naturg., xxi, 1855, p. 221; MeCull. &

Mame TRS. o.Ay, xxxix, 1915p. 479, pl. xvii.

Anoplocapros grayi Kaup, loc. cit.

Aracana lenticularis Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 1870, p. 268; Waite,

Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 95, pl. xvii, fig. 2 and pl. xviii.

Fig. 319. Anoplocapros lenticularis.

ANOPLOCAPROS GIBBOSUS McCulloch & Waite.

Anoplocapros gibbosus McCull. & Waite, T.R.S., 8.A., xxxix, 1915, p. 480,

pl. xviii,

nh hat

Anoplocapros gibbosus.

Fig. 320,

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

(ornata).

ARACANA Gray, 1

ARACANA ORNATA Gray ((

ommon Cow-fish).

Aracana ornata,

W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 193

Aracana ornata Gray, A.M.N.H., i, 1838, p. 110; Rich., P.Z.S., 1840, p. 27 and

TZes:., in, 1849) p: 165: plex, fie..2 MeCull & Waite. TRS, S.A., xxxix,

1915. p. 489, pl) xxiv:

Members of this genus differ from the other box fishes in having spines on

the head, suggesting the horns of a cow.

ARACANA AURITA Shaw.

Ostracion auritus Shaw, Nat. Mise., ix, 1798, pl. eeexxxvui and Gen. Zool., v, 1804,

pm. 429, pk. elxxiii.

Aracana aurita Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool.,. 1829, pl. xevin, fig. 2 and A.M.N.H., 1,

fa56) p. 110; Rich., P.Z.S: 1840, px 27 ‘and TiZ/Ss ai, 1849, p.. 160; pl. ix

fig. 1, 2; Bleek., Verh. Akad. Wetens. Amsterd., ii, 1855, p. 46; MeCull

& Waite, T.R.S., S.A., xxxix; 1915, pe484, pl. xx: (syn.).

Vig. 322. Aracana aurita,

194 RECORDS OF THE $.A. MUSEUM

ARACANA SPILOGASTRA Richardson.

Aracana spilogaster Rich., P.Z.S., 1840, p. 27 and T.Z.S., ii, 1849, p. 163, pl. x,

fig. 1; Bleek., Verh. Akad. Wetens. Amsterd., 11, 1855, p. 47.

South Australian specimens are referred to a variety, as below.

var. ANGUSTA McCulloch & Waite.

Aracana spilogaster var. angusta MeCull. & Waite, T.R.S., 8.A., xxxix, 1915,

p. 488, pl. xxiii.

Fig. 823. Aracana spilogastra, var. angusta.

ARACANA FLAVIGASTRA Gray.

: T

p. 2

and T.Z.S., ni, 1849, p. 164, pl. xi, fig.1; McCull. & Waite, TA Seen

xexix, 1015p. 4911p, xxv (syne

Aracana flavigaster Gray, A.M.N.H., 1, 1838, p. 110; Rich., P.Z.S., 1840,

WAITE—-FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

ig. 324. Aracana flavigastra.

DivistionuG.YoM. NLOVD:O- Nese Si).

Famity TETRAODONTIDAE.

TETRAODON Linnaeus, 1755 (testudineus).

TETRAODON TETRAGONUS Forster (Silver

Tetrodon tetragonus Forst., in Gmel., Syst. Nat. (ed. xiii), 1

T'ctrodon sceleratus Gmel., loc. cit.

Tetrodon argenteus Lacep., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., 1804, p.

Bleek., Atl. Ichth., v, 1865, p. 64, pl. ccix, fig. 1.

Toado).

788, p. 1444.

24d ply Levan fie,

195

ote)

Fig. 325. Zetraodon ietragonus.

196 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Tetrodon argyropleura Benn., Proc. Comm, Zool. Soc., 11, 1832, p. 184.

Spheroides sceleratus Jord. & Snyd., P.U.S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1901, p. 234 (syn.).

The Toados are not edible, and certain species are at times poisonous.

TETRAODON RICHEI Freminville (Common Toado).

Tetrodon riche: Frem., Nouv. Bull. Philom., ii, 1813, p. 250, pl. iv, tig. 2.

Gastrophysus richei Bleek., Verh. Akad. Wetens. Amsterd., ii, 1859, p. 44, fig. 3.

Amblyrhynchotus riche’ Bibr., Rev. Zool., 1855, p. 280.

Spheroides richei Jord. & Snyd., P.U.S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1901, p. 248.

Fig. 326. Tetraodon richer.

The Tetraodons are elsewhere known as Puffers and Swell-fishes, names given

in allusion to the habit of distending their bodies with water or air.

TETRAODON LIOSOMUS Regan.

Spheroides liosomus Regan, A.M.N.H. (8), iv, 1909, p. 489.

TETRAODON ARMILLA Waite & McCulloch (Ringed Toado).

Tetraodon armilla Waite & MeCull., T.R.S., S.A., xxxix, 1915, p. 479, pl. xv.

Fig. 328. Tetraodon armilla.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 197

Famity DIODONTIDAE.

DIODON Linnaeus, 1758 (hystrix).

DIODON HOLOCANTHUS Linnaeus (Porcupine Fish).

Diodon holocanthus inn., Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1758, p. 335.

Diodon liturosus Shaw, Gen. Zool., v, 1806, p. 436.

Diodon spinosiss:mus, D. novemmaculatus, D. sermaculatus, D. multimaculatus

and D. quadrimaculatus Cuv., Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., iv, 1818, p. 154..

Diodon melanopsis Kaup., Wiegm. Areh., 1855, p. 228.

Paradiodon novemmaculatus and P. quadrimaculatus Bleek., Atlas Iechth., v,

1865, p. 57, 58, pl. cevi, fig. 3 and cexn, fig. 2.

Diodon maculatus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viil, 1870, p. 307.

CHILOMYCTERUS Bibron, 1846 (reticulatus).

CHILOMYCTERUS JACULIFERUS Cuvier (Javelin Fish).

Diodon jaculiferus Cuv., Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., iv, 1818, p. 180, pl. vil.

Chilomycterus jaculiferus Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 1870, p. 313; Waite,

Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 98.

Dicotylichthys jaculiferus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 11, 1904, p. 58.

ATOPOMYCTERUS Bleeker, 1865 (nychthemerus).

ATOPOMYCTERUS NICHTHEMERUS Cuvier (Porcupine Fish).

Diodon nichthemerus Cuv., Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., iv, 1818, p. 135, pl. vil, fig. 5;

Bleek., Verh. Akad. Wetens. Amsterd., 11, 1855, p. 40.

Atopomycterus nychthemerus Bleek., Atlas Ichth., v, 1865, p. 49; Giinth., Cat.

Fish. Brit. Mus., vii, 1870, p. 315.

198 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

The names of the genera Tetraodon and Diodon are derived from the

characters of the dentition, the teeth forming a beak, like that of a turtle. In

the Tetraodons each jaw is divided in the middle, four teeth being thus produced :

in the Diodons the beak is undivided.

Famity MOLIDAE.

MOLA Koelreuter, 1766 (aculeata—mola).

MOLA MOLA Linnaeus (Sunfish).

Tetraodon mola Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1758, p. 334.

Mola aculeata Koelr., Nov. Comm. Acad. Petropol., x, 1766, p. 337, pl. viil, fig. 2, 3.

Mola mola Linck., Mag. Neues. Physik. u. Naturg., Gotha, 1790, p. 37; Jord. &

Everm., Bull 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., ii, 1898, p. 1753 (syn.); Waite, Trans.

Ni. Tnist;, elves 21913) sp. 228 e"pl rx:

Orthragoriscus mola, Bl, & Schn., Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 510,

i+.

WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 199

Fig, 332. Mola mola.

An enormous pelagic fish; examples have been taken weighing over 16 ewt.

Note. The majority of the illustrations are smaller than the adult fishes

they represent: those numbered as follows are, however, larger than in nature:

Pig. 1, 55, 56, 62; 63, 78, 79; 80, 81; 34, 91, 94, 95,118, fe, 121 Tea

141, 150, 230, 283, 2384, 235, 287, 240, 244, 251, 252, 258, 300, 301, 302,304:

Corrections. Page 5, line 15, after Cyclostomata read Plagiostomi.

Page 46, line 2, for Family Siluridae read Plotosidae.

INDEX tro GENERA anp SPECIES

abdominalis, Hippocampus

Acanthidium

Acanthopegasus

Acentronura

Achoerodus

adelaidae, Heteroclinus

adspersa, Mogurnda

aequipinnis, Seorpis

affinis, Trachichthodes

Agonostomus

Alloeyttus

allporti, Callanthias

Neopercis

Alopias

ambiguus, Plectroplites

Ammotretis

analis, Halaclurus

Anguilla

anguillaris, Peronedys

angusta, Aracana

Anoplocapros

antaretica, Sciaena

antareticus, Mustelus

Ophiclinus

Aploactis

Apogon

Aracana Ede

areticus, Galeocerdo

arenarius, Carcharias

argenteus, Mugil

Argentina :

argus, Stigmatopora

argyrophanes, Siphonoguathus

armatus, Enoplosus

Nematonurus

armilla, Tetraodon

Arripis

Aseraggodes

Aspasmogaster

Atherina

Atopomycterus

attenuatus, Galaxias

atun, Thyrsites

Aulopus

aurantiacus, Pseudolabrus

auratus, Carassius

Pagrosomus

aurita, Aracana

australasica, Macquaria

australe, Acentronura

australis, Anguilla

Cepola

Cristiceps

Cyttus

Echeneis

Engraulis

Epigonichthys

Galeus

Geotria

Nannoperea

Sparus

Squatina

Trachichthys

Austrolabrus

ayraudi, Cantherines

bachus, Physiculus

barbatus, Physiculus

bareoo, Therapon

bassanus, Epigonichthys

bassensis, Clupea

Platycephalus

Sillago

bidyana, Therapon

bifrenatus, Gobius

blacodes, Genypterus

bleasdalei, Thalliurus

Blennius ;

boops, Cyttosoma

bougainvilli, Histiophryne

Bovichthys

Brachaluteres :

brachyurus, Carcharinus

brama, Seriolella

brevicaudatus, Dasyatis

breviceps, Hippocampus

Muraenichthys

brownii, Cantherines

bruniensis, Oxynotus

bucephalus, Trianectes

202

Caesioperca an

calauropomus, Callionymus

Callanthias

callarias, Lotella

Callionymus

Callorhynehus

Cantherines

Capropygia

Caragola

Caranx

Carassius ..

Carcharinus

Carcharias :

carcharias, Carcharodon

Carcharodon Si

carponemus, Dactylopagrus

Catalufa .. aie

-audalis, Lissocampus

celidotus, Pseudolabrus

Centriscops a Ao

cephalotes, Myctophum

Cepola

Cetorhinus

Cheilobranchus

Chelidonichthys ..

Chelmonops

Chilomycterus

cirratus, Pristiophorus

cirronasus, Thysanophrys

Clinus

Clupea

Cnidoglanis

colias, Scomber

colonorum, Perealates

Colpognathus

come, Dorosoma Me

conatus, Neoplatycephalus

Conger

Congiopus

conspersus, Apogon

costatus, Diplocrepis

Leptonotus

coxil, Galaxias i

crassispina, Echinophryne

Craterocephalus

cribrosus, Cypselurus

cristatus, Ichthyocampus

Cristiceps

cruciatus, Urolophus

cruenta, Scorpaena

curtirostris, Syngnathus

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Page

142

En op ahi

oa 66

Mee les

184

190

105

123

110

129

cyanomelas, Olisthops

Cypselurus os

Cyttosoma Ae

Cyttus

Dactylopagrus

Dactylophora

dannevigi, Atherina

darwinii, Gephyroberyx

Dasyatis ;

declivis, Trachurus

decurrens, Helcogramma

dentex, Colpognathus

denticulatus, Optonurus

Dermatopsis

devisi, Orectolobus

Dinolestes

Diodon

Diploerepis

dobula, Mugil

Dorosoma :

dumerilii, Pseudoscarus

Echeneis

Eehinophryne

elevatus, Zanclistius

elongata, Argentina

elongatus, Ammotretis ..

Myxus

Parapriacanthus

Engraulis

Enoplosus se Sc

Epigonichthys

eques, Phyllopteryx

eremius, Gobius ..

Etrumeus nc

expansus, Urolophus

eyresil, Craterocephalus

faber, Zeus

fairchildi, Narcobatus

faseiata, Trigonorrhina

fasciatus, Neoblennius ..

fernandinus, Squalus

ferrugineum, Parasc¢yllium

filamentosus, Gobius

Heteroscarus

Rhycherus

ftistularius, Leptoichthys

flavigastra, Arcana

WAITE

Page

fluviatilis, Craterocephalus.. Sie ww)

Perea are aie 6

foliatus, Phyllopteryx .. = he 58

forsteri, Agonostomus .. be ie, 89

Latridopsis.. +0. ame 15

Scombresox.. ie von, hod

frenatus, Odax : te o. 35

fronto, Pataecus .. re Re Si Uae!

fucicola, Pseudolabrus .. re cae 28

fuseus, Platycephalus .. ne see TZ

Gadopsis .. ae vc as ae lias

Galaxias .. ae at: =, wa 40

Galeocerdo aN ae ae id 13

Galeus om ye 5% one a: 13

gallus, Lophonectes te au ca, LBs)

galwayi, Mugilogobius .. at co oS

gangeticus, Carcharinus ae ts 1]

Genypterus 155

georgianus, Arripis 105

Caranx 105

Scorpis 112

Geotria 8

Gephyroberyx.. a 12

gerrardi, Trachichthodes = ee OL)

gibbosus, Anoplocapros as so LO

Neocyttus ef Se eS

gigas, Hoplostethus Pa a ae 2

Paraplesiops eis ls aioe) DE

Girella.. 3s f ve See lala

gladius, Xiphias si te .. 145

glaucum, Prionace ane ats ae 12

glaucus, Isurus .. Ve 0 ae 21

Glyphisodon ae he aa eee eh

Glyptauchen vs es ss te lie

Gnathanacanthus he ait pre lie

Gobiuns.. Ae a Sie .. 145

goetzeei, Gnathanacanthus .. ne il

Goniistius ne a as va AD

Gonorhynehus .. ei a6 noe ay)

gouldii, Achoerodus ys om a 33

gracilis, Ophiclinus es ate seq lest

grandiceps, Philypnodon BE oe 149

grandis, Neoplatyeephalus - .. rea ee

Seriola re. ie ee OY

granulatus, Cantherines 7 fo IkeHE

greyi, Gonorhynehus .. a at SAO

guntheri, Cantherines .. fc eelSG

Gymnapistes se a3 56 = 66

haackeana, Aseraggodes eA .. 160

FISHES—INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES

haackei, Gobius

Neopercis

Platycephalus

Halaelurus 5

hasselti, Valenciennea ..

haswelli, Hoplichthys

Heleogramma

Helicolenus

Helotes 5%

hemiodon, Hypoprion

hendecacanthus, Quinquarius

Hepsetia

Heteroelinus

Heterodontus

Heterosearus

hinsbyi, Gobius ..

Hippocampus a

hippocrepis, Cantherines

Histiogamphelus

Histiophryne

holocanthus, Diodon

homacanthus, Ophiclinus

Hoplichthys

Hoplostethus

humerosus, Centriscops

Hyperlophus

Hyperoglyphe

Aypnaree

Hypoplectrodes

Hypoprion

Hyporhamphus

hyrtlii, Neosilurus

Ichthyocampus

inops, Platyeephalus

intermedius, Hoplostethus

Hyporhamphusg

irideus, Salmo

Tsurus

jacksoniensis, Etrumeus

jaculiferus, Chilomycterus

Kathetostoma 56

klunzingeri, Pempheris

kumu, Chelidonichthys

Kyphosus

labiosus, Paristiopterus

laeve, Kathetostoma

laevigatus, Platycephalus

lancifer, Acanthopegasus

204 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

lateralis, Gobius

laticlavius, Pictilabrus ..

Latridopsis

lemprieri, Raja

lenticularis, Anoplocapros

Lepidoblennius

lepidoptera, Caesioperea

Lepidotrigla

Leptoichthys

Leptonotus

leucopaecilus, Congiopus

lewini, Dinolestes

licha, Seymnorhinus

lineatus, Trachichthodes

lineolatus, Ophthalmolepis

Liopempheris

liosomus, Tetraodon

Lissocampus

Lophoneetes

Lotella

macleayi, Pseudolabrus

Maequaria ;

macquariensis, Oligorus

macrolepidotus, Neoscopelus

macrolepis, Plagiogeneion

macropterus, Dactylopagrus

maculatus, Austrolabrus

Orectolobus

Pataecus

maculosus, Threpterius

marmoratus, Gadopsis

Gymnapistes

Lepidoblennius

maximus, Cetorhinus

mediterraneus, Hoplostethus

megastoma, Cnidoglanis

Melanotaenia

melbournensis, Parequula

meleagris, Paraplesiops

microchirus, Ophiclinus

miecrolepis, Parma

microstomus, Genypterus

milesii, Aploactis

milii, Callorhynehus

mitchellii, Trichophryne

Mitsukurina

modestus, Pseudosearus

Mogurnda

Mola ae

mola, Mola 36 ye

Page

146

131

1125

191

mordax, Caragola

mosaicus, Cantherines

mucosus, Valenciennea

Mugil

Mugilogobius :

multiradiata, Cantherines

Liopempheris

muitiradiatus, Dermatopsis

Muraenichthys

Mustelus

Myctophum

Mylhobatis

Myxus

Nannoperea

Narcobatus

Nematonurus

Neoblennius

Neocyttus

Neopataecus

Neopereis oe

neopilcharda, Sardinia

Neoplatycephalus

Neoplotosus

Neoscopelus

Neosebastes

Neosilurus y e;

nichthemerus, Atopomyeterus

nigra, Stigmatopora

nigrans, Melanotaenia

nigricans, Dactylophora

nigrofasciatum, Kathetostoma

nigropunctatus, Neosebastes

nigroruber, Hypoplectrodes

Notorhynehus nee

novae-hollandiae, Hippocampus

Sphyraena

novae-zelandiae, Trachurus

nudipinnis, Pristiophorus

obtusata, Sphyraena

Odax

olidus, Galaxias

Oligorus

Olisthops

Ophiclinus

Ophthalmolepis

Oplegnathus

Optonurus

Orectolobus

ornata, Aracana er a

151

Ti.

170

138

174

165

197

124

14]

164

933

102

134

135

151

133

a2]

als

192

WAIFE—FISHES—INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES

Ostracion ese

owstoni, Mitsukurina

Oxynotus

Pagrosomus ye

panduratus, Glyptauchen

pandus, Neosebastes

pantica, Neosebastes

Paraplesiops

Parapriacanthus

Parascyllium

Paratrachichthys

Paratrigla

pardalis, Ophiclinus

Parequula

Paristiopterus

Parma oe é

parvipinnis, Diplocrepis

Pataecus : aS

pectorosus, Nokorhy nehus

Pempheris

Pentaceropsis

Perea

Perealates

percoides, Helicolenus

Therapon

Peronedys

peronii, Cantherines

perspicillatus, Clinus

philippi, Heterodontus ..

Rhinobatus

phillipi, Syngnathus

Philypnodon

Phyllopteryx

Physiculus

Pictilabrus

pinguis, Hepsetia

Plagiogeneion

Platyecephalus

plebeia, Rhombosolea

Plectroplites

pleuracanthica, Pandieiela

poecilolaemus, Syngnathus

Polyipnus : a

polyommata, Pterygotrigla

Pomatomus

porosa, Hyperoglyphe

porosus, Upencus

Prionace

Pristiophorus Hs

propinquus, Allocyttus ..

Page

190

108

167

164

166

Psammobatis

Pseudaphritis

Pseudolabrus

Pseudosearus ee

psittaculus, Pseudolabrus

Pterygotrigla

punctatus, Sillaginodes

punctulatus, Pseudolabrus

purpurissatus, Aulopus ..

pusillus, Odax

quadrispinosum, Acanthidium

Quinquarius

radiatus, Odax

Raja

ramsayi, Neopercis

rasor, Caesioperca

reeurvirostris, Pentaceropsis ..

reinhardtii, Anguilla

remora, Echeneis

Retropinna

Rhinobatus “ct

rhomboidalis, Neocyttus

Rhombosolea

Rhycherus

richardsonu, Oilers

richei, Tetraodon

robustus, Solegnathus

Stolephorus

rostratus, Ammotretis ..

Histiogamphelus

rufus, Cheilobranchus

Salmo ae

saltator, Pomatomus

Sardinia

Sciaena

Scomber

Scomberoides

Scombresox

Scorpaena ae

scorpaenoides, N Taneetaakee

Scorpis .

scortea, Fingeapinnyne

Seyllorhinus

sevllium, Triakis

Seymnorhinus :

semermis, ineecephalns

semoni, Retropinna

Seriola

206 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Seriolella

setosus, Cantherines

sexfasciatum, Vinculum

sexlineatus, Helotes

Sillaginodes

Sillago

Siphonognathus

Solegnathus

Sparus . .

spatula, Aspasmogaster

Sphyraena

Sphyrna

spilogastra, Aracana

spilomelanurus, Cantherines

Squalus

Squatina

Stigmatopora

Stolephorus

subnigra, Hypnaree

sydneyanus, Kyphosus ..

Sympterichthys

Syngnathus ie ae

tamarensis, Atherina

Tandanus ce

tandanus, Tandanus

tasmanianus, Blennius

tasmaniensis, Aspasmogaster

tentaculatus, Orectolobus

tenuicaudatus, Mylobatis

Tephraeops

tergocellata, Squatina

testaceus, Urolophus

tetragonus, Tetraodon

Tetraodon

tetricus, Pseudolabrus

Thalliurus

Therapon .

thetidis, Neosebastes

Threpterius

Thunnus

thynnus, Thunnus

Thyrsites

Thysanophrys

Tinea

tinea, Tinea

toloo, Scomberoides

Trachichthodes

Trachichthys

Trachurus c Ie

trailli, Paratrachichthys

Page

188

115

100

101

156

109

194

187

115

185

AMeiay 4. a2 Ne ae

Trianectes

Trichophryne

tricuspidata, Girella.. ae a

tricuspidatus, Carcharias

tridentifer, Polyipnus

Trigonorrhina

tristis, Cristiceps

trossulus, Brachaluteres

truncatus, Chelmonops

trutta, Arripis

Salmo :

tuberculatum, Ostracion

tudori, Ammotretis

unicolor, Therapon

unistriata, Capropygia

Upeneus .. a ane ae ae

Urolophus ve A os Bis

urvillii, Pseudaphritis

Valenciennea

vanessa, Lepidotrigla .. a: ee

variegatus, Bovichthys Re =

variolatum, Parascyllium

vercoi, Syngnathus Ste 36 Ms

verrucosus, Allocyttus

Sympterichthys

victoriae, Glyphisodon ..

Rhombosolea

vincenti, Scylliorhinus

vineentii, Pataecus oe Se :

Vineulum a6 Je

vittatus, Hyperlophus

vittiger, Cantherines .. By -

vizonarius, Goniistius

vulpinus, Alopias

waitii, Psammobatis

waterhousli, Neopataecus

Neoplotosus

Odax

welchi, Therapon

wilsoni, Conger ;

woodwardi, Oplegnathus

Xiphias

Zanclistius j

zebra, Tephraeops AF et é

Zeus os Rte es ye a

zygaena, Sphyrna Bis ae ‘

Anchovy ..

Angel Shark

Band Fish

Barracouta

Basking Shatk

Beaked Salmon ..

Beardie

Bellows Fish

Billfish

Black Bream

Blackfish

Blenny

Blue Devil

Blue Nurse

Blue Pointer

Blue Shark

Blue Sprat

Boar-fish

Bony Bream

Box-fish

Bull’s Eve

Butterfish

Callop

Carpet Shark

Catfish

Cat Shark

Cling-fish

Cobbler

Cod

Conger

Congolli

Conmuri

Coral-fish

Cow-fish

- Dogfish

Dory

Drummer

Eagle Ray

Eel . oe

Elephant Shark ..

Elphin Shark

Fiddler

Flathead ..

109

113

150, 151

. 38

117-120

: Os

190-194

110

107

ans SS

15, 16

46, 47

1718

179, 180

166

141

115

192-194

eS (dB

,. 74-76

113

.. 48-50

172-174

INDEX to COMMON NAMES

Flounder

Flying Fish

Forehead Fish

Frog-tish

Garfish

Goby

Gold Carp

Grey Nurse

Groper

Gudgeon

Gummy

Gurnard

Gurnard-pereh

Hammer-headed Shark

Hardyhead

Harlequin Fish

Herring Cale

Horse Mackerel ..

Jackass Fish

Javelin Fish

John Dory

Kantari

Knife-jaw

Lamprey

Lanecelet

Lantern Fish

Leather-jacket

Leather-skin

Luminous Fish

Mackerel ..

Maori

Maray

Mill Ray

Minnow

Moonlighter

Mountain Trout ..

Mullet

Mulloway

Murray Cod

Nannygai

Native Trout

Page

156-159

168

180-183

145-148

ae 14

176-178

162-164

184-189

101

208

Numbfish ..

Old Wife ..

Pamori

Parli

Parrot Fish

Pereh

Pigfish

Pike

Pilchard

Pink-ear

Pipefish

Pipe-horse

Pondi

Porcupine Fish

Port Jackson Shark

Pulangi

Puller

Rainbow-fish

Red Indian Fish

Red Mullet

Red Snapper

Remora

River Blackfish

Roeck-cod

Rockling ..

Rock Whiting

Rough Shark

Roughy

Round Ray

Ruby Fish

Saddle-head

Salmon

Sand Fish

Sand Shark

Saw Shark

Sead

Scealy-fin

School Shark

Sea Bream

Sea-carp

Sea Dragon

Sea-horse

Sea Shark

Senator Fish

Sergeant Baker

Seven-gilled Shark

Shore Eel

Shovel-nosed Ray

Silverside

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Page

116

AM <a9

af 128-133

6, 87, 89, 91-95, 97, 122

Reval

85, 99

Skate

Skipjack

Skipper

Slippery

Smelt

Snapper

Snook

Soldier Fish

Sole

Sprat

Stingaree

Stingray

Stink-fish ..

Stone-lifter

Strong Fish

Sucker Fish

Sunfish

Swallow-tail

Sweep

Sweet William

Swordfish

Taralgi

Tarkatuki

Tarki

Teheri

Tench

Thetis Fish

Thresher ..

Tiger Shark

Tillywurti

Toado

Tommy Rough

Trevally

Trout

Trumpeter

Tube-mouth

Tukari

Tunny

Velvet-fish

Wankaldi

Wankari

Warty-fish

Weed Fish

Whaler

Whiting

White Pointer

Yellow-tail

Zebra Fish

Page

103

138

108

<2 y, 460

. U7-39

Be fa

142

140, 141

-s 22

160, 161

198

112

145

124

195, 196

1065

86, 103

125

136

143

168, 171

105

169

152

Me toe

100, 101

TWO ZIPHIOID WHALES

NOT PREVIOUSLY RECORDED FROM SouTH AUSTRALIA.

By EDGAR R. WAITE, F.L.S., Direcror, S.A. Museum.

Plates ii—iil.

1. MESOPLODON LAYARDII Gray.

Liphius layardi Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 358, fig. a, b, e.

Iv is generally conceded that of the species of Mesoplodon, the best characterized

and best known is M. layardii.

It was, however, presumed familiarity with this species that led to its being

passed over, when determination of a specimen, the subject of this note, was

attempted.

First, looking at the teeth, they were seen to be small and flatly conical, with

the ivory tip turned outwards and downwards in a most extraordinary manner :

knowing nothing approaching this condition, other features, both of skull and

vertebrae, were then investigated, but without satisfactory results. Then the

solution flashes across the mind: the teeth were those of an immature M. layardii,

the ‘‘apex’’ being the anterior edge of the summit of the future ‘“‘strap,’’ and the

hinder corner the posterior margin of the summit. When once the condition was

realized, confirmation was forthcoming. Krefft and Gray published an illustration

of an almost identical tooth, but failing to realize its connection with the Strap-

toothed Whale, described it as the type of a new genus and species. (1) The

fioure, however, scarcely does justice to the condition as seen in our example, of

which reproductions from actual photographs are supplied. The description, by

Turner, of another tooth will be referred to later. Advantage has been taken of

the opportunity to give some general notes on the animal and its skeleton.

The whale was cast up on the beach near Kingston, in Lacepede Bay, in

February 1919, its occurrence being reported by Mr. Norman B. Tindale. It was

some time later before I was able to visit the scene, by which time the softening

flesh had settled down, so that any hope that had been entertained of casting the

animal was out of the question, Mr. R. Limb, the Museum Formator, having accom-

panied me with that end in view. The carcase had been somewhat mutilated, as

usual in such eases, by visitors, but the pair of divergent throat grooves was appar-

(1) Krefft & Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), vii, 1871, p. 368, fig.

210 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

ent. The colour, after the results of partial decomposition, was black above and

somewhat lighter below, but in its then condition it supplied no indication of the

markings of the species, as previously deseribed and figured by me. (2) The

two mandibular teeth did not seem to have erupted the gums, and were not found

until Searched for by cutting into the flesh. Unsuccessful search was made for

the smaller teeth found embedded in the gums of some of the Ziphioid whales.

During an adjournment made while securing the skeleton, the carcase was visited

by gulls and portions of flesh carried off: pelvic bones, if present, were probably

lost by such means, as no trace of them could be found; the suborbitals had also

disappeared. The otherwise complete skeleton was taken to Adelaide and

mounted by the Museum taxidermists, Messrs. O. and J. Rau. I am indebted to

Mr. H. M. Hale for the photographs accompanying the paper.

The following measurements were made as the animal lay on the beach:

tt. am, mm.

Total length to middle of tail flukes .. .. Ta 3 4648

Lip -OLeSMOUL LOmeyemere met ea. ct bone eae a 686

ifip-of mandible tommenincs me at.: ¢ Mase JAUR Are 3099

Tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin .. .. .. 9 6 2895

Width" ofetails fuikes@pe ii. Ye we 3 2 965

The specimen was a male, and, as afterwards transpired, a relatively young

example, a fact supported by the following observations:

The small syze, 15 ft. 3 in., as against 19 ft. 2 in., the maximum recorded.

The general soft condition of the bones, which necessitated careful

maceration.

The open sutures and unattached epiphysises of the bones, especially of the

vertebrae.

The imperfectly developed teeth, and the absence of a bony mesorostral; a

basal soft bony mesethmoid being, however, evident.

Skull. The skull is generally symmetrically formed, the anterior narial

portion alone being twisted towards the left side. The lateral groove at the basal

portion of the rostral, generally described as only slightly developed in the

species, is quite a feature in this young example, but possibly becomes less

pronounced as development proceeds; the posterior pit in which the groove

terminates is shallow. The foramina for the exit of the branches of the 5th

nerve lie in the same transverse line. Other characters of the skull may be

ascertained from the accompanying photographs and following table of

dimensions, made in aéecordance with Flower’s measurements (*) :

(2) Waite, Ree. Cant. Mus., i, 1912, p. 326, pl. Ix.

(3) Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc., x, 1879, -p. 424,

WAITE—ITWO ZIPHIOID WHALES Zikal

mm.

SRRreme (Meth Ot GRANT TI © hae. + - 1. cea oOOS

Length of rostrum (from the apex of the premaxilla to

the middle of a line drawn between the anteorbital

HUGE GREG iret aces: Che tctne chokes ah Ge ascot lke cake. gta eee ae

From middle of hinder edge of palate (formed by the

Lely LOIS) LOcaApex, OL, LOSNd 64/1. when warmed

Greatest height of cranium from vertex to pterygoids .. 338

Breadth of cranium across superior margin of orbits .. 328

Breadth of cranium between zygomatic processes of

SU RUGOLTA COSHH SARE ce a ony ey ee MIO Erect al CRAG YD

Breadth between anteorbital notches .............. 197

ieeeod i Okmmddle of TOStKUM ys. is. . ido, Lae 68

Pmradth oimocerpital condyles 222... 6. mete ne dD

* Premaxillae, greatest width behind anterior nares .. .. 156

< least width opposite anterior nares .. .. 110

* greatest width in front of anterior nares... 111

eidenion gucerior dares noi. ead. +. i. aeons 800

eae ii Olay mnpaniG DOMEN. Ais a a sue sgh aged eye os hee

Greatest. breadth of tympanic bone... .. .. .. .. .... 30

Pemmnmecleneth Of LanisS ..%.o .s tas: nee aoe Tae

. LEM OMME OL SVAN MV SISet ce acc’ .) St .cu see OO

greatest. vertical height of ramus .. .. .. .. 113

The skull has been well figured by others, but I have not seen a truly anterior

aspect illustrated. This is supplied in the accompanying photograph (fig. 2) and

shows the peculiar deflection of the teeth from the axes of the snout. The illus-

tration stated by Turner to be a front view of the skull is really an upper view.

Teeth. The teeth originate at the hinder part of the mandibular symphysis,

but as during growth they are inclined strongly backwards they appear to have a

still more posterior origin, an appearance increased by the fact that the apices

approximate immediately before the frontal portion of the head. The teeth are

band-like, the breadth of the band lying generally in the axis of the skull. In

aged examples, as has been often stated, the teeth meet, or even cross (4) and

limit the gape of the mouth, so that the method of feeding becomes a problem.

It is, however, with the juvenile tooth that we are more nearly concerned. The

shape of that supplied by the animal now under consideration is shown in the

accompanying figure (fig. 6), the longer portion of the growing root being

(4) Sutton, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1885, p. 440, fig. 7, 8.

Ze, RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM .

directed forwards: the tooth is set so that at first it grows very divergently in

relation to its fellow, thus well clearing the sides of the snout; the summits then

converge, and finally meet or cross as mentioned. An early function of the ivory

tip may be to cut the gum, which would, apparently, be opened on the outer side;

were the function of the tip to end there, we might suppose that it would drop

off, much as does the thorn on the beak of an embryo chick. When, during the

growth of the tooth, the summit begins to curve obliquely over the snout, the tip

of the tooth tends to assume a more erect position, until finally it becomes

subvertical. The successive deposits of tooth matter at the root are well seen in

the teeth in question, as shown in the figure, and are also illustrated in the drawing

of Krefft and Gray.

Turner (°) gives a most exhaustive account of a young tooth—younger than

the one here described—from which it would appear that it is not until a slightly

later development that the enamel tip or denticle takes on a downward position.

He describes the denticle as projecting outwards and slightly upwards; that is, -

of course, in relation to the-shaft, fang, or strap, and is true when the shaft is

but quite small, as in the ‘‘Challenger’’ example (fig. 15 and 16). As, however,

the shaft grows in an outward curve the denticle becomes more and more deflected

from the plane of the shaft, until the latter begins to grow straight, whence the

curvature is changed, the strap curving inwards and ultimately over the beak,

when, as before stated, the denticle assumes an erect position in relation to the

vertical axis of the skull. The downward aspect of the denticle in a tooth of the

age of that of the Kingston whale, when in position in the jaw, is relatively greater

than when held with the shaft in a vertical position, because the direction of the

root of the growing tooth, conforming to the slope of the mandible, is markedly

outward. Turner states that the denticle projects from about the middle of the

upper border of the fang. This is apparently correct only for a very young

tooth, for what is the middle of the fang in a young example afterwards becomes

the anterior apical corner of the strap. The angle at which the denticle projects

after cutting the gum is thus indicated by the writer quoted: “‘It is set at such

an angle to the shaft as to be directed away from the animal’s snout, and towards

the water in which it swims.’’ Seeing that the whale may be presumed to be

wholly immersed in water, this description is not very lucid; it was doubtless

intended to convey the information that the denticle was directed horizontally.

In our tooth, the direction when in situ is almost directly downwards. In Turner’s

figure 15, the tooth is illustrated as inclined backwards above, apparently to show

the condition of the base, the ‘‘set’’ of the denticle being indicated in figure 16.

(5) Turner, ‘‘Challenger’’ Report, i, Bones of Cetacea, 1880, p. 10, pl. ii, fig. 15, 16.

WAITE—TwWO ZIPHIGID WHALES 213

Vertebrae, Ribs ete. The number of vertebrae is as follows: Cervical.

7, Dorsal 9, Lumbar 10, Caudal 20, the terminal nine being without processes.

The first three cerviecals are connected. The number of dorsals is generally set

down as ten, in our specimen nine only possess articulations for the ribs, and we

have but nine pairs of ribs; they were all certainly recovered. The first seven

dorsal vertebrae bear zvgapophyses. The lumbars are keeled below. The caudals

are generally stated to be 19, we have 20; the total number of bones in the column

is 46, thus agreeing with that assigned by others, the individual differences

oecurring in the relative counts of the dorsals and caudals.

The first perforated diapophysis is the 8th caudal: there are 11 chevrons,

the first of which is composed of two separate bones.

M. layardi has a wide distribution in southern seas; in Australasia it is

recorded from New Zealand and the Chatham Islands, Queensland, New South

Wales, and now South Australia. It was originally described from Capetown,

and the ‘‘Challenger’’ obtained it at the Falkland Islands.

2. MESOPLODON GRAYI Haast.

Mesoplodon (Oulodon) grayi Haast, Proc. Zool. Soe., 1876, p. 7 and 457.

The subject upon which the identification rests is the right mandibular ramus

of a specimen found on the beach at Kingseote, Kangaroo Island, and forwarded

to the Museum on April 26, 1910, by Mr. A. H. Anderson, Harbour Master. It was

generically identified by Mr. F. R. Zietz and labelled ‘‘ Wesoplodon, sp.?”’

The tooth was in situ when found, but someone cut the bone away on the

outside and the tooth can now be removed and replaced. It can be inserted on

either face, but as it fits only in one of the two positions, the conditions as below

deseribed are assumed to be correct. The tip of the mandible is missing, so that

no useful comparative dimensions can be supplied; the symphysial connection

appears to have been unossified, excepting perhaps in its anterior portion; the

tooth stands at the hinder part of the juncture, its greater portion being in

advance of the posterior connection of the symphysis. It is ereet in the jaw, but

the general curve, in which the enamel portion or denticle participates, is gently

inwards, and the extreme tip, for about 1 mm., is curved outwards. When

removed from the jaw, the shape presented is that of a flattened cone, suddenly

expanded below at about half its height, with the basal margin strongly bowed ;

if inverted and the denticular portion held between finger and thumb, the

resemblance to some of the flabelliform corals is very striking. The tooth is

hollow, the denticle included: the latter occupies about one-fourth the total

height, and its sides all round pass evenly into the contour of the base.

The fact that such a small portion of the animal is available for examination

renders determination somewhat uneertain, but a study of the literature seems

to indicate that the ramus should be assigned to Mesoplodon grayt Haast. As the

214 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

tooth was undoubtedly functional, and as that of the female of the species is

smaller and said not to eut the gum, the mandible under examination may be

regarded as that of a male.

The jaw and tooth are illustrated on plate iii, fig. 7 and 8,

It is this species in which the presence of small teeth in the upper jaw of

both sexes was demonstrated by von Haast.

This whale has been freely stranded on the Chatham Islands, and examples

are also known from New Zealand and Patagonia. It is listed by Ogilby as from

New South Wales, but has not been previously recorded from South Australia.

PRINCIPAL REFERENCES.

Additional to Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1893, p. 227, 229.

Mesoplodon layardii Gray.

Mesoplodon layardi Flower, T.Z.S., viii, 1874, p. 211 and x, 1878, p. 416; Hector,

T.N.Z. Inst., x, 1878, p. 341; Turner, Chall., Rep. i, 1880, p. 2-26, plaemm

De Vis (Jaggard), P.R.S., Queensl., i, 1884, p. 58, and 1885, p. 174, pl. xix;

Flower, List Cetacea, Brit. Mus., 1885, p. 11; Sutton, P.Z.S., 1885, p. 440,

fig. 7, 8; Trimen,.T.8.Afr. Phil, Soc., v, 1893, p. 295: Trouessariaigane

Mamm., ii, 1898, p. 1067; Sclater, Mamm. S. Afr., ii, 1901, p. 193, fig. 144;

Waite, Rec. Cant. Mus., i, 1907, p. 326, pl. lxii; FitzSimons, Nature, July,

1907, p. 247, fig. 1, 2, and Knowledge, August, 1907, p. 173 and figs.

Mesoplodon thomsoni, Kreftt, MS. in Ogil. Cat. Aust. Mamm., 1892, p. 71.

Mesoplodon grayi Haast.

Mesoplodon bidens Ven Ben., Mem, Cour, Acad, Belgique, 1888 (fide Trouessart).

Explanation of Plate ii.

Fig. 1. Skeleton of Mesoplodon layardii Gray (one-tenth natural size).

Explanation of Plate iii.

‘Fig. 2. Skull of Mesoplodon layardii Gray, from the front, showing the

disposition of the mandibular teeth (one-sixth natural size). -

Fie. 38. Skull, from behind (one-sixth natural size).

Fig. 4. Skull, from above (one-eighth natural size).

Fig. 5. Skull, from below (one-eighth natural size).

Fig. 6. Tooth of left ramus, outside aspect (five-sevenths natural size).

Fig. 7. Right ramus of mandible of Mesoplodon grayi Haast (one sixth nat. size).

Fig. 8, Tooth (five-sevenths natural size),

Kec. S.A. MUSEUM. Vor. Il, Plate II

Metre

BEAKED WHALE (Mesoplodon layardit Gray.)

Votlck PLATE LE

Rec. S.A. MUSEUM

BEAKED WHALES

DESCRIPTION or a new AUSTRALIAN FISH

OF THE GENUS CONGIOPUS.

By EDGAR R. WAITE, F.L.S., Drrecror, S.A. Museum.

Fig. 333.

10 21

THE genus Congiopus was founded by Perry, with C. percatus as type;

status being as below:

Congiopus Perry, Arcana or Mus. of Nat. Hist., 1811.

Agriopus Cuvier, Reg. Anim. (ed. 2), ii, 1829, p. 168.

Cephalinus Gronow, Cat. Fish, Brit. Mus. (ed. Gray), 1854, p. 159.

Congiopodus Gill, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. Wash., vi, 1898, p. 118.

I am unable to consult Perry’s work, part of which appears to have been

issued in 1810 and part in 1811. Marschall (1) does not seem to have seen the

‘*Areana,’’ but lists the genus under the form Congiopodus; this mis-spelling

and the erroneous date (1871) have been copied by most subsequent authors.

Cuvier was aware of Perry’s paper, as noted in the ‘‘ Histoire.’’ (*)

In his ‘‘Genera of Fishes’’ (*) Jordan erroneously credits the editorship of

Gronow’s work to Albert Giinther.

Fig. 333. Congtopus leucometopon.

(1) Marschall, Nomencl. Zool., 18738, p. 71.

(2) Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 1829, p. 382, footnote.

(3) Jordan, Genera of Fishes, ii, 1919, p. 258.

216 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Several species of the genus Congiopus (Agriopus) have been described from

Chilian, South African, and Australian seas, but hitherto one only has been

recognized from our waters. This (C. leucopaecilus Rich.) is known from South

Australia and King George Sound, Southern Western Australia. A second

Australian species is described as follows:

CONGIOPUS LEUCOMETOPON sp. nov.

Disa O's Acie 6 Ci Nina wonea ie. CU) eee

Length of head 2-9, height of body 5-0, and length of caudal 3-6 in the length.

Diameter of eve 4:8, interorbital space 6-1, and length of snout 3-0 in the head.

Head compressed, narrowed suddenly to the base of the snout, anterior

profile very steep, snout bulbous and rugose, with a pair of short spines above

directed upwards and backwards, and another on each side above the expanded

distal end of the maxilla; mouth slightly obliaue, the chin roughened like the

snout, jaws equal; the maxilla does not reach the verticle of the eye. Four blunt

processes on the margin of the preopercle and a weak flat spine imbedded on the

opercular flap. The posterior nostril is on a level with, but in advance of, the

lower edge of the eye; the anterior nostril is on a lower level. Gills four, no

slit behind the last. Small pseudobranchiae present.

Teeth. Those in the jaws set in broad bands, each of which has a median

suture, a triangular patch on the vomer, none on the palatines or tongue.

Fins. The first dorsal spine stands over the middle of the eye, the

following ones are successively longer to the fourth, thence subequal, the longest

being about half the length of the head; the soft rays form a lobe, higher than

the spinous portion, the middle rays being 1-5 in the length of the head. The anal

spines are strong, the third beimg equal in length to that of the longest dorsal,

those of both fins are normally hidden in the membranes; the soft rays form a

lobe similar to that of the dorsal; the hinder insertion of the fin is forward of

that of the dorsal. The pectorals are large, extending to nearly above the first

spine of the anal, with a broad base, the rays of the lower half with free tips.

Ventrals pointed, extending to the vent and nearly as far as the pectorals, the

spine strong. Caudal rounded. its peduncle compressed, the depth being one-

third the height of the body.

Body compressed, naked, with vertical plae or crease-like marks, each line

passing through one of the lateral pores; the latter arise in advance of the

opercular flap, and pass, with a lower curve than the dorsal profile, to the middle

of the caudal peduncle; there are 28-30 pores in the series. The vertical marks

were not apparent in the fresh specimen, but appeared after immersion in the

WAITE—A NEW AUSTRALIAN FISH ZY

preservative; they are indicated in the drawing. A minute post-anal papilla

is present.

Colours. Forehead, including the first dorsal spine, the front of the snout

and tip of the chin white. ‘This is followed by a jet black band, which arises

narrowly at the base of the second spine, broadens, and passes obliquely through

the eve across the hinder half of the snout, encircling the lower jaw behind the

chin. The rest of the head, body, and fins are of deep coffee colour.

Locality etc. Described from two specimens, of which the smaller is

marked as the type. The variation in the number of rays enclosed within brackets

refers to the larger specimen; this measures 160 mm. in leneth, and was collected

on the beach at Glenelg, South Australia, after a severe storm, by members of the

Museum staff. The type, which measures 130 mm. in length, was taken at the

same place and under similar conditions by Mr. H. M. Cooper. Type, No. F. 455.

This species differs from all other described members of the genus by having

three spines in the anal fin. Many writers would regard this as justifying the

erection of a new genus, and I shall be quite prepared to learn of the species

being so erected. The number of genera constituted nowadays is overwhelming,

and the practice must sooner or later fall under the weight of the burden cast

upon it. One of the negative characters ascribed to the genus is the absence of

preorbital spines, yet in C. granulatus from the Cape, three rough preorbital

spines are described. Jordan and Starks (7) contrast their Ocosia with Agriopus

and apparently inadvertently state that it differs therefrom in lacking the

preoperecular spine. In the description of the species @. vespa, they describe the

maxillary as reaching to below the middle of the eye, a statement at variance

with the figure. This species agrees with C. leucometopon in having three anal

spines, but its general alliance appears to-be with Vetraroge rather than with

Congiopus.

(4) Jordan & Starks, Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus., xxvii, 1904, p. 162, fig. 17,

SeUDIES In AUSTRALIAN-SHARKS. No? ai*

By EDGAR R. WAITE, F.L.S. Direcror, S.A. Museum.

AVE oOo

Fig. 334.

PARASCYLLIUM FERRUGINEUM McCulloch.

Parascyllium ferrugineum McCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 7, pl. il, fig. 2.

Dorine a storm in August, 1920, when a quantity of flotsam was cast on to our

ocean beaches, the little catshark here noticed was obtained alive. The buffetting

it encountered probably induced it to leave its protecting ege-case somewhat

prematurely, but, apart from enemies, it would probably have survived, as the

yolk sac was well-nigh absorbed.

Its characters are well developed, so there is small difficulty in identifying it,

at least generically. The large fifth gill-opening and the close proximity thereto

of the fourth, is characteristic of the genus Parascyllium: in this young specimen

the fourth slit is not at all apparent; it lies on the anterior edge of the fifth, and

it can therefore be scarcely represented in a profile drawing. Presuming that it

Fig. 334. Parascyllium ferrugineum.

* Previous numbers appeared in the ‘‘ Records of the Australian Museum. ’’

220 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

is one of the two species recorded from our waters, it may be assigned to

P. ferrugineum McCull., hitherto known only from three examples, the type taken

outside Port Philip Heads in November, 1909, another specimen obtained in the

Australian Bight in 22 fathoms in September, 1914, and a third taken at

Kneounter Bay, 1919, and forwarded by Mr. H. Dutton. An illustration of the

young specimen taken on the Glenelg beach is supplied for comparison with that

published by Mr. McCulloch. Remembering the changes that take place with

growth, no useful purpose would be served by making the usual comparative

measurements, but it may be noted that the young shark is corporally well

equipped for its advent of independent existence. As is usual, the umbilical

vessels enter the body at the fore-end of the thorax, and in the specimen here

considered, and as above mentioned, the contents of the yolk sac have been nearly

absorbed. The spiracle les close below the hinder corner of the eye.

The colour markings of the adult are indistinct; in the young they are very

pronounced, and serve to show whence the adult pattern is derived. The nasal,

ocular, and branchial bands are simple, but those that follow have each the form

of a double diamond-shaped figure laid across the back; between each figure, on

the dorsal line, is a large round black spot, and a fainter one below it. These

spots, together with one on the lower point of each diamond and one on each fin,

are evidently responsible for the smaller black spots of the adult into which they

break up.

The accompanying illustration represents the voung of natural size; the tail

portion has been duplhecated for more accurate comparison.

Length of specimen, 168 mm.

RECORD or a EUROPEAN MOLLUSC

NOT PREVIOUSLY REPORTED FROM AUSTRALIA.

By SIR JOSEPH VERCO, M.D., F.R.C.S., Hon. Curaror 1n Mottusca.

More than fifty living examples of a bulimoid molluse were sent to the South

Australian Museum by the Department of Agriculture, having been received

- from Mr. Kieselbach of Mount Gambier.

They are quite unlike any pulmonate recorded from South Australia, but

correspond with a European form. Mr. Charles Hedley, of the Australian

Museum, Sydney, compared them with specimens of /Zelicella ventricosa from

Egypt, and found they closely agreed. They are evidently an introduced form,

not hitherto recorded for Australia.

The following is the bibliography of the species:

Bulimus ventricosus Draparnaud, Tab. des Moll., 1801, pl. iv, fig. 31, 32;

Deshayes, Anim. s. Vert. (ed. 2), viii, 1838, p. 285, No. 31.

TTelicella (Cochlicella Risso, 1826) ventricosa Tryon, Man. Conch. (ser. 2),

Pulmonata, iv, 1888, p. 32, pl. vi, fig. 83-85, dimensions 9 mm. x 5:5 mm.;

Pilsbry, op. cit., ix, 1894, p. 26=H. ventrosa auct, and H. bulimoides Mogq.

Locality. (Tryon.) ‘‘Mediterranean Region, Canaries, Azores, and

Bermuda (introduced).’’

Our specimens reach 10 mm. x 5-0 or 5-5 mm, and so are slightly longer and

relatively narrower than the European examples.

UNDESCRIBED CRANE-FLIES (TanyperIDAE anv

TIPULIDAE) IN THE SouTH AusTRALIAN Museum.

By DR. CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Urgsana, ILuinois.

Fig. 335, 336.

THe extensive collections of Australian crane-flies contained in the South

Australian Museum have been kindly sent to me for determination by the Board

of Governors. A considerable number of new species, distributed in many

genera, were found to be included; of these genera, Orimargula, Elephantomyia,

Ceratocheilus, Epiphragma, Stibadocerella, and Phacelodocera had never been

recorded from the Australasian region. Most of the novelties were from localities

in which little or no work had been done on the Tipulidae, such being Tasmania,

the Dorrigo Tableland in New South Wales, Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands,

and Bathurst and Melville Islands in North Australia. The writer’s thanks are

due to the various collectors of this unusually valuable series of Australian

Tipuloidea, especially to the Museum Entomologist, Mr. Arthur M. Lea, who

personally collected most of the material. The types of all the new species have

been returned to the South Australian Museum, paratypes of some species

represented by more than two individuals being preserved in the writer’s

collection.

Venation. The wing-venation of the species of crane-flies considered in the

present report is interpreted in accordance with the principles of the Comstock-

Needham system (fig. 335). The fundamentals of this system are briefly

outlined here, the students being referred to more detailed accounts (1) for

additional particulars.

The wing of an insect is composed of membranes traversed by a series of

longitudinal veins extending from the base to the outer margin, and bound

together at various points by cross-veins and deflections of the longitudinal veins,

which form strong fusions at these places. There are six or seven longitudinal

(1) Comstock, John Henry. The Wings of Insects, 1918, p. 1-430.

Needham, James George. Report of the entomologic field station conducted at Old

Forge, New York, in the summer of 1905. New York State Entomologist. Report

23, 1908, p. 156-248. |

Alexander, Charles Paul. The Crane-flies of New York. Cornell University

Agricultural Experiment Station. Memoir 25, 1919, p. 860-869,

24 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

veins, named respectively from the front or anterior margin backward, Costa (C),

Subeosta (Se), Radius (R), Media (M), Cubitus (Cu), and the Anal veins. The

longitudinal veins are always indicated by capital letters, followed by sub-

numerals to indicate the number of the branch.

Costa (C) forms the anterior margin of the wing and is unbranched.

Subeosta (Se) is a weak vein lying between costa and radius, forked once,

usually near its tip, the anterior branch ( Se!) connecting with costa, the posterior

branch (Se?) connecting with radius. Sc? tends to migrate toward the wing-base

and simulates a crossvein,

2nd A

1st A Cy

ana A

Rts

Wing-Venation of Gynoplistia, sp.

Fig. 335 (upper). Interpreted according to the Comstock-Needham system.

Fig. 336 (lower). Interpreted as modified by Tillyard.

A=anal veins. h=humeral crossvein.

C=costa. m—medial crossvein.

Cu=eubitus m-cu—medial-eubital crossvein.

M—media. r—=radial crossvein.

R—radius. r-m—radial-medial crossvein,

Se=subeosta, Rs=radial sector,

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 225

Radius (R) is typically five-branched. The principal branch (R!) runs

parallel to the anterior margin, at about mid-length giving off a strong branch,

the radial sector (Rs) or praefurea, which, in turn, is dichotomously twice forked.

In most Tipulidae, the two posterior branches, R! and R®, are fused into a single

branch, R#+5,

Media (M) occupies the median area of the wing. Its behaviour is like that

of the radial sector, being dichotomously twice forked. The upper fork carries

the branches M! and M?, the lower fork carries the branches M* and M+. In the

system used, M? and M?* are interpreted as being fused, M’+‘, or, for convenience,

M? alone in the Limnobiinae.

Cubitus (Cu) is a powerful vein lying between media and the first anal vein;

it is forked once, the anterior branch(Cu!) being united with the posterior branch

of media either by direct fusion or by the short medial-cubital (m-cu) crossvein.

Behind cubitus are one or two simple veins, the anal veins (A).

There are five primary cross-veins, which are indicated by small letters: the

humeral (h), in the base of cell C; radial (1), in cell R!, connecting R! with

either R?*? or R? alone; radial-median (r-m), connecting the posterior branch

of radius with the anterior branch of media; medial (m), connecting the upper

fork of media with the posterior fork, and, if present, closing the discal cell

(first M?) ; medial-cubital (m-cu) is present only in the generalized forms, being

obliterated by the fusion of the anterior branch of Cu on the anterior branch or

trunk of M.

The cells of the wing take their name from the veins immediately before or

in front of them, as indicated by the accompanying figures. In the case of fused

veins, the cell takes its name from the last element of the fusion.

Recently Dr. Tillvard (*) proposed an important modification of the

Comstock-Needham system. This modification involves the medial and cubital

fields, the principal features being shown on fig. 336. According to this interpre-

tation, which, in the writer’s opinion, is very probably the correct one, media

is considered as having four persistent branches, M*° and M* being separate; the

latter branch corresponding to the branch Cu! of the Comstock-Needham system.

Cubitus is interpreted by Tillyard as having but a single primary branch, C1

corresponding to Cu? of the Comstock-Needham system. In the Panorpoid

Complex, Tillyard holds that cubitus forks close to the wing-base, the posterior

branch, Cu? being semiatrophied and lying close behind the primary branch of

cubitus.

(2) Tillyard, R. J. The Panorpoid Complex. Part 3: The Wing-Venation. Proc. Linn.

Soc. N.S. Wales, xliv, 1919, p. 533-718.

226 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Famity TANYDERIDAE.

TANYDERUS Philippi, 1865.

The genus Tanyderus includes‘eight deseribed species, of which four are from

the Australasian Region, although none had previously been discovered in

Australia or Tasmania. The distinctions between Tanyderus and Protoplasa

become less clearly defined with the constant accession of new forms, and it may

become necessary to unite the two genera. In this latter case, the family name

would become Macrochilidae or Protoplasidae.

TANYDERUS AUSTRALIENSIS sp. nov.

Mouth-parts much longer than the head; antennae with fifteen segments ;

general colouration dark brown; wings hyaline with three dark brown cross-

‘bands; veins conspicuously hairy; a supernumerary cross-vein in cell R4.

@ Length, about 9 mm.; wing, 1] mm.; rostrum alone, 1-4 mm.

Mouth-parts conspicuous, produced into elongate stylets that are about twice

as long as the head; palpi dark brown, elongate, subtending the blade-like parts.

Antennae with only fifteen segments; scapal segments dark brown; flagellar

segments cylindrical, gradually decreasing in length from the basal to the ter-

minal; verticils inconspicuous, those on the terminal segments shghtly longer.

Front shghtly produced, dark brown, sparsely pruinose; vertex black, grey

pruinose. Pronotum short, as in 7’. becker: Riedel. Mesothorax discoloured,

brown, the median area of the praescutum darker brown. Pleura brown, indis-

tinetly variegated with darker. Halteres yellow, the knobs abruptly dark brown.

Legs with the coxae and trochanters dark brown; femora yellow, the tips broadly

dark brown; tibiae brownish-yellow, the extreme bases and tips dark brown;

tarsi light reddish-brown; legs short .and comparatively hairy. Wings hyaline

with three broad dark brown cross-bands; one basal; the second occupying the

general level of the cord; the third band occupies the wing-apex; the basal area

extends to the origin of Rs and to about one-third the length of cell second A,

there being a quadrate hyaline area in cell R near the base; the second area is

broadest at the anterior margin, extending very obliquely basad to inelude the

apical third of cell second A; there are small hyaline areas along the costal

margin of this band in cells C and Sc, before and just beyond the union of Seé

with R; the third or apical band includes the outer ends of cells Sc! and R!; all

but a small basal portion of R?; the outer third of R®; the outer two-fifths of R+,

this latter, however, interrupted by a conspicuous rectangular hyaline area before

the end of the cell; more than the distal half of cell R° is darkened; the outer

ends of cells first M?, M® and Cu! are darkened, and all of cells M! and second M?

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES i Be]

excepting a small hyaline area which occupies the base of M! and covers the

middle of cell second M?; anal angle yellowish; veins dark brown, more yellowish

in the hyaline areas. Venation: Se! lacking; Se? ending in R before the level

of the outer end of cell first M?; the tip of Se*, after fusing with R for a distance

about its own length, breaks away and appears as a conspicuous oblique vein

provided with macrotrichiae; origin of Rs far back near the wing-base, R before

this origin being only about one-half of Rs; cell first M? very long and narrow,

lying far out in the membrane, vein M® beyond it being less than one-half the

length of cell first M?; basal deflection of M? much longer than m; anal vein

short and straight, cell A being relatively narrow; a single supernumerary cross-

vein situated in cell R* some distance beyond the level of the fork of R2+?; veins

provided with long, conspicuous macrotrichiae. Abdomen discoloured; apical

half of the tergites darker and more glabrous than the basal half. Valves of the

ovipositor orange.

Hab. Tasmania: Southport. Type, I. 12134.

Famity TIPULIDAE.

DICRANOMYIA Stephens, 1829.

DICRANOMYIA PUNCTIPENNIS OCCIDENTALIS sub. sp. nov.

6 Length, about 5-8mm.; wing,8mm. ¢? Length, 8 mm.; wing, 9:3 mm.

Closely resembling typical D. punctipennis Skuse (South-eastern Australia),

differing as follows:

Median praescutal stripe very narrowly and indistinctly split by a capillary

pale line. Legs with the femora dark brown, only the bases narrowly brightened.

Wings with the dark clouds on the radial and cubital forks scarcely apparent, the

veins being dark brown throughout. Venation: Sc! shorter than r-m. Abdomen

dark brown, the sternites a little paler.

Hab. Western Australia: Warren River (W. D. Dodd). Type, I. 121385.

DICRANOMYIA INHONORA sp. nov.

General colouration grey, the praescutum with three brown stripes; fore

femora yellow, the tips broadly blackened; middle and hind femora with an

indistinct subterminal brown ring; wings whitish-subhyaline, with three con-

spicuous brown blotches along vein R before the stigma, these areas about as

extensive as the interspaces.

6 lLength,7 mm.; wing, 8-8 mm. ¢? Length, 6-5-8 mm.; wing, 8-9 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae dark brown; flagellar segments

submoniliform. Head light grey. Mesonotal praescutum light grey with three

dark brown stripes, the median stripe broad and conspicuous; scutal lobes brown ;

228 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

remainder of the mesonotum grey. Pleura heavily grey-pruinose, brighter

ventrally. Halteres short, pale. Legs with the coxae dark, sparsely pruinose ;

trochanters reddish-vellow; femora yellow, the tips of the fore femora broadly

dark brown, on the other femora with a narrow subterminal ring instead of the

dark apex; tibiae brownish-vellow, the tips narrowly darkened; tarsi brown, the

terminal segments darger. Wings whitish subhyaline; stigma oval, greyish-

brown; three conspicuous brown clouds along R before the stigma, the first at h,

the third at the origin of Rs and the tip of Se, these dark marks subequal in

extent to the pale interspaces; paler grey clouds along the cord and outer end of

cell first M*; tips of the anal veins and near midlength of vein first A clouded;

veins dark brown in the infuseated areas, more yellowish elsewhere. Venation:

Se short, Se! ending a short distance beyond the origin of Rs, Sc? at the tip of

Se!; Rs about twice the deflection of R**°; cell first M? subquadrate ; basal deflec-

tion of Cu! before the fork of M; anal angle rather prominent. Abdomen dark

brown, pruinose: sternites more yellowish, the subterminal sternites infuseated.

Hab. South Australia: Port Lincoln; Tasmania: King Island; Lord Howe

Island (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12136.

D. inhonora is apparently most closely related to D. obscura Skuse.

DICRANOMYIA BREVIRAMA sp. nov.

Head and rostrum brownish-yellow; antennal scape brownish-yellow, the

flagellum dark brown; wings yellowish; Se short, cell first M? closed; abdominal

tergites dark brown, the caudal margins narrowly pale.

@ Length, 6 mm.; wing, 7-2 mm.

Rostrum and palpi light brownish-yellow. Antennal scape brownish-yellow ;

flagellum dark brown, the segments oval. Head brownish-yellow. Mesonotal

praescutum yellow with a reddish sublateral stripe on either side; scutal lobes a

little darker than the remainder of the scutum; scutellum yellowish, a little darker

medially at the base; postnotum reddish medially, more yellowish laterally.

Pleura reddish-yellow, very sparsely pruinose, the propleura clearer yellow.

Halteres yellow, the knobs brown. Legs with the coxae obscure yellow; troch-

anters yellow, remainder of the legs pale brownish-testaceous. Wings with a light

yellowish suffusion, a little darker along the costal margin; stigma indistinct ;

veins brownish-yellow. Venation: Se short, Sc! ending immediately before the

origin of Rs, Sc? some distance from the tip of Se!, the latter alone being nearly

as long as the basal deflection of Cu!; Rs short, strongly arcuated, a little longer

than the slightly less arcuated basal deflection of R4*°; cell first M? rectangular,

m about one-half the outer deflection of M?*; basal deflection of Cut at the fork

of M, Abdominal tergites dark brown, the caudal margins of the segments

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 229

narrowly yellowish; dorsal shield of the ovipositor dark brown; sternites obscure

yellow. Ovipositor with the valves very small, the tergal valves upeurved, acute

at the tips.

Hab. Lord Howe Island (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 121387.

D. brevirama is nearly related to D. auripennis Skuse, differing in the

colouration of the head, antennae, and abdomen.

DICRANOMYIA SUBREMOTA sp. nov.

Antennae dark brown; general colouration grey ; mesonotal praescutum and

scutum marked with light brown; legs brownish-yellow, the tips of the tibiae

narrowly dark brown; wings faintly greyish-yellow, sparsely spotted with brown ;

Se short, basal deflection of Cu! far before the fork of M.

$ Length, about 5 mm.; wing, 6mm. @¢? Length, 5-4 mm.; wing,

6-5-6-7 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae dark brown; flagellar segments

suboval. Head grey. Mesonotum grey, with three broad but ill-defined light

brown stripes; scutal lobes ght brown, median area grey; remainder of

mesonotum grey. Pleura dark, grey pruinose. Halteres light brown, yellow

basally. Legs with the coxae dark brown; trochanters obscure brownish-yellow ;

femora brownish-yellow, the tips indistinctly darkened; tibiae and metatarsi

obscure yellow, the tips narrowly but conspicuously dark brownish-black ; terminal

tarsal segments blackened. Wings with a faint greyish-yellow tinge, with very

smal! and indistinct brown seams, arranged as follows: at arculus; at origin of

Rs; the stigmal area, appearing as a narrow seam to r; narrow seams along the

cord and outer end of cell first M?; veins pale yellowish-brown. Venation: Se

short, Se! extending a short distance beyond the origin of Rs, Sc? some distance

from the tip of Se!, lying before the origin of Rs; Sc! alone about equal to the

basal deflection of Cu'; Rs long, gently arcuated, about twice the deflection of

R‘+*°, the latter about equal to the first section of vein R?*?; r at about one-third

R*+?; r-m faint; basal deflection of Cu! about its own length before the fork of M;

Cu* longer than the basal deflection of Cut. Abdominal segments dark brown;

genital segments obscure yellow.

Hab. Norfolk Island (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12188.

DICRANOMYIA IDONEA sp. nov.

General colouration dull yellow; antennae moniliform; halteres with the

apices tipped with yellow; legs short, hairy, yellow, the femora with two narrow

brown subterminal rings; tibiae and first three tarsal segments tipped with black ;

wings pale yellow, sparsely spotted and clouded with brown and grey; Rs and

230 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

the basal deflection of R4+® strongly arcuated at origin; inner end of cell first

M? strongly arcuated; abdominal tergites dull yellow, the basal half of each

segment dark brown; base of the sternal valves of the ovipositor shiny black.

2 Length, about 5-8-6:5 mm.; wing, 7-7-4 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown, the former slightly elongate. Antennae

dark brown; flagellar segments moniliform, each segment except the terminal

ones being broader than long, subdisciform, closely appressed to one another.

Head dark. Mesonotum dark brown (discoloured, in fresh specimens probably

covered with a light pollen). Pleura dark brown, pruinose. MHalteres pale, the

base of the knobs brown, the apices yellowish. Legs with the coxae brownish-

yellow; trochanters brownish-yellow; legs short, femora slightly incrassated at

tips, hairy, reddish-orange in colour, the apical half more yellowish with two

narrow subterminal brown rings; tibiae and basal three tarsal segments brownish-

yellow, the tips conspicuously blackened; segments four and five entirely black.

Wings with a yellowish tinge; restricted brown markings as follows: at arculus,

origin of Rs, tip of Se, along the cord and outer end of cell first M? and at the

tips of the longitudinal veins; paler grey clouds at the stigma; a large blotch

about midway between arculus and the origin of Rs; clouds near the outer ends

of cells second R', R%, R°, second M? and M?*; outer ends of the posterior and

anal cells indistinctly greyish; veins dark brown, C, Sc, and R more brownish-

yellow. Venation: Se extending to about opposite midlength of Rs, Se? some

distance from the tip of Sc!, the latter alone being longer than r; Rs and the

basal deflection of R*+® strongly arcuated at origin, the latter about two-thirds

the former; inner end of e¢ell first M? considerably arcuated, r-m being placed

beyond midlength of cell first M?; this latter cell about as long as vein M!+?

beyond it; basal deflection of Cu! before the fork of M, about opposite the fork

of Rs; cell second A broad. Abdominal tergites dull yellow, the basal half of

each tergite dark brown; sternites yellowish; pleural membrane dull brown.

Ovirositor with the sternal valves long, straight, powerful, the apices acute, the

bases shiny black; tergal valves small, acute.

Hab. Tasmania: King Island (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12139.

DICRANOMYIA SEDATA sp. nov.

Head grey; mesonotum brown; pleura obscure yellow with a narrow brown

longitudinal stripe; wings hght grey with narrow seams and clouds along the

cord, outer end of cell first M* and origin of Rs; vein Se long, cell first M? closed.

6 Length, about 5-5 mm.; wing, 5-4 mm.

Rostrum light brown; palpi brown. Antennae dark brown (flagellum

broken). Head grey. Mesonotum brown (injured by the pin). Pleura obscure

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 231

yellow with a conspicuous but narrow dark brown longitudinal stripe. Halteres

hght brown. Legs long and slender; coxae ‘and trochanters brownish-yellow ;

femora brownish-testaceous, the tips narrowly darkened; remainder of the legs

hght brown. Wings light grey, cell Se a Httle more brownish; stigma short-oval,

dark brown; paler brown clouds at the origin of Rs; tip of Se!; along the cord

and outer end of cell first M?; veins brown. Venation: Se long, Se! ending about

opposite three-fifths Rs, Sc? at the tip of Se!; Rs long, strongly areuated at

origin; r at the tip of R!; cell first M? closed, pentagonal; m about one-half the

outer deflection of M*; basal deflection of Cu! immediately before the fork of M;

Cu? and the basal deflection of Cu! subequal. Abdomen dark brown, the bases

of the tergites indistinctly pale; sternites with the apical half of each segment

brown, the basal half yellowish. Male hypopygium comparatively large, com-

plicated; pleurites large, subglobular, the inner face before the apex produced

into a complex fleshy lobe; appendages very small and _ inconspicuous.

Gonapophyses complicated, arranged in two pairs, the outer-pair shorter, finely

transversely wrinkled, terminating in a small conical tooth; inner apophyse longer,

appearing as pale flattened blades, each with a small tooth on the outer margin

beyond midlength.

Hab. Queensland: Cairns district (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12140.

DICRANOMYIA NORFOLCENSIS sp. nov.

@ Length, 5-8 mm.; wing, 6-3 mm.

Related to D. sedata, sp. nov., differing as follows:

Femora with the tips narrowly pale, there being a subterminal brown ring

of approximately equal extent. Wings more yellowish than grey; Se much

longer, extending to about opposite three-fourths the length of the longer Rs;

basal deflection of R*+® longer, more than twice as long as r-m; cell first M? more

regularly rectangular. Abdominal tergites dark brown, narrowly and indistinctly

paler basally ; sternites obscure brownish-yellow.

Hab. Norfolk Island (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12141.

LIBNOTES Westwood, 1876.

LIBNOTES TERRAE-REGINAE sp. nov.

Head yellow, the vertex and occiput marked with dark brown; femora yellow

with a broad dark brown subterminal ring; wings subhyahne, cells C and Se

yellowish; veins conspicuously seamed with brown; Rs long, strongly arcuated ;

vein second A short and strongly arcuated.

$ Length, 7 mm.; wing, 9 mm.

232 RECORDS OF THE S.A: MusEUM

Rostrum light brown; palpi dark brown. Antennae dark brown. Head

yellow, the middle of the vertex and the occiput brown; vertex between the eyes

very narrow. Pronotum grey, more infuscated medially. (Praescutum destroyed

by the pin.) Scutellum and postnotum dark brown, sparsely greyish pruinose.

Pleura reddish-yellow, with a large brown blotch on the mesepimeron and another

on the lateral sclerites of the postnotum, the surface sparsely pruinose. Halteres

obscure yellow, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxae infuseated;

trochanters brownish-yellow ; femora yellow with a broad dark brown subterminal

ring, preceded and followed by a narrow, brighter yellow annulus; tibiae

brownish-yellow, the tips narrowly infuscated, the base a little darkened; basal

two tarsal segments brownish-yellow, the tips darkened; remainder of the tarsi

dark brown. Wings subhyaline, cells C and Se heht yellow; stigma large but

not solidly filled in, brown; conspicuous brown seams as follows: At Se*; at the

origin of Rs; along the cord and outer end of cell first M* and as conspicuous

seams along veins R?**, M!'+?, M®, Cu, Cu?, and the anal veins; anal angle of the

wing narrowly darkened. Venation: Sc! ending a short distance beyond the

fork of Rs; Rs long, strongly arcuated for a member of this genus; r a short dis-

tance from the tip of R!, which is bent strongly into the costa; inner ends of cells

R®, R° and first M? about in alignment; r-m about equal to the deflection of R**® ;

m about equal to the outer deflection of M*, but much more arcuated; vein

second A short and strongly arcuated. Abdominal tergites dark brown, the

hypopygium a little more reddish; sternites reddish-yellow with a faint greenish

tinge, the segments broadly and conspicuously bordered laterally with black.

Hab. Queensland: Mount Tambourine (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12142.

LIBNOTES OBLIQUA sp. nov.

General colouration of the thorax obscure brownish-yellow ; wings subhyaline,

the stigma small and indistinct; Rs short and straight, in alignment with the

deflection of R4*+°; a supernumerary cross-vein in cell Se! before r.

? Length, about 5-5 mm.; wing, 7-3 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae with the scapal segments light

brown (flagellum broken). Head light grev. Pronotum obscure yellow, more

brownish medially. Mesonotum obscure brownish-yellow, without distinet

darker markings. Pleura obscure yellow. Halteres brownish-yellow (the knobs

broken). Legs with the coxae obscure brownish-yellow, the outer faces slightly

infuscated; trochanters obscure yellow; femora brownish-yellow (broken shortly

beyond their bases). Wings subhyaline, the stigmal spot very small and indis-

tinct; veins brown. Venation: Se moderately long, ending opposite r-m, Se?

at the tip of Sc!; Rs very short and straight, about twice the deflection of R**°;

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 233

these two veins being in oblique alignment; R! projecting beyond r, the tip

atrophied ; a supernumerary cross-vein in cell Se! about its own length before r;

veins beyond the cord long and parallel; m a little longer than the outer

deflection of M2, slightly areuated; basal deflection of Cu! beyond midlength of

cell first M?. Abdomen dark brown. Ovipositor with the valves small and

slender, reddish horn-colour.

Hab. Queensland: Cairns district (A. M. Lea). Type I. 121438.

L. obliqua is closely allied to L. nervosa de Meijere, from which it differs in

the different pattern of the wings and the venation, especially the longer Se, Rs,

and cell first M?.

LIBNOTES HOWENSIS sp. nov.

General colouration yellow, the mesonotum grey-pruinose; pleura striped

longitudinally with dark brown lines; femora with a narrow dark brown sub-

terminal ring; wings light yellow, very sparsely and indistinctly marked with

brown.

é Length, about 15 mm.; wing, 17-2 mm. Middle leg, femur, 14:7 mm.;

tibia, 13-5 mm.; tarsus, 11-5 mm.

Rostrum moderately elongate, yellow; palpi short, dark brown. Antennae

with the elongate basal segment dusted with grey; second segment dark brown;

flagellar segments vellow, the distal segments gradually infuseated ; basal flagellar

segments oval, the terminal segments more elongated. Head light cream colour.

Vertex between eyes very narrow. Mesonotal praescutum light grey, very

indistinctly marked with darker grey; scutum whitish grey, the centres of the

lobes darker grey; remainder of the mesonotum whitish-pollinose. Pleura

whitish-pollinose, narrowly lined with longitudinal dark brown stripes; the more

dorsal of these hes behind the wing-root on the lateral sclerite of the postnotum ;

a second stripe begins above the fore coxa, traversing the mesepisternum and

mesepimeron, becoming obsolete near the halteres. Halteres yellow, the knobs

brown. Legs with the coxae yellow; a dark brown spot on the outer face of the

fore coxa; femora yellow, the tips almost whitish; a narrow (about 0-9 mm.)

subterminal brown ring; tibiae yellow, the tips narrowly darkened; basal two

tarsal segments yellow, the tips narrowly darkened; terminal three tarsal seg-

ments black. Wings light yellow; stigma indistinct; very faint brown spots at

the origin of Rs; fork of M; at the basal deflection of Cu'; at m and the tips of

veins Cu’, first A and second A, larger and more conspicuous on the latter; veins

yellow, darker in the infuscated areas. Venation: Rs almost straight, in align-

ment with R*+®; r at the tip of R!; cell first M? long and narrow; m nearly as

long as Rs; basal deflection of Cu! at about one-fifth the length of the long cell

234 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

first M*’. Abdominal tergites dull yellow, the apical third of each tergite

delicately and beautifully surface-reticulated.

Hab. Lord Howe Island (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12144.

ORIMARGULA Mik, 1883.

ORIMARGULA AUSTRALIENSIS sp. nov.

General colouration light grey, the mesonotal praeseutum with three confluent

brownish stripes; halteres and legs brownish-yellow; wings whitish subhyaline,

the stigma and cord narrowly and indistinctly infuscated.

6 Length, about 3-8-4 mm.; wing, 5 mm. @¢? JMength, 5-3 mm.; wing,

o-oo mm.

Rostrum reddish-brown, sparsely pruinose; palpi dark brown. Antennae of

moderate length in both sexes, dark brown; flagellar segments oval. Head dark

erey pruinose. Mesonotum light grey, the praescutum with the stripes rather

indistinct, brown, entirely confluent; scutal lobes brown, the median area

pruinose; scutellum pale, sparsely pruinose; postnotum brown, sparsely pruinose.

Pleura light grey. Halteres brownish-yellow. Legs with the coxae yellow, very

sparsely pruinose; trochanters brownish-yellow; femora and tibiae brownish-

yellow, becoming darker towards the tips; tarsi light brown, the distal tarsal

segments dark brown. Wings whitish-subhyaline; stigma brown; cord narrowly

and indistinctly seamed with pale brown: in some specimens the wings are much

more nearly unicolourous; cell Se yellow; veins pale brown, veins Se and Rh

yellow. Venation: Rs long, straight, or weakly convex; r on R**? a little less

than its own length beyond the fork of Rs; Rs and the deflection of R**+® subequal

in length; r-m a little shorter than the deflection of M!+?; petiole of cell M® short,

about equal to r; fusion of Cu! and M about equal to M® alone; basal deflection of

Cu! a short distance beyond the fork of Rs and nearly in alignment with r;

second anal vein short and straight. Anal angle of the wing prominent, as in the

genus. Abdomen dark brown, sparsely pruinose.

Hab. Queensland: Cairns district (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12145.

The genus is new to the Australasian region. :

; ELEPHANTOMYIA Osten Sacken, 1859.

ELEPHANTOMYIA FUMICOSTA sp. nov..

General colouration brownish-vellow; legs black, the tarsi largely white;

wings greyish-brown, the costa and a conspicuous seam along the cord dark

brown; abdominal segments two to seven yellow, ringed caudally with dark

brown.

é Length (exeluding rostrum), 9:5-10 mm.; wing, 7-8 mm.; rostrum,

about 5-5 mm, +f

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 235

Rostrum dark brown. Antennae dark brown, the basal flagellar segment

elongate-conical, the terminal segments elongate-cylindrical. Head brown, light

yellow beneath. Mesonotal praescutum yellow or brownish-yellow without darker

markings; remainder of the mesonotum slightly darker. Pleura yellow, the

sternum a little darker. Halteres brown. Lees with the coxae and trochanters

pale brown; femora and tibiae dark brownish-black; metatarsi black, the tips

narrowly and abruptly white; segments two and three white, the terminal two

segments infuscated; claws reddish. Wings with a greyish-brown tinge, the

costal margin dark brown, this colouration continued around the wing-maregim to

the end of vein R**°; cord and the origin of Rs broadly seamed with dark brown;

cell R! dark brown, with the exception of a large area of the pale ground-colour

at the base; veims dark brown. Venation: Rs rather straight, angulated at

origin; R**+° almost perpendicular at origin, shehtly spurred at the bend; basal

deflection of R*** about equal to r-m: cell first M? rather large; basal deflection

of Cu! about equal tom. Abdominal seement one obscure yellow; segments two

to seven yellow, the caudal margin narrowly dark brown, these markings nar-

rowest on the basal segments, broadest on the seventh segment, where it includes

about the distal half; remainder of the abdomen dark brown.

Hab. North Queensland: Kuranda (F. P. Dodd), Babinda, August 7 1920

(J. F. Illingworth). Type, I. 12146, in South Australian Museum; paratype,

alcoholic, in the collection of the author.

The genus Hlephantomyia has not hitherto been recorded from Australia.

CERATOCHEILUS Wesche, 1910.

Ten species of this well-defined genus have now been made known. It is of

ereat interest to add still another form, the first from the Austrahan Region.

It is possible that Rhamphidia levis Hutton, of New Zealand, is a member of this

venus,

CERATOCHEILUS AUSTRALASIAE sp. nov.

Thorax brownish-yellow, the praescutaim with three broad, nearly confluent,

brown stripes; pleura brownish-yellow with a broad, dark brown longitudinal

stripe; wings strongly infuscated, unspotted ; cell first M* closed.

9 Length (excluding rostrum), 8 mm.; wing, 7-8 mm.; rostrum 5:5 mm.

Rostrum slender, dark brownish-black.. Antennae dark brownish-black.

Head yellowish-grey, the median area of the vertex a little infuscated ; corniculus

small, subcireular, yellowish-brown. Pronotum dark brown. Lateral margins

of the mesonotal praescutum brownish-yellow, the disk with three broad dark

brown stripes, the anterior ends of the lateral stripes confluent with the median —

stripe, restricting the ground-colour to two indistinct streaks near the suture;

236 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MusEUM

seutal lobes dark brown; seutellum and postnotum reddish-testaceous, brown

medially, sparsely pruinose. Pleura obscure brownish-yellow, with a broad dark

brown longitudinal stripe extending from the pronotum to the base of the

abdomen, passing through the base of the halteres. Mesosternum between the

fore and middle coxae pale brown. Halteres pale brown, the knobs darker. Legs

with the coxae and trochanters brown, the femora brown, paler basally; tibiae

and tarsi darker brown; hairs on the lees profoundly bifid as in the genus. Wings

with a strong brownish tinge, a little darker along the cord; cells C and Se darker

brown; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc! ending a short distance beyond the

origin of Rs, Sc? opposite this origin; Rs short, straight, subequal to the deflection

of R4+5; R2+3 sinuous, about twice the length of the sector; cell first M? closed,

m a little more than one-half the outer deflection of M°*; basal deflection of Cut

a short distance beyond the fork of M. Abdomen dark brown; valves of the

ovipositor reddish horn-colour.

Hab. Lord Howe Island (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12147.

MOLOPHILUS Curtis, 1833.

MOLOPHILUS GIGAS sp. nov.

Antennae short in both sexes; size very large (wing of female 9 mm.) ;

general colouration dark brown; femora yellow, the apical half brownish-black;

wings amber-yellow.

é Length, about 6-5 mm.; wing,8:7 mm. ¢? Length, about 8 mm.; wing,

9 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown, the former dusted with grey. Antennae

short in both sexes; scape dark brown; flagellar segments brown, the base of each

segment obscure vellow to produce an indistinct bicolorous appearance; terminal

flagellar segments uniformly dark brown. Head dark, conspicuously light grey-

pruinose; vertex with conspicuous proclinate bristles. Pronotum brown. Meso-

notal praescutum brown, grey-pruimose, with four darker brown stripes, the

intermediate pair confluent anteriorky; region cephalad of the pseudosutura!

foveae rufous; tuberculate pits black, separated from one another by a distance

about equal to the diameter of one; pseudosutural foveae conspicuous, black;

remainder of the mesonotum dark brown. Pleura dark, sparsely light grey-

pruinose; dorsal-pleural membrances obscure yellow; a patch of yellow hairs on

the lateral sclerite of the postnotum. Halteres yellow. Legs with the coxae

dark brown; trochanters yellow; femora with about the basal half yellow, the

distal half conspicuously and abruptly dark brownish-black; the amount of yellow

is greater on the fore and middle legs; tibiae and tarsi dark brownish-black ; hind

legs long, the femora incrassated. Wings with a strong amber-yellow tinge; veins

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES Bh

yellow, clothed with conspicuous brown hairs. Venation: Fusion of M? and Cu!

about equal to the basal deflection of Cu! alone. Abdomen dark brown, the

caudal margin of the tergites narrowly and indistinctly paler; abdomen clothed

with long, conspicuous yellow hairs. In the female the sternites are more

yellowish. Ovipositor with the tergal valves slender, upeurved, horn-coloured ;

sternal valves acicular, almost straight, dark brown.

Hab. Tasmania: Waratah (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12148.

This conspicuous species of Molophilus is by far the largest yet made known.

GNOPHOMYIA Osten Sacken, 1859.

GNOPHOMYIA CYANOCEPS sp. nov.

Closely related to G. fascipennis (Thoms.) ; r lacking; cell first M? open by

the atrophy of M*; head above with a greenish-blue bloom. |

6 Length,6mm.; wing,5:2mm. ¢ Length, 6-3 mm.; wing, 6-2 mm.

Rostrum yellow, darker in the female; palpi dark brown. Antennal scape

vellow, the apex of the second segment dark brown; flagellum dark brown. Front,

genae, and anterior part of the vertex yellow; remainder of the vertex dark brown

with a greenish-blue bloom. Pronotum and mesonotal praescutum reddish-

yellow, unmarked with darker; scutal lobes dark brown; postnotum with two

small blackish spots at the posterior margin. Pleura yellow; a reddish-brown

area occupying portions of the mesosternum, mesepisternum, and mesepimeron.

Halteres brown at the base, the remainder of the stem and part of the knob

yellowish. Legs with the coxae and trochanters yellow; femora yellow, the tips

narrowly infuseated, the surface with a few scattered erect bristles; tibiae hght

brown, the tips dark brown; tarsi brownish-black. Wings whitish-subhyaline,

cells C and Se yellow; in the female with three conspicuous bands and the apex

brown; the first band occupies the region immediately beyond the arculus, incom-

plete; second band broad, extending from R to the wing-margin at the tip of the

second anal vein; third band broad, complete, but more diffuse posteriorly, mostly

located beyond the cord; wing-apex narrowly darkened; in the male the three

basal bands are only barely indicated; wing-apex uncoloured ; veins dark brown;

costa provided with flattened scales. Venation: Se long, Se! extending to about

one-third the length of Rs; Se? invisible; Rs long, almost straight; R?*? about

one-half longer than the basal deflection of Cu'; r atrophied; cell first M? open

by the atrophy of the outer deflection of M*®; basal deflection of Cu! a short

distance beyond the fork of M. Abdominal tergites reddish-yellow in the male,

the sternites lighter yellow; in the female the abdomen is dark brownish-black.

Hab. Northern Territory: Melville Island (W.D. Dodd). Type, I. 12149.

G. fascipennis (Thoms.) is related to this handsome little fly, but is readily

238 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

told by the retention of both r and the outer deflection of vein M*. Both species

are notable by their marked sexual dimorphism.

RHABDOMASTIX Skuse, 1889.

RHABDOMASTIX GENEROSA sp. nov.

Size large (wing of female over 11 mm.) ; antennae brownish-yellow ; general

colouration light grey; wings faintly yellowish; Se long, extending to almost

opposite the fork of Rs; R?+? and Rs subequal in length; R! and R? closely

approximated at wing-margin.

9 Length, 9-5 mm.:; wing, 11-3 mm.; antenna, about 6 mm.

Rostrum and palpi light brown. Antennae brownish-yellow, the flagellar

segments a little darker; antennae if bent backward extending to about the base

of the third abdominal segment. Head light grey. Mesonotum light grey, the

lateral margins of the praescutum narrowly and indistinctly brownish; pleura

whitish-grey. Halteres hght yellow. Legs with the coxae and trochanters

testaceous-vellow (remainder of the legs broken). Wings with a faint yellowish

tinge; stigma barely indicated; veins vellowish-brown. Venation: Se long, Se!

ending a short distance before the forking of the long Rs, Set a little shorter than

the basal deflection of Cul; Rs long, gently arcuated at origin, about as long as

R2+3; R2 a little more than one-half the length of the basal deflection of Cul;

R! and R? close together at the wing margin, the space on costa between them

being about one-third r-m; cell first M* small, short-rectangular, m being about

one-half the outer deflection of M*; basal deflection of Cut just beyond the fork

of M: Cu? about twice the deflection of Cul; vein second A moderately long.

Abdominal tergites brown, indistinctly obscure yellow before their apices;

sternites obscure brownish-yellow. Ovipositor with the tergal valves slender, the

points slightly curved; sternal valves strongly compressed.

Hab. New South Wales: Dorrigo (W. Heron). Type, I. 12150.

TRENTEPOHLIA Bigot, 1854.

TRENTEPOHLIA DODDI sp. nov.

General colouration reddish-vellow; legs yellow; wings pale yellowish, the

wing-apex very narrowly infuscated ;.costal and subcostal veins yellowish.

@ Heneth, 5-7-5-8 mm.; wing, 6 mm. @ Length, 6:-5-7-5 mm.; wing,

6-1 mm.

Rostrum brownish-vellow; labial palpi yellowish; maxillary palpi light

brown. Antennae dark brown. Head dark grey. Mesonotal praeseutum

reddish-vellow, moderately shiny; scutum brown; postnotum obscure yellow, the

posterior half infuscated, Pleura reddish-yellow, slightly pruinose, Halteres

ALEXANDER

CRANE FLIES 239

yellow. Legs with the coxae and trochanters obscure yellow; remainder of the

legs yellow. Wings pale yellowish, the wing-apex very narrowly infuscated,

continued basad as short, narrow seams along veins R*® and R*+®; veins dark

brown, C, Se and -R more yellowish. Venation: Se! and R! far removed from

one another at the wing-margin, the distance on costa between them being about

equal to the basal deflection of Cut; Rs straight, about equal to the deflection of

R#+®; tip of R! beyond r faint and without macrotrichiae; r oblique, at

about three-fifths the length of R?*+*; R? oblique, about equal to R*4*® plus

M!*?; petiole of cell R® less than one-half of the cell; basal deflection of Cul

about one-half its length before the fork of M; fusion of Cu? and first A at the

wing-margin punctiform. Abdomen light brown, segments seven to nine

brownish-black in the male; ovipositor pale.

Hab. Northern Territory: Melville Island (W. D. Dodd). Type, I. 12151.

AUSTROLIMNOBIA gen. nov.

Palpishort. Antennae with probably sixteen segments, the flagellar segments

eylindrieal, gradually decreasing in length from the basal to the apical, provided

with conspicuous appressed hairs and a few short verticils. _Pseudosutural foveae

represented only by a small oval area; no apparent tuberculate pits. Legs long

and stout; no tibial spurs; tarsal segments one to three each with a single small

apical spur; claws relatively small, simple; empodium present. Wings with Se

long, Sc! not close to R! at wing-margin ; Sc? some distance from the tip of Sc!;

Rs originating far basad, at one-fourth the length of the wing, the fork of Rs

at midlength of the wing; Rs in alignment with R4+®; R?*+% in ahgnment with

R?; r some distance from the tip of R!; cell first M? very long; forks of the

longitudinal veins deep; cell M! lacking.

The type species of this genus is one of the largest and most striking

HBriopterine crane-flies that has yet been discovered, rivalling in size species of

the genera Gnophomyia, Lecteria, and Clydonodozus. No close relative can be

pointed out by the writer.

AUSTROLIMNOBIA SPECTABILIS sp. nov.

Antennae yellow; mesonotum greenish-yellow, the lateral margins and the

pletira blackish; legs yellow, the tips of the femora, tips and bases of the tibiae

black; wings hyaline, the costal margin with three dark brown blotches, the third

of which encloses a yellow stigmal area; wing-apex broadly dark brown; three

pale brown blotches along the posterior margin of the wing.

Sex? Wing, 19-5 mm.; fore leg, femur, 12-4 mm.; middle leg, femur, 13-5

mm.; tibia, 15-8 mm.; tarsus, 10:3 mm,

240 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae with the scapal segments brown;

flagellar segments yellow (only thirteen antennal segments remain, but the tip

is evidently broken, and the full number is probably sixteen) ; there is no evidence

of any fusion of segments at the base of the flagellum as in many Eriopterini.

Head blackish (if any bloom is normally present it is destroyed in the unique

type); vertex between the eyes narrow. Pronotum dark brown. Mesonotum

shiny greenish-yellow, the lateral margins of the praescutum broadly blackened ;

scutellum and postnotum brighter, more yellowish. Pleura brownish-black.

Mesosternum between the fore and middle coxae with a greenish cast. Halteres

brownish-black. Legs with the coxae black; trochanters chestnut-brown; femora

yellow, the tips broadly (2:2 mm.) and abruptly black; tibiae yellow, the bases

and apices rather narrowly (1:5 mm.) and subequally blackened; metatarsi

yellow, passing into light brown toward the tip; remainder of the tarsi brown, the

terminal segment deepening into black. Wings hyaline, conspicuously varie-

gated with dark brown, pale brown, and yellow; cell C dark brown, passing into

vellow before its outer end; cell Se alternately dark brown and yellow; a con-

spicuous oval vellow mark in the stigmal region, surrounded by a conspicuous

semicircular dark brown mark that extends from the outer end of cell Se across

the fork of R?** and thence to the tip of R! and r; two conspicuous dark brown

circular areas, one at the origin of Rs, the second at the fork of Rs, sending a

delicate seam along the cord to the fork of Cu; wing-apex broadly dark brown,

this including the ends of cells second R!, R2, R*, R®, and second M?; along the

posterior margin are three paler brown areas, extending from cell Cu! to eell

second A, largest at the ends of veins Cu’, second A, and before the end of vein

first A, the latter narrowly connected with the brown seam at the cord; outer

end of cell first M? very narrowly and indistinctly infuscated; veins yellow,

darker in the infuscated areas. Venation: Se! ending opposite the fork of R?**,

Se! alone being about equal to the basal deflection of Cul; R! beyond r longer

than the basal deflection of Cut; Rs about equal to R2*+3; basal deflection of R4*°

about equal to the first section of R*; cell first M? long and narrow, about as long

as vein M? beyond it; inner ends of cells R®, first M?. and Cu! in direct alignment ;

m equal to the outer deflection of M*; basal deflection of Cu! near the fork of M.

(Abdomen broken. )

Hab. Tasmania: Waratah (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12152.

EPIPHRAGMA Osten Sacken, 1859.

The genus Epiphragma had not been previously recorded from the Austra-

lasian Region,

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 241

EPIPHRAGMA TERRAE-REGINAE sp. nov.

Antennae dark brown, the first flagellar segment orange; mesonotal prae-

scutum with the anterior half dark brown, the posterior half abruptly hght

yellow; legs yellow, the femora with two brown rings; tibiae with a narrow brown

ring beyond the base; wings brown, the margin with darker brown areas that are

narrowly bordered with light yellow.

2 Length, 10 mm.; wing, 10-5 mm.

Rostrum brown, dusted with golden pollen; palpi dark brown. Antennae

dark brown, the first flagellar segment orange; second flagellar segment pale

brown; remainder of the flagellum dark brown. Head dark, dusted with brown.

Pronotum extensive, fulvous brown. Mesonotal praescutum with the anterior

half dark brown, beyond midlength conspicuously and abruptly covered with a

hght yellow pollen (scutum injured in pinning); scutellum brown, paler

caudally ; postnotum brown, the posterior third yellowish with a capillary dark

brown median line. Pleura brown with a slightly darker ventral stripe. Halteres

yellowish-brown, the knobs darker. Legs with the posterior and middle coxae

conspicuously light yellow, the extreme bases dark brown; anterior coxae dark

brown except at the apex; trochanters light yellow; femora yellow, before the

tips with a broad (1:4 mm.) dark brown ring; a narrower post-medial brown

annulus; tibiae yellow with a narrow brown ring shortly beyond the base, tips

narrowly darkened; tarsi brownish-yellow, the tips darkened. Wings brown;

quadrate to subcircwlar darker brown areas, arranged as follows: at h; bases of

cells and M; at origin of Rs; at the supernumerary cross-vein in cell C; an

area at the end of Sc, continued caudad along the cord; tip of R! and r; tips of

KR? and R*; these markings are conspicuously margined with yellow; slightly

paler brown markings at the ends of the longitudinal veins; outer end of cell

first M? and the fork of M!*? clouded; veins dark brown. Venation: R?*? about

equal to the basal deflection of Cut; r about its own length from the tip of

Kl; petiole of cell M! about equal to the basal deflection of Cu!; basal deflection

of Cu! near two-fifths the length of cell first M*. Abdominal tergites brown, still

darker brown laterally; sternites yellowish-brown, the basal sternites brighter

apically.

Hab. Queensland : Cairns district (A.M. Lea). Type, 1. 12158.

EPIPHRAGMA HOWENSIS sp. nov.

é Length, about 11:5 mm.; wing, 12 mm.; antenna, about 4-5 mm.

Generally similar to EH. terrae-reyinae, differing as follows: Antennae of

the male elongate, if bent backward extending to considerably beyond the base of

the abdomen; flagellar segments one to three orange-yellow; segments four to

242 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

eight yellow, the bases narrowly infuscated; remainder of the flagellum dark

brown. Head with a blackish dash on either side of the vertex, adjoining the

inner margin of the eye. Mesonotal praescutum with the yellow posterior half

quadrilineate with dark brown; scutal lobes dark brown; scutellum lhght

brownish-yellow with a narrow brown median line; postnotum indistinctly

trilineate with brown. Pleura dark brown. Legs long and slender, yellow,

unmarked with darker. Wings with the pattern nearly as in /. terrae-reginae,

but the darker circles at the basal deflection of Cu!, outer end of cell first M*, and

the fork of M'+? deeper coloured, conspicuously margined with pale conspicuous

yellow spots in the outer ends of cells R? to first A. Venation: R?** a little

longer than the basal deflection of Cu'; petiole of cell M! long, approximately

twice as long as the basal deflection of Cu’. Abdomen dark brown.

Hab. Lord Howe Island (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12154.

LIMNOPHILA Macquart, 1834.

LIMNOPHILA PILOSIPENNIS sp. nov.

Mesonotum shiny reddish-yellow; praescutum with a narrow darker brown

median stripe; pleura brownish-yellow with a conspicuous blackish area on the

mesepimeron; wings yellowish-grey, the apices of the radial cells with macro-

trichiae ; abdomen dark brown, the basal sternites more yellowish.

@ Length, 6-5 mm.; wing, 7-5 mm.

Rostrum greyish-pubescent; palpi dark brown. Antennae with the scapal

segments dark brown; flagellar segments light browh, the outer ones becoming

darker; flagellar segments oval, becoming more elongate toward the end of the

organ. Head dark brown with a sparse pollen. Pronotum dark brown. Meso-

notum shiny reddish-yellow, the praescutum with a narrow, darker brown median

stripe. Pleura brownish-yellow; a conspicuous blackish area on the mese-

pimeron ; mesosternum infuscated. Halteres pale brown, the apices of the knobs

light yellow. Legs with the coxae yellowish-brown; trochanters dull yellow;

femora brownish-yellow with an indistinct brownish ring at about one-third the

length; remaining segments of the leg brownish-yellow, the tips of each very

narrowly infuscated. Wings with a yellowish-grey tinge, the costal and subcostal

cells and the stigma hight yellow; veins light greyish-yellow. Venation: Se long,

Se! ending about opposite the fork of Rs; Sc? a short distance from the tip of

Sc!, the latter alone about equal to the basal deflection of Cut; Rs long, arcuated

at origin, in direct alignment with R**?; r indistinct ; R*** about one-half longer

than r-m; inner end of cells R*, R°, and first M* in direct alignment; cell first M*

small, long-pentagonal; cell M! short, its petiole about as long as Rs; basal

deflection of Cu! just before midlength of cell first M*. <A sparse grouping of

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 243

strong macrotrichiae in the ends of cells R! to M!. Abdomen dark brown, the

basal sternites more yellowish. Valves of the ovipositor long, horn-coloured.

Hab. Lord Howe Island (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12155.

LIMNOPHILA LEAT sp. nov.

General colour dark, sparsely dusted with grey; halteres yellow; legs short

and hairy; wings yellowish-subhyaline, brighter at the base, variegated with

brown; wing-tip broadly infuscated ; cell M? lacking.

@ Length, 9:5-10 mm.; wing, 7-8-8:2 mm. Middle leg, femur, 3:6 mm.;

tibia, 3-4 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae black, with sixteen segments, the

basal flagellar segments pyriform, the fourth and fifth very slightly produced on

their inner face, but with no indication of a pectination. Head black, sparsely

brownish-grey pruinose, especially on the front and anterior portion of the

vertex, Pronotum light grey-pruinose. Mesonotal praescutum dark brown, the

humeral region more castaneous; remainder of the mesonotum brighter brown,

especially the scutellum. Pleura heavily light grey-pruinose. Halteres yellow.

Legs with the coxae light grey-pruinose; trochanters obscure yellow; legs short

and conspicuously hairy; femora yellow, the slightly imerassated apical third

black; tibiae yellowish-brown, the tips dark brown; tarsi black, the bases of the

metatarsi a little brighter; tarsi a little longer than the tibiae; tibial spurs long.

Wings yellowish-subhyaline, the base brighter; cells C and Se brownish-yellow ;

three incomplete cross-bands and the wing-tip brown; the basal band oceupies the

bases of cells R and M, connected in cell Cu with the second band, which occupies

the level of the origin of Rs, appearing as a large blotch at its origin; a large

area in cells M and Cu and a small blotch near the end of cell first

A; the third band occupies the level of the cord, extending from the stigma to

the posterior margin, at cell first M? split to include both ends of the cell; wing-

apex in cells R?, R®, R°, second M? and M® broadly brown; veins yellow, brown in

the infuseated areas. Venation: Rs angulated at origin, R?+? a little longer than

the basal deflection of R**°; r a little more than its own length from the tip of

R!; r-m shorter than m; cell first M? small, subhexagonal; cell M! lacking; basal

deflection of Cu! beyond midlength of cell first M?; vein second A sinuous, the

cell broad.

Hab. Tasmania: Cradle Mountain (H. J. Carter and A. M. Lea). Type,

T. 12156.

L. leai and the following species, L. carteri, bear a striking resemblance to

species of Gynoplistia, and yet by the antennal structure must be referred to

Limnophila. The discovery of the male sex should be of interest,

244 RECORDS”"OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

LIMNOPHILA CARTERI sp. nov.

General colouration dark brown; halteres with the knobs dark brown; wings

faintly yellowish, conspicuously spotted and clouded with dark brown; base of

cell R unmarked with brown; cell M! present.

Q Length, 9-5 mm.; wing, 9-5 mm. Fore leg, femur, 6 mm.; tibia, 5-8 mm.

Generally similar to L. leai, differing as follows:

Halteres with the knobs dark brown. Legs longer and more slender, less

hairy ; femora dark brown, the basal quarter obscure yellow ; tibiae and metatarsi

yellowish-brown, the tips dark brown ; remainder of the tarsi dark brown. Wings

faintly yellowish, cells C and Se more saturated; membrane heavily spotted and

clouded with brown, arranged as follows: a small spot at about one-fhird the

length of cell R; a large circular spot at the origin of Rs; a broad seam along the

cord; conspicuous spots at the end of vein R?, at the outer end of cell first M?,

and at the fork of M'+?; conspicuous brown washes occupying most of cell M,

except the base and outer end; a broad seam along vein M to the cord; wing-apex

in cells R?, R®, R® and M! narrowly and unevenly darkened; slightly more than

the basal half of cell Cu darkened, this colour also including the ends of the anal

cells; veins brown. Venation: R?** about equal to the basal deflection of R**°*;

cell R? widely flaring at outer margin; cell first M? long-hexagonal, the basal

deflection of Cu! before midleneth; cell M! present, nearly one-half longer than

its petiole. Abdomen dark brown, the sternites more reddish. Ovipositor with

the valves long and slender, horn-coloured.

Hab. Tasmania: Cradle Mountain (H. J. Carter and A. M. Lea). Type,

ja e221 157

The type is badly discoloured and there is a possibility that the head and

thorax are not grey pruinose in fresh specimens, as in L. lea.

‘LIMNOPHILA EFFETA sp. nov.

Size small (wing of @ under 6 mm.); general colouration dark; halteres

yellow; legs yellow, the femora with a narrow subterminal brown ring, tips of

the tibiae and metatarsi narrowly blackened; wings yellowish-subhyaline, the

stigma and anal angle faintly darkened; cell M! present.

@ Length, 5:5 mm.; wing, 5-8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennal scape reddish-brown (the flagel-

lum broken). Head dark coloured (discoloured). Mesonotum dark coloured

(badly greased in the unique type); median area of the scutum more reddish.

Pleura dark, grey pruinose. Halteres light yellow. Legs with the coxae obseure

yellow, the fore coxae infuscated; trochanters obscure yellow; femora brownish-

yellow with a narrow subterminal brown ring; tibiae and metatarsi yellow, the

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 245

tips narrowly but conspicuously blackened ; remainder of the tarsi brownish-black.

Wings yellowish-subhyaline, cells C and Se slightly more yellowish; stigma

shehtly darker brown, ill-defined; anal angle of the wing infuscated; veins dark

brown. Venation: Se ending about opposite the fork of Rs, Sc? a slight distance

from the tip of Se!, Se! alone being a little longer than the basal deflection of

Cu!; Rs long, subangulated at origin, in alignment with R**%; R*+? a little more

than one-half R?*; r rather faint, at or immediately beyond, the fork of R**? and

on R! nearly twice its own length from the tip; inner ends of cells R*, R° and

first M* in oblique alignment, but R® shorter than R°; cell first M? long and

narrow, widened distally; petiole of cell M! long, about twice the cell and

approximately as long as cell first M?; basal deflection of Cu! at or just beyond

midlength of the latter. Abdomen dark brown. Ovipositor with the valves

elongate, slender, strongly upcurved, reddish-horn-coloured.

Hab. Tasmania: Wilmot (H. J. Carter and A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12158.

L. effeta is apparently closely related to L. disposita Skuse (New South

Wales), differing in the smaller size and in the venational details, as the length

of Rs and the position of the radial cross-vein.

LIMNOPHILA PANTHERINA sp. nov.

Antennae of the male elongate; general colouration ight brown, the thoracic

pleura grey-pruinose; legs yellow; wings subhyaline, the costal margin yellowish,

the cells spotted and dotted with brown; R**? short, r far from the tip of Ri.

6 Length, 10-5 mm.; wing, 10-8 mm.; antenna, about 4 mm.

Rostrum brownish-yellow; palpi brown. Antennae of the male elongate, if

bent backward extending to opposite midlength of the second abdominal segment ;

antennae brownish-yellow. Head brown. Mesonotum brown, grey-pruinose

(discoloured in the type), the postnotum more testaceous. Pleura light grey-

pruinose, darker on the lateral sclerites of the postnotum and on the sternum.

Halteres long and slender, ight brown. Legs with the coxae yellowish-testaceous ;

trochanters yellow; femora and tibiae obscure yellow (tarsi broken). Wings

subhyaline, the costal margin light yellow, this colour extending to the wing-apex ;

stigmal spot small, dark brown; dark brown spots arranged as follows: at arculus ;

origin and fork of Rs; tip of Sc; at r; tip of R'; R*; a smaller spot at R*; an

interrupted seam along the cord; sparse smal! brown dots in all the cells of the

wines excepting Se, there being about twenty-five in cell C; veins dark brown, C,

Se, and R yellowish-brown. Venation: Se long, extending beyond the fork of

R2*3, Sc? longer than Se! and near its extreme tip; Rs long, almost. straight ;

R2*3 short, about two-thirds the basal deflection of Cu’; r very far before the tip

of R1, the ultimate section of R! being longer than the penultimate; r near one-

246 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

third the length of cell R?; petiole of cell M! about equal to R?+*; basal deffection

of Cul near midlength of cell first M?, the latter slightly widened distally.

Abdomen elongate, the tergites with about the basal three-fifths of each segment

yellow, the apex darkened; a more or less distinet basal brown band and two

impressed transverse marks near two-fifths the length of each tergite; sternites

obscure yellow. Hypopygium blackened.

Hab. Victoria: Black Spur, Dividing Range, May 16, 1901 (W. Ashby).

Type, I. 12159.

LIMNOPHILA (PSEUDOLIMNOPHILA) INDECORA sp. nov.

General colouration clear ight grey; a narrow dark brown line from the

pronotum to the base of the abdomen; praescutum with three brown stripes;

femora and tibiae blackened at tips; wings yellowish-subhyaline, sparsely varie-

gated with brown, the outer half of cell R°® infuscated; Rs long, angulated at

origin; R?+® short; basal deflection of Cut near the fork of M.

¢ Length, about 11-5-12:5 mm.; wing, 11:4-12-:3 mm.

Rostrum dark coloured, sparsely pruinose; palpi dark brown. Antennae

with the basal segment dark, greyish-pruinose ; second segment reddish, slightly

pruinose; flagellum dark brown. Head light grey, the middle of the vertex a

little darker. Pronotum light grey, more infuscated medially. Mesonotal prae-

scutum clear light grey with three brownish stripes, the median stripe obliterated

anteriorly excepting a narrow darker median stripe that continues to the anterior

margin; lateral stripes shorter; pseudosutural foveae black, very conspicuous,

their surface granular; remainder of the mesonotum clear grey, the scutum and

seutellum narrowly darker medially. Pleura clear grey. Halteres brown, the

base of the stem yellow. Legs with the coxae ight grey pruinose; trochanters

reddish-yellow ; femora brownish-yellow, the tips broadly blackened ; tibiae yellow,

the tips narrowly blackened ; basal three tarsal segments brownish-yellow, the tips

narrowly darkened; terminal tarsal segments dark brown. Wings yellowish-

subhyaline, the costal and subcostal cells more brownish-yellow; stigma oval,

dark brown; small brown spots as follows: at origin and fork of Rs; at Se*;

tip of R?; fork of Cu; at r-m, and at fork of M!**; apical half of cell R® and the

tip of R? strongly infuscated. Venation: Se ending a little beyond the fork of

Rs, Se? slightly removed from the tip, Sc! alone about equal to R**%; Rs long,

angulated at origin; R*** shorter than the deflection of R**°; r far from the tip

of R/, the latter tip alone longer than the basal deflection of Cu!; r on R? a little

more than its own length beyond the fork of R?*+%; R? sinuous; r-m very reduced

in size; cell first M? hexagonally rectangular ; petiole of cell M? about equal to or

shorter than cell first M? and shorter than vein M?; basal deflection of Cu!

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 247

immediately beyond the fork of M; vein second A long, sinuous. Abdomen dark

brown, sparsely pruinose; sternites more yellowish, especially on the lateral and

apical margins of each segment, sparsely pruinose; faint linear lateral dashes.

Ovipositor with the valves long and slender, yellowish horn-colour.

Hab. Western Australia: Warren River (W. D. Dodd). Tasmania: King

Island (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12160.

XENOLIMNOPHILA subgen. nov.

Antennae with seventeen segments in both sexes. Wings reduced to linear

pads in both sexes. Legs very long and slender, the tibiae with long spurs.

This peculiar fly is well worthy of subgeneric rank. The genus Zaluscodes

Lamb(!) is based on Z. aucklandicus Lamb, a small, brownish-yellow fly from

the Auckland Islands. This group and Alfredia Bezzi(*) are apparently

degenerate species of Limnophila, since they possess sixteen-segmented

antennae and other Limnophiline characteristics. Apparently these species,

together with L. aspidoptera Coq. and L. subaptera Alex., of Western

North America, have no more claim to generic rank than have the

numerous subapterous species of Zipula and related genera. Xenolimnophila,

however, has seventeen-segmented antennae of a rather peculiar structure, and

the affinities of the group may be closer to Gynoplistia, in spite of the almost

simple structure of the antennal flagellum.

LIMNOPHILA (XENOLIMNOPHILA) ZALUSCODES sp. nov.

Subapterous in both sexes; legs long and slender, longer in the male than in

the female.

6 Length, about 13-5 mm.; wing, 2 mm. Fore leg, femur, 13:5 mm.;

tibia, 18 mm.; hind leg, femur, 13:8 mm.; tibia, 19:6 mm. @ Length, about

15:5-16 mm.; wing, 2 mm. Fore leg, femur, 7:9 mm.; tibia, 9-3 mm.; hind

leg, femur, 8-1 mm.; tibia, 11-4 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae seventeen-segmented, moderately

elongate, dark brown, the scapal segments more reddish; flagellar segments

subeylindrical, the inner face a little produced. Head reddish-brown, narrowed

behind. Mesonotum reddish-brown, the praescutum with two narrow darker

lines; pleura sparsely pruinose. Thorax small, the dorsum flattened as in most

subapterous Tipulidae. .Halteres yellow, the knobs dark brown, Legs of the

male much longer than in the female, as shown by the above measurements,

giving the insect a spider-like appearance; coxae long and prominent, heavily

(1) Lamb, Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand, 1, 1909, p. 180.

(2) Bezzi, Atti Soe. Ital. Sci. Nat., lvii, 1918, p. 20-22.

248 RECORDS OF THE S:A. MUSEUM

dusted with grey ; tibiae very long, longer than the femora; tibial spurs long and

slender. Wings yellow, reduced to mere strap-like lobes with no distinct venation,

a little longer than the halteres. Abdomen dark brown, lighter coloured in the

female. Male hypopygium with the pleurites short and stout; pleural appen-

dages two, relatively small and slender. Ovipositor with the valves lone and

powerful, blackened at the base, the apical half of the valves paler.

Hab. Tasmania: Waratah (H. J. Carter and A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12161.

CEROZODIA Westwood, 1835.

CEROZODIA FLAVIPES sp. nov.

Size large (wing of female over 20 mm.); tarsi light yellow; mesonotum

brownish-grey in the male with three dark brown stripes; in the female more

reddish-brown with the stripes less distinct.

6 Length, about 17 mm.; wing, 16-2 mm.; antenna, about 10 mm.

° Length, 25-26 mm.; wing, 21-5 mm.; antenna, about 7 mm.

é Rostrum reddish-brown; palpi dark brown, Antennae with 25. seg-

ments; flagellar segments 1 to 21 with very long flabellations, the terminal two

seginents simple; the branches at about midlength of the organ are longest (about

2-6 mm.), shorter on the basal and terminal pectinated segments; seape light

brown, the flagellum and branches dark brown. Head ‘dark brownish-grey.

Mesonotum brownish-grey with three dark brown stripes, the median stripe

entire; remainder of the mesonotum dark brown, the scutellum a little more

reddish. Pleura dark, heavily grey-pruinose; dorso-pleural membranes obscure

vellow. Halteres heht yellow, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxae dark,

erey-pruinose; trochanters brownish-yellow; femora brown, the base paler, the

tip narrowly yellowish, preceded by an indistinct darker ring; tibiae light brown,

the tips narrowly darkened; metatarsi except the tip and the terminal tarsal

segment brown; remainder of the tarsi light yellow. Wings whitish-subhyaline,

the wing-base and cells C and Se more yellowish; a heavy dark brown pattern

as follows: a more or less distinct area at the base of cell R; a large spot at

one-third the length of cell R; at origin of Rs; at the stigma, continued obliquely

backward alone the cord to the fork of M; a rounded spot at the tip of R*; less

distinet clouds along the cord; outer end of cell first M?; fork of M!*?; along

veins M and R4+°; brownish washes in cells M, Cu!, the distal half of R®, and

near the ends of the anal cells. Venation: Se long, Sc! extending to shghtly

beyond the fork of R?**; r near mid-distance between the fork of R?*? and the

tip of R'; R?+? a little shorter than the arcuated deflection of R**°; petiole of

cell M! shorter than cell first M?; basal deflection of Cu! at about two-fifths the

length of cell first M?. Abdomen reddish-brown, sparsely pruinose, the caudal

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 249

margins of the basal segments and the entire distal tergites darker brown;

sternites reddish-brown, sparsely pruinose.

9 The females referred to this species agree in the general features of

size and colour. The number of antennal segments is twenty in one specimen,

twenty-one in the other; of these, only the basal five flagellar segments bear a

short, subterminal serration. The mesonotum is more reddish-brown, with the

praeseutal stripes ill-defined. Legs darker, the pale femoral tips less clearly

indicated. Wings with the brown spots more clearly defined; the brown washes

in the medial and anal cells more restricted. Ovipositor with the valves slender,

dark brownish-black. In the paratype female, the median praescutal stripe is

reddish, split by a capillary dark brown line; legs indistinctly reddish. It is

possible that more than a single species is involved in this group.

Hab. Tasmania: Hobart and Waratah (A. M. Lea); Cradle Mountain

(H. J. Carter and A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12162.

CEROZODIA MINUSCULA sp. nov.

Size small (wing of female under 15 mm.) ; general colouration light grey,

the praescutum with conspicuous black stripes; wings whitish-subhyaline, con-

spicuously spotted with brown.

é Length, 10:5 mm.; wing, 11:3 mm. @ Length, 12-5 mm.; wing,

12-4 mm.

Rostrum light grey pruinose; palpi dark brown. Antennae dark, the first

segment greyish-pruinose; first flagellar segment of the male with a long, black

flabellation (remainder of the antenna broken); in the female there are only

fifteen antennal segments, the basal five segments with a moderately long branch

on the inner face before the apex; terminal flagellar seements cylindrical. Head

grey. Pronotum grey. Mesonotal praescutum light grey with three black

stripes, the broad median stripe conspicuously split by a capillary grey line;

pseudosutural foveae conspicuous, subrectangular in outline; seutum grey, each

lobe with the centre blackened; scutellum grey; postnotum greyish, darker pos-

teriorly. Pleura light grey; a slightly darker dorsal longitudinal stripe; meso-

sternum slaty-grey. Halteres yellow, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the

coxae yellowish, grey pruinose, heaviest on the posterior coxae; trochanters

obscure yellow ; femora yellow, the tips broadly blackened ; tibiae yellowish-brown,

the tips broadly dark brown; metatarsi brownish-vellow (remainder of the tarsi

broken). Wings whitish-subhyaline, the costal and subcostal cells solidly infus-

eated, cell Sc! largely pale; stigma oval, dark brown; conspicuous brown clouds

as follows: at one-third the length of cell R; at origin of Rs; at the tip of R2

and a seam along the cord; paler brownish-grey seams along most of the longi-

250 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

tudinal veins, at the outer end of cell first M?; at the fork of M1!+2, and at the

end of cells Cul, first A, second A, and in the wing-axil; extreme base of the

wing yellow. Venation: Rs angulated or slightly spurred at origin; R?2+? about

equal to the deflection of R**°; r on R? a little more than its own length

beyond the fork of R**+°; petiole of cell M! equal to or slightly longer than cell

first M*; basal deflection of Cu! before midlength of cell first M?. Abdomen

dark brown, the basal sternites more yellowish, sparsely grey pruinose. Ovi-

positor with the tergal valves long and slender, only slightly upeurved.

Hlab. Tasmania: Wilmot (H. J. Carter and A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12163.

GYNOPLISTIA Westwood, 1835.

GYNOPLISTIA BELLA PALLIDAPICALIS subsp. nov.

4 Leneth, 9-10 mm.; wing, 9 mm.

Very similar to typical G. bella Walker, differing as follows:

Male antenna with twenty segments, the terminal five simple. Wings with

the apical dark band reduced to an indistinct cloud in the ends of cells R? to R®;

the white spot in cell R is very small, much smaller than the white blotch beyond

the origin of Rs.

This is the variety B mentioned by Skuse, his material having also been

secured in Tasmania.

Hab. Tasmania: Cradle Mountain (H. J. Carter and A. M. Lea).

STIBADOCERELLA Brunetti, 1918.

The genus Stibadocerella was erected by Brunetti for the Oriental S. pris-

tina Brunetti. It is of great interest to record a second species, the first member

of the Cylindrotominae to be found in the Australasian Region. Although the

type is in a highly fragmentary condition, there will be no doubt of the identity

because of the conspicuous diagnostic characters listed under the species. The

present form deviates from the original characterization of the genus by the

long vein R2+*, r-m being placed at the fork of the sector. The chief character

still available for the separation of Stibadocerella from Stibadocera Enderlein

would thus seem to be the impunctate head and thorax. The white tarsi are like-

wise a conspicuous character, though shared by the Oriental genus Agastomyia

de Meijere (1919). This latter genus differs from all other known Tipulidae,

with the exception of the Limnobiine Doaneomyia Alexander, in the possession

of a single anal vein.

STIBADOCERELLA TASMANIENSIS sp. nov.

General colouration yellowish; mesonotal praeseutum reddish-brown, im-

punctate ; a conspicuous transverse brown stripe on the mesopleura; legs brown,

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 251

the tarsi largely white; wings with a strong brownish tinge; a few macrotrichiae

in the cells near the wing-tip; r-m at the fork of Rs, R28 long and sinuous.

é Wing, 8-2 mm.; antenna, about 10-5 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brownish-yellow. Male antennae very long; scape obscure

yellow; flagellar segments brown, each provided with abundant long erect hairs.

Front obscure yellow ; vertex broad, dark brown. Pronotum light yellow. Meso-

notal praescutum reddish-brown, intpunctate; remainder of the mesonotum

reddish-testaceous. Pleura obseure vellow with a broad transverse dark brown

mark across the mesopleura, extending from the lateral margins of the prae-

scutum to the mesosternum between the fore and middle coxae. Halteres brown

(the knobs broken). Legs with the coxae and trochanters obscure yellow;

femora brown, the bases paler; tibiae and metatarsi dark brown; tarsal segments

three and four, and the apex of two, white; last tarsal segment slightly infuseated.

Wings with a strong brownish tinge; no stigma; veins dark brown; a few

macrotrichiae in the apices of cells R°, second M?, and M*. Venation: Se long,

ending about opposite two-fifths the long Rs, Sc? at the tip of Se!; Rs long, the

basal third subsinuous; r-m at the end of Rs, R?+® being very long, gently

sinuous; no trace of the tips of veins R! or R*; r-m long, about one-half as long

as cell first M?; basal deflection of Cu! at midlength of cell first M*. (Abdomen

broken. ) :

Hab. Tasmania: Hobart (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12165.

BRACHYPREMNA Osten Sacken, 1886.

BRACHYPREMNA(?) TIGRIVENTRIS sp. nov.

General colouration dark brown, the mesonotum without distinct markings ;

head dark brown, narrowly yellowish adjoining the eyes; wings faintly brownish,

stigma dark brown, followed and preceded by a subhyaline area; vein second A

running very close to the anal angle of the wing; abdominal tergites dark brown,

the sternites yellowish, the segments margined caudally with dark brown.

@ Length, 14-5 mm.; wing, 15 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head reddish-brown; nasus long and slender,

black, dusted with grey, tipped with long, black bristles. Antennae brown,

apparently only ten-segmented; flagellar segments gradually decreasing in

length. Head dark brown, narrowly yellowish adjoining the margin of the eyes.

Mesonotal praescutum, scutum and postnotum dark brown, without distinct

stripes or markings of any kind (scutellum destroyed in pinning). Pleura light

brown, sparsely variegated with darker areas, more conspicuous on the lateral

selerites of the postnotum. Halteres moderately elongated, brown, yellow at the

base of the stem, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxae light brownish-

252 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

testaceous; trochanters brownish yellow (remainder of the legs broken). Wings

with a brownish tinge; stigma oval, dark brown; subcostal cell a little darker

than the remainder of the wing; cord and longitudinal veins beyond it indistinctly

clouded and seamed with brown; conspicuous whitish-subhyaline areas before

and beyond the stigma; veins brown, tips of veins M?, M* and Cu! pale at the

wing-margin. Venation: Se long, Se! ending about opposite two-fifths the

length of R**+*; Sc? a little removed from the tip of Sc!; the distance on costa

between the tips of Sc! and R! is about two-thirds of r; Rs moderately long,

gently arcuated; R**? a little shorter than Rs; R? nearly at right angles to R?*?

at the fork, r joining near its base; petiole of cell M? shorter than m; m-cu

obliterated by fusion of Cul and M**?; vein second A running very close to and

parallel with anal angle of wing, cell second A consequently very linear and of

nearly uniform width for its entire length. Abdominal tergites brown, the caudal

margin of the segments ringed with black, this including about the apical fourth

of each segment; lateral regions of the tergites more yellowish; sternites yellow,

the caudal margins of the segments narrowly and conspicuously banded with

dark brown. Ovipositor yellowish horn-colour; tergal valves compressed, the

apices bluntly rounded; sternal valves a little shorter than the tergal valves, the

tips acute.

Hab. Queensland: Cairns district (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12166.

The reference of this fly to the genus Brachypremna is entirely provisional.

All of the known existing species of the genus are American. Several features

of structure and colour of the present insect point strongly to Brachypremmna,

and it is placed therein until more material becomes available.

CLYTOCOSMUS Skuse, 1890.

CLYTOCOSMUS SKUSEI sp. nov.

General colouration black, the mesonotum lined with silvery grey; pleura

spotted with white, a triangular orange area before the wing-root ; wings reddish-

brown, the base brighter; abdomen black, the basal half of tergite two, all of

tergites seven to nine, and the sternites orange.

6 Length, 21 mm.; wing, 19-20 mm. Fore leg, femur, 9-3 mm.; tibia,

9-8 mm.; metatarsus, 4-5 mm.; remainder of fore tarsi, 7 mm.; middle leg, femur,

11-5 mm., tibia, 9:9 mm., metatarsus, 4:7 mm., remainder of middle tarsi, 8 mm.;

hind leg, femur, 12 mm., tibia, 12-9 mm., metatarsus, 6-3 mm., remainder of hind

tarsi, about 8 mm.

Head fiery-orange; palpi brownish-black. Antennae with the basal segment

orange; remainder of the organ black; the first seven flagellar segments dilated

into a cordiform structure, the branches being short and imconspicuous, much

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 253

shorter than in this sex of C. helmsi; segment two of the flagellum largest, thence

oradually decreasing in size to the seventh; eighth flagellar segment slightly

enlarged; terminal segments long-cylindrical with conspicuous verticils. Pro-

notum velvety-black. Mesonotal praescutum silvery-grey with three conspicuous

velvety-black stripes that restrict the ground-colour to narrow lines; median

stripe narrowed behind, cuneiform, anteriorly split by a very indistinct grey

line; lateral stripes but narrowly separated from the median stripe; lateral

margins of the sclerite narrowly blackened ; scutal lobes grey, each lobe with the

centres black, circled with grey ; median area of the secutum and lateral margin of

each lobe narrowly blackish; scutellum grey with a median black stripe; post-

notum black with an anterior median grey spot. Pleura brownish-black, con-

spicuously variegated with white spots, these on the mesepisternum, mesepimeron,

dorsal margin of the mesosternum, and the lateral sclerite of the postnotum

before the origin of the halteres; propleura narrowly white; a white spot above

the hind coxa; a conspicuous orange triangular area on the dorsal pleurites

immediately caudad of the anterior spiracle and before the wing-root. Halteres

black, the bases a little paler. Legs with the coxae conspicuously light grey

pruinose; remainder of the legs black; claws of the male with two small teeth

beneath. Wines with a strong reddish-brown tinge, much darker than in

C. helmsi or C, tillyardi, brighter at the wing-base and in the costal and subcostal

cells; cells M, Cu! and first A with small triangular paler centres. Abdominal

tergites velvety-black, the basal half of segment two and segments seven to nine

orange; the black tergites each have a conspicuous circular white spot at the

lateral ends, and tergites two to five have an additional submedian spot near the

anterior margin on either side; sternites fiery-orange, the caudal margins of

segments four to six very narrowly blackish-brown.

Hab. New South Wales: Dorrigo. Type, I. 12167.

This magnificent, crane-fly is dedicated to the late Frederick A. A. Skuse,

the great pioneer student of Australian Tipulidae, author of the genus

Clytocosmus. If it were not for the constancy between the sexes of C. helmsi

Skuse as regards body colouration, | would have regarded this fly as representing

the male sex of (. tillyardi Alexander ; however, the colouration of the thorax of

the two species is so nearly diametrically opposite that I cannot believe that they

represent a single species. More material will! settle the status of this fly. C.

lichtwardti Riedel, recently described (1) from North Queensland, also has the

colouration similar in the two sexes.

(1) Riedel, Arch, f, Naturgesch., Ixxxv, 1920, p. 85-88,

254 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

PTILOGYNA Westwood, 1835.

PTILOGYNA MINIMA sp. nov.

Size small (wing of male 12 mm.) ; head and thorax light yellow; wings pale

brown, the base and costal margin more saturated; abdomen yellow, the tergites

trivittate with brownish-black.

¢ Length, 13-2 mm.; wing, 12 mm.; antenna, 5:8 mm. ¢ Length, 14-5

mm.; wing, 11-3 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head rather short, light yellow, infuseated

laterally and beneath; palpi dark brown. Antennae yellow, the long branches

dark brown. Head yellow, duller on the posterior portions of the vertex. Meso-

notum dull vellow, the praescutum slightly darker medially. Pleura yellow.

Halteres ght brown, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxae and tro-

chanters obscure yellow; remainder of the legs brown, the femora paler basally.

Wings with a pale brownish tinge, the base and costal margin more saturated ;

no distinct whitish spots as in P. ramicornis (Walker). Venation: Third section

of vein M!+? longer than the second section (M!+2 plus R4+®); R*#+® about

twice R?; veins dark brown. Abdomen yellow, the tergites with a broad dark

brownish-black median stripe; lateral margins narrowly dark brown; sternites

brownish-yellow.

ITab. Northern Territory: Melville Island (W. D. Dodd). Type, I. 12168.

This tiny Ptilogyna is abundantly distinet from the widely distributed

P. ramicornis (Walker).

PHACELODOCERA Enderlein, 1912.

The genus Phacelodocera was based on Ptilogyna flabellifera Loew, of Brazil.

Tn this group the antennae are very similar to those of Ptilogyna, but the details

of venation are almost exactly as in Plusiomyia, r-m and the petiole of cell M?

heing present. The species here described is the second of the genus to be made

known.

PHACELODOCERA TASMANIENSIS sp. nov.

Antennae with long flabellations ; wings with a heavy brown pattern, streaked

with hyaline; r-m and the petiole of cell M present; abdomen reddish, grey

pruinose, the lateral margins blackish.

é Leneth, about 28 mm.; wine, 25 mm.; antenna, about 10 mm.; abdomen

alone, 18-5 mm. Fore leg, femur, 14:7 mm.; tibia, 16-5 mm.; hind leg, femur,

15:8 mm.; tibia, 16-6 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head long and slender, about as long as the

remainder of the head, reddish, the dorsal half brown; mouth parts dark brown,

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 255

Antennae comparatively long, the first flagellar segment with a single long (about

3mm.) flabellation; flagellar segments two to nine with three long flabellations,

a pair of divergent, stronger, basal branches, the longest being about 4 mm. in

length, and a more slender branch of subequal length just heyond midlength of

the segment on the same face; the branches toward the end of the segment are

shorter ; the apical segments of the antenna taken together are a little longer than

the terminal branch; first segment of the seape brown; remainder of the organ

black. Head dark brown, the occiput more reddish. Pronotum reddish, grey

pruinose. Mesonotal praescutum reddish, greyish-white pruinose, with three

dark grey stripes that are indistinctly margined with darker; remainder of the

mesonotum reddish, sparsely hight grey pruinose. Pleura reddish, with a longi-

tudinal stripe. covered with a silkv-grey bloom, the dorsal sclerites and the meso-

sternum darker brown to produce two longitudinal stripes that enclose a broad

grey one. Halteres dark brown. Legs with the coxae reddish-brown, light grey

pruinose; femora reddish-brown, the tips dark brown; tibiae and metatarsi

reddish-brown, the tips narrowly blackened; tarsi blackish. Wings dark brown,

the costal, subcostal and base of the radial cell somewhat brighter; anal cells

more greyish; the wing is variegated with whitish-hyaline, the pattern being

strikingly like that of Plusiomyia pandoxa; a large hyaline blotch on the outer

half of cell M; cell first M? hvaline, sending forth three interrupted rays; a

narrow one obliquely to the costa across the bases of cells R*, R®, R® and the

extreme tip of cell second R!; the second ray ineludes almost all of cell R®

excepting a narrow brown interruption at about one-third the length of the cell;

the third ray is broad and includes only the basal portions of cells second M2 and

M?*; cell Cut is dark, only the centre being indistinctly paler; cell Cu hyaline, the

base dark brown, the apical third greyish, enclosing an ova! hyaline area; anal

cells broadly hyaline basally, grevish-brown apically, a narrow hyaline ray in

cell first A near vein second A continued to the anal margin. Venation: ‘r-m

longer than m-cu; petiole of cell M! a little shorter than m.. Abdomen reddish,

the tergites beyond the second greyish-pruinose, except dorso-medially and

laterally ; lateral margins of the segments broadly blackened, these areas narrow

anteriorly, broadened behind; a broad dark brown dorso-median stripe, this

interrupted at the posterior margin of each segment; sternites reddish-brown,

sparsely pruinose.

Hab. Tasmania: Waratah (H. J. Carter and A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12169.

PLUSIOMYIA Skuse, 1890.

PLUSIOMYIA PANDOXA sp. nov.

Mesonotum dark grey, the praescutum with four dull violaceous stripes; a

narrow arcuated brown band across the seutellum; pleura silky-grey with three

256 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

narrow dark brown longitudinal stripes; wings dark brown; a whitish-subhyaline

area in the outer end of cell M that splits into three rays at cell first M2, one

going to costa in cell R?, one to the wing-tip in cell R®, the third to the posterior

margin in cell M#; lateral margins of the abdominal tergites dark brown.

8 Length, 26-30 mm.; wing, 25-27 mm.; abdomen alone, 17-21 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head reddish; palpi dark brown. Antennae

with the scapal segments reddish, the flagellum dark brown; first flagellar

segment produced strongly ventrad at apex; pectinations of flagellar segments

two to seven about one-half longer than the segments. Head reddish-purple, the

anterior portion of the vertex and a broad margin adjoining the eyes light grey.

Pronotum light grey, cinnamon-brown medially. Mesonotal praescutum dark

grey with four rather narrow dull violaceous stripes, the intermediate pair

separated by a narrow line of the ground-colour; scutum grey, the lobes largely

dull violaceous; a narrow dark chestnut band extends from each wing-root across

the posterior part of the scutellum; postnotum pale grey pruinose, the posterior

margin of the median selerite and the ventral half of the lateral sclerites above

the halteres chestnut. Pleura and sternum with a light grey silky bloom, with

three more or less evanescent narrow chestnut-brown longitudinal stripes, the

most dorsal one occupying the dorso-pleural membranes; the second, broadest,

extending from the ventral ends of the propleura above the fore coxae to the

base of the halteres; the most ventral stripe occupying the mesosternum; the

area between the ventral and intermediate stripes is broader than the latter;

these dark stripes are best seen when the insect is viewed from before; viewed

from behind they are quite invisible. Halteres brown, the knobs obscure brownish-

yellow. Legs with the coxae reddish, light grey pruinose; trochanters dark

reddish-brown; femora reddish, the tips indistinctly darkened; tibiae obscure

brownish-yellow, darkened apically, the extreme tips indistinctly infuscated ; tarsi

brown. Wings dark brown, the costal and subcostal cells more yellowish-brown ;

cells Cu, first A and second A more grevish,, subhyaline basally; a large oval

whitish-subhyaline area in cell R before the origin of Rs; a large blotch occupying

the outer half of cell M, passing through cell first M* and there splitting into

three rays, the first narrow, traversing the bases of cells R? and R*; the second

including most of cell R® and the extreme tip of R*, the third including the base

of cell second M? and all of M4 except the anterior outer angle; thus there

appears an outer longitudinal white stripe, crossed by an arcuate similar band

that extends from margin to margin; cell Cu! grey, the surrounding veins heavily

margined with dark brown. Wings broader than in P. gracilis. Venation: Cell

M! short-petiolate. Abdomen reddish; lateral margins of the tergites broadly

dark brown. Male hypopygium of simple structure,

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 257

Hab. Tasmania (A. Simson, No. 3846). Type, I. 12170.

PLUSIOMYIA TRIPECTINATA sp. nov.

Similar in general appearance to P. pandoxa; flagellar segments two to six

with a slender pectination beyond midlength of each segment, in addition to the

usual basal pair; wing-pattern heavier, especially in the anal cells.

6 Length, 25 mm.; wing, 24-5-26 mm.; abdomen alone, 18 mm.

Very similar in general appearance to P. pandoza, differing as follows:

Basal flagellar segment with a slender finger-like lobe immediately before

the tip; segments two to six, in addition to the slender basal branches, with a

shorter but conspicuous third branch just beyond midlength of the segment;

seventh flagellar segment without the apical branch and apparently with but a

single basal branch. Stripes on the praescutum duller grey. Wings narrower;

the wing-pattern very similar to that of P. pandoza, the chief differences as

follows: The white band in cell R® is narrowly interrupted by a brown line

before the fork of M!*?; the posterior ray from cell first M? does not reach the

posterior margin, but ends at near midlength of cell M‘; outer ends of the anal

cells brownish-grey, heaviest along vein second A; a whitish ray in cell first A

reaching the wing-margin near vein second A; cell Cu hyaline with the distal end

and a mark at two-thirds the length narrowly brown. Abdomen shorter, the

lateral margins darker.

Hab. Tasmania: Magnet, Waratah (A. M. Lea). Type, 12171.

The antennal structure is very distinct from that in other members of the

gracilis group.

PLUSIOMYIA (?) FELIX sp. nov.

Mesonotum lght grey, the praescutum with three reddish-brown stripes; a

- conspicuous tubercle on the lateral sclerite of the postnotum before the root of

the halter; wings greyish-subhyaline, the cord and longitudinal veins narrowly

seamed with brown; abdominal tergites reddish-brown, the lateral margin of each

segment with silver-grey triangles.

6 Length, 26 mm.; wing, 24:3 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head reddish; palpi dark brown. Antennae with

the scapal segments reddish-brown (flagellum broken). Head with the vertex

behind the antennal bases shiny-reddish; remainder of the vertex dusky-grey, a

little more reddish adjoining the inner margin of the eyes. Mesonotal prae-

seutum light grey with three conspicuous reddish-brown stripes that are weakly

pruinose; median stripe split by a capillary line of ground-colour except at the

posterior end; scutal lobes and lateral margins of the scutellum largely reddish ;

median area of scutum and scutellum light grey-pruinose; postnotum reddish,

258 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

heavily light grey-pruinose. Lateral sclerites of the postnotum immediately

before the root of the halteres produced laterad into conspicuous tubercles.

Pleura light grey-pruinose; a reddish triangle on the mesepisternum; meso-

sternum reddish. Halteres brown, the knobs light vellow. Legs with the coxae

light grey; trochanters reddish-brown; femora reddish-brown, the tips narrowly

blackish (remainder of the legs broken). Wings greyish-subhyaline; cell C more

vellowish; cell Se narrow, fulvous; stigma pale vellowish-brown; cord seamed

with brown; longitudinal veins very narrowly seamed with brown, broader on M.

Venation: Asin P. pandoxa; vein R* longer than Rs; R**° strongly sinuated at

midlength; petiole of cell M! about equal to r-m; cell first M? shorter, the basal

deflections of M!*+? and M?+* subequal. Abdominal tergites reddish-brown with

the lateral margins conspicuously silvery-grey; median line duller grey; tergite

one entirely dull grey; the lateral triangles are most distinct on segments two to

seven; the dorso-median grey line is narrowly interrupted at the posterior

margins of the segments; sternites reddish, sparsely grey pruinose.

Hab. Tasmania (A. Simson, No. 3262). Type, I. 12172.

The reference of this crane-fly to Plusiomyia is rendered somewhat doubtful

by the loss of the antennae. However, the other details of structure agree, and

it is highly probable that the above reference is correct.

PLUSIOMYIA MINOR sp. nov.

Size small (wing of female under 13 mm.) ; general colouration dark brown,

the thorax without distinct stripes; first scapal segment very long and slender ;

flagellar segments two to seven with a pair of basal branches and a smaller blunt

subterminal branch; wings greyish-subhyaline, unmarked; abdomen brownish-

black.

2 Length, about 12 mm.; wing, 12:6 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head slender, only a trifle longer than the

remainder of the head, reddish-brown, passing into dark brown at the tip; palpi

dark brown. Antennae with the first scapal segment long and slender as in

P. inornata, about as long as the frontal prolongation of the head or nearly

one-third of the entire antennal length; first flagellar segment with an apical

triangular tooth; flagellar segments dark brown; segments two to seven branched,

the longest branch séarcely a third longer than the segment that bears it; the

minute third branch of each of these six fiagellar segments is situated just before

the tip of each segment; terminal six segments of the flagellum simple. Head

dusky grey; vertex between the eyes narrow. Mesonotum rather dark brown

without distinet stripes. Pleura dark brownish-testaceous without markings.

Halteres brown, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxae and trochanters

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 259

brownish-testaceous; remainder of the legs darker brown. Wings greyish-sub-

hyaline, unmarked with darker; cell Se and the stigma a little darker; veins

brown. Venation: Rs and R?+? subequal in length; cell M! broadly sessile;

cells M1, second M? and M? parallel and approximately subequal in length and

breadth. Abdomen brownish-black, probably with a brown bloom in fresh speci-

mens. Ovipositor with the valves dark brownish horn-colour.

Hab. North Queensland: Cairns district (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12173.

P. minor is the smallest species of the genus known. It is closest to P.

inornata Skuse, and belongs to this group or subgenus. It differs from inornata

in its very small size, the shorter flagellar pectinations, and the details of

colouration.

PLUSIOMYIA SPISSIGRADA sp. nov.

Female subapterous; wings considerably atrophied both in length and

breadth.

@ Length, about 33 mm.; wing, 12 mm.; abdomen alone, excluding the

ovipositor, about 22 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head moderately elongated, a little longer than

the remainder of the head, with no indication of a nasus, reddish-brown in colour ;

mouth-parts darker. Antennal scape dark brown (flagellum broken). Head

dark grey, narrowly paler adjoining the inner margins of the eyes. Pronotum

very thin, deep reddish-brown. Mesonotal praescutum testaceous-brown with a

dark brown median stripe, the median line of the praescutum with a distinet,

shallow, longitudinal fovea; lateral stripes obscure yellow, darker laterally ;

scutum brown, the median area and inner portions of the lobes obscure yellow;

seutellum brown, the posterior half of the median lobe -yellowish; postnotum

reddish-brown; lateral sclerites of the postnotum more pruinose; a conspicuous

transverse ridge across this sclerite before the halter, as in the genus. Pleura

reddish-brown, the mesepimeron and lateral sclerite of the postnotum more

yellowish. Halteres brownish-yellow. Legs with the coxae and trochanters

reddish-brown; femora reddish-brown, becoming dark brown at the tips

(remainder of the legs broken). Wings considerably atrophied both in length

and breadth so as to render the fly incapable of flight, the venation correspond-

ingly distorted; wings dirty grey, the basal and costal regions more yellowish.

Venation: Costa twice bellied outward, more strongly so opposite the stigmal

region; cell M! entirely sessile; veins stout, the cells correspondingly reduced.

Abdomen large and filled with eggs, dark reddish-brown; pleural region duller

(the tips of the ovipositor are broken, but the shields of both valves are dark

shiny brown).

260) RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Hab. Tasmania: Frenchman’s Cap (J. E. Philp). Type, I. 12174.

In spite of the fact that the antennal flagella are broken and that the wing-

venation is distorted by the atrophy of the wing, there can be scarcely any doubt

that the generic reference as given is correct. The peculiar shape of the head

and the strong transverse ridge on the lateral selerites of the postnotum are

well-defined characters of Plusiomyia. The discovery of nearly apterous members

of this genus is of exceptional interest.

PLUSIOMYIA NECOPINA sp. nov.

Female subapterous; wings reduced to mere strap-like organs.

9 Length, about 24 mm.; wing, about 5-5 mm.; abdomen alone, 19 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head slightly longer than the remainder of the

head, brown; basal segments of palpi more yellowish; remainder of mouth-parts

darker brown. Antennae (broken beyond the scape), first scapal segment dull

yellow, tipped with darker; second segment yellow. Head with a light yellow

pollen; vertex and occiput with a conspicuous dark brown area that restricts the

eround-colour to margins adjoining the eyes; this dark mark on the vertex

broadens out toward the occiput. Pronotum not so thin and plate-like as in

P. spissigrada, brown, darker medially. Mesonotal praescutum leht yellowish-

brown with three darker brown stripes; scutum brown, the median area paler

(seutellum badly injured in pinning); postnotum light coloured, slightly

pruinose; the ridge on the lateral sclerites of the postnotum occurring in this

genus searcely evident. Pleura paie brown, sparsely grey pruinose. Halteres

pale brown, the knobs darker brown. Legs with the coxae pale greyish-brown ;

trochanters obseure yellow; femora light brown, more yellowish basally (the tips

broken). Wings brown, short, and so narrow as to appear strap-like; venation

so crowded as to be scarcely apparent; the region of the arculus is beyond one-

third the wing-length. Abdomen obscure brownish-yellow, the tergites with two

parallel narrow dark brown stripes that are more or less interrupted, the space

between about equal in width to one of them; sternites obscure yellow, the basal

half of the segments slightly darker, pleural membrane darker brown. Ovipositor

with the valves powerful, shiny dark brown; tergal valves slender, lying trans-

versely, the lateral margins feebly serrulate, the tips slightly expanded; sternal

valves very large and powerful, nearly black. much stronger than the tergal

valves, the two together appearing like a long acute point; the structure of the

tergal valves is much like that found in the arctica group of the genus Tipula,

but the sternal valves are very different, being as large and powerful as any

other species of Tipulid known to the writer.

Hab. Tasmania; Gladstone (J. E, Philp). Type, I. 12175,

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 261

PHYMATOPSIS Skuse, 1890.

PHYMATOPSIS BREVIROSTRATA sp. nov.

Antennae with twelve segments in the male; flagellum brown; mesonotum

obscure yellow, the praescutum with three broad blackish stripes that are con-

fluent, or nearly so; wings whitish-subhyaline with conspicuous brown cross-

bands; Rs short; abdomen black, the tergites with yellowish bases in the male,

more greyish in the female.

6 Length, 7-5-8 mm.; wing, 9-10-83 mm. ¢@ Length, 10 mm.; wing,

9 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head short and stout, strongly arched at about

midlength; no distinct nasus, but a tuft of four or five bristles at this point;

palpi dark brown. Antennae rather short, twelve-segmented in the male; first

flagellar segment pyriform; remaining segments gradually decreasing in size, but

increasing in length to the terminal one; scape obscure yellow, flagellum brown.

Head yellowish-grey, the vertex with a large triangular brown blotch. Mesonotal

praescutum obscure yellow with three broad blackish stripes that are confluent

or nearly so, the median stripe very narrowly split by a eapillary pale line;

scutal lobes black; scutellum yellowish-testaceous ; postnotum dark brown, blackish

posteriorly, this colour continued laterad on to the lateral sclerites of the post-

notum and appearing as a large blotch before the root of the halter. Pleura pale

brownish-yellow, sparsely pruinose. Halteres dark brown, the basal half of the

stem light vellow. Legs with the coxae and trochanters hght yellow; femora

yellowish-brown, the tips narrowly blackened; tibiae dark brown, the tips

blackened ; tarsi black. Wings whitish-subhyaline with ecross-bands of brownish ;

cells C and Se more yellowish; stigma dark brown, suffusing all of cell Se! and

the outer half of first R', continued caudad as a broad seam along the cord to the

fork of M; broad brown ecross-bands in th2 basal cells, one at the arculus; the

second near midlength of the basal cells; wing-apex and the posterior and anal

cells greyish-brown ; the conspicuous whitish bands left are before and beyond the

cord and near the wing-base. Venation: Rs short, areuated at origin, shorter

than R2+; petiole of cell M! shorter than r-m; cell second A very narrow; Cu?

about twice the deflection of Cu!. Abdominal tergites two to six obscure yellow,

the caudal margins broadly black, the remaining tergites black; lateral margins

broadly greyish-yellow; sternites brownish-yellow.

The female referred to this species is much darker in colour, the black

including the entire thorax; the wing is more uniformly darkened, the band at

the cord being very broad, restricting the white markings before and beyond the

cord to small oval areas; cell second A broader; bases of abdominal tergites more

greyish than yellow.

262 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Hab. New South Wales: Dorrigo (W. Heron). Type, I. 12176.

Although this handsome little fly deviates in some important respects from

the. definition of Phymatopsis there is no other group that can receive it, and it

seems best to place it in the present genus, although, like P. brevipalpis Alexander,

it is aberrant in several points.

SEMNOTES Westwood, 1876.

SEMNOTES REGIFICA sp. nov.

General colouration yellow; mesonotal praescutum with three confluent

transverse black stripes that do not attain the suture; legs black, the tibiae with a

broad yellow ring beyond the base; wings dark brown, a conspicuous yellow band

at the base of the wing and an oval yellow spot near the origin of Rs.

@ Length, about 22 mm.; wing, 29-5 mm.; fore leg, femur, 12-2 mm.;

tibia. 16-4 mm.; metatarsus, 20-5 mm.; middle leg, femur, 15 mm.; tibia, 16-3

mm.; metatarsus, about 24 mm.; hind leg, femur, 17 mm.; tibia, 20-5 mm.; meta-

tarsus, about 30 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head short, light yellow, the nasus stout, de-

curved; palpi with the basal segments yellow, the terminal segments brown.

Antennae with the first scapal segment nearly as long as the remainder of the

organ taken together, yellow; remainder of antennae brownish-yellow. Head

orange-yellow. Pronotum yellow; lateral margins and a confluent spot on either

side of the narrow yellow median area dark brown. Mesonotal praescutum

yellow with three broad black stripes, the median stripe broad but short, becoming

obsolete near midlength of the segment; lateral stripes short, attaining the lateral

margins of the sclerite in front of the root of the wing, confluent with the median

stripe, not attaining the suture; scutal lobes yellow, each with two conspicuous

isolated brownish-black spots along the anterior margin in transverse alignment ;

seutellum yellow, the caudal margin of the median area dark brown; postnotum

yellow. Pleura yellow; mesopleura dark brown, sparsely variegated with obscure

yellow; propleura black; a large oval brownish-black spot on the lateral sclerites

of the postnotum before the root of the halteres. Mesosternum dark brown.

Halteres dark brown, the base of the stem yellowish. Legs with the coxae obscure

yellow, the outer faces suffused with dark brown; trochanters with the outer faces

infuseated ; femora black, the bases narrowly and indistinctly paler; tibiae with

the extreme base (1-3 mm.) brownish-black, the distal half similar, the interven-

ing space broadly (6:3 mm.) and conspicuously hght yellow; tarsi black. Wings

dark brown; a conspicuous yellow cross-band just beyond the wing-root, the outer

margin at arculus; an oval yellow spot near the middle of the wing in cells R

and M, immediately before the origin of Rs; centres of cells M, Cu! and the anal

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 263

cells paler than their margins. Venation: Rs shorter than R?+®; basal deflection

of RK? perpendicular; R® longer than R?+*; petiole of cell M! and m subequal.

Abdominal tergites testaceous-yellow, the median line and the caudal margins of

each segment black, to form an inverted T on each segment, the lateral margins

most distinct on tergites two to five; sternites obscure yellow, the caudal margins

of the segments narrowly blackened; distal abdominal segments with a slight

silvery bloom. Ovipositor very short and blunt as in the genus.

Hab. North Queensland: Kuranda (F. P. Dodd). Type, I. 12177.

HABROMASTIX Skuse, 1890.

HABROMASTIX HERONI sp. nov.

General colouration brownish-yellow ; vertex with a conspicuous dark brown

mark; praescutum with three broad dark brown stripes, the median one split by

a pale line; postnotum darkened posteriorly ; femora broadly blackened at tips;

wing's greyish-brown, variegated with pale yellow; R?'? longer than cell first M?;

basal section of vein M*+* more than twice the second deflection.

— $ Length, 14-14-5 mm.; wing, 16-5-17 mm.; antenna, about 14-5-15 mm.

Rostrum slender, yellowish above, dark brown laterally and beneath; palpi

dark brown. Antennae with the scape and basal two segments of the flagellum

light brownish-yellow, passing into dark brown. Head with the front narrowly

grey pruinose; vertex yellow, more fulvous on the tubercle, paler adjoining the

eyes, a conspicuous dark brown median stripe, narrowed in front, broadest behind.

Mesonotal praescutum brownish-vellow with three broad dark brown stripes, the

median stripe split by a capillary pale line, all the stripes attaining the suture ;

scutal lobes dark brown, the median area narrowly pale; scutellum with the

median selerite dark brown, the lateral regions pale; postnotum whitish-grey, the

posterior half conspicuously dark brown, continued to before the root of the

halteres. Pleura light brownish-grey, indistinctly striped longitudinally with

darker grey. Halteres light brown, the base of the knob darker brown. Legs

with the coxae brownish-yellow, the apical half of the outer faces of the fore and

middle coxae darker; trochanters obscure vellow; femora light brownish-yellow,

the tips broadly and conspicuously blackened; tibiae brownish-black, only the

extreme bases brightened; tarsi brownish-black. Wings with a strong greyish-

brown tinge, the costal and subcostal cells more yellowish-brown; stigma darker

vrown; the wing is conspicuously variegated with pale yellow spots and areas,

distributed as follows: a smal] band beyond the arculus extending across the

wing but interrupted behind vein Cu; a second larger V-shaped band extends

across the wing, the point of the V near midlength of cell M, this area traversing

cell Cu; conspicuous areas before the cord and stigma; beyond the stigma in

264 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

cell R*; in the bases of cells second M? and M?‘ and near the end of vein Cu, this

latter including considerable portions of cells M, Cul, and Cu; a small cireular

spot near the end of vein Cu? in cell Cul; the dark brown streak enclosed between

vein Cu and the weak vein immediately behind it (Cu* of Tillyard) is thus

crossed only by two pale areas; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc* ends between

one-third and one-fourth the length of R***; R?*+® longer than cell first M?;

cell first M? widened outwardly, the basal section of M**? more than twice the

second section ; cell M! very short-petiolate to narrowly sessile. Basal abdominal

tergites reddish-brown, beyond the third passing into blackish, the lateral margins

of each segment with a conspicuous brownish-yellow triangle, this colouration

narrowly and indistinctly continued across the posterior margin; basal sternites

obseure yellow, beyond the fifth passing into black.

Hab. New South Wales: Dorrigo (W. Heron). Type, I. 12178.

This handsome species, which is most nearly related to H. ornatipes Skuse

and I. terrae-reginae Alexander, is named in honour of its collector, Mr. W.

Heron, who has added several species of crane-flies to the list from New South

Wales.

ACRACANTHA Skuse, 1890.

ACRACANTHA TASMANIENSIS sp. nov.

Face clear light yellow, the vertex behind the tubercle light violaceous; a

narrow dark brown dash adjoming the inner margin of the eyes; mesonotum

shiny-reddish, tinged with violaceous; a brownish-black triangle before the wing-

root; femora brownish-yellow, the tips broadly blackened; wing subhyaline, the

longitudinal veins beyond the cord bordered with brown; petiole of cell M? very

short.

9 Length, 22 mm.; wing, 20 mm.; fore leg, femur, 11:3 mm., tibia, 11-8

mm.; hind leg, femur, 12-8 mm.; tibia, 13-7 mm.; tarsus, 22-8 min.

Frontal prolongation of the head rather short, hght brown; nasus long and

slender, provided with conspicuous black bristles; palpi brown. Antennae with

fifteen segments (in the female) ; scape reddish-brown, the flagellum dark brown ;

first scapal segment elongate ; basal six flagellar segments enlarged, the inner face

of each a little produced and without bristles; remaining seven flagellar segments

elongate-cylindrical, provided with very long, conspicuous verticils on all sides.

Front and anterior face of the vertical tubercle clear hght yellow; vertex and

occiput light violaceous; a narrow dark brown mark on the vertex adjoining the

inner margins of the eyes, this sending a capillary point cephalad and shghtly

proximad on to the vertical tubercle; occiput darkened. Pronotum clear light

yellow. Mesonotal praescutum shiny-reddish with a faint violaceous tinge; a

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 265

rather broad but ill-defined median stripe, split by a capillary darker median

line; scutal lobes reddish, the median area more yellowish; seutellum reddish-

brown, the median area vellow; two brown spots at the base of the median sclerite ;

postnotum shiny reddish-brown, the lateral sclerites paler, especially ventrally,

with a circular brown spot before the root of the halteres. Pleura faintly reddish ;

a broad, light yellow longitudinal stripe extending from the propleura to the

base of the abdomen, slightly interrupted near the wing-root; a conspicuous

brownish-black triangular area before the root of the halteres; a ventral brownish-

violaceous longitudinal stripe extending from the propleura across the fore coxa

and dorsal margin of the mesosternum. Halteres light brown, the knobs darker.

Legs with the outer faces more or less violaceous; trochanters yellow; femora

brownish-yellow, the tips broadly (3 mm.) and abruptly blackened ; tibiae brown,

the base narrowly yellowish, the apex narrowly blackened; tarsi dark brown.

Wings subhyaline, the stigma and costal region brownish-yellow; cells second

Ri, R?, and apex of R* yellowish; veins beyond the cord conspicuously seamed

with brown; linear brownish streaks in cell R and less distinetly in cell M; anal

cells greyish, a clear streak in cell first A, adjoiming vein second A; veins dark

brown. Venation: Rs longer than R?+*, gently arecuated; R* a little longer

than Rs; petiole of cell M! very short, less than r-m; m-ceu present, but short.

Abdominal tergites reddish-brown, segments five to eight darker; sternites obscure

yellow with a broad blackish median stripe. Ovipositor reddish horn-colour, the

tergal valves slender ; sternal valves flattened, the tips subacute.

Hab. Tasmania: Cradle Mountain (H. J. Carter and A. M. Lea). Type,

ee d2179.

ACRACANTHA ABNORMALIS sp. nov.

Antennae twelve-segmented in both sexes; basal six flagellar segments ineras-

sated, the terminal four without long verticils as usual in the genus; mesonotum

buffy-yellow, the praeseutum with four dark brown stripes; pleura silvery-grey ;

wings faintly greyish; basal abdominal tergites fulvous, the remaining segments

more brownish.

é Length, about 11 mm.; wing, 14-5 mm. 9 Leneth, about 18-20 mm.:

wing, 16-20 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head brown, dusted with grey; nasus long and

slender; palpi dark brown. Antennae twelve-segmented in both sexes; seapal

segments brownish-yellow ; flagellum dark brown; the six basal flagellar segments

subeylindrical, gradually decreasing in length from the first to the fourth, the

fifth a little shorter than the third; these basal segments have no verticils on their

inner face, those on the outer face appressed ; the terminal four segments elongate,

the last three especially so; verticils inconspicuous, Head dark brown medially,

266 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

narrowly buffy-grey adjoining the inner margins of the eyes; in the female the

sides of the vertex and genae are grey; a small, button-like tubercle on the vertex

between the antennal bases. Mesonotal praescutum buffy, the margins with a

light yellowish pollen; four narrow dark brown stripes, the intermediate pair

paler at their anterior ends; scutal lobes dark; seutellum and postnotum dark

brown, dusted with grey, the postnotum with a capillary dark brown median line.

Pleura light silvery pruinose, slightly darker on the mesepisternum ; dorso-pleural

membranes dark brown. Halteres brown, the base of the stem yellowish. Legs

with the coxae brown, dusted with light grey; trochanters brownish-yellow;

femora brownish-yellow, the tips narrowly darkened; tibiae light brown, the tips

dark brown; tarsi dark brown. Wings with a faint greyish tinge; cells Se and

the stigma brown, the latter continued into cells Se! and second R!; a brown

seam at the fork of Cu. Venation: R? oblique, the terminal section gently

arcuated, so that cell second R1 is widest just beyond the base; r is provided with

about a dozen strong macrotrichiae and appears as a continuation of vein R!,

all the other veins excepting C being destitute of macrotrichiae; petiole of cell

M! shorter than m; basal deflection of M!*? about equal to and parallel with m;

m-cu obliterated by the punctiform fusion of Cul and M**+4. Abdominal tergite

one greyish-pruinose ; remaining segments brown, the second tergite more fulvous.

Ninth tergite of the male hypopygium with a deep V-shaped notch, the margins

thus formed densely set, provided with stiff black bristles; pleural appendage

appearing as a simple subclavate hairy lobe. In the female, the second to fourth

tergites are more or less yellowish, the remaining tergites dark; sternites brownish-

yellow. Ovipositor reddish horn-colour. In the paratype male from Scottsdale

the abdomen is almost uniformly brownish-vellow and only five basal flagellar

segments are incrassated ; in the female, the sixth to eighth abdominal segments

are broadly blackened caudally.

Hab. Tasmania: Devonport, Scottsdale, Huon River, Hobart, King Island

(A. M. Lea); Cradle Mountain (H. J. Carter and A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12180.

ISCHNOTOMA Skuse, 1890.

ISCHNOTOMA PRIONOCEROIDES sp. nov.

General colouration dark, grey pruinose; antennae subserrate, in the female

sex; wings faintly brownish, sparsely variegated with whitish-subhyvaline areas;

femora dark brown, the basal third rufous; abdomen blue-black, the segments

very narrowly margined caudally with pale.

@ Length, 17-5-18 mm.; wing, 17-3 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head dark, the nasus comparatively short; palpi

brownish-black. Antennae dark brown, twelve-segmented ; basal three flagellar

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 267

segments subeylindrical; fourth to eighth narrowed basally, widened distally,

the apex of each truncated, giving the flagellum a subserrate appearance; two

apical segments more elongate. Head dark blue-black, pruinose. Mesonotum

badly discoloured in the type, blue-black, light grey pruinose; the prae-

scutum apparently has darker longitudinal stripes, imeluding a_ eapil-

lary median vitta. Pleura grey, almost whitish immediately before the halteres,

provided with conspicuous whitish hairs, longest and most conspicuous on the

lateral sclerites of the postnotum. Halteres light brown. Legs with the coxae

dark, light grey pruinose; trochanters dark brown; femora dark brown, the basal

third, or slightly more, conspicuously rufous; tibiae reddish-brown, the tips

darkened; tarsi brownish-black. Wings with a faint brownish tinge, sparsely

variegated with whitish subhyaline; cells C and Se more yellowish; stigma

brownish ; the whitish areas occupy the basal half of cell R?; outer half of cell

first M*; most of cells M! and second M?; apices of cells M and M4, and less

distinctly in the bases of cells Cu, M!, and the anal cells; veins dark brown.

Venation: Rs moderately long, a little shorter than R*; r rather faint, oblique,

inserted on R? shortly beyond the fork; R**° a little longer than R?; petiole of

cell M? about two-thirds of m; basal deflection of M!*? about equal to m and

parallel with it; m-cu punctiform; Cu? about one-half longer than the deflection

of Cut. Abdomen blue-black, pruinose; caudal margins of the segments very

narrowly and indistinctly margined with paler, less distinct on segment two,

eradually widening to the sixth and seventh segments. Terminal segments of

the abdomen narrowed; ovipositor relatively small, the tergal valves long and

slender ; sternal valves much shorter, compressed, the tips obtusely rounded.

Hab. Tasmania: Summit of Mount Wellington (A. M. Lea). Type,

WT, 172181.

I. prionoceroides is a very distinct species of the genus. The resemblance

to species of the northern genus Prionocera Low is surprising.

ISCHNOTOMA RUBROABDOMINALIS sp. nov.

Vertical tubercle small, reddish, less distinctly so in the female; mesonotal

praescutum with three grey stripes that are narrowly margined with dark brown,

the median stripe split by a capillary dark brown line; legs black, only the bases

of the femora brighter ; abdomen reddish, the segments greyish-pruinose laterally ;

segments eight and nine dark brown.

6 Length, 138-5-15 mm.; wing, 15-16 mm. @ Length, 16-18 mm.; wing,

14-16-4 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head dark brown, pruinose; nasus long and

slender; palpi dark brown. Antennae dark brown, the first scapal segment

pruimose; in the male the first flagellar segment is elongate-cylindrical, the second

268 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

and third shorter, subeylndrical ; fourth to ninth short, the inner face produced

slightly to give the segments a roughly triangular appearance ; terminal (twelfth)

segment cylindrical, filiform. In the female, the antennae appear to be only

eleven-segmented, the subterminal segments serrated as in the male, but less

distinetly so. Head dark, greyish-pruinose, narrowly rufous medially ; vertical

tubercle reddish, infuscated medially, indistinctly trifid anteriorly ; in the female

this tubercle is obscure reddish-brown. Mesonotal praescutum with the inter-

spaces buffy-grey ; stripes grey, narrowly but conspicuously margined with dark

brown, the lateral margins of the median stripe becoming narrowed behind and

finally obliterated beyond three-fourths the length of the segment; median stripe

split by a capillary dark brown line that ends immediately before the suture;

margins of the lateral stripes complete, crossing the suture; scutum light grey,

the lobes darker grey, each with a dark brown semicircle that is confluent with

the margins of the lateral praescutal stripes; scutellum and postnotum clear

light grey with a capillary brown line, the lateral margins of these sclerites a

darker grey. Pleura light grey, narrowly darkened dorsally, before the wing-root

with a conspicuous triangular tubercle that is dark brown, the apex conspicuously

orange. Mesosternum greyish-brown. Halteres light brownish-yellow, the knobs

dark brown. Legs with the coxae light grey; trochanters dark brownish-grey ;

femora black, the bases narrowly fulvous; remainder of the legs black. Wings

with a greyish tinge; stigma pale brown; wing-surface sparsely variegated with

dusky, these areas including the end of cell R?; an area near the end of cell M

adjoining vein Cu and narrow seams to the veins; outer ends of the anal cells

faintly darkened ; an indistinct obliterative area before the stigma, crossing cell

first M2 into the base of cell M*; veins dark brown. Venation: R?** a little

~jJonger than R?; Rs longer than R*** but shorter than R*; petiole of cell M!

about equal to m; m-cu short but indicated. Abdominal tergite one buffy-grey,

infuscated dorso-medially ; tergites two to seven bright fulvous, the segments

conspicuously margined laterally with light grey; sternites similar but more

brownish-fulvous, the basal segments slightly pruinose; segments eight and nine

dark brown. Ninth tergite narrowly margined laterally with fulvous. In the

female, the bright colour includes the eighth tergite. Male hypopygium having

the ninth tergite large, with a broad U-shaped median notch, the lateral angles

broadly rounded. Ovipositor with the valves long and slender.

Hab. Tasmania: Waratah (H. J. Carter and A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12182.

MACROMASTIX Osten Sacken, 1886.

MACROMASTIX BREVIPETIOLATA sp. nov.

Nasus powerfully developed ; antennae short ; head orange-yellow ; mesonotum

shiny testaceous-brown, the pleura more yellowish; wings strongly suffused with

ALEXANDER—CRANE FLIES 269

brown, the costal and subcostal cells and the stigma more yellowish; petiole of

cel! M! very short.

é Length, about 11-12 mm.; wing, 14 mm. @ Length, about 9 mm.;

wing, 12 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head rather short, obscure yellow, the nasus very

long and powerful, tufted with hairs at the apex; palpi dark brown. Antennae

apparently thirteen-segmented, short in both sexes; the first scapal segment

yellowish; second segment yellowish-brown; flagellum dark brown, the basal

three segments oval, gradually decreasing in size, beyond the third the segments

of the fiagellum are elongate, linear, provided with only sparse, though moderately

long verticils (segmentation of the flagellum difficult to determine in dried

material). Head bright orange-yellow, clearest on the anterior part of the

vertex, more obscure on the occiput. Mesonotum rather shiny testaceous-brown

without distinct markings, only the posterior third of the postnotum being a little

darker.. Pleura testaceous-yellow. shiny. Halteres dark brown (the knobs

broken). Legs with the coxae testaceous-vellow; trochanters yellow; remainder

of the legs slender but not excessively elongated, pale brown, darkening on the

farsi. Wings with a strong brownish tinge, the costal and subcostal cells and

the stigma more yellowish; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc? ending just before

the fork of Rs; R?*3 slightly longer than the long Rs; r rather indistinet, on

R? more than its own length beyond the base; R® about one-half longer than

R?*8; petiole of cell M! very short, a little less than r; m longer than the outer

deflection of M3*+!; fusion of M3+4 and Cu! punctiform ; cell Cu! twice as long as

wide; cell second A narrow. A fringe of rather stiff, bristle-like hairs completely

surrounds the wing-margin. Abdominal segments obscure brownish-yellow ;

seventh and eighth segments dark brown. Hypopygium semi-inverted as in

many species of this genus.

Hab. New South Wales: Dorrigo (W. Heron). Type, I. 12183.

TIPULA Linnaeus, 1758.

TIPULA LEPTONEURA sp. nov.

General colouration light brown, the thoracic pleura more yellowish; legs

long and slender, claws toothed in the male; wings faintly brownish-grey, the

costal and sub-costal cells more yellowish; cell R* small, cell second A very

narrow; male hypopygium fused into a continuous ring.

6 Length, 14 mm.; wing, 15-5 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head yellowish-brown; nasus moderately long,

provided with conspicuous black and yellow setae; palpi light brown. Antennae

270 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

short, if bent backward extending about to the wing-root ; scape and first flagellar

segment light brown; fiagellar segments indistinctly bicolorous, the basal swelling

of each segment black, the remainder of each segment brown; flagellar segments

shghtly dilated before their tips to appear binodose; verticils long and conspieu-

ous. Head greyish-brown; vertex strongly infuscated; a narrow pale border

adjoining the eyes; a capillary brown median vitta; genae pruinose. Mesonotal

praescutum and scutum light brown with indistinct stripes; seutellam and

postnotum yellowish-testaceous. Pleura brownish-yellow. Halteres dark brown,

the base of the stem narrowly yellowish. Legs with the coxae yellowish, very

sparsely dusted with grey; trochanters yellow; femora brown, the base paler;

tibiae and tarsi brown; legs long and slender, the metatarsi longer that the tibiae;

claws toothed in the male. Wings faintly brownish-grey, the costal and subcostal

cells and the wing-root more yellowish; stigma brown, completely filling cell Set;

obliterative areas of slight extent; veins dark brown. Venation: Rs short, about

equal to R**; cell R? small, its inner end pointed; vein R® straight, about one-

half longer than Rs; cell first M? comparatively small, pentagonal; petiole of cell

M! longer than m; second anal vein short and straight, cell second A being long

and narrow. Wings petiolate. Abdomen yellowish basally, segments four to

eight dark brown; hypopygium brownish-vellow. Male hypopygium inerassated,

the sclerites fused into a continuous ring. Region of the ninth tergite tumid,

the caudal margin produced caudad into two blackened, conspicuous blades that

are densely set with black spicules. Pleural region slightly produced, the prin-

cipal appendage a pale, flattened bifid lobe. Region of the ninth sternite carinate,

the median area produced into a small, slender tubercle; dorsal caudal angles

of the sternite with long, yellow hair. Eighth sternite unarmed.

Hab. Northern Territory: Bathurst Island, Melville Island (W. D. Dodd).

Type, I. 12184.

T. leptoneura is a true member of the genus Tipula, and apparently the first

to be reported from Australia. It belongs to a group or subgenus that consists

of many African species (7. alphaspis Speiser, T. lang: Alex., T. gaboonensis

Alex., and others), distinguished by the small size of the cell R?, the toothed claws

in the males, and the fused selerites of the male hypopygium.

On AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA.

By ARTHUR M. LEA, F.E.S.,; Enromotocist, S.A.. Musrum.

PAR AV.

Famity CHRYSOMELIDAE.

Plate iv and Text fig. 337.

THE insects dealt with in this part are mostly fungus-frequenting species. It will

be noticed that Diphyllus and Diplococlus are referred to the Krotylidae, instead

of to the Mycetophagidae, the former family bemg now considered by many

authors to be their true location.

COLASPOIDES CUPREOVIRIDIS sp. nov.

é Bright metallic coppery-green, under-surface less conspicuously metallic

and tip of abdomen reddish; labrum, legs, antennae and palpi reddish, tips of

antennae infuscated.

Head with fairly dense but irregular punctures between eyes, becoming

smaller and sparser about base, and more crowded on clypeus; median line well-

defined. Antennae rather long and thin, third joint no shorter than fourth.

Prothorax about twice as wide as the median length, sides evenly rounded, all

angles slightly armed; middle with rather small and not very dense punctures,

becoming larger but not much denser on sides. Scutellum impunctate. Elytra

rather short; with fairly large punctures, subgeminately arranged in parts,

posteriorly confined to distinct striae, larger than elsewhere and transversely

confiuent behind shoulders. Apical segment of abdomen feebly transversely

impressed, but in middle shallowly foveate. Legs rather short and stout; front

femora acutely dentate; basal joint of front and middle tarsi dilated, of hind pair

as long as the two following combined; hind tibiae longer than the others, gently

emarginate on lower-surface beyond middle, and then dilated to apex. Length,

5—):25 mm.

Hab. Queensland: Cairns district (F. P. Dodd). Type, I. 11998.

A bright-green species like C. bicarinata, elegantula, and foveiventris, but

readily distinguished from these by the abdomen and hind tibiae: the latter are

distinetly dilated near apex, but less suddenly and strongly than in foveiventris,

and the abdominal foyea is shallower, with its outline less circular,

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

RHYPARIDA ALLENI Lea.

Two specimens, from Darwin, differ from the type in being smaller, 4-4:75

mm., prothorax with rather larger punctures, and the elytral ones without a water-

logged appearance. _

RHYPARIDA MEDIONIGRA Lea.

A specinen, from Cue (Western Australia), has the side of each elytron,

but not the extreme margin, flavous throughout.

RHYPARIDA CAERULEIPENNIS Lea.

Three specimens, from Cairns, probably belong to this species, but have the

legs mostly black, with a sheht metallic gloss; one has the elytra purplish-blue,

on the others they are brassy, with a slight greenish gloss. Two, from North-

Western Australia, probably also belong to the species, their legs are mostly

black; and elytra black with a shght coppery gloss. One, from Darwin, has the

upper-surface bronzy with a greenish gloss, and the legs obscurely reddish;

another has similar legs, but the elytra coppery-purple.

RHYPARIDA FUNEREA sp. nov.

Black, legs blackish-brown, tarsi, antennae (apical joints infuscated), palpi

and labrum paler.

Head shagreened and with small punctures, except on clypeus, where they

are denser and larger, median line slight. Eyes large, separated slightly more

than the diameter of one. Prothorax about twice as wide as long, front angles

armed; punctures dense, sharply defined, and of moderate size, becoming small

in middle of apex. Elytra rather short, distinctly wider than prothorax; with

rows of large punctures, becoming smaller (but not very small) posteriorly,

interstices with minute punctures. Flanks of prosternum distinctly striated

throughout. Legs stout; femora edentate; claws bifid. Length, 4-5-5 mm,

Hab. Northern Territory: Darwin and Stapleton (G. F. Hill). Type,

eat 968i:

A second specimen differs fromthe type in having the scutellum, elytra, and

under-surface of the same dingy-brown colour as the legs. The type in my table

of the genus(!) would be associated with R. crassipes, which is a considerably

narrower species, with coarser punctures, eyes more distant, head and prothorax

shining, ete.; the second specimen would be associated with R. mayae, which is a

narrower species, with the head but not the prothorax shagreened.

(1) Lea, Trans, Roy. Soc., S.Aust., 1915, 7p. 12.

LEA—ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA LB

RHYPARIDA BIVITTIPENNIS sp. nov.

Reddish-castaneous, legs (knees infuscated), antennae and palpi paler, elytra

with a blackish vitta on each side from base to near apex.

Head convex and with minute punctures, except in front and on the elypeus,

where they are fairly large and sharply defined; median line short. Eyes large

and widely separated. Prothorax not twice as wide as the median length, front

angles armed; punctures small and rather sparse in middle, becoming larger and

denser, but somewhat irregular on sides. Elytra with rows of rather large

punctures, becoming smaller posteriorly. Flanks of prosternum striated from

base to apex, the striae becoming very faint near the margins. Femora stout, all

distinctly dentate; claws bifid. Length, 4-5-5 mm.

Hab. Northern Territory: Darwin (G. F. Hill, No. 237; and W. K. Hunt).

Some of the specimens are of a brighter red than others; one is almost flavous,

with the vittae reduced to rather small infuscated spots, another has the vittae

shorter than usual, with the apex of elytra flavous; each vitta usually occupies

about one-third of the base, but about two-thirds posteriorly, on one specimen it

extends to the apex itself; parts of the under-surface are sometimes infuscated.

The prothorax has some coarse, irregular punctures, but not in oblique rows as

in R. polymorpha; passing that species in my table, it would be associated with

R. maculicollis and R. melvillensis, from the former it is distinguished by its

wider form, sparser and stronger prothoracic punctures and differently coloured

elytra, and from the latter by its smaller size, very different colour and finer

elytral punctures.

RHYPARIDA SEMIOPACA sp. nov.

Flavous, each elytron with a black lateral vitta.

Head opaque and with scarcely visible punctures, even on the clypeus;

median line short. Eyes rather large and widely separated. Prothorax about

twice as wide as long, greatest width at basal third, all angles armed; surface

opaque and impunctate. Elytra with rows of not very large punctures, becoming

very small posteriorly; interstices with scarcely visible punctures. Flanks of

prosternum with abbreviated striae near coxae. Femora stout and rather feebly

dentate; claws bifid. Length, 4 mm.

Hab. Northern Territory: Darwin (G. F. Hill, No. 209). Type, I. 11983.

Parts of the prosternum are very finely striated, but the striae are not

continuous from base to apex; this character, and the opaque, impunctate pro-

thorax, readily distinguish the species from the preceding one, to which, at first

glance, it appears to belong. The elytral vittae are rather narrow at the base,

but dilate posteriorly till they cover most of the surface; on the two specimens in

274 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

the Museum they terminate just before the apex. In my. table it would be placed

in I, mm, with R. didyma, which is a much larger and otherwise very different

species. R. mediovittata has the elytral markings shorter and not touching the

sides, and the prothorax bimaculate.

RHYPARIDA NIGRIVENTRIS sp. nov.

Castaneo-flavous, an apical U on elytra, and abdomen black; knees, tips of

tibiae, tarsi and apical two-thirds of antennae infuscated.

Head subopaque with scarcely visible punctures, except on clypeus, where

there are a few distinct ones; front of clypeus conspicuously notched. Eyes

rather large and widely separated. Prothorax subopaque, twice as wide as long,

sides evenly rounded, all angles armed; punctures sparse and small. Elytra

distinetly wider than prothorax ; with rows of not very large punctures, becoming

inconspicuous posteriorly. Femora stout and unarmed; claws bifid. Length,

44-25 mm.

Hab. Northern Terirtory: Darwin. Type, I. 11984.

The sides of the U are about half the length of the elytra, on one specimen

its sides are entire, on another each side is encroached upon by the flavous por-

tion. From some directions parts of the flanks of the prosternum appear to be

very feebly striated. In my table the species would be referred to I, and from

the two species placed there, R. trimaculata and didyma, it differs in bemg much

smaller, and very differently coloured.

RHYPARIDA OBLIQUA sp. nov.

Pale castaneo-flavous.

Head without punctures, except for a few minute ones at base and on

clypeus; median line faint. Eyes rather large and widely separated. Prothorax

at base about twice as wide as the median length, sides obliquely diminishing in

width to apex, angles unarmed; impunctate or almost so. Hlytra rather short;

with rows of punctures of moderate size, becoming much smaller posteriorly.

Femora stout, edentate; claws bifid. Length, 4-5-5 mm,

Hab. Northern Territory: Darwin, in January (G. F. Hill). ype;

P1198).

The prosternum is without striae, even near the coxae; the elytral punctures

are not very large, their true sizes may be noted from oblique directions, but

owing to ‘‘water-logging’’ on several of the, six, specimens before me they appear

to be very large, even near the apex. Even the tips of the antennae are not

infuscated. Readily distinguished from the other pale species of the genus by the

oblique sides of prothorax, each of these being quite straight from base to apex,

LEA—ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 275

with the angles not projecting outwards; in my table it would be associated with

R. pallidula, which has the sides of the prothorax rather strongly. rounded, and

the dise with distinct punctures.

EDUSA SUTURALIS Chp.

Five females, from Kulpara (South Australia), have the elytra (except as

to their clothing’) entirely black.

EDUSA SERICEA Lea.

A specimen, from Beverley (Western Australia), is of a beautiful golden-red,

its elytra in some hghts have a purplish gloss, and on each several purplish-blue

lines may be seen through the pubescence.

EDUSA MULTICOLOR sp. nov.

é Coppery-green, most of elytra golden-red or golden-purple, under-surface

bronzy, tibiae, basal joints of palpi and basal half of antennae more or less

reddish. Head, sides of prothorax, under-surface and legs with fairly dense,

white pubescence, elytra with stouter but sparser clothing.

Head shagreened and with fairly dense punctures; median line shallow at

hase, fairly deep and triangularly dilated in front. Antennae rather long. Pro-

thorax about twice as wide as long, sides evenly rounded; with fairly dense,

subasperate punctures, in places transversely confluent. Scutellum with numerous

punctures. Elytra with dense punctures, on basal half mostly transversely con-

fuent. Abdomen with basal segment glabrous and finely striated in middle, fifth

almost simple. Femora stout, front pair acutely dentate; basal joint of all tarsi

somewhat inflated ; hind tibiae dilated at apex, apical slope bisinuate, inner edge

straight. Length, 5-5-7 mm.

@ Differs in being larger and wider, much less of upper-surface green,

antennae and legs shorter, abdomen with less of basal segment glabrous, and the

fifth simple and less encroached upon by pygidium.

Hab. Victoria: Sea Lake (J. C. Goudie, No. 769). Type, I. 11987.

A beautiful species, in appearance rather close to #. diversicollis, but less

elongate and hind tibiae of male with the inner edge straight, and scarcely

different from that of the female. On the male a fairly large subtriangular space

about the seutellum is green, the colour then changes, through various golden

shades, till on the sides and apex it becomes a beautiful purple, the sides of the

prothorax also have a purplish gloss; the female is mostly golden, on the head

the only parts green are the c¢lypeus and labrum, the seutellum and the suture

for a short distance behind it are green; more of the elytra is purple than on the

276 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

male, but the purple is not so bright. On the elytra the white setae are slightly

fasciculate in appearance, but they do not form true fascicles, they are absent

from a fairly large subtriangular space about the base. The prothorax is very

finely transversely striated, so as to appear shagreened.

EDUSA OBSCURA sp. nov.

Black, in parts with a rather slight metallic gloss; labrum, parts of five basal

joints of antennae, parts of palpi, and bases of tibiae more or less reddish. Densely

clothed with short, ashen pubescence.

Head with dense but more or less concealed punctures; median line narrow.

Prothorax with punctures much as on head; front angles rather acutely armed.

Klytra with crowded and rather coarse punctures, posteriorly almost confined to

striae, interspaces with rather dense and small punctures. Apical segment of

abdomen with a wide, shallow depression in middle. Femora stout, subangulate,

but scarcely visibly dentate; basal joint of front tarsi slightly inflated. Length,

7 mm.

Hab. New South Wales: Blue Mountains (Dr. E. W. Ferguson). Type

(amique), I. 11988.

The metasternum has a distinct purplish gloss, and parts of the upper-surface

are shghtly brassy or purplish. The three apical joints of antennae are missing

from the type, the second joint is stouter than the third, but searcely half its

length. On each elytron two geminate rows of punctures may be traced from

the base to beyond the middle, when they converge to become the striae of the

apical slope, although the punctures are dense and rather coarse, especially behind

the shoulders, they are nowhere distinctly confluent. The front femora from

above appear to be edentate, but from below a feeble tooth may be noticed. The

apical segment of the 4bdomen is irregularly impressed, but as the basal one is

strongly convex, the sex of the type is doubtful. In my table would be associated

with E. uwrsa, from which it differs in being much larger, differently coloured,

prothorax with distinet punctures, and elytral punctures larger and some in

eveminate rows; it is closer to E. impressiceps, but is somewhat larger, only feebly

metallic, and legs, except the extreme bases of tibiae, entirely black. It is

considerably larger than all the non-metallic species.

EDUSA CAPILLATA sp. nov.

Black with a bronzy gloss, front of head coppery-green, labrum, antennae

(upper-surface of basal joint and tips of six apical ones infuscated ) and basal

joints of palpi more or less flavous, or reddish. Densely clothed with ashen

pubescence, mixed with longer and more or less erect hairs,

LEA—ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 277

Head shagreened and without distinct punctures, except on clypeus.

Antennae rather long and thin. Prothorax shagreened and with very minute

punctures. Elytra with crowded punctures, but fairly large only on basal half.

Abdomen glabrous along middle, apical segment shallowly depressed towards each

side, and with a rather large, round fovea, in middle. Front femora stout and

acutely dentate. Length, 6-25 mm.

Hab. New South Wales: Mittagong (Dr. E. W. Ferguson). Type (unique),

11989.

Parts of the under-surface have a greenish or coppery gloss. On the pro-

thorax the pubescence is rather longer and denser on the margins than the dise ;

on the elytra there are quite distinct lines of pale pubescence, although not

sharply defined, about nine on each elytron; the longer hairs are very conspicuous

on the elytra from the sides, and are distinct, although much shorter, on the

prothorax. The type is probably a male, and, in my table, would be associated

with E. aenea, but is larger, darker, legs entirely black, elytra with denser cloth-

ing, the long hairs longer and more numerous, and secutellum not green.

EDUSA PUNCTIPENNIS sp. nov.

g Coppery-bronze; labrum, antennae (except tips of some joints), legs

(knees infuscated) and basal joints of palpi more or less reddish. Rather densely

clothed with ashen or white pubescence, the elytra, in addition, with long, sub-

erect, darker hairs.

Head and prothorax shagreened and with small punctures. Elytra with

dense and rather large punctures, becoming smaller posteriorly and nowhere

confluent. Abdomen with a small fovea on fifth segment. Legs stout; front

femora slightly dentate; hind tibiae simple. Length, 5-5:25 mm.

9 Differs in having abdomen more convex, nonfoveate, and antennae and

legs somewhat shorter.

Hab. Victoria: Aspendale (Dr. E. W. Ferguson). Type, I. 11972.

The front femora are feebly dentate, but from below the tooth is sufficiently

distinct. Regarding the species as belonging to D, of my table, it would be

associated with E. tridens, to which it is certainly close, and from which it differs

in being slightly smaller, the male nowhere green, rather more brassy than

bronzy, similar in colour to its own female, and the elytra with coarser punctures

and longer clothing. Regarding it as belonging to D D, it might be associated

with H. fraterna, with which it agrees well in colour, except that the femora are

paler, and that the elytral clothing is darker, the elytral punctures are also

distinctly coarser, and those of the prothorax much finer, although fairly distinct

before abrasion. In colour it is close to some specimens of EH. aenea, but the

278 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

elytra are without defined lines of clothing, and are more coarsely sculptured ;

Structurally it is close to EZ. melanoptcra, but is conspicuously metallic, and the

elytral clothing is decidedly longer.

GELOPTERA ARMIVENTRIS Lea.

Two females, from Thursday Island, appear to belong to this species; they

differ from the male in having somewhat shorter legs, hind tibiae without pro-

duced apical spur, and abdomen more convex and simple.

GELOPTERA APICILATA sp. nov.

8 Piceous-brown with a bronzy gloss, parts of under-surface paler; labrum,

legs (knees and claws infuscated), basal third of antennae and palpi flavous.

Head with fairly dense and sharply defined punctures. Eyes rather large

and prominent. Prothorax about twice as wide as long, sides almost evenly

rounded, angles unarmed; punctures much as on head, but somewhat larger near

hind angles than elsewhere. Elytra with dense and fairly coarse punctures,

becoming confined to striae posteriorly, imterspaces with minute punctures.

Abdomen finely transversely strigose and with numerous subasperate punctures ;

fifth segment with a small, transverse, median fovea. Femora stout and edentate ;

hind tibiae with apical third dilated and bent outwards; basal joint of front and

of middle tarsi dilated. Length, 5 mm.

Hab. North-western Australia: Wyndham (J. Clark from W. Crawshaw).

ype; Le elboOS:

In size and general appearance very close to G. tuberculiventris, but hind

tibiae very different, abdomen not tuberculate and sides of prothorax different ;

it is still closer to G. rhaebocnema, but the hind tibiae are shorter and somewhat

wider at apex, with the whole of the dilated part bent outwards, and the basal

two-thirds distinctly thinner, the fourth segment of the abdomen is shghtly

smaller (slightly shorter than the second and third combined) and not trans-

versely depressed, the fifth has the lateral depressions less pronounced, and the

median fovea more abrupt; the punctures of the upper-surface are also somewhat

smaller and sparser. The type has three small, slightly elevated, impunctate

spaces on the front of the head, but a second specimen is without such.

GELOPTERA VIRIDIMARGINATA sp. nov.

8 Black with a coppery or bronzy gloss, margins of prothorax and of elytra,

and parts of under-surface dark green; labrum, tip of abdomen, and parts of

legs obscurely flavous, or testaceous.

Head with dense, sharply defined punctures. Eyes large and prominent.

LEA—ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 279

Prothorax scarcely twice as wide as the median length, sides evenly rounded,

front angles unarmed; with dense and fairly large punctures becoming crowded

on sides, interspaces with minute punctures. Scutellum impunctate. Elytra

with punctures fairly large throughout and in places transversely confluent, but

with an impunctate line on each from base to apex, and remnants of two others.

Abdomen with fairly dense, more or less asperate punctures, in places finely

strigose; apical segment with a wide median fovea, its middle rather deep.

Femora stout, edentate; hind tibiae moderately long, shghtly dilated to apex,

inner edge straight almost throughout. Length, 7-5-8-5 min.

@ Differs in being more robust, prothorax more transverse, abdomen more

convex and non-foveate, and legs shorter, with basal jomt of front tarsi smaller.

Hab. Western Australia: Kellerberrin (J. Clark from W. Crawshaw).

ype. 1. 11967.

In my table would be associated with G. hardcastlei, from which the male

differs in having smaller eyes, prothorax more rounded in middle, and basal

segment of abdomen in parts densely and finely striated, and with more numerous

punctures. The head of the male has been damaged, and its antennae and palpi

are missing; on the female the antennae are of a dingy flavous, with the tips of

five joints infuscated; its palpi are entirely flavous; on both specimens there is

a short, impunctate, median line, near the base of the pronotum.

GELOPTERA SOROR sp. nov.

6 Black with a coppery or bronzy or coppery-green gloss; labrum, base of

antennae, palpi, tip of abdomen and base of femora more or less obscurely reddish.

Head with crowded and sharply defined punctures, but in places confluent ;

with a vague median line. Antennae long and thin. Prothorax about once and

two-thirds as wide as the median length, sides gently rounded, hind angles only

armed; with crowded punetures, slightly larger than on head. Seutellum im-

punetate. Elytra much wider than prothorax ; with crowded punctures, many of

which are transversely confluent, but leaving some feebly defined impunctate

lines, which posteriorly are marked off by striae. Abdomen faintly transversely

striated, and with rather small punctures, apical segment with a wide impression.

Femora unarmed; hind tibiae longer than the others, rather thin and curved in

middle. Length, 8 mm.

Hab. Western Australia: Beverley (E. F. du Boulay). Type, I. 11968.

In general appearance very close to the preceding species, from which it

may be distinguished by the abdominal fovea; on the present species this is fairly

deep and extends as an even impression across more than one-third of the seg-

ment; on that species it is suddenly deepened in the middle, the deep part being

280 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

hardly more than one-fifth the width of the segment; on the present species also

the punctures of the upper-surface are more crowded, the legs are darker, and

the hind tibiae curved. In my table it would go with G. hardcastlei, from whieh

it differs in the basal and apical segments of abdomen. evenly rounded sides of

prothorax, smaller eyes and more crowded punctures.

GELOPTERA APICIVENTRIS sp. nov.

6 Bright, metallic bluish-green, in parts with a faint coppery gloss; labrum,

most of antennae, and parts of palpi and of legs more or less reddish.

Head with fairly dense and sharply defined punctures, a vague depression

in middle; a small, highly polished, coppery spot near each antenna. Eyes

large and rather widely separated. Antennae rather long and thin. Prothorax

not twice as wide as the median length, sides almost evenly rounded, hind angles

only armed; with rather large, sharply defined punctures somewhat irregular in

middle, crowded on sides. Elytra with crowded and rather large punctures, a

few transversely confluent before middle, posteriorly near suture confined to

striae. Abdomen with basal segment depressed in middle, margins of intercoxal

process narrowly elevated, fourth segment large, a wide depression on each side

of middle, fifth segment foveate and red in middie, with a distinct central granule.

Femora stout, front ones rather minutely dentate; hind tibiae elongate, apical

fourth dilated. Length, 5-5-25 mm.

Hab. Northern Territory: Darwin. Type, I. 11970.

In general appearance close to G. interco.calis, but legs darker, front femora

dentate, abdomen with the ridge on each side of intercoxal process not passing the

coxa, and two-apical segments different.

ALITTUS CARINATUS Blackb.

On the type and on several other specimens of this species, the elytra are

uniformly coloured, except that on some parts the green sheen is more con-

spicuous than on others; but on three Darwin specimens there are three

conspicuous pale lines on each elytron, the punctures between the first and second

lines are in four irregular rows; on three others the pale lines are present, but

more feebly defined.

ALITTUS FLAVOLINEATUS sp. nov.

2 Reddish-castaneous, in parts with a coppery, or bluish, or purplish gloss;

antennae,-palpi, and three distinct lines on each elytron flavous. Head, pro-

thorax, under-surface and legs with depressed, white pubescence, tips of elytra

slightly pubescent.

LEA—ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 281

Head with irregularly distributed punctures, sharply defined only on clypeus.

Prothorax twice as wide as long, sides almost evenly rounded, angles slightly

armed; with large and irregularly distributed punctures, leaving numerous small,

subtubercular, impunctate elevations. Scutellum impunctate. Elytra rather

wide, slightly diminishing in width from shoulders; with large, round, deep

punctures, irregular about base, more or less lineate in arrangement elsewhere.

Legs stout; femora edentate. Length, 8-9 mm.

Hab. North-western Australia: Forrest River (J. Clark from W. Craw-

Shaw). Type; I. 11996.

Readily distinguished from all other described species, except A. carinatus,

by the striped elytra and from the striped variety of that species by the punctures

between the first and second stripes being in two rows only, and individually much

larger. The sides of the prothorax at first glance appear to be quite evenly

rounded, but on close examination faint indications of teeth may be traced on two,

of the three, specimens before me.

TOMYRIS SUBLAETA Lea.

Four specimens, from the Blue Mountains, evidently belong to this species,

but differ considerably from the types in colour; one has the head, except for a

vivid green strip in front, prothorax, seutellum and elytra, of a beautiful golden-

red; the others have the head, except at base, and seutellum green, with a wide

median portion of the prothorax and elytra golden-red, or brassy.

TOMYRIS NIGRA sp. nov.

@ Black, with a slight bronzy gloss, less distinct on the elytra than else-

where, parts of four basal joints of antennae, basal joints of palpi and knees

reddish. Elytra with moderately long and not very dense, suberect, white

pubescence ; much shorter but denser elsewhere. ;

Head with crowded, asperate punctures. Antennae with five apical joints

stouter than usual. Prothorax with a shallow and irregular but distinct impres-

sion across middle; punctures slightly Jarger than on head. EHlytra with large,

irregular punctures, larger (especially behind shoulders) at basal third than

elsewhere, but becoming rather small about apex. Length, 5-25 mm.

Hab. New South Wales: Blue Mountains (Dr. E. W. Ferguson). Type

unique), I. 11993.

In size and colour much like the female of 7. obscura, but the punctures are

much larger and more sharply defined, the five terminal joints of antennae are

wider and the clothing is different; in my table it would go with 7’. villosa, but

differs from the female of that species in being considerably larger, black with

but a slight metallic gloss, and with much larger elytral punctures,

282 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

CLEORINA PURPUREA Lea.

On several specimens of this species the upper-surface is of a more or less

brassy-green, or blue.

MEGASCELOIDES ARROWI sp. nov.

6 Castaneous-brown or piceous-brown, antennae paler but some joints

infuscated. Clothed with moderately long, white, depressed pubescence or setae,

denser on sides of metasternum than elsewhere.

Head with dense but partially concealed punctures; with a vague median line.

Antennae rather long, eleventh joimt longer than tenth and acutely pointed.

Prothorax not twice as wide as long, sides gently rounded, angles slightly pro-

jecting ; with small and moderately dense punctures. Elytra slightly wider than

widest part of prothorax, parallel-sided to near apex; with dense and rather

coarse punctures, in places transversely confluent, towards apex with convex

interstices between punctate striae. Apical segment of abdomen flattened in

middle, with an oblique impression towards each side. Legs stout and moderately

long, basal joint of front tarsi inflated, claws acutely bifid. Length, 7-8-5 mm.

Q Differs in having somewhat shorter and stouter antennae, prothorax

fully twice as wide as long, apical segment of abdomen simple, basal joint of front

tarsi smaller, and claws almost simple.

Hab. Western Australia: Cue (H. W. Brown); Northern Territory: Ten-

nants’ Creek (J. F. Field). Type, J. 3410.

In general appearance fairly close to M. squamosus Baly., but the prothoracie

punctures smaller, and elytra without conspicuous erect hairs. In some respects

it appears close to the description of Terillus duboulay? Baly., but on that species

the antennae are said to be ‘‘not half the length of the body’’ and the elytra to

be ‘‘covered with white and pale fuscous seales, arranged in broad, ill-defined

vittae.”’ On six specimens of the present species the clothing is uniformly white

and the antennae, even on the female, are more than half the length of the body,

the legs are also darker than noted for those of duboulayi; from the description of

M. perplerus Baly., it differs in being considerably larger, eves not entire, and

abdomen and lees considerably darker.

In naming this species after Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow, I would like to place on

record my gratitude to him for the invariable courtesy I have received from him,

in clearing up the synonymy of species whose types are in the British Museum,

in answering enquiries about others, and for the examination of cotypes and other

authentic specimens.

MACRAGONUS METALLICUS sp. nov.

Blackish or purplish, with a conspicuous coppery-green gloss; muzzle (tips

of mandibles excepted), scutellum, palpi, under-surface, coxae, and femora

LEA—ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 283

(except knees) red; basal joint of antennae metallic green, five following joints

shining purple, the others opaque purple.

Head with sparse and small punctures; with a shallow inter-ocular, triangu-

jar depression, each angle of which is marked by a small fovea. Prothorax about

twice as wide as long; each side with three large teeth: the largest one median,

the next apical and about half its size, the other and smallest one basal; a fairly

large fovea on each side of middle, in Jine with antennae; punctures somewhat

larger and sparser than on head. Scutellum triangular. Elytra much wider

than prothorax ; each with three irregular foveae triangularly placed: the largest

about two-fifths from the base and one-third from the suture, the smallest not

quite half-way between it and the base, the other (a rather ill-defined one)

marginal; with rows of rather distantly placed punctures, fairly large at the

base, almost disappearing posteriorly. Length, 11:5-12 mm.

Hab. Australia (Blackburn’s collection) ; Queensland: Kuranda (G. E.

Bryant). Type, I. 4181.

From some directions the whole upper-surface appears dark metallic-green,

from others metallic-purple, except that some of the punctures appear as glitter-

ing green spots. On the type some of the under-parts of the tibiae are obscurely

reddish. The specimen from Kuranda (returned to Mr. Bryant) has the head

red to the base, the extreme base of elytra obscurely diluted with red, the knees

not green, and most of the tibiae reddish; the punctures on its head are larger

than on the type, its inter-ocular depression is deeper, but its hind angle not

foveate, punctures on prothorax larger, less sparse, and somewhat crowded on the

largest tooth on each side, the elytral punctures are also larger. I believe the

differences to be individual, rather than sexual, and that each is a male.

MACROGONUS MACULATUS sp. nov.

Plate iv, fig. 1.

6 Metallic purplish-blue; a large spot at base of head, pronotum (except

for a large medio-basal spot), prosternum, and parts of mesosternum and of meta-

sternum blood-red; elytra flavous, a short portion of suture, a small space on each

side of scutellum, and ten isolated spots purplish-blue; parts of muzzle reddish,

five basal joints of antennae shining, the others opaque.

Head with punctures of irregular size and irregularly distributed; a deep

median line, from summit of clypeus halfway to base. Prothorax gently and

almost evenly convex, not much wider than long, each side with a large and fairly

acute tooth in middle, each angle with a smaller tooth, middle of apex conspicu-

ously ineurved;.punctures sparse and small. Klytra much wider than base of

284 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

prothorax; with rather small punctures, more or less seriate in arrangement.

Length, 11-5-13-5 mm.

2 Differs in having the prothorax much smaller, the sides evenly and rather

gently rounded in middle, front angles concealed from above, each side of dise

with a small fovea, apical incurvature wider and less pronounced, abdomen more

convex, and legs and antennae somewhat shorter and thinner.

Hab. Queensland: Cairns district (F. P. Dodd and G. E. Bryant). Type,

I. 4773.

Readily distinguished from all other described species of the genus by the

spotted elytra, the spots on each are: one on the shoulder, a small one (marking

the position of a shallow fovea) on the side near the base, one level with it but

near the suture, a central one slightly bevond the middle, and one halfway

between it and the apex. The sexual differences of the prothorax are very

striking; on the female (returned to Mr. Bryant) the postmedian spot on each

elytron is about twice the size of the subapical one, the latter being halfway

between the suture and side; on the male the subapical one is larger than the

postmedian one, and almost touches the margin.

Famity EROTYLIDAE.

EPISCAPHULA DUPLOPUNCTATA Blackb.

E. nigrofasciata, Blackb., var.

E. subapicalis Lea, var.

The type of E. duplopunctata appears to be a rather rare form of the species,

subsequently named FE. nigrofasciata. Its prothorax is without larger punctures

along the median third, the punctures in the elytral series are slightly larger than

usual, the smaller ones on the interstices are more numerous and slightly more

conspicuous than usual. Some specimens from Queensland, including a cotype

of E. nigrofasciata, have identical markings, and of these some have elytral

punctures exactly the same, and others have the prothoracic ones similar. It

occurs in Northern Territory, Queensland, and New South Wales. A specimen,

from Sydney, as small as the type (Queensland specimens are usually shghtly

larger) has prothoracic punctures exactly the same, but on the elytral interstices

the punctures are very minute. The species is also extremely close to some of

the forms of E. australis, and I am doubtful as to whether it should not be

regarded as a form of that species.

The form I named E. subapicalis as a variety of FE. termitophila (termitophila

itself, however, is distinct by its more dilated middle parts, and elytra with only

two series of red markings, instead of three) appears also to belong to the species,

LEA—ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 285

but has the black basal fascia of the elytra continuous, instead of twice inter-

rupted to the base itself; it appears to be the commonest form of the species, and

extends from Cairns, in Queensland, to Derby, in North-Western Australia.

var. OBSCURICOLLIS var. nov.

Ten specimens from Queensland (Cooktown, Cairns, Bowen, and Gayndah)

and one from New South Wales (Dorrigo) may be considered as representing

another variety, having the dark prothoracie blotch ill-defined, and extended so

as to cover the whole surface except a narrow space at the apex, or an obscure

space in each front angle; each elytron has three reddish transverse spots or

fasciae: one subbasal, with a short medio-frontal extension, one postmedian, its

concave side towards the apex, the other and smaller one subapical. The pune-

tures on the prothorax and elytra are variable; to the naked eye the prothorax at

a glance appears entirely dark.

EPISCAPHULA GUTTATIPENNIS Blackb.

This species is structurally close to HE. duplopunctata, but is slightly more

parallel-sided and with somewhat longer antennae; the type, and a specimen from

Townsville, have identical pale elytral markings, which may be regarded as a

subbasal fascia broken up into four spots, a postmedian fascia, also broken up

into four spots, and a subapical fascia interrupted at the suture; a somewhat

larger specimen, from Townsville, has smaller punctures and the postmedian

fascia only broken up into two spots.

EPISCAPHULA FOVEICOLLIS Blackb.

On three specimens with the typical markings of this species (a cotype and

others from Charters Towers and Normanton), there are large punctures con-

gested into spaces on each side of the prothorax near the base and apex; on the

apical spaces the surface is flattened in two specimens, and very feebly depressed

on the other. A specimen, from the Stewart River, that appears to belong to

the species, has no medio-lateral spots on the prothorax, the medio-basal one is

distinctly bifid in front, the larger punetures are more generally distributed,

although fairly dense in the angles; on the elytra the subapical spots are con-

joined to form a fascia continuous from side to side.

EPISCAPHULA NIGRONOTATA sp. nov.

Plate: tv; fie. 2:

Black; prothorax flavous, a large black spot on each side of the middle, the

two conjoined at base; elytra flavous, a large black spot about seutellum conjoined

286 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

to a larger median spot; a spot on each shoulder, one on each side about the

middle, and one about the apical third; the part beyond the latter castaneo-

flavous; sides of prosternum and two apical segments of abdomen flavous; parts

of legs obscurely diluted with red.

Head with fairly dense and small, but sharply defined, punctures, becoming

larger about base. Antennae with third joint fully twice as long as fourth.

Prothorax about twice as wide as the median length, sides oblique to near apex,

front angles produced and acute; with small and fairly dense punctures, a few

of larger size in a shallow depression each side of base. Elytra diminishing in

width from near base; with small and fairly sharply defined punctures. Coxal

lines of abdomen short but fairly distinet. Length, 8-10 mm.

Hab. Queensland: Cairns district (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 11772.

A beautiful species with colours somewhat as on fresh specimens of E. picti-

pennis, but the pattern is not the same, the width across the middle is greater,

the series of punctures on the elytra are smaller, etc. One of the four specimens

has a small pale spot on the forehead, on another the three median spots of the

elytra are combined to form an irregular fascia; on all of them the tips of the

elytra are of a more reddish colour than the other pale parts. The elytral

punctures are all really small, but owing to ‘‘waterlogging’’ there appear to be

rows of quite large ones on the paler parts, but from the sides their true sizes are

evident.

EPISCAPHULA ATROMACULATA sp. nov.

Plate iv, fig 3.

Black; prothorax flavous, a large round black spot on each side of middle;

elytra flavous, tips pale castaneous, a large almost square spot about seutellum,

a rounded one on suture before middle, and three isolated ones on each elytron:

an oblique one commencing on the base near the shoulder and extending to level

with middle of round sutural spot, a triangular one with its most acute angle

directed to the hind end of the sutural spot, and an irregularly shaped one with

an extension almost connecting it with the suture one-fifth from apex ; epipleurae

black; front and sides of prosternum and two apical segments of abdomen

flavous; parts of legs obscurely reddish.

Head with dense, sharply defined punctures of moderate size. Third joint of

antennae twice the length of fourth. Prothorax about once and one-half as wide

as long, sides oblique to near apex. where the angles are produced and somewhat

acute, hind angles slightly rounded off ; punctures much as on head, but rather less

dense, a few of larger size in a small depression each side of base. Seutellum

twice as wide as long. Elytra narrow; with small but sharply defined punctures,

Coxal lines of abdomen inconspicuous. Length, 10°25-11 mm,

LEA—ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 287

Hab. Queensland: Kuranda (H. J. Carter from F. P. Dodd); Innisfail

(National Museum from C. French). Type, I. 12004.

A very distinct species. There is a small spot on each side of the elytron

near the end of the black epipleurae and invisible from above, on the type it is

hardly more than a stain, but on the cotype it is larger and more distinct. On

the elytra there are rows of small punctures, hardly larger than those on the

interstices, but owing to ‘‘waterlogging’’ they appear, from directly above, to be

much larger.

: THALLIS VINULA Er.

T. subvinula Blackb., var.

Plate iv, fig. 4.

The form described by Blackburn as 7. subvinula can only be regarded as a

slight variety of 7. vinula, with the elytral markings somewhat smaller than

usual. Sheht differences in the punctures may be seen on many specimens with

markings of normal size. The typical form occurs in New South Wales, Victoria,

and South Australia, as well as in Tasmania. Some of the New South Wales

specimens in the Museum were taken from Polyporus salignus.

The species also occurs in Western Australia, where the typical form is rare

and the variety subvinula fairly common: of twenty-four specimens from Western

Australia hardly two are exactly alike in size (4:5-6:5 mm.), colour and mark-

ings; the punctures, as a rule, are decidedly stronger than on specimens from

Eastern Australia; the prothorax varies from dingy-brown to deep-black, the

elytra are occasionally entirely dark, but usually have four flavous spots: of

these the two at the basal third vary considerably in size, and occasionally are

conjoined to form an irregular fascia, or they may be so small and obscure as to

be traceable with difficulty ; the two postmedian ones are seldom large, and are

often hardly traceable.

var. OCCIDENTALIS var. nov.

Six specimens have the upper-surface black, except for two flavous spots, of

variable size, at the basal third of the elytra.

Hab. Western Australia: Swan River (J. Clark and A. M. Lea).

THALLIS BIFASCIATA Crotch.

A specimen from Sydney (the type was from Rockhampton) agrees with the

description of this species.

Var.? A specimen, from Lucindale, possibly also belongs to the species, but

‘differs from the Sydney one in being somewhat smaller and narrower, antennae

288 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

somewhat shorter, with the third and fourth joints equal, the black spot about

the scutellum is semicircular instead of quadrate, and the red tips of the elytra

are much less pronounced.

THALLIS ERICHSONI Crotch.

A specimen from Sydney, the original locality, and three from South Aus-

tralia, appear to belong to this species; two from the latter State (standing as

T. erichsoni in the Blackburn collection) have the pronotum entirely black, except

that along the middle the derm is obscurely diluted with red, but on the other

from South Australia, and on the one from Sydney, the red is more conspicuous,

so that the pronotum might be regarded as of a dingy red, with the sides widely

infuseated. The elytral markings, however, appear to be constant.

THALLIS FEMORALIS Blackb.

This species varies considerably in size and in the intensity of its markings ;

it is fairly common in Tasmania, to which State it appears to be confined.

THALLIS JANTHINA Er.

This species oceurs in abundance in many kinds of fungi, including Polyporus

salignus, in New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and South Australia.

THALLIS COMPTA Er.

Hab. Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia.

THALLIS DENTIPES Blackb.

Hab. New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia.

THALLIS VENUSTULA Blackb.

Hab. New South Wales: Forest Reefs, Dorrigo, Clarence River.

THALLIS ALTERNATA sp. nov.

Plate av, fig..5.

Black; three fasciae on elytra, metasternum, abdomen, and tarsi reddish,

some other parts of legs and palpi obscurely reddish. Densely clothed with

dark pubescence, becoming pale on the pale parts; in addition with numerous,

suberect hairs.

Head with dense and (where not concealed by pubescence) sharply defined

punctures. Antennae rather short, third joint slightly longer than fourth.

Prothorax almost twice as wide as long, sides shightly uneven; punctures much as

on head, Elytra no wider than widest part of prothorax, parallel-sided to near

LEA—ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 289

apex; with regular rows of fairly large punctures, the interstices with numerous

small ones. Prosternum with rather coarse punctures on sides, smaller ones in

middle; intercoxal process small. Coxal lines of abdomen inconspicuous.

Length, 4—5 mm.

Hab. New South Wales: Ropes Creek (Dr. E. W. Ferguson), Sydney

(Blackburn’s collection), Windsor (A. M. Lea), Dorrigo (W. Heron) ; Northern

Territory: Daly River (H. Wesselman), Melville Island (G. F. Hill, No. 3461).

Type, I. 12008.

Allied to E. erichsom and E. australiae, but with very different elytral

markings; these, from directly above, appear to be in alternating red and black

bands ; of the red ones the first occupies the basal two-fifths, except for a large spot

(varying from semicircular to transversely oblong) about the seutellum, and a

narrow space (invisible from above) on each side, it usually has a short extension

on the suture ; the second is median, somewhat oblique, rather narrow, and extends

neither to suture nor sides; the third is at the apical fourth, slightly longer than

the second, is usually, but not always, interrupted at the suture, and terminates

before the sides; the scutellum is usually obscurely diluted with red. The Daly

River specimen has the middle of the apex of prothorax obscurely reddish, and

the red still more obscurely traceable along the middle to base.

THALLIS SUBTUBERCULATA sp. nov.

Plate iv, fig. 6.

Black; sides of prothorax, elytra (four black spots excepted), most of

abdomen, tarsi, middle coxae and palpi more or less red. Moderately densely

clothed with rusty-red pubescence.

Head with sharply defined punctures of moderate size. Antennae with third

joint about once and one-half the length of fourth, joints of the club not twice the

width of the others. Prothorax about twice as wide as its shortest length, sides

obtusely serrated, apex truncated in middle and notched near each side, the

commencement of each notch marked by a shght tubercular swelling; punctures

more irregular than on head, and leaving a shining median line. Elytra parallel-

sided to near apex; with regular rows of fairly large punctures, becoming smaller

posteriorly, the interstices each with a row of small ones. Intercoxal process of

prosternum rather wide, posterior end obtuse. Coxal lines of abdomen traceable

to beyond middle of first segment. Length, 5:5-6-5 mm.

Hab. Victoria: Warburton (H. J. Carter and J. A. Kershaw), Warragul

(J. C. Goudie). Type, I. 12007.

A hairy species allied to 7. insueta, T. erichsoni, T. australiae, and T. alter- -

nata, but elytra with four black spots, and the prothorax with a feeble tubercle

290 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

on each side of middle of apex; the spots on the elytra consist of a semicircular

to transversely-oblong one about the seutellum, a small one on the suture near

apex, and a larger, rounded, completely isolated one, on the middle of each

elytron ; on two of the specimens the black portion of the pronotum is entire, but

on two others the middle of its apical half is red.

THALLIS HOPLOSTETHA sp. nov.

Plate iv, fig. 7.

6 Black, two elytral vittae, abdomen, legs, antennae and palpi more or less

flavous, rest of under-surface more or less obscurely diluted with red. Rather

densely clothed with pale, rusty pubescence.

Head strongly convex and with a stridulating file on forehead; with fairly

dense but irregular punctures elsewhere. Antennae with third joint slightly

larger than the adjacent ones; club rather small. Prothorax scarcely one-fourth

wider than median length, apex widely produced and overhanging head, notched

near each side, sides gently and evenly rounded, a narrowly impressed line almost

on each margin; with dense punctures, but leaving a shining median line on basal

half; produced portion of apex densely granulate. Elytra scarcely wider than

prothorax, parallel-sided to near apex; punctate-striate, striae distinct through-

out, interstices with rather coarse punctures, becoming smaller and denser

posteriorly. Prosternum with a large hairy cavity in middle of apex, an acute

process overhanging the cavity; tercoxal process not very wide, its hind end

obtuse. Abdomen with coxal lines distinct to near apex of basal segment. Femora

stout, grooved along under-surface, the ridge on each side of the groove finely

serrated ; tibiae widely dilated to apex. Length, 8-9 mm.

@ Differs in having the head smaller, forehead not separately convex, with- —

out a stridulating file, prothorax shorter, the apex less overhanging the head,

with asperate punctures instead of granules, the prosternum unarmed, and with-

out a medial-apical cavity.

Hab. New South Wales: Galston (D. Dumbrell), Sydney (A. M. Lea).

Type, I. 12010.

The conspicuously armed prosternum, stridulating file on head, and longi-

tudinal markings of elytra readily distinguish this species from all other named

Australian Erotylidae. In the female the prosternum is unarmed, and its hind

parts are exactly as in 7. insueta. The file consists of about fifteen transverse

ridges, becoming smaller in front; they are often almost or quite concealed by the

overlapping prothorax. On several specimens, especially females, the darker

parts are more or less chocolate-brown; each elytral vitta commences on the

shoulder, is rather suddenly inflated inwards so as to occupy about six interstices,

LEA—ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 291

and is then narrowed to occupy about two or three to near the apex, which it

does not reach.

THALLIS FERRUGINEA sp. nov.

Ferruginous, legs of a somewhat brighter colour. Densely clothed with

short, rusty or ashen pubescence, mixed with longer hairs.

Head with crowded punctures partially concealed by clothing. Antennae

short, third joint slightly longer than the adjacent ones; club rather small. Pro-

thorax as long as wide, apex truncated almost throughout, each marginal line

invisible from above except at ends: punctwres as on head. Elytra slightly more

than twice the length of prothorax and seareely wider, sides feebly rounded ; with

regular rows of punctures, in shallow striae, interstices with dense and small

punctures. Prosternum with intercoxal process rather narrow. Abdomen with

coxal lines distinct to about one-third from apex of basal segment. Legs rather

short and stout: middle and hind tibiae denticulate on lower-surface. Length,

5 mm.

Hab. Western Australia: Cue (H. W. Brown). Type, I. 11776.

A dingy species, nearer T. basipennis than any other named one of the genus,

but considerably narrower, with different elytral clothing,

THALLIS SERRATIPES sp. nov.

Of a dingy reddish-brown or castaneous:; most of head black, elytra flavous,

with black markings.

Head with numerous, but net crowded, sharply defined punctures. Antennae

moderately long, third joint about one-fourth longer than the adjacent ones,

ninth and tenth each twice as wide as long, eleventh longer than wide. Apical

joint of each palpus subconical. Prothorax about once and one-half as wide as

long, apex truneated across middle and obtusely notched near each side, sides

feebly rounded, lateral and basal gutters distinct; punctures much as on head.

Elytra distinctly wider than prothorax, parallel-sided to near apex; with regular

rows of rather large punctures, in shallow striae, interstices almost or quite

impunectate. Middle portion of prosternum with dense and more or less confluent

punctures, the sides with sparse and larger ones; intercoxal process narrow,

obtusely rounded posteriorly. Coxal lines of abdomen searcely traceable beyond

coxae. Lees long; front femora narrowly ridged on under-surface, the ridge

finely serrated and terminating in a sharp but rather small tooth. Length,

6-25-8 mm.

Hab. New South Wales: Macquarie Pass, on Polyporus salignus (Dr. J. B.

Cleland) ; Victoria: Alps (National Museum from C. French). Type, I. 11775.

An elongate species, with longer antennae and legs than usual, The upper

292 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

surface is glabrous, except for scarcely visible remnants of pubescence on the

apical sides of elytra. On several specimens the antennae are almost black, and

several have the sides of prothorax paler than the dise. On the elytra the black

markings consist of a large blotch about the scutellum, a spot on each shoulder,

a wide median irregular fascia (usually narrowly interrupted at the suture), and

the apical third, the anterior portion of the latter appearing as three triangles,

of which the sutural one is the widest; on several specimens parts of the dark

markings are obscurely diluted with red; on one they are all connected: the

median fascia, for the width of two interstices on each side of the suture, with

the basal blotch, and narrowly on each side of, but not actually on, the suture

with the apical marking; and also narrowly on the margins with the humeral

spots; on most specimens, however, all the flavous parts of the elytra are more

or less narrowly connected. Owing to ‘‘waterlogging’’ the seriate punctures on

the pale parts of the elytra, from directly above, appear to be much larger than

they really are, but when viewed obliquely they are seen to be no larger than the

adjacent ones on the dark parts.

THALLIS METASTERNALIS sp. nov.

Pilate ty. he. 8.

Dull reddish-brown; most of head and part of antennae blackish; prothorax

blackish, an obscure reddish vitta on each side; elytra black, with flavous-red —

markings: a fascia at basal third, narrowly connected along middle of each elytron

with the hase, so as to isolate a large blotch about the scutellum, an irregular

post-median fascia, not quite touching suture or sides, and a large spot on each

side of apex. Upper-surface with extremely short and sparse (scarcely visible)

pubescence.

Head with sharply defined and numerous but not crowded punctures.

Antennae with third joit slightly longer than adjacent ones, ninth and tenth

each almost twice as wide as long, eleventh slightly longer than wide. Apical

joint of each palpus subconical. Prothorax near apex almost twice as wide as

the median length, an obtuse notch near each side of apex, sides decreasing in

width from near apex to base, and very feebly irregular, lateral and basal gutters

well defined; pnnetures slightly larger than on head. KElytra parallel-sided to

near apex; with regular rows of fairly large punctures, becoming smaller pos-

teriorly; interstices with sparse and minute punctures. Intercoxal process of

prosternum not very wide, obtusely pointed at end. Metasternum with large

and sparse punctures on sides. Abdomen ‘with coxal lines traceable to apex of

basal segment. Front femora feebly ridged along under-surface, the ridge ter-

minating in a feeble tooth, Length, 5 mm,

LEA—ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 293

Hab. New South Wales: Sydney (Dr. E. W. Ferguson). Type (unique),

I. 12005.

About the size of 7. macleay?, and with somewhat similar markings, except

that each shoulder is black, but the lateral gutters of the prothorax are much

nearer the margins. The pubescence is almost invisible from above, and even

from the sides could be easily overlooked.

THALLIS TRICOLOR sp. nov.

Plate iv, fig. 9.

Black; an orange-yvellow spot on forehead, prothorax orange-yellow, a large

subovate spot on each side of middle, touching the base at its narrower end; elytra

flavous with black markings, the tips orange-yellow; prosternum (except for

some infuscations about coxae) and two apical segments orange-yellow, the three

basal segments more or less infuscated or black. Upper-surface glabrous.

Head with not very dense and rather small but sharply defined punctures,

becoming dense on clypeus. Antennae with third jomt about once and one-half

the length of the adjacent ones, ninth and tenth each at apex twice as wide as

the median length, eleventh about as long as wide. Apical joint of each palpus

subeonical. Prothorax not twice as wide as long, widest close to apex, obtusely

notched on each side of apex, lateral striae extremely close to margins ; punctures

small and not very dense, but mostly sharply defined. Elytra distinetly wider

than prothorax, parallel-sided to near apex; with regular rows of punctures of

moderate size, becoming small posteriorly ; interstices with scarcely visible pune-

tures. Prosternum in parts impunctate; intercoxal process rather narrow, pro-

duced to an obtuse point posteriorly. Coxal lines of abdomen not distinct beyond

middle of the basal segment. Front femora ridged on under-surface and dentate

in male, simple in female. Length, 6-7 mm.

Hab. New South Wales: Dorrigo (H. J. Carter, W. Heron, and kh. J.

Tilsard). - Type, 1.11773.

An elongate, beautiful species, with the three colours of Hpiscaphula picti-

pennis and E. nigronotata, but with the palpi and prosternum of a Thallis. On

several specimens the legs (except for the claws), antennae, and scutellum are

entirely deep black, but on others they are more or less reddish in parts; the

black parts of the elytra are the margins and epipleurae (except about apex), a

large spot about scutellum, and a spot on each shoulder, a submedian fascia

(usually narrowly interrupted at the suture), and three spots (sometimes con-

nected) at the apical third; of these the median spot is larger than the others,

and has a fairly wide sutural extension almost to the apex. On several specimens

parts of the head are obliquely strigose, or with punctures exhibiting a tendency

to become confluent.

294 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MuSEUM

HOPLEPISCAPHA gen. nov.

Head subtriangular. Eyes small, lateral, coarsely faceted. Palpi short,

apical joint conical. Antennae elongate, three apical joints forming a loose club.

Prothorax rather long, sides and base finely margined. Scutellum widely trans-

verse. Elytra elongate, parallel-sided to near apex. Prosternum evenly convex

in front, process rather wide between coxae and dilated at its end: coxal cavities

closed. Metasternum elongate, episterna narrow, epimera almost entirely con-

cealed. Legs long; front femora of male dentate; tarsi linear, three basal joints

setose, fourth appearing as a small basal portion of claw joint, this almost as long

as the rest combined.

The elongate antennae, with club loosely articulated and hardly more than

continuous with the preceding joints, is at variance with all other described

Australian Erotylidae, and with all those figured by Kuhnt (2); but the tarsi are

much as figured for Coptengis sheppardi.(*) When the abdomen has been

wetted the coxal lines are faintly traceable almost to the apex of the basal

segment, but they disappear when dry. For the present the genus may be

referred to the vicinity of Hpiscaphula. ,

HOPLEPISCAPHA LONGICORNIS sp. nov.

Fig. 337.

6 Castaneo-flavous, legs flavous, knees somewhat infuscated; basal half of

head, a large spot on each side of prothorax, and most of elytra, black or blackish.

Upper-surface glabrous, parts of under-surface sparsely clothed.

Head with dense and sharply defined, but not very large punctures, a shallow

depression at each side of clypeal suture. Antennae passing middle coxae, first

joint stout, third almost twice as long as second, and about one-third longer than

fourth, the others to eighth gradually decreasing in length, ninth and tenth

slightly wider than eighth, and each shorter than eleventh. Prothorax slightly

longer than wide, each side of apex obtusely notched behind the eye, base and

sides narrowly margined; punctures much as on head, except that they are not

quite as dense. Scutellum with distinct punctures. Elytra no wider than widest

part of prothorax; with rows of rather large punctures, becoming smaller pos-

teriorly ; interstices with sparse and small punctures. Prosternum with dense

and rather small punctures. more or less transversely confluent, the flanks with

larger, round, non-confluent ones. Metasternum and abdomen with small punc-

tures, becoming larger on sides. Front femora ridged along middle, the ridge

(2) Kuhnt, in Wytsman’s Genera Insectorum, Fase. 88.

{3) .¢:, pl. iv, fig. Te:

LEA—ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 295

ending in a strong tooth; front tibiae more strongly arched at base, and stouter

at apex than the others. Length, 6—-6°5 mm.

2 Differs in the head being smaller, with shorter antennae, prothorax

shorter, somewhat transverse, and slightly narrower than elytra, front legs with

unarmed femora and tibiae thinner.

Fig. 337. Hoplepiscapha longicornis. Lea.

Hab. Western Australia: Geraldton (J. Clark), Mount Barker (A. M.

lea). Type, I. 12014.

The spot on each side of the prothorax is elliptic in shape and extends almost

the length of the segment; the pale parts of the elytra are the base and apex

narrowly ; suture, shoulders, a series of from four to eight narrow spots at the

basal fourth, the lateral ones sometimes connected with the humeral ones, and

another series, of from six to twelve, beyond the middle. On one male the dark

parts of the elytra are hardly more than castaneous, and the dark parts of the

prothorax and head not much darker.

TRITOMA AUSTRALIAE sp. nov.

Blackish or blackish-brown, elytra coppery or coppery-green, or blue; head,

palpi, six basal joints of antennae, prosternum, abdomen and legs flavous, or

castaneo-flavous, apical and lateral margins of prothorax and sides of meta-

sternum more or less obscurely diluted with red. Under-surface and legs finely

pubescent, upper-surface glabrous.

296 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Head wide and almost flat; with fairly dense and sharply defined, but rather

small punctures, becoming sparser towards base. Eyes lateral and rather small.

Antennae scarcely passing base of prothorax, third joint about as long as first

and second combined, or fourth to sixth combined, ninth and tenth each about

twice as wide as long, apex incurved to middle, eleventh slightly longer than

tenth, its apex rounded. Prothorax at base about thrice as wide as the median

length, base bisinuate, much wider than apex, front angles produced and acute,

hind ones rectangular, sides narrowly margined; punctures small and rather

sparse. Scutellum wide, almost impunctate. Elytra closely applied to and with

outlines continuous with those of prothorax, widest at about basal fourth; with

regular rows of rather small but sharply defined punctures; interstices wide, not

separately convex, with minute and sparse punctures. Intercoxal process of

prosternum subeonical in front, wide and almost truncate at base. Abdomen

with coxal lines distinet and almost enclosing a plate on each side. Legs rather

short and stout; femora feebly grooved along under-surface. Length, 3-25—-5 mm.

Hab. Northern Queensland (Blackburn’s collection), Cooktown (H. J.

Carter from H. W. Cox), Babinda (Dr. J. F.*Illingworth), Kuranda (F. P.

Dodd). Type, I. 11786.

Judged by colour alone the antennae would appear to have a five-jointed

club, as the five apical joints are black, but the seventh is much the same shape

as the sixth, although a trifle wider, the eighth is much smaller than the ninth,

but as it is much wider than long, with its outer angles triangular, it might fairly

be regarded as belonging to the club, and the latter in consequence to be four-

jointed. Chapuis notes the club of Tritoma as three-joimted, and in English

specimens of 7. bipustulata it is conspicuously so, but as, in most details, includ-

ing the finely faceted eyes, the present species agrees with the characters of that

eenus, it has been referred to it. It is a briefly elliptic, moderately convex

species, and of six specimens no two have the elytra of the same shade of colour,

although metallic in all; the specimen, from the Blackburn collection, is slightly

narrower than the others, its pronotum is entirely dark, but with a shght greenish

gloss, the elytra are purple, and the legs (except the tarsi, knees and trochanters )

are blackish.

EUXESTUS TASMANIAE Lea (formerly TRITOMIDEA).

Numerous specimens from Victoria (Dividing Range and Mount Hotham),

and New South Wales (Glen Innes), appear to belong to this species, but differ

from the types in being slightly smaller and with the head and prothorax almost

entirely black or blackish.

Mr. Arrow has stated that Tritomidea is a synonym of Huxestus.(*)

(4) Arrow, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., November, 1917.

LEA—ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 297

EUXESTUS MEDIONIGER sp. nov.

Black; head, a fascia at base of elytra, their apical third and under-surface

more or less castaneous; elytral epipleurae, legs, antennae, and palpi paler.

Head with minute punctures, a small fovea on each side of clypeus.

Antennae short, basal joint large; club shghtly wider than long. Prothorax at

base almost thrice as wide as the median length, apex almost truncate, sides very

finely margined; punctures sparse and inconspicuous. Elytra with outlines

continuous with those of prothorax, widest at about basal fourth; punctures

fairly distinct near base, sparse and inconspicuous elsewhere. Abdomen with

coxal lines enclosing a distinet plate on each side. Length, 2:25 mm.

Hab. New South Wales: Dorrigo (W. Heron); Western Australia: Manje-

pup (or, EH. W: Ferguson). Type, I. 11783.

This species, of which there are five specimens under examination, appears

almost to connect the described variety of H. ventralis with T. bivulneratus ; from

the former it is distinguished by the more conspicuous markings at base of elytra,

much finer punctures and almost truncated apex of prothorax, and from the latter

by its somewhat narrower and less convex form, basal markings somewhat larger,

not blood-red, and almost touching the suture, and apex of elytra conspicuously

reddish.

DIPHYLLUS OBSCURONOTATUS sp. nov.

Black, elytra with two feebly defined spots before the middle; legs, antennae

and palpi obscurely reddish. Densely clothed with short, suberect pubescence.

Head with small and dense but sharply defined punctures. Antennae just

passing base of prothorax ; club two-jointed. Prothorax more than thrice as wide

as long, a deep stria near each side, and a much less distinct one near it. Elytra

with regular rows of rather large punctures, becoming smaller posteriorly ; inter-

stices without distinct punctures. Leneth, 2 mm.

Hab. Queensland: Cairns district (A. M. Lea). Type (unique), I. 11789.

Structurally close to D. flavonotatus, but elytral markings consisting of two

vague spots that could be easily overlooked, each is narrow and extends across

three interstices; it is shorter and darker than the British D. lunatus, but with

markings approaching those of that species.

DIPLOCOELUS PILINOTATUS sp. nov.

Black, legs, antennae and palpi obscurely reddish. Densely clothed with

golden-grey pubescence, in places blackish; in addition with lines of short setae.

Head with dense, partially concealed punctures. Antennae short; club

three-jointed, apical joint slightly longer and distinctly paler than the preceding

298 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

ones. Prothorax about twice as wide as the median length, sides gently rounded,

front angles feebly produced; striae not sharply defined; punctures much as on

head, but more distinct on sides. Elytral parallel-sided to near apex; with

regular rows of distinct punctures, becoming smaller towards suture ; interstices

with minute punctures. Length, 2-25 mm.

IIab. Queensland: Cairns district (A. M. Lea). Type (unique), I. 11790.

On the elytra there appear to be three series of black markings, owing to the

pubescence there being similar to the derm on which it rests: a spot on each

shoulder, a median fascia, and a subapical interrupted one; on the prothorax

there are also obscure markings; but it is probable that on rubbed specimens the

markings would disappear or become inconspicuous. Seen from the front, the

prothorax appears to have ten longitudinal lines of pubescence, but these decrease

in number when viewed from behind.

DIPLOCOELUS DECEMLINEATUS sp. nov.

Dull reddish-brown or castaneous, legs, antennae and palpi somewhat paler.

Rather densely clothed with depressed, greyish pubescence, denser and paler on

under-surface than on upper; the latter, in addition, with fairly dense, suberect

setae

Head with dense, partially concealed punctures. Antennae short; club

three-jointed. Prothorax almost thrice as wide as long, sides gently rounded,

front angles scarcely produced ; with ten shght longitudinal elevations, alternating

with slight depressions; punctures much as on head. Elytra at base the width

of prothorax, slightly wider to about the middle, with rows of moderately large’

punctures, interstices with rather dense and small ones. Length, 3-3-5 mm.

Hiab. South Australia: Lucindale (B. A. Feuerheerdt), Port Lincoln (A. M.

Lea); Tasmania: Ulverstone, Hobart (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12016.

Excluding the margins, the prothorax appears to have ten shghtly elevated

lines, marking off depressions, including a fairly distinct median one, the depres-

sions on each side of the latter interrupted in the middle.

DIPLOCOELUS PLATYSOMUS sp. nov.

Blackish or blackish-brown, elvtra somewhat paler but very obscure, legs,

antennae and palpi castaneous. Moderately clothed with short, depressed, pale

pubescence.

Head wide; with dense and small but rather sharply defined punctures; a

shallow depression towards each side of eclypeal suture. Eyes small, lateral,

coarscly faceted. Antennae short, club two-jointed. Prothorax not twice as

wide as long, widest and straight at apex, hind angles rounded off ; with small and

LEA—ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 299

fairly dense punctures, becoming crowded on sides. Elytra parallel-sided to

near apex; with rows of fairly large punctures, becoming smaller towards suture

‘and posteriorly ; interstices with small punctures. Length, 2 mm. ,

Hab. lord Howe Island (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12023.

The impressed lines towards each side of the prothorax that, in addition to

the-marginal ones, are so conspicuous on most species of Diplocoelus, are repre-

sented on the present species by a submarginal one that can be seen, from certain

directions, near the apex only ; the transverse line near the base of the head that

(when not concealed by the prothorax ) is also usually very distinct, is represented

by a shallow indistinct one; nevertheless the species appears to be a true

Diplocoelus, and to be allied to D. angustulus and D. apicicollis, but it is shorter,

much wider, flatter, and darker, with smaller punctures, ete. Of seven specimens

obtained on the island only one has the prothorax no darker than the elytra.

Famity ENDOMYCHIDAE.

STENOTARSUS QUINARIUS sp. nov.

Reddish-flavous, an irregular mark on prothorax, scutellum, four spots on

elytra and antennae (basal joints excepted) black. Rather densely clothed with

pale, semiupright hair.

Head with minute punctures. Antennae rather short, club stout. Pro-

thorax widely transverse, sides rather strongly rounded, apex much narrower than

base and semicircularly emarginate, sublateral striae deep, dilated at base;

punctures small but rather sharply defined. Elytra with sides gently rounded ;

with regular series of fairly large punctures, becoming smaller posteriorly ; inter-

stices with small punctures. Length, 4 mm.

Hab. Queensland: Mount Tambourine (A. M. Lea). Type (unique),

od 96.

Structurally close to S. arithmeticus and S. quinquenotatus, but with very

different markings; the four spots on the elytra are larger than on the latter

species, the outer ones are much in the same positions, but the imner ones are

much nearer the base; on the prothorax the black mark covers about the basal

third, and has a subtriangular extension almost to the apex.

STENOTARSUS BIMACULIPENNIS sp. nov.

Red, three marks on prothorax, two on elytra, scutellum and part of antennae

black, coxae and adjacent parts more or less infuscated. Rather densely clothed

with pale, semiupright hair.

Head with minute punctures; with two small but distinct impressions between

eyes. Prothorax with sides strongly rounded, apex much narrower than base and

300 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MuSEUM

semicircularly emarginate, sublateral striae deep, becoming foveate at base; sides

with distinct punctures, elsewhere impunctate. Elytra gently rounded, widest

at about basal third; with rows of rather large punctures, becoming smaller

towards suture and posteriorly, interstices with small but distinct punctures.

Length, 3 mm.

Hab. Queensland: Mount Tambourine (A. M. Lea). Type (unique),

1, 11795.

Structurally close to S. qwinquenotatus, but slightly narrower and more

convex, prothorax more narrowed in front and elytra behind, legs red and elytra

bimaculate. The markings on the prothorax are conjoined at base, and consist of

a large equilateral triangle, and a much smaller mark on each side, about half of

the surface being dark; the mark on each elytron is of irregular shape, wider

than long, and extends across about five interstices at the basal third, and distant

about two from the suture, four or five of the apical joints of each antenna are

blackish, but the apical half of the eleventh joint is somewhat reddish.

STENOTARSUS PALLIDIPENNIS sp. nov.

Black; elytra, metasternum and abdomen flavous, scutellum and tarsi some-

what darker. Rather densely clothed with pale, semierect pubescence.

Head with numerous small punctures. Antennae rather long; club stout.

Prothorax with front angles rounded and somewhat produced, sides elsewhere

parallel, sublateral striae deep, becoming foveate at base; punctures sparse and

small, but becoming more distinct in lateral gutters. Elytra long, almost parallel-

sided to near apex; with rows of punctures of moderate size, becoming smaller

towards suture and posteriorly, interstices with minute punctures. Length,

2-75 mm.

Hab. Queensland: Cairns district (A. M. Lea). Type (unique), I. 11801.

Structurally close to S. parallelus; but prothorax entirely black and elytra

entirely pale.

DAULIS CIMICOIDES Er.

In the diagnosis of Daulis the legs were noted as ‘‘basi vix distantes’’ and

abdomen as composed of ‘‘segmentis 6’’; these parts not being again referred to

under the species.

Several specimens betore me, from Tasmania and New South Wales, probably

belong to the species; their hind coxae are widely separated at the base, but the

middle ones are much closer together and the front ones almost touch; the

abdomen at first appears to be composed of five segments only, but on one

specimen a minute sixth one (apparently retractile) may be seen. The elytra

LEA—ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 301

have numerous small shining spots, that, from some directions, appear to be in

rows, and there are some seattered, irregular, infuscated spots.

DAULOTYPUS gen. nov.

Head moderately large. Eyes large, lateral, and coarsely faceted. Antennae

elongate, eleven-jointed, the three apical joints forming a club. Palpi rather

long, apical joint of maxillary pair subconical, of labial pair securiform. Pro-

thorax widely transverse, a short deep groove near each side on basal half. Elytra

much wider than prothorax. Legs rather long; hind coxae moderately separated,

middle pair rather close together, front pair separated by a narrow keel and

with their cavities widely open posteriorly; femora unarmed; two basal joints

of tarsi rather wide, the second bilobed, third minute and searcely distinguishable

from base of the claw joint. Wings present.

Close to Daulis, but palpi longer and apical joint of labial pair of different

shape; the prosternum is also acutely keeled between the coxae. On specimens,

which are probably males, the abdomen appears to be composed of six segments,

of these the first is not much longer than the second, the second-fourth are sub-

equal in length, the fifth is fairly long at the sides but strongly incurved to

middle, the sixth is traceable at the sides but not at the middle; beyond it there

is a process that may be an extrusible segment. On the presumed females the

basal segment is larger, the fifth is rounded in the middle of the apex, and the

sixth (unless it is an extrusible process) is rounded at the end and depressed in

the middle.

DAULOTYPUS PICTICORNIS sp. nov.

é Reddish-flavous, prothorax and parts of head, antennae and legs black

or infusecated. Moderately clothed with short, subdepressed, pale pubescence ;

in addition with numerous erect setae, or short hairs.

Head somewhat irregularly impressed and with irregularly distributed pune-

tures. Clypeus rather large, on a lower plane than interocular space. Labrum

large, wider than clypeus, apex bilobed; with dense punctures. Antennae thin,

passing metasternum, first joint rather long, third shghtly longer than fourth,

distinetly longer than second and slightly shorter than first, ninth and tenth

slightly longer than the preceding ones and dilated to their tips, eleventh shghtly

longer than tenth and somewhat pointed. Prothorax about twice as wide as long,

sides narrowly margined, widest near apex, then rounded to apex, ineurved

towards and then parallel to base; a deep, slightly oblique impression commencing

near each hind angle and terminating (but shallower) near apex, obliquely

traversed by a shallower impression ; a narrow deep impression at base ; punctures

302 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

dense but not very large on sides, smaller and sparser in middle. Seutellum

briefly triangular, almost impunctate. Elytra much wider than prothorax at

base, widest about middle, shoulders strongly rounded, sides rather widely mar-

gined except at base and apex; with close-set but somewhat irregular rows of

rather long punctures, becoming crowded and smaller posteriorly. Under-surface

with irregularly distributed punctures. Femora rather stout, hind ones not

passing fourth abdominal segment; tibiae rather long, hind pair incurved and

dilated at middle. Length, 5-5-5 mm.

@ Differs in being somewhat wider and more convex, prothorax and legs

entirely pale, hind tibiae not dilated or incurved in middle, and in the abdomen.

Hab. Queensland: Cairns district (Blackburn’s collection and A. M. Lea),

South Johnstone: River (H. W. Brown). Type, I. 5254.

On the male the prothorax is black or almost so, the head is more or less

deeply infuscated, the antennae have five or six of the basal joints partly or

entirely pale, the following joints blackish, the apical half of the eleventh joint,

however, is conspicuously paler than its basal half; the apical half of the femora

and parts of the tibiae are also more or less deeply infuscated ; on the female the

only dark parts are four or five joints of the antennae (the tips being pale as in the

male). The hind tibiae of the male have a narrow impression on the wpper-

surface, marking off the dilated inner portion. The joints of the club are com-

pressed so that, although considerably. wider than the preceding joints, from

some directions they appear to be of the same width. The X-shaped impression

on each side of the prothorax is distinct from most directions, especially on the

male, but its parts are of uneven depths. On some parts of the elytra the

punctures appear to be slightly eeminate in arrangement, but posteriorly their

systematic arrangement disappears.

EROTENDOMYCHUS gen. nov.

Head small; clypeus narrow, labrum small. Eyes small, lateral, prominent,

coarsely faceted. Antennae with three-jointed club. Palpi small, apical joint

conical. Prothorax widely transverse, sides finely margined, without deeply

impressed sublateral or basal lines. Seutellum small. Elytra rather long, closely

applied to prothorax; epipleurae narrow, and disappearing beyond middle.

Mesosternum with intercoxal process subconiecal, its tip rounded and produced to

between bases of front coxae. Metasternum elongate; side pieces narrow.

Abdomen with basal segment slightly longer than three following ones combined,

these subequal, fifth slightly shorter than two preceding ones combined. Legs

moderately long, front coxae almost touching, their cavities open behind, middle

coxae moderately the hind ones widely separated ; femora unarmed ; tibiae rather

LEA—ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 303

thin, but somewhat dilated to tips; tarsi four-jointed, third joint small, claws

simple. Wines atrophied.

Apparently an aberrant genus of the Endomychidae (Leconte records Alexia

as being without the characteristic sculpture of the pronotum of that family) ;

at first glance the species described below appears to be a small erotylid, but the

tarsi are truly tetramerous, the third joint (although larger than in most Austra-

han genera of the Endomychidae) being much smaller than the second, not hairy

and shghtly produced under the base of the claw-joimt. The prosternum is

ridged along the middle, and, when closely applied to the mesosternum, the ridge

appears to touch the intereoxal process of the latter; it really, however, does not

extend to between the middle of the front coxae. Closely embracing each hind

coxa there is, on the abdomen, a narrowly impressed line, but the space enclosed

could hardly be regarded as an abdominal plate, as in many of the Erotylidae.

Some specimens have thicker and longer legs and antennae than others, and these

are probably males, but there are apparently no distinct external indications of

sex. A second species, from Mount Tambourine, is in the Museum, but as it is

represented by an entirely pale (probably immature) specimen, it has not been

deseribed.

EROTENDOMYCHUS BIMACULATUS sp. nov.

Plate iv, fig. 10.

Red or reddish-castaneous, most of pronotum and two large spots on elytra

black. Upper-surface glabrous, under-surface, legs and antennae minutely

pubescent.

Head with minute punctures; clypeus convex in middle, depressed on each

side. Antennae extending to about middle of metasternum, first joint moderately

large, second-eighth about as long as wide, or shghtly transverse, ninth larger and

more transverse, tenth still larger, eleventh slightly longer and wider than tenth.

Prothorax almost twice as wide as long, sides gently incurved near base, hind

angles almost rectangular, the front ones rounded, apex gently incurved to middle,

base bisinuate; with rather sparse and small but sharply defined punctures,

becoming more numerous on sides and parts of base. Elytra at base slightly

wider than prothorax, widest at about basal third, thence evenly rounded to apex;

with rows of rather small punctures. Under-surface with sparse and minute

punetures. Length, 2-75-38 mm.

Hab. Victoria: Dividing Range (Blackburn’s collection); New South

Wales: Mittagong (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 11802.

A rather elongate-elliptic, flat species. On most of the specimens the pro-

notum is entirely black, or with the front angles at most obscurely diluted with

304 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

red, on others the front angles are distinctly reddish, on one specimen the red

extends across the whole apex (and its elytral spots are deeply infuscated instead

of black) ; the elytral spots are median and are usually round, each occupies about

two-thirds of the space between the suture and side; but, on the only specimen

from Mittagong, the spots are dilated so as to form a fascia occupying rather more

than the median third (except that the suture is obscurely diluted with red).

On some specimens the base of the prothorax has a small vague depression on each

side, but on most of them the base is quite flat. The elytral punctures are small

and rather distant in the rows, without the least evidence of striation (except

close to the suture posteriorly); from most directions they appear to be sparsely

scattered at random.

GEOENDOMYCHUS gen. nov.

Mead rather wide, clypeal sutures distinct. Eyes small, lateral, prominent,

coarsely faceted. Antennae with nine joints, three forming a club. Apical joint

of maxillary palpi rather large and subconical; of labial palpi rather large and

dilated to apex, but scarcely securiform. Prothorax widely transverse, with a

rather deep curved impression towards each side. Secutellum small. Elytra

short, sides strongly rounded and subcontinuous with those of prothorax; epi-

pleurae wide, almost flat, and continuous to apex. Prosternum with a rather

wide, flat, bistriated intercoxal process, its posterior end truncated. Metasternum

moderately long, episterna narrow. Abdomen apparently composed of six seg-

ments, but the apical one small and extrusible. Legs not very long, front coxae

subglobular, their cavities widely open posteriorly, middle and hind coxae widely

separated; femora unarmed; tibiae rather thin; tarsi thin, apparently three-

jointed ; claws simple.

At first glance G. pubescens looks like a short Seymnus or Rhizobius of the

Coecinellidae, and under a high power I cannot make out the tarsi to be anything

but three-jointed ; but the nine-jointed antennae, nonsecuriform palpi, and seulp-

ture of prothorax exclude it from that family. The wings are long, thin and

hardly more than filaments, not fringed (as in the Corylophidae), and certainly

useless for flight. The mandibles are bifid. Type of genus: G. pubescens.

GEOENDOMYCHUS PUBESCENS sp. nov.

Castaneous, elytral epipleurae, legs, antennae and palpi somewhat paler.

Moderately clothed with short, pale, subdepressed pubescence.

Head feebly convex, with sparse punctures. Antennae moderately long,

first joint stout, its base partly concealed, second and third elongate, second

stouter than third, fourth short, fifth and sixth still shorter, seventh subglobose,

about twice as lone and twice as wide as sixth, eighth scarcely longer but more

LEA—ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 305

transverse, ninth briefly obpyriform, slightly wider and distinctly longer than

eighth. Prothorax at base fully four times as wide as the median length, sides

strongly rounded and finely margined, apex deeply emarginate and about half

the width of base, base widely bisinuate and feebly margined, a deep, narrow,

curved stria near each side, but terminated before middle; punctures incon-

spicuous. Elytra scarcely longer than greatest width (at about basal fourth),

strongly and evenly convex, sides finely margined; with dense and small but in

places fairly distinct punctures; epipleurae faintly wrinkled, feebly diminishing

in width posteriorly. Length, 1-5-1-75 mm.

Hab. Lord Howe Island (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 11803.

A short strongly convex species of which twenty-two specimens were obtained

by sieving fallen leaves. The base of the prothorax is very narrowly infuseated ;

three specimens are entirely flavous, probably from immaturity; another has the

medio-basal portion of the elytra shghtly stained with piceous. The pubescence

appears to be easily abraded.

GEOENDOMYCHUS GLABER sp. nov.

Castaneo-flavous, appendages slightly paler. Prothorax and elytra glabrous,

elsewhere feebly pubescent.

Head gently convex, a feeble depression near each eye; punctures

inconspicuous. Antennae nine-jointed, two basal joints rather large; club

three-jointed. Prothorax at base fully four times as wide as the median length,

sides strongly rounded and very finely margined ; apex rather deeply emarginate,

a narrow deep line near each side, with which it is parallel, traceable from base

to apex; impunctate. Elytra with outlines subcontinuous with those of pro-

thorax, sides strongly rounded and finely margined; with minute punctures.

Intercoxal process of prosternum dilated to and truncated at posterior end, a

fine stria on each side. Length, 1-3-1-5 mm.

Hab. Queensland: Hamilton (C. J. Wild); New South Wales: Richmond

River, from a nest of termites (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 12029.

The outlines, under-parts, legs, antennae and palpi are much as in the

preceding species, from which it may be readily distinguished by its glabrous

upper-surface, and longer sublateral striae of prothorax.

ENCYMON CLAVICORNIS Blackb.

Mr. Arrow(°®) states that this species is an EHneymon; it was originally

referred to Mycella, but subsequently made the type of the new genus

Cranterophorus. The type was described as blackish-aeneous, with the prothorax

(5) Arrow, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1920, p. 3.

306 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

and femora red, such as is common with specimens from New South Wales and

Queensland ; but occasionally the elytra are purple. <A specimen, from Aru, has

purple elytra, but otherwise agrees with the typical form. Many specimens from

New Guinea (St. Joseph’s River and the Madang district) have the legs uniformly

black and the elytra violet.

MYCELLA LINEELA Chp.

The markings of this species consist of a long pale vitta on each elytron,

conjoined or not to a small outer spot near the base, occasionally the latter being

absent.

PERIPTYCTUS RUSSULUS Blackb.

This species occurs in Tasmania (Wilmot, Ulverstone, Mole Creek, and

Hobart) and New South Wales (Forest Reefs), as well as in Victoria.

var. BILINEATUS var. nov.

Ten specimens, from Forest Reefs, differ from the common form in having

a distinct infuscated line towards each side of the prothorax, instead of the diseal

portion rather lightly infuscated, but as they were obtained with specimens of

the typical form, and are structurally the same, I cannot regard them as repre-

senting more than a variety.

Famity CORYLOPHIDAE.

APHANOCEPHALUS PUNCTULATUS Blackb. (formerly

ELEOTHREPTUS).

On the typical form of this species the prothorax, except that the sides are

pale, and elytra are of a very dark brown; but on some specimens those parts are

black or almost so; others have the whole upper-surface of a dingy brown. It

was referred to the Endomychidae by Blackburn, who proposed a new genus for

it, but Arrow,(®) from examination of the type, referred it to Aphanocephalus

(Corylophidae). It occurs in Victoria (Alps, Geelong, and Forrest), as well as

in South Australia.

APHANOCEPHALUS POROPTERUS sp. nov.

Blackish, sides of prothorax and most of under-surface obscurely paler, legs

still paler; elytra with favous markings. Moderately clothed with short, ashen

pubescence.

(6) Arrow, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1920, p. 3.

LEA—On AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 307

Head with small, dense punctures on basal half. Antennae with first and

ninth joints large, the latter forming a club. Prothorax widely transverse, sides

strongly rounded and distinctly margined, apex gently incurved to middle and

about half the width of base; with dense and small but sharply defined punctures.

Elytra slightly wider than prothorax, sides distinctly margined ; with dense and

rather coarse punctures. Under-surface with dense and sharply defined but not

very large punctures, larger on sicles of metasternum and on basal segment of

abdomen than elsewhere. Length, 1-5 mm.

IIab. Queensland: Cairns district (A. M. Lea). Type (unique), I. 11797.

Very distinct by the coarse puncttres and distinct markings of elytra; the

latter may be variable; on the type they consist, on each elytron, of a small spot

on the shoulder, a somewhat S-shaped mark extending, near the suture, from

close to the base to the middle, and an elliptical mark (enclosing a dark spot)

obliquely placed on the apical third. The margin of each elytron, on its apical

third, appears as a series of three short straight lines, instead of being evenly

rounded.

APHANOCEPHALUS NITIDUS sp. nov.

Black, sides of prothorax, tips of elytra and most of under-surface obscurely

paler, elytral epipleurae and legs still paler. Under-surface and legs finely

pubescent, upper-surface scarcely visibly so.

Head with dense punctures. sharply defined near base, but much less distinet

in front. Antennae with ninth joint formine a rather large truncated club,

Prothorax widely transverse, sides strongly rounded and finely margined, apex

incurved to middle and searcely half the width of base; with dense and small

but rather sharply defined punctures. Elytra with outlines continuous with

those of prothorax, but margins somewhat wider; the punctures somewhat sparser

and slightly larger. Under-surface with dense punctures, shg¢htly larger on sides

of metasternum and on basal segment of abdomen than on elytra. Leneth,

2 20—-2-39 mm.

ITab. Queensland: Mount Tambourine (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 11798.

Larger and more shining than A. punctulatus and A. potamophilus, upper-

surface with very indistinet pubescence, and punctures much smaller. A second

specimen is somewhat smaller and paler than the type.

308

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Explanation of Plate iv.

Macrogonus maculatus Lea. la, prothorax of female.

Episcaphula nigronotata Lea.

Episcaphula atromaculata Lea.

Thallis vinula Er.

Thallis alternata Lea.

Thallis subtuberculata Wea.

Thallis hoplostetha lea. Ta, side view of prosternum of male.

Thallis metasternalis Vea.

Thallis tricolor Wea.

EKrotendomychus bimaculatus Lea, tarsus.

Rec. S.A. MUSEUM Vor. RE PratE lv.

AUSTRALIAN BEETLES

soils. aw AUSTRALIAN AQUATIC HEMIPTERA

NO:

By HERBERT M. HALE, Sourn Ausrratian Museum.

Famity CORIXIDAE

Text figs. 338-350.

Tur Corixidae, popularly known as water-boatmen, differ considerably from all

other Cryptocerata. The head (fig. 3384), which is about as wide as the thorax,

is obliquely recurved below, the apex reaching to between the anterior coxae; the

mouth is very short, flattened, and the aperture through which the setaceous

mouth parts are protruded is situated above the tip of the clypeus. The eyes are

large and widely separated and the hinder margin overlaps the prothorax. Each

pair of legs is of different form and utility. The anterior members are short.

In Corixa and sub-genera the tarsus or pala is extremely modified, particularly

in the male, and varies in shape in the different species: it consists of a single

scoop-like joint, and seen sideways is generally faleate or cultrate (fig. 538B) ;

the lower margin is furnished with two rows of bristly hairs, in one of which

rows the hairs are very long. On the inner surface of the male pala are one or

more rows of chitinous teeth or pegs, and it is considered that the characteristic

stridulation beneath the water is produced by rubbing this tarsal comb across an

area, also covered with tiny pegs, and situated near the base of the opposite

femur. As pointed out by Kirkaldy(!) and others, the number of pegs in the

comb affords a useful distinguishing specific character.

In Micronecta the pala of the male terminates in a large flattened claw

(fig. 846), which in the female is represented by a stiff seta.

The middle legs are long and attenuated and each terminates in two slender

claws; the posterior tarsus is flattened, broadened, and fringed with long hairs.

The life colouration is a little variable, immature imagos being usually paler.

After death some changes are apparent: irregular infuscations, having no relation

to the general colour scheme, sometimes appear; in the descriptions no note is

made of inconstant and irrelevant staining; in specimens not fully adult the

colour becomes vet paler, while the external parts may shrivel so that the relative

proportions are destroyed.

(1) Kirkaldy, Journ. Quekett Micro. Club (2), vili, 1901, p. 35 (Bibliography) and Proce,

Hawaiian Ent. Soce., i, 1906, p. 15.

310 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

The odour which is characteristic of Heteropterous bugs generally is notice-

able, but not pronounced, in members of this family.

Habits. With the aid of the oar-like hind-legs the Corixidae propel

themselves rapidly through the water, or anchor themselves to aquatic plants or

other submerged objects by means of the long intermediate tarsal claws; a copious

supply of air is carried under water, and the insects remain below the surface for

long periods. Living animal food is captured with the anterior legs, with which

prey is firmly grasped while the nutriment is extracted. Professor H. B.

Hungerford (2) states that they are largely herbivorous, and under his observation

a species subsisted throughout the life cycle upon the brown sedimentary material

which occurs on the bottoms of pools. In 1873 F. B. White(*) wrote: ‘*On

examining a stone from which a Corica had apparently been obtaiming food, a

Tarsal stridulatory comb.

Arctocorisa australis; A, profile of head; B, anterior leg of male.

small Alga and a few Rotifera and other animaleules were seen.’’ The Indian

Micronecta striata(4) (Coriva ovivora Westwood) is reported to feed upon the

egos of fishes.

For months I kept in aquaria several species of Corixidae, as well as members

of Notonectidae and Naucoridae, and during that time they were fed only upon

larvae of Culex fatigans and Scutomyia notoscripta. Even newly-hatched

Corixidae were observed to capture tiny mosquito larvae, increasingly large

examples being taken during the successive stages of the metamorphosis. If, as

(2) Hungerford, Science, u.s., xlv, 1917. p. 336,

(3) White, Ent.. Month. Mag., x, 1873, p. 79.

(4) Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soc., 1871, p. iv.

HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA Sal

seems certain, aquatic bugs feed upon these larvae in their native ponds, there is

every reason to suppose that they, mitigate the mosquito nuisance, and are

thus of considerable economic importance. The malaria-carrying mosquitoes

particularly, breed in isolated pools and temporarily mundated grass-grown

hollows, localities in which fishes do not usually oceur, but to which aquatic bugs,

possessing the power of flight, have easy access.

Reproduction. Excepting in Diaprepocoris, the sexes are easily distin-

ouished, the structure of the pala alone being sufficient indication. The abdomen

of the female is symmetrical, while in that of the male the segments are irregular

and distorted (fig. 3394). The male is often also provided with a curious organ,

situated on the sixth segment of the upper side of the abdomen. This was dis-

covered by F. B. White(*) and designated the strigil or strigiliform process. It

consists of a somewhat convex dise mounted on a pedicel, and composed of over-

lapping, striated, chitinous plates, the striae being directed inwards (fig. 345s) :

Fig. 339. Porocorixa eurynome; A, upper side of abdomen of male; B, eggs and larva, probably

of this species.

the utility of this structure is not clear, but it has been suggested that it

constitutes portion of a secondary stridulatory apparatus, possibly used during

flight. In the hitherto unknown male of Diaprepocoris there it yet another form

of abdominal apparatus, also apparently stridulatory (fig. 350s).

Although a species may vary in size in different localities, the females are,

as a rule, slightly larger than the males.

Fig. 3398 shows the eggs and newly-hatehed larva of an Australian species,

probably Porocorixa eurynome. In autumn (April) 1921, numbers of the ova

were deposited on the thicker stems of a water-plant (Potamogeton sp.) in the

Torrens River, Adelaide; the smooth stems of a grass overhanging the banks, and

in places submerged, were also utilized, but the ova were always attached to

(5) White, loc, cit., p. 60,

51g RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

vegetation shallowly situated in the slowly running stream. The eggs are about

1-0 mm. in length, irregularly oval in shape, and somewhat flattened on one side;

the micropyle is situated in a nipple at the apex; the surface is minutely wrinkled

and is marked with a rather uneven, tiny, reticulating pattern, consisting mostly

of hexagons, but with occasionally a five-sided figure interposed (¢). Each egg

is borne on a translucent, thread-like pedicel connected to a disc, which is firmly

attached to a plant stem. The pedicel, notwithstanding its fragile appearance, is

extraordinarily strong, flexible, and elastic; on being stretched to about four

times its normal length it readily returns when released. If sufficient force is

used to drag the egg from the object to which it is connected, the dise usually

becomes detached, but the connecting pedicel rarely breaks.

As development proceeds the eyes of the enclosed embryo become increasingly

visible on each side, at about the apical third of the egg-case; seen through the

semi-transparent chitin they appear reniform and of a castaneous colour. In

hatching, the larva bursts open the top of the egg-case, the apex being split into

several teeth. The newly-emerged bug is 2-5 mm. in length and, excepting for

the eyes, is almost transparent, with very faint traces of pigment. The compound

eyes are small and consist of comparatively few facets, the interocular space

being much wider than in the adult. The posterior tarsus is provided with two

terminal claws, and throughout the immature stages 1s monomerous.

In an aquarium the late pupal stage was attained five months after hatching,

when the bugs unfortunately perished before the identity of the species could

with certainty be established.

The Corixidae are of almost world-wide distribution. Six species have

hitherto been recorded from Australia, five of these being named by Kirkaldy

and one by Fieber. Hight additions are herein recorded, some of which have a

wide range over the continent; the types are deposited in the South Australian

Museum. Several species are often associated in the same situation, and recently

a single pool near Adelaide yielded eight of those enumerated in this paper. <A

single specimen only has been received from Western Australia; more must, of

course, occur there, and doubtless further species remain to be recorded from

this and other States. In 1898 Skuse(®) wrote: ‘Three species of Corira

common in the ponds about Sydney,’’ and ‘*Two species, rather abundant,’’ of

Sigara (Micronecta). No other paper dealing with the Cryptocerata has been

published in Australia.

[ here express my thanks to Mr. W. W. Froggatt, of the Agricultural Depart-

ment, Sydney, and to the Directors of the Australian Museum, Sydney, and

National Museum, Melbourne, for the opportunity of examining the Corixidae

preserved in these institutions,

HALE—AQuATIC HEMIPTERA 313

KEY TO THE AUSTRALIAN GENERA.

a. Scutellum almost or entirely concealed .. .. .. .. Corixa and sub-genera

b. Pronotum and hemelytra more or less

rastrate ; pronotum with transverse

AMUN SS ies Aa. ES) TORE ee Se: aL AerOpOrisa

bb. Pronotum and hemelytra densely pune-

tured; pronotum without transverse

PSU PMS) Silos! copay eb, a Eee a os 2 ee OR OCOr Ce BUDE TO:

aa. Scutellum not concealed.

¢. Scutellum small; antennae three-jointed .. Miecronecta

ee. Scutellum large; antennae four-jointed .. Diaprepocoris

CORIXA Geoffroy.

Sub-genus ARCTOCORISA Wallengren.

Arctocorisa Walleng., Ent. Tidskr., xv, 1894, p. 159.

Basileocorixa Kirk., Entomologist, 1898, p. 253.

Type, A. variegata Walleng.

May be separated from other sub-genera of Corixa by the following charac-

ters: Face excavated in male, convex in female. Palal comb composed wholly

of strong chitinous pegs, none being bristle-like. Pronotum more or less

rastrate and with transverse lineations. Hemelytra with vermiculate markings.

A strigil present on the right side of abdomen of male.

ARCTOCORISA AUSTRALIS Fieber.

Corixa australis Fieber, Abhand. der kénigl. bohm. Ges. der Wiss. (5), vil, 1852,

p. 232, pl. i, fig. 15; Kirk., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xx, 1897, p. 55.

6 Head ochraceous, prominent, longer than its width at base between eyes,

evenly rounded in front; a longitudinal median carina, slightly produced at basal

Fig. 340. Arctocorisa australis.

314 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

margin of head and with an impressed line of punctures on each side and another

near the eye; facial impression obovate, large and deep, extending almost to the

vertex, clothed with fine pale hairs; eyes directed moderately backwards, beyond

and over the anterior pronotal angles, inner margins a little divergent. Pronotum

black, crossed by seven to ten narrow, irregular yellow lines; twice as broad

between humeral angles as medial length; rastrate and with a median carina,

most distinct anteriorly; posterior margin angularly convex, lateral margins

short; angles obtuse. Hemelytra black, marked with yellow, sparsely clothed

with long, fine, yellow hairs; clavus with sub-transverse, oblique, angularly-wavy

lines, the anterior ones broader, so that the base of the clavus appears paler;

finely rastrate; corium with angular, interrupted and somewhat transverse lines;

a broken yellow line sub-marginal to the costal edge; membrane with transverse

lines, twisted on the dise, parallel on the inner margin; embolium dull, pale livid,

darkest anteriorly. Sternum ochraceous, in parts black; xyphus blackish, acute;

underside of abdomen pale testaceous, darkened anteriorly; connexivum pale

yellow; strigil of comparatively large size, sub-rectangular, with four to six broad

rows of striae; legs ochraceous; anterior tibiae stout, about four-fifths as long as

palae, which are cultrate, the upper margin almost straight for a great part of

its length, suddenly bent downwards and forwards to apex; claw long, stout ;

thirty-six to forty stridulatory pegs in a single row following the curve of the

superior margin; apical pegs longest, subulate, the series regularly decreasing

in size backwards; posterior teeth short, sub-ovate; intermediate claws about as

long as tarsi. Length, 7 mm.

2 <A little larger than the male. Frontal margin of head somewhat angu-

larly rounded; interoeular carina continued below on to face, which is convex,

punctured, and clothed with pale yellow hairs. Palae faleate, upper edge very

convex. Underside of abdomen ochraceous, darkened marginally. In two

examples from Murray River the head is dark castaneous. Length, 7-5 mm. to

8 mm.

Hab. South Australia: Adelaide (A. H. Elston and H. M. Hale), Murray

River (J. G. O. Tepper and H. M. Hale), Goolwa and Finniss River (A. Zietz) ;

Victoria: Port Phillip (type locality) ; Tasmania (British Museum).

A. australis is so far recorded from southern Australia and Tasmania only.

The female has not previously been described.

ARCTOCORISA TRUNCATIPALA sp. nov,

@ Head testaceous, a little longer than its width, evenly rounded in front;

a longitudinal, median carina, slightly and angularly produced at basal margin

(6) Skuse, Rec. Aust. Mus., li, 1893, p. 45.

HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA 305

of head; an impressed line of punctures on each side of carina and another

bordering the eye; facial impression obovate, very large and deep, extending

almost to the vertex and laterally nearly touching the eyes; eyes directed

moderately backwards, beyond and over the anterior pronotal angles, inner

Fig. 341. Arctocorisa truncatipala.

margins slightly divergent; fourth joint of antennae more than half as long as

the third (a). Pronotum black, crossed by six, slightly curved, greenish-yellow

lines ; twice as broad between humeral angles as medial length ; rastrate and with a

median carina, most distinct anteriorly; posterior margin angularly convex;

lateral margins short; angles obtuse. Hemelytra black, marked with yellow.

sparsely clothed with long, fine, yellow hairs; clavus finely rastrate, basally with

five or six narrow, irregular, obliquely-transverse lines; remainder of wing-covers

with many short, angularly wavy markings, on the corium arranged in four

distinct longitudinal series, the outer series forming an interrupted line bordering

the anterior margin, but separated from it by a narrow black interspace; tip of

membrane black: embolium dull, livid. Sternum and legs ochraceous; underside

- of abdomen testaceous; connexivum pale yellow; strigil brownish black, of com-

paratively large size, sub-quadrate in form, with five broad, more or less regular

rows of striae: anterior tibiae stout, about four-fifths as long as palae which,

viewed from above, are semi-lunate, narrower at the base; seen sideways they

are elongate sub-rectangular, the apex very truncate, as wide as the base and

forming a wide angle with the upper and lower edges; base slightly widened ;

upper edge posteriorly almost straight, a little concave, suddenly convex and bent

downwards to the upper apical angle; lower edge gently concave ; claw as long as

the width of tarsus; thirty-two stridulatory pegs in a single row sub-parallel with

the upper margin, extending from the middle of the base to the upper anterior

anele; apical pegs longest, subulate, the series regularly decreasing in size back-

wards, the posterior teeth being stout and sub-oval; intermediate claws about

316 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

equal in length to tarsi; tibiae longer; posterior tibiae shorter than tarsi; swim-

ming hairs dark brown. Length, 5-8 mm. to 6-5 mm.

2 More robust than the male. Head shghtly shorter, the frontal margin

somewhat angularly rounded; interocular carina extending below on to the face,

which is convex, punctured, and with sparse yellow hairs. Palae much as in

the female of A. australis. Length, 5-8 mm. to 7 mm.

Hab. South Australia: Adelaide (type locality, H. M. Hale, A. H. Elston,

and Mulvin), Murray River (H. M. Hale), South East (Ziegler), Lucindale

(B. A. Feuerheerdt), Myponga (A. H. Elston), Goolwa and Finniss River (A,

Zietz) ; New South Wales: Sydney (Australian Museum), Bungendore, Clarence

River, and Hay (A. M. Lea); Victoria: Melbourne (Searle); Tasmania: (A.

Simson), Hobart (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 15183.

A. truncatipala is allied to the preceding species, but the form is more robust

and the head is scarcely as prominent: the pronotal lines are broader and usually

in less number, and the hemelytral markings are more broken. It may be readily

recognized by the form of the male pala, which does not taper to a point, but

terminates in a straight, knife-like edge; this pala is figured as seen sideways

and from beneath. Ina large series the following variations occur: Six to eight

transverse lines on the pronotum, generally regular, but sometimes forked, looped

or conjoined ; the former number is more usually present. Thirty-two to thirty-

five pegs in the palal comb. The intermediate claws vary in length and may be

as long as the tibiae. The sternum is sometimes nigrescent and the xyphus and

coxae black.

The species is plentiful in the rivers near Adelaide during the summer.

Pupae and immature imagos are of bright lemon colour with very faint markings,

which rapidly darken as development proceeds; an orange streak margins the

base of the head. The light lines and vermiculations of a living mature example

are barely discernible to the naked eye, the bug appearing almost black.

ARCTOCORISA SUBLAEVIFRONS sp. nov.

é Head ochraceous, basally testaceous, about as long as width at base

between eyes, rounded and very little produced in front; with a median, inter-

ocular carina, slightly produced at hinder margin of head; an impressed line of

punctures on each side of the carina and another less distinct series near each

eye; face flattened, punctured; impression hardly discernible, closely punctured,

clothed with yellow hairs; very shallow, short, and narrowly ovate; eyes directed

backwards, beyond and over the anterior pronotal angles, the inner margins a

little divergent, Pronotum brownish-black, crossed by eight narrow irregular,

HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA 317

yellow lines; nearly twice as broad between humeral angles as medial length;

rastrate, and with a median carina, most distinct anteriorly ; posterior margin

angularly convex; lateral margins short: angles roundly obtuse. Hemelytra

brownish-black, marked with yellow, with a few fine vellow hairs; sutures mar-

gined with yellow; clavus with oblique, sub-transverse, angularly-wavy lines,

rastrate ; corium with fragmentary wavy lines, arranged in four rather ill-defined

longitudinal series; markings on membrane transverse anteriorly, sub-parallel

on inner margin and twisted on the disc; embolium pale yellow. Sternum and

legs ochraceous; underside of abdomen pale testaceous; strigil dark brown, large,

roundly sub-quadrate, with six rows of striae; anterior tibiae stout; palae cultrate,

Fig. 342. Arctocorisa sublaevifrons.

sub-truneate, narrowest at base; upper margin almost straight, slightly sinuate,

and anteriorly suddenly bent obliquely downwards and forwards to apex; claw

rather weak; twenty-four short stridulatory pegs in a single row sub-parallel to

the superior margin, not reaching to apex; anterior pegs longest, the series regu-

larly decreasing in size backwards; intermediate claws as long as the tarsi.

Leneth, 6 mm.

@ Shehtly larger and more robust than the male. Palae as in female of’

A. australis, but head shorter.

IIab. Victoria: Coromby (type locality, J. G. O. Tepper), Melbourne and

Plenty River (Searle), Croydon, Gumbower, and Mount Macedon (National

Museum). Type, I. 15184.

The variation is as follows: Pronotal lines seven to eight ; palal pegs twenty-

one to twenty-four.

Like A. australis, this species is of elongate form, but the head is less pro-

dueed in front. The male differs in the sheht facial impression and lesser number

of palal pegs,

318 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

POROCORIXA subg. nov.

Pronotum and hemelytra densely punctate, clothed with short hairs; pro-

notum without transverse lines; no vermiculate or angulate markings on wing-

covers. Male with facial impression, and a strigil on right side of abdomen; face

of female convex. Pala with a terminal claw, pegs of stridulatory comb strong,

Type, Corixa eurynome Kirkaldy.

Resembles the African Agraptocorira Kirkaldy, but in that genus the pro-

notum is lightly punctate-rugose and no mention is made of punctation on the

hemelytra.

POROCORIXA EURYNOME Kirkaldy.

Coriza eurynome Kirk., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xx, 1897, p. 54.

6 Head ochraceous or testaceous, about as long as wide, a little tumid in

front, almost evenly concave posteriorly; with a coarse, median longitudinal,

interocular carina, on each side of which is an impressed line of punctures, closely

Fig. 343. Porocorixa eurynome.

set posteriorly, but becoming more scattered towards the vertex; another line of

punctures near each eye, curved inwards near base of head to meet the first series ;

face ochraceous, punctate, clothed with fine yellow hairs; with a slight depression

extending to well above inner margins of eyes, and a shallow, rather narrow,

obovate, interior impression reaching to between inner angles of eyes; eyes

directed backwards, a little beyond and over the anterior pronotal angles, the

inner margins almost parallel, shehtly divergent ; terminal joint of antennae very

short. Pronotum dark olivaceous-brown (appearing almost black in fresh adult

examples), clothed with very short black hairs; twice as broad between humeral

HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA 319

angles as medial length, with comparatively large, crowded punctures, almost

confluent ; anterior margin medianly incised; posterior margin angularly convex ;

lateral margins short, oblique; angles subacute. Hemelytra dark olivaceous-

brown, paler basally ; with closely-set punctures as on pronotum, but with longer

black hairs; clavus with a short, dark streak near lateral basal angle, sub-parallel

with the suture, and a dark marking at the inner and apical angles; claval suture

harrowly margined with black; corium darkened at angles and opposite the

termination of the embolium, which is pale. Sternum ochraceous; underside of

abdomen black anteriorly, testaceous posteriorly, clothed with a very fine, pale

pubescence; connexivum testaceous; strigil very small, roundly sub-quadrate,

with four broad rows of striae; legs ochraceous, tibiae and tarsi more or less

darkened; anterior tibiae about half as long as the palae, which are falcate,

evenly rounded above, narrower at the base; claw strong, the inner edge serrate ;

a single row of about twenty-three stridulatory pegs, following the curve of the

lower margin and extending from the apex to three-fourths of the length; apical

pegs long, acute, the remainder sub-oval, pointed; intermediate claws as long as,

or a little longer than the tarsi, which are little more than half the length of the

tibiae; first joint of posterior tarsi as long as the tibiae; swimming hairs black.

Length, 8-5 mm. to 9 mm.

@ Interocular carina, and punctures on head and face, as in male; the

slightly depressed area on the face is somewhat raised centrally ; face testaceous,

with yellow -hairs. Underside of abdomen testaceous, posterior segments some-

times darkened; palae relatively longer, but more slender, than in male; claw

apparently not serrate. Length, 9 mm.

Hab. South Australia: Adelaide (J. G.O. Tepper and H. M. Hale), Murray

River and Bordertown (J. G. O. Tepper), Blakiston (Driffield) ; Queensland :

Townsville (F. P. Dodd); New South Wales: Mittagong and Clarence River

(A. M. Lea); Victoria: (Blackburn), Plenty River (Searle), Mallee (National

Museum, and O. Donohue).

It is with some doubt that specimens from the above localities are referred

to this species. The author describes the hemelytra as ‘‘ paler at the base (owing

to absence of punctuation)’’; in examples now identified the punctures extend

over the whole of the wing-covers, excepting the very small, dull, blackish portion

which is covered by the pronotum. Both sexes have a longitudinal, median carina

on the head, a character assigned only to the female in the original description ;

the facial impression of the male does not extend ‘‘almost to the vertex,’’ and the

clothing is dark. The type is from Adelaide River, Northern Territory (British

Museum ).

320 RECORDS: OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

POROCORIXA PARVIPUNCTATA sp. nov.

6 Head pale ochraceous, wider than long, almost straight in front, scarcely

produced in front of eyes; posterior margin sinuate, medianly angular; crown not

conspicuously convex, with a very indistinct interocular carina; a line of small

punctures on each side of the median line of the head and another series bordering

the inner margin of each eye and bent inwards near the base of the head; face

with a punctate, shallow, obovate depression reaching to just above inner angles

of the eyes; a small, narrow, interior impression, reaching to between inner angles

of eyes; eyes directed moderately backwards, inner margins parallel above,

converging on face. Pronotum olivaceous-brown, in parts diluted, clothed with

short black hairs, more than twice as broad between humeral angles as medial

length; punctures minute, confluent, and forming fine, transverse wrinkles; a

Fig. 344. Porocorixa parvipunctata.

feeble median, longitudinal ridge; anterior margin convex, slightly incised

medianly ; posterior margin sinuately convex; lateral margins very oblique;

angles very acute. Hemelytra dark olivaceous-grey, in parts darkened, finely

punetured and with black hairs; clavus testaceous basally and darker at angles;

corium darkened anteriorly, at apex and below termination of the embolium,

which is pale livid with the outer margin black. Sternum pale ochraceous;

underside of abdomen dark testaceous, clothed with a fine, vellow pubescence;

connexivum yellow, in parts black; strigil black, very small, roundly sub-trian-

gular, with two broad rows of striae; legs testaceous; anterior tibiae more than

half as long as palae, which are falcate, evenly convex above, narrower at the base;

claw rather short; one short row of ten stridulatory pegs, situated on the apical

third of the tarsus; middle pegs longest and stoutest, posterior four conspicuously

shorter; intermediate tarsi more than half as long as tibiae, about as long as

claws; posterior tarsi longer than tibiae; swimming hairs brown. Length, 6 mm.

HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA 321

2 Head darkly suffused at base, shorter than in the male; face furnished

with yellow hairs; convex, finely punctured. Underside of abdomen testaceous,

posterior segments sometimes darkened. Anterior tibiae relatively shorter, and

palae longer and narrower than in male. Length, 6 mm. to 7 mm.

Hab. South Australia: Adelaide (type locality, H. M. Hale), Mount Lofty

Ranges (S. H. Curnow), Reynella (G. Dutton), Murray River (H. 8. Cope and

H. M. Hale), Bordertown (J. G. O. Tepper), Myponga and Barossa (A. H.

Elston), Northern Flinders Ranges (A. H. Elston and H. M. Hale); Central

Australia: Opossum Creek (‘‘W. H.,’? Horn Expedition, 1896), Higgin’s Dam

(South Australian Museum Expedition, 1916); Queensland: Claudie River,

N.Q. (J. A. Kershaw), Longreach (A. M. Lea), Charters Towers (Mrs. Black) ;

New South Wales: Broken Hill (F. W. Shepherd), Bungendore and Hay (A. M.

Lea), Wagga and Tamworth (W. W. Froggatt); Victoria: Dimboola (J. G. O.

Tepper), Melbourne, Plenty River and Wattle Park, Balwyn (Searle) ; Tasmania :

Hobart (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 15185.

This widely distributed species somewhat resembles P. eurynome, but is of

smaller size and more finely punctured. The head is shorter and less produced

in front; the basal margin is more angulated in the middle, so that the posterior

angles of the eyes are farther from the margin. The facial impression of the

male is less distinct and there are only ten or eleven palal pegs.

During life the head is bent down rather more than is shown in the figure,

and seen from above appears much wider than its length; the eyes are wine red.

POROCORIXA HIRTIFRONS sp. nov.

é Head ochraceous, distinctly longer than its width at base between eyes,

shghtly shorter than the pronotum; a little produced in front of eyes; posterior

. 345. Porocorixa hirtifrons.

Tae RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

marein medianly angular; a longitudinal, interocular carina, dilated anteriorly,

with an indistinct line of punctures on each side and another bordering the inner

margin of each eye, curved inwards above an indentation next to each posterior

angele; face densely covered with long, yellow hairs; impression very large and

deep, broadly obovate, extending practically to the vertex and laterally almost

tonching the inner margins of the eves; eves directed moderately backwards,

projecting beyond the anterior pronotal angles; inner margins diverging above,.

parallel on the face. Pronotum ochraceous, posteriorly narrowly margined with

castaneous, clothed with a distinct, golden pubescence; about twice as broad

between humeral angles as medial length, narrower than the head; punctures

small, confluent, presenting an appearance of impressed, irregular lines; an

obsolete median carina; anterior margin rounded, very slightly medianly incised ;

posterior margin evenly rounded; lateral margins moderately short, a little

oblique; angles roundly obtuse. Hemelytra pale ochraceous, clothed with golden

hairs; punctures dark, small and more or less confluent ; inner margin of clavus

paler; claval suture and outer edge of corium narrowly margined with castaneous ;

embolium whitish. Underside and legs stramineous ; connexivum yellow; strigil(s)

dark brown, very large, nearly 0-5 mm. in length; suboval, with about twelve

rather irregular rows of striae; anterior tibiae stout, less than half as long as the

palae, which are long, narrowly faleate, widest near the base; claw long and

strong; twenty-five stridulatory pegs in a single row placed near, and following

the curve of, the lower margin, not extending to the base; pegs regularly deereas-

ing in length backwards, anteriorly triangular, pointed, thinner than, and about

twice as long as, the posterior ones, which are stout suboval and pointed; inter-

mediate tarsi a little more than half as long as tibiae, about as lone as-claws;

posterior tarsi wide, longer than tibiae; swimming hairs brown. Length, 8 mm.

9 Head a little shorter and wider; face slightly convex, densely clothed

with golden hairs, punctured. Posterior margin of pronotum more widely edged

with castaneous. Palae longer, narrower, and less curved. Length, 8 mm.

Hab. South Australia (Rev. A. P. Burgess); Central Australia: Cooper

Creek (type locality, J. G. Reuter); Queensland: Cunnamulla (H. Hardeastle).

Type, I. 15186.

The almost elliptical pronotum is furnished with longer and paler hairs, and

the strigil is very much larger, than in either of the two preceding species. <A

more elongate form and lghter colouration, the large, densely clothed facial

impression and the palae afford further distinguishing characters.

In.the single imperfect example from Queensland the pronotum is light

oliyaceous in colour,

HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA- 323

- MICRONECTA Kirkaldy.

Micronecta Wirk., Entomologist, 1897, p. 260.

Sigara Fabr., Ent. Syst., iv, 1794, p. 59 (part), and Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 104

(part).

Type, MW. minutissima Linnaeus.

The members of this cosmopolitan genus are all of small size; none is over

5 mm. in length, most are considerably smaller. The antennae are three-jointed

(fie. 346a), the face is convex in both sexes, and the asymmetry is to the right in

the male. Three species have been recorded from Australia by WNirkaldy, but

these have not been recognized amonest the material now dealt with. As I have

not had opportunity of examining the types, the author’s descriptions are quoted

verbatim. In this, or indeed any other group of small insects in which specific

differences are comparatively slight, it is advisable, if not absolutely necessary,

that descriptions should be accompanied by figures.

MICRONECTA BATILLA sp. nov.

é Head pale ochraceous, with a large, sub-cireular marking (of darker

colour anteriorly) which almost touches the eves and reaches just beyond the

vertex ; a dark orange median, longitudinal line; posterior margin darkly suffused

and with a black, central tubercle; long, prominent, much produced in front of

eyes, about one and one-half times as long as the pronotum, its length greater than

width at base between eyes, the inner margins of which are divergent, the inter-

ocular width anteriorly being greater than the length of the head. Pronotum

pale olive green, with a faint, smoky-brown, horizontal fascia, which is interrupted

in the middle and does not reach the lateral edges; almost elliptical, short, three

and one-half times as broad between humeral angles as medial length; rather

rugose, with irregular, transverse, punctured striae; lateral margins extremely

short. Secutellum pale olive green, transversely wrinkled. Hemelytra of lke

colour, apically pitchy, basally paler; densely punctured, costal margins pale

ig. 346. Muicronecta batilla.

324 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

with two dark streaks; clavus with pitchy, fasciate lines, sub-marginal to the

edges, widened and darkened basally, and in a lesser degree medianly and

apically ; claval suture black; corium with four somewhat interrupted, blackish

lines of varying thickness, lateral margin anteriorly pale ochraceous; apex of

membrane roundly angulate. Sternum ochraceous; underside of abdomen pitchy,

in parts ochraceous; legs pale ochraceous, in parts infuscated with orange; inter-

mediate claws a little shorter than tarsi, which are darker at the tips. Length,

2-75 mm. to 4-5 mm.

@ <A little more robust. Underside pale ochraceous. Hength, 3 mm. to

5 mm.

Hab. South Australia: Adelaide (H. M. Hale), Mount Lofty Ranges (type

locality, H. M. Hale, Driffield, J. Formby, and Dr. L. Richter), Myponga (R. F.

Kemp), Goolwa (A. Zietz), Yacka (A. H. Elston); Queensland: Gladstone

(A. M. Lea); New South Wales: Coolabah (W. W. Froggatt), Hay (A. M. Lea) ;

Victoria: Melbourne (Searle), Lake Hattah (J. E. Dixon). Type, I. 15187.

This species is variable in colour and in size, but in a series of specimens from

any one locality these characters are fairly constant. The pronotum is sometimes

smooth, and may be unicolorous or with faint indications of a transverse fascia ;

sometimes it is piceous, with the anterior and posterior edges and a longitudinal,

median line of light colour; in a few examples the posterior margin only is pale.

The base of the hemelytra is not always paler. Specimens from the Adelaide

plains are dark olivaceous-brown, with the orange marking on the head indistinct.

A single male from Queensland is fuscous with castaneous markings. Another

colour variety is castaneous above, with the hemelytral markings extremely faint

or absent, and the sutures and outer margin of the clavus narrowly edged with

castaneous.

In the figures of the male palae, the large flattened claw is shown in yarious

positions: this claw is hinged in a nick at the apex of the tarsus, and when folded

back rests in a depression on the upper side of the joint.

Life colours. In parts the colours of a freshly-killed specimen rapidly alter

as the insect dries; the life colouration of Adelaide specimens is as follows:

é Head pale, with a large, brownish-orange, sub-circular marking, within

which are two U-shaped, bluish-green markings; blackly suffused at base; face

cyaneous, paler centrally; eyes black. Pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra as

previously described. Sternum pale, in parts greenish; xyphus green ; underside

of abdomen pitchy, paler posteriorly and on lateral edges; legs testaceous, im

parts diaphanous; posterior half of intermediate femora sometimes pale blue.

@ Underside of abdomen bluish-green.

The male is easily distinguishable by the pitchy abdomen.

HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA 325

In autumn (April and May) of 1921 this species wos common in the Torrens

River at Adelaide, at which time the water was at a comparatively low level;

larvae and pupae (p), as well as imagos, were present in considerable numbers.

In August of the same year, when the river had again somewhat subsided after

the winter rains, hundreds of specimens were taken, all being fully adult. Mud

adhered plentifully to the backs of very many of them, and in one instance a

branched alga was attached to and growing profusely on the wing covers of the

living bug. Epiphytic diatoms were associated with the alga, which was deter-

mined by Mr. L. J. Millar as a species of Cladophora, which has also been taken

from the carapaces of Murray River tortoises. The presence of mud and lving

vegetation indicates that the insects are dormant during the winter. J. W.

Douglas(*) observed English Corirae in the spring besmeared with mud, and

suggests that the bugs are buried in the river-bed throughout the winter months.

If, however, they merely remained inactive and clinging to weeds and stones,

they would become similarly coated, for sediment would deposit evenly on the

head, pronotum, and hemelytra.

MICRONECTA ROBUSTA sp. nov.

é Head greenish ochraceous, with a longitudinal, median testaceous line ;

hinder margin darkened and with a central, dark brown tubercle; length little

more than half the width at base between eyes, rather shorter than the pronotun.

Pronotum dark greyish-brown; width between humeral angles much more than

twice medial length; shining, smooth, except for very faint transverse scratches ;

lateral margins a little oblique; angles obtuse. Scutellum testaceous. Hemelytra

ereyish-brown, paler at base, darkened apically; punctured; costal margins

ochraceous, with two linear, blackish markings; clavus with somewhat broken

Fie. 347. . Fig. 348. Fig. 349.

Micronecta robusta. Micronecta gracilis. Micronccta virgata.

(7) Douglas, Ent. Month. Ma

@., iii, 1866, p. 27.

5°)

326 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

fasctate markings, parallel to mareins ; claval suture edged with ochraceous;

corium with three or four more or less interrupted, dark, fasciate markings;

outer edge ochraceous; apex of membrane roundly angulate. Sternum and legs

ochraceous; underside of abdomen testaceous ; intermediate claws as long as tarsi.

Length, 3-75 mm. to + mm.

@ Larger and more robust. Head rather shorter and-wider ; face centrally

testaceous. Legs and underside wholly ochraceous or with posterior coxae

darkened. Length, +4 mm.

Hab. South Australia: Adelaide (type locality, H. M. Hale), Quorn (A. H.

Elston), Murray River (H. 8S. Cope and F. R. Zietz), Mount Lofty Ranges (J.

Formby); Western Australia: Mullewa (Miss J. F. May) ; New South Wales:

Coolabah (W. W. Froggatt). Type, I. 15188.

The head in drying sometimes assumes a more angularly rounded appearance

in front of the eyes; the longitudinal, median line may be darkened and diffused.

The pronotum may be unicolorous or posteriorly margined with ochraceous. — A

colour variety from Mylor, Mount Lofty Ranges, is pale ashen-grey, with brown

markings.

MICRONECTA GRACILIS sp. nov.

6 Head ochraceous, in parts darker; with a median, longitudinal, testaceous

marking; posterior margin suffused with fuscous and with a small, central

tubercle; rather long, well produced in front of eyes, about as long as the pro-

notum, almost as long as width at base between eyes, the inner margins of which

are divergent. Pronotum dark castaneous, the posterior margin narrowly edged

with paler; large, nearly twice as broad between humeral angles as medial length;

shining, almost smooth, with very faint, transverse scratches; lateral margins

short, oblique; angles sub-acute. Scutellum fuscous. Hemelytra pale fuscous,

paler basally and on the costal edge; the last-named with three linear brown

streaks; densely punctured; clavus with pale castaneous fasciate markings sub-

parallel to the margins; corium with four obscure, broken, longitudinal, dark

‘streaks. Underside ochraceous, in parts marked with fuscous; legs pale

ochraceous. Length, 3-5 mm. to 4 mm.

@ Underside ochraceous. Length, 3-5 mm. to +4 mm.

IIab. South Australia: Adelaide and Murray River (H. M. Hale), Quorn

(type locality), and Myponga (A. H. Elston), Mount Painter, Flinders Ranges

(H. G. Stokes); Queensland: Dalby (Mis. F. H. Hobler) ; New South Wales:

Tamworth (A. M. Lea); . Victoria: Melbourne and Wattle Park, Balwyn

(Searle), Coromby (J. G. O. Tepper). Type, I. 15189.

. HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA 327

‘Differs from other species here described in the more slender form and com-

paratively long pronotum; the hemelytral markings are always broken; the

pronotum is sometimes unicolorous.

Several examples from Cairns district, Queensland (A. M. Lea) are much

smaller in size, all being less than 3 mm. in length; these possibly represent a

local variety.

MICRONECTA ERATO Kirkaldy.

Micronecta erato Kirk., Ent. News (Philadelphia), xvi, 1905, p. 263.

‘“Head and underside pale stramineous. Pronotum pale sordid yellow, with

a broad ‘blackish brown median transverse stripe, which does not reach the

lateral margins. Tegmina sordid stramineous; clavus with two dark brown

narrow lines running parallel to interior and corial margins, uniting at the apex

of clavus. Corium with two elongate, suboval areas narrowly dark brown bor-

dered, and the exterior lateral margins also brownish black. Pronotum, seutellum,

and tegmina somewhat superficially punctured. Head rounded in front, longer

than the pronotum; lateral margins of pronotum obsolescent ; membrane apically

angulate. Leneth, about 3 mm. Australia: Victoria.’’

Type in author’s collection,

MICRONECTA VIRGATA sp. nov.

6 Head testaceous, posterior margin with a small, central, black tuberele ;

short and but little produced in front of eyes, about as long as the pronotum,

its length a little more than half the width at base between eyes, which are very

shghtly divergent. Pronotum dark brown, posteriorly narrowly margined

with ochraceous; shining, about three times as wide between humeral angles as

medial length; anterior margin sinuate; lateral margins short; angles obtuse.

Seutellum fuscous. Hemelytra testaceous, punctured, paler basally; costal mar-

gin with a linear black marking, interrupted in the middle; two distinet, pitechy-

brown fasciate lines sub-marginal to the inner and outer edges of the clavus and

four longitudinal ones on the corium; membrane with some dark spots. Under-

side and legs testaceous. Length, 3 mm. to 3-5 mm.

9 Head, underside, and legs ochraceous. Leneth, 3-5 mm. to + mm,

Hab. Queensland: Townsville (type locality, G. F. Hill), Cairns district

(Ae. lea). Type,I. 15190: :

The pronotum in some instances is not posteriorly margined with ochraceous.

MICRONECTA ANNAE Kirkaldy.

Micronecta annae Kirk., Ent. News (Philadelphia), xvi, 1905, p. 262.

‘“Head pallid, Pronotum dark fuscous brown, with darker transverse

328 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

median line. Teegmina fuscous brown (the margins of the areas narrowly

darker), somewhat superficially punctured. Head a little longer than the pro-

notum, rounded in front. Pronotum elongate elliptical, lateral margins very

short, much less than half the width of the posterior margin of an eye. Meso-

xyphus acutely triangular. Terminal segment of antenna elongate, somewhat

thickened. Intermediate femur equal in length to the tibiae, tarsus, and claw

together; tarsus one-half longer than a claw, which is equal in length to the

tibia. Subcostal furrow much as in M. vanduzeei. Length, 34 mm. Australia.”

Type in author’s collection.

val

MICRONECTA ANNAE Kirk., var. PALLIDA Kirk.

Micronecta annae Kirk., var. pallida Kirk., P.U.S., N.S. Wales, xxxii, 1908, p. 788.

‘“‘No transverse line on pronotum; tegmina with a pale castaneous basal

band. Hab. Q.: Kuranda (Aug.; Perkins).’’

The characters constituting the varietal diagnosis as given by the author are

variable in some other of the species examined by me; the distinction of a

‘variety ’’ on such foundation alone is somewhat doubtful.

MICRONECTA MICRA Kirkaldy.

Micronecta micra Wirk., P.L.8., N.S. Wales, xxx, 1908, p. 788.

‘*Pale brown, brownish-testaceous beneath; a pale castaneous band at the

base of the tegmina, lateral margins with one or two dark specks. Abdomen

above partly dark. Head well rounded in front of eyes, which are practically

contiguous with the corium. Pronotum very short, narrower than the head,

hind margin truncate. Length, 2 mill. Hab. Q.: Kuranda (Aug.; Perkins).”’

The main distinguishing feature of this small species appears to be the short,

narrow, and posteriorly truncated pronotum.

DIAPREPOCORIS Kirkaldy.

Diaprepocoris Kirk., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xx, 1897, p. 52.

Type, D. barycephala Wark.

This monotypic genus was founded upon female specimens. The palae,

Which are similar in both sexes, are ‘‘bisegmentate,’’ the terminal joint having

‘

the form of a strong claw. Kirkaldy remarks that the *‘second segment appears

to be a genuine second tarsal segment, not a single claw.’’ The abdominal seg-

ments of the male are. not disordered to the same extent as in other genera of

Corixidae, and the asymmetry is not evident on the underside. The antennae

are four-jointed (fig. 350a), and neither sex has a facial impression,

- HALE

Lo)

1S)

Na}

AQUATIC HEMIPTERA

DIAPREPOCORIS BARYCEPHALA Kirkaldy.

Diaprepocoris barycephala Kirk., Ann. Mag. Nats Hist (6); xx, US97; p...d0.

4 Head flavous or ochraceous, a black dot often present on each side; pro-

minent, produced in front of eyes and a little longer than its width at base

between eyes; hinder margin almost evenly concave, dark testaceous centrally ;

face convex, with a broad, median carina; inner margins of eyes sometimes nea rly

parallel, sometimes considerably divergent. Pronotum testaceous or brownish.

black, sometimes darkened posteriorly or anteriorly ; laterally and where covered

by head, pale; about four to six times as wide as long, finely rugose; anterior

margin sinuate. Scutellum black, laterally testaceous; or flavescent, varyingly

stained with testaceous or black; longer than wide, about as long as head and

pronotum together Hemelytra sordid yellow, in parts infuseated ; embolium

wholly luteous or black on inner half. Secutellum and hemelytra clothed with

short, black pubescence. — Posterior dorsal segments of abdomen slightly

asymmnetric, with a comparatively large stridulatory apparatus to the right of the

midline of the body (s); stridulator brownish-black, basally overlapped by the

. \n

Fig. 350. Diaprepocoris barycephala,

fifth segment ; stridulatory area black, situated on the sixth segment. Legs pale

testaceous or flavous; palae sub-lunate, second joint very short, sub-cylindrical,

slightly curved and tapering, rounded at the apex; anterior tibiae closely embrac-

ing base of palae; intermediate tibiae a little longer than tarsi; claws shorter.

Length, 7 mm. to 7-5 mm.

9 More robust than the male. Length, (6-2 mm.) to 5 mm,

Hab. South Australia: Adelaide (A. H. Elston and H. M. Hale), Lucindale

(B. A. Feuerheerdt), Lake Alexandrina and Goolwa (A. Zietz), Murray Bridge

(FP. R. Zietz); ‘‘ Victoria’ and **Tasmania’’ (British Museum).

The colour is variable, some specimens being pale, while in others the infus-

330 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

‘ation is so marked that the insects appear almost uniformly dull black’ above ;

the wing-covers are semi-transparent, and the dark appearance is largely due to

the nigrescent upper-surtace of the abdomen, jet black in mature adults. Some-

times the whole underside, including the coxae, is black, only the face and other

leg-joimts being yellow.

There seems to be little doubt that the abdominal attachments referred to

coustitute a stridulatory apparatus. There are two hard, chitinous parts, a

movable agent or stridulator, and a passive toothed area which is fixed to the

sixth segment. The base of the stridulator is much expanded and flattened,

forming a large lateral lobe. This is attached to the membrane beneath the fifth

segment, which more or less covers the lobe, but is not connected with it. The

free portion is almost straight, sub-cylindrical, and rounded apically; the right

side is somewhat flattened and furnished with long, blunt, and slightly eurved

pegs, as is also the sub-circular stridulatory area immediately opposite; in the

figure both surfaces are shown turned a little towards the observer.

It is not yet known. whether these parts are operated while the insect is

submerged or only when the wings are spread.

The smaller measurement of the female (6-2 mm.) is that given by Kirkaldy ;

the specimens examined by him may have included both sexes, but the male may

not have been recognized, as the ventral segments of the abdomen differ but

slightly.

An ABORIGINAL GIRDLE.

By EDGAR R. WAITE, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Director, S.A. Museum.

Plate v and Text fig. 351.

THE native girdle is the property of Mr. Norman Napier Birks, and I am

Northern

indebted to him for permission to describe it. It was obtained from

Queensland,’’ but further information is not available.

The girdle is 2590 mm. or 8} ft. in length, and probably encircled the waist

of a native three times. It is formed of the cocoons of a moth, strung on sinnet,

160 cocoons having been used. The cocoons are.characteristic of those of a moth

of the Family Bombycidae, and probably belong to a species of the genus Pinara;

Mr. Arthur M. Lea, our Entomologist, says that in the absence of the moth it is

not possible to more specifically identify the cocoon. As is usual with members

of the genus, the cocoons were built on to small twigs; on tearing them off a scar

has been left and, in some cases, a portion of the twig still adheres: in stringing

the cocoons the native has been careful to so pierce them that the sear or twig

faces sideways, the appearance from back or front of the girdle not therefore

being marred.

Fig. 351. Cocoons; natural size.

Each cocoon is about 40 mm. in length and 18 mm. in width; the open ends,

or those from which the moth has emerged, have heen squeezed, doubtless while

the cocoon was fresh, and it is to be noticed that the squeezing has in all eases

been done with the thumb or finger on the scar-bearing side; when strung,

therefore, the flattened opening lies across the axis of the girdle,

5 14 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

The cocoons are pierced with two holes from the scarred side close to each

end, the piercing having been done right through both walls. They are threaded

on two-ply sinnet, which is returned through the last cocoon without joming.

All the cocoons are strung facing the same cirection, or, as we might say, right

end up.

Each cocoon contains a half-thimble full of coarse gravel, and it is for the

retention of this that the open ends have been squeezed and the lips kept in

contact until the cocoons dried and hardened; how this was accomplished is not

apparent or known.

When the girdle is shaken the gravel rattles within the dried cocoons, and

there can be no doubt that it was worn in daneing.

Some of the cocoons are light grey in colour, others are brown, a distinetion

shown in the photograph (pl. v), which represents the entire girdle, the pinched

ends of the cocoons being upwards, Fig. 351 shows the last six cocoons with the

returning sinnet, the fifth last cocoon shows portion of the adherent twig.

Explanation of Plate v.

An aboriginal girdle from Northern Queensland, made of cocoons of a

Bombyeid moth.

Rec. S.A. MUSEUM MOD Eger CATE. Vi

AN ABORIGINAL GIRDLE

a -

; .

i _

‘> <

7, es

= 2

ag *

7 :

THe MARSUPIAL GENUS THALACOMYS.

A Review or THE RappitT-BANDICOOTS: WITH THE DESCRIPTION

oF A New SPECIES.

By FREDERIC WOOD JONES, D.Sc., Hon. Curator in ANTHROPOLOGY.

Text figs. 352-360.

THe rabbit bandicoots, rabbit rats, or native rabbits, constitute a very well-defined

and extremely interesting little group of the svndactylous polyprotodonts.

At the present time it cannot be said that any species is at all common; but

within the last twenty years certain of them have been quite abundant is suitable

country, even in the immediate proximity of such towns as Adelaide. Both to

the north and to the south of the city itself rabbit bandicoots lived in abundance

but little more than twenty years ago, but to-day the animal is completely

exterminated in practically all its old haunts. Pelts still come in small numbers

to the skin salerooms, but formerly the beautifully silky skins were regular items

in the markets of Adelaide.

Fig. 352. Thalacomys lagotis. Male specimen from Nalpa, South Australia, in the South

Australian Museum. About one-sixth natural size.

In South Australia the animals were usually known as ‘‘pinkies,’’? or in

some districts as “‘pintoes.’’ It is said that the name ‘‘pinkie’’ was given to the

members of the genus Thalacomys in allusion to the naked flesh-coloured snout ;

but the same name is also used to designate the Short-nosed Bandicoot (Isoodon

obesulus) in certain parts of South Australia. In the Centre, rabbit bandicoots

are usually known as ‘‘thulkas’’ or ‘‘talkies,’’ which is the white man’s rendering

334 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

of the name in general use among the Kukata blacks. Further into Western

Australia the name changes to ‘‘dalgheites,’’ ‘‘dalgites,’’ or ‘‘dulgites.’’? “All

these names are, however, somewhat local in their usage. The most general term,

by which the animals seem to have been known to the colonists in all the States,

is) pulpy

Unfortunately the rabbit bandicoots are not only rare animals to-day, but, as

is the case with so many forms that were common enough only twenty vears ago,

the amount of preserved material existing in Australian Museums is sadly

inadequate. To provide descriptions based on the examination of a thoroughly

satisfactory series of skins and skulls would be a very diffieult task for the worker

in Australia. In the modern study of Mammalogy it is becoming increasingly

important that the characters of a species should be determined from the

examination of a large number of individuals, the provenence of which individuals

should be precisely known. It eannot be said that the Australian Mammals,

even the commonest species, are represented in sufficiently lone series in

Australian institutions to make work, in keeping with modern requirements, at

all easv to carry out in Australia.

In some respects, therefore, this paper must be regarded as being merely

tentative, for I am fully aware that the material IT have been able to examine has

been too limited in amount to make my conclusions as absolute as is desirable in

sttidies of this kind. It is possible that the accumulation of further specimens

may invalidate some of the deductions here put forward; for the variability of

animals whose habitat is in the more central Australian regions is well recognized.

The variability in adult size of animals living in the Centre is a very remarkable

phenomenon, and some of the species of the genus Thalacomys have been

established largely upon the size of the animal. It has therefore been my aim to

sort out certain cranial features which serve to distinguish the known species,

and so avoid so far as possible attaching importance to features which are well

known to be unstable in the environment in which these animals live. In this

way it is hoped that the necessarily small amount of material examined is

compensated for, and meanwhile this paper may serve its purpose by providing

a basis for future workers by gathering together the descriptions of all the known

species within the compass of a single short article, and by providing figures of

the main features of their cranial architecture.

In general, the bionomics of all the species may be taken as being similar,

and in the following notes the individual species will not be differentiated unless

it is known that their habits differ in some respects. Observations on wild

specimens mostly relate to 7. sagitta; whilst those observed in captivity have

been 7. lagotis, and the new species 7. nigripes,

Woop JONES—THALACOMYS 3350

By the earlier colonists the bilby was not only regarded as an animal

against which the methods of the exterminator need not be employed, it was even

accorded a certain amount of protection and was, at times, kept as a pet about

the house. The tolerance with which it was regarded by people whose hands

may justly be said to have been against all animals was due to the faet that it

Fig. 353. Lateral views of skulls. (A) 7. lagotis, from Nalpa. (B) T. sagitta, S.A. Mus.,

No. M1622. (C) T. nigripes, from Ooldea. All natural size.

Was recognized early that, in the destruction of mice and insects, the rabbit

bandicoots were extremely useful creatures. Unfortunately, this regard for the

aniinals seems to have been forgotten by a later generation, and in more recent

days but little merey has been shown to them by any section of the community.

336 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

The diet of the bilby is commonly said to be ‘‘bulbous roots’’ (Krefft), ‘‘grass,

fruits, and insects’’ (Lydekker), but I doubt very much if any of the species is

at all given to eating roots, grass, or fruits. It is true that in distriets where

they live it is common to see little holes scratched around the roots of vegetation,

but it is very doubtful if these are made in order to obtain roots. It seems much

more likely that insects are the object of the search. In captivity I have been —

unable to persuade them to eat roots or fruit; but bread or cake, meat raw or

cooked, insects, snails, birds, and mice are all readily eaten. Those that I have

observed are far more carnivorous than any of the bandicoots (Isoodon or

Perameles) that | have had living in captivity.

The members of the genus Thalacomys differ from the rest of the Peramelidae

in their truly fossorial mode of life. Jsoodon and Perameles will both seratch

out shallow runways, but none of the species with which I am acquainted ever

excavates real burrows in which to live. Thalacomys, on the other hand, passes

most of its time in the depths of a burrow of its own making. These burrows are

still to be seen in some numbers in certain districts to the north of the Trans-

continental Railway from Port Augusta to Perth. The typical burrow, as it is

excavated in this district, is easily identified, not only by the track of the animal

and the characteristic mark made by its tail, but by the actual construction of

the burrow itself. Unlike many burrowing animals, it does not make an exit

and an entrance hole. The burrow has a single opening, and from the mouth it

descends with a fairly steep but ever-opening spiral to a depth of five feet or

more. The spiral construction seems to be universal, and the work involved in

digging out a burrow is very considerable, for the animal by no means always

selects those spots where the soil is loose, as Waterhouse affirms (p. 361).

According to Sir Baldwin Spencer, 7. minor differs from the other members of

the genus in that ‘‘during the winter months it les within a foot or so of the

entrance of its burrew and only uses the inner chamber during the summer’”

(p.9). TT. sagitta, T. nigripes, and 7’. lagotis seem to occupy the furthest recess

of the burrow at all times; and have to be dug out, whereas the blacks capture

T. minor by stamping in the burrow behind it. Not only does 7. sagitta spend

the whole day at the bottom of its burrow, but in the region to the south and

west of Lake Eyre, where alone I have field experience of it, it spends the whole

of the cold weather, for it never comes abroad in the evenings of the short but

sharp winter.

It is a feature not confined to the burrows of Thalacomys, for the homes of

many creatures which lve underground in the arid Centre show the same

characteristic—that, though maybe a barrow load of earth must have been

Woop JONES—THALACOMYS 337

removed in the excavation, the mound of débris at the entrance consists of no

more than a bucketful. :

By Krefft it is said not to be so ferocious as its large canines would lead one

to suspect. To a certain extent that is true, and the annaal can only be

described as an extremely inoffensive creature. Nevertheless, all those with

which I have had to deal have needed the exercise of considerable caution in their

handling. They bite readily and savagely when interfered with, and though the

bite may not be very severe, it is aggravated by the fact that the animal will not

readily let go, and inflicts multiple bites from a single hold. Bilbies are strictly

nocturnal, and come abroad at a later hour than any other marsupials that I have

observed. Those that I have had living in captivity (in a large open-air run)

have often been noticed to appear at dusk, but, after a hurried look round, to

retreat to bed again, and not reappear for an hour or so. They seem, however,

to have no objection to moonlight. During the daytime they sleep in a remarkable

posture. No bilby that I have observed

even including one that had lost a

hind leg in a rabbit trap—ever really lay down to sleep. The long ears are laid

back, and then folded forwards against the side of the head, so that the tips

come forward over the eyes, and alongside the snout. The animal then squats on

its hind legs, and tucks its long snout between its fore legs, so making itself into a

round silky ball, the tail being protruded straight behind it or flexed forwards

right underneath the body. When the animal wakes in the evening it often starts

its perambulation with one ear laid back and the other still doubled forwards in

the sleeping position. It is curious that, though the ears are kinked flat upon

themselves for the greater part of the time, there is no indication in them of a

crease or folding line where the flexure takes place.

In any gait the hind limbs move together. In slow progression the fore limbs

move alternately ; in more rapid movements they move in unison, but alternately

with the synchronously acting hind limbs. Waterhouse noted of one which

lived in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London that, ‘‘ when walking,

the hind legs only were used, and these were very widely separated. The tail

assisted slightly in supporting the body, which was but little raised in front’’

(p. 361). I cannot help thinking that this is an erroneous observation. It is

auite true that the hind legs are widely separated, and that the body is but little

_raised in front; but I do not think that the animal ever progresses on its hind

legs alone in true saltatory fashion.

It can make a good pace, though its progress always appears to be shuffling

and somewhat ungainly. Its greatest safeguard is its aptitude for digging itself

in, and the speed with which it can make for the shelter of its burrow.

In almost all published figures, and in most mounted specimens, the animal

338 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

is represented as standing far too high on its legs: such figures as Lydekker’s

Plate xx, and the mounted specimen photographed by Lucas and Le Souéf

(fig. p. 137), give very incorrect postures for the animal. Compare figs. 352

and 398.

Fig. 354. Basal views of skulls of 7. /agotis. Figure on the left from a male specimen from

Nalpa, South Australia. Figure on the right from Thomas, Cat. Brit. Mus., 1888,

pl. xxii, fig. 1. Natural size.

The toilet of the long silky hair is elaborate, and is performed, as usual, by

the syndactylous pedal digits, the manus being unemployed. An animal which

had suffered the loss of a hind leg made vigorous attempts to scratch itself with

the short stump, but never attempted to replace the office of the absent member

by the employment of its hands. The syndactylous digits, after being employed

for combing, are invariably cleansed by the teeth and tongue. The change of

pelage takes place twice a year, in September and in February, and is a prolonged

affair. The new coat first appears upon the head, and slowly spreads over the

shoulders and along the back. There is a very sharp line of division between the

Woop JONES—THALACOMYS , 339

old coat and the new, for the new hairs remain for a long while considerably

shorter than the old, and they are distinetly more warmly coloured, the old coat

appearing long and silvery, the new coat short and more fawn coloured.

The main guiding sense for food is olfactory, and, during daylight at least,

the power of vision seems to be by no means acute. A grasshopper, even though

it be actively moving, is detected in the daytime by scent before it is detected by

sight. When active in the dark the auditory sense is evidently very keen, and

although the animal will take no notice of a person who remains quite still, it will

detect a footfall with remarkable discrimination.

The animal appears to produce no vocal sound save an inspiratory hiss when

disturbed.

The reason for the rapid decrease in numbers of the bilbies is not obvious.

Certainly they have been ruthlessly slaughtered in all districts within reach of

the more settled areas. Their pelts have been marketed in large numbers for

profit, and they have been more wantonly killed for ‘‘sport Many have been

maimed or killed in rabbit traps, and possibly many have fallen victims to poison

baits. As with all the more defenceless marsupials, the introduced fox has

probably played its sinister part. But in the Centre, where the fox is still absent

or rare, it would seem that the extraordinary abundance of rabbits, and the

consequent shortage of breeding burrows, has been a very real factor, It may be

useless to plead for the preservation of the remnant of the bilbies, but at least it

is worth urging that the sale of their pelts should be totally prohibited.

THALACOMYS Blyth.

Macrotis Reid, Proce. Zool. Soe., 1836, p. 131.

Thalacomys Blyth, Cuv. Anim. Kingd., 1840, p. 104; Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat.

iste (1), v, 1900; p. 223: Elhot., Publ. Field. Col.’ Mus. Zook, vu, p. 10,

n90T.

Peragalia (Peragalea) Gray, 1843. By Thomas, Lydekker and Cabrera the

reference is given as Grey’s Australia, App. II, p. 401. Assuming’ this

reference applies to Grey’s ‘‘ Travels in North-West and Western Australha,”’

1841, it is incorrect, as there the animal is listed as Perameles lagotis. By

Cabrera the reference is also given for Macrotis, but no mention of this

synonym occurs in this work. The reference should be Gray, Hist. Mamm.

Brit. Mus., 1848, p. 96.

Type. Macrotis lagotis Reid.

The distinguishing characters of the genus may be summed up as follows:

General form light and delicate. Pelage remarkably long and silky. Muzzle

long and pointed, usually naked for a space upon its dorsal surface posterior to

340 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

the rhinarium. Rhinarium narrow; naked; grooved only slightly in its infra-

narial portion. Kars extremely long, naked, and membranous towards their

extremities; funnel-shaped with a tubular base, processus antehelicis dupheated.

Pouch opening downwards and slightly backwards. Nipples 8 (9 in the original

description of Reid). Manus with 5 digits, the Ist and 5th short and clawless;

the 2nd, 3rd,.and 4th well developed and armed with strong curved claws. Hind

limbs much longer than fore limbs. On the pes, the hallux is absent; the 2nd

and 38rd digits syndactylous; the 4th and 5th well developed, the 4th being by

far the largest. See fig. 360.

55. Basal view of skulls. Figure on the left 7. sagitta. Central figure T. minor (from

Spencer). Figure on the right 7. nigripes.

Digital formula of manus: 3 > 2>4> 5 > 1; palm granular, three small

interdigital tubercles at the bases of digits 2, 38, and 4.

Digital formula of pes: 4> 5> 2,3; sole hairy, with exception of heel, pad,

and terminal portions of digits. One large pad at base of digit 4. Tail long,

crested in its terminal portion.

Skull. Facial portion of skull abruptly contracted to snout region opposite

the 2nd premolar, Palate large, the yacuities usually conjoined. Bullae very

Woop JONES—THALACOMYS 34]

large and pyriform; mastoid inflation well developed. Dentition: 1%; Ci ;

P.M.% ; M+. Upper incisors broad and flat, 1> being close to I4. Canines

large and powerful. The last premolar distinctly smaller than the tooth imme-

diately in front of it. Molars square or rounded in section.

The genus appears to be obviously a specialized offshoot of the Australian

bandicoots, which themselves find their more primitive representatives among the

Papuan members of the genus Peroryctes.

THALACOMYS LAGOTIS ‘Reid.

Perameles (Macrotis) lagotis Reid, P.Z.S., 1836, p. 129.

Peragale lagotis Thomas, Cat. Mars. & Mon. Brit. Mus., 1888, p. 228, pl. xxii,

fig. 1; Flower & Lydek., Mamm., 1891, p. 148; Ogilby, Cat. Aust. Mamm.,

1892, p. 24; Lydek., Mars. & Mon., 1894, p. 182; Spencer, Horn. Exp., ii

1896, p. 17; Lucas & Le Souéf, Anim. of Aust., 1909, p. 187.

Thalacomys lagotis Elliot, Pub. Field Col. Mus., Zool., vii, 1907, p. 10; Cabrera,

Gen. Mamm. Mon. & Mars., 1919, p. 82.

The external characters as originally recorded by Reid (Proe. Zool. Soe.,

1836, p. 129) are as follows:

‘*Perameles lagotis. Per. griseus, capite, nucha, et dorso, castaneo lavatis;

buecis, lateribus colli, scapulis, lateribus, femoribus extus, caudaque ad basin,

palide castaneis; mento, gula, pectore, abdomine, extremitatibus intus anticeque,

antibrachiis postice, pedibus que supra albidi, antibrachiis externe pallide -gris-

eus, femoribus extis posticeque saturate plumbeis; cauda, pilis longis albe-

scentibus ad partem basalem, induta, dein pilis nigris tecta, parte apicali alba,

pilis longis supra ornata. Vellere longo molli. Cauda pilis rudis vestita; pilis

ad pedes brevissimus. Labio superiore, buccisque, mystacibus longis sparsis.

Auriculis longis, ovatis, intus nudis, extus pilis brevissimis brunneis, ad marginem,

albescentibus indutis, pilis ad bases eos plumbeis, apicalis albis aut castaneis,

illis in abdomine omnio albis. Marsupio ventrali magno, mammis novem, in

faciem posticum; quarum una centralis est, reliquis circumdata, intervalis

acqualibus, gyrumque facientibus, transversum tnciam cum quadrante red-

dentem.’’

The more extended descriptions that are given by Waterhouse and by

Thomas are in practical agreement on most points, and the general specific

characters of 7. lagotis may be summed up as follows:

External Characters. Size large, head and body length being 400 mm.

and upwards. General body colour fawn-grey, with ventral surface and inner

aspect of limbs white. <A faint indication of paler bands across the thigh is

present in some specimens. Manus white. Pes white above; dark below in

342 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

the posterior half, or rather more. ‘Tail with the black portion as lone as, or

longer than, the white portion.

Cranial Characters. Skull large; basal leneth 90 mm. or more. All

muscular ridges and crests extremely well marked. The posterior (molar)

portion of the palate distinctly rounded in outline; the molars arranged in

erescentic series. The posterior end of the palate extending well behind the

last molar teeth. The posterior palatine vacuities reach from about the central

point of the middle premolar to about the central point of the third molar.

The nasal bones extend backwards so that their posterior ends almost reach a line

joining the lachrymal foramina. See figs. 353, 354, 356, and 357.

Dental Characters. Molars large. Intervals between the ligual margins of

adjacent teeth very small. From the front of the canine to the back of M‘4 is a

distance of 42 mm. or more.

Distribution. The type specimen was described as coming from ‘‘ Van

Diemen’s Land,’’ but this was in error, the animal having been procured in

the Swan River district of Western Australia.

The species still exists in Western Australia.

In South Australia, though it was formerly abundant in the southern

portion of the State, it is now either extinct or on the verge of extinction.

Fig. 356. The posterior portion of the palate in (A) 7. sagitia, (B) T. lagotis, (C)

T. nigripes.

Recently, owing to the kindness of Mr. Heber Longman, I have had the

opportunity of examining a typical living specimen from Queensland.

It must not be imagined that 7. lagotis is the representative of the genus in

Western Australia, and that 7. sagitta is the representative in South Australia,

an impression which is rather easily gained from Thomas’s 1905 paper; for

Woop JONES—THALACOMYS 343

T. lagotis was the prevailing type in the southern portion of South Australia only

a comparatively short time ago. Thirty years ago it was usual for rabbit trappers

in the Southern districts to take more bilbies of this type than rabbits in their

traps. Of this race, one very fine mounted specimen,* some half-dozen skulls,

and a fully articulated skeleton are preserved in the South Australian Museum.

The Museum material is mostly from Nalpa, and this for the reason that the

country about Lake Alexandrina was the family property of the late Sir Edward

Stirling (at one time Director of the Museum). From Nalpa the animal has long

since disappeared. See fig. 352.

Dimensions in mm.

Brit. Mus. ad. @ Reid. ad. g stuffed.

stuffed, W.A. Type. Waterhouse. Nalpa, S.A.

fmendeand body .. .... .. 440 462 458 550

RM fs te aul ee be 254 244 260

EGmMORTOGL =. 2. sa negate, 298 dels 101 114

BemaOOD, 25 os eds a a ie 44 — —

oop 35 Ge ear amma acu 97 96 77

immarium to eyes... ... 61 (al -- 72

Dimensions of Skull.

Nalpa. Nalpa. Nalpa. Gilles Western Brit. Mus, Brit. Mus.

Plains. Aust. W.A. W.A.

Greatest length .. 114 114 1AOv se - “105 104 ae ie)

asa leneth..... 103 104 105 96 4 94 92

Zygomatic breadth 5) 56 DO oD 44 D0 42

Nasals, length .. 50 48 AT 49 47 47 46

Palate, length .. 64:5 66 66 64 62 61-5 61

eos fe ne . 4D 44 43 43 45 44 42-5

THALACOMYS SAGITTA Oldfield Thomas, 1905.

Thalacomys sagitta Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xvi, 1905, p. 426; Cabrera,

Gen. Mamm., Mon. & Mars., 1919, p. 82.

In his paper of 1905 Mr. Oldfield Thomas decided, on the receipt of a

specimen from Killalpaninna (wrongly spelled as Killalpanima), that the South

Australian animal was so considerably smaller than the West Australian one

that the two ought certainly to be separated. It may be pointed out that the

district around the old mission station of Killalpaninna, which lies in the arid

Lake Eyre basin of Cooper’s Creek, can hardly be taken as a typical South

* A large specimen, but indifferently mounted, many years ago.—T[Ed. }

344 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Australian habitat. It is, therefore, not at all unlikely that the animal which

was forwarded by Mr. Hillier does not represent the South Australian animal

when we consider South Australia as a whole. The type 7. sagitta should be

regarded as a northern form, one which lives in the region of the Lake Eyre

basin, probably from somewhere near Miller’s Creek, in the S. and W. to Cooper’s

Creek in the N. and E., and Charlotte Waters in the N. 7. lagotis is the form

which had for its habitat the more watered and more fertile districts of the

southern portion of South Australia. 7. sagitta is the representative of the genus

in the more arid central regions. Of the external characters, Oldfield Thomas

says: ‘‘ Externally, apart from the corresponding difference in size, there is little

to distinguish the two forms. On the whole 7’. sagitta is a little paler in tone,

the black band on the tail is slightly shorter, being shorter instead of longer than

the white end, and the feet are paler below, the black only extending about a third

of their length underneath the heel.’’

The general specific characters of 7. sagitta may be summed up as follows:

External Characters. Size medium, head and body length being about

300 mm. and upwards. General body colour as in T. lagotis, but a little paler.

Manus white. Pes white above; dark below in the posterior third only. Tail

with the black portion shorter than the white portion.

Cranial Characters. Skull fairly large; basal length 70 mm. or more.

Museular erests not very well developed. The posterior (molar) portion of

the palate only very slightly rounded in outline; the molars arranged in almost

straight rows, which diverge posteriorly. The posterior end of the palate

terminates at the last molar tooth. The posterior palatine vacuities reach trom

about the central point of the middle premolar to about the central point of the

second molar. The nasal bones extend backwards so that their posterior ends

come to within about 4 mm. of the line joining the lachrymal foramina. See

figs, B50, 30D. 500, and ‘aot.

Dental Characters. Molars relatively large. But little space between the

lingual margins of adjacent teeth. From the front of the canine to the back of

M? is a distance of 36 mm., or shghtly more.

Of 7. sagitta, Oldfield Thomas reports that there are five skulls in the British

Museum; a good example (No. M. 1622) is in the South Australian Museum, and

I have some others, all obtained from the dessicated remains of animals long dead

and. often fragmentary, at Miller’s Creek and at Coward Springs.

According to Mr. Hillier, the Diari name (Cooper’s Creek) is ‘Kapiiaae

and, as Oldfield Thomas points out, it is almost certainly the ‘‘Urgarta”’ of the

Charlotte Waters blacks. It is also probably the ‘‘Thulka’’ of the Kukata.

Woop JONES—THALACOMYS 3142)

Dimensions (measured in the flesh) by Mr. Hillier, who obtained the type

specimen). Adult male:

Mead and body ..... 316 mm. Pind foots sc oe Wcuane 91 mm.

ees et es eg yp ekOr am, arse tio ea hs 79 mm.

Dimensions of Skull.

Type. Coward, S.A. Mus.

FP. W. J. No. 1622.

Bmeatest length 2. 2... ee ae ae ee tees 85 — 82

TET hake ere ge ad tae tee 76:5 — 74

Bemepect breadth .. «©. -. 6... ++ e+ Oe es 38 30) 25)

Meee length .. 2. wn 6k ee ee He ee 40 37 38

Eijeslength =... 1. oe ee ee nt ee a0 49 50

Hront of C to back of M* .. .. .. .--- 36 36 37

—

—=>

Fig. 857. The posterior extension of the nasal bones in (A) T. lagotis, (B) T. sagitta,

THALACOMYS MINOR Baldwin Spencer, 1897.

Peragale minor Spencer, Proce. Roy. Soe. Vict., ix, 1897 (New Ser.), p. 6, 50) Bane,

fig. 1-4.

Thalacomys minor Cabrera, Gen. Mamm., 1919, p. 82.

The deseription of the external characters of the type is as follows:

“Size considerably smaller than 7’. lagotis. Fur very long, soft and silky ;

composed almost entirely of under-fur. General colour fawn-grey, but darker

than in 7. lagotis. Head long, muzzle narrow. Rhinarium naked at the tip of

the snout, but no backward prolongation of the naked part as in T. lagotis. Face

grey-brown, the under-fur of the face grey basally, then fawn coloured with a

dark tip, the longer hairs with a longer black tip. On the dorsal surface and

sides of the body the under-fur is black basally, then fawn coloured, The longer

346 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

hairs very little longer than the under-fur, with a black tip. The hairs of the

under-fur very often have a dark-brown tip. Chin and inner side of fore limbs

white, the rest of the limbs and under-surface grey, the fur with a dark-grey

basal part and white distal half. Hands white. Hind fect white above, hairy

beneath, the hairs on the posterior two-thirds black, the anterior third white.

Tail with the proximal two-thirds short haired. Along the dorsal line is a

sharply marked narrow band of dark hair, increasing in length distally. At

one-third of the length from the posterior end the black hairs stop abruptly, and

are succeeded by a dorsal series of white hairs, forming a distinct crest, the hairs

of which are proportionately shorter than in 7. lagotis. Sides and under-surface

of the tail with scanty stiff white hairs. Two small round pads at the base of the

fourth and fifth toes. A few long whisker-like hairs on the posterior side of the

fore limb, just above the wrist, the longest measuring about 40 mm. Mammae 8.

Two or three young ones apparently produced at one time.”’

Of T. minor IT have examined no specimen, and therefore rely wholly on

Spencer’s description. From this description the specific characters may be

summarized as follows:

External Characters. Size small, head and body length being 200 mm.

and upwards. General body colour as in T. lagotis, but somewhat darker.

Manus white. Pes white above; dark in the posterior two-thirds below. Tail

with the black portion longer than the white portion.

Cranial Characters. Skull small; basal length 60 mm. or more. Muscular

crests and ridges very feebly marked, the skull being light and delicate in build.

Posterior (molar) portion of the palate slightly rounded. Molars in slightly

curved rows. The posterior end of the palate extends well behind the last molar

tooth. Posterior palatine vacuities from about the central point of the middle

premolar to the second molar (in figure) or to the third molar (in description).

The nasal bones at their posterior ends fall short of the line joining the lachrymal

foramina by about 5mm. See figs. 355 and 357.

Dental Characters. Molars small. Considerable spaces between the

lingual margins of adjacent teeth. From the point of the canine to the back of

M? is a distance of 28 mm.

The type specimens came from the sandhills about forty miles to the north-

east of Charlotte Waters, in Northern Territory. The native name is ‘‘Urpila.’’

Dimensions.

Adult 9 Adult 9 Adult ¢ Adult 9 Adult -g

Head.and body /2;aeee Ao 200 245 240 270

AAD sy. wn tt eee 124 118 if! 152 160

AI ute hock eee fk 68 87 85 92

Muzzle to eye (44-0504: 31:5 31 37 39 41

Woop JONES—THALACOMYS 347

Dimensions of Skull.

Adult 4

Greatest length. ¢.0 .. 6 «. — Nasalsediene@ th: cutee aio oir: 32

merce hene th «236.0 oe ate acs 66 Palate lehetheye. 3.0 41

Zygomatic breadth .... .. 34 a ME eis fGen Oe rece 28

THALACOMYS NIGRIPES sp. nov.

The animal is almost the same size as 7. sagitta, and therefore smaller than

T. lagotis and larger than T. minor. In general colour it is much as 7. lagotis,

being darker and more fawn coloured immediately after the moult, and lighter

and more silvery immediately before it. The general body colour becomes darker

upon the dorsal surface towards the hind end of the body; the tips of the long

hairs of the posterior end of the body being black. At the immediate base of the

tail the dark hairs give way to rather bright fawn-coloured ones over a distance

of about 830 mm. The naked rhinarium is flesh coloured, grooved upon its labial

portion, and extending backwards dorsally for about 20 mm. Face fawn

SS \

S Sy \

i WW AY

Sh eG

: SN \ | \ i \ \ WIN \\ \ a A

ARCA

SX AW \\ \ Nt \\ Wil Mi

WA My |

S We

SS S_x“wiy

= Sy Y AN

Yiths oa ot

wood Tones:

Pig. 358. 7. mgripes. From a living male specimen. The terminal portion of the tail is

represented erect merely for compactness in reproduction. About one-third natural size.

coloured. The dorsal surface of the snout, immediately behind the naked

rhinarium, and as far back as the middle of the eye, is black. Fine black hairs

also surround the eye. Sides of the body more fawn coloured than the dorsal

surface. Chin, throat, and ventral surface pure white. The hair is directed

uniformly backwards on the body, save that there is a reversed gular tract, as in

the bandicoots. Fore limb dark as a whole upon its outer and dorsal aspects;

white on the inner and ventral side. The proximal (humeral) portion dark grey,

increasingly dark as it is traced downwards; the forearm, wrist, and dorsum of the

348 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

manus black. The black hairs stop abruptly over the metacarpus, the digits

themselves being white. Just above the wrist the white of the inner aspect of the

forearm trespasses on to the dorsal surface, making a prominent white patch,

about 15 mm. in diameter, on the lower part of the forearm. The hind limb

dark grey in the whole of its diameter in the tibial portion, save for a narrow strip

of white on the dorsal (anterior) aspect. From the ankle onwards the pes is

entirely black, both above and below, save for the presence of a few white hairs

over a space of about 5 mm. at the base of the nail of the elongated 4th digit.

The base of the tail is fawn coloured, the basal area being succeeded by a

portion, 75 mm. in length, clothed by coarse black hairs, followed by a terminal

portion, 85 mm. long, clothed with long, coarse, white hairs; the terminal dorsal

crest projecting another 40 mm.

A curious feature, which seems to have been overlooked in the description of

other species, is that the tail ends in a prominent horny process.

——s —

Woab Joves

Fig. 359. Tail of 7. nigripes, to show the terminal spur,

The ears are enormously long, the auricle consisting of two distinet portions,

a basal tubular portion clothed in the whole of its circumference with fawn-

coloured hairs, like those of the head and face; this portion measures about 25 mm.

along its anterior aspect. The terminal leaf-like portion is almost entirely naked,

extremely thin, dark-grey in colour, and shining. In the living animal the blood

vessels are conspicuous and, as in some of the bandicoots, the leaf-like portion of

the auricle is punctate with little circular pits about 1 mm. in diameter. The

naked portion of the ear is 90 mm. in length.

The eye is black. The mysticial vibrissae are arranged in five rows; the

upper and longer bristles being black, the lower and shorter ones white. The

longest measures 50 mm. ‘There are two black supraorbital vibrissae; the one is

long (45 mm.) and the other only about half that length. The genal “set is

represented by a tuft of six vibrissae, of which some are black and some are

- white; the longest measures 60 mm. The ulnar carpal set is well developed, and

consists of three or more strong white bristles, of which the longest is 40 mm.

Details of the pouch and nipples not known, as so far no female specimen

has been secured; presumably the condition is as in the other species.

The skull is, in its general characters, much as in 7. sagitta, but from that

form it is very readily distinguished in several details. . The muscular ridges are

Woop JONES—THALACOMYS 349

but ttle marked, the skull is hghtly built, and the muzzle is extremely elongated

and narrow. The posterior ends of the nasal bones are separated from the line

joining the two lachrymal foramina by an interval of 5 mm. The palate is

greatly elongated, and extends for a distance of 3 mm. behind the last molar

tooth. The posterior portion of the palate is somewhat rounded, the molars being

arranged in two slightly crescentic rows. The posterior palatine vacuities are

peculiarly small, and they extend from the mid point of the middle premolar only

to the anterior margin of the second molar. The small size of these vacuities

constitutes a very striking and very constant distinetion of the species. The

teeth are small, the molars in particular being considerably smaller than those of

T. sagitta. Considerable intervals exist between the adjacent lingual margins of

the individual molars.

The general specific characters of 7’. nigripes may therefore be summed up

as follows:

External Characters. Size fairly large, head and body length being

320 mm. and upwards. General colour much as in 7. lagotis. Manus black

above over the carpus and metacarpus, white over the digits. Pes black, both

above and below, a few white hairs on the base of the ungual phalanx -of the

fourth digit in some specimens. ‘Tail with the black portion shorter than the

white portion.

Cranial Characters. Skull fairly large; basal length between 70 and 80

mm., or very slightly more. Muscular crests not well developed. .The posterior

(molar) portion of the palate slightly rounded in outline; the molars arranged

in crescentic rows. The posterior end of the palate extends well behind the last

molar tooth. The posterior palatine vacuities reach from about the central

point of the middle premolar to the anterior edge of the second molar. The

nasal bones extend backwards so that their posterior ends fall short of the line

joining the two lachrymal foramina by an interval.of about 5mm. See figs. 353,

309, a06, and 357.

Dental Characters. The molars are small. Considerable intervals exist

between the lingual margins of adjacent teeth. From the front of the canine to

the back of M4 is a distance of some 35 mm., or shghtly more.

A spirit preserved male specimen is in the collection of the South Australian

Museum, and I have examined five others, all males. All the specimens have

come from a restricted area around Ooldea Soak, and I am indebted to Mr. A. G.

Bolam for all the material that I have been able to examine. The Museum

specimen was sent in by Mrs. Daisy M. Bates, and all the examples have been

captured by the aboriginals around the Soak. It is very much to be hoped that

further collecting will make it possible to examine a female specimen.

350 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

woop 3

Fig. 360. Left manus (twice natural size) and pes (natural size) of T. nigripes.

Dimensions (in the flesh).

Type g Adult g A. Young adult 6 B.

Head sand: hodi...£ 9) aa stneue yee OC) 365 320

RS RS on aN ee py) ae 200 220 210

Eling ootn, Wawa ee he ee ee 98 96 92

Hore -foot) Loe cco eee s.,* lee aes ie 29 29 29

Bele” Se Lay hk ea ake eon) 110-97 103-90

Rhinariun tocar. sour. 6.) an ae 126 125 125

Two measurements are given for the ear, the first being the dorsal and the

second the ventral dimension.

Woop JONES—-THALACOMYS 351

Dimensions of Skull.

Type’ @ Adult g A.

RC ARGS eletediley Dyed Ste he Oy 86-5 80

EMG MMs oe he WM ve EME uactinsle at 81 12:5

MBC AEST WCAC HE 5 ect aise Sele ec] ace eos 30 32

Peealsen Hemet so. (hho aye Aol Seka wed 40 33

s read Ghee ake a Nears oo ee ae, oe 8 7

MR CRGETO ORG} + ors ioe tye et. os) Rie. ae es) 28 8 13 12

Palate, length eee eater ete 50 48

mee Dreadii. outsi@e Me... 0... 104. 20 20

PoP Hreaguu. WiSIdee Ns, 2 6, 25... 12 12

ene TORaAmen. 4:2 Ss sake oe 10 10

Mes estas Sh Pc CUNS fh eee: 37 34-5

ere en ce tac oe ON ay os less 12

THALACOMYS LEUCURUS Oldfield Thomas, 1887.

Peragale leucura Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix, 1887, p. 397, and Cat.

Mars. & Mon. Brit. Mus., 1888, p. 225; Lydek., Mars. & Mon., 1894, p. 134;

Ogilby, Cat. Aust. Mamm., 1892, p. 23.

Thalacomys leucurus Cabrera, Gen. Mamm. Mon. & Mars., 1919, p. 82.

The full description of this species being in a standard work, the specific

characters will be given here only in summary.

External Characters. Size small, head and body length of type specimen

(young animal) being 142 mm. General body colour uniform pale yellowish

fawn. Manus white. Pes white. Tail white.

Cranial Characters. Skull small and delicate; basal length 45 mm.

Dental Characters. Molars small.

The type specimen, a very young male, was sent by Mr. Beazley, who was

at that time employed as taxidermist to the South Australian Museum, to Oldfield

Thomas. The precise locality from which the specimen came is not known, and

the example, so far as I can ascertain, remains unique.

Nevertheless I have definite information that a fawn-coloured rabbit bandi-

coot was well known to men who were in Western Australia in the comparatively

early gold mining days. Sir Baldwin Spencer, who has made repeated efforts to

procure further specimens, has hitherto failed to come across any trace of it.

Possibly it may yet be found in the vast region of the western portion of the

Centre.

Summary.

The individual characters as they are present in the different members of

the genus may be tabulated as follows:

352 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

(1) Length of head and body, 440-550 mm., T. lagotis.

. * > 320-390 mm., 7. mgripes.

* Ne if 316° mm., 7. sagitia.

s a A: 200-270 mm., 7. minor.

= i . 142 mm., 7. lewcurus.

(2) Manus. White in 7. lagotis, sagitta, minor, and leucurus.

" Black over carpus and metacarpus, white over digits, 7. nigripes.

(3) Pes. White above and below, 7. lewcurus.

_ White above; posterior 4 black below, 7. sagitta.

" White above; posterior 3 or more black below, T. lagotis.

is White above; posterior } black below, 7. minor.

; Black above and below, T. nigripes.

(4) Tail. Black portion as long as, or longer than, white portion, 7. lagotis,

T. minor.

- Black portion shorter than white portion, 7. sagitta, T. nigripes.

na White throughout, 7. leweurus.

(5) Skull. Basal length, 92-105 mm., T. lagotis.

a , 80-81 mm., 7. nigripes.

» ¢4-76-5 mm., T. sagitta.

* » 66 mm., 7. menor. .

: ; omit, dewcwars:

(6) Palate. Extending some. distance behind M?; distinctly rounded in its

posterior portion, 7’. lagotis.

Extending some distance behind M?; only shghtly rounded in its

posterior portion, 7. nigripes, T. minor.

Terminating at M?*; scarcely rounded in its posterior portion,

T. sagitta. :

(7) Posterior palatine vacuities from mid-point of middle premolar to mid-

point of M?, 7. lagotis.

5 To mid-point of M?, 7. sagitta, T. minor.

~ To anterior border of M*, 7. nigripes.

(8) Nasals. Extending back almost to the line joining the two lachrymal

foramina, 7. lagotis.

* Falling short of such a line by an interval of some 4-5 mm.,.

T. nigripes, T. sagitta, T. minor. :

(9) Distance from front of canine to back of M‘, 42-5-45 mm., T. lagotis.

és . - 36-37 mm., T. sagitta.

QA. 97 Wl ae *

ms A és 34-5-37 mm., T. nigripes.

ze si a 28 mm., 7. minor.

AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES’ or tur SUB-FAMILY

COPRIDES

By ARTHUR M. LEA, F.E.S., Enromotocisr, S.A. Museum

Plates vi—ix.

IN comparison with other parts of the world Australia has but few Coprides,

mostly below the average size of those occurring elsewhere; the largest species,

Aulacopris reichei, seldom reaching a body-length of an inch and a quarter.

This, however, is only to be expected considering the dearth of large indigenous

‘mammals. Dung beetles of several kinds have multiplied with the distribution

of the cow and ltorse, and many European species have been introduced,

especially in the Aphodiides and Staphylinidae.

Some of our genera are of exceptional interest, such as Macropocopris, species

of which live in the fur about the anal region of marsupials, and have developed

extremely powerful claws; one species, M. symbioticus, has been found in the

cloaca of a wallaby. Dr. J. F. INingworth informed me that Pedaria geminata

habitually uses, for its own voung, dung-balls formed by other species of Coprides.

The following is a list of the species previously recorded as occurring in

Australia, synonyms being printed in italics:

Actinophorus leei Shipp. Coptodactyla baileyi Blackb.

Aulacopris reichei White. acuticeps Felsche.

Canthonosoma castelnaui Har. (Cepha- duecalis Blackb.

lodesmius ). elabricollis Hope.

macleayi Har. (Cephalodesmius ). monstrosa F'elsche.

mastersi Macl. subaenea Har.

Homodesmius haroldi Sharp. — Epilissus globulus Macl.

planus Sharp (Homodesmius). meer Lansb.

Catharsius australiae Shipp. ustulatus Lansb.

tricornutus Felsche. Labroma horrens Sharp.

Cephalodesmius armiger Westw. Menthophilus tuberculatus

cornutus Macl. Waterh.

laticollis Pase. Macropocopris carmodensis Blackb.

minor Blackb. (Onthophagus ).

quadridens Macl. kinei Har (Onthophagus).

Copraecus hemisphaericus Guer. O. muticus Mael.

354 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

parvus Blanch (Onthophagus).

O. inermis Mae.

O. submuticus Blackb.

prehensilis Arrow.

symbioticus Arrow.

Minthophilus carinatus Reiche.

hollandiae Boi.

subsuleatus Sharp.

Monoplistes haroldi Lansb.

Onthophagus acuticeps Macl.

adelaidae Hope.

hostilis Har.

anisocerus Er.

cupreoviridis Blanch.

fuliginosus Er.

asper Macl.

patruelis Har.

atrox Har.

gquinquetuberculatus Mael.

palmerstoni Blackb.

pugnacior Blackb.

sloanei Blackb.

aureoviridanus Blackb.

auritus Er.

cereus Hope.

micans Sturm.

umbraculatus H. & J.

australis Guer.

capella Boi (nee Kirby).

bicornis Macel.

bipustulatus Fabr.

blackburni Shipp.

nitidior Blackb.

blackwoodensis Blackb.

capella Kirby.

captiosus Har.

carterl Blackb.

comperel Blackb.

consentaneus Har.

granulatus Mael.

conspicuus Macl.

bovilli Blackb., var.

cowleyi Blackb.

erotchi Har.

eruciger Macel.

euniculus Macl.

declivis Har.

desectus Macel., var.

devexus Macl.

discolor Hope.

dumbrelli Blackb.

dunningi Har.

emarginatus Macl.

erichsoni Hope.

evanidus Har.

fabricil Waterh.

ferox Har.

inaequalis De}.

mniszechi Har.

fissiceps Macl.

fitzroyensis Blackb.

fletcheri Blackb.

frenchi Blackb.

furcaticeps Masters.

_ froggatt: Macl.

furcatus Macel.

lobicollis Macl., var

gveelongensis Blackb.

olabratus Hope.

granulatus Boh.

granum Lansb.

haagi Har.

helmsi Blackb.

henleyensis Blackb.

humator Shipp.

humeralis Macl.

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 3

howitti Blackb.

incanus Macl.

incornutus Macl.

integriceps Macel.

jubatus Har.

duboulay: Waterh.

koebelei Blackb.

laminatus Macl.

cowley? Blackb.

pugnax Har.

latro Har.

leai Blackb.

lucidicollis Boh.

macleayi Blackb.

macrocephalus Iirby.

margaretensis Blackb.

mastersi Macl.

minuseculus Macl.

murehisoni Blackb.

mutatus Har.

hirculus Er.

muticus Macl.

nanus Waterh.

negatorius Blackb.

nodulifer Har.

divaricatus Macel.

ocelliger Har.

parallelicornis Macl.

pentacanthus Har.

quadridentatus Hope.

perpilosus Macl.

pexatus Har.

picipennis Hope.

planicollis Har.

pontilis Blackb.

posticus Er.

flavolineatus Blanch.

promptus Har.

pronus Kr.

propinquus Macel.

purpureicollis Macl.

quadripustulatus Fabr.

queenslandicus Blackb.

rubescens Macl.

rubicundulus Macel.

rubrimaculatus Mael.

decurio Lansb.

ruficapra Waterh.

rufosignatus Macl.

rogusus Kirby.

salebrosus Macl.

schmeltzi Har.

subocelliger Blackb.

sydneyensis Blackb.

tabellicornis Macl.

tamworthi Blackb.

thorey1 Har.

tweedensis Blackb.

victoriensis Blackb.

jungt Blackb.

vilis Har.

villosus Mael.

viridiobseurus Blanch.

walteri Mael.

zietzi_ Blackb.

Panelus bidentatus Wilson.

38,

pygmaeus Mael. (Temnoplectron).

arthuri Blackb.

Pedaria geminata Macl. (Aphodius).

Platyphymatia aeneopicea Waterh.

calearata Macl.

squalida Mael.

tuberculata Lansb.

Temnoplectron diversicolle Blackb.

laeve Waterh.

lucidum Macl.

occidentale Macel.

356 RECORDS OF THE S,A. MUSEUM

politulum Mael. hollandiae Fab.

rotundum Westw. novaehollandiae Boi.

tibiale Macl. piceus Hope.

Tesserodon angulatus Westw. variolosus Macel.

gestrol Lansb. Thyregis kershawi Blackb.

CANTHONOSOMA MACLEAYI Har. (Cephalodesmius), 1868.

Canthonosoma mastersi Macl., 1871.

Ilomodesmius haroldi Sharp, 1873.

Plate vi,: figs. 1, 2.

Macleay deseribed the front legs of Canthonosoma as without tarsi, and this

is the case with most of the specimens of C. mastersi before me, but this is

certainly due to wear or accident, as on one co-type the right tarsus is present, on

another both are present; the front tibiae often have the appearance as of being

worn down, and the projection on each side of the median notch of the clypeus

also diminishes in size with usage; on worn specimens the bronzy gloss disappears

and most of the setae of the upper-surface. Two specimens before me are from

Rockhampton, and agree with the description of Homodesmius haro'di, which I

can only regard as a synonym; the species, however, was first described as

Cephalodesmius macleayi.

CANTHONOSOMA CASTELNAUI Har. (Cephaiodesmius).

Plate vi, figs. 3, 4.

Two females from Pine Mountain (Queensland) were labelled in the Simson

collection as Cephalodesmius castelnawi, and apparently correctly so. Several

males from Capella (Queensland) differ from them in having the sides (epip-

leurae) of the elytra so compressed that from above each elytron appears to be

bounded by a strongly elevated and rather narrow ridge. The small shining

tubercles on the prothorax are more conspicuous than on the female, and the

metasternum has an obtuse tuberele in front.

CANTHONOSOMA PLANUM Sharp (Homodesmius).

This species(!) was not recorded in Masters’ Catalogue, and evidently also

(1)Sharp, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1873, p. 37.

belongs to Canthonosoma.

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 357

COPRAECUS HEMISPHAERICUS Guer.

Piacervin 32.00:

I have not seen the original description of this species, but the figure given

in Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom(*) shows two spines on each of the middle and hind

tibiae, although on figure 3a only one spine is shown; Reiche(*) described and

figured the tibiae as unispinose, and his figure is considerably narrower than that

of Westwood’s.(+) The species is a very rare one, and no locality, other than

‘* Australia,’’ has been noted for it; but there are now before me three specimens

varying in length from 13 to 16 mm., from East Kimberley and Broome. The

species may be readily distinguished by the elytra; each of these has six,

moderately elevated, shining interstices, with a row of setiferous punctures on

each side (but the setae appear to be easily abraded); the middle tibiae are

bispinose, the hind ones unispinose; on the male only there is a curved process at

the apex of the hind tibiae.

The species is probably congeneric with Canthonosoma macleayi, from which

the male differs in having the surface less opaque, elytral interstices shining, hind

tibiae with an apical hook, and metasternum non-tuberculate.

TESSERODON VARIOLOSUS Macl.

Two specimens from Groote Eylandt appear to represent a variety of this

species; they are smaller (4:5-4-75 mm.) than usual, and have the elytral inter-

stices slightly elevated posteriorly.

TESSERODON INTRICATUS sp. nov.

6 Black, antennae palpi and tarsi reddish, club flavous. Under-surface

and legs rather sparsely clothed, upper-surface with very short setae.

Head with crowded and fairly large asperate punctures. Clypeus with two

conspicuous median projections, and two smaller submedian ones, separated by

notches. Prothorax more than twice as wide as the median length, front angles

produced and rounded, hind ones obtuse; with crowded longitudinal punctures,

many of which are confluent. Elytra with sides rounded and evenly continuous

with those of prothorax, with narrow geminate striae, interstices wide, elevated

and shining in middle, with a row of large but shallow setiferous punctures on

each side. Metasternum with large squamose punctures, sparser in middle than

on sides. Front tibiae stout and strongly tridentate, hind ones rather thin, with

an inner apical hook. Length, 5-5-6 mm.

(2) London edition, 1832, xiv, pl. xlv, fig. 3.

(3) Reiche, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1842, p. 72, pl. v, fig. 2.

(4) Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. iv, pl. viii, fig. 3.

358 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

9 Differs in having the hind tibiae without an apical hook, and the teeth

of the front ones somewhat larger.

Hab. Northern Territory: Groote Eylandt (N. B. Tindale). Type, I. 15426.

Like 7. gestroi on a greatly reduced scale, but the prothoracic punctures are

narrower and the middle of each interstice more distinctly elevated; on T.

variolosus they are scarcely separately convex. The rows of setae on the elytra

are short, pale, and slope backwards.

MONOPLISTES.

The species here referred to Monoplistes in general resemble small specimens

of Temnoplectron, but have the claws unarmed, although somewhat thickened at

the base. They all have the middle and hind tibiae strongly curved, and each

with a long apical spur that at first glance appears to be part of the tibia itself.

The pygidium near its summit is traversed by a narrow deep line.

MONOPLISTES CURVIPES sp. nov.

6 Black, highly polished; antennae, palpi, and tarsi more or less reddish.

Head gently convex, with rather small punctures, becoming larger and

denser on sides; front with six acute teeth, the two median ones longer than

the others, and the notch between them deeper. Prothorax widely transverse,

front angles strongly produced and very acute, sides widely dilated to near

base, and then slightly narrowed to base, median line well defined near base,

but disappearing before middle; with a wide shallow sub-basal depression

near each side; punctures sparse and minute, but becoming larger and more

numerous, although not crowded on sides, a row of large ones at extreme base.

Elytra closely embracing prothorax, base strongly ineurved; with shghtly

impressed but distinet striae containing small, distant punctures. Flanks of

sterna with rather dense, asperate punctures. Front tibiae long, thin, strongly

curved, with two small and fairly large acute teeth; middle and hind tibiae

moderately curved and each with a long spur, continuing the curve. Length,

6-7-5 mm.

@ Differs in having the head smaller, prothorax longer, more evenly

convex, sides strongly but almost evenly rounded, sublateral foveae smaller

but deeper, front tibiae much shorter, less strongly curved, more dilated at

apex, notched on inner side near base, and the other tibiae shorter.

Hab. Queensland: Mulgrave and Little Mulgrave Rivers (H. Hacker),

Cairns district (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 3719.

There is a swelling near the base of each claw, but as it is not at all acute the

species was referred to Monoplistes rather than to Temnoplectron, to which at

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 359

first it appears to belong; the male resembles 7’. tibiale, but in that species the

elaws are acutely dentate and the tibial spurs are very different. On three

specimens the legs are entirely reddish, probably from immaturity. The sides of

the prothorax are more conspicuously dilated to near the base on one male than

on another, and are notably upturned before narrowing to the base.

MONOPLISTES PHANOPHILUS sp. nov.

Black, highly polished; antennae, palpi, and tarsi pale reddish.

Head slightly convex and with small and rather sparse punctures between

eyes, becoming larger and more numerous but scarcely crowded on sides; front

with six teeth, of which the median ones are fairly long, acute, and separated by

a deep notch, the others are much smaller and separated by shallow notches.

Prothorax about twice as wide as the median length, sides parallel on basal half,

then oblique to apex, where the angles are acute; with small and numerous but

not dense, sharply defined punctures, and a row of somewhat larger ones at base;

sublateral foveae vaguely defined. Elytra closely applied to prothorax, sides

gently rounded; with narrow striae, containing rather small, distant punctures;

interstices with very small punctures. Metasternum with large but shallow

subreticulate punctures on sides, minute ones in middle. Front femora

stout and moderately dentate; front tibiae rather strongly curved, dilated,

and with a strong tooth at outer apex and two small ones near it, distinctly

notched near inner base; other tibiae distinctly curved, and each with a long

terminal spur. Length, 5—5-25 mm.

Hab. Queensland: Gordonvale and Cairns, at hghts (Dr. J. F. [lingworth).

Type, I. 15429.

Smaller than M. curvipes, from the female of which it differs in the prothorax

with sides partly parallel, with somewhat larger punctures, and less distinct

sublateral foveae, and front tibiae with inner basal notch more conspicuous. Of

four specimens taken by Dr. Illingworth, two have the front tibiae somewhat

longer and thinner than the others, but not to such a striking extent as

on M. curvipes, so they are possibly all females. Two specimens from the

Simson collection from Bowen (Queensland) differ in having the pune-

tures on the head somewhat denser and coarser, and the punctures in the elytral

striae slightly larger. Another from the Northern Territory (from Dr. Bovill

in the Blackburn collection) has punctures on the head similar to those on the

Bowen specimens, but those in the elytral striae are smaller; the notch at the

inner base of its front tibiae is preceded by a conspicuous tubercle, that on the

other specimens appears more as the sudden termination of a ridge. This

specimen, by its number in Blackburn’s note-book, was doubtfully identified as

360 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

M. haroldi, but it is considerably larger than the type of that species (3 mm.)

and the head is not ‘‘sat fortiter granulato.’’

Var.? A. Fourteen specimens without locality labels (but probably from

the Northern Territory, and two of them bearing Blackburn’s No. 7279) have

punctures as in the Bowen specimens, but are less shining, and the elytra are

shagreened and opaque; if this condition is natural they probably represent an

undescribed species.

Var.? B. Six specimens similarly pinned to A (and two also bearing

Blackburn’s No. 7279) are structurally similar, but the elytra are not shagreened

or opaque; their sides, from front of head to tips of elytra, are obscurely reddish,

‘ but to a variable extent.

MONOPLISTES TROPICUS sp. nov.

Black, highly polished, legs obscurely reddish, antennae, palpi, and tarsi

paler, club infuseated.

Head gently convex and with minute punctures between eves, larger and

more numerous, but not crowded, ones on sides; front with six acute teeth, of

which the median ones are longer and more acute than the others. Prothorax

more than twice as wide as the median length, sides very narrowly margined,

admost parallel on basal two-thirds, then oblique to apex, where the angles are

shgntly produced but very acute; with minute but sharply defined punctures,

and a row of larger ones at base. Elytra closely applied to prothorax; with

narrow but well defined striae, containing small distant punctures, interstices

feebly separately convex, and with seareely visible punctures. Metasternum

with dense and rather large punctures on sides, becoming very minute in

middle. Front femora moderately dentate; front tibiae moderately curved,

apex dilated, with three acute outer teeth, the apical one much larger than the

others, notched near inner base; hind tibiae’ moderately curved, and each with

a long terminal spur. Length, 3-5-4 mm.

Hab. Queensland: Cairns district (F. P. Dodd and A. M. Lea). Type,

T. 15485.

A briefly oblong-elliptic species, smaller than M. phanophilus, and elytral

striae more deeply impressed, with the interstices feebly separately convex. The

larger specimen has much less acute tibial teeth than the type (which was taken

from a sticky seed of Pisonia brunoniana), but this may be due to abrasion. Two

specimens from Wyndham (J. Clark from W. Crawshaw) appear to belong to the

species, but have the punctures in the elytral striae slightly larger and closer

together, and the punctures on the interstices rather sharply defined, although

very minute.

GpA-—NUSTRALIAN (DUNG BEEREES 361

EPILISSUS USTULATUS Lansb.

Five specimens, from Cairns and the Little Mulgrave River, probably belong

to this species; four of them have the shoulders conspicuously paler than the

adjacent parts; of these four, two have the apical sides and epipleurae also pale,

of these two, one is mostly blackish, the other mostly castaneous; the fifth speci-

men has the entire upper-surface dark piceous-brown. They all differ from the

deseription, however, in having the club of the antennae partly infuseated, and

the front tibiae acutely bidentate outwardly, but there is a blunt tooth at the

inner apex. If correctly identified the species should be transferred to Panelus.

PANELUS BIDENTATUS Wilson.

Three specimens, taken from rotting leaves at Ourimbah and National Park

(New South Wales), and Mount Tambourine (Queensland), structurally agree

_ with the type, but they all differ somewhat in colour. On the National Park

specimen the pale humeral and subapical spots on each elytron are enlarged and

connected along the side; on the Ourimbah one the pale parts of each elytron are

further enlarged to cover most of the surface, leaving only a moderate infuscation

about the scutellum, the head and prothorax are also almost entirely pale; on the

Mount Tambourine specimen the prothorax and elytra are entirely dark.

PANELUS PISONIAE sp. nov.

Pale flavo-castaneous, highly polished, extreme base and suture of elytra very

narrowly black, club infuscated.

Head gently convex and with minute punctures between eyes, a subtriangular

projection on each side of a deep medioapical notch. Prothorax more than twice

as wide as the median length, sides on basal two-thirds subparallel, then oblique

to apex, where the angles are acute; punctures minute, but a row of slightly larger

ones at extreme base. Elytra closely applied to prothorax; striae faintly im-

pressed, interstices with minute punctures. Front tibiae bidentate externally,

the apical tooth larger than the other. Length, 2—2:5 mm.

Hab. Northern Queensland (Blackburn’s collection), Cairns district, taken

in abundance from sticky seeds of Pisonia brunomiana (F. P. Dodd). Type,

I. 15482.

The pale colour and feeble elytral striation at once distinguish this species

from P. pygmaeus; the persistently smaller size and paler colour from P.

bidentatus. On most specimens there appears to be a large infuscated spot near

the apex of each elytron, but this is entirely due to the apical fold of the wings

showing through. On most specimens the elytral striae are very feeble and

traceable only near base, but on some of the smaller ones they are fairly distinct,

and contain small, distant punctures.

362 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

LABROMA HORRENS Sharp.(°)

Menthophilus tuberculatus Waterh.(°).

Plate vi, fig. 6.

These names were founded: upon one species; apparently L. horrens has

precedence.

AULACOPRIS REICHEI White.

Plate vi, figs. 8, 9.

This is the largest, finest, and one of the rarest dung beetles in Australha.

Single specimens have been taken in Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria,

but Mr. Edgar R. Waite obtained two specimens in the Yessabah caves on the

Macleay River; they had formed sixteen bat-dung balls of the size of walnuts,

each containing a larva or pupa (in one instance an egg). After being exhibited

at a meeting of the Linnean Society of New South Wales(‘) some of them were

reared to maturity in the Australian Museum.

MERODONTUS CALCARATUS Macl.

Plate vi, fig. 11.

The small and narrow eyes of this species are shining and scarcely visibly

faceted, each is flat and surrounded by a shghtly elevated margin, so that it

appears to be slightly concave. The tooth on the hind femora is twice as large

on some specimens as on others.

COPTODACTYLA BAILEYI Blackb.

I concur with Blackburn’s opinion that C. baileyi is distinct from C.

glabricollis.

COPTODACTYLA DUCALIS Blackb.

C. acuticeps Felsche.

Plate vi, figs. 10, 11.

Felsche considered that C. ducalis also was a synonym of C. glabricollis;

only the female was known to Blackburn, but it is abundantly distinct from

glabricollis ; the male was described by Felsche himself as C. acuticeps.

(5)Sharp, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1873, p. 263.

(6)Waterhouse, Ent. Mo. Mag., Jan., 1874, p. 176.

(7)Proe. Linn. Soe. N. S. Wales, 1898, p. 803.

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 36

ONTHOPHAGUS.

Specimens of the Australian species of Onthophagus known to Blackburn

are before me, with the exception of O. bipustulatus, O. carmodensis, and O.

helmsi. 1 have earefully tried to follow his grouping of the species, but am

unable to do so, even his Group 1, consisting of a few large species, appears to be

searcely distinguishable, by the basal edging of the pronotum alone, from some

members of other groups, as many of these have the marginal edging even

throughout, although not so highly elevated as on those he referred to Group 1.

The species of Group 4+ might well be distributed between those of all groups,

except 1. The difference between a flat or feebly convex base and one very

faintly coneave is so slight that it can seldom be of much use, so that I follow

Arrow, who considered that ‘‘The supposed difference in the prothoracic margin

is illusory. Blackburn considered that tables based largely on male characters

are not desirable, but they have at least the advantage of enabling many species

to be quickly identified, thus serving at least one of the main uses of a table.

Probably had he used the facets of the eyes, for the primary divisions, the tables

would have been more satisfactory, even although they apparently alter on some

specimens on drying, their true nature is generally at once evident if they are

viewed from oblique directions; the clypeal suture could also have been used to a

greater extent, although with some species it varies sexually.

ONTHOPHAGUS AUSTRALIS Guer.

Plate vin, figs. 31-33.

The whole upper-surface of fresh specimens of this species has a curious

satiny gloss; the interocular horns and ridge of the male vary considerably.

ONTHOPHAGUS MASTERSI Macl.

Plate viii, figs. 34, 39.

In Blackburn’s table this species is separated from O. australis by being

“Black, not at all-metallic’’; but on the male the prothorax has sometimes an

obscure metallic-green gloss; structurally it is extremely close to some forms of

O. australis.

ONTHOPHAGUS MACROCEPHALUS Kirby.

Plate viii, figs. 36, 37.

The cephalic horn on the male of this species sometimes extends almost to the

elytra, but it is usually much shorter.

364 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

ONTHOPHAGUS LAMINATUS Macl.

Plate vu, figs. 12-20.

In commenting on O. quinquetuberculatus, Blackburn(*) considered the

name was probably a synonym of O. atrox. If Macleay rightly mated the speci-

mens standing as types (and this certainly appears to be the case), the male is a

specimen of the species Blackburn identified as O. atrox, with the punctures of the

prothorax less coarse than usual, and with its median prominence more produced

and narrower at the tip than usual; the head and elytra being in exact agreement.

The female agrees with specimens identified by Blackburn as O. pugnaz. .

As with many other species of the genus, the sexes may differ strongly, or

approach each other so closely that from external observation of the upper-

surface it is difficult to decide as to the sex of an individual. <A freshly matured

specimen is often much more polished than an old one, and with age the clothing

(Blackburn relied upon this in O. atrox) is apt to become abraded, tibial teeth,

and projections on the head (especially the front ones used for shovelling), and

prothorax to become blunted, ete.

I believe that but few of the names treated as distinet in Blackburn’s Group 2,

up to and inclusive of O. pugnacior, can be maintained, and that the character,

‘‘The basal gutter of the pronotum dilated hindward in the middle,’’ as against

‘‘not dilated hindward,’’ to be quite worthless; the differences there are slight,

only of degree, and lable to individual rather than specific variation, and the

other characters used are mostly of degree. Blackburn partly relied upon the

crenulations of the front tibiae of O. cowleyi as a useful distinguishing feature

from those of O. laminatus, but on two of the specimens he had as O. laminatus,

and bearing the same number (1424), one specimen has respectively eight and

nine on the front tibiae, and the other five and six; on:O. cowleyi they were noted

as six or seven. The punctures of the prothorax are decidedly variable, but the

elytra are always fine shagreened and with small scattered punctures; the striae

are also but little liable to variation.

From the specimens in the South Australian Museum, being those examined

by Blackburn, with the exception of a few specimens (only the type of O.

palmerstoni was known to him, but I have carefully examined his description of

that form), it appears probable that the synonymy is as follows:

laminatus, Macl., 1863 (pugnar, Har., 1868; cowleyi, Blackb., 1903).

atrox, Har., 1867 (quwinquetuberculatus, Mael., 1871; palmerston, Blackb.,

1903; sloanei, Blackb., 19038; pugnacior, Blackb., 1903).

With the distinet possibility that all the names should be regarded as

(8)Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust., 1903, p. 274.

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 365

synonymous, with laminatus (certainly not the most abundant form) having

priority. There are also many other forms before me that differ shghtly from the

various forms known to Blackburn, but it does not appear desirable to name

them, even as varieties.

ONTHOPHAGUS FURCATICEPS Masters.

O. furcatus Macl., n. pr.

O. froggatt: Macl.

O. lobicollas Macl., var.

Plate ix, figs. 61-63.

The types of O. furcaticeps and of O. froggatti differ slightly in colour, but

on placing them side by side a few years ago I could find no structural differences.

The female differs from the male in having the elypeus coarsely sculptured, the

inter-ocular carina elevated into a short wide triangle on each side, the prothorax

with a bilobed protuberance in front (very variable in size), on each, side of

which is a deep cavity, and the front tibiae shorter and stouter; the prothorax

has a gloss varying from greenish to purplish.

A specimen that was compared with the type of O. lobicollis and agreed well

with it has the apical segment of the abdomen not at all narrowed in its middle,

so is evidently a female(%) ; the remarkable development of the prothoracic pro-

cess appears to be an exaggeration of that of the female of O. fwreaticeps, of

which it should be regarded as a variety.

ONTHOPHAGUS WALTERI Macl.

Plate ix, figs. 64, 69.

On the female of this species the interocular ridge is gently convex through-

out, on the male it is elevated on each side near the eye and vanishes in the middle ;

the prothoracie processes vary in size on the male, and on the female have a

worn-down appearance. On the male the two apical segments of abdomen are

strongly narrowed to the middle, the apical one almost vanishing there.

ONTHOPHAGUS FISSICEPS Macl.

Plate vu, figs. 21), 22:

Six specimens from Wyndham (three of each sex) evidently belong to this

species, but they are all smaller (10-12 mm.) than the type (6 lines). The facets

of the eyes are distinct, and in Blackburn’s table the species would be referred to

(9) Arrow, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct.. 1920, p. 435.

366 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Group 3, near O. capella, although it is nearer to O. erichsoni, but the prothorax

has the median projections more divergent in the male, the punctures coarsely

rugose, the head with a strongly arched line between the eyes, and the clypeus

notched. The female differs from the male in having the carina between the eyes.

narrowly elevated and less curved, the space between it and the clypeal suture

with denser and larger punctures, the clypeus less notched, prothorax with

median projections replaced by a ridge (emarginate in its middle, somewhat as.

on O. pugnax), and the front tibiae much shorter. From the female of O.

erichsoni it differs in the coarser prothoracic and cephalic punctures, and by the

interocular ridge being less elevated in the middle. It is probable that the type

of O. integriceps (noted by Macleay as a male) is really a female of O. fissiceps.

ONTHOPHAGUS CUNICULUS Macl.

Plateax,sies: 66; 67.

The head and prothorax of this species are sometimes coppery-purple; the

metallic part of the head usually terminates at the clypeal suture in the female,

slightly bevond it in the male.

ONTHOPHAGUS CONSPICUUS Macl.

Plate viii, figs. 38, 39.

On an occasional specimen of this species the head and prothorax (except the

basal gutter) are of a bronzy-purple, and the elytra purplish-green.

ONTHOPHAGUS NODULIFER Har.

Plate viii, figs. 40, 41.

The males of this species vary greatly in the processes of the head and

prothorax. The various forms before me are as follows:

1. Cephalic horns thin, strongly curved, each distinctly longer than the

head is wide; clypeus almost evenly arched in front, prothoracic protuberance

beginning as a median carina and projecting forwards over a medio-apical cavity.

Var. divaricatus Macl. Gayndah (Queensland).

2. As 1, but prothoracie protuberance considerably reduced in size and blunt.

The typical form. Rockhampton (Queensland).

3. Cephalic horns much shorter and stouter, scarcely one-third as long as the

head is wide; elypeus with two feeble projections in front ; prothoracic protuber

ance an obtuse tubercle capping a slight hollow. Emerald (Queensland).

4. As 3, but elypeus evenly arched except for a slight incurvature in middle-

Northern Queensland.

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES S67

5. Interoeular ridge arched forwards, but its sides not elevated into horns or

tubercles, elypeus evenly arched, except that its middle is truncated ; prothoracie

protuberance very feeble, no depression in front of it. Bowen (Queensland).

6. As 5, but clypeus with two projections in front. Connexion Island

(Northern Territory) and Derby (North-western Australia).

All these forms have the eyes large, without distinet facets, clypeal carina

almost evenly arched backwards with the middle slightly elevated, prothorax with

shallow but not very small punctures, distinct on the feebly-armed specimens,

tending to obliteration on the strongly-armed ones, with margins distinct through-

out, and elytra shagreened and opaque.

ONTHOPHAGUS DUNNINGI Har.

Plate ix, figs. 68, 69.

A rare species, which appears to live solely in agarie fungi; the horns on the

head and prothorax of the male vary considerably in length.

ONTHOPHAGUS HAAGI Har.

Plate viii, fies. 42-44.

A very distinct species, but varies greatly in size; on the female the inter-

ocular ridge is sometimes moderately elevated and interrupted in middle, some-

times strongly elevated and almost even throughout, on others with a conspicuous

process (almost a horn) on each side of it; the horn on the head of the male

varies in length, but its summit is always distinetly bifid.

ONTHOPHAGUS FEROX Har.

Plate vii, figs 23, 24.

On some specimens of this species the cephalic horn is little more than a

short conical tubercle, on others it is much longer and rises well above the level of

the pronotum; the prothoracic horns also vary greatly in length and acuteness.

ONTHOPHAGUS PENTACANTHUS Har.

Plate vii, figs. 25, 26.

The median processes of the prothorax and the cephalic horn of this species

vary in much the same way as do those of O. feroz.

368 RECORDS OF THE. S.A. MUSEUM

ONTHOPHAGUS PROMPTUS Har.

The type of this species was almost certainly a female. Specimens of both

sexes were taken on Groote Eylandt, and others before me are from Darwin and

Cape York. The male differs from the female in haying the clypeus not trans-

versely vermiculate, but with fairly dense and rather shallow punctures, the

prothorax wider, somewhat retuse in front and apical segment of abdomen —

incurved to middle; the lateral margins of the prothorax are distinct, but the

base appears to be immarginate, unless separated from the elytra, when a very

feeble margin may be seen. The eyes are narrow and with distinct facets. In

general appearance the species resembles O. margaretensis on a large scale, but the

female differs from the type (a female) of that species in having the elypeus

truneated in front, the interocular ridge less abruptly elevated and somewhat

sinuous, prothorax with smaller punctures, and median line well defined on at

least the basal half, instead of but feebly defined and close to the base only.

ONTHOPHAGUS PLANICOLLIS Har.

Plate ix, fig. 70.

A specimen from Moa or Banks Island (near the original locality, Somerset)

evidently belongs to this species, as its elytra have the alternate interstices

“elevated and with rows of granules, but these granules and the large punctures

on the head and prothorax are each supplied with a stiff upright seta; no setae

were mentioned in the description before me (a written copy of the original one),

so that probably the type was abraded.

ONTHOPHAGUS ANISOCERUS Er.

O. fuliginosus Er.

Plate vill, figs. 45-47.

In his table Blackburn separated these forms by the crenulations of the

‘elytra, ‘‘distinetly punctiform’’.in O. anisocerus and ‘‘not punctiform’’ in O.

fuliginosus, but the specimens from his collection (now in the South Australian

Museum) do not warrant specific separation. Erichson apparently relied upon

the differences in colour and in the cephalic horns, but these are all variable, the

lateral horns are twice as long on some Tasmanian specimens as on others, and

the median process varies from feebly elevated and scarcely double to strongly

elevated and conspicuously bifid, so that I cannot regard O. fuliginosus as deserv-

ing even of a varietal name. Two males, from the Queensland National Park, have

the lateral horns longer than usual, with the median process in the form of a

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 369

Jong-based Y; another male, taken with them, has the process represented by a

feeble node only.

ONTHOPHAGUS PRONUS Er.

Plate vu, fig. 27.

This species varies considerably in size. On some males the prothoracic

horn projects beyond the head, on others it terminates short of the clypeus.

ONTHOPHAGUS TWEEDENSIS Blackb.

Plate viii, figs. 48, 49.

Of three males of this species before me (from Stradbroke Island) each has

the elevation between the cephalic horns trilobed and the suture greenish. The

female (three from Stradbroke Island and one from Bribie Island) differs from

the male in having denser and coarser punctures on the head, no horns between

the eyes, but a feeble ridge curved backwards, the prothorax with coarser punc-

tures and scarcely retuse in front, and the front tibiae shorter, with stouter teeth.

ONTHOPHAGUS HENLEYENSIS Blackb.

A specimen from Yilgarn, unfortunately without antennae or tarsi, possibly

belongs to this species, but differs from some typical specimens in having the

prothorax conspicuously greenish, less convex, with smaller punctures and a

distinct medio-apical depression.

ONTHOPHAGUS BOVILLI Blackb.

Plate viii, fig. 50.

The type of O. bovilli has the apical segment of abdomen not at all narrowed

in the middle, so it is a female, as suspected by Blackburn; it is much less metallic

than is usual in O. conspicuus, but both sexes of that species vary considerably in

colours and structure, and I can only regard the type in question as a rather

dingy female of it.

ONTHOPHAGUS VICTORIENSIS Blackb.

O. jungi Blackb.

Plate. vin, figs. 51, 52.

The type of O. victoriensis is represented in the South Australian Museum by

a fragment (its head and prothorax are missing). It belongs to the species

subsequently named O. jungi, and of which Mr. J. C. Goudie mounted sexes on

one card from Birchip, Victoria.

370 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

ONTHOPHAGUS TAMWORTHI Blackb.

Of this species two specimens, sexes, were known to Blackburn. The male is

now in the British Museum, but the female is before me; they were both badly

abraded and dull, and were described as ‘‘supra glaber . . . . minus mtidus,

coriaceus.’’ Two specimens from Collarenebri (New South Wales) quite

evidently belong to the species: they have the prothorax shining and the upper-

surface conspicuously clothed; on the prothorax the hairs are erect, fairly dense,

and in parts almost as long as the distance between the cephalic carinae, but they

are absent from the slightly depressed median space; there are fairly numerous

hairs on the head, except behind the interocular ridge (the ridge on the male,

as viewed from behind, appears to be moderately arched forwards, and rather

acutely and evenly elevated) ; on the elytra the hairs are sparser and less erect,

and from behind appear in two regular rows on each interstice. The male, from

Collarenebri, is 6 mm., the female 5 mm.; the female has an obscure purplish gloss,

instead of an obscure greenish one.

ONTHOPHAGUS LEAT Blackb.

Plate vu, figs. 28, 29.

The interocular ridge on this species varies considerably ; it is usually about

two or three times as wide as high, with the top even, but the middle of the ridge

is often triangularly elevated; on one specimen from Bathurst (New South

Wales) the ridge is much higher than usual, with its summit conspicuously trifid.

The prothoracic horns project forward much as on QO. ferox, but are wider

and flatter. Specimens are often attracted to lights.

ONTHOPHAGUS COMPEREI Blackb.

Plate viii, figs. 538-56.

The cephalic horns on the males of this species vary considerably in size: on

some they are subconical, rather short, and almost simple; on one specimen they

are long, curve inwards at the summit, and are slightly dentate, both mternally

and externally.

ONTHOPHAGUS HOPLOCERUS sp. nov.

Plate viii, figs. 57, 58.

é Black, antennae and tarsi reddish, elub paler. Under-surface and legs:

with rusty-red hairs.

Head wide, sides behind clypeal suture slightly dilated, and then strongly

narrowed to base; two rather narrow and almost vertical horns between eyes,

—

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES Sil

each horn near an eye and with a strong tooth at its inner basal third, between

the two horns a rather narrow notched elevation, slightly higher than the teeth

of the horns; between the horns and the clypeal suture with sparse and small

punctures, elsewhere with dense and fairly coarse ones. Clypeus moderately

elevated and almost truncated in front, thence strongly dilated and with a slight

incurvature to near base, the sides for a short basal space almost parallel, suture

earinatgd and trisinuate, the median sinus wider than the others combined. Eyes

very narrow, with distinct facets. Prothorax wide, front portion retuse, with a

slight median swelling; with fairly large, dense, and sharply defined punctures,

smaller and sparser on parts of the retuse portion than elsewhere, sides consider-

ably dilated near middle, where they are wider than elytra, front angles

moderately acute, hind ones widely rounded off, margins narrow and distinct

throughout ; lateral foveae rather large and with distinet punctures; median line

shallow, but distinct on basal half. Elytra shagreened and opaque; striae very

narrow, shining, and with distant punctures; interstices with small, subobsolete

punctures, becoming larger but still shallow on sides. Pygidium with sharply

defined punctures, slightly smaller than on prothorax. Metasternum with large

and small irregularly distributed punctures. Length, 10-5-11-5 mm.

@ Differs in having the head smaller, with the sides from the widest part

(level with the front of the eyes) obliquely decreasing, with a slightly rounded

outline to the front of the clypeus, which is much less elevated, the punctures on’

the clypeus are coarser and mostly confluent, the space between it and the inter-

ocular ridge has coarse and dense punctures, and the ridge is shining, almost

impunctate, and but feebly elevated ; the prothorax is less dilated on the sides and

searcely retuse in front, the elytra are less opaque, and with larger punctures,

and the front legs are shorter, with wider tibiae and stouter teeth.

Hab. Victoria: Alps (H. W. Davey). Type, I. 15394.

Readily distinguished from all other species known to me, except O. comperei

and 0. victoriensis, by the horn near each eye of the male being compound; on

some males of the former species the horn is dentate outwardly as well as

inwardly, and its head is without the conspicuous notched median process; on the

male of the latter species there is a small conical projection between the horns,

the elypeus is deeply notched in front, and the elytra are very different. The head

of.the male, at first glance, has a curiously angular appearance, almost octagonal.

In describing the shape of the eyes of this and other species their upper surface

is referred to; the lower parts of all the species I have examined are large and

convex, more or less globular.

Mr. F. E. Wilson has recently taken (at Lakes Entrance, Victoria) three

specimens that appear to belong to the species; a female agrees perfectly with

372 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

one taken by Mr. Davey, but two males have the horns greatly reduced in size, still

nearer vertical, and with the tooth on each smaller, although quite distinet; the

median elevation is reduced to appear as two almost equilaterally triangular

processes joined at the base, rather than a single bifid elevation.

ONTHOPHAGUS MAMILLATUS sp. nov.

é Black, subopaque; antennae, palpi, and tarsi dull reddish, elub paler.

Under-surface and legs with more or less rusty-red hair.

Head rather large, sides behind e¢lypeal suture slightly dilated and then

strongly narrowed; interocular ridge narrow and with three small prominences,

of which the median one is the largest; between the ridge and the elypeal suture

polished and with smaller punctures than elsewhere. Clypeus with sides strongly

narrowed and shgehtly imcurved from base to apex, which is gently rounded and

strongly upcurved; hind suture carinated, the median portion straight and wider

than the combined width of the sides; with fairly dense and sharply defined pune-

tures at apex and sides separated by vermiculate ridges. Eyes rather narrow,

facets fairly distinct. Prothorax rather large, front portion retuse ; with two fairly

acute processes rather close together at apical third, a shallow median line from

between them to base; sides strongly dilated, front angles obtusely pointed, hind

ones very wide; margins and marginal gutter distinct throughout, but enfeebled

about hind angles; punctures rather sharply defined only about lateral foveae,

where they are of moderate size, elsewhere although not minute they are very

ill-defined, and completely vanish in some parts. Elytra shagreened, with small

and indistinct punctures; striae very narrow, shining, and with distant punctures.

Pygidium shagreened, and with rather feebly defined punctures. Metasternum

with dense, asperate punctures on sides, becoming sparser and more sharply

defined about middle. Apical segment of abdomen strongly narrowed to middle.

Length, 10-13 mm.

@ Differs in having the head smaller, with the sides narrowed from nearer

the base, clypeus with vermiculate ridges throughout (except on the elevated

margins), prothoracie tubercles smaller, apical segment of abdomen very slightly

narrowed in middle, and front tibiae slightly shorter, with wider teeth.

Hab. Queensland: Mount Tambourine (H. Hacker, H. Pottinger, and

A.M: Lea). Type, I. 3750,

The prothoracie processes of the two males appear rather acute from above,

but from the sides they are seen to be flattened, with the front edge almost vertical ;

when seer from behind each appears to overhang a space halfway between the

median elevation of the interocular ridge, and one of the side ones. Of seven

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES S/S;

females, two large ones have the prothoracic tubercles as large as on the males,

although more obtuse, five small ones have them smaller and more obtuse; the

large females also have the interocular elevations longer and more acute than on

the males, the median one appearing as a short horn about half the length of the

elypeus. The two large females have the appearance, in comparison with all the

others, of being males, but the shape of the apical segment of the abdomen

renders it certain that they are females, and that the two smaller ones are males.

The elytra are somewhat as on O. macrocephalus, O. declivis, and O. schmeltzi,

but the head and prothorax are very different from those of those species, or of

any other before me.

ONTHOPHAGUS ANCHOMMATUS sp. nov.

Platedx, fie. 72.

é Black, shining, parts of head and of legs obscurely reddish, antennae,

palpi and tarsi paler, club and several of the preceding joints flavous. Under-

surface and legs with hairs varying from almost white to rusty-red.

, Head with rather sparse but sharply defined punctures on basal half, inter-

ocular ridge narrowly elevated in middle, each side elevated into a rather wide

subtriangular horn. Clypeus with suture strongly trisinuate, the median sinus

strongly carinated, arched forwards, and wider than the others combined, sides

in front of suture subparallel for a short distance, then strongly incurved to

apex, which is gently rounded and strongly elevated; punctures rather sparse in

middie and more numerous on sides. Eyes very narrow and with distinct facets.

Prothorax shghtly wider than elytra, a wide median process, widely triangular

in front, overhanging head, a vague median Jine on basal half; apex and sides

narrowly margined, base depressed and immarginate; punctures dense, rather

large, and sharply defined, densest of all on apex of process. Elytra with narrow

striae, interstices moderately convex and with fairly large sharply defined pune-

tures, denser on sides than elsewhere. Metasternum with fairly large and dense

punctures on sides, becoming sparser and mixed with small ones in middle.

Apical segment of abdomen very narrow in middle; pygidium with large, crowded

punctures. Length, 7-5-8:-5 mm.

@ Differs in having the head smaller, the interocular ridge with a wide

triangular elevation in middle, as well as with short lateral horns; elypeus

smaller, apex less strongly upturned (although more strongly than is usual in

females of the genus), with dense punctures, mostly transversely confluent (or '

vermiculate) ; prothorax with median process almost straight in front, not over-

hanging head, and narrowed to its base, apical segment of abdomen scarcely

narrowed in middle, and front tibiae shorter and wider with wider teeth.

374 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Hab. Queensland: Brisbane, in November and January (H. Hacker).

Type, in Queensland Museum; cotype, I. 15400, in South Australian Museum.

An isolated species, at first glance approaching OQ. latro, but head and

prothorax very different. The clypeus of the male is so strongly elevated in

front than if the elevated part were bent backwards it would touch the middle of

the suture. The cotype male has the medio-apical process of the prothorax

intermediate in shape between that of the type male and its female.

ONTHOPHAGUS TRICAVICOLLIS sp. nov.

Plate ix, figs. 73, 74.

é Black, shining; head, except elypeus, and prothorax, except projecting

parts, coppery-green ; antennae, palpi, and tarsi obscurely reddish; club and some

of the preceding joints flavous. Under-surface and legs with more or less rusty-

red hair.

Head rather large, sides angularly dilated in middle, between clypeal suture

and interocular ridge, with small and sparse, but sharply defined punctures,

becoming larger on sides, behind the ridge almost impunctate; ridge narrow, near’

each eye briefly subtriangularly elevated. Clypeus with suture carinated and

very feebly sinuous, sides strongly obliquely narrowed to apex, which is strongly

elevated and almost truncated; with sparse and minute punctures in middle,

becoming larger and more numerous but not dense on sides. Eyes rather narrow

and with distinct facets. Prothorax large, distinctly wider than head; a

large trilobed mass in front, the lobes rounded on their upper parts, almost

vertical in front, and not at all greenish; a large excavation between them and

each side, the excavation with an overhanging subconical tubercle near the lateral

fovea, which opens in front into the excavation; front angles distinctly produced

but truncated ; sides narrowly margined and with a narrow gutter, base almost

immarginate; median line very feeble; with fairly numerous and rather feeble

punctures, more sharply defined about the lateral foveae than elsewhere, and

absent from most of the excavated parts. Elytra with narrow striae, interstices

moderately convex, with fairly numerous and small but distinct punctures.

Metasternum opaque and with fairly dense punctures, except in middle, which is

shining and with a few large and some very small ones. Three apical segments

of abdomen narrowed in middle; pygidium subopaque and with irregular pune-

tures. Front tibiae long. Length, 9-12 mm.

9 Differs in having the head smaller, less dilated in middle, imterocular

ridge evenly elevated throughout, many distinct but small punctures behind it,

elypeus smaller, less elevated in front, and closely transversely vermiculate ;

prothorax with four small dark tubercles at summit of the frontal slope, the two

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES SS,

median ones more distant from each other than from the others, the space

between them and the apex scarcely depressed, but slightly excavated in front

between them and the others, the excavated parts almost impunctate, elsewhere

with more distinct punctures than on the male; apical segment of abdomen

searcely narrowed in middle and front tibiae considerably shorter, with wider

teeth.

Hab. Queensland: Coen River (W. D. Dodd), Mulgrave River (H.

Hacker), Cairns (A. M. Lea), Bowen (Aug. Simson). Type, I. 3775.

In many respects like O. conspicuus, but the elytra are not at all metallic and

not smoothly shagreened ; on the male the clypeus is much less notched in front

than on that species, the median projections of the prothorax look very different

from in front, the front angles are truncated, and the front legs are considerably

longer. The middle of the metasternum usually has a distinct greenish gloss, and

there is usually a faint greenish gloss on the abdomen and legs. The clypeal

suture, when seen directly from above, appears almost straight throughout. In

addition to the fairly sharp punctures on the elytra, there are others more or less

obliquely conjoined, giving the appearance of briefly oblique strigosities. One

male has the prothorax with rather larger punctures than usual, and with a small

fovea near the middle of its base, its clypeal suture is also more distinctly sinuous

than on the other males, although it is not trisinuate. On females in good con-

dition the interocular and clypeal ridges have a golden gloss.

ONTHOPHAGUS BICAVICOLLIS sp. nov.

Plate viii, fig. 59.

$ Black; head (except front of clypeus) and prothorax bright metallic

green, some of the elevated parts coppery; elytra and pygidium purplish, in some

lights greenish, parts of legs obscurely diluted with red, antennae flavous;

pygidium and under-surface sparsely clothed, upper-surface glabrous.

Head strongly dilated in front of eyes; with fairly large and dense (some-

times confluent) punctures between clypeal suture and interocular ridge, the

ridge feebly elevated and strongly arched forwards, behind it with rather sparse

and small punctures. Clypeus with suture carinated throughout, the carina

oblique on sides, the median part four times as wide as each of the lateral parts;

sides with margins rapidly rising to apex, strongly elevated and slightly incurved

at middle; punctures at base more transversely confluent than behind the suture,

becoming small and sparse in front. Eyes narrow, with distinct facets. Pro-

thorax wide, sides strongly rounded, front angles strongly produced and some-

what sinuous, hind ones rounded off; a large excavation on each side of apex, each

excavation with a subtriangular tubercle overhanging its base, and inwards with

376 RECORDS OF THE S.A: MUSEUM

an obtuse ridge (the space between the two ridges gently concave) ; with large,

coarse punctures on sides, smaller and sparser, but still large, elsewhere, but

absent from the excavations; median line rather wide and shallow; gutters fairly

deep on sides, shallow at base. Elytra deeply and narrowly striated, the inter-

stices separately distinctly convex, and with large punctures, usually with an

oblique or transverse impression. Metasternum shagreened, and with rather

small, asperate punctures on sides, middle shining and with small punctures, but

with a few large ones near coxae. Two apical segments of abdomen strongly

narrowed to middle; pygidium with large and small punctures intermixed. Front

tibiae long, thin, and strongly arched near apex. Length, 11 mm.

Hab. Northern Territory: thirty miles east of Darwin (G. F. Hill). Type,

Up lisya) 0

By its strongly narrowed apical segments of abdomen, and long front legs,

the type certainly appears to be a male, although the projections and excavations

of the pronotum approach those of some females of O. conspicwws, and some

allied species; the elytra, however, are very different from those of O. conspicuus ;

from O. tricavicollis it differs in the feeble interocular elevation, and considerably

larger and sparser elytral punctures; the shape of the prothorax and its punctures

seem intermediate between those of the sexes of the latter species. Seen directly

from above, the prothorax appears to have two small tubercles and two larger

obtuse ones, the distance between the latter being equal to that between the eyes;

viewed from behind, so that the head just disappears, the front appears to be

5-sinuate, the median sinus twice the width of each of the intermediate ones, and

these much wider than the lateral ones.

ONTHOPHAGUS SPISSICOLLIS sp. nov.

Plate six, fie. 75.

@ Black, subopaque, in parts with a bronzy gloss; basal joints of antennae,

parts of palpi and of tarsi obscurely reddish. Under-surface and legs with hairs

varying from almost white to dark brown; head and most of prothorax with

short, dense, upright, brownish setae ; elytra with paler, shorter, and sloping setae,

confined to one or two rows on each interstice.

Head wide, densely and coarsely punctate and subvermiculate, except behind

interocular ridge, this acute in middle and strongly elevated at each side, but not

horned; sides moderately elevated, slightly incurved at clypeal suture, and

conspicuously produced on each side of a deep apical notch; elypeal suture

trisinuate, finely carinated, the median portion feebly arched forward, and

slightly elevated in middle. Eyes very narrow, facets distinet. Prothorax with

front angles obtusely produced, margins distinct throughout, but slightly higher

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES SHG

on sides than elsewhere; with a feeble, obtusely pointed ridge in middle, about

one-fifth from apex; with dense and coarse punctures, the intervening spaces

with small punctures, a shagreened space without distinct punctures along middle

from near the subapical ridge to base, and continued along each side at base, and

on the side to near the sublateral fovea, each of these rather narrow and deep.

Elytra with narrow, shining, geminate striae, with distant punctures, the inter-

stices finely shagreened and with small, distant, setiferous punctures. Meta-

sternum with irregularly distributed punctures of rather large size, with some

small ones scattered about. Apical segment of abdomen not narrowed in middle ;

pygidium shagreened and feebly punctate. Length, 6-7 mm.

Hab. Western Australia: Beverley (F. H. du Boulay), Mount Barker (S.

Macsorley). Type, I. 3774.

With the general appearance of the female of O. adelaidae, but differs in the

interocular elevation, clypeal suture, prothorax with shagreened base and part of

median line, medio-frontal prominence, ete.; in some respects it seems nearer to

the female of O. haagi, but the elytra are without the conspicuous irregular series

of elongated subgranular elevations of that species. On the prothorax, head, and

elytral suture of the type the bronzy gloss is very conspicuous, but on the second

specimen it is but slightly in evidence.

ONTHOPHAGUS VARIANUS sp. nov.

Plate is hie af.

@ Black, shining; antennae, palpi, tarsi, and front coxae reddish, club

paler; head (except clypeus) and prothorax coppery-green, elytra at base and

sides reddish. Under-surface and legs with whitish and reddish hairs, sides of

elytra with a few setae.

Head with sides angularly dilated in middle, interocular ridge in the form

of a strong and almost evenly elevated carina; between it and clypeal suture with

sharply defined punctures, of moderate size but not very dense, becoming denser

on sides. Clypeus with sides but feebly elevated, apex almost truncate, surface

densely transversely vermiculate; suture carinated and trisinuate, median sinus

very feebly arched, about three-fifths of the total. Eyes very narrow, facets

distinct. Prothorax large, sides strongly dilated, front angles (as seen from

directly above) almost rectangular, margins and gutters distinet on sides, less

distinet on apex and feeble at base; apical third with two large hollows, sur-

mounted by three obtuse processes; parts of the hollows with large and fairly

dense punctures, somewhat similar punctures on sides, rest of the surface with

sparse and small punctures, and very minute ones; median line fairly distinct on

basal half, sublateral foveae rather large. Elytra with narrow striae containing

378 RECORDS OF THE S,A. MUSEUM

distant punctures, these also partially impressed on the interstice at each side of

a stria, interstices elsewhere with sparse and small punctures, but becoming larger

on sides. Metasternum with dense and rather large punctures on sides, with a

few large ones and minute ones elsewhere. Apical segment of abdomen not

narrowed in middle; pygidium with rather coarse, crowded punctures. Length,

8° 25.mm, |

Hab. Queensland: Bowen (Aug. Simson). Type, I. 15410.

A beautiful species, the size of O. rufosignatus, but the red parts of elytra

basal and lateral instead of apical, and the prothorax not at all reddish; O.

rubrimaculatus is a much smaller species, with shagreened elytra, ete. The

reddish parts of the elytra are wide at the base, widest of all on the shoulders,

and narrowed on the sides to the apex ; from some points of view they appear to

form an irregular M. The prothorax appears to be scooped out, and with a few

setae on each side of the middle in front, with the processes at the summit of the

scooped-out parts not specially elevated or produced.

ONTHOPHAGUS FLAVOAPICALIS sp. nov.

6 Black, shining, most parts with a distinet bronzy gloss, antennae, palpi,

and tarsi reddish, elub flavous; elytra with flavous mottlings about base and apex,

or on apex only. Under-surface and legs rather sparsely clothed, a few sub-

marginal setae on elytra.

Head with interocular ridge very feebly elevated and slightly curved; space

between it and clypeal suture with rather sparse and small, but sharply defined

punctures. Clypeus with crowded punctures, sides rather lightly elevated, apex

distinetly notched, suture with median part almost straight, distinctly earinated,

and equal to the two side parts. Eyes rather narrow, facets distinet. Pro-

thorax with sides strongly and almost evenly rounded, front angles subacutely

produced, hind ones widely rounded; sides very finely margined, apex still more

finely, base not at all; median line feebly traceable at base and again near apex;

punctures of small or medium size, and sharply defined, but not crowded, smaller

and sparser in middle near apex than elsewhere; sublateral foveae rather small.

Elytra with rather narrow geminate striae, with transverse distant punctures,

interstices separately convex, faintly rugulose, with fairly numerous and rather

small punctures, not very deep but quite distinct and becoming rather coarse on

sides. Metasternum with fairly dense and large punctures, becoming sparser and

mixed with small ones in middle. Apical segment of abdomen distinctly nar-

rowed in middle; pygidium with dense and fairly large punctures. Length,

5-6 mm.

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 379

@ Differs in having the interocular ridge even less distinct, prothorax

smaller, less convex in front, and without trace of a median line except at

extreme base, and apical segment of abdomen less narrowed in middle.

Hab. Western Australia: Geraldton (J. Clark). Type, I. 15415.

With the general appearance of O. blackwoodensis and O. pontilis, but head

of male unarmed, QO. incornutus has very different punctures on prothorax and

elytra, ete.; O. macleayi, which is similarly coloured, is larger and with the

sculpture of head and elytra different. The bronzy gloss is very faint on the

elytra, and on two females the gloss there is slightly greenish. Hach of the five

specimens before me has distinct markings at the apex of elytra; on two of these

the base is immaculate, on two (one of each sex) there is a spot inwards of each

shoulder, and on the other (a small female) there is an obscure spot at the base

of most of the interstices.

ONTHOPHAGUS CRIBRICOLLIS sp. nov.

Plate: 1x hie 1.

6 Black, palpi and parts of tarsi reddish, antennae flavous, head (except

elypeus and elevated parts, which are bronzy) and prothorax dark metallic

green. Under-surface and legs sparsely hairy.

Head with dense, moderately large and sharply defined punctures, becoming

transversely confluent or vermiculate on elypeus; mnterocular ridge wide, acute

and even on top, but the sides abrupt, punctures behind ridge sparser than

elsewhere; sides conspicuously angulate. Clypeus with oblique slightly elevated

sides, apex strongly elevated and slightly notched, suture carinated throughout,

median two-thirds almost straight. Eyes narrow, with distinct facets. Pro-

thorax large, sides strongly rounded, front angles rather acute and produced

shghtly outwards, margins rather narrow throughout, with four obtuse elevations

across middle about one-fourth from apex; punctures large and crowded, but

nearly all round and sharply defined. Elytra with narrow striae containing

distant transverse punctures, interstices shagreened and opaque, with small

subobsolete punctures, becoming more distinct on sides. Metasternum with rather

small and irregularly distributed punctures. Abdomen with apical segment

strongly narrowed to middle. Front tibiae elongate. Length, 8 mm.

Hab. Northern Territory: Daly River (H. Wesselman). Type, I. 15419.

Apparently nearer to O. conspicuus than to any other species, but the opaque

black elytra and coarse punctures of prothorax and head should be distinctive,

even if the prothoracie tubercles should be variable, as they certainly are on that

species. I know of no Australian species (exeept several of the O. pentacanthus

eroup, in which in parts they are larger) with coarser punctures on the pro-

380 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

thorax; on O. haagi they are even denser, but are not as large; on O. rugosus the

prothorax is much rougher, but the roughness is due to irregular elevations; on

the present species it is due to punctures. The medio-frontal elevations of the

prothorax are very feeble, especially the two median ones, which appear to be

little more than irregular ridges between a few punctures; the median line is

invisible from above, but from in front the prothorax appears to be vaguely

depressed along the middle. In some lights, parts of the under-surface have a

faint greenish or purplish gloss.

ONTHOPHAGUS CLYPEALIS sp. nov.

Plate ix, fig. 78.

é Black, shining, in parts with a slight bronzy gloss, antennae, palpi, and

tarsi reddish, club paler. Under-surface, legs, pygidium, sides and apex of

prothorax, and parts of head, with rusty-red hairs; elytra with a row of shorter

and paler subdepressed hairs or setae on each interstice.

Head moderately large, with a rather short, subconical, and somewhat sloping

horn near each eye; between the horns and the clypeal suture distinetly coneayve,

and with rather small but distinet punctures. Clypeus with fairly numerous

sharply defined punctures of moderate size, with larger setiferous ones scattered

about; sides evenly rounded and slightly margined, the margins moderately

elevated, becoming more elevated and almost truncated in front ; suture trisinuate,

median sinus carinated, arched forwards, and about once and one-third the width

of each of the others, which are oblique. Eyes narrow, with distinet facets.

Prothorax rather wide, front slightly retuse and with a feeble median lobe, sides

and apex finely margined, base not; with rather sparse, sharply defined pune-

tures, small in middle, and larger, but not coarse, elsewhere ; median line vaguely

defined. Elytra with narrow, geminate striae, containing rather distant, trans-

verse punctures; interstices with irregular rows of fairly large, distant punctures.

Metasternum with rather large, sharply defined punctures; near the coxae mixed

with some smaller ones. Apical segment of abdomen distinctly narrowed to

middle; pygidium with rather large and sparse punctures. Length, 7-8 mm.

2 Differs in having the interocular horns ‘reduced to slight prominences,

connected by a feeble ridge, the concave space shallower and with coarser pune-

tures; eclypeus slightly notched in front, with denser punctures, its suture more

elevated in middle; prothorax not retuse in front, without trace of a feeble median

lobe, hairs not continuous across apex, and apical segment of abdomen not

narrowed in middle.

Hab. Northern Territory: Groote Eylandt (N. B. Tindale). Type, I. 15399.

I know of no closely allied species; the cephalic horns are placed somewhat

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 381

as on O. mutatus, but the space between them is conspicuously concave, and the

elytral punctures are very different. On the male there are some obscurely

reddish spots on the base, apex, and sides of the elytra, on the female on the apex

only. The elytral punctures in places appear to be in irregular double rows,

elsewhere in single rows, many of them have a granulated appearance, and each

contains a seta; although the surface is not distinctly wrinkled it is slightly

rugose, more noticeably on the female than on the male. The front tibiae do not

appear to differ in the sexes.

ONTHOPHAGUS MICROTRICHIUS sp. nov.

é Black, shining, palpi and legs more or less reddish, antennae flavous.

Under-surface and legs with sparse hair and short setae; elytra and sides of

prothorax with sparse pubescence, or short depressed setae.

Head fiat and almost impunctate between eyes, then with rather small

sharply defined punctures to clypeal suture. Clypeus short, sides feebly elevated,

more strongly so and almost truncated in front, with denser and larger punctures

than on rest of head, and in places feebly confluent; suture strongly elevated and

earinated in middle, its sides somewhat oblique and narrowly impressed. EHyes

narrow, with distinct facets. Prothorax slightly wider than head, front

angles obtusely produced, sides moderately margined, apex and base feebly so,

the margin vanishing in middle of base; apical fifth or sixth vertical in middle,

with two small, flat prominences above; median line shallow about base, and

traceable to middle; punctures of moderate size, sharply defined and numerous,

but not crowded, very small on retuse portion. Hlytra with narrow, sub-

geminate striae, containing distinct punctures; interstices separately convex,

with numerous somewhat rugose but sharply defined punctures, and in places

briefly obliquely strigose. Metasternum opaque and with asperate punctures on

sides, shining'and with small punctures in middle. Apical segment of abdomen

strongly narrowed in middle. Front tibiae rather long. Length, 6-7 mm.

@ Differs in having a feeble bilobed elevation between the eyes, clypeus

moderately notched in front, its suture less elevated in middle; prothorax smaller,

not vertical in front, without medio-apical prominences; apical segment of

abdomen scarcely narrowed in middle, and front tibiae shorter.

Hab. Queensland: Cape York (H. Elgner), Cairns (E. Allen). Type,

I. 3783.

The general outlines are somewhat suggestive of O. macleayi, O. queens-

landicus, and O. comperei, but the head is very different. The prothorax of the

male, as seen from behind, appears to have the whole apex trisinuate, the

median sinus smaller than the others. On several females the sides of the clypeus

are obscurely reddish.

382 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

ONTHOPHAGUS VARIOLICOLLIS sp. nov.

Plate viii, fig. 60.

é Black, opaque, parts of tarsi, palpi, and base of antennae reddish, club

paler.

Head wide, with a wide, thin, strongly curved horn near each eye, each horn

with an obtuse projection on its outer side about the middle; punctures between

horns and clypeal suture sparser than elsewhere. Clypeus with sides oblique and

moderately elevated, apex more elevated and rather lightly notched; with dense

asperate punctures; suture not carinated, median portion straight and rather

feebly defined, the lateral parts oblique, their conjoint length about half of the

total. Hyes rather large, facets inconspicuous. Prothorax with sides rather

strongly rounded, front angles subacutely produced, sides with margims and

gutters distinct, apex feebly margined, base not at all; with numerous large,

round, shallow, but not crowded, punctures. Elytra with narrow striae, inter-

stices feebly separately convex, and each with two irregular rows of, small

granules, except the first and sixth, which have but one row; suture subtubereu-

late at base. Metasternum and pygidium with punctures somewhat as on pro-

thorax. Apical segment of abdomen almost vanishing in middle. Front tibiae

long and strongly curved. Length, 8 mm.

Hab. North-western Australia: Wyndham (J. Clark, from W. Crawshaw).

Type, I. 15420.

The upper-surface of the head and prothorax of the type is entirely bald,

but the sculpture is of such a nature that this may be due to abrasion; on its

under-surface and legs there are but sparse hairs and setae; the species is such

an isolated one, however, that J have not hesitated to describe it. The curvature

of the horns is somewhat as on O. nodulifer; O. compere’ sometimes has the horns

compound in the male, but both outwardly and inwardly its punctures and

elypeus are also very different. The punctures on the head appear as if made

with a pointed instrument forcing backwards a small portion of the derm when

soft, so as to have a granulated appearance in front of the eyes, a transversely

granulated appearance between them, and the clypeus to have numerous

granules and small transverse ridges ; the granules on the elytra are very distinct,

and each has a setiferous puncture on its hind part, the setae very small and

inconspicuous, even from the sides; on the prothorax the punctures are large and

shallow, but well defined, from certain directions some of them appear to be

crescentic.

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 383

ONTHOPHAGUS SEMIMETALLICUS sp. nov.

Plate ix, figs. 79, 80.

é Black, shining, head and prothorax with a more or less distinet bronzy

gloss, antennae, palpi, and tarsi more or less reddish, club paler. Under-surface

and lees rather sparsely clothed.

Head with interocular ridge depressed in middle, near each eye elevated as

an obtusely triangular tubercle, punctures not very dense and rather small, more

sharply defined on sides than elsewhere. Clypeus with sides oblique and scarcely

elevated, but apex distinctly elevated and almost truncated; suture carinated and

almost straight in middle, obliquely impressed on sides. Eyes narrow, with

distinct facets. Prothorax with front angles subacutely produced, sides with

narrow margins and gutters, apex and base very finely margined; apical fourth

sloping and with a shallow depression behind each cephalig tubercle; with

numerous but not crowded, and rather small, but sharply defined punctures,

smaller on medio-apical prominence than elsewhere. Elytra with very narrow

striae, interstices separately convex and with minute punctures, but with a row

of large punctures on each side. Metasternum with large, irregularly distributed

punctures, becoming very small in middle, except at base. Apical segment of

abdomen strongly narrowed in middle; pygidium with rather dense, asperate

punctures, Length, 4-5-6 mm.

@ Differs in having the interocular elevations smaller, punctures before

elypeus denser and more sharply defined, clypeus with sides more rounded, apex

distinctly notched and less elevated, surface closely transversely vermiculate, and

suture carinated on sides; jprothorax with slightly larger punctures, frontal

impressions more feeble or altogether absent; apical segment of abdomen not

narrowed in middle, and front tibiae slightly stouter.

Hab. Queensland: Bowen, Bogie River, Leichhardt Downs (Aug. Simson).

Type, f 15411.

In general appearance extremely close to O. zietzi, but clypeus of male not

conspicuously notched; the male in many respects resembles some females of

O. mutatus, but may be at once distinguished by the front half of the head; some

of the small specimens resemble O. koebelei, but that species has much larger eyes,

with inconspicuous facets; large specimens somewhat resemble QO. fletcheri, but

are readily distinguished by the elypeus; they also resemble O. microtrichius and

O. frenchi, but have much smaller punctures, and the head differently sculptured.

On several specimens the legs are almost entirely reddish. The seriate punctures

on the elytra are rather large, but are so placed that each appears to be cut into

two by the elytral striae. Apparently the only certain external indication of sex

is in the apical segment of abdomen, as one small male has the clypeus scarcely

384 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

more upturned in front than on the female, its surface obsoletely vermiculate,

and prothorax with the frontal impressions very feeble; a still smaller male is

obscurely reddish, with a vague greenish gloss on the head and prothorax, the

interocular elevations feeble, clypeus as on the preceding male, and frontal

impressions of prothorax absent.

ONTHOPHAGUS CUPREOPUNCTATUS sp. nov.

é Black, with a greenish gloss, becoming purplish or bronzy on head,

antennae, palpi, and tarsi somewhat reddish, club somewhat piceous, with greyish

pubescence. Under-surface and legs rather sparsely clothed.

Head with interocular ridge obtuse in middle, each side appearing as an

obtuse subtriangular elevation; in middle a fairly large round fovea, a few

conspicuous punctures in front of eyes. Clypeus with sides gently rounded and

moderately upcurved, apex moderately notched; with fairly dense, sharply

defined -punctures in front, becoming feeble posteriorly; suture not traceable

across middle, but distinct on sides. Eyes very narrow, facets distinct. Pro-

thorax moderately wide, evenly convex, lateral gutters and margins narrow,

apical margin very narrow, basal absent; punctures nowhere crowded, but more

numerous on sides than elsewhere, and rather small but sharply defined. Elytra

with narrow, geminate striae; interstices not separately convex, with fairly

numerous, small punctures, becoming larger on sides. Metasternum with fairly

large punctures on sides and apex, becoming sparse and small in middle.

Abdomen with apical segment distinctly narrowed in middle; pygidium with

rather dense punctures. Length, 4-5-5 mm.

@ Differs in having the head with denser and coarser punctures, especially

on clypeus, interocular ridge very feeble, even on sides, median fovea shallower,

elypeal suture carinated throughout, the median portion straight and about

three-fourths of the total; prothoracie and elytral punctures somewhat larger ;

apical segment of abdomen not narrowed in middle, and front tibiae distinetly

shorter, with stouter teeth.

Hab. New South Wales. Type, I. 15421.

I have seen specimens of this species named as O. nitidior, but they differ

from that species in being smaller, with the gloss mostly greenish instead of

purplish, and both sexes concave between the eyes; the size, colours, and general

outlines are somewhat as on O. negatorius, but the head, elytra, and legs are all

very different. The prothoracie punctures in some lights have a distinct coppery-

purple gloss.

’

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 385

ONTHOPHAGUS BICARINATICEPS. sp. nov.

é Black, elytra castaneous, antennae, palpi, and tarsi reddish, club piceous,

with greyish pubescence. Under-surface and legs sparsely clothed ; upper-surface

with sparse, erect setae, shorter and less erect on elytra than elsewhere.

Head with interocular ridge narrow, straight in middle, curved near each

eve; behind it (except at base, which is impunctate) and at the sides with fairly

large punctures, between it and clypeal suture with somewhat smaller and more

crowded ones. Clypeus with sides and apex moderately upturned, the apex

rather lightly emarginate; surface with dense and rather small, but sharply

defined punctures, interspersed with large ones; suture in three parts, the median

part carinated, curved slightly forwards, and three-fourths of the total. Eyes

very narrow, with distinct facets. Prothorax rather large, evenly convex, sides

with narrow gutters and margins, apex and base very finely margined; with

fairly numerous, sharply defined punctures of moderate size. Elytra with narrow

geminate striae containing distant punctures, which impinge on interstices; inter-

stices separately convex, with irregular rows of distinct, distant punctures,

becoming larger on sides. Metasternum with dense and fairly large punctures

at sides and margining coxae, becoming sparse and small in middle. Abdomen

with apical segment strongly narrowed to middle; pygidium with somewhat

erowded punctures. Length, 3-3-5 mm.

2 Differs in having somewhat larger punctures, sides of eclypeus less up-

turned, apical segment of abdomen not narrowed in middle, and front tibiae

somewhat shorter and stouter.

Hab. New South Wales. Type, I. 15408.

The minute size, bicarinated head, clypeus emarginate in front, and dark club

associate this species with the description of O. granwm, but the smallest specimen

is 3 mm., the elytra are more or less reddish and have distinct punctures on the

interstices, the prothoracic punctures could hardly be regarded as coarse,

although not very small, and the upper-surface is not glabrous; from O. impon-

derosus it differs in the clothing of the upper-surface, prothorax entirely black and

with larger punctures, and elytral interstices separately convex; the cephalic

ridges are somewhat as on O. koebele’, but the two species are otherwise very

different. On the type male the head and prothorax have a bronzy gloss, on the

type female greenish. Two females from Queensland (Cairns, Dr. J. F. Illing-

worth) have the head and prothorax purplish, the legs obscurely reddish, and the

elytra vaguely infuscated about base and suture.

ONTHOPHAGUS SUTILISTRIATUS sp. nov.

é Black, head and prothorax with a slight metallic gloss, antennae, palpi,

386 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

and parts of legs reddish, club deeply infusecated. Under-surface and legs

moderately clothed. :

Head with interocular ridge very feeble and arched slightly backwards;

between it and base with very minute punctures, between it and clypeus with

fairly dense and sharply defined but rather small ones. Clypeus large, sides

moderately elevated, apex shghtly more elevated and almost truncated ; punctures

somewhat larger and more crowded on sides than elsewhere; suture in three parts,

the median distinctly carinated, arched slightly forwards, and about three-fifths

of total, side parts less distinetly carinated, and oblique. Kyes narrow and with

distinet facets. Prothorax large, somewhat gibbous in front, sides strongly

rounded, front angles produced slightly outwards, lateral margins and gutters

moderate, apical ones shght, base almost immarginate; punctures of moderate

size and sharply defined, although not deep, smaller and sparser about apex than

elsewhere ; lateral foveae fairly large and deep; median line very faint, but trace-

able almost throughout. Elytra with narrow shining striae, containing small,

distant punctures; interstices shagreened, subopaque, feebly separately convex,

and with very small punctures. Metasternum with irregularly distributed pune-

tures, becoming sparse and small in middle. Abdomen with apical segment

strongly narrowed in middle; pygidium with fairly dense but rather shallow

punctures. Length, 8 mm.

HTab. Queensland: Bowen (Aug. Simson). Type, I. 15404.

At first glance approaching some forms of O. consentaneus, but interocular

ridge arched backwards instead of forwards, the space between it and clypeus,

and the clypeus itself, considerably longer; in general it is extremely close to a

female placed (apparently correctly so) with O. mastersi by Blackburn, but the

elypeus is more elevated in front and the abdomen of the type is distinetly

masculine; O. promptus and O. margaretensis are more metallic, and have the

interearinal space on head, and the clypeus considerably shorter. The elytral

striae have the appearance as of bearing stitches at regular intervals.

ONTHOPHAGUS INTERRUPTUS sp. nov.

Plate ix, figs. 81, 82.

6 Black, shining, head and prothorax with a slight bronzy gloss, antennae,

palpi, and tarsi reddish, club flavous. Under-surface and legs with rather sparse

clothing, but becoming dense on sides of sterna and parts of front legs.

Head wide, sides from near base almost semicircular, flat between eyes,

except for short remnants of an interocular ridge; sides in front of eyes with a

few punctures, but otherwise almost impunctate behind clypeus. Clypeus

moderately elevated on sides, more strongly in front; with dense and fairly large

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 387

but shallow, subvermiculate punctures; suture carinated on sides, but obliterated

in middle. Eyes large, facets inconspicuous. Prothorax large, sides strongly

dilated in middle, then narrowed to apex, but with a sinuous outline, lateral

margins and gutters comparatively wide, apical ones narrower, base almost

immarginate, front angles obtusely produced, middle feebly produced; remnants

of median line faintly visible; sides and apex with small, obsolete punctures, very

minute ones elsewhere. Elytra with narrow, geminate striae, containing narrow,

transverse, distant punctures; interstices shagreened, opaque, not separately

convex, and with very minute punctures. Metasternum with dense, asperate,

piliferous punctures on sides, running out at middle of apex, base with somewhat

similar ones, middle shining and with minute punctures. Abdomen with apical

segment strongly narrowed in middle; pygidium with numerous rather small

punctures. Front tibiae elongate. Length, 10-10:5 mm.

? Differs in having the interocular ridge interrupted for a short distance

only in middle, clypeus slightly notched in front, rather coarsely vermiculate,

suture carimated across middle, prothorax evenly convex across apex, apical

segment of abdomen not narrowed in middle, and front tibiae somewhat shorter.

Hab. Queensland: Bowen (Aug. Simson). Type, I. 15422.

With the general appearance of O. glabratus, O. murchisoni, and large O.

queenslandicus, but readily distinguished therefrom by the interocular ridge and

sides of prothorax; it is perhaps nearest of all to O. pronus, some specimens of

which have the interocular ridge interrupted in the middle; it resembles several

species of Macropocopris, but the claws are normal. On the female the clypeal

suture is conspicuously carinated throughout, but each of the side parts, where

it joins the median part, is attached to a carina that passes the front of an eye

to join the outer end of the broken interocular ridge; on the male, owing to the

absence of the median portion, the lateral parts appear to be suddenly directed

backwards to the ends of the broken ridge. On both sexes the sides of the

prothorax are not evenly rounded to the apex from their widest part, but have

a slight (although quite distinct) incurvature between it and the apex; the front

of the prothorax of the male could scarcely be regarded as retuse, but from

behind it appears widely bisinuate.

ONTHOPHAGUS OPACIPENNIS sp. nov.

Plate vil, fig. 30.

6 Black, antennae, palpi, and tarsi reddish. Under-surface and legs with

long rusty-red hair.

Head large; interocular ridge semicircularly arched forwards, each end

elevated into a rather long and almost upright thin horn; behind the ridge concave

388 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

and almost impunctate, between the ridge and clypeus with sparse and minute

punctures, the sides with rather dense ones. Clypeus semicircular, sides feebly

and evenly elevated; with dense punctures, transversely confluent or vermiculate,

except at base, where they are sparsely and separately impressed; suture

trisinuate and carinated throughout, median sinus slightly arched forwards, and

about three-fifths of the total. Eyes moderately narrow, facets distinct. Pro-

thorax large, sides strongly rounded and wider than elytra, front angles strongly

produced and subacute, almost vertical and impunctate in front; the declivity

crowned by four tubercles, the outer of these subconical and separated from the

median ones by a shallow excavation, the median ones connected by a narrow

ridge; median line wide and shallow, basal gutter shallower than lateral, and

margin less elevated; with moderately large and dense, but not very deep punc-

tures; sublateral foveae fairly deep. Elytra with narrow, geminate striae, con-

taining transverse distant punctures; interstices shagreened and opaque, with

small shallow punctures. Metasternum with dense, asperate punctures on sides,

becoming larger and sparser about coxae, and small in middle. Apical segment

of abdomen strongly narrowed to middle; pygidium shagreened and with fairly

dense punctures. Length, 12-13 mm.

Hab. Queensland: Mount Tambourine, in October and December (H.

Hacker), Blackall Range, in October (F. E. Wilson). Type, in Queensland

Museum; cotype, I. 15487, in South Australian Museum.

A large species with prothoracic protuberances somewhat as in O. pugnaz,

but readily distinguished from that and all other large species by the interocular

ridge and horns.

ONTHOPHAGUS STENOCERUS sp. nov.

é Black or blackish, in parts with a faint bronzy gloss. Antennae, palpi,

and tarsi reddish. Under-surface and legs with rusty-red hair.

Head large; with a long thin erect horn near each eye, the two without a

connecting ridge; from base to clypeus with sparse and minute punctures, but

becoming fairly large and dense on sides. Clypeus almost semicircular, sides

slightly elevated, apex rather higher than sides; with fairly dense punctures at

sides, but smaller and sparser in middle; suture trisinuate, and carinated through-

out, median sinus slightly arched forwards, and about: three-fifths of the total.

Kyes large, facets inconspicuous. Prothorax wide, sides strongly rounded, front

angles strongly produced, lateral margins and gutters conspicuous, front ones

feeble, basal absent; apical half obliquely sloping, and with sparse and minute

punctures, elsewhere with shghtly larger ones; sublateral foveae rather shallow.

Elytra with narrow, geminate striae containing small distant punctures; imter-

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 389

stices shagreened and subopaque, with small, inconspicuous punctures. Meta-

sternum with dense, asperate punctures on sides, sparse and small in middle.

Abdomen with apical segment almost vanishing in middle; pygidium shagreened,

opaque, and with fairly dense, small punctures. Length, 10-12 mm.

@ Differs in having no horns on the head, the space between the eyes flat

and marked in front by a straight carina-like edging, between this and the

elypeus with larger punctures, although not very dense; clypeus closely trans-

versely vermiculate almost throughout; prothorax less sloping in front, and with

shightly larger punctures; apical segment of abdomen scarcely narrowed in

middle, and front tibiae slightly shorter, with stouter teeth.

Hab. Queensland: Mount Tambourine and Brisbane (H. Hacker). Type,

in Queensland Museum ; cotype, female, I. 15438, in South Australian Museum.

Of other species with two long and more or less erect interocular horns in

the male it is distinguished (apart from other features) by having much larger

eves than QO. tweedensis, O. australis, O. ansocerus, and O. mastersi; O. pici-

pennis has a strongly elevated ridge between the horns, and very different

prothorax, O. fitzroyensis is considerably smaller, more metallic, with the pro-

thorax as well as the elytra shagreened, and with somewhat larger punctures; the

other species are all very much smaller. The largest female is almost entirely of

a dingy reddish-brown.

ONTHOPHAGUS PHOENICOCERUS sp. nov.

6 Black, most parts with a bronzy gloss, antennae (except club, which is

blackish), tips of palpi, and tarsi of a more or less dingy red. Under-surface and

legs with long, whitish hair.

punctures. Clypeus with sides moderately elevated, middle more strongly

elevated and deeply notched; suture distinct on sides but not traceable across

middle. Eyes very narrow, with distinct facets. Prothorax with sides strongly

rounded, front angles strongly produced and subacute, margins narrow on sides,

still narrower at base and apex; apical third retuse; median line scarcely indi-

eated ; with crowded, sharply defined punctures, of moderate size and occasionally

Head with a wide, flat, bifid horn between eyes; with dense and fairly large

confluent. Elytra with narrow, shining, geminate striae, containing small,

distant punctures; interstices shagreened, opaque, and with sparse, minute

punctures. Metasternum with crowded, asperate punctures on sides, becoming

larger and sparser about coxae, and minute in middle. Abdomen with apical

segment strongly narrowed to middle; pygidium shagreened and opaque. Length,

7 mm,

390 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Hab. Queensland: Brisbane, in November (H. Hacker). Type, in Queens-

land Museum.

At first glance apparently close to some forms of O. haugi (a species in which

the interocular horn is very variable), but prothorax without medio-frontal

projections, and elytra without granules or small tubercles on the interstices; the

prothorax and elytra are sculptured much as on O. adelaidae. The process on

the head of the type rises abruptly vertical, and with almost parallel sides, for a

height about equal to half the distance between the eyes, its ends are then

continued as narrow horns for rather more than one-third of the total height;

there is a small node on its back part. From the sides the prothorax and elytra

may be seen to have very short setae, but they are scarcely visible from most

directions.

ONTHOPHAGUS COMPOSITUS sp. nov.

é Black, most parts with a slight bronzy gloss; antennae (club blackish),

palpi, and tarsi of a more or less dingy red. Under-surface and legs with

rusty-red hairs.

Head with crowded and sharply defined punctures of moderate size; a small

conical horn near each eye. Clypeus with sides moderately elevated, apex

obtusely notched, suture trisinuate and carinated throughout, median sinus

almost straight and about three-fifths of the total. Eyes very narrow and with

distinct facets. Prothorax with sides strongly rounded, front angles produced

and acute, lateral margins narrow, front ones.still narrower, basal absent; front

somewhat gibbous; median line vaguely traceable near apex and at base; punc-

tures and elytra as described in preceding species. Metasternum with dense,

asperate punctures on sides, small, mixed with large ones, elsewhere. Abdomen

with apical segment strongly narrowed in middle; pygidium shagreened and with

dense punctures. Length, 7 mm.

Hab. Queensland: Stanthorpe (von Weildt). Type im Queensland

Museum.

The sculpture of the prothorax and elytra approaches that of O. adelaidae

and O. phoenicocerus, but the head is'very different; the colour and cephalic

horns are somewhat as in O. granicollis, but the prothorax is nongranulate; O.

spissicollis has more rugosely sculptured prothorax and very different clypeus.

On the sides of the elytra there are some very short setae, and none elsewhere, but

the type may be partly abraded.

ONTHOPHAGUS SQUALIDUS sp. nov.

8 Black, in parts with a faint bronzy gloss; antennae, palpi, and tarsi

reddish. Under-surface and legs sparsely clothed.

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 391

Head with dense and moderately large, subasperate punctures; a shallow

depression in middle. Clypeus with sides rather lightly elevated, apex distinetly

notehed, with a small process on each side of the notch; suture in three parts,

median part carinated and straight, lateral parts ill-defined. Prothorax evenly

convex, sides strongly rounded and finely margined, front still more finely mar-

gined, base not at all; median line scarcely traceable; punctures crowded but

sharply defined. Elytra with narrow, geminate striae, containing small, distant

punctures; interstices shagreened, opaque, and with numerous small, shining

granules. Metasternum with irregularly distributed punctures of various sizes.

Abdomen with apical segment somewhat narrowed in middle; pygidium

shagreened and opaque. Length, 5-5-6 mm.

@ Differs in having the clypeus granulate-punctate, apical segment of

abdomen not narrowed in middle, and tibial teeth larger and more acute.

Hab. Queensland: National Park, in December (H. Hacker). Type, in

Queensland Museum.

With the general appearance of very small specimens of O. carteri, but the

granules appear to rise evenly (although not in regular rows) from the elytra,

whieh are finely shagreened and non-setose; on O. granulatus and O. planicollis

the granules on the elytra are mostly confined to single rows, and the head and

-prothorax are very different ; on O. granicollis the prothorax is densely granulate,

and the elytral granules are smaller and setiferous. On the female the legs and

metasternum are of a dingy red, but this may be due to immaturity; the margins

of its clypeus are more strongly elevated than on the male, and the process on

each side of the median notch is more prominent, but the male appears to be old

and worn. .

ONTHOPHAGUS STRABONIS sp. nov.

é Black, shining, head and prothorax with a slight bronzy or bronzy-green

gloss; antennae, palpi, and tarsi reddish, club blackish, but with grey pubescence,

Under-surface and legs with rather sparse clothing.

Head with two obtusely triangular transverse elevations between eyes;

between elevations and eclypeal suture with rather small punctures, somewhat

larger and more sharply defined on sides. Clypeus with sides slightly rounded

and slightly elevated, apex scarcely more elevated and rather feebly notched ;

punctures sharply defined on sides, rather feeble about middle of base; suture not

carinated, and feeble in middle, distinct on the sides. Eyes very narrow, with

distinct facets. Prothorax moderately large, evenly convex, sides finely mar-

gined, apex and base still more finely; with numerous but not crowded, and

sharply defined but rather small punctures. Elytra with fine geminate striae;

interstices not separately convex, with rows of rather small but sharply defined

392 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

punctures, and larger ones cut across by striae. Metasternum with large pune-

tures, becoming smaller but more sharply defined in middle. Abdomen with

apical segment strongly narrowed in middle; pygidium with crowded and sharply

defined punctures. Front tibiae rather long. Length, 4-5 mm.

Hab. Northern Territory: Groote Eylandt (N. B. Tindale). Type, I. 15407.

Structurally near male of O. quadripustulatus, although cephalic armature

not quite identical, but elytra with more distinct punctures and unspotted; from

the male of O. blackburn: it is distinguished by the noncarinated clypeal suture;

the male of O. sydneyensis, also with the suture nonearinated, has the elypeus

truneated in front and impunctate; O. blackwoodensis has much larger pro-

thoracic punctures, head of male with one interocular elevation, ete. The front

angles of the prothorax from above appear to be rather acute, but at right angles

are seen to be almost rectangular.

ONTHOPHAGUS IMPONDEROSUS sp. nov.

6 Black, in parts with a shght bronzy or purplish gloss, legs and palpi

reddish, antennae paler, sides of prothorax, most of elytra, and apical parts of

abdomen obscurely reddish. Under-surface and legs sparsely clothed.

Head with a feebly elevated and almost straight ridge, almost touching the

eyes; with small but rather distinct punctures behind it, and somewhat smaller,

and sparser ones in front. Clypeus short, sides gently rounded and feebly

upturned, middle feebly incurved and not more upturned than sides; punctures

small and ill-defined, suture carinated and straight from side to side. Eyes

narrow, with distinct facets. Prothorax wide and evenly convex, sides with

narrow gutters and margins, apex more feebly margined, base scarcely visibly so ;

punctures of moderate size, numerous but not crowded, and sharply defined.

Elytra with narrow striae; interstices not separately convex, with numerous small

punctures, becoming larger on sides, where they are almost as distinct as those

on prothorax. Metasternum with sharply defined punctures, larger on sides than

elsewhere. Abdomen with apical segment distinctly narrowed in middle;

pygidium with slightly larger and more crowded punctures than on prothorax.

Length, 2-5 mm.

9 Differs in having slightly larger punctures and apical segment of

abdomen not narrowed in middle.

Hab. Northern Territory: Groote Eylandt (N. B. Tindale). Type,

I. 15409.

Smaller than any other species in the Museum, and apparently the size of

O. granum, but elub not dark, and elypeus scarcely emarginate, even in the

female. The female has the elytra, except for a large space about the scutellum,

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 393

obscurely reddish, but the reddish parts not sharply limited; on the male the

reddish parts are still more obscure; they are also very obscure on the prothorax.

MACROPOCOPRIS KINGI Har. (Onthophagus).

In Arrow’s table of the species of Macropocopris, M. kingi is distinguished

from M. parvus by its ‘‘Metasternum unpunctured.’’ This appears to be the case

with specimens when greasy, but when clean the metasternum is seen to have

fairly numerous asperate punctures on the episterna, some shallow ones tending to

obliteration on the sides and near the coxae, and very small ones in middle, but

the largest ones are much smaller than those of M. parvus.

MACROPOCOPRIS PARVUS Blanch. (Onthophagus).

Plate ix, figs. 83, 84.

Specimens identified by Blackburn as O. parvus and agreeing with Arrow’s

table are before me: they all have the elytra shining and with minute but rather

sharply defined punctures on a non-shagreened surface. In addition to differ-

ences in the front legs and abdomen, the sexes may be distinguished by the elypeal

suture; in the female this is carinated across the middle as well as on the sides;

in the male it is not so carinated, and on some specimens can scarcely be even

traced. Mr. Tindale obtained 11, 6, 4 and 3 specimens from the anal region of

the common wallaby of Groote EKylandt, Macropus agilis; they were running

around the anus and amongst the fur; the natives said they were always to be

found there; he obtained but one other specimen in ordinary collecting, but the

species is common in collections from "Cape York to North-western Australia.

A female from Port George IV (North-western Australia) differs from the

normal form in having the elytra finely shagreened, and with still more minute

punctures, not at all sharply defined ; but these do not warrant its being described

as a distinct species.

MACROPOCOPRIS PERAMELINUS sp. nov.

Plate 1x. fie: 85;

§ Black, shining, antennae, palpi, and tarsi somewhat reddish. Under-

surface and legs with irregularly distributed, rusty-red hairs.

Head wide, sides from widest part almost semicircular and moderately

elevated, more strongly so in front; obliquely flattened and almost impunctate

between eyes, but with a small central fovea, with numerous small punctures

elsewhere, becoming larger on elypeus, but nowhere very large. Clypeus with

suture carinated on sides, but obsolete across middle, the side parts each joined

39+ RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

on to a thin carina that curves round to near the front of an eye. Eyes large,

facets inconspicuous. Prothorax large, sides strongly rounded, lateral gutters

fairly deep, margins fairly wide on sides, narrow at apex, but absent from base,

front angles somewhat acute; a conspicuous conical tubercle in middle, crowning

the summit of a fairly large, subapical depression; punctures very minute,

becoming larger but obsolete in front angles. Elytra with narrow, geminate

striae, containing narrow, distant punctures; interstices scarcely separately

convex, and with minute punctures. Sides of prosternum, sides and base of

metasternum, with rather dense piliferous, granulate punctures; metasternum

with some large punctures near apex and small ones elsewhere. Abdomen with

apical segment strongly narrowed in middle; pygidium with fairly dense small

punctures. Claw-joints large, dilated to near apex, claws large and strongly

arched at base. Length, 9 mm.

Hab. New South Wales: Wingham, one specimen from a bandicoot’s nest

(W. du Boulay). Type, I. 15396. .

The general appearance is suggestive of species of Onthophagus, such as O.

glabratus and murchison, with the prothorax armed, but the claw-joint and claws

are those of Macropocopris; it is the only species at present known of that genus

with the prothorax armed.

PEDARIA ALTERNATA sp. nov.

6 Black, shining, most parts with a bronzy gloss; antennae, palpi, and tarsi

more or less reddish. With short, pale setae, rather sparsely distributed.

Head wide, moderately convex between eyes; with rather sparse punetures

becoming dense (but normally concealed) at base, sides flattened but with fine

margins. Clypeus with two projections marking the sides of a semicircular

notch. Prothorax widely transverse, front angles obtusely produced, hind ones

obtuse, sides obliquely decreasing from near apex to base; a large, almost impune-

tate, medio-basal depression, its front angles obliquely produced, between depres-

sion and sides with large, rather dense and suboblong punctures, elsewhere with

sparser, smaller, and more rounded ones. Elytra feebly dilated behind shoulders;

with deep, sharply defined striae, four interstices on each elytron conspicuously

wider than the others, and each with a row of rather distant, setiferous punctures.

Metasternum with a large median depression, connected with mesosternum by a

median ridge; sides with dense and large punctures, smaller elsewhere, but all

sharply defined. Front tibiae moderately long, obtusely tridentate externally,

apex with a rather strong inner hook. Length, 4-5-5 mm.

@ Differs in being less parallel-sided ; head smaller, with denser and rather

coarse punctures; prothorax with denser and larger punctures, and with many

LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 395

deep oblong ones in the large depression; front tibiae shorter, stouter, more

dilated at apex, with larger and more acute teeth, and without an inner hook.

Hab. Northern Territory : Groote Eylandt (N. B. Tindale). Type, I. 15433.

Consistently larger and more metallic than P. geminata, prothoracic excava-

tion with distinct punctures only in the female, elytra nongranulate, ete.

Numerous specimens were obtained on the island.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, vi-ix.

Plate vi.

Figs. 1, 2. Canthonosoma macleayi Har.

a, 4. C. castelnau Har.

9) Copraecus hemisphaericus Guer.

6. Labroma horrens Sharp.

ih Merodontus calcaratus Macl.

, 9. Aulacopris reicher White.

10,11. Coptodactyla ducalis Blackb.

Plate vii.

Figs. 12-14. Onthophagus laminatus Macl.

e, O. cowleyi Blackb.

16. O. pugnacior Blackb.

ie O. pugnax Har.

18. OF atrox: Har:

19,20. O. sloanei Blackb.

21,22. O. fissiceps Macl.

23,24. O. ferox Har.

25,26. O. pentacanthus Har.

at. O. pronus Er.

28,29. O. lea Blackb.

30. O. opacipennis Lea.

Plate viii.

Figs. 31-33. Onthophagus australis Guer.

34,35. O. masters: Macl.

36,37. O. macrocephalus Kirby

38,39. O. conspicuus Macel.

40,41. O. nodulifer Har.

396 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

49-44. 0. haagi Har.

45-47. O. anisocerus Er.

48,49. O. tweedensis Blackb.

50. O. bovilli Blackb.

51,52. O. victoriensis Blackb.

53-56. O. comperei Blackb.

57,58. O. hoplocerus Lea.

59: O. bicavicollis Lea.

60. O. variolicollis Lea.

Plate 1x.

Figs. 61,62. Onthophagus furcaticeps Masters.

63. O. lobicollis Mael.

64,65. O. walteri Macel.

66,67. O. cuniculus Macl.

68,69. O. dunningi Har.

70. O. planicollis Har.

al. O. mamillatus Lea.

Wes O. anchommatus Lea.

73.74. O. tricavicollis Lea.

(sie O. spissicollis Lea.

10: O. varianus Lea.

The O. cribricollis Lea.

78. O. clypealis Lea.

79,80. O. semimetallicus Lea.

81,82. O. interruptus Lea.

83, 84. Macropocopris parvus Blanch.

8). M. peramelinus Lea.

Photographs by N. B. Tindale.

AUSDRALIAN DUNG BEETLES

Rec. S.A. MusEUM VOL. tek Ate ay il

AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES

Rec. S.A. MusEuM Vor It Pisce Vii

AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES

Rec. S.A. MUSEUM Vor. i], Pure ie

AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES

PEU DIES In AUSTRALIAN AQUATIC HEMIPTERA.

No, II.

By HERBERT M. HALE, Sourn Ausrratian Museum.

Famity NOTONECTIDAE.

Plates x-xi and Text fig. 361-373.

Tru salient characteristic of the bugs comprising this family is a curious habit

of swimming with the venter uppermost, hence their popular name ‘‘back-

swimmers.’’ The underside of the abdomen has a median, longitudinal keel,

with a trough on each side, over which guard hairs close and imprison the air

which is utilized during submergence. The back is very convex longitudinally,

so that the thorax is relatively deeper than in other aquatic forms. All the tarsi

terminate in two claws and are usually two-jointed; in the male of Anisops the

anterior tarsi have but one joint, and in the Plea herein described, both the

anterior and intermediate tarsi are monomerous.

Four genera are recorded from Australia, but of these Anisops occurs far

more commonly than the others, which are represented each by one species only.

Specific Characters. The general size of the head and the comparative

width of the dorsal interocular space furnish useful and readily recognized

characters in the determination of our species; in this connection the terminology

given by Kirkaldy in his ‘‘Revision of the Notonectidae, No. 1’’ (1!) is here

adopted. The whole of the dorsal interocular surface is called by this author

c¢

the ‘‘notocephalon,’’ the term ‘‘vertex’’ is restricted in its usage to define the

apparent anterior margin of the notocephalon, while the distance between the

posterior angles of the eyes is aptly termed the ‘‘synthlipsis’’; Kirkaldy later

applied this word to a genus of Australian Mirid bugs. As a rule the inner

margins of the large eyes diverge more or less from the base of the head and

converge slightly towards the front of the notocephalon, so that the vertex is not

actually the widest mterocular space.

Colour is in most cases a character of little assistance; the notocephalon is

ochraceous or testaceous in dried specimens, and the legs are generally of like

colour, with parts of the inner or lower surfaces more or less dark brown to black.

The species herein dealt with are structurally sufficiently distinct one from the

other to be recognized with comparative ease.

Habits. All are eminently predatory, and our Enithares and Anisops are

(1) Kirkaldy, Trans. Ent. Soec., 1897, p. 393.

398 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

readily maintained in aquaria upon a diet of mosquito larvae. Amnisops impar-

tially inhabits running or stagnant water, clear or muddy. Examples taken from

the River Murray lagoons, and others from Broken Hill, New South Wales, are

at times infested with an Hydrachnid parasite, which also occurs on Corixids and

water-beetles. Seldom more than one parasite is present on a small bug, whereas

several are commonly attached to one beetle; the mite is usually fastened to the

pronotum of the bugs, more rarely to an eye.

Vertex

Fig. 861. Nomenclature of dorsal Fig. 362. Head of Anisops hyperion as seen from below;

surface of head. (¢) chitinous prongs of beak; (s) femoral stridu-

latory comb.

With a view to determining in some measure the periods at which the various

aquatic bugs occur at Adelaide, the ponds bordering the River Torrens were under

observation during two successive years. In these situations the backswimmers

disappeared at the end of the autumn, but Corixids were taken throughout the

year, hibernating females being found amongst masses of Nitella and Chara in

the cold months. On the other hand, in mid-winter many Anisops, including four

species, were collected at Broken Hill from dams which had been almost or quite

dry during the latter part of the summer.

The life history and biology of Anisops have not hitherto been recorded: an

account of Anisops hyperion is given on page 405.

Excepting for the deposition of eggs, Anisops very rarely clings to plant

stems, its poise in the water being almost perfect; Hnithares commonly anchors

itself to submerged objects (see pl. x, fig. 1), even walking up a plant stem to

the surface for a renewal of its air supply.

Reproduction. From an examination of the gonapophyses of the females

of six Australian species of Anisops it is evident that at least these members of

the genus insert their eggs in plant tissues. The endophytic oviposition of

A. hyperion was proved by actual experiment, and a comparison of the drilling

gonapophyses of this species with the others figured on pl. xi will show that,

without doubt, all serve a similar purpose.

HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA 399

The ovipositor is very similar in these six species and is of the same character

in Buenoa margaritacea, the life history and biology of which have been dealt

with by Prof. Hungerford.(*) This author also figures the drilling gonapophyses

of several Notonectae, and while these show specific differences it is probable that

throughout Anisops and Buenoa the ovipositor is of common form.

The ova of Notonectids are elongate, and if merely glued to plants are

attached by the long axis; the eggs of Corixids are not elongate, are often peg-top

shaped, and either pedicellate (as in Arctocorisa mercenaria and Porocorixa

eurynome) or attached at the base to a gelatinous pad (pl. x, fig. 4, 5).

In Anisops, considerable dimorphism is exhibited between the sexes. The

single-jointed anterior tarsi of the male terminate in curved, flattened and rather

blunt claws, and the anterior tibiae are expanded basally on the inner surface

to form a spur, on which is situated a stridulatory comb (fig. 362,s). The female

differs from the male in having the anterior tarsi two-jointed, with sharper and

more slender claws, while the form is usually more robust, the eyes slightly

smaller, the notocephalon wider, and the pronotum a little shorter.

In the allied American genus, Buenoa, the male has a tibial spur quite similar

to that of Anisops, and, in some species at least, a femoral area, on which the comb

apparently operates. Hungerford describes and figures this apparatus, and

mentions that, in addition, there are stridular areas on the face at the base of the

beak. In the males of the Australian species of Anisops the femoral area is not

apparent, but the rostrum is produced on each side to form a chitinous prong;

when the anterior legs are folded, the position in which stridulation is effected,

the apex of each prong is in juxtaposition with the tibial comb (fig. 362), so that

it would seem that sound is produced by the rubbing of the combs on these rostral

prongs; the beak is less markedly pronged in the male of Buenoa.

The genera at present known from Australia may be distinguished as

follows :

a. Abdomen with a median, ventral carina; hem-

elytra overlapping posteriorly ; legs dissimilar ;

ON sy ae es) ve, oe oe os ee 6S Sub sfamily Notonectinage.

b. Anterior tarsi of male single-jointed .. _Anisops.

bb. Anterior tarsi of male two-jointed.

e. Pronotum short, with the anterior

anelesvexca vate... ic tice. cen 9 eiwares.

ec. Pronotum moderately long, the an-

terior angles not excavate ...... Notonecta.

aa. Abdomen without median, ventral carina; elytra

not overlapping posteriorly ; legs similar ; eyes

SLOSS aa ae oe ae Sub-family Pleinae. Plea

(2) Hungerford, Bull. Univ. Kansas, xxi, 1919,

400 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

SUB-FAMILY NOTONECTINAE.

ANISOPS Spinola.

Anisops Spin., Ess. Hem., 1837, p. 58; Fieb., Rhynchotogr., 1851, p. 57; Stal.,

Hem. Afr., 111, 1865, p. 191; Kirk., Wien. ent. Zeit., xxiu1, 1904, p. 111.

Type, A. niveus Fabricius.

This is the predominant Notonectid genus in Australia. The form is slender

and the last antennal segment is longer than the penultimate segment, a condition

reversed in Notonecta. When in the water the bugs appear silvery, with the

venter dark.

KEY TO AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ANISOPS.

a. Head large, as wide, or almost as wide, as pronotum.

b. Form slender; eyes of male almost touching at base of

head.

. Male with a cephalic horn .. .. .. ..... .. .. )heneee

. Male without cephalic horm .. .. .. .. .. 2. o §@Omes

bb. an robust; eyes well separated at base of head.

d. Synthlipsis narrower than vertex.

Pronotum of male long, a little wider than its

i) ee

ee. Pronotum short, twice as wide as long .. .. ocularis.

dd. Synthlipsis about same width as vertex .. .. .. endymion.

aa. Head small, distinctly narrower than pronotum.

f. Synthlipsis less than half vertex ..... .. .. .. o.j .. )ueeeue

ff. Synthlipsis more than half vertex.

Posterior margin of pronotum concavely incised ;

over 10: mmm length: .2 cs 2cae = 20 oe

Posterior margin of pronotum convex; less than

10 mm. m length .. .. .. .. 1... ..4. .. <i

I know A. endymion only from the original description; Kirkaldy does not

mention the comparative width of the head, so that its position in the above key is

tentative. If it possesses a small head it should be placed with A. stali and A.

calcaratus, from both of which it differs in the wider synthlipsis.

ANISOPS FIEBERI Kirkaldy.

Anisops fieberi Kirk., Entomologist, 1901, p. 5 & Wien. ent. Zeit., xxiii, 1904,

p16;

Amsops niveus Fieb., Rhynehotogr., 1851, p. 60 (not Fabr.).

HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA 401

4 Head, including eyes, about as wide as the pronotum ; notocephalon pro-

duced outwards and downwards in front of eyes, the anterior margin truncate

and slightly concave; interocular space with a narrow swelling on each side, not

reaching to base of head and uniting towards front of cephalic projection ;

synthlipsis about 6 times in the distance between the anterior angles of the eyes;

vertex 2 times in an eye. Pronotum 1-7 times wider than long, with a shallow,

median depression outlined with some rather indistinct punctures ; posterior

margin concavely incised; lateral margins almost straight, slightly oblique.

Seutellum large, as long as the pronotum, a little longer than wide. Anterior

tibiae about 1-8 times as long as tarsi, which are nearly 2-5 times as long as the

longest claw. Length, 7 mm.; breadth, 1-7 mm.

Sg =

Leibijuygcog

—

WY tip

Fig. 363. Anisops fieberi.

2 Vertex not produced in front of eyes; synthlipsis 2-5 to 3 timés in vertex,

which is 2-3 to 3 times in the width of an eye. Pronotum slightly shorter than in

Anterior tibiae 1-5 times longer than tarsi, the second segment of which is

male.

half as long again as second. Length, 6-5 mm. to 7-2 mm.; width, 1-6 mm. to

1:8 mm.

‘*Dis-

_ Hab. Northern Territory: Darwin (G. F. Hill and W. K. Hunt).

tributed over British India; Celebes’’ (Kirkaldy) ; ‘‘Ceylon’’ (Distant).

The colour of the specimens above described has faded to a dingy ochraceous,

leaving underside of abdomen, eyes, and swimming hairs black.

402 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

ANISOPS DORIS Kirkaldy.

Anisops doris Kirk., Wien. ent. Zeit., xxiii, 1904, p. 112.

. é Head, including eyes, nearly as wide, or slightly wider than, the pro-

notum; notocephalon white to yellow or testaceous, with a median groove, on

Fig, 364. Anisops doris.

each side of which is a narrow swelling, not reaching to base of head; vertex 2-3

to 3:5 in an eye, 3 to 6 times as wide as the narrow synthlipsis; eyes large and

prominent, almost touching at base of head. Pronotum pale, smoky or yellow,

sometimes darkened posteriorly ; about twice as wide as long; superficially pune-

tured; sides parallel or not very divergent. Scutellum pale yellow, bright orange

or scarlet, usually with a more or less diffused, large, triangular, black spot on

each side; about as wide as long, 1:5 times the length of the pronotum. Meta-

notum and upper side of abdomen yellowish, black, or testaceous marked with

black. Underside black, with carina and lateral edges testaceous. Anterior

tibiae 1-4 times the tarsi, which are 2 to 3 times as long as the longest claw.

Length, 4-5 mm. to 8 mm.; width, 1-1 mm. to 2 mm. (‘‘84 mm.—_9 mm.’’ Kirk.).

@ Form more robust, eyes not so large and always distinctly separated at

base of head, and pronotum slightly wider, with the sides more divergent, than in

male. Vertex twice, or more than twice, as wide as synthlipsis, which is 5 to 6

tines in an eye. Length of second joint of anterior tarsus more than 1-5 times

that of first. Length, 5 mm. to 9 mm.; width, 1:28 mm. to 2-2 mm. (“8 mm—

92 mini,” * Kirk.) ;

HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA 403

Hab. South Australia: Adelaide, Murray Bridge, Port Willunga, and

Northern Flinders Ranges, 2,000 ft. (H. M. Hale), Lucindale (B. A. Feuer-

heerdt), Mount Lofty Ranges (J. Formby, J. G. O. Tepper, and H. M. Hale),

River Light (Molineaux), Myponga Swamps (A. H. Elston and H. M. Hale),

Kangaroo Is. (B. B. Beck); Northern Territory: Alexandria (type locality) ;

Queensland: Gladstone (A. M. Lea), Dalby (Mrs. F. H. Hobler), Karroongooloo

Station (H. S. Allnutt) ; New South Wales: Sydney (W. B. Gurney), Mittagong

and Tamworth (A. M. Lea), Broken Hill (F. W. Shepherd); Victoria: Mel-

bourne (Searle), Coromby (J. G. O. Tepper); Tasmania (A. Simson).

The slender form, large eyes and narrow notocephalon are the salient

features of this species. The synthlipsis of the male varies in width, but is

always exceedingly narrow; the eyes are never actually contiguous basally,

although in one instance they are separated by no more than the diameter of an

eye facet; the vertex also varies in both sexes. The intermediate tibiae of the

several specimens measured by me are relatively shorter than stated by Kirkaldy.

A point worthy of note is the variability of size as compared with other

Australian members of the genus with similar distribution; large and small

specimens have been taken in company in the same localities. During trips to

the northern districts of South Australia in 1920 and 1921 a few examples flew

to eamp lights at night, and others were collected in the clear brackish creeks.

In the spring of 1922 many thousands of backswimmers were congregated

near the edges of a small dam in the Mount Lofty Ranges; two species were pre-

sent in all stages, from egg to adult, most of the imagos having recently com-

pleted their metamorphoses. A census showed that A. doris occurred along one

side of the pool, while A. hyperion was confined to the opposite margin.

ANISOPS HYPERION Kirkaldy.

Anisops hyperion Kirk., Wien. ent. Zeit., xvii, 1898, p. 141 & xxiii, 1904, p. 118

(part?).

6 Head, including eves, almost as wide as the pronotum; notocephalon

ochraceous or testaceous, sometimes suffused at base with orange; with a median

longitudinal groove, on each side of which is a swelling, which does not reach to

hase of head; vertex 1:4 to 1-9 times the synthlipsis, which ts 3 to 4-5 times in the

width of an eye; tumidities of notoecephalon converging on clypeus to form a

median carina, on each side of which, and bordering the eye, is a line of punc--

tures. Pronotum pale anteriorly, usually blackish on posterior half, sometimes

wholly black or wholly white; length a little less than four-fifths the humeral

width ; with shallow, scattered punctures and an indistinct, coarse median carina,

which does not extend to the posterior margin; hinder edge concavely incised,

404 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Scutellum anteriorly black, or with one or two black spots on each side; dise

scarlet, orange or black, sides margined with yellow; wider than long, one-half to

three-fourths the length of the pronotum. Metanotum and upper surface of

abdomen (visible through wings) ranging from yellowish, varyingly marked with

black, to black. Underside mostly black, with ventral carina and edges of

segments pale testaceous. Legs ochraceous or testaceous; swimming hairs golden

brown to black; anterior femora broad, on inner surface concave, the greatest

width equal to half the length; anterior tibiae about one-third longer than tarsi,

which are four times as long as the longer claw; intermediate femora one-fourth

longer than the tibiae, which are more than one-third longer than tarsi; first

segment of tarsus three-fourths longer than the other. Length, 7 mm. to 8 mm.;

width, 2 mm. or a little more.

Fig. 365. Anisops hyperion.

? Pronotum a little wider than in male; vertex 1-5 to twice wider than

synthlipsis, which is about three times in the width of an eye (less than four times

in the type). Pronotum much shorter than in male, the length barely two-thirds

the humeral width. Scutellum three-fourths of length, to about as long as the

pronotum. Anterior femora not expanded, the greatest width (at base) beimg

less than half the length; anterior tibiae about two-fifths longer than tarsi, the

first segment of which is almost twice as long as the second. Intermediate tibiae

less than one-fourth longer than tarsi. Length, 7 mm. to 8-6 mm.; width, 2 mm.

to 275 mm?

Hab. South Australia: Adelaide, Mount Lofty Ranges, Port Willunga.

Murray River and Northern Flinders Ranges, 2,000 ft. (H. M. Hale), Myponga

HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA * 405

Swamps (A. H. Elston and H. M. Hale), Lucindale (B. A. Feuerheerdt), Beach-

port, South-Eastern districts (8S. S. Stokes), Bordertown (J. G. O. Tepper),

Baldina Creek (A. Zietz), Mount Parry (Tate); Queensland: Longreach (A. M.

Lea), Rockhampton (type locality); New South Wales: Broken Hill (F. W.

Shepherd); Victoria: (fide Kirkaldy); Western Australia: Mullewa (Miss

ge May).

The specimens from Broken Hill are largely jet black, with the scarlet of

the seutellum prominent.

This species superficially resembles A. stali, but may be easily recognized by

the smaller size, larger head, and by the very different anterior legs. A. hyperion

was originally described from female examples taken in Queensland; the propor-

tions of the intermediate legs of the above specimens differ a little from those of

the type, the tibiae being more than one-sixth longer than the tarsi. In the female

the uncovered portion of the scutellum is rarely more than the length of the

pronotum.

In his ‘‘Uber Notonectiden’’ (1904), Kirkaldy gives a short description of

both sexes, and adds the following localities: Victoria (Kirk.’s collection) ; New

Caledonia and Marianne Islds. (Paris Mus.) ; Viti Islds.: Ovalau.

He then expresses doubt as to whether he has not confused two species;

the males described by him are 6 mm. to 7 mm. in length, with the anterior

elaws longer than in the males of the Australian species herein determined as

A. hyperion; the examples recorded under this name from New Caledonia, etc.,

by Kirkaldy, and later by Distant(?) may prove to represent another species.

BIOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF ANISOPS HYPERION.

A. hyperion is the commonest representative of the genus in South Australia,

occurring in both running and stagnant water. As with other species of the

genus, its poise in the water is almost perfect; after ascending to the surface,

where the tip of the venter is exposed for a second or so, the bug darts down a

few inches; slowly, however, it commences to rise, but a stroke of the swimming

legs counteracts this buoyancy; gradually the tendency to automatically ascend

becomes less marked, and finally the insect commences to slowly sink, so that a

reverse movement is necessary to regain equilibrium until the surface is again

visited. The. bug, therefore, is never actually motionless in the water, but is

continually jerking up and down, or down and up.

Food. The food consists of aquatic animals small enough to be mastered ;

for more than eight months examples confined in battery jars were maintained

(3) Dist., Nova Caledonia, Zool., i, 1914, p. 386.

406 ° RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

upon mosquito larvae and pupae, both of which are captured with ease: indeed,

the adults and, to a lesser degree, the fifth instar nymphs, appear to favour the

pupae, for if such are present they are taken before the larvae. The victims are

securely held beneath the comb-like bristles arming the margins of the anterior

and intermediate legs, and are dexterously turned about as the beak is applied

to fresh portions. The rapacity of the bugs is remarkable; unless unduly

disturbed, examples which have captured a ‘‘wriggler’’ do not relinquish their

prey when lifted out of the water during transit to another vessel.

Throughout the life cycle the nymphs also fed upon this diet; egg rafts of

Cuiex were placed in the jars containing the hatching bugs, and the tiny emerging

larvae were easily captured by the precocious nymphs. Between the second and

final moults (a period of less than four weeks) isolated examples on an average

each accounted for about 200 medium sized larvae, while during the first two

stages many hundreds of newly-hatched larvae were eaten. A laying female

during one month caught 33 large larvae and 37 pupae of Scutomyia notoscripta.

Breeding Habits. There are at least two generations every year, eggs

being deposited as late in the season as April, the progeny wintering as adults

and breeding the following summer. Copulation has been noted at the beginning

of August.

With the object of recording the breeding and other habits of the species,

examples hatched during the summer were installed in balanced aquaria towards

the end of the season (April). Throughout the winter these bugs remained

active and feeding. In early spring mating took place, and the first batch of

larvae hatched on October 27th.

The courtship is most fascinating: the male, stridulating rapidly the while,

poises below and a little behind the female, and in this position accompanies her

every movement; finally, with the extended posterior legs quivering with excite-

ment, he attempts to clasp her from below. He is not, however, in any way

faithful to one consort, for if another female passes near, and the first has not

responded, position is taken below the newcomer; if she proves more amenable

a union is effected and the couple remain in copula for an hour or more; the male

occupies a position below and slightly to the right side of the female (that is to

the left, as the bugs are viewed upside down), the curious, finger-like anterior

tarsal claws enabling him to maintain his embrace.

A description of the stridulatory apparatus of the male of Anisops is given

in the introduction to this paper. When A. hyperion is stridulating the anterior

legs are flexed still more than usual, the tarsi almost touching the body; the base

of the tibia moves up and down over the rostral prong with extraordinary

rapidity, and sometimes a tiny, silvery bubble may be seen at the point of

HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA 407

friction; the sound is often maintained for long periods; in mid-winter one

example continued its song intermittently during the whole of one day, as is the

ease during breeding. Stridulation commences with a rapid series of squeaky

notes, not loud, but continued for a minute or more; the notes then become

slightly louder and more metallic, and finally merge into a shrill and loud chirrup,

which is not sustained, the song soon sinking to pianissimo or ceasing altogether.

When sitting near an aquarium containing stridulating Anisops, the effect is as

of a distant grindstone at work, with the sound borne very faintly to the ear.

Sometimes the characteristic chirrup is produced without the preliminary fainter

notes, and vice versa, but in any ease the stridulation is quite easily distinguished

from the fewer and less quickly repeated notes of Corixids.

Oviposition. It has been mentioned that an examination of the female.

genitalia of the Australian species shows that all insert their eggs in plants.

Some thick stems of Potamogeton tricarinatus, an indigenous water-plant, were

anchored close to the glass of an aquarium containing some of the bugs under

observation, and it was thus possible to watch the whole process of oviposition.

The female grasps a stem with the anterior and middle legs and curves the

abdomen so that its tip is almost touching the surface of the plant; the orifice

opens and the point of the ventral carina explores the stem, the insect meanwhile

walking down the support until a suitable site is selected. The genitalia are then

extruded, the point of the abdominal keel is firmly applied and kept rigid, and

quite close to it the drilling gonapophyses work at the stem with a circular,

scraping motion; the epidermis is soon penetrated and an oval cavity is gouged

out of the plant tissue. As the hole increases in size the tip of the carina slips

into it at the lower edge (the insect being head-downwards), while all the time

the drilling organs can be seen inside the semi-transparent stem, operating with

a characteristic gouging movement.

When the hole is completed there is a short pause; then an egg is inserted,

leaving a small portion of the anterior surface exposed at the mouth of the cavity.

Finally the sensitive lip of the pygidium moves over and about the exposed

portion of the egg, as if to make sure that all is well; the silky hairs of the

posterior abdominal segments and ovipositor are doubtless to some extent

tactile. The actual drilling of the Potamogeton tissue occupied from 35 to 50

seconds, the insertion of the ovum about 15 seconds. After an egg is laid the

female swims away, vigorously cleaning the tip of the abdomen with the posterior

legs and constantly exposing the genitalia while doing so. Oftentimes the female

settles on a stem, explores the surface with the closed tip of the abdomen, and

floats off again, as if dissatisfied with the location; if the ovipositor is extruded,

however, one can be sure that, if not disturbed, the female will insert an egg

408 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

before leaving the stem. The bugs are shy during copulation and oviposition,

and are rather easily disturbed in either act.

Period of Oviposition. In a jar containing one male and three females,

the latter were simultaneously depositing eggs on November Ist; each laid only

a few eges a day, oviposition being most active after mid-day, when the sun was

shining into the laboratory ; at this time of day the male seemed greatly excited,

frequently stridulating, poising beneath the females, and attempting to clasp

them from below. On November 20th one of them, which had completed oviposi-

tion, was floating venter uppermost at the surface, apparently unable to maintain

its poise, and shortly died; on this date the male was again in copula with

one of the remaining females, both of which continued laying until about Novem-

ber 22nd, on which date the first of these nymphs hatched. The second female died

on the 24th, and all weed was now removed from the vessel, so that the surviving

female, which had not completed egg-laying, had perforce to cease ovipositing.

The male perished on the 29th, but the female remained quite healthy for the

following three weeks; at the expiration of this time a fragment of Potamogeton

was dropped into the jar, and the interrupted oviposition was immediately con-

tinued, two eggs being laid in rapid succession. The survivor lived until the

middle of January, 1928.

The Nidus. A plant stem or leaf of sufficient thickness to accommodate

the eggs, and which the ovipositor is capable of drilling, is utilized if such be

present; when indigenous Potomogeton and Myriaphyllum are growimg in

localities favoured by Anisops the stems of these plants are usually found to

contain eggs.

As an experiment a gravid female was isolated in a jar containing only

small plants of Vallisneria spiralis, the thin leaves of which are ill suited for the

reception of the ova. A great number of slits in the leaves indicated abortive

attempts to prepare suitable receptacles, and the eggs deposited in this nidus

were but partially concealed, so that it was possible to photograph them im situ

(pl. x, fig. 3-4).

Period of Development. About a fortnight after deposition the eggs

exhibited the first traces of the red eye pigment of the enclosed embryo, and in

another week the nvmphs emerged. This period for incubation obtained with the

water at a mean temperature of 67° F., but the time varies according to the

temperature of the water and the season of the year; eggs deposited in December

developed more rapidly, the eye-pigment appearing in a few days. The skin is

moulted five times during the metamorphosis, the first four instars each oceupy-

ing about a week, the fifth a little longer. In aquaria the individual variation

in the periods between moults was as follows :—First, 7 days; second, 7-8 days;

HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA 409

third, 6-8 days; fourth, 7-10 days, and the fifth about 10 days. Thus the nymph

attains maturity about two months after the egg is laid.

Habits of the Nymphs. The newly-hatched nymphs, as in the case of

larvae of other Notonectid genera observed by Hungerford, are singularly help-

less until the guard hairs have become charged with air; after tumbling about

in awkward efforts to attain the surface film, they sink to the bottom exhausted.

Several examples in this condition were placed in a small dish containing water

to the depth of half an inch, and after three days none had filled its guard hairs;

possibly during this period respiration was effected through the skin by osmotic

action. They were then placed in a “‘balanced’’ aquarium containing ample

weed, and next morning, with guard hairs filled, all were poised in the water,

active and feeding. These first instar nymphs remain quite near the surface

and behave much as do the imagos. In situations where Anisops is breeding,

they do not mingle with the more developed examples, but congregate in the

shaliowest water at the margins of the pools, the shoals often comprising many

thousands of individuals; adults do not appear to prey upon these swarming

nymphs.

The moulting is not the least interesting phase of the metamorphosis: the

skin splits along the dorsal median line of the thorax (where it is weakest), but

the integument of the abdomen is unruptured; the skin of the head splits at the

junctures of the eyes and notocephalon. The legs are drawn out of the previous

sheaths, leaving the last-named, complete with swimming hairs, spines, etc.,

intact; the abandoned skin floats at the surface, a hollow replica of the nymph

from which it is practical to compute leg and other measurements. Occasionally

a nymph fails to rupture the skin and so dies; in an example which has perished

thus the dorsum is characteristically humped owing to the abortive effort to burst

the skin. After each moult the bug immediately expands to the proportions of

the next instar.

Developmental Changes. The first instar nymph has no ventral carina on

the abdomen and, even towards the end of the instar, very little pigment on the

venter. The claws, as in the adult, are unequal, but are relatively much larger,

decreasing regularly in proportion to the size as the bug grows; the posterior

claws, for instance, are conspicuous in the first instar nymph, and measure one-

fifth of the length of the tarsus, while in the adult they are small, hidden by the

swimming hairs, and but one-tenth of the length of the tarsus. The anterior and

intermediate tibiae and tarsi are concave on their inner surfaces as in the imago,

but all the tarsi are single-jointed until after the final moult. The width of the

synthlipsis in relation to that of the vertex does not differ greatly throughout the

life history, but the eyes are at first small and the notocephalon is proportionally

410 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

much wider than in the imago. As successive instars are attained, the eyes

become larger and more rounded.

Below is a description of each stage of the life history, following which is a

table giving the average measurements of several specimens of each. The life

history is illustrated on pl. xi, fig. 1 to 9.

The egg. Surface with small hexagonal reticulations. Colour pearly white

when first laid, ochraceous, with red eye spots as development proceeds. Length,

1-32 mm.; widest diameter, -52 mm., rather more as the enclosed bug attains

larger proportions.

First instar nymph. Head somewhat conically produced in front of the

small, widely separated eyes; vertex nearly twice as wide as the synthlipsis, which

is one-third of the width of the head. Anterior and intermediate tarsi less than

twice as long as the claws. (The longer claw of the pair terminating each tarsus

is measured.) Lower edge of the posterior fulchra with a row of fine striae as in

the adult. Swimming hairs rather sparse on posterior tarsus, almost absent on

the tibiae. The colour is transparent whitish, with the eyes red, the guard hairs

black, and the swimming hairs and a streak on the inner margin of the posterior

tarsus dark brown. After the bug commences to feed the abdomen is dark owing

to contained food, but as the instar draws to a close true pigmentation is slightly

developed on the underside of the abdomen. Length, 1-8 to 1-9 mm.

Second instar nymph. Head less conically produced in front of the eyes

than in previous instar; vertex slightly more than one and a half times the

synthlipsis, which is three and a half times in the width of the head. A some-

what poorly developed ventral keel is now present, but the abdominal gutters are

hardly apparent; the guard hairs are arranged as in the adult. A space on the

venter between these is brown, and a faint dark streak appears on the underside

of the posterior femora. Posterior femora, tibiae, and tarsi subequal in length. -

Anterior tarsi more than three times as long as claws, intermediate tarsi three

times as long as claws. The swimming hairs on the posterior tarsi are denser,

and a sparse fringe appears on the posterior tibiae. Length, 2-3 to 2-5 mm.

Third instar nymph. Head evenly rounded in front of eyes. Vertex about

one and a half times the synthlipsis, which is one-fourth of the width of the head.

The wing pads have appeared and extend past the first third of the thorax.

Anterior and intermediate tarsi about three and a half times as long as their

claws. Swimming fringes are developed on both margins of the posterior tibiae

and tarsi. Limbs and under-surface in parts sooty; head ochraceous. Length,

3-2 and 3-56 mm.

Fourth instar nymph. Vertex about one and a half times the synthlipsis,

which is 4:4 to 5-27 times in the width of the head. The wing pads extend to

HaLE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA 411

beyond the middle of the length of the thorax. Anterior tarsi nearly four times

longer than claws; intermediate tarsi more than four times longer than claws.

Abdominal gutters now prominent. Pigment on venter of abdomen dark brown.

Leneth, 4:12 to 4-5 mm. ;

Fifth instar nymph. Head much as in the adult, but notocephalon propor-

tionally a little wider. The wing pads reach slightly beyond the posterior

margin of the thorax. Anterior tarsi rather more than four times longer than

the claws, intermediate tarsi more than four and a half times longer than claws.

The pigment on the abdomen is almost black and the streak on the underside of

the posterior femora is prominent; head and prothorax dark ochraceous.

In this instar the sex of each nymph can be determined, the immature males

having the eyes more prominent, the notocephalon narrower, and the inner

margins of the eyes rather less divergent, than in the other sex. Furthermore, by

means of transmitted light, the two-jointed tarsi of developing females can be

discerned through the integument of the single-jointed tarsi of nymphs nearing

the final moult (pl. xi, fig. 9); similarly, the monomerous anterior tarsi and

characteristic anterior tibiae of the male can be seen.

6 Vertex, 1-34 to 1-8 times as wide as the synthlipsis, which is 4-5 to 6°8

times in the width of the head.

9 Vertex, 1:35 to 1:5 times as wide as the synthlipsis, which is 3-4 to 4-6

times in the width of the head.

Length, 5-1 to 6-12 mm.

The imago. Newly moulted adults have a clear whitish appearance, with

the underside of the abdomen brown; the scarlet of the scutellum and the dark

colour on pronotum and dorsum of abdomen, etc., are developed later; the

integument is at first soft, and the bugs shrivel if dried too soon after the

metamorphosis is completed.

6 Synthlipsis, 6-97 to 9-8 times in width of head.

2 Synthlipsis, 6-1 to 8-0 times in width of head.

Other proportions are given in the general description of the species.

DIMENSIONS OF NYMPHS AND ADULTS.

Instar. a 2, 3 4 5) 63 692

ioifabensth ... ... 1-85 2-4 3°38 4-31 561 7:5 7:8

Greatest width .. .. 6 ih 1-15 1:38 16 2-0 2-25

Width of head .. .. -55 7 1:0 1-14 1:48 aLewé 1-78

425

MeGiek 2. oe 8k 33 32 ‘37 “4 g -417 36

2 D3

412 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Synehlipsiss. 3. 4. 18 2 -25 -26 g +29 -22 -256

9-37

Anterior femur .. 3 oF 13) -49 “65 Bios eles 1-0

5 CAB pats “4 * -48 63 ‘830 1-13854 “iam 1-29

e tarsus 275 Ba) AT 6 iyi 1:01 93

Intermediate femur. -495 52 79, 1 oa 1-365. 27 1-72

= tibia. . 36 -45 675 5 (a een! Os 3 1-33 1-39

* tarsus. “219 34 50 625 8 ‘OF, 1-02

Posterior femur... 65 82 ial 1-385 1-94 2°32 2-35

ut bibgar aeoce 68 81 1-0 ie | 1-57 1:85 1-93

a tArSUS <5. ‘8 83 95 1-165. 11-3072. “ies 1-46

ANISOPS OCULARIS sp. nov.

6 Head, including the large and prominent eyes, very slightly narrower

than the pronotum; notocephalon with a swelling on each side, not reaching to .

base of head, converging at vertex and continued as a median carina on to the

very narrow face; synthlipsis about 1-5 in vertex, 5 times in the width of an eye.

Pronotum pale testaceous; as long as the head, twice as wide as long, with a

Fig. 366. Anisops ocularis.

feeble median carina, which disappears posteriorly; hinder edge slightly con-

cavely incised. Seutellum testaceous, with a large, pale triangular patch near

each anterior angle; wider than long, and about 1-25 times as long as the pro-

notum. Metanotum testaceous; upperside of abdomen pale, with the posterior

segments in parts black. Underside of abdomen black, ventral carina and lateral

edges ochraceous. Anterior tibiae much expanded, the greatest width (near the

. HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA 413

base) being -3 of the length; anterior tarsi 1-6 times in tibiae, 3 times longer than

the longer claw. Length, 8 mm.; width, 2-5 mm.

Hab. Northern Territory: Darwin (W. K. Hunt).

The type is the only representative of this species before me. As in A. doris,

the eyes are large, the notocephalon is narrow, and the pronotum is short; it

differs, however, in the wider synthlipsis, the markedly more robust form, the

much more expanded anterior tibiae of the male, ete. It resembles Distant’s

deseription and figure of A. cleopatra from New Caledonia, but in that species the

synthlipsis is ‘‘not more than half’’ as wide as the vertex and the size is smaller.

ANISOPS GRATUS sp. nov.

6 Head, including eyes, narrower than the pronotum; notocephalon with a

median groove, on each side of which is a slight swelling; synthlipsis little more

than 2 times in vertex, 5 times in the width of an eye. Pronotum almost one and

a half times wider than long, with scattered punctures and a median fovea;

posterior margin concavely incised, lateral margins divergent. Scutellum yellow,

shorter than the pronotum; wider than long. Legs slender; anterior thigh 1-3

times tarsus; longer claw 2-5 in tarsus. Length, 7 mm. to 8-5 mm.; width, 2 mm.

or slightly more.

Fig. 367. Anisops gratus.

2 Synthlipsis 2-5 to 3 in vertex, 4 to 5 times in the width of an eye. Pro-

notum a little shorter than in male. Scutellum about same length as pronotum,

as wide as long. First joint of anterior tarsus almost twice as long as second;

claws shorter than in male, Length, 7 mm. to 9 mm.; width, 2 mm, to 2-5 mm,

414 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Hab. South Australia: Murray River (H. S. Cope), Adelaide and

Port Willunga (H. M. Hale), Lucindale (B. A. Feuerheerdt), Bordertown

(J. G. O. Tepper), Summertown (Pullman); Central Australia: Lake Calla-

bonna (A. Zietz); Queensland: Karoongooloo Station (H. 8. Allnutt); New

South Wales: Broken Hill (F. W. Shepherd, type locality) ; Western Australia :

Mullewa (Miss J. F. May).

In this species the synthlipsis is narrower than in A. hyperion, stali, or

endymion; amore robust form and smaller head at once separate it from A. doris

and fieberi. The eyes of the male are occasionally much closer at the base of the

head than in the type; in one example the synthlipsis is 4 times in the vertex and

10 times in the width of an eye. Although the synthlipsis varies thus, the vertex

remains approximately the same, about 2-5 times in the width of an eye.

The delicate colours of A. gratus soon fade after death; the colouration of

fresh samples collected by Mr. F. W. Shepherd in New South Wales, and by

myself in South Australia, is as follows: Notocephalon very pale yellow, almost

white. | Pronotum orange, paler anteriorly. Scutellum clear lemon yellow, pos-

teriorly suffused with orange. Metanotum and anterior part of upper side of -

abdomen (as seen through wings) clear lemon yellow, posteriorly delicately

shaded with orange; sides of abdomen pale pink, the edges of segments shaded

with brown; sternum yellow, underside of abdomen black, in parts yellow. Legs

pale, coxae, femora, and tibiae marked with brownish-black on inner surfaces.

ANISOPS STALI Kirkaldy.

Notonecta australis Stal, Ofr. K.V.Ak. Forh., xii, 1855, p. 190 (nee. Oliv.).

Anisops australis Stal, Eugenies Resa, 1859, p. 267.

Anisops stali Kirk., Wien. ent. Zeit., xxii, 1904, p. 113.

é Head, including eyes, much narrower than the pronotum; notocephalon

ochraceous, produced downwards and slightly outwards in front of eyes, the

anterior margin being truncate and a little concave, with a small projection at

each angle; anterior three-fourths with a median, punctured groove, on each side

of which is a swelling with an impressed line of punctures defining its outer

margin; these tumidities converge anteriorly and meet in the middle of the front

edge of the notocephalic projection; synthlipsis 1-3 to 1-5 times in the distance

between the anterior angles of the eyes, and 2:3 to 2-5 in the width of an eye;

face seen in profile, concave, so that the lower part of the eye projects in front of

it on each side. Pronotum white, posteriorly black or reddish, about 1-5 times

wider than long, with some indefinite punctures and an indistinct, coarse,

median carina, which vanishes posteriorly; hinder margin coneavely incised ;

lateral margins moderately oblique. Secutellum yellow or orange, anteriorly more

HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA 415

or less infuseated with red and sometimes with a small triangular black spot near

each anterior angle; about as long as the pronotum. Metanotum and upper side

of abdomen testaceous marked with black, or black. Underside of abdomen black,

with ventral carina and edges of segments testaceous. Anterior tibiae 1-6 times

longer than tarsi, which are more than twice as long as the claws. Length, 11 mm.

to 12 mm.; width, 3:2 mm. to 3:5 mm.

@ Vertex not produced as in male, projecting only very slightly in front of

the eyes; swellings on notocephalon a little larger and converging on face, which,

seen in profile, is almost straight; synthlipsis 1-3 to 1:5 in vertex, 2-1 to 2-5 in

the width of an eye. Pronotum about 1-75 times wider than long. Scutellum

longer than pronotum. Anterior tibiae 1-6 times longer than tarsi; first tarsal

segment 1-5 times longer than second, which is little longer than a claw. Length,

10-5 mm. to 13 mm.; width, 3 mm. to 3:5 mm.

Nig. 368. Anisops stali.

Hab. South Australia: Murray River (H. M. Hale), ‘‘N.W. of South

Aust.’’ (Dr. H. Basedow), Bordertown (J. G. O. Tepper), Cordillo Downs (F.

Archer; Central Australia: Cooper’s Creek (J. G. Reuter), Boorgline Waterhole

( Hlder Expedition), Andamed Station (A. F. Roberts); Northern Territory:

(Capt. S. A. White), Port Darwin; Queensland: Cunnamulla (H. Hardeastle),

Karoongooloo Station (H. 8S. Allnutt) ; New South Wales: (type locality), Hay

(A. M. Lea) ; Western Australia: Wyndham (S. Stephens).

This is the largest species recorded from Australia. Its form-is robust, the

body being deep and, seen sideways, considerably arched on the back, so that the

416 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

downward inclination of the head is rather more marked than in the other forms;

the stout anterior legs are distinctive in their proportions. According to

Kirkaldy’s measurements, the intermediate tibia of the male is relatively shorter

than in the female, but I can find little difference in the examples now examined.

ANISOPS CALCARATUS sp. nov.

6 Head, including eyes, narrower than the pronotum; notocephalon with a

median groove, which does not extend to hinder margin of the head and with a

swelling on each side; synthlipsis less than 1-5 in vertex, 3-5 times in the width

of an eye; notocephalic swellings uniting at the front of the head and continued

on to face as a strong, median carina; eyes large, prominent, projecting slightly

in front of vertex. Pronotum sordid testaceous, about 1-5 times wider than

long, with a coarse, median carina reaching to posterior margin; lateral margins

divergent; hinder edge evenly convex. Scutellum testaceous, wider than long,

a little longer than the pronotum. Metanotum testaceous, with a black spot on

each side; upper side of abdomen testaceous, posterior segments black. Anterior

Fig. 369. Anisops calcaratus.

femora stout, the superior edge with a knife-like ridge, which gradually rises

- until it attains a point beyond the middle of the length of the thigh, where it

abruptly terminates; summit of this ridge set with very small prostrate spines;

tibiae strong, the anterior end of the inner face with a distinct spur, in the apex

of which is set a short, stout spine; tarsi damaged. Length, nearly 9 mm.; width,

2-4 mm,

HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA 417

@ Eyes not so prominent, and notocephalon wider than in male. Synth-

lipsis 1-5 in vertex, 3 times in the width of an eye. Pronotum about twice as

wide as long, with a coarse, median carina; hinder margin convex. Scutellum

pale yellow to orange; sometimes with a black spot on each side anteriorly; 1:5

times as long as the pronotum. Anterior femora not ridged on superior edge;

anterior tibia one-fourth longer than the tarsi, the first tarsal segment nearly

twice as long as the second, which is less than twice the length of the longest claw.

Length, 8 mm. to 9:5 mm.; width, 2:5 mm. to 3 mm.

Hab. South Australia: Bordertown (J. G. O. Tepper, type locality) ;

Queensland: Cunnamulla (H. Hardcastle). ;

The type, which is somewhat damaged, is the only male of this distinct species

as yet received. The convex posterior margin of the pronotum distinguishes it

from all other Australian forms, excepting possibly A. endymion Kirk.; in the

description of the last-named species the character of the hinder edge of the

pronotum is not stated, but the synthlipsis is described as about half the width of

an eye and but slightly narrower than the vertex, while the pronotum is rela-

tively longer and the scutellum shorter than in the female of A. calcaratus.

ANISOPS ENDYMION Kirkaldy.

Anisops endymion Kirk., Wien. ent. Zeit., xxiii, 1904, p. 114.

‘‘Hlytra ash-coloured, transparent. Posterior half of exocorium and the

elavus smoke-eoloured, anterior half of clavus, basal margin of corium and the

basal half of exocorium, black. Veins of wings pale. Metanotum brownish-black,

lateral margins pale. Legs pale. Abdomen above dull, pale, in the centre black.

Below black. Crown longitudinally grooved, hardly broader on the anterior

margin than on the synthlipsis, the breadth of the latter barely half the width of

an eye.

Anterior margin of the pronotum between the eyes much more distorted

than in other species (the distorted portion rounded anteriorly) ; pronotum three-

fourths broader than its length, longer than the seutellum. Anterior and middle

tibiae flat and laterally expanded, broader at end than at base; one-fifth times

longer than tarsi, first tarsal segment two-fifths longer than the other, which is

two and a half times as long as the claw. Length, 9 mm.; breadth, 3 mm.

HTab. Australia: Swan River (Perth Museum, Scotland). .

Only a single female of this distinet species is before me.”’

I have not seen this species, and as the publication in which it is described

is not included in our libraries a translation from the German of the original

description is given above. A. endymion differs from the other species herein

described in the wider notocephalon.

418 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

NOTONECTA Linnaeus.

Notonecta Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758, p. 439; Fieb. Rhynchotogr., 1851, p. 48;

Flor., Rhynch. Livl., i, 1860, p. 766; Saund., Hem. Heteropt. Brit. Is., 1892,

p. 829; Kirk., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1897, p. 397.

Type, NV. glauca Linnaeus.

Only one Australian species may be definitely assigned to this almost

universally distributed genus; no Notonectae occurred amongst the considerable

amount of material examined for the preparation of this paper.

NOTONECTA HANDLIRSCHI Kirkaldy.

Notonecta handlirschi Kirk., loc. cit., p. 408.

Kirkaldy remarks: ‘‘Something like NV. americana Fabr., but with the pattern

and colour very obscure. I have very great pleasure in dedicating this species,

the first true Notonecta from Australia, to Dr. Handlirsch, of the Vienna

Museum.”’

Loc. ‘‘Australia.’’ Type in Vienna Museum.

? NOTONECTA AUSTRALIS Olivier.

Notonecta australis Oliv., Eneyel. Method., viii, 1811, p. 389.

Notonecta (? Anisops) australis Kirk., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1897, p. 426.

Kirkaldy, in his ‘‘Revision of the Notonectidae. Part I,’’ was unable to

trace this species, which he suggests may be an Anisops. Olivier’s short deserip-

tion is practically confined to colour; in Enithares bergrothi the colouring is

quite similar.

‘*Elle se trouve ala Nouvelle Hollande. Du cabinet-de M. Bose.”’

ENITHARES Spinola.

Enithares Spin., Ess. Hem., 1837, p. 60; Stal., Hem. Afr., i, 1865, p. 190; Kirk.,

Wien. ent. Zeit., xxiii, 1904, p. 95.

Bothronotus Fieb., Rhynchotogr., 1851, p. 46.

Emthara Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (3), viii, 1860, p. 971.

Tvpe, E. indica, Fabr.

Form robust; pronotum wide and short, with a foveate excavation at each

anterior angle,

HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA 419

ENITHARES BERGROTHI Montandon.

Emthares bergrothi Montand., Rev. ent. frane., xi, 1892, p. 75; Kirk., Wien.

ent. Zeit., xxiii, 1904, p. 105.

Enithara australica Signoret, Samml. (MS.).

?Bothronotus luniger Fieber, Abhand. der kénigl. bbhm. Ges. der Wiss. (5)

1852, p. 741. (White form.)

Platecx sieved):

», Ville

Notocephalon pale, basally wrinkled or punctate and with a low triangular

tubercle at hinder margin; punctate on each side towards vertex, and with a line

of punctures bordering each eye; vertex twice or a little more than twice as wide

as synthlipsis, which is rather less than half the width of an eye. Pronotum

black on posterior half, sometimes with the front edge broadly maregined with

black; foveate excavations ochraceous or black; about 2-5 times wider than long;

anterior half densely punctured and finely wrinkled; posterior half smooth and

Fig. 370. Enithares bergrothi; a and b, anterior and intermediate legs.

polished, with a few small, scattered punctures. Seutellum pale or black, often

with an oblique, ochraceous dash of varying shape on each side; about 1-5 times

longer than pronotum, densely covered with fine punctures. Hemelytra black,

sometimes paler laterally and on claval suture; clothed with tiny hairs; shining

and densely covered with minute punctures. First joint of anterior tarsus about

twice as long as the second: claws equal, as long as the second tarsal segment ;

420 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

intermediate femora with a spur or tooth near the apex; intermediate tibiae about

1:5 times longer than the tarsi, the first segment of which is 1-5 times longer than

the second; claws unequal, the longer one almost as long as the second tarsal

segment. Length, 10 mm. to 12 mm.; width, 3-5 mm. to 4:5 mm.

Hab. South Australia: Adelaide, Mount Lofty Ranges, South-Eastern

districts, ete., ete. (H. M. Hale), Myponga (A. H. Elston, ete.), Beachport (8. 8.

Stokes) ; Northern Australia (Belgium Museum, etc., fide Kirk.) ; Queensland:

Kuranda (R. W. Armitage), Cape York (Belgium Museum, etc., fide Kirk.) ;

New South Wales: Mittagong (A. M. Lea), Como (W. W. Froggatt) ; Victoria:

Macedon, Melbourne and Plenty River (Searle), Melbourne, ete. (Paris, Stock-

holm, and Belgium Mus., ete., fide Kirk.); Eastern Australia and Tasmania

(Paris Mus., fide Kirk.); Tasmania (A. Simson); Western Australia (Kirk.,

‘meine Samml.’’); New Caledonia (type locality); Balade Is. (Paris Mus.,

fide Kirk.).

The colour is variable; pale examples confined in aquaria eventually became

black, excepting for the head, legs, and part of the pronotum. The life colouring

of a typical adult specimen is as follows:

Notocephalon gray, laterally margined with translucent yellow, posteriorly

with a bluish-black triangular marking, the basal angles of which touch the inner

posterior angles of the eyes; vertex suffused with bright, dark green (graminace-

ous) ; eyes dark rose; beak and face graminaceous, the last-named laterally mar-

gined with dark yellow. Pronotum black on posterior half, gray marked with

black anteriorly, laterally tinged with green. Scutellum black, with a pale

yellow dash on each side. Remainder of upper side black. Underside of

abdomen black, with ventral carina and lateral edges graminaceous, and edges of

segments castaneous. Upper surfaces of legs green, in parts tinged with yellow;

lower surfaces dark green, more or less marked with brown; anterior femora

with two dark brown streaks below and posterior femora with a dark brown stripe

beneath ; hairs brown.

In the living bug the black first appears in patches, which spread until the

fine, uniform atrous colour is attained. For instance, on the scutellum a black

median streak, or a black triangular patch with its base on the anterior margin

of the seutellum, is first apparent ; this patch grows larger until only a small

pale dash is left on each side (fig. 370), and finally even these pale portions

disappear.

This species is taken farther from the banks than is Anisops, and rarely

congregates in large numbers, as do the last-named backswimmers. It has a habit

of clinging to submerged objects or floating at the surface in deep water. Its

food consists of any aquatic animal small enough to be mastered, and it has been

HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA 421

observed to capture and feed upon fifth instar nymphs of Anisops. The first

nymphs of the season appear in early spring.

A resident in the Mount Lofty Ranges, who was recently stung as a result

of ineautiously handling one of these bugs, remarked that the effect was some-

what similar to that of a bee sting. The poisonous nature of the tiny wound was

testified by the swollen condition of the punctured hand.

SUB-FAMILY PLEINAE.

PLEA Leach.

Pilea each, Trans. Linn. Soc., xii, 1817, p. 11; Saund., Hem. Het. Brit. Is.,

1892, p. 329; Kirk., Wien. ent. Zeit., xxiii, 1904, p. 126.

Ploa Stephens, Cat. Brit. Ins., 1, 1829, p. 354.

Ploea Doug. and Scott, Cat. Brit. Hem., 1876, p. 61.

Type, P. minutissima Fabr. (= P. leachi M’Gregor and Kirkaldy ).(*)

Form stout, size small. Eyes widely separated and rostrum three-jointed.

Inner edges of elytra meeting at the median line of the body.

PLEA BRUNNI Kirkaldy.

Plea brunni Kirk., Wien. ent. Zeit., xvii, 1898, p. 141, and xxiii, 1904, p. 128.

Notocephalon ochraceous, about twice as wide as an eye, closely punctate;

face usually with a dark castaneous, central, longitudinal line, which is some-

times widened and diffused, sometimes with a dot on each side near vertex, and

occasionally forked near vertex, forming a Y-shaped figure; hinder margin of

head dark ecastaneous. Pronotum testaceous or ochraceous, often darkened near

humeral angles; 1-3 times wider than its length; coarsely, reticulately punctate,

but with a median, longitudinal portion very slightly raised, shinimg and not

punctate. Scutellum dark testaceous or ochraceous, distinctly punctured, hardly

half as long as the pronotum. LElytra of lke colour, with brown, coarse, reticu-

late punctures. Wines well developed. Underside black; legs ochraceous;

anterior tarsi less than half as long as tibiae; intermediate tarsi about half as

long as tibiae; posterior tibiae 1-3 times longer than tarsi, the first jomt of which

is longer than second ; posterior legs distinctly more ciliated than the others, with

the claws strong and almost three-fourths of the length of the second tarsal

segment. Length, 2 mm. to 2-4 mm.; width, 1 mm. to 1:4 mm.

Heb. South Australia: Murray Bridge and Myponga Swamps (H. M.

Hale) ; Northern Territory: Port Darwin; Queensland: Gladstone (A. M. Lea),

(4) Trans. Perthshire Soc., 1899, p. 5.

422 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Cunnamulla (H. Hardeastle), Rockhampton (type locality) ; New South Wales:

Clarence River (A. M. Lea); Tasmania: George Town; Western Australia:

Albany (fide Kirk.) ; New Guinea (Mus. Genoa, fide Kirk.).

Fig. 371. Plea brunni; a, b and ¢, anterior, intermediate and posterior legs.

The examples from which the above description is made are provisionally

referred to Kirkaldy’s species; they agree well with the original description,

excepting in the proportions of the intermediate legs. Kirkaldy writes:

‘*Mittelschienen ein drittel langer als die Tarsen, erstes Tarsalsegment ein drittel

langer als das zwiete.’’

These proportions apply to the posterior legs of the specimens before me, so,

in preference to risking the creation of useless synonymy, I have regarded these

limbs as the ones from which Kirkaldy’s measurements were taken.

In the accompanying illustration of the insect, as seen from above, it will

be noted that the pronotum, owing to its forward inclination, is foreshortened ;

its length can be more accurately gauged by a reference to the profile view.

A careful search for members of this genus in South Australia has resulted

in the capture of the above species in two localities.

Famity CORIXIDAE.

(This publication, 11, 1922, p. 309.)

In addition to the asymmetrical abdomen, three other male characters are

developed in several Corixid genera; these are the facial impression, the palal

stridulatory comb, and the strigil, all of which are utilized during copulation,

which is conducted underwater. Hungerford remarks that when Arctocorisa is

in copula, ‘‘The pegs of the male palae make the embrace more secure, while the

HALE—AQUATIC HEMIPTERA 423

peculiar structure called the strigil, upon the right side of the abdomen, without

doubt serves a similar purpose.’’ (°)

The accompanying drawing (fig. 372) shows the apparent function of the

large facial impression of Arctocorisa truncatipala during copulation; the male

clasps the female with the short front legs, while the head is bent down so that the

foveate face is closely applied to the rounded back of his consort, thus doubtless

affording additional assistance in maintaining his position; a bubble of air is

trapped in the space between the head and the prothorax.

POROCORIXA HIRTIFRONS Hale.

Included in a batch of Corixids recently collected by Mr. F. W. Shepherd

at Broken Hill, New South Wales, is a good series of Porocoriza hirtifrons, pre-

viously known only from a few. more or less damaged specimens; this locality is,

therefore, to be added to the known distribution of the species.

Fig. 372. Arctocorisa truncatipala in copula. Fig. 373. Porocoriza hirtifrons.

The following additional notes are from these fresh examples.

Head pale ochraceous. The sub-elliptical, slightly raised area of the pro-

notum pale olivaceous-brown, not extending to the lateral edges; the anterior

portion, including a broad lateral margin on each side, pale ochraceous; posterior

edge very narrowly margined with brownish-black. Posterior angle of scutellum

exposed, dull, black. Pegs of male palae twenty-three to twenty-seven. | Under-

side grey, fading to ochraceous after drying.

(5) Bull. Univ. Kansas, xxi, 1919, p. 229.

424

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

From an examination of these undamaged examples it is evident that the

head cannot entirely overlap the anterior pale portion of the pronotum; the

actual condition is shown in fig. 373.

ene,

cme

Fry

J i)

v2 08 02 Oe UO

ce DS

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate x.

Enithares bergrothi clinging to plant stem.

Anisops hyperion, with guard hairs spread at surface.

Eggs of Anisops hyperion partially inserted in leaf of Vallisneria

spiralis; note the slits denoting abortive attempts to insert the

ova in the thin tissue.

Two of the eggs further enlarged; note the eyes of the developing

embryo.

Eggs of a Corixid (Porocoriza curynome?), for comparison.

Plate xi.

to 10. Anisops hyperion.

Eggs im situ in Potamogeton stem; note the exposed portion.

Kgg

, Showing developing eye-pigment, ete.

o 7. Dorsal and (a) ventral views of the five nymphal instars; the

actual size from first instar nymph to imago is shown at (b).

Ventral view of adult female.

Intermediate leg of fifth instar nymph, showing the developing

imaginal leg as seen through integument; note the two-jointed

tarsus within the monomerous tarsus. _

The left member of the pair of gouging gonapophyses of the ovipositor ;

fig. 10a shows the tip of the organ further enlarged.

Left gouging gonapophysis of Anisops doris.

9 ” 6 = - gratus.

9 bb) ” ” 33 stali.

” » 5 33 FS calcaratus.

” ” ” 9 ” fieberi.

Voi Dl. iC Ane ee

Rec. S.A. MUSEUM.

ERED ise Lk ge.

rated

Wty 9 Ps <4

SES ee

QUATIC BUGS.

AUSTRALIAN A

Rec. S.A. MUSEUM. Vor. le Pi Aries

AUSTRALIAN AQUATIC BUGS.

REVIEW or AUSTRALIAN’ MANTIDAE.

By NORMAN B. TINDALE, S.A. Museum.

Plates xii—xxii and Text fig. 374-877.

Tur Mantidae herein dealt with comprise specimens taken by me during an

extended visit to Groote Eylandt and Roper River, in the Gulf of Carpentaria,

together with those in the South Australian Museum.

The descriptions of many of the species previously known were based on

either male or female specimens, the other sex being unknown. In a number of

instanees this deficiency is made good.

Four genera and sixteen species are added, bringing the number of known

Australian species to seventy-six.

Some sub-family and group names recently proposed are ‘not adopted, and

the practice of some workers of naming species from immature stages is not

followed. The types of the species described by Tepper are in the South

Australian Museum.

SUB-FAMILY PERLAMANTINAE.

PARAOXYPILUS Saussure, 1870 (tasmaniensis).

PARAOXYPILUS TASMANIENSIS Saussure.

Plate xiii, fig. 9-10, 14.

Paraoxypilus tasmaniensis Sauss., Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., iii, 1870, p. 227;

Mem. Soc. Genéve, xxi, 1871, p. 155, pl. i, fig. 49-50.

Hab. Tasmania (Type), New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia,

Kangaroo Island, and Western Australia.

One of the males figured is from Tasmania, the other from Lillimur, Vic-

toria (mainland specimens have the wings shorter). The female is from

Adelaide; it was captured in January, and kept under observation. It deposited

an ootheca, the eggs being laid on end alternately in two rows, forming a

parallel-sided structure 9 mm. long, 3 mm. high, and 1:5 mm. wide, the whole

operation taking less than three hours. The insect died two days later; the

eolour of the front femora and coxae, in life a brilliant orange-red, faded shortly

after death. Sixteen larvae were discovered dead, having emerged in from

30 to 36 days. They measured 3 mm. in length, and were miniatures of the

female,

426 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

PARAOXYPILUS LATICOLLIS sp. nov.

Plate xiii, fig. 11-13.

6 Pale yellowish with black markings. Head with fore-margin of clypeus

straight, hind-margin arched; facial shield narrow, near antennae excavated;

frons with three prominences over ocelli; vertex nearly plain, arched in middle,

coarsely punctured, without tubercles or spines; hind marginal projection behind

eyes rounded ; antennae black, similar to P. tasmaniensis. Pronotum shorter and

broader than in P. tasmaniensis, with supra-coxal spine weaker; markings some-

what similar, but all spines and projections rounded off. Abdomen blackish.

Wings hyaline, with dirty whitish and gray transverse marks and blotches,

darkest on fore-margins and apex. Anterior coxae dilated, pale yellow, with

base black, apex externally black, fore-margin with a spine near base and a

marginal series of fine spines; femora pale yellow, apical half internally brownish

with hght spots; externally brown with darker punctures towards apex; tibiae

and tarsi annulated black. Intermediate and posterior legs straw-coloured,

annulated brownish-black. Length, 13-5 mm.

9 Dark brown. Head large, broadly triangular, vertex strongly arched,

wide, without spines; clypeus with fore-margin serrated, ocelli very small,

prominences of frons weak. Antennae very fine, short. Pronotum almost as

wide as long, similar to male, margin with a series of fine spmes. Abdomen

more pear-shaped than in female of P. tasimaniensis, sides only weakly serrated,

margins of segments not markedly raised along median line, terminal one

triangular. Anterior legs very strong, coloured and marked as in male. Length,

15 mm.

Hab. South Australia: Macdonnell Ranges (Captain §S. A. White), Lake

Callabonna (A. Zietz), Leigh Creek, Umberatana; Western Australia: Cunderdin.

Types, I. 14050.

Allied to P. tasmaniensis. In the male the head is unarmed, pronotum wider,

less armed, and wings much shorter. The female is much broader, head larger,

unarmed, pronotum broader and abdomen narrower, less suddenly constricted

before apex, and the margins quite different.

PARAOXYPILUS KIMBERLEYENSIS Sjostedt.

Paraorypilus kimberleyensis Sjost., Ark. f. Zool., x1, 1918, p. 5, pl. iii, fig. 5-7;

plLave nek

Hab. North-West Australia: Kimberley district (Type female), Fortescue

River (W. D. Dodd).

(ee

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN MANTIDAE 427

6 Brownish-black. Head as in female, eyes and ocelli more prominent,

ocular spines somewhat less rounded. Pronotum triangular, similar to female,

but somewhat rounded at posterior margin. Wings much longer than body, dark

brown, hyaline. Anterior legs orange and black, marked as in female; posterior

legs hg¢ht-brownish. Length, 14mm. Type, I. 14053.

PARAOXYPILUS FLAVIFEMUR Sjostedt.

Parvaoxypilus flavifemur Sjost., Ark. f. Zool., xi, 1918, p. 3, pl. i, fig. la-ld;

pl. iv, fig. 3.

Hab. Queensland, Northern Territory.

PARAOXYPILUS ARMATUS Giglio-Tos.

Plate xii, fig. 7-8.

Paraoxypilus armatus Gigl.-Tos, Gen. Ins., fase. 144, 1913, p. 5.

6 Brownish. Head small, wider than in P. tasmaniensis; ocular spines

very large and strong. Pronotum well spined, less so than in female, median

ridge weakly developed as five isolated spines. Wings long, whitish, hyaline,

with veins faintly brown. Anterior coxae strongly developed, with a marginal

series of about eight strong spines, with smaller spines between; femora weaker

than in female, outer face brownish, inner face light brown. The posterior

femora are blackish and tibiae and tarsi light brown. Length, 15 mm. Type

male, I. 14054.

Hab. Queensland: Thursday Island (Type female), Kuranda; Northern

Territory: Groote Eylandt, Melville Island, Daly River.

This species came to lights in my camp on Groote Eylandt on a sultry night

in January, in company with hundreds of other insects. The type male figured

is from Groote Eylandt, the female from Daly River.

PARAOXYPILUS VERREAUXII Saussure.

Jedi se inet ian Oi ay,

Paraoxypilus verreauxti Sauss., Mém. Soe. Genéve, xxi, 1871, p. 157; Le. XXlll,

1872, p. 77; Giglio-Tos, Gen. Ins., fase. 144, 1913, p. 5, pl. i, fig. 2.

Hab. Tasmania (Type), Queensland, Magnetic Island, South Australia.

PARAOXYPILUS INSULARIS sp. nov.

@ Black with pale brownish markings. Head broad, triangular, vertex

arched; fore-margin of clypeus nearly straight, sides diverging, hind-margin

428 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

strongly arched ; ocelli small, connected by a wide transverse V-shaped ridge as

in P. verreauxii; above ocelli a small ridge causing a rounded depression on

frons; vertex without spines, except posterior marginal spine, which is strongly

developed. Pronotum the shape of P. verreauxii, tubercles, depressions and

elevations absent or ill-defined, scarcely any trace of a median ridge except at

posterior extremity, where there is a single large arched elevation, supra-coxal

spine strong, margins of pronotum possessing only very feeble spines. Abdomen

long, narrow, oval, margins serrated towards posterior extremity, terminal seg-

ment triangular, borders not rugose. Anterior coxae weaker than in P. ver-

reauxvi, not dilated, light flesh-coloured, with several black spots at base, no

marginal spines; femora marked externally with dense black spots and strigae,

internally dull black with several flesh-coloured blotches on margin; tibiae and

tarsi black. Intermediate and posterior legs annulated pale brown. Length,

16 mm.

Hab. Northern Territory: Groote Eylandt (N. B. Tindale). Type,

I. 14052, unique.

Close to P. verreauxi, but distinguished by its less spiny head, arched vertex,

and plainer pronotum, with very different median ridge. The abdomen is more

slender and not wrinkled. The front coxae are also very different, being quite

unarmed. It was taken in the sweep net when beating shrubs on the borders of

a ereek,

MYRMECOMANTIS Giglio-Tos, 1913 (atra).

Hab. Australia.

MYRMECOMANTIS ATRA Giglio-Tos.

Myrmecomantis atra Gigl.-Tos, Gen. Ins., fase. 144, 1913, p. 6.

Hab. New South Wales.

METOXYPILUS Giglio-Tos, 1913 (spinosus).

Hab. New Guinea, Australia.

METOXYPILUS LOBIFRONS Stal.

Paraoxypilus lobifrons Stal., Bih. Svenska Akad., iv, 1877, p. 8; Westwood, Rev.

Mant., 1889, p. 4; Wood-Mason, Cat. Mant., 1889, p. 2.

Hab. Queensland.

GYROMANTIS Giglio-Tos, 1913 (kraussii).

Hab. Australia.

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN MANTIDAE 429

GYROMANTIS KRAUSSII Saussure.

Haania kraussii Sauss., Mém. Soe. Genéve, xxi, 1871, p. 153; Paraorypilus

krausstvi Stal., Bih. Svenska Akad., iv, 1877, p. 8.

Hab. Western Australia, South Australia, and Central Australia, also

from the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers, North-west Australia.

GYROMANTIS OCCIDENTALIS Sjostedt.

Gyromantis occidentalis Sjost., Ark. f. Zool., xi, 1918, p. 8, pl. i, fig. 2a—2d, 3a—3e.

Hab. North-west Australia (Type), Northern Territory, as far south as

Tennant Creek.

PHTHERSIGENA Stal., 1871 (conspersa).

Hab. Australia.

PHTHERSIGENA CONSPERSA Stal.

Phthersigena conspersa Stal, Oefv. Vet.-Akad. Foérh., xxviii, 1871, p. 401;

Haania conspersa Sauss., Mém. Soc. Genéve, xxiii, 1872, p. 76; Paraoxy pilus

conspersus Stal, Bih. Svenska Vet.-Akad, iv, 1877, p. 9.

Hab. Queensland.

PHTHERSIGENA MINOR Sjostedt.

Phthersigena minor Sjost., Ark. f. Zool., xi, 1918, p. 10, pl. 11, fig. la—le.

Hab. North-west Australia.

PHTHERSIGENA CENTRALIS Giglio-Tos.

Phthersiqena centralis Gigl.-Tos, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., 1914, p. 32.

Hab. Central Australia.

This species is about the size of P. minor, but the pronotum is relatively

larger.

GLABROMANTIS Sjostedt, 1918 (nebulosa).

eygst ark. £. Zool., xi, 1918, p. 12.

Hab. Australia.

The females of this genus have the wings short, reaching only to about

three-quarters length of abdomen. The head is broad and the eyes less pro-

minent than in male. The antennae are very fine and filamentous, reaching to

430 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

the end of pronotum. -Pronotum broad, slightly compressed towards posterior

extremity. Anterior coxae dilated near base, femora broad, tibial spur shorter,

not projecting from outer margin of femur when closed, as in male, Legs

annulated dark-brown.

The female of G. unicornis has very powerful front legs, which are jet black

on their inner face.

GLABROMANTIS NEBULOSA Siéstedt.

Glabromantis nebulosa Sjost., Ark. f. Zool., xi, 1918, p. 13, pl. i, fig. 2a-Ze.

Hab. North-west Australia.

GLABROMANTIS UNICORNIS sp. nov.

Plate xu, fig. 1-2.

¢ Gray, with blackish punctures, spots, and marks. Head somewhat

broad, black; eyes oval, projecting outward and forward, sides somewhat com-

pressed ; clypeus four-sided, divided across middle by a longitudinal keel; facial

shield twice as wide as high, arched strongly in middle, the summit projecting

outward in a conspicuous spine-like process; frons rounded over ocelli, ocelli not

prominent; vertex plain, a transverse line at middle, and also a median line;

hind-margin with a strong, rounded, ocular lobe. Antennae long, strong, basal

joint the largest, second and third smaller, fourth very small, the followmg

joints gradually longer. Pronotum 14 times long as wide, widest at middle,

before middle excavated, front-margin arched ; at three-fourths constricted ; hind-

margin rounded off; a median line conspicuous, a lateral groove before middle

and a shallower groove at three-fourths; between antemedian groove and fore-

margin a central depression; markings grayish-black. Anterior coxae broadest

at base, pale yellowish, with dark punctures on outer side; femora weak, pale

yellow, outwardly spotted black, with three discoidal spines, the third small and

inconspicuous; inner margin with a large spine, then a fine comb of nine spines,

followed by four separated spines, of which the third is largest; outer margin

with five spines, the fifth close to apex; tibial spine long, projecting above border

of femur when leg is closed, tibia armed on inner margin near apex, with a fine

comb of nine spines; outer margin with only traces of a row of spines; first tarsal

joint longer than rest together. Legs yellowish with darker markings. Length,

19 mm.

@ Light brown with black markings. Broader than male. Head and pro-

notum as in male. Antennae short and filamentous. Wings short, reaching to

two-thirds length of abdomen, opaque, strongly marked dirty yellow and black.

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN MANTIDAE 431

Anterior coxae dark yellowish, with black spots; femora strong, inner face

shining jet black, spines as in male. Legs as in male. Length, 18:5 mm.

Hab. South Australia: Murray River (H. 8. Cope), Pungonda (A. Dubbe),

Tintinara, Murat Bay, Illamurta (Horn Expedition), Lake Frome (J. N.

MeGilp). Types, I. 14046.

This species is distinguished from G. nebulosa Sjést. by the peculiar head

and the projection on facial shield. The male from Lake Frome is small,

measuring only 12 mm. in length. We have seven males and four females.

GLABROMANTIS UNICORNIS PALLIDIFEMUR subsp. nov.

6 Jaght brown with gray markings. Head very wide, with eves prominent.

Facial shield twice as wide as high, arched above, with apical spine absent or

weakly developed, fore-margin straight, at-each end of fore-margin a yellowish

spot; frons with three prominences over ocelli, the median one well forward,

projecting, well rounded; ocular spine pointed, not a rounded lobe. Antennae

long, nearly reaching end of abdomen. Pronotum 14 times long as wide, oval,

sides arched, less conspicuously constricted towards posterior extremity than in

G. unicornis, black with brownish markings; sometimes a faint lght-coloured

spot on each side of middle of pronotaum below transverse groove. Wings long;

elytra hyaline, suffused dirty whitish and black marks; hind-wings hyaline, fore-

margin darker. Anterior legs yellowish-brown, externally marked with darker

spots; intermediate and posterior legs annulated light-brown. Length, 19 mm.

2 Larger than male. Pale yellowish, with brownish-black spots and mark-

ings. Head large, apex of facial shield forming a small projection, ocelli very

small. Pronotum longer than in G. wnicornis, arched at middle, constricted

strongly at three-fourths; markings as in male. Elytra opaque, dirty gray, with

black markings; hind-wings hyaline: Anterior coxae pale yellow; femora pale

yellow, mottled brownish; legs yellowish, annulated brown-black. Length,

22 mm.

Hab. South Australia: Kingoonya (R. Harvey), Mount Painter (H. G.

Stokes), North East Corner (F. Parsons). Types, I. 14048.

This has been placed as a race of G. unicornis; it has a different shaped head,

longer pronotum, and in female pale front femora and tibiae. We have three

males and two females.

GLABROMANTIS MELANIA sp. nov.

Platesxu, fie..3:

é Dark reddish-brown with dull black markings. Head smaller than

ee - ; : : "

in G. unicornis; facial shield arched on posterior margin and with a V-shaped

432 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

median notch; frons elevated, truncated, prominences well rounded, vertex

arched in middle, posterior ocular lobes rounded, small. Antennae fine, about

half-length of body. Pronotum black, with reddish-brown prominences, about

as long as wide, broadest at middle, constricted before posterior margin, fore-

margin gently rounded, surface of pronotum with a median line, a transverse

depression before middle, a raised circular area in front of this, with a depressed

centre, a transverse depression, and two oblique raised lines on posterior half,

forming a raised, equilateral triangle-shaped area. Wings longer than body,

narrow, hyaline, with closely set brownish-black markings. Anterior coxae

black at base, then pale reddish, at apex black; femora strong, outwardly black,

inner face light reddish; tibiae black, tarsi brown; legs reddish-brown. Length,

14:5 mm.

Hab. Northern Territory: Pine Creek. Type, I. 14044, unique.

Distinct, by its dark colour, notched facial shield, short body, long slender

wings, and bright coloured fore-coxae and femora. It is very different from the

figure of G. nebulosa, especially in the arched head, less prominent eyes, different

contour of pronotum, and the red and black anterior legs.

AMORPHOSCELIS Stal, 1871 (annulicornis).

Hab. Africa, extending to India and Borneo..

AMORPHOSCELIS PELLUCIDA Westwood.

Amorphoscelis pellucida West., Rev. Mant., 1889, p. 28.

Hab. Westwood says of this species: ‘‘Habitat Adelaida (Fortnum)

in Mus. Hope; alterum e Ceylonia (Thwaites) omnino simillimum accepi.’’ It

is probable, however, that the species has been recorded from Australia in error.

CLIOMANTIS Giglio-Tos, 1913 (cornuta).

Hab. Australia.

CLIOMANTIS CORNUTA Giglio-Tos.

Plate xu, fig. 4.

Cliomantis cornuta Gigl.-Tos, Gen. Ins., fase. 144, 19138, p. 12.

Hab. Queensland, Northern Territory.

There are ten males in the Museum collection. The specimen figured is from

Darwin; one was taken at lights at Roper River. The female is probably

apterous,

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN MANTIDAE 433

CLIOMANTIS DISPAR sp. nov.

Plate xiii, fig. 15, and text figure 374.

§ Dull brown. Head triangular, wide, eyes rounded, clypeus transverse ;

facial shield strongly transverse ; ocular spines less prominent than in C. cornuta,

and blunt pointed; frons bifureate. Antennae pale brown, basal joints darker.

Pronotum about twice width of head in length, widest anteriorly, sides con-

stricted to middle, where it is slightly dilated, and again constricted before

posterior extremity ; a slight raised median keel is divided by a transverse shallow

groove near middle of pronotum. Abdomen short. Forewings longer than

abdomen, hyaline, with numerous fuscous markings more dense along fore-

margin; a dark median streak between the veins in basal third of wing; hind-

wings very long, hyaline, with fuscous markings on fore-margin. Anterior

Fig. 374. Cliomantis dispar sp. nov. Left anterior leg of male.

femora somewhat strongly dilated, armed with three discoidal spines, an internal

marginal row of thirteen spines, the first strong, the next six forming a fine comb,

then six separated spines, of which the apical one is strongest; an exterior mar-

ginal series of five spines; there is also in femoral groove a series of about

thirteen very fine spines; tibiae armed with an internal marginal row of eight

spines, the first four separate, the remainder together at base of tibial spine,

also an external marginal series of thirteen very minute spines. Legs long and

slender, dark brown. Length, 15 mm.

2 Grayish brown. MHead larger than in male, eyes very prominent,

elypeus less transverse, facial shield broad, slightly wider than high. The margin

of pronotum less sinuate. Wings absent. Abdomen long, slightly dilated,

mottled gray brown, tending to brown at posterior margin of each segment. Legs

asinmale. Length, 14 mm.

434 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Hab. South Australia: Parachilna (Natural History Expedition), Tar-

coola, Barton (A. M. Lea), Farina, Ooldea, Todmorton (Captain 8. A. White) ;

Central Australia: Carraweena, Trinity (Museum Exped., 1916), Macdonnell

and Everard Ranges (Captain 8. A. White). Type male, I. 14043; type female,

I. 14045.

This species, the males of which we have a long series, appears to be common

in the dry parts of the interior of South Australia. The type male is from

Parachilna, in the Flinders Range. The female is described from a single

specimen, apterous, but apparently mature, taken by Mr. A. M. Lea at Barton,

while beating shrubs. The males frequently come to lghts.

COMPSOTHESPIS Saussure, 1872 (anomala).

Hab. Africa, with one species recorded from Australia.

COMPSOTHESPIS AUSTRALIENSIS Wood-Mason.

Compsothespis australiensis Wood-Mason, Cat. Mant., 1889, p. 7, fig. 4; Westw.,

Rey..Mant;, 1889, p. 732; pl x nee

Hab. Queensland and ‘‘ North Australa.’’

SUB-FAMILY EREMIAPHILINAE.

This subfamily is represented in Australia by the genus Orthodera. The

species are so extremely variable that it is difficult to find satisfactory characters

on which te separate them. *

ORTHODERA Burmeister, 1838 (ministralis).

Hab. This genus is confined to Australia, New Guinea, and New Zealand.

ORTHODERA MINISTRALIS Fab.

Plate xiv, fig. 18-20, and text figure 375.

Mantis ministralis Fab., Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 277; Paraoxrypilus ? ministralis

Sauss., Mém. Soc. Genéve, xxi, 1871, p. 158; Orthodera ministralis Wood-

Mason, Cat. Mant., 1889, p. 20; Orthodera prasina Burmeister, Handb. Ent.,

ii, 1838, p. 529; Sauss., Mém. Soc. Genéve, xxi, 1871, p. 15; Tepper, Trans.

Roy. Soe. 8.A., xxix, 1905, p. 238; Mantis rubrocoxata Serville, Hist. Nat.

Orth., 1839, p. 203; Mantis hobsoni Le Guillou, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 293;

Bolidena hobsonii Blanchard, Voy. au Pole Sud, iv, 1853, pl. i, fig. 7;

Mantis gunnii Le Guill. l.c., p. 2938; Orthodera laticollis Branesik, Jahresh.

Nat. Ver. Trencsen. Kom., 1896, p. 246, pl. vil, fig. 5a; Orthodera australiana

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN MANTIDAE 435

Giglio-Tos, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., 1916, p. 107; Orthodera gracilis Giglio-Tos,

Le. p LOT.

Hab. Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia,

Kangaroo Island, Central Australia, Western Australia, North-west Australia,

Northern Territory, Groote Eylandt.

An examination of ninety specimens shows a wide range of variation, and

this variation is responsible for the extensive synonymy. The illustrations are a

selected series of eight male and twenty female pronoti arranged to show the

great variation in the shape of pronotum and head.

26 27 28

rae

16 1 18 19 20 21

Fig. 375. 1-28. Orthodera ministralis Fab. (1, male, Derby, N.W.A.; 2, male, Fortescue

River, N.W.A.; 3, female, Flinders Range, S.A.; 4, female, Darke’s Peak, S.A.; 5, female,

Port Augusta, S.A.; 6, female, S.A.; 7, male, Ellery’s Creek, C.A.; 8, female, Karoonda,

S.A.; 9, male, Cairns, N.Q.; 10, male, Tasmania; 11, female, Kewell, V.; 12, male, Dalby,

Q.; 13, male, Darwin, N.T.; 14, female, Darwin, N.T.; 15, male, Groote Eylandt) ; 16-28,

females (16, Tennant’s Creek, N.T.; 17, Victoria Desert, C.A.; 18-19, Groote Hylandt;

20, Cairns, N.Q.; 21-22, Dalby, Q.; 23, Dorrigo, N.S.W.; 24, Tasmania; 25-26, Adelaide,

S.A.; 27, Ooldea, S.A.; 28, Queensland).

Nos. 1 and 2 are small, and agree with small females (e.g., Nos. 3, 16-17) in

having no femoral spot, but Nos. 4 and 8 are intermediate, possessing a small

spot. No. 7, which is otherwise inseparable from No. 3, has a large black femoral

spot extending over the whole middle area of the femora. No. 9 is more distinct,

but females from the same locality are inseparable from the others. No. 10 is

O. hobsonii, and No. 11 is very close, except that the facial shield is less transverse.

No. 9 has the narrowest and longest pronotum, and approaches the figure of

O. straminea in the shape of the eyes and head: The females show great varia-

tion in the proportions of pronotum, generally speaking, southern examples being

436 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

broader, but No. 28, from Queensland, is by far the broadest. No. 24 is O. hob-

sonii, female, but differs but little from No. 25, which is a mainland specimen.

This species is wide-ranging, but has not developed clearly defined races.

The name, O. ministralis hobsonii, may be retained for Tasmanian examples,

which appear to have the facial shield transverse.

ORTHODERA MARGINATA Saussure.

Plate xiv, fig. 16-17.

Orthodera marginata Sauss., Mém. Soc. Geneve, xxxili, 1872, p. 8, pl. vii, fig. 1;

Wood-Mason, A.M.N.H. (4), xx, 1877, p. 76; Tepper, Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A.,

Sie OD, spe aoe:

Hab. New South Wales, South Australia, Central Australia, and Western

Australia.

This species is distinguished by its slender pronotum and the orange fore-

margin of elytra. The male figured is from Adelaide, the female from Mount

Painter. We have nearly thirty specimens, which do not show any variation

towards the other members of the genus.

ORTHODERA BURMEISTERI Wood-Mason.

Plate xiv, fig. 21-22.

Orthodera burmeisteri Wood-Mason, Cat. Mant., 1889, p. 21; Orthodera longi-

collis Branes., Jahresb. Nat. Ver. Trenes., 1897, p. 61, pl. i, fig. 6.

@ Allied to O. ministralis, but differs in being longer and more slender.

Head very similar, wider, vertex arched, eyes bluntly pointed; facial shield with

corners rounded, ocelli less prominent. Pronotum long, margins nearly smooth,

pale silvery green, a median area reddish (in dried specimen). Wings long, pale

silvery green, hyaline, fore-margin of front wings reddish. Legs orange, anterior

femora with a green area on inner face. Length, 38 mm.

Hab. New Guinea (Port Moresby, type); Queensland: Dalby (Mrs. F. H.

Hobler).

Our single female agrees very well with the description of this species, which

was first recorded from New Guinea. The measurements given in the original

description agree, except that in the present specimen posterior femora and tibiae

are each 1 mm. shorter.

TINDALE--AUSTRALIAN MANTIDAE 437

ORTHODERINA Sjéstedt, 1918 (straminea).

ORTHODERINA STRAMINEA §Sjostedt.

Orthoderina straminea Sjost., Ark. f. Zool., xi, 1918, p. 16, pl. iv, fig. 4a—e.

Hab. North-west Australia, Northern Territory.

SUB-FAMILY IRIDOPTERIGINAE.

BOLBE Stal, 1877 (pygmea).

Hab. Australia.

BOLBE PYGMEA Saussure.

Ameles pygmea Sauss., Mém. Soe. Geneve, xxi, 1871, p. 299; Bolbe pygmea Kirby,

Cat. Orth. Mant., 1904, p. 226; Sjostedt, Ark. f. Zool., xi, 1918, p. 17.

Hab. Queensland, Western Australia, and North-west Australia (Sjostedt),

Northern Territory.

We have three males of this small mantis, from Darwin and Daly River.

BOLBE MAIA sp. nov.

6 Small, dark brown with lighter markings. Head large, black; frons,

from above, prominent, with ocelli forming three projections, vertex almost

straight, broad, and smooth. Antennae more than half length of body, black,

with numerous setae. Pronotum 14 times long as broad, widest before middle,

and constricted at three-quarters. Anterior and posterior margins rounded, a

transverse furrow, indistinct before middle, surface of pronotum smooth, in

some specimens with a slight metallic lustre. Wings hyaline, with transverse

black markings, giving wings dark-gray appearance. Abdomen black. Anterior

legs wholly bright orange-brown. Intermediate and posterior legs dull brown.

Length, 8 mm., of elytra, 8-5 mm.

Hab. Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory (N. B. Tindale). Type, I. 14056.

This species, which in life is dark brown, flew freely to lights in my camp

at Yetiba, Groote Eylandt, on sultry nights, all through the ‘‘wet’’ season

(December to March). It was very active, flying and running around the table

and the rim of the lamp, often capturing small flies and other insects which had

been attracted to the light. Owing to its quickness it was very difficult to

capture. It is the smallest mantis so far known. ‘‘Maia’’ is derived from a

Groote Eylandt (Ingura) native word meaning ‘‘active.’’ We have a single

male from Darwin.

438 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

BOLBE NIGRA Giglio-Tos.

Bolbe mgra Gigl.-Tos, Bull. Soe. Ent. Ital., 1914, p. 35.

Hab. South Australia, Central Australia.

The female is wingless. We have a long series of the males of this species.

The inner face of front coxae and femora is jet black in both sexes. In 1912,

Werner(!) identified two larvae, probably of this species, as Bolbe fuliginosa.

BOLBE PALLIDA sp. nov. '

é Pale brownish. Close to B. nigra, but smaller. Head moderate, with

face almost as high as broad; eyes rounded, large, not projecting, the inner

margins (viewed from in front) straight; ocelli less prominent, the central

ocellus smaller and more rounded, vertex nearly straight, well rounded, forming

a transverse ridge behind ocelli. Pronotum much wider than in the other

species of genus; a transverse median and postmedian suture dividing pronotum

into a number of low rounded ridges. Wings much longer in proportion, pale

brownish, hyaline, with hight brown veins and veinlets. Anterior legs wholly

pale brown, with a few scattered darker brown marks on exterior face of femora.

Median and posterior legs pale brown, faintly annulated darker brown. Length

of body, 11 mm., of elytra, 13 mm.

Hab. Central Australia: Mount Parry (Prof. R. Tate, October, 1889),

Finke Gorge (Horn Expedition, 1894), Farina (Museum Expedition, 1916).

Type, I. 14055.

We have three males of this small mantis, which is easily distinguished by

the peculiar head and eyes, long wings, and pale anterior legs.

NEOMANTIS Giglio-Tos, 1914 (australis).

Hab. Australia.

NEOMANTIS AUSTRALIS Saussure and Zehnter.

Tropidomantis australis Sauss. & Zehn., Grandid. Hist. Madag. Orth., i, 1895,

p. 169; Neomantis australis Giglio-Tos, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., 1914, p. 48.

Hab. Murray Island (Torres Straits).

STENOMANTIS Saussure, 1871 (novae-guineae).

Stenomantis Sauss., Mém. Soe. Genéve, xxi, 1871, p. 311.

Ciulfina Giglio-Tos, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., 1914, p. 64.

Nanomantis biseriata, the type of Ciulfina, is a subspecies of N. novae-

guineae, and thus Ciulfina is a direct synonym of Stenomantis.

(1) Werner, Fauna Sudwest Austral., 1912, p. 49.

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN MANTIDAE 439

STENOMANTIS NOVAE-GUINEAE Haan.

Hab. New Guinea.

STENOMANTIS NOVAE-GUINEAE BISERIATA Westwood.

Plate xv, fig. 27-28.

Nanomantis biseriata Westwood, Rev. Mant., 1889, p. 32; Stenomantis novae-

guineae brevis Werner, Fauna Sudw. Aust., iv, 1912, p. 52.

Hab. North-west Australia (Type), Northern Territory, Melville Island,

Groote Evlandt, Queensland.

The length of pronotum varies considerably in the series examined; there is

only one race, however, represented from Australia. The specimens figured are

from Cairns.

STENOMANTIS LITURGUSA Giglio-Tos.

Ciulfina liturgusa Gigl.-Tos, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., 1914, p. 64.

Hab. Queensland, South Australia.

NANOMANTIS Saussure, 1871 (australis).

Hab. Australia and the Malay Archipelago.

NANOMANTIS AUSTRALIS Saussure.

Nanomantis australis Sauss., Mém. Soc. Genéve, xxi, 1871, pp. 117, 311, pl. vii,

fig. 64.

Hab. Australia.

SUB-FAMILY SIBYLLINAE.

GONATISTELLA Giglio-Tos, 1914 (nigropicta).

Hab. Australia. |

GONATISTELLA NIGROPICTA Westwood.

Theopompa nigropicta Westw., Rev. Mant., 1889, p. 29, pl. ii, fig. 6; Gonatistella

mgropicta Giglio-Tos, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., 1914, p. 80.

Hab. Australia.

SUB-FAMILY MANTINAE.

ARCHIMANTIS Saussure, 1869 (latistyla).

Hab. Australia.

440) RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

ARCHIMANTIS LATISTYLA Serville.

Plate xvi, fig. 32; xix, fig. 47.

Mantis latistylus Serv., Ins. Orth., 1839, p. 179; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Viet., xiii,

1886, pl. exxx; Archimantis latystilus Sauss., Mém. Soc. Genéve, xxi, 1871,

p. 39.

Hab. South Australia and Western Australia.

ARCHIMANTIS SOBRINA Saussure.

Plate xvi, fig. 31.

4 Smaller than female. Pale green in life. Head smaller, ocelli pro-

minent, antennae long. Pronotum long and broad, shape of female. Wings

long, hyaline, immaculate, a greenish tinge on fore-margins. The elytra beneath

have at base an anterior marginal black patch, and the reticulation on rest of

margin is black. Cerci flat, narrower than in female, the apical joimt very long

and blunt pointed. Length of body, 90 mm., of elytra, 110 mm.

Hab. Western Australia, South Australia, Western Queensland, Northern

Territory.

The female figured is from Cunnamulla, and is 99 mm. in length. This is a

large, stout species, and seems to be most common in the interior. Males are very

similar to those of A. brunneriana, but the front femora are much narrower and

the pronotum longer.

ARCHIMANTIS MINOR Giglio-Tos.

Plate xviul, fig. 39.

Archimantis minor Giglio-Tos, Bull. Soe. Ent. Ital., 1916, p. 43.

Hab. Western Australia.

This is a rather small species, of which we have four females from Beverley

The pronotum is very similar to A. sobrina, but the wings are short, brown, and

with a black discoidal spot.

ARCHIMANTIS BRUNNERIANA Saussure.

Plate xviii, fig. 40.

Archimantis brunneriana Sauss., Mém. Soe. Genéve, xxi, 1871, p. 277; l.e., 1873,

pl. vii, fig. 4.

@ Larger than male. Brown, with darker markings. Head larger, eyes

more depressed, divergent, ocelli very small, widely separated, antennae short.

Pronotum like male, but broader, and with anterior margins more serrated.

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN MANTIDAE 44]

Wings longer than pronotum; elytra opaque, brown, with well developed ante-

median and median black spots, reticulations black, fore-margin at base beneath

black, and reticulations along margin black, rest of elytra rich brown; hind-

wings hyaline, with fore-margin brown. Abdomen lght brown, cerei long,

flattened, broad, the last segment round. The anterior coxae with five rather

small spines on fore-margin. Legs brown. Length of body, 95 mm., of pro-

notum, 34 mm., of expanded elytra, 76 mm. Murray River (H. 8. Cope, Type

female, I. 14066).

Hab. Queensland, Northern Territory, Central Australia, and South

Australia.

The males have a broader pronotum than A. latistyla, and are generally

green when alive. The females in our long series are all brown.

ARCHIMANTIS QUINQUELOBATA Tepper.

Plate xvii, fig. 35-87.

Fischeria quinquelobata Tepper, Trans. Roy. Soc. $.A., 1905, p. 238; Rheomantis

quinquelobata Gigho-Tos, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., 1916, p. 44.

g Smaller than female. Pronotum more slender, anterior margin with

only very fine serration. Wings long, complete, the elytra with anterior half

opaque, brown, with two black spots at one-third, the posterior portion hyaline;

hind wings hyaline, brownish on anterior margin and apex. Anterior coxae

armed with four (sometimes five) triangular teeth. Length of body, 77 mm.,

of elytra, 86 mm. Mount Painter (H. G. Stokes, Type male, I. 14067).

Hab. South Australia, Central Australia.

The specimen described as a male by Tepper is really a small female. The

sexes are very different. The male figure is from Mount Painter, the female (a

cotype) from the Fraser Range, where the native name is said to be ‘‘kamuan.’’

Giglio-Tos(2) has proposed a genus Rheomantis for. this species, which, however,

appears to be a typical Archimantis.

ARCHIMANTIS ARMATA Wood-Mason.

Plate xvi, fig. 33.

Archimantis armata Wood-Mason, Ann. Nat. Hist. (4), xx, 1877, p. 76; Proce.

- Zool. Soe. Lond., 1878, p. 584, pl. xxxvi, fig. 2—2a.

6 As large as female, brown. Head smaller, antennae very long and stout

at base. Pronotum as long as in female, very slender, somewhat dilated near

anterior extremity, posteriorly to dilatation very slender and constricted nearly

to posterior margin, margins entirely plain, surface of pronotum smooth.

(2)Giglio-Tos, Bull, Soc. Ent. Ital., 1916, p. 44,

442 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Wings long, hyaline, elytra with a narrow fore-marginal opaque area, diminishing

towards apex, and with two black spots, not very well defined. Anterior legs

shorter and finer than in female. Length of body, 98 mm., of pronotum, 35 mm.,

of elytra, 56mm. Cairns (A. M. Lea, Type male, I. 14068).

Hab. Queensland.

We have a pair of this species from Cairns. The female agrees with Wood-

Mason’s figure, except that the spines of pronotum are less densely set and some-

what more blunted in appearance. The apical joint of the cerci is broad and

twice as long as wide.

ARCHIMANTIS MONSTROSA Wood-Mason.

Plate xvi, fig. 29-30; xvii, fig. 38.

Archimantis monstrosa Wood-Mason, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1878, p._ 583, pl.

xxxvi, fig. 1-lb; Westwood, Rev. Mant., 1889, p. 9, pl. iii, fig. 1; Mantis

fuscoelytris McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vic., xiii, 1886, p. 4; Archimantis latizonata

Sjost., Ark. f. Zool., xi, 1918, p. 21, pl. vi, fig. 1a—b.

é Smaller than female, brown. Antennae very long. Pronotum as in

female, but slightly less dilated, margins strongly serrated. Wings long, hyaline,

the fore-margin of elytra reticulated black, and with black spots as in the other

sex. Legs concolorous. Length of body, 93 mm., of pronotum, 32 mm., elytra,

54mm. Roper River (H. E. Warren). Type, male, I. 14069.

Hab. Northern Territory: Victoria River (type), Darwin, Stapleton, Roper

River, Groote Eylandt, North-west Australia.

The first female from Groote Eylandt (fig. 29) has the pronotum shaped as

in the figure of the type. The other specimen (from Roper River) has the

pronotum very strongly dilated, and this seems to be the more usual form in the

Northern Territory. Sjéstedt’s figure of a ‘‘male’’ larva agrees with other larvae

of this species in our big series.

ARCHIMANTIS STRAMINEA Sjoistedt.

Archimantis straminea Sjost., Ark. f. Zool., xi, 1918, p. 17, pl. v, fig. 4a—b; pl. vi,

fig. 2a—3.

Hab. North-West Australia.

NULLABORA gen. nov.

Head twice as wide as high, very narrow, concave in front, eyes tapering to

a blunt point, vertex straight, eyes depressed, clypeus quadrilateral, fore-margin

excavated, facial shield transverse, sides and upper margin sinuate, frons trans-

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN MANTIDAE 443

versely excavated, straight. Antennae fine, ocelli small (female). Pronotum

six times longer than wide, fore-margin rounded, a slight constriction, then a

slight dilatation before one-third, thence sides parallel to posterior angle, which is

a trifle dilated, margins delicately serrate, surface of pronotum smooth. Wings

transparent, as long as abdomen. Abdomen moderately slender, parallel-sided,

cerci broad, flat, with eleven apparent joints, hairy, apical joint triangular.

Anterior coxae long, flattened, thin, margins weakly spined; femora long, armed

with four discoidal spines, the second small, third large, inner margin with fifteen

spines, outer margin with four, tibia with 14-15 inner and 10-11 outer marginal

graduated spines; first joint of the tarsi longer than four following together.

Type, Nullabora flavoguttata, from the Nullabor Plains.

In this genus the female is fully winged. The male is unknown.

NULLABORA FLAVOGUTTATA sp. nov.

Plate xviu, fig. 41, and text figure 376.

@ Yellowish-green with purplish-brown markings (in dried specimen).

Head with frons depressed, whitish. Pronotum smooth, greenish, with a sub-

marginal border of purplish-brown, in-

terrupted at the supracoxal dilatation.

Prosternum with broad longitudinal

band, black. Wings transparent, fore-

margin of elytra green, with a dark sub-

marginal line. Abdomen greenish, above

with a dark central line of purplish-

Fig. 376. Nullabora flavoguttata sp. nov. brown, beneath, at the base of segments

Head of female. = . :

2 to 5, a large median orange spot sur-

rounded by a triangular area of purplish-brown; cerci brownish-black, hairy.

Legs greenish, inner face of anterior coxae pale purple. Length, 66 mm.,

pronotum, 23 mm., wings, 40 mm.

Hab. South Australia: Kingoonya (R. Harvey, Type, I. 14070) ; Northern

Territory (Capt. S. A. White).

This peculiar mantis from the desert plains of the north-west of South

Australia is probably a grass-frequenting species. It is not apparently close to

any other species.

RHODOMANTIS Giglio-Tos, 1916 (pulchellus).

Rhodomantis Giglio-Tos, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., 1916, p. 45.

Truxomantis Sjostedt, Ark. f. Zool., x1, 1918, p. 31,

444 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

RHODOMANTIS PULCHELLA Tepper.

Plate xv, fis..26.

Pseudomantis pulchellus Tepper, Trans. Roy. Soc. 8.A., 1904, p. 163; Truxomantis

kimberleyensis Sjost., Ark. f. Zool., xi, 1918, p. 33, pl. iti, fig. 4; pl. v, fig. 6.

Hab. South Australia, Western Australia, North-west Australia. Type,

liens ireci sh

The type, a female, of this species came from the far N.W. of South Australia

(Wells Expedition, March, 1903). It is in rather damaged condition. We have

a series of seven males and four females. They agree well with Sjéstedt’s

description and figures. The figure is of a male from Mount Painter.

RHODOMANTIS QUEENSLANDICA Sjoistedt.

Truxomantis queenslandica Sjost., Ark. f. Zool., xi, 1918, p. 31, pl. in, fig. 3

pl. v; fig. (9:

Hab. Queensland.

RHODOMANTIS GRACILIS sp. nov.

Plate xv, fie. 25.

6 Pale brown. Head similar to R. pulchella, ocelli less prominent,

antennae much finer. Pronotum very slender, much longer, supracoxal dilata-

tion well forward, margins of pronotum finely serrated, the stem with a median —

and two lateral longitudinal ridges, armed with coarse spinules. Wings shorter,

narrow, reaching two-thirds length of abdomen; elytra hyaline, brownish, with

fine scattered blackish spots; hind-wings hyaline, a basal area brownish black,

becoming paler outwardly, and with scattered transverse hyaline patches. Cerei

longer, and more slender. Legs very long, fine, the anterior femora very slender

at base. Length, 43 mm., pronotum, 13 mm., elytra, 19 mm.

Hab. Northern Territory: Groote Eylandt (N. B. Tindale), Connexion

Island (April, 1922). Type, I. 14063.

Close to R. pulchella, from which ‘it differs in its smaller size, longer pro-

10tum, shorter wing's, darker base to wings, in the cerei, and the slender femora,

not dilated towards base; while the antennae are very much finer. We have

two males; one was taken with the sweep net in tall grass on a small coral island

west of Groote Eylandt, and the other at Emerald River, Groote Eylandt. The

type is figured.

TENODERA Burmeister, 1838 (aridifolia).

Hab. Ethiopian, Oriental, Malayan regions, and Australasia.

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN MANTIDAE 445

TENODERA INTERMEDIA Saussure.

Plate xxi, fig. 54.

Tenodera intermedia Sauss., Add. Syst. Mant., 1870, p. 233; Mém. Soe. Genéve,

am 1671, p. 98; Gigl-Tos, Bull. Soc: Ent. Ital., 1911, p. 41; Yenodera

superstitiosa bokiana, Sjost., Ark. f. Zool., x1, 1918, p. 22, pl. iv, fig. 5a—b.

Hab. Queensland, Northern Territory (Roper River), New Zealand, and

New Guinea.

The rather poor example figured is a female from Emerald, Queensland.

TENODERA AUSTRALASIAE Leach.

Plate xxi, fig. 55.

Mantis australasiae Leach, Zool. Misc., i, 1814, pl. xxxiv; Saussure, Mém. Soe.

Genéve, xxi, 1871, p. 96; Mantis darchii Macleay, King’s Survey Aust., ii,

1827, p. 454; Mantis tesselata Burm., Handb. Ent., 11, 1838, p. 535.

Hab. Australia and Tasmania, New Zealand, New Guinea, and the Molucea

Islands.

This is a common species all over Australia; the specimen figured is from

Adelaide. The sexes are similar, the male being smaller, and the colour is either

gerayish-brown or bright green. One specimen taken by the author near Adelaide

has the hind-wings almost entirely dark, except for a small area in the centre.

; SPHRODROPODA Stal, 1877 (tristis).

Hab. Australia.

SPHODROPODA TRISTIS Saussure.

Plate xix, fig. 48.

Mantis tristis Sauss., Mém. Soc. Genéve, xxi, 1871, p. 93; Sphodropoda tristis

Westwood, Rev. Mant., 1889, p. 13, pl. x, fig. 2, 9.

Hiab. Fiji, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria.

There are one male and four females in the collection from South Australia,

the female figured is from Mount Bryan (Victoria), and is dark-brown in colour.

Gigho-Tos describes the sexes as green, but otherwise agreeing, from Cape York.

It is probable that many of the species of Sphodropoda and allied genera are

dimorphic,

SPHRODROPODA MOESTA Giglio-Tos.

Sphodropoda moesta Giglio-Tos, Bull, Soc, Ent, Ital., 1911, p. 16.

Hab. Cape York,

446 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

This appears to be the dark form of S. tristis, and the description agrees with

specimens so labelled in our collection.

SPHODROPODA VIRIDIS sp. nov.

Plate xvii, fig. 34.

é Green. Close to S. tristis. Head similar, fore-margin of facial shield

straight. Shaft of pronotum longer and more slender, prosternum greenish.

Wings hyaline, fore-margins opaque, greenish. Fore-wings with stigma obscure,

not marked with black, fore-margin beneath reddish. Base of each segment of

abdomen beneath with a black median spot, as in S. tristis, certi long, slender,

hairy. Anterior coxae green, with a front marginal row of small+spines; femorz

similar to S. tristis, two pale brown dots on inner margin, inner face of tibia

black. Legs short, stout, green. Length, 41 mm., pronotum, 11 mm., fore-wing,

35 mm.

Hab. South Australia: Mount Painter, Flinders Range (H. G. Stokes).

Type, I. 14061.

Allied to S. tristis, from which it is distinguished by the different anterior

coxae and green colour.

SPHODROPODA MJOBERGI Sjostedt.

Sphodropoda mjobergi Sjost., Ark. f. Zool., xi, 1918, p. 25, pl. v, fig. 2, 3.

Hab. North-west Austraha (Type), Northern Territory (Roper River),

Melville Island, Groote Eylandt.

Most of the specimens are dark in colour; we have one female from Point

Charles which is green, but is not otherwise distinguishable.

SPHODROPODA LORIPES sp. nov.

Plate xviii, fig. 42.

é Small, green. Head somewhat triangular, vertex nearly straight, clypeus

narrow, transverse, quadrilateral, margins straight, facial shield transverse, five-

sided, fore-margin straight, eyes projecting, antennae moderately fine. Pronotum

somewhat shape of S. tristis, but much narrower and longer in proportion, margins

not serrated, surface of pronotum smooth. Wings hyaline, fore-margins opaque,

green. Anterior coxae unarmed; femora with four discoidal spines, an interior

marginal row of sixteen spines, the first eleven-nearly equal sized, the twelfth,

fourteenth, and fifteenth small, sixteenth large (in S. tristis the spines are alter-

nately large and small), and an outer marginal row of four rather small spines;

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN MANTIDAE 447

tibia armed internally with thirteen, and externally with eleven spines. Legs

short, stout, green. Length, 40 mm., pronotum, 13 mm., fore-wing, 30 mm.

? Green. Much larger than the male. Head larger, more rounded, vertex

strongly arched, eyes less prominent, antennae very fine, ocelli small. Pronotum

nearly the shape of SN. tristis female, but narrower in front, margins serrated.

Wings long, broad, opaque, green, traces of a stigma green, margin of fore-wing

beneath red. Abdomen rather broad, green. Anterior coxae with a row of about

eleven foreanarginal spines; femora armed on inner margin with fifteen spines,

arranged as in male; tibia with nine external and thirteen internal marginal

spines. Inner face of first tarsal jomt black, except at base. Legs green.

Length, 52 mm., pronotum, 17 mm., fore-wing, 36 mm.

Hab. Queensland: Cunnamulla (H. Hardeastle). Types, I. 14071.

This distinct species, of which we have two examples, is allied to S. tristis.

NGAWALA gen. nov.

Allied to Sphodropoda. Head more compressed, facial shield not trans-

verse. Male with wings long, the margins straight, and with a long median

opaque stigma on elytra. Females with wings abbreviated, rounded, reaching

two-thirds length of abdomen; costal margin of elytra strongly rounded. Anterior

tibiae armed externally with thirteen spines, the thirteenth very small.

Type, Hierodula dentifrons Stal.

This genus is intermediate between Parhierodula and Sphodropoda. The

name is derived from a native word, ‘‘ngawal’’ (Kakurera tribe), meaning

“mantis.”

NGAWALA DENTIFRONS Stal.

Plate xvii, fig. 43-44; xix, fig. 49.

Hierodula dentifrons Stal, Bih. Svenska Akad., iv, 1877, p. 56; Sphodropoda

dentifrons Kirby, Cat. Mant., 1904, p. 242.

é Smaller than female. Head and pronotum similar, the margins of

pronotum faintly serrated. Wings longer than abdomen; elytra narrow,

hyaline, fore-margin green, the hind wings wide, hyaline, the fore-margin

green. Anterior coxae green, femora green, with three brown spots on inner

margin of femur, and a median brown area. Legs greenish. Leneth of body,

60 mm., of pronotum, 18 mm., expanse of elytra, 96 mm. Darke Peak, South

Australia (R. G. Walsh). Type, male, I. 14059.

Hab. South Australia, Central Australia, and Western Australia.

The typical form has a large ferrugineous spot on the inner face of the

front femora. In eight female specimens from the interior this is absent.

448 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

PARHIERODULA Giglio-Tos, 1911 (venosa).

Hab. Australasia, extending as far west as Wallace’s line.

PARHIERODULA PUSTULIFERA Wood-Mason.

Plate xviii, fig. 45; xxi, fig. 52.

Rhombodera pustulifera Wood-Mason, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 583, pl.

xxxvi, fig. 6, 6a; Parhierodula pustulifera Giglio-Tos, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital.,

LOE pas:

é Smaller than female, green. Head and pronotum similar, antennae

somewhat longer, the margins of pronotum plain. Wings longer, hyaline, the

elytra much narrowed, with fore-margin less dilated and opaque. Anterior legs

orange-coloured on inner face, coxal spines blunt, small, and somewhat widely

separated. Length of body, 59 mm., pronotum, 18 mm., elytra, 41 mm. Darwin

(W. K. Hunt). Type, male, I. 14062.

Hab. Queensland (Torres Strait Islands, type), Northern Territory, Groote,

Eylandt, Bouru, Obi, and Ke.

The female illustrated was taken on Groote Eylandt. It measures 74 mm.

in length.

PARHIERODULA STERNOSTICTA Wood-Mason.

Hierodula sternosticta Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Beng., li, 1882, p. 31;

Parhierodula sternosticta Gigl.-Tos, Bull. Soe. Ent. Ital., 1911, p. 114;

Hierodula biroi Branesik, Ser. Orth. nov., 1897, p. 61, pl. i, fig. Tab;

Hierodula punctipectus Brunner, Orth. Mal. Arch., 1898, p. 212, pl. xvi,

fig. 18.

Hab. Australia: Trinity Bay (Wood-Mason), New Guinea.

PARHIERODULA QUINQUEDENS Macleay.

Plate xxi, fig. 53.

Mantis quinquedens Macl., King’s Survey Aust., ii, 1827, p. 454; Hierodula

quinguedens Saussure, Mém. Soc. Genéve, xxi, 1871, p. 78; xxii, 18738,

p. 42, pl. viu, fig. 8, 8a; Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, li, 1882,

p. 28; Sphodropoda quinquedens Kirby, Cat. Mant., 1904, p. 242.

Hab. Queensland, Northern Territory, Groote Eylandt.

A Groote Eylandt female is figured. This species is somewhat aberrant, and

shows relationship with Sphodropoda, but is best retained in the above genus.

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN MANTIDAE 449

PARHIERODULA DIMORPHA Werner.

Hierodula dimorpha Werner, Abh. Senckenb., xxxiii, 1911, p. 394.

Hab. New South Wales.

PARHIERODULA WERNERI Giglio-Tos.

Parhierodula werneri Gigl.-Tos, Bull. Soe. Ent. Hal., 1911, pp. 112, 128; Sjostedt,

mre £. Zool, xi, 1918, p. 28.

Hab. Ké Island (Type), North-West Australia.

PARHIERODULA ATRICOXIS Wood-Mason.

Hierodula (Rhombodera) atricoris Wood-Mason, Proc. Zool..Soc. Lond., 1878,

p. 582, pl. xxxvi, fig. 4-4b; Mantis atricoxris var. grandis Wood-Mason,

Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, , 1885, p. 31.

Hab. Queensland.

This species is described as having the pronotum strongly dilated in middle

and the ‘‘whole inner surface of the fore coxae coloured jet black, and the hinder

part of the prosternum and the mesosternum symmetrically marked with the

same colour.’’

PARHIERODULA MAJUSCULA sp. nov.

Plate xx, fig. 50-51.

@ Allied to P. pustulifera, but larger. Green, the head wider, vertex less

strongly arched, eyes more prominent. Pronotum similar in shape, but con-

stricted posteriorly more than in that species. Prosternum green. Wings

broad, well rounded ; the elytra opaque, pale green, with veins darker green ; hind-

wings hyaline, the apex pale green. Abdomen yellowish, the cerci coarse and

not tapering to apex so gradually as in P. pustulifera. Anterior coxae green,

inner face with base and apex orange, and the middle broadly jet black, fore-

margin with a row of sharp, oblique, coxal teeth; femora green, with inner face

orange-yellow. Legs green. Length of body, 95 mm., pronotum, 30 mm., ex-

panse of elytra, 113 mm.

Hab. North Queensland: Cairns (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 14058.

No other species of the genus has black and orange front coxae. In P.

atricoxis the coxae are said to be entirely black on inner face, but the pronotum

is figured as of a widely different shape. The prosternum is without markings.

This is probably one of the largest Australian mantids. The females figured are

from Cairns, and the specimen showing the reverse is the type.

450 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

PSEUDOMANTIS Saussure, 1869 (albofimbriata).

Hab. Australia.

PSEUDOMANTIS ALBOFIMBRIATA Stal.

Plate xiv, fig. 23-24.

Mantis albofimbriata Stal, Eugenie’s Resa. Ins., 1858, p. 312; Pseudomantis

albofimbriata Sauss., Mém. Soe. Geneve, xxi, 1871; p. 34, pl. iv, fig. 7; Gigho-

Tos, Bull. Soe. Ent. Ital., 1911, p:57.

¢ Smaller than female, green. Head as in female, eyes more prominent,

antennae longer, ocelli prominent. Pronotum similar, without marginal serra-

tions. Wings, long, greenish, hyaline, with fore-margins opaque. Anterior

femora weaker, with a large black spot on inner face. Length of body, 36 mm.,

of pronotum, 11 mm., of elytra, 28 mm.

Hab. Tasmania (Type), New South Wales.

The figures show a female from Sydney and the inner face of a male anterior

leg. Both sexes have a black spot on the inner face of the front femora.

PSEUDOMANTIS VICTORINA Westwood.

Pseudomantis victorina Westw., Rev. Mant., 1889, p. 36, pl. ix, fig. 6.

Hab. North Australia.

PSEUDOMANTIS HARTMEYERI Werner.

Pesudomantis hartmeyeri Werner, Fauna Sudw. Austral., iv, 1911, p. 51.

Hab. Western Australia.

This species, which was described from larvae, is unknown to me.

STATILIA Stal, 1877 (nemoralis).

‘Hab. Malay Archipelago.

S. apicalis is known from Australia, New Guinea, and Africa, a strange case

of discontinuous distribution.

STATILIA APICALIS Saussure.

Mantis apicalis Sauss., Mém. Soc. Genéve, xxi, 1871, p. 291; 1.c., xxii, 1872, p.

48; Statilia apicalis Stal, Bih. Svenska Akad., iv, 1877, p. 55; Gigl.-Tos,

Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., 1911, p. 9; Pseudomantis apicalis Kirby, Syn. Cat.

Orth, 1904, p. 235.

Hab. New South Wales, Queensland.

MANTIS Linnaeus, 1758 (religiosa).

Hab. Europe, Asia, Africa, and one species from Australia.

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN MANTIDAE 451

MANTIS OCTOSPILOTA Westwood.

Plate xxii, fig. 58.

Mantis octospilota Westw., Rev. Mant., 1889, p. 35; Giglo-Tos, Bull. Soe. Ent.

Pra £904" p. 15;

Hab. North-west Australia, Western Australia, North-west of South Aus-

tralia, Queensland, Northern Territory.

The male is figured. The female is larger than the male, and has the wings

more opadue. Both sexes have a black spot at the base of inner face of fore-

coxae, and the prosternum is also suffused black. It was first described from

Adelaide. Specimens from Roper River have the black spots widened into short

lateral black bars.

AUSTROMANTIS Sjistedi, 1918 (albomarginata).

Hab. Australia.

AUSTROMANTIS ALBOMARGINATA Sjostedt.

Austromantis albomarginata Sjost., Ark. f. Zool., xi, 1918, p. 28, pl. iui, fig. 1-2.

Hab. North-west Australia, Northern Territory, Groote Eylandt.

AUSTROMANTIS GRACILIS Sjostedt.

Austromantis gracilis Sjost., Ark. f. Zool., xi, 1918, p. 30, pl. iv, fig. 1.

Hab. Western Australia, North-west Australia, Groote Eylandt.

NOTOMANTIS gen. nov.

Allied to Mantis. Head with vertex straight, eyes prominent, divergent,

facial shield strongly transverse. Pronotum with sides depressed, the anterior

portion constricted and forming a median ridge. Wings (in the male) rather

long, hyaline, the fore-margin of elytra rounded, with traces of a stigma.

Abdomen short, the cerci small. Anterior coxae armed with small teeth; the

femora rather strong, armed with four short discoidal spines, an inner marginal

series of fourteen irregular small spines, and an outer marginal series of four

larger spines; tibiae armed externally with eight, internally with eleven gradu-

ated spines. Legs long and slender.

Type, NV. chlorophana sp. nov.

NOTOMANTIS CHLOROPHANA sp. nov.

Plate xxu, fig. 57.

é Green. Head green, antennae long, stout, black, except at base. Pro-

notum green, smooth, the margins darker. Wings green, hyaline, the fore-

margins opaque, the apex tipped black; the fore-margin of elytra beneath black.

Anterior legs green, the apex of coxae and an obscure patch on inner face of

452 RECORDS OF THE S A. MUSEUM

femora darker. Legs green, the base of femora darker green. Length of body,

41 mm., of pronotum, 12 mm., expanse of elytra, 70 mm.

Hab. Western Australia: Beverley (F. H. du Boulay). Type, I. 14072,

unique.

TRACHYMANTIS Giglio-Tos, 1916 (obesa).

TRACHYMANTIS OBESA Giglio-Tos.

Trachymantis obesa Gigl.-Tos, Bull. Soe. Ent. Ital., 1916, p. 46.

Hab. Australia. ?

This species is recorded: ‘‘da Hermannsburg nell Africa centrale (Mus

Londra).’’ Hermannsburg is between Oodnadatta and Charlotte Waters, Central

Australia.

DEIPHOBE Stal, 1877 (ocellata).

Hab. India and Australia.

DEIPHOBE AUSTRALIANA Giglio-Tos.

Deiphobe australiana Gigl.-Tos, Bull. Soe. Ent. Ital., 1915, p. 24.

Hab. Australia.

THORODIA gen. nov.

Male with head moderately large, about as high as wide, eyes rounded, pro-

minent; vertex strongly arched; facial shield transverse, elevated above; elypeus

quadrilateral; sides diverging, hind margin nearly straight; ocelli large, closely

grouped together. Pronotum about four

times long as wide; widest at one-fourth,

margins anteriorly serrate, a moderate

median ridge. Wings long, nearly reach-

ing tip of abdomen, hyaline, coloured.

Abdomen slender, parallel-sided, anal

appendages large; cerci stout, short,

eylindrical, with nine apparent joints,

apical joints compressed, clothed with

moderately dense setae. Anterior femora

moderate, with four discoidal spines, the

second very small, also an inner mar-

oinal row of fourteen nearly equal spines

hig. 377. Thorodia melanoptera sp. nov. 9,

: and an isolated apical spine, outer

and T. m. major subsp. nov. 9.

margin armed with five spines, the

second the largest, and the fifth at apex; tibiae armed on inner margin with

thirteen graduated spines, the outer with seven or eight; tarsi short, first joint as

TINDALE--AUSTRALIAN MANTIDAE 453

long as four following, clothed with fine hairs. Legs slender and rather long.

The female is larger, stouter, the pronotum more dilated, wings short, only half

length of abdomen, hyaline, coloured, hind-wings semiovate, as wide as long.

Type, 7. melanoptera sp. nov.

THORODIA MELANOPTERA sp. nov.

Plate xviii, fig. 46; xxii, fig. 59, and text figure 377.

é Brown. Head about as high as wide; clypeus transverse, quadrilateral ;

facial shield transverse, fore-margin concave, hind-margin produced to a point;

ocelli large, rounded, close together; vertex arched, the middle a trifle flattened,

forming an elevated transverse rounded ridge, mottled brown. Pronotum nar-

row, somewhat sparsely punctured in longitudinal rows; a supracoxal dilatation

at one-third. Elytra long, hyaline, pale brownish; hind-wings large, hyaline,

brownish black, with numerous short transverse whitish lines, fore-margin

straight, blackish, opaque, interior to this the wing is very transparent, darkening

towards posterior margin. Abdomen brownish, slender, cylindrical, cerci stout,

flattened at apex, clothed with fairly dense setae. Fore-coxae margined in front

with six weak spines, inner face light brown, with several transverse blackish

bands more or less obscure, outer face brownish. Femora brown, sometimes an

obscure black spot in femoral groove. Legs brown. Length, 47 mm., elytra,

32 mm., hind-wings, 29 mm.

@ Dark brown. Head as in male, but larger, ocelli smaller. Pronotum

broad, strongly dilated, a slight constriction between supracoxal dilatation and

fore-margin. Fore-wings short, rounded, opaque, brownish, with darker veins.

Hind-wings short, as wide as long, black, with transverse, short, transparent,

whitish lines at veins. Abdomen broad, parallel-sided, brown, cerei coarse,

eylindrical, setose, the two apical segments flattened. Anterior coxae and femora

mottled brown and black. Legs brown. Length, 61 mm., elytra, 19 mm., hind-

wings, 14 mm.

Hab. South Australia: Murray River (H.S. Cope), Mindarie, Fowler Bay,

Port Augusta, Alford, Halidon, Lameroo, Adelaide, Lucindale (A. M. Lea) ;

Victoria: Kewell.

Types, I. 14064.

THORODIA MELANOPTERA MAJOR subsp. nov.

Plate xxii, fig. 60; and text figure 377.

é Similar to 7. melanoptera, but larger, head more arched, vertex rounded,

smooth; pronotum much wider in proportion, fore-margin narrowed, and the

454 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

constriction between fore-margin and the dilatation nearly obsolete. Wings with

hyaline transverse marks, generally wider and a trifle more obscurely margined.

Length, 58 mm.

? Head strongly arched, smooth, no plane area on vertex. Pronotum

wider, from supra-coxal dilatation to fore-margin convex, broad, behind dilata-

tion strongly constricted, thence widening to posterior margin, the tubercles on

pronotum coarse and conspicuous. The legs appear to be stouter and longer.

Length, 65 mm.

Hab. South Australia: Kingoonya (R. Harvey), Ooldea (R. T. Maurice) ;

Central Australia: Macdonnell Ranges and Mereenie Bluff (Horn Expedition).

Types, I. 14065.

The males of this.desert race of T. melanoptera ditfer most in size, and the

females in the shape of the pronotum. We have big series of both races, and

there seem to be no intermediates.

SUB-FAMILY VATINAE.

PARADANURIA Wood-Mason, 1877 (orientalis).

Hab. India and Australia.

PARADANURIA FORTNUMI Westwood.

Toxodera (Paradanuria) fortnumi Westw., Rev. Mant., 1889, p. 41, pl. viii, fig. 7.

Hab. North Australia.

AUSTROVATES Sjoistedt, 1918 (variegata).

Hab... Australia.

AUSTROVATES VARIEGATA Sjostedt.

Plate xxi, fig. 56.

Austrovates variegata Sjost., Ark. f. Zool., xi, 1918, p. 36, pl. iv, fig. 2a=b;

Heterarchimantis lobata Wern., Zool. Med. Rijks Mus. Leid., vii, 1922, p. 121.

Hab. North-west Australia, Northern Territory.

The figure is of a female from Roper River.

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN MANTIDAE 455

LITERATURE RELATING TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIAN

MANTIDAE.

Blanchard, Voy. au Pole Sud, 1853.

Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent, Fr., 1897.

Branesik, Jahresb. Nat. Ver. Trenes., 1897.

Brunner de Wattenwyl, Abhandl. Senckenb., 1893.

- i" a Revision Syst. Orth., 1893.

Burmeister, Handb. Ent., 1838.

Chopard, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1910.

Fabricius, Syst. Ent., 1775.

Giglio-Tos, Boll. Mus. zool. anat. compar. Torino, 1907, 1914, 1915.

a Bull: Soc. Ent. Ital., 1910; 1911, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916.

- Genera Insectorum, 1913, 1921.

Haan, Temminck Verhandl. Orth., 1842.

Jacobson and Bianki, Prem. 1 Lozhn. Ross. Imp., 1902.

Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1904.

eeeat. Orthopt. Mant., 1904.

Macleay, King’s Survey Coasts Aust., 1827.

Preudhomme de Borre, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belge, 1883.

Saussure, Mém. Soe. Genéve, 1871, 1873.

cf Rev. Suisse Zool., 1898.

*s and Zehnter, Graneidier Hist. Madagascar Orth., 1895.

Serville, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1831.

& Hist. Nat. Orth., 1839.

Sjostedt, Ark. f. Zool., 1918.

Stal, Bih. Svenska. Akad., 1877.

Tepper, Trans. Roy. Soc. 8.A., 1904, 1905.

Werner, Abh. Senckenberg Ges., 1911.

rf Fauna Sudwest Aust., 1912.

3 Zool. Med. Rijks Mus. Leid., 1922.

Westwood, Revisio Ins. Mant., 1589.

Wood-Mason, Cat. Mant., 1889, 1891.

= Journ. Asiat. Soe. Beng., 1882.

a Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878.

456 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate xii.

Fig. Glabromantis wuicornis sp. nov. Type male.

Glabromantis unicornis sp. nov. Type female.

Glabromantis melania sp. nov. Type male.

Cliomantis cornuta Gigl.-Tos., Darwin, male.

Paraorypilus verreauxti Sauss., Magnetic Island, male.

Paraoxypilus verreauxi Sauss., Emerald, female.

Paraoxypilus armatus Giglio-Tos, Groote Eylandt. Type male.

Paraoxypilus armatus Giglio-Tos, Daly River, female.

OA ATP wh

Plate xiii.

Fig. 9. Paraorypilus tasmaniensis Sauss., Tasmania, male.

10. Paraoxypilus tasmaniensis Sauss., Adelaide, female.

11. Paraoxypilus laticollis sp. nov. Type male.

12. Paraoxypilus laticollis sp. nov. Type female.

15. Paraoxypilus laticollis sp. nov. Umberatana, female.

14. Paraoxypilus tasmaniensis Sauss., Lillimur, male.

15. Cliomantis dispar sp. nov., Parachilna, male.

Plate xiv.

Fig. 16. Orthodera marginata Sauss., Adelaide, male.

17. Orthodera marginata Sauss., Mount Painter, female.

18. Orthodera ministralis Fab., Roper River, female.

19. Orthodera ministralis Fab., Adelaide, female.

20. Orthodera ministralis Fab., left anterior leg, male.

21. Orthodera burmeistert Wood-Mason, Dalby, female.

22. Orthodera burmeistert Wood-Mason, right anterior leg, female.

23. Pseudomantis albofimbriata Stal, Sydney, female.

24. Pseudomantis albofimbriata Stal, right anterior leg, male.

Plate xv.

Fig. 25. Rhodomantis gracilis sp. nov. Type male.

26. Rhodomantis pulchella Tepper, Mount Painter, male.

27. Stenomantis n. biseriata Westwood, Cairns, female.

28. Stenomantis n. biseriata Westwood, Cairns, male.

Plate xvi.

Fig. 29. Archimantis monstrosa Wood-Mason, Groote Eylandt, female.

30. Archimantis monstrosa Wood-Mason, Roper River, female.

Fig.

Rig. !

Fig.

32.

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN MANTIDAE

Archimantis sobrina Saussure, Cunnamulla, female.

Archimantis latistyla Serville, Adelaide, male.

Archimantis armata Wood-Mason, Cairns, male.

Plate xvii.

Sphodropoda viridis sp. nov. Mount Painter, male.

Archimantis quinquelobata Tepper. Type male.

Archimantis quinquelobata Tepper, Fraser Range, female.

Archimantis quinquelobata Tepper, right anterior leg, female.

Plate xviii.

Archimantis monstrosa Wood-Mason, Stapleton, male.

Archimantis minor, Giglio-Tos, Beverley, female.

Archimantis brunneriana Saussure. Type female.

Nullabora flavoguttata sp. nov. Type female.

Sphodropoda loripes sp. nov. Type female.

Ngawala dentifrons Stal, Yorke’s Peninsula, male.

Ngawala dentifrons Stal, left anterior leg, female.

Parhierodula pustulifera Wood-Mason. Type male.

Thorodia melanoptera sp. nov. Murray River, female.

Plate xix.

Archimantis latistyla Serville, Adelaide, female.

Sphodropoda tristis Saussure, Mount Bryan, female.

Ngawala dentifrons Stal, Yeelana, female.

Plate xx.

Parhierodula majuscula sp. nov. Cairns, female.

Parhierodula majuscula sp. nov. Type female, reverse.

Plate xxi.

Parhierodula pustulifera Wood-Mason, Groote Eylandt, female.

Parhierodula quinquedens Macleay, Groote Eylandt, female.

Tenodera intermedia Saussure, Emerald, female.

Tenodera australasiae Leach, Adelaide, male.

Austrovates variegata Sjoéstedt, Roper River, female.

Plate xxii.

Notomantis chlorophana gen.. and sp. noy. Type male.

Mantis octospilota Westwood, Fortescue River, male.

Thorodia melanoptera gen. and sp. nov. Type male.

Thotodia m. major subsp. nov. Type female,

“oN