PAGE

ugandae, Trentepohlia ; 320

ugandaensis, Plecia 119, 120 (fig.),

121

uncinata, Plecia 120 (fig.), 121-122,

124 (fig.)

undulata, Psychoda . 47-48 (fig.)

uniaculeata, Limonia 235 (fig.),

242-243

unicornuta, Gonomyia 331 (fig.),

: ; : 3337334

uniflava, Limonia 5 243

unijuga, Limnophila Ply 28

Uranotaenia . 30, 33

vansomereni, Limnophila 287 (fig.),

288—290

vanstraeleni, Ormosia 341 (fig.), 346

variegata, Styringomyia . 379

INDEX

PAGE

variitibia, Molophilus 361 (fig.), 363

varipes, Pseudolimnophila 279

venusticeps, Nephrotoma 162,

163 (fig.), 164-165

venustipes, Hovamyia 0335

vicaria, Philia 124 (fig.), 127

victoria, Tipula : 179 (fig.)

vigilans, Molophilus 361 (fig.), 364

vilhelmi, Limonia é 243

witteana, Teucholabis 2 321

woosnami, Limonia 243, 244 (fig.)

xenophallus Stryringomyia

378 (fig.), 380

zambeziensis, Tipula 179 (fig.)

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MADE AND PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY

JARROLD AND SONS, LTD., NORWICH AND LONDON

RUWENZORI EXPEDITION, 1934-5

REPORTS upon the ENTOMOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS made by this

Expedition will be issued in three volumes, as follows:

Vol. I. Diptera Nematocera.

Vol. Il. Diptera Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha.

Vol. WI. Other Insecta.

It is not expected that the whole of the entomological collections will be

reported upon, but on the other hand it is anticipated that it may in some

instances prove convenient to include here information upon insect material

obtained by other recent British expeditions to East African mountains.

Parts will be issued as they become available, and the series will be closed

when it appears that it cannot usefully be continued.

The title “‘Ruwenzori Expedition, 1934-5’’ has been chosen for brevity

because the bulk of the material is from that district.

Title pages, indexes, etc., will be issued on the completion of each volume.

BOTANICAL COLLECTIONS:

Although no decision has been reached in respect of the botanical collections,

it is possible that an account of these may form a fourth volume in this series.

, C. ForsTER-COOPER

Director

British MusreuM (Natura History)

S. KENSINGTON

Lonpon, S.W.7

Sth January 1939

1, INTRODUCTION

(With Plates I-XX)

From time to time suggestions had been mooted, by members of the Uganda

Government Services and other persons interested, for a floral and faunal survey

of some of the high mountains in British East African territories. These sug-

gestions resulted in 1934 in the approval by the Trustees of the British Museum

of a proposal for a botanical-entomological expedition to Eastern Ruwenzori,

and the appointment of two members of the Museum staff—Dr. F. W. Edwards

(entomologist) and Dr. G. Taylor (botanist) to act as leaders. The expedition

was supported by grants from the Percy Sladen and Godman funds, the Uganda

Government, and Mme. de Horrack Fournier. The leaders proceeded to East

Africa in September 1934, returning in March 1935; they were joined in Africa

by Messrs. D. R. Buxton (then on locust investigations), J. Ford (Oxford

University), E. G. Gibbins (Uganda Medical Department), T. H. E. Jackson

(Kitale, Kenya), J. F. Shillito (Nyakasura School, Fort Portal), and P. M. Synge

(Cambridge University), who assisted in the work of the expedition for varying

periods.

The main object of the expedition being to study the flora and insect fauna

of Eastern Ruwenzori, two small parties were formed to explore concurrently

the little-known valleys of the Namwamba and the Nyamgasani, and visits

were also made to other parts of the range. In order to obtain material for

comparative purposes brief expeditions were also arranged to three other

mountainous districts—the Birunga range in south-west Uganda; Mount

Elgon, on the Kenya-Uganda border; and the Aberdare Range, north-east of

Nairobi; also to two lowland forest areas, the Kalinzu Forest, near Lake

Edward, and the Budongo Forest, near Masindi.

A summarized itinerary is appended to this introduction giving all the locali-

ties from which insect specimens were obtained during the course of the expe-

dition, together with dates when the visits were made and the names of the

collectors in each locality. The position of the localities is indicated in the

accompanying maps. Illustrated accounts of the expedition have been pub-

lished in Natural History Magazine, Nos. 36-40 (1935-6), and in the book by

P. M. Synge, Mountains of the Moon (Lindsay Drummond, 1937). An account

of the experiences of the party in the Nyamgasani Valley, by D. R. Buxton,

will be found in Blackwood’s Magazine for 1936.

As regards the general results of the expedition, experience in the field and

I, I

2 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

a preliminary survey of the collections suggests the following conclusions

regarding the Ruwenzori insect fauna ; these conclusions may require modi-

fications when the material has been more fully studied.

1. The changes in the insect fauna noted in the ascent correspond with the

vegetational and climatic zones. In the lower zones (up to 6000 feet altitude)

the species are chiefly widespread lowland forms; in the forest zones (6500-8000

feet) is found the greatest variety of species, and most groups are well repre-

sented; in the bamboo and lower heath zones (8000 to 11,000 feet) there is

already very much less variety; finally in the upper heath and alpine zones

(11-14,000 feet), the fauna is extremely poor in species (there are, for example,

only three butterflies and only one Tipuline crane-fly native to these zones, and

no Neuroptera or Orthoptera were found) but those which occur are for the

most part different from those of the lower zones.

2. The evidence obtained tends to negative the suggestion that local

endemism occurs in the different valleys, at least to any appreciable degree;

the insect faunas of each altitudinal zone appear to be similar in different valleys.

3. In the forest and bamboo zones the insect fauna of Ruwenzori shows a

marked resemblance to that of the Birunga Mountains, and very much less to

that of Mt. Elgon and the Aberdares; this is pronounced in the case of the butter-

flies and the mosquitoes, the two groups most studied. In the case of the

butterflies, Mr. Jackson is of the opinion that there are no true endemics on

Ruwenzori, but that all the forms which have been regarded as confined to the

Ruwenzori forests will be found to have a wide distribution in the area between

Lake Albert and Lake Kivu where conditions are suitable.

4. In various families of Diptera and Lepidoptera a strong “‘ Palaearctic’’

element is present in the zones above 10,000 feet altitude. This is the more

noteworthy on account of the general paucity of the fauna.

5. As in the case of other high mountains, Ruwenzori provides numerous

examples of species which are brachypterous either in the female sex, or in both

sexes; examples of such species were found in the Geometridae and Tineidae

among the Lepidoptera, and in the Tipulidae (several genera), Sciarinae,

Empididae, Phoridae, Sepsidae and Copromyzidae among the Diptera. On

Elgon this phenomenon is even more noticeable, but in both localities it is

probable that many of the cases of brachypterism are due to causes unconnected

with elevation. Apart from brachypterism, no obvious cases of adaptation to

mountain conditions were noted, and nothing to correspond with the

“gigantism’”’ of some of the plants.

The following notes on the four distinct mountainous areas visited by the

expedition of 1934-5 may be of interest to those who are not already familiar

with East African geography:

ABERDARE MounTAINS.—A range about 50 miles in length running almost

due north and south, its southern end extending to within about 50 miles

INTRODUCTION 3

in a direct line north-north-west of Nairobi. The range has two main peaks,

one in the northern portion, now known as Settima (named on The Times atlas

Donio Lereko), the other towards the southern end, now known by the Dutch

name of Mt. Kinangop (named Donio Ngishei on The Times atlas). Both these

peaks reach an altitude of 13,000 feet or more, the saddle between them forming

a plateau at about 11,000 feet altitude; a lower plateau at about 78000 feet

altitude is extensively farmed and often referred to as the Kinangop plateau.

Roughly speaking the range forms the eastern flank of the Great Rift Valley

in its course through the Kenya highlands, the western flank being the Mau

Escarpment. Between the altitudes of 7000 and gooo feet the range is very

heavily forested, the forest providing cover for many large mammals, including

numerous elephant and buffalo, besides the scarce bongo and giant forest hog.

Two distinct zones may be recognized in the forest, a lower zone with large

trees, dominated by the “pencil cedar,” and an upper one of almost pure

bamboo; above these zones the country is mainly open and grass-covered.

Though even the summits fall short of the permanent snow-line, frost and falls

of snow occur at times. The streams are few in number and all small.

Mr. Ercon.—A mountain mass lying about one degree north of the equator,

just north-east of Lake Victoria, its south-eastern half lying within the territory

of Kenya Colony, and its north-western half in the Uganda Protectorate. It

does not, like the other mountains visited, form a range of peaks, but is rather

a single mountain—an enormous extinct volcano with a diameter of about 50

miles, the crater at its summit having a diameter of 4 or 5 miles; various minor

peaks on the rim of the crater attain altitudes of 14,000 feet or slightly more.

A topographical description of the mountain has been given by E. Nilsson

(Geografiska Annaler, 1931), who also discusses the extent to which it was

formerly glaciated. It would seem that during a period corresponding more or

less with the ice-age of Europe large glaciers covered most of the top of Elgon,

down to an altitude of about 12,000 feet, but certain areas (including the head

of the Sosion Valley, visited by the expedition) remained always free from ice.

At the present time there is no permanent ice or snow on Elgon, though falls

of snow or hail are frequent in and around the crater, and may lie for some days

or weeks. About thirty streams or brooks radiate from the crater-rim, one of

which takes its origin in the crater itself and forms the source of the Swam

River, flowing through a deep gorge on the north-east side of the mountain.

The eruption which formed Elgon probably took place in the late Tertiary,

but the volcano was certainly extinct in pre-glacial times. On the south-eastern

side of the mountain, visited by the expedition, cultivation extends to an alti-

tude of nearly 7000 feet, above which (7000 to 8500 feet) is a forest zone with

large open grassy glades. Above the forest there is very little bamboo, and

upper forests of tree-heather have been largely destroyed by the Masai inhabi-

tants and their cattle. Above 10,000 feet altitude the country is quite open

4 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

with only low bushes and scattered trees of Senecio; the herbage includes a

large variety of shrubby Compositae, notably various species of Helichrysum.

BIRUNGA (or VIRUNGA) Mts.—A row of three volcanic cones in the extreme

south-west corner of Uganda, just north-east of Lake Kivu, their summits on

the boundary-line between Uganda and the Belgian Congo, adjoining the

Belgian National Park (Parc National Albert); they form part of the Mufum-

biro group which is mainly in Belgian territory and includes the larger volcanoes

Karissimbi, Mikeno and Nyamlagira. These mountains are famous as being

the headquarters of the eastern gorilla, which inhabits the extensive bamboo

forests. The three peaks of the Birungas rise abruptly from the volcanic floor

of the western rift-valley, which here hes at an altitude of about 6000 feet above

sea-level; they are, from east to west, Muhavura (13,547 feet), Mgahinga (11,400

feet), and Sabinio (11,960 feet), the three peaks being only about three or four

miles apart. Even Muhavura does not reach the snow-line, and shows no

evidence of former glaciation. Largely owing to the porous nature of the ground

there are hardly any permanent streams. The mountains of this group were

formed in the latest period of volcanic activity in East Africa, probably very

late in the Tertiary; some of those in the Congo still possess active craters. They

have blocked the floor of the rift-valley, so that Lake Kivu, which formerly

had an outflow to Lake Albert and so to the Nile, now discharges to the south.

The rich volcanic soil of the rift-valley at the foot of the mountains is very

highly cultivated and the district carries a large population. There is very

little true forest on the mountains, but dense bamboo covers the zone between

8000 and gooo feet altitude; above this are found the zones of tree-heaths,

Hypericum and Senecio, which extend to the summits; the plants in these

zones do not attain such large dimensions as on Ruwenzori.

RuweEnzori.—A large block-mountain situated almost on the equator in

the western rift-valley between Lakes Edward and Albert. It is the third

highest mountain range in Africa, several of its peaks attaining an altitude of

over 16,000 feet, and a large central area of the massif being above the present

permanent snow-line. The glaciated area was formerly more extensive, though

recent surveys have shown that the glaciers were not so widespread as at one

time believed, their lower limit having been about 12,000 feet. The range

experiences a heavier rainfall than most other East African mountains, and the

streams arising on its slopes are numerous and of a good size; the amount of

rainfall, however, decreases greatly towards the southern end of the range,

and the plain between it and Lake Edward is semi-arid. Ruwenzori is also

unique among the high mountains of East Africa in being formed of ancient

crystalline rocks instead of volcanic lavas, but geologically speaking it is not an

old range, its uplift from the surrounding area of old rocks having probably

taken place in connection with if not subsequently to the formation of the rift-

valley system about the middle of the Tertiary era.

INTRODUCTION 5

A full description of Ruwenzori is given in the volumes describing the famous

pioneer expedition of the Duke of the Abruzzi in 1906, and in the accounts of

recent surveys made by air and on foot by Dr. Noel Humphreys in the years

1925-6 and 1931-2 (see Geographical Journal, 69: 516-531, and 82: 481-514).

The vegetation-zones on Ruwenzori are similar to those on other East

African mountains, though with some differences. The area of long grass and

cultivation gives place at about 6500 feet altitude to the mountain-forest, with

a great variety of large trees and dense undergrowth especially of ferns and

mosses; in the lower parts of the forest there are also extensive open areas

clothed with bracken. The proportionate extent of the forest-zone and the

succeeding bamboo-zone varies in different parts of the range; in the Mobuku

and Namwamba Valleys the forest-zone is extensive and the bamboo-zone but

little developed, whereas the reverse is the case in the Nyamgasani Valley.

The scenery of the mountain areas visited by the Expedition is illustrated

in the accompanying Plates I-XX as follows:

ABERDARE MounrtaINs: Plate I.

BriRUNGA MounTaIns: Plates II-III.

RU WENZORI:

Namwamba Valley: Plates IV-VIII.

Nyamgasani Valley: Plates IX—XIIT.

Mobuku Valley: Plate XIV.

Northern Spur: Plates XV—XVI.

Mr. ELtGon (Kenya side): Plates XVII-XX.

Further illustrations, depicting specific habitats, accompany the various

reports of specialists.

The present volume comprises reports upon the Diptera Nematocera

collected by the Expedition; Volume II deals with the Diptera Brachycera

(including Cyclorrhapha); and Volume III with insects of various orders other

than Diptera.

LIST OF LOCALITIES

(With dates, names of insect collectors, and maps)

1. Nairobi and the Aberdare Mts. (F’. W. Edwards and J. Ford):

Katamayo River, Kikuyu Escarpment ah 2 tke

Ruiri Falls oe Be Pye tsar poe BAS

Ngong Hills, W. of Nawon Ae det 22 An

Thika and Chania Falls, N.-E. of Nero She ZO BA,

Mt. Kinangop, Aberdares we se .. - 25.X.—2:X1.34.

2. On journey to Kigezi (ff. W. Edwards and E. G. Gibbins):

Kampala, Uganda oe oe aa 5 on O=LT X13,

Entebbe .. a a ~% -°O.X1:34- and 13s 34)

Kalungi Swamp, W. se itebbe e a, 12;X1/34:

Masaka and Lake Nabugabo .. be Pree iche «icy.

Mbarara and Ruizi Falls i oe .. I4-15.X1.34.

3. Kigezi District, S.-W. Uganda (F. W. Edwards, J. Ford and E. G. Gibbins):

Mabungo Camp, c. 6000 feet .. Be .. 16-30.X1.34.

Mt. Muhavura, camp at 11,000 feet .. .. 17-18.X1.34.

Mt. Mgahinga, summit, c. gooo feet .. Se 2EERL SA

Mt. Sabinio, Lugezi Camp, 7—8000 feet .. 20-28.X1.34.

Mt. Sabinio, summit, 10—11,000 feet .. .. 24-25.X1.34.

Lake Mutanda (/. Ford) ss 4 sO aA.

Kanaba Gap and Muko, Kigezi Mts., c. 7500

feet’. oe tse 25 Ss no FLO ae

4. Ruwenzori and neighbourhood.

(a) Namwamba Valley (FP. W. Edwards and T. H. E. Jackson):

Kilembe, 4500 feet, grass zone I-3 and 15-28.x11.34, 2I-22.1.35

Kyanjoke Camp, 6500 feet. forest zone .. 2-4 and 13-19.1.35.

Kararama Camp, 8300 feet, bamboo zone .. 5.1.35.

Kiriruma Camp, 10,200 feet, lower heath zone 6—7 and 10.1.35.

Kaihinguru Camp, 11,500 feet (E.G. Gibbins) — 20.xi1.34.

Kasinjiko Camp, 12,500 feet,upper heath zone 8.1.35.

Kitandara Camp, 13,200 feet, alpine zone .. 24.xi1.34 (E. G. G.)

9.1.35 (F. W. E.)

LIST. OF LOCALITIES

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Showing localities visited by expedition.

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LOCALITIES

(b) Nyamgasani Valley (D. Ik. Buxton):

Bwito, 5000 feet, grass zone

Camp I, 6000 feet, forest zone

Camp IT, 7500 feet, bamboo zone

Camp III, gooo feet, lower heath zone

Camp IV, 12,000 feet, upper heath zone

Camp V, 13,000 feet, upper heath zone

Camp VI, 12,800 feet, by seventh lake

Camp VII, 13,500 feet, alpine zone by fourth

lake

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North bank, 4000 feet . .

Bikoni, 7—8000 feet

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20.X11.34.

21-26.xii.34.

27-31.X11.34.

I-8.1.35.

Q-12.1.35.

13-15.1.35.

16-23.1.35.

24-20.1.35.

3.X11.34.

29-31.X11.34.

20.1.35.

(d) Northern spur and Fort Portal district (Ff. W. Edwards and J. F. Shillito):

Buhundo, Bwamba Pass (West ae 7500 feet 28-31.1.35.

Mt. Karangora, 9900 feet

Nyakasura, S.-W. of Fort Portal

Fort Portal (Toro)

Mpanga (Kibale) Forest, E. of Fort Portal

(e) Katwe Salt Lakes (°. W. Edwards)

(f) Kalinzu Forest (7. H. E. Jackson)

Masindi district, Lake Albert (/*. J

Budongo Forest

Waki Falls

Murchison Falls (no insects)

Mt. Elgon (Uganda side)

Mt. Elgon, S.E.

(J. Ford)

(Kenya side) (Ff. W.

Kapretwa, 6000 feet

Swam River, 4000 feet ..

Forest zone, 8000 feet .. nik

Heath and alpine zones, 10-14,000 feet

Nakuru District (/*. W.

Edwards):

Lake Nakuru

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Thomson's Falls, 7000 feet

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4.X1.34.

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25.1.1935.

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8.11.35.

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18.11.35.

19.11.35.

20.11.—2.111.35.

5-11.35

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Plate I

ABERDARE MOUNTAINS

Summit of Mt. Kinangop

I

PLATE

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VOL.

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4

~NZORI I

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Plate II

BrruNGA MOUNTAINS

Muhavura, Mgahinga and Sabinio

(View across rift-valley from Kanaba)

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Sabinio from Lugezi Camp

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RUWENZORI: NAMWAMBA VALLEY

Kilembe (Expedition Head-quarters)

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RUWENZORI: NAMWAMBA VALLEY

View from Kasinjiko Camp: Sunrise

(Arrow points to Okuleba Summit)

RUWENZORI EXPEDITION Viera PLATE V

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RUWENZORI: NAMWAMBA VALLEY

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RUWENZORI

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RUWENZORI EXPEDITION ViOUs. I

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' ss

Es

-

a

au :

‘L

So

t ’

= rn

'

i ~

U

ging

i

1

J 1

“t

qi

2

‘ ;

7 1

i

/

ft

\

i

Places

RUWENZORI: Nyaicas — 1, YS ATLEY

Camp on Ridge at 1- “feét.

(P. M. Synge (Botanist) and P. S. Somer. sic (Artist) by tent)

RUWENZORI EXPEDITION—VOL. I PLATE IX

BRA ELAR EE

et e

'

: .

:

: ‘

: i e

. :

a

= t ' G : - a : '

F ae

: : 5

1 = es a ‘“ A

7 4 i i 4 ro a =

- y < a _

~ 7 = =

= 2 z. ; :

= = K ie es :

- - + ‘ — 7 - _

2 Ba “1 « - ~ — a

be am Weed 7

= Ps . c a 7 a i a

~ = — iota” a Es 5 Pas a

; 7 ' ets Ste EF = =

t aa

a S % 2 : = 7 ; :

Plate X

RUWENZORI: NYAMGASANI VALLEY

Eighth (Lowest) Lake

RUWENZORI EXPEDITION—VOL. I PLATE X

t

w

= : f e

mr : 1

Fe y

; y

oe _

‘

; 7 < 5

\

ek

- \=

x .

i i

4 .

t

.

)

- > 7

\

4

i

:

Set :

a

d

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se

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2 é

j y ( ~ «

‘ -

~ 7 = >

1 lye >

' ~ Sea

' - ae

4, a ‘ | : 1

t

af > :

; é

a = a ~ ~—_ - =

=

s ie 7

x 2 1

¥ a] ¥

i

~ =

{ fee

Rs Fi

: 7

5 ie

<7

Z 5

Hie i ay f

\ Mg F

vr

: Fr

- = : +

4 '

¥ an 7 Cig —

' ; Fs

(ee

tr

Plate XI

RUWENZORI: NYAMGASANI VALLEY

Above: Upper part of Gorge with Seventh and Eighth Lakes

Below: Seventh Lake

RUWENZORI EXPEDITION V OW. I PLATE XI

i

rh

Aa oe!

yes

*

Rial

Plate XII

RUWENZORI: NYAMGASANI VALLEY

Sixth Lake

RUWENZORI EXPEDITION—VOL. I PLATE XII

7

re

2 i

aa i

ot

“r

=

K wh we os ba! = > i eee

oer St ~ — a

ba fer a = i ~ Pe =

ra » —“ xs,

r aS ; — : te &

i se Caras \ = uo

4 ee g =

= in ; he a

ie : Yo : ' ie

= : Ee . , A ; ; -

‘ é 41 2

3 ; E = ta * :

“ { £ - Lk _ an

. a i = i cs

7 n j La - : ane

y a > q y = * a

1 o i = D oy o- 1

: ;

= i it = ‘ee / = ri “i

- = 3 : 7 \ i

Z rat S 2 .

4

t ”

yo - Pos

A

: “2 2

Pe , ,

:

\ =

> 5

‘ ache

7 1

: ke 2

J a 7 os =e e

" = ~~» \e

, tT = 7 + 5

i : : ; =

Wy =a) rt yah + te

: - 7

As

F Ec

: 4 = ;

» b ~~; : »

- : = i B ,

; oS aay s i

= {

7 } e -

1 J : BN

’ t - — G

= - ' :

, iL : ee - E

i ; 2 iy r

i

‘ 4 Ase

7 ‘ \

‘ > < n

& = % el

. ; ies ;

: u sO Ep 2 Sy Conn ;

" : ‘ ee

rs

if ; - Z ") . e

Plate XIIL

JRUWENZORI

View from Weissman Peak

(Left: Mt. Stanley; Centre: Mt. Speke; Right: Mt. Baker)

RUWENZORI EXPEDITION—VOL. I PLATE XIII

Plate XIV

RuUWENzORI: MoBUKU VALLEY

Portal Peaks (in cloud) from Bikoni Hill

RUWENZORI EXPEDITION—VOL. I PLATE XIV

a

a

Plate XV

RuWENzORI: NORTHERN SPUR

Tree-Ferns on the Bwamba Pass

RUWENZORI EXPEDITION—VOL. I PLATE XV

Plate XVI

RUWENZORI: NORTHERN SPUR

Nyakasura Crater-lake

RUWENZORI EXPEDITION VOM iy SRA fb xv I

be.

‘

Plate XVII

Mt. Elgon from near Endebess (20 miles eastwards)

(The dip in centre of sky-line marks position of Swam Gorge)

XVII

PLATE

I

Pale DIT TON VOL.

NZORI

RUWI

1

Plate XVIIL

Mr. ELGon

Koitobboss Summit

XVIIT

PLATE

I

VOL.

EXPEDITION

RUWENZORI

Ww

Plate XIX

Mr. ELGoN

Head of Sosion Valley with Peak 14170

(indicated by arrow)

RUWENZORI EXPEDITION—VOL. I PLATE XIX

Plate XX

Mr. ELGON

View from Peak 14170, showing Tarn

RUWENZORI EXPEDITION—VOL. I PLATE XX

an

a rites gies

Siete mid : Bivariate :

pierre sunita Ferette ; ieee

Bry treet, F 4 ;

les . 5 ‘ j :

a migateits aE etatage re

se att aon

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