9. TRYPETIDAE

By H. K. Munro

(Senior Entomologist, Division of Entomology,

Depariment of Agriculture, Pretoria.)

INTRODUCTION

Tue Trypetidae! are perhaps one of the largest, most diversified and interesting

families of the acalyptrate Diptera; it is almost impossible at the present time

to make a count of the number of genera and species. A relatively large amount

of work is being done on the family in various parts of the world, and the

present author has been privileged to study probably more Ethiopian material

than has before been available. Not the least important and valuable have

been the large collections obtained by the British Museum, especially the

material collected on the East African Expedition 1934-1935, as well as smaller

collections made by the late R. E. Turner and by others. Since it has not been

possible to study any one lot of material alone, mention may be made of other

considerable collections that have been available, for example, from Eritrea

made by Mr. G. De Lotto, from the Coryndon Museum, Nairobi, largely reared

by Dr. V. G. L. van Someren, material collected and reared by Mr. J. M.

McGough while searching for fruit-fly parasites on behalf of the United States

Department of Agriculture and others, as well as the large collections built

up in South Africa, much of it reared by the author.

Acknowledgment and thanks are made to the Trustees of the British

Museum and the members of the Department of Entomology (Mr. N. D. Riley,

Mr. H. Oldroyd, Dr. John Smart and particularly the late Dr. F. W. Edwards,

who collected most of the specimens) for the loan of material, and assistance

in the examination of types. Thanks are also due to Dr. L. S. B. Leakey,

Curator of the,Coryndon Museum, Nairobi, to Dr. Remington Kellogg, Director,

United States National Museum, and Mr. C. F. W. Muesebeck, in charge

Division of Insect Identifications, United States Department of Agriculture.

Types, unless otherwise indicated, are in the British Museum; when available

paratypes have been deposited in the South African National Collection of

Insects, Pretoria, and paratypes of other material, when available, will be

deposited in the British Museum.

The Trypetidae collected on the Expedition mostly belong to the Tephritinae

and are not generally representative of the Ethiopian fauna as a whole ; however,

the tentative conclusions given on page 2 of Vol. I, Part 1, of these reports

may form a basis for comment.

1 Trupaneidae, Trypaneidae, Tephritidae, Euribiidae, auctt.

854 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

The relatively large amount of material taken on the Expedition, added to

much from other sources, is still too little on which to base anything like final

conclusions. There are two factors that must be taken into account: one, the

limited areas in which collecting has been done compared with the whole of

Africa, the other, the usually short periods during which collecting has been

done; species previously known only from an isolated locality are constantly

being recorded from new places. Further, different species may appear at

varying times during the year in accordance with the growth, flowering and

fruiting of host-plants. As regards the first conclusion, it may be said that the

Trypetidae vary in relation to the plant zones, within certain limits, but that

neither climate nor altitude appears to have any effect on the occurrence of

the insects themselves.

In considering the Trypetidae, an important point is that all are directly

dependent on live, or at least quite fresh, plant material in the larval stage,

and that, therefore, their ecology depends to a large extent on factors governing

the ecology of their host-plants. Ifa host-plant is absent from an area, a species

that lives on it cannot exist there. This is well shown in the absence of certain

genera such as Isoconia, Platensina and Pliomelaena from the Cape Peninsula

area in South Africa; their only known host-plants are species of Acanthaceae,

a group of plants that does not occur in that area. Ceratitine species that live

in more or less succulent fruits are generally absent from open grass veld. On

the other hand, flower-infesting Trypetidae, largely attached to Compositae,

have a wider area of distribution than was generally recognised by Bezzi, who

at any rate noted two very broad distribution areas, one for the fruit-infesting,

the other for the flower-infesting species. It is evident, however, that plants

bearing succulent fruits tend to be more restricted to forest areas, while the

distribution of Compositae and plant groups such as the Acanthaceae is more

general. Thus, in the high alpine zones of the mountainous regions of East

Africa, there may be few, if any, fruits suitable for the Ceratitini, but there are

Compositae, particularly Senecio and Helichrysum, so that here Tephritine

species would predominate. In the lower forest zones where Ceratitini may

find suitable host-plants, Compositae, etc., are also present, and Tephritine

may be as numerous as Ceratitine species. Such statements are, at best, very

generalised as there is still much to be discovered about the ecology and host-

plant relationships of the Trypetidae. Climatic differences, temperature and

humidity, and altitude, apart from extremes, appear to have in general little

effect on the flies. However, there is evidence that some species may show

ecological adaptations distinct from host-plant needs. When Trirhithromyia lycit

(Coq.) occurs in more arid Karoo areas where there may be periodic droughts,

a pupal diapause may extend over two or three seasons; apparently only a few

may do so, but it has not been ascertained whether this happens regularly

every year. The larvae live in the berries of Lyciwm spp., and the phenomenon

TRYPETIDAE 855

has not been observed in material collected along the more humid coastal

areas.

Continuous distribution over large areas may be relatively rare, but seems

to occur in the case of Tvupanea bisreducta Bezzi and Sphenella melanostigma

Bezzi. Normally, and depending on host-plants, there may be larger or smaller

breaks. Actual discontinuous distribution, with which the idea of subspecies

is associated, may occur, but may prove to be less in extent than expected,

when more extensive collecting has been done. Dacus eminus Munro was

described from one specimen from Durban and one from Rosslyn, near Pretoria,

about 500 miles apart; recently it was reared at Lisikili, near Katima Mulilo,

on the Zambezi, some 600 miles somewhat north-west of Pretoria; that it

is to be found between these three points is possible, maybe probable, but

unknown.

As regards conclusions 2 and 3, the material is too little for any conclusive

statements. It is true that new species of Pavoxyna are described later in this

paper, three from the Aberdares, five from the Kigezi district, but there is no

reason to suppose that they exist only there and could not occur elsewhere.

The curious genus Axiothauwma may be endemic to the Aberdare region, but

the host-plant is not known. That the genera from high altitudes (Paroxyna,

Actinoptera, etc.) show a palaearctic facies is to be expected since the host-

plants are predominantly Compositae, as is the case in the Palaearctic Region.

However, some of the species are also found at lower levels where, naturally,

there are also Compositae particularly in open areas between forests and in

grass veld. That a species has only been recorded from a limited locality during

a limited collecting period is not sufficient evidence that it is endemic; at the

same time it is curious that, under such circumstances, some apparently

localised species have been taken together with others that are widespread.

Only extensive and continuous collecting, including rearing, can supply more

data.

Under conclusion 4 it seems necessary to indicate more clearly what is

meant by a “‘palaearctic’”’ element, whether the term should be applied to

species, genus or tribe, or merely as a matter of general relationship. The

common genera, such as Paroxyna, of which species were taken at high alti-

tudes, may be cosmopolitan rather than palaearctic; the possible identity of

species from the various zoo-geographical regions of the world, and even the

generic relationships, must await a much closer study, both of African and

palaearctic species, than has been possible so far.

Up to the present time there do not appear to have been recorded any

brachypterous Trypetidae, that is, species in which the wings are so short that

flight is not possible (conclusion 5).

The phenomenon of gigantism among plants, notably the giant Senecios,

in the East African mountains is remarkable. In only one Trypetid, A xvothauma

856 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

albinodosum Munro, is there anything that may be regarded as excessive size,

the female in particular being comparatively large and heavy-bodied. In most

species there is a fairly constant mean size. Specimens from small flowers may

be smaller; in a large fruit or flower more maggots develop. Abnormally large

specimens are very rare.

Studies on the taxonomy of the Trypetidae, or fruit-flies, indicate that the

subject is becoming, and actually is, extremely complicated and involved. To

a large extent earlier work has been confined to the more external and readily

observed characters, while those not so easily examined have been passed by.

Such a superficial study may sometimes be sufficient, but there is an increasing

number of cases in which the usual external characters are so much alike, so

variable and have such a similar range of variation, that species cannot be

separated on them with certainty. Neither superficial similarity nor the occur-

rence of specimens together are safe guides to conspecificity. In such cases it

is necessary, apart from the possible phylogenetic value, to study the more

hidden characters, in particular the male terminalia, including the sternites,

which in most specimens of these flies are too obscured for direct observation ;

the main characters of the terminalia are external and merit as much attention

as any other. Specific differences that they may show may vary from one

genus to another, strong in some, weak in others. Character amphimixis is

evident, but often one or other character may have a very marked species

difference. The usefulness of these structures varies from one group to another.

Among species of Paroxyna marked differences may be found and at times

provide the only way in which two or more allied species may be separated. In

some cases, therefore, it is not possible to associate the sexes with certainty,

although a more detailed study of the females, based on dissections, may reveal

distinguishing characters. On the other hand, among species of Actinoptera,

the male genitalia seem much alike, but differences in the shape of the

sternites seem to be of use, and differences in the length of the oviscape are of

assistance.

Both biological and ecological data are increasing in importance to the

taxonomist, but basically the final species differentiation and identification

must rest on sound morphological taxonomy. It becomes more necessary, also,

when studying a species to have several, if not many, specimens and this is

especially so when a so-called new species is described. Whether or not a new

species should be erected when only one specimen is available must be left to

the discretion of the individual worker, but it is recommended that this be

avoided as much as possible. A sound knowledge of a group should provide

a guide as to when such a course is safe, but caution is always needed. It may

be mentioned that among the Ceratitini there are cases in which the females

of two very distinct males are so alike they cannot be separated, and that, as

among species of Pavoxyna at present, some can only be separated on the male

TRYPETIDAE 857

terminalia. A species cannot be studied on one specimen, and the fact that the

name is applied primarily to a single “‘Type”’ is perhaps beside the point. For

clear thinking a name is required and for practical reasons the name as such

must be attached to one specimen; by and large, however, this should be sub-

sidiary and subservient to the study of species. The mere making of names

cannot be an end in itself, but maybe the desire and need to find and record

something new is fundamentally human.

Small value can be placed on conclusions and deductions in regard to

_ biology, ecology and distribution if the insect species are not fully and correctly

understood. Little is to be gained if forms of one species are regarded as distinct

or if actually distinct species are regarded as one. Even less is to be achieved

by naming “‘new’’ species on small differences in inadequate material. More

detailed study becomes necessary, requiring more time and the closer examina-

tion of morphological details so that the limits of a species may be assessed.

A species is primarily a population of similar individuals, but this is a bald

statement, for among insects it is obvious that vast differences may occur

within a species. First there are the stages in the life-cycle, and these can only

be connected one with another by rearing; even the two sexes may be so unlike,

as in Mutillidae, that they cannot be associated taxonomically, and this does

happen to some extent among the Trypetidae. Up to the present, taxonomic

systems have been mainly concerned with the adult stage of insects, and a

general object may be said to be to enable single specimens to be located in

the correct species. The chief difficulty is individual variation.

Every morphological feature appears to be, or is likely to be, an independent

variable, and even portions of a character, such as of the head or wing-pattern,

may vary in themselves. The over-all characterisation, as represented by the

sum of the variations of each and all characters within fairly narrow limits,

gives the species aspect as represented by individuals; an excessive variation,

normal or otherwise, of any one character, such as the greater lengthening of

the eye, may give an impression that a specimen is different until the balance

of characters is studied. From this it may be decided whether or not the

excessive difference could be a species differentiating character, and this cannot,

as a rule, be done on single specimens.

A study of the balance of characters should lead to an understanding

of what a species is, and be of use in elucidating the phylogenetic value of

characters, that is, in classification. On the other hand, it is almost axiomatic

that it is essential to discover one, if not more, fixed and distinctive characters

that will distinguish a species from one closely allied.

The handling and examination of thousands of specimens is in itself time-

consuming, and even more time is needed for the preparation of dissections of

male terminalia and, it may be added, the increasing need to mount a wing

on a slide for critical study.

858 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

The condition of specimens is of the greatest importance and faulty methods

of collecting, pinning and mounting add their quota to the difficulties that

beset the taxonomist. Pins so large that they destroy the greater part of the

dorsum of the thorax do not make the task of identification and description

any easier, if indeed such specimens should be used for this purpose. Pins that

contain copper should be avoided as the verdigris that develops may in time

break up a specimen; washing the specimens in ether is the only means to

alleviate the trouble. As fine a pin as possible should be used and passed

vertically through the thorax on the right side above the wing base. Lateral

pinning usually destroys similar characters on both sides. Points are perhaps

to be less preferred, but when the mounting is done with care, are better than

unsuitable pins.

The rearing of Trypetidae is one of the most satisfactory and important

ways of getting material, both in quantity and quality. This means specialised

and more restricted collecting, but it is often the only way in which some

species may be secured if only short periods can be devoted to field work. Flies

may emerge from one to three months, or even more, after the host-plant

material has been collected. During an expedition of about six weeks in 1952

to Barotseland, Northern Rhodesia, fewer than a dozen specimens of Trypetidae

were taken in the net, mainly by sweeping; on the other hand, over 600 were

eventually reared. It is not necessary to go into details of rearing here, except

to mention one very important point, namely, that the adults must be kept

alive for at least four days after emergence, or even a week or more if possible.

All too often flies are killed and pinned almost at once after they emerge from

the puparium, sometimes even before the wings have expanded. Such speci-

mens are soft and teneral, have not attained full coloration and usually shrivel

after being mounted. They are, indeed, of little use and it is often a waste of

time and effort to try to identify them. Actually “new species’’ have been

described on such undeveloped specimens. The flies should not be put into

alcohol.

Finally, some at least of every lot of specimens should be fixed as soon a

they are pinned by immersing them in ether for a few hours. This treatment

causes the proboscis to become extended and often the pseudo-tracheae are

fully exposed. Sometimes in very small (2 mm.) flies the wing membrane folds

over and cannot be straightened out. Washing greasy specimens in ether is

very efficient in cleaning them.

The botany of the equatorial mountains appears to have been extensively

studied as may be learnt from papers in the Kew Bulletin and in the Journal

of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society (see, for instance,

No. 44, January 1932, ‘“Notes on the Flora and Fauna of Ruwenzori with

special reference to the Bujuku Valley”, by C. W. L. Fishlock and G. R. L.

Hancock).

TRYPETIDAE 859

In a paper on the “Flora of Mount Elgon”’ in the Kew Bulletin, 1933, No. 2,

an enumeration of the plants is given by A. A. Bullock. The flora is stated to

be typical of the equatorial mountains. Three plant zones are recognised (more

by some authors): (a) submontane, 6000 to 7500 ft.; (b) mountain forest, 7500

to 13,000 ft.; and (c) alpine, 13,000 to 14,000 ft.

In general, plants recorded from these zones are such as could be host-plants

of the Trypetidae taken at similar altitudes. To have reared specimens would

have been of value, but such biological work while on an expedition needs

special facilities. It would, however, be of interest to know whether certain

plants, such as the giant Semecios, that are restricted in their distribution,

support specialised species of Trypetidae.

S Vow WATLIC VA CCOUNT SOR THE SPECIES

The following systematic account of the Trypetidae collected by the

Ruwenzori Expedition will inevitably seem somewhat patchy when viewed in

relation to the African Trypetid fauna as a whole. The collections were parti-

cularly rich in species of the Paroxyna group, less so in relation to Actinoptera,

Acanthiophilus, Tephritomyia and a few other genera, remarkably poor in

Tephritinae such as Tvupanea, Dacinae and Rhabdochaetinae. No doubt this

disparity reflects the relative abundance of these groups in the areas collected,

rather than idiosyncracies of the collectors. However, it has caused me to devote

especial attention to those groups and genera in which the collections were

especially rich, and where by such treatment a relatively greater taxonomic

advance could be made the more readily. To achieve a similar advance in

respect of the less well-represented groups would have entailed the consideration

of an extensive material not related to the work of the Expedition, and much

more time than was available to me, and for those reasons has not been

attempted.

Keys to the subfamilies are not here given since these can be found in the

writings of Bezzi (1924) and, more recently, Hering. In the present state of

our knowledge of the Trypetidae, moreover, it seems premature to attempt

any closer definition of the higher taxonomic categories and better to await

the attempt until such time as a satisfactory grouping of the genera has

emerged.

Material from areas outside those visited by the Expedition is only recorded,

in the case of species already known, when new information on the species

mentioned has resulted from their examination, or a genus, for example,

Actinoptera, has been dealt with as a whole. A number of new species from

such areas are described, however, as it was convenient to do so in the course

of working through the collections.

860 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

DACINAE

The African Dacinae need very thorough analytical study and this should

include the species of the Oriental region. The faunas of the two regions differ

in their broad outlines, but from work that has been done, especially by Perkins,

there appears to be some overlapping of the generic distribution. One of the

chief needs is to assess the value of the characters used to delimit genera and

subgenera. At times it is hardly possible to locate females in the correct genus

(or subgenus) since many genera are based on male characters. For this reason

the subgenus has not been indicated in some cases in the following pages. On

the other hand, there has been some tendency to group species on female

characters. This is especially so in the case of certain species in which the

oviscape is elongate and which authors tend to place in Leptoxyda. This

character may indeed be some indication of relationship, but there are other

species with shorter oviscape that are also obviously allied.

Specimens of Dacus taken on the Expedition are few and allow little com-

ment on distribution. There are seven such species and records are added of

specimens from various other sources in Africa.

Dacus (Afrodacus) biguttulus Bezzi

Chaetodacus biguttulus Bezzi, 1922, Bol. Lab. Zool. Portici, 15: 294; 1924, Bull. ent. Res.,

15: 86. Munro, 1924, Dept. Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. 2: 12, Plates II and IV.

A frodacus biguttulus Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 470, Plate XII, f. 15, genotype.

Munro, 1925, Dept. Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem.,1 No. 3: 45; 1929, id. No. 6: 10. Perkins,

1937, Proc. R. Soc. Qusld., 48: 55.

UcGanpDA: Ruwenzori, I 9. Katwe, 26.xii.1934 (fF. W. Edwards).

A small, teneral and shrivelled specimen that appears to be this South

African species.

Dacus brevistriga Walker

Dacus brevistviga Walker, 1861, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. N.S., 5: 322. Bezzi, 1908,

Bol. Soc. ent. Ital., 39: 138, 147; 1908, Bol. Lab. Zool. Portici, 3: 292, 297; 1924,

Bull. ent. Res., 15: 86, 88; 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 461. Froggatt, Report 1909,

99. Speiser, 1910, Wiss. Zool. Exp. Kilim.-Meru, 10: 182. Munro, 1925, Dept.

Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. 3: 42; 1926, id. No. 5: 19; 1929, Bull. ent. Res., 20: 392;

1929, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 29: 3.

Leptoxyda brevistriga Walker, Malloch, 1932, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., ser. 10, 10: 300.

Dacus asclepiadens Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 468. Munro, 1925, Dept. Agric.

S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. 3: 42; 1929, Bull. ent. Res., 20: 392.

A common species infesting the pods of milk-weeds (Asclepiadaceae).

17t may be noted that from 1923 to 1935 the Entomology Memoirs of the Division of

Entomology, Department of Agriculture, South Africa, were issued as a series of separate

parts, each containing two or more papers, and numbered from 1 to 9; these are referred

to in the references as No. 1, No. 2, etc. However, from 1937 the Memoirs were continued

as from Vol. 2, each paper issued as a separate part, but the pagination consecutive

throughout.

TRYPETIDAE 861

Ucanpa: Mt. Muhavura, 7000 ft., 17-18.xi.1934 (F. W. Edwards), 1 3, 1 9.

A very well-marked pair; the postsutural dorsal thoracic stripe strong, as

is more usual in East African specimens. In South African specimens this

stripe is often weak or absent.

[Dacus aspilus Bézzi]

Dacus aspilus Bezzi, 1924, Rev. zool. Afr., 12: 10; 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 85, 88.

Munro, 1937, Proc..R. ent. Soc. Lond., B. 6: 42; J. Ent. Soc. S. Afy., 11: 17.

Dacus (Leptoxyda) aspilus Bezzi. Collart, 1935, Bull. Mus. r. Hist. nat. Belg., 11: 4 and

35 (under D. (Didacus) langi Curran).

Ucanpba: Arua, 1919 (Dr. R. E. McConnell), 1 3.

[Dacus (Psilodacus) mochii Bezzi]

Dacus mochii Bezzi, 1917, Bull. ent. Res., 8: 65, Fig. 3; 1924, id. 15: 87.

Dacus (Psilodacus) mochit Bezzi. Perkins, 1937, Proc. R. Soc. Qnsld., 48: 56. Collart,

1940, Bull. Mus. v. Hist. nat. Belg., 16: 20.

A female (UGANDA: Arua, 1919, Dr. R. E. McConnell) agrees with Collart’s

interpretation of this species; the extreme base of the first basal cell is infuscated

and on the abdomen the apical ferruginous area, divided by a narrow, median,

black stripe, extends to the middle of the fourth tergum so that there is no

complete broad median stripe as indicated in Bezzi’s description. The triangular,

transverse, yellowish fascia on second tergum is strong. Oviscape ferruginous,

I mm., about 0-2 wing-length, flattened in specimen. Venter yellowish. Total

length 6-0 mm., wing 4:8 mm.

This and a Congo specimen appear to represent a more melanic form of

a species which may also include D. wood: Bezi and D. xanthopus Bezzi.

[Dacus (Psilodacus) rufoscutellatus Hering]

Hering, 1937, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 22: 259, Taf. V, Fig. 1.

CENTRAL AByssIniA: Maraquo, vili.1g14 (O. Kovdcs), 1 3. TANGANYIKA:

Tshibinda, 21-27.viil.31 (Miss J. Ogilvie), 1 9. Kenya: Naivasha, vi.1936

(Hd. J. A. Turner), r g Nairobi, vii.1937 (V. G. L. van Someren), ‘““bred ex

cluster cucurb”’, 2 (Coryndon Mus.).

The Abyssinian male and the two Nairobi females have the scutellum

brownish; in the Naivasha male and Tshibinda female it is yellow, but all the

specimens appear to belong to the same species. Hering states that the scutellum

is ferruginous, but whether this darker colour is due to discoloration or not

cannot be decided from available material.

The comparison with D. rubicundus Bezzi is misleading. The species is

allied to D. hyalobasis Bezzi from which it differs in the isolated apical spot on

the wing and that the pleural stripe is restricted to the mesopleura, not extending

on to sternopleura and notopleura.

862 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

9 like 4, length 5-7 mm., wing 5:25 mm., rather narrow. Thorax mainly

ferruginous, on dorsum a pair of narrow submedian grey stripes and a wide

black stripe on either side partly interrupted at suture generally stronger than

in male; postscutellar area black with median ferruginous stripe; humeri, very

wide mesopleural stripe, single hypopleural spot, yellow, the scutellum some-

what ferruginous or yellow as noted, it is trapezoidal, convex above, 4 bristles;

legs rather dark yellow; wing, only stigma, upper cross-vein narrowly and

small apical spot infuscated, point of anal cell about 0-5 remainder of sixth

vein, wide at base, end of fourth vein gently curved forward, barely recurved

at tip. Abdomen, length 2-3 mm., sides broadly shining black, middle third

ferruginous, widened at apex to include apical plates, no transverse fascia on

tergum 2, pubescence short, pale. Oviscape 0-9 mm.

Dacus (Psilodacus) macer Bezzi

Dacus macer Bezzi, 1919, Bull. ent. Res., g: 180, Fig. 3; 1924, id. 15: 87.

Psilodacus macey Bezzi. Hering, 1941, Sivuna Seva, 3: 9.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori Range, xii.1934-1.1935, Bwamba Pass (west side),

5500-7500 ft. (F. W. Edwards), 1 2 and a small §; Kampala, 9.1x.1918 (H.

Hargreaves), I g, I 9.

The description and the few available specimens suggest that D. macer may

be an extreme form of a species or group of species represented also by maynéi

Bezzi, tristis Collart, and 7nflatus Munro. They agree in the absence of a narrow

yellow margin along the postorbits. The body colour is black and yellow thoracic

markings similar, but the notopleural callus may be yellow to almost black.

The black abdomen has a strongly ferruginous tinge; there is no transverse

fascia on tergum 2, but the apex, including the plaques, ferruginous. Oviscape

0-9 mm., wing-length 5-5 mm. In the pair from Kampala there are no dark

spots on the frons on the sites of the weak lower orbital bristles. In all specimens

the upper orbitals are absent.

Dacus (Dacus) disjunctus Bezzi

Tridacus disjunctus Bezzi, 1915, Bull. ent. Res., 6: 89, 96, Figs. 11, 12; 1924, id. 15: 83.

Curran, 1927, Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., 57: 88.

Dacus (Dacus) disjunctus Bezzi. Collart, 1935, Bul. Mus. v. Hist. nat. Belg., 14: 17;

1940, id. 16: 3. Perkins, 1937, Proc. R. Soc. Qnsld., 48: 52.

UcanpbA: Budongo Forest, 7—8.11.1935 (F. W. Edwards), 1 9.

This specimen agrees with Bezzi’s description in the well-separated hypo-

pleural spots and the very short oviscape; the latter, not visible in dorsal view,

is flattened in specimen but is very wide so could be “tolerably swollen”’ as

stated by Bezzi. The yellow fascia on tergum 2 is strong and interrupted in

middle, but on the middle third terga 3, 4 and 5 are light brown, while Bezzi

says ‘“‘hind borders of second and last segments reddish-yellow”’.

TRYPETIDAE 863

The five females noted by Collart 1940 under disjunctus probably are

armatus, but he does not mention the length of the oviscape. In any case, the

difference in length of this structure between disjunctus and armatus is such

that the two could not belong to the same species.

Dacus (Dacus) schoutedeni Collart

Collart, 1935, Bul. Mus. vy. Hist. nat. Belg., 11: 11, Fig. 3. Perkins, 1937, Proc. R. Soc.

Qnsld., 48: 52.

UcanDA: Budongo Forest, 7-8.11.1935 (f°. W. Edwards), 2 3, 3 9.

The females agree almost perfectly with the description, as does the

previously undescribed male. The brown spot on face, below antennae, may

be absent. In male, third tergum ciliate, the ciliae, 5 or 6 on either side, rather

long and curved over at ends, the outer ones most so and the outermost about

0-75 length of scutellum; venter and genitalia brownish.

Dacus (Dacus) croceus sp. n.

A black species somewhat like D. schoutedemi Coll., but with black abdomen,

yellow postsutural spot on thorax and different wing-pattern. Also very like

D. linearis Coll. agreeing well with the description, the wing-pattern almost

identical; there are, however, no black spots on face and no yellow fascia on

second abdominal tergum.

UcanpbA: Ruwenzori, Kilembe, 4500 ft., xii.1934-1.1935 (Ff. W. Edwards),

I 2 (Holotype).

Length 6-2 mm.; wing 5-5 mm.

Head somewhat spherical, length, height, width, 6:7: 10, posteriorly convex,

shining black, broadly yellow on lower half of eye; frons width 0-6 length,

0-3 width of head, brown, ocellar dot and sides of vertex shining black, a yellow

spot on each vertical plate and a yellow band across anterior fifth, 2 lower

and 1 weaker, upper orbital; lunule reddish brown; antennae short, brown,

mainly black on outer side, arista bare; face, cheeks and genae dirty yellowish,

a brown spot below eye; palpi yellow, proboscis brown, short.

Thorax shining black, pubescence black, dorsum rugose, a pair of short,

submedian, white-dusted stripes before sature; humeri broad, almost quadri-

lateral mesopleural stripe, just touching sterna below, notopleural callus above,

a small spot on inner ends of suture, a short, broad, postsutural spot, single

hypopleural and scutellum (except very narrow base, yellow; bristles normal,

mid scapulars strong, anterior supra-alars present, 2 scutellars; postscutellum

with white dust leaving a Y-shaped spot shining black; legs yellow, mid and

hind coxae blackish, fore femora with slight brown mark on outer side, mid

and hind femora brownish at outer ends, fore tibiae mainly brownish, others

more or less on inner third; wing (Fig. 1) pattern brown, pale in outer costal

864 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

cell and below, very pale at outer ends of first and second posterior cells, a slight

trace on middle of lower cross-vein, stigma very black; halteres yellow.

Abdomen: tergites fused, shining black, on tergite 2 a pair of tiny, very faint

ferruginous spots and tip of abdomen with ferruginous tinge, surface rugose,

pubescence white; oviscape short, I-o mm., flattened in specimen, blackish

ferruginous, pale pubescence ; mid portion and aculeus reddish; sternites shining

black.

Dacus (Dacus) bivittatus Bigot

Leptoxys bivittatus Bigot, 1858, Ayvch. Ent. (Thomson), 2: 374, Plate to. Fig. 7.

Dacus (Dacus) bivittatus (Bigot). Munro, 1948, Bull. ent. Res., 38: 616.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori Range, Kilembe, 4500 ft., xii.1934-1.1935 (F. W.

Edwards), 2 3.

This species is one of the most serious pests of Cucurbitaceae throughout

Africa. A detailed bibliography is given by Munro (1948) and need not be

repeated here. It should be noted that this species is distinct from D. armatus

Fabricius, and that the name D. pectoralis Walker 1861 cannot be used as it

is a homonym of D. pectoralis Walker 1859.

Two forms, bivittatus Bigot and cucumarius Sack, were recognised and an

attempt made to fix the limits of distribution. However, later material collected

and reared by J. M. McGough, especially in the Cameroons, seems to show some

at least of the conclusions may be incorrect. It will not be possible to clarify

the position until a sufficiency of material from the type locality, Gabun,? is

available.

TRYPETINAE (auct.)

(Ceratitinae auct.)

As it is more or less generally accepted, the subfamily Trypetinae includes

a rather wide range of heterogenous genera. The present material is not suffi-

cient in itself for a detailed revision and rearrangement to be made, but it will

be of value in supplementing much other material that is available from various

sources.

Of the species that belong to the typical fruit-infesting group, the true

“fruit’’-flies, and, generally speaking, the Ceratitini, the host-plants of some are

still unknown. Twenty species of the tribe are recorded here, including sixteen

taken on the Expedition and one interesting new species from West Africa. It

is perhaps remarkable that no specimens of the common fruit-fly, the so-called

Mediterranean fruit-fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.), were captured.

Species of the Rhacoclaena series are poorly represented, but one new genus

1 Given as ‘“‘Bagun’’, Munro, 1948, owing to a typing error.

TRYPETIDAE 865

and two new species are described. Mention may be made of the remarkable

genus Baryglossa (p. 880). The nomenclatorial status of the generic name

Trypeta is still very confused; until it is settled several tribal and subfamily

names must also remain uncertain.

Celidodacus coloniarum (Speiser)

Acidia coloniarum Speiser, 1915, Deutsche ent. Zeit., Jg. 1915: 102.

Conradtina coloniarum (Speiser) Enderlein, 1920, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., 43: 343.

Philophylla coloniarum (Speiser) Bezzi, Bull. ent. Res., 8: 250.

Celidodacus coloniarum (Speiser) Bezzi, Bull. ent. Res., 10; 212, 221; 1924, 7d. 15: 94.

UcanDaA: Fort Portal, 24.1.1935 (fF. W. Edwards), 1 9.

[Coelopacidia strigata Bezzi]

Bezzi, 1920, Bull. ent. Res., 10: 218; 1924, 7d. 15: 93. Hendel, 1928, Ent. Mitt., 17: 349.

Munro, 1929, Union S. Afr. Dept. Agric. ent. Mem., No. 6: 10; 1933, id. No. 8: 27;

1935, 7d. No. g: 24.

(Not: Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 473, Plate XII, Fig. 17. Munro, 1925, op. cit.,

No. 3: 45. These are Stenotrypeta vivax Munro, but the two genera may be synony-

mous.)

~UGANDA: between Sezwa River and Kampala, 3500-3750 ft., 27-31.vill.IQII

(S. A. Neave, 1 9. ASHANTI: Obuasi, 13.x.1907 (W. M. Graham), “caught on

leaf’’, 1 (no abdomen).

Leucotaeniella trispila Bezzi

Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 8: 227; 1920, id. 10: 212; 1924, 1d. 15: 75; 1924, Ann. S. Afr.

Mus., 19: 471, 475-

UGANDA: Budongo Forest, 7—8.11.1935 (fF. W. Edwards), 4 &.

In Bezzi’s figure of the wing of this species there is no indication of any

yellowish connection along the veins between the bands; in most specimens,

however, there is a narrow, yellow infuscation along the veins. This is often

sufficient to bring into prominence a hyaline spot between the inner ends of

the basal and cubital and of the cubital and medial bands, but it is by no

means like what is to be seen in guttipennis Bezzi.

[Leucotaeniella (? pentaspila Bezzi)]

Leucotaeniella pentaspila Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 8: 229; 1924, id. 15: 97.

ANGOLA: Benguella (Ff. C. Wellman), i 3.

This is a large yellow specimen that agrees fairly well with the description

of pentaspila, as well as with smaller, yellow specimens from the Belgian Congo.

The species was first described from the Sudan.

866 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

[Leucotaeniella grata (Wiedemann)]

Trypeta gvata Wiedemann, 1830, Ausseveurop. zweifl. Insekt., 2: 498. Loew, 1861, Berl.

ent. Zert., 5: 206, Taf. ii, Fig. 6; 1862, Ofu. Vet.-Akad. Fovh., 19: 3. Becker, 1903, Mitt.

zool. Mus. Berl., 2: 131. Bezzi, 1908, Bol. Soc. ent. Ital., 39: 140.

Ceratitis gvata (Wiedemann) Enderlein, 1911, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., 31: 411; 1920, id. 43:

351. Bezzi, 1913, Bol. Lab. Zool. Portici, 7: 23.

Carpophthoromyia grata (Wiedemann) Austen, 1910, Bull. ent. Res., 1: 71. Bezzi, 1918,

Bull. ent. Res., 8: 227.

Leucotaeniella gvata (Wiedemann) Bezzi, Ann. S. Afy. Mus., 19: 475, Plate XII, Fig. 18.

Munro, 1926, Dept. Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. 5: 21; 1933, td. No. 8: 29.

CAPE PROVINCE: Katberg, 14-26.xi.1932 (R. E. Turner), 1 g. Nata: Van

Reenen, Drakensberg, I-22.1.1927 (R. E. Turner), I 3.

The species appears to be very variable. Further, L. grata occurs only in

South Africa; specimens recorded as such from farther north are probably

another species.

Clinotaenia atlas sp. n.

Differs from the genotype, anastrephina Bezzi, which has the cubital band

on the wing free and the scutellum yellow above; here the cubital is broadly

united and the scutellum dark with a few yellow spots. “Trirhithrum”’ littera-

tum Munro 1932 may be better placed here; the wing-pattern is heavier and

the united cubital recurved.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori Range, Namwamba Valley, 6500 ft., 1.1935 (Ff. W.

Edwards). Type 3. Kenya: Kalinzu, x.1937, allotype 9, paratype 4, rather

faded (Coryndon Museum).

Length, 3 5-5 mm., 9 8-o mm.; wing ¢ 7.0 mm., 2 7-7 mm.

Head yellow, posteriorly swollen below with yellow clothing, brown above

neck (remaining broadly yellow behind vertex) with a wide arm to upper part

of eye on either side; a brown spot on gena below eye; frons yellow, glistening

in male, vertical plates shining, ocellar dot blackish, 2 upper orbitals, the

anterior one near mid-frons on slight tubercle, 3 lower, ocellars long, post-

orbitals short, fine, black, slight fine, black pubescence; lunule short; antennae

0-6 face, third joint yellow or rather darker, second prominent, spinulose,

arista: plumosity about as wide as third antennal joint; face arched, the flat

epistome curved outwards, parafacials moderate, genal bristle strong, black,

clothing below eye brown; proboscis short, palpi flat with black setae.

Thorax dark brown or almost blackish ferruginous on dorsum; humeri, spot

on notopleural callus, a short streak behind suture on dorso-central line, yellow;

3 black spots along sides; a wide, median, silvery stripe with pale pubescence,

divided by a narrow median brown streak, on the brown parts a trace of dust

and black pubescence; pleura and sterna brown with black pubescence, but

upper two-thirds of mesopleura (with pale pubescence) broadly over wing-base

and behind to include double hypopleural spot, yellow to whitish; bristles

TRYPETIDAE 867

normal, black; scutellum and postscutellum blackish ferruginous, scutellum

with yellow spot at mid-base, a pair on each side and posteriorly a small spot

on outer side of apical bristles; the last may be somewhat more elongate but

not so much as to divide the brown into three more or less quadrate areas;

scutellum rounded, slightly swollen; squamae whitish; halteres brownish; legs

normal, mainly ferruginous, paler towards extremities, strong apical setae on

mid-tibiae; wing (Fig. 2) 2-3 strong costal bristles; third vein setulose to line of

lower cross-vein; pattern brown, both cubital and medial bands broadly united.

Abdomen: 3, brown with black pubescence, but tergum 2 and posterior

four-fifths of 4 with heavy silvery dust and dense pale pubescence, tergum 5

with strong row of black, apical bristles; 9, brown with black pubescence,

tegum 3 more velvety brown and 5 with a moderate yellow spot on middle,

2 and hind three-fourths of 4 heavy silvery dust and dense pale pubescence,

short 6 with apical row of black bristles; oviscape brown ferruginous and black

pubescence, 1-8 mm., rather flattened legging-shaped.

Chelyophora magniceps Bezzi

Chelyophova magniceps Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 8: 229; 1924, id. 15: 98. Hering,

1942, Mitt. zool. Mus. Bervl., 25: 280.

-Chelyophora lemniscata Enderlein, 1920, Zool. Jahvb. Syst., 43: 355-

UcanpA: Ruwenzori, Kilembe, 4500 ft., xii.1934-1.1935 (Ff. W. Edwards), 1 9.

Bistrispinaria fortis Speiser

Ceratitis (Bistvispinaria) fortis Speiser, 1913, Deutsche ent. Zeit., (Ig13): 145.

Bistrispinaria fortis Speiser, Enderlein, 1920, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., 43: 357. Bezzi, Bull.

ent. Res., 10: 224, Plate XVII, Fig. 14; 1924, id. 15: 98; 1924, Rev. zool. Afy., 12: 14.

Pardalaspis aglaspis Séguy, 1940, Ann. Soc. nt. France, 109: 117, Fig. 2. Hering, 1942,

Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 25: 291 (syn. nov.).

Originally described from Cameroon, the species seems to be not uncommon

in Uganda; Bezzi records it from the Congo. Specimens from the Cameroons

and Uganda are identical, and there can be no doubt that Séguy’s species is

the same.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Kilembe, 4500 ft., xii.1934-1.1935 (f°. W. Edwards),

2 6. British CAMEROONS: Kumba, I1.x.1949, I g, and Nyassoso, 3.xi.1949,

I g (H. Oldroyd). .

Carpophthoromyia pseudotritea Bezzi

Carpophthorvomyia pseudotritea Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 8: 225, Plate V, Fig. 1;

1924, id. 15: 96. °

Ceratitis tritea Bezzi, nec Walker, 1849, Bol. Lab. Zool. Portict, 7: 25, Fig. 2.

Ceratitis tritea Silvestri, nec Walker, 1849, Bol. Lab. Zool. Portici, 8: 69, Fig. 14.

UcanpA: Budongo Forest, 7—-8.i1.1935 (Ff. W. Edwards), 2 9.

868 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Pardalaspis edwardsi sp. n.

A large robust species; it differs from punctata in having mainly black, not

all pale mesopleural pubescence; ditissima has also black pubescence, but is

a relatively smaller species, and, particularly in the male, there is a marked

brown band on the sides and around the front of the dorsum of the thorax.

UGANDA: Entebbe, 13.xii.1934 (fF. W. Edwards), Type 2; Kawanda,

21.x.1939 (H. Hargreaves). Allotype g, I paratype 2, same locality, 7.ix.1940

(I. H. C. Taylor), 2 g paratypes. Coll. No. G.1o14, G.1015, Entomologist,

Kawanda, reared from fruits of Voacanga obtusa K. Schaum (Apocynaceae).

(Allotype ¢ in S. Afr. Nat. Coll. Ins., Pretoria; paratypes at Kawanda.)

BELGIAN ConGo: Yangambi, ii.1951 (J. M. McGough), 8 3, 8 2 paratypes

(McG. No. 141), irom fruits of Conopharyngia durissima Stapf. (Apocynaceae).

(4 3, 4 2 paratypes each in U.S.N.M. and S. A. Nat. Coll. Ins.)

Length, ¢ 8-o mm., 2 11-5 mm.; wing, 3 8-0 mm., 2 8-5 mm. (reared speci-

mens on the whole somewhat smaller).

Fresh specimens are distinctly blackish, but those ten years old or more

have become brownish.

Head: length, height, width, 6:8:10, the fronto-facial aspect more rounded

oval, the height being relatively greater (height/width, 0-76 to 0-79) and the

eye thus more elongate vertically; frons, ¢, ferruginous, broadly silvery on

sides, the median third weakly so but more strongly behind; 9, brown, silvery

on margins anteriorly, on vertical plates and on ocellar triangle; the general

colour of the frons depends on the condition of the specimen; lunule very short ;

antennae orange, arista short plumose at base, grading to almost nothing at

tip; short proboscis and palpi yellow.

Thorax brown, a slight median and darker brown, broken, dorso-central

stripes, prescutellar yellow spots strong; pubescence pale, black on stripes, and

rather more black in male; mesopleural pubescence pale on yellow upper half,

black on top edge and on lower half, long pale on pteropleura and propleura;

bristles normal, 2 mesopleurals; squamae, upper blackened, with black rim and

fringe, lower yellow with yellow rim and fringe; scutellum normal, moderately

swollen, with the usual, 3 apical rectangular black areas and a pair of basal

spots; postscutellum black; legs: femora ochraceous, tibiae and tarsi yellow,

anterior femora with row of long, black, antero-ventral bristles; wing (Fig. 3),

bands blackish brown (browner in older specimens), basal streaks strong,

marginal band strongly united to basal, cubital free, no median, white argent

streaks present also forming an axillary pattern.

Abdomen brown, apex dark, spots well developed, submedian pair on tergum

3 large, on 4 small and on 5 moderate, a moderate sublateral row and a weak

median; dust slight, pale brown, dark on spots; pubescence black on spots,

between more or less pale, mostly pale at base, apical bristles strong; oviscape

TRYPETIDAE 869

moderately long, 3 mm., 0-38 wing-length, castaneous, darker on distal half,

pubescence black with a prebasal pale band.

[Pardalaspis cuthbertsoni Munro]

Munro, 1936, Occ. Papers, Rhod. Mus., 1, No. 5: 42.

Kenya: Embu, 1.1x.13 (G. J. O. Browne), No. 47. IL., 1 9. TANGANYIKA:

dist.. Lushoto, 1934-1935 (J. P. Ingram), I 9°.

Pardalaspis argenteobrunnea Munro

Munro, 1935, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 10, 15: 312.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori: Nyamgasani Valley, 6400 ft. (D. R. Buxton), 1 3.

Comparison with the description and with notes made on the type, a female,

shows that this is the male of the same species. Some differences, possibly only

sexual, may be noted: the cheeks are yellow, not brown; on dorsum of thorax

the black streaks are broken into spots that are barely connected, leaving three

small black spots before suture and three larger just behind, besides the large

black spots before the prescutellar yellow areas which are united on the median

line. On the abdomen, tergum 2 has only a faint silvery hind margin, but the

hind half of the fourth is strongly silvery. Genitalia reddish, venter blackish.

Pardalaspis turneri Munro

Munro, 1937, J. E. Afr. & Uganda Nat. Hist. Soc., Sp. Suppl. 5: 5.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Kilembe, 4500 ft., xii.1934-1.1935, I ¢; Mobuku

Valley, Bikori, 7300 ft., 29-31.xil.1934 (”. W. Edwards), 1 &.

[Pterandrus tripteris sp. n.]

Mainly characterised by the feathering of all legs in the male, but females

may not be readily distinguished from females of other species in the absence

of males. However, in colae Silv. and anonae Grah. the marginal band is free;

it is united to the basal in pimnatifemur End. and in penicillatus Big., both only

known from the single male types. Bigot’s species has apparently well-marked

cubital and medial bands; the female of Enderlein’s species may perhaps only

be definitely recognised when associated with the male. Bezzi at least assumes

the arista has rather long plumosity.

SIERRA LEONE (W. G. Clements) (B.M., 98-20): Holotype g. NIGERIA:

Olokemeji, 1936 (van Zwaluwenburg and McGough): from fruits of Adenia sp.,

allotype 9, 5 6, 7 2 paratypes (U.S.N.M.), 2 g, 3 2 paratypes (S. Afr. Nat.

Coll. Ins.). These reared specimens are in very poor condition and appear to

have been killed too soon after emergence; they also seem to have been in

870 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

alcohol and later dried and mounted on points. The best were sorted out for

the type series.

Length, 3 5:5 mm., 2 4-7 mm.; wing, g 5:2 mm., ? 4:5 mm.

Head yellow, darkened above posteriorly, postgenae slightly swollen ; length,

height, width, 5:7:5:10; frons flat, deeper yellow, width 1-3 length, 0-3 width

of head, bristles normal, 2 upper, 2 lower orbitals, ocellars long and strong,

trace fine black pubescence; lunule short; antennae yellow, 0-6 face, arista

short plumose to tip; face whitish yellow, epistome flat, cheeks and genae

narrow; palpi and short proboscis yellow.

Thorax brown, pubescence pale, dust golden; bristles normal, 1 mesopleural,

scapulars present; humeri yellow, slightly darkened, pleura yellow, pale yellow

pubescence, sterna brown; scutellum moderately swollen, base rather widely

yellow with pair of black spots and 3 apical, black areas, 4 bristles, apicals

0-8 basals; squamae blackish; halteres brown; legs, g, brown; front femora

rather swollen, upper half black, along upper side a thick-set row of short,

curved, black feathering on whole length, below, on distal half, a row of

feathering, long at middle of femora, short distally; mid-femora; a strong

brown stripe along antero-ventral aspect, below, just beyond the middle,

a small group of feathering; hind femora, a short brown streak on proximal

half of antero-dorsal aspect, on distal fourth, above and below, an irregular

group of feathering; middle tibiae, a brown stripe along postero-dorsal aspect

and an apical spine, feathering, above a moderately long, finer, close-set row,

below a double row on distal two-thirds, outer row longer, longest and distinctly

flattened and curved just before distal end, inner row shorter, less erect; other

tibiae and all tarsi yellow, normal; wing (Fig. 4, 9): basal streaks moderate, mar-

ginal band united to basal, cubital free, in male a short medial streak over end

of vein 4, absent in female, in which also the axillary region is less developed.

Abdomen mainly yellowish brown, but more or less banded with pale

shining pubescence and slight dust, g, base blackened, tergum 2 yellowish

brown, 3 anterior third brown, posterior two-thirds deep brown, 4 anterior

fourth brown, posterior three-fourths yellowish brown, 5 yellowish brown,

brown on sides and posteriorly, 2, base yellow, tergum 3, anterior half yellowish

brown, posterior half dark brown, 4 and 5 each anterior half yellowish brown,

posterior half yellow; oviscape short, 1-5 mm., 0-3 wing-length, dark yellowish,

brownish at tip.

Pterandrus rubivorus (Coquillett)

Ceratitis vubivorva Coquillett, 1901, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus., No. 1243, 24: 29.

Ptevandrus vubivorus (Coquillett) Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 8: 232. Munro, 1925,

Dept. Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. 3: 49.

The above three pertinent references are given in connection with the

following variety.

TRYPETIDAE 871

Pterandrus rubivorus (Coquillett) var. volucris Bezzi

Ptevandrus volucris Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 8: 232; 1924, td. 15: 99, 100.

Ucanpa: Entebbe, 13.xii.1934 (F. W. Edwards), I 9.

Comparison of specimens from East Africa and from South Africa indicate

that there is only one species. However, the East African specimens are on the

whole darker than from the South. Both are recorded infesting the fruits of

Rubus spp.

Perilampsis pulchella (Austen)

Carpophthoromyia pulchella Austen, 1910, Bull. ent. Res., 1: 72. Speiser, 1915, Deutsche

ent. Zeit, 1915, II, 101. Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 8: 227.

Ceratitis pulchella (Austen) Bezzi, 1913, Bol. Lab. Zool. Portici, 7: 23.

Perilampsis pulchella (Austen) Bezzi, 1920, Bull. ent. Res., 10: 233; 1924, id. 15: 104.

Munro, 1939, J. Ent. Soc. S. Afr., 1: 40.

Ucanpa: Entebbe, 13.xi1.1934 (fF. W. Edwards), 1 9.

[Trirhithrum dimorphum Munro]

‘Munro, 1935, Bull. ent. Res., 25: 484, Fig. 3.

The male and female types in the British Museum are from Sierra Leone.

No other specimens definitely like the types have been seen, but compare

Trirhithrum meladiscum which follows.

Trirhithrum meladiscum Munro

Munro, 1938, J. E. Afr. & Uganda Nat. Hist. Soc., 13: 160.

Described on specimens reared in Kenya by V. G. L. van Someren from

fruits of Psychotria cristata, together with a pair of paratypes.

UcaAnpDA: Ruwenzori Mobuku Valley, 7300 ft., xii.1934-1.1935 (FF. W.

Edwards).

It is difficult in the absence of sufficient material to decide whether meladis-

cum and dimorphum are the same. Two males (S. Afr. Nat. Coll. Ins.) from Gold

Coast, reared from fruits of Psychotria sp. by H. E. Box, are better regarded as

meladiscum, although the silvery bars on the abdomen are not apparent. On

the whole, the wing-pattern in the meladiscum series is less defined, the hyaline

areas along the costa not so marked; also, in the female the basal streaks are

more developed than in the male or female of dimorphum. The colour of the

dorsal thoracic pubescence appears dark, if not black, but is very strongly

yellow shining.

872 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

[Trirhithrum fraternum Munro}

Munro, 1935, Bull. ent. Res., 25: 482, Fig. 2.

UcanDA: Entebbe, 21.viii.1g11 (C. C. Gowdey), 1 3.

It may be still doubtful whether the female associated with the male type

is actually the same species. In later West African material (Gold Coast,

Adawo, H. E. Box), the males and females have the cubital band united. In

two males from the Coryndon Museum (Ukerewe Island, Tanganyika, Father

Conrad) the one has the cubital narrowly united, in the other slightly separated.

In the Entebbe male, and in a female from Bukoba, Tanganyika (both speci-

mens rather larger than those from West Africa), the cubital is rather widely

separated, that is, by a distance about twice the greatest width of the band.

Otherwise the specimens all appear identical, but much more material for

closer study is needed to clear the position.

Trirhithrum micans sp. n.

Similar to facetum End. and bimaculatum v. R6éd., but distinguished as

under: ;

micans facetum bimaculatum

cubital band free free united

medial band tooth absent tooth

humeral and united, only costal large separated united, with costal

basal bands indent indent

scutellum lateral and apical black black

‘ yellow spots

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Kilembe, 4500 ft., xii.1934-1.1935. Holotype ¢ and

a damaged paratype g. Namwamba Valley, 6500 ft., 1.1935, allotype 2 (Ff. W.

Edwards).

Length, ¢ 4:5 mm., 9 5:0 mm.; wing, ¢ 4°75 mm., 9 5-5 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 5:7:10; posteriorly concave and blackish

above, with triangular brown spot behind vertex, below moderate, brown with

black hairs; frons rather less than half width of head, widened a little to

antennae, .flat, yellowish brown, black across vertex and ocellar dot, dark

brown at sides of antennae, slight black pubescence, 2 lower, 2 upper orbitals,

ocellars moderate ; lunule inconspicuous; antennae brown, more or less blackish,

0-6 face, arista plumose, 3 rows; face flat, yellow, brown below antennae,

parafacials yellow, genae largely brown below eyes, palpi yellow, proboscis

black.

Thorax black, sutures reddish, humeri brownish with black spot, very

narrow notopleural stripe yellowish; dorsum with very slight, shimmering dust,

pubescence pale, black before suture and on sides; scutellum slightly swollen,

TRYPETIDAE 873

black pubescence and shimmering dust, 4 bristles, an apical pair of yellow spots

and an inconspicuous pair on each side; pleura shining black, black pubescence,

pale on pteropleura; legs, coxae and femora black, tibiae blackened on proximal

ends and in female, hind tibiae mainly black, legs otherwise yellow; squamae

white with brown margins; wing (Fig. 5) humeral and basal bands united,

only a few basal hyaline streaks, but a strong costal hyaline indent, cubital

free, barely a trace uniting it to marginal, medial a tooth, marginal narrow,

with weak costal hyaline spots.

Abdomen black, pubescence black but white on middle of second and fourth

tergites; in female hind margins of third and fourth tergites with a pair of

moderate, yellowish, submedian spots, wider on second and almost forming

a band interrupted on middle line; covering these spots is silvery dust, which

on third and fourth extends their full length and on to forelegs of fifth, thus

forming stripes; in male the yellow spots are hardly apparent, but silvery

stripes from tergite 3-5 present; male terminalia and venter ferruginous-black ;

oviscape shining black and black pubescence, short, about as long as fifth and

the very short sixth tergites together; end of ovipositor brown.

Trirhithrum albonigrum (Enderlein)

- Ceratitis albonigra Enderlein, 1911, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., 314: 410, Fig. A; 1920, id. 43: 351.

Bezzi, 1913, Bol. Lab. Zool. Portici, 7: 24.

Trivhithrum albonigrum (Enderlein) Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 8: 238; 1924, id. 15: 105;

1923, Amn. Mus. nat. Paris, 29: 530. Munro, 1935, Bull. ent. Res., 25: 478.

UcaNnpDA: Ruwenzori, Mpanga Forest, c. 4000 ft., xi1.1934-1.1935 FP. W.

Edwards, I 9.

This specimen agrees closely with Enderlein’s description and may be

considered the same species. No band of yellowish pubescence is, however,

apparent at the suture on dorsum of thorax, or it may be only in the male;

further, the medial band on the wing is practically absent, being represented

by a pale infuscation only.

The species was described from Cameroun, and is recorded from French

Congo and from Spanish Guinea.

Trirhithrum notandum pp. n.

Allied to T. coffeae Bezzi and T. migerrimum Bezzi, the sexes showing a

strong wing-pattern dimorphism; the pattern is more like that in migerrimum,

but in the male differs in having clearly defined hyaline indents in the anal

region, in the female by the definite separation of the lower part of the basal

band from the anal cross-vein, the free cubital and the more irregular marginal.

UGANDA: Budongo Forest, 7-8.i1.1935 (Ff. W. Edwards). Holotype 3,

allotype 9, 2 3 paratypes.

874 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Length, ¢ about 3-3 mm., 2 about 3:5 mm.; wing, ¢ 3-7 mm., 2 3-5 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 4:7-5:10, flattened behind, not very prominent

below, mainly black, brown in female, above, yellow behind vertex and shading

to yellow below; frons yellow, blackish brown on hind third, and black ocellar

dot; 0-3 width of head, slight yellow pubescence, 2 lower, 2 upper orbital

bristles, ocellars strong; lunule inconspicuous; antennae 0-6 face, light chestnut,

arista long plumose; face flat, yellow on lower, blackish on upper half; palpi

and proboscis yellow, brown in female.

Thorax black with ferruginous tinge, more decidedly black in female ; humeri

more or less yellowish peripherally, pleural sutures yellowish, with small yellow

spot just below notopleural bristle, the black, slightly swollen scutellum with

a double spot at sides and a pair of apical yellow spots, these spots stronger in

female; pubescence on dorsum much rubbed, white with fairly thick dust on

middle, black on shining black margins, entirely black in female; pleural

pubescence black, yellow on pteropleura; halteres yellow with brown knob;

legs, femora coloured as dorsum of thorax, inner ends of tibiae darkened, hind

ones most so, legs otherwise yellow, in female mid and hind tibiae also black;

wing, male (Fig. 7) almost entirely blackish brown, stigma yellowish, a pale

margin round costa, widening and almost hyaline to include outer part of second

posterior cell, outer end of third and touching outer end of discal cell, the

middle part of anal cell also hyaline, slight basal streaks present; female

(Fig. 8) with a striking pattern, the free cubital, the basal narrow below and

separate from the anal cross-vein and the deeply scalloped marginal may be

noted.

Abdomen black with black pubescence and a faint, but rather wide pair of

irregular, submedian, silvery stripes from second to fourth segments inclusive,

in female thinly dusted over hind margin of second segment, on middle portion

of third and a little on middle of fourth; male genitalia ferruginous; oviscape

short, 0-5 mm., flat in specimen, black with black pubescence.

Trirhithrum transiens sp. n.

A small species with narrower wing; basal streaks are well developed and

the pattern is, in this respect, somewhat between that of T. viride Munro, in

which there is a more definite humeral band and the streaks less apparent, and _

that of occipitale Bezzi in which the wing-base is largely black. Otherwise the

pattern is rather like that of Tvirhithromyia lycii (Coq.) as there is a well-

developed medial band; however, in this species the cubital is united to the

marginal just beyond the upper cross-vein, while in /ycz7 it is joined to the basal

over the lower cross-vein.

Ucanba: Ruwenzori, Nyamgasani Valley, 8000-9000 ft., xil.1934-1.1935

(D. R. Buxton). Holotype 3.

TRYPETIDAE 875

The specimen is in rather poor condition. Length about 3-4 mm.; wing

3-7 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 6:8:10; posteriorly brown, postgenae moderate ;

frons about 0-4 width of head, flat, a little prominent before eyes, yellow with

blackish tinge behind, vertical plates blackish, ocellar dot and vertex black,

very slight pale yellow pubescence in middle, bristles moderate, 2 lower, 2 upper

orbitals; lunule inconspicuous; antennae yellow, slightly longer than short

face, arista short plumose; face, parafacials narrow, genae wider, palpi and

proboscis brown; epistome with row of strong setulae on sides; genal bristle

moderate.

Thorax dorsum black but much damaged by pin; there seems to be a broad,

median dusted stripe, with possible white pubescence, that on sides black;

pleura yellow, brown on hypopleural region with a single hypopleural spot;

middle sternite black; scutellum slightly convex, shining black with yellow spot

on each side, 4 bristles; hind portion of black postscutellum with some silvery

dust; legs yellow; squamae brownish with brown margins; halteres light brown;

wing (Fig. 6): basal streaks well developed, marginal band united to basal,

cubital originating from marginal a little before junction of marginal to basal

and just outside upper cross-vein, medial strong.

- Abdomen black with black pubescence; tergum 2 with band of silvery dust

on hind margin, 3 with rather inconspicuous brown dust on middle half and

a small silvery spot on hind edge on each side of this, 4 with brown dust narrowly

on fore edge, otherwise silvery dusted, 5 black with some brown dust on middle

of fore edge; genitalia brown.

Trirhithrum overlaeti Munro

Munro, 1935, Bull. ent. Res., 25: 477. Hering, 1942, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 25: 291.

Ucanba: Budongo Forest, 7-8.11.1935, I 2; Ruwenzori, Kilembe, 4500 ft,

xii.1934-1.1935 (Ff. W. Edwards), i 9.

The male type has a wing-length 4-5 mm. The Budongo female is rather

larger, 5:2 mm., oviscape I-o mm.; the Kilembe female wing-length 4-5 mm.,

oviscape 0-75 mm.; oviscape black with black pubescence. Antennae yellow in

male, browner in these two females.

Trirhithrum homogeneum Bezzi

Bezzi, 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 105, 108. Munro, 1935, Aun. Mus. nat. Hung., 29: 135,

Fig. 4; 1935, Bull. ent. Res., 25: 480.

UcanbA: Ruwenzori, Fort Portal, 4.xii.1934 (Ff. W. Edwards), 1 3.

A specimen in good condition.

876 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

——— Maltin

= mmmmns 74 tip

MMe 1p By 2D

oe, Ll

TEL, OO:

FY Lig Pigs y

Vib ZL,

Fic. 9.—Rhacoclaena inumbrata. Fic. 10.—Ocnerioxa secata.

TRYPETIDAE 877

Trirhithrum leucopse Bezzi

Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 8: 240; 1924, id. 15: 106, 108. Munro, 1935, Bull. ent. Res.,

25: 486.

UcanpbA: Budongo Forest, 7—-8.11.1935 (F. W. Edwards), 1 3.

In this specimen there is a pair of small yellow spots just below the tip of

the scutellum.

Ptiloniola neavei Bezzi

Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 8: 247; 1924, id. 15: 109.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Namwamba Valley, 6500 ft., xii.1934-i1.1935 (F.. W.

Edwards), I g, 2 &.

PTEROPE gen. n.

In considering this new genus, the type species Plerope rubens runs to

Hemilea Loew in the tables given both by Hendel, 1927, and by Shiraki, 1933.

The reason for this is that the dorso-central bristles are before the anterior

supra-alars. Further, in this character it differs from African genera such as

Afrocneros Bezzi, Ocnerioxa Speiser, and Rhacoclaena Loew. Besides, as the

dimidiate wing-pattern of Hemilea appears to be given something of generic

value, the peculiar pattern in the new species may be noted.

The following characters are recorded:

Head: occiput flat above, moderate below; frons about 1:5 times width of

an eye, 3 inferior and 2 superior orbitals, ocellars strong, outer verticals very

long; lunule moderate; antennae short, arista pubescent, face short.

Thorax: dorso-centrals before anterior supra-alars, sternopleural, ptero-

pleural and 2 mesopleurals, 4 scutellars, no scapulars and no propleurals;

scutellum flat on top, triangular; wing, upper cross-vein close to lower, outer

angles of discal cell right angles, the lower cross-vein gently curved outwards;

point of anal cell moderate; outer end of first posterior cell slightly narrowed

outwardly and with apical whitish spot (almost absent in female).

Abdomen about parallel-sided, the fifth and combined first and second

tergites lengthened.

Type species: the following new species, Pterope rubens.

Pterope rubens sp. n.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Namwamba Valley, 6500 ft., xi1.1934-1.1935 (Ff. W-

Edwards). Holotype 3, allotype 2, 2 paratypes.

Length, male, 6-0 mm., of wing, 5-5 mm.; female, 7-5 mm., of wing, 6-0 mm.

A somewhat dull-coloured, reddish-yellow species.

Head: reddish, yellow on lower parts; bristles blackish brown, the occipital

row more yellowish; frons a little more than one-third width of head, narrowed

878 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

in front, about as long as width at vertex, ocellar dot black, slight black pubes-

cence; lunule almost semicircular sunken in specimens; antennae short, about

two-thirds length of short face, second joint rather large, third short, oval,

greatest width about three-fourths length, broadly rounded at end, arista short

pubescent ; face hollowed, epistome not prominent; cheeks linear, genae narrow;

oral opening large, oval; eyes large in profile.

Thorax: reddish yellow, dorsum with slight whitish dust and blackish

pubescence, which is longer on pleura and on sternites, yellow; bristles: lower

mesopleural weak, the dorso-centrals about midway between suture and line

of anterior supra-alars ; scutellum like dorsum, more yellow on sides and behind,

the apical bristles each on a black spot; halteres yellow; legs yellow, front

femora with row of 4 strong bristles below; wing (Fig. 11 3) pattern blackish, the

lighter parts brownish, with large hyaline spots and the white spot at end of

first posterior cell. In the female, the pattern is more diffuse and brownish;

the two hyaline spots in first basal cell are conspicuous but the apical row is

narrower than in male and the apical white spot at end of first posterior cell

only just visible.

Abdomen brownish yellow, yellow in female, with black, strongly shining

pubescence; it is apparently not wider before the middle; apical bristles strong ;

genitalia reddish ; venter rather black ; oviscape chestnut with black tip; 1-5 mm.

in length, rather acuminate, but flattened in specimens.

Aethiothemara fallacivena (Enderlein) var. trispila Bezzi

Themara fallacivena Enderlein, var. trispila Bezzi, 1923, Ann. Mus. nat. Paris, 29: 577;

1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 108.

Aethiothemara fallacivena (Enderlein) var. tvispila Bezzi. Hendel, 1928, Ent. Mitt.,

17: 350.

UcanpA: Budongo Forest, 7-8.11.1935 (f°. W. Edwards), 1 9.

Aethiothemara striata Hendel

Hendel, 1928, Ent. Mitt., 17: 357.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Namwamba Valley, 6500 ft., xii.1934-1.1935 (PF. W.

Edwards), 2 3,2 9.

Described on a female from Uganda, the male is similar.

Coelotrypes nigriventris Bezzi

Bezzi, 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 114.

UcanpA: Mbarara, 15.xi.1934 (PF. W. Edwards), 1 3.

Described on a female from Sudan, this male agrees with the description.

Length 5:0 mm.; wing 4:25 mm.; frons with some pale pubescence; terminalia

shining black.

TRYPETIDAE 879

Rhacoclaena inumbrata sp. n.

Larger but very like R. pulchella Bezzi, of which it may be a dark form; it

is distinguished by the heavily marked wing-pattern and the black femora.

UcanpaA: Budongo Forest, 7-8.11.1935 (Ff. W. Edwards). Holotype 4.

Length and of wing, 6-0 mm.

Head as in pulchella, posteriorly with a shisha black, irregularly triangular

patch on either side above; third antennal joint broken off, the arista may

possibly be pubescent (in R. permagna Munro which has a somewhat different

and less heavy wing-pattern, the arista in plumose) ; bristles denuded, 1 upper

and 3 lower orbitals; eyes brown in dry specimen.

Thorax as in pulchella; pleura brownish, sternites more yellowish; scutellum

yellow, slightly brownish on sides; bristles black, not yellow at ends; wing

(Fig. 9), a moderate anal band, a broad band from stigma over upper cross-

vein to middle of third posterior cell and a very wide apical band, the two

united in discal cell, the large costal indent has a short stripe across the marginal

and submarginal cells, there is a small indent in second posterior cell and the

usual apical whitish spot across the end of the first posterior cell, just crossing

the veins above and below; third vein setulose to middle of first posterior cell;

upper cross-vein at middle of discal cell; legs yellow, femora black except at

ends, middle pair most strongly black, middle and hind tibiae blackish on inner

third.

Abdomen shining black, a yellow stripe on middle third from base to hind

edge of tergum 4; pubescence black; tergum 5 as long as 3 and 4 together;

genitalia black, appendages yellow.

Rhacoclaena major Bezzi

Bezzi, 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 109, 110; 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 487, Plate XIII,

Fig. 36. Munro, 1929, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 29: 5.

UcanpDA: Ruwenzori, Kilembe, 4500 ft., xii.1934-1.1935 (FF. W. Edwards), 1 g.

Similar to South African specimens.

[Ocnerioxa secata sp. n.]

Allied to Ocnerioxa interrupta Bezzi, in which the arista is micro-pubescent,

in this species, short plumose; in the wing-pattern of znterrupta there is a wider

transverse hyaline bar across the outer part of the wing, and a narrow, abbre-

viated stripe along the lower cross-vein; here the transverse hyaline bar is

narrow with a short extension into the upper, outer end of the discal cell, and

a wide infuscation over the lower cross-vein.

BRITISH CAMEROONS: Mt. Cameroon, Musake, 6350 ft., 13.1.1932 (MM. Steele).

Holotype ? (taken sweeping).

880 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Length 5-8 mm.; wing 5-5 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 6:8:10; eye large, rounded; frons and upper

two-thirds of occiput brown, face and below yellow; posteriorly ‘flat, postocular

row of bristles fine, black; frons flat, width 0-8 length, 0-4 width of head, slight

fine, black pubescence, 2 upper, 2 lower orbitals, ocellars absent; lunule short;

antennae 0:8 face, second joint small, third rounded at end, arista short plumose ;

face: epistome slightly prominent, parafacials narrow, genae 0-25 height of eye;

proboscis short.

Thorax: dorsum to upper edge of notopleura very dark brown, shining,

scutellum and postscutellum paler, the latter still paler in middle, lower parts

of thorax yellow; pubescence fine, black, short, bristles normal, black, one

mesopleural, dorso-centrals behind anterior supra-alars, inner and outer

scapulars moderate; scutellum flat, triangular, apex rounded, 4 bristles, apicals

0-9 basals; squamae brown; halteres blackish; legs yellow, fore femora with row

of bristles below; wing (Fig. 10): third vein with close-set setulae above, more

scattered along length below.

Abdomen narrow, very dark brown, almost black, shining, middle portion

of terga yellow from base to tergum 4, pubescence black; oviscape 1-25 mm.,

flattened in specimen, black as also pubescence; venter: sternites brown,

membrane yellow.

BARYGLOSSA

Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 8: 244.

This curious and strongly marked genus (type species: Baryglossa histrio

Bezzi) shows a remarkable combination of characters. Differences from other

African genera include the angular head, projecting facial keel, the remarkable

proboscis and the development of setulae between the pseudotracheae, the

apparently jointed palpi and the 6 scutellar bristles. Its nearest allies appear

to be Blepharoneura Loew and Hexacinia Hendel.

Unfortunately pertinent data on the proboscis and palpi are scanty, even of

Baryglossa: Bezzi says little more than “palpi dilated at end”’ and “proboscis

exceedingly incrassated’’. Of the neotropical blepharoneura I have a specimen

of B. femoralis v.d. Wulp kindly sent to me by Dr. Hering. In this the proboscis

resembles that of Baryglossa, but it is not possible to be sure of the presence of

setulae between the pseudotracheae; the palpi appear normal. Apart from this,

the third and fifth veins on the wing are bristly. The oriental Hexacinia was

erected by Hendel (1914, p. 82) only in generic tables, with Acinia stellata

Macquart as genotype; he does not seem to have given any more detailed descrip-

tion, nor, incidently, is there one of Macquart’s stellata. In 1915 Hendel (p. 459)

described Hexacinia palpata, a Chinese species, and it is to this species that

TRYPETIDAE 881

Baryglossa has some resemblance, since he states “die Taster sind ganz merk-

wiirdig gebildet, scheinbar zweigliedrig’’. Shiraki (1933, p. 317) and Zia (1937,

p- 141) both “‘redescribe”’ Hexacinia, but apparently on palpata, and Zia admits

that this may be generically different from stellata Macquart. Both say “palpi

distinctly two-segmented’’, but neither they nor Hendel seem to have noticed

anything remarkable in the proboscis.

Species of Baryglossa are dark brown or more or less yellow below, and more

or less extensive black markings on dorsum of thorax and abdomen; the

integument generally has a varnished appearance.

Head (Figs. 16, 17) angular, frons, epistome and facial carina prominent;

the epistome in the middle is drawn up to the short, concave carina, so that the

middle of the face is only about half the length of the parafacials at the lower

end of which the hinge with the facial plate forms a conspicuous, elongate pit;

antennae rather longer than middle of face, third joint large and rounded,

arista bare; proboscis: it is not easy to see what is the exact shape of the

proboscis from available specimens, and there are not enough to make a dis-

section in potash. The basal portion is relatively narrow, but the haustellum

and labella appear to have combined to form a massive, sausage-like structure ;

the mentum appears as a large, half-cylinder while the membranous anterior

aspect is flattened or sunken in the dried specimens. The labella do not appear

to be normally hinged to the haustellum, although some up and down movement

is probable; they look more like an apical prolongation of the haustellum, and

open out more posteriorly or postero-ventrally. Further, and probably in most

species, there are rows of tiny spinules between the pseudotracheae, the points

of the spinules directed outwardly from the central line; the palpi are constricted

at about the middle so as at least to appear two-jointed, the basal portion

narrower and more parallel-sided, the outer rounded or oval and flat; it is finely

pilose with some dark setae. The whole has the appearance of an inverted

antenna without the arista. There does not seem to be a joint or hinge at the

constriction, and it is not possible to say if there is any movement here in the

live fly. Bristles normal, fine, black; 2 upper and 2 lower orbitals, ocellars

strong, on both sides of epistome longer bristle hairs about as long as genal

bristle.

Thorax: bristles normal, scapulars present, middle ones may be weaker or

not much differentiated from longer bristle hairs ; sometimes a second, apparently

supernumerary, humeral; dorso-centrals well behind anterior supra-alars; 2

mesopleurals, and a third before vertical suture; 6 scutellars, mid pair weaker;

wing, third vein with somewhat long but rather sparse setae; costal bristle

absent ; microtrichiae long, giving the wing-surface a distinctly hairy appearance.

Abdomen: oviscape conical, where the flat aculeus is exerted, the triangular

apex is seen to be armed with a few minute spines on the margins.

882 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

GUIDE TO SPECIES

1. Wing-pattern with numerous, small, hyaline spots, two rows each in submarginal,

first posterior and discal, and one in third posterior, in addition to usual

marginal spots and indents; scutellum unspotted, very long (sec. Bezzi)

bequaerti Bezzi

— Wing-pattern without such rows of hyaline spots . ; é ¢ é . 2

2. Mesonotum entirely yellow : : 3 ° 3

Mesonotum with strongly marked (sometimes less 2p} black stripes ¢ ; 4

3. Apex of wing with rather faint, broadly reticulate pattern; the wide, posterior,

hyaline indent into discal cell with a very faint reticulate pattern; outer

portion of palpi narrower than third antennal joint ‘ ; teysa Munro

— A narrow infuscated stripe along costa at end of submarginal cell and somewhat

over third vein; the mainly hyaline apex of wing weakly infuscated seen

obliquely; three well-defined hyaline indents across third posterior cell;

outer portion of palpi wider than third antennal joint . : oldroydi sp. n.

4. Wing-pattern heavily marked, almost entirely infuscated to base and a well-

marked apical pattern of wide, apical rays . : histyio Bezzi

— Apical pattern reduced, the apex more or less hyaline, ¢ or apical rays pale and

evanescent; pattern on hind margin also reduced, leaving a wide, hyaline

indent into discal cell and only scattered, infuscated spots. : 5

5. Base of wing hyaline (or barely infuscated), apex with remnants of apical pattern,

leaving isolated infuscated spots on costa. : ; ; . trulla sp. n.

— Infuscation extended into base along basal cells. : : 6

6. Main pattern ending a little past line of lower cross-vein and, anited to main

pattern, an infuscated stripe along costa to end of fourth vein . emorsa sp. N.

— Pattern extending well beyond line of lower cross-vein, at end of submarginal

cell a disconnected, narrow, infuscated stripe to just over end of third vein

mimella sp. n.

[Baryglossa bequaerti Bezzi]

Bezzi, 1924, Rev. zool. Afy., 12: 14.

Specimens not seen; only the type 9 from the Belgian Congo known.

[Baryglossa tersa Munro]

Munro, 1939, J. E. Afr. & Uganda Nat. Hist. Soc., 14: 8, Fig. 2.

I have a male paratype and another male from the Chyulu Hills, KENyA

(V. G. L. van Someren).

Palpi: outer joint relatively narrower, as long as third antennal joint, but

0-6 its width; proboscis: rows of spinulae are well developed between the

pseudotracheae.

This is the only species of which anything is known of the biology; van

Someren stated that the larvae were in the flowers of a cucurbitous plant.

[Baryglossa oldroydi sp. n.]

BRITISH CAMEROONS, Kumba, 13.x.1949 (H. Oldroyd). Holotype Q.

Length 5:7 mm.; wing 4-3 mm.; oviscape I-0 mm.

Head and appendages yellow, only flagellum of arista brown and small,

TRYPETIDAE 883

black ocellar dot; head (Fig. 16), length, height, width, 6:6:10; frons square,

0-45 width of head, slight black pubescence, 2 upper, 2 lower orbitals; antennae

a little longer than middle of face, third joint large, oval, arista bare; palpi .

large, prominent, outer portion larger than third antennal joint, flat, wide,

leaf-like ; proboscis: combined haustellum and labella massive, rows of spinulae

between pseudotracheae.

Thorax yellowish brown below, darker brown on dorsum, scutellum yellow

with small apical spot, postscutellar area black; pubescence pale, some black on

anterior edge of dorsum; bristles normal, outer scapulars present but inner not

differentiated, 1 humeral, 6 scutellars; legs yellow; halteres brown; wing (Fig.

12): third vein with long, fine setulae to middle of first posterior cell, costal

bristles not developed; scutellum triangular, convex, but not strongly so.

Abdomen polished, yellow at base and on middle, sides black, on tergum 3

on either side a black tongue extends inwards for about one-third of width,

on tergum 4, sides one-third black with a narrow tongue on each side not quite

meeting on median line, leaving a yellow, hour-glass patch on middle of tergum,

tergum 5 black except a small yellow spot on middle of anterior margin and

a faint streak below, tergum 6 and oviscape black, pubescence black, shining

brown; oviscape conical, in specimen somewhat flattened at base, 0-25 wing-

length, 0:45 pre-abdomen; membranous portion and aculeus light ferruginous,

latter with spinulae on sides of flat apex (Fig. 18).

Baryglossa histrio Bezzi

Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 8: 245, Plate V, Fig. 12.

BELGIAN ConGo, Mayumbe (Rk. Mayné), 1 3. UGANDA: Budongo Forest,

78.11.1935 (Ff. W. Edwards), 1 9.

The male had apparently been in alcohol and had become bleached. The

female seems teneral and somewhat under-coloured, but agrees fairly well with

the description. There is an additional bristle on the humerus, and three

mesopleurals. The dorsal thoracic stripes are moderate, the median pair united

before the scutellum; the narrow notopleural black stripe is pale on the lower

part of the humerus; the apical scutellar spot does not reach the middle of the

scutellum. The wing-pattern shows minor variations from Bezzi’s figure, and

is not so heavy. The abdomen is in such poor condition that the colour and

pattern cannot be observed; the sixth tergum about one-third length of fifth;

oviscape flattened in specimen, is blackish with black pubescence and about as

long as third to sixth terga together.

Baryglossa trulla sp. n.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Mobuku Vaitley, 7300 ft., xii.1934. Holotype 3; Fort

Portal, 4.xii.1934, allotype 2 and 2 9 paratypes; Kilembe, 4500 ft., xii.1934—

884 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Fic. 14.—Baryglossa emorsa.

iti

ees

Fic. 15.—Baryglossa mimella.

Fic. 18.—Baryglossa oldroydi,

tip of aculeus.

Fic. 16.—Baryglossa oldroydi. Fic. 17.—Baryglossa tvulla.

TRYPETIDAE 885

1.1935, 2 d paratypes (I. W. Edwards). ERITREA: Asmara, Bet Gherghis,

I.v.1950 (G. De Lotto) (in S. Afr. Nat. Coll. Ins.), 1 ? paratype.

Length and of wing, 3g, 5:5 mm.; 9, 6-5 mm., wing 5:25 mm.

Head (Fig. 17) brownish yellow, posteriorly broadly black except on orbits;

frons about 0-5 head, square, some black pubescence, ocellar dot black; lunule

inconspicuous; antennae blackish, bare arista black, yellow at base; proboscis

relatively stout and short, spinulae between pseudotracheae not observed, only

rows of oblique, smoothly rounded ridges between pseudotrachaea on outer

two-thirds of labella; these may be flattened spinulae as some do appear pos-

teriorly; outer portion of palpi oval, slightly longer than basal piece.

Thorax strongly shining; dorsum: black stripes broad and strong, median

pair separated by narrow yellow stripe and do not unite at either end, outer

pair interrupted at suture, notopleural stripe strong; pubescence pale. Pleura

and sterna black, the sutures more or less yellow, but propleura and across top

of mesopleura yellowish, extending across wing-base and upper part of inner

hypopleural spot; pubescence pale; scutellum moderately swollen, yellow with

black median stripe from narrow apex widening towards but not always reaching

base; postscutellum dull black. Bristles black, thin, mid-scapulars weak or not

differentiated, outer thin and small, two humerals, one weak, dorso-centrals a

a little before line of outer posterior alars, 3 mesopleurals, rarely a fourth; legs

and halteres yellow; wing-pattern (Fig. 13) somewhat like that of B. histrio,

but outer reticulation variable and much reduced, or almost absent with a few

spots remaining, base practically hyaline. Abdomen reddish chestnut, sides

broadly shining black which extends across the middle of the terga, but not

meetings on the median line. Genitalia black.

Abdomen shining, base yellow, more or less chestnut on middle, sides

broadly black, on tergum 3 a pair of moderate, submedian, black spots on

anterior half narrowly joined to lateral black, 4 black with a narrow, obscure

median stripe on anterior half, on posterior half almost to lateral margins,

5 black with a median ferruginous spot wider behind, 6 very short, black.

Oviscape robust, 1°75 mm., about as long as pre-abdomen or slightly longer;

proximal three-fifths a wide tube somewhat flattened at base, narrowing apically

to a narrow, conical tube; shining black with black pubescence.

The female from Eritrea (in Pretoria collection) may be a pale specimen; it

has a wing-pattern like Fig. 13, but the paler infuscation at the outer end has

almost vanished. Further, the dark, dorsal thoracic stripes have almost dis-

appeared and are mainly represented by disconnected, somewhat elongate spots

on the dorso-central lines.

Baryglossa emorsa sp. n.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Kilembe, 4500 ft., xii.1934-1.1935 (’. W. Edwards).

Holotype 3.

886 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Length about 5-0 mm.; wing 5:0 mm.

Head brownish yellow, more elongate; length, height, width, 9:6:10;

posteriorly mostly black above, but yellow behind vertex; frons: width 0-75

length, rather less than 0-5 width of head, blackish on fore half and ocellar dot

black, 1 upper, 2 lower orbitals, with 2 small supernumeraries on left side,

ocellars long and strong; antennae with blackish tinge; face yellow, grooves

translucent and shining, keel strongly projecting before eye about three-fifths

height of eye which is oval and somewhat oblique, parafacials and genae narrow.

Thorax: dorsum mainly black, the broad, black, lateral stripes not well-

defined and only separated by indistinct, yellowish streaks, suture and lateral

stripe yellow, humeri and upper part of mesopleura obscurely blackish, pro-

pleura and sterna yellow, becoming blackish behind, posterior portions of sterna

and pleura black; dorsum pubescence apparently blackish, but strongly shining

yellowish; scutellum yellow with narrow, black, median stripe to apex; median

pair of bristles half length of others, the apicals close together; bristles black,

3 mesopleurals, the second humeral small, mid-scapulars weak or practically

absent, dorso-centrals near prescutellars; legs yellow; halteres with blackish

knob; wing (Fig. 14).

Abdomen shining black, more or less ferruginous in middle; it is apparently

deformed, the fourth tergum broken in middle, not quite meeting over forwardly

produced middle of fifth tergum, the third with its posterior margin broadly

produced backwards; pubescence blackish but strongly yellow-shining. Termi-

nalia not observed owing to condition of specimen.

Baryglossa mimella sp. n.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Kilembe, 4500 ft., xi1.1934-1.1935 (Ff. W. Edwards).

Holotype 3; West Ruwenzori, 8000-9000 ft., vui.1948 (V. G. L. van Someren),

paratype g. Kenya: Nyeri, x.1948 (V. G. L. van Someren), allotype 9.

Length, ¢ 4:5 mm., 9 5-8 mm.; wing, ¢ 4:5 mm., 2 6-0 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 8:6:10; yellowish posteriorly, 3 largely black,

broadly yellow behind vertex and a narrow median streak to neck, yellow

below, ° also yellow behind eyes, leaving a Y-shaped black mark on each side;

eye oval, oblique; frons square, 0-5 width of head, brownish or blackish brown,

broadly yellow on sides, ocellar dot black, slight, black, shining pubescence,

bristles black, 2 lower, 2 upper orbitals; face hght chestnut, shining, especially

in the grooves, short and concave in middle, the up-turned epistome (‘‘snout’’)

strongly projecting, parafacials and genae narrow; palpi, basal part flat,

blackish, apical part of about equal length and width, brownish, yellow pubes-

cence and some fine, black setulae; proboscis yellow, haustellum plus labella

massive, between the pseudotracheae rows of rather stout, close-set, anteriorly

directed spinules.

TRYPETIDAE 887

Thorax shining chestnut, on dorsum a pair of wide black stripes on each

side, the outer barely interrupted at suture, not united behind, laterally yellow

from upper part of humerus across wing-base to scutellum, a brown stripe from

lower part of humerus and along edges of mesopleura and notopleura; dorsal

pubescence strongly brown-shining, appearing black on the black stripes; pleura

and sterna yellow, hypopleural region and postscutelum black; scutellum

yellow, broadly black on disc to between and below apical bristles; bristles:

second humeral absent, scapulars not apparent, or outer ones weak, 3 meso-

pleurals, one being before the vertical suture, an additional bristle outside

prescutellars and behind dorso-centrals, mid-scutellars barely half length of

other four ; legs yellow, translucent ; halteres yellow; upper squama blackish with

blackish rim and long marginal fringe, the lower narrow; wing (Fig. 15) pattern

brown, stigma black, third vein fully setose.

Abdomen shining black, broadly yellow on middle, the yellow widened to

hind margin of each tergum, widest basally; pubescence black, strongly shining ;

oviscape conical, 1-4 mm., shining black, black pubescence, middle membrane

and aculeus ferruginous, the triangular tip of aculeus with 3 tiny spines on each

side and at extreme tip, 3 closely set, very minute spines.

Trypeta (? péringueyi Bezzi)

Phorellia pévingueyi Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 488, Plate XIII, Fig. 37:

1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 111. Munro, 1925, Dept. Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. 3: 51;

1929, id. No. 6: 13; 1939, J. E. Afr. & Uganda Nat. Hist. Soc., 14: 10.

UcanpbA: Ruwenzori, Kilembe, 4500 ft., xii.1934-1.1935 (f°. W. Edwards),

I g, r 9; Namwamba Valley, 6500 ft., 1.1935 (fF. W. Edwards), 1 3, 1 2; Kigezi

District, Kanaba, 7800 ft., x1.1934 (fF. W. Edwards), 1 9.

Of the above references, the first two, of Bezzi, are without doubt péringueyr,

but the others, Munro, may be mixed. The five specimens noted were originally

identified as péringueyi; however, in view of the large amount of material

received since, this now seems doubtful and nothing further can be said until

a critical study of all the specimens has been made. Munro 1939 is probably

not péringueyi, but another species and actually the one represented by the

present specimens.

In addition, the correct use of the name Tryfeta is unsettled. Here it is used

in the sense of Coquillett rg10 and Hendel 1927, with artemisiae I’. as genotype.

Questions to be settled are: whether Rondani’s 1870 fixation of Musca arctit

DeG. (-tussilaginis F.) as genotype is to be accepted as argued by Collin 1937;

whether Latreille’s 1802 so-called fixation of cardui L. for Euribia is valid;

whether Tvypeta may be a synonym of Euribia, the settling of which, in turn,

may depend on the elimination of the Meigen 1800 names.

Finally, it may be possible that the African species concerned are not

congeneric with avtemisiae under whatever genus it may eventually be placed.

888 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

TERELLINAE

Craspedoxantha marginalis (Wiedemann)

Tephritis marginalis Wiedemann, 1818, Zool. Magaz., 1 (2): 47.

Terellia marginalis (Wiedemann) Macquart, 1943, Dipt. ex., 11 (227).

Trypeta marginalis (Wiedemann) Wiedemann, 1830, Aussereurop. zweifl. Insekt., 2: 382.

Loew, 1861, Berl. ent. Zeit., 5: 255; 1862, id. 6: 90. Becker, 1903, Mitt. zool. Mus.

Berl., 2: 131. Bezzi, 1908, Boll. Soc. ent. Ital., 39: 140.

Craspedoxantha marginalis (Wiedemann) Bezzi, 1913, Mem. Ind. Mus., 3: 156; 1918,

Bull. ent. Res., 9: 17; 1924, id. 15: 117; 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 505, Plate XIII,

Fig. 50. Munro, 1925, Dept. Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. 3: 52; 1929, id. No. 6: 13;

1935, 7d. No. g: 31. Hering, 1937, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 22: 264.

Kenya: Mt. Elgon, Heath Zone, 10,500-11,509 ft., ii.1935 (F. W.

Edwards), I 6.

The species infests the flowers of various Compositae (Munro, 1925, 1929,

1935) and has become a pest in gardens attacking Barberton daisy and Zinnia,

the flowers of the latter becoming deformed.

ACIURINAE

An attempt was made (Munro, 1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afr., 1) to work out

the relationships of a series of genera and species which, as an hypothesis, were

regarded as an intermediate group between the Tephritinae and the Trypetinae

(Ceratitinae, auctt.). That this may not be quite correct is possible and there

may be two or more specialised groups or offshoots, perhaps biological groups

that might be less directly related than would be apparent from the above

study. Needless to say, a more extended study on more abundant material is

needed.

It is to be regretted, too, that while the research recorded was in progress,

various new genera and species, coincident with some erected in the Memoir,

were published in Germany during the Second World War. These did not

become available to the author till after the Memoir had been published. The

more straightforward synonymy is corrected here, but some points must remain

obscure for the present.

ACIURINI

Allotrypes maripilosa Munro

Munro, 1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afy., 1: 92, Figs. 2, 3, 88, 89, 143.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Kilembe, 4500 ft., xii.1934-1.1935 (Ff. W. Edwards),

I ¢ paratype.

Isoconia axilatra Munro

Munro, 1947, /.c., 1: 112, Figs. 13, 91, 154.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Katwe, 26.xii.1934 (f°. W. Edwards). Holotype 9.

TRYPETIDAE 889

Isoconia frondifer Munro

Munro, 1947, /J.c., 1: 112, text Fig. 1of., g., Figs. 14, 155.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Katwe, 20.xii.1934 (Ff. W. Edwards), 1 9 paratype.

PARACIURA Hering

Paraciuva Hering, 1942, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 25: 284 (type species: Aciura perpicillaris

Bezzi).

Biretmus Munro, 1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afr., 1: 134 (type species: Aciura perpicillaris

Bezzi) (syn. nov.).

Paraciura perpicillaris (Bezzi)

Aciura perpicillaris Bezzi, Bull. ent. Res., 10: 253, Plate XVIII, Fig. 4; 1924, id. 15: 123;

1924, Rev. Zool. Afr., 12: 16. Munro, 1929, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 29: 12.

Bivetmus perpicillavis (Bezzi) Munro, 1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afr., 1: 135, Figs. 25, 101,

105, 123, 167, 293.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Kilembe, 4500 ft., xii.1934-1.1935 (Ff. W. Edwards),

34,29.

TEPHRACIURA Hering

Tephraciura Hering, 1941, Boll. Soc. ent. Ital., 73: 108 (type species: Trypeta oborinia

Walker).

Jacotella Munro, 1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afr., 1: 136 (type species: Trypeta angusta

Loew) (syn. nov.).

PARASPHENISCOIDES Hering

Paraspheniscoides Hering, 1940, Ann. naturhist. Mus. Wien, 51: 197 (type species: Trypeta

binaria Loew).

Notoxesis Munro, 1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afr., 1: 143 (type species: Tvypeta binaria

Loew) (Syn. nov.).

Paraspheniscoides binaria Loew, var. adepta Munro

Spheniscomyia binaria (Loew) Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 516, Plate XIII,

Fig. 65—as an unnamed var.

Notoxesis binaria (Loew) var. adepta Munro, 1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afr., 1: 146,

Fig. 173.

UGanDA: Kilembe, Ruwenzori, 4500 ft., xii.1934-1.1935 (f°. W. Edwards), 1 9.

CONIONOTA Munro

Munro, 1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afr., 1: 147.

The type species is quaternaria Bezzi, and quinaria Bezzi, is also typical

of the genus. Two others were included, fracta Munro (= zernyi Hering) and

reculta Munro, but may be sufficiently distinct to be placed separately in

Afraciura Hering which follows.

890 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

AFRACIURA Hering

Hering, 1941, Ann. naturhist. Mus. Wien, 51: 197 (type species: A fraciura zernyi Hering).

[Afraciura zernyi Hering]

A fraciura zernyi Hering, 1941, Ann. naturhist. Mus. Wien, 51: 198, Taf. XX, Figs, 5, 6.

Conionota fracta Munro, 1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afy., 1: 151, Figs. 34, 178, 179 (syn.

nov.).

No specimens taken on B.M. Expedition.

ELGONINA gen. n.

On account of the fine, black cephalic bristles, the absence of scapular

bristles, and shining black abdomen, this new genus comes within the limits of

the Aciura series. Allied to Munroella Bezzi, to which it is similar in general

appearance, and shape of the head, especially the rather flared epistome; there

are 2, not 3, lower orbitals; dorsum of thorax appreciably dusted, and the

upper cross-vein nearer the middle of discal cell (in Munroella the upper and

lower cross-veins are almost, at times quite, in line). If the species of Elgonina

prove to infest flowers of Verbenaceae, a biological relationship would also be

established, although these specimens were taken on (resting on) flowers of

Compositae. There is also some resemblance to Gymnosagena Munro, but this

has only one upper orbital and a very faint reticulate wing- pattern.

Head slightly angular, bristles fine, black, postorbitals few, 2 upper, 2 lower

orbitals, ocellars moderate; frons about half width of head; lunule short;

antennae about as long as face, arista pubescent; parafacials narrow, epistome

somewhat prominent.

Thorax: dorsum, dust moderate; bristles normal, dorso-centrals near suture,

4 scutellars, apicals short and weak; legs normal; wing: third vein bare; no

pattern, but wing appearing greyish owing to black microtrichiae, a few white

microtrichial spots may be present; squamae, upper wide, lower narrow.

Abdomen polished black.

Type species: the following new species, Elgonina refulgens.

Elgonina refulgens sp. n.

Kenya: Mt. Elgon, 10,500-12,500 ft., 11.1935. Holotype dg, allotype 9, 7 3,

7 9 paratypes on flowers of Conyza ruwenzoriensis, 1 3 on Erlangia sp. (F. W.

Edwards).

A black species.

Length, 3 3:0 mm., 9 3:5 mm.; wing, ¢ 3-5 mm., 9 3-6 mm.

Head not strongly oval, rather angular, but frons sloping; length, height,

width, 6°5:7:10; posteriorly black, slight dust, clothing below fine, black,

TRYPETIDAE 891

postorbitals fine, black, only 3 or 4 with row of shorter setullae, other postoculars

more brownish; frons flat, bare, yellow, blackened behind, ocellar dot and verti-

cal plates black, dusted, and silvery dust narrowly along eyes about as long as

wide, a little narrowed to the front; 0-5 width of head, bristles black or slightly

brownish, 2 upper, 2 lower orbitals, ocellars moderate; lunule yellow, short,

length 0-25 width; antennae nearly as long as face, first two joints yellow, third

black, the black arista with fine, close-set pubescence; face concave, epistome

somewhat prominent and widened laterally, parafacials and genae narrow, both

slightly blackened yellow, genal bristles weak, pale; proboscis yellow, elongate,

haustellum about as long as labella and 0-8 length of mouth-opening, palpi flat,

oval, yellow, darker outwardly.

Thorax: black, rather shining, dorsum, dust moderate, brown, greyish on

front edge, pubescence sparse, fine, pale brown or blackish; slight dust on

pleura and sterna; bristles normal, black, only pteropleural pale brown, I

mesopleural, dorso-centrals near suture, scapulars absent, but more or less

pronounced, longer, whitish hairs or long pubescence may simulate weak

mid-scapulars; sternal hairs pale brown, rather long and fine; halteres yellow;

squamae yellow, upper wide, lower narrow; legs: coxae yellow or slightly

blackened, femora polished black, outer ends yellow, tibiae yellow but

moderately blackened, the hind pair black; wing (Fig. 19), veins brown, yellow

at base, membrane with very slight yellowish tinge, the surface covered with

rather long, dark microtrichiae, giving it a distinct, very light brown appear-

ance; there are a few spots with colourless (or white) microtrichiae: a small one

at inner third of costal cell, in marginal cell moderate at end of stigma and small

at tip, a large, conspicuous, round spot at wing-tip; stigma brown, pale on

inner side, at apex of wing a slight brownness from tip of marginal cell to just

past tip of vein 4, but not around apical white spot on inner side; marginal

ciliae rather long all around wing, even longer on alula and along subcosta;

costal bristle not longer, but thicker than ciliae; third vein bare. Scutellum as

mesonotum, short, rounded at end, moderately convex, 4 bristles, apicals small,

0:25 basals.

Abdomen and oviscape polished black, hind margins of tergites very narrowly

ferruginous; pubescence moderate, fine, blackish, brown-shining ; oviscape rela-

tively large, flattened in specimens, 0-8 mm., about 0-3 wing-length, a little

shorter than pre-abdomen.

Elgonina fuscana sp. n.

Ucanpa: Kigezi district, Mt. Muhavura, 10,000-12,000 ft., xi.1934 (F. W.

Edwards). Holotype 9.

This specimen is quite like Elgonina refulgens, but there is no trace of any

white, microtrichial spots on the wings; nor are the legs so black, the hind

892 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

tibiae only slightly black, the others hardly blackened. Oviscape flattened in

specimen, shining black, with black pubescence, is rather longer, I-4 mm.,

0-4 wing-length. Length of specimen 3:0 mm.; wing 3:5 mm.

GYMNACIURA Hering

Gymnaciura Hering, 1942, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 25: 284 (type species: Aciura distig-

moides Hering).

Tanaosema Munro, 1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afr., 1: 164 (type species: Spheniscomyia

neavei Bezzi) (Syn. nov.).

No species of Gymnaciura was obtained by the Expedition, but examination

of allied material brought to light the above synonymy. Aciura distigmoides

Hering (1941) and my Spheniscomyia neavei var. chyuluensis (1939) are both

synonyms of my earlier Tephrella austeni (1939), which is in fact a Gymnaciura.

Brachyaciura limbata (Bezzi)

Tephrella limbata Bezzi, 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 126. Munro, 1935, Ann. Mus. nat.

Hung., 29: 146.

Brachyaciura limbata (Bezzi) Munro, 1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afr., 1: 167, Figs. 40,

187, 170, 302.

UcaNDA: Kigezi district, Mt. Muhavura, 7000 ft., xi.1934, I 9; Budongo

Forest, 7-8.11.1935, 2 3; Masaka, 13.xi.1934, 2 ¢, 4 9; Ruwenzori, Kilembe,

4500 ft., x11.1934-1.1935 (Ff. W. Edwards), 2 3, I 9.

Pediapelta enzoria Munro

Munro, 1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afr., 1: 174, Figs. 44, 191.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Nyamgasani Valley, 6400 ft., xii.1934-1.1935 (F. W.

Edwards). Holotype 9.

Dicheniotes katonae (Bezzi)

Tephrella katonae Bezzi, 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 126. Munro, 1935, Ann. Mus. nat.

Hung., 29: 144, Fig. 12.

Dicheniotes hatonae (Bezzi) Munro, 1938, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., B. 7: 118; 1947,

Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afr., 1: 181, text Figs. 15b, 31¢, d, Figs. 48, 112, 133, 196, 273, 305.

KrEnyA: Ngong Forest (Nairobi), x.1934 (FF. W. Edwards), 1 3.

Dicheniotes erosa (Bezzi)

Tephrella evosa Bezzi, 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 127. Munro, 1935, Ann. Mus. -nat.

Hung., 29: 148, Fig. 15.

Dicheniotes evosa (Bezzi) Munro, 1938, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., B. 7: 118; 1947, Mem.

ent. Soc. S. Afy., 1: 183, Figs. 50, 198.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Bwamba Pass (west side), 5500-7000 ft., 1.1935 (F. W.

Edwards), 2 3; Kigezi district, Mt. Sabinio, 8000 ft., xi.1934 (F. W. Edwards), 19.

TRYPETIDAE 893

Dicheniotes turgens Munro

Munro, 1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afv., 1: 183, Figs. 51, 199.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Kilembe, 4500 ft., xil.1934-1.1935 (fF. W. Edwards).

Holotype 3.

[Dicheniotes acclivis Munro]

Munro, 1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afry., 1: 184, Figs. 52, 200.

Ucanpa: Entebbe, 20.vi.1909 (G. C. Gowdey). Holotype ¢g (in British

Museum).

PLATENSININI

BEZZINA nom. n.

Bezziella Munro, 1947, December, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afy., 1: 185. Homonym of Beziella

Enderlein, 1947, July, Mitt. dtsch. ent. Ges., 8: 29.

“

Enderlein’s name is spelled with only one “z’’, whether purposely or as a

printer’s error is not clear; in any case, he states that his genus is named after

the late Mario Bezzi.

The type species of Bezzina is thus Oxyna margaritifera Bezzi, 1908 (syn.

Spathulina munroi Bezzi, 1924).

Pliomelaena brevifrons Bezzi

Euaresta-Pliomelaena brevifrons Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent.’ Res., g: 30, Plate I, Fig. 8.

Pliomelaena brevifrons Bezzi. Munro, 1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afy., 1: 200. (The rather

complicated synonymy and the forms of this species are dealt with in detail in this

Memoir.)

Pliomelaena brevifrons Bezzi, ssp. xyphosiina Bezzi

Kenya: Aberdare Range, Mt. Kinangop, 8000 ft., x.1934 (f°. W. Edwards),

Id.

Pliomelaena brevifrons Bezzi, ssp. perspicua Munro

Munro, 1947, op. cit., p. 206, Fig. 211.

The type material is from KENyA: Nanyuki, Mt. Kenya. 1 2 paratype,

BritisH CAMEROONS: Mt. Cameroon, Jonga, 5000 ft. (MZ. Steele), was included,

but may eventually prove different when more material is available for study.

Pliomelaena brevifrons Bezzi, ssp. regressa Munro

Munro, 1947, op. cit., p. 206, Fig. 212.

UcanpDA: Ruwenzori, Namwamba Valley, 6500 ft., x11.1934-1.1935 (F. W.

Edwards). Holotype 9, I 9 paratype.

894 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Platensina nigrodiscalis Munro

Munro, 1947, op. cit., p. 213, Figs. 65, 219.

Ucanpa: Budongo Forest, 7-8.ii.1935 (fF. W. Edwards). Holotype 3.

[Elaphromyia fissa sp. n.]

A South African species that is placed with some hesitation in Elaphromyia.

The balance of characters may, however, warrant it keeping in mind that it is

a relatively shorter species with short head and eye, shorter body and wing.

The abdomen has a similar semi-transparency with more or less obscure spots

on the terga. Actually the species has some resemblance, especially in its

proportions, to the two Japanese species that have been included in Elaphromyia

E. multisetosa Shiraki, 1933, and E£. encompleta Shiraki, 1933.

All the specimens were taken in the Katberg, 4000 ft., in the Eastern CAPE

Province (R. EF. Turner). Holotype 3g, I-15.1.1933; allotype 9, 14-26.x1.1932;

paratypes I 9, x.1932, I 9 (abdomen lost), xii.1932, I 9, II-18.11.1933.

The specimens are all more or less crushed having been originally in small

paper envelopes; heads of the 3 paratypes came off and are mounted separately

on points.

A brown species.

Length, § 3-7 mm., 2 4:0 mm.; wing, 3 4:2 mm., 9 4:I mm.

Head: length, height, width, 7:8:10; posteriorly slightly blackened above

neck; eye rather narrowed below; postocular row whitish yellow, postorbitals

2-3 with a row of short, brown setulae; frons a little wider than long, 0-5

width of head, bare, bristles brown, 2 upper, 3 lower orbitals, ocellars moderate ;

lunule short; antennae rather deep yellow, 0-7 face, third joint short, rounded

at end, arista: flagellum black, micropubescent; face concave, epistome moder-

ately prominent, a row of setulae on sides, parafacials and genae narrow, genal

bristle brown; proboscis short, palpi flat, yellow.

Thorax blackish, pubescence fine, pale brown, dust-brown, dense with 3

darker stripes, bristles brown, alveoli black, 1 mesopleural, dorso-centrals half-

way between suture and anterior supra-alars, scapulars absent; scutellum

yellowish, flat or very slightly convex, 4 bristles, apicals 0-25 basals; squamae

and halteres brown; legs light brown, clothing pale, front femora with row of

brown bristles below; wing (Fig. 20) relatively short and wide, stigma elongate,

its length three times width at base; third vein setulose below before, and above

to beyond upper cross-vein, costal bristle well developed, point of anal cell

blunt; pattern blackish brown with hyaline or yellow-hyaline spots, few on

outer, blacker two-fifths, more numerous on inner portion, a yellow suffusion

covers most of the wing, leaving clear hyaline spots on costa in marginal cell,

a spot on hind margin of second posterior and at end of third, and a reticulate

stripe from alula over axillary region and lower half of third posterior cell.

TRYPETIDAE 895

Abdomen apparently in poor condition in all specimens; it seems to be

somewhat translucent with submedian spots on the terminal terga much as in

Elaphromyia adatha. Type 3: basal terga translucent ferruginous, tergum 4

with a trace of dust, 5 opaque yellow with moderate dust, submedian rows of

spots may be seen, on 3 elongate, on 4 dots, on 5 elongate with a sublateral

spot on either side just behind; type Q: terga mainly black, yellow on sides,

the spots not differentiated from the general blackness; paratype 1: more or

less translucent, blackened with ferruginous tinge, hind margins of terga 2-5

broadly yellow, 6 mainly yellow with a pair of moderate, irregular, blackish

spots, other spots not apparent; paratype 2: abdomen more opaque, terga 2

and 3 yellow, 4, 5 and 6 and base of oviscape blackened, spots apparent on 4,

5 and 6 but no yellow margins. Oviscape flat in specimens, 0:55 mm., brown

with pale brown pubescence.

ABPREUOTRETA-OEDASPIS SERIES.

Munro, 1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afr., 1: 238. 1952, Mém. Inst. scient. Madagascar,

SEE .; £257.

PSEUDAFREUTRETA Hering

Hering, 1942, Sivuna Seva, 4: 7 (genotype: Pseudafreutreta fatua Hering).

[Pseudafreutreta fatua. Hering]

Hering, 1942, Sirvuna Seva, q: 8.

I 2, NiceRIA (Dr. Annett). B.M., 1903-1922.

If the identification of this specimen is correct, and it appears to be so from

a general balance of characters and in particular the wing-pattern, it is most

likely that fatwa and the following species, biseriata Bezzi, are more nearly allied

to Elaphromyia and to Platensinini generally, rather than to Icterica Loew and

Icterioides Hering.

In his description of Pseudafreutreta, Hering states “‘Stirn in Seitenansicht

fast rechtwinklig an der Fiihlerbasis vorspringend’’, but this may hardly be said

to be the case in the above specimen, nor in diseriata, in both of which the frons

is down-sloping and the head oval.

In the present specimen the eye is large and rounded, there being a black

spot at root of antennae (which are lost); the proboscis short. Dorsum of

thorax with moderate brown dust, pubescence white, rather coarse; scutellum

flat, the bristles lost; wing, 4-2 mm., as Hering’s figure, third vein with a few

setulae at base. Abdomen black with a ferruginous tinge, pubescence brown;

oviscape I:0 mm., 0-25 wing-length.

896 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Pseudafreutreta biseriata (Bezzi)

A freutreta biseriata Bezzi, 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 128.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Budongo Forest, 7-8.ii.1935, I ¢; Mpanga Forest,

c. 4000 ft., 1 g, and Namwamba Valley, 6500 ft., xii.1934-1.1935 (Ff. W.

Edwards), I &.

Owing to the rounded head this species could not remain in Afreutreta in

which the head is angular. As already noted, it may be nearer Elaphromyia,

in which genus it might even have been placed, but now preferably in Pseuda-

freutreta.

Pseudafreutreta bicolor sp. n.

Ucanpa: Budongo Forest, 7-8.11.1935 (f. W. Edwards). Holotype 3.

Length 3-8 mm.; wing 4-4 mm.

Similar in all respects to Ps. biseriata Bezzi, but may be distinguished by

the face and parafacials being black on upper portion as far as tip of antennae,

with a deeper black spot at top of parafacials; second antennal joint brown,

third black. On dorsum of thorax dust-grey with three weak, brown stripes

and pale, whitish, strongly shining pubescence.

Abdomen black, pubescence brown, shining, dust denser, almost moderate.

Fic. 21.—Pavrafreutreta producta.

Parafreutreta producta sp. n.

A fair-sized, brown species very like the South African Parafreutreta hirta

Munro and P. felina Munro. It differs in several respects, thus: head more

swollen, eye much smaller and gena much wider, stigma and oviscape longer.

The wing-pattern is blacker in appearance, not mainly yellow as in the other

TRYPETIDAE 897

two; the apical and median transverse blackish areas are more extensive with

fewer, lighter, yellow or subhyaline spots, in between more broadly reticulate

and without rather numerous small dark flecks. Like the other species, it is

undoubtedly gall-forming on the stems of a climbing Senecio.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Kilembe, 4500 ft. (7. W. Edwards). Holotype 9, 1 2

paratype; West Ruwenzori, 6000 ft., vii.1945 (V. G. L. van Someren), 2 9

paratypes.

An entirely brown species.

Length 5-7 mm.; wing 4:9 mm. (one female, wing 5:3 mm.).

Head swollen; length, height, width, 7:8:10; eye small, perpendicular;

postocular bristles brown, outer verticals sometimes blackish, postorbitals 3 or

4 longer with row of shorter, some black; frons swollen and prominent in front,

reddish brown, rather silvery around ocellar dot, on vertical plates and on

sides, width about 1-2 length, 0-5 width of head, moderate, pale, rather coarse

pubescence on middle and on sides, bristles black, 3 (sometimes 4) lower, 2 upper

orbitals, ocellars strong; lunule short ; antennae 0-6 face, third joint wide, arista

bare; face concave but epistome not prominent, parafacials wide, nearly as

wide as third antennal joint, genae very wide, somewhat less than half height

of eye; proboscis short, palpi small.

Thorax darker brown on dorsum, with moderate brown dust, all pubescence

pale brown; bristles black, scapulars absent, dorso-centrals on line of anterior

supra-alars, I mesopleural; halteres and squamae brown, upper wide, lower

narrow; scutellum flat convex, triangular, pubescence as on dorsum, 4 bristles

apicals 0-8 basals; legs normal; wing (Fig. 21) costal bristle weak to moderate,

third vein sparsely setose near base, pattern: blackish, apical and median

transverse bands more or less broken by reticulation, between them the reticula-

tion more broken up and the hyaline more confluent, above the fourth vein

a stronger yellow suffusion becoming more hyaline below.

Abdomen: base brown, terga 3-6 blackish brown, their hind margins

moderately brown and a weak median brown stripe; pubescence black, brown-

shining, dust slight, apical bristles black, strong; oviscape shining black, black

pubescence, length 0-9 mm., 0-2 wing-length, 0-6 pre-abdomen.

AXIOTHAUMA Munro

Munro, 1946, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 11, 13: 483.

A remarkable genus of which the three following species were described.

Axiothauma edwardsi Munro

Munro, 1946, loc. cit., p. 485, Figs. 1, 2.

Kenya: Mt. Elgon, ii.1935; Heath Zone, 10,500-11,000 ft., on Senecio

elgonensis (F. W. Edwards). Holotype 3, allotype 9, 8 5, 6 2 paratypes; Alpine

Zone, 12,000-13,000 ft, 11.1935 (Ff. W. Edwards), 1 3, I 2 paratype.

898 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Axiothauma nigrinitens Munro

Munro, 1946, loc. cit., p. 487.

KeEnyA: Aberdare Range, Mt. Kinangop, 10,000 ft., 26.x.1934 (J. Ford),

Senecio brassicaefornus. Holotype 3, allotype 2, 10 3, 8 2 paratypes; 12,000 ft.,

I $ paratype (F. W. Edwards); Mt. Elgon, Heath Zone, I0,000-11,500 ft.,

11.1935, on Senecio elgonensis (F. W. Edwards), r 2 on Senecio sp. (J. Ford).

Axiothauma albinodosum Munro

Munro, 1946, loc. cit., p. 489, Figs. 3, 4.

Kenya: Aberdare Range, x.1934; Nyeri Track, 10,500 ft., 28.x.1934 (F. W.

Edwards). Holotype 3, paratypes I g, I 2, the male paratype labelled “‘in leaf

base of Senecio brassicaeformis’’; Nyeri Track, 10,500-11,000 ft. (J. Ford).

Allotype 2, 1 3; “on Senecio aberdaricus”’, 1 3.

SPATHULINA SERLES

Munro, 1938, Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 87: 417; 1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afr., 1: 240.

Following the comments made in 1947, it has not yet been possible to

undertake sufficient research to get a clearer view of the position of Spathulina

and some other genera. Assuming, as suggested, that this genus does come

nearer Tephritis, it is still problematic whether it should be included in the

Tephritinae. It and some related genera may be more readily recognised as

a tribe, but with the study of Actinoptera presented here, it may be asked

whether this latter genus should be placed with Spathulina. This is being done

provisionally, but more finality may be reached when the complex of species

that have been put in Tephritis have been analysed more fully.

Spathulina acroleuca (Schiner)

Tephritis acroleuca Schiner, 1868, Novara Reise, Dipt., 8: 268.

Spathulina acroleuca (Schiner) Munro, 1938, Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 87: 422 (see for

references and synonymy).

UcannA: Mt. Elgon, 5.vili.1934 (J. Ford), 1 9. (Sweeping short grass,

Butandiga, 7000 ft.)

ACTINOPTERA Rondani

Rondani, 1870, Boll. Soc. ent. Ital., 3: 162.

Hendel, 1927, in Lindner, Fl. Pal. Reg., 49, Tvypetidae, p. 161.

Shiraki, 1933, Mem. Fac. Sci. Taihoku Univ., 8 (Ent. 2): 446.

Munro, 1934, Trans. R. nt. Soc. Lond., 82: 99.

Syn.: Tvypanea pp. Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 559; Bull. ent. Res., 15: 140.

TRYPETIDAE 899

The genus is accepted in the general sense of Hendel, 1927. Bezzi may have

overlooked or ignored it ; he placed the species he knew in Tvypanea, separating

them on the short stigma, but did not refer to the absence of the upper orbital

bristle. By implication authors have included brachystigma Bezzi and hemi-

melaena Bezzi in Actinoptera, but both have 2 upper orbitals. Bezzi described

tuckert as a Euribia, but included it under the section with short stigma in his

tables for Tvypanea. It is a typical Actinoptera and one of the larger species

of the genus.

In its over-all characters the genus is fairly compact. There is always only

I upper orbital (rarely duplicated), 2, sometimes 3 lower, and a supernumerary

fourth may occur; the frons is wide at vertex, about 0-5 width of head and about

as long, moderately to rather strongly narrowed anteriorly; antennae shorter

than face, third joint usually short and broad, rounded at end, the upper corner

may become or appear rather angular, or even widened outwardly, but such

differences seem to depend on the condition of the specimen; the proboscis may

be termed “‘hooked’”’, but the labella are rather short, not much more than

half the length of the haustellum. There is moderate, usually bluish dust on

dorsum of thorax, and brown on abdomen, or sometimes bluish or more strongly

blue, or varying to yellowish and brownish; bristles dark or brownish, dorso-

centrals at suture, I mesopleural, the pteropleural and sternopleural whitish,

2 scutellars; legs yellowish or light brownish, often the femora black, but may

vary from yellow to black in a species. An analysis of the wing-pattern is

included in the guide to species; typically there is a well-defined pattern on

outer third of wing, consisting of a dark area with apical rays, the apical fork

well developed, and hyaline spots, the number, size and degree of fusion varying

not merely from one species to another, but commonly within a species and at

times differing on each wing of a specimen; the dark pattern may be extended

basally. It is interesting that in most the microtrichiae are colourless (or white

in oblique light) on all hyaline areas, including the base, while in a few they

are black, or dark, on the basal half or more; however, since the microtrichiae

are usually black on the dark, infuscate areas, this may indicate an incipient,

at times practically absent or at most very weak, basal reticulation. In the

venation the chief character is the short stigma, about as long as wide at base,

but sometimes elongate (vzmsonz) ; on the second vein is a bend or kink at which

is the bar across the marginal cell; it is somewhat variable in position; the bare

third and the fourth vein tend to diverge at their ends; the point of the anal

cell may be acute but tends to be rounded in the smaller species; the sixth vein

ends about half-way between the point of the anal cell and wing-margin. The

oviscape is polished black with black pubescence, and may be long, about half

wing-length to rather short; the male terminalia are more like those of the

Spathulina species; the vesica is usually small, but in general there are no

marked nor striking differences between the various species; sternites: both the

goo RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

second and fifth are much widened, the latter like a fish-tail when the indent

is deep; the narrower sternites 3 and 4 are variable in length and width; all

sternites are rather irregular in outline and the fifth more or less asymmetrical.

The aedeagus shows a moderately sclerotised “‘capsular’’ portion and a rather

small, membranous vesica; an apical “‘tube’’ projects hardly at all or very little

beyond the capsular portion into the vesica; pre-aedeagal spines are more

usually absent, if weak difficult to see, occasionally stronger. The ninth tergum

is fairly uniform in shape and flanges are absent, the lower points (cerci) are

turned inwards at an angle of 30°—45°; they are rather short, rounded or blunt,

and may be somewhat constricted at base; they may be thinner or thicker

from one species to another, but on the whole do not show much differentiation.

The lateral abdominal membranes are covered with minute scales (Fig. 46).

These often appear in more or less longitudinal rows, the scales slightly over-

lapping and appear to be concavo-convex. Each has a rather long, thin hair

at the posterior end; in some lights the hairs appear as a very fine pubescence,

but tend to disappear especially on a slide mount. On the other hand, there

may be a dark ridge along the scale; when these ridges are marked, they give

rise to a pseudopubescence, that is, an appearance of a fine black pubescence,

but directed anteriorly. When seen laterally on a fold in the membrane, all

scales have this appearance.

Biology

Known larvae live in the flowers of species of Helichrysum (Compositae) ;

some form terminal galls on the twigs.

GUIDE TO SPECIES

A. Stigma elongate, length along costa nearly 2-5 width at base; a strong bar from

stigma to hind margin across mid first basal, discal and third posterior

cells; apical pattern more reticulate, the apical rays wide; 3 lower orbitals,

rarely a fourth; oviscape about 0-5 wing-length . : vinsont Munro

(Note: 2 lower orbitals in other species, only occasionally a supernumerary

third.)

B. Wing-pattern reduced to a few isolated dark spots apically; stigma “‘twice as

long as wide’ (sec. Hering), but this may depend on the method of

measuring : : : : é : : maculifrons Hering

C. Stigma short and usually a well-developed apical pattern. Marginal cell black

at outer end, rarely with a small or moderate hyaline spot there; at about

middle of cell an upward bend or kink in the second vein and at this point

a dark bar across the cell (this bar may be paler or rarely absent); the

space between the bar and tip of stigma may be:

1. Clear hyaline, generally shorter, with white (colourless microtrichiae

and not at all divided; bar and kink mostly nearer line of upper

cross-vein, but in any case the portion of the marginal cell beyond

the bar tends to be longer than the inner portion between bar and

stigma; microtrichiae on basal half, more or less, of wing white,

only dark on infuscated spots . : c : : : : 2

TRYPETIDAE gor

— The space rather longer,! the microtrichiae dark and a slight, but never

very strong, infuscation may develop; as a rule there is a moderate

white spot at end of stigma and another farther out with a slight

but more marked darkening of the costa and membrane between

them; these white spots are variable, the outer may be absent, the

inner less marked, both are difficult to observe but become more

apparent obliquely, otherwise a wing must be mounted in Canada

balsam; at the same time the condition of the specimen must be

taken into account, as this pattern may appear very different in

a pale, teneral specimen of a species and one that is well coloured.

Further, since these spots are not generally apparent or conspicuous,

the marginal cell appears to have 2 hyaline spots (apart from an

adventitious spot in the black tip); however, when the infuscation

on the inner area becomes more pronounced and the bar at the kink

somewhat paler, then the marginal cell appears to have 3, subequal,

hyaline spots. The end of the marginal cell beyond the bar tends to

be short, but even if the bar and kink are about midway between

the ends of veins 1 and 2, they are eee at beyond the line of the

upper cross-vein A II

. The apical dark pattern is on outer third of state to a convex line fhreaeh ae in

marginal cell and lower cross-vein, not counting a more or less developed

and separated bar from stigma to upper cross-vein and over middle of

discal and third posterior cells . ‘ : ; ‘ 4

A cohesive pattern extended basally to within fine of TppeE cross-vein, or even

farther basally (if doubtful, cf. ampla, 10) . : 3

. A dark pattern on outer three-fourths of wing to satan the ine of tipper cross-

vein; in marginal cell usually a large hyaline spot at end of dark area in

addition to the two, one on either side of the bar, which is at upper cross-

vein so that outer portion of marginal cell is about 3-5 times the inner;

more or fewer dark basal spots, including one in middle of outer costal

cell; frons at vertex 0-6 width of head... a‘ : : tuckeri (Bezzi)

dark pattern extended well towards base of wing over discal and third posterior

cells and a strong bar to stigma; the 2 hyaline spots in marginal cell large,

the outer portion about twice length of inner : : . fuscula sp. n.

. Females

Males 2 o II

Oviscape long and papular Gauen foneee than (x: e nee) pre- eabdomen! O*4—0'5

wing-length; median bar present 5 6

Oviscape shorter, more conical, about as long as, “Gad sao ifomeer or Shorter

than pre-abdomen, 0-22—0-33 wing- neces median bar evanescent, weak

or moderate . ‘ 7

Median bar narrower, reaching hind seven or noe no fameeesuon basally: ora

trace, occasionally more strongly over first basal and discal cells, no

marked bar from knot to end of anal cell, or isolated darker spots at each

end; flower infesting : : pevegrvina (Adams)

A strong, wide, infuscated median bar ane a ‘eth pirone bar from knot to end of

anal cell; European species : : : : discoidea (Fallén)

. Median bar faint, absent, or apparent oplegely : ‘ : : 8

median bar present, if broken, remaining parts as dark as Apical Pater : : 10

. Two small, faint, hyaline spots at end et discal cell, median bar faint; femora

black; oviscape 0:35 wing-length : : kovdcsi (Bezzi)

A single, large hyaline spot at end of discal cell, or ‘the ot seme or ae open

on inner side, if apparently absent, visible obliquely. c 4 9

1 schnabeli (Speiser) (q.v.) may come here.

902 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

9. Rather smaller, $ 1-8 mm., 9 2-5 mm.; wing (Figs. 28, 29), pattern more or less

reduced and very variable, the apical dark area reduced and rays thin

and disconnected, the pattern generally rather pale, only tip of marginal

cell blackened, median bar almost absent, at most weak; oviscape 0-25

wing-length; gall-forming : : ‘ : 3 : vosetta Munro

(Note: cf. maculifrons Hering.)

— Rather larger, § 2-4 mm., 2 3-0 mm.; wing-pattern well defined, median bar

evanescent, more apparent obliquely; oviscape 0:34-0:36 wing-length;

flower-infesting : : : 5 : mundella (Bezzi)

10. Wing (Fig. 31), median bar normal, ‘isdally weenie to upper cross-vein, ending

in a large, more or less angular spot on fifth vein and enclosing large

hyaline spot at end of discal, but where it may be broken may reach hind

margin of wing, no dark spot in middle of first basal cell; oviscape 0-3

wing-length; gall-forming ‘ : . contacta sp. n.

— Wing (Fig. 30), median bar runs rather across middie of first basal and discal

cells than via upper cross-vein; inner dark spot in first basal weak or

absent, but generally no infuscation between it and upper cross-vein

along second vein, but the latter may be absent in peregrina and contacta;

there may be 5 hyaline spots in second posterior and a small to moderate

in black tip of marginal cell; dust on abdomen blue; oviscape 0:25

wing-length; biology not known : : , : ampla sp. n.

11. Wing-pattern with median bar weak, absent or as spots: cf. pobdese vosetta and

mundella . : : : : ; : : 5

— Median bar moderate to Soone: some males of peregrina may not be readily

distinguished by the wing from contacta and mundella é F

12. Median bar on wing entire, large hyaline spot at end of discal complete (cf. 7);

sternites 3—5 more elongate, 3 and 4 narrow, longer than wide

peregrina (Adams)

(If sternites 3 and 4 wider than long . : : mundella Bezzi)

— Median bar narrow to upper cross-vein ending in a rather large, more or less

rhomboidal, spot on fifth vein, and may be broken in discal (cf. Io);

sternites 3—5 shorter, 3 and 4 about as long as wide : A contacta sp. n.

13. Dark microtrichiae extend to pees of wing to or nearly to line of humeral cross-

vein; oviscape shorter, 0:22-0:33 wing-length

— Dark microtrichiae restricted to middle of wing, white on basal two- fine or with

occasionally a trace in basal cells and outer costal cell; apical pattern dark

and well defined, additional hyaline spots not developed or seldom; along

inner margin of apical pattern a row of 6 large, white microtrichial spots;

oviscape longer, 0-4 wing-length E j stricta sp. n.

14. Larger, ¢ 2°3 mm., 9 3:0 mm.; 2 or 3 white aucrotphial Bes along first basal

cell, sometimes absent, a few in discal and third posterior, but inner half

of latter and axillary region clear hyaline; position of kink and bar in

marginal cell variable but usually well beyond upper cross-vein and

beyond mid-point between ends of veins 1 and 2; dark microtrichiae

almost to line of humeral cross-vein; apical pattern generally more

reticulate; oviscape rather longer, about 0-3 wing-length; 4, sternites 3

and 4 wider, wider than long; lateral abdominal scales showing moderate

pseudo-pubescent appearance; aedeagus (Fig. 44 b) with end of “‘tube”’

barely projecting beyond capsular portion . : : . pallidula sp. n.

— Smaller specimens, ¢ 1:7-1:9 mm., 2 2-7 mm.; no white microtrichial spots in

first basal cell or at most a trace; bar at kink tending to be nearer upper

cross-vein or midway between veins 1 and 2; oviscape shorter; male

sternites 3 and 4 narrower, about as long as wide; aedeagus (Fig. 44 c),

end of tube distinctly projecting beyond capsular portion

TRYPETIDAE 903

15. dg: posterior corners of sternite 5 broadly rounded; lateral abdominal scales with

a median ridge giving an appearance of pseudo-pubescence; femora

black, occasionally yellow; a series of white microtrichial spots along

discal and more or less along third posterior cell:

i. lower, inner portion of third posterior cell and anal lobe clear hyaline;

ii. this area with dark microtrichiae to margin, infuscation often strong,

and a double row of white spots, it and the discal together appear

reticulate;

iii. possible intergrades betweeniandii . : : acculta sp. n.

— 6: sternite 5 with posterior corners acute angular; lateral Vabdounal scales

without median ridge, a pseudo-pubescence absent; femora occasionally

black, mostly blackened, or front pair yellow, or all tending to be yellow;

no white microtrichial spots in discal and third posterior cells, or barely

a trace, occasionally a row in discal, but these cells not appearing reticu-

late, there being mostly the usual spot or spots at outer ends:

i. lower inner portion of third posterior cell and anal lobe clear hyaline;

ui. this area with dark microtrichiae to hind margin;

iii. possible intergrades betweeniandii . : : 3 abdita sp. n.

(Note: In the various combinations of wing-pattern and coloration of

femora, odd specimens may appear to be intergrades between acculta

and abdita, but they are distinct on the male terminalia.)

[Actinoptera vinsoni Munro (Wing, Fig. 22)]

“Munro, 1946, Mauritius Inst. Bull., 2: 247, Figs. 1, 2.

A species from Mauritius characterised by the elongate stigma. Larvae in

flower-heads of Helichrysum yuccaefolium.

[Actinoptera tuckeri (Bezzi) (Wing, Fig. 23)]

Euribia tuckevt Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 553, Plate XV, Fig. 107, and p. 560,

under Tvypanea; Bull. ent. Res., 15: 137, and p. 140, under Tvypanea.

Described on a male from Komatipoort, Transvaal, the species also occurs

in Madagascar.

A normal Actinoptera; frons wide, about 0-6 width of head; a coherent but

variable pattern covers the outer two-thirds of the wing to a line inside the

upper cross-vein so that a median transverse bar from stigma over upper cross-

vein is not separated; there is a broken band over basal cross-veins and a dark

spot in middle of outer costal cell. In the female the abdominal dust is greyish-

brown with moderate, submedian darker brown stripes which are not apparent

in the male.

Actinoptera fuscula sp. n.

This species may be distinguished by the extension of the dark apical pattern

basally across the discal cell to the end of the anal cell.

KenyA: Aberdare Range, x.1934, above Nakuru, 9300 ft., 6.i11.1935 (F. W.

Edwards). Holotype dg, allotype 9, 3 5, 3 2 paratypes on Helichrysum sp. “A’”’.

go4 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

UcanpA: Mt. Elgon, between Butandiga and, Bulambuli, 8000 ft., viii.1934

(J. Ford), 1 2 paratype.

Length, ¢ 2-2 mm., 2 3-6 mm.; wing, ¢ 2°75 mm., 3:0 mm.

Head angular, eye oblique; length, height, width, 4:5:5:10; brownish with

light dust, posteriorly black, yellow on postorbits and more widely below,

postoculars whitish, postorbitals 3-4 with some black setulae, beard pale,

sparse; frons flat, bare, light ferruginous, sides and across vertex and black

ocellar dot white dusted, length o-g width at vertex, 0-45 width of head at

vertex, at antennae 0-35, bristles brown, I upper, 2 lower orbitals (the latter

variable, in 4 specimens 3, the median one usually weaker; in I specimen,

3 on right and 2 small supernumeraries on left; in another specimen 2 on right

and 2 very small supernumeraries on left), ocellars moderate; lunule yellowish,

dusted, short; antennae light ferruginous or brownish, 0-8 face, third joint

broadly rounded, arista brown, very short pubescent; face short, epistome

projecting about 0-4 width of third antennal joint, parafacials moderate, genae

0-2 height of eye, bristle brown, falcella strong; proboscis hooked, labella 0-7,

haustellum o-g length of mouth-opening.

Thorax black; dorsum: dust moderate, broadly bluish anteriorly and on

sides, brown on middle of hind half and over scutellum; pubescence pale; less

dust and some pale pubescence on sides and below; bristles brown, dorso-

centrals at suture, r mesopleural, hind notopleural, pteropleural and sterno-

pleural whitish; halteres yellow; squamae yellowish with brown margins, upper

wide, lower narrow; scutellum length 0-5 width, 2 bristles; legs ferruginous,

coxae blackened, femora black except ends, tibiae slightly blackened in middle,

but variable; wing (Fig. 24), stigma short, the dark apical pattern extended

basally over discal cell to end of anal, the hyaline spots relatively small and

variable, sometimes different on each wing of a specimen; there may be addi-

tional small hyaline spots in the middle of the first posterior cell (in 2 type 5

on one wing, 4 on the other), in second posterior cell usually 5 well-separated

spots (in g type on right wing are 2 inner spots, the median pair united, the

apical absent, on left wing 5 spots, but inner one of middle pair very small) ;

in discal cell the hyaline spots are quite variable.

Abdomen black, somewhat moderate, brown dust, pubescence sparse, rather

fine, very pale yellow; oviscape elongate, 0-4 wing-length, a little longer than

pre-abdomen, polished black, black pubescence, mid-joint black, aculeus

ferruginous; venter black; male terminalia not dissected.

[Actinoptera discoidea (Fallén)]

Tephritis discoidea Fallén, 1814, Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 1814: 171.

Actinoptera discoidea (Fallén), Hendel in Lindner, 1927, Fl. Pal. Reg., 49, Trypetidae,

p. 162, Fig. 65, Plate 11, F.4. Séguy, 1932, Enc. Ent. Dipt., 6: 169. Munro, 1934,

Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 82: 102, Fig. ta.

Syns. aestiva Meig., 1826; gnaphalii Loew, 1844; aestiva Rond., 1871 (sec. Hendel, 1927).

TRYPETIDAE 905

A European species included for comparison. Wing (Fig. 25).

In comparison with the male terminalia in peregrina, the sternites of

discoidea (Fig. 36) are relatively wider, the cerci (Fig. 45 a) more attenuate,

and there is no apparent pseudo-pubescence on the lateral abdominal scales.

Fic. 26.—peregrina. Fic. 27.—mundella.

Actinopteva spp., wings.

[Actinoptera peregrina (Adams) |

Urellia peregrina Adams, 1905, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., 3: 170 (type in Kansas Univ.);

Bezzi, 1908, Boll. Soc. ent. Ital., 39: 142.

Trypanea peregrina (Adams) Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 9: 44; 1920, id. 10: 264;

1924, id. 15: 143; 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 562, Plate XV, Fig. 117; Munro,

1929, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 29: 31.

Actinoptera peregrina (Adams) Munro, 1934, Tr. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 82: 102, Fig. 1 b;

1935, Dept. Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. 9: 42.

Trypanea uvophora Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 9: 44.

A common species in southern Africa, but not represented in the British

Museum and other collections from East Africa; Bezzi records a female from

Nyasaland which he states “‘approaches the form mundella’’, but does not

go06 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

mention the length of the oviscape. Originally described from Salisbury,

Southern Rhodesia, I have two male “‘cotypes”’ kindly sent by the Kansas

University. Comparison and dissections show South African specimens to be

the same species. The specimens returned to me which Bezzi identified as

peregrina in 1924 (Ann. S. Afr. Mus.) are all males and on dissection of four this

proves correct. However, one male was placed among the “‘mundella’’ series

(q.v.) described at the same time. Curiously, one female taken at that time and

place (Prospect, November 1922) is mundella, but there were no peregrina

females.

A. peregrina is very like the European discoidea, but is best regarded as

distinct; they may usually be separated on the basal band of the wing-pattern

(Fig. 26). Further, in peregrina males the sternites (Fig. 37) are narrower, the

cerci (Fig. 45 6) stouter and there is a distinct appearance of pseudo-pubescence

on the lateral abdominal scales. If there is any doubt on the wing-pattern

whether males may be peregrina or mundella, in the latter the sternites, especi-

ally 3 and 4, are wider than long. The females are readily separated on the

lengths of the oviscape. Aedeagus (Fig. 44 a).

”

Distribution and host-plants

The species has actually been taken in a few more or less isolated localities,

but the general trend of its distribution seems to be from Southern Rhodesia,

through the central and eastern Transvaal, and Natal as far as the eastern part

of the Cape Province. No specimens have been seen from the south, south-

western and western Cape.

Larvae have been found in the flower-heads of Helichrysum setosum, H.

fulgidum and H. foetidum.

There is one male in the British Museum from Katberg, 4000 ft., xii.1932

(R. E. Turner).

[Actinoptera rosetta Munro]

Actinoptera vosetta Munro, 1934, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 82: 104; 1935, Dept. Agric.

S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. 9: 43; Hering, 1937, Konowia, 16: 250.

Asmall species, ¢ 1-8 mm., 9 2-2 mm., oviscape short, about 0-3 wing-length.

The wing-pattern (Figs. 28, 29 a, 5) is very variable and no grouping is possible;

it may be reduced and broken up, the rays and apical form isolated, or when

more complete, with additional hyaline spots. It may be at times much like

that of mundella, but in the latter the parafacials are wider. The stigma is

usually well developed but short, or may be markedly smaller, almost reduced ;

the kink in vein 2 and bar in marginal cell are very variable in position, at or

somewhat beyond the line of the upper cross-vein and usually at or before the

mid-point between veins 1 and 2; the black tip of the marginal varies in length

and the cell in width. A female from Durban has an abnormal wing; the third

TRYPETIDAE 907

vein ends some distance from the wing-margin, the upper part of the apical

fork is missing, the tip of the wing being filled with a rather large hyaline area.

It is not possible to say whether or not maculifrons Hering has anything to

do with rosetta.

Biology

The commoner host-plant is the widespread Helichrysum kraussii, but

specimens were also reared from Helichrysum teretifolium at Port Elizabeth,

November 1952, H. K. Munro. Adults are usually taken sweeping over the

host-plant and the larvae form small, inconspicuous, rosette galls on the ends

of twigs, a single larva to a gall. The species has been recorded from the eastern

Cape Province, through Natal and the Transvaal as well as Lourenco Marques.

[Actinoptera mundella (Bezzi)]

Trypanea peregrina (Adams) var. mundella Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afy. Mus., 19: 562,

Plate XV, Fig. 118.

Trypanea mundella Bezzi, 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 143.

Actinoptera mundella (Bezzi) Munro, 1934, Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 82: 104, Fig. 1c.

When Bezzi described mundella, very briefly, as a form of peregrina, he did

not indicate types, number of specimens nor sex. He returned eight “‘cotypes”’

to me, one, a female from Pretoria, with his label ‘‘ Trypanea mundella, type 3 9,

oe)

n. sp. (form) ’’—the “‘sp.’’ over “‘form’’. These eight specimens now prove to be:

Pp Pp ISLE SP 1

246,1@ Pretoria, 1.1.23 and 5.1.23 mundella.

IQ Prospect, 18.11.23 mundella

BESS Prospect, 18.11.23 peregrina

2k Q\ Prospect, 24-x.22 abdita.

Further, specimens recorded later (Munro, 1934) from Elhot, Stellenbosch

and the Cape Peninsula, also prove to be abdita sp. n. (q.v.).

For comparison, figures of the wing (Fig. 27) and of the sternites (Fig. 38)

are given.

Biology

Actinoptera mundella has only been recorded from South Africa. The larvae

live in the flowers of species of Helichrysum. The following, in the Pretoria

collection, may be recorded:

Nata: Durban, 11.1936 (W. E. Marriott), 1 3 from Helichrysum longifolium,

and 3 2 collected; Pietermaritzburg, 1.1949 (H. K. Munro), 13 3, 4 2 from

H. appendiculatum. TRANSVAAL: Elandshoek, 22.xi.1947 (A. L. Capener), 11 3,

Io 9 from A. coriaceum.

908 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

[Actinoptera maculifrons Hering]

Hering, 1937, Konowia, 16: 250, Abb. 6.

Described on a male from Okahandja, south-west Africa. I have seen no

specimens that could be this; the stigma is stated to be “‘twice as long as wide”’,

and the wing-pattern reduced to a few isolated spots.

[Actinoptera ampla sp. n.]

The difference in the appearance of the median band on the wing seems to

be specific; unfortunately no more specimens have become available.

Fic. 34.—acculta. Fic. 35.—abdita.

Actinoptera spp., wings.

TRYPETIDAE 909

Holotype 4, Stellenbosch, Cape, 13:x11.1947 (H. K. Munro) (S. Afr. Nat.

Coll. Insects, Pretoria); allotype 9, Swellendam, Cape, 7.xii.1931-18.i1.1932,

R. E. Turner (British Museum).

As far as may be judged, the female is the same species as the male.

Length, g 2:3 mm., 2 2-8 mm.; wing, 3 9 2-5 mm.

The female is crushed through having been packed in a small paper envelope.

Normal for the genus.

Head: brownish yellow, blackened behind, 2 lower orbitals; antennae light

brown; parafacials moderate, about 0-25 antennal width.

Thorax and abdomen black, dust slate-grey, pubescence pale, bristle brown;

legs light brownish, hind femora very slightly blackened; wing (Fig. 30)—see

guide; kink and bar in marginal cell beyond upper cross-vein and at inner third

between veins I and 2. The main distinction in the pattern is the bar from

stigma across first basal and distal cells; oviscape short, 0-15 wing-length; male

terminalia not dissected.

[Actinoptera kovacsi (Bezzi)]

Trypanea hovacsi Bezzi, 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 143. Munro, 1935, Ann. Mus. nat.

Hung., 29: 155, Fig. 23.

Actinopteva kovacsi (Bezzi) Munro, 1934, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 82: 102.

The types, 3 9, are in the Hungarian National Museum and were redescribed

by me in 1935, but no specimens quite like them have been seen since. The

types should be re-examined and more material collected in Abyssinia.

The new species, covtacta, described here, seems similar, but the median

band in kovdcsi is weak and it lacks the conspicuous spot on the fifth vein.

[Actinoptera contacta sp. n.]

Numerous specimens from southern Africa and one from Kenya have been

placed in this new species; it is at times difficult to distinguish from peregrina,

but is gall-forming and the oviscape is shorter than the pre-abdomen. On the

wing the more or less incomplete (or broken) median band usually ends in a

characteristic and rather large, more or less diamond-shaped spot on fifth vein

(absent in kovdcst).

The following material is in the Pretoria collection; the male paratype from

Albertinia in the British Museum, and the Kenya specimen in the Coryndon

Museum.

Cape PROvINCE: Port Elizabeth (Humewood), xi.1952 (H. K. Munro), in

tipgalls on Helichrysum teretifolium. Holotype 3, allotype 2, 1 2 paratype, with

galls. Paratypes: 1 9, East London, 29.1v.1928 (H. K. Munro); 1 3, Stellenbosch

(Jonkershoek), 20.11.1943 (H. K. Munro); 1 3, Sir Lowry’s Pass, 10.xii.1947

(H. K. Munro); 1 3, Albertinia, 15.viii.1930 (R. EF. Turner). NATAL: I Q,

Mposa, Zululand, x.1951 (H. K. Munro); 4 g, Umvoti (Benvie), vili.1946; 7 3,

gio RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

2 9, Bulwer, 15.vii.1952; Drakensberg, 5 g, I 9, Singali area, vii.1949; 5 3, I 9,

Cathedral Peak area, 18.viii.1952 and 4 3, I 9, vil.1946; 8 3, 4 9, Umlambonja

River, vii.1944; 1 9, Loteni River, vii.1941; 1 g Natal National Park, vii.1939,

from gall on Helichrysum simillimum, and 2 3, vii.1945 (W. E. Marriott).

BaASUTOLAND: Mamathes, I J, 3.11.1943, I 2, 30.x1.1947 (C. Jacot-Guillarmod) ;

2 3, 2 2, Molomoshoek, 111.1944, 2 3, Malealea, 11.1944; 2 3, Mahlatsa, x.1946

(H. K. Munro). TRANSVAAL: Pretoria, I 4, 5.1.1923 and 2 g, 14.xii.1951; Irene,

2.111.1952 (H. K. Munro). KENyA: Naivasha, 11.1937 (H. J. A. Turner).

Normal for genus. Length, g 2:4 mm., 2 3-0 mm.; wing, 3 2:25 mm.,

Q 2:5 mm,; oviscape 0-8 mm.

Head: light brownish rather whitish, black behind; frons brown, 2 lower

orbitals; antennae light brownish, third joint blackened; parafacials and genae

moderate.

Thorax black, slate-grey dust, pale pubescence; legs yellowish brown with

blackish tinge, hind femora moderately blackened; wing (Fig. 31), kink and

bar in marginal cell at inner third between veins I and 2, pattern strong to

line of lower cross-vein, the median bar fairly strong but variable, with the

characteristic spot on fifth vein; may be broken in discal so that large apical

spot is open, as a rule does not reach hind margin, but does occasionally.

Abdomen black, rather thin blackish dust ; oviscape moderately long, legging-

shaped, 0-8 mm., 0:33 wing and 0-8 pre-abdomen. The male terminalia do not

show any marked features except that the cerci (Fig. 45 c) appear more widened

at the end and form a more marked broad point upwards compared to peregrina;

sternites (Fig. 39).

Biology

Galls have been found on the tips of twigs of Helichrysum teretifoliuwm and

H. simillimum; they are rather large but not easily distinguished from a normal

growing tip containing an inflorescence. The galls are formed and full develop-

ment of the larva to emergence of the adult takes place before the inflorescences

appear. Adults are generally difficult to obtain by rearing as the development

period seems to be short and galls must be collected just at the right time; also

parasitism is usually very heavy; from the rearing made at Port Elizabeth,

only 4 flies emerged, 36 parasites.

[Actinoptera stricta sp. n.]

This and the following species form a distinct group characterised by the

extent of the dark microtrichiae over the basal part of the wing, together with

a subreticulate appearance, and that the kink on vein 2 and the bar in the

marginal cell are much farther out.

Care Province: Port Elizabeth, xi.1952. Holotype 3, allotype 2, 3 2

paratypes, from flowers of Helichrysum sordescens; paratypes: 6 3, 9 9,

TRYPETIDAE grt

Fic. 36.—discoidea.

Res oa) a

an 2 eee

coe

Fic. 40.—stricta. Fic. 41.—pallidula.

Fic. 39.—contacta.

Fic. 42.—accuita. Fic. 43.—abdiia.

Actinoptera spp., male sternites.

giz RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Port Elizabeth (Humewood), 15.vii.1947; 2 g, I 9, 18.xi.1953 (H.. K.

Munro).

Normal for genus. Length, ¢ 2:25 mm., 2 3:I mm.; wing, ¢ 2:3 mm.,

9 2-6 mm.

Head: black behind; frons dark brown, silvery down middle and on sides,

2 lower orbitals; antennae yellowish brown, nearly as long as face; face brown,

parafacials narrow.

Thorax black, moderate slate-grey dust, sparse pale pubescence; legs

yellowish brown, anterior and middle femora very slightly blackened, hind

rather strongly; halteres brown; wing (Fig. 32) normal apical pattern, in

middle of wing very slight infuscation and dark microtrichiae, the latter white

basally from line of stigma; in the inner part of marginal cell are 2 white

microtrichial spots, often difficult to observe but usually apparent obliquely ; for

preference a wing should be mounted and since the oviscape is long, comparison

should be made with the wing of peregrina. In better marked specimens with

a more pronounced infuscation, there is a darker spot on costa and on membrane

below, about half-way between the bar and end of stigma so that 2 more

distinct hyaline spots appear there; the kink on vein 2 and bar in marginal are

beyond the upper cross-vein, but about midway between veins I and 2.

Abdomen black, rather thin slate-grey dust and pale pubescence. Oviscape

elongate, 0-4 wing, shining black, rather long, brown pubescence. 3: sternites

(Fig. 40); 5 with shallower indent, 3 wider than 4; aedeagus: an apical tube

projecting well beyond capsular portion and pre-aedeagal spines moderate,

stronger than usual, lateral abdominal scales in rather separated rows (or the

membrane has been more stretched than usual), no appearance of pseudo-

pubescence, but pale pubescence readily seen.

PALLIDULA’ COMPLEX

Series of specimens from East and from South Africa proved troublesome

to evaluate specifically, and some had, indeed, been earlier confused with other

species such as mundella. At first sight there could be sorted out larger speci-

mens, from East Africa only, and smaller. The latter on the whole seemed to

show some segregation of characters at each extreme of the range, but over-

lapping to some extent. Thus in the Cape specimens the femora were rather

yellow, tending to black, while in Kenya specimens they were black, sometimes

yellow. A fairly marked division could be made on the appearance of the discal

and third posterior cells; this area in East African specimens appearing reticu-

late due to white microtrichial spots absent in South African specimens, or only

occasionally in the discal. A study of the male terminalia showed more marked

differences; the rounded posterior corners of the fifth sternite in East African

and the angular corners in South African specimens appears reasonably constant.

TRY PETIDAE 913

It was finally decided to consider that three species were represented as shown

in the species guide. This may not be entirely satisfactory, but the present case

seems to be one in which although a good number of specimens have been avail-

able, yet more are needed over a wider range. The discovery of a specimen at

Elliot in the Transkei quite like those from East Africa is, at present, remarkable.

Whether schnabeli Speiser belongs here—or is one of these species—cannot

be decided as the type is stated to have been destroyed.

Actinoptera pallidula sp. n.

Kenya: Aberdare Range, Mt. Kinangop, 8000 ft., x.1934. Holotype 4,

allotype 9, 2 g, 3 2 paratypes on Helichrysum sp.; paratypes: 5 gd, 4 9, Mt.

Kinangop, Cedar Forest, gooo ft.; 2 2 above Nakuru, 9300 ft., 6.il1.1935, on

Helichrysum sp.; 1 2, Nyeri Track, 10,500 ft.; Mt. Elgon, 11.1935, 10,500-

12,500 ft., r 9. UGANDA: Kigezi district, xi.1934, I g, Mt. Sabinio, 8000 ft.

(all coll. F. W. Edwards).

Normal for genus. Length, 3 2:2 mm., 2 3-4 mm.; wing, ¢ 2°75 mm.,

2 3:1 mm.

Head: black behind to eye-margin with light grey dust, postorbital bristles

whitish with some black setulae; frons russet, blackened behind, silvery dust

across vertex and black ocellar dot, moderately on sides and over lunule, bristles

brown, 2 lower orbitals, ocellars moderate; antennae 0-7 face, ferruginous, more

or less blackened, arista brown, very short pubescent; face short, epistome

slightly prominent, parafacials moderate, genae wide, 0-2 height of eye, falcella

strong, genal bristle pale brown; labella 0-7 length of mouth-opening.

Thorax: black, dust very light brownish, bluish anteriorly or more exten-

sively blue ; pubescence pale, sparse, rather fine ; squamae brownish with blackish

margins, upper wide, lower narrow; halteres yellow or slightly blackened; legs

ferruginous, femora black, ends more or less ferruginous, tibiae very slightly

blackened in middle, front pair least so; wing (Fig. 33), outer third with usual

blackish, variable pattern, apical rays widened at ends, or thinner, in second

posterior cell cross-bars tend to develop between rays dividing the 2 inner

indents into 4 spots; basal two-thirds or rather more of wing with a very faint

reticulate pattern as it is faintly infuscated (sometimes more strongly) and the

microtrichiae are black to extreme base; there are rather numerous hyaline

spots on which the microtrichiae are white or colourless, a conspicuous spot

being one on the costa in the marginal cell at the end of the stigma; the pattern

becomes more apparent when viewed obliquely.

Abdomen black, slight to moderate, even, brown dust, pubescence, sparse

pale; oviscape about as long as pre-abdomen, 0-3 wing-length, but may vary

from 0:25 to o-4. Venter black. ¢ terminalia: aedeagus (Fig. 44 6), sternites

(Fig. 41).

OI4 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Actinoptera acculta sp. n.

BritisH Museum: Kenya: Mt. Elgon, 10,500-11,500 ft., 11.1935. Holotype

4, allotype 9, paratypes I g, 8 9, on flowers of Helichrysum englert; paratypes:

I 3, 2 9, Heath Zone; 1 9, Mudangi, 11,000 ft., “from Senecio’. Aberdare

Range, above Nakuru, 9300 ft., 6.111.1935, x.1934, I g and 1 abdomen lost, on

Helichrysum sp. “A’”’. UGANDA: Kigezi district, Mt. Muhavura, 8000 ft.,

20.Xi1.1934, 3 6, 12; Mt. Mgahinga, 10,000-12,000 ft., 1 2; Ruwenzori, Mt. Sabinio,

8000 ft., 2 9; Mt. Karangora, ggoo ft., 1 g, 1 9 (PF. W. Edwards). NYASALAND:

I g (damaged), Limbe, 29.xii.1g16 (R. C. Wood) (not as paratype).

CoRYNDON MusEuM: KENyA: paratypes: 8 3, 6 9, Londiani, xi.1937

(V. G. L. van Someren), from Composite No. 441; 4 3g, 4 9, Nairobi, vii.1937

(V. G. L. van Someren), from Composite No. 187; 2 3, 3 9, Ngong, vii.1937,

from Composite No. 155 (V. G. L. van Someren).

SouTH AFRICAN NATIONAL COLLECTION, PRETORIA: SOUTH AFRICA: para-

types: 1 g, Elliot, Transkei, 11.v.1924 (H. K. Munro) (recorded by Munro, 1934,

Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 82:104, as mundella), 1 2, Bulwer, Natal, 15.vil.1952,

netted over Helichrysum, 1 2, Durban, Natal (Benmore), x.1935 (W. E. Marriott).

Length, § 2:0 mm., 2 2:25 mm.; wing, ¢ 9 2-1 mm. Similar to pallidula.

Head: frons brown in 3, yellowish in 9, but variable.

Thorax: dust brown with bluish tinge, generally more brown, sometimes

more or almost all blue; legs: femora black, occasionally yellowish or brown;

wing (Fig. 34): in the types a row of white microtrichial spots along upper part

of third posterior cell.

Abdomen: dust brown, black at base; oviscape 0-6 mm., 0-27 wing-length;

male: aedeagus (Fig. 44 c), sternites (Fig. 42), 5 with posterior corners broadly

rounded, the lateral abdominal scales (Fig. 46 a) with a pseudo-pubescent

appearance.

The appearance of the wing in the third posterior cell and anal region is

usually not easy to observe on the specimen but is more apparent on a mounted

wing. To some extent, too, the appearance depends on the condition of the

specimen; this area generally appears more reticulate than in abdita.

As indicated in the species guide, two groups may be recognised:

(i) The anal lobe and outer part of third posterior cell are clear hyaline,

with white microtrichiae. The specimens showing this are from Mt. Elgon and

Londiani.

(ii) A slight infuscation and dark microtrichiae extend to wing-margin ;

white microtrichial spots may be weakly developed, more usually a row along

upper part of third posterior cell, with a greater or less, sometimes well marked,

outer row. The specimens are those from the Aberdares and Nairobi in Kenya,

from Uganda and Nyasaland, together with the South African specimens from

Elliot, Bulwer and Durban.

TRYPETIDAE 915

(iii) On the whole, the two groups may be fairly easily separated, but some of

(i) show a tendency to an extension of the dark area over the hyaline, while in

some of (ii) it is difficult to decide how far the outer part of the third posterior

cell and anal lobe may be hyaline.

It will be seen that the following species, abdita, shows a similar variation.

The absence of white microtrichial spots in abdita in the discal and third

posterior cells is not always decisive; however, the difference in the shape of

the fifth sternite and the appearance of the lateral abdominal scales seems to

be conclusive. It may be noted that the terminalia of the male from Elliot are

quite like those of males from Kenya, but the femora are yellow.

The Elliot specimen presents a curious problem in distribution since 1t seems

isolated and typical abdita were taken to the north and south. Elliot is a village

in the Transkei; Molomoshoek, where the Basutoland abdita was taken, is about

100 miles northwards from Elliot, but on the other side of the Drakensberg;

Prospect, where other abdita specimens were taken, is near Komgha and about

go miles south of Elliot, but there are no high mountain ranges between.

[Actinoptera abdita sp. n.]

~The following material is in the South African National Collection of Insects,

Pretoria:

SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Peninsula: Muizenberg, 11.xi.1931. Holotype 3, 2 3

paratypes, allotype 2, 2 ¢ paratypes; Clovelly, 21.x.1931, Fishhoek, 2.x.1931,

2 3, 1 2 paratypes. South-western Cape: paratypes: I g, 1 9, Phillippi (Cape

Flats), 10.iv.1949; I 6, 1 9, Gordon’s Bay, 21.iii.1943; I 3, I 9, Groot Draken-

stein, 18.111.1943; 2 g, Stellenbosch (Jonkershoek), 13.xii.1947, and I 9, Io.v.

1928. Eastern Cape: 3 3, Grahamstown (Manley Flats), 8.vii.1947; 1 g, Salem

(near Grahamstown), 8.vii.1947; Prospect (near Komgha), I 9, 14.x.1922, 2 4,

24.X.1922 (all the foregoing H. K. Munro); 2 dg, 7 2, Port Elizabeth, ix.1949

(C. G. C. Dickson) ; Basutoland, 1 3, Molomoshoek, iii.1914 (H. K. Munro).

Synonymy: Under mundella were placed the three specimens from Prospect

(Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 562), and, later, the specimens from Cape

Peninsula and Stellenbosch (Munro, 1934, Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 82: 104).

Length, 3 2:0 mm., 2 2-5 mm.; wing, § 2 2:1 mm. Similar to pallidula.

Head brown, black behind, very slightly yellowish behind eyes and

more yellow behind genae; frons yellowish-brown, 2 lower orbitals, 0-6

width of head; antennae brown, third joint blackish, arista black, micro-

pubescent.

Thorax dust blue-grey, slight brownish tinge, but generally more blackish

in appearance; legs yellowish brown in types and most Cape Peninsula speci-

mens, also from Gordon’s Bay, but with a tendency to blackening of hind femora

on proximal two-thirds, blacker in specimens from Stellenbosch, etc. Those

916

RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Fic. 44.—Actinoptera spp., aedeagi.

(a) peregrina, (b) pallidula, (c) acculta.

Fic. 45.—Actinoptera spp., tergum 9, left half, rear aspect.

(a) discoidea, (b) peregrina, (c) contacta.

ees og

Fic. 46.—Actinoptera spp., scales of lateral abdominal membrane.

(a) acculta, (b) abdita.

TRYPETIDAE QI7

from Eastern Cape have hind femora usually blacker and others moderately

blackened, but some from Port Elizabeth hardly blacker than blackest from

Cape Peninsula.

Abdomen dust brownish; ovipositor 0-3 wing-length; male: aedeagus like

that of acculta, sternites (ig. 43), posterior corners of 5 acute-angular,

lateral abdominal scales (Fig. 46 6) without ridge and showing no pseudo-

pubescence.

Wing (Fig. 35): kink and bar in marginal cell midway between veins 1 and

2, but variable and may be somewhat farther out; in male type, in third

posterior cell a white spot at outer end and in discal, 2 at end and 1 large

somewhat below upper cross-vein, the general infuscation weak; there may be

a single spot at end of discal and occasionally one or two inwards forming a row;

in some specimens the infuscation in middle of wing is strong, almost like the

apical pattern; in the third posterior and anal lobe is a very faint infuscation,

sometimes apparently only broadly along sixth vein, but the microtrichiae are

dark to wing-margin, usually difficult to observe unless a wing is mounted and

examined under fairly high power. The above is seen in specimens from the

Cape Peninsula, Gordon’s Bay and Groot Drakenstein. On the other hand, the

Port Elizabeth series, with those from Stellenbosch,! Prospect, Grahamstown,

Salem and Molomoshoek have the anal lobe and inner border of third posterior

cell hyaline with white microtrichiae as in figure, the infuscation is weak

and the spots at ends of discal and third posterior weak or almost absent;

mostly there is an indication of two at the end of discal, sometimes a third

inner spot.

Biology

The larvae live in the flowers of species of Helichrysum. The specimens

from Port Elizabeth were reared from flowers of Helichrysum subglomeratum

C. G. C. Dickson, and one from Stellenbosch from Helichrysum crispum

H. K. Munro.

[Actinoptera schnabeli (Speiser)]

Trypanea peregyina (Adams) var. schnabeli Speiser, 1924, Beitr. Tierkd. Denkschr.

Braun, p. 153.

Actinopterva schnabeli (Speiser) Hering, 1947, Sivuna Seva, 6: 10, Abb. 7.

Hering published the original sketch of the wing made by Speiser. The

minor differences noted by him in the wing-pattern are merely variations, but

the position of the kink on vein 2 and the bar in the marginal cell would indicate

that Speiser’s specimen belongs to the pallidula series as indicated here. How-

ever, as Hering states that the type has been destroyed, it is now impossible to

discover if it had any basal wing-pattern, or anything else about it.

1 Stellenbosch and Groot Drakenstein are not more than 12 miles apart, one on either

side of the mountain range.

g18 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

TEPHRITINAE

It is probable that much more will have to be done before a satisfactory

understanding of this complex group can be attained, especially in regard to

genera of world-wide distribution. The subfamily is by no means homogeneous,

and, together with the wide distribution of genera, there may be more world-

wide species than is at present realised.

It is not advisable to make dogmatic statements about the limits of the

Tephritinae, nor what genera should be included. In an earlier paper (Munro,

1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afr., 1: 2-6) consideration was given to the possible

distinctions between the Trypetinae and Tephritinae. Only one character

seemed to be of definite value, namely, the presence or absence of scapular

bristles; apart from this, the general balance of characters must be relied on

to locate genera. It is better to concentrate on the more detailed study of

species and genera with a view to grouping them in tribes. Further, apart from

the more usual, horizontal relationship grouping, a vertical grouping may

indicate a truer genetic relationship as has been suggested for the Eutreta-

Oedaspis series (Munro, 1952, Mém. Inst. scient. Madagascar, Sér. E., 1: 217).

Hendel’s 1927 division into two main groups on the length of the proboscis

is not satisfactory. He admitted it was not always possible to judge the length

of the labella which may become shrivelled or drawn up into the mouth cavity.

It is evident in many cases, too, that when the labella are of moderate length,

the appearance on a specimen depends on how they happened to be when the

insect died or as it dried; in one specimen of a species the proboscis may appear

short and stumpy, in another distinctly “hooked”’.

To some extent a more satisfactory character seems to be in the presence or

absence and the relative sizes on the wing-pattern of hyaline spots, one or two

below the tip of vein 2, one above tip of vein 3.

Paroxyna pattern. Chiefly reticulate; there may be two moderate or rather

small spots below vein 2, or the two more or less united, or one large and none

or a very small, occasional spot above 3. Those below 2 form a pre-apical row

or a hyaline band with the two pre-apicals in first posterior cell, and the one in

second posterior below vein 4.

Trupanea pattern. Chiefly a dark apical area with rays; none or a small spot

below vein 2, a large one above 3, the latter, with the large apical and two

pre-apicals, in first posterior, and large in second posterior below vein 4, give

rise to the apical fork.

Wing-pattern is, however, very variable and subject to reduction when the

hyaline spots are more or less lost in the more extensive hyaline areas; on the

other hand, there are species that belong, for instance, to the Paroxyna group

in which the pattern does not conform to the usual appearance. In any case,

there need be no great difficulty in placing a species as there is usually a sufficient

TRYPETIDAE 919

balance of other characters on which to rely. The separation of genera such as

Sphenella must depend on other characters. Actinoptera and Campiglossa may

be more nearly allied to Spathulina. The typical Tephritine groups are the two

already noted, Pavoxyna s.l. and Trupanea s.l1. and including Tephritis. Others

are included here to some extent provisionally and more detailed study than

can be undertaken at present is needed.

An attempt has been made to assess the value of various characters such as

the number of bristles, even their colour, and wing-pattern among others and

it does seem that these, in various combinations, do lead to homogeneous

groupings which are to some degree supported by characters of the male

terminalia. The latter have been studied as far as material has been available;

female structures must await future study. Some curious facts have been

discovered; in some instances there are series of species all so much alike and

subject to the same variation that they can only be identified on the male

genitalia, while in others these structures are of less value. Mention may be

made of the remarkable “prongs”’ on the sixth sternite of the fenestrata group

of Paroxyna.

PAROXYNA SERIES

PAROXYNA Hendel sens.lat.1

Trypeta Loew, 1952, et auctt.

Euribia, Ensina Bezzi, 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 135-137.

Paroxyna Hendel, 1927, in Lindner, Fl. Pal. Reg., 49, Trypetidae, p. 140.

Paroxyna, Shiraki Hering, et al.

Genera and species:

Antoxya oxynordes.

Dioxyna sororcula, picciola, chilensts.

Lethyna gladiatrix, liliputiana, permodica, blaesa, nexilis, aequabilis, evanida.

1It is necessary to add a note about the generic name Stylia Robineau-Desvoidy (1830,

Myodaires, p. 754) placed by Hendel (1927, in Lindner, Fl. Pal. Reg., 49, Tvypetidae, p. 50)

as a synonym of Myopites Brébisson, but without designating a generic type beyond a

tacit admission that one of the three species, mentharum, included by Robineau-Desvoidy

was probably the same as longivostris Loew, and so a Myopites. Of the other two species,

maculata seems to be quite unrecognisable while bidentis is a Pavoxyna (Collin, 1950, Ent.

Rec., 62: 70). If therefore bidentis should become the type of Stylia, then Paroxyna would

become a synonym of Stylia. It would, however, be regrettable to discard a well-established

name, so, to maintain the position as it now is, Stylia menthavum R.D., is hereby desig-

nated the generic type of Stylia R.D., which thus remains a synonym of Myopites. In doing

this I am following the opinions of Mr. J. E. Collin and Mr. H. Oldroyd. At the same time

it may be admitted that in the opinion of Dr. M. Hering S. bidentis is preferable as type

since it is a better known species. Nevertheless to avoid needless and irritating changes

in nomenclature it seems to me far preferable to fix mentharum as the type species thereby

preserving the well known generic name Paroxyna.

920 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Paroxyna (fenestrata group): fenestrata, spinata, shiraensis, argentata, dis-

perita.

(péringueyt group): péringueyt, siphonina, granulata, salina, saltoria,

sigillata, edwardsi, brunalata.

(anomalina group): anomalina, munrot, umbritica, anchorata, nacta,

petulans.

(agnobilis group): guttata, ignobilis, eflorata, kanabaina, astuta, compta,

mutrata.

Desmella anceps, clarinetta, conyzae, myiopitoides.

Scedella glebosa, pilosa, caffra, sandoana, cyana, boxiana, praetexta, dissoluta,

spatulata, spiloptera, incurva, caesia, flecta, khawandana, longiseta.

Mesoclanis dubia, ovalis, magnipalpis, polana, cribripennis, bruneata, optanda,

hyalineata.

Included here are various African species mostly placed in Ensina by Bezzi,

1924, some in Euribia and other genera. The central series of species (Paroxyna

ignobilis, etc.) agrees with Hendel’s diagnosis, 1927, while surrounding species

grade away on either side, so that on reaching the extreme forms, Antoxya on

the one side, Mesoclanis on the other, it may be felt that the limits of Paroxyna

in the widest sense have been reached. Certain species such as “‘Camaromyia”’

helva (Loew) (Trypeta), ““Ensina”’ reticulata Munro, and others that have been

associated with Paroxyna (or under Euribia or Ensina), and having a more or

less reticulate wing-pattern cannot be included in the group, nor can “‘Ensina”’

hyalipenms Bezzi, with a hyaline wing. They seem to form a group more nearly

allied to Sphenella.

During this study, it has at times been felt that African species placed here

in Paroxyna s.s. may not be truly congeneric with palaearctic species, or not

in their entirety. Conversely, there is a need for a thorough study of the

palaearctic species. What is desirable is a revision of the group for the whole

world, checking all types. This might include some 200-300 species, but to

get the material together and study it in detail would be a formidable task;

even in the present study more specimens in many cases would have been an

advantage. It would also soon be evident that a close study of related genera

would be needed.

As far as African species are concerned, a reasonably sound, broad classifica-

tion may be based on combinations of the number of frontal and scutellar bristles

associated with a fairly well-defined wing-pattern grouping; on the whole, some

degree of character amphimixis 1s apparent.

The species may be rather small to moderate-sized, 2-6 mm., grey, usually

with submedian tergal spots on the abdomen, elongate labella and reticulate

wing-pattern.

TRYPETIDAE g2i

The group as a whole provides an interesting study of aspects of character

variation, especially the parallel recurrence and variation of similar characters

in various species. With this variation and at times great similarity in the

balance of external characters, it is at times difficult to fix closely allied species

except on the male terminalia. Parallel characters may be present and vary

regularly to more or less the same extent in several species; they appear more

fixed in some, more variable in others. Spasmodic variations, even in the shape

of the head, may occur within a species.

The general condition of specimens must always be taken into account;

many details of colour and pattern are lost if specimens are greasy or otherwise

discoloured. Reared specimens are often troublesome or impossible to identify

when more or less teneral through having been killed too soon after emergence.

Coloration, especially of the wing-pattern, may take three or four days to attain

full intensity, but a pattern may be normally pale. Further, even the terminalia

may be unreliable and even unsafe if the specimens are teneral.

Therefore, keeping these points in mind, variation in certain characters,

such as wing-pattern, the dorsal thoracic stripes, the colour of the femora and

tergal spots on the abdomen, even if extreme, cannot in practice be accepted

as indications of specific differences. A general consideration of the main

features follows.

Head usually angular, the fronto-facial angle prominent and epistome

projecting; it may be short or long, the parafacials correspondingly narrow or

wide, but the latter may be wide in a relatively short head. When the head is

short, the eye is more vertical in its long diameter, more oblique when the head

is longer. The shape of the head is perhaps less variable, but may vary in

length and the eye become less or more oblique either in relation to the head

or somewhat independently. The apparent shape may vary from various

causes. One may be mainly an optical illusion; mostly the head in a pinned

specimen is in its normal position, but occasionally may be tilted backwards

so that the vertex rests somewhat on the anterior edge of the dorsum of the

thorax. Then, partly due to this juxtaposition with the thorax, a short head

may appear elongate. At times, within a species in which the head is normally

short, it may become lengthened (or more flattened), possibly through abnormal

pressure during the pupal stage. Artificial deformation after emergence may

also occur; this arises chiefly from a more or less teneral condition of a specimen.

If an insect is killed too soon after emergence parts of the body tend to collapse

and shrivel, this being especially noticeable in the head. If there is a longitudinal

collapse, the frons becomes narrowed and the face pushed out, thus lengthening

the head; at the same time, the parafacials, if normally wide, may appear

narrow.

The frons is flat and bare, there may be a trace of pubescence in Antoxya

oxynoides, and usually slight in Scedella (caffra series) ; a median, silvery stripe

g22 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

is commonly present, very strong in some, weak in others and often only

apparent when the frons is viewed obliquely, or is absent; in a greasy specimen

it disappears. When absent, as in zgnobilis, occasional individuals may show

a slight stripe. There are always 2 upper orbitals, the hind one pale, and 2

lower—oxynoides has 1; postoculars long and white, postorbitals usually 4-6

with some short, black setulae.

Antennae normal, usually a little shorter than face; arista short to micro-

pubescent, rather longer in oxynovdes.

Epistome slightly to moderately or strongly projecting.

Proboscis: labella elongate and always distinctly so even when fully turgid;

they may at times be shrivelled and in poorly preserved specimens less obviously

so. They are not less than half length of mouth-opening (in caffra series 0-5-0-7

this length); in general about as long as mouth-opening and either barely or

only shghtly project beyond the epistome when drawn up; in szphonina and

granulata, and particularly in the anceps-mytopitoides series as well as in Meso-

clanis they may be 1-25 that length and project well in front and even somewhat

behind. The palpi usually vary in length with the proboscis.

Thorax: dorsum variable in appearance; often grey-dusted; when brown-

dusted, sides and anterior edge remain grey. Stripes may be absent, or 3 weak

to strong brownish to bronzy stripes may appear separated anteriorly and

broadly confluent before scutellum; these stripes may become broader and

finally merge to form a single, broad median stripe. The presence and variation

of the stripes vary from species to species, as well as within a species. In

péringueyt, for instance, there is a complete range from no stripes to 3 and

finally a single broad stripe; in zgnobilis the range seems to be geographical; no

South African specimens have been seen with a single broad stripe, from Eritrea

only with such a stripe, while East African specimens show a wider range.

Legs yellow or brownish, or femora blackened or black; in stphonina legs

yellow in female, hind femora black in male, or slightly blackened in both sexes;

in sororcula there is a normal variation from yellow to black femora, while in

ignobilis femora are more usually black, but tend to become yellow.

Bristles: dorso-centrals more usually at or nearer suture, in Scedella 0-3-0°5

distance to anterior supra-alars from suture; pteropleural white; scutellars 2 or

4, apicals may be more or less than half basals, the difference usually sufficiently

distinct for the separation of species groups. Occasionally apicals very short

and may disappear in some specimens of a species. It is always necessary to

make sure that small apicals have not been broken off, care being needed as the

alveoli are difficult to see.

Abdomen grey-dusted, sometimes lightly so, typically with brown-dusted,

dark, submedian tergal spots. These may be well defined, or larger, or so

increase in size that the abdomen may be brown-dusted with only a narrow,

median grey stripe and grey on sides.

TRYPETIDAE 923

Wing-pattern typically reticulate, but very variable in detail. An apical

form is not formed, but the arrangement of the hyaline spots at the tip of the

wing may sometimes give an impression of a fork. A hyaline spot is almost

invariably present below the tip of vein 2 and 1 below, but one is not usual above

tip of vein 3. The two below vein 2 may be separated, or more or less united into

a double (figure-of-eight) spot, or a pear-shaped or oval spot, and this may be

an indication of specific or subspecific difference. They may form a row with the

two before end of first posterior cell and the one at the end of second posterior,

and this row may be more or less united or coalesce to form a complete pre-

apical hyaline band; a hyaline spot at wing-tip is more usually small or absent;

in Scedella it is well developed and the pre-apical row less so. That in stigma

may be normally present or absent in almost any series of some species. The

position of any spot may vary, as for instance a small spot in submarginal cell

which may be above or somewhat before or beyond upper cross-vein. On the

other hand, some spots at the base of first posterior cell seem more fixed. In

the myiopitordes series there is as a rule a hyaline spot, or, when the pattern is

banded, a hyaline space, the centre of which is over the lower cross-vein. In

ignobilis a large spot is always to the inner side of lower cross-vein, and in some

species, 2 or 3 small hyaline spots in this position are of use in helping to

identify a species. Thus, since differences in the position and appearance of

hyaline spots may be merely normal, or individual, and not at all geographical

variations, care is needed in their use in separating species. An examination of

male terminalia may be needed for final identification as between zgnobilis and

eflorata. Normally reticulation does not extend to extreme base of wing. The

pattern may vary considerably in appearance: the strands of the network may

be narrow or wide, pale or dark, or there may be darker spots or areas which

give the wing a speckled appearance, especially to the unaided eye; this is

noticeable in the ignobilis series, and seems to be common among European

species; the hyaline spots may be more of an even size or not. Reduction in

the pattern is common. Finally, a pattern may be more fixed in one, more

variable in another species. Abnormal variation in the intensity of the pattern

is often due to the specimens being killed too soon after emergence; the pattern

is paler than it should be and may be confused with a normally pale pattern, or

areas that should be dark are not apparent; there may also be adventitious

hyaline marks.

The appearance of the pattern varies according to the illumination and

angle from which the wing is viewed. Differences in intensity of a pattern are

often more noticeable to the eye, and tend to become less marked with increasing

magnification. Moderate magnification is best with direct light against a white

background; when seen by transmitted light a very different impression of the

intensity of the coloration may be gained, paler infuscation sometimes disappear-

ing. Pale patterns in particular become conspicuous when the wing is looked at

924 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

obliquely and the hyaline spots appear white owing to the reflection of light

from the colourless microtrichiae. It is further important that, if possible, a

wing should be mounted on a slide for detailed study and drawing. On the

specimen the wing membrane may be more or less plicate and thus give an

incorrect measurement for the width and a wrong impression as to how far

veins may be parallel or otherwise.

ANALYSIS OF WING-PATTERN

AND GUIDE TO SPECIES OF PAROXYNA SERIES

ANALYSIS OF WING-PATTERN

This is a study of the types of wing-pattern presented by the Parovyna group.

It is not intended for the final identification of species, but as a help in under-

standing the value of the wing-pattern in classification. Cross-references are

given to the species guide : : : é : é ; : . I

SPECIES GUIDE

The word “‘guide’’ is used here since the more usual term “‘key’’ seems to

give identification a finality that may all too often be fictitious . ; ¢ 18

ANALYSIS OF WING-PATTERN

A. Pattern reticulate, well-defined, diffuse or reduced A 2 : : : I

B. Pattern banded, reticulate-banded or simple a ; , ‘ ; A 13

C. Pattern unlike A or B : : : : : . : ; : 5 ay

D. Pattern dimidiate : : Z . : ‘ 4 E Mesoclanis, pp. 52

1. Pattern reticulate, well defined, with sharp margins and hyaline parts clear,

varying from pale to dark, also in size and confluence of hyaline spots

and in width of intervening strands of network, may be reduced or

modified. If any suggestion of banding, or if a hyaline spot at base of

first posterior cell directly above lower cross-vein, or is proboscis much

longer than mouth, cf. 13 c 2

— Pattern subreticulate, diffused or with undefued hyaline or paler spots; Gen or

many; usually a slight over-all infuscation, but base may be merely

deeper yellow . : ; ¢ 5 5 12

— Pattern much reduced, barely reticulate, or éevanestent:

(a) Two scutellars . 4 : : : Lethyna evanida (Bezzi) 21

(b) ? Four scutellars , : z Scedella longiseta (Hering) 59

2. Reticulation uniform in colour (dark 0 or pale) and in width of strands, hyaline

spots more or less uniform in size and more evenly spaced; when pale,

stigma and spots along costa usually darker ¢ 3

— Pattern appears speckled to the eye, but tends to be less markedly so Senee

magnified. Certain and on the whole darker spots occur at and below

stigma, over upper cross-vein, at end of discal cell and over lower cross-

vein, at end of marginal and just below, and at wing-tip; on these are no

or only odd subhyaline spots and between a wider reticulation of larger

hyaline spots which are more or less confluent, may become more so and

leave the dark spots as remnants of the pattern. (If no darker area over

upper cross-vein, and if there tends to be a bar from end of marginal cell

towards and over lower cross-vein, see heluvus, 71.) : 5

3. Apical scutellars long, more than half length of mouth- Dstt an almost

complete reticulation, sometimes reduced, that may show some indication

of median and apical bands : : F : : . Scedella, pp. 52

— Apical scutellars short, less than half basals i . 3 ‘ : : 3a

TRYPETIDAE 925

3a. Complete reticulation 4 5 5 3 ; i: : : siphonina

pévingueyt

(If head very long, see Deroparia, p. 1014.)

— Reduced reticulation, or moderately complete, varying from pale to dark .

4. A reduced, sometimes moderately complete, pale or rather dark pattern; spot

at base of first posterior cell before lower cross-vein; proboscis shorter

. gvanulata

— Pattern rather more broken up and reduced; usually a hyaline spot directly

above lower cross-vein at base of first posterior cell; proboscis very long

and projecting : . ; ; : ¢ . mytopitoides series

5. Four scutellars

Two scutellars . : ¢

6. Darker spots less re onounced: patterns generally alee i@note so if specimen is

teneral), but reticulation more complete; frontal stripe absent, or very

weak 4 : : é : 4 é z ignobilis

j eflovata

kanabaina

Spots conspicuous and pattern generally darker, intervening reticulation more

broken and tending to disappear; frontal stripe usually present :

7 (78). An anchor pattern developed, the reticulation broken up but still fairly

obvious and rather more small hyaline spots on the dark areas, 2 hyaline

spots in middle of submarginal cell

— Not so; a V-pattern or irregular : : :

8. One lower orbital F i : : ; ; : : . oxynotdes

— Two lower orbitals. i : ; umbritica

9. A V-pattern, intermediate sctetorabtayn Atrioct absent anaes at stigma, lower

cross-vein and end of marginal cell united to form a thick V, or they may

be more or less isolated; a single hyaline spot in middle of submarginal cell

anomalina

mMunyor

compta

— Anirregular, broad infuscation; along costa and at apex of wing an indication of

more normal reticulation, with a wide stripe from middle of first posterior

cell across discal towards end of anal : ; : : saltovia

sigillata

1o. Pattern a rather dark, but broken reticulation . : : : gladiatrix

— Pattern very pale except along costa : : é . : ;

11. Head elongate é é é : Z : : 4 . Dioxyna spp.

— Head short ; : j : ; liliputiana

12. Pattern more obscurely infugeated: barely reticulate : 3 edwards

— A more marked but still diffuse reticulation, the hyaline or subhyaline spots not

clearly defined,

(a) A uniform, dark infuscation to extreme base : : brunalata

(b) Generally paler and base more yellow . : : : argentata

blaesa

— Hyaline spots tending to be more defined, the pattern Seah to clear hyaline,

evenly reticulate. 6 : : : : : fenestvata

shivaensts

aequabilis

13. Reticulate-banded; pattern reticulate with more or less well-marked pre enee

band of hyaline spots :

— Pattern with simple bands or bars, pale or dark narrow or wide, more or less

reduced and very variable, tending to reticulate, but as a rule a hyaline

spot above lower cross-vein; labella elongate, projecting well beyond

epistome when drawn up . : : 0 : ; : Desmella

15.

16.

17.

18.

RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

A median, transverse, reticulate band from stigma over both cross-veins . :

A usually conspicuous, but sometimes less marked, bar from end of marginal cell

over lower cross-vein, no dark area over upper cross-vein and an isolated

dark area at stigma; the bar may be separated from or united to darker

apical band (not a Pavoxyna, but included for reference) Ptosanthus helvus

A wide basal infuscation from extreme base along costa united to wide median

band separated from apical band by broadly hyaline dotted band; bands

may have relatively few hyaline or subhyaline spots, or may be exten-

sively broken up by lace-work of hyaline spots; apical spot absent or

small; parafacials wide, head more, or appearing more, elongate; labella

longer than mouth-opening; tergum 9 of male with large flange

Mesoclanis pp.

Extreme base of wing hyaline with few dark spots; a well-marked median and

apical band with more or fewer hyaline spots, the two separated by a

pre-apical band of larger hyaline spots more or less fused, an apical hyaline

spot as a rule; pattern often reduced and difficult to decide if derived

from banded or reticulate type; if median band not marked, see 17

Scedella

Bands simple (Fig. 135), usually 3—at apex of wing, a median Y-shaped and

one in between, basally only a few isolated dark spots; small hyaline or

subhyaline spots may develop occasionally, but often a large hyaline spot

at tip of wing and one in marginal cell at top of pre-apical dark band anceps

clarinetta

mytopitoides in part

Bands may still be evident, but there is a strong tendency for more hyaline spots

to develop so that the bands, becoming also thinner, are broken up and

a broken reticulation is formed, but there is usually a hyaline spot or area

in first posterior cell above lower cross-vein 3 . mytopitoides series

A very wide, darker band along costa and around apex of wing (Fig. 146) there

are few smaller, hyaline or subhyaline spots on the band, but some larger,

hyaline marginal spots; middle of wing with a ee aes more or less

broken reticulation : praetexta

Wing heavily infuscated from base to apex: with rather numerous, small, yellow,

subhyaline spots, a few hyaline spots along costa and hind margin

narrowly hyaline. : ; : : : Mesoclanis, in part

SPECIES GUIDE: PAROXYNA sens.lat. SERIES

A. One lower orbital, 4 long scutellars

B. Two lower orbitals, 2 scutellars

Antoxyna gen.n. (oxynoides Bezzi)

Dioxpua Frey (seroveula! Wiedemann)

7fae

Lethyna gen.n. (gladiatrix Bezzi)

(Note: (1) Care must be taken to make sure apical scutellars have not been

broken off especially in species with short apicals when the alveoli are not

easily seen. (2) If apicals are definitely absent and pattern at all banded

with possibly a hyaline spot or space above lower cross-vein in first

posterior cell, or labella are very long, cf. myiopitoides, 51.)

Cc. ee lower orbitals, 4 scutellars

. Two long and 2 short scutellars .

Pavroxyna Hendel Gignobilis) Toews the ‘genotype febsclath Loew)

Desmella gen.n. (anceps Loew)

ii. The 2 long apicals longer than 0-5 basals

Mesoclanis Munro (dubia Walker)

Scedella gen.n. (caffra Loew)

19.

20.

21.

22.

D3}.

24.

28.

TRYPETIDAE 927

D. Three lower orbitals, 4 long scutellars:

i. Head short (if anterior, smaller orbital is absent, arista is bare and frons

pubescent) : 3 : : : 3 5 : : : : 71

Ptosanthus gen.n. (helua Loew)

ii. Head very long, parafacials exceptionally wide, arista pubescent, wing-

pattern reticulate. ‘ é Deroparia gen.n. (veticulata Munro)

(The last two have been ineluded here for comparison)

Head elongate, parafacials wide, frons 1-5 long as wide, abdominal spots distinct,

even if large (see also under Diovyna) : : sororcula

Head of normal length, parafacials narrow, frons about as Bede as lone! abdomen

usually brown or bronzy with narrow median grey stripe and grey on sides

gladiatrix series (Lethyna) 20

Outer part of third posterior cell and usually base of wing hyaline. : é 21

A complete reticulation or infuscation over third posterior cell, base of wing

infuscated or yellow hyaline. 23

Stigma yellow, pattern a pale, much reduced peneulation, marafacials wider than

usual, but head not elongate. : evanida

Stigma black, or with a small to large hyaline or yellowish spot, pattern darker,

although reduced, parafacials narrow ; 22

A more or less scattered, broken, broadly reticulate pattern, with a fairly con-

spicuous, irregular bar from apical area backwards along fifth vein, larger

species, 4°5 mm., oviscape longer than eee tay apical black setae on

terga 5 and 6in female. : : . gladiatrix

Darker pattern on outer half of wing or éonfined 6 area beeween end of stigma

and above fourth vein, faint, or a trace in discal and second posterior

cells; a pronounced apical fork; small species, 2-0-2:-5 mm.; oviscape

about as long as pre-abdomen; ee black setae on tergum 6 only in

female . 6 : liliputiana

A complete, well-defined, reticulate matey the diameter of the hyaline spots

being generally greater than the width of the intervening reticulation . 24

Wing completely infuscated, the pattern appearing less reticulate as diameter of

hyaline spots generally less than intervening infuscation, and rather less

clearly defined ; é 25

A row of 5 or 6 rounded, or 1 or 2 more e elongate, hyaline gpots along lower side

of sixth vein, ends of veins 3 and 4 cae are larger species

3°5-4°5 mm. . . aequabilis

No hyaline spots along lowes ade of sath vein; ends of veins 3 and 4 parallel;

smaller species, 2-5 mm. . : nexilis

. Last portion of vein 3 gently curved oar, 3 and 4 at énds even somewhat

convergent; apical black setae on terga 5 and 6 in female; larger species,

4°8 mm. s : blaesa

Ends of veins 3 and 4 Sent parallel: pica Black seine on tergum 6 in female;

smaller species, 2°0 mm. . . permodica

. (18c). Apical scutellars less than half pasals in length (the apicals may become

very small, or even very occasionally disappear, cf. EES) : ; 27,

Apicals more than, or not less than, half basals . : : 52

. Pattern reticulate sometimes more or less subreticulate or reduced: labella

mostly not longer than mouth-opening ignobilis series (Pavoxyna) 28

Pattern banded or barred, if more hyaline spots develop, or if more or less

reduced, pattern still discernably banded, or a hyaline spot above lower

cross-vein in first posterior cell; labella very long, projecting well beyond

epistome when drawn up . : anceps-myiopitoides series (Desmella) 49

A. Frontal stripe present, pattern evenly reticulate, usually pale. . : 0 29

B. Frontal stripe present, pattern with 3-4 larger, darker spots or areas (at

stigma, at end of marginal cell and below, at apex of wing, on upper and

on lower cross-veins), the wing appearing speckled 5 : . c 33

928 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

— C. Frontal stripe absent, pattern evenly reticulate, or somewhat more irregular,

or reduced to a more or less strongly marked, irregular, longitudinal bar

from end of anal cell to tip of marginal : ,

— D. Frontal stripe absent, pattern with 3 or 4 darker spots as above é 3

(Note: Frontal stripe: when present may be weak, but never, apparently,

quite disappearing; when absent, frons is usually plain yellow, but a weak

or even almost moderate stripe may develop in occasional specimens.

Reticulation : When even over the wing may be dark, but is often pale

with usually the stigma and on costa along marginal cell darker, the base,

in any case, rather paler; the pattern may be somewhat reduced. When

there are darker spots, as above, the pattern appears speckled to the eye;

there is some paler reticulation between, or the spots may become more

isolated. In old, and especially reared specimens, and occasionally

normally, the intensity of the spots is not so marked, and the male

terminalia must often be examined for final identification.)

29. Legs yellow, hind femora may be slightly or up to two-thirds blackened; male

tergum 9g swollen on sides : ; : i stphonina (Bezzi)

— Femora all black; male tergum 9 normal ‘

29a. Wing-base hyaline, only slight darkening in outer costal’ cell, reticulation

defined and hyaline areas clear .

— Infuscation or dark yellowness to extreme base, eatee ‘costal cell mainly dark

with 2 lighter costal spots, reticulation rather diffuse

30. Three stripes on dorsum of thorax, the median usually weaker; pattern clear,

reticulation large, pale, also stigma, and tending to reduction, or strongly

29a

marked and darker, hyaline spots fewer. : spinata

— A single, wide, dark brown, median stripe, pattern less clearly defined, or with

a tendency to 3 darker spots. : 5; petulans

31. Kink on vein 2 well beyond upper cross- vein; costal hyaline spots larger and

fewer, 2 large hyaline spots in marginal, the outer sometimes more or less

divided in two, and 2 large, more or less confluent Pe below in sub-

marginal : : . fenestrata

— Kink on vein 2 just beyond upper cross-vein, 3 isual spots in marginal or 2-3

small spots between inner and outer

32. Mesonotum wider, width/length, 9:8, distinctly placloned! duce placlish with

slate-grey stripes united behind, basal infuscation on wing stronger

shivaensis

— Mesonotum narrower, about as long as wide, width/length, 8:9 or 8:8, brownish,

dust greyish, stripes brown : : ; : ; ; ; argentata

(a) Hyaline spots on wing larger : & , 3 form argentata

(6) Hyaline spots very small and numerous : é ¢ form dispertita

33. (28b). Legs yellow . ad é : : ‘ : : : cain Hering

— Femora black 34

34. Wing-pattern well defined, with: 3 Teaen Boeke oe 2 gear bu not always

fully separated hyaline spots in first basal cell : 36

— Wing-pattern paler, almost unicolorous in some specimens, the eae canis less

conspicuous, hyaline spots in first basal and inner end of submarginal

undefined; a single, broad brown stripe on thorax 35

35. Two hyaline spots below end of vein 2 and other spots of pre- neat band

separated; outer margin of second posterior cell with a broadly infuscated

band on which 3 or 4 small hyaline spots, a larger one in inner corner

petulans sp. Nn.

— Spots below end of vein 2 united also mostly with those below to form an almost

complete, pre-apical, hyaline band; dorsal stripes variable . ignobilis pp.

36. Two separated spots below end of vein 2, or the spots rarely touching; sternite 5

in male with deep indent, 0-6 length; oviscape short, 0-3 wing-length (for

TRYPETIDAE 929

further data on male terminalia of this and those under 37, see species

notes) . i : 0 . umbritica sp. n.

— Asingle, large, hyaline Spot below end of vein2 . 37

37. Wing-pattern (Fig. 104) practically reduced to 3 dark spots with little reticula-

tion between, or forming a V; indent of sternite 5 male moderate, 0-5

length; oviscape shorter, 0-2 wing-length . ; anomalina (Bezzi)

(a) If lower border of head markedly longer than high at vertex, see

: munrot Hering

(b) If frontal stripe very weak, cf. compta . 3 é 45a

— Pattern with some reticulation between the dark spots and generally more

uniformly dark all over, including basal spots.

(a) Pattern (Fig. 106) almost anchor-like, but rather broken with more

numerous, small hyaline spots on the dark areas, especially below

stigma; frontal senpe strong; indent sternite 5 male deep, 0-6

length . : . anchorata

(b) Pattern (Fig. 107) more compact, few if any hyaline spots on dark

areas; frontal stripe weaker; indent sternite 5 male moderate,

o-5 length . , : nacta sp. Nn.

frontal stripe weak, specimen may be under-coloured, or cf. ignobilis 47

38 (28c). Femora yellow, mid pair always so, hind may be blackened, in male more

often black on basal three-fifths, at times front femora slightly blackened;

larger species, 4:0-5°5 mm., with very long proboscis and very pale

wing-pattern, frontal stripe usually present (see 22) : : . siphonina

— Femora black, generally smaller species : 39

39. Reticulation complete, or infuscation to base with. more or less obscure reticula-

tion 3 f 40

— Reticulation reduced, ‘leaving a marked, teepular bar, bounded by. more or less

complete hyaline spots, from apical area along vein 5 to, or towards,

anal cell : 44

40. Base of wing clear or yellowish. hyaline, reticulation Clear and defined, with

larger, more regular hyaline spots, rather pale to moderately dark . : 41

— Wing infuscated to base, hyaline spots smailer and more obscure. i 2

41. Asingle, large, hyaline spot at base of first posterior cell before lower cross-vein;

dorsum of thorax not striped or 3 faint stripes; pattern usually pale with

larger spots, or, if darker, spots rather smaller; labella rather longer than

mouth-opening; aedeagus with granular plate (Fig. 99); oviscape longer,

0-3 wing-length; apical black setae only on tergite 6 in female gvanulata sp. n.

— Two or 3 small, more or less irregular, hyaline spots at base of first posterior cell

before lower cross-vein; labella as long as mouth-opening, not projecting

when drawn up; wing-pattern usually very pale; oviscape very short,

0-13-0°18 wing-length; apical black setae on tergites 5 and 6 in female

péringueyt

42. Pattern distinctly but irregularly reticulate, with a few large, and more numerous

small, hyaline spots along the middle length, base less darkly infuscated

salina

— Wing rather darkly infuscated all over, pattern less defined, less reticulate,

hyaline spots fewer and less sharply margined, almost none along middle

length . : : : e 5 : 5 6 ; 43

43. Dorsum of thorax brown- dusede ; = , : : : brunalata

— Doxsum of thorax brown in middle, grey on ehiles ¢ 5 . edwavdst

44. Head and appendages black; labella about as long as mouth. -opening, not

projecting when drawn up 0 saltoria

— Head and appendages yellow; labella longer than mouth: -opening, ee aa

wing-pattern somewhat different in the sexes . . sigillata

45 (28d). Legs quite yellow. 6 : : : c : : . astuta

930 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

— Femora black or mainly black . 45a

45a. Wing-pattern (Fig. 122) reduced toa Vv as in ‘ anbmalina: aedeagus like jpnobiles

but with apical hood; indent sternite 5, 0-5 length; frontal stripe may occur

compta

— The variable, speckled wing-pattern generally rather pale, but variable in

intensity, the dark spots tending to be less conspicuous especially in pale

or teneral specimens, a single or a double hyaline spot below end of vein 2

and a larger, hyaline spot at base of first posterior cell before lower cross-

vein. Of the four following species, only the males can as yet be poy

separated on the terminalia : 46

40. Wing-pattern somewhat darker and eens, more eealy, eolouneds aes

sternite 5 indent shallow; aedeagus (Fig. 134) with apical hood : mitrata

— Male, indent sternite 5 moderate to very deep, 0-5 length or more. : : 47

47. Indent sternite 5 (Fig. 82) very deep, about o-8 length; aedeagus (Fig. 129)

bud-like . é : : ignobilis

(a) See notes under ipnobilis and puttata (Wiedemann),

— Indent moderate, about o-5 length : ; 48

48. Aedeagus (Fig. 130) with flared vesica which may be ‘less expanded in some

preparations; sternite 5 (Fig. 83); flanges on tergum g short . : eflovata

— Aedeagus (Fig. 131) moderate vesica with apical hood; flanges appear as a pair

of sharp points seen postero-dorsally . : . kanabaina

49 (27). Abdomen shining black, lightly grey-dusted, no spots, long white hairs on

hind margins of terga almost as long as terga; palpi very long and thin,

0-8 height of head; oviscape 1-5 pre-abdomen, 0-5 wing; generally larger

species, 4-6 mm... : : clavinetta

— Abdomen with double row of dorsal spots, Sometimes coalesced or else hardly

apparent, pubescence short as usual, no long hairs; oviscape about as

long as pre-abdomen or shorter; species to about 4 mm. . 50

50. Wing-pattern of 3 well-defined, heavy to very heavy transverse bands arranged

YII, the outer margin of the Y-band almost in line with the lower cross-

vein, hyaline spots seldom on bands, rarely an apical hyaline spot; strong

dorso-central stripes on thorax and a strong frontal stripe; oviscape about

as long as pre-abdomen, 0-3 wing ‘ : anceps

— Wing pattern of 3 rather irregular bands, commonly with additional hyaline

spots, and tending to reticulate (see couplet 16) ; cae an ie hyaline

spot; or bands tend to evanesce ; 51

51. A strong, complete, fuscous band from costa covering basal cross-vein and end

of anal cell; pattern generally more reticulate in appearance . : conyzae

— No well-marked basal band, at most some isolated, even if strong, fuscous spots

at base of wing. A complex series of possibly 3 or 4 species that cannot be

separated on the wing-pattern; not considered in detail here

mytopitoides series

52 (26). Parafacials narrow, labella shorter, 0-5—0-7 mouth-opening , Scedella 53

— Parafacials wide, head of more normal length but appearing rather elongate;

labella longer, 1:25 mouth-opening . é ¢ : Mesoclanis

53. No apicai hyaline spot, pattern definitely reticulate : : ; : 54

— An apical hyaline spot, rarely absent; pattern reticulate- banded c : ; 55

54. Wing-pattern more evenly and darkly reticulate; frons longer than wide; ovi-

scape shorter, 0-36 wing-length; pre-aedeagal setulae on large tubercle = glebosa

— Wing-pattern paler in middle; frons square; oviscape longer, 0-44 wing-length

(no male available) ; : : : pilosa

55. Wing-pattern reticulate, or reticulate- banded: or meee 2 : : 56

— pattern with a wide, almost 0-3 width of wing, dark brown bar from near base

along costa and around apex to tip of third posterior cell; 7 or 8 larger

hyaline spots along wing-margin and a few small hyaline spots on the bar;

middle of wing more or less hyaline, with paler, broader reticulation, the

57-

58.

59-

62.

63.

64.

TRYPETIDAE 931

area inside the ‘“‘hook’’ variable, with larger less complete to smaller

more complete hyaline spots. c praetexta

. Pattern reticulate, the median band hardly Spas if pattern reduced: barely

to be distinguished from other reduced pattern . : , d flecta

Pattern banded-reticulate or reduced . : : : : ; ; : 57

Femora black, or at least halt blackened. 5 : . : : : 58

Femora yellow, or brown, or “‘tawny”’ E 59

Second posterior cell not reticulate, the pre- apical hyaline bar almost complete!

pattern at base of first posterior cell “80” . : . caffra

Second posterior cell with strong reticulation thus closing the Hyaline bar below,

pattern at base of first posterior cell ‘‘80’’, or a single, vertical, oval spot

above lower cross-vein. c sandoana

Pattern much reduced, only rental of Teticalation Bucerdiy) no transverse

bar apparent, base of costa apparently dark (sec Hering)—cf. evanida

longiseta

Pattern well marked, even if more or less broken up. ; : ¢ i 60

. Dorsum of thorax golden brown dust, stripes apparent . 4 : : incurva

The dust slate-grey or distinctly bluish : : x ‘ x 5 z 61

. Pattern well marked with strong median band . ‘ : 62

Pattern more reticulate, tending to be more broken up, the median bar less

marked, or pattern even more reduced : : 63

A well-marked, almost complete, pre-apical hyaline band; hind feriora, some-

times slightly blackened . d boxiana

A very heavy pattern, pre-apical band hardly apparent; legs Pe “away” 4 . cyana

Wing membrane milky, pattern more reduced, less reticulation at base of first

posterior cell only ‘‘80”’, the outer “8”’ incomplete; dorsum of thorax

with faint stripes; oviscape short, about as long as last 3 tergites of

pre-abdomen . : S . Rawandana

Pattern more complete and reticulate, inner end of first posterior cell with

distinct ‘‘808”’; dorsum of thorax with 3 moderately well-marked stripes;

oviscape longer, about as long as pre-abdomen. There is a complex of

species here, all much alike externally within the limits of variation;

male terminalia must be examined and females only identified when with

known males. The Indian spiloptera may belong here; see later notes.

MALES:

i. Pre-aedeagal swelling with 1 large, eversible group of setulae. . i

— A double, or 2 groups, of such setulae; membrane on indent of

sternite 5 with fine hairs : : i iv

ii. vesica reduced, aedeagus with a series f sclerotised ‘ ‘rods”’ to apex:

membrane on indent of sternite 5 with microsetulae . j lil

— Vesica moderate, somewhat sclerotised and curved to an S- shape;

membrane in indent with fine hairs . . flecta

iil. Aedeagus laterally the various “‘rods’’ acuminate and curved dorsally

to give a bird’s-beak appearance. : : dissoluta

— Aedeagus laterally there appears a spatulate Wiece: ae at its apex, in

ventral aspect this appears as a short, stout rod bent at the end spatulata

iv. Pre-aedeagal setulae in 2 elongate groups almost continuous with

each other; no basal, transverse, sclerotised bar aaa in

aedeagus; dorsum of thorax golden brown 4 K incurva

— Pre-aedeagal setulae in 2 more irregular groups (but appearance may

vary with the preparation), a strong, basal, transverse, sclerotised

bar in aedeagus; dorsum of thorax bluish : : - caesia

Wing-pattern reticulate with a conspicuous, subapical bar of large, rounded,

hyaline spots and a similar area anally. The dark bands have relatively

few, sometimes many, small hyaline spots; vein 3 with usually a few

setulae at base c : ; : . ¢ 2 : dubia group 65

932 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

— Wing with almost complete, blackish-brown infuscation, the hind margin more

or less broadly hyaline and a few costal hyaline spots, but the disc with

rather few to many yellowish, Ca aaa spots or argents; vein 3 usually

strongly setose : cribripennis group 68

65. First basal and upper half of discal cells never wits any large hyaline spots, at

most 2 large hyaline spots in lower half of discalon vein5 . dubia

— Large hyaline spots, extended from inner posterior area, in discal and first basal

cells F : 5 66

66. Wing of normal shape, or even narrowed, not widened ouewardly the black bars

with numerous to very numerous small, hyaline spots . _ 67

— Wing decidedly shorter and wider (width/length, 0-45) and more rounded

outwardly; only a few small hyaline to subhyaline spots on dark bars _ ovalis

67. Larger species, 4 mm., parafacials rather narrow, dorsal thoracic stripe strong,

wing rather wider (width/length, 0-4) reticulation between bars more

complete:

(a) Small hyaline spots on median bar less numerous, but a row on either

side of vein 2 ‘ : magnipalpis 3

(b) Small spots very numerous, ~ breaking median bar. in particular into

lace-like pattern . : magnipalpis 2

— Smaller species, 3°5 mm., parafacials wide, ‘dorsal thoracic stripe weak, wing

rather narrower (width/length, 0-3), costa and hind margin more parallel,

reticulation between bars more reduced so that bars more marked . polana

68. Hyaline area of hind margin with some broken reticulation; argents more

numerous 2 A : 69

— Hind margin quite hyaline, or at most 2 or 3 isolated dark spots; argents

generally fewer : 70

69. Dorsum of thorax with paler, less marked, “median stripe: flange net dentate

cribrvipennis

— Dorsum of thorax with strong, wide, dark brown, median stripe; flange dentate

bruneata

70. The dark infuscation reaches hind margin at end of vein 5; Bias species,

4°5-5°5 mm. . : optanda

— Infuscation not reaching beyond Tower outer corner of discal. cell, so that most

of second and third posterior cells is hyaline; small species, 2-8 mm.

hyalineata

71 (18d). Frons pubescent, bristles mainly brown, wing-pattern with darker areas

but variable. : : ; Ptosanthus helvus (Loew)

— Frons bare, bristles pale, pattern apparently evenly coloured reticulate—inclu-

sion in Ptosanthus problematical ; . : (“Euribia’’) albina Bezzi

TERMINALIA OF PAROXYNA SERIES

Munro, 1947, Mem. ent. Soc. S. Afy., 1: 73-82; 1950, J. ent. Soc. S. Afr., 13: 38.

During the present studies dissections have been made of the male abdomen

as far as material has been available, sometimes even of a single specimen.

A study of the female terminalia must remain for the future.

The sternites and the male genitalia generally are external characters but

may be termed “hidden” since they cannot usually be examined, even in

exceptionally well-preserved specimens unless they are dissected out and

mounted on slides. The general details and methods are given in an earlier

1“ Camaromyia”’ acrophthalma Bezzi, 1918, has 3 lower orbitals, but does not belong

here as it has middle scapulars.

TRYPETIDAE 933

paper (Munro, 1947): These structures in the present group—Paroxyna s.1.—

show a wealth of characters on which species and even genera may be identified

and classified, especially when the more usual external characters are much

alike and similarly variable.

Character amphimixis or overlapping is apparent, but there is some corre-

spondence with the grouping made on wing-pattern and chaetotaxy. To a large

extent, perhaps, characters, especially of the aedeagus, are highly specific, but,

as is often the case, may appear or become less so when larger series of species

are examined. In any case, the characters of the male terminalia cannot be

considered the only, or necessarily the final, deciding factors in separating

species.

Three points must always be kept in mind:

(x) that the objects (tergum 9, aedeagus, etc.) are three-dimensional and

that a slight change in orientation may change the appearance; (2) that mem-

branous parts (vesica) tend to be less stable, although they are on the whole

remarkably constant ; membranous projections, often with minute cornuti, often

only become visible as the aedeagus is turned around; (3) that the condition of

the original specimen must be noted; if teneral, the aedeagus may be much less

sclerotised and appear different from a fully hardened one.

- It is not intended to give here a detailed analysis but to indicate some of

the more marked features and something of the correspondence with the

general classification outlined in the guide to species.

Sternites. The widened, more or less trapezoid, sternite 5, may have a

shallow to deep posterior indent with a gradual variation from 0-25 to nearly

o-g its length; there is no correlation with the guide classification but the

differences may be of use in separating species such as eflorata 0-33 and ignobilis

0:65. The sternite is usually asymmetrical and irregular in shape and outline,

the indent varying in depth within a species—in pévingueyi 0-33-0-41, in

ignobilis 0-6—-0-7; when very deep, as in stphonina, the sternite may be almost

divided in two. The posterior corners may be angular to rounded.

Sternite 6 (Fig. 82), a strap-like piece, is simple, weaker or stronger in various

species; however, in four (spinata, fenestrata, argentata, shiraensis) it shows a

remarkable pair of anterior prongs (Fig. 80) so far not seen in any other Trypetid

examined. It is interesting that they are placed together in the guide on

somewhat weak wing-pattern characters.

Tergum 9: normally horseshoe shaped in rear view, and higher than wide,

sometimes wider than high and the sides a little swollen, the lower parts

narrowed ; there may be patches of hairs on the inner side (Fig. 76). In siphonina

it is exceptionally broadly rounded on sides and below (Fig. 94). The upper

part of the posterior opening is closed by the membranous anal segments; the

lower ends, the blunt cerci, are turned inwards. In lateral view the tergum is

broadly rounded above, somewhat narrowed below.

954 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Posteriorly flanges (Munro, 1950) may develop on either side above the

cerci; they vary from ridges to conspicuous triangular projections that appear

as a pair of points postero-dorsally and laterally cause the lower margin of the

tergum to be bilobed. They may be observed on the pinned specimen and be

of use in separating species, as zgnobilis and eflorata. The margin of the flange

is seldom smooth; it may be slightly and irregularly crenulate, more strongly

so, or deeply notched or toothed. It is remarkably irregular from one specimen

to another of a species, and even on one specimen the two may differ greatly

in outline. In argentata (Fig. 79), spinata (Fig. 77) and fenestrata (Fig. 76) it

seems as if the sides of the tergum are produced downwards, although in the

first two the points may be developed from the flanges.

Prensisetae: the 2 enlarged setae (major and minor) at the ends of the

twisted rods on either side within the lower margins of the posterior opening

of tergum 9. In some species the rods appear “‘free’’ and are fairly easily

dissected out, the setae subequal in size. There is, however, a tendency through-

out the species for the minor to be reduced while the major is enlarged and

becomes opposed to the end of the cercus forming a pincers or claw; at the same

time the end of the rod becomes more sclerotised and more firmly joined to the

inner edge of the tergum and more difficult to remove by dissection. Owing to

the small size and location it is often difficult to discover the exact shape of the

setae. In some the major appears as an ear-like projection.

Fultella: this internal structure and the supporting ring (11th segment) are

not considered here. It may be noted that they are asymmetric, sometimes

very markedly so, and show specific differences in their structure. The chief

character and one that seems to be of major group (subfamily) value is that

the right vane articulates with the corresponding posterior end of the ring

through an intermediate rod or bar.

Aedeagus: the general appearance is like that in the diagram given earlier

(Munro, 1947). It isa somewhat flattened structure and, as heretofore, examined

and figured laterally. There is always a complex basal capsule from which a

tube (? the end of the seminal tube) may project more or less into the vesica;

the latter is mainly membranous, but often appears sufficiently sclerotised on

certain folds, or when these are seen on edge, to give a constant picture from one

specimen to another of a species and to be of specific value. Strong and more

extensive sclerotisation may also be seen giving rise to various modifications,

but the condition, teneral or otherwise, must be kept in mind. A darker area

may be seen at the apex of the vesica caused by a thicker membrane characteris-

tically bent over to form a “‘hood”’ (Figs, 114-117) ; it is more noticeable when

the aedeagus is seen on edge. Simple to more complicated sclerotised rods and

other features may develop and the actual membranous parts of the vesica

almost disappear. In some species is, at the end of the tube, what appears

to be a flattened plate, or in others a more or less flattened, granular mass.

TRYPETIDAE 935

Needless to say, the meaning and functions of the complex structures of the

aedeagus have not been elucidated.

A pre-aedeagal swelling is occasionally marked, usually not, but there may

be more or less extensive series of setulae; isolated setulae sometimes occur

towards the middle of the phallosome.

ANTOXYA gen. n.

Agrees with Paroxyna in over-all characters but has one lower orbital bristle

and the arista has rather long, fine, close-set pubescence; 4 scutellars.

Type species: Euribia oxynoides Bezzi, 1915, the following species.

Antoxya oxynoides (Bezzi) comb. n.

Euribia oxynoides Bezzi, 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 138, in tabs. Munro, 1935, Ann. Mus.

nat. Hung. Zool., 29: 153, Fig. 20.

Oxyna africana Hering, 1941, Ann. naturhist. Mus. Wien, 51: 201, Taf. XX, Fig. 8

(syn. nov.).

(Not: Pavroxyna oxynoides Hering, 1936, Konowia, 15: 186, later re-named, Pavoxyna

lux-orvientalis Hering, 1940, Sivuna Seva, 1: 16.)

Kenya: Aberdare Range, Katamayo, 8000 ft., x.1934, 1 9; Mt. Kinangop,

gooo ft., r g, 8000 ft., r g; Mt. Elgon, 10,500-12,500 ft., 11.1935, I 9, “on”

Erlangia fusca. UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Mobuku Valley, 7300 ft., xii.1934, I 9;

Kigezi district, Mt. Sabinio, 8000 ft., x1.1934, I 2 (all F. W. Edwards); Kabale,

3.1x.1923, I 9 (H. Hargreaves).

The species was not fully described by Bezzi, only appearing in his tables of

the species of ““Euribia’’. Here it was correctly stated to have only one lower

orbital; unfortunately in the later description (Munro, 1935) incorrectly that

there were two, but a pencil sketch of the head made at the time shows one.

Length, 3 3-6 mm., 2 4:0 mm.; wing, ¢ 4:2 mm., 2 3-6 mm.

Head: frons about half width of head and about as long as wide, a slight

median stripe, 2 upper, 1 lower orbitals, ocellars very long, reaching to base of

antennae, in some specimens a very slight trace of dark pubescence in front,

lunule short, arcuate, antennae long, 0-9 face, third joint narrow, arista with

close-set, rather long pubescence; face: parafacials moderate, 0-4 width of

antenna, epistome slightly projecting, gena 0-25 height of eye, labella 0-75

mouth-opening. i

Thorax: dorsum may be mostly brown-dusted with only a trace of stripes

anteriorly, or more greyish with stripes somewhat stronger and the bristles on

brown spots, pubescence pale, in male, some dark anteriorly, dorso-centrals

half-way between suture and anterior supra-alars; legs: in female almost quite

yellow, the hind femora blackened or all may be so, in male slightly to strongly

blackened; wing-pattern (Fig. 47) more or less anchor-like; in three specimens

somewhat less reduced than shown in figure of type (Munro, 1935) in which

936 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

there is a single large spot below end of vein 2; in the three specimens, one has

two smaller separated spots, one has the spots approximated and in one a double

figure-of-eight spot; scutellum flat, broadly yellow at end, 4 bristles, apicals

0-6 basals.

Abdomen dust golden-brown, slightly greyish at base, submedian dark spots

large, rounded, sometimes less well marked, pubescence pale, dark on spots;

oviscape 0:25 wing-length, shining-black, black pubescence. Male terminalia:

tergum 9g, cerci not strongly differentiated, turned inwards and rounded at

ends; major prensiseta large, rounded at end, nearly half size of cercus to

which opposed, minor half as long as major and a quarter the size; aedeagus

(Fig. 48) with massive capsular base and small vesica, pre-aedeagal setae weak ;

sternite 5 trapezoid, the wider hind margin only gently concave, the membrane

there with very fine pubescence.

There does not seem any reasonable doubt that Oxyna africana Hering is

this species. Although Oxyna has only 1 lower orbital, other characters remove

it from near Paroxyna.

DIOXYNA Frey

Frey, 1945, Soc. Sci. Fenn., Comm. Biol., VIII, 10: 62.

Erected on Paroxyna sororcula (Wiedemann) Hendel. Frey mentions the

elongate body but not the head in particular, apparently basing the main

distinction on the “‘isolated’”’ position on account of the 2 scutellar bristles.

However, he overlooked other species with 2 scutellars placed by Bezzi in

Ensina and which could at least be placed in Paroxyna in a wide sense.

The chief characters that distinguish sororcula and its allies are the length

of the head and absence of pre-aedeagal setulae; in the others the head is short,

and such setulae are well developed so they are separated generically.

There has been difference of opinion as to whether there was only a world-

wide species, sororcula. The closely allied forms of this, however, differ suffi-

ciently to be considered more than subspecies. D.thomae, a later species, shows

marked differences in tergum 9.

Of the species that may be recognised, sovorcula occurs in the Ethiopian,

Oriental and Australian regions; thomae and picciola in North America and

chilensis in South America, but the absolute distinctions between the last two

need further study.

A. Wing with a marked, more complete, infuscated pattern:

i. Tergum 9 oval, of more usual shape; male, sternites (Fig. 53 f) broadly

rounded, 5 with posterior corners very rounded : : : picciola

ii. Tergum 9 of peculiar shape, very wide posteriorly, bent laterally (sec

Benjamin) . : : thomae

B. Wing-pattern mainly with dark spots along costa, otherwise appearing almost

hyaline, but with dark microtrichial pattern and at times stronger

TRYPETIDAE 937

infuscation, in oblique light pattern appears about as dark as in

picciola; male, sternites ferro 5 with posterior corners broadly

angular (Fig. 53, a—e) . : sovorcula

C. Wing-pattern much reduced, even more ‘than. in soroyeula, and apparently

does not appear in oblique light (sec Hering) . : chilensis (Macquart)

Fic. 47.—Wing. Fic. 48.—Aedeagus.

Antoxya oxynoides

Fic. 49.—Wing. Fic. 50.—Aedeagus.

Dioxyna sororcula

Fic. 51.—Wing. Fic. 52. —Aedeagus.

Dioxyna picciola

[Dioxyna picciola (Bigot) comb. n.]

Acinia picciola Bigot, 1857, in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. fis. polit. nat. Cuba, 7: 842,

Plate 20, Fig. ro.

Pavoxyna picciola (Bigot) Benjamin, U.S. Dept. Agric., Tech. Bull., 401: 42, Fig. 30,

A-N. Aczel, 1949, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 7: 289 (see for complete references).

Trypeta humilis Loew; Ensina humilis (Loew), synonyms.

938 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Wing (Fig. 51).

The male sternites (Fig. 53 /) of the Costa Rica specimen are very rounded,

of the Florida specimen rather less so (Fig. 53 f, dotted outline), but they are

noticeably the same in general appearance; Benjamin’s Fig. 30 J seems to have

been drawn from a dry specimen. Aedeagus (Fig. 52).

The appearance of tergum g is much like that of sovorcula, the flange almost

absent. Benjamin’s figures differ: in his 30k the lower points (cerci) seem too

narrow and his 301 differs in that it shows a posterior blunt point below, while

in all preparations made there is a short anterior point directed downwards and

somewhat forwards.

I am indebted to Mr. F. S. Blanton for specimens from Florida, and to

Dr. M. Hering for a pair from Costa Rica.

[Dioxyna chilensis (Macquart) comb. n.]

Ensina chilensis Macquart, 1843, Dipt. exot., 4: 3, subdiv. 230, 417, Plate 31, Fig. 11.

Pavoxyna chilensis (Macquart) Aczel, 1949, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 7: 286 (see for full

references; he gives Tvypeta auvifera Thomson, Ensina aurifera (Thomson) and

Pavoxyna enigma Hering as synonyms).

? Euxesta sovorcula (Wiedemann) Loew, 1867, Berl. ent. Zeit., 1867: 313 (Brazil).

? Pavoxyna sovorcula (Wiedemann) Aczel, 1949, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 7: 289 (Bolivia).

? Paroxyna sororcula (Wiedemann) Malloch, 1934, Pacific ent. Survey, Publn. 7, Art.

14: 200.

In the absence of specimens it can only be noted here that the chief distin-

guishing character of chilensis appears to be the reduced wing-pattern; it may

prove to be the same as ficciola but different from sororcula.

[Dioxyna thomae (Curran) comb. n.]

Ensina thomae Curran, 1928, Ins. Porto Rico & Virgin Is., N.Y. Acad. Sci., 11, pt. 4:70,

see vi (Curran) Benjamin, 1934, U.S. Dept. Agvic., Tech. Bull., 401: 41,

Fig. 37, A-G.

The inclusion of this species here may be problematical. The specimens from

Florida, U.S.A., examined by Benjamin show a very marked difference in the

shape of tergum 9 (his Fig. 37 c, D); the wing-pattern shows a darker area at

stigma and at end of marginal cell, but compare the figures of Benjamin and

of Curran.. Benjamin admits that more and better specimens from the type

locality (St. Thomas Island) are needed to make sure of his identification.

Dioxyna sororcula (Wiedemann)

Trypeta sovorcula Wiedemann, 1830, Auss. zw. Ins., 2: 509. Loew, 1861, Berl. ent. Zeit.,

5: 256; 1862, id. 6: 90.

Oxyna sorvorcula (Wiedemann) Czerny, 1902, Wien ent. Zeit., 24: 256; 1906, td. 25: 254,

Figs. 1, 2. Becker, 1903, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 2: 131, 134; 1908, id. 4: 144, 200.

Bezzi, 1908, Boll. Soc. ent. Ital., 39: 141; 1913, Mem. Ind. Mus., 3: 159; 1913,

Phil. J. Sci., D. 8: 327. Bezzi and Lamb, 1926, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 1925: 555.

de Meijere, 1914, Tijdschr. v. Ent., 57: 221. Brunetti, 1917, Rec. Ind. Mus., 13: 98.

TRY PETIDAE 939

Ensina sovovcula (Wiedemann) Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 9: 32; 1920, id. 10: 261;

1924, 7d. 15: 135; 1924, dun. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris, 30: 89; 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus.,

1g: 548, Plate XIV, Fig. 97; 1928, Dipt. Fiji Is., p. 117; 1928, Ann. Tul. Mus.,

12: 334. Efflatoun, 1924, Mém. Soc. R. ent. Egypte, 2: 90, Plate IV, Fig. 6 and

Plate I, Fig. 13. Senior White, 1924, Cat. Indian Ins., 4, Tryp., p. 27. Munro, 1925,

Dept. Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. 3: 55; 1929, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 29: 25. Shiraki,

1933, Mem. Fac. Sci. Afvic., Taihoku Imp. Univ., 8: (Ent. No. 2) 462. Zia, 1937,

Sinensia, 8: 199, footnote. ;

Paroxyna sovoycula (Wiedemann) Hendel, 1927, in Lindner, Fl. Pal. Reg., 49, Trypetidae,

p- 158. Lindner, 1928, Konowia, 7: 30. Munro, 1934, Amer. Mus. Nov., 739: 3;

1935, Arb. phys. angew. Ent., 2: 263. Malloch, 1934, Pacific ent. Survey Pubin., 7,

Art. 14: 200. Hering, 1942, Betty. z. Fauna Perus, 1, Trypetidae, p. 161; 1944,

Sivuna Seva, 5: 8. Frey, 1936, Soc. Sci. Fenn., Comm. Biol., V1, 1: 92; 1939, Arkiv.

f. Zool., 3xA: 16. Aczel, 1949, Cat. Tryp. Neotrop., Acta Zool. Lilloana, 7: 289.

Dioxyna sovorcula (Wiedemann) Frey, 1945, Soc. Sci. Fenn., Comm. Biol., VIII, 10: 62;

1949, id. VIII, 16: 27.

Ensina sororcula (Wiedemann) var. madeivensis Lindner, 1928, Konowia, 7: 30.

Dioxyna sororcula (Wiedemann) var. madeivensis (Lindner) Frey, 1949, Soc. Sci. Fenn.,

Comm. Biol., VIII, 16: 27.

Ensina bisetosa Enderlein, 1911, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., 31: 455, Figs. Y, Z.

Ensina bisetosa Enderlein var. nigrvinotum Enderlein, op. cit., 31: 456.

Ensina vacillans Wollaston, 1858, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3), 1: 115. Bezzi, 1908, Boll.

Soc. ent. Ital., 39: 159.

Leptomyza varipennis v.d. Wulp, 1897, Termesz. Fuzet., 20: 143, Plate III, Figs. 3, 4.

de Meijere, 1908, Tijdschr. v. Ent., 51: 131.

Oxyna varipennis (Wulp) Czerny, 1902, Wien ent. Zeit., 21: 256; 1906, id. 25: 254,

Figs. 1, 2.

Paroxyna timorensis Hering, 1944, Sivuna Seva, 5: 8.

Not this species:

Euxesta sovorcula Loew, 1867 (Brazil), and Paroxyna sororcula Aczel, 1949 (Bolivia),

are probably chilensis.

The species was described as TvypPeta sororcula from Teneriffe, but there has

been much diverse opinion as to its specific identity. Some authors (Hendel,

1927, Shiraki, 1933, and Frey, 1936-1949) have considered there was only one

world-wide species, but the general trend seems to be that at least sororcula as

represented in Africa and the East is specifically different from the American

forms; unfortunately authors do not always give clear reasons for an opinion.

As far as may be judged the main difference (or apparent difference) taken

into account has been variation in the infuscation of the wing-pattern. This

may indeed be taken as an indication, but might be misleading if the origin of

a specimen were not known. Specimens of the North American ficciola certainly

show a more marked infuscation even in transmitted light in which sororcula

shows an apparently reduced pattern, but the full pattern appears in oblique

light as dark as in picciola.

The darker costal spots are characteristic of the wing-pattern, which is

variable in detail; the femora vary normally from mainly black to mainly

yellow, and even the head may be shorter in some specimens.

Oviscape about 0:25 wing-length. It often becomes flattened and timorensis

Hering may have been based on a specimen in which it was very much so.

940 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

d f

Fic. 53.—Dioxyna sororcula: sternites 4 and 5 of specimens from (a) Teneriffe,

(b) Eritrea, (c) Pretoria, (d) Formosa, (e) Brisbane. D. picciola: (f) Costa Rica

' dotted outline, Florida.

vps

a Cc

Fic. 54.—Dioxyna sororcula: tergum 9, (a) lateral view, (b) flange,

Pretoria, (c) Brisbane.

See

TRYPETIDAE 941

Male. Differences in the shape of the sternites between sororcula and picciola

appear to be significant (Figs. 53 a—f). In the latter they are markedly rounded,

in the former generally angular. In sororcula too there is considerable variation

in shape, even from one locality (South Africa), but whether any particular

shape occurs regionally there is not enough material available to show. In the

Teneriffe specimen, sternites 3 and 4 are markedly narrower, in others wider

and more or less square.

Tergum g: cercus a broad finger-like process turned inwards, in posterior

view marked at most by a gentle concavity on the lower outline of the tergum;

the lower side of the cercus is flattened and drawn rather downwards or some-

what anteriorly so that in lateral view the lower margin of the tergum (Fig. 54 a)

shows a short point directed more or less antero-ventrally but not posteriorly.

There is a very short, very irregular and variable flange; in a South African

specimen it is crenulate (Fig. 54 6), but the one opposite in the same specimen

has sharp points; in the Brisbane specimen the flange is much smaller with

rather longer points. Aedeagus (Fig. 50) rather elongate, the capsular base

short, the sclerotising varying with the condition of the specimen; there is a long

tube to the apex of the vesica where the membrane may be somewhat thickened

to form around the end of the tube a marked darker and rather wide ring, or

this ring may be less conspicuous. Prensisetae, major large, minor small.

Biology and Distribution

The larvae of Dioxyna sororcula live in the seeds of Bidens pilosa, one in

a seed; authors merely state that they live in the flower. Adults may become

very abundant and numerous specimens are usually found in general collections

of African Trypetidae from the Cape to Egypt and Eritrea; curiously, however,

there appear to be no records, nor have I seen any specimens from West Africa.

I am indebted and thank Senor J. M. Fernandez for specimens from

Teneriffe; Mr. F. A. Perkins from Brisbane, Queensland; and the late

Dr. Walther Horn from Formosa. African material has accumulated from

various sources; Mr. G. De Lotto from Eritrea, the Coryndon Museum from

Kenya and many others.

It is not necessary to include here all other African material available; the

British Museum records are:

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Mt. Karangora, 9900 ft., 1.11.1935, I dg, 3 2; Namwamba

Valley, 8300 ft., 1 9; Kilembe (abundant among Bidens pilosa), 9 3, 3 2 (fF. W.

Edwards) ; Kilembe, 4500 ft. light trap, 1 ¢ (fF. W. Edwards) ; Karumba, 4500 ft.,

I g; Kyazumba, 4500 ft., 2 3, 1 2 (D. R. Buxton) ; Kigezi district, Umbarara,

X1.1934, 2 3; Mt. Mgahinga, 8000 ft., 1 9 (FF. W. Edwards); Mabungo Camp,

6000 ft., 15 dg, 11 2; Mt. Sabinio, 11,000-11,500 ft., 1 9 (J. Ford); Bulambuli,

9500 ft., 8.viii.1934, I d (J. Ford); Imatong Mts., 10,000 ft., 11.1936, 1 9 (D. R.

Buxton). Kenya: Aberdare Range, Mt. Kinangop, 8000-10,000 ft., xi.1934, I 3,

942 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

I 9; Nyeri Track, 10,000 ft., 1 9; Chania Falls, 4000 ft., 1 9; above Nakuru,

9300 ft., 6.111.1935, 1 2 (F. W. Edwards).

Non-African Records

As has been noted, specimens from Formosa and from Brisbane, Queensland,

are certainly sovorcula; most probably Indian records are also this species, but

its distribution throughout the Oriental region must await the collection and

critical examination of more material. Malloch, 1934, states that he was not

sure whether specimens from the Marquesas Islands were this or the South

American species.

LETHYNA gen. n.

Agreeing in general with Paroxyna s.s., this genus has a short head, 2 lower

orbital and 2 scutellar bristles. As noted under Dioxyna, the chief differences

are the short head and spinulose pre-aedeagal patches. Known species are from

Africa, but some may occur elsewhere. Care must be taken to make sure that

apical scutellars are absent and not merely broken off as may happen in some

species in which they are small.

Type species: Ensina gladiatrix Bezzi.

Male terminalia of five species have been examined. Tergum 9g in three,

gladiatrix, liliputiana and permodica, is normal; in two, nexilis and aequabilis,

the sides are swollen below with more or less marked hair-patches on the inner

side; flange absent or not evident. Aedeagus usually elongate with reduced

vesica, pre-aedeagal swelling not marked or moderate, spinulae usually in two

patches or almost all around (absent in Dioxyna).

Lethyna gladiatrix (Bezzi) comb. n.

Ensina gladiatrix Bezzi, 1920, Bull. ent. Res., 10: 261; 1924, id. 15: 135; 1924, Ann.

S. Afr. Mus., 19: 548, Plate XIV, Fig. 98. Munro, 1929, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 29: 25.

A larger species, § 2-8-3°5 mm., 2 4:3-5:I mm.; wing, ¢ 2:7-3°5 mm.,

2 3:8-4:3 mm.}; oviscape I-7-1-75 mm.; pre-abdomen, 9 I-2-I-5 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 10:7-5:10. The species may be recognised by

the length of the oviscape and the wing-pattern; there are 2 lower orbitals and

2 scutellars. The pattern on thorax and abdomen is variable; on dorsum of

thorax mainly a broad bronzy stripe on to scutellum, in front it divides to a

greater or less extent into 3 stripes, sides slightly bronzy, grey between; the

abdomen has more often a pair of wide, variable, bronzy, submedian stripes,

a grey median stripe and grey on sides, more distinct, large submedian spots

may develop. Wing (Fig. 55): a strong, irregular, reticulate, outer pattern

characterised by a prolongation basally over vein 5 to end of anal cell; this bar

is variable, and may be more or less broken up by hyaline spots, especially in

TRYPETIDAE 943

Port Elizabeth specimens; it is hardly indicated in Bezzi’s figure. Oviscape

0-4 wing-length. ¢: sternite 5 with moderate indent, 0-5 length, posterior

corners angular, membrane in indent with minute hairs arranged in twos and

threes in more or less concentric rows; tergum 9 normal, higher than wide,

cerci short, broad, bluntly rounded, major prensiseta large, opposed to cercus,

minor small, narrow, pointed; lateral outline narrowed and rather pointed

below, but no projecting point; aedeagus (Fig. 61), capsular portion elongate,

vesica very small, pre-aedeagal swelling flattened with a patch of spinulae on

either side.

The female type in the British Museum is from Ulundi in Zululand and may

have been taken on the Ubombo Mountains. I have the East London male

identified by Bezzi in 1924 (Aun. S. Afr. Mus.), the other male is in the South

African Museum.

The following specimens agree with the East London male:

SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province: Port Elizabeth, 15.vii.1947, 1 ¢ (H. K.

Munro); 19.iX.1950, I 4, 3.Vlll.1950, I 9, 3.1x.1950, I 2 (C. G. C. Dickson);

1x.1950, I 9 (G. C. Clark). Nata: Margate, ix.1934, I g (W. E. Marriott);

Drakensberg: Loteni River, vii.1941, 4 3, 2 9; Cathkin Peak, vii.1942, I 9;

Umlambonja River, vii.1934, 2 2; Rockeries, 6.vii.1938, 1 9; Natal National

Park, vii.1945, 1 2; Cathedral Peak area, vii.1946, 3 29 (W. E. Marriott) ; Cathedral

Peak area, 12.xil.1950, 4 6, 3 2 (H. K. Munro) and 1.1951, 6 g, 29 (D. J. B.

Killick), the last two lots reared from flowers of Helichrysum tenax. Basuto-

LAND: Molomoshoek, iii.1944, 1 9 (HW. K. Munro). UGANDA: Mt. Elgon, between

Butandiga and Bulambuli, 8000 ft., 7.viii.1934, 1 9 (J. Ford) (this last specimen

quite like those from South Africa).

[Lethyna liliputiana (Bezzi) comb. n.]

Ensina liliputiana Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 549, Plate XIV, Fig. 99; Bull. ent.

Res., 15: 136. Munro, 1925, Dept. Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. 3: 56; 1929, Ann.

S. Afr. Mus., 29: 26.

- A small species, 2:0-2:25 mm. The types are from Prospect, Cape Province;

there are also. specimens in the Pretoria collection from Port Elizabeth, East

London, Grahamstown in the Cape; Molomoshoek, Basutoland and Drakens-

berg, Umlambonja River, Natal. Those from Port Elizabeth were reared from

flowers of Helichrysum subglomeratum, September 1949, C. G. C. Dickson.

The wing (Fig. 56) in general appearance is rather like that of sororcula; the

pattern is somewhat reduced, the darker parts in the area between the end of

stigma to apex above vein 4, or somewhat into second posterior cell, faint inside

line of lower cross-vein with paler spots in discal and first basal cells, outer

portion of third posterior clear hyaline with pale microtrichiae. Abdomen with

broad, brown submedian stripes, a moderate median stripe and sides grey.

944 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Male: sternites wider than long, 5 wide, posterior corners rounded, indent

shallow; tergum 9g posteriorly rounded, laterally wide above, pointed below,

prensisetae wide apart, major opposed to cercus, minor very small, cerci broad,

blunt, a very short, crenulate flange; aedeagus (Fig. 62), basal portion shows

a complicated series of rods narrowed apically to an open ring, beyond which

projects what appears to be a wide, more or less sclerotised tube, the vesica not

apparent; there is a patch of setulae on either side of a moderate pre-aedeagal

swelling.

Lethyna permodica sp. n.

UGANDA: Kigezi district, Mt. Muhavura, 10,000-12,000 ft., xi.1935. Holotype

6, allotype 2, paratypes 1 g, 1 9 (F. W. Edwards); Mt. Muhavura, 10,500 ft.,

I g; Lake Mutanda, 6000 ft., 20.xi1.1934, I ¢ (J. Ford).

Length, 3 2-0 mm., 2 2-6 mm.; wing, ¢ 2:2 mm., 9 2:25 mm.

Head yellow; length, height, width, 6:6:10; posteriorly black to eye-margin,

slight grey dust, beard weak, pale yellow, postorbitals a row of black setae, pale

bristles not differentiated, but in one specimen a single pale brown one, post-

ocular and outer vertical pale brown; frons flat, ochraceous, vertex, black ocellar

dot and sides silvery dusted, as long as wide, a little narrowed in front, 0°55

width of head, bare, bristles black, 2 lower orbitals, the hind upper pale brown,

ocellars as long as lower orbitals; lunule short, ochraceous; antennae 0-75 face,

ochraceous or blackened, third joint, width 0-4 length, arista micropubescent ;

face: epistome projecting 0-3 width of antennae, facialia and genae silvery

dusted, bristle pale yellow, haustellum about as long as mouth-opening, labella

a little shorter, palpi 0-75 labella.

Thorax black, dorsum; grey dust on sides and in front, brown on centre

and behind, in female a more defined, broad, brown stripe, pubescence pale

yellow, sparse; pleura and postscutellum black with slight grey dust; dorso-

centrals at suture, pteropleural brownish; halteres yellow; squamae brownish;

upper wide, lower narrow; scutellum brown dust, length half width, 2 bristles

three times length of scutellum; legs black, distal ends of femora barely yellow or

ferruginous, tibiae distal ends more or less ferruginous, tarsi blackish ferru-

ginous; wing (Fig. 57) the palely infuscated reticulation not pronounced, there

being relatively few, almost subhyaline or white microtrichial spots (in one

Muhavura female rather more hyaline spots in first posterior cell), stigma black,

ends of veins 3 and 4 subparallel, end of anal cell square or lower angle barely

a broad point.

Abdomen black, brown tergal spots forming wide stripes separated by a

narrow median grey stripe and grey on sides; pubescence sparse, brown on

brown, pale whitish on last tergum, white on hind margins of terga 3 and 4,

apical bristles black, short, weak, longer and stronger in female where on

terga 5 and 6; oviscape 0-75 mm., 0-3 wing-length; venter black, grey dusted.

TRYPETIDAE 945

Male: very like liliputiana; sternite 5 posterior corners rounded, indent

shallow; tergum 9 rounded, cerci broad, blunt; major prensiseta opposed to

cercus, minor very small; aedeagus lost from preparation.

Fic. 59.—nexilts. Fic. 60.—aequabilis.

Lethyna spp., wings.

Lethyna blaesa sp. n.

UGANDA: Kigezi district, Mt. Mgahinga, 10,000-11,000 ft., 22.xi.1934. Holo-

type J, allotype 2; Mt. Muhavura, 10,000-12,000 ft., paratype 9 (F. W. Edwards).

Length, 3 4-0 mm., 9 4-5 mm. (larger 2 4-8 mm.) ; wing, ¢ 4:2 mm., 2 4-4 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 7:7-5:10; yellow, behind black to eye, a pair

of yellow spots behind vertex, shading to yellow of genae below; postorbitals

2 or 3 yellow bristles in a row of black setae, beard a few pale hairs; eye distinctly

but sparsely pilese; frons deep yellow, silvery dusted across vertex and on sides

and a very faint trace of a median silvery stripe, as long as wide, a little narrowed

at antennae, 0-45 width of head, a trace of pubescence, 2 lower orbitals, ocellars

strong; lunule moderate, ochraceous; antennae deep yellow, strongly blackened

in 2 females, 0-8 face, third joint width 0-7 length, arista blackish, micro-

pubescent; face yellow, epistome projecting 0-3 width antenna, parafacials

narrow; labella and haustellum a little shorter than mouth-opening.

946 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Thorax black, dust brown, grey in front with slight indication of stripes;

humeri slightly yellowish behind; dorso-central bristles slightly behind suture,

pteropleurals yellow; scutellum brown, length half width, the 2 bristles nearly

three times length of scutellum; halteres yellow; squamae yellow, upper wide,

lower narrow; legs: femora black, ends ferruginous, tibiae, fore and mid slightly

blackened on proximal half, hind black on proximal two-thirds, tarsi ferru-

ginous; wing (Fig. 58) a pale, fairly uniform infuscation, extreme base yellow

hyaline, a rather conspicuous, rounded apical spot, and a larger one below end

of second vein, and a few rather small, ill-defined, subhyaline spots representing

the usual reticulation, hardly apparent at all in discal and first posterior cells,

a relatively large, pale spot in stigma, in marginal cell a larger basal spot and

2, widely separated, partly formed, outer spots.

Abdomen black, sides and median stripe grey, brown tergal spots forming

undefined, wide, stripes, pubescence pale yellow, brownish on the brown, apical

black bristles on tergum 5 in male, on 5 and 6 in female; male terminalia black,

grey-dusted; oviscape I-3 mm., 0-3 wing-length, polished black, black pubes-

cence; venter black, grey-dusted. Male terminalia not dissected.

Lethyna nexilis sp. n.

UcGanpDaA: Kigezi district, xi.1934. Holotype g, allotype 9; Mt. Muhavura,

10,000-12,000 ft., 18.xi.1934, 2 g paratypes (’. W. Edwards); Imatong Mts.,

10,000 ft., 11.1936, 1 g (D. R. Buxton).

Length, ¢ 2:7 mm., 2 3-3 mm.; wing, g 2° mm., 2 3-I mm.

Head yellow; length, height, width, 7:8:10; behind black to eye-margin,

grey-dusted, beard a few pale yellow hairs, postorbitals a row of black setae,

only outer verticals and postoculars light brownish; frons deep yellow, sides,

vertex and black ocellar dot silvery-dusted, flat, as long as wide, at vertex 0°5,

at antennae 0-35 width of head, bare, 2 lower orbitals, ocellars strong; lunule

short, yellow; antennae 0:8 face, orange to ferruginous or more or less blackened,

joint 3, width o-6 length, arista blackish brown, micropubescent ; face: epistome

slightly projecting, parafacials and genae silvery-dusted, former narrow, latter

0-2 height of eye, bristle pale yellow; proboscis yellowish, labella and haustellum

about equal length, a little shorter than mouth-opening, palpi about 0-6 labella.

Thorax: dust dense brown, grey on sides, stripes barely indicated; pubes-

cence sparse, pale yellow; pleura and postscutellar area black with moderate

grey dust; dorso-centrals at suture, pteropleural brownish; halteres yellow;

squamae yellow, upper wide, lower narrow; scutellum brown-dusted, slight grey

dust on centre at base, length half width, the 2 bristles three times length of

scutellum; legs black, ends of femora ochraceous, fore tibiae ochraceous or

barely blackened, mid slightly blackened in middle and hind rather strongly;

tarsi ochraceous; wing-pattern (Fig. 59) a pale reticulation, hyaline spots

TRYPETIDAE 947

relatively larger and fewer, especially in male, reticulation in discal and third

posterior cells more marked in female, no row of spots below sixth vein, or

slightly paler there or an oval spot; stigma black.

Abdomen dust dense, mainly brown but variable owing to coalescence of

tergal spots, grey on sides and a median stripe; pubescence brown, with some

longer, white; apical bristles black, rather short; oviscape I-o mm., 0-3 wing-

length, about as long as pre-abdomen, shining black, mid-joint black, aculeus

orange.

Male: sternite 5 wide, posterior angles broadly rounded, indent moderate

with bare membrane. Tergum 9 (Fig. 66), laterally oval, cerci visible below,

no flange; posteriorly wider than high, swollen on sides, flattened below on

level of prensisetae, the concave surfaces with minute, fine hairs, cerci some-

what constricted off and project downwards and inwards at about an angle of

30°; major prensiseta large and opposed to cercus, minor small, pointed.

Aedeagus (Fig. 63) elongate, vesica reduced, moderate pre-aedeagal swelling

less spherical, strong setulae fewer but extending about three parts round—in

figure those in dotted line on lower side in preparation.

Lethyna aequabilis sp. n.

Distinguished by the hairy concave areas on the lower posterior aspect of

tergum 9 in male.

Kenya: Mt. Elgon, 10,500-12,500 ft., 11.1935. Holotype g, allotype 9;

paratypes 7 3, 5 2, on flowers of Helichrysum ? nandense; I 3, I 8, on flowers

of Helichrysum formossissimum; 1 3, 1 9, Heath Zone, 10,500-12,500 ft.

Ucanpa: Kigezi district, Mt. Sabinio, 8000 ft., 2 9, on flowers of Helichrysum

nandense (F. W. Edwards).

Length, ¢ 3-4 mm., 2 4-5 mm.; wing, ¢ 3°5 mm., 2 4:0 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 7-5:8:10; yellow, posteriorly black to eye-

margin, shading to yellow below, beard sparse, short, yellow, I or 2 yellowish

postorbitals in row of fairly long, black setulae; frons flat, deep yellow, no

median stripe, as long as wide, a little narrowed in front, 0-5 width of head,

2 lower orbitals, occasionally an addition, fine one, ocellars strong; black ocellar

dot, vertex, sides of frons, facialia and genae silvery-dusted, facialia appearing

bare seen from below; no pubescence on frons; lunule short, yellow; antennae

0-9 face, yellow or more or less blackened, joint 3 twice as long as wide, arista

blackish brown, micropubescent; face yellow, epistome projecting half width

of antenna, parafacials narrow, 0-4 third antennal joint, genae 0-3 height of eye,

bristle pale yellow; proboscis yellow, labella and haustellum about equal length,

mouth-opening a little longer, palpi yellow, 0-6 labella.

Thorax black, dorsum densely grey-dusted, brownish posteriorly and

median and dorso-central stripes anteriorly, or brown more extensive and grey

only in front and on sides, pubescence pale yellow, bristles black, pteropleural

948

RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

d No go

LOD, rf

Fic. 64.—aequabilis.

Fic. 63.—nexilis.

Fics. 61-64, Lethyna spp., aedeagi.

Fic. 66.—Lethyna nexilis, tergum 9, posterior and lateral aspects.

TRYPETIDAE 949

pale yellow, dorso-centrals just behind suture; halteres yellow; squamae pale

yellow, upper wide, lower narrow; scutellum brown, corners grey-dusted, length

about half width, 2 bristles, length three times length of scutellum; legs mainly

black, femora ochraceous to yellow on distal ends ; tibiae: fore and mid blackened,

hind black, distal end broadly ochraceous as are tarsi; wing-pattern (Fig. 60)

a pale but well-marked rather fine reticulation over whole surface except

extreme base; size of spots moderately variable; first bar in marginal cell

usually wide, and there may be an additional hyaline spot in the cell; an extra

spot may be present above end of vein 3 and that at end of first posterior

moderate to rather small so that a fairly well-defined apical fork may be

formed; stigma with or without a hyaline spot of moderate to large size; a row

of hyaline spots below sixth vein, usually 4 in male, 5 in female, or sometimes

only 3, the middle one elongate; lower angle of anal cell a defined, broad point ;

veins 3 and 4 distinctly divergent as a rule, sometimes less so.

Abdomen black, densely grey-dusted on sides and median stripes, brown

tergal spots rather ill-defined, forming a pair of indefinite but sometimes

stronger stripes, or almost absent; pubescence pale yellow, dark on tergal

spots, black apical bristles on tergum 5 in male, on 5 and 6 in female; oviscape

I°5 mm., 0-37 wing-length, 1-5 pre-abdomen, narrow, flat in specimens, shining

blackish ferruginous, pubescence and venter black.

Male: sternite 5, indent wide, angular, moderate, membrane with very

close-set setulae except innermost part bare; tergum 9 (Fig. 65) rather globose,

oval laterally cerci not visible below, no ‘flange, posteriorly wider than high,

sides swollen below, on each side above cerci a shallow concavity beset with

long hairs that may be observed on the pinned specimen; cerci short, rather

thin, blunt, inturned at about right angle; major prensiseta large, oval, opposed

to cercus, minor small, pointed. Aedeagus (Fig. 64) elongate, vesica reduced,

moderate, rather spherical pre-aedeagal swelling with patch of strong setulae

above and on right (below in smaller Fig.) the two together encircling about

three-fourths of the swelling.

[Lethyna evanida (Bezzi) comb. n.]

Ensina evanida Bezzi, 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 136. Munro, 1935, Aun. Mus. nat.

Hung., 29: 152, Fig. 19.

Only the female type from Abyssinia in the Hungarian National Museum

is known.

Head rather shorter; length, height, width, 7:8:10, and the parafacials and

genae seem wider than usual.

The wing-pattern is reduced to a scattered, very pale infuscation hardly

reticulate, the stigma yellow. A more decided pattern might appear if the wing

were examined critically. This may be compared with Scedella longiseta

(Hering).

950 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

PAROXYNA Hendel s.s.

Hendel, 1927, in Lindner, Fl. Pal. Reg., 49, Tvypetidae, p. 14b (type species: tessellata

Loew).

Se Mem. Sci. Agric., Taihokhu Imp. Univ., 8: 404 (Ent. No. 2).

Benjamin, 1934, U.S. Dept. Afric., Tech. Bull., 401: 40-41.

Munro, 1935, Arb. phys. angew. Ent., 2: 263.

Hering, 1942, Beitr. z. Fauna Perus, 1, Tryp., p. 158; 1944, Siruna Seva, 5: 6-7.

Aczel, 1949, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 7: 286.

The foregoing references apply mainly to non-African species and the full

implications and relationships must await a fuller study of world species and

of related genera. A general consideration of Paroxyna species in the wider

sense has already been given.

African species included here in the restricted sense have 2 long basal and

2 short apical scutellars, the labella shorter and mostly not projecting beyond

the epistome, the wing-pattern reticulate but variable.

In the tables (couplet 28) four groups are indicated based on a combination

of the presence or absence of a frontal stripe and the appearance of the wing-

pattern. A careful estimation of these two characters will usually serve to locate

a specimen, but both are variable and it is often difficult to decide one way or

the other. In the text the species are arranged in four series that allow for

variation and overlapping of characters and may give a reasonable idea of the

relationships; this grouping is supported to some extent by characters of the

male terminalia.

The groups are: fenestrata, péringueyi, anomalina, and ignobilis. The

fenestrata series is remarkable on account of the peculiar anterior prongs on the

strap-like sternite 6; s¢phonina has been placed with pévingueyi series chiefly

on the wing-pattern, but appears rather to be an isolated form. Some species

of which sufficient material has not been available, or of which specimens have

not been seen, are placed somewhat doubtfully. .

BENEST RATA GROUP

A remarkable group characterised by the elongate, pointed flanges on

tergum g in the male, sternite 5 almost divided into 2 leaf-like pieces and the

strap-like 6 with a pair of anterior curved prongs not yet seen in any other

Trypetid examined. The species are evidently closely allied and to some extent

differentiation is rather weak. One, fenestrata (Mt. Elgon), is distinct and may

be separated on the wing-pattern and the patch of hairs on the inner side of

the flanges (or projections) of tergum 9. The others (not including fetulans) are

not readily separated on the male terminalia, and the oviscape is the same

relative length in all. The thorax is blackish with brown or grey dust, but in

TRYPETIDAE 951

shiraensis (Kilimanjaro) it is definitely blacker, almost dull black, and wider;

argentata and dispertita are extreme forms of one species, the wing-pattern

varying from a very fine, rather diffuse reticulation of small hyaline spots to

rather larger spots; in shivaensis the pattern is more like the coarser pattern of

argentata and is still somewhat diffuse; in spznata (South Africa, Natal) the

pattern is more clearly reticulate, almost approaching that of granulata, and

the antennae are yellow (or barely blackened), black in others.

The strap-like sternite 6 has the prongs wide apart in the specimen of

argentata, less so in dispertita and shiraensis, less so in the sPinata preparation.

Another species, petulans (Mt. Elgon), may belong here but only females

have been available; it has a shorter oviscape.

Paroxyna fenestrata sp. n.

Readily distinguished by the wing-pattern and tergum 9 in male.

Kenya: Mt. Elgon, Alpine Zone, 12,000—13,000 ft., 11.1935. Holotype 4, allo-

type 2; paratypes 4 3 (on flower of Helichrysum armatum) ; I 3, 10,500-12,500 ft.,

on flower of Helichrysum formossissimum; 1 3, on flower of Helichrysum brownet,

var. pleiocephala (F. W. Edwards).

Length, g 2-8 mm., 9 3:8 mm.; wing, ¢ 3-5 mm., 2 3:3 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 6:7:10; more or less ferruginous, behind black

to eye-margin, but postorbits may have slight ferruginous to yellowish tinge,

postorbital bristles 1 or 2 yellowish to black, and strong row black setae;

frons ferruginous, rather strong, median, silvery stripe, sides broadly and

strongly silvery, blackish vertical plates and black ocellar dot silvery; 2 lower

orbitals, the hind upper brown, ocellars strong; as wide as long, in ¢ at antennae

0-75, in 2 0-85 width at vertex, rather less than half width of head; antennae

blackish ferruginous to almost black, 0-8 face, third joint width half length,

arista micropubescent ; face: epistome projecting 0-5, and parafacials about 0-25

width antennae, gena 0-2 height of eye, bristle pale yellow; labella, haustellum

and mouth-opening about equal length.

Thorax dull black; on dorsum blue-grey dust on sides and in front, a broad

brown median stripe that may divide anteriorly as far as anterior supra-alars,

pubescence brown, shining; pleura with light grey dust, yellow bristle hairs on

propleura and on sterna; dorso-centrals a little behind suture, pteropleural

white; legs more or less ferruginous, femora black except at ends, fore tibiae

mainly blackish, mid broadly black in middle, hind black on proximal three-

fourths, in female tibiae not or barely blackened; halteres yellow; squamae

whitish, upper wide, lower narrow; scutellum, length half width, flat, apical

bristles 0-5 basals; wing (Fig. 67) subreticulate, pale, stigma dark, slightly at

base, large hyaline spots in marginal and submarginal cells, the outer may be

divided on one wing or the other, is so in the female; the 2 large spots below

952 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

them in submarginal may form 1 large spot; hyaline spots otherwise tend to

be smaller, fewer and more diffuse, or even smaller and tend to disappear.

Abdomen black, slight grey dust, tergal spots forming brown stripes in male;

in female abdomen almost quite brown with weak median streak, pubescence

whitish to yellowish; oviscape 0-2 wing-length, 0-8 pre-abdomen, flat in speci-

men shining black and black pubescence, mid-segment black, aculeus ferru-

ginous.

Male: sternites 3 and 4 very wide, more than four times wide as long, 5 with

deep indent and leaf-like sides, 6 with a pair of curved anterior prongs between

them 2 setal patches; tergum 9 (Fig. 76) sides produced below into broad points

with sharply pointed anal region between, each point laterally as a broad,

triangular, postero-ventral projection; inner surface of each point somewhat

concave and bears a patch of hairs; the cerci (in posterior view underneath) are

narrow, rather flattened and turned directly inwards; major prensiseta about

as large as cercus and opposed to it, the minor small with a rather large sensory

hair; aedeagus (Fig. 72) much like spznata, tube nearly to apex of vesica and

a complex ?-shaped coiled rod.

Fic. 70.—argentata.

Fic. 71.—argentata, var.

Paroxyna spp., fenestvata group, wings.

TRYPETIDAE 953

[Paroxyna spinata sp. n.]

Very like zgnobilis but strongly differentiated on the male terminalia.

NaTAaL: Kloof, x.1934, holotype 4, allotype 9, paratypes 1 g, I 9, larvae

in flowers of Athrixia phylicoides; 1 3, Durban (Cowie’s Hill), 27.ix:1936;

I 4, Moseley (near Sarnia), 18.x.1936, 1 ¢$; Drakensberg, Loteni River,

vil.1g41, 1 9 (W. E. Marriott). UGANDA: Imatong Mts., 10,000 ft., ii.1936,

I g (D. R. Buxton). Types in South African National Collection of Insects,

Pretoria.

Length, § 2:8 mm., 2 3-6 mm.; wing, ¢ 2:9 mm., 2 3:3 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 7:8:10; yellow, posteriorly black, postorbits

yellow, more or less blackened, broadly yellow behind vertex, 1 or 2 yellow

postorbital bristles in row of black setae; eye broadly oval, distinctly short

pubescent ; frons yellow, broadly silvery on sides and a moderate median stripe;

bristles black, 2 lower orbitals, as long as wide at vertex, at antennae 0-7 length,

0-5 width of head; lunule short, yellow; antennae short, 0-8 face, yellow, third

joint, width 0-6 length, arista black, micropubescent; face: parafacials 0-3,

epistome projecting 0-6 width of third antennal joint; labella as long as mouth-

opening, palpi 0-6 labella, yellow.

Thorax black, grey dust, humeri slightly yellow behind, dorsum: 3 strong

brown stripes, the median slightly weaker, pubescence yellow, bristles black,

pteropleural white, dorso-centrals about half-way between suture and anterior

supra-alars; scutellum, width about twice length, brownish, grey centrally and

on corners, 4 bristles, apicals 0-3 basals; legs yellow, femora black on about

proximal three-fourths; wing (Fig. 68) clear hyaline, pale reticulation, 3 hyaline

spots at base of first posterior cell, the inner one next to upper cross-vein may

be absent, stigma with moderate to large median spot; in one female black, and

in one other female a spot at top of submarginal cell. .

Abdomen black, grey dust, brown tergal spots form moderate to rather

narrow stripes, pubescence pale yellow; oviscape about 0-3 wing-length, black,

shining, black pubescence, apical bristles black.

Male: sternites wide, 3 and 4 nearly twice as wide as long, 5 with deep

indent the two sides leaf-like, 6 with a pari of anterior prongs. Tergum 9

(Fig. 77) very like shivaensis, wider than high, sides produced downwards as

rather sharp points seen posteriorly, laterally large and broadly pointed hiding

the cerci and causing the lower margin of tergum to be strongly emarginate;

aedeagus (Fig. 73), vesica large with tube to apex and a complex ?-shaped piece

almost to end, pre-aedeagal setulae few.

British Museum g (Imatong Mts.); length 3-5 mm., wing 4:0 mm., wing-

pattern rather darker and stigma black. Abdomen greasy from glue used to

fasten specimen to point, apex rather damaged; terminalia drawn in and

obscured, but the spine-like processes (flanges) appear to be present as in South

African specimens.

954 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

[Paroxyna shiraensis Munro]

Munro, 1951, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 12, 4: 712. Salt, 1954, J. Ecology, 42: 419.

Fic. 74.—shivaensis.

Fic. 75.—argentata.

Paroxyna spp., fenestrata group, aedeagi.

Paroxyna argentata sp. n.

Very like shivaensis, but may be distinguished on the dorsum of thorax.

Two forms are recognised here, based on extremes of the wing-pattern:

P. argentata f., argentata f. typ.

UGANDA: Kigezi district, Mt. Muhavura, 10,000-12,000 ft., holotype 3,

allotype 9, paratypes 73, 4 9.

P. argentata f., dispertita f. nov.

Kenya: Mt. Elgon, 10,500-12,500 ft., 11.1935, holotype ¢, allotype 9,

paratypes 2 4, on flowers of Helichrysum newt.

The remaining paratypes follow as indicated:

KENYA: argentata 1 9, Mt. Elgon, 10,500-12,500 ft., 11.1935, on flowers of

Helichrysum newit; argentata i 9, dispertita, 1 3, 5 8, on flowers of H. browne:

var. pleiocephala; dispertita, 2 3, I 9, on flowers of H. formossissimum,; argentata

29, dispertita 1 , Alpine Zone, 12,000-13,000 ft.; Aberdare Range, Nyeri Track,

10,500 ft., x.1934, argentata I g (all F. W. Edwards).

TRYPETIDAE 955

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Nyamgasani Valley, 12,000-13,000 ft., 9-15.i.1935,

dispertita, 1 3, 1 2 (D. R. Buxton).

Mt. Muhavura has been chosen as the typical locality as all specimens from

there were of the one form; others were all more or less mixed. The extremes

of the wing-pattern are shown in the types, but.the variation from the one to

the other is so gradual that no sharp line can be drawn and some specimens

have been labelled “‘intermediates”’.

P. argentata.

Length, $ 3-3-4:0 mm., 2 4:2-4'4 mm.; wing, ¢ 3:7-4-4 mm., 9 3:9-4:1

mm.

Head: length, height, width, 7:8:10; black behind, spots behind vertex,

postorbits broadly and a widened area below yellow to blackish or black, I or

2 postorbital bristles pale or blackened, with a row of strong black setae, beard

pale; frons tawny, black ocellar dot, vertical plates lightly, a median stripe

moderately to strongly, and sides of frons strongly and broadly silvery; a little

Fic. 76.—fenestrata. Fic. 77.—spinata.

Fic. 78.—shiraensis. Fic. 79.—argentata.

Paroxyna spp., fenestrata group, terga 9.

956 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

wider than long, somewhat narrowed to antennae, 0-5 width of head, 2 lower

orbitals, ocellars strong; lunule short, dark ferruginous; antennae dark yellow,

blackish to black, 0-8 face, third joint length twice width, arista black, micro-

pubescent; face blackish ferruginous, parafacials 0-2 antennae, silvery,

epistome projecting about 0-75 antennae, gena about 0-25 height of eye,

bristle pale yellow; proboscis elongate, labella, haustellum and mouth-opening

subequal in length, palpi rather narrow, 0-7 labella, ferruginous, blackened

at end.

Thorax: dorsum (metanotum) as wide as long, at most barely wider; dust

blue-grey (markedly blackish in shivaensis) or more strongly blue, or with a

more marked brownish tinge when the broad median brown stripe is less

divided into three; pubescence yellowish; pteropleural white, dorso-centrals

0-25 distance to anterior supra-alars behind suture; humeri, pleura and post-

scutellum black with light dust, pleura with sparse, fine, pale pubescence and

long, pale bristle-hairs below wing-base, as also on sterna; scutellum flat, black,

brown dust, apical bristles 0-5 basals; halteres yellow; squamae whitish, upper

wide, lower narrow; legs ferruginous, coxae and femora black, hind tibiae barely

to strongly blackened. Wing (Figs. 70, 71), a faint, rather suffused reticulation

varying in intensity and in number and size of hyaline spots, the variation

gradual between extremes; marginal cell has always a large basal hyaline spot

and 2 outer, sometimes only 1 large outer, or 2 half-formed spots, or 3 or 4,

the fourth in the extreme tip, stigma black or with a small to large subhyaline

spot.

Abdomen black, grey-dusted, in male 2 brown stripes formed by moderate

tergal spots, in female brown-dusted except on tergite 2 and a narrow median

stripe grey. Oviscape I-3 mm., 0-3 wing-length, 1-1 pre-abdomen, shining black,

pubescence black, flat in specimens.

Male: sternites, 5 almost completely divided into 2 leaf-like lobes, prongs on

6 strong (Fig. 81). Tergum 9g (Fig. 79) like shivaensis (cf. Fig. 78), the sides

produced into broad points (flanges); in a male from Mt. Muhavura the flange

has a slight nick in lateral view and sternite 6 and its prongs wide; a male

(dispertita) from Mt. Elgon has the flange even and sternite 6 narrower. Aedeagus

(Fig. 75) appears rather more heavily sclerotised than in sivaensis, and the detail

that may be seen in each figure is rather different ; pre-aedeagal setulae few, but

rather stronger.

argentata form. typ.

Wing (Fig. 70): in first posterior cell 8 fair-sized spots in 2 rows and an

apical spot, each about 0-3 width of cell, in discal 2 rows of 2 or 3 spots like

those in first posterior and a large basal spot, but the spots generally rather

ill-defined, in second posterior 6 or 7 moderate spots.

TRYPETIDAE 957

dispertita form. n.

Wing (Fig. 71): pattern paler, sometimes very pale, hyaline spots small and

numerous: in first posterior cell 2 rows of 6 or 7 each, small and close to veins

above and below, and a small apical spot with occasionally additional spots

between the rows; in discal two similar rows of 5 or 6 each and larger basal spot ;

in second posterior 12-14 small spots.

Fic. 80.—shiraensis.

Fic. 81.—argentata.

Fic. 83.—eflorata.

Fic. 82.—ignobilis.

Pavoxyna spp., sternites 5 and 6. The upper figures show the peculiar

anterior prongs on sternite 6 and the setal patches. Differences between

ignobilis and eflovata may be noted.

958 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

PERINGUEYI GROUP

Frons without median stripe. Wing-pattern evenly reticulate and there is

no speckled appearance, even when reduced. The main reduction has been to

a more or less complete, irregular bar from end of anal, over discal to end of

marginal cell, or there may be a complete but diffuse reticulation. It is probable

that s¢phonina is an isolated form on account of the ninth tergum and aedeagus;

it might be placed nearer Scedella (caffra series), but the apical scutellars are

short. P. petulans, of which no males are available, has been placed doubtfully

with the anomalina series; on the wing-pattern it comes nearer to some of the

péringueyt group, but the frontal stripe is absent.

Paroxyna péringueyi (Bezzi) comb. n.

Euribia pévingueyi Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 555, Plate XV, Fig. 109; Bull.

ent. Res., 15: 138.

A small species widespread in South Africa. The type is a male, not female,

from Capetown in the South African Museum collection, and large series have

been collected and reared. It was therefore of interest to find many specimens

in the British Museum material, and these are quite like those from South

Africa.

Péringueyi is much like zgnobilis and may be confused with it in spite of

an obvious difference in the appearance of the wing-pattern. There is as great,

if not greater, range in coloration especially the dorsum of thorax and wing-

pattern. Curiously a rather characteristic feature is the appearance of 2 or 3

rather indistinct hyaline spots at base of first posterior cell before lower cross-

vein.

‘Length, § 2:5 mm., 2 3:2 mm.; wing, ¢ 2-4 mm., 9 3:3 mm.

Frons 0-5 width of head, 2 lower orbitals and no frontal stripe; arista

micropubescent ; labella, haustellum and mouth-opening of about equal length.

Thorax: dorsum plain grey-dusted and no stripes, or 3 varying from weak

to strong, or 1 broad median stripe, grey on sides. The single broad stripe, as

in the type, seems the most usual and at times the only form as in the Kenya

specimens and those from Mposa, but the full range may occur in any one

locality. Halteres yellow (not blackish, Bezzi, nor black, Hering) ; femora black;

apical scutellar bristles 0-3-0-4 basals. Wing (Fig. 84) generally appearing pale

and evanescent towards hind margin, but full pattern shows obliquely or when

mounted, sometimes darker and usually darker along costa, variable in detail,

a single spot below end of vein 2 becoming more or less divided into two; at

base of first posterior cell, before lower cross-vein, a rather characteristic group

of 2-3 small spots that may be somewhat confluent; stigma black or with

variable subhyaline spots, in Kenya specimens mostly with large spot.

TRYPETIDAE 959

thy,

By,

a, y

Fic. 92.—edwardst. Fic. 93-_brunalata.

Paroxyna spp., pévingueyt group, wings.

Abdomen: female, black bristles on hind margins of tergites 5 and 6; oviscape

very short, 0-6 mm., 0-13-0-18 wing-length, about 0-25 pre-abdomen.

Male: tergum 9 rounded posteriorly, flange very short and inconspicuous,

cerci short, broadly rounded, prensisetae, major large, prominent, opposed to

cercus, minor reduced; aedeagus (Fig. 97) vesica large, a sinuate, hooked rod

960 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

extends to apex ending in a cup-like structure inside which the elongate tube

ends, the walls of the cup are finely striate, but the striae, which appear

double, are usually difficult to see; no pre-aedeagal setulae. Indent of sternite 5,

0-4 length.

Biology and records

The species has been taken throughout South Africa, from Namaqualand

on the west to Zululand on the east and from Mossel Bay to the Transvaal. Its

preferred host-plants seem to be species of Cineraria. Rearing records are:

Mossel Bay, x.1935, W. E. Marriott, from Cineraria getfolia; Klippiespan

(Boshof) near Kimberley, ix.1948, J. H. Power, from C. aspera; Izingolweni,

Natal, x.1941, W. E. Marriott, from C. natalensis; Mposa, Zululand, x.1951,

H. K. Munro, from C. deltoidea; Whitehills, Cape, x.1935, W. E. Marriott, from

Senecio laxus; Kimberley, ix.1948, J. H. Power, from S. apiifolius.

The British Museum material is as follows, but although specimens are

recorded as taken on various plants, none appear to have been reared. All taken

by Dr. F. W. Edwards except a male from the Imatong Mts. taken by D. R.

Buxton.

UcanDaA: Kigezi district, Mt. Sabinio, 8000 ft., xi.1934, 1 §; Mt. Muhavura,

10,000-12,000 ft., 1 3; Imatong Mts., 10,000 ft., 11.1936, 1 g. KENYA: Mt. Elgon,

11.1935, 23 3, 35 , consisting of odd specimens taken at various localities

between 10,500 and 13,000 ft. resting on sundry plants: Selangia sp., Artemisia

afra, Euryops elongensis, Helichrysum englert, H. armatum, H. formossissimum,

Conyza ruwenzoriensis, Cineraria kilimandscharica, Senecio rhammatophyllus

and Protea sp.

Paroxyna siphonina (Bezzi)

Ensina siphonina Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 9: 33; 1920, id. 10: 263; 1924, 1d. 15: 136.

Paroxyna siphonina (Bezzi) Munro, Dept. Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. g: 42.

Kenya: Embu, in British Museum. Holotype I 9.

A rather large species; length, g 4-2 mm., 9 4-4 mm.; wing, ¢ 4:2 mm.,

2 4.4 mm.; oviscape I mm.

Head: frons, median stripe variable, strong or almost absent, but in any case

the specimen must be good; arista micropubescent ; epistome projecting slightly

beyond antennae; labella elongate, projecting before and behind as is evident

in the type from a sketch made by Miss Aubertin—Bezzi’s statement “‘about as

long as the entire body”’ is misleading.

Thorax: legs yellow, hind femora may be more or less blackened in some

males, as much as two-thirds; wing-pattern (Fig. 85) a rather pale, even reticula-

tion, blacker in fresh specimens; it is very variable, especially at apex, below

tip of vein 2 may be 2 separate spots, partly united or 1, at times a spot above

tip of vein 3.

TRYPETIDAE 961

Abdomen: tergal spots form a pair of brown stripes; in female black bristles

at end of tergum 6 only; oviscape short, I mm., 0-25 wing-length, in ether-fixed

specimens flattened, wide, 0-8 mm., at base with sharp lateral margins.

Male: sternites, a deep indent almost divides 5 into two, 4 withaslight indent,

3 occasionally. Terminalia in general heavily: sclerotised, fultella and ring

massive; tergum 9 (Fig. 94), sides swollen and broadly rounded (to be observed

in pinned specimens), cerci reduced to short, blunt points directed inwards and

somewhat upwards, points black and heavily sclerotised with 2 diverging grooves

on the inner side; prensisetae: twisted rod firmly fused to inner side of cercus,

the major forms half of a broad projection which is the modified end of the rod;

this structure is about as large as the cercus, the two appearing to form a pincers

with the much reduced minor seta between. Aedeagus (Fig. 98) ; vesica reduced,

a tube extending beyond its apex; pre-aedeagal swelling large with a long row

of setulae on either side; there may also be some setulae on the lower side

towards the middle of the phallosome.

‘

‘IG. 95.— lata. *

Fic. 94.—siphonina. Fic. 95.—granulata

Fic. 96.—saltoria.

Pavoxyna spp., péringueyt group, terga 9.

962 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Material

ERITREA: Asmara, 17.xii.1948, I 9 (G. De Lotto). UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Mt.

Karangora, 9900 ft., I.i1.1935, I g, 1 2 (F. W. Edwards). KENYA: Athi River,

Vill.1937, 4 3, I 9; Nairobi, viii-ix.1937, 2 2; Chyulu, iv.1938, 1 6, 3 9(V.G. L.

van Someren) (Coryndon Museum), from flowers of Compositae, spp. indet.

SOUTHERN RuHopESIA: Mt. Chirinda, 3800 ft., 12.vi.1g11, 2 g (C. F. M. Swyn-

nerton) ; Mazoe, 28.x11.1932, 2 5, 1 2 (W. K. Ford), in flowers of Bidens pilosa.

SouTH AFricA: Transvaal, Entabeni, Vera View, v.1953 (H. K. Munro), in

flowers of Bidens insecta (S.A. Nat. Coll. Ins.). Pupariwm dull black to pale

brownish, firmly glued among remains of achenes; 2-4 in a flower.

[Paroxyna granulata sp. n.]

Ensina ignobilis var. plebeja Munro (nec Loew, nec Bezzi), Dept. Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem.,

No. 5: 29.

A variable, widespread species in South Africa. It may be mistaken for

ignobilis if the difference in the appearance of the wing-pattern is not fully

appreciated; on the other hand, the pattern is very like that of péevingueyr. It

differs from both in the male terminalia.

Holotype 3, allotype 9, 64 3, 60 2 paratypes as listed under the host-plants.

Length, 3 2-8 mm., 2 3-75 mm.; wing, ¢ 2-9 mm., 2 3:25 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 7:8:10; posteriorly black, broadly yellow on

upper orbits and 2 large spots behind vertex; frons yellow, as long as wide,

0-5 width of head at vertex, 0:35 at antennae, yellow, no median stripe; lunule

short, yellow; antennae brownish yellow, 0-85 face, arista brown, micro-

pubescent; face: parafacials narrow, 0-2-0-25 antennae, epistome projecting

0-8 antennae and proboscis about 2 times when drawn up, labella and haustellum

about equal length, longer than mouth-opening, palpi 0-8 labella.

Thorax: dust golden yellow, especially from behind, tending to golden-

brown posteriorly and on to scutellum, more strongly golden in coast specimens,

grey on sides and in front, males generally more brown towards suture, stripes

not developed; pubescence pale yellow; bristles normal, dorso-centrals just

behind suture; legs ochraceous, femora black except broadly on outer ends;

squamae white, upper wide, lower narrow; halteres brown; scutellum flat, apical

bristles 0-3 basals; wing-pattern (Fig. 87), a pale, light reticulation, may be

more broken up or tend to be more complete and darker, distinctly darker and

heavier (Fig. 86) in coast specimens (Margate and East London) ; a large hyaline

spot at base of first posterior cell before lower cross-vein and 1 below end of

vein Zz, usually a moderate hyaline spot in stigma.

Abdomen rather shining-black or rather strongly ferruginous, grey dust

slight, moderate submedian brown stripes, sometimes not or hardly apparent,

or only in certain lights on tergites 3, 4 and 5; pubescence pale; oviscape short,

TRYPETIDAE 963

0-75 mm., 0:23 wing-length, 0:75 pre-abdomen, black with fine, black pubes-

cence.

Male: tergum 9 (Fig. 95) rounded in posterior aspect, flange short, triangular,

cerci moderate, broad, strongly sclerotised on inner side; prensisetae: major

relatively small but more or less opposed to cercus. Aedeagus (Fig. 99); vesica

short, tube short and straight, sometimes sclerotised and oblique on distal half,

with a characteristic, large, sac-like granular mass; a few inconspicuous pre-

aedeagal setulae, and 2 or 3 minute spines at middle of phalosome. Sternite 5

rounded in outline, indent 0:5 length.

Material

This is arranged under host-plants; it is all in the South African National

Collection of Insects, Pretoria, but paratypes from various series will be

deposited in the British Museum.

Dimorphotheca

Holotype 3, allotype @, 3 g, 6 2 paratypes, Pretoria, xi.1925 (H. K. Munro),

in achenes of D. spectabilis, sometimes in flower-head between achenes.

The following specimens are all paratypes:

5 6, 4 9, Matjesfontein, Cape, x.1935 (W. E. Marriott), in achenes and

flower-heads of D. cuneata; 3 g, 2 2, East London, vii.1925 (H. K. Munro), in

flowers of D. fruticosa; 8 3, 7 9, Margate, Natal, xi.1934 (W. E. Marriott),

in flowers of D. fruticosa.

Osteospermum muricatum (in achenes)

44,4, Vryburg (Ophir), xi.1947 (W. H. Ghent); 11 3, 10 9, Colenso, Natal

(W. E. Marnott); 5 3, 2 9, Pretoria, x.1925 (HW. K. Munro); 1 3, 3 2, Witkrans,

N. Tvl., 1.1954 (H. K. Munro).

Osteospermum junceum

3 2, Tulbagh (Cape), Vogel Vlei Mts., x.1948 (C. G. C. Dickson).

Tripteris flexuosa

2 3, 2 8, Pretoria, x.1925 (H. K. Munro), in flowers.

Calendula (cultivated)

I dg, 2 2, Marlborough, S. RHODESIA, xii.1951 (G. F. Cockbill), in flowers

(Acc. No. 6543, Rhodesia Entomologist, Salisbury).

In nest of Crabro westermanni

1 9, Pretoria, 8.x.1935 (H. K. Munro) (captured and stored by wasp).

Host-plant not known

Cape Province: Matjesfontein, 5.xii.1947, 2 g, 1 2 (H. K. Munro); East

London, ili, iv, vil.1925, 8 3, 2 9 (H. K. Munro); Middelburg, 12.11.1925, 1 2

(H. K. Munro); Redhouse, 11.1x.1950, 2 ¢, I 2; Robertson, 12.x.1950, I Q;

Uitenhage (Groendal), 15.x.1950, 1 2 (C. G. C. Dickson). TRANSVAAL: Pretoria,

X, xll.1925, 3 dg, 2 9; Maraheki, ix.1948, 7 5, 42 (H. K. Munro).

964 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

[Paroxyna salina Munro]

Munro, 1951, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 12, 4: 710. Salt, 1954, J. Ecology, 42: 419.

Recorded from Kilimanjaro. Wing (Fig. 88).

Male: tergum g normal, rounded posteriorly, flange short; aedeagus

(Fig. 100), tube into vesica elongate and projecting beyond hook-shaped rod;

a trace of pre-aedeagal setulae. Sternite 5 rather large, indent 0-3 length.

[Paroxyna saltoria Munro]

Munro, 1951, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 12, 4: 711. Salt, 1954, J. Ecology, 42: 419.

The type locality is Shira Plateau, Kilimanjaro, where the species was

obtained by G. Salt.

Wing (Fig. 89) infuscated to base, pattern a modified, reduced reticulation

with a marked bar from point of anal cell, across discal and first posterior to

apex.

Male: tergum 9 (Fig. 96) rounded, flange short, cerci rather blunt, short and

narrow ; major prensiseta rather small but opposed to cercus on a large ear-like

piece, minor reduced; aedeagus (Fig. 101) very like salina, the tube is obscure

in the preparation while the hook-shaped rod appears as a sigmoid tube vaguely

sclerotised at its end; no pre-aedeagal setulae; sternite 5, posterior corners

rounded, indent 0-3 length.

[Paroxyna sigillata sp. n.]

NATAL: Port Shepstone, iv.1936, holotype g, allotype 2 (W. E. Marriott),

in flowers of Osteospermum grandidentatum (S. Afr. Nat. Coll. Ins.).

Length, ¢ 2-0 mm., 9 2-4 mm.; wing, ¢ 2 2-0 mm.

Head and appendages yellow; length, height, width, 7:8:10; posteriorly

black, 2 spots behind vertex and broadly on postorbits yellow, bristles 2 pale

and 2-3 black setulae; frons about as long as wide at vertex, rather more than

0-5 width of head, bristles weak, 2 lower orbitals, no median stripe; antennae

deeper yellow, arista micropubescent; epistome projecting about 0-5 antennae,

labella and haustellum a little longer than mouth-opening, projecting when

drawn up.

Thorax dust brown between dorso-central line and over scutellum, paler in

front and grey on sides, pleura with moderate grey dust, bristles normal, dorso-

centrals at suture; legs yellowish, femora black, distal ends broadly yellow;

apical scutellars 0-3 basal; wing (Fig. 90 3, 91 9), a reduced pattern much like

saltorta, with a bar from end of anal cell, over discal and first posterior to

wing-tip, the pattern more broken up in female.

TRYPETIDAE 965

Fic. 99.—granulata. Fic. 100.—salina.

Fic. 101.—saltoria.

Fic. 103.—brunalata.

Paroxyna spp., pévingueyt group, aedeagi.

966 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Abdomen in.male rather brownish with light dust and rather long, pale

pubescence, no sign of submedian spots or stripes; in female blackish dust

stronger and usual brown stripes; oviscape 0-3 wing-length, 0-6 pre-abdomen,

black and black pubescence.

Male: indent sternite 5 0-3 length; tergum g normal, a short triangular

flange that may be seen on the pinned specimen; aedeagus (Fig. 102) rather

like granulata, showing a granular plate in vesica, but tube not apparent in

preparation.

Paroxyna edwardsi sp. n.

Ucanpba: Kigezi district, Mt. Muhavura, 10,000-12,000 ft., xi.1934, holotype

6, allotype 2 (F. W. Edwards).

Length, g 2-9 mm., 2 3-0 mm.; wing, ¢ 3°0 mm., 2 3°6 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 6:7:10; eye rounded, length 0-6 height;

posteriorly black to eye-margin and vertex, shading to yellow below, post-

orbitals 2-3 thick, yellow, with row black setae, beard weak, pale; frons flat,

yellow, darker towards vertex, no median stripe in male, but slight obliquely

in female, no pubescence, width 1-1 length, 0-5 width of head (0-4 at antennae),

2 lower orbitals, ocellars strong; lunule short, yellow; antennae 0-8 face, dark

yellow, blackish in female, third joint width 0-7 length, arista black, micro-

pubescent; face yellow, epistome slightly prominent, grooves deep, facialia

narrow, gena 0-2 height of eye, bristle brownish; proboscis distorted in male

type, in female labella and haustellum of about equal length and slightly shorter

than mouth-opening; palpi normal.

Thorax black; dorsum: blue-grey dust on sides, medially a wide, strong,

brown stripe barely dividing into three anteriorly, pubescence yellow, shining;

pleura and postscutellum black, grey-dusted, former with pale pubescence;

bristles normal, black, dorso-centrals at suture, the pale pteropleural and a few

pale bristle-hairs below wing-base; halteres yellow; squamae brownish, upper

rather less than semicircle, lower narrow; scutellum flat, brown, length 0-6

width, apical bristles 0-4 basals; legs blackish ferruginous, coxae and femora

black, tibiae, anterior blackish, middle missing in male, hind blackish, black

on proximal half, in female the tibiae are only slightly blackish; wing-pattern

(Fig. 92) rather ill-defined and not properly reticulate, stigma black, marginal

cell, g with 2 hyaline spots (possibly 3 normally) both narrower than bar

between, 3 in female.

Abdomen black, pubescence brown-shining; dust brown, grey on tergum 2

and a very slight median grey stripe, weaker in female; male terminalia blackish

ferruginous (not dissected) ; oviscape shining-black, pubescence black, 0-5 mm.,

0-15 wing-length, 0-5 pre-abdomen; middle joint blackish to ferruginous, aculeus

ferruginous; venter black, grey dust.

TRYPETIDAE 967

Paroxyna brunalata sp. n.

Kenya: Mt. Elgon, 10,000—-12,500 ft., 11.1935, holotype g, allotype 9, 14 4,

12 2 paratypes, on flowers of Euryops elgonensis.

Length, $ 3:1 mm., 2 3-9 mm.; wing, 3 3-3 mm., 2 3-5 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 7:7:10; eye rounded oval, posteriorly black,

a yellowish or ferruginous tinge below or postgenae mainly ferruginous, a pair

of spots behind vertex and postorbits narrowly yellow, postorbitals 2-3 yellow

with black setulae; frons flat, orange rufous, no median stripe and sides only

narrowly silvery, as long as wide, a little narrowed to antennae, 0-5 width of

head, no pubescence, 2 lower orbitals, ocellars strong; lunule short, orange

rufous; antennae orange rufous, slight to moderate blackening, black in female

type, 0°8 face, third joint short oval, width 0-6 length, arista micropubescent;

epistome slightly prominent, parafacials moderate, in male 0-25, in female 0-5

width third antennal joint, gena 0-25 height of eye, bristle pale brown; proboscis,

haustellum and mouth-opening about equal; palpi wide, curved, flat.

Thorax black; dorsum: dust uniformly shining-brown, or barely a trace of

stripes anteriorly, pubescence pale yellow, bristles normal, dorso-centrals at

suture, pteropleural ferruginous; halteres yellow; squamae darkened, upper

wide, lower narrow; scutelum, length 0-5 width, apical bristles 0-34 basals;

legs hazel, femora black except ends; wing (Fig. 93) width 0-3 length, uniformly

blackish brown to extreme base, stigma slightly darker and browner, a few

subhyaline spots, usually undefined, if small, just discernible.

Abdomen black, slightly grey-dusted, pubescence black, on tergum 2 whitish;

in male tergites 3 and 4, which are narrowly yellowish, have longer, whitish

pubescence on hind edges, the apical bristles black; in female all the longer

hind marginal pubescence black; oviscape 0-8 mm., 0-24 wing-length, 0-8 pre-

abdomen, shining black, pubescence black.

Male: tergum 9 normal, rounded posteriorly, flanges short; cerci short;

aedeagus (Fig. 103); vesica with stout, hook-shaped rod and tube projecting

just beyond it, no pre-aedeagal setulae ; fultella and ring strongly asymmetrical ;

sternite 5 rather large, indent 0-3 length.

ANOMALINA GROUP

The species placed here and those in the zgnobilis group so intergrade, or

perhaps better, overlap, that no very definite line can be drawn between them.

On the wing-pattern there could be two groups, with a more complete reticulate

pattern and with a reduced V-pattern. The present grouping is based to a small

extent on this, but more with the presence of a frontal stripe.

The anomalina group thus has a frontal stripe and a wing-pattern rather too

strongly V-shaped (fetulans is included doubtfully) ; in addition in the aedeagus,

the vesica has a marked apical “‘hood’”’ and a curious plate at the end of the

968 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

(ejaculatory) tube. P.compta has a more reduced V-pattern very like anoma-

lina, but is placed nearer zgnobilis on the absent or weak frontal stripe and the

aedeagus. Occasional specimens of zgnobilis may develop a weak frontal stripe.

On the pre-aedeagal swelling is a long row of setulae on either side.

[Paroxyna anomalina (Bezzi)]

Spathulina anomalina Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 536, Plate XIV, Fig. 87;

1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 134.

Paroxyna anomalina (Bezzi) Munro, 1934, Amer. Mus. Nov., 739: 3.

Paroxyna munyoi Hering, 1941, nec Hering, 1937, and var. apiceguttata, Hering, 1941,

Ann. naturhist. Mus. Wien, 51: 202 (syn. nov.).

Paroxyna anomalina (Bezzi) form apiceguttata Hering, 1944, Sivuna Seva, 5: 11 (syn.

nov.).

(? Pavoxyna munroi Hering, 1937, q.v.).

The type locality is Pretoria and the species seems to be common but not

numerous in the Transvaal High Veld. The specimens from Abyssinia that I

identified as anomalina in 1934 and of which I have a male, I am still satisfied

are this species; the male terminalia agree with those of South African specimens.

Fic. 108.—petulans.

Paroxyna spp., anomalina group, wings.

TRYPETIDAE 969

One important point is that anomalina has a well-marked median, silvery

frontal stripe; it is present in the type but was not noted by Bezzi; further,

Hering does not mention it in any of his records as anomalina. The stripe is so

marked it could not easily be overlooked unless the specimens were greasy. It

is thus possible that the anomalina of Hering, 1944 (and compare his mumnvoz),

may be the new species, compta, described here; this has a wing-pattern almost

identical with anomaiina but no frontal stripe, or at most very faintly obliquely,

also the male genitalia show differences from anomalina. The presence of an

apical hyaline spot on the wing is no more than a normal variation in various

species of Paroxyna.

Length, ¢ 3:I mm., 2 3:5 mm.; wing, 3 2 3-0 mm.; some males as small as

2-1 mm.; wing 2:2 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 7:°5:8:10, or the height somewhat less; the

Abyssinian specimen at first sight appears to have a longer head, but this is

merely because the head has been tilted up in front. If this happens and at

the same time the eye is more oblique than usual, there is a greater illusion of

length as well as of a more projecting epistome. It may be noted, too, that the

lower margin (or border) of the head is, for practical purposes, the length of

the mouth-opening or the epistomal axis. Posteriorly the head is black in the

middle, mainly yellow below, and broadly yellow behind vertex and along upper

orbits, but this is variable and may be less marked. Frons about as long as

wide (Bezzi states 1-5 times long as wide), narrowed to antennae and 0:5 width

of head; the median stripe is wide but sometimes less conspicuous when the

frons is pale yellow; antennae as long as face, the upper corner broadly

pointed; epistome projecting about 0-3 and moderate parafacials o-4 width

antennae.

Thorax: 3 moderate stripes on dorsum; wing (Fig. 104) pattern uniformly

blackish, but 3 dark areas prominent with little reticulation between and form

an irregular, thick V, a hyaline spot at apex may occur; in some very small

males the pattern is more compact.

Abdomen: oviscape distinctly short, 0-6 mm., about 0-2 wing-length and 0:5

abdomen.

Male: tergum g normal, cerci short, broad, bluntly rounded, not scoop-like ;

flange (Fig. 109) short, irregular toothed margin; major prensiseta moderate,

ear-like on short stalk, minor much smaller; aedeagus (Fig. 114): vesica with

broad, bent-over tip (“‘hood’’), tube nearly to apex of vesica, at its end with

a large, oval, plate-like structure, less sclerotised and so less marked in some

specimens; pre-aedeagal swelling not marked, but a long row of setulae on

either side; sternite 5 (Fig. 113 a) indent rather more than half length, posterior

corners acute angular. The Abyssinian male agrees with those from South

Africa, the indent of sternite 5 less deep.

970 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Biology

Odd specimens have been taken at various places between Pretoria and

Johannesburg from 1923 to 1953. In Natal, Mr. Marriott has taken it in the

Drakensberg (Loteni River, vu.1941; Natal National Park, vii.1946) at Colenso,

I5-X1.1939; one from Pinetown, near Durban, Munro.

SA SsSsan—

AE AQRNS

Fic. 109.—anomalina.

Fic. 110.—umbritica.

Flanges. FIG. 111.—anchorata.

Fic. 112.—nacta: (a) tergum 9, lateral aspect, (b) posterior, (c) flange.

LNORI QIN

Fic.113.—Sternite 5: (a) anomalina, (b) nacta, (c) umbritica, (d) anchorata.

Paroxyna spp., anomalina group.

TRYPETIDAE 971

It has been reared from puparia in flowers of Lactuca capensis, a common

weed, at Johannesburg, 1 9, Blairgowrie, 11.1950; at Heidelburg in the Transvaal,

3 3, I Y, ii.1952, and Pretoria (Hatfield), 2 9, iii1.1953. At Blairgowrie in ii.1950,

7 5 and 4 2 were taken by sweeping over very unpromising grass-veld, but it

was not till two years later, at the same place, that infested flowers were found.

Even then, only one fly was reared, many other puparia being parasitised.

[Paroxyna munroi Hering]

Hering, 1937, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 22: 262, Taf. V, Fig. 18; 1944, Sivuna Seva, 5: 11.

Described on a pair from Abyssinia. Since it is stated ‘‘ Kopf unten merklich

langer als hinten hoch’’, it may be assumed the head could be as long as in

Dioxyna sororcula. It may, however, be asked just what is implied by “‘merk-

lich”’ and also between what points the lower border of the head was measured ;

in ignobilis occasional specimens may have a head that is ‘noticeably’ longer

than usual, but even this may be more apparent than real. If the head is so

much longer in munrot, it could not be anomalina, and, since no mention is

made of a frontal stripe, the frons must be plain (yellow) so that it could be

placed with zgnobilis ; on the other hand, it could not be the new species, compta,

which has the same wing-pattern but a plain frons and short head.

As regards the record for P. munroi and the form apiceguttata (Hering, 1941,

see anomalina), Hering, 1944, apparently decided it was an incorrect identifica-

tion and “‘transferred’”’ the form to anomalina.

[Paroxyna umbritica’ sp. n.]

TRANSVAAL: Pretoria, Rietvlei, 1.1952, holotype 3, allotype ? (ether fixed),

2I 6, 35 @ paratypes; Colbyn, 1.1931, 6 g, 7 9, 1.1952, I g, 6 9; Fountains,

11.1936, 2 g, 3 2; Klapperkop, 11.1950, 19 g, 22 9; Irene, ii.1952, 2 g, 2 9. All

the foregoing reared from puparia in flowers of Sonchus dregeanus collected in

and around Pretoria (H. K. Munro). Other specimens: Pretoria, 1.1923, I g, 2 2,

28.1.1924, I g, 26.11.1928, 1 ¢ (H. K. Munro). Nata: Drakensberg, S.E.

Cathedral area, vii.1946, 1 § (W. E. Marriott); van Reenen, xi.1926, I 2 (R. E.

Turner). Material in Pretoria, except the last specimen, which is in British

Museum.

Length, $ 3:75 mm., 2 4-8 mm.; wing, ¢ 3-3 mm., 2 3-9 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 7-5:8:10; a pair of ferruginous spots behind

vertex, yellowish black on orbits above, postorbitals 2 white with row of black

setae; frons as long as wide, 0-5 width of head, narrower at antennae, deep

yellow, brown on either side of black ocellar dot, a moderately strong median

stripe, white-dusted on sides, 2 lower orbitals; lunule whitish; antennae as long

as face, brown, slightly blackened, upper corner third joint broadly pointed;

arista pubescent; face white, brown in grooves, parafacials whitish, narrow,

972 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

0-2 antennae and epistome projecting as much; labella as long as mouth-

opening, hautellum shorter, palpi 0-75 labella.

Thorax generally blackish, pubescence white, dust grey but with marked

brownish tinge, on dorsum 3 brown stripes which show well in specimens fixed

in ether, but otherwise specimens tend to become greasy and the stripes are

not apparent, a condition that might be taken as “‘normal’’; dorso-centrals just

behind suture, pteropleural white; halteres yellow; squamae light brown, upper

wide, lower narrow; legs yellowish brown, apical tarsal joints brown, femora

black except on outer ends; wing-pattern (Fig. 105) a strong reticulation with

darker areas and somewhat anchor-like, appearing strongly speckled, a single

large hyaline spot below end of vein 2; scutellum: apical bristles 0-4 basals.

Abdomen black, pubescence white, a median and sublateral grey stripes,

a pair of submedian and lateral edges brown, in some lights sides appearing

brown to submedian stripes; oviscape legging-shaped, somewhat flattened at

base, 0°55 mm., 0:28 wing-length, 0-56 pre-abdomen, shining-black, pubescence

black, brown-shining, fine.

Male: tergum 9 posteriorly rounded, cerci slightly constricted, somewhat

scoop-like, with thick margins, alveoli of minute marginal hairs conspicuous;

flange (Fig. 110) short, with a few larger and more numerous hairs on tubercles

giving the surface a somewhat rugose appearance; minor prensiseta about half

major, the twisted rods free. Aedeagus (Fig. 115): vesica with apical hood, tube

almost to apex, with oval plate at end, the plate seen sideways in smaller

figure; pre-aedeagal swelling not marked, a long row of setulae on either side.

Sternite 5 (Fig. 113 c) indent deep, sides narrow, microsetae on membrane over

indent in groups of 2 or 3 arranged more or less concentrically.

Biology

Larvae and puparia are found commonly around Pretoria in flowers of

Sonchus dregeanus. Usually about 10 puparia in a flower, sometimes a few; in

one there were 27.

[Paroxyna anchorata sp. n.]

NATAL: Durban (Bluff), x.1934, holotype 3, allotype 9, and 1 g, 12 9

paratypes (W. EF. Marriott), in flowers of Launaea bellidifolia.

Similar to wmbritica, but rather smaller, differing as follows:

Length, ¢ 3:0 mm., 2 3-8 mm.; wing, ¢ 2-9 mm., 2 3:I mm.

Head: antennae a little but distinctly shorter than face, the upper edge

usually straight, the apex not forming a point above; parafacials wider, 0-4

antenna; labella and haustellum longer and seem to project more when

drawn up.

Thorax: wing-pattern (Fig. 106) more definitely anchor-like and 2 separated

spots below end of vein 2, but the spots may become more approximated and

in one female are united but still double. Oviscape slightly shorter.

TRY PETIDAE 973

Male. tergum posteriorly rounded, cerci not scoop-like, flange (Fig. 111)

short, margin less crenulate, surface appearing smoother with very fine, incon-

spicuous pubescence and only few larger hairs; minor prensiseta about half

major. Aedeagus (Fig. 116): vesica with apical hood, tube to apex, appears

twisted at tip, but no plate; pre-aedeagal swelling not marked, long row setulae

on either side.

Fic. 117.—nacla.

Fic. 116.—anchorata.

Paroxyna spp., anomalina group, aedeagi.

Paroxyna nacta sp. n.

Unfortunately there are only 4 rather damaged specimens:

Kenya: Mt. Kenya, Nanyuki, 1.1941 (W. H. Ghent), holotype 3 (dissected),

allotype 9, 2 g paratypes, all in South African National Collection of Insects.

It is like wmbritica, but the wing-pattern is rather more diffuse, and in the

male the microsetae on the membrane over the indent of sternite 5 are arranged

singly in radiating rows; the genitalia are much alike.

Length, ¢ 3:3 mm., 2 3:2 mm.; wing, ¢ 3°6 mm., 2 3:2 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 7:8:10; the eye rather short, length 0-6 height.

Frons as wide as long, narrowed to antennae, 0-5 width of head, the median

stripe is weak, only marked obliquely from in front, 2 lower orbitals; the third

antennal joint is lost in all specimens; compared to second joint, parafacials

974 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

would be about 0-25 and epistome projecting about 0-5 third joint; labella and

haustellum about as long as mouth.

Thorax: wing (Fig. 107) pattern with 3 darker areas and less reticulation

between, the hyaline spots rather less defined; 2 males have a hyaline spot at

tip in apical black area; apical scutellars 0-35 basals.

Abdomen mainly brown-dusted, grey at base, on sides and narrow median

stripe; oviscape 0-8 mm., 0-25 wing-length.

Male: tergum 9 (Fig. 112) wider than high, broadly swollen posteriorly on

either side above flange, cerci somewhat constricted, blunt, more or less scoop-

like; flange (Fig. 112 c) short, triangular; minor prensiseta about 0-3 major.

Aedeagus (Fig. 117); hood at end of vesica more strongly sclerotised, tube nearly

to apex with granular plate at tip; pre-aedeagal swelling not marked, a long

row of setulae on either side. Sternite 5 (Fig. 113 5) anterio-lateral margins

rounded, indent about half length, the membrane with microsetae arranged

singly in radiating rows.

Paroxyna petulans sp. n.

The over-all appearance and certain peculiarities in the wing-pattern indicate

that the 5 females below may represent a distinct species. There are no males

with a similar pattern, or that could otherwise be associated with these females,

and it is not possible to say definitely whether they belong in this group.

Kenya: Mt. Elgon, Heath Zone, 10,500-11,500 ft., 11.1935, some on flowers

of Helichrysum engleri, holotype 9, 4 2 paratypes (F. W. Edwards).

Length 4-5 mm.; wing 4:0 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 7:8:10; posteriorly black to eye, grey-dusted,

postorbitals 2 white with black setae grading to bristles; frons orange, moderate

median silvery stripe, broadly white on sides and down parafacials to sides of

epistome, as long as wide, slightly less than 0-5 width of head; antennae ferru-

ginous, slightly blackened, strongly so above; parafacials 0-7 width of antennae ;

genae 0:25 height of eye, bristle whitish; labella and hustellum about as long as

mouth-opening.

Thorax: pale pubescence, dust grey and a strong median broad brown stripe

on to scutellum, not or slightly divided into three anteriorly, brown above noto-

pleural suture, dorso-centrals just behind suture, pteropleural white, apical

scutellars 0-4 basals; legs: femora black, ends ferruginous, tibiae ferruginous,

slightly blackish, tarsi ferruginous; halteres yellow; squamae brown, upper

wide, lower narrow; wing-pattern (Fig. 108) a pale, rather incomplete reticula-

tion; in transmitted light only darker spots at stigma, along costa, at wing-tip

and slightly on upper and lower cross-veins with a faint infuscation appearing

between, in oblique light an extended pattern appears, as in figure, and this,

owing to a larger patch covering upper and lower cross-veins, resembles some-

what the pattern of zgnobilis, that is, it may look somewhat “‘speckled’’.

TRYPETIDAE 975

Abdomen mostly brown dusted, grey on sides and narrow median stripe.

Oviscape short, 0:8 mm., 0-16 wing-length, about 0-5 pre-abdomen, shining

black, pubescence black, aculeus ferruginous.

[Paroxyna cain Hering]

Hering, 1937, Mutt. zool. Mus. Berl., 22: 262, Taf. V, Fig. 21.

Described from Abyssinia. The species appears to belong here, having a

frontal stripe and three darker areas on the wing, but the legs are yellow.

Apical scutellar bristles stated to be lost in types, but may be assumed to be

less than half basals.

IGNOBILIS GROUP

The species placed here may be taken as the central group of Paroxyna in

the widest sense, and various palaearctic species probably also belong here.

There is a considerable overlapping of characters between these species and

those in the wmbritica group, a Clear line of division cannot be made but species

may be distinguished by the presence or absence of a median stripe down the

Fic. 122.—compta.

Fic. 123.—wmitrata.

Paroxyna spp., ignobilis group, wings.

976 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

frons. This stripe is best observed at right angles to the plane of the frons

which, in species of the 7gnobilis group, then appears clear yellow, while, in this

position, a stripe is apparent in the other groups. If looked at obliquely a faint,

seldom strong, stripe may appear in odd specimens of the zgnobilis groups. In

the latter, too, the aedeagus tends to be more bud-like, as in ignobilis itself.

[Paroxyna guttata (Wiedemann) ]

Coenosia guitata Wiedemann, 1830, Aussereurvop. zweifl. Insekt., 2: 442.

Pavoxyna guttata (Wiedemann) Hering, 1952, Sivuna Seva, 4: 12.

Hering compares Wiedemann’s type of guttata with ignobilis Loew, but it is

not clear what specimens he may have had, or if he only used Loew’s description.

A comparison of the contrasted characters given by Hering in relation to what

is recorded here on the variability of zgnobilis makes it seem possible that the

latter may be the same as guttata, and the types of both are from the “‘Cape’’;

at the same time, other species show a more or less similar range of variation.

Since the type of guttata is a male, the identity of the two could be settled by

dissecting the terminalia. It may be noted, too, that Wiedemann placed his

guttata in the genus Coenosia among the Anthomyiidae (there is some sort of

superficial resemblance!) and that the name has been “‘lost’’, at least to

Trypetidae, for over I10 years; the name zgnobilis is well established for a

widespread and common species.

The following is a comparison of Hering’s points of difference:

ignobilis

The black area on upper posterior

area of head touches vertex at its

corners and middle, but the postorbits

may appear black above.

Dorsal stripes on thorax may be

absent, slight to strong, or one broad

stripe.

Abdominal tergal spots may al-

most be absent, small to large or form

a pair of broad stripes.

In submarginal cell 2-3 hyaline

spots beyond upper cross-vein, above

which a hyaline spot or brown streak.

Bars between 3 hyaline spots in

marginal cell may be about same

width more usually the inner wider.

Basal spot in first posterior cell

somewhat before lower cross-vein.

guttata

Posterior part of head only yellow

at roots of occipitals, the black other-

wise reaching eye-margin at all

points.

Stripes sharp and well developed.

Spots narrower than the median

stripe.

Three hyaline spots beyond upper

cross-vein, above which a hyaline

spot.

The second hyaline spot much

farther outwards, nearer third than

first.

Basal spot almost over lower

cross-vein.

TRYPETIDAE 977

Paroxyna ignobilis (Loew)

Trypeta ignobilis Loew, 1861, Berl. ent. Zeit., 5: 293, Plate II, Fig. 23; 1862, Ofv. K. Vet.

Akad. Forh., 19, No. 1: 6. Becker, 1903, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 2: 131.

Oxyna ignobilis (Loew) Bezzi, 1908, Boll. Soc. ent. Ital., 39: 141.

Ensina ignobilis (Loew) Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 9: 33; 1924, id. 15: 136; 1924, Ann.

S. Afr. Mus., 19: 551.

Ensina ignobilis (Loew) var. plebeja Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 551, Plate XIV,

Fig. 102; 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 137; 1928, Ann. Tvansvaal Mus., 12: 334. Munro,

1925, Dept. Agric. S. Afr., ent. Mem., No. 3: 560; 1929, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 29: 27.

Paroxyna ignobilis (Loew) Hering, 1937, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 22: 264; 1942, Siruna

Seva, 4: 12.

Paroxyna ignobilis (Loew) var. plebeja (Bezzi) Munro, 1934, Amer. Mus. Nov., 739: 3.

The following are not this species:

Ensina ignobilis (Loew) var. plebeja Bezzi, Munro, 1926, Dept. Agric. S. Afr., ent. Mem.,

No. 5: 29 (== Paroxyna granulata sp. n. described here).

Paroxyna ignobilis (Loew) and var. plebeja (Bezzi) Munro, 1935, Arb. phys. angew. Ent.,

2: 265 (an apparently undescribed species).

This is perhaps one of the most variable of the species of Paroxyna, and

some incorrect identifications have been made in the past; the specimens

recorded (Munro, 1926) are the new species granulata, while those from Formosa

(Munro, 1935) are certainly different and possibly an undescribed species.

However, an analytical study of the British Museum material recorded here,

together with many specimens from Eritrea, Kenya and South Africa, leaves no

doubt that they are all the one species. It may be that ignobilis is the same

as guttata Wiedemann (q.v.), a name lost for over 110 years, but unless the

point can be settled by an examination of the male terminalia of the guttata

type, it is best to retain the present material under Loew’s name.

Comment is made on some of the variable characters, none of which, within

the limits of the species, can be considered of specific value; as far as the

material shows, none vary in correlation with any other, so that it seems

useless or even futile to name “‘forms’’ even on extremes of any one character,

as, for instance, the name flebeja for specimens that happen to have a sub-

hyaline spot in the stigma. On the whole, there is no particular correlation

between geographical distribution and any character. The most striking is that

South African specimens are generally paler, with a greater tendency towards

an unstriped dorsum of thorax and rather paler wing-pattern; specimens from

Eritrea have a strong, wide, median dorsal stripe and a rather darker wing-

pattern, while East African specimens seem to vary between the two.

The great variation in zgnobilis is a measure of the variation in the group as

a whole; similar and more or less as extensive variation in sundry allied species

often makes it difficult to separate them, and the identification of single speci-

mens and of females is at times impossible. The most that may be said at

present is that the male terminalia, including the sternites, do help in distin-

guishing what appear to be good species. This applies in particular to eflorata

978

RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Fic. 124.—ignobilis, posterior. Fic. 125.—ignobilis, lateral.

Fic. 126.—eflorata.

(a) Posterior; (b) lateral, lower edge,

showing small flange. Fic. 127.—kanabaina.

(a) Posterior; (6) flange.

Fic. 128.—compta.

(a) Posterior; (b) flange, lateral.

Pavoxyna spp., ignobilis group, terga 9.

TRYPETIDAE 979

and kanabaina and in general to other very similar species. Females may be

identified when directly associated with males, or if the oviscape shows an

appreciable difference in length; when, as in the case of zgnobilis and the two

species mentioned, the oviscape is of the same relative length, separation of

females is not possible and must await authentic: male and female series of the

species concerned.

When the British Museum material was first examined, at least three species

were confused under zgnobilis. Only after a male duplicate had been dissected

and the terminalia mounted was it realised that more than one species was

present and all the specimens had to be re-examined; incidently an odd

specimen from Kanaba proved to be still another species.

The records for zgnobilis and eflorata in the British Museum material are

listed below together for convenience. With the exception of one female

(allotype of eflorvata) only the males could be definitely identified; both were

taken together on Mt. Elgon so the females cannot yet be separated.

ignobilis — eflorata 2 (indet)

Kenya: Aberdare Range, Mt. Kinangop,

go00-10,000 ft., x.1934 , i - 54,108 — —

Above Nakuru, 9300 ft., 6.111.1935, on

Helichrysum sp. . : ‘ : — —— I

Nyeri Track, 10,500 ff . ; : — Tye? —_

Mt. Elgon, 10,500-11,500 ft., 11.1935

(some on Helichrysum spp.) .« ; be eS 53 10

UcanpDA: Kigezi district, Mabungo moet

T8.xXi1934/( J. Ford) . 3 ee 2S — 4

Ruwenzori, aie ggoo ft., Til.

1935 - : : s : — -- I

Imatong Mts., 10,000 ft., none

(D. R. Buxton). : a al eels a —-

Note: All collected F. W. Edwards unless otherwise noted.

Where only one species is recorded from a locality, the females are probably

the same as the males. Slide preparations of terminalia have been made of

three males of zgnobilis and one of eflorata for the British Museum.

Good series of specimens from other sources have been used for comparison.

The species (as 2gnobilis) was described from the Cape of Good Hope; a few

specimens have been taken at Capetown, but for the present needs 20 ¢ and

28 2 from Somerset West, near Capetown, have been taken to represent the

species. However, there is little difference, if any, apart from normal variation,

between these and other South African specimens from East London and

Middelburg in the Cape; from South-west Africa; from Durban, Cedara and

980 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Mkuzi in Natal; and from Pretoria and Njelele River in the Transvaal. Other

Kenya specimens are from Nairobi and Naivasha, together with several from

Eritrea.

Length, 3 3-3 mm., 2 4-4 mm.; wing, 3 3-4 mm., 2 4:0 mm.

The shape of the head and of the eye are variable; in most the head is

relatively shorter, but may be longer, and may appear so for one reason or

another, especially when the eye happens to be more oblique; length of eye

about 0-6 height. Posteriorly the black area above the neck sends a ray to

each corner of the vertex and one in the middle to ocellar dot, leaving a pair of

rather large yellow spots behind vertex, but the median ray may disappear; the

wide yellow area behind the upper part of the eye may become more or less

blackened, apparently with dust, and occasionally so much so that the median

black area does appear extended to the eye-margin. If a head is wet with a

drop of xylol and watched as it dries, at a certain point the black stands out

very clearly, the postocular area yellow; it becomes obscured again as the xylol

dries off and the black dust again becomes apparent. Frons pale yellow, some-

times deeper yellow; no median stripe but in a few specimens there may be an

indication of one obliquely, very rarely more distinct, sometimes a little silvery

dust before ocellar dot. Antennae 0-75—0-88 length of face. Parafacials 0-4 and

epistome projecting about 0-5 width of antennae. Proboscis barely or slightly

projecting when drawn up, labella, haustellum and mouth about equal length.

Thorax: dorsum plain with greyish dust, or 3 brown stripes may develop

from faint to more distinct, gradually widening till 1 broad median brown

stripe is formed; the stripes are more or less confluent before scutellum on to

which the brown extends. In South African specimens the dorsum is mostly

plain, dust greyish or with a brownish tinge or more distinctly brown; stripes

usually weak, sometimes stronger, rarely when viewed obliquely an indication

of a broad median stripe. In East African specimens stripes are usually more

apparent, and often a single broad stripe, the latter occurring in most Eritrea

specimens. Wing (Fig. 118) clear hyaline with a moderate pattern, both the

reticulation and the intensity of the infuscation are variable; mostly there are

the darker areas that give the speckled appearance with a rather paler, broken

reticulation between; some specimens seem normally paler, or have faded, or,

if reared, the pattern has not been allowed to darken fully. Apart from general

variation in the pattern, the following are normal and usual: the stigma black

or with a smaller or larger subhyaline spot in the middle (the latter, the plebeja

of Bezzi); the marginal cell has as a rule 3 hyaline spots, mostly the full width

of the cell, sometimes less, the bars separating them are variable in width,

sometimes equal, more often the inner wider and may be twice width of outer;

in submarginal there is usually a brown streak above the upper cross-vein, but

this may be to one side or the other, leaving a hyaline spot above the vein, or

the streak may vanish to leave a large hyaline area; below the end of vein.2 is

TRYPETIDAE g81

a large hyaline spot reaching to vein 3; it may tend to be constricted, rarely

faintly divided; the large hyaline spot at base of first posterior cell, its centre

somewhat before lower cross-vein is usually constant. Legs: femora strongly to

moderately black, or partly black, or varying to yellow with only a trace of

black; black in Eritrea specimens. Scutellum, apical bristles 0-36—0-43 basals.

Abdomen: tergal spots generally present and moderate ; specimens that have

no dorsal stripe on thorax may have no tergal spots, but not necessarily so; the

spots, when present, may be tiny to moderate or increase to form a pair of

submedian brown stripes with sides and a narrow median stripe grey. Oviscape

short, I-0 mm., 0:25 wing-length, 0-6 pre-abdomen.

Male: several preparations of the terminalia from various localities have

been studied and they are all so similar there can be no doubt only one species

is represented. Tergum 9 posteriorly (Fig. 124) the cerci short, incurved, flanges

as a pair of short spines, laterally (Fig. 125) the flange is short, triangular and

pointed, the lower margin of the tergum moderately bifid, the prensisetae

normal. The characteristic aedeagus (Fig. 129) with the bud-like, membranous

vesica, a tube extending nearly to its apex. This seems to be a basic pattern on

which modifications appear in other species. Sternite 5 (Fig. 82) has a deep

indent, the sides almost leaf-like, membrane with microsetae in twos and threes

on minute platelets.

Biology

Paroxyna ignobilis is probably widespread in Africa, but there are gaps in

the known distribution; it is common in South Africa, in Kenya at all altitudes

and in Eritrea, but there are apparently no records from Rhodesia and Central

Africa generally, nor from West Africa, from Angola around to the Gold Coast.

The host-plant in South Africa and in Eritrea is the common garden thistle,

Sonchus oleraceus; the plant from which it was reared in Kenya has not been

identified, but it is most likely the same. Numerous reared specimens are from

the following localities:

Cape: Somerset West, x—xi.1945 (Flegg & Mally); East London, vil.1923;

Uitenhage (Amanzi) and Dunbrody, x1.1952 (H. K. Munro). Nara: Durban,

x1.1925 (C. C. Kent); Cedara, ii.1935 (W. E. Marriott). TRANSVAAL: Pretoria,

xii.1949; Njelele River, ix.1939 (H. K. Munro). Kenya: Nairobi, vilil.1937;

Naivasha, vili.1937, and Mt. Kinangop, ix.1937 (V. G. L. van Someren).

ERITREA: Asmara: adi Sogdo, iv.1948; Bet Gherghis, xii.1948 (G. De Lotto).

Paroxyna eflorata sp. n.

The records for this species are given under zgnobilis, which species the

specimens were first taken to be. The great similarity in appearance and in

variation is such that these two species as well as kanabaina and probably

others cannot at present be separated definitely except on the male terminalia.

982 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

The identification of the females, as has been noted, must await further

authentic, especially reared, material.

Kenya: Aberdare Range, Nyeri Track, holotype 3, allotype 9 (taken im cop.)

(I. W. Edwards). The aedeagus of the male is exposed so it is possible to see

that it is the same as the preparation of a paratype male from Mt. Elgon.

Mt. Elgon, 5 3 paratypes (2 in South African Nat. Coll., Pretoria). Only the

one allotype female could be definitely accepted as eflorata.

In its over-all characters and their variation, eflorata is quite like zgnobilis

as far as may be judged from the relatively few specimens. Wing (Fig. 119): in

all the frons is plain yellow with no indication of a frontal stripe; the head on

the whole appears more elongate than usual in zgnobilis and the single broad

brown stripe on dorsum of thorax showed hardly any sign of dividing into three.

Here too it was thought that all with the broad stripe might be eflorata since

it is absent in South African zgnobilis; however, when authentic zgnobilis with

a broad stripe came from Eritrea, the specimens had to be checked again and

further dissections of Kenya males showed that some of them with the broad

stripe were also ignobilis.

The chief and marked difference between eflorata and ignobilis is in the male

terminalia, noticeably larger on the specimen in eflorata. Tergum 9 (Fig. 126)

rounded in posterior aspect, cerci somewhat constricted and scoop-like on inner

side; major prensiseta large, minor small. In lateral aspect narrowed below,

the flange a very short ridge (Fig. 126 6), not prominent as a pair of points from

behind. Aedeagus (Fig. 130), basal capsule short, vesica large with 2 strong,

sclerotised rods and an elongate tube from base ; in 2 preparations the membrane

of the vesica has remained somewhat folded over, in a third it is flared out; the

moderate pre-aedegal swelling with a row of strong setulae on either side.

Sternite 5 (Fig. 83), indent about half length, membrane with some fine,

single hairs.

Paroxyna kanabaina sp. n.

Very like zgnobilis and eflorata, differing in the “‘hooded”’ aedeagus and

tergum 9 with long, pointed flanges. Only the male holotype: UGANDA: Kigezi

district, Kanaba, 7800 ft., xi.1934 (Ff. W. Edwards). With 3 slides of male

terminalia and of wing.

Length 3-5 mm.; wing 3-4 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 7:7-5:10; posteriorly yellow below, black

above, the black touching eye-margins leaving a pair of moderate yellow spots

behind vertex, postorbital bristles 3 whitish and row of black setae; frons

yellow, no median stripe, half width of head and slightly longer than wide;

antennae 0-85 face, arista micropubescent; parafacials 0-3, epistome projecting

0-6 width third antennal joint; labella, haustellum and mouth-opening of equal

length.

TRYPETIDAE 983

Thorax black, a broad, median brown stripe tending to 3 stripes in front,

grey dust on sides; pubescence pale, sparse, coarse; dorso-centrals at suture;

femora black; apical scutelar bristles 0-5 basals; wing (Fig. 120) stigma black.

Abdomen black, brown tergal spots wide, almost forming stripes, grey

between and grey on sides. Tergum 9 (Fig. 127 a) somewhat swollen below,

cerci broad, inturned, scoop-like on inner side, flange (Fig. 127 6) large, triangu-

lar, prominent, appearing as a pair of points postero-dorsally; prensisetae

subequal; aedeagus (Fig. 131); vesica not very voluminous, tube from base

about two-thirds length and a pair of thin rods bearing a bent-over “‘hood”’ at

end; small patches of pre-aedeagal setulae; sternite 5 indent moderate, 0-46

length.

olmm.

Fic. 130.—eflorata.

Fic. 134.—mitrata.

Fic. 133.—compta.

Paroxyna Spp., ignobilis group, aedeagi.

984 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Paroxyna astuta sp. n.

Like ignobilis, but with yellow legs.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Nyamgasani Valley, 6400 ft., xii.1934, holotype 3,

I ¢ paratype (D. Rk. Buxton). ApByssinta: Managasha, 3600 ft., 18.v.1914

(O. Kovacs) (British Museum). KENya: Nairobi, viii.1937, allotype 92, 3 2

paratypes; Chyulu Hills, vil.1937, 1 3, 6 2 paratypes, from flowers of Com-

positae, I 3,69 (V.G. L. van Someren) ; Chyulu Hills, 5600 ft., 2 3, 5 9 paratypes,

Coryndon Mus. Exp. (Coryndon Museum).

Length, g 2-5 mm., 2 4:0 mm.; wing, ¢ 2 3°5 mm.; larger 9, 4:7 mm.;

wing 4°I mm.

Head ochraceous; length, height, width, 7:5:9:10; posteriorly black above,

shading to yellow below, behind vertex and on postorbits moderate yellow

margin, 2—3 postorbital bristles with black setae, beard pale yellow; frons deep

yellow, a trace of median stripe very obliquely, width 0-9 length, 0-75 at

antennae, 0-5 head, bare, 2 lower orbitals; lunule yellow, moderate; antennae

ochraceous, 0-8 face, third joint width o-4 length, arista micropubescent ; face:

epistome projecting 0-5 third antennal joint, parafacials narrow 0-3 the joint;

genae 0-2 height of eye, bristle pale yellow; labella and haustellum about equal

length and a little longer than mouth-opening; palpi yellow, flat, 0-8 length of

labella.

Thorax black; dorsum: generally less variable, dust dense, pale brown,

extending on to upper pleura, in 3 British Museum specimens stripes barely

indicated anteriorly; in allotype Q and others dorsum greyer, stripes more

marked but not strong, pubescence pale yellow; on pleura and postscutellum

dust grey, pleural pubescence pale, bristles normal, dorso-centrals at suture;

halteres ochraceous; squamae pale yellow, upper wide, lower narrow; legs

ochraceous, coxae black, first pair only slightly; wing (Fig. 121) pale reticulate

pattern rather like zgnobilis, variable as usual, no subhyaline spot in stigma in

these specimens, usually 1 large hyaline spot below end of vein 2, but it may

be divided into two; in first posterior cell a large hyaline spot at base sometimes

extending beyond lower cross-vein, at apex a small spot that usually tends to

disappear, between a double row of variable and irregular spots; above upper

cross-vein is a streak, also variable in position; scutellum as mesonotum, width

0-6 length, apical bristles 0-4 basals.

Abdomen black, tergal spots larger in male, smaller in female, but may be

more extensive in both, grey dusted on sides and base and a moderate median

stripe, the rather long pubescence pale, a trace of black pubescence on brown

spots; oviscape 0-8 mm., 0-2 wing-length, flat, shining black and black pubes-

cence.

Male: tergum 9 about as in ignobilis, flange short, inconspicuous, with an

irregular, crenulate margin; aedeagus (Fig. 132); vesica with tube thickened at

TRYPETIDAE 985

end almost to apex and hook-shaped rod, pre-aedeagal setulae in short patches;

sternite 5 posterior and lateral margins together broadly rounded, indent deep,

sides narrow.

[Paroxyna compta sp. n.]

In general like 7gnobilis, wing-pattern like anomalina and probably somewhat

intermediate between the two.

Kenya: Chyulu Hills, vii.1938, holotype 3, allotype 9, Coryndon Museum

Expedition (male terminalia on three slides).

Length, 3 3:0 mm., 9 3-5 mm.; wing ¢ 2:9 mm., 9 3-3 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 7:8:10; bristles and coloration as ignodilis,

I or 2 pale postorbitals, the row of black setae tending to paler bristles; frons

pale yellow, in female a trace of median stripe very obliquely; as long as wide,

0-5 width of head, rather narrowed in front; antennae slightly shorter than face,

brownish yellow, arista brownish, short pubescent; labella, haustellum and

mouth-opening about equal.

Thorax: dorsum grey with broad median brown stripe, notopleura and pleura

more or less brown; dorso-centrals at suture; legs ochraceous, femora black

except at ends; wing-pattern (Fig. 122) reduced to form more or less a V as in

anomalina.

Abdomen brown, tergal spots large, median stripe and sides grey, pubescence

pale ; female with black apical setae on tergites 5 and 6; oviscape short, 0-75 mm.,

0-25 wing-length, 0-5 pre-abdomen.

Male: tergum 9 (Fig. 128 a) oval, flange (Fig. 128 5) short, broadly triangular,

cerci elongate, finger-like, turned in at right angles; prensisetae normal.

Aedeagus (Fig. 133) very like ignobilis, vesica large with weak hood, pre-

aedeagal setulae weak, in two small patches; indent sternite 5, 0-3 length.

[Paroxyna mitrata sp. n.]

Like zgnobilis.

Kenya: Mt. Kinangop, ix.1937 (V. G. L. van Someren), holotype 3, from

flower of a Composite.

Length 4:2 mm.; wing 4:0 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 7:5:8:5:10; posteriorly black, 2 yellow spots

behind vertex, a yellow margin on postorbits but this appears black, 2-3

postorbitals, the black setae grading to bristles; frons deeper yellow, no stripe,

slightly silvery on sides and vertical plates, width 0-9 length, 0-5 head, narrowed

to antennae; antennae 0-9 face, brownish yellow, apex above very broadly

rounded, arista black, micropubescent; face: parafacials 0-4 third antennal

joint, genal bristle yellow; labella, haustellum and mouth-opening about equal.

Thorax black, pubescence yellowish, a broad brown median stripe somewhat

divided into three anteriorly, dorso-centrals at suture, pteropleural yellowish

brown; femora only slightly blackened, fore most, mid least; halteres yellow;

986 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

squamae yellowish, upper wide, lower narrow; wing (Fig. 123) like ignobilis;

apical scutellar bristles 0-5 basals.

Abdomen black, pubescence moderate, whitish, longer white bristle-hairs

on sides, tergite 5 with black apical bristles, dark spots forming submedian,

dark brown stripes, narrow, median, grey stripe almost disappears on tergites 2

and 3, wider and yellowish on 5; sternites pale brown. Tergum 9 rather swollen

below, cerci broad, scoop-like, flanges short, pointed; prensisetae subequal;

aedeagus (Fig. 134): vesica bud-like (cf. ignobilis) with apical hood not quite as

strong as in kanabaina (Fig. 131); pre-aedeagal setulae fine, hair-like; sternite 5

almost trapezoidal, indent shallow.

DESMELLA gen. n.

Like Paroxyna; 2 lower orbitals, a strong median frontal stripe; labella

elongate, proboscis projecting well beyond epistome when drawn up; usually

a pair of strong dorso-central stripes and a weak median on dorsum of thorax;

4 scutellar bristles, apicals 0-5 basals or less; wing-pattern well marked, trans-

verse bars usually arranged YII, but hyaline spots may develop and the pattern

gradually become mainly reticulate, but the barred arrangement generally

remains apparent with characteristically a hyaline spot or space in first posterior

cell above lower cross-vein.

Type species: Tvypeta anceps Loew.

Species of the anceps-myiopitoides complex are placed here. For the most

part material available is South African, and there is none in the British

Museum East African collections. Some comment must, however, be made to

complete the general discussion on the Paroxyna s.l. complex. Much material

on hand is awaiting detailed study that cannot be undertaken here. Some

species seem to be clearly defined, but there is such variation in coloration and

especially in wing-pattern that the limits between species on these characters

tend to disappear, and the accumulation of more and more specimens only

makes the position more difficult. On the other hand, preliminary studies on

the male terminalia appear to indicate that on these structures, it may be

possible to recognise a few, if not more, well-defined species; the description of

“new’’ species on slight or even on moderate differences in wing-pattern, etc.,

may thus be futile.

[Desmella anceps (Loew) comb. n.]

Trypeta anceps Loew, 1860, Ofv. K. Vet. Akad. Férh., 5; 1861, Berl. ent. Zeit., 5: 283,

Plate II, Fig. 17. Becker, 1903, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 2: 131.

Ensina anceps (Loew) Bezzi, Boll. Soc. ent. Ital., 39: 140; 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 9: 33;

1924, id. 13: 136; 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 550.

Ensina anceps (Loew) var. fasciolata Bezzi, Ann. S. Afy. Mus., 19: 550, Plate XIV,

Fig. 100; 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 137; 1928, Ann. Tvansv. Mus., 12: 334. Munro,

1926, Dept. Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. 5: 28; 1929, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 29: 26.

TRYPETIDAE 987

Fic. 139.—myiopitoides, s.l. var.

Desmella spp., wings.

The wing-pattern (Fig. 135) is normally banded, sometimes very heavily so,

but there is a tendency for hyaline spots to develop on the bands. The var.

fasciolata is based on specimens with a subhyaline spot in stigma, but this is

a usual variation; an apical spot is less common.

The species is widespread in South Africa, breeding in the flowers of various

Compositae (Munro, 1926). There are odd specimens in the British Museum

taken by R. E. Turner between 1925 and 1933 at various localities: Capetown,

Worcester, Somerset East, Mossel Bay, Katberg and Aus, and one Kimberley,

10.11.1921, C. E. Godwin.

[Desmella clarinetta (Munro) comb. n.]

Paroxyna clarinetta Munro, 1939, J. ent. Soc. S. Afy., 2: 152.

The types from Matjesfontein, Cape, are in the British Museum. Much

material has since been collected and reared from the type locality and else-

where.

A larger species that may be recognised by the long, white pubescence on

the abdomen, absence of spots and very long oviscape. Wing (Fig. 136).

988 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

[Desmella conyzae (Frauenfeld) comb. n.]

Trypeta conyzae Frauenfeld, 1856, Wien. Sitz. Ber., 22: 555, Fig. 11. Loew, 1861, Berl.

ent. Zweit., 5: 285. Becker, 1903, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 2: 131.

Ensina Conyzae (Frauenfeld) Bezzi, 1908, Boll. Soc. ent. Ital., 39: 140.

Tephritis conyzae (Frauenfeld) Efflatoun, 1924, Mém. Soc. R. ent. Egypte, 2: 105, 127,

Plate I, Fig: 14, Plate V, Fig. 4.

Paroxyna conyzae (Frauenfeld) Hendel, 1927, in Lindner, Fl. Pal. Reg., 49, Trypetidae,

p- 151.

Only recorded from Egypt; whether myzopitordes is closely allied is an open

question. Conyzae may be distinguished by the heavier basal band on the

wing-pattern, but material is needed for a closer comparison with myzopitordes.

[Desmella myiopitoides (Bezzi) sens.lat.; comb. n.]

Ensina myiopitoides Bezzi, 1908, Boll. Soc. ent. Ital., 39: 158; 1924, Bull. ent. Res.,

15: 136; 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 551, Plate XIV, Fig. tor. Munro, 1925,

Dept. Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. 3: 56; 1926, id. No. 5: 28; 1929, Ann. S. Afr.

Mus., 29: 27. .

Based on a female from Eritrea, specimens from South Africa have been

identified as the same. Much material has been collected and reared in South

Africa during the past twenty-five years, and it is evident there may be a

complex of species. There is so much variation in general coloration and wing-

pattern from banded (Fig. 137) to reticulate (Fig. 138) that it is almost impos-

sible to make any classification. Incorrect identifications have been made,

specimens often being taken for Parvoxyna ignobilis and others. One feature on

the wing may, as a rule, serve to identify specimens that belong here, that is,

there is a hyaline spot or space above the lower cross-vein. Some preliminary

work has been done on the male terminalia, but it will take time before studies

can be completed. Some doubt may also persist until material from Eritrea is

available; unfortunately in the large collections made by Mr. G. De Lotto in

Eritrea he did not get myiopitoides. A few specimens from Kenya may belong

here, otherwise the material is South African.

SCEDELLA gen. n.

Like Paroxyna.

Head short, 2 lower orbitals; labella about half length of mouth-opening;

dorso-central behind suture, about one-third distance to anterior supra-alars ;

4 long scutellars; wing-pattern sometimes reticulate, more usually reticulate-

banded, typically a band over both cross-veins and an apical dark area (band)

separated by a more or less complete pre-apical hyaline band, the subapical

row of spots from tip of vein 2 to tip of vein 4 not developed, but always a spot

below vein 2, a moderate to large apical spot, absent in one species, sometimes

a broad band along costa and around end of wing; pattern may be darker and

TRYPETIDAE 989

heavier, if reduced it is not possible to decide whether derived from banded or

reticulate form (cf. Figs. 149 and 153), vein 3 bare above a few setulae below.

Abdominal tergal spots well developed; oviscape variable in length, more often

long, but females may be difficult to identify without authentic males. Sternite 5,

indent usually moderate, the membrane in the angle clothed with fine hairs,

except in dissoluta and spatulata, with microsetulae. Tergum 9 normal, or

slightly swollen below, usually narrower than high; cerci broad and inturned,

Fic. 146,—praetexta. Fic. 147.—praetexta, var.

Scedella spp., wings.

990 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

the lower edge sometimes carinate; flange absent or very small; prensisetae

subequal, or minor about half major. Aedeagus; vesica moderate to large,

reduced in dissoluta and spatulata, patches of minute cornuti possibly present

in all, but not often visible; patches of pre-aedeagal setulae, usually 2, in

eversible pockets, or less obviously so, variable, dorsal patch usually fine

falcate hairs, the lateral stout and short setulae.

Type species: Tvypeta caffra Loew.

Caffra series: of these species, praetexta has a characteristic wing-pattern ;

longiseta, doubtfully here, has an evanescent reticulate pattern; others are like

caffra, varying from pale to dark and heavy. No specimens that could positively

be cyana have been seen; a sketch made by Mr. Oldroyd from the type shows the

pattern to be the heaviest of all, and apparently wider than usual.

[Scedella glebosa sp. n.]

Differs from other species in the more reticulate wing-pattern and the

pre-aedeagal tubercle surmounted by setulae.

Kenya: Nairobi, 15.11.1951 (G. De Lotto) (SAL. 1028/2), holotype g, allo-

type 9, 2 g paratypes. Terminalia of male type mounted on three slides.

Length, ¢ 2-9 mm., 2 4-0 mm.; wing, 3 3-4 mm., 2 3-6 mm.

Head oval; length, height, width, 7-25:7-5:10; yellow, behind blackish in

middle, eye rounded oval, 6—7 postorbitals thick yellowish with some black

setulae; frons deep yellow, anteriorly a slight median stripe, bare, width 0-85

length, 0-45 width of head, 2 lower orbitals, ocellars moderate; antennae

yellow, 0-85 face, arista short pubescent; face brownish down middle, epistome

flat, the barely projecting sides with pale yellow pubescence, parafacials and

genae narrow, the bristle pale.

Thorax blackish, yellowish from humeri to wing-base, pale yellow pubes-

cence, dust moderate, brownish, bristles black, normal, pteropleural white,

dorso-centrals a little behind suture; legs yellowish brown; wing (Fig. 140)

reticulate, median bar much broken up by hyaline spots and barely apparent,

apex dark, no apical spot; halteres and squamae brownish; scutellum yellow,

base dark, flat, length 0-6 width, 4 bristles, apicals 0-8 basals.

Abdomen blackish, dust dark grey, submedian brown spots weak on anterior

half of tergites, pubescence rather long, sparse, pale; oviscape brownish yellow,

black on apical fourth, slightly longer than pre-abdomen, 0-36 wing-length;

pubescence black, pale shining.

Male: sternite 5 (Fig. 155 a) rather wide, broadly rounded, indent shallow,

the membrane with fine hairs; tergum 9 oval, cerci somewhat spatulate, carinate

below, flange short, margin crenulate, minor prensiseta about half major;

aedeagus (Fig. 163); vesica large, membranous, a smaller group of pre-aedeagal

setulae on a prominent tubercle. i

TRYPETIDAE ggi

[Scedella pilosa sp. n.]

Very like glebosa but apparently a larger species, the head shorter, frons

square and oviscape much longer.

KENYA: Bungoma, x.1952 (W. H. Ghent), holotype 9, reared from a puparium

in flower of a Composite (South African Nat. Coll., Pretoria).

Length 5-2 mm.; wing 4-5 mm.

Head: length, height, width, 6:7-5:10; distinctly shorter as is the eye,

yellowish, posteriorly black in middle, postorbitals 6-7, thick, whitish with

a trace of black setulae; frons deeper yellow in middle, a slight median stripe

obliquely, as wide as long, 0-43 width of head, 2 lower orbitals, ocellars moderate ;

antennae shorter, 0-75 face, arista rather longer pubescent ; face brown in middle,

epistome very slightly prominent, parafacials and genae narrow, bristle and

lateral pubescence pale.

Thorax blackish, yellow from humerus to wing-base, dust moderate, golden

brown, strong dorso-central stripe on to scutellum, very weak median, pubes-

cence pale yellow, bristles normal, pteropleural white, dorso-centrals just behind

suture; legs brownish, more or less blackened; wing (Fig. 141) membrane

yellowish, a paler, brownish, more broken up reticulate pattern, apex dark, at

most in this one specimen, a bare trace of an apical hyaline spot; scutellum

slightly convex; length 0-6 width, 4 bristles, apicals 0-9 basals.

Abdomen blackish, dust grey, yellowish in middle of tergite 6, stronger,

brown, submedian spots on tergites 3, 4 and 5. Oviscape ferruginous, black at

base and apical third, pubescence black, pale shining, 2-0 mm., 0-44 wing-length,

1-6 pre-abdomen.

Scedella caffra (Loew) comb. nov.

Trypeta caffra Loew, 1860, Ofv. K. Vet. Akad. Forh., 6; 1861, Berl. ent. Zeit., 5: 290, Plate

II, Fig. 21. Becker, 1903, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 2: 131. }

Oxyna caffra (Loew) Bezzi, 1908, Boll. Soc. ent. Ital., 39: 141.

Euribia caffra (Loew) Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 9: 37; 1924, id. 15: 138; 1924, Ann.

S. Afr. Mus., 19: 557, Plate XV, Fig. 111; 1928, Ann. Tvansv. Mus., 12: 334. Munro

1925, Dept. Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. 3: 57; 1929, id. No. 6: 15; 1929, Ann.

S. Afr. Mus., 29: 29.

Mesoclanis (Paroxyna) illuminata Hering, 1939, Verh. VII. Internat. Kongry. Ent., 1: 181,

Abb. 16 (syn. nov.).

Paroxyna caffra (Loew) Munro, 1935, Dept. Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. 9: 42.

Frontal stripe not strong, but usually distinct; dorso-central stripes on

thorax strong, median weak; dorso-central bristles about half-way between

suture and anterior supra-alars; femora black, occasionally only hind pair;

wing-pattern (Fig. 142) darker with more distinct bands, apical hyaline spot

variable, moderate, sometimes large or may almost vanish, hyaline spot in

stigma usually full width, or reduced to a small costal spot or with a smaller

spot below; legs yellow, all femora black on basal half or more. Oviscape short,

I-0-1'25 mm., 0:28—0-3 wing-length, 0-5—0-75 pre-abdomen.

992 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Male: sternites (Fig. 155 b) wide, 5 with shallow indent; tergum 9 rounded

posteriorly, somewhat swollen below, cerci broad and blunt, not appearing

scoop-like, prensisetae large, about equal, flange very short, margin smooth;

aedeagus (Fig. 164); vesica membranous, rather large, on pre-aedeagal swelling,

laterally a moderate group of short, broad, blunt setulae, not observed to be

retractile, dorsally a sclerotised plate.

A common species from South to East Africa and the Congo; not recorded

from West Africa. There was only one specimen in the British Museum

material:

UGANDA: Ruwenzori Range, xi1.1934-1.1935, I 9; Fort Portal, Mpanga

Forest, 15.xil.1934 (f°. W. Edwards); B.M., 1935-203 (the femora are not quite

as black as usual).

Other material that may be recorded is:

KenyA: Nairobi, Chyulu Hills, Rabai, various specimens, 1937-1938, mostly

reared from Compositae, probably Vernonia spp. (V. G. L. van Someren)

(Coryndon Museum) ; Ngong, 1.1943, 1 ¢ (V. G. L. van Someren). PORTUGUESE

East AFricaA: Mapalene, vil.1953 (Paterson). SOUTHERN RHODESIA: Salisbury,

11.1951 (H. K. Munro); Eastern Caprivi, near Katima Mulilo, 14.vil.1952

(H. kK. Munro). SoutH Arrica: from the Cape (East London) through Natal

to the Central and Eastern Transvaal; many rearings have been made from

species of Vernonia: V. fastigiata, hirsuta, monocephala, natalensis and steetzvana.

The Caprivi specimens were from Vernonia steetziana, those from Salisbury from

Adenostemma viscosum, the only recorded host-plant so far not a Vernonia.

[Scedella sandoana sp. n.]

A dark grey, almost blackish species with heavily marked wings; the femora

are black as in caffra, but it may be distinguished by the sloping frons and

reticulation across the second posterior cell joining the apical and median bands.

Conco: Sandoa, Katanga, 11.1932, holotype 3 (fF. G. Overlaet); Ruanda,

Kibungu, 2.i1.1953, I 9 paratype (P. Basilewsky) (in Congo Museum, Tervuren).

KENYA: Bungoma, x.1952, allotype 9 (W. H. Ghent), from flower of Vernonia sp.

(S. Afr. Nat. Coll. Ins., Pretoria).

3 Length and of wing, 3-5 mm.

Head brown; length, height, width, 6:8:10; eye perpendicular, cephalic

bristles as in other species; frons flat, sloping, the frontofacial angle wide and

the angle between frons and vertical axis acute, yellowish brown, a narrow

median stripe and narrowly on sides silvery, slight pale pubescence anteriorly,

about as wide as long and 0-5 width of head; lunule short; antennae darker

brown, 0-9 face, arista rather long pubescent; face brown, epistome slightly

prominent, parafacials almost linear, genae narrow, the bristle pale; labella 0-5

mouth-opening; palpi normal.

TRYPETIDAE 993

Fic. 154.—kawandana.

Scedella spp., wings.

Thorax black, dense blackish grey dust, dorsal stripes weak or hardly

apparent in some lights, bristles black, no scapulars, 1 mesopleural, 1 white

pteropleural, dorso-centrals half-way between suture and anterior supra-alars ;

halteres and squamae brown, upper wide, lower narrow; legs straw yellow, fore

and mid femora black on proximal two-thirds, hind on proximal three-fourths ;

wing (Fig. 143) yellow hyaline, heavy apical and median bands blackish, with

few spots, the two connected by reticulation across second posterior cell; third

vein bare; scutellum flat, yellow, base blackened, rounded at end, 4 bristles,

apicals 0-7 basals.

994 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Abdomen black, oval, dense blackish-grey dust, hind edges of terga 3, 4 and

5 slightly yellowish, moderate, black, submedian spots on middle of terga 3

and 4, on 5 larger but less apparent on blackish dust ; pubescence white.

Male: sternites (Fig. 155 c) hind edges yellow, 5 with indent 0-3 length, fine

hairs on membrane in angle; tergum 9 (Fig. 156) rounded, cerci broad, scoop-

like, flange very short, slightly crenulate, minor prensiseta about half major;

aedeagus (Fig. 165); vesica large, no rods, a projecting membranous sac tipped

with minute cornuti; pre-aedeagal swelling slight, a lateral patch of long, falcate

bristles and a few dorsal hairs.

The female from Bungoma is, as far as may be judged, especially on the

wing-pattern, the same species as the male from Sandoa. Length 3:5 mm.,

wing 3:0 mm., oviscape 1-0 mm., about as long as pre-abdomen, yellow, black

at base and tip, pubescence black, pale shining, fine.

[Scedella cyana (Walker) comb. n.]

Trypeta-Noeeta cyana Walker, 1849, List. Dipt., 4: 1031.

Trypeta cyana (Walker) Loew, 1861, Berl. ent. Zeit., 5: 254. Becker, 1903, Mitt. zool.

Mus. Berl., 2: 131.

Carphotricha cyana (Walker) Bezzi, 1908, Boll. Soc. ent. Ital., 39: 141.

Campiglossa cyana (Walker) Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 9: 39, and editorial footnote

as Euribia.

Euribia cyana (Walker) Bezzi, 1924, Rev. zool. Afr., 12: 16; Bull. ent. Res., 15: 138, and

Ann. S. Afy. Mus., 19: 555.

This species, described from Sierra Leone, has not been seen since its first

description in 1849. The type is a female so it may be impossible to locate the

species correctly until more material from the type locality has been examined.

In general appearance it must be much like others of the group (caffra, etc.) ;

from a sketch of the wing (Fig. 144, redrawn) kindly made by Mr. Oldroyd,

the pattern, while similar, is much heavier than in any of the others, so much

so that the pre-apical hyaline bar is almost obliterated; the sketch, too, indicates

a wing wider than usual.

[Scedella boxiana sp. n.]

Very like Paroxyna caffra Loew, but legs are yellow (femora black in caffra)

and stigma distinctly shorter (slightly longer than width at base, in caffra twice

as long) ; on the wing the pre-apical hyaline band, more or less broadly reticulate,

is more complete in caffra, the inner end of the second posterior cell being hya-

line, while in this there is a continuous broad reticulation across the cell, joining

the apical and median bands. In dissoluta the legs are also yellow, and the

stigma shorter, but the wing-pattern is more broken up, the dark bands not so

marked and the oviscape longer.

TRYPETIDAE 995

CAMEROONS: Kumba, 17.x.1949, holotype g (H. Oldroyd) (in British

Museum). GoLp Coast: Bunsu, vi.1943, allotype 9, I paratype 3 with termi-

nalia on 3 slides (H. E. Box), reared from flowers of A sfilia latifolia (Compositae)

in roadside hedges (S. Afr. Nat. Coll. Ins.). BELGIAN Conco: Haut-Uele:

Paulis, xii.1947, 2 S paratypes (P. L. G. Benoit), 1 male with terminalia on

3 slides (Coll. Mus. Congo, Tervuren).

Grey; length, g 3-5 mm., 2? 4:0 mm.; wing, ¢ 3°8 mm., ? 3°8 mm.

Head brownish; length, height, width, 6:8:10; eye large, perpendicular,

frontofacial angle rounded, bristles of postocular row white, 3 or 4 postorbitals

with black setulae; frons flat, as long as wide, 0:5 width of head, yellow on

middle anteriorly with stripes on either side black ocellar dot, sides broadly

and a wide median stripe silvery, slight pale pubescence anteriorly, bristles

black, 2 lower, 2 upper (hind white) orbitals, ocellars moderate; lunule short;

antennae a little shorter than face (0-9), deep yellow, arista pubescent;

face yellowish, epistome slightly prominent, parafacials and genae narrow,

the bristle pale; proboscis: labella and haustellum about 0-8 mouth-

opening.

Thorax black, rather dense, dark grey dust, 3 moderate brown stripes on

dorsum, sides from humeri to wing-base brownish and a brown spot on middle

of mesopleura; pubescence, also on scutellum, rather sparse, coarse, whitish;

bristles black, no scapulars, dorso-centrals half-way between suture and anterior

supra-alars, 1 mesopleural, 1 white pteropleural; squamae whitish, upper wide,

lower narrow; halteres brown; legs straw yellow, mid and hind femora very

slightly blackened at middle; wing (Fig. 145) costal bristle moderate, stigma

shorter, third vein bare; pattern: well-marked median and apical dark bands

with few hyaline spots, united below across second posterior cell by broad

reticulation, otherwise mainly hyaline; scutellum flat, triangular yellow, basal

third blackened, 4 bristles, apicals 0-8 basals.

Abdomen black, dense dark grey dust, hind edges of terga narrowly

yellowish, 5 in g more widely, in 2 well-marked, round, submedian black

spots, half width of terga on 3, 4 and 5, in ¢ spots on 3 and 4 rounded, on

5 elongate; apical bristles strong; oviscape flat in specimen, ferruginous black

at each end, pubescence fine, black. Length 1-1 mm., 0-3 mm. wing-length and

a little shorter than pre-abdomen.

Male: sternite 5 (Fig. 155 d) indent about 0-3 length, membrane with fine

hairs; tergum g (Fig. 157) ferruginous, oval, cerci scoop-like seen somewhat

obliquely from above, not carinate below; flange almost absent or an indication

of what is seen in flecta (Fig. 162 c); prensisetae subequal; aedeagus (Fig. 167);

basal portion appears small, or is not marked off from rather massive sclerotisa-

tion in vesica which ends in a wide hood; pre-aedeagal swelling moderate, a

dense dorsal patch of falcate setulae that may be eversible and a lateral patch

of fewer, short, stout setulae.

996 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

(b) caffra. (c) sandoana.

(a) glebosa.

Paola

(@) boxiana. ES Vy

e) praetexta. (f) dissoluta.

(h) flecta.

(g) spatulata.

Fic. 155.—Scedella spp., sternites 4 and 5; clothing on membrane in indent

is microspinulose in (f) and (g), in the others fine hairs as in (a).

Scedella praetexta (Loew) comb. n.

Trypeta praetexta Loew, 1860, Ofv. K. Vet. Akad. Forh., 5; Berl. ent. Zeit., 5: 286, Plate II,

Fig. 19. Becker, 1903, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 2: 131.

Oxyna praetexta (Loew) Bezzi, 1908, Boll. Soc. ent. Ital., 39: 141.

Euribia praetexta (Loew) Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 9: 36; 1924, id. 15: 138; 1924,

Ann. S. Afy. Mus., 19: 554, Plate XV, Fig. 108; 1928, Ann. Tvansv. Mus., 12: 334.

Curran, 1927, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 57: 89. Munro, 1929, Ann. S. Afr. Mus.,

29: 29.

Euribia (Tephritis) praetexta (Loew) Bezzi, 1924, Rev. Zool. Afy., 12: 10.

Paroxyna praetexta (Loew) Munro, 1935, Dept. Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. g: 42;

1938, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afy., 31: 172. 4

TRYPETIDAE 997

Length, g 4:0 mm., 2 5-0 mm.; wing, ¢ 3:8 mm., 2 4:0 mm.; occasional

specimens a little larger, while in reared series there are usually a few quite

small.

This widespread species is readily recognisable by the wide, blackish-brown

band along costa and around end of wing to about middle of hind margin; there

is a more or less regular row of marginal hyaline spots with a large apical spot,

rather few hyaline or subhyaline spots on the band and broadly reticulate inside

the hook, the lower, inner part of the wing with a few isolated dark spots;

Loew’s figure shows a heavier band with less reticulation in the hook. The

main picture of the pattern (Figs. 146, 147) remains constant but there is much

variation in detail: the band may have more or fewer small hyaline spots

especially in submarginal cell; it may be widened and the inner reticulation

reduced (more so in Congo specimens), in occasional South African specimens

the reticulation may become larger, more broken up and evanescent, and larger

spots on the band; third vein bare above, below usually 1-3 or 4 setae, or some-

times to upper cross-vein; the lower cross-vein may be almost straight and

directed towards the outermost spot in the marginal cell, or curved inwards

with the upper end towards the middle of the marginal cel! and nearer the

upper cross-vein; because of this the second posterior cell may vary in width.

In a few specimens the wing is even wider than usual.

Oviscape I-5 mm., 0-4 wing, as long as or rather longer than pre-abdomen.

Male: sternite 5 (Fig. 155 e), indent shallow, fine hairs on membrane;

tergum 9 (Fig. 158) oval, cerci short, spatulate above, carinate below, flange

triangular, very finely saw-toothed and densely covered with minute, seta-like

hairs, prensiseta subequal; aedeagus (Fig. 166); base not heavily sclerotised,

vesica reduced; pre-aedeagal swelling rather large, there is a large dorsal group

of strong falcate setulae; mostly these are seen as a compact bunch drawn into

a sac, but they may be exerted to form a brush of backwardly directed setulae

on the wide swelling from the side of which the aedeagus projects.

The type is from “Caffraria’’ and it is probable that Wahlberg collected it

somewhere in the neighbourhood of Durban, Natal. The species is common

from Natal and the Transvaal, through Southern Rhodesia and the Congo to

East Africa. No specimens have been seen from the west nor from Eritrea.

British Museum specimens are:

UcanpaA: Kigezi district, Mabungo camp, 6000 ft., 3 ¢, 5 Q@ (J. Ford);

I g, Kanaba, 7800 ft., 1 3, Mt. Muhavura, 7000 ft., 1 g, 3 2 Masaka, 13.xi.1934

(fF. W. Edwards); Kampala, 19.xi1.1933, 2 6, I 2 (H. Hargreaves).

In the Pretoria collection are large series from South Africa (Natal and

Transvaal, Southern Rhodesia and Belgian Congo.

Biology

The identification of the earlier recorded host-plant, Melanthera browne:

(Munro, 1935), may be incorrect and a specimen of the plant is not available

998 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

for checking. It has recently been reared from Wedelia natalensis, Tshakoma,

North Transvaal, 1.1954, H. K. Munro.

Scedella dissoluta (Loew) comb. n.

Trypeta dissoluta Loew, 1861, Berl. ent. Zeit., 5: 291, Plate II, Fig. 22; 1862, Ofv. K. Vet.

Akad. Férh., 1862: 6. Becker, 1903, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 2: 131.

Oxyna dissoluta (Loew) Bezzi, 1908, Boll. Soc. ent. Ital., 39: 141.

Euribia dissoluta (Loew) Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 9: 37; 1924, id. 15: 138; 1924,

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 558.

Pavoxyna (Mesoclanis) dissoluta (Loew) Hering, 1944, Sivuna Seva, 5: 8.

Euribia tristrigata Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 9: 37, Plate I, Fig. 9; 1924, id. 15: 138;

1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 558. Munro, 1929, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 29: 29.

Paroxyna tristrigata (Bezzi) Munro, 1935, Dept. Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. g: 42.

[Not Euribia tristrigata Bezzi, Munro, 1934, Amer. Mus. Nov., 739: 2 = spatulata sp. n.]

Loew’s type, a male, was also taken by Wahlberg in “‘Caffraria’’; this was

probably on the Natal coast near Durban, which may be accepted as the type

locality, and there can be no doubt that South African specimens are Loew’s

species. Bezzi described his tristrigata from Eritrea and specimens with long

oviscape from there indicate that Bezzi’s name is a synonym. The species is

common in South Africa and probably extends continuously to Eritrea.

A smaller species, § 3-2 mm., 2 3°75 mm.; wing, ¢ 2 3-0 mm.; larger J

3°38 mm., 2 5:0 mm. Median stripe on frons strong. Dorsal stripes on thorax

usually moderate, may be stronger or weaker; wing-pattern (Figs. 148, 149)

variable, the reduced pattern in Fig. 149 may be compared with that of flecta

(Fig. 153); when reticulation reduced, bands still apparent, markings at base

oi first posterior cell “‘808’’, apical hyaline spots usually large, there is as a rule

a short ray over tip of vein 4, but it may tend to disappear and is occasionally

absent as in Loew’s figure, the tip of submarginal cell above end of vein 3 is

black; in one specimen out of 116 there is a slight hyaline spot there; vein 3

bare above, below a few setulae, rarely a row to upper cross-vein; legs yellow.

Abdomen: well-marked, moderate, dark submedian spots on tergites, the

posterior yellow margins variable. Oviscape elongate, 1-0-I-25 mm., 0°33 wing-

length, as long as, or a little longer or shorter than pre-abdomen.

Male: sternite 5 (Fig. 155 f) posterior corners rounded, indent 0-4 length;

tergum (Fig. 159) posteriorly vertically oval, flange a very narrow smooth

ridge, cerci turned in at right angles, their upper margins sclerotised to form

a blunt point, lower margins carinate; twisted rods appear free, prensisetae

subequal, somewhat projecting behind, major shorter and broader, minor longer

and narrower; aedeagus (Fig. 168 a, b); base strongly sclerotised, ‘“‘rods’’ curved

dorsally to form a bird’s beak shape, no apical vesica, but below a wide mem-

branous sac with some microcornuti at its end; a large eversible mass of falcate

setulae on pre-aedeagal swelling, shown drawn in and exserted in the two

figures.

TRYPETIDAE 999

The three species, dissoluta, spatulata and jlecta, are all very much alike, the

last differing somewhat more from the other two than they do from each other.

Mention may be made of some indeterminate females recorded under spatulata.

UcanpDA: Kigezi district, Mt. Muhavura, 7000 ft., xi.1934, 2 9 on Conyza

schimperi ssp. longepapposa (F. W. Edwards) (British Museum). KENYA: 6 3,

5 2, Rabai, vill.1937 (Coryndon Museum), and i 3, 2 9, Ngong, ix.1946 (V. G. L.

van Someren), from flowers of Compositae; Nairobi, vii.1937 (V. G. L. van

Someren), 2 5 from Composite 120. The specimens, 4 3, 5 9, recorded from

Composite 120, present a problem since on the male terminalia three species

(2 3, dissoluta, 1 § spatulata and 1 § flecta) are represented, the females thus

being indeterminate; other females are noted under spatulata.

. 156.—sandoana, posterior. t :

a : E Fic. 157.—boxiana, posterior somewhat

oblique, small fig. cercus in more level view.

Fic. 159.—dissoluta, posterior.

Fic. 158.—praetexta, posterior, lateral

oblique, showing flange and carinate

cercus; small fig. cercus in more level view.

Scedella spp., terga 9.

I000 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Other material is mainly from the Natal coastal area, Umkomaas to Durban

and some specimens from Barberton, Transvaal, Kaoko Otavi, South-west

Africa and Nyasaland. Specimens from Eritrea were collected by G. De Lotto

at Asmara (Bet Gherghis) in December 1948.

The earlier recorded host-plant, Melanthera browne:, may be a Wedelia. The

species was reared from Wedelia menotriche, Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia,

March 1951, H. K. Munro.

Scedella spatulata sp. n.

Euribia tristrigata Munro (nec Bezzi), 1934, Amer. Mus. Nov., 739: 2.

This species is so like dissoluta that it can only be separated on the male

terminalia. When it was discovered on dissecting a male that had been retained

from the 1934 material that it was a distinct species, Dr. C. H. Curran kindly

returned the specimens in the American Museum of Natural History and said

that the types could be retained here in Pretoria.

It was necessary to make numerous dissections of male terminalia of what

appeared to be dissoluta, with the result that specimens from other areas were

also found to be this new species. At the same time, females cannot as yet be

identified unless authentically associated with males.

Holotype 3 with terminalia on 3 slides and I wing mounted; allotype oO

I 6, I 2 paratypes (S. Afr. Nat. Coll. Ins.), 4 g, 4 2 paratypes, terminalia of I 3

on 3 slides (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.).

ApyssiniA: Addis Ababa, 5.vii.1920. UGANDA: Kigezi district, Mabungo

Camp, 6000 ft., 21.x.1931, 2 g, I 2 paratypes (J. Ford) (British Museum).

NYASALAND: Cholo (R. Wood) (in S. Afr. Nat. Coll. Ins., received from

Commonwealth Institute of Entomology as Euribia tristrigata, apparently

identified at British Museum, but not recorded by Bezzi). KENya: Nairobi,

ix.1937, I @ paratype and 3 slides (V. G. L. van Someren); associated with this

male and a male paratype of flecta, all with the same data, are 3 indeterminate

females, all the specimens being caught. 1 g paratype with 3 slides, Nairobi,

vil.1937 (V. G. L. van Someren), from Composite 120 (Coryndon Museum),

associated with 1 3g of flecta and 2 of dissoluta, and 5 indeterminate females as

noted under dissoluta.

The following indeterminate females may be dissoluta, spatulata or jlecta:

KENYA: Rabai, viii.1937, I Q caught on bait; Nairobi, vi.1937, 2 2 on

Lantana (V. G. L. van Someren); Nairobi, vii.1937, 1 2 (H. J. A. Turner)

(Coryndon Museum).

The species is quite like dzssoluta in all external characteristics, and the two

are indeed very close differing mainly in the aedeagus.

Size as for dissoluta. Wing-pattern (Fig. 150) variable.

Male: sternites (Fig. 155 g), membrane over indent of sternite 5 with

TRYPETIDAE IOOI

microsetulae as in dissoluta; tergum 9g similar, flange a very short, smooth

ridge; prensisetae subequal. Aedeagus (Fig. 169 a, 5), the figures show the

curious spatulate structure extending to the apex; it seems too that the aedeagus

is oriented to the pre-aedeagal swelling at right angles to what is the case in

dissoluta, cf. Fig, 168 a, dissoluta, a lateral view, and Fig. 169 b, spatulata,

dorsal, but it could not be discovered whether or not this is normal. The large

group of pre-aedeagal setulae is probably also eversible, but did not show in this

position in any of the preparations.

[Scedella spiloptera (Bezzi) comb. n.]

Tephritis spiloptera Bezzi, 1913, Mem. Ind. Mus., 3: 165, Plate X, Fig. 68. White, 1924,

Cat. Ind. Ins., 4, Tryp. 28.

Pavoxyna spiloptera (Bezzi) Hendel, 1928, Ent. Mitt., 18: 369. Hering, 1944, Sivruna

Seva, 5: 8.

It appears that only the two males that Bezzi had and a later female are

known. Hering, 1944, placed sfiloptera as a synonym of dissoluta, but this

cannot be so if the female recorded by Hendel from Ceylon is Bezzi’s species.

In this female the oviscape (Basalstiick der Legerdhre) is stated to be as long

as the last 3 tergites, so is relatively shorter and broader at the base, while in

dissoluta the oviscape is as long as the pre-abdomen—twice as long as the

3 tergites—and narrower at the base. The males are from Calcutta, India, and

females are needed from there as well as more males for dissection.

There is no direct evidence that Hendel’s female is Bezzi’s species, nor need

it necessarily be the same as the species described here as kawandana, in which

also the oviscape is short, almost as recorded by Hendel.

Scedella incurva sp. n.

Distinguished by the golden brown dust on dorsum of thorax and appearance

of pre-aedeagal groups of falcate setulae.

UGANDA: 20 miles north of Kampala, 18.x.1950, holotype 3 with terminalia

on 3 slides, 3 g paratypes (J. M@. McGough) (Type and 1 paratype in S. Afr. Nat.

Coll. Ins., 2 paratypes in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Specimens all somewhat eaten by

pests in the post.

Length 3:8 mm.; wing 3-5 mm.

Head brownish, black behind above neck; length, height, width, 7:5:9:10;

eye, length/height, 0-6; postorbitals a few long white bristles and some short,

black setulae; frons deep yellow, grey on sides and a strong, wide, median

stripe, slight pubescence before lunule, flat, square, 0-5 width of head, bristles

normal, 2 lower orbitals; lunule short, pale yellow; antennae 0-8 face, joint 3

slightly blackish brown, 2 more yellowish, arista pubescent; face brownish in

middle, epistome projecting about half width of antennae, parafacials 0-4,

genae as wide as antennae, bristle pale.

1002 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Fic. 160.—incurva (a) posterior, (b) lower margin laterally greatly enlarged,

the flange about 0-25 height of tergum.

Fic. 161.—caesia, (a) lateral, (6) lower margin, the flange about 0-3 height

of tergum.

Zand aos

an REXS

Fic. 162.—flecta, (a) posterior level view, (b) somewhat obliquely from above,

Scedella spp., terga 9.

TRYPETIDAE 1003

Thorax: dorsum, dust dense, golden brown, median and dorso-central stripes

weak, pubescence white; pleura blacker, moderate grey dust below, brown

above, bristles normal, dorso-centrals half-way between suture and anterior

supra-alars; scutellum flat, triangular, brown, 4 bristles, apicals 0-6 basals;

legs brown; wing (Fig. 151) bands marked and a reticulation across second

posterior cell, vein 3 bare.

Abdomen: tergites black, yellowish on hind fourth, hind half of 5, moderate

grey dust, weak submedian spots only apparent on I paratype; pubescence pale.

No female available.

Male: sternite 5, indent moderate 0-3 length, angular, membrane with fine

hairs; tergum 9 (Fig. 160 with flange) vertically oval, cerci scoop-like, flange

short, moderately setose, margin irregular, minor prensiseta about half major,

or subequal; laterally tergum 9 like caesza (Fig. 161), but no marked anterior

point below, and flange differs. Aedeagus (Fig. 170, a, b, c), vesica membranous

but with somewhat spiral thickening as seen in figures b and c, the finely setose

sac also seen in c; moderate pre-aedeagal swelling with a dorsal, elongate group

of thinner, falcate setulae and an elongate lateral of thicker setulae, the dorsal

group at least may be eversible and may then give a picture more like Fig. 171

for caesia.

[Scedella caesia sp. n.]

Close to the previous species, but dorsum of thorax distinctly blue.

UGANDA: 20 miles north of Kampala, 18.x.1950 (J. M. McGough), holotype

6, allotype @.

Length, ¢ 3:0 mm., 2 3-5 mm.; wing, ¢ 3°5 mm., 2 3:25 mm.

Head yellow, behind moderately black above neck; length, height, width,

7:8:10; eye, length/height 0-7, postorbital bristles 4 or 5 long white with black

setulae ; frons deep yellow, grey on sides, strong median stripe, slight pubescence

before lunule, as wide as long, a little narrower at antennae, 0-5 width of head,

2 lower orbitals; lunule short, pale yellow; antennae 0-9 face, brownish yellow

arista short pubescent ; face: epistome slightly projecting, parafacials 0-4, genae

as wide as antennae, bristle pale; labella a little shorter than mouth-opening.

Thorax dust slate-grey, distinctly bluish, the 3 brown stripes moderate,

pleura blackish, grey dust below; bristles normal, pteropleural white, dorso-

centrals half-way between suture and anterior supra-alars ; scutellum yellowish,

a brown spot on either side, 4 bristles, broken in male, in female, apicals 0-9

basals; legs brown; wing quite like that of incurva (Fig. 151).

Abdomen: pre-abdomen in both specimens partly eaten away; oviscape

I‘o mm., about as long as pre-abdomen, 0-3 wing-length, ferruginous, dark at

base and apex, pubescence dark, pale shining.

Male: sternite 5, posterior corners rounded, indent shallow, concave, barely

0-2 length, membrane with microsetulae in more or less concentric rows;

1004 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

tergum g (Fig. 161, laterally and flange), posteriorly like zmcurva (Fig. 160),

laterally a rather marked anterior point below, flange appearing rugose owing

to rather dense hairs on raised alveoli, margin irregularly saw-toothed. Aedeagus

(Fig. 171 a, b); the two figures show slightly different aspects; the dorsal group

of setulae more exserted; apart from the generally different appearance between

this and zncurva, caesia has a transverse bar near the base of the aedeagus,

absent in imcurva. In the preparation of caesia the aedegaus seems to be at

right angles to the pre-aedeagal swelling compared to that for zncurva; it has

not been possible to discover whether or not this is accidental.

[Scedella flecta sp. n.]

Kenya: Chyulu Hills, holotype 3, terminalia on 3 slides (iv.1938), allotype 2

(vi1.1938), I g paratype, terminalia on 3 slides (vi.1938), I ¢ paratype (v.1938),

I Q paratype (vi.1938), Coryndon Museum Expedition; Nairobi, vii.1937, I ¢

paratype, terminalia on 3 slides, from Composite 120 associated with spatulata

and dissoluta (q.v.) (V. G. L. van Someren).

It is reasonable to assume that the 2 females from Chyulu Hills are the

same species as the males. The specimens are rather larger than usual for

dissoluta and spatulata, and the wing-pattern more completely reticulate. The

single male from Nairobi is smaller and the wing-pattern somewhat reduced

(Fig. 153), but the male terminalia are similar.

Length, 3 3-5 mm., 2 4-5 mm.; wing ¢ 2 3:8 mm.

Head brownish yellow, moderately black above neck; length, height, width,

7:8:10; postorbitals a few long white and some black setulae; frons as wide as

long, a little narrowed at antennae, 0-5 width of head, orange, grey on sides and

strong median stripe, 2 lower orbitals; lunule short, pale yellow; antennae 0-8

face, deep brownish yellow, arista short pubescent; face: parafacials 0-4, genae

o-8 width antennae, bristle pale; labella about 0-75 mouth-opening.

Thorax: dust slate-grey, brown stripes moderate, pleura black with grey

dust, pubescence white; bristles normal, dorso-centrals about half-way between

suture and anterior supra-alars; legs brown; squamae yellow, upper wide;

halteres brown; scutellum yellow, dark spot on sides, 4 bristles, apicals 0-9

basals; wing (Figs. 152, 153) a more complete, brown reticulation, the median

bar not marked, more reduced in Nairobi specimen.

Abdomen: dust slate-grey, brown submedian spots small, pubescence white ;

oviscape orange, tip dark, 1-I mm., 0-8 pre-abdomen, 0-3 wing-length.

Male: sternite 5 (Fig. 155 /) rounded anteriorly, posterior corners more

angular, indent about 0-3 length; tergum g (Fig. 162, a, b, c) cerci scoop-like,

carinate below, seen more level in Fig. 162 a; flange (Fig. 162 c) narrow, some-

what setose, margin saw-toothed; minor prensiseta about half major. Aedeagus

(Fig. 172); vesica moderate, somewhat sclerotised to form S-shaped piece at end

TRYPETIDAE 1005

FIG. 166.—praetexta.

Fic. 168.—dissoluta, (a) dorsal falcate setulae drawn in, (b) exserted.

Scedella spp., aedeagi.

1006 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

and with a membranous sac with microsetulae (cornuti) much like incurva;

a large, pre-aedeagal group of falcate setulae probably eversible, also a smaller,

more lateral group shown withdrawn in smaller figure.

[Scedella kawandana sp. n.]

A light-coloured species allied to caffra and dissoluta; legs yellow as in

dissoluta, femora black as in caffra, and both have well-marked dorsal thoracic

stripes, barely perceptible here; wing-pattern more reduced even than in

dissoluta, in which the oviscape is longer, about as long as pre-abdomen and

0-3 wing-length, in caffra about half pre-abdomen or rather more, 0-3 wing-

length, while here about half pre-abdomen and only 0-2 wing-length. In regard

to the shorter oviscape, see also notes under spiloptera.

Ucanpba: Kampala, 29.vili.1939 (H. Hargreaves), holotype @.

Length 3-9 mm.; wing 3-7 mm.

Head brown, relatively longer and squarish; length, height, width, 8:8: 10;

the eye rounded oval, bristles normal; frons moderately sloping, yellow in

middle of anterior half, otherwise more or less blackened, broadly silvery on

sides and wide median stripe, about as long as wide and half width of head;

lunule short; antennae yellowish brown, 0-8 face, arista pubescent; face:

epistome slightly prominent, parafacials and genae moderate, bristle brown;

labella 0-7 mouth-opening.

Thorax dust dense, grey, stripes weak, barely apparent, brownish from

humeri to wing-base; bristles normal, dorso-centrals half-way between suture

and anterior supra-alars; legs yellow; wing-pattern (Fig. 154) reduced, third

vein bare; scutellum flat, yellow, black at base, 4 bristles, apicals 0-7 basals.

Abdomen black, dense, dark grey dust, hind edges of tergites narrowly

yellowish, submedian dark spots half width of tergites proximally on 3, 4 and 5,

smail on 6; pubescence sparse, whitish; oviscape flat in specimen, ferruginous,

black at tip and basal third blackened, pubescence fine, black, 0-75 mm., about

as long as or rather longer than tergites 4, 5 and 6 together, 0-2 wing-length.

[Scedella longiseta (Hering) comb. n.]

Paroxyna longiseta Hering, 1941, Ann. naturhist. Mus. Wien, 51: 203, Taf. XX, Fig. 9.

Recorded from Tanganyika. It is difficult to say where this species belongs

and it may not be a Paroxyna s.l. Assuming it has 2 lower orbitals, and with

the short head and 4 long scutellars (stated to be of equal length), it may be

placed nearer caffra, but the figure of the wing shows no more than an evanescent

reticulation.

TRYPETIDAE 1007

Fic. 170.—incurva, (a), (b) slightly different lateral views; (c) apex at right angles to

other two showing setose, membranous sac.

Fic. 172.—/flecta, small fig. shows small group

lateral setulae drawn in.

Scedella spp., aedeagi.

1008 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

MESOCLANIS Munro

Munro, 1938, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., B, 7: 120; 1950, J. ent. Soc. S. Afr., 13: 37-52.

Hering, 1944, Sivuna Seva, 5: 6.

This genus was reviewed in 1950; Hering’s interpretation in restricting it to

species with a median stripe on the frons cannot be accepted. A revised guide

to the species is included in the general guide in this paper; through an oversight

polana was omitted from the earlier tables.

The wing is always infuscated to extreme base along costa; the pattern may

be reticulate-banded with clear hyaline spots, or more or less dimidiate with

numerous, small, subhyaline spots. The vesica is usually moderate to strong,

and a transverse band or bar near base of aedeagus; pre-aedeagal setulae: a

moderate row above and a group more or less in a pocket below. The shape

of the flange is characteristic.

Other species included in this genus will be found in the general tables for

the Paroxyna series, couplet 64, p. 931.

[Mesoclanis bruneata Munro]

Munro, 1950, J. ent. Soc. S. Afy., 13: 46, Fig. 7.

Cape: Amanzi, Uitenhage, 19.xi.1952 (H. K. Munro), 2 3, I 2, sweeping

over bushes of Chrysanthemoides monilifera, var. angustifolia (S. Afr. Nat.

Coll. Ins.).

This locality is still more to the east than those previously recorded for the

Cape Province but still more collecting is needed to connect up with the

distribution in the Drakensberg area.

{[Mesoclanis hyalineata Munro]

Munro, 1950, J. ent. Soc. S. Afy., 13: 50, Fig. 9.

Described on a male from Matjesfontein, Cape, in British Museum. 2 ¢ and

I 2 were taken at Amanzi, Uitenhage, Cape Province, 19.xi.1952 (H. K. Munro),

sweeping over bushes of Chrysanthemoides monolifera, var. angustifolia (S. Afr.

Nat. Coll. Ins.).

The female is like the male. Length and of wing, 3:5 mm., oviscape short,

0-7 mm., 0-2 wing-length, 0-7 pre-abdomen, pale pubescence on anterior

blackish half and following ferruginous third, apical part blackish with black

pubescence.

Male: sternite 5 widened behind where nearly three times width of anterior

margin; indent shallow, concave, about 0-3 length. Tergum 9g (Fig. 173 0), oval,

laterally widened below where rather densely pubescent, flange (Fig. 173 c)

moderate, deeply toothed, almost spiny, but otherwise very like that of other

TRYPETIDAE 1009

species; prensisetae subequal; cerci broadly rounded. Aedeagus (Fig. 173 a);

vesica moderate, “tube” not extending beyond basal portion of aedeagus;

pre-aedeagal swelling not pronounced, a dorsal group of falcate setulae and a

lower group more or less in a pocket as in other species; the setulae have an

almost swollen base.

Fic. 173.—Mesoclanis hyalineata.

(a) aedeagus, (b) tergum 9g, lateral,

EBUAKRESTA SERIES

EUARESTA Loew 1873

Euaresta Loew, Quisenberry, 1950, J. New York ent. Soc., 58: 9-38 (see for references).

Camaromyia Hendel, Aczél, 1949, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 7: 295 (see for references).

The American genus Fwaresta is noted here since Bezzi included some African

species in Camaromyia, considered a synonym by Quisenberry in his careful

study of the genus Ewaresta in the United States. No African species could, at

the present time, be reasonably placed in Euraesta. Of the species Bezzi put

in Camaromyia, acrophthalma Bezzi, 1918, may be nearer the Rhabdochaetinae,

and Trypeta helva Loew is in a new genus here.

IOIO RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

[Euaresta bullans (Wiedemann)]

Trypeta bullans Wiedemann, 1830, Ausseveurop. zweift. Insekt , 2: 506.

Camaromyia bullans (Wiedemann) Aczél, 1949, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 7: 295 (see for

synonymy).

Euaresta bullans (Wiedemann) Quisenberry, 1950, J. New York ent. Soc., 58: 24 (see for

synonymy).

The distribution of this species is curious: Europe, North and South America,

and Australia. The larvae live in the burrs of Xanthium spp. and the spread

of the fly may have been through burrs sticking to animals taken from one

country to another. It is interesting to note that a specimen was taken in the

Sunday’s River Valley, Cape Province, South Africa, in March 1953, by

Mr. C. N. Smithers.

ENSLNA SERIES

As a very provisional arrangement there are included here some genera that

do not belong either to Paroxyna s.l. series nor to Trupanea-Tephritis, parti-

cularly on the wing-pattern. There may be found a general resemblance to

Ensina, with perhaps rather more similarity to Paroxyna. On the whole, the

proboscis is “‘long”’, but the length of the labella is not easy to estimate since

their appearance depends on how they happened to dry. Often appearing short

and shrivelled, when neatly closed they seem long and the proboscis “‘hooked”’ ;

in ether-fixed specimens they may become turgid and be about as wide as long.

Each genus seems to be specialised, more or less divergent and isolated, not

coming in any direct line of evolution with the other groups. Ensina Robineau-

Desvoidy (1930, Myodatres, p. 751) is a palaearctic genus not yet recorded from

the Ethiopian region, and has an elongate head and I upper and 3 dark lower

orbitals.

PTOSANTHUS gen. n.

Allied to Paroxyna s.l. but has 3 lower orbitals (occasionally 2), bare arista

and a distinctive wing-pattern. Type species: Tvypeta helva Loew.

Head short, frons flat, slight pubescence anteriorly, the foremost lower

orbital and hind upper pale, ocellars moderate; antennae a little shorter than

face, arista bare, only a few minute hairs on basal fourth; epistome moderately

prominant; labella about 0-75 mouth-opening.

Thorax: bristles normal for Paroxyna, dorso-centrals at suture, 4 long

scutellars, among the longer pubescence hairs across the front edge of dorsum

some specimens have a middle pair developed almost as scapulars; upper

squama wide, lower narrow.

Abdomen: male terminalia without marked features, aedeagus with small

vesica and no pre-aedeagal setulae.

TRYPETIDAE IOITI

Ptosanthus helvus (Loew) comb. n.

Trypeta helva Loew, 1861, Berl. ent. Zeit., 5: 294, Taf. II, Fig. 24; 1862, Ofv. K. Vet. Akad

Foérh., 1862: 6. Becker, 1903, Mitt. zool. Mus. Beyvl., 2: 131.

Oxyna helva (Loew) Bezzi, 1908, Boll. Soc. ent. Ital., 39: 162.

Camaromyia helva (Loew) Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 9: 40; 1924, id. 15: 139; 1924,

Ann. S. Afy. Mus., 19: 558, Plate XV, Fig. 113; 1928, Ann. Tvansv. Mus., 12: 334.

Munro, 1925, Dept. Agric. S. Afr. ent. Mem., No. 5: 31; 1929, id. No. 6: 15.

Euribia lightfooti Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 556, Plate XV, Fig. 110 (syn. nov.).

Paroxyna aida Hering, 1937, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 22: 261, Taf. V, Fig. 22 (syn. nov.).

Mesoclanis (Paroxyna) trifasciata Hering, 1939, VII. Internat. Kongy. Ent., 1938: 181,

Fig. 17 (syn. nov.).

Paroxyna zavattariana Hering, 1951, Revista Biol. Coloniale, g: 98, Fig. 3 (syn. nov.).

The type of Trypeta helva was collected by Wahlberg and it is very likely

that it was taken in Natal in the Durban-Pietermaritzburg area.

In the Paroxyna s.]. series may be found a great similarity and like variation

in external appearance, especially in the wing-pattern, but in spite of this

species may be separated on the male terminalia, often the aedeagus, which

are remarkably constant for each over a wide range. In the present species the

male terminalia are constant with a marked variation in wing-pattern, but

species cannot be separated on pattern variation since any range and gradation

may be found together.

The pattern is reticulate with a dark spot at stigma, a dark apical area and

a bar from end of marginal cell down over lower cross-vein; in the Paroxyna s.1.

series is a median bar from stigma over lower cross-vein. The apical area and the

pre-apical bar may be more or less united in the submarginal and first posterior

cells. Three forms of wing-pattern are shown, but there are gradations between

them. Fig. 174 is most like that of Loew, but the latter is too uniformly dark,

especially in the second posterior cell. Fig. 175 is the lightfootc form. Hering’s

figure for aida seems to be somewhat between Figs. 174 and 175; his figure

appears to be a photograph in which the dark areas are too black and the paler

reticulation subdued. Fig. 176 corresponds to Hering’s figure for his ¢vzfasczata,

the apical area being almost completely separated. From the general descrip-

tion and remarks, it is fairly certain that zavattariana Hering is this same species.

The figure shows a heavier wing-pattern than usual with only 2 hyaline spots in

the marginal cell separated by a rather wider bar (stated to be 3 hyaline spots

in the text); however, the pattern is very variable in detail, especially the spots

in the marginal cell—r East London specimen, a female, approaches the

zavattariana pattern, having 2 larger hyaline spots and a smaller, outer one.

Bezzi recognised some specimens from East London and 1 from Eritrea as

Loew’s species which he placed in Camaromyia. Others from East London and

from Barberton he named /ightfooti; in the Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19, 1924, his

figures 110, lightfooti, and 113, helva, are not correct.

Abdomen mostly blackish, or becoming more or less yellow, or with hind

IOI2 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

margins of tergites narrowly yellow and in a few South African specimens quite

yellow as described by Loew.

Male: sternite 5 trapezoidal, posterior corners rounded, a shallow, angular

indent, about 0-2 length. Tergum g normal, oval, no flange, cerci inturned,

broadly rounded, prensisetae subequal. Aedeagus (Fig. 177); vesica small, no

pre-aedeagal setulae ; the figure is drawn from a well-sclerotised specimen, others

were rather less sclerotised, but the various structures could be observed.

I have seen the following material:

BritisH MusEUM

Kenya: Aberdare Range, Mt. Kinangop, 8000-10,000 ft., x.1934, 7 5; Cedar

Forest, 1 ¢ on Helichrysum sp. “‘A’”’; above Nakuru, 9300 ft., 6.i11.1935, I 3,

2 2 on Helichrysum sp. “B”’; Mt. Elgon, 10,500-12,500 ft., 11.1935, I ¢ on

flowers of Helichrysum formossissimum. (Kenya specimens rather larger with

normal wing-pattern as Fig. 176.) UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Mt. Karangora,

9900 ft., 1.11.1935, I g, 1 2; Namwamba Valley, 6500 ft., r 3, 1 9; Kigezi district,

Kanaba, 7800 ft., xii.1934, I $; Mt. Muhavura, 7000 ft., on Conyza newii and

C. schimperi, ssp. longepapposa, 2 5, 1 2. All taken by F. W. Edwards.

CORYNDON MusEUM

Kenya: Naivasha, vii.1937, 2 3, 2 9 (H. J. A. Turner); Uplands, viii.1937,

I g, 1 9; Nairobi, vii.1937, 4 3, 5 2 (V. G. L. van Someren), from flowers of

Compositae.

SoutH AFRICAN NATIONAL COLLECTION OF INSECTS

ERITREA: Asmara, 6.xii.1949, I 2 (G. De Lotto) (a large specimen).

SoutH AFRICA: Cape Peninsula: Cape Point, 19.x.1950, 1 2 (C. G. C.

Dickson) ; Cape Flats, 16.xii.1g00, I 9 (det. helva by Bezzi); Fishhoek, iv.1g27,

24,19 (H. K. Munro). Cape Midlands: Robertson, 12.x.1950, 1 § (Mrs. K. M.

Dickson). East Cape: East London, 10.vi.1923, 1 g (H. K. Munro), the male

type of lightfooti (the female type—East London, vii.1914 (Rk. M. Lightfoot)—was

in the South African Museum, Capetown, but cannot now be found); East

London, iii-ix.1925, 15 g, 21 2 (H. K. Munro); East London, Buffalo Pass,

15.v.1947,1 6 (H. K. Munro). Natal: Cedara, 11.1935, 4 3, I 9, 7.x1.1936,1 3,32

(W. E. Marriott) (pattern normal, in 2 $ rather more reticulate). Transvaal:

Barberton, I1.v.1914, I ¢ (H. K. Munro)—a lightfoott paratype; Barberton,

Stentor, xi.1947, 7 ¢, 1 2 (H. K. Munro); Entabeni, Zoutpansberg, xi.1931, I 2

(G. van Son)—the last darker wing-pattern and mainly yellow abdomen.

TRYPETIDAE 1013

[Ptosanthus albinus (Bezzi) comb. n.]

Euribia albina Bezzi, 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 136. Munro, 1935, Ann. Mus. nat.

Hung., 29: 155, Fig. 22.

The type, a female, is in the Hungarian National Museum, and since no

other specimens have been available for study, its position must remain doubt-

ful. The wing-pattern is more similar to that of species of Scedella, but is not

quite like any that have been placed in Scedella here. On the other hand, there

are 3 lower orbitals which appear to be normal from a pencil sketch of the head;

if the anterior one is abnormal or supernumerary, and when. the male terminalia

can be examined, albinus may prove to belong rather to the Scedella series.

Fic. 178.—Dervoparia reticulata.

1oI4 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

DEROPARIA gen. n.

The occurrence of long-headed Trypetidae is curious and one of the most

remarkable species is the South American Pyotensina longiceps Hendel. The

South African Euryphalara is perhaps a Spathulina with a long head, the wing-

pattern being alike and the abdomen shining black. The new genus differs from

both in many features and probably does not belong to the Pavoxyna s.l. series.

It may come nearer Protensina, and even in the same group, but differs in the

shape of the face and epistome, stigma and position of upper cross-vein.

Head elongate, parafacials exceptionally wide, epistome projecting well

beyond antennae; 1 dark and 1 white upper orbital, 3 dark lower and a minute

fourth in front; frons pubescent; lunule large; antennae shorter than face,

arista pubescent.

Thorax: dorso-centrals half-way between suture and anterior supra-alars,

2 mesopleurals, 4 scutellars of about equal length (basals slightly longer) ;

wing: stigma moderate, upper cross-vein less than half its length from lower,

veins 3 and 4 convergent, 3 bare, point of anal cell acute, pattern reticulate,

but the apical pattern differs in detail from that of Paroxyna, and it is not

forked.

Abdomen plain yellow-brown, no submedian stripes or spots.

Type species: Ensina reticulata Munro.

[Deroparia reticulata (Munro) comb. n.]

Ensina reticulata Munro, 1929, Ann. S. Afy. Mus., 29: 24, Plate I, Fig. ro.

Euryphalara reticulata Munro, 1938, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., B. 7: 119.

Only the male and female types from Zesfontein, South West Africa are

known. Wing of male (Fig. 178).

SPHENELLA Robineau-Desvoidy

Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, Myodaires, p. 773. Efflatoun, 1924, Mém. Soc. R. ent.

Egypte, 2: 85. Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 544. Hendel, 1927, in Lindner,

Fl. Pal. Reg. 49. Trypetidae, p. 169.

Head short, 2 upper (hind one white), 2 lower orbitals, 4 long scutellars.

The genus is well represented in the Ethiopian region and a revision is to be

undertaken.

Sphenella marginata (Fallén)

Tephritis marginata Fallén, 1920, Dipt. Suec. Ortalid., 7: 8.

Sphenella marginata (Fallén) Efflatoun, 1924, Mém. Soc. R. ent. Egypte, 2: 86, Plate I,

Figs. 8 and 12, Plate IV, Fig. 3 (see for synonymy). Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus.,

19: 544, Plate XIV, Fig. 94 (further references need not be given here). ;

TRYPETIDAE IOI5

African specimens have been identified as the European species and a

preliminary study of the male terminalia indicates little, if any, difference in

these structures. However, much more detailed study, as well as comparison

with similar forms from the East and from Australia, is needed.

Widespread in South Africa. There are several specimens collected by

R. E. Turner in the Cape and in Natal.

Kenya: Aberdare Range, Mt. Kinangop, 10,000 ft., x.1934, I 5, 3 2 (F. W.

Edwards).

TELALETES Munro

Munro, 1938, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., B. 7: 119. Hering, 1944, Sivuna Seva, 5: 6.

Head short; frons slightly pubescent; 2 upper (hind one pale, short and

usually turned inwards), 2 lower orbitals; scapulars not developed; 4 long

scutellars; wing-pattern very pale or evanescent reticulation with dark apical

spot; vein 3 with a few, 4-6, wide-spaced setulae to upper cross-vein, sometimes

I or 2 beyond. In male, tergum 9 with pair of long, downwardly directed bristles

or spurs posteriorly.

Wing clear hyaline with a rather to very pale reticulation and a strong, large, black

apical spot. Abdomen usually mainly yellow, pubescence yellow with

sometimes a little black; rather smaller species with somewhat longer

oviscape, 0:25 wing-length : 5 . ochvacea (Loew)

Wing faintly and obscurely infuscated, no defined reticulation but rather few,

small, white microtrichial spots, apical dark area less marked. Abdomen

usually blackish, with mainly black pubescence; rather larger species with

somewhat shorter oviscape, 0:22 wing-length ¢ ; . obscurata n. sp.

Telaletes ochracea (Loew)

Trypeta ochracea Loew, 1861, Berl. ent. Zeit., 5: 295, Tab. II, Fig. 25.

Acanthiophilus ochraceus (Loew) Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 559, Plate XV.

Fig. 112.

Telaletes ochvacea (Loew) Munro, 1938, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., B. 7: 119.

Kenya: Thompson’s Falls, 7500 ft., x.1940, 1 g, 1 2 (F. W. Edwards).

Numerous specimens in several series from East and South Africa, including

Edwards’s pair, have been examined and taken to be ochracea. There is variation

in the wing-pattern (Fig. 179) and shape of the head, but further statistical

studies are needed to discover whether there is any segregation and correlation

in these and other characters. This will be all the more necessary since an

examination of the male terminalia has revealed two forms, notably in the

aedeagus. Further, both forms have been taken in one locality.

If two species are represented it is at present not possible to say which is

ochracea for two reasons: first because the type of ochracea was collected by

Drege in “Caffraria’’, and his travels extended from Namaqualand in the west,

Io16 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

around the southern areas of the Cape, and through the Transkei to Durban in

Natal. Secondly, even if the type locality can be discovered, the problem is still

difficult as the type is a female; this will require the study of authentic females

and ultimately of the type. If the type has been destroyed, then a type locality

may be chosen and a neotype erected.

Male terminalia: tergum 9g has the characteristic pair of posterior spurs seen

in the following species, only rather longer; neither form of aedeagus shows the

curious, bent “‘tube”’ seen in that of obscuvata.

Fic. 179.—Telaletes ochracea.

Fic. 180.

Fic. 182.

Telaletes obscurata. Fig. 180, wing; Fig. 181, tergum 9, lateral; Fig. 182,

aedeagus, lateral; Fig. 183, aedeagus, dorsal. -

TRYPETIDAE IOI7

Telaletes obscurata sp. n.

Differs from ochracea in the more diffuse wing-pattern and in the aedeagus.

Kenya: Mt. Elgon, Heath Zone, 10,500-11,500 ft., ii.1935, holotype 4,

allotype 9, 7 3, 6 @ paratypes (Ff. W. Edwards) (5 specimens taken on Senecio

elongensis) ; Mt. Elgon, 10,500—12,500 ft., 11.1935, 9 3, 2 2 paratypes on flowers

of Senecio rhammatophyllus; Aberdare Range, Mt. Kinangop, 10,000 ft.,

26.x.1934 (Ff. W. Edwards). UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Mt. Karangora, ggoo ft.,

xii.1934-1.1935, 8 3, 3 2 (F. W. Edwards); Imatong Mts., 10,000 ft., 2 ¢ para-

types (D. R. Buxton); Kigezi district, Mt. Mgahinga, 1000 ft., 22.xi.1934, I ¢

(poor specimen, probably this) (Ff. W. Edwards).

Length, 3 2:8 mm., 2 4-6 mm.; wing § 3°8 mm., 9 4°5 mm.

Head yellow, frons and antennae deeper yellow, almost brown, behind

black in middle, yellow below, behind eyes and vertex; frons as long as wide,

0-4 width of head, slight pale pubescence, bristles brownish black, 2 lower,

2 upper, the hind one short, paler brown and directed inwards, outer vertical

and postocellar pale; antennae 0-8 face, joint 3 rounded, arista sparsely micro-

pubescent; lunule short; parafacials narrow, about 0-2, genae as wide as third

antennal joint; epistome projecting about half width of antennae; labella

short.

Thorax black, humeri yellow, wing-base yellowish, dorsum: dust dense,

brown, more or less golden, in some lights 3 stripes appear, pubescence moderate,

pale yellow; pleura, sterna and postscutellum black with moderate grey dust,

pleural dust brownish on upper third, pubescence slight, pale, fine; bristles

brown, normal, no scapulars, mesopleural, pteropleural and sternopleural pale

brown, dorso-centrals one-third distance to suture before anterior supra-alars ;

legs russet, tarsi more brownish; halteres yellow; squamae light brown, upper

wide, semicircular, lower about half width of upper; wing (Fig. 180) membrane

with an obscure, brownish infuscation sometimes more pronounced; darker

spots above knot, below stigma, at middle and end of marginal cell and an

apical spot filling end of submarginal, first posterior and tip of second posterior,

and slightly over each end of lower cross-vein; stigma blackish or rather pale

in middle; rest of wing with few, small, white microtrichial spots (shown more

pronounced in figure) that do not form a distinct reticulation; vein 3 setose

above to a little past upper cross-vein, a few setulae below.

Abdomen shining black with very slight ferruginous tinge, tip of tergite 5

in male yellow; dust slight, golden brown, grey on overlapping, slightly trans-

parent hind margins of tergites; pubescence dark, fine, short, on tergite 2 longer

and finer, appearing paler, on hind edges of tergites longer, pale shining pubes-

cence also on sides; apical bristles in male black, in female pale. Oviscape short,

wide, blackish on anterior third, ferruginous posteriorly, pubescence dark,

brown-shining, 0-6 pre-abdomen, 0-2 wing-length.

Io18 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Male: tergum 9 (Fig. 181) ferruginous, posteriorly oval, cerci rounded below

and with a point above; at about middle of margins of posterior opening a stout

spine projects downwards, there being a small patch of hairs opposite the end

of the spine; no flange, but the spine may represent it; minor prensiseta about

half major; the lateral aspect of the tergum is seen in the figure. Aedeagus

(Fig. 182, lateral aspect; Fig. 183, dorsal, ie. at right angles to Fig. 182);

moderate sclerotisation with a conspicuous bent tube almost to apex as well as

another more membranous tube.

TANAICA gen. n.

Head somewhat elongate, appearing more so as it is narrow anteriorly in

both lateral and dorsal aspects, the fronto-facial angle prominent, broadly

rounded; parafacials wide, about half width of third antennal joint, genae

narrow but about as wide as parafacials; frons bare, 2 upper (hind one pale),

2 lower orbitals, ocellars moderate; antennae a little shorter than face, arista

micropubescent ; epistome projecting beyond line of parafacials a little less than

width of third antennal joint; proboscis very long, projecting a third to half

length of mouth-opening beyond epistome.

Thorax: dorso-centrals at suture, 4 scutellars, apicals 0-5 basals; wing hyaline,

vein 3 bare; upper squamae wide, lower linear.

Abdomen shining black, slight dust and moderate, pale pubescence.

Type species: Eusina hyalipennis Bezzi.

[Tanaica hyalipennis (Bezzi) comb. n.]

Ensina hyalipennis Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 549. Munro, 1929, op. cit., 29: 26.

Described on a female from Cedarberg, Cape, in the South African Museum;

only known from the south-western Cape districts. The larvae live in the seeds

of Chrysanthemoides monilifera (Compositae) ; material collected in Jonkershoek,

Stellenbosch, H. K. Munro.

Head: postorbital bristles usually one long, white and a row of finer, black,

short setae.

Thorax: wing (Fig. 184) hyaline, only stigma light, shghtly opaque yellow;

veins yellowish brown, becoming darker, almost black, outwardly.

Abdomen shining black, slight grey dust, rather dense, long, whitish pubes-

cence. Oviscape shining black, dark pubescence, 0-25 wing-length, 0-75 pre-

abdomen.

Male: sternites wide, 5 with a wide, angular indent; tergum 9 rounded

posteriorly, cerci inturned, short, broadly rounded, minor prensiseta about half

major; aedeagus (Fig. 185); vesica membranous, voluminous, slight sclerotisa-

tion at base; moderate pre-aegeagal setulae in a band about half-way round—on

lower side in figure.

TRYPETIDAE IOIg

Fic. 184.—Tanaica hyalipennis, wing; Fig. 185, aedeagus.

Fic. 187.

Fic. 186.—Namwambina festinata, wing; Fig. 187, sternites; lig. 188, aedeagus.

NAMWAMBINA gen. n.

This genus has a superficial resemblance to Acanthiophilus. The bristles of

the head are fine and black, only the postocellars and outer verticals yellow, but

the postverticals may be black or yellow; 3 strong lower orbitals and 4 scutellars ;

scapulars not developed. The South American Homoeothrix Hering, 1944, with

3 lower orbitals, and the oriental Homoeotricha Hering, 1944, with 2, have the

postorbitals yellow, the upper orbitals both dark. In “‘Trypeta”’ péringueyi the

head bristles are all dark, the postocular row, while thin, are paler, golden

brown, the other blackish; scapulars are not present and vein 3 is setose.

1020 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Head angular, but fronto-facial angle broadly rounded; eye oval; frons 0°5

width of head, 2 upper and 3 lower orbitals all dark, ocellars strong, postorbitals

fine, black, 2 or 3 longer with row shorter setulae; antennae shorter than face,

arista pubescent, epistome barely prominent, proboscis hooked, labella moder-

ately elongate; genae wide.

Thorax: dorsum with moderate dust and fine black pubescence; bristles

strong, black, pteropleural yellow, no scapulars, 4 long scutellars; mesopleura

with suture; wing stigma elongate, third vein bare.

Abdomen: moderate dust, pubescence fine black centrally, yellow on sides;

tergum 6 in female slightly longer than fifth.

Type species: Namwambina festinata, the following new species.

Namwambina festinata sp. n.

The relationships are indicated in the generic diagnosis.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori Range, Namwamba Valley, 10,000-12,000 ft.,

6-8.1.1935 (Ff. W. Edwards), holotype 3, allotype 2, 2 g, 1 2 paratypes.

Length, 9 5:5 mm., 2 7-0 mm.; wing, ¢ 5-7 mm., 9 6-6 mm.

Head brownish yellow, posteriorly brown above; length, height, width,

6:8:10; eye oval, length 0-6 height; frons in profile prominent, the fronto-facial

angle rounded; flat, yellow, bare or a very slight trace black pubescence

anteriorly; width 0-5 head, and about 1-1 length; ocellar dot black; lunule

moderate, wide; antennae 0-75 face, brown, arista brown, pubescent; face

yellow or darker with silvery sheen, rather concave, epistome barely prominent,

parafacials about 0-25 width of third antennal joint, genae wide, 0-14 height of

head; proboscis elongate, labella 0-8 length of oral opening; bristles as indicated,

the postverticals may be both yellow or both black, or one black, one yellow.

Thorax: dorsum, dust moderate, grey with 3 brown stripes, moderate brown

on sides continued broadly around scutelum; thorax in general brown with

blackish tinge, biacker below, postscutellum black with grey dust; pubescence

fine, black, on pleura pale yellow on upper half of mesopleura, black on lower;

yellow and longer on sterna; bristles strong, long, black, pteropleural yellow,

no scapulars, apical scutellars 0-7 basals, dorso-centrals about half-way between

anterior supra-alars and suture; legs normal, brownish yellow, femora more or

less blackened; halteres yellow; wing (Fig. 186) elongate, about three times as

long as wide, vein 3 bare, stigma elongate, pattern a pale, light-brownish, washed-

out reticulation, the wing surface grey due to dense, dark microtrichiae with

some white microtrichial spots appearing subhyaline and more apparent

obliquely, the membrane dark brown at stigma and below, more or less light

brown along costa and at ends of lower cross-vein.

Abdomen blackish, dust brown on median third (where pubescence fine,

black), but tending to form submedian dark spots—smaller and more marked

TRYPETIDAE 1021

in male—with median grey-dusted stripe and grey on sides where pubescence

pale, coarser and longer; hind edges of tergites yellowish, 6 in female, mainly

yellow and a little longer than 5; 5 in male ferruginous at end; apical bristles

black. Oviscape ferruginous, black at ends, fine black pubescence, median

portion of ovipositor and aculeus reddish ferruginous, the latter stout and

sharply pointed.

Male: tergum g normal, cerci inturned, rounded, minor prensiseta about

half major; aedeagus (Fig. 188) elongate, capsule moderately sclerotised with

long tube to apex of reduced vesica; moderaté pre-aedeagal swelling with some

setulae dorsal and some lateral (below in figure). Sternites (Fig. 187); 5 large

and wide with shallow indent.

ACANDALTOPAHILUS: SERIES

Included here are species that have 3 dark lower orbitals, 2 upper, the hind

one pale, and 4 scutellars; lower squama large; wing-pattern reduced or to a

more complete Tvupanea-like with apical fork, or reticulate, or subreticulate,

occasionally absent ; general body coloration grey, or brownish or bluish without

stripes or spots.

Hendel, 1927, erected Tephritomyia as a subgenus of Acanthiophilus, but the

characters he used are not satisfactory. The difference in the appearance of the

proboscis is illusory since in lauta, as in some other species, e.g. of Sphenella,

the labella are of medium length and when neatly closed cause the proboscis to

appear hooked, but when more or less turgid, pestle-like. The pointed third

antennal joint seems rather specific than generic; in helianthi there is in most

specimens a distinct point, as may be the case in walkevi—unfortunately avail-

able specimens have lost the antennae. Other species placed here in Acanthio-

philus have the joint rounded at end. A study of the genotypes, walkert and

lauta, reveals combinations of characters that justify two genera, Acanthiophilus

and Tephritomyia. A third genus is needed for a species that has similar common

characters, but their combination excludes it from either of the other two. The

genera may be distinguished thus:

Apical scutellar bristles short, half or less than half basals; wing-pattern a

reduced Tvupanea-type, much reduced, or, when more extensive, an

apical fork somewhat developed (Figs. 189-193) ; aedeagus (Figs. 194-197) ;

moderate vesica with a stout, basal, curved spine and a conspicuous,

setulose ‘“‘rod”’ : 4 : 5 : : : : Acanthiophilus

Apical scutellars long, 0-8 basals or longer; wing-pattern decidedly reticulate or

subreticulate, with dark microtrichiae and white spots, no pattern in one

species; aedeagus (Figs. 203-206); vesica relatively enormous, mem-

branous and plicate with at most a small, stout spine at base . Tephritomyia

Apical scutellars short, about half basals; wing-pattern a complete Tyvupanea-

type; aedeagus large and voluminous without spines. : Pherothrinax

1022 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Various non-Ethiopian species that have been placed in Acanthiophilus will

need more detailed study before they can be said to be definitely congeneric

with either walker: or lauta. Most of the earlier African species do not belong:

helianthoides Bezzi, semisphenella Bezzi, hessit Munro, go to Sphenella; ochracea

has been placed in Telaletes, while muiri and hemimelas need a new genus.

Certain later species described by Hering are difficult to place owing to lack of

data and of specimens; caliginosus may belong to Tephritomyia; on the other

hand, if others, coarctatus, kohler, melanoxanthus and trypaneodes with a more

complete Tvupanea pattern, prove to have male terminalia similar to redimitis

sp. n., they could be included in the new genus Pherothrinax and help to

stabilise it.

Apart from these, various species with 3 lower orbitals and 4 scutellars

placed by Bezzi, 1924, in Trupanea (Trypanea) do not belong here.

ACANTHIOPHILUS Becker

Becker, 1908, Mitt. zool. Mus. Beyrl., 4: 136. Hendel, 1914, Wien. ent. Zeit., 33: 98

note 18; 1917, in Lindner, Fl. Pal. Reg., 49, Trypeditae, p. 202. Bezzi, 1918, Bull.

ent. Res., 9: 41; 1924, id. 15: 139; 1924, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 558; 1926, Bol.

Lab. Zool. Portici, 18: 295.

Hendel’s was the first attempt to stabilise Acanthiopiilus, but the characters

used to separate Tephritomyia are unsatisfactory, as has been noted.

Of the characters already given, none alone can be said to be decisive, except

perhaps the aedeagus, but in combination they appear to be so; a close study

of non-African species that have been placed in the genus would thus be of

interest. The 3 generic characters are of relatively little value in separating

species; the remarkable similarity in the aedeagi is striking, as is the difference

from what is seen in Tephritomyia, but, curiously, there is a resemblance to the

aedeagus in Tvupanea. The wing-pattern in helianthi is variable, not observed

to be so in the others apart from minor variation. In the male there are specific

differences in the sternites 4 and 5 (Fig. 198) ; in c?conza the oviscape is 1°5 times

the length of the pre-abdomen, in the others, as long or a little shorter.

[Acanthiophilus walkeri (Wollaston) ]

Tetanoceva walkeri Wollaston, 1858, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. III, 1: 116, Plate V,

Fig. 6.

Tephvitis walkervi (Wollaston) Bezzi, 1908, Boll. Soc. ent. Ital., 39: 141.

Acanthiophilus walkeyvi (Wollaston) Becker, 1908, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 4: 137 and

200. Bezzi, 1926, Bol. Lab. Zool. Portici, 18: 296. Hendel, 1927, in Lindner, Fi.

Pal. Reg., 49, Trypetidae, p. 205, Taf. 16, Fig. 7.

Only known from the Canary Islands and Madeira. I am indebted to

Senor José Ma. Fernandez, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, for 2 males that have been

of the greatest value in this study. The wing-pattern (Fig. 189) is distinctive,

TRYPETIDAE 1023

a reduced Trupanea type extended well to the base and the apical fork weak ;

there is slight individual variation. Apical scutellars 0-5 basals.

Male: sternites (Fig. 198 a); 5 slightly wider than 4 and with a deep, wide

indent; aedeagus (Fig. 194); vesica moderate, a strong, basal, curved spine and

a setose rod.

FIG. 193.—ciconia.

Acanthiophilus spp. wings.

[Acanthiophilus helianthi (Rossi) ]

Musca helianthi Rossi, 1794, Fauna Etrusca: Mant. Ins., 11: 73 (sec Sherborne).

Acinia helianthi (Rossi) Macquart, 1848, Luc. Explor. Alg., Zoo., 3: 497.

Trypeta helianthi (Rossi) Frauenfeld, 1856, Sitzgsby. Ak. Wien., 22: 556. Loew, 1861,

Berl. ent. Zeit., 5: 256.

Urellia helianthi (Rossi) Becker, 1905, Kat. Pal. Dipt., 3: 142. Bezzi, 1908, Boll. Soc.

ent. Ital., 39: 142, 162.

Acanthiophilus helianthi (Rossi) Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., g: 41; 1924, 7d. 15: 139;

1926, Bol. Lab. Zool. Portici, 18: 295. Hendel, 1927, in Lindner, Fl. Pal. Reg., 49,

Trypetidae, p. 203, Taf. 16, Fig. 8. Séguy, 1930, Mém. Soc. Sct. nat. Maroc., 24:

177; 1932, Enc. Ent. Dipt., 6: 174; 1934, Faune de France, 28: 168, Plate XVI,

Fig. 187; 1949, Rev. Frangaise d’Ent., 16: 157. Stackelberg, 1932, Bull. Plant Prot

1024 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Leningd., Ser. I, Ent. No. 5: 166. Hering, 1935-1936, Bull. ent. Pologne, 14-15:

112; 1936, Bull. Soc. Sci. Acad. Roumaine, 18: 6. Zia, 1937, Sinensia, 8: 215, Plate

VII, Fig. 65. Chen, 1938, Sinensia, g: 162.

Trypeta eluta Meigen, 1826, Syst. Beschr., 5: 344, Taf. L, Fig. 13. Loew, 1844, Germ.

Zeit., 5: 416, Taf. II, Fig. 67. Kaltenbach, 1872, Pflanzenf., 386.

Acinia eluta (Meigen) Macquart, 1835, Suit. a Buff., II, 472. Dufour, 1849, Ann. Soc.

ent. France, Il. sér. 49. Frauenfeld, 1856, Sitzgby. d. K. Ak. Wiss., 22: 544; 1863,

Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien., 13: 218. Schiner, 1858, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien., 8: 674; 1864,

Fauna Austr.,2: 171. Loew, 1862, Monogr. Tryp., 117, Taf. XXIV, Fig. 3. Fr. Low.,

1866, Verh. z.b. Ges. Wien., 16:949. Kaltenbach, 1872, Pflanzenf., 386. Bradley, 1901,

Ent. mon. Mag., 37:9. Becker, 1903, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 2: 133; 1905, Kat. Pal.

Dipt., 3: 142; 1907, Reit. Hym. Dipt., 5: 390; 1908, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 4: 140.

Dale, 1904, Ent. mon. Mag., 40: 212. Andrews, 1934, Ent. Rec., 46: 125.

Trypanea eluta (Meigen) Becker, 1912, Annuaiy. d. Mus. Zool. Ac. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbg.,

17: 644. Efflatoun, 1924, Mém. Soc. R. ent. Egypte, 2: 117, Plate V, Fig. 2.

A remarkable species that ranges from England and the Canary Islands

across South Europe and North Africa (from Morocco to Sudan and Eritrea),

Asia Minor and India to Central Asia. It is here recorded from Kenya.

Frons bare with trace of a median stripe. Wing-pattern (Figs. 191-192) is

reduced and variable, occasionally almost absent ; Eritrea specimens have mostly

the more extended pattern, Kenya specimens the more reduced. Apical scutellar

bristles about 0-375-0-4 basals.

Male: sternites (Fig. 198 6) 4 wider than 5, which has a shallow indent and

a distinctive, narrow median ridge on the inner side, a slight ridge may appear

on 4. Aedeagus (Fig. 195); vesica moderate, a large basal curved spine and a

moderate setose rod. The main figure shown is from an Indian specimen; in

this the setulae on the rod are short, while, as in the small figures, in another

Indian (left) and in an African (right) specimen, the setulae are longer but

very variable.

Acanthiophilus brunneus Munro

Munro, 1934, Amer. Mus. Nov., 739: 4.

A brownish species described from Abyssinia and the Congo.

Kenya: Aberdare Range, Mt. Kinangop, 8000, gooo and 10,000 ft., x—xi.

1934, 25 g, 10 & (including 1 g, 1 9, Cedar Forest; 1 ¢ 1 2 on Conyza sp.; 8 3

on Lobelia aberdarica); Mt. Elgon, 10,500-12,500 ft., 11.1935, I Q on Carduus

keniensis. UGANDA: Kigezi district, Mt. Sabinio, 8000 ft., x1.1934, 3 ¢ (all

F. W. Edwards).

Arista pubescent; frons bare, third antennal joint rounded at end, occa-

sionally a tendency to a point. Wing-pattern (Fig. 1go) reduced, variable, with

slight apical fork, veins yellowish, dark on dark areas. Apical scutellar bristles

0°375 basals.

Male: sternites (Fig. 198 d), 4 wider than 5, which has a rather deep, concave

indent. Aedeagus (Fig. 197); vesica moderate with large curved basal spine and

long setulose rod.

Female: oviscape a little shorter than pre-abdomen.

TRYPETIDAE 1025

ee Mh bs =D

Fic. 194.—walkeri. ee! Fic. 195.—helianthi.

r= AY

Fic. 196.—ciconia. Fic. 197.—brunneus.

Acanthiophilus spp., aedeagi.

Ag ATR

Fic. 198.—Acanthiophilus spp., sternites 4 and 5.

(a) walkeri, (b) helianthi, (c) ciconia, (d) brunneus.

Acanthiophilus ciconia sp. n.

The species may be recognised by the wing-pattern and the very long

oviscape.

Kenya: Aberdare Range, Mt. Kinangop, 10,000 ft., 26.x.1934, holotype J,

allotype 2, 5 3, 9 2 paratypes (FF. W. Edwards) (2 2 on Carduus keniensts) ;

Mt. Elgon, Heath Zone, 10,000-14,000 ft., 1 § paratype; I 9 paratype on Carduus

nanus (F. W. Edwards). UGANDA: 6.V.1932, 3 g, I 2 paratypes (E. G. Gibbins).

Length, 3 6:0 mm., 9 10:25 mm.; wing, 9 5:8 mm., 9 6:0 mm.

1026 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Head yellow, angular, fronto-facial angle prominent; length, height, width,

6:7:3:10; posteriorly black medially to a little over tentorial sutures, beard

moderate yellow hairs, postoculars yellow, postorbitals 8 close-set bristles with

a few yellow setae; frons flat, bare, light ferruginous, slight grey dust, greyer

on sides and behind and a just perceptible median stripe, ocellar dot black;

bristles blackish, 2 upper orbitals (hind one yellow), 3 lower (or I or 2 super-

numeraries on one or both sides, the lowest of which may be paler) ocellars

strong ; as long as wide and 0:5 width of head; lunule wide U-shaped, about three

times wider than long; antennae 0-75 face, third joint brownish, rounded at

end, but may appear pointed if the joint has collapsed, arista micropubescent ;

face concave, epistome projecting about 0-5, parafacials 0-5, gena 1-4 width

of third antennal joint; falcella strongly developed; proboscis yellow, labella

about 0-5 length of mouth cavity, palpi deep yellow, a little shorter than

lavella.

Thorax black, humeri yellow with a bunch of long yellow pubescence;

dorsum: dust light brown, pubescence white, short, longer before scutellum,

pleura as dorsum, postscutellar area black, brownish dust; bristles black, dorso-

centrals just behind suture, hind notopleural white. Scutellum very slightly

convex, brown dust and some pubescence; length 0-6 width, 4 bristles, apicals

0-5 basals; legs tawny, front femora a row of bristles below, hind with

a small pre-apical bristle above; wing (Fig. 193) a broken Trvupanea pattern,

variable in detail, it extends from the apex across discal cell to anal and recalls

somewhat that seen in some species of the Paroxyna series (gladiatrix, Fig. 55;

saltoria, Fig. 89, and sigillata, Fig. 90); stigma black, costal bristle small,

vein 3 bare.

Abdomen black-shining, moderate grey dust, middle of tergite 6 in female

polished, pubescence rather sparse, while, longer on sides and at end, apical

bristles black; in female tergite 6 1-6 length of 5; oviscape very long, 5:0 mm.,

0-7 wing, I:5 pre-abdomen, acuminate, black-shining, sparse, rather long black

pubescence, mid-joint black, ferruginous on sides, aculeus blackish ferruginous ;

venter black, moderate grey dust.

Male: sternites (Fig. 198 c) 4 and 5 of about equal width, 5 with shallow

indent; aedeagus (Fig. 196), vesica moderate, with strong, curved spine and

setulose rod.

TEPHRITOMYIA Hendel

Hendel, 1927, in Lindner, Fl. Pal. Reg., 49, Tvypetidae, p. 202.

Described as a subgenus of Acanthiophilus from which differences have

already been noted. Species placed here may be recognised by the long apical

scutellar bristles, the decidedly reticulate wing-pattern (none in sericeus sp. nov.)

and the remarkable voluminous and elongate vesica.

The four species studied may be distinguished from one another on the

TRYPETIDAE 1027

wing-pattern (Figs. 199-203); the figures for /auta and xiphias are shown darker

than is actually the case; xphias and griseus have black microtrichiae over

most of the wing with white spots. The membranous aedeagi (Figs. 203-206)

appear to have a complicated internal structure and are finely cross-ribbed

externally. In the preparations they are more or less shrivelled but may at

times become turgid and extended; that of xzphias is exceptionally long, but

otherwise they do not show any striking differences except for a short, small

spine at the base, in griseus it is spiny, in x¢phias smooth, in sericeus smooth

and curved, and apparently absent in /auta. Sternites 4 and 5 (Fig. 207) show

no obvious specific differences.

Hering’s caliginosus may belong here; the wing-pattern seems to be reticu-

late and rather like that of /auwta and the apical scutellars are long.

[Tephritomyia lauta (Loew)]

Oxyna lauta Loew, 1869, Zeit., f. d. Ges. Naturw., 34: 18.

Euribia (Tephritis) lauta (Loew) Hendel, 1914, Wien. ent. Zeit., 33: 98, note 18.

Tephritis lauta (Loew), Efflatoun, 1924, Mém. Soc. R. ent. Egypte, 2: 103, Plate V,

Fig. 7, Plate I, Fig. 11.

Acanthiophilus (Tephritomyia) lauta (Loew) Hendel, 1927, in Lindner, Fl. Pal. Reg., 49,

Trypetidae, p. 203, Taf. 16, Fig. 9.

Acanthiophilus lauta (Loew) Séguy, 1930, Mém. Soc. Sci. nat. Maroc., 24: 177.

Tephritis velifovrmis Becker, 1907, Zeit. Hym. Dipt., p. 388; 1913, Ann. Mus. Z. St.

Petersbg., p. 645. Hendel, 1914, Wien. ent. Zeit., 33: 98, note 18.

(Genus ?) velifera Bezzi, 1909 (sec Hendel, 1937).

According to Efflatoun originally only from the Island of Rhodes in the

Aegean, but later recorded from Morocco, Egypt, Asia Minor and Persia.

The wing (Fig. 199) has a distinctive, somewhat scattered, reticulate pattern;

it is shown rather too pronounced in the figure as it seems to be usually darker

along the cells, paler either side along the veins. Apical scutellars 0-9 basals.

Oviscape about as long as pre-abdomen.

Male: sternites (Fig. 207 a) 4 and 5 of about same width, 5 longer and hardly

any indent. Aedeagus (Fig. 203); vesica elongate, voluminous, at most slightly

sclerotised at base.

[Tephritomyia grisea (Munro) comb. n.]

Acanthiophilus griseus Munro, 1934, Amer. Mus. Nov., 739: 4. Hering, 1937, Mitt. zool.

Mus. Berl., 22: 264.

Described on a female from Addis Ababa, there are in the Pretoria collection

some specimens from KENYA: Kipkabus, 8200 ft., 1x.1952 (W. H. Ghent), and

Londani, xi.1937 (V. G. L. van Someren) (per Coryndon Museum). Both lots

reared from flowers of Compositae.

Male like female; length and of wing, 6-0 mm. or smaller. Third antennal

joint rounded at end, arista sparsely micropubescent; frons a little pale brown

1028 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

pubescence anteriorly, and a wide but not strong silvery median stripe. There

may be 2 dark mesopleurals. Wing (Fig. 200) veins brownish, a rather strong

black microtrichial pattern with darker brown infuscation on stigma, costal

spots and over upper and lower cross-veins; I-3 setulae at knot on vein 3.

Apical scutellars 0:84 basals. Oviscape with white pubescence on anterior third,

black behind.

Male: sternites (Fig. 207 b) 5 slightly wider than 4, and with slight indent.

Aedeagus (Fig. 204); vesica long and voluminous, at base a tiny spine that is

spinulose.

Fic. 199.—lauta.

Tic. 202.—sericea.

Fic. 201.—xiphias.

Tephritomyia spp., wings.

[Tephritomyia xiphias (Bezzi) comb. n.]

Eurnibia xiphias Bezzi, 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 138. Munro, 1935, Ann. Mus. nat.

Hung., 29: 154, Fig. 21. Described from Abyssinia.

Kenya: Kipkabus, ix.1952 (W. H. Ghent) (Pretoria collection). UGANDA:

Kigezi, 11.1928 (G. D. H. Carpenter) (Commonwealth Institute of Entomology).

The type in the Hungarian National Museum is a female. A large species.

Male like female; length 8-o mm.; wing 7-7 mm. Frons slight pubescence

anteriorly, a moderate median silvery stripe which may be polished down its

middle; third antennal joint rounded at end; arista very minutely pubescent.

One mesopleural bristle, or a second pale one; apical scutellars o-8—o-g basals.

Wing (Fig. 201) a very faint, black microtrichial pattern shown darker in figure ;

veins yellow, stigma deeper yellow, membrane slightly yellowish with slightly

stronger, brownish infuscation on outer third, where white microtrichial spots

more marked, some darker spots on costa and lower cross-vein; no to 4 setulae

at knot on third vein.

TRYPETIDAE 1029

Fic. 206.—séricea.

Fic. 205.—xiphias.

Tephritomyia spp., aedeagi.

a b c d

Fic. 207.—Tephritomyza spp., tergites 4 and 5.

(a) lauta, (b) grisea, (c) xiphias, (d) sericea.

I030 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Female: oviscape very long, 4-5 mm., a little more than half wing-length,

1-6 pre-abdomen.

Male: sternites (Fig. 207 c) long and narrow, 5 with slight indent. Aedeagus

(Fig. 205); vesica extremely long, a stout, short, pointed, smooth spine at base.

[Tephritomyia sericea sp. n.]

No pattern nor any other mark on the wing.

W. Darfur, holotype g, allotype 9, 10 g, 7 2 paratypes, N. Jebel Murra,

Deriba Lakes, 8000 ft., 15-17.v1.1932; 6 Q paratypes, Jebel Murra, Killing,

7000 ft., 7.1v.1932 (M. Steele). The locality has been given as stated on the

labels; it seems to be the apparently isolated mountain, Jebel Marra, Dar Fur,

at the western side of the Egyptian Sudan. The collector is Miss M. Steele.

Length, 95:5 mm., 9 5-:7 mm.; wing, ¢ 4:9 mm., 2 4-7 mm.

Head yellow, fronto-facial angle wide; length, height, width, 6-5:8:10; eye,

length 0-6 height, posteriorly a pair of moderate, black spots on either side of

occiput, beard short, sparse, pale yellow, postocular row yellow, postorbitals

with a few yellow setae; frons flat, prominent anteriorly, yellow, width at vertex

o-9 length, 0-4 width of head, a little yellow pubescence anteriorly and a slight

median stripe, bristles brown, hind upper orbital white, 3 lower, ocellars strong;

lunule, yellow, wide, length 0-5 width; antennae yellow, o-8 face, joint 3 brown,

rounded at end, arista micropubescent, base brown, flagellum black; face:

epistome slightly projecting, in some specimens the lower middle part of the

face is prominent, parafacials narrow about 0-2 and genae as wide as third

antennal joint, bristle tawny; proboscis hooked or pestle-like, depending on

condition ; palpi yellow, setae black at tip.

Thorax black, dorsum: dust grey, dense, rather less on pleura and still less

on postscutelum; pubescence pale shining, yellow; bristles light brown, hind

notopleural yellowish, dorso-centrals at suture; halteres yellow; squamae

yellow, both ear-like, lower wider; scutellum flat, yellow, slightly black on disc,

4 bristles, apicals 0-9 basals; coarse yellow pubescence on disc; legs yellowish

brown, almost ferruginous; wing (Fig. 202), no pattern nor any mark, veins

yellow, membrane very pale yellow subhyaline, the pale microtrichiae giving

a silky sheen, stigma slightly yellowish, vein 3 bare.

Abdomen black, slightly ferruginous at base and hind edges of tergites

narrowly ferruginous, the last rather wider, grey dust slight to moderate, the

abdomen appearing black, pubescence rather dense, long, coarse, pale shining

yellow, leaving a moderate median stripe free of pubescence, apical bristles

brown, moderate. Oviscape black, pubescence as on pre-abdomen, flat in

specimens ; length I-2—1:25 mm., 0-6 pre-abdomen, 0:25 wing.

Male: sternites 4 and 5 (Fig. 207 d), indent of 5 shallow; aedeagus (Fig. 200);

vesica long and voluminous, a very small, curved spine at base.

TRYPETIDAE 1031

[Tephritomyia caliginosa (Hering) comb. n.]

Acanthiophilus caliginosus Hering, 1942, Sivuna Seva, 4: 13, Abb. to.

Described on a female from S. Kamerun.

The more reticulate wing-pattern and the long apical scutellar bristles seem

to warrant inclusion here.

PHEROTHRINAX gen. n.

Like Acanthiophilus and Tephritomyia, having characters in common; it

agrees overall with Acanthiophilus, but with the combination of short apical

scutellar bristles, well-developed Trupanea pattern and voluminous mem-

branous vesica it is excluded from both the other two genera.

Type species: Pherothrinax redimitis, the following new species.

Certain other species may belong here, but there is not enough data, nor are

specimens available, to make sure of their correct position. They are:

Acanthiophilus coarctatus Hering, 1942, Sivuna Seva, 4: 14, Abb. 11.

Acanthiophilus kéhleri Hering, 1940, Stett. ent. Zeit., tor: 31, Fig. 6.

Acanthiophilus melanoxanthus Hering, 1938, Deut. ent. Zeit., 1938: 407, Abb. 5.

Acanthiophilus trypaneodes Hering, 1937, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 22: 263, Taf. V, Fig. 19.

Fic. 210.

Pherothvinax vedimitis. Fig. 208, wing, Fig. 209, aedeagus.

Fig. 210, sternites 4 and 5.

1032 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Pherothrinax redimitis sp. n.

Kenya: Mt. Elgon, 10,500-12,500 ft., 11.1935, holotype 3, allotype 9, and

6 g, 1 8 paratypes (fF. W. Edwards). Some taken on Evlangia sp.

Length, 3 4:7 mm., 9 6:0 mm.; wing, ¢ 4:8 mm., 2 5:I mm.

Head yellowish brown, a bilobed black area behind; length, height, width,

6:7°5:10; fronto-facial angle moderate, beard rather sparse, short, yellow;

frons flat, deep yellow, broadly silvery on sides and a fairly well-marked median

stripe, as long as wide, 0-5 width of head, some rather long, pale pubescence

before lunule, bristles brown, hind upper ortibal yellow, 3 lower, sometimes an

additional small, pale one in front, rarely 2 and a small pale one, ocellars strong ;

lunule wide U-shaped, width twice length, silvery dusted; antennae 0-9 face,

third joint yellow or blackish, rounded at end, arista micropubescent; face:

epistome slightly prominent, about 0-3 width of antennae, parafacials about 0-5

genae I-I antennae, bristle brown; proboscis: labella apparently short, not clear

in specimens, palpi yellow with black setae at end.

Thorax black; dorsum, dust dense, brown, in some lights paler stripes

appear, the median one in particular free of the pale pubescence; pleura with

brown dust and white pubescence, postscutellar area black, with brown dust;

bristles brown, dorso-centrals at suture, hind notopleural and pteropleural

yellow; halteres yellow; squamae yellow, both ear-like, but the lower somewhat

the narrower; scutellum flat, brown dust and a little white pubescence, 4 bristles,

apicals 0-45-0°5 basals; legs tawny, femora slightly blackened, wing-pattern

(Fig. 208) Tvupanea-like, especially above vein 4, below this irregular and

variable, rays not well defined and broadly united around margin of wing,

vein 3 bare.

Abdomen black, shining, moderate brown dust dense, margins of tergites 3-6

very narrowly yellow, pubescence shining yellow, somewhat sparse, longer

posteriorly, apical bristles brown. Oviscape shining black, slightly ferruginous

in middle, black pubescence longer and paler at base; length 1-6 mm., 0-8

pre-abdomen, 0-3 wing. Venter blackish, pale pubescence.

Male: sternites (Fig. 210) wide, 5 with wide, deep indent, the posterior

corners narrow and acute. Aedeagus (Fig. 209); vesica moderate, voluminous,

a little sclerotised at base.

EUARESTELLA: SERIES

EUARESTELLA Hendel

Hendel, 1927, in Lindner, Fl. Pal. Reg., 49, Trypetidae, p. 174. Hering, 1942, Sivuna

Seva, 4: 9.

See notes under following genus. Genotype: megacephala Loew. Hendel

included zphionae Efflatoun, but this may better be located in Urelliosoma-

TRYPETIDAE 1033

[Euarestella megacephala (Loew) |

Trypeta megacephala Loew, 1846, Linn. Ent., 1: 512, Tab. III, Fig. 18.

Tephritis megacephala Loew, 1862, Die euvop. Bohrfl., p. 116.

Euaresta megacephala (Loew) Bezzi, 1920, Bull. ent. Res., 10: 260.

Euarestella megacephala (Loew) Hendel, 1927, in Lindner, Fl. Pal. Reg., 49, Trypetidae,

p. 174, Text Fig. 70, Taf. 12, Fig. 8.

Only known from Sicily.

[Euarestella abyssinica Hering]

Hering, 1937, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 22: 260, Taf. V, Fig. 14.

MIGMELLA gen. n.

Relatively large, Tvwpanea-like species, generally densely blue-dusted.

Head angular, frons very wide (to 0-6 width of head), flat, bare, prominent

anteriorly, 2 upper (hind white) orbitals, 2 lower with often a small, white, third

in front; lunule short; antenna normal, arista short pubescent ; proboscis: labella

moderately long, but appearance differs according to way they have dried.

Thorax: dorso-centrals at suture, 2 scutellars; wing, elongate Trupanea

pattern with apical fork; lower squama narrow; scutellum about equilateral

triangular, sometimes shorter.

Abdomen: dust slight to moderate; oviscape long to short, pubescence black

or a little white at base.

Male: sternites, 5 with a deep, angular indent; tergum 9 with moderate,

rounded flanges on either side of posterior opening appearing as a pair of spines

in dorso-posterior view; aedeagus moderately long, sclerotised capsule and small

vesica, no marked pre-aedeagal swelling, but some very fine, short hairs dorsally

and on one side, below in figures.

Type species: Trypeta planifrons Loew.

It is to be regretted that no specimen of the genotype of Ewarestella is avail-

able, and it is thus necessary to rely on descriptions. A comparison between it

and the new genus is shown in the following table. That the two are very much

alike is evident, and it is largely on a balance of various relatively small character

differences that a separation is possible; the shape of the head and that

Euarestella has apparently normally 3 lower orbitals, while Migmella has 2,

may be significant. It may be that megacephala is an isolated species of the

more numerous Ethiopian group.

Under Euarestella, the references marked ‘‘(Lw.)’’ are from Loew’s descrip-

tion of megacephala; others are from Hendel’s diagnosis of the genus.

1034 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Euarestella Migmella

(megacephala) (planifrons)

head sehr grosse (Lw.) not swollen, frons flat and fronto-

relativ gross facial angle angular

eye Augen gross und ziemlich langlich | rounded

(Lw.)

lotrecht oval

frons pubescent bare

lower orbitals

drei fahle Borsten (Lw.) 4, vor-

deste oft kleiner, heller

2, at times a small, evanescent third

in front

lunule Lunula gross, schildformig vor- | moderate

stehend

proboscis Russel kurz und dick (Lw.) labella short, of moderate length,

(labella) Riissellabellen so lang wie breit proboscis appearing hooked when

oder nur wenig langer, nicht als labella neatly closed or labella

“hakig’”’ zu bezeichnen may appear short, depending on

the way they dried

scutellum kurz eiformig triangular

bristles 2 2

lower squama kurz linear

abdomen der Hinterleib . . . und nicht sehr | moderate bristles on apical tergites

langen braunschwarzen Borsten

am Hinterrande des letzten Ab-

schnittes (Lw.)

Hendel in tables: Hinterleib ohne

Macrochaeten, but in text, Ab-

domen ohne eigentliche macro-

chaten.

It is not possible to make a complete survey of this group at present. Certain

species, such as Tvypanea brachystigma Bezzi 1924, Trypanea semiatrata Hering,

1942, and Fuarestella abyssinica Hering, 1937, may belong here, and a wider

survey of allied genera is needed.

[Migmella planifrons (Loew) comb. n.]

Trypeta planifrons Loew, 1861, Berl. ent. Zeit., 5: 277, Plate II, Fig. 13.

Euaresta planifrons (Loew) Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 9: 30, 1924, id. 15: 129.

The type, a male, is in the Riksmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden. Through the

kindness of Dr. Réné Malaise I was able to examine the type and so make sure

that the following specimens are the same species:

NaTAL: Moseley (near Sarnia), 1 g, 19.x.1936, I g, I 9, 27.x.1936, I 6,

1.x.1939 (W. E. Marriott); Pinetown, 9.x.1934, 1 ¢ (H. K. Munro) (S. Afr. Nat.

Coll. Ins.).

The type was collected by Wahlberg, probably about 1841 in “Caffraria’’,

a term at that time applied to most of South Africa. Since he travelled much

between Durban and Pietermaritzburg, Moseley is designated the type locality

as his specimens have no locality labels.

TRYPETIDAE 1035

On the wing (Fig. 211) the detail of the hyaline spots, especially below the

fourth vein, is very variable, not quite alike in any two specimens.

The female is like the male; length 7-0 mm., wing 5-7 mm. Pre-abdomen

light brown, slightly blackened, apical bristles pale, long. Oviscape shining

black, black pubescence, elongate, 2-7 mm., 0-4 wing, 1-8 pre-abdomen.

Male: abdomen mainly black, with a distinct, narrow, yellow hind margin

on tergites 2, 3 and 4, apical bristles shorter than in female. Sternites (Fig. 215 a);

5 with deep, angular indent, the narrow posterior corners divergent; tergum 9

(Fig. 216 a) flanges moderate, semicircular; aedeagus (Fig. 217); vesica reduced ;

the lateral fine hairs are on lower side in figure.

Fic. 214, a-d.—ampblifrons, variations in pattern below vein 4; (c) and (d), right and

left wings of same specimen.

Migmella spp., wings.

1036 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

[Migmella amplifrons (Bezzi) comb. n.]

Euaresta amplifrons Bezzi, 1920, Bull. ent. Res., 10: 259, Plate XVIII, Fig. 7.

Euaresta ? amplifrons Bezzi, 1926, Ann. Transv. Mus., 12: 333.

Type in British Museum, a rather damaged male from Natal: Malvern, near

Durban. Bezzi seemed doubtful about the female without locality in the

Transvaal Museum, but it is this species.

Specimens have been taken by Mr. W. E. Marriott in the Natal Drakensberg,

I g, 1 9, Natal National Park, vii.1945; 1 g, 1 9, Loteni River, vii.tg4r, and

I 9, Singati area, vul.1g49 (S. Afr. Nat. Coll. Ins., Pretoria). It is interesting

that these were taken during mid-winter, Mr. Marriott being a keen mountaineer.

In the British Museum is a male from Eastern Cape Province: Katberg, 4000 ft.,

xil.1932 (Rk. E. Turner). This specimen has a heavier wing-pattern.

The bristles of the head are brownish, the hind upper orbital white, also an

occasional third, small, anterior lower orbital; proboscis: mostly the labella dry

splayed out, when closed are rather more than half length of mouth-opening ;

wing (Figs. 213, 214) elongate pattern, Tvupanea-like, with apical fork, very

variable, especially below vein 4 (Fig. 214, a—d), no two alike and often different

on each wing of a specimen (Fig. 214, c, d); in the Katberg specimen the pattern

is heavier than usual, but only the one specimen makes it not possible to say

if such a pattern is normal in the area.

Abdomen black with strong, dark yellow hind margins to tergites; apical

bristles moderate; oviscape short, 1-25 mm., 0-5 pre-abdomen, 0-2 wing.

Male: sternites 4 and 5 (Fig. 215 05); tergum 9g (Fig. 216 6); aedeagus

(Fig. 218).

Migmella elgonensis sp. n.

Differs from the other two species in details of wing-pattern and black

abdomen which lacks the yellow hind edges to the tergites.

Kenya: Mt. Elgon, Heath Zone, 10,500-12,500 ft., 11.1935 (fF. W. Edwards),

holotype 4g, allotype 2, 2 5, 1 2 paratypes. Type 3 on Artemisia afra.

Length, § 4:7 mm., 2 5-0 mm.; wing, g 4:8 mm., 2 5:0 mm. or longer.

Head angular, fronto-facial angle about 90°; length, height, width, 7:8:10;

light brown, blackened centrally behind, postoculars whitish, postorbitals 3-4

with some black setulae; eye rounded; frons flat, wide, length 0-9 width at

vertex, which is 0-6 width of head, brownish, dust dense, whitish brown on

sides, anteriorly and medially, submedially fawn, bristles brown, hind upper

pale, 3 lower orbitals, the anterior one small, whitish, ocellars strong; lunule,

length o-4 width, dusted as frons; antennae 0-7 face, third joint with upper

apical angle about 90°, arista very short pubescent, brown; epistome projecting

about half width third antennal joint, parafacials about 0-3 and genae as wide

as this joint, falcella strong, genal bristle brown; proboscis short, hooked, the

labella when closed about half length of mouth-opening.

TRYPETIDAE 1037

a b Cc

Fic. 215.—Migmella spp., sternites 4 and 5; (a) planifrons,

(b) amplifrons, (c) elgonensis.

Fic. 216.—Migmella spp., tergum 9, lateral; (a) planifrons,

(b) amplifrons, (c) elgonensis.

Fic. 217.—planifrons. | Fic. 218.—amplifrons.

Fic. 219.—elgonensis.

Migmella spp., aedeagi.

1038 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Thorax: dorsum, pubescence rather sparse, finer, brownish on middle, rather

coarser, white, peripherally, longer in front and behind, dust moderate, whitish

grey, a very slight indication of median and dorso-central stripes in some lights;

bristles brown, hind notopleural, sternopleural and pteropleural very pale

yellowish; pleural pubescence sparse, white, rather longer; squamae brownish,

lower narrow; halteres brown; legs yellowish brown, fore and hind femora

slightly blackened; wing (Fig. 212) a variable Tvupanea pattern, the large indent

in marginal cell may be partly or completely divided into two, vein 3 bare;

scutellum, length 0-6 width, more rounded at apex, 2 bristles.

Abdomen black, no yellow hind edges to tergites, dust moderate, grey,

pubescence white. Oviscape short, 0-9 mm., about 0-5 pre-abdomen, 0-2 wing.

Male: sternites (Fig. 215 c); tergum 9 (Fig. 216 c); aedeagus (Fig. 210).

Migmella scotia sp. n.

An entirely brown species, the elongate wing-pattern with a hyaline margin

along costa, at apex a broken, rayed pattern.

Kenya: Mt. Elgon, Heath Zone, 10,500—-11,500 ft., 11.1935 (fF. W. Edwards),

holotype 9.

Length 4:9 mm.; wing 4-3 mm.

Head yellowish below; length, height, width, 8:7:10; postorbitals 1 white

with a row of shorter dark bristles; frons a little wider than long, 0-58 width of

heAd, strongly prominent anteriorly; a median stripe and sides broadly grey-

dusted; 2 lower orbitals, a minute, pale third in front on one side; lunule short;

antennae dark brown, 0-9 face, arista pubescent, parafacials wide, 0-6 width

third antennal joint, epistome moderately prominent; labella short.

Thorax: dorsum dark brown down middle and on to scutellum, weaker

dorso-central stripes and broadly on sides, grey-dusted between, pubescence

dark on brown, pale on grey; bristles normal, dorso-centrals at suture, 2 long

scutellars ; legs brown; lower squama narrow; wing (Fig. 213 a) broadly hyaline

along costa, apical rays broken, small spots in discal yellowish.

Abdomen blackish, slight grey dust, pubescence pale, whitish, apical bristles

moderate ; oviscape short, I-o mm., 0-6 pre-abdomen, 0-25 wing, flat in specimen,

pale pubescence.

TRUPANEA-FEPHRITIS SERIES

Among the heterogenous species placed by Bezzi, 1924, in Trupanea are

augur Frauenfeld and confluens Wiedemann, both of which represent distinct

genera. Hendel put the former in a subgenus, Goniurellia, and a new genus,

Dectodesis, is proposed for the latter.

1. Three dark lower orbitals; labella short; lower squama narrow; wing-pattern

short, rayed, or reduced, apical fork usually absent; aedeagus with a

strong, curved, thorn-like cornutus é F ‘ ‘ 4 , Trupanea

TRYPETIDAE 1039

2. Two dark and 1 anterior white lower orbitals; wing-pattern elongate, rayed,

usually a strong apical fork:

(a) labella elongate, narrow; lower squama linear; usually a wide, brown,

median stripe on thorax; vesica with a “‘tail’’, generally hairy;

phallosome long as usual . : : : : : Dectodesis

(b) abellla short; lower squama wider (half to about as wide as upper);

vesica very long, membranous and a stout basal spine may be

present; phallosome very short : : : : Goniurellia

It is not possible to give here a complete survey of the complex of species

associated with Tvupanea (Trypanea auctt.). It is, indeed, a world problem.

TRUPANEA Schrank

Trupanea Schrank, 1796, Naturh. u. dcon. Briefe uber d. Donaumoor, p. 147.

Trypanea Schrank, Hendel, 1927, in Lindner, Fl. Pal. Reg., 49, Tvypetidae, p. 197.

Trypanea auctt.—a complete synonymy is not needed here.

Type species: Musca stellata Fuessly.

The genus is accepted in the restricted sense of Hendel, 1927, except that

Goniurellia is excluded. The chief characteristics are: 3 dark lower orbitals;

short labella; 2 scutellars; lower squama narrow; wing with generally an apical

rayed pattern not extended towards base, sometimes reduced, apical fork mostly

absent; tergum 9 in male with small flanges and a conspicuous, curved, thorn-

like cornutus on aedeagus—the resemblance of the latter to what is seen in

Acanthiophilus may be noted.

[Trupanea stellata (Fuessly) |

Musca stellata Fuessly, 1775, Verz., 1125.

Trypanea stellata (Fuessly) Efflatoun, 1924, Mém. Soc. R. ent. Egypte, 2: 121, Plate V,

Fig. 9 (see for synonymy). Hendel, 1927, in Lindner, Fl. Pal. Reg., 49, Trypetidae,

p. 201, Text Fig. 74, Taf. 16, Figs. 3 and 4 (not 2 and 3).

Specimens from Germany kindly sent to me by the late Dr. Walther Horn

of the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut are taken to be the true stellata.

Apart from the rather complex synonymy given by Efflatoun, more detailed

study will be needed to establish the correct identity of various very similar

forms, and the wide distribution records noted by Hendel may have to be

revised. Wing: a short, apical, rayed pattern without apical fork; 1 or 2 setulae

at knot above and below; fringe on hind margin dark to middle of axillary

region, colourless to base.

Male terminalia: sternites 4 and 5 (Fig. 222 a); 5 in this preparation shows

a slight internal ridge recalling what is seen in Acanthiophilus helianthi.

Tergum 9 (Fig. 223 a, lateral) oval, no marked features but small flanges.

Aedeagus (Fig. 224); vesica membranous, small but elongate, a base a strong,

curved spine-like cornutus. The vesica may appear more extensive in better

1040 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

preparations; the dorsal, rather swollen part (somewhat collapsed in this

preparation) is clothed with extremely fine hairs only just resolved at 600

magnification.

[Trupanea repleta (Bezzi)]

Trypanea aucta Bezzi, var. vepleta Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 9: 45, Fig. 3.

Trypanea repleta Bezzi, 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 142 (in tables).

I 4, Port Said (N. E. Waterfield), 1915: 400 (British Museum). A damaged

specimen without head. To discover the status of this form needs further study

on sufficient material.

Tic. 220.—sedata. Fic. 221.—pollens.

a Cc

Fic. 222.—Trupanea spp., sternites 4 and 5; (a) stellata,

(b) sedata, (c) pollens.

a b z Cc

Fic. 223.—Trupanca spp., tergum 9, lateral, showing flange;

(a) stellata, (b) sedata, (c) pollens.

TRYPETIDAE I041I

Trupanea sp.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Mt. Karangora, ggoo ft., 1 9; Kigezi district, Mt.

Muhavura, 7000 ft., xi.1934, 2 9 (FP. W. Edwards).

These 3 females may belong to an undescribed species, but their correct

identity must await the study of large series of other specimens that may

represent a group of various very similar species.

Trupanea sedata sp. n.

Differs from species of Tvupanea in the narrower sense as the stigma is

blackish with only a weak bar towards upper cross-vein and an irregular bar

across discal cell towards anal.

KewnyA: Mt. Elgon, 10,500-12,500 ft., 11.1935; holotype 3, allotype 2, 9 3,

14 9 paratypes, on Artemisia afra; 5 2 paratypes, Heath Zone, 10,500-11,500 ft. ;

I Q paratype, on flowers of Helichrysum formossissimum, 10,500-12,500 ft.

Length, g 2-9 mm., 2 3-5 mm.; wing, ¢ 3-5 mm., 2 3-7 mm.

Head angular; length, height, width, 6:6-5:10; brownish, black behind and

across hind part of frons; eye large, rounded-oval; frons as long as wide, flat,

prominent anteriorly, 3 dark lower orbitals, hind upper pale, bristles short in

male, longer in female; lunule moderate; antennae a little shorter than face,

joint 3 blackish brown, arista pubescent; epistome moderately prominent;

labella short.

Thorax dust dense, whitish grey, pubescence white, bristles brown, dorso-

centrals at suture; 2 scutellars; lower squama narrow; legs brown, femora some-

what blackened in male, rather less or barely in female. Wing (Fig. 220) pattern

very variable ; no setulae observed at knot; fringe on hind margin dark to middle

of axillary region.

Abdomen black, dense grey dust, pubescence very pale yellow, apical bristles

moderate; oviscape black, white pubescence, black at tip, short, 0-75 mm.,

07:5 pre-abdomen, 0-2 wing.

Male: sternites (Fig. 222 6) wide and short, 5 with wide, shallow indent;

tergum 9 (Fig. 223 0, lateral), flanges small. Aedeagus (Fig. 225), the curved,

spine-like cornutus strong.

Trupanea superdecora Bezzi

Trypanea superdecova Bezzi, 1924, Ann. S: Afr. Mus., 19: 570, Plate XV, Fig. 129;

1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 147.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Kilembe, 4500 ft., xii.1934-1.1935, I 2 (Ff. W.

Edwards).

This is a large female and appears to be this species. Bezzi records a female

from Nyasaland, otherwise the species is only known from South Africa. It is

1042 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

not quite typical of Tvupanea; there is a strong lower ray of the apical fork on

the wing, and the lower squama is rather wider. The following new species

may be more nearly allied to suwperdecora than to the other species.

Fic. 226.—pollens.

Trupanea spp., aedeagi.

Trupanea pollens sp. n.

This species is placed here although it is not quite typical of the genus. It

has apparently normally 4 dark lower orbitals often with I or 2 supernumeraries ;

there is a variable apical fork on the wing-pattern.

Kenya: Mt. Elgon, 10,500-12,500 ft., ii.1935, holotype g, allotype 2, 2 3,

3 2 paratypes; Heath Zone, 10,500-11,500 ft., on Circium sp. af. buchwaldi,

and 2 g$ paratypes; Aberdare Range, Mt. Kinangop, Cedar Forest, 8000 ft.,

3 3, 3 & paratypes; gooo ft., 2 J, 1 2 paratypes; 10,000 ft., 2 J, 8 2 paratypes

(Ff. W. Edwards). UGANDA: Kigezi district, Mt. Sabinio, 8000 ft., x1.1934, 3 9

paratypes, on flowers of Carduus leptocanthus; Kanaba, 7800 ft., I g paratype

(ff. W. Edwards) ; Imatong Mts., 10,000 ft., 11.1936, 1 2 paratype (D. R. Buxton).

Coryndon Museum material:

Kenya: Nairobi, vili.1937, I g, 2 2 paratypes; Uplands, viii.1937, 2 g, 3 2

paratypes; Limuro, viii.1937, I g, 2 9 paratypes (V. G. L. van Someren) ; reared

from flowers of Compositae.

TRY PETIDAE 1043

Length, g 4-8 mm., 2 6-2 mm.; wing, ¢ 5:0 mm., 2 5-3 mm.

Head yellow, black centrally behind above neck; length, height, width,

6:6:10, or slightly higher than long; eye rounded oval; frons brownish yellow,

blackish behind, flat, width 0-8 length, 0-4 width of head; there may be a trace

of pubescence, bristles brown, hind upper orbital white, 4 dark lower sometimes

I or 2 extra, there may be I or 2 yellow setae among the yellow postorbitals;

lunule semicircular, length about 0-5 width; antennae brown, 0-75 face, arista

pubescent; epistome projecting about half width of antennae; labella short.

Thorax dust dense, greyish with brownish tinge, pubescence white; bristles

brown, hind notopleural white, sometimes a second, lower, paler mesopleural ;

dorso-centrals just behind suture; 2 scutellars; legs yellowish brown; halteres

yellowish; squamae light brown, lower 0-6 to nearly as wide as upper; wing

(Fig. 221) stigma slightly blackish yellow, pattern variable, lower ray of apical

fork usually well marked, upper variable, or only a spot at tip of vein 3; I or 2

setulae at knot above and below; dark fringe on hind margin complete, including

alula, pale (colourless) only in deep cleft between alula and axillary region.

Abdomen dull blackish; dense dust grey with brown tinge; pubescence

coarse, sparse, shining pale yellow, apical bristles strong, brown. Oviscape

shining black, pubescence black, pale towards base; length 2:3 mm., I-3 pre-

abdomen, 0-4 wing. Venter blackish, slight ferruginous tinge, hind margins of

sternites more ferruginous, membrane black.

Male: sternites (Fig. 222 c) 4 and 5 more rectangular, narrower, indent

shallow; tergum 9 (Fig. 223 c, lateral) a small, short, flange ; aedeagus (Fig. 226),

curved cornutus conspicuous, vesica moderate and complex, swollen part behind

cornutus with extremely minute hairs.

GONIURELLIA Hendel

Hendel, 1927, in Lindner, F/. Pal. Reg., 49, Tvypetidae, p. 198.

Erected as a subgenus of Trupanea, genotype augur Frauenfeld. Differences

from Tyvupanea and Dectodesis have been noted.

[Goniurellia augur (Frauenfeld)]

Urellia auguy Frauenfeld, 1856, Sitzungsby. K. Akad. Wien, 22: 557, Fig. to.

Trypanea augur (Frauenfeld) Efflatoun, 1924, Mém. Soc. R. ent. Egypte, 2: 123, Plate I,

Figs. 15 and 23, Plate V, Fig. 5. Bezzi, 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 141, 144.

Goniurellia augur (Frauenfeld) Hendel, 1927, in Lindner, Fl. Pal. Reg., 49, Tvypetidae,

Pp. 199.

See Hendel and Efflatoun for references. It may be noted that Efflatoun’s

Fig. 15, Pl. I, is not augur.

1044 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

DECTODESIS gen. n.

In general, like Tvupanea, pertinent differences have been given.

Head angular, frons bare, 2 dark and 1 white lower orbitals, labella elongate,

wing-pattern elongate, broadly united to stigma, with strong apical fork and

rays; 2 scutellar bristles; vesica with a membranous “‘tail’’ with a bunch of

hairs or hair-like spines.

Type species: Trypeta confluens Wiedemann.

Apart from the two new species described here, it has still to be decided

what other species should be included, but this must await future study. The

one new species, 7undans, is included although it has 2 short apical scutellars

and the tail of the vesica has no hairs; otherwise it is quite like the other two.

In confluens the basal part of the wing is quite hyaline; montzcola has a pale,

subreticulate pattern, while in imuwndans the hind marginal area is broadly and

rather densely covered with black microtrichiae that cause the ends of the rays

to become blurred.

Dectodesis confluens (Wiedemann) comb. n.

Trypeta confluens Wiedemann, 1830, Aussereurop. zweifl. Insekt., Loew, 1861, Berl.

Ent. Zeit., 2: 510. §: 302, Plate II, Fig. 29; 1862, Ofv. K. Vet. Akad. Férh., 1862: 7.

Becker, 1903, Mitt. zool. Mus. Bevl., 2: 131.

Tephritis confluens (Wiedemann) Schiner, 1868, Novara Reise, 2: 269.

Uvellia confluens (Wiedemann) Adams, 1905, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., 3: 170. Bezzi,

1908, Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital., 39: 142.

Trypanea confluens (Wiedemann) Bezzi, 1918, Bull. ent. Res., 9: 43; 1924, id. 15: 145;

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 19: 566, Plate XV, Fig. 123; 1928, Ann. Tvansv. Mus., 12: 335.

Munro, 1925, Union S. Afr., Dept. Agric. ent. Mem., No. 3: 59; 1926, id. 5: 34;

1929, id. No. 6: 16; 1935, 7d. No. 9: 44; 1929, Ann. S. Afy. Mus., 29: 34.

Specimens of this common, widespread species were taken at various

localities:

KenyA: Hills north-east of Nakuru, c. 9300 ft., 6.11.1935, 8 ¢, 7 9, “‘on

Helichrysum sp. ‘B’”’; Nyeri Track, 10,500 ft., 1 ¢; Mt. Kinangop, 8000 ft.,

“on Conyza sp.”, 1 2; Mt. Elgon, 11.1935, 3 3, “on Helichrysum ? nandense’’,

10,500-12,500 ft., ‘‘on Helichrysum formossissimum, 2 3, I 2; Heath Zone, 2 3

(all &. W. Edwards). UGANDA: Imatong Mts., 10,000 ft., 11.1936, 1 2 (D. R.

Buxton); Kigezi district, Mt. Sabinio, 8000 ft., xi.1934, ‘“‘on flowers of Heli-

chrysum nandense”’, I g, 1 2 (F. W. Edwards).

Wing (Fig. 227); in this series the ray over the outer end of discal cell may

be shortened, or reach the fifth vein, or rarely strongly to wing-margin. Spot on

middle of vein 5 sometimes strong; no reticulation in basal, hyaline portion of

wing.

Male: aedeagus (Fig. 230); hairs on “‘tail’’ usually long, may be difficult to

see and appear short, or possibly at times abraded.

TRY PETIDAE 1045

In South Africa conflwens has been reared from flowers of species of Helt-

chrysum, Erigeron and Gnaphalium, and it is probable it was breeding in the

species of Helichrysum noted above. Small flowers, such as those of Gnaphalium,

have only 1 larva in each, while in large flowers of Helichrysum there may be

1o or more. The larvae eat into the base of the capitulum to some extent and

fasten themselves there when pupating, so that the puparia do not fall out when

the flower dries and the seeds disperse.

Dectodesis monticola sp. n.

UGANDA: Kigezi district, Mt. Sabinio, 8000 ft., xi.1934, holotype 3, allotype

9, 2 3, 2 8 paratypes; Kanaba, 7800 ft., I g, 2 2 paratypes; Mt. Mgahinga,

8000 ft., 20.x1.1934, I 9 paratype. Kenya: Hills north-east of Nakuru, c. 9300 ft.

6.111.1935, I g paratype “‘on Helichrysum ‘B’’’; Mt. Kinangop, 10,000 ft., 1 3

paratype; Mt. Elgon, 10,500-12,500 ft., 11.1935, ‘“‘on flowers of Helichrysum

englert’’, I § paratype (all F. W. Edwards).

Length, 3 2-7 mm., 2 3:0 mm.; wing, g 2:8 mm., 2 3:0 mm.

Quite like confluens in general appearance; 2 dark and I small, white lower

orbitals, 2 scutellars. Differences are: brown stripe down mesonotum and

scutellum much wider, usually extending well outside prescutellar bristles;

wing (Fig. 228) stigma black; apart from normal dark pattern basal part of

wing with black microtrichiae with a faint infuscation forming a broad, broken

reticulation, microtrichiae white on hyaline spots along inner edge of dark

pattern.

Abdomen brownish black, slight brownish dust, pubescence pale, shining.

Oviscape shining black, black pubescence, short (relatively shorter than in

confluens), 0-75 mm., 0-75 pre-abdomen, 0-25 wing.

Male: aedeagus (Fig. 231) moderately sclerotised vesica with a rather short,

stout “tail’’ covered with bristle-like hairs.

Dectodesis inundans sp. n.

Very like confluens, having also a broad, brown stripe on mesonotum and

scutellum ; it differs in having 4 scutellar bristles and in details of wing-pattern.

Kenya: Aberdare Range, Nyeri Track, 10,500 ft., x.1934, holotype 3;

Mt. Kinangop, 8000 ft., x—xi.1934, allotype 9, 1 2 paratype; Mt. Elgon, 10,500-

12,500 ft., i1.1935, I g paratype, ‘“‘on flowers of Conyza ruwenzoriensis’’;

Mt. Elgon, Heath Zone, 10,500-11,500 ft., 1 g paratype; 10,500-12,500 ft.,

“on Artemisia afra’’, 1 2 paratype. UGANDA: Kigezi district, Mt. Sabinio,

8000 ft., xi.1934, 2 2 paratypes (all F. W. Edwards).

Length, ¢ 2:3 mm., 9 3-6 mm.; wing, ¢ 2-5 mm., 2 3-5 mm.

Head straw-coloured, about as high as long; frons somewhat projecting,

flat, bare, brown, slight whitish dust on middle line, stronger on sides, ocellar

1046 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

Fic. 229.—inundans.

Fic. 231.—monticola.

Fic. 232.—inundans,

Dectodesis spp., wings and aedeagi.

Fic. 233.—Clematochaeta euopis.

TRYPETIDAE I047

dot black, 2 dark and 1 white lower orbitals, ocellars strong; lunule short,

brown; antennae short, yellowish brown; epistome moderately prominent, para-

facials about 0-25, genae 0:3-0°5 width of third antennal joint; labella about as

long as mouth-opening.

Thorax blue-dusted, a broad, brown stripe on mesonotum and scutellum,

pubescence rather fine and white, brownish on brown stripe; bristles normal,

dorso-centrals at suture, apical scutellars short and crossed, 0-3 basals; legs and

halteres light brownish; lower squama linear, upper wide, yellowish with brown

rim; wing (Fig. 229) stigma black, microtrichiae on basal portion mainly black

and form a marked, broad, blackish band along hind margin of wing from tip

of alula, across third posterior, most of discal and second posterior cells, the

ends of posterior rays becoming blurred, there is a very slight infuscation of the

membrane in third posterior cell.

Abdomen black, slight brownish dust and rather coarse, white pubescence.

Oviscape flattened in specimens, shining black pubescence white at base, shorter

and black otherwise, 0-7 mm., 0:7 pre-abdomen, 0:2 wing. Venter: membrane

and first 3 yellow, hind sternites black in female.

Male: venter and membrane blackish, genitalia black. Aedeagus (Fig. 232)

moderate basal sclerotisation, vesica with a bare “‘tail’’.

TEPHRITIS Latreille

Latreille, 1804, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., 14: 389.

Efflatoun, 1924, Mém. Soc. R. ent. Egypte, 2: 99.

Hendel, 1927, in Linder, Fl. Pal. Reg., 49, Trypetidae, p. 176.

Hering, 1944, Sivuna Seva, §: 17.

A complete bibliography of this palaearctic genus is not needed here, nor

any detailed consideration. It has been considered that the species included by

Hendel were polyphyletic, and it seems that Hering has grouped an even larger

number in the genus. Whether or not the following is the only Ethiopian species

that may legitimately be included is an open question.

Tephritis cinerea Munro

Munro, 1931, Bull. ent. Res., 22: 123, Fig. 4.

KENYA: Mt. Elgon, 10,500-12,500 ft., 9 g, 6 9, on Artemisia afra; I P, on

Artemisia flowers, 11,500 ft.; 1 g, 14 8, on Protea; 1 2, Alpine Zone, on flowers

of Helichrysum armatum; i 3, I 2, on flowers of H. englert; 1 3, 1 9, on Evlangia

sp.; 2 9, Heath Zone, 10,500-11,500 ft. (all F. W. Edwards).

In South Africa the species breeds in the flowers of Artemisia afra, and is

usually numerous when the plant is in flower. Of many collected and reared,

about 2% have only 1 upper orbital.

1048 RUWENZORI EXPEDITION

RHABDOCHAETINAE

In the East African material of the Expedition it is rather surprising that

there are few of this group, no more than 10 specimens representing 5 species.

This may be actual absence due to lack of suitable host-plants, or that the flies

were not in evidence during the collecting period.

One species is the widespread ‘‘ Rhabdochaeta”’ nigra, another a strikingly

large species described here, but representatives of 3 species must await the

study of many hundreds of specimens from other sources.

The group as a whole may prove difficult and there are certainly some knotty

nomenclatorial problems to be solved.

Rhabdochaeta nigra Bezzi

Bezzi, 1924, Bull. ent. Res., 15: 151.

Both the generic and specific status of this species need consideration. As

far as may be judged, the following specimens belong to Bezzi’s species.

UGANDA: Ruwenzori, Fort Portal, Mpanga Forest, 15.xii.1934 (F. W.

Edwards), i 2; Kigezi district, Mabungo Camp, 6000 ft., xi.1934 (J. Ford), 1 2;

Masaka, 13,xi.1934 (Ff. W. Edwards), 2 9.

CLEMATOCHAETA Hering

Hering, 1941, Aun. naturhist. Mus. Wien, 51: 205.

The only clue as to what this genus may be is that the genotype, Euribia

perpallida Bezzi, is a known species.

Clematochaeta euopis sp. n.

UcanpDA: Ruwenzori, Mt. Karangora, ggoo ft., ii.1935, holotype 9 (F. W.

Edwards).

I am indebted to Mr. H. Oldroyd for comparing a specimen of mine with the

type of Euribia perpallida Bezzi in the British Museum. Comparison of essential

characters indicates that this female is probably congeneric with perpallida.

There are, however, marked differences: perpallida is a small species, 2 length

3°4 mm., wing 2-7 mm., oviscape Io mm., while the new species is much larger,

6-0 mm., wing 5°5 mm., oviscape 2-5 mm., but the oviscape is relatively only

slightly longer. “‘Camaromyia”’ acrophthalma Bezzi (1918) may come near here,

but has long apical scutellars.

Head length, height, width, 6:6-5:10; brown, more or less blackish behind,

postoculars yellow, inner verticals dark; frons flat, bare, as long as wide, about

0-5 width of head, 2 dark and 1 white lower orbitals, ocellars short, pale, no

pre-ocellars; lunule short; antennae nearly as long as face, third joint pointed

TRYPETIDAE 1049

at tip above, arista micropubescent; epistome slightly prominent; gena with

a row of pale bristles extended from behind below eye, bristle darker; palpi

narrow, rounded at end where black setulae.

Thorax (discoloured) black, moderate grey dust and yellowish pubescence,

bristles brown, dorso-centrals at suture, scapulars not apparent (or abraded

—present in perpailida); legs brown, only a tiny dark spot on outer side of

mid-femora, tarsi almost ferruginous; lower squama narrow; halteres light

brown; scutellum yellowish brown, 4 bristles, apicals 0-3 basals; wing (Fig. 233)

pattern a scattered, undefined, subreticulation; at base of first posterior cell

a dark spot with a conspicuous, white spot on either side; the wing-surface

covered with black microtrichiae and spotted with less marked, white, micro-

trichial spots, some forming “‘eye”’ spots, probably like that recorded by Bezzi

for acrophthalma. The most marked eye-spot is the one at the wing-tip; the

effect is caused by the more or less complete hyaline spots of the reduced

reticulation being covered with black microtrichiae with a rounded patch of

white microtrichiae at the centre or to one side; most of the other white spots

tend to give the same effect ; vein 3 setose on both sides to upper cross-vein and

somewhat beyond above.

Abdomen black, slight greyish to brownish dust, long, whitish pubescence,

longer on hind margins of tergites, almust as bristles on 5, on 6 bristles brown,

moderate. Oviscape shining, hind two-fifths and fore one-fifth black, ferru-

ginous between, pubescence dark, shining brown, short, 1-0 mm., 0-6 pre-

abdomen, 0-25 wing, flat in specimen.

Species incertae sedis

? Cladotricha spp.

Sp. A. 1 g, C. Abyssinia: Managasha, 3000 m., 18.v.1914, O. Kovacs.

Sp. B. UcGanpa: Ruwenzori, Mobuku Valley, 7300 ft., xii.1934-1.1935

(fF. W. Edwards), 2 9.

Sp. C. Kenya: Mt. Elgon, 10,500-12,500 ft., 11.1935, 2 ¢ on Evlangia fusca

(fF. W. Edwards).

? Rhabdochaeta sp.

Kenya: Aberdare Range, Mt. Kinangop, 9000 ft., 17.x.1934 (Ff. W. Edwards),

IQ.

abdita, Actinoptera

abyssinica, Euarestella

Acanthiophilus

acclivis, Dicheniotes

acculta, Actinoptera

Acidia

Acinia

Aciura 5

acroleuca, Spathulina

acrophthalma, Camaromyia

Actinoptera .

adatha, Elaphromyia

adepta, Paraspheniscoides

aequabilis, Lethyna

Aethiothemara

Afraciura 5 é :

Afrocneros . 5 Sin eas

africana, Oxyna

Afrodacus

aglaspis, Pardalaspis

aida, Paroxyna :

albinodosum, Axiothauma. .

albinus, Ptosanthus

albonigrum, Trirhithrum

Allotrypes

ampla, ‘Actinoptera

amplifrons, Migmella

anastrephina, Clinotaenia

anceps, Desmella .

anchorata, Paroxyna

angusta, Tephraciura

anomalina, Paroxyna

anonae, Pterandrus

Antoxya ‘

argentata, Paroxyna

argenteobrunnea, Pardalaspis

armatus, Dacus (Dacus)

asclepiadens, Dacus

aspilus, Dacus

astuta, Paroxyna

atlas, Clinotaenia

aucta, Trupanea

augur, Goniurellia

aurifera, Trypeta

austeni, Gymnaciura

axilatra, Isoconia

Axiothauma

Baryglossa :

bequaerti, Baryglossa :

INDEX

to Genera and Species

(Synonyms are in italics)

PAGE

915 Beziella

1033 Bezzella .

1022 Bezzina

893 bicolor, Pseudafreutreta

O14 bidentis, Stylia.

865 biguttulus, Dacus (Afrodacus)

880 bimaculatum, Trirhithrum .

889 binaria, Paraspheniscoides .

898 Birvetmus

L009 biseriata, Pseudafreutreta

898 bisetosa, Ensina

895 Bistrispinaria ;

889 bivittatus, Dacus (Dacus)

947 blaesa, Lethyna

878 Blepharoneura

890 boxiana, Scedella

877 Brachyaciura :

935 brachystigma, Trupanea

860 brevifrons, Pliomelaena

. 867 brevistriga, Dacus

. IOIl brunalata, Paroxyna

898 bruneata, Mesoclanis

1013 brunneus, Acanthiophilus

873 bullans, Euaresta

888

908

1036 caesia, Scedella

866 caffra, Scedella

986 cain, Paroxyna

972 caliginosa, Tephritomyia

889 Camaromyia . 5

968 capitata, Ceratitis

869 Carpophthoromyia

935 Celidodacus :

954 Ceratitis .

869 Chaetodacus

863 Chelyophora .

860 chilensis, Dioxyna ‘

861 chyuluensis, Spheniscomyia

984 ciconia, Acanthiophilus

866 cinerea, Tephritis

LOge. Cladotricha

1043 clarinetta, Desmella

938 Clematochaeta

892 Clinotaenia :

888 coarctatus, Acanthiophilus :

897 Coelopacidia .

Coelotrypes

Coenosia .

880 coffeae, Trirhithrum

882 colae, Pterandrus

1051

1052

coloniarum, Celidodacus

compta, Paroxyna

confluens, Dectodesis

Conionota

Conradtina ,

contacta, Actinoptera .

conyzae, Desmella

Craspedoxantha

cribripennis, Mesoclanis

croceus, Dacus (Dacus)

cucumarius, Dacus

cuthbertsoni, Pardalaspis

cyana, Scedella

Dacus

Dectodesis

Deroparia

Desmella

Dicheniotes

dimorphum, Trirhithrum

Dioxyna . :

discoidea, Actinoptera.

disjunctus, Dacus (Dacus)

dispertita, Paroxyna

dissoluta, Scedella

distigmoides, Gymnaciura

ditissima, Pardalaspis .

dubia, Mesoclanis

edwardsi, Axiothauma

edwardsi, Pardalaspis .

edwardsi, Paroxyna

eflorata, Paroxyna

Elaphromyia .

Elgonina .

elgonensis, Migmella

eluta, Trypeta

emorsa, Baryglossa

Ensina

enzoria, Pediapelta

erosa, Dicheniotes

Euaresta

Euarestella :

euopis, Clematochaeta .

Euribia : :

Euryphalara . .

evanida, Lethyna .

facetum, Trirhithrum

fallacivena, Aethiothemara .

fasciolata, Desmella

fatua, Pseudafreutreta

felina, Parafreutreta

femoralis, Blepharoneura

fenestrata, Paroxyna

festinata, Namwambina

fissa, Elaphromyia

flecta, Scedella

fortis, Bistrispinaria

979,

INDEX

fracta, Conionota 5

fraternum, Trirhithrum

frondifer, Isoconia.

fuscana, Elgonina .

fuscula, Actinoptera

gladiatrix, Lethyna

glebosa, Scedella

Goniurellia

granulata, Paroxyna

grata, Leucotaeniella

grisea, Tephritomyia

guttata, Paroxyna

guttipennis, Leucotaeniella ;

Gymnaciura

Gymnosagena

helianthi, Acanthiophilus

helvus, Ptosanthus

Hemilea .

hemimelaena, Trupanea

Hexacinia

hirta, Parafreutreta

histrio, Baryglossa

Homoeotricha

Homoeothrix .

homogeneum, Trirhithrum .

humilis, Trypeta

hyalineata, Mesoclanis .

hyalipennis, Tanaica

Icterica

Icterioides 6

ignobilis, Paroxyna

PAGE

903

942

- 1043

866

1027

1023

IOI

. 1019

IOIQ

. 1008

1018

895

977

illuminata, Mesoclanis (Paroxyna) 991

incompleta, Elaphromyia

incurva, Scedella

inflatus, Dacus

interrupta, Rhacoclaena

inumbrata, Rhacoclaena

inundans, Dectodesis

Isoconia

Jacotella .

kanabaina, Paroxyna

katonae, Dicheniotes

kawandana, Scedella

k6hleri, Acanthiophilus

kovacsi, Actinoptera

lauta, Tephritomyia

lemniscata, Chelyophora

894

IOOL

862

879

1045

888

889

982

892

T1006

1031

909

1027

867

Leptoxyda

Lethyna . :

leucopse, Trirhithrum .

Leucotaenielia

lightfooti, Euribia .

liliputiana, Lethyna

limbata, Brachyaciura .

litteratum, Trirhithrum

longiceps, Protensina

longirostris, Myopites

longiseta, Scedella

lux-orientalis, Paroxyna

lycii, Trirhithromyia

macer, Dacus (Psilodacus)

maculifrons, Actinoptera

madeivensis, Ensina .

magniceps, Chelyophora

magnipalpis, Mesoclanis

major, Rhacoclaena

margaritifera, Bezzina . :

marginalis, Craspedozantha

marginata, Sphenella

maripilosa, Allotrypes .

maynéi, Dacus

megacephala, Euarestella

meladiscum, Trirhithrum

melanoxanthus, Acanthiophilus

mentharum, Stylia

Mesoclanis

micans, Trirhithrum

Migmella A

mimella, Baryglossa

mitrata, Paroxyna : s

mochii, Dacus (Psilodacus) .

monticola, Dectodesis .

multisetosa, Elaphromyia

mundella, Actinoptera .

Munroella

munroi, Paroxyna

munrot, Spathulina

myiopitoides, Desmella

Myopites

nacta, Paroxyna

Namwambina

neavei, Ptiloniola

neavet, Spheniscomyia .

nexilis, Lethyna

nigertimum, Trirhithrum

nigra, Rhabdochaeta

nigrinitens, Axiothauma

nigvinotum, Ensina

nigriventris, Coelotrypes

nigrodiscalis, Platensina

notandum, Trirhithrum

Notoxesis.

PAGE

860

942

1OIL

943

866

1014

919

1006

935

919

973

IOIQ

877

892

946

873

1048

898

939

878

894

873

889

INDEX

1053

PAGE

oborinia, Tephraciura . 889

obscurata, Telaletes IOI7

occipitale, Trirhithrum 874

ochracea, Telaletes IOI5

Ocnerioxa ‘ 879

oldroydi, Baryglossa 882

optanda, Mesoclanis 932

ovalis, Mesoclanis . 932

overlaeti, Trirhithrum . 875

oxynoides, Antoxya 935

oxynoides, Pavoxyna 935

pallidula, Actinoptera 913

palpata, Hexacinia 880

Paraciura 889

Parafreutreta 896

Paraspheniscoides 889

Pardalaspis 868

Paroxyna A : 919, 950

pectoralis 1859, Dacus 864

pectovalis 1861, Dacus . 864

Pediapelta 892

pentaspila, Leucotaeniella 865

peregrina, Actinoptera . 905

Perilampsis : 871

péringueyi, Paroxyna 958

péringueyi, Trypeta 887

permodica, Lethyna 944

perpicillaris, Paraciura 889

perspicua, Pliomelaena 893

penicillatus, Pterandrus 869

petulans, Paroxyna - 974

Pherothrinax . =) LOSE

Philophylla 865

Phorellia : 887

picciola, Dioxyna 937

pilosa, Scedella 991

pinnatifemur, Pterandrus 869

planifrons, Migmella . 1034

Platensina ; 894

plebeja, Paroxyna 977

Pliomelaena 893

polana, Mesoclanis . 932

pollens, Trupanea . - 1042

praetexta, Scedella 996

producta, Parafreutreta 896

Protensina O14

Pseudafreutreta 895

pseudotritea, Carpophthoromyia 867

Psilodacus 861

Pterandrus 869

Pterope 877

Ptiloniola 877

Ptosanthus . 6 IOLO

pulchella, Perilampsis : 871

pulchella, Rhacoclaena 879

punctata, Pardalaspis . 868

quaternaria, Conionota 889

quinaria, Conionota 889

1054 INDEX

PAGE PAGE

reculta, Afraciura . 889 Tetanocera 1022

redimitis, Pherothrinax 1032 Themara : 878

refulgens, Elgonina 890 thomae, Dioxyna . 938

grees) melas 893 timorensis, Pavoxyna. 939

repleta, Trupanea . 1040 transiens, Trirhithrum . 874

reticulata, Deroparia IOI4 trifasciata, Mesoclanis . IOII

eee aR tripteris, Pterandrus 869

acoclaena . 79 Trirhithromyia 8

rosetta, Actinoptera go06 Trirhithnnny Bea

rubens, Pterope 877 trispila, Aethiothemara 878

sa caine ees trispila, Leucotaeniella 865

rubivorus, Pterandrus : ; 70 tristis, Dacus . A 862

rufoscutellatus, Dacus (Psilodacus) 861 tvistvigata 1918, Euribia 998

tristvigata 1934, Euribia 1000

tritea (nec Walk.) Ceratitis 867

salina, Paroxyna 96 Tape eee oe

, 4 rupanea : 10

saltoria, Paroxyna 964 Trypanea F ie

eatin Scedella ee trypaneodes, Acanthiophilus 1031

cedella . : 9 Trypeta . oC ieee

schnabeli, Actinoptera , 917 leLea: Actinoptera ‘ can

schoutedeni, Dacus (Dacus) 863 turgens, Dicheniotes 893

ee eee ae ease turneri, Pardalaspis 869

secata, Ocnerioxa . 79

sedata, Trupanea . . IO4I

sericea, Tephritomyia - 1030

SHie bares 4 2 4 Lrapritaca, Peroxya 971

siphonina, Paroxyna : 960 Mropnora, Siipanea aa

sororcula (Wied.) Dioxyna 938

sovorcula (nec Wied.) Euxesta . 938

sovoycula (nec Wied.) Paroxyna . 938 , :

Spathulina 898 vacillans, Ensina 6 939

spatulata, Scedella 1000 varipennis, Leplomyzax: 939

Sphenella : 1014 velifera (Tephritis) 1027

spiloptera, Scedella 1001 veliformis, Tephritis Hoy

spinata, Paroxyna 953 vanson, Actinoptera 903

stellata, Acinia 880 eee, Mas Sesintuen 874

stellata, Trupanea 1039 vivax, Stenotrypeta 865

Stenotrypeta . 865 volucris, Pterandrus 871

striata, Aethiothemara 878

stricta, Actinoptera 910

strigata, Coelopacidia 865 '

Stylia 919 walkeri, Acanthiophilus 1022

superdecora, Trupanea 1041 woodi, Dacus : 861

Tanaica . 1018 xanthopus, Dacus 861

Tanaosema 892 xiphias, Tephritomyia . 1028

Telaletes IOI5 xyphosiina, Pliomelaena 893

Tephraciura 889

Tephrella 892

Tephritis 1047

Tephritomyia 1026 zavattariana, Pavoxyna IOII

tersa, Baryglossa 882 zernyi, Afraciura 890

"9 MAY 1957

(e)

rar HS