Volume 9, Number 8 1 November 2021

The Taxonomic Report

OF THE INTERNATIONAL LEPIDOPTERA SURVEY

ISSN 2643-4776 (print) / ISSN 2643-4806 (online)

Type locality of Polyommatus lucia (W. Kirby, 1837) (Lycaenidae:

Polyomatinae) with an inspection of the species’ phenotypic expression.

Norbert G. Kondla’, Harry Pavulaan’, and David M. Wright’

‘47 Pensacola Close SE, Calgary, Alberta, T2A 2K5, Canada; ? 606 Hunton Place NE, Leesburg, Virginia, 20176, USA;

3124 Heartwood Drive, Lansdale, Pennsylvania, 19446, USA.

ABSTRACT. The type locality of Polyommatus lucia was not clearly defined by W. Kirby (1837) and has

been improperly interpreted as Cumberland House, Saskatchewan, Canada by several authors. The present

paper examines the circumstances surrounding the collection of the specimen described and illustrated by

William Kirby, and determines the type locality 1s Fort Carlton Provincial Park, Saskatchewan. The habitat,

flora, and phenotypic expression of Celastrina lucia (W. Kirby) near the type locality are presented.

INTRODUCTION

Since its portrayal in Fauna Boreali-Americana (W. Kirby, 1837), /ucia has been inconsistently treated as:

SPECIES. Opler & Warren, 2002; Scott, 2006; Pelham, 2008; Pohl et a/., 2010; Pavulaan, 2014; Omura et

al., 2015. SUBSPECIES of Celastrina argiolus. Brown, 1970; dos Passos, 1964; Hooper, 1973; Howe,

1975; Eliot & Kawazoé, 1983; Scott, 1986; Klassen et al., 1989; Ferris, 1989. SUBSPECIES of Celastrina

ladon. Miller & Brown, 1981; Hodges, 1983; Bird et al., 1995; Layberry et al, 1998; Guppy & Shepard,

2001). Our current understanding of the continental range of Celastrina lucia is the forested areas from

Alaska to Newfoundland & Labrador in extreme eastern Canada, south to Montana, North Dakota,

Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, parts of northeastern United States and coastal New Jersey, and

eventually through the Appalachian Mountains to northern Virginia. It is absent from the vast tundra areas

of northern Canada. The Washington state and Colorado populations appear to be disjunct. The name lucia

was based on a single specimen in the original publication. Therefore, the published “one specimen’’

(Kirby, 1837) is the holotype in accordance with the ICZN Code Article 73. We do not know the current

location of the holotype or even if it 1s extant. We use the historical name Carlton House in the following

historical discussion, but note that both the historical place name Carlton House and the alternate historical

place name Fort Carlton have been replaced by the modern geographical place name Fort Carlton

Provincial Park.

THE WRITTEN RECORD

The specimen utilized by William Kirby to erect Polyommatus lucia was collected on the Second Overland

Expedition to the Polar Sea under the command of Captain Sir John Franklin of England. Franklin led two

expeditions into the wilderness of northwest Canada to find a passage to the Polar Sea (Franklin, 1823;

Franklin, 1828). These expeditions benefited from routes blazed by Hudson Bay Company fur traders. The

First Overland Expedition (1819-1822) largely concentrated on Indians, plants, and geology. The Second

Expedition (1825-1827) was better prepared for collecting natural history specimens and brought back

thousands of plants and large numbers of mammals, birds, fish, and insects. The chief naturalist on both

expeditions was surgeon Dr. John Richardson. The assistant naturalist on the Second Expedition was

Thomas Drummond, who was recommended by botanist William Jackson Hooker. Richardson wrote that

“Drummond is the best disposed and most indefatigable collector of Natural History I have ever seen. [He]

is my main stay in the botanical and entomological departments, my attention being much directed to other

objects (Levere, 1993)”. Kirby (1837) and Hooker (1840) also praised Drummond as the primary collector

of entomofauna and flora in their respective books.

The Second Expedition reached Cumberland House

(Fig.la-b) on the Saskatchewan River in late June of

1825. The assumption that the /ucia specimen was

collected at Cumberland House is likely mistaken.

Narratives of Franklin (1828), Richardson (1829),

and Drummond (1830) reveal a different picture.

Cumberland House (Lat. 53.9583" N) was an outpost

Saskatchewan Ecozones

Boreal

Shield

Ecozone

established by the Hudson Bay Company on the

eastward-flowing Saskatchewan River near present-

day Saskatchewan-Manitoba border. It served as a

trading station for fur trappers and a resting place for

explorers. After a brief one-night stay, the northern

detachment commanded by Franklin and Richardson

left on June 26" for winter quarters at Great Slave

Lake. Drummond stayed at Cumberland House for

50 days during the summer of 1825 from June 28" to

August 17". He then traveled westward on the

Saskatchewan River and North Saskatchewan River

in a separate detachment to the Rocky Mountains.

He returned to Carlton House (Lat. 52.8700° N) in

today’s central Saskatchewan, in the spring of 1827,

staying 97 days from April 5" to July 11th. This time

period is critical to understanding when the specimen

of lucia was collected.

Plains

Ecozone

Cumberland

NOUSE House

Prairie

Ecozone

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Cumberland House

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Fig. 1b

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Kirby described Polyommatus lucia from “Lat. 54°” from a single specimen. It has been assumed by many

that the /ucia specimen was collected at Cumberland House. Both dos Passos (1943) and Klots (1951)

adopted Kirby’s notation (“Cumberland-house, Lat. 54°”) as the type locality of Callophrys augustus and

Celastrina lucia, though these species were in fact listed by Kirby as taken at “Lat. 54°”. Reference to this

latitude by fur traders and explorers was essentially a term coupled to a broad latitudinal E-W travel route

following the Saskatchewan River and North Saskatchewan River, rather than a precise latitudinal bearing.

Lat. 54° N is a region that equates to the mid-section of the York Factory Express (Fig. 2). This band,

usually called "the Express", but also called the “Columbia Express’, or the “Communication”, was a fur

brigade operated by the Hudson's Bay Company in the early 19th century connecting York Factory and

Fort Vancouver. It was named "Express" because it was used not only to transport furs and supplies, but

also to quickly move departmental reports and letters. It was the main overland connection between the

Columbia Department and the Hudson's Bay Company's headquarters at York Factory. This route directly

connected Fort Edmonton to Norway House. Drummond in his “Sketch” reveals he was at Cumberland

L Carlton

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Route of York Factory Express

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House in the summer of 1825 and briefly for a few days in the summer of 1827 near the end of the trip.

These dates definitely do not fall within the univoltine flight period of /ucia in this region. Drummond

described only a couple of Cumberland House butterflies in his “Sketch”, specifically a Polygonia and an

Erebia which appear in Kirby (1837). So where did Drummond collect /ucia? He was charged by Franklin

to explore the upper branches of the North Saskatchewan River to the Rocky Mountains, and, after scaling

the mountains, head southward to the Columbia River. He left Cumberland House in late August of 1825,

stopped briefly at Carlton House, and then headed westward to Fort Edmonton via the North Branch of the

Saskatchewan River (now known as North Saskatchewan River). Drummond typically walked the shores of

the river collecting specimens, meeting up with his advanced team at encampments later in a day. Upon

reaching the mountains, he organized a team of guides and horses, and headed south passing over the

Rockies at Jasper. He did not return to the east side of the Rockies until the spring of 1827, arriving at

Carlton House on April 5". After a grand reunion with Richardson, the two immediately set about

gathering specimens in the neighborhood of Carlton House. This concentrated activity continued until

Richardson’s departure in late May. Drummond finally departed Carlton House for Cumberland House on

July 11". His extended residence at Carlton House lasted 97 days. In his “Sketch” he expressed this about

butterflies,’Several Lepidopterae occurred in these districts, which I did not meet with in any other

situations; but as their names are unknown to me, I cannot particularize them.” By aligning known flight

periods within his 97-day residence at Carlton House, this is reasonably when he collected lucia, augustus,

dorcas and others. There are modern records of these species in the Canadian National Collection from the

district where Carlton House resides. Many plants and birds collected during the Second Expedition have a

Carlton House type locality as well.

In Kirby (1837, p. 298-300), there are four butterfly species described in consecutive order that provide

insight to the collection locality.

Thecla Augustus ("Taken in Lat. 54")

Lycaena Dorcas ("Taken in Lat. 54")

Polyommatus Lucia ("Taken with the preceding")

Hesperia Peckius ("Taken with the preceding")

Prior to describing these four, Kirby described Hipparchia Discoidalis, p. 298, as "Several specimens taken

at Cumberland-house, Lat. 54." For nearly two centuries many writers have assumed that "Lat. 54" meant

Cumberland House, while overlooking the fact that butterfly species named by Kirby don't all fly together

at the same time or in the same habitat. Drummond’s presence at Cumberland House during the summer of

1825 would explain the supplement of a specific location (""Cumberland-house") to "Lat. 54". Drummond

often added a specific location in Lat. 54 with his beetles. It indicates that "Lat. 54" meant one thing and

"Cumberland House" meant something else more specific. There are interesting notes by Richardson from

the First Expedition. He wrote, "The Cumberland House District, extending about one hundred and fifty

miles from east to west along the banks of the Saskatchewan, and about as far from north to south,

comprehends, on rough calculations, upwards of twenty thousand square miles." To this he added, "Geese

appear at Cumberland House, in latitude 54, usually about the 12th of April." This infers the Cumberland

House District was something much larger than Cumberland House. The Cumberland District was part of

the E-W “express” known to many as Latitude 54. From Fauna Boreali-Americana, Vol. 2, Birds

(Swainson & Richardson, 1831), we learn there were dozens of records of birds killed in Lat. 54. Most

were taken during spring migration in spring of 1827 when Richardson and Drummond were working

together at Carlton House. It is important to note that no butterfly described in Kirby (1837) was taken in

“The Journey from New York to Cumberland House” in the early part of the Second Expedition.

HABITAT, HOSTS AND FLIGHT PERIOD

Celastrina lucia 1s wide-ranging and well-distributed throughout the Boreal Plains Ecozone. Kirby (1837)

in a brief account of the habitat along the Saskatchewan River between Carlton House and Cumberland

House described it as “well-wooded country” while the region around Cumberland House was primarily

boreal wetland. Franklin (1823) described this same stretch of the river as bounded with poplar forests.

One of us (NK) found /ucia to be extremely common in the aspen-poplar forests in central Saskatchewan.

One specimen was taken in Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) habitat. Knowing the lucia type locality was likely

Carlton House, one of us (DW) made contact with two resident Saskatchewan lepidopterists (R. Hooper, J.

Kozial). Their long-term observations have been very helpful. Carlton House is in the Boreal Plains

Ecozone (Fig. 1a), which is the contact zone between the Canadian Shield forests to the north and the vast

prairie to the south. The habitat has been purposely described as aspen parkland. (See APPENDIX for

photos.) In low areas of this zone, Willows (Salix), Alder (A/nus) and Boxelder (Acer negundo) dominate.

Higher areas have a more diverse mixture, including Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides), Balsam

Poplar (Populus balsamifera), Birch (Betula) and White Spruce (Picea glauca). Higher sandy areas are

dominated by Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) with an understory of Canada Blueberry (Vaccinium

myrtilloides) and Dwarf Bilberry (Vaccinium caespitosum). Various species of Vaccinium and Prunus

bloom simultaneously in the spring. Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana) is wholly abundant throughout the

Boreal Plains Ecozone. Lucia is closely associated with P. virginiana, though no ovipositions have actually

been witnessed. Since various Prunus species (P.serotina, P. virginiana) broadly serve as larval hosts of

lucia throughout eastern Canada and northeastern United States, Prunus virginiana 1s likely the primary

host in the Boreal Plain Ecozone. Crispin Guppy (CG, pers. comm.) has observed /ucia often associated

with Red Osier Dogwood (Cornus sericea (=stolonifera) with many ovipositions observed. CG also

informs us that Bearberry (Arctostaphylos) is the most common host in central British Columbia with

several ovipositions observed. The flight period of /ucia in the type locality region of central Saskatchewan

occurs in May with extremes being April 20" and June 29".

PHENOTYPE OF CELASTRINA LUCIA AT TYPE LOCALITY

One of us (NK) visited the type locality of Fort Carlton Provincial Park and surrounding areas on 2015

May 20 (Fig. 3). One female was observed in the park; thus, confirming the species is still extant at the type

locality.

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A series of 11 specimens (10 @, 1 2) was collected at Wingard Ferry, along the North Saskatchewan River,

10.5 km (6.5 mi.) northeast of Fort Carlton Provincial Park. An additional (female) specimen was taken 4

km (2.5 mi.) east of Wingard. Another series of 20 (16 @, 4 9) was collected ca. 1 km N of the St. Laurent

Ferry along the South Saskatchewan River, 29.0 km (18.0 mi.) east of Fort Carlton Provincial Park. An

additional male was collected at the ferry. The riverside habitat at all sites corroborates Kirby’s description

of “well-wooded country” as was seen by travelers on the river. Phenotypic variation of /ucia near the type

locality is primarily expressed on the ventral hindwings, ranging widely from heavily-patterned forms with

dark margins to lightly-spotted forms without dark patches or margins. Dorsal variation is fairly consistent

in males (Fig. 4), with some slight variation in the females (Fig. 5).

Fig. 4. Variation in Celastrina lucia males from near the type locality. N.G. Kondla, 2015-5-20.

Fig. 5. Variation in Celastrina lucia females from near the type locality. N.G. Kondla, 2015-5-20.

To demonstrate visible resemblance, a male and female pair of Celastrina lucia from near the type locality 1s

shown with Kirby’s Polyommatus lucia (1837) illustration on the next page (Fig. 6). Trained colorists from

that era commonly hand-painted engraved plates made of cream-colored wove paper. Kirby’s images in Fig. 6

were taken from a scan of his Plate III in Fauna Boreali-Americana, Part 4, Insecta (1837). The individual

image orientation and colors in Plate II] were maintained in making the combination image at the bottom of

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6. Representative pair of Celastrina lucia from near the type locality (top) for comparison with Kirby’s

single specimen of Polyommatus lucia illustrated in Kirby (1837), plate III, Figs. 8 & 9.

CONCLUSIONS

After taking into account data accompanying the original material, the collector’s notes, and itineraries, we

conclude the currently accepted type locality of Polyommatus lucia (W. Kirby, 1837) is erroneous and is

corrected to Fort Carlton Provincial Park, Saskatchewan, Canada. This location was historically known as

Carlton House or Fort Carlton. A holotype was established in the original publication in accordance with

ICZN Code Article 73. We reason there is no qualifying condition, exceptional need, or urgent necessity to

designate a neotype.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are indebted to Ron Hooper and John Kozial for providing important information on the habitat,

potential hosts, and flight period of /ucia in central Saskatchewan. We sincerely thank Crispin Guppy and

John Calhoun for reviewing the paper and offering helpful assistance with text and figures. We thank Sheri

Amsel of www.exploringnature.org for providing the Saskatchewan Ecozones map (Fig. la) and Suzanne

Smailes, Thomas Library at Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio, for providing the image of Kirby’s

Plate III (Fig. 6 bottom). The map titled “Map of the Route of the York Factory Express, 1820s to 1840s”

(Fig. 2) was created by Pfly and is available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y ork Factory Express. The

map “Route of the Expedition from York Factory to Cumberland House and the Summer & Winter Tracks

from thence to Isle A La Crosse in 1819 &1820” comes from Franklin (1823).

LITERATURE CITED

Bird, C.D., G.J. Hilchie, N.G. Kondla, E.M. Pike & F.A.H. Sperling. 1995. Alberta Butterflies. Provincial

Museum of Alberta. 349 pp.

Brown, F.M. 1970. The types of the lycaenid butterflies described by William Henry Edwards. Part III.

Plebejinae. With four neotypes established by John C. Downey. Transactions American

Entomological Society 96(3): 353-433.

dos Passos, C.F. 1943. Some new subspecies of Jncisalia from North America (Lepidoptera,

Lycaenidae). American Museum Novitates No. 1230: 5 pp.

dos Passos, C.F. 1964. A Synonymic List of the Nearctic Rhopalocera. The Lepidopterists’ Society

Memoir No. 1: v + 145 pp.

Drummond, T. 1830. Sketch of a Journey to the Rocky Mountains and to the Columbia River in

North America. [pp. 95-219] Jn: William Jackson Hooker. Botany Miscellany: Containing Figures

and Descriptions of Such Plants as Recommended by Their Novelty, Rarity, or History, or by the

Uses to Which They are Applied in the Arts, in Medicine, and in Domestic Economy; Together

with Occasional Botanical Notes and Information. Vol.1. John Murray (publ.), London, England.

Eliot, J.N. & A. Kawazoé. 1983. Blue Butterflies of the Lycaenopsis group. Trustees of the British

Museum (Natural History) No. 860: 309 pp.

Ferris, C.D. 1989. Supplement to: A Catalogue/Checklist of the Butterflies of America North of

Mexico. The Lepidopterists’ Society Memoir No. 3: vii + 103 pp.

Franklin, J. 1823. Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea, in the Years 1819, 20, 21, and 22.

With an Appendix on Various Subjects Relating to Science and Natural History. Illustrated by

Numerous Plates and Maps. London: John Murray, Albemarle-Street. 768 pp.

Franklin, J. 1828. Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea, in the Years 1825,

1826, and 1827, Including an Account of the Progress of a Detachment to the Eastward, by John

Richardson. Carey, Lea, and Carey, Philadelphia, PA. 318 pp.

Guppy, C.S. & J.H. Shepard. 2001. Butterflies of British Columbia. University of British Columbia Press &

Royal British Columbia Museum. 414 pp.

Hodges, R.W. 1983. Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico. E.W. Classey

Limited and The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, England: xxiv + 284 pp.

Hooker, W.J. 1840. Flora boreali-americana, or, the botany of the northern parts of British America:

complied principally from the plants collected by Dr. Richardson & Mr. Drummond on the late

northern expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. To which are added (by

permission of the Horticultural society of London,) those of Mr. Douglas, from north-west America,

and other naturalists. London: Henry G. Bohn, No. 4, York Street, Covent Garden.

Hooper, R.R. 1973. The Butterflies of Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan Department of Natural Resources,

Regina. 216 pp.

Howe, W.H. 1975. The Butterflies of North America. Doubleday & Company Garden City, N.Y.:

xii + 633 pp. + 97 pl.

Kirby, W. 1837. Part IV, Insecta. Jn: John Richardson (ed.), Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the

Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America. Northern Zoology. Josiah Fletcher, publ.

Norwich, England: v-xxxix + 325 pp. + 8 plates.

Klassen, P., A.R. Westwood, W.B. Preston & W.B. McKillop. 1989. The Butterflies of Manitoba.

Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature. 290 pp.

Klots, A.B. 1951. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Eastern North America. Peterson Field Guide

Series. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA.: xvi+ 349 pp.

Layberry, R.A., P.W. Hall & J.D. Lafontaine. 1998. The Butterflies of Canada. University of

Toronto Press, Toronto, ON. vii + 280 pp.

Levere, T.H. 1993. Science and the Canadian Arctic. A Century of Exploration, 1818-1918. UK:

Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 438 pp.

Miller, L.D. & F.M. Brown. 1981. A Catalogue/Checklist of the Butterflies of America North of

Mexico. The Lepidopterists’ Society Memoir No. 2: vii + 280 pp.

Omura, H., T. Itoh, D.M. Wright, H. Pavulaan & S. Schroder. 2015. Morphological

study of alar androconia in Celastrina butterflies. Entomological Science 18(3): 353-359.

Opler, P.A. & A.D. Warren. 2002. Butterflies of North America. 2. Scientific names list for

butterfly species of North America, north of Mexico. Contributions of the C. P. Gillette Museum of

Arthropod Diversity, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. 79 pp.

Pavulaan, H. 2014. A case of sympatric Celastrina ladon (Cramer), Celastrina lucia (W. Kirby) and

Celastrina neglecta (Edwards) (Lycaenidae: Polyommatinae) in Northern Virginia, with additional

records of C. /ucia in Virginia. The Taxonomic Report 7(7): 10 pp.

Pelham, J.P. 2008. A Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada, with a

complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature. The Journal of Research on the

Lepidoptera, Vol. 40: xiv + 658 pp.

Pohl, G.R., G.G. Anweiler, B.C. Schmidt & N.G.Kondla. 2010. An annotated list of the Lepidoptera of

Alberta, Canada. Pensoft, Moscow. 549 pp.

Richardson, J. 1829. Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British

America. Part I, Quadrupeds. John Murray (publ.), London, England: xlvi + 300 pp.

Scott, J.A. 1986. The Butterflies of North America, a Natural History and Field Guide. Stanford

University Press, Stanford, CA.: xii + 583 pp + 64 pl.

Scott, J.A. 2006. Celastrina lucia lumarco, new subspecies. Jn: Scott, James A. (ed.), Taxonomic

studies and new taxa of North American butterflies. Papilio (New Series) No. 12: 80 pp.

Swainson, W. & J. Richardson, J. 1832. Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the Northern Parts

of British America. Part I, Birds. John Murray (publ.), London, England: Ixv + 523 pp.

APPENDIX — HABITAT PHOTOS NEAR LUCIA TYPE LOCALITY

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Fig. 7 & 8. — Wingard Ferry area showing aspen-poplar forest near North Saskatchewan River.

N.G. Kondla, 2015-5-20.

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Fig. 9 & 10. —St. Laurent Ferry area showing aspen-poplar forest near South Saskatchewan River.

N.G. Kondla, 2015-5-20. ae

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