Volume 9 Number 5 1 July 2021

The Taxonomic Report

OF THE INTERNATIONAL LEPIDOPTERA SURVEY

ISSN 2643-4776 (print) / ISSN 2643-4806 (online)

Notes on Eastern North American Butterflies.

Parts by

David J. Hoag, Harry Pavulaan, Brian Taber, Kenneth Lorenzen, Richard D. Ullrich

Editor’s Note (HP). New natural history elements and distribution records of several eastern North

American butterflies are reported. While diversity and distribution of butterflies in the eastern United States

are commonly believed to be fully known, the findings presented here show that much is yet to be learned of

our butterfly fauna.

Lethe eurydice and L. appalachia larvae (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) eat

their shed cuticle (exuvia) soon after molting in Vermont, USA

David J. Hoag

173 W. Shore Rd., Grand Isle, VT, USA, 05458

ABSTRACT. Larvae of Lethe eurydice and L. appalachia were observed eating their newly shed cuticle

(exuvia). Further studies are needed to examine the extent of this unique dietary habit within the Satyrinae.

Additional key words: Lethe eurydice, Lethe appalachia, Lethe anthedon, larva, instar, molt, cuticle, exuvia.

INTRODUCTION

During previous years of rearing satyrid larvae in Vermont, I noticed some post-molt Lethe eurydice larvae

ate their shed exoskeleton cuticle (exuvia) prior to consuming their sedge hostplant. Throughout this period,

I also reared many L. appalachia and L. anthedon larvae (Hoag, 2014), but failed to pay close attention to

their immediate post-molt activity. Thus, an additional study of this larval behavior was undertaken.

OBSERVATIONS

Lethe (Satyrodes) eurydice: In the summer of 2020 (July-Sept), thirty Lethe eurydice larvae were reared

ex ova deposited on some Carex tuckermanii sedge plants, which had been transplanted from a drying

vernal pool into containers on the author’s porch. Without exception, soon after a molt each larva turned

around 180° and devoured its shed cuticle (Fig. 1). Typically a larva consumed its entire cuticle except the

head capsule. Thereafter each larva invariably turned around again. One larva upon approaching a newly

shed exuvia of another larva started eating the tail. However, this larva soon moved on, leaving most of the

cuticle for the previous occupant to eat.

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ee ee — So

” EME f 7 < . ual .

I it LA, FL LT TC ee aati tii taal

ee —— - eee oo — eee ee ee

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Fig. 1. Series of photos showing a Lethe eurydice third instar larva eating its shed cuticle. 5 Aug 2020.

Lethe (Satyrodes) appalachia: In the summer of 2020 (July-Sept), eight larvae, including a first instar, of

Lethe appalachia were found on Carex tuckermanii, C. lupulina, and an unidentified Carex species. The

first instar was identified as L. appalachia by its habitat (Shapiro and Cardé, 1970), a woodland vernal pool,

and was differentiated from L. anthedon by its dark head capsule. The older appalachia larvae were

differentiated from anthedon larvae by head shape and body stripes. All instars had the same unique dietary

habit of consuming their post-molt shed cuticle. (Fig. 2).

| Fig. 2. Lethe appalachia fourth instar larva eating its shed cuticle. 8 Sep 2020.

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Lethe (Enodia) anthedon: In late summer of 2020 (Aug-Sept), seven larvae of Lethe anthedon were found

on Carex tuckermanii, C. lupulina, and an unidentified Carex species. Since no exuviae were found on the

sedges from prior molts, it is proposed that larvae of this species may also consume their post-molt exuviae.

DISCUSSION

Many insects eat their shed cuticle (exuvia) after molting. It is currently believed exuviae-eating allows the

insect to recycle nitrogenous compounds contained within the cuticle, such as chitin and specialized proteins

(Mira, 2000). Recycling of nutrients obtained from monocotyledons like sedges, is presumably critical to

larval growth and survival. Unlike larvae of many other nymphalid subfamilies, Lethe larvae have no toxins

or irritating hairs or spines to deter predators (Scott, 1986). Removal of the pale-colored exuviae from

sedges may lessen the risk of discovery by a predator. Reports of satyrine larvae eating their shed cuticle

(exuvia) are unknown to the author. Further studies are needed to examine how common this unique dietary

habit is distributed within the Satyrinae.

POST NOTE

Masters (1971) stated, “The foodplant of Lethe anthedon borealis is not known ... The actual foodplant may

prove to be B. erectum or another grass, but I would not be suprised [sic] to learn that it was a sedge instead,

since several species of sedge are common in the borealis habitats.”

In 2020, I discovered four late-instar L. anthedon larvae on Carex, 22-24 May & 2 June, plus five early-

instar anthedon larvae on Carex, September, at a vernal pool. In 2021, I monitored eleven post-diapause

anthedon larvae on Carex, 14-23 May, confirming the acceptance of sedges by this Vermont anthedon

population as an alternative to grasses as host plant. Late anthedon instars turned around to eat their shed

exuviae and then turned back to eat sedge, confirming the same unique dietary habit as in L. eurydice and

L. appalachia.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank Harry Pavulaan and Norbert Kondla for encouragement and assistance, and David M. Wright for

final manuscript review.

REFERENCES

Hoag, D. J. 2014. Larval host plants of Enodia anthedon, Satyrodes appalachia and S. eurydice in

Vermont, USA. The Taxonomic Report 7(6):1-6.

Masters, J. H. 1971. A note on Lethe anthedon borealis (Satyridae). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society

25(4): 256-261.

Mira. A. 2000. Exuviae eating: A nitrogen meal? J. Insect Physiology 46(4):605-610.

Scott, J. A. 1986. The Butterflies of North America - A Natural History and Field Guide. Stanford

University Press, Stanford, CA. 583 pp.

Shapiro, A. M. and R. T. Cardé. 1970. Habitat selection and competition in sibling species of Satyrid

butterflies. Evolution 24: 48-54

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Virginia state record of Phyciodes phaon (W. H. Edwards, 1864)

(Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae).

Harry Pavulaan

606 Hunton Place, Leesburg, VA. 20176

ABSTRACT: A state record specimen of Phyciodes phaon, originally reported by the author in the

Virginia Butterfly Bulletin (Pavulaan, 2000), is illustrated for the first time with a view of location collected.

INTRODUCTION

Phyciodes phaon (Phaon Crescent) is a common species of the coastal region of southeastern United States

and peninsular Florida. It has been recorded along the North Carolina coast as far north as the Outer Banks

(LeGrand & Howard, 2021). The hostplant along the southeast coast is Phyla nodiflora (Frogfruit).

OBSERVATIONS

On Little Island City Beach in Virginia Beach, VA, 10 Sep 2000, along a weedy strip between Sandpiper

Road and Little Island Beach parking lot (Fig. 1), I collected a male Phyciodes phaon (inset), a state record.

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REFERENCES

LeGrand, Jr., H. E. & T. E. Howard, Jr. 2021. Butterflies of North Carolina. Twenty-eighth

Approximation. — https://auth|.dpr.ncparks.gov/nbnc/nbnc_28.php (accessed 3/18/2021).

Pavulaan, H. 2000. 2000 Spring/Summer Summary. The Virginia Butterfly Bulletin 8(4): 7-11.

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Butterflies of the Potomac River woodlands in Leesburg,

Loudoun Co., Virginia: a depauperate fauna?

Harry Pavulaan

606 Hunton Place, Leesburg, VA, USA, 20176

ABSTRACT. Butterfly observations made over a 16-year period (2005-2020) in the deciduous woodland

habitat along the Potomac River in Leesburg, VA. reveal a depauperate butterfly fauna in a region otherwise

known for its rich butterfly diversity. While the forest canopy contains a high diversity of deciduous tree

species, and patches of understory shrubs show limited variety, the herb flora of the forest floor is severely

lacking due to uncontrolled deer browsing, poor soil conditions and prolonged annual summer droughts.

The butterfly fauna is summarized here.

Additional key words: deciduous forest, forest edge, butterfly garden.

INTRODUCTION

Upon establishing my current residence in Leesburg, VA. at the end of 2004, I promptly began familiarizing

myself with the park complex behind my property, comprised of Balls Bluff Battlefield Regional Park,

Edward’s Landing Park and Veterans Park. These three parks form a continuous expanse of forested habitat

between the Potomac River and the adjacent residential neighborhood (Fig. 1). The parks are traversed by

miles of foot trails and are characterized by many hollows in which intermittent and small rocky perennial

streams flow into the Potomac River.

The forest type is predominantly deciduous (Fig. 2), dominated

by several species of Quercus (Oaks), Fraxinus (Ashes), and Harrison

Island

Carya (Hickories). Ulmus americana (American Elm), Juglans

nigra (Black Walnut), Acer rubrum (Red Maple) also occur.

Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple) and Platanus occidentalis

(American Sycamore) are present along the Potomac River with

most trees achieving great age and considerable heights.

In the forest understory, young Fagus grandifolia (American

Beech) trees are very common. In upland locations, there are

scattered Celtis occidentalis (Hackberry), Lindera benzoin

(Spicebush), Hamamelis virginiana (Witch Hazel), Prunus

serotina (Black Cherry), Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood)

(Fig. 4) which is resistant to the Dogwood Anthracnose fungal

blight, and Viburnum prunifolium (Blackhaw) which _ has

noticeably increased its presence over the study period (Fig. 4).

One small area of understory contains a large stand Cercis

canadensis (Redbud). Asimina triloba (Paw Paw) is abundant in

groves in both upland and lowland situations, and grows in thickets of great height along the Potomac River

(Fig. 5). Robinia pseudoacacia (Black Locust) occurs in more recently forested second growth stands and

Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian Olive) manages a foothold along forest edge habitats and in sunny open

places in the forest. Low-growing species of Gaylussacia (Huckleberries) and Vaccinium (Blueberries) are

frequent atop the cliffs above the Potomac River. Within the forest are large growths of Symphoricarpos

orbiculatus (Coralberry) and invasive Rubus phoenicolasius (Wineberry). In sunny places near the forest

edge and along wide pathways, thickets of invasive Rosa multiflora (Multiflora Rose) (Fig. 3), Rubus

Fig. 1. Map study area. Red = Author’s

residence. Yellow = Residential and

commercial development.

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fruticosus (Blackberry), and Lonicera japonica (Japanese Honeysuckle) climb over everything. A

naturalized stand of native Ptelea trifoliata (Wafer Ash or Hop Tree) occurs in one small area; saplings

have been identified in other parts of the forest especially atop the river cliffs. Similarly, Juniperus

virginiana (Eastern Red Cedar) occurs as scattered trees throughout the area, but mainly along forest edge

habitats. In some places they form small thickets of young shrubs.

Fig. 4. Upland forest with understory of Viburnum — Fig. 5. Asimina triloba along the Potomac River.

prunifolium (host Celastrina neglecta) in bloom at (Host of Eurytides marcellus.)

left, and Cornus florida (host of C. ladon) at right.

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The forest floor contains a variety of small, white-flowered (and apparently deer-resistant) plants that bloom

almost carpet-like in early spring, among them are Claytonia virginica (Spring Beauty), Dentaria diphylla

(Broad-leaved Toothwort) and less commonly Stellaria pubera (Star Chickweed). In some areas, non-native

invasives Veronica hederefolia (Ivyleaf Speedwell) and Stellaria media (Common Chickweed), plus native

Galium aparine (Sticky Willie) join the blooming forest floor in spring. Viola sororia (Common Blue

Violet) is common throughout, while Antennaria plantaginifolia (Pussytoes) grows in small patches within

the forest. Alliaria petiolata (Garlic Mustard) is starting to dominate many parts of the forest. Late spring

and summer are essentially devoid of nectar sources within the forest. In late summer and early fall, various

widely-scattered woodland species of Asteraceae (Asters) and Solidago (Goldenrods) bloom. Verbesina

alternifolia (Wingstem) is common along the forest edge, as well as Eupatorium perfoliatum (Common

Boneset). Urtica dioica (Stinging Nettle) abounds in dense growths along the shore of the Potomac River

and serves as host to Polygonia comma and Vanessa atalanta. Varieties of unidentified grasses abound

throughout, usually in patches or in one large field of harvested unidentified monoculture grass, while

invasive Microstegium vimineum (Japanese Stiltgrass) has established itself in scattered large patches on

forested slopes and low areas near streams.

Included in the observations are those in my residential butterfly garden, which functions as forest-edge

habitat immediately bordering the park complex and offers a broad range of nectar sources and host plants.

The favorite nectar sources are varieties of Buddleia (Butterfly Bush), varieties of Zinnia (Annual Zinnias),

Echinacea purpurea (Purple Coneflower), Cosmos bipinnatus (Garden Cosmos), Symphyotrichum novae-

angliae (New England Aster), Tithonia rotundifolia (Mexican Sunflower), Calendula officinalis (Garden

Marigold), Verbena bonariensis (Purpletop Vervain) and Cirsium japonicum (Japanese Thistle). Several

types of annuals were grown over the observation period, but they were less attractive for butterflies.

Productive butterfly hostplants include Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel), Baptisia australis (Blue False

Indigo), Verbesina alternifolia (Wingstem), Helianthus annuus (Common Sunflower) and Senna

marilandica (Maryland Senna).

METHODS

Commencing in the winter of 2005, I hiked trails in the park complex for approximately 1% to 2 hours during

mid-day whenever the weather was sunny to partly cloudy, with temperatures over 32°F. When the air

temperature exceeded 50°F, a net accompanied my hikes. Noconsistent count was recorded over the period,

though general notes were kept. All photos are by the author.

OBSERVATIONS

Sixty-three species of butterflies were observed during the 16-year period of 2005-2020. This is roughly

half of the species recorded in the surrounding region. Many species that are common in other woodlands

in the region were observed in very low numbers in this area. Only 33 species recorded here are considered

interior forest dwellers here. Yet some species such as Celastrina neglecta and Chlosyne nycteis had

dramatic irruptions in some years (Fig. 8). Despite a diverse tree canopy and shrub understory, heavy deer

browse and prolonged summer droughts resulted in nearly complete lack of herb foliage and nectar sources

except in early spring. The forest soil is also very thin, and underlying shale and clay hardened to rocklike

consistency in summer. The forest edge habitats provided some ground-level foliage and nectar sources,

mainly in spring and late summer. Overall, edge habitats showed more diversity and higher numbers of

butterflies than the interior forest; my forest-edge butterfly garden produced the greatest variety of species.

Another factor that likely contributed to low butterfly numbers in this particular forest habitat was an

astonishingly large number of predatory Assassin Bugs (Reduviidae), especially the Wheel Bug (Arilus

cristatus).

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SPECIES ACCOUNTS

HESPERIIDAE

Urbanus proteus — Non-resident vagrant infrequently observed in my butterfly garden on Verbena bonariensis and Buddleia.

Several were observed over the period of 9/17/2012-10/27/2012, also one each on 8/6/2010, 7/9/2017 and 10/22/2020.

Epargyreus clarus clarus — Mainly a forest edge species. Apparently three broods, though exact brood sequence is unclear. The

first brood emerged as early as 3/29 (in 2012), flying until mid-MAY. The second brood emerges in JUL and then increased in

abundance throughout the summer until late-AUG. A partial late brood frequently emerged in late-SEP and OCT (10/6/2012

to10/23/2012; 10/7/2015, 9/27/2016 to11/11/2016, 10/5/2020). Host is Robinia pseudoacacia. Adults are frequent on Buddleia

flowers in my garden.

Burnsius communis communis — Only observed as infrequent single individuals in a broad open area of Veterans Park and

infrequently in my garden. Only the fall brood has been observed in OCT, flying as late as 11/6 (in 2020).

Erynnis icelus — Interior forest dweller, found along trails and streams. One brood: generally late-MAR through APR.

Gesta juvenalis juvenalis — Mainly found along larger forest trails. One brood: generally late-MAR through APR, but emerging

as early as 3/13 (in 2012) and flying as late as 5/15 (in 2019).

Gesta baptisiae — Frequent ovipositing females seen in my garden around host Baptisia australis and Lupinus perennis with only

a single male confirmed in woodlands. Multiple broods, seen ovipositing as early as 4/23 (in 2019) and as late as 9/27 (in 2016).

Euphyes vestris metacomet — Surprisingly scarce in the observation area, only observed in 2020. A small irruption occurred

from 8/6/2020 to 8/22/2020 with several observed on garden Buddleia flowers.

Hylephila phyleus phyleus — Only seen in my garden. Might be considered a seasonal migrant in this area, with adults seen

sporadically in late-summer from 8/14 (in 2019) to 10/24 (in 2019). Adults observed nectaring on Buddleia, less frequently on

Zinnia.

Polites themistocles themistocles — Surprisingly scarce in the observation area. Only single individuals were seen on garden

Buddleia flowers on 8/17/2008, 10/7/2015, 5/23/2019, and 8/22/2020, indicating at least two broods: MAY and AUG-OCT.

Polites peckius peckius —Most common in open areas and forest edge habitat, nectaring primarily on Rosa multiflora and Rubus

fruticosus, also on Buddleia in my garden. Three broods evident: MAY, JUL to early-AUG, late-AUG to early-OCT. Earliest

observed on 5/7 (in 2019), latest on 10/9 (in 2020). Females observed ovipositing on Poa pratensis (Kentucky Bluegrass) in my

lawn.

Polites (Wallengrenia) egeremet — Fairly common in the surrounding region but surprisingly scarce within the study area, only

recorded once in my garden on Buddleia flowers on 8/6/2010.

Polites (Wallengrenia) otho otho — Rare stray to the area. One individual netted on my Buddleia shrubs on 8/17/2012 and three

on 8/21/2013, during regional irruptions.

Vernia verna — Surprisingly scarce in the study area. Single individuals were observed on garden Buddleia flowers on 8/22/2020,

8/29/2018, and 9/12/2019. Three males were observed imbibing moisture from a woodland road on 5/18/2021, indicating at

least two broods.

Atalopedes campestris huron — Mainly a resident of open grassy areas and suburban lawns, never seen in woodlands. Three

broods: MAY (scarce), JUL, late-AUG through early-OCT, with individuals continuing to emerge in declining numbers until

hard freeze. Flying as late as 11/10 (Gin 2020) and 11/22 (in 2012). Heavy regional irruptions in AUG-SEP 2011, JUL 2017,

OCT 2019, and AUG 2020, each time with hundreds swarming in my garden especially on Buddleia, and frequently seen along

forest edge habitat. Most abundant during excessively hot, dry summers, becoming the most common butterfly by far. Females

observed ovipositing on a variety of lawn grasses. Larvae reared on Poa pratensis (Kentucky Bluegrass), Schedonorus

arundinaceus (Tall Fescue) and Digitaria sanguinalis (Large Crabgrass). Males of the summer brood are mostly clear yellow

on the hindwing beneath (resembling Anatrytone logan), while males of the fall brood have a more darkened pattern beneath.

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Lon zabulon — Primarily a forest dweller. Males are frequently observed along sunny woodland pathways, and coming to the

forest edge and my garden to nectar. Females remain elusive, mostly keeping to the forest floor but occasionally coming to the

forest edge to nectar. Two broods: MAY, AUG. Earliest observed on 5/15 (in 2019), latest on 9/5 (Gin 2018).

Lerodea eufala — Infrequent vagrant. One individual on the roadway in Veterans Park along the forest edge on 8/9/2019.

Lerema accius — Late season vagrant to forest edge habitat and my garden: 9/5/2018, 9/22/2012, 10/23/2012. Two males were

observed displaying territorial behavior along a forest edge pathway.

Panoquina ocola ocola — An infrequent vagrant only seen in my garden on Buddleia and Zinnia flowers. Generally, only seen

SEP and OCT, flying as late as 11/6 (in 2020). Ten were counted in my garden during a brief irruption on 10/1/2018, then 20 on

10/11/2018.

Calpodes ethlius — Rare vagrant observed only once in my

garden, on Buddleia, on 9/6/2018 (Fig. 6). The hosts are various

cultivars of Canna (Canna Lily) which are frequently grown in

neighborhood gardens.

Ancyloxypha numitor — Seen frequently in small open areas in

woodlands or forest edge habitat where Microstegium vimineum

grows thick, though no host association has been observed.

Three broods: MAY through early-JUN, JUL, late-AUG to

early-SEP.

PAPILIONIDAE

Eurytides marcellus — Common in woodlands, but mostly in

spring. Three broods: MAR to mid-MAY, JUN through JUL,

mid-AUG to early-SEP. Emerging as early as 3/11 (in 2016).

An irruption beginning 4/13/2016 brought hundreds out of the

forest into the adjacent residential neighborhood with adults

frequently observed flying over streets and lawns. Larvae were

found on the host Asimina triloba (Fig. 2). An egg was found

on 10/12/2020, as some host trees were starting to turn yellow

and dropping leaves shortly thereafter. The resultant larva was

raised on a supply of refrigerated leaves until pupation in early Fig. 6. Calpodes ethlius, 9/6/2018, Leesburg, VA on Buddleia.

DEC. While rearing larvae of marcellus in May of 2015, I was

astounded to observe several caged larvae tie a folded leaf or two together, forming a loose shelter in which they pipated. The

edges of the folded leaves were held together in several places with a silk button Insect predators would likely not be deterred

from entering the shelters, however this structure might shield them from birds.

Battus philenor philenor — Due to the absence of naturally-occurring host Aristolochia vines in the study area, this is an

infrequent stray into this area. One observed in my garden on 5/17/2021. A very small transplanted Aristolochia macrophylla

(Pipevine) attracted a female on 9/26/2010, who persisted on finding the vine — unsuccessfully. The females are apparently able

to detect the smallest host vines at great distances by sense of smell.

Papilio polyxenes asterius — Generally only observed as larvae or as infrequent adult females ovipositing on Foeniculum vulgare

(Bronze Fennel) in my garden. Brood sequence is unclear, but adults, eggs and larvae found generally MAY through SEP.

Twenty fully-grown larvae found on Fennel on 9/5/2018.

Heraclides cresphontes — Forest dweller. Two broods annually and a partial third most years: MAY, JUL, and a third brood

flying in late-AUG to early-SEP. Third brood earliest seen on 8/23 (in 2017), latest seen on 9/20 (in 2019). Larvae were found

on Ptelea trifoliata in the forest. Several larvae were found on potted Ruta graveolens on my front porch (8/10/2010).

Pterourus troilus troilus — Dwells in the forest understory. Two broods: first emerging in mid-APR and flying through MAY,

second brood emerging in JUL and flying through AUG. Larvae frequently found on Lindera benzoin.

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Pterourus glaucus glaucus — Though a forest canopy species, glaucus travels into all open habitats in search of nectar sources,

most abundantly at forest edge. Three full broods: APR to early-MAY, late-MAY to early-JUL, and mid-JUL to AUG. Scarce

in spring but progressively more common through summer. A partial fourth brood in early-SEP. Emerged as early as 3/25 (in

2017) and flew as late as 9/20 (in 2019). Hosts include Prunus serotina and Ptelea trifoliata.

PIERIDAE

Abaeis nicippe — A frequent visitor to my garden and occasionally seen along wide woodland paths. Found most years, generally

JUL through OCT, latest seen on 11/10 (in 2010), indicating at least two very prolonged broods, with those emerging in fall

overwintering in the adult stage in this region. However, winter mortality must be high, as it is rarely seen regionally in spring.

One winter form “rosa” adult was observed in my garden as early as 3/23 (in 2012), and another on 4/26/2021 ovipositing. An

active colony of up to 30 adults established itself in my garden for several continuous months during 2019. Larvae were found

on a Senna marilandica patch at the forest edge throughout late summer, with some larvae feeding as late as 10/31 (in 2010),

when the host leaves start yellowing. A curious observation was made over the course of the afternoon of 4/26/2021, when a

female was observed searching for Senna plants in my forest edge garden, which had just broken through the soil and none over

linch tall. She coursed back and forth, peppering the tiny shoots with eggs. How they are able to locate hostplants that have just

broken soil, literally miles from the nearest natural patch of Senna, is remarkable.

Colias philodice — Infrequently seen in this area. Found in the grass monoculture field in Veterans Park, but one seen along the

forest dirt road, and rarely in my garden on Buddleia flowers. A female was observed ovipositing on Trifolium repens in my

lawn. Only the spring and fall broods were recorded in the study area, with individuals observed on 3/30/2012, 4/16/2019, and

11/6/2020.

Colias eurytheme — Lives in open habitats, mainly on lawns in the adjacent neighborhood, rarely seen along the forest dirt road

in Veterans Park, and infrequently in my garden. Records span 3/1 (in 2012) through 12/27 (in 2019). Broods overlap, making

the species continuously-brooded by summer. Generally scarce but more frequently seen on my Buddleia in late summer and

fall. Females observed ovipositing on Trifolium pratense. The species overwinters here in the larval stage as indicated by an

outdoor rearing experiment.

Phoebis sennae eubule — Seasonal migrant, found in almost all situations. Mostly observed in late summer, 8/17 (in 2012) to

11/6 Gn 2020), but arriving as early as 4/30 (in 2019), with another observed on 5/16/2020. Larvae found on host Senna

marilandica in my garden at forest edge.

Phoebis agarithe maxima — Rare vagrant. One observed at close range (<1 meter), nectaring very briefly on Tithonia rotundifolia

in my garden on 7/30/2020. This sighting was corroborated by four additional potential sightings in this region within days.

Anthocharis midea annickae — Forest dweller. One brood: mid-MAR to mid-APR. Earliest seen on 3/17 (in 2020), latest seen

on 4/20 Gn 2016). Generally uncommon, but an irruption at Veterans Park on 3/28/2016 produced over 100 observed adults.

Dentaria diphylla (Broad-leaved Toothwort) is the hostplant.

Pieris rapae rapae — Generally common in all forested and open habitats due to spread of host Alliaria petiolata (Garlic Mustard)

in all wooded situations. Among the earliest species to emerge from the chrysalis. Records span 3/1 (in 2012) through 12/3 (in

2017), being continuously brooded. Infrequently emerges during warm spells in mid-winter: 2/23/2017 in the adjacent residential

neighborhood. Oviposition primarily on Alliaria petiolata in the forest, and on Raphanus sativus (Radish) in my garden.

LYCAENIDAE

Parrhasius m-album — Two broods have been recorded: APR to mid-MAY and JUN. Mostly observed along wide woodland

paths or edge habitat: 4/3/2019, 4/12/2018, 4/14/2018, 4/4/2019, 4/16/2019, 5/15/2019, 6/8/2019, 6/12/2019, and 7/6/2020. The

species is usually seen as single individuals, but local irruptions occur in some years, when multiples are seen.

Calycopis cecrops — A woodland species, also found at edge habitat and frequently seen in my garden on Mentha spicata

(Spearmint) and Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) flowers. Females frequently seen on the forest floor, ovipositing on leaf litter.

A female was observed ovipositing on garden mulch beneath my Buddleia shrubs. Spring brood (MAY-JUN) is scarce, otherwise

recorded in late-summer and fall: AUG-OCT. Earliest observed on 5/10 (in 2021), latest on 10/9 (in 2020). [Despite textbook

assertions, this butterfly is not associated with Rhus (Sumac species) in this region.]

The Taxonomic Report, Vol. 9, No. 5. July 1, 2021

Strymon melinus humuli — Infrequent visitor to my garden, never seen elsewhere in the study area. A single larva was found

feeding on Viburnum prunifolium fruits. Single individuals observed on 9/5/2016, 10/7/2015, 8/30/2016, 11/18/2016.

Callophrys (Mitoura) gryneus gryneus — Freshly-emerged third brood individuals in rare late summer emergences on 8/20/2010,

9/3/2011 and 9/5/2018 in association with Juniperus virginiana (Eastern Red Cedar) in the forest clearing behind my garden.

Oddly none were ever seen during the typical spring and early summer broods.

Callophrys (Incisalia) henrici henrici — Despite presence of its host Cercis canadesis (Redbud) in some areas, none were

observed in association with this host. Perching males observed on various forest shrubs on 4/3/2007, 4/12/2014, 3/24/2016,

4/10/2019.

Satyrium calanus falacer — A few individuals were observed over several years, generally in late-JUN to early-JUL: earliest

observed on 6/5 (in 2018), latest on 7/5 (in 2013).

Everes comyntas comyntas — Found in an open field and in my lawn. Recorded from 4/20 (in 2014) to 11/10 (in 2010). Broods

overlap but peaks in MAY, JUL and SEP. A localized irruption observed on 9/5/2018. Host is Trifolium repens on a small

hillside field and in my lawn.

Celastrina ladon — An inhabitant of the forest only, usually in vicinity of the host Cornus florida (Fig. 4). One brood: APR.

This species has become very rare in this area, and usually found only as single individuals every few years. Single specimens

confirmed on 4/3/2007, 3/18/2011, 4/12/2014, 3/24/2016, 3/25/2017, 4/16/2019 and 3/30/2021. Several mature larvae were

found on Cornus florida fruits on 5/10/2013; captive larvae will accept and mature on Viburnum prunifolium (flower buds,

flowers, fruits).

Celastrina neglecta — An inhabitant of the forest understory and forest edge habitats, straying widely into open habitats during

irruptions. The earliest species to emerge from the chrysalis. Spring brood observed as early as 2/7 (in 2017) and infrequently

observed in late-FEB in other years, but sometimes first emerging as late as 4/11 (in 2015). Flight peaks usually in late-MAR to

early-APR, but flying until 5/10 (in 2013). On 3/9/2017, hundreds of

males had emerged at once, only to be completely decimated by three

weeks of bitter Arctic cold. Second brood (summer form) recorded

from 5/15 (first observed in 2019) to 6/10 (last observed in 2013) with

adults abundantly attracted to Ptelea trifoliata blossoms along the forest

edge. First and second brood can be very common to abundant

(thousands observed on 6/10/2013 and throughout MAY 2019). Third

brood in late-JUN to JUL is scarce due to no available oviposition

substrates during the second brood. Rarely seen in summer until fourth

brood in late-AUG to early-SEP. Accidental fall emergences were

recorded on 10/18/2007, over several days 10/9-10/22 (in 2017), and on

9/20/2020 and 10/22/2020. Local hostplant identified as Viburnum

prunifolium (flower buds, flowers, fruits) (Fig. 4) for the spring brood

and Verbesina alternifolia for the late-summer brood. Cornus florida,

the host of closely-related C. ladon, proved to be toxic to C. neglecta

larvae in rearing experiments. An aberrant ventrally-patched individual

was collected on April 5, 2013 (Fig. 7). [It is important to note that the

spring flight of neglecta is the predominant “Spring Azure” in northern

Virginia. ]

Fig. 7. Rare patched aberrant of Celastrina neglecta

spring form, 4/5/2013, Leesburg, VA.

NYMPHALIDAE

Libytheana carinenta bachmanii — Seasonal migrant observed as early as 2/19 (in 2017) and 3/18 (in 2016), suggesting that this

species may actually overwinter in the adult stage some years. Scarce in spring but frequently seen along forest paths from JUN-

AUG. Females observed ovipositing on Celtis occidentalis.

Danaus plexippus plexippus — Mainly observed in my garden. Adults present JUL-OCT. The fall migration occurs mainly mid-

OCT when adults were commonly observed on Buddleia and Tithonia rotundifolia in my garden. In SEP 2011, several adults

were seen forming small-scale roosts of 5-10 individuals, over a 1-week period, on two Norway Maple trees above several

The Taxonomic Report, Vol. 9, No. 5. July 1, 2021

Buddleia shrubs. On 9/24/2011, adults were observed nectaring in a day-long light/moderate rain, seemingly ignoring the rain,

indicating that they are reasonably waterproof.

Dione incarnata nigrior — Very rare vagrant. A single individual observed nectaring on Zinnia in my garden on 8/25/2017.

Euptoieta claudia — Commonly observed throughout the year in nearby areas of Leesburg, but rarely seen in the study area.

Infrequent adults only observed in my garden late in the season on 10/7/2015, 10/22/2015, 11/21/2017.

Argynnis (Speyeria) cybele cybele — An infrequent visitor to my garden. One brood spans late-JUN through early-SEP.

Observations were mainly of females on Buddleia flowers.

Limenitis arthemis astyanax — Seen mostly as males along wide woodland paths. Females remain elusive in the forest. Three

broods: MAY, JUL-AUG, late-AUG through SEP. Summer broods overlap. Infrequent over the course of the season, but many

females come out of the forest to seek nectar in forest edge habitat, feeding abundantly on Buddleia in late-AUG through SEP.

Latest seen on 10/19 (in 2019). Larvae found on Prunus serotina and Gaylussacia sp. (Huckleberry).

Asterocampa celtis celtis — Seen mostly as males along wide woodland paths. Generally, two broods: late-MAY through JUL,

late-AUG. A partial third brood was observed some years as indicated by adults on Buddleia flowers in my garden on 9/21-22

(in 2012) and a fresh female on fermenting fruit on 9/27/2016. Host is Celtis occidentalis. One of the few butterflies that often

lands on humans.

Asterocampa clyton clyton — Seen mostly as males along wide woodland paths. One brood in JUL. Host is Celtis occidentalis.

Another one of the few butterflies that often lands on humans.

Nymphalis antiopa lintneriti — Rarely seen except along a woodland pathway on warm winter days in FEB through mid-APR.

Earliest overwintering adults seen on 2/24 (in 2017). Latest seen on 4/20 Gin 2014). Not seen every year and no individuals were

ever observed after April, which indicates that overwintering adults likely came from elsewhere (northern haunts). All adults

were observed patrolling the exact same spot along a dirt roadway. Nectaring was observed on Acer rubrum flowers in late-

winter.

Nymphalis (Polygonia) interrogationis — Frequent in woodlands. Late-summer (overwintering) brood first emerges in mid-

AUG, flying until hard freeze (10/22 in 2020), then seeking winter shelter. They are occasionally seen on mild winter days in

this region, but generally re-emerging in APR and flying until mid-JUN. Earliest observed on 4/5 (in 2015). Short-lived summer

brood flies JUN through JUL, though some years emerging as early as May 21 (in 2019). Interestingly, occasional worn

individuals of the summer form are found in early spring, possibly indicative of migratory activity from the south. Host is Ulmus

americana. One female was observed ovipositing on Celtis occidentalis.

Nymphalis (Polygonia) comma — Frequent in woodlands. Two broods. Late-summer (overwintering) brood first emerges in

late-AUG, flying until hard freeze, then occasionally seen on warm winter days, such as 12/12/2015, 12/13/2020, 1/19/2021, and

many dates from 2/19 to 3/1 in 2017. Adults re-emerge in numbers in MAR and fly until mid-MAY. Short-lived summer brood

flies in JUL. There is evidence that a fall migration occurs, usually in OCT, as evidenced by small numbers of individuals flying

in a southeast direction in open areas over a span of 2-3 days. However, it is not known from where these migrators originated,

possibly in regions further north. Hosts are Urtica dioica and a patch of escaped/naturalized Humulus japonicus (Japanese Hops)

growing along the Potomac River shore.

Vanessa virginiensis — Seasonal migrant. Infrequent visitor to my garden, mainly in late-summer, though seen much earlier in

the surrounding region. Earliest observed on 5/25 (in 2019); latest on 10/5 (in 2020), mostly on Buddleia blossoms.

Vanessa cardui — Seasonal migrant. A frequent visitor to Calendula, Zinnia and Buddleia blossoms in my garden in late-summer,

with adults recorded as late as 10/22 (in 2017). A count of 10 on 10/16/2017 seems to indicate a late emergence or migratory

movement. Mostly found at forest edge habitat in my garden, but one observed flying north in woodlands on 11/10/2013. Larvae

are frequently found on small, dense patches of Antennaria (Pussytoes) in woodland habitat, indicating that adults do frequent

woodland habitat.

Vanessa atalanta rubria — Seasonal migrants arrive in APR, flying until SEP when they are most common. A major northward

migration was observed throughout APR 2012, with hundreds of adults seen daily in all habitats at all times. Multiple overlapping

The Taxonomic Report, Vol. 9, No. 5. July 1, 2021

broods. Flying as late as 12/15 (in 2015). A very worn individual observed on 2/23/2017 suggests that this species may

overwinter as adults some years. Host is Urtica dioica along the shore of the Potomac River.

Junonia coenia coenia — Found in all open situations, also along forest edge habitat in my garden. Multiple broods. Frequent

from JUL through hard freeze but individuals have been observed in the adjacent neighborhood on 12/3/2018, 12/13/2020,

12/19/2017, and another on 12/28/2019. Most common in fall, but irrupting to huge numbers in SEP 2006, SEP 2010 and SEP

2011, each year swarming in all open areas and even present in the forest itself. No fall migratory movement was ever observed

in this area, though localized mass-movements have been observed. On 10/08/2006, a persistent westerly movement of

approximately 40-50 individuals was observed through my garden and the adjacent neighborhood for several hours. In my

garden, they were especially attracted to Buddleia flowers. The only observed larval host was Plantago lanceolata (Narrowleaf

Plantain) along a dirt pathway. On 9/25/2010, a male was observed to establish a territory on the pavement of my subdivision

street, cruising back and forth between two points and landing at each endpoint.

Chlosyne nycteis nycteis — During most years there are two broods,

MAY and JUL, some years irrupting in huge numbers (thousands

observed in all habitat types and in adjacent neighborhood in mid-

JUL 2018 and 2019) (Fig. 8). 1% instar larvae of the second brood

have been observed to abandon their communal webs and drop into

the forest litter and go into diapause for the winter, but during some

seasons a portion of the larvae develop to produce a partial third

brood in late-AUG to SEP. Many third brood adults recorded over

several years (2010-2019) between 8/20 (in 2019) and last seen 9/15

(in 2012), but exceptionally common on 9/5/2018 and 8/30/2019.

Adults preferred nectaring on orange Zinnia flowers and

Foeniculum vulgare in my garden. Hostplants include Verbesina

alternifolia (which were mass-defoliated in 2019) along forest paths

and clearings, and Helianthus annuus in my garden.

Phyciodes tharos tharos — Three broods: early-MAY, late-JUN,

late-AUG to SEP, with continued emergences until hard freeze. “eo : OP bile past ten Foe NG

Earliest on 5/18 (in 2021); latest on 11/20 (in 2020). Different ats Sod poe 8 OR st pales ea tea nae Borie

forms appreciated in spring, summer, and fall. er ra a eRe RE Tk ee

_y-

Fig. 8. Chlosyne nycteis irruption, 7/19/2019.

Phyciodes sp. (orange antenna male taxon) — One individual was netted in my backyard garden on 8/27/2014. The taxon

represents a bivoltine population in the Phyciodes cocyta group. It is not the univoltine P. cocyta selenis that is found to the west

in the Appalachian Mountains. Rather, it is intermediate in size and morphology between P. tharos tharos and P. cocyta selenis.

This taxon has been extending its range eastward from the mountains in recent years, now established at several sites. The find

in my Leesburg backyard indicates the species is spreading out onto the Piedmont, seeking new sites to colonize.

Lethe (Enodia) anthedon anthedon — Forest dweller, usually found in small, widely-scattered congregations of several

individuals. Records indicate three broods: MAY, early-JUL, and AUG to late-SEP. A female was observed ovipositing on

invasive Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) in woodlands.

Hermeuptychia sosybius — A single male was collected on 9/9/2015 in Balls Bluff Regional Park.

Megisto viola (or) eurytris — Primarily a forest edge species, but also found in immediate adjacent overgrown field habitat or just

inside woodland. One brood: MAY to early-JUN. Earliest observed on 5/12 (in 2012), latest on 6/12 (in 2019). Taxonomic

status of the early flight of Megisto in this region is currently unresolved due to technicalities surrounding its naming and lack of

adequate study. To date, no individuals of the summer taxon, Megisto cymela have been observed in the study area.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks go to David M. Wright for review of the manuscript and helpful comments for improvement.

The Taxonomic Report, Vol. 9, No. 5. July 1, 2021

Limenitis a. arthemis (White Admiral) in coastal southeastern Virginia.

Brian Taber

Coastal Virginia Wildlife Observatory, P.O. Box 764, Lightfoot, VA, USA, 23090

ABSTRACT. Limenitis a. arthemis is reported from coastal southeastern Virginia for the first time.

Additional key words: Kiptopeke, Northampton County, Jamestown, James City County.

INTRODUCTION

Limenitis a. arthemis (White Admiral) resides in boreal and transition zone forests of Canada and northern

United States (Cech & Tudor, 2005). It rarely occurs within the range of southern subspecies, L. a. astyanax

(Red-spotted Purple). Prior to 2019, only eight records of the White Admiral were known from Virginia:

Albemarle, Bath, Fluvanna, Frederick, Henrico, Nelson, Rockingham Counties, and Charlottesville City.

Clark & Clark (1951), Pl. 6g, illustrate an odd intergrade with white arthemis bands on the forewings only.

OBSERVATIONS

On 27 Jul 2019, a White Admiral butterfly was spotted by staff at Kiptopeke SP, Northampton County,

VA. The reporting individual was also a seasonal biologist at the Coastal Virginia Wildlife Observatory.

No photo was obtained, but the reporting individual was familiar with the species from living in

Massachusetts. The following day, the Observatory conducted its annual NABA 4" of July Butterfly Count

in the area and searched unsuccessfully for the butterfly. The habitat at Kiptopeke is a Pinus taeda (Coastal

Plain Loblolly Pine) and Quercus sp. (Oak) forest with an understory of lex opaca (American Holly),

Prunus serotina (Black Cherry), Celtis occidentalis (Hackberry), and Toxicodendron radicans (Poison Ivy).

Solidago sp. (Goldenrods) are the primary nectar sources.

On 6 Aug 2019, the Observatory's Pearly-eye Survey Team

found and photographed a White Admiral near Jamestown in

James City County, VA. (Fig. 1). This discovery occurred

across the Chesapeake Bay approximately 30 miles from the

Kiptopeke observation. The Jamestown habitat is similar

and consists of a Coastal Plain Loblolly Pine & Oak forest,

with an understory of American Holly, Arundinaria tecta

(Switch Cane) and the invasive Microstegium vimineum

(Japanese Stiltgrass).

Iam not aware of other records of White Admirals in coastal

Virginia.

Fig. 1. White Admiral, Jamestown, VA, 6 Aug 2019.

REFERENCES

Cech, R. & G. Tudor. 2005. Butterflies of the East Coast, an Observer’s Guide. Princeton University

Press, Princeton, N.J. xii + 345 pp.

Clark, A. H. & L. F. Clark. 1951. The Butterflies of Virginia. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections

116(7): 1-239.

The Taxonomic Report, Vol. 9, No. 5. July 1, 2021

Three species of the Pearly-eye genus Enodia (Hubner, 1819) observed

together in Colonial National Historical Park, Virginia

Kenneth Lorenzen

Williamsburg, VA, USA

ABSTRACT. Butterflies of the Pearly-eye group of satyrs (genus Enodia) are rarely observed together at

the same site at the same time. This report documents an occurrence of Enodia anthedon, E. portlandia and

E. creola together at a location near Jamestown, VA.

Editor’s Note: Enodia is now recognized as a subgenus of Lethe.

INTRODUCTION

Three sibling Pearly-eye species of the genus Enodia are found on the East coast of the United States:

Enodia anthedon (Northern Pearly-eye), E. portlandia (Southern Pearly-eye), and E. creola (Creole Pearly-

eye). These woodland satyrs prefer shady interiors of dense forests and tend to remain close to the ground.

Wetlands are often present where they are observed. Native cane (Arundinaria sp.) is typically present where

Southern and Creole Pearly-eyes occur. Northern Pearly-eyes frequent stands of woodland grasses. Adults

do not nectar on flowers, instead obtain nutrients from sap, dung, carrion, and decaying organic matter.

OBSERVATIONS

A butterfly survey (15 Aug 2016) conducted in the Neck of Land (NOL) area of Colonial National Historical

Park, VA, recorded twelve Northern Pearly-eyes and a single Creole Pearly-eye. This was the first known

sighting of a Creole Pearly-eye in James City County. A second butterfly survey conducted one year later

in the general area recorded three Northern and two Creole Pearly-eyes. Subsequently a group of volunteers

from the Historic Rivers Chapter of Virginia Master Naturalists and the Coastal Virginia Wildlife

Observatory submitted a proposal to the National Park Service (NPS) to conduct a citizen science study of

Pearly-eye butterflies in the NOL area. The NPS proposal was approved and a two-year study began in

April 2018. All three Pearly-eye species were observed and documented. A Southern Pearly-eye was

observed on 4 Sep 2018, representing the first known sighting of this species in James City County. A total

of three Southern Pearly-eyes were documented during the study (Lorenzen 2020). On three separate

occasions, all three Pearly-eye species were observed on the same day: 4 Sept 2018, 18 May 2019, and 10

July 2019. All three species were photographed side-by-side on 18 May 2019, at a sap seep near the base

of a Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana) (Fig. 1).

Observing all three Pearly-eye species together in the same location is a rare event according to Porter

(2016). During a speech he presented at the University of Georgia, he reported finding all three Pearly-eye

species in the Tallassee Forest in Athens-Clarke County, Georgia and commented: “The presence of three

virtually indistinguishable, but genetically distinct species, at the same time and in the same place is almost

unheard of outside the tropics.” Pyle (2010) described finding all three Pearly-eye species on a farm in

southern Illinois, and Cech & Tudor (2005) stated that all three Pearly-eye species can be found together in

parts of Arkansas. Using the Regional Species Checklist generator on BAMONA (Lotts & Naberhaus,

2021) and selecting counties within states where the ranges of all three Pearly-eyes overlap, 28 counties in

10 states were identified where sightings of all three species have been reported. However, this is not

confirmation that all three species were observed at the same place and at the same time within those

counties.

The Taxonomic Report, Vol. 9, No. 5. July 1, 2021

Soy ee IS RR) ace Re

Fig. 1. Three Pearly-eye species at sap seep on Chestnut Oak, near Jamestown, VA, 18 May 2019.

Left to Right: Enodia anthedon, E. portlandia, E. creola.

REFERENCES

Cech, R., and G. Tudor. 2005. Butterflies of the East Coast: An Observer’s Guide. Princeton University

Press, Princeton and Oxford. 345 pp.

Lorenzen, K. 2020. Pearly-eye Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) of Colonial National Historical

Park, Virginia. Banisteria (54): CS1-CS17.

Lotts, K., and T. Naberhaus, coordinators. 2020. Butterflies and Moths of North America.

http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org. (Accessed 13 September 2020).

Porter, J.W. 2016. John Abbott and the Pearly-eye Butterflies of Athens-Clarke County. Excerpt from an

August 25 speech delivered at the University of Georgia, Athens.

Pyle, R.M. 2010. Mariposa Road: The First Butterfly Big Year. Houghton-Mifflin-Harcourt, Boston and

New York. 558 pp.

The Taxonomic Report, Vol. 9, No. 5. July 1, 2021

Atlides halesus (Cramer, 1777) (Lycaenidae: Theclinae)

and American Mistletoe in northern Virginia.

Harry Pavulaan

606 Hunton Place, Leesburg, VA, USA, 20176

Richard D. Ullrich

7327 E. Sierra Morena Cir., Mesa, AZ, USA, 85207

ABSTRACT. Aftlides halesus halesus (Great Purple Hairstreak) is documented from three sites in western

Fairfax County, VA. The host American Mistletoe (Phoradendron leucarpum) is widespread in this area,

forming dense infestations on trees which certainly supports a resident population of the butterfly as

evidenced by several records over a 13-year span.

INTRODUCTION

Atlides halesus (Great Purple Hairstreak) is a familiar species of the southern United States, ranging

north to southern Maryland and Delaware, with historic records as far north as New Jersey (Gochfeld &

Burger, 1997) and Long Island, New York (Shapiro, 1974). The butterfly is most common on the

southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain and Gulf Coast region, where the host Phoradendron leucarpum

Mistletoe ) is widespread. Note there are several synonyms of P. leucarpum in the literature (USDA, 2021):

P. eatonii, P. flavescens, P. macrotomum, P. serotinum.]| A. halesus is most frequently seen as far north as

southeastern Virginia, where is it common in the Great Dismal Swamp, and occurs as isolated reports inland

to around Richmond City. In the northeastern United States, isolated inland records were reported from

Montgomery County, VA. (Wood & Gottschalk, 1942) and Cumberland County, PA. (Monroe & Wright,

2017). The present case study reveals strong evidence for an undocumented resident population in northern

Virginia, associated with the widespread presence of the host Mistletoe in western Fairfax County, VA.

Mistletoe is found throughout Virginia (Fig. 1), which is indicative that additional records could be

documented well beyond the current known range of A. halesus.

Light green: Records of

Mistletoe (P. leucarpum).

Dark green: Records of

Mistletoe with records of

A. halesus.

Yellow:

Records of A. halesus without

records of Mistletoe.

Fig. 1. Distribution of Phoradendron leucarpum and Atlides halesus in VA.

The Taxonomic Report, Vol. 9, No. 5. July 1, 2021

OBSERVATIONS

The senior author has documented Mistletoe in Fairfax County, in northern Virginia since 1995 (Fig. 2).

Mistletoe was generally found on Acer rubrum (Red Maple) (Fig. 3), located along forest edges, in tree

rows, in isolated trees, and in suburban neighborhoods when leafless trees were identifiable in winter.

Mistletoe was rarely found deep within forests. It was also found on Acer platanoides (Norway Maple) and

has been reported growing on Quercus sp. (Oaks) in the county.

GREAT FALLS

HERNDON

RESTON

CHANTILLY . e

oh VIENNA

eto ning

ft oe) @ ef FAIRFAX

o oF “6 CITY

CENTREVILLE eg

= ANNANDALE

a h ki

CLIFTON SPRINGFIELD

td]

NEWINGTON

MT. VERNON

LEGEND

¥ = Atlides halesus locations

® Mistletoe sites (single tree infestations) KK

@ Mistletoe sites (large area infestations)

Roads

—— County boundary

—— River shore (county boundary)

Fig. 2. Distribution of P. leucarpum in Fairfax County, VA.

Fig. 3. P. leucarpum on Acer rubrum, Reston, VA.

The junior author observed and collected several specimens of halesus (Figs. 4 & 5). All sites were near

Mistletoe-infested trees. Dates of capture: 6 Aug 1998 (1 female), Centerville, on Hylotelephium telephium

(Sedum); 5 Sep 1998 (1 female), Centerville; 15-24 Aug 2004 (2 males, 4 females), Fair Lakes, on Aralia

spinosa (Hercules Club). Mona Miller observed A. halesus individual resting on a Dipsacus sp. (Teasel)

flowerhead, which had gone to seed, in Herndon on 14 Sep 2010. A tree infested with Mistletoe was nearby.

o¢ 9F

Fig. 4. Atlides halesus, male, 15 Aug 2004,

Fair Lakes, VA.

Fig. 5. Atlides halesus, female, 6 Aug 1998,

Centerville, VA.

The Taxonomic Report, Vol. 9, No. 5. July 1, 2021

DISCUSSION

The present study area lies at the northern periphery of the range of Atlides halesus on the outer Piedmont

region of Virginia. Observations of the butterfly indicate a resident population in northern Virginia amidst

a relatively large regional presence of the host plant Phoradendron leucarpum. This suggests the butterfly

is likely more widely-distributed in Virginia than currently documented. Other inland areas having a

presence of the P. leucarpum may yet yield additional records. Though records of the butterfly recorded in

the study are from August to September, a resident population should follow the species emergence pattern

in neighboring states. Clark & Clark (1951) described three broods in Virginia: “The mistletoe hairstreak

first appears at the end of March or early in April; the second brood is on the wing in July; and the third

brood flies from the latter part of August until the end of the season late in October.” This was corroborated

by LeGrand & Howard (2021) with flight phenograms from three physiographic provinces of the Carolinas,

showing three distinct flight peaks in March-April, a weak flight in May-June, and a strong prolonged flight

from July through October which may actually consist of two overlapping broods.

In Fairfax County, several of the documented sites of Mistletoe have been converted to commercial

development, including the collection site at Fair Lakes. Other individual trees hosting Mistletoes have

been lost over time due to a variety of factors. However, there remains a sufficient presence of Mistletoe

at the time of this writing (2021) to maintain its survival, along with the butterfly, in a rapidly-developing

suburban region. The presence of Mistletoe in this region is dependent on the presence of birds which

consume and spread the seeds to new host trees.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks go to Mona Miller for providing locations, and for discussions of Atlides halesus and Mistletoe in

Virginia. Thanks also to Alonso Abugattas, Janet Bruner, Ineke Dickman, Dan Dueweke, Buz Groshong,

Pam Hebert, Jenny Meyer, Sheryl Pollock and Christine Sauer for additional Mistletoe locations and for

comments. Finally, Thanks are extended to David M. Wright for review of the manuscript.

REFERENCES

Clark, A. H. & L. F. Clark. 1951. The Butterflies of Virginia. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections

116(7): 1- 239.

LeGrand, Jr., H. E. & T. E. Howard, Jr. 2021. Butterflies of North Carolina. Twenty-eighth

Approximation. _https://auth| .dpr.ncparks.gov/nbnc/nbnc_28.php (Accessed 3/18/2021).

Monroe, J. L. & D. M. Wright. 2017. Butterflies of Pennsylvania. A Field Guide. University of Pittsburgh

Press, Pittsburgh, PA. 304 pp.

USDA Plants Database. 2021. USDA Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Washington D.C. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PHLE 14 (accessed 3/1/2021).

Wood, C. E., Jr. & C. W. Gottschalk. 1942. The butterflies of Roanoke and Montgomery Counties, Virginia

(Lepid.: Rhopalocera) [Part 2 continuation]. Entomological News 53(6): 159-164.

The Taxonomic Report, Vol. 9, No. 5. July 1, 2021

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TILS Motto

“As a world community, we cannot protect that which we do not know”

Articles for publication are sought

They may deal with any area of research on Lepidoptera, including faunal surveys, conservation topics,

methods, etc. Taxonomic papers are especially welcome. There are no page charges for authors. Before

sending a manuscript, simply write to TTR editor, Harry Pavulaan, 606 Hunton Place NE, Leesburg,

VA, 20176, USA to initiate discussion on how to best handle your material for publication, and to discuss

peer review options; or email to intlepsurvey@ gmail.com (cc: to harrypav@hotmail.com if you do not

receive areply within one week).

Visit The International Lepidoptera Survey on the World Wide Web at:

http://lepsurvey.carolinanature.com

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https://groups.io/g/TILS

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