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te toes te ob 7 Petite Sg are
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THE
TRANSACTIONS
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ee
»s| ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON.
NEW SERIES.
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OF LONDON, 1834—1849.
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CONTENTS.
PAGE
feaecis af the socictn <3 0s). 25 all Sous Qa aa
Ree rGh tee REATSARTIOLA, cick | «| (2 sei toy 04S a Sie Wyss 4h eke
Banlenntan ofthe Platese ain //c05) 2 A 40s aye aie oe Se
Addenda et Corrigenda. . . . . : ; br et
Additions to the ad from Ist January, 1850, to 31st Tesanden
UE) ee ee ae ; eas ny pail
Additions to the Colleotions ie 1st January, 1850, to 31st December
USSU e's. os) : = 8) Sel
By-Laws of the Sosiety, se ia eee at a Special Geil
Meeting held on the Ist September, 1851 . . . . . . .. I
List of Members, December 31st, 1850. . . . : Ro een Ga el
Journal of Proceedings from January, 1850, to January, 1852. . . i
Redes a te ee. eT ers en 2 CEs
MEMOIRS.
I. Description of a new Hemipterous Insect from Boutan re
4-punctata). By W.S. Datxas, Esq., F.L.S. . . . . . 1
II. Notice of some Hemiptera from Boutan. By W. S. aie
ine Dea See gua) ee aif ek GM Ells sbem is! aiikay ieee. ty aimee
III. On two Subgenera of Ichneumons. By Tuomas Desvienes, Esq. 12
IV. On the British Species of the Genus Gelechia of Zeller—(con-
tinmmea ye Bye... W..Dovaras, Esq. 0 5), sete ye, ge elt
V. On Elachista eratella, Zeller, and several Species with which it
is likely to be confounded. By H. T. Staryron, Esq. . . . 21
VI. On the Genus Micropteryx of Zeller. By H. T. Stainton, Esq. 26
VII. Descriptions of two new Species of Exotic Hymenoptera. By
Ge Ona a 2 ee ae i ae erik. eR A era em a
vi
VEIT.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Descriptions of two new Strepsipterous Insects, parasitical on
Bees of the Genus Hyleus; with some Account of their
Habits and Metamorphoses. By S. S. Saunpers, Esq.. . 42
. On the British Species of the Genus Gelechia of Zeller—(con-
tinued). “By J..W. Dowawas, Msg: 3. 5 > ~. 20 se EO
. Descriptions of some new Hymenoptera from Epirus. By
B/ ORSAUNDERS, Hage. 0. 0. G3). Bo eee
. On various Australian ere Beetles. a W.W.SaunpDERS,
i ee ie Pe a ra 76
- On Ornix Meleagr een and i its Allies; a Gets of , Lepi-
dopiera, Family Tineide. By H. T. Sratnton, Esq.. . . 86
Descriptions of new Butterflies, and Remarks on the Sexes of
some Papilio. By W. C. Hewirson, Esq. . . . . . 97
On the British Species of the Genus Gelechia of Zeller—(con-
tinued). ‘By J: W. Dovetas, Esq. 0. « 2 5. + » « 1» 101
Note on the British Species belonging to the Genus Acantho-
soma, Curtis. By W.S. Datras, Esq., F.L.S.. . . . . 109
On Gracilaria, a Genus of Tineide. By H. T. Stainton,
Biss OFF SR NS, Se aT eho thet a eee
Specimen Faune Subterranee ; being a Contribution towards
the Subterranean Fauna. By J.C. Scutopre. Translated
from the Danish by N. Poo M:..& Ph.D jaF 2 Ras;
MEMS ig EC ss RD ee ts et Mrs "134
On Insects injurious to eS Cotton Plant. By Wes
DAUNHENS, JEat., Bioline veils Sa et es ee . . 158
Descriptions of three new Genera of Exotic Canes es
D-Aore eer OOD, Hag. Pobses . \.) <) 6 eo = fs) Ce een
On the Papilio Telamon of Donovan; with Descriptions of
two other Eastern Butterflies. big J..0. ee Esq,.,
Wes. ve +2. betes Bid ; ‘aod fe
On the Nest of Polistes Lanio, Fab.; and on the Nest of a
Social Wasp. By F. Smiru, Esq.. . . . ot 0 fi Saas
Notes on the Habits of Australian Hymenoptera. By F. Smiru,
AGEN 6 ih cee) PVE ee SEY ele Ys <fbriee lc eR ee tee Saas
Description of a new Species of Lithocolletis. By R. F.
Locan, Esq... . . . ‘ . 182
On Gracilaria, a Genus of Tineide—(contimued By H. T.
DEAINTON, Msg. . bls | Sh weit e - « 183
On the Effects of certain Agents on Insects. By Joun Davy,
Begs MAD gS). cis ee ee cas de a . 195
XXXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
CONTENTS. Vii
PAGE
Descriptions of some new Exotic Hymenoptera, belonging to
Evania and allied Genera. By J.O. Westwoop, Esq., F.L.S. 213
Remarks on the Psychide. By Professor C. Tu. v. Srezoxp.
Translated by H. T. Stainton, Esq. . . . . . . 234
On the British Species of the Genus Gelechia of Zeller—
(continued). By J. W. Doveuas, Esq. . . . . . . 241
On the Genus Mantispa ; with Descriptions of new Species.
By J. O. Westwoop, Esq., F.L.S. ase! a . 252
Remarks on the Synonymes of the Genus Bonce me as
regards the British Species. By Joun Curtis, Esq., F.L.S, 271
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
———
Prats. Fic. PAGE
ie lest hests orate aic!'s/si <i 1+1|> 012.91 erelakeioka[nieainiaiutenetetters 84
2 ATTA OTN “OS OOo Ob ears Cellos sda dtdss - 84
3. Orederes humeralis ........+++- sd atacioougeaeds ~ SL
Te ELOCLOPEISICONCOLOR ae icieyeeisieg «1+ er eicre Shela e eictaroelevenets 79
5. Enchoptera nigricornis .......+...2++0e §cbocoee. v/T7i
Gap Macromeseatliswn as) sees sicie s(e)-is1e ol steele = PSO CRS ICO. = ao
7. Enchoptera apicalis...... Sedge do Lodo ooo se does 77
8. Macrones rufus ».sccevssncesecevscescoecs Sugg. he
1 fe en Un-ochela: 4-qurn chate © ctste's:s's/s actovaisie Se ieie siete elaine
2. Nematopus serripes ........+- siakotalebenstaye keerstsrete Bee!
Hafele LOLYAB CNIS If LALOUNEST are atalelel sin elaleinlejoiey eral atereieletsterale «=~ 26
Ae Aaa IGE LOT ODSCUNIUS nlotaletaldle aieleicie! «faire sratatststeicietctstts 7
ee AN LUSINPOTLCOLUIS sTalejatete) ele! sveksia)=iaiclel siofeisisialsiaistet iste So Peake
6. Ranatra pilipes .........44- Grsdaguoc dans &
III. V4.0 Micropterusa! Calthellars « «aisi«s sis/s so ciekvinleteteire ieee 28
5—6. a Ep pel lavane e)<laleelels oleveialeletate ee rteeieiecte 29
Ts a: CLT TREO AC BODO COORD OO & 5 el!
8. af subammanella ..... Soe SndcoodGna0n. Oh:
9. x Guinn baal Roccommeonconboguedaca se
10—138, 18. rf SUDDUUGDUTEL iN aetetarelalnietsiei aie <ideter ine eee SO
17. 55 SEMIPUTPUTELIG’ sso 0 viv esiee deve eeivvsiel OF
14, % Sparmannella) «civ as ccce ccs ScuiboooDe oe
15. A DUTPUTEUL Cm etelete Velelciets citer e afetelatatsisie - 386
16. 3 ANU CULELLCL wie:ainiei oie isio\ aVeits puoteiatelctatelenete 37
19. Posterior wings of Elachista modestella ........++0+ 24
20. aE %5 CEcophora grandipennis ........ 22
2s + oe Gelechi@e cicisle, so s;cici oe oh roe sg BAS
22. 3 Y Elachista eratella........+... vie UA
IV. LS TAS hori Nae TaNES oopogochpOonocedoAbonsooaer fil)
en LENOCENUSINACWLITCOMTS, vivialela'e elc\ciel «i eieislsielsielere cole. o
Sb Jamitd np ain nla (Sa Rees ob on boob Gee OE OOGAC Sao a
4, Stephanops nasutus ...+++++eeeeeeee BEooosodcocD tell!
5. Hephestion ocreatus ..+..+eeeee0 ccccrccvreces 82
6. Akiptera semiflava ........+. Senocobodconosnct - 83
Cee BUINLANTEMOTULES) inte) olele!e nial elelsisls siciels Bopncroccciom
V. VEU CT NENTCOLOT elayalel=|=ia eels coleletefelslehetnetettets sooee 4]
on sf OW AGUS sononcoscosp cas oot Sansooc 42
3. Pseudomeria Greca Q ...+.---. AEGOOC Boocodne =, 40
4. Briar-cells of Raphiglossa Ewmenoides ......... coe 95
VIL [MMO NEMO ES GaoonapodonenonnanGusonecn We
2. Raphiglossa Odyneroides B 1.22 .0c0cce-00c0> eee 75
3. af fo Qi vie! vis) efajshatelnrsiniarelere sre /aioman died
4, » Eumenoides 9 sccsccrcsvsscsoesove 70
Parte.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
EXPLANATION
2.
Fic.
1. Megalryra mutilis .....-
>
2. Anurophorus stillicidit .......
3. Stalita tenaria <ccocsecss-s
4, Blothm2s Speleus oie\v'c\cis'en 's\s1s\ 0» 01s 010/e cies «16
5. Niphargus stygius ...++secceceeees
6. Titanethes albus .......+..
1. Papilio Columbus ...
2.
1—14.
1—3, 5—8.
4.
9
Callithea Batesit ....c0-cccverse se cece cesecces
Catagramma Astarte ..0.---eee sees ce ecrn es sie'es
Arctia Horsfieldii, and its caterpillar ......+-++-+0e
Phalena oblinita, and its caterpillar ......+.-+-
- Eudioptes Indica, its caterpillar and chrysalis .....
. Insects on leaves of cotton plant
2 LEATOMELPE) OF COLES ete otalorcielehare)a'c) sie
Cossyphodes Wollastoni
Chetosoma Scaritides ......+0.
OF THE PLATES.
eeeeeoceeres
eves ee eeses
ee
Shuckardi ....++0e-
3. Aulacus ruficeps s+.
4. Trigonalys maculata 1. .<0cerssccscseccoscsesee
5. Iswara luteus ....
eeeeeere reso sess ee et ee ee
3. MED YLECtRT ALS EUALDE lnloie'o oiotainlaieleleysiele\eleiets\elsioleielsiereiatete
4. Hyleuswversicolor. <<< cc cuscsccscs =
1. Stagobius troglodytes ....+.
eeeeseseseoe
eet ee oeseserve see ee eeseseses
GIAO a Nae eletelsieicisietaleiel-
. Leptalis Acreoides
Ce ee
eoere
PAGE
226
226
224
231
233
56
58
- 146
147
148
149
150
153
98
97
99
99
100
162
162
163
164
168
170
172
Wings of species of Gracilaria.....++e0+++4 118—125
” eeeeereese
«eeee 183—193
Leaves of Hypericum pulchrum attacked by larve of
Gracilaria auroguttella ..,eceeececeee ceceees
Lithocolletis nigrescentella ....... eraveleiel's ole ef pteneiater=
Polistes Lanio ........6. Blolslayela (ete clelaigivietelelaievslelsin
Trigonalys compressa ..++++ss00- Sp oc da on ad I46C
Nest of a wasp formed of clay ...... sees eccese
Clay nest of Abispa...scccscccsscccccccsseccces
ADIs PUNCHED IIT wtetnieaslats otelatelsieietelstaial=tielete aieleelatsis
- Mantispa vitiata 1... -+s0ce rer +o occece esses
ee Australasi@ ...... HRD OaGIOS. C Sferaioalere
ay SUTIQIPES sscecscecessvecee Swoaoao onc 5
Ae SCIULCILGS ES ou oleleleiaie/ aint a : :
i GELICR Aa oie lerslelaieie/oisisietsts siutorereteletere ts ele
” ALECOLOT evarevelictatelaye.e aeie SeleNe overs aocooe nace
ss biseriuta ...... F050 DAAC ODT ASN OD
= APTULONCULUUD Viste iattele eisieles shel Bisleneiewateie
5s UOPICE oo cecccvecceses 30 aisvere
: oy GTEOlaTIS .secceree Sica da aaah Lc oevee
as ETN Be GORA OODRMOG O00G00 2705 R000
a Ee SAO aH OU GOOO MICO OOOUCA OO OES
53 WT onamBict see. sale =< 0's es natetalatelatstets
: NENOULGeaisis vleisieieleGlsinstpis «cele <isecelsiseyerctels
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.
Page 15et seq., for ‘ ciliz,” read ‘‘ cilia.”
65, line 11, for *‘ tertiamque,”’ read “‘ tertiaque.”
” 79, ”?
” 81, ”
” 89, ”
pepOda. 5s
silos 3
» 197, ,,
”? 200, ”
” 203, 2?
2” ” ”
», 206, ,,
” 210, ”
Page xiv
”? XV. ”
” »”> ”»
asa XVIs\ ss
” ” ”
3? ”? ”
” ” ”?
sh xxi: 5
Fe ECIRS
Ipsos. read Pi Te?
5, for “‘ nassatus,” read ‘ nasutus ;” and for ‘ 1850,” read ‘ 1838.”
28, for “ farinata,” read “‘ farinato.”
19, for “ inform,” read “ informs.”
18, for “ teniaria,” read ‘ tenaria.”
42, after ‘ results,” insert “ only.”
36, for “to,” read “ in.”
Myf Ole Sane Ula see
A (oir a bac ris SOT we
11, after “ fly,” insert ‘* with a like result.”
2, for ‘‘knat,” read “ gnat.”
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
. line 24, for ‘‘ banchseite,”’ read ‘‘ bauchseite.”
5, after ‘* bifractella,” read ‘ (Tis.)”
18, for ‘‘ Ctenostoma,” read “* Cemiostoma.”
5, for ‘ retiella,” read “ reticella.”
11, for ‘ Saville,” read * Serville.”
42, after “ albidis,”’ insert ‘ posticé.”
45 and 46, for “‘ Parameria, Savigny,” read ‘‘ Pseudomeria, S. S.
Saunders.”
31, for “ February,” read “ March.”
40, for ‘* Blackwell,” read ‘* Blackwall.”
ithe
itoiade ek
4
Os anh » )
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY
FROM THE Ist JANUARY, 1850, TO THE 31st DECEMBER, 1851.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Feb. 1850.
Atheneum. 1850 and 1851.
Berichte des Lepidopterologischen Tauschvereins. Jena, 1842-7.
Bevan, E., Hints on the History and Management of the Honey Bee.
Boheman, Insecta Caffrarie. Pars 1, fasc. 2.—Coleoptera.
Do. Monographia Cassididarum. Tome 1.
Catalogue of Mammalia in Collection of Hon. East India Company.
Charpentier, Libelluline Europe descripte ac depicte.
Do. Orthoptera descripta et depicta.
Curtis, J., Descriptions of Insects brought home by Commander J. C. Ross.
De Haan, Fauna Japonica.—Crustacea.
Doubleday, H., Synonymie List of British Lepidoptera.
Docte, Henry Le, Exposé Générale de l’Agriculture Luxembourgeoise.
Do. Histoire Générale des Polypes composés, d’Eau douce.
Ducpetiaux, E., Mémoire sur la Paupérisme dans les Flandres.
Dumeril, Rapport sur les Essais de M. G. Méneville sur les Vers-a-Soie.
Eenens, A., Mémoire de Fertilisation des Landes de la Campine et des Dunes,
Fitch, A., The American Currant Moth.
Do. Catalogue of Homopterous Insects in State Cabinet, New York.
Do. On the Hessian Fly.
Forster, Arnold, Hymenopterologische Studien.
Gemminger, Max., Systematische Uebersicht der Kafer um Munchen.
Gray, G. R., Descriptions and Figures of new Lepidoptera from Nepaul.
Guerin Méneville, Analyse des Expérimens sur ]a Muscardine.
Do. Enumération des Insectes qui consomment les Tabacs.
Do. Essai sur les Insectes utiles et nuisibles.
Do. Essai sur les Maladies des Vers-a-Soie.
Do. Extrait des Matériaux recueillis pendant la Campagne sérici-
cole de 1850.
Do. Insectes nuisibles aux Récoltes.
Gutch, J. W. G., Literary and Scientific Register. 1850.
Herklots, J. A., Additamenta ad Faunam Carcinocologicam Africe Occidentalis.
XIV ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Insecta Saundersiana. Diptera, Parts 1—2.
Isis von Oken. Heft. 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 1].
Kolenati, F. A., Melitemata Entomologica. Fase. 1.
Le Conte, Dr. J. L., on the Pselaphide of the United States.
Do. Synopsis of the Clerid@ of the United States.
Literary Gazette. January, February, November and December, 1851.
Macquart, J., Diptéres Exotiques, Suppl.
Mannerheim, Le Comte, Notice Biographique sur M.C. J. Schonherr.
Maury, Lieut., Investigations of the Winds and Currents of the Sea.
Meigen, J. W., Systematische Beschreibung Zweigelflugeligen Insekten, Vol. vii.
Mulsant, Rey and Wachanru, Descriptions of three new Coleopterous Insects.
Observations des Phénoménes Periodiques.
On the probable Relation between Magnetism and the Circulation of the Atmosphere.
Plomley, F., Lectures on Blights.
Roth, J. R., Diagnosen neuer Coleoptera aus Abyssinien.
Schaum, Dr., On the Fulgorelle.
Do. Bericht uber die Leistungen in der Entomologie wahrend des Jahres
1848.
Schiodte, Specimen Faune Subterranez.
Do. Omen afvigende Slegt af Spindlernes Orden.
Selys-Longchamps, Revue des Odonates ou Libellules de 1’Europe.
Separat-Abdruck der Zeitschrift der Entomol. Gessellschaft zu Breslau.
SocIETIES—ANNALES, MEMOIRES, TRANSACTIONS, &c.
Academia Real de Ciencias de Madrid. Tome 1, part 1.
Académie Royale de Belgique. Tome 23—25.
des Sciences, Belles-Lettres, et Artsde Lyon. 1848—50.
Akademie Konigliche de Wissenschaften, Bulletin, No. 1—33.
Konigliche Bayerischen. Band v. pt. 2—3, abth. 1. Band vi.
abth. 1.
Association, American, for Advancement of Science. Aug. 1850.
Institution, Smithsonian, Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. 2.
——_——_—__——_ Reports to the.
Lyceum of Natural History, New York. Vol.5. Nos. 2 and 3.
Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Geneve. Tom. 12, pt. 2.
des Sciences, &c. de Lille. 1842—49.
Entomologique de France. 1848—60.
——— Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. 1847—850.
——— Linnéenne de Lyon. 1847—49.
Royale des Sciences de Liege. Tome 6.
Society, Berwickshire Naturalists’ Field Club. Vol. 3, No, 1.
——— Boston Natural History. Journal, Vol. 6, Nos. 1, 2.
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY, XV
Socrerres—Annates, Memorres, Transactions, &c.—continued.
Society, Leeds, Philosophical and Literary Reports, 1847—50.
——— Linnean, Transactions. Vol. 20, part3.
—— ,, Proceedings of. 1847—49, pp. 341—401.
——— Liverpool Literary and Philosophical. No. 6.
——— Microscopical. Vol. 3, parts 1 and 2.
——— Munich, Nat. Hist. Soc. Statuten, &c. der. No. 1.
—-— Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines in Halle, Jahresbericht. 1849-50.
——— Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging, Verslag de Zesde Ver-
dagering.
—-— Royal. 1848, 1849, 1850.
—-— Royal Agricultural. Vol. 10, part2; Vol. 11, part 2; Vol. 12,
part 1.
——-— Silesian Soc. Nat. Hist., Bericht, 1850.
——— Stettin Entomologische Zeitung. 1850—S1.
——— ,,_ Linnea Entomologica. Vols. 4, 5.
—— Zoological. Vol. 4, part 1.
-— — Zoologisch-Mineralogischen Vereins zu Regensberg, Abhandlungen
der.
Stainton, H. T., Entomologist’s Companion.
op Supplementary Catalogue of British Tineide (2 copies).
Stephens, J. F., List of British Lepidoptera in British Museum.
Stevens, S., Directions for collecting and preserving Specimens of Natural History
in tropical Climates.
Verloren, H., Catalogus Systematicus ad Cramerum.
Villa Antonio, Degli Insetti Carnivori adoperati a distruggere le Specie dannose all’
Agricultura.
* Osservazioni Entomologique durante l’Eclisse de 9 Oct. 1847.
Westwood, J.O., Monograph of African Saturnia, &c.
Wild, J. J., A Letter to Lord Brougham on the Scientific Exploration of Egypt
and Ethiopia.
Zoologist, 1850 and 1851.
Zuchold, E. A., Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis et Physico-Chemica, 1851.
CA-xv1. 2)
ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS
FROM THE Isr JANUARY, 1850, TO THE 31st DECEMBER, 1851.
Mr. S. Stevens .... Apion Sedi.
Mr. Gould ........Bombi impaled (4).
Mr. Brown ........ Cecidomyia Tritici, &c.
Mr. H. Cooke...... Cheimatobia boreata.
Mr. Foxcroft ...... Chrysomela cerealis (2).
ie eS COtt aevsletciel-r Coleoptera, five foreign species.
Mr. Golding ...... Honeycomb in which a queen bee was reared from worker
brood.
Mr. H. W. Newman. Hornet’s nest.
MIR IDEVZI Ty 54 50qG0¢ Insects, a box of, from Demerara.
Mr. Rooper.....-. - Do. do. Cape of Good Hope.
Mr. R.H. Spence .- Do. two boxes of, from Baltimore, United States.
M.de Gand........ Do. a box of Brazilian Hemiptera.
M.J.C. Bowring .. Do. asmall collection from Hong Kong.
Mr. Grant ........ Do. Indian (in 12 cases).
Mr. Mansell ...... Do. Abyssinian (2).
Mr. F. Smith ...... Do. Hymenoptera (British).
Mr. Young ........ Do. Coleoptera (British).
Mr. F. Cox ......,.. Do. Tasmanian, a box of.
Mrs Bond «(0 \../ 5:0 «6 Lepidoptera, a collection of British.
Mr. Barlow ........ Do. do.
Mr. Douglas .....-. Do. do.
Mr. Doubleday .... Do. do.
Mrs. Vines ....-.-.. Do. do.
Mr. Grant ........ Do. do.
Mr. Allis .......-.. Do. do.
Mr. S.S. Saunders .. Myrmosa nigriceps, @.
Mr. S. Stevens...... Pogonus Burrellii.
Rev. C. Kuper .... Pterostichus oblongo-punctatus (6).
Mr. S. S. Saunders . . Pupe of an Odynerus and Hyleus from brambles.
Mr. S. S. Saunders .. Raphiglossa Eumenoides and R. Odyneroides.
Mr. S. S. Saunders .. Scleroderma cylindrica and S. pedunculata.
Mr. Lubbock ......Sirex duplex.
Mr. Meade ...:...- Theridion variegatum, nest of.
BY-LAWS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON,
ALTERED AND ADOPTED AT A SPECIAL MEETING
HELD ON THE Ist SEPTEMBER, 1851.
Cuap. I. Object.
THE Entomotocicat Society or Lonpon is instituted for the
improvement and diffusion of Entomological Science.
Cuap. IL. Constitution.
The Society consists of British and Foreign Ordinary Members
and Subscribers, the number of whom shall be unlimited; of
Foreign Honorary Members, whose number shall not exceed ten ;
of Foreign Corresponding Members, the number of whom shall be
unlimited ; and of English Associates, the number of whom shall
not exceed ten.
Cuap. III. Management.
The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Council, con-
sisting of thirteen Members, to be chosen annually (five of whom
shall form a quorum), four of whom shall not be re-eligible for the
following year.
Cuap. IV. Officers.
The Officers of the Society shall consist of a President; three
Vice-Presidents; a Treasurer; two Secretaries; and a Curator.
Cuap. V. Annual Election of Officers.
1. The President, Treasurer and Secretaries shall be elected
annually out of the Council. The Vice-Presidents shall be nomi-
nated by the President, at the Meeting next after the Anniversary
B
2 BY-LAWS.
Meeting, from the Council. The President and two of the Vice-
Presidents shall not, however, remain in office more than two
years successively. The Curator shall be appointed by the
Council.
2. In the event of any vacancy occurring in the Council or
Officers of the Society, at the next Meeting of Council after such
vacancy has been made known, the Council shall recommend to the
Society the name of some Member to be elected to the vacant
situation; and the next Ordinary Meeting of the Society shall be
made a Special General Meeting and the Members summoned
accordingly, and the Election shall take place as provided for at
the Anniversary Meeting, Chap. XX.
Cuap. VI. President.
The duty of the President shall be to preside at the Meetings of
the Society and Council, and regulate all the discussions therein,
and to execute, or see to the execution of, the By-Laws and orders
of the Society.
Cuap. VII. Vice-Presidents.
1. In case of the absence of the President, it shall be the duty of a
Vice-President to fill his place, or, in the absence of all the Vice-
Presidents, a Member of the Council shall preside.
2. If no Member of the Council shall be present at any Ordinary
Meeting, the Members present shall nominate and appoint by a
majority to be Chairman such Member as they shall deem fit.
3. The Chairman so appointed shall for the time being have all
the authority, privilege and power of President.
Cuap. VIII. Treasurer.
1. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to receive for the use of
the Society all sums of money payable to the Society, and to dis-
burse all sums payable by the Society out of the funds in his
hands. "
2. No payment exceeding £5, excepting for rent or taxes, shall
be made by the Treasurer without the consent of the Council.
3. The Treasurer shall keep a book of Cheque Receipts for
admission fees and annual payments; each receipt shall be signed
by himself, the date of payment and name of Member or Subscriber
paying being written both on the receipt and on the part of the
cheque which is left in the book.
BY-LAWS. 3
4, The Treasurer shall demand all arrears of annual payment,
after such payment shall have been due three months.
5. The Treasurer shall, moreover, furnish the Auditors with a
detailed account of all receipts and disbursements up to the 31st
December, previous to each Anniversary. The accounts of the
Treasurer shall be audited annually previously to the Anniversary
Meeting by a Committee of three Members of Council, and three
Members of the Society, to be appointed by the President at the
Ordinary first Meeting in January, of which Committee three shall
be a quorum.
Cuap. IX. Secretaries.
1. It shall be the duty of the Secretaries to keep a list of all the
Members, Subscribers, and Associates of the Society, together with
their addresses; to produce to the Council all correspondence in
any way connected with the Society at the next Meeting after such
correspondence shall have been received, or taken place ; to edit the
Transactions and Proceedings under the direction of the Council,
and to take care that the Proceedings are published and ready for
delivery to the Members and Subscribers at a Meeting of the
Society within six months after the entry of such Proceedings in
the Minute Book has been confirmed.
2. Minutes of the Proceedings of Monthly and Council Meetings
shall be taken by one of the Secretaries; or, in their absence, by
any Member whom the Chairman may appoint for the occasion.
3. The Minutes shall be fairly copied by one of the Secretaries
into a Minute Book, and at the next Meeting read aloud for con-
firmation.
Cuap. X. Curator.
It shall be the duty of the Curator to take care of the Library
and Cabinets of the Society; * to arrange and class the insects,
&c.; to keep a Catalogue of the Library ; and to call in all books
borrowed, as directed in Sect. 5, Chap. XI.
Cuap. XI. Library and Cabinet Regulations.
1. A Catalogue of the Library and MSS. shall be kept by the
Curator, with the names of the Donors.
* The Curator is in attendance at the Rooms of the Society every Monday
between the hours of Two and Seven o’clock, p.m., for the purpose of showing the
Collections, &c. to Members and Subscribers.
B2
4 BY-LAWS.
2. The Library and Cabinets shall be under the superintendence
of a Committee, consisting of the President and four Members, who
shall be elected by the Council at the first Meeting in February in
every year (three of whom shall be a quorum), and who shall
render an Annual Report to the Council at the first Meeting in the
following January.
3. No Member or Subscriber shall, without special permission
of the Council, be allowed to borrow or have in his possession from
the Library more than four volumes at one time, or to retain the
same longer than one month, without leave of the Curator.
4. If the books are torn, injured, lost, or not forthcoming when
demanded by the Curator, full compensation shall be made for the
same by the borrower.
5. The Curator shall call in all books borrowed from the Library
on the 5th day of January and 5th of July in every year; and in
case the same be not returned on or before the General Meeting
of the Society in the following month, notice thereof shall be given
by him to the Council, who shall then direct a second notice to be
sent to the Member or Subscriber retaining such books, and in
case the same be not returned within the further space of four
weeks from the date of such second notice so sent, such Member
or Subscriber shall in future be disqualified from borrowing books
from the Library without the special permission of the Council.
6. All Members of and Subscribers to the Society shall have
free access to the Library and Cabinets, at the time specified in
the By-Laws, for the purpose of examination and description,
and shall be allowed, with the permission of the Council, to borrow
specimens from the collections for such purposes; excepting that
if a Member, Subscriber or Stranger present specimens of new
insects to the Society with manuscript names attached, specifying
his intention of publishing the same, then no individual, whether
Member, Subscriber or Stranger, shall during the space of twelve
months publish any description or figure of such specimen.
7. No Stranger shall be allowed to see the Library or Cabinets
unless introduced by a Member or Subscriber ; but a note addressed
to the Curator or Secretary shall be deemed a sufficient intro-
duction.
8. No Stranger shall be permitted to take away or to describe
any insect, or to make a drawing of the same, except by special
permission of the Council previously obtained.
BY-LAWS. 5
Cuap. XII. Election and Admission of Members and
Subscribers.
1, Every Candidate for admission into the Society shall be pro-
posed by three or more Members, who must sign a Certificate in
recommendation of him.
2. The Certificate shall specify the name, and usual place of resi-
dence of the Candidate. ,
3. The Certificate fora Member, having been read at one of the
Ordinary Meetings, shall be suspended in the room, read again at
the following Ordinary Meeting, and the person therein recom-
mended shall be balloted for at the next Ordinary Meeting.
4. The Certificate for a Subscriber, having been read at one of
the Ordinary Meetings, shall be suspended in the Room, and the
person therein recommended shall be balloted for at the next Ordi-
nary Meeting after such reading.
5. The Certificate for an Associate shall be subject to the ap-
proval of the Council, and shall be subject to the same regulations
as adopted for a Member.
6. The method of voting for the election of Members and Sub-
scribers shall be by Ballot, and two-thirds of the Members balloting
shall elect.
7. The Elections of Ordinary Members shall be void unless the
admission fee shall be paid within twelve months after the date of
their Election ; the Council shall, however, possess a discretionary
power to extend the time of payment.
8. Members and Subscribers shall sign the Obligation Book of
the Society at the first Ordinary Meeting of the Society at which
they are present, and shall then be admitted by the President.
Cuap. XIII. Admission Fee and Annual Contribution.
1. The Admission Fee for Members shall be £2: 2s., the Annual
Contribution £1: 1s.
2. The Annual Contribution for Subscribers is £1: 1s., without
Admission Fee.
3. The composition in lieu of the Annual Contribution is
£15:15s.; the composition for Members and Subscribers elected
previous to the Ist January, 1852, is £10: 10s.
4. The Annual Contribution shall become due on the first day of
January in every year in advance ; but any Member or Subscriber
elected after the 30th of September will not be called upon for his
subscription for the remaining portion of that year.
BS
6 BY-LAWS.
Cuap. XIV. Withdrawing and Removal of Members and
Subscribers.
1. Every Member or Subscriber, having paid all fees due to the
Society, shall be at liberty to withdraw therefrom upon giving notice
in writing to the Secretary.
2. Whenever written notice of a motion shall be delivered to the
Secretary for removing any Member, Subscriber, or Associate,
signed by the Chairman for the time being on the part of the
Council or by five or more Members, such notice shall be read
from the chair at the two Ordinary General Meetings immediately
following the delivery thereof, and the next following Ordinary
Meeting shall be made a Special General Meeting and the Mem-
bers summoned accordingly, when such Motion shall be taken into
consideration and decided by ballot; whereat if a majority of the
Members balloting shall vote that such Member, Subscriber or
Associate be removed, he shall be removed from the Society.
3. Whenever any Ordinary Member of the Society shall be in
arrear for three years in the payment of his Annual Contribution,
notice thereof in writing shall be given or sent to him by the Trea-
surer, together with a copy of this section; and in case the same
shall still remain unpaid, the Treasurer shall give notice thereof to
the Council, who shall cause the name of such Member, together
with a statement of the sum due by him for arrears, to be read at
the three following Ordinary Meetings of the Society, after the last
of which a second similar notice shall be sent to him, and at the
fourth Ordinary Meeting such Member of the Society shall be re-
moved, and the President shall erase his name from the List of
Members.
4. Whenever the Annual Contribution of a Subscriber shall be
in arrear one year, such Subscriber shall have his name erased from
the List of Subscribers and cease to belong to the Society.
Cuap. XV. Privileges of Members and Subscribers.
1. The Members have the right to be present, to state their
opinion and to vote at all Meetings; to propose Candidates for
admission into the Society; to introduce Visitors at general Meet-
ings of the Society, and to introduce scientific Strangers to the
Library and Museum; to purchase the Transactions of the Society
at reduced prices, and to have personal access to the Library and
Museum.
BY-LAWS. fe
2. No Member to introduce more than one Visitor.
3. Ordinary Members of the Society resident more than fifteen
miles from London shall be entitled to receive the Transactions
gratuitously when their Annual Contribution has been paid.
4. All the Honorary and Ordinary Members are eligible to any
office in the Society, the latter provided they are not more than
one year in arrear in the payment of the Annual Subscription.
5. No Member shall be entitled to vote on any occasion until he
shall have paid his subscription for the year last past.
6. Subscribers enjoy all the privileges of Members excepting
those of voting at the Meetings, holding office in the Society, and
proposing Candidates.
7. Subscribers have no claim upon or interest in the property of
the Society.
8. Associates shall have the right to be present at the Meetings,
and to have personal access to the Library and Collections.
Cuap. XVI. Foreign Members.
1. Every Foreigner who has distinguished himself as an Ento-
mologist, or who has shown himself able and willing to promote the
ends for which the Society is founded, may be elected a Foreign
Member; his Annual Contribution shall be £1: 1 s., and he shall be
entitled to the same privileges as other Members.
2. Foreign Members shall not be required to sign the Obligation
Book until present at an Ordinary Meeting of the Society, and
when so present shall be admitted as other Members.
3. Foreign Members shall be exempt from the payment of any
Admission Fee.
4. Foreigners and Residents abroad may be elected as Cor-
responding Members, who shall not be subject to the payment of
any Annual Contribution, and who shall be entitled to a copy of
the Journal of Proceedings of the Society, but not to the Transac-
tions; which, however; may be purchased by them at the reduced
price paid by the Ordinary Resident Members. The Privileges of
Corresponding Members shall however cease in case they shall at
any future time be residents in the United Kingdom for the space
of twelve months, unless sanctioned, in the case of any particular
Member, by a special vote of the Council.
8 BY-LAWS.
Caap. XVII. Honorary Members.
1. Every person proposed as an Honorary Member shall be re-
commended by the Council, and be balloted for, and elected, and
be liable to be removed in the like form and manner, and be sub-
ject to the same rules and restrictions, as an Ordinary Member.
2. Honorary Members shall be exempted from the payment of
Fees and Contributions ; and shall possess all the privileges of
Ordinary Members.
3. No resident in Great Britain can be an Honorary Member,
except William Spence, Esq., F.R.S.
Cuap. XVIII. Meetings of the Society.
1. The Ordinary General Meetings of the Society shall be held
on the first Monday in each month in the ‘year, beginning at eight
o’clock precisely in the evening, or at such other time as the Council
shall direct.
2. At the Ordinary Meetings the order of business shall be as
follows.
1. The names of the Visitors allowed to be present at the
Meeting shall be read aloud by the Chairman.
2. The Minutes of the last Meeting shall be read aloud by
one of the Secretaries, and proposed for confirmation by
the Meeting, and signed by the Chairman.
- The Presents made to the Society since their last Meeting
shall be announced and exhibited.
4. Certificates in favour of Candidates for admission into the
Society shall be read or submitted to ballot.
- Members and subscribers shall sign their names in the Obli-
gation Book, and be admitted.
6. Exhibitions of specimens, &c. shall be made.
7. Entomological communications shall be announced and read
either by the Author or one of the Secretaries. When the
other business has been completed, the persons present
shall be invited by the Chairman to make their observa-
tions on the communications which have been read, and on
the specimens or drawings which have been exhibited at
the Meeting.
3. The President shall have a discretionary power as to the
Papers to be read at the Meetings of the Society; and the Secre-
taries, assisted by the President and any Member or Members of
the Council, shall determine as to the priority in which such papers
shall be read, and propriety of omitting any portion of the same.
co
or
BY-LAWS. 9
4, All Memoirs which shall be read at any General Meeting of
the Society shall become the property of the Society, unless other-
wise stipulated for previous to the reading thereof.
5. No Motion relating to the government of the Society, its
By-Laws, the management of its concerns, or the election, appoint-
ment or removal of its Officers, shall be made at any Ordinary
Meeting.
Crap. XIX. Special General Meeting.
Upon the requisition of any six or more Members, presented to
the President and Council, a Special General Meeting of the Society
shall be convened, and any proposition to be submitted to such
Meeting shall be stated at length in the Notice to Members.
Cuap. XX. Annual General Meeting.
1, The Annual General Meeting of the Society shall be held in
the Meeting-room on the fourth Monday in January of every year.
2. The objects of the Meeting shall be to choose the Council and
Officers for the then ensuing year; and to receive from the Council,
and hear read, their Annual Report on the general concerns of the
Society.
3. The Council for the time being shall annually cause to be
prepared two written Lists, one of which (No. 1 in the Schedule
hereto) shall contain the names of four Members, whom they shall
recommend to be removed from, and of four other Members to be
elected into the Council; and the other List (No. 2) shall contain
the names of such Members as they shall recommend to fill the
offices of President, Treasurer and Secretaries, for the year en-
suing; which Lists shall be read at the Monthly Meeting in January,
and shall then be fixed up in the Meeting-room until the day of
election. And copies of such Lists shall be transmitted to every
Member whose known residence shall be in London, or within
twenty miles thereof, at least seven days before the Annual General
Meeting shall take place.
4, The Secretaries, assisted by the Treasurer, shall prepare a
List of the Members entitled to vote, and each Member voting
shall give his name to the Scrutineers to be marked on the said list.
5. On the day of voting, each Member present shall put his
balloting Lists into the respective Glasses to be provided for such
occasion ; before doing which, however, in case he shall have added
10 BY-LAWS.
any name or names to the Lists proposed by the Council, he shall
strike out the name or names of those persons recommended for
whom he does not vote. And if more names shall be suffered to
remain in any List than the number of persons to be elected or
removed, such List shall be rejected. And in case the names
suffered to remain shall be less than the number of vacancies to be
supplied, those names only which shall remain in the List shall
stand as voted for.
6. The President shall appoint two or more Scrutineers from the
Members present, not being Members of the Council, to superin-
tend the Ballots and report the results to the Meeting.
7. The Ballot for the Council shall remain open for one quarter
of an hour, at the least; and the Ballot for the Officers for one
quarter of an hour, at the least, after the result of the Ballot for
the Council shall have been declared.
8. If from any cause an election shall not take place of persons
to fill the Council, or any of the offices aforesaid, then the election
of the Council and Officers, or the election of Officers, as the case
may be, shall be adjourned until the next convenient day, of which
notice shall be given, in like manner as is directed for the Annual
General Meeting.
9. No Ballot, either for the election of Members or any other
business, shall be taken unless nine Members are present.
Cuap. XXI. Transactions.
1. The Transactions shall consist of Papers communicated to the
Meetings of the Society.
2. The Transactions shall be published quarterly, and at such
prices as the Council shall direct for each Part or Volume; but the
price for one copy of each Part or Volume, to each Member or
Subscriber who shall have paid his Annual contribution for the year
in which such Part or Volume shall be published, shall not exceed
three-fourths of the price charged to the public.
3. Foreign Members of the Society who shall have paid the
Annual Subscription for the year, and Ordinary English Members
and Subscribers resident more than fifteen miles from London,
shall be entitled to receive the Transactions of the Society pub-
lished during the year without any further payment.
4. The superintendence of the Publications shall be by a Com-
mittee, which shall consist of thirteen Members to be appointed by
the Council, including the President, Vice-Presidents, Treasurer,
and Secretaries.
BY-LAWS. 11
5. The Committee of Publication shall consider every Paper
which shall have been communicated to a General Meeting of the
Society, and shall report to the Council thereon; but no Paper
shall be reported on at any Meeting of the Committee unless there
shall be three or more Members present: and such Committee
shall be convened by the Secretary every third month or oftener,
when all papers read since the last Meeting of Committee shall be
produced and referred.
6. Authors of Memoirs to be published in the Transactions shall
be allowed 25 copies of their communications, with uncoloured
plates, gratis. If any additional number be required, the entire
expense thereof and the colouring of all plates to be paid for by
the Authors.
7. A Journal of Proceedings of the Society shall also be pub-
lished quarterly or half-yearly, containing Abstracts of the Papers
read and Notices of other Matters communicated at the Ordinary
Meetings of the Society, which Journal, together with the Transac-
tions, shall be edited by the Secretaries, or one of them, and shall
be bound up and sold with the Transactions.
Cuap. XXII. Alteration of the By-Laws.
Any of the By-Laws of the Society may at any time be repealed,
or altered and amended, or others adopted in lieu thereof, at any
Meeting of the Society, to be specially summoned in pursuance of
Notice to be given to the President and Council, to be signed by
six Members at least, such Notice to specify the intended repeal or
alteration, and to be read at three General Meetings of the Society
previous to such Special Meeting.
12 BY-LAWS.
THE SCHEDULES REFERRED TO IN CHAPTER XxX.
OF THE PRECEDING BY-LAWS.
No. 1.
Form of the List for the Council.
List of Four Members of the present Council recommended by the
present Council to be removed at the Election on the day
of January, 18 fis .
A. B.
C. D.
E. F.
G. H.
List of Four Members recommended to be elected into the Council.
i kK:
L. M.
N. O.
P. Q.
No.,2.
Form of the List for the Officers.
List of Persons recommended by the present Council to be ap-
¥ P p
pointed to the offices of President, Treasurer, and Secretaries of
the Society, at the Election on the day of January, 18 .*
President... .\. areca Rens:
‘s SCreASUEeY %.52%. 6h ee ACS U2
; w.xX
Secretaries........ fy. Z
* If any of the Names in these Lists be objected to, they must be struck out
previous to the Ballot, and other Names substituted in the blank spaces left for
that purpose.
London : printed by C. Roworth & Sons, Bell Yard, Temple Bar.
Bist of Mlembders
OF
THE HENTOMOLOGICAL
OF LONDON,
DECEMBER 3lst, 1850.
SOCLETY
LIST OF MEMBERS
OF
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
Honorary English Member.
Wixiiam Spence, Esq., F.R.S. F.L.S. 18, Lower Seymour Street,
Portman Square.
Monorary #oreign Members.
Epwarps, M. Milne. La Musée d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
Gravenhorst, Prof. J. L.C. Breslau, Silesia.
Haan, Herr W. de. Haarlem.
Hammerschmidt, Herr L.
Klug, Dr. Frederick. Royal Museum, Berlin.
Kollar, Herr. Royal Museum, Vienna.
Lefebvre, M. Alexandre. Bouchevilliers, prés Gisors, Département del’ Eure.
Passerini, Signor Carlo. Professor of Zoology, at the Royal Museum, Florence.
Zeller, Herr P. C. Gross-Glogau, Silesia.
(One vacant.)
List of PAembers
OF
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Date of
Election.
1849
1835
OF LONDON.
ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.
Marked * are Original Members.
Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.
Marked §. are Subscribers.
S. Autis, T. H., Esq. York.
Ashton, R. J., Esq., F.L.S. 2, Pelham Crescent, Brompton.
+ Babington, C.C., Esq., M.A. F.L.S. F.G.S. St. John’s Col-
lege, Cambridge.
8. Baly, J. S., Esq. 18, Southampton Terrace, Kentish Town.
S. Barlow, F., Esq. Cambridge.
S. Bedell, G., Esq. 7, Chester Place, Old Kent Road.
Bell, Thomas, Esq., Sec. R.S. F.L.S. F.G.S. 17, New Broad
Street, and Selborne, Hants.
S. Bell, William, M.D. 37, Albemarle Street.
Bevan, Edward, M.D. Hereford.
S. Bladon, J., Esq. Pont-y-pool.
Bond, F., Esq. Kingsbury.
Bowerbank, J.S., Esq., F.R.S. F.G.S. F.L.8. 3, Highbury
Grove.
S. Bree, C. R., Esq. Stricklands, Stowmarket.
S. Brown, Edwin, Esq. Burton-on-Trent.
Bruck, Herr Emil von. Creveld.
Burlington, William, Earl of, M.A. F.R.S. F.G,S. 10, Belgrave
Square.
Charlesworth, E., Esq. York.
Christie, Arthur, Esq. 9, Stanhope Street, Hyde Park.
Christy, J. F., Esq. Stangate Glass Works, Lambeth.
Clark, Rey. Hamlet. Northampton.
a2
1Vv
Date of
Election,
1849
1849
1849
*
1850
1849
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Cooke, Henry, Esq. London and County Bank, Hastings.
Cooke, Nicholas, Esq. Hope Mills, Warrington.
Dallas, W.S., Esq., F.L.S. 5, Albion Grove West, Islington.
Darwin, Charles, Esq., M.A. F.R.S. Down, near Bromley,
Kent.
Dashwood, John, Esq., B.A. Barton-under-Needwood, near
Lichfield.
Dawson, John, Esq. Carron, near Falkirk, Stirlingshire.
Desvignes, Thomas, Esq. Fir Tree Cottage, Woodford.
Doubleday, Henry, Esq. Epping.
Douglas, J. W., Esq., Secretary. 2, Eton Grove, Lee, Kent.
Dunning, J. W., Esq. Elmwood Lodge, Leeds.
Ellman, J. B., Esq. Landport, Lewes.
Engleheart, N., Esq. Blackheath Park.
Evans, W. F., Esq. Admiralty.
Fortnum, C. D. E., Esq. 12, Grosvenor Street West.
Frend, Benjamin, Esq.
Gear, Robert, Esq. 19, Oxford Square.
Gould, J., Esq., F.R.S. F.L.S. F.Z.S. 20, Broad Street, Golden
Square.
Grant, Dr. Richmond, Surrey.
Grant, Fred., Esq. Putney.
Gray, John, Esq. Wheatfield House, near Bolton-le- Moors.
Gray, J. E., Esq., F.R.S. British Museum.
Greene, Rev. Joseph. Lower Guiting, near Stow, Gloucester-
shire.
Greenough, G. B., Esq., F.R.S. F.L.S. F.G.S. M.R.A.S. Grove
House, Regent’s Park.
Gregson, C. S., Esq. 107, St. James’s Street, Liverpool.
Griffith, C. H., Esq. Twyford, Winchester.
Grut, F., Esq.
Gutch, J. W. G., Esq., M.R.C.S. F.L.S. 77, Great Portland
Street.
Guyon, G., Esq. Richmond, Surrey, and Ventnor, Isle of
Wight.
Haliday, A. H., Esq. 23, Harcourt Street, Dublin.
Hanson, Samuel, Esq. Botolph Lane.
Heales, G. S., Esq. Doctors’ Commons.
Hearsey, Lieut.-Col. John Bennett. India.
Hewitson, W. C., Esq. Oatlands, near Esher, Surrey.
Horsfield, Thomas, M.D. F.R.S. F.L.S. F.G.S. M.R.A.S. East
India House, and 21, Downshire Hill, Hampstead.
Ingall, George, Esq. 81, High Street, Borough.
Ingall, Henry, Esq. Glengall Grove, Old Kent Road.
Ingall, Thomas, Esq. 16, Park Road, Stockwell Park.
Date of
Election.
1843
*
1849
1842
1849
1839
1849
1835
1849
1850
1850
1849
1850
1849
1849
1841
1850
1849
1849
1841
=
LIST OF MEMBERS. Vf
Janson, E. W., Esq., Curator. 61, Gracechurch Street.
Jenyns, Rev. L., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. | Swaffham-Bulbeck,
Newmarket.
Jobson, Henry, Esq. Carron, near Falkirk, Stirlingshire.
Kuper, Rev. C. Trellich, Monmouth.
Labrey, B. B., Esq. Manchester.
Lamb, Charles, Esq. Beauport, near Hastings.
Lee, John, LL.D. F.R.S. F.S.A. F.R.A.S. Hartwell House,
Aylesbury.
Lingwood, R. M., Esq., M.A. F.L.S. F.G.S. Lyston, near
Ross, Herefordshire.
Logan, R. F., Esq. Hawthornbrae, Duddingstone, near Edin-
burgh.
Lowe, Dr. Balgreen, Slateford, near Edinburgh.
Lubbock, John, Esq. High Elms, Farnborough.
Maitland, A., Esq. Torrington Place, Torrington Square.
Meade, R. W., Esq. Bradford, Yorkshire.
Michael, J. L., Esq. Lord Mayor’s Court Office, Old Jewry.
Michael, Walter, Esq. 9, Red Lion Square.
Mitchell, John, Esq,
Murray, Alexander, Esq. Shenley, Herts.
Newman, Edward, Esq., F.L.S. F.Z.S. 7, York Grove,
Peckham.
Ogilvie, R. A. Esq. 15, Wharton Street, Lloyd’s Square.
Owen, Richard, Esq., M.D. LL.D. F.R.S. F.L.S. F.G.S.
Royal College of Surgeons,
Parry, J. F. S. Esq., F.L.S. Steyne, Worthing.
Potter, Mr. C. Lewes.
Ransome, G. Esq., F.L.S. F.Z.S. Ipswich.
Salt, G. M., Esq. Shrewsbury.
Saunders, 8. S., Esq. Albania.
Saunders, W. F., Esq., East Hill, Wandsworth.
Saunders, W. W., Esq., F.L.S. East Hill, Wandsworth.
Schaum, Dr.
Shepherd, Edwin, Esq. 176, Fleet Street.
Shepherd, James, Esq. Brown Street, Blackburn.
Smith, Frederick, Esq. British Museum.
Smith, J. P. G., Esq. Everton, Liverpool.
Spence, R. H., Esq.
Spence, W. B., Esq.
Spinola, le Marquis Maximilian. Genoa.
Stainton, H. T., Esq., Secretary. Mountsfield, Lewisham.
vi
Date of
Election.
*
1837
1850
1841
1836
1838
1850
1845
1838
1850
1849
1849
1850
1850
*
1850
1850
*
1845
x
1839
1849
1849
1847
1843
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Stephens, J. F., Esq., F.L.S. Eltham Cottage, Foxley Road,
Kennington.
Stevens, S. Esq. 24, Bloomsbury Street.
Stopford, Miss. Newbliss, Co. Monaghan.
Tatum, T. Esq. 8, George Street, Hanover Square.
Taylor, R. Esq., F.L.S. F.S.A. F.G.S. M.R.A.S. Red Lion
Court, Fleet Street.
Thompson, C. T. Esq. Bedford Place, Kensington.
Thompson, Thomas, Esq. Hull.
Thurnell, Charles, Esq. Duxford, Cambridgeshire.
Thwaites, G. R. H., Esq. Ceylon.
Tweedy, J. Newman, Esq. 47, Montague Square.
Vaughan, P. H., Esq. Redland, near Bristol.
Vines, Mrs. Queen’s Cottage, Lyndhurst.
Walker, John, Esq. Chesterfield.
Walker, Francis, Esq., F.L.S. Arno’s Grove, Southgate.
Walton, John, Esq., F.L.S. 9, Barnsbury Square, Islington,
Ward, S. Nevill, Esq. Hon. E. I. C. Civil Service, Madras.
Waring, S., Esq. Norwood.
Waterhouse, G. R., Esq. British Museum.
Weir, J. J., Esq. 20, Maismore Square, New Peckham.
Westwood, J. O., Esq., F.L.S. St. Peter’s, Hammersmith.
White, Adam, Esq., F.L.S. British Museum.
Wild, W. J., Esq. Herne Hill, Camberwell.
Wilkinson, S. J., Esq. 7, Jeffrey’s Square, St. Mary Axe.
Wing, Wm., Esq. 17, Priory Road, South Lambeth.
Wollaston, T. V., Esq., B.A. F.L.S. 25, Thurloe Square,
Brompton.
Yarrell, W., Esq., F.L.S. F.Z.S., Treasurer. Ryder Street,
St. James’s.
Date of
Election.
1842
1844
1844
1846
1846
1846
1847
1847
1849
1850
1839
1844
1844
1839
1850
1846
1841
1839
1847
1847
1849
1844
1849
1846
1846
1846
1848
1839
1840
1846
1846
CWorresponding Slembers.
INSTITUTED NOV. 5ru, 1838.
PADD LP PAL DD ALRDALDIS
Boys, Capt. India.
Buonaparte, Prince Lucien.
Barnston, George, Esq. Hudson’s Bay.
Blagrove, Lieut. Thomas. 26th Bengal Infantry.
Bowman, John, Esq. Bombay.
Brain, T. H., Esq., Principal of Sydney College, New South Wales.
Bowring, J.C., Esq. Hong Kong.
Bowring, L. B., Esq. Bancoorah, near Burdwar, Bengal.
Blair, Daniel, Esq. Surgeon-General, British Guiana.
Bach, Herr M. Boppard-on-the- Rhine.
Cantor, Dr.
Costa, Signor Achille. Naples.
Chiaga, Signor Stephano Della. Naples.
Downes, Mr. Ezra.
Dalton, H.G., Esq. George Town, Demerara.
Elliott, Walter, Esq. Madras.
Fraser, Louis, Esq.
Griffith, W., Esq.
Gilbert, G. A., Esq.
Gray, W., Esq. St. Petersburg.
Goding, —, Esq., M.D. Barbadoes.
Harris, Dr. Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Hamilton, Capt. Madras.
Layard, F.P., Esq. Bengal Infantry.
Layard, E. L., Esq. Columbo.
Leconte, Major. New York.
Low, Hugh, Esq. Labuan.
M‘Lelland, J., Esq. Calcutta.
Mitchell, Sir Livingstone.
Pope, John, Esq. Hong Kong.
Peters, Francis, Esq. Zanzibar.
vill
Date of
Election.
1839
1839
1842
1842
1846
1849
1849
1841
1845
1847
1849
1841
LIST OF CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.
Schomburgh, Sir R.
Sayers, Lieut.
Stevenson, —.
Savage, T. S.
Smith, Dr. G. Madras.
Swanzy, Francis, Esq. Dix Cove, West Coast of Africa.
Thomas, Grant, Esq. Barbadoes.
Wiegand, Sir F.
Wilkinson, Sir J. Gardner.
Wilson, C. A., Esq. Adelaide, South Australia.
Wallcott, —, Esq., M.D. Barbadoes.
Younger, Lieut. John Robertson.
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON.
I. Description of a new Hemipterous Insect, from Boutan,
East Indies, forming the Type of a new Genus. By
W.S. Dattas, Esq., F.L.S.
[Read 7th May, 1849.]
I wan the pleasure of laying before the Society, at its February
meeting, a notice of some species of Hemiptera, from Boutan,
belonging to the Museum of the East India Company. The
insect which I have now to describe is contained in the same col-
lection, and perhaps should have been brought forward at the
same time as the others, but the singularity of its structure
induced me to consider it worthy of a separate notice. It is
indeed one of those species to which it is difficult to assign any
exact position in a systematic arrangement. In the mass of its
characters it appears to agree with the Pentatomide, but the form
of the head approaches very closely to the Coreid type, although
the general structure of the other parts of the body will hardly
allow it to rank among the members of the family Coreide.
The antennz in the specimens before me are unfortunately
mutilated, only one of them possessing four joints; but I have
little hesitation in regarding the antennz as five-jointed, the pit
at the apex of the fourth joint, for the reception of the base of the
fifth, being quite distinct.
VOL. I.-—N. S. B
2 Mr. W.S. Dallas’s Description
The species appears to form the type of a new genus, which I
have called Urochela, in allusion to the singular claw-like pro-
cesses which form a portion of the male generative organs, and
is probably closely allied to the singular genera Urolabida and
Urostylis of Mr. Westwood, which present the same character in
a greater degree.
Genus UROCHELA. (PI. II. fig. 1.)
Head (fig. 1 a) small, short, broader than long, suddenly nar-
rowed immediately before the eyes; the three lobes produced,
distinct, rounded ; the central lobe longer than the lateral ones.
Eyes large, prominent, globose. Ocelli moderate, situated close
to each other, at the back of the head. Antenne (1a) as long?
or longer? than the body, of five joints?, inserted on a tubercle,
which appears beyond the margin of the head, immediately before
the eyes; first joint thickest, as long as the thorax, cylindrical,
thinner at the base; second about half as long again as the first,
slender; third joint shortest, about half as long as the first, and
a little thicker than the second; fourth about as long as the first,
slender; fifth wanting? The antenne are thickly clothed with
fine short hairs, which are longer on the first joint. Rostrum
(fig. 1 b) inserted close to the anterior margin of the head, short,
reaching only to the middle of the medipectus, of four joints, the
first and third nearly equal, the fourth shorter, the second longest;
the first joint enclosed at its base in a small groove of the under-
side of the head. JZabrum reaching the middle of the second
joint of the rostrum, transversely striated.
Body broad, very flat above, convex beneath. Thorax tra-
pezoidal, slightly margined laterally, much narrowed in front, the
anterior margin being considerably narrower than the head and
eyes. Scutellum rather short, triangular, with the sides nearly
straight, and the apex acute. Llytra (fig. 1 f) ample; the coria-
ceous portion larger than the membranous, with the basal half
of its outer margin much elevated; the membrane reaching be-
yond the apex of the abdomen, containing six nervures, of which
the outer one is very short, placed in the basal angle; the other
five all spring from a common footstalk. Abdomen convex be-
neath, the margins thin, projecting a little beyond the elytra on
each side. Anal apparatus in the male (fig. 1 e) consisting of two
claw-like processes, which project nearly as far as the posterior
angles of the terminal segment of the abdomen, with their points
turned outwards; a small triangular plate is situated at the base of
of a new Hemipterous Insect. 3
these, which it partially covers, and within the cavity appears the
apex of a second triangular piece, which is probably the margin
of the dorsal portion of the segment; all these parts are clothed
with long woolly hairs, which nearly fill the intermediate spaces.
In the female the vulvar plates present no remarkable characters.
Breast (fig. 1 ¢) flat; the medipectus broad, placing a considera-
ble interval between the insertions of the anterior and intermediate
legs ; on each side of the postpectus, close to its anterior margin
and near the intermediate cox, is a small spine (fig. 1d), directed
outwards and forwards. Jegs moderate, slender, the posterior
pair longest. Tarsi of three joints, the first and third about equal,
the second minute.
The neuration of the elytra is of a singular character; a ner-
vure, which arises from a strongly elevated line at the base of the
coriaceous portion, runs about two-thirds the length of that part,
when it emits a branch on its inner side, which attains the base of
the membrane, and, passing into it, gives rise, after running singly
for a short distance, to the five nervures of the disc of the mem-
brane, of which the two inner and the two outer ones are united
at the base, before joining the common footstalk.
The small lateral spines on the anterior margin of the post-
pectus constitute one of the greatest peculiarities of this insect.
They appear to be perforated on their posterior surface, at about
half their length, and are evidently formed by the produced mar-
gins of the orifices of the odoriferous apparatus.
Species Urochela 4-punctata. (PI. II. fig. 1.)
U. supra ferrugineo-grisea, punctata, thorace scutelloque linea
media flava, elytris punctis 4 nigris. $ @
Hab. Boutan.
Long. lin. 44. (9 mill.)
Body elongate-ovate, above ferruginous grey, finely and thickly
punctured. Thorax narrowly margined with yellow, and with a
narrow, impunctate, longitudinal line on the dise of the same
colour; a small black spot on the lateral margin near the lateral
angle. Scutellum with a narrow longitudinal yellow line, con-
tinuous with that of the thorax, the lateral margins yellowish.
Coriaceous portion of the elytra with the basal third of the outer
margin, and the apical margins, yellow; the remainder of the
outer margin, and a small line in the yellow basal portion, a spot
on the disc, and another at the centre of the apical margin, black.
Membrane pale brown, with the nervures paler. Margins of the
B2
4 Description of a new Hemipterous Insect.
abdomen banded with yellow and black. Abdomen beneath
smooth, impunctate, yellow; a spot on each side of each segment
within the stigmata, and another on the Jateral margin, black.
Head beneath, breast and rostrum testaceous; the apex of the
latter pitchy. Legs dusky testaceous, the thighs punctured with
pale brown. Antenne with the basal joint dusky testaceous,
second black, pale at the base, third and fourth black, the basal
portion of the latter yellowish white.
II. Notice of some Hemiptera from Boutan, in the Collection
of the Hon. East India Company. By W.S. Dauuas,
Esq., F.L.S.
[Read Ist October, 1849. ]
In a former notice (Vol. V. p. 186), under the above title, I laid
before the Society a list of some species of Scutelleride and Pen-
tatomide, from Boutan, contained in the Museum of the East
India Company. Although these were not very numerous, the
Collection is still more scantily furnished with examples of the
other divisions of Hemiptera, there being but twenty species in all,
including two belonging to the Homopterous family Cercopide.
Of the eighteen Heteropterous species, ten belong to the
Coreide; namely, Derepteryx Hardnickii, White; two species of
the genus Acanonicus, Westw. (Dalader, Am. & Serv.), of which
one appears to be the 4. rubiginosus, Hope, whilst the other is
most probably a variety of the Javanese Dalader rotundicosta,
Am. & Serv.; it is rather smaller, and has the sides of the thorax
and abdomen and the third joint of the antennz less dilated than
that species. Other described species are, Homceocerus biguttatus,
Hope; Gonocerus calumniator, Fab.; and Mictis Tragus, Fab.
Two other species, also belonging to the genus Mictis, I have not
been able to determine satisfactorily.
The remaining two species of Coreid@e appear to be decidedly
nondescript. One belongs to the genus Nematopus,—I have called
it—
Sp. 1. Nematopus serripes. (PI. II. fig. 2.)
N. rufo-fuscus, punctatissimus; capite, thorace, scutello, elytro-
rumque membrana nigro-eneis ; femoribus posticis elongatis,
Mr. W.S. Dallas’s Notice of some Hemiptera. 5
incrassatis, tuberculatis, nigro-ceruleis; tibiis fusco-rufis,
intus serratis. ¢.
Long. lin. 94 (20 mill.)
Head brassy black, finely granulated. Eyes pale brown; ocelli
yellow. Prothorax and scutellum brassy black, shining, very
thickly and finely punctured,—the former with a large pit within
each lateral angle. Elytra diminishing gradually in breadth from
base to apex; the coriaceous portion reddish brown, obscure, very
thickly and finely punctured, the punctures being larger at the
base ; the membrane brassy. Margins of abdomen projecting
slightly beyond the elytra on each side, reflexed, testaceous, with
a black band on the posterior margin of each segment; the extreme
edge is black and very finely denticulated throughout. Abdomen
beneath brownish red, shining; the margins yellowish, marked
with black, as on the upper surface; anal plate black, with the
edges fringed with yellow hairs. Breast pitchy black, slightly
shining, finely punctured and granulated on the sides, smooth in
the centre. Rostrum, antennz (two first joints, rest wanting) and
four anterior legs ferruginous; posterior legs with the thighs very
long, much thickened, blackish blue, shining, covered with small
tubercles, and with a row of six spines beneath, of which the one
nearest the base is very small, the others gradually increasing in
size to the fourth, which is the largest; fifth and sixth about equal,
the latter being inserted close to the apex of the thigh; tibiae
brownish red, as long as the thighs, slightly curved inwards,
especially at the apex, strongly channelled on the outside, with
the edges finely crenulated; the inner margin serrated throughout
its entire length, with the teeth pitchy. Tarsi ferruginous.
This species is remarkable for the contrast of its colours and
the structure of the posterior thighs and tibie.
The other species is an Anisoscelis, and, from the general form
of the head and body (the posterior legs being wanting) appears
to belong to that division of the genus Anisoscelis, Burm., to
which the name Leptoscelis has been applied by Laporte and Amyot
and Serville.
Sp. 2. Anisoscelis rufiventris.
A. thorace utrinque spina parva acuta armato; supra nigro-
ferruginea, punctata, tenuissime rufo-marginata; subtus rufa,
nigro-maculata, antennis pedibusque nigris. ¢.
Long. lin. 9 (193 mill.)
Above ferruginous black, opaque, thickly and rather finely
6 Mr. W.S. Dallas’s Wotice
punctured ; beneath orange red, slightly shining, punctured. Head
oblong, rather short and obtuse, the central projection short and
rounded; the red colour of the under surface appears on each
side, forming a red margin to the head. Thorax with the lateral
angles produced on each side into a slender acute spine, directed
upwards and forwards; the lateral margins narrowly edged with
red. Scutellum pitchy black. Elytra with a narrow red outer
margin, which disappears before the apex of the coriaceous por-
tion; membrane brownish, semitransparent, with a triangular,
opaque piece at the internal basal angle. Abdomen above red,
with the margins variegated with black; beneath red, with the
margins as on the upper side; a black spot on each of the stig-
mata; two small patches at the base of the third segment, and a
ring on the second, of the same colour; basal segment variegated
with black. Breast reddish orange, thickly and strongly punctured,
with two black spots on each side of the postpectus and medipectus,
one on each side of the antepectus and one at the base of each
of the coxe; the centre of the breast is black and smooth, fur-
nished with a distinct furrow. Head beneath reddish orange,
finely punctured, with a black furrow down the centre for the
reception of the basal joint of the rostrum. Rostrum black, with
the basal joint and the base of the second yellowish white. Ante-
rior and intermediate legs and basal joint of antenne black. The
remainder of the antenne and the posterior legs are wanting in
the only specimen before me.
Of the eight species remaining, two belong to the genus Pyrrho-
coris, Burm.; they are both Fabrician species,—Lyg. faber and
Schlanbuschii, Fab.
Four are members of the family Reduviide, and of these, three
appear to be undescribed. The first is a large species of the
genus Platymeris, Burm., apparently belonging to Acanthaspis,
Am. & Serv.
Sp. 3. Platymeris fulvipes. (PI. II. fig. 3.)
P. niger, subopacus; thoracis lobo antico 5-sulcato, lobo postico
utrinque spina acuta recurva armato; elytrorum maculis
quatuor, femorum apicibus, tibiis tarsisque fulvis. ¢.
Long. lin. 133 (28 mill.)
Head and thorax black, somewhat opaque, finely granulated,
and beset with numerous hairs of moderate length, especially on
the sides. Eyes brownish testaceous; ocelli brown. Anterior
lobe of the thorax with five deeply impressed, longitudinal furrows,
of some Hemiptera from Boutan. 7
of which the central one is forked anteriorly, and gives off a short
branch on each side near the base, and with a small tubercle at
each anterior angle; posterior lobe hexagonal, transverse, with
a strong, acute spine at each lateral angle, and a small tubercle
within each posterior angle above the base of scutellum, Scu-
tellum black, opaque, granulated, with a few longish hairs, and with
the apex produced into a slender, acute, elevated spine (fig. 3 a).
Elytra black, slightly shining, with a few scattered raised points
on the surface, a small triangular orange spot at the base on the
outér margin, and a large roundish spot of the same colour towards
the apex of the coriaceous portion, touching the outer margin and
the base of the membrane. Margins of the abdomen banded with
black and yellow. Abdomen beneath pitchy, smooth, slightly
shining, with the apex reddish, and a yellow band on each segment
towards the lateral margins. ‘The second abdominal segment bears
a small, sharp, longitudinal keel in the centre, and the apical half
of the terminal one is finely wrinkled transversely. Breast black,
rough; metasternum with a faint longitudinal central keel, pro-
sternum with a narrow central furrow. Legs rather long, clothed
with long fine hairs; thighs pitchy, with the apex reddish orange;
tibiz and tarsi reddish orange, the former with their apices pitchy
on the inside. Rostrum and antenne pitchy black, the former
smooth and shining, reaching the base of the anterior coxe ; the
latter with the second joint thickly clothed with fine short hairs,
basal and setiform apical joints with short scattered hairs.
This fine species also occurs in Assam, but the specimens from
that locality are paler in colour than the one above described,
being pitchy instead of black on the upper surface, pitchy brown
beneath.
A large species of Harpactor | have named
Sp. 4. Harpactor obscurus. (PI. Il. fig. 4.)
H. supra fuscus, obscurus, subtus rufus, totus pilis numerosis
parvis vestitus; capite nigro, thoracis lobo antico nigro,
utrinque spinoso, fusco-verrucoso, tibiis omnibus rufis. ¢.
Long. lin. 113 (24 mill.)
Head subcylindric, black, impunctate, somewhat opaque, clothed
with short yellowish hairs. Eyes brown. ‘Thorax with the an-
terior lobe black, opaque, with several reddish brown warts, and
a small blunt spine or tubercle of the same colour at each of its
posterior angles ; posterior lobe brown, obscure, rough, wrinkled
transversely and clothed with very short yellow hairs, the lateral
8 Mr. W. S. Dallas’s Wotice
angles considerably produced but not acute. Scutellum pitchy
brown, pilose. Elytra brown, obscure; membrane blackish brown,
wrinkled, with a brassy reflection. Margins of the abdomen
projecting beyond the elytra on each side, pitchy red, with the
posterior margin of each segment narrowly edged with red.
Abdomen beneath bright red, smooth, impunctate, with a sharp
longitudinal central keel on all the segments except the two basal
ones. Breast dull red, pitchy in the centre. Head beneath
pitchy; rostrum pitchy red. Antenne black. Thighs and coxe
pitchy, the anterior thighs thicker than the others, the postefior
longest. Anterior tibiz orange red, the four posterior brownish
red. Tarsi orange.
The entire surface, above and beneath, is clothed with short
yellow hairs, especially the abdomen and breast, and the under
surface of the anterior and intermediate thighs and tibia.
The only specimen of this insect in the collection is deformed
in the thorax, the left lateral angle being, as it were, crushed
forwards; I have, however, figured it with both angles alike.
The third is a small species of Arilus.
Sp. 5. Arilus nigricollis, (PI. Il. fig. 5.)
A. capite, thoracis lobo antico, scutello, pectore, antennis, pedi-
busque nigris; thoracis lobo postico flavo, abdomine rufo. @.
Long. lin. 7 (15 mill.)
Head black, smooth, impunctate, with a few fine hairs on the
sides ; a deep, transverse, impressed line across the disc at the
posterior margin of the eyes, immediately behind which are placed
the ocelli, inserted on two tubercles. Thorax hexagonal, with
the antero-lateral margins longest, and nearly straight, the con-
striction between the lobes being very faint; the anterior lobe
small, black, with two obtuse tubercles in the centre, separated by
a longitudinal furrow, and which are again slightly notched trans-
versely at their apices; the posterior lobe large, yellow, smooth,
impunctate and slightly shining, rather convex, with a slight
circular depression in the centre; lateral angles somewhat promi-
nent, separated from the central portion by a strong depression.
Scutellum black, slightly shining, with a raised line at the apex.
Elytra brownish testaceous; the coriaceous portion indistinctly
punctured, the membrane semitransparent. Abdomen projecting
slightly beyond the elytra on each side, with the margins bright
red; beneath convex, bright red, shining, impunctate. Breast
black, impunctate, smooth, but more or less clothed with short
of some Hemiptera from Boutan. 9
greyish hairs. Prosternum with a longitudinal central furrow, in
which the point of the rostrum rests; the interior of this furrow
is testaceous. Head beneath yellow in the centre, with the
margins black ; smooth, shining, impunctate. Legs, rostrum and
antenne black ; legs and antennz clothed with numerous very fine
hairs.
The fourth is the Lulyes amena, Guér., which completes the
list of the terrestrial species.
The two remaining species fall under the genus Ranatra, Fab.;
the first, belonging to a section of that genus which has been sepa-
rated by Amyot and Serville under the name of Cercotmetus for the
reception of a Javanese species, their C. Asiaticus, I have named
Sp. 6. Ranatra (Cercotmetus) pilipes. (PI. II. fig. 6.)
R. (C.) elongata, luteo-fusca, obscura; capite tuberculo inter
oculos; setis caudalibus brevibus, latis, compressis; elytris
abdominis segmentum apicale non attingentibus, tibiis tarsis-
que 4: posticis interne pilis longis instructis.
Long. corp. une. 15.
Linear-elongate, yellowish brown, opaque. Head small, witha
tubercle on the vertex between the eyes. Elytra not reaching the
apex of the penultimate segment of the abdomen, with the coria-
ceous portion covered with very small hairy tubercles. Caudal
setee very short, not more than one-fourth the length of the body,
broad, compressed, and strongly pilose externally. Abdomen
beneath strongly keeled, the keel continued upwards along the
sternum, disappearing about the centre of the mesosternum ;
prosternum with two deep longitudinal furrows extending its
whole length. Legs somewhat robust and pilose; anterior thighs
and tibiae very short; intermediate and posterior tibize and tarsi
furnished on the inner side with a double row of long yellow hairs.
It is not without doubt, that I describe this species as new,
for although Amyot and Serville make no mention of the strong
fringes of hairs on the two posterior pairs of legs in the descrip-
tion of their species, I am inclined to think that this omission may
be the result of accident, perhaps of their specimens being in bad
condition. ‘Their statement that the Ranatre have “les jambes
frangées” can hardly be taken to convey the impression of such a
decided character as is exhibited in this species, the fringes in the
other species of Ranatra being very slight. It appears to me,
that the character is rather generic than specific, and tends to
confirm A myot and Serville’s separation of their genus Cercotmetus
10 Mr. W.S. Dallas’s Notice
from Ranatra ; for these fringes indicate a much greater velocity
of motion than is possessed by the other Ranatre ; the short,
broad anal setz will act as a rudder, rendered necessary by the
increased activity of the animal, whilst the elongated anterior legs
being no longer requisite, and tending rather to impede its move-
ments, become contracted into more moderate dimensions. In-
deed, it appears to be a rule in the genus Ranatra that any increase
in the length of the caudal setz is accompanied by an increase,
although to a less extent, in the length of the anterior legs, and
probably a diminution of the activity of the animal.
The second is a true 2anatra.
Sp. 7. Ranatra gracilis.
R. elongata, ferrugineo-fusca, obscura; capite tuberculo acuto
inter oculos; setis caudalibus brevibus, tenuibus; abdomine
carinato, prosterno bisulcato; pedibus quatuor posticis sub-
pilosis.
Long. corp. lin, 123.
Linear-elongate, ferruginous brown, obscure. Head with an
acute tubercle between the eyes. Scutellum with two small pits
on the disc towards the apex. Elytra reaching beyond the base
of the apical segment of the abdomen. Caudal setz short, rather
longer than the head and thorax together, slender, very slightly
pilose externally. Abdomen beneath keeled, the keel not con-
tinued beyond the base of the posterior legs. Prosternum with
two longitudinal furrows. Legs very long and slender, subpilose,
anterior thighs with six very faint teeth beneath at the base; the
four posterior tibiz and tarsi simple.
This species appears to be allied to the R. filiformis, Fab., but
wants the grey rings on the legs mentioned in his description ; it
is also a much larger insect than that figured by Guérin under
that name, and has the caudal setee much shorter in proportion.
Of the Homoptera, there are, as above mentioned, only two
species, both belonging to the genus Cercopis.
Sp. 8. Cercopis fulviceps.
C. capite, thoraceque fulvis, elytris nigro-rufis, corpore subtus,
pedibusque nigris. @.
Long. lin. 103 (22 mill.)
Head and thorax bright orange, shining, very finely punctured,
the latter with a narrow but very distinctly raised border. Scu-
of some Hemiptera from Boutan. 11
tellum small and triangular, with the lateral margins incurved ;
reddish black, rather convex and transversely wrinkled. An-
terior wings reddish black, somewhat obscure, very minutely and
thickly punctured, with the outer margins pitchy red. Wings
brownish, semitransparent. Abdomen beneath black, shining.
Breast, legs and rostrum pitchy.
This species appears to approach very closely to the C. fusci-
pennis, Le P. & Serv., and may perhaps be a very dark variety of
it; it differs in the colour of the legs and underside of the body.
Sp. 9. Cercopis dimidiata.
C. nigra, thorace fascia lata rubra; elytris rubris, fasciis tribus
nigris. ¢@.
Long. lin. 7 (15 mill.)
Head black, punctured. Eyes pale-brown; ocelli yellowish-
white. Thorax very thickly and finely punctured, with its pos-
terior half, and a transverse quadrangular patch on the anterior
margin, black; the remainder bright red. Scutellum black,
transversely wrinkled. Elytra bright red, very thickly and finely
punctured, with three broad irregular transverse black bands on
each, of which the first arises at the apex of the scutellum, the
second a little behind the middle, and the third forms a broad
black margin round the apex. Body beneath black, shining.
Legs and rostrum pitchy.
12 Mr. T. Desvignes’ Observations on
III. Observations on Two of Gravenhorst’s Subgenera of
Ichneumons, namely, Macrus, forming the Fifth Family
of Ophion, and Coleocentrus, the Fourth Family of
Banchus. By Tuomas Desvienes, Esq.
[Read 4th June, 1849.]
I wave brought with me two insects for exhibition, which I
captured in an unfinished building in Vienna; and at the time I
considered to be the sexes of one species; since then closer in-
vestigation has convinced me in this particular. Their palpi and
neuration of the wings perfectly correspond, independent of other
minor points. Gravenhorst makes no mention of the construction
of the former. The maxillary palpi consist of five articulations:
the basal short; 2nd, stout, reniform; 3rd and 4th, slightly sub-
clavate; the 5th filiform, the apex somewhat mucronate, their
comparative lengths 5, 3, 4,1. The second articulation of the
labial palpi cylindrical, and a little longer than broad, incurved,
and stouter than the rest; all are setose. The antennz of the
male are setaceous, those of the female filiform; the joints of the
Jatter lay parallel, but obliquely one to the other, and are longer
than in the ¢, of which the specimen here exhibited agrees per-
fectly with Gravenhorst’s Macrus longiventris, and the female
with his Coleocentrus excitator.
The specific characters in these two subgenera are scarcely
distinct, with the exception in the form of the abdomen. In re-
ferring to the generic descriptions as given by Gravenhorst, their
difference consists in the form of the scutellum, which in Coleo-
centrus is triangular, and in Macrus subquadrangular; the basal
abdominal segments, and the eighth or apical ones in both, agree
in form, the latter in the 2 is more reflexed than in the ¢.
The vomeriform appendage in the @ is stated by Gravenhorst
to have its origin from the sixth ventral segment; but upon
closer examination it appears to me to consist of three counter
segments, the first arising from the apex of the third ventral seg-
ment. ‘his may be erroneous, and arising only from the greater
production of the ordinary segments. In Arofes and Acoenites, the
@ of which are similarly constructed, this appears to be the case,
and forms a continuation of the ventral carina, but the upper and
lower margins of the segments of ——? excilator do not coincide
as in the two last genera; this has led me to come to the former
conclusion as regards that insect.
Two Subgenera of Ichneumons. 13
It seems presumptuous to say that so able an author as the
one quoted should be in error; but in this instance, from the ap-
parent disparity cf the sexes (still not greater than in some of the
fossorial Hymenoptera), such I feel confident to be the case.
I propose the generic name of Macrocoleus as a combination of
the two; by doing so Coleocentrus would become a synonyme,
and the species would stand thus :—
Macrocoleus excitator, $ and @ .. Syn. 2, Coleocentrus exci-
tator (Gray.)
$, Macrus longiven-
tris (Grav.)
Do. caligatus, 2 .....+..Syn. 6, Macrus
(Grav.)
em.
which is a very similar ¢; and it may be inferred, that the ¢
cannot be very different to longiventris, but Macrus filiventris 9
(abdomen angustissimum) appears to be very distinct. However,
I think it likely that his MM. Croceicornis and Soleatus may have
females similar to M. excitator, and would naturally class under
the proposed genus; these males Gravenhorst considers varieties
of one another.
Mr. Curtis, in his Guide, has C. eacitator indicated as British.
I have not seen an English specimen, but it is not improbable
that it may be so, as I took, in the same place, specimens of
Sirex Gigas and Spectrum. The wood consisted of rough deal
planks, and floors of the same.
14 Mr. J. W. Douglas on the
IV. On the British Species of the Genus Gelechia of
Zeller.* By J. W. Doveuas, Esq. (Continued from
Vol. V., page 201.)
[Read November 5th, 1849.]
Sp. 41. Lappella.
G. Lappella, Z.
Ti. Lappella, L. (non W. V., H., Haw., St.)
G. estivella, Z. (Isis, 1839.)
Re. Silacea, var. a, Haw.
Cleod. Silacella, St., Wood, 1236.
In the “ Entomologische Zeitung” of the Entomological
Society of Stettin, 1842, Herr Zeller has published an elaborate
memoir on this species, showing that it is the Tinea Lappella of
Linné, and that the name had been erroneously applied to Tinea
ganomella, ‘Tischer. In the same volume is an account by Dr.
Low of the habits of the larva which feed on the seeds of the
common burdock (Arctium Lappa), as stated by Linné. Last
year it was reared in this country from these seeds by Mr. J. J.
Weir.
Sp. 42. Paucipunctella.
*G. paucipunctella (Mtzn.), Z.
Re. Silacea, var. 3, Haw.
Cleod. falciformis, St.?- Wood, 1241, (non Re. falci-
Sormis, Haw.)
Differs from the preceding species, which it much resembles,
chiefly in being generally smaller, wings narrower, deeper brown
on the upper, and brighter yellow on the inferior edge, the two
black spots nearer to each other and more conspicuous, and the
fuscous margin beyond the oblique yellow stria darker. In one
of my specimens I see distinctly three spots, and a trace of a
fourth. Zeller (Isis, 1839) says there are four; probably in this
respect it varies.
Mr. Allis has Haworth’s specimens of this and the preceding
species.
* The species marked * are in the collection received from Herr Mann of
Vienna.
British Species of the Genus Gelechia of Zeller. 15
Sp. 43. Neuropterella.
G. neuropterella (F. v. R), Z.
Lita. neuropterella, Dup. Supp. IV. 249, Pl. 72, f. 1.
Expansion of wings, 8—11 lines.
Head and thorax ochreous, palpi long, red brown. Anterior
wings long and pointed, with the nervures, some blotches on the
disc, the apex and cilia, cinnamon brown. Posterior wings
fuscous.
In the cabinets of Mr. T. Ingall and Mr. S. Stevens, by both
of whom it has been captured; also in the collection of Mr.
Curtis.
Sp. 44, Lutulentella.
G. lutulentella, Z.
Expansion of wings, 8 lines.
Head, antenne, palpi and thorax concolorous with the anterior
wings, which are luteous brown of one tint throughout, very
glossy, and having a small blackish dot on the disc beyond the
middle. Posterior wings yellowish grey, with the ciliz of the
colour of the anterior wings.
I know but two British specimens, one taken by Mr. Stainton
many years since—he thinks at Ham Common, Surrey; and one
taken by Mr. Allen Hill, in the neighbourhood of Bristol, among
Hippuris vulgaris, by the side of Bagwood Brook, in the evening
of July 22nd, 1849. Zeller says it is found in June in damp
waste meadows.
Sp. 45. Lucidella.
Cleod. lucidella, St., Wood, 1240.
G. stagninella, Z. (MSS.)
Varies in expansion of wings from 7 to 8 lines, and in colour
from light brown to nearly black. In the lighter specimens are
seen two interrupted lines of a lighter colour than the wing, of
which one runs parallel to the costa, which it joins about the
middle, the other lies in the groove of the wing; in the centre of
the wing, opposite to where these lines terminate, is a light
linear blotch, at the farther end of which is a black dot; at the
apex of the costa are 4—5 long yellow dots. Posterior wings
deep fuscous, with brownish ciliz.
Found in July, among rushes, near Hammersmith, by Mr.
Shepherd and others.
16. Mr. J. W. Douglas on the
Sp. 46. Aithiops.
An. Aithiops, Westw.
Expansion of wings, 8—9 lines.
Head, antenne, palpi and thorax jet black. Anterior wings
long, narrow and pointed, also jet black, with 4—5 raised scales
of the same colour. Posterior wings fuscous, lighter at the
base.
Found in the neighbourhood of Manchester, I believe on
poplars.
Sp. 47. Tenebrella.
G. tenebrella, Z.
CEcoph. tenebrella, Tr.
Ti. tenebrella, H. 434?
*G. unicolorella, Z. (olim.)
G. metallella, Sta. (Cat.)
Glyph. subcuprella, St.?
Expansion of wings, 53—6 lines. Head, antennez, palpi and
anterior wings all shining dark bronze colour. Posterior wings
fuscous.
This species is most probably Hiibner’s tenebrella, 434, but the
figure is so coarse that it cannot be referred to with certainty.
The G. unicolorella of Zeller is the variety wanting the purplish
tint which the typical insect has. Mr. Stephen’s description of
Glyph. subcuprella, like Hibner’s figure above referred to, cannot
be quoted, neither being sufficiently precise to distinguish the
species from others like it.
Not rare in June in many places.
Sp. 48. Tenebrosella.
G. tenebrosella (F. v. R.), Z.
Expansion of wings, 5 lines.
Head, palpi and thorax shining bronze colour. Antenne
bronzy, with the tips distinctly white. Anterior wings shining
bronze. Posterior wings fuscous.
This species most closely resembles tenebredla, but may at once
be distinguished by the white apices of the antenne.
Found in June and July, but rarer than ¢enebrella.
British Species of the Genus Gelechia of Zeller, 17
Sp. 49. Affinis.
Re. affinis, Haw.
An. affinis, St.
An. diffinis, Wood, 1205.
G. umbrosella, Z.
Expansion of wings, 4—53 lines.
Head and antenne fuscous-black; palpi, second joint ashy,
terminal joint black, fully as long or longer than the second.
Anterior wings fuscous black, with four black spots, of which
the first is faint (sometimes wanting), and is placed at the base of
the groove; the second is in the groove, and the other two are in
a line above and beyond. To the outside of the second and third
is Joined a white spot; and beyond all these is a curved whitish
fascia. Posterior wings and ciliz fuscous.
The Entomological Society has Haworth’s specimen.
In a note to me, Herr Zeller says of this species, ‘‘ certissime
mea wmbrosella.”
Taken on the sand-hills at New Brighton, and the Chesil-bank,
Weymouth ; also near London, in July.
Sp. 50. Anthyllidella.
*G. Anthyllidella, Z.
Ti. Anthyllidella, H., 330.
Expansion of wings, 5—6 lines.
Anterior wings shining, black, with a small yellow spot on the
costa towards the apex, and another still smaller nearly in the
centre of the wing. Zeller says this last spot is wanting in all his
specimens. But it is distinctly visible when the insect is in fine
condition, especially when alive; and is represented in Hiibner’s
figure. Zeller says the larva feeds on Anthyllis vulneraria. This
species is in some cabinets as atrella.
Sp. 51. Atrella.
Ti. atrella, Haw. (non H.)
Expansion of the wings, 63 lines.
Head, thorax and antenne brownish black; palpi ashy white.
Anterior wings shining brownish black, with a conspicuous orange
spot on the costa towards the apex, and another nearly opposite
on the inferior margin, nearer to the base. Posterior wings
fuscous.
VOL. I.—N. S, c
18 Mr. J. W. Douglas on the
In the Bentleyan Cabinet, under the name of spiniferella. Mr.
Allis has Haworth’s specimen.
Found in August, among heath and furze, at Weybridge and
Wickham Wood.
Sp. 52. Pictella.
G. pictella, Z.
Expansion of wings, 5 lines.
Head cinereous brown; antenne brown, faintly annulated
with white, the tips white; palpi ashy. Anterior wings glossy,
rich brown-black, with three silvery equidistant fascize, of which
the first two slope towards the anal angle, and do not quite reach
across the wing, the third slopes towards the second, and extends
quite across the wing. Posterior wings silver grey, with somewhat
darker ciliz.
This pretty species was first taken in this country, near South-
end, by S. Stevens, Esq. It is much like another species which
has not yet been seen in Britain, G. superbella, Z., which is not
nearly so large, and has not white tips to the antenne.
Sp. 53. Albiceps.
G. albiceps, Z.
Re. nana, var. a, Haw.
An, aleella, St., Wood, 1225 (non F.)
Said by Zeller to be rare in Germany, but it is not uncommon
in this country on fences of gardens.
Sp. 54. Nigrovittella.
Lita. nigrovittella, D. xi. 315, pl. 298, fig. 5.
*G, lepidella, (F. v. R.), Z.
Re. nivea, Haw.
Alucita nivella, F.?
An. nivella, St.
An. maculella, Wood, 1222.
Sp. 55. Notatella.
Lita. notatella, Tr.
G. proximella, var. (3, Z. (Isis, 1839.)
Expansion of wings, 6 lines.
Head griseous-fuscous ; antenne brown, arinulated with white ;
palpi griseous, the terminal joint with a black spot in the centre,
and another at the apex. Anterior wings grey-brown, with two
British Species of the Genus Grelechia of Zeller. 19
fascize sloping obliquely outwards from the costa, each composed
of three black dots. The first fascia is before and the second
beyond the middle; between and below them, in the groove, lies
a single black dot, and there are a few black streaks towards the
apex. Posterior wings fuscous.
This insect has been reared in May, from larve found on sal-
lows in September. It is quite distinct from proximella, as a
variety of which it was placed by Zeller (Isis, 1839).
Sp. 56. Humeralis.
G. humeralis, Z.
An. Lyellella, C., Westw.
Ti. decorella, Haw.
This species varies much in its markings. Sometimes it is
grey, with scattered black streaks; sometimes the costa is white
and the inferior edge broadly black, and at others the whole sur-
face of the wings is deep fuscous, but the strong black mark on
the edge of the costa at its base is always constant.
The Entomological Society has Haworth’s specimen of decorella,
which is certainly this species, but from an unfortunate error his
description, which I subjoin, cannot be applied to this or any
other species.
** Tinea decorella, Haw. (the neat).
* Alis anticis capiteque niveis, costa ipsa interruptim, plagaque
communi niveis.” —(Transactions Ent. Soc. Lond. 1812,
page 338.)
Sp. 57. Costella.
An. costella, St., Westw.
Expansion of wings, 6—7 lines.
Head, thorax and palpi ochreous, the terminal joint of the latter
black at the tip and in the centre; antennee fuscous, faintly annu-
lated. Anterior wings deep ochreous; at about one-fourth of
their length from the base commences a large black, somewhat
angular blotch, beginning abruptly, extending downwards to the
groove, and then continued upwards and onward to three-fourths
of the length of the wing, leaving the remaining fourth ochreous.
Towards the apex are mostly some black dots, and more are
sometimes seen on the outer margin down to the anal angle.
Posterior wings fuscous. Varies considerably in the intensity of
the colouring.
Taken in hedges near London, throughout the summer.
c2
20 Mr. J. W. Douglas on the
Sp. 58. Atriplicella.
*Lita. Atriplicella, F. v. R. pl. 78, p. 223.
G. Atriplicella, Z.
Expansion of wings, 7 lines.
Head and thorax griseous brown; antenne dark brown; palpi
second joint griseous, terminal joint brown, with a light ring in
the middle. Anterior wings griseous brown, with four black dots
faintly encircled with red, of which two are before the middle,
one obliquely above the other, the other two are beyond the
middle, side by side. Beyond these is a faint curved fascia, and
then some scattered black specks. Abdomen grey, on the under
side more yellow, with a black line on each side. Posterior wings
griseous, with yellowish grey ciliz.
This species is figured and elaborately described by Fischer
(1. c.), who says the larvee feed on Atriplex laciniata.
Taken in Charlton Sand Pits, in July.
Sp. 59. Obsoletella.
Lita. obsoletella, F. v. R., pl. 79, p. 225 Mon Ti.
obsoletella, W. V.).
Ti. elongella, W. V.?
Expansion of wings, 6 lines.
Head, thorax and palpi yellowish grey, the terminal joint of
the latter darker ; antennz fuscous, annulated with grey. Ante-
rior wings yellowish grey, dusted with brown, and having four
black dots, of which two are just before the middle, one obliquely
above the other, the other two beyond the middle, close together,
and often joined, then forming a curved mark. Beyond these is
a faint fascia, or sometimes only the rudiments of one on the costa
and inferior margin. Cilia somewhat luteous, sprinkled with
brown. Posterior wings silver-grey, with luteous grey ciliz.
Abdomen griseous, the basal joints bright luteous, especially when
the insect is alive.
This species varies much in colour and in distinctness of mark-
ing. It much resembles, except in colour, the preceding G. Atr-
plicella, and is said by Fischer (1. c.) to feed, when in the larva
state, on the same plant, and all species of Chenopodium. I found
jt common on the coast near Weymouth, and Mr. Bedell took it
near London.
British Species on the Genus Gelechia of Zeller. 21
Sp. 60. Walkeriella.
G. Walkeriella, mihi.
Cleod. Cytisella, Curt., vol. 14, pl. 671 (non T. Cyti-
sella, Tis., Tr.)
Astyages Picepennis, St. Mus. (non Haw.)
Taken by Mr. Curtis, 18th July, on a hill at Glengariff, in
Treland, and by Mr. F. Walker, in the Isle of Wight.
The name Cytisella being previously occupied by Treitschke
for another species of Gelechia, I have had to give the present
species another name, and have called it in honour of one of its
early discoverers.
V. On Elachista eratella, Zeller, and several Species with
which it is likely to be confounded. By H. T. Srarnton,
Esq.
[Read 5th November, 1849.]
Tuts species is briefly described by Zeller, in his catalogue of
Tineide, in the Isis of 1839, and is there placed next to Festa-
liella, H.: it indeed bears a close resemblance to that species in
having a very perplexed synonymy ; and as a paper of mine on
the synonymy of L. Festaliella was considered of sufficient im-
portance to be published in the Society’s Transactions, I have
thought that a like indulgence might be accorded to the present
paper, which includes several species which have perplexed many
of our Entomologists, but which I hope to be able to make suffi-
ciently clear and distinct, to enable any Entomologist of ordinary
capacities at once to separate.
The species are @cophora fusco-enea, Haw.; Ccophora senes-
cens, Sta.; Ccophora fusco-cuprea, Haw.; Gelechia tenebrella,
Tr.; Gelechia tenebrosella, F. v. R.; Elachista eratella, Z.; Ela-
chista fusco-ciliella, Sta.; and Elachista modestella, D.
All these species are destitute of markings on the anterior
wings, and in all, the colour of the anterior wings is more or less
of a greenish or brownish copper; it would thus appear, at first
sight, that it would be very difficult to distinguish them, but this
is by no means the case. The form of the posterior wings at
once separates the Gicophore from the Gelechie, and from the
22 Mr. H. T. Stainton on
Elachiste, and the Gelechie from the Elachiste, and even Ela-
chista eratella from the other two species in the same genus.
I proceed now to describe the three species of @icophora, and
as they are sufficiently distinguished from the Gelechie and Ela-
chiste by the form of the posterior wings, I shall only have to
point out the distinctive characters by which they can be separated
from each other.
They all three resemble Gc. grandipennis (which I believe is
now in most of our collections), in the form of the posterior wings
(see Plate III. fig. 20), and in the peculiar method of sitting
when alive, with the wings going to a point.
Sp. 1. @cophora fusco-enea, Sta. Cat., p. 14, No. 29.
Porrectaria fusco-enea, Haw. Lep. Brit. 537, No. 21.
Pancalia fusco-enea, St., Illust. iv. 276.
Allied to @c. grandipennis, but smaller and greener, and ante-
rior wings rather narrower in proportion to its size. Larger than
(Ec. senescens, and without the white scales on the disk of the
anterior wings. Larger than @. fusco-cuprea, and much greener in
colour.
Haworth’s description — “ Alis anticis fusco-zeneis, lucidis,
tinctura cupri; alis posticis lineari-subulatis, atris, lucidis. Exp.
alarum 7 lin.”—appears to me quite distinct enough to identify
the species, especially when contrasted with his description of
Porrect. fusco-cuprea, which is represented as being smaller and
less bronzy (less green).
This appears a scarce species; it was formerly taken by Mr.
Chant, but I have seen no recent specimens, except two that
Mr. Allis met with near Grassington in Wharfdale, in June. The
specimens mentioned by Mr. Stephens as being taken in Darenth
Wood, in June, are not referable to this species; they are Gelechia
tenebrella.
Sp. 2. @cophora senescens, Stainton.
seliniella, Sta. Cata. p. 13, No. 30 (non Z.)
Slightly larger than fusco-cuprea, and at once distinguished from
it by its greener anterior wings being clothed with numerous white
scales; these white scales equally distinguish it from fusco-enea,
from which it differs also in being smaller, and the anterior wings
being less glossy.
Elachista eratella. ve
The Cc. seliniella of Zeller, which I had imagined this to be, is
much larger, nearly as large as Gc. fusco-enea, but has broader
anterior wings, and much broader posterior wings. (I have two
specimens sent me by Herr Zeller.) My specimen of senescens
still remains unique.
Sp. 3. Ecophora fusco-cuprea, Sta. Cat. p. 14, No. 31.
Porrectaria fusco-cuprea, Haw. Lep. Brit. p.537, No. 22.
Pancalia fusco-cuprea, St. Illust. iv. p. 276.
Ccophora parvella, Mann. in litt.
Differs from fusco-enea in being smaller and much browner,
and the anterior wings rather broader in proportion to its size;
differs from senescens (which it resembles in size) in not having
any white scales on the disk of the anterior wings.
Haworth’s description—“ Alis anticis fusco-cupreis, immacu-
latis. Praecedenti (fusco-zenea) nimis affinis at minor, alis latio-
ribus ratione magnitudinis; posticis fuscis nitidis. Exp. alarum
53 lin.”—very well identifies this species. The female of this
species has a large oval white spot on the under side of the abdo-
men.
Not scarce with Mr. Sircom on Durdham Downs. I have
taken it on the downs at Mickleham, in July. The two specimens
mentioned by Mr. Stephens, as having been taken by him at
Ripley, in June, 1827, are not this species; they are Gelechia
tenebrosella.
We now come to the two species of Gelechia, tenebrella and
tenebrosella. These are at once distinguished from the Zicophore
and Elachiste by their trapezoidal posterior wings (see PI. III.
fig. 21), and by their longer recurved palpi.
Sp. 4. Gelechia tenebrella, Zeller, Isis, 1839, 5. 201.
Douglas, Tran. Ent.Soc., N.S., vol.i.
p. 16.
Ccophora tenebrella, Treitschke, x. 3, 216.
Tinea tenebrella, Hubner, 434 ?
Glyphipteryx subcuprella, Stephens, Ilust. iv. p, 273.
Gelechia metallella, Sta. Catal. p. 18, No 42 (non St.)
Var. Gelechia unicolorella, Zeller, in litt.
At once distinguished from G. tenebrosella by the unicolorous
antenne. The typical insect has the anterior wings coppery-
24 Mr. H. T. Stainton on
brown, that is, with a purple tint; in the variety wnicolorella this
purple tint is entirely wanting, the wings being then of an uni-
colorous greenish hue.
The Gly. subcuprella of Mr. Stephens’s cabinet is truly this
species, but the description would apply equally well to fusco-
cuprea.
Sp. 5. Gelechia tenebrosella (F.v. R.), Zeller, Isis, 1839, 8. 201.
Sta. Cat. p. 18, No. 43.
Douglas, Trans. Ent. Soc., N.S.,
vol. i. p. 16.
Readily distinguished from G. tenebrella by the white tips to
the antenne; I am not aware that this species ever occurs desti-
tute of the purple tint on the anterior wings.
We now arrive at the three Elachiste, and, as I have already
mentioned, ¢ratella differs considerably in the form of the pos-
terior wings from modestella and fusco-ciliella. (See Pl. III.
fig. 22, posterior wing of e@ratella, and fig. 19, posterior wing of
modestella. )
Sp. 6. Elachista eratella, Zeller, Isis, 1839, S. 212 (non Sta.)
Glyphipteryx metallella, Stephens, Ilust. iv. 273 (non
Sta.)
This is also distinguished from modestella and fusco-ciliella by
its shorter and thicker antenne, and by the much deeper colour
of the anterior wings, which considerably resemble those of dark
specimens of G. tenebrella, but are more brilliant. I annex a
translation of Zeller’s description—“ as large as, and of the habit
of, Gelechia tenebrella; anterior wings dark greenish, bronze-
coloured; the palpi short, thin, and pointed; the antennee much
shorter than the anterior wings.”
On the 11th of last month, Mr. Wilkinson brought to me to be
named a specimen of this species; I soon found it was a stranger
to me, though evidently coming near the ¢ratella of my catalogue ;
and, on referring to Zeller’s descriptions in the Isis, I at once per-
ceived that I had erred in referring Mr. Sircom’s species to the
eratella of Zeller, for that this was most decidedly Zeller’s insect.
Mr. Wilkinson having several specimens of the insect, taken near
Brighton in June, kindly begged my acceptance of that which he
had brought to be named. Last Wednesday, at Mr. Douglas’s
urgent request, I went to Mr. Stephens, to examine his Glyph.
Elachista e@ratella. 25
metallella, and, to my extreme astonishment, found there two
specimens of this insect, which are doubtless those mentioned and
described in the Illustrations as metallella; and had this descrip-
tion any character by which to identify the species, this name
being older than @ratella should have been retained, but unfortu-
nately neither the peculiar form of the posterior wings, nor the
peculiarly short and thick antennez, are mentioned, so that I have
been compelled to adopt Zeller’s name in preference. This
species has been taken by Mr. S. Stevens in Devonshire.
Sp. 7. Elachista fuscociliella, Stainton.
eratella, Sta. Catal. p. 25, No. 18 (non Z.)
Smaller and darker than modestella, and easily distinguished by
the fuscous cilia of the posterior wings; antenne dark, uni-
colorous.
Mr. Sircom has not again met with this species.
Sp. 8. Elachista modestella, Sta. Cat. p. 25, No. 17,
Butalis modestella, Dup. xi. p. 347, pl. 299, f. 8.
Astyages serratella, Stephens, Ilust. iv. 280.
Larger and paler than the preceding, and at once recognized
by the ochreous cilia of the posterior wings; the antennz are not
annulated with white, but appear through a lens alternately pale
and dark.
The name serratella, St., cannot be retained for this, as there is
already a closely allied species of that name, serratella, Tr.
This species frequents oaks in May; I found it not very scarce
at Lewisham, last spring.
TABLE OF THE FOREGOING SPECIES.
I. Posterior wings broadish, with distinct anal angle.
1. Gcophora fusco-enea. Exp. 63 lines; anterior wings bronzy
green,
2. SENESCENS. Exp. 53 lines; anterior wings greenish,
with white scales.
3. Jusco-cuprea. Exp. 5% lines; anterior wings coppery
brown.
II. Posterior wings trapezoidal.
1. Gelechia tenebrella. Antennz unicolorous.
2. tenebrosella. Antenne brown, with white tips.
26 Mr. H. T. Stainton on Elachista eratella.
III. Posterior wings lanceolate, with prolonged point.
1. Elachista eratella.
IV. Posterior wings lanceolate (point not prolonged).
1. Elachista fusco-ciliella. Cilia of posterior wings fuscous.
oF modestella. Cilia of posterior wings ochreous.
VI. A Monograph of the British Species of the Genus
Micropteryx of Zeller. By H.T. Srainton, Esq.
[Read February 4th, 1850.]
Tuts interesting and very distinct group of insects is sadly in
want of investigation; the metamorphoses of none of the species
are known, and several of our species were in such confusion, that
in my catalogue I lumped together, as one species, three which
are truly quite distinct.
The number of species will probably be much augmented by
more active investigations ; several of the known species appear
very early in the season,—for instance, purpurella in February,
and unimaculella and semipurpurella in March; and it is exceedingly
probable that other equally early species lurk undetected. Several
other species occur on the continent.
From the affinities of this group to the Adele (long horns), of
which the larvee are known to be case-bearers, feeding on various
plants, there is little doubt but that the larve of these insects
feed in a similar way; and if those collectors who take calthella
in plenty, would devote a little of their time to the furtherance
of science, by searching for the larve and pupe of that insect,
though they might not enrich their collections by so doing, they
would have a better claim to the title of Entomologists.
The genus is thus characterized by Zeller, in the Isis, 1839:
« With thickly woolly head, in the hairs of which the long con-
vergent downy-haired palpi are concealed, the antenne hardly
longer than the body, the wings moderately long-fringed, the pos-
terior oval-lanceolate.”
The structure of the palpi is very peculiar; they are six-
jointed, and are folded over themselves, so that the extremity lies
British Species of the Genus Mycropteryx. 27
just over the base. Curtis says, “‘ palpi longer than the head,
porrected ;’”’ but this is not the case in any of the specimens I have
observed. But Mr. Curtis assures me that he believes the palpi
are porrected when the insect is alive; this may be so, though
I must confess I should very much doubt it. The hairs of the
head, which in some cases furnish good specific distinctions, are
easily rubbed off, and the head then assumes a black appearance,
whatever may have been the colour of the hairs; this is apt to
occasion mistakes: the shortness of the antennz is very striking
in most of the species, indeed in some they have quite the appear-
ance of having been broken; and in the subdiaphanous posterior
wings we have another peculiarity of the genus.
According to the neuration of the wings, the genus divides into
two sections; in the first section the apical nervure is simple
from the cell, in both wings, and in the second section this nervure
has a fork towards the costa, between the cell and the apex, in
both wings.
Section A. Ertocrernara, Curtis.
Section B. Muicropreryx, Hubner.
The following is my arrangement of the British species :
3
a Head ferruginous.
1. Calthella. Anterior wings golden, with the base en-
tirely purple.
Aruncella 2. Anterior wings golden, with the base purple
9. on the costa,
$. Anterior wings golden, with two silvery
fascize, and a silvery spot.
3. Allionella. Anterior wings purple, with two golden
fascie, and a golden spot towards the
apex, reaching neither margin.
4.*Subammanella, Anterior wings purple brown, with two
yellowish fascize and a yellowish spot.
5. Rubrifasciella. | Anterior wings greenish golden, with a red-
dish spot on the costa at the base, a
reddish fascia before the middle, and
another bifurcate beyond the middle.
* I cannot speak confidently of the colour of the head of this species, my
unique specimen having met with a misfortune and lost its head; I believe it was
ferruginous.
28 Mr. H. T. Stainton’s Monograph of the
8 Head blue-black.
6. Mansvetella. Anterior wings greenish golden, with three
very indistinct reddish fasciz.
B.
a Head grey.
~I
. Subpurpurella. Anterior wings greenish golden, with a faint
paler spot towards the anal angle.
. Semipurpurella. Anterior wings purple, irrorated with pale
golden; antenne more than half the length
of the anterior wings.
. Sparmannella. _ Anterior wings golden, with numerous trans-
verse purple fasciz.
ios)
eo)
f& Head dark fuscous.
Antenne less than half the length of the anterior wings.
10. Purpurella. Anterior wings golden, with numerous irre-
gular purple fasciz, and the veins purple.
11. Unimaculella. Anterior wings golden purple, with a con-
spicuous whitish spot at the anal angle.
Sp. 1. Calthella, Linneus. (Plate III. fig. 1—4.)
Capillis ferrugineis ; alis anticis aureo-brunneis basi purpureo, a
costa usque ad marginem interiorem ; alisque (post mortem )
sulcatis.
Calthella, Linn. S. N. 895, 422; F. S. 367, 1432; Wien. Ver.
144, 36; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 3, 2, 340; Haworth, Lep.
Brit. (a 2 & y 6), 573, 43; Treitschke, ix. 2, 117; Ste-
phens, [I]. iv. 361, 18; Duponchel, xi. 401, pl. 302, fig. 6 ;
Curtis, Brit. Ent. vol. xvi. folio 751; Zeller, Isis, 1839,
p. 185; Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp. 1008, 12; Eversmann, Fauna
Lep. V. U. 587, 2; Stainton, Cat. Tin., p. 8.
Pusilella, Hiibner, 341 ?
Sulcatella, Bentley, Zoologist, 1086.
Exp. alar. ¢ 33 lin., 2 44 lin.
Head of the male luteous, of the female ferruginous. Antennz
dark fuscous, about half the length of the anterior wings. Thorax
golden brown. Abdomen, legs and tarsi dark fuscous, Anterior
wings golden brown, with the base purple from the costa to the
inner margin; when the insect is dead the wings have a sulcated
appearance. (Zeller states that when alive they are even and
British Species of the Genus Micropteryzx. 29
smooth; but never having seen the species alive, I cannot verify
this statement.) Posterior wings pale grey, the apical half tinted
with purple. The larve, which I have no doubt are case- bearers,
most probably feed on the Ranunculacee.
This species was taken last summer in considerable plenty near
Warrington, by Mr. Nicholas Cooke, and also near Huddersfield,
by Messrs. Inchbald and Dunning, from whom I received several
pairs taken in copula, which enabled me to ascertain the specific
distinction between this and aruncella ¢.
This distinction consists in the purple at the base of the wing,
extending to the inner margin in calthella, whereas in aruncella
it never reaches the inner margin. Calthella has also (when dead)
a more sulcated appearance.
Mr. Bentley first directed the attention of the Entomologists
of this country to the existence in this genus of two very closely
allied species, which were distinguished by one having the ante-
rior wings sulcated, and the other having them smooth, but
unfortunately he named the present species afresh as sulcatella,
and applied the name calthella to the @ aruncella. It is true he
alludes to the sexes of his calthella, but in this there must have
been some mistake, and in his description of sulcatella he says,
head of the male black; this is only the case when the luteous
hairs have been rubbed off, which, as Treitschke mentions, is very
frequently the case.
Haworth’s calthella is, I have no doubt, our species, from the
particular mention of the “ basi lete purpuree ;” his var.
** absque purpureo” may be aruncella @, the calthella of Bentley.
The Linnzan insect frequenting the Caltha is, I have no doubt,
also the present species, as aruncella shows no particular predi-
lection for the Ranunculacee, whereas our species most decidedly
is extremely partial to them, though found also on other flowers
in their vicinity.
In Duponchel’s figures of this genus there is a continuous
error of the antennz being represented much too long; this is
important, as the extreme shortness of the antenne is a peculiarity
of the group; and in some species the relative lengths of the
antenne furnish distinctive characters.
Sp. 2. *Aruncella, Scopoli. (Plate III. fig. 5, 6.)
Capillis ferrugineis ; & alis anticis aureo-brunneis, basi ad costam
purpureo, maculd argented transversale ante, fascidque recta
argented pone medium, et post hane maculd parvd argented
* See Remarks at page 40.
30 Mr. H. T. Stainton’s Monograph of the
prope costam; @ alis ant. aureo-brunneis, basi ad costam
solim purpureo, zmmaculatis.
Aruncella, Scop. Faun. Carn. p. 254, No. 660; Zeller, Is. 1839,
185; Sta. Cat. Tin., p. 9.
$ Seppella, Fab, 3, 2, 320; Haw. L. B, 573, 44; Steph. Ill.
iv. 362, 20.
$ Podevinella, Hbn. 342; Treit. ix. 2,119; Dup, xi. 399,
pl. 302, fig. 5.
$ Concinnella, Steph. Ill. iv. 361, 19?
2 Calthella, Bentley, Zoologist, 1086.
Exp. alar. ¢ 3 lin. @ 4 lin.
Head and face ferruginous. Antenne dark fuscous, in the ¢
nearly as long as the anterior wings, in the ¢ about half the length
of the anterior wings. Thorax golden brown. Abdomen, legs and
tarsi dark fuscous. Anterior wings of the ¢ golden brown or
greenish golden, with the costa at the base purple; a little before
the middle of the wing is a transverse silvery spot which reaches
neither margin, and about the middle of the wing is a silvery fascia
placed rather obliquely, it being nearer the base on the costa than
on the inner margin; beyond this is a small silvery spot near the
costa. Cilia golden brown. Anterior wings of the @ (entirely
destitute of the silvery markings) golden-brown, with the costa at
the base purple. Posterior wings pale grey, with the apical half
tinted with purple.
A common species; I have several times found it in plenty,—
in a wood near Ambleside and in a lane near Coniston in June,
1846, and on a grassy bank near Carron in June, 1847, when I
took several pairs in copula; last year I again took it in the same
place. The sexes are so different that they have long been con-
sidered as distinct species, although Scopoli appears to have been
aware of the several discrepancies.
The 2 much resembles calthella, but independent of the wings
not being sulcate; the base of the anterior wings is never purple
to the inner margin, but only a little way from the costa.
The ¢ somewhat resembles swhammanella and Tinea bistrigella,
but is distinguished from the former by its more golden anterior
wings, silvery spots and fascia, whereas in subammanella there are
two entire yellowish fascize on the purple anterior wings. From
T. bistrigella it is distinguished by its ferruginous head (Stephens, it
is true, says “head black”—this, probably, arises from his descrip-
tion being made from a worn specimen, ) and also by the differently
coloured anterior and posterior wings; the latter in the Micropteryx
being subdiaphanous, and purplish at the apex ; in the Tinea they
British Species of the Genus Micropteryz, 31
are opaque, unicolorous, ash-coloured ; besides, in bistrigella the
first fascia is entire, and the second arched, and frequently inter-
rupted, and also placed more posteriorly than in aruncella ¢.
Sp. 3. Allionella, Fabricius. (PI. III. fig. 7.)
Capillis ferrugineis ; alis anticis purpureis, fasciis duabus trans-
versis aureis, prima recta ante, altera obliqua pone medium,
maculaque irregulari aurea juxta costam, apicem versus.
Allionella, Fab. 3,2,321; Zell. Isis, 1839,185; Sta. Cat. Tin. 9.
Ammanella, Abn. 388; Treit. ix. 2,125? Steph. lust. iv. 362,
pl. xli. fig. 2; Zett. Ins. Lapp. 1008, 10 (non Dup.)
Exp. alar. 5 lin.
Head and face ferruginous. Antenne black, more than half the
length of the anterior wings. Thorax fuscous. Abdomen, legs
and tarsidark fuscous. Anterior wings purple or brownish purple,
with a golden fascia nearly straight before the middle, and another
placed rather obliquely beyond the middle; midway between this
and the apex of the wing is a large irregular gold spot nearer the
costa than the inner margin. Posterior wings pale cinereous, with
a purple gloss towards the apex.
Hitherto a scarce species with us; I have met with it in Torwood,
Stirlingshire, in June, but very sparingly, and last summer I beat
a single specimen from a mountain-ash, near Airthrey, Stirling-
shire. Mr. Douglas took a specimen last May in West- Wickham
Wood, and Mr. Dunning met with it among oaks near Hudders-
field. Treitschke says of his ammanella, “ only the size of cal-
thella ;” he was probably comparing it with the @ calthella, which
is much larger than the ¢; he begins his description of Ander-
schella (which we know to be the same size as Allionella) by
saying “size and form of ammanella.” In Mann’s Catalogue,
ammanella, Tr., is placed as distinct from ammanella, Hbn., which
led me to imagine that it might be my subammanella, as indeed, if
it were the size of calthella $, it probably would be.
4, Subammanella, Stainton. (PI. III. fig. 8.)
Alis anticis brunneo-purpureis, fasciis duabus luteis rectis, una
ante, altera paulo pone medium, maculaque parva lutea post
fasciam secundam ; ciliis fuscis, apice albidis.
Subammanella, Sta. Cat. Tin. 9.
Exp. alar. 3 lin.
Anterior wings purple brown, with two straight yellowish fascize,
one near the base, the other a little beyond the middle, and a small
32 Mr. H. T. Stainton’s Monograph of the
round yellowish spot immediately beyond the second fascia; cilia
fuscous, but at the extreme apex whitish.
The above imperfect description is all I am able to give, having
had an accident with my unique specimen, of which I have now
only the two anterior wings remaining.
This specimen I took in Torwood, Stirlingshire, July 18th, 1848,
among mixed underwood.
From the preceding it is at once distinguished by its size, the
straighter fascize, and smaller spot; from Tinea bistrigella, which
it more closely resembles, the purple-brown anterior wings and
yellowish (not whitish) fascize immediately distinguish it.
Zetterstedt has an Adela abalienella (Ins. Lapp. 1008, 9), which
is very probably this species; he says, ‘“alz nitide, antice fer-
rugineo-fusce, fasciis duabus integris rectis transversis albis, una
ante medium et altera in medio—fimbria fusca, summo apice albo.”
The position and form of the fascia are here well given, but the
colour is white instead of yellowish (thus more appropriate to
bistrigella) ; the mention of the apical spot in the cilia also appears
to point out the present species, but the spot on the disk is
omitted.
Sp. 5. Rubrifasciella, Haworth. (PI. III. fig. 9.)
Capillis ferrugineis; alis anticis nitidis, viridi-aureis, macula
basale rufescente ad costam, fascia obliqua rufescente ante,
alteraque duabus furcis, pone medium.
Rubrifasciella, Haw. Lep. Brit. 572, 41; Sta. Cat. Tin. p. 9.
Hellnigella, Steph. Ilust. iv. 360, 16 (non Hbn.)
Anderschella, Dup. xi. 403, pl. 302, fig. 7, (aon Hbn.)
Exp. alar. 4 lin.
Head and face ferruginous. Antenne black, about half the
length of the anterior wings. Thorax purplish. Abdomen, legs
and tarsi dark fuscous. Anterior wings very glossy, greenish
golden, with a reddish spot on the costa at the base, an oblique
reddish fascia a little before the middle (which is nearest the base
on the costa and does not reach the inner margin); and beyond
the middle another reddish fascia, with two branches, one ter-
minating on the costa, the other in a reddish spot towards the
apex. Posterior wings pale grey, with a purple tint towards the
apex.
Not generally a common species; it occurs in May, and appears
rather partial to chalky districts. I have met with it on the Dart-
ford Heath fence, and Mr. Sircom takes it at Brislington.
Haworth has well described this species, but errs in giving
Hellnigella, Hbn. as a synonym.
British Species of the Genus Micropteryx. 33
Duponchel’s figure and description are very good, but there is
some mystery attending his insect, as he says he received it from
Herr Fischer von Roslerstamm, under the name of Anderschella,
which is inconceivable, as rubrifasciella was not known in
Germany in 1839, though Herr Mann now sends us the insect,
but with a manuscript name ;° moreover, the true Anderschella
(a very beautiful species) is figured and described by Duponchel
as ammanella (vol. xi. 404, pl. 302, f. 8), and he says it was
sent to him by Herr Fischer von Réslerstamm under that name.
Haworth’s Tinea sanguinella, of which he says “ preecedentis
(rubrifascielle) forte varietas,” does not belong to this genus; it
is the Tortrix rutilana of Hiibner. Haworth’s specimen is in
Mr. Stephen's collection.
Sp. 6. Mansuetella, Zeller.
Capillis atris ; alis anticis aureo-viridis, macula basale ad costam,
fascia ante medium, apiceque, rufescentibus, obsoletis.
Mansuetella, Zell. Fiinfter Bericht des Schlesischen Tausch-
vereins, 1844, p. 16.
Exp. alar. 4 lin.
Head and face deep black, almost blue black. Antenne black,
about half as long as the anterior wings, ‘Thorax, abdomen, legs
and tarsi fuscous. Anterior wings greenish golden, with some
very indistinct reddish markings, namely, a costal spot at the
base, and a fascia before the middle, and the apical half of the
wing is entirely reddish; cilia cinereous. Posterior wings pale
grey, with the apex purplish; cilia cinereous.
Mr. Douglas has two specimens which he took some years
back, along with Calthella. From Zeller’s account the species
occurs near Glogau, at the same time as Calthella, on Sorbus
aucuparia and Spirzea ulmaria.
It is readily distinguished from every other known British
species of the genus by its deep black head; but independently
of this character, it may be recognised by being of the size of
Calthella, with the markings on the anterior wings somewhat
resembling rubrifasciella, only more indistinct.
Sp. 7. Subpurpurella, Haworth. (Pl. III. fig. 10—13, 18.)
Capillis cinereis ; alis anticis aureo-viridis, macula pallidiore fere
obsoleta ad angulum anale, posticis cinereis apicibus pur-
purascentibus.
VOL. I. N.S. PART II.—ocT, 1850, D
34 Mr. H. T. Stainton’s Monograph of the
Subpurpurella, Haw. Lep. Brit, 571, 87; Steph. Illust. iv.
359, 11; Sta. Cat. Tin. p. 9.
Exp. alar. 6 lin,
Head and face cinereous. Antenne fuscous, about half the
length of the anterior wings. Thorax, abdomen, legs and tarsi
fuscous. Anterior wings bright golden green, with a faint ap-
pearance of a paler spot at the anal angle, and a still fainter
appearance of another midway between this and the apex of the
wing; cilia fuscous. Posterior wings pale grey, with the apex
purplish; cilia cinereous.
The commonest species of the genus frequenting oaks in May.
Its greenish anterior wings distinguish it readily from all its
congeners, except Calthella and Aruncella 2 ; from these, however,
it is at once distinguished by its size and cinereous head.
Haworth gives three varieties, but they appear to have been
merely specimens in different degrees of preservation.
Sp. 8. Semipurpurella, Stephens. (PI. II. fig. 17.)
Capillis cinereis ; alis anticis purpureis aureo-irroratis, maculaque
pallida subindistincta ad angulum anale ; antennis longioribus
quam dimidium alis anticis.
Semipurpurella, Steph. Ill. iv. 359, 12.
Solierella, Dup. xi. 407, pl. 302, f. 11?
Exp. alar. 5—7 lin.
Head and face fuscous, clothed with cinereous hairs, which
apparently are easily rubbed off. Antennze dark fuscous, more
than half the length of the anterior nings. Thorax, abdomen,
legs and tarsi fuscous. Anterior wings purple, with numerous
golden irrorations, and generally with a pale golden or whitish
spot at the anal angle, not however as distinct as in unimaculella.
Posterior wings pale grey, almost transparent, with the apex
purplish ; cilia grey.
Not a scarce species among birches in March and April;
occurring plentifully at West Wickham Wood and other places.
The difficulties in the genus begin with this species, which in my
Catalogue I have lumped together with purpurella and unima-
culella as one species; these are, however, truly distinct, and
with fine specimens they are easily separated, though in the
ordinary run of specimens found in collections it is no easy
matter to say to which they should be referred. One main
reason for our specimens being so poor is, that we do not collect
them soon enough, they should be sought for in March; by
British Species of the Genus Micropteryz. 35
delaying to collect them till April, the specimens become wasted.
I have no doubt many might be met with in February in forward
seasons. Haworth distinctly states that Mr. Hatchett took two
specimens of purpurella in copula in February.
Semipurpurella differs from purpurella in being generally larger,
in having the hairs of the head cinereous instead of dark fuscous,
and in the purple of the anterior wings not being disposed in
fasciz or streaks; but it is principally distinguished by having
much longer attenne. It differs from wnimaculella also by the
greater length of the antenne and by the less distinct spot at the
anal angle, and the anterior wings being more irrorated with
golden.
Sp. 9. Sparmannella, Fabricius. (PI. III. fig. 14.)
Capillis cinereis ; alis anticis aureis, numerosis fasciis purpureis
irregulariter transversis, ciliis cinereo-luteis fuscisque varus ;
ciliis alarum posteriorum lutescentibus.
Sparmannella, Fabr. 3, 2, 324; Hbn. 408; Dup. xi. 405, pl.
302, f. 9; Zell. Isis, 1839, p. 185; Sta. Cat. Tin. p. 9.
Auropurpurella, Haw. Lep. Brit. 572, 59; Steph. Illust. iv.
260, 14.
Exp. alar. 4 lin.
Head and face cinereous. Antenne dark fuscous, not half as
long as the anterior wings. Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous.
Legs and tarsi pale fuscous, the ends of the joints dark. Anterior
wings gold coloured, with numerous irregular transverse purple
fascize, the thickest of which is a little beyond the middle, and is
furcate on the inner margin; the gold coloured space between its
forks, being the largest unicolorous portion of the wing, appears
rather conspicuous ; cilia varied yellowish grey and fuscous.
Posterior wings pale grey, the apical half purple; cilia pale
yellowish.
A scarce species with us, occurring among birches in May.
Mr. Douglas took a specimen at West Wickham Wood last May.
Zeller says, ‘from the middle of April to the middle of May,
on the twigs of oaks, alders, especially birches.”
Sparmannella is not likely to be confounded with any species
except purpurella; from this it differs in the hairs of the head being
cinereous instead of dark fuscous, in the veins of the anterior
wings not being purple, and in the reticulations being more
delicate ; in the broader anterior wings having varied cilia, and
in the cilia of the posterior wings being yellowish and not
cinereous.
D2
36 Mr. H.T. Stainton’s Monograph of the
Sp. 10. Purpurella, Haworth. (PI. III. fig. 15.)
Capillis fuscis ; alis anticis aureis, numerosis fascus irregularibus,
venisque purpureis, ciliis cinereo-luteis ; ciltis alarum posticarum
cinereis:
Purpurella, Haw., Lep. Brit. 571, 38; Steph. Ill. iv. 360, 13;
Donzelella, Dup., xi. 408, pl. 302, 12?
Exp. alar. 5 lin.
Head and face dark fuscous. Antennz fuscous, not half the
length of the anterior wings. Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous.
Legs and tarsi fuscous. Anterior wings golden with a slight
greenish tinge, with numerous irregular purple fascia, and the -
veins purple; thus much concealing the ground colour, as in
Sparmannella the largest portion of the wing left of the ground
colour is at the anal angle; cilia yellowish grey. Posterior wings
narrower than in wnimaculella, pale grey, with a slightly purple
tint towards the apex; cilia pale grey.
Not scarce. Mr. Henry Doubleday writes me word, that in
Epping Forest it often swarms on birches at the end of March,
along with semipurpurella; and it is owing to his calling my
attention to this species and its alies, that I discovered the great
blunder I had committed in my Catalogue with regard to them.
(I shall always feel much obliged to any entomologist who will
call my attention to any point in which he may think I have erred,
as it is only by such criticism of one another that truth can be
elicited and progress made.) }
Purpurella differs from semipurpurella in being smaller, with
much shorter antenne, in the hairs of the head being dark fuscous,
and in the anterior wings being streaked and veined with purple ;
it differs from unimaculella, which it resembles in size, also by
the streaking and veining’of the anterior wings, by the anal spot
being less conspicuous, and by the posterior wings being narrower
and more pointed. The differences between purpurella and Spar-
mannella have been already mentioned under the latter species.
Haworth’s Tinea rubroaurella (Lep. Brit. 572, 40) is apparently
an injured specimen of this species; he says, “ ala anticze rubro
sive purpureo-auree ; lente puncto postico aureo, in quo punctu-
lum minutum fuscum. In medio marginis tenuioris punctum alium
aureum ;” which certainly rather appears as if he had had a spe-
cimen of dela fibulella before him, yet the insect in Mr. Stephens’
collection, labelled by Haworth rubro-aurella, is truly a Microp-
teryx, and apparently identical with purpurella.
“o>
British Species of the Genus Micropteryzx. 37
Zetterstedt has an Adela cicatricella (Ins. Lapp. 1008, 13),
which may perhaps be this species. He says, “ alis anticis aureo-
violaceoque irroratis, posticis purpurascenti griseis 9.” ‘* Ad.
Calthella nonnihil major. Alze anticze leeves, nec striatim impresse
aureo-pallido-cupreoque undique, crebre irrorate, fimbria grisea;
posticzee purpureo-micantes. Tin. Sparmannella, Thunb. et Fab.,
huic similis, sed illa est fere duplo major et alis anticis aureis
punctis striguliformibus transversis undique adspersis, a nostra
certe distincta.” This would all appear to point out our purpurella,
except the size; but he distinctly says hardly larger than Calthella,
and little more than half the size of Sparmannella,—now our insect
is as large as Sparmannella and nearly twice the size of Calthella.
Zeller’s fastuosella (Isis, 1839, p. 185) must also come very
near purpurella ; he says, “very like Sparmannella, but certainly
distinct ; larger, the wings narrower, with fine violet and steel-
blue scales, the posterior wings paler; flies after the beginning
of May, near Glogau, on old blooming sloe-bushes.”
Sp. 11. Unimaculella, Zetterstedt. (PI. III. fig. 16.)
Capillis fuscis; alis anticis aureo-purpureis, macula albida ad
angulum anale.
Unimaculella, Zett., Ins. Lapp. 1008, 11; “ale antic pur-
pureo-aureze, macula ad angulum ani alba.”
Exp. alar. 5 lin.
Head and face dark fuscous, almost black. Antenne dark
fuscous, about half the length of the anterior wings. Thorax,
abdomen, legs and tarsi dark fuscous. Anterior wings greenish-
golden with a purple gloss, with a conspicuous whitish spot
(slightly curved outwardly) on the inner margin at the anal angle;
cilia grey. Posterior wings broader than in the preceding, pale
grey, with the apex purple; cilia grey.
Scarce with us at present; most of the specimens I have seen
have occurred in the north of England. Mr. Douglas took a
specimen at West Wickham Wood last April; it probably also
appears in March,
Unimaculella is distinguished from semipurpurella by its smaller
size, shorter antenne, darker head, and paler spot at the anal angle
of the anterior wings. In size it resembles purpurella, but here
again it is at once recognised by its paler spot at the anal angle,
and by the want of the purple fascize and veins, and by the broader
posterior wings.
Duponchel has an Adela unipunctella (xi, 370, pl. 302, fig. 10);
38 Mr. H.T. Stainton’s Monograph of the
but in that, the spot is in the centre of the wing, not on the inner
margin, and I strongly suspect his insect was a true Adela, but
unfortunately the antennz were broken off from the only specimen
he had seen, so that we have no certain knowledge on that point.
Duponchel’s figures of this and Donzelella look rather singular
from the paint used for the white spots having turned black.
I here conclude this imperfect essay, which will, I hope, lead
to the investigation of the habits and transformations of our
known species, and also to the discovery of new ones. I have not
included the continental species in this memoir, although we
have several new to us from Herr Mann, as only one of those,
Anderschella, Hbn. Tr., is described; the others will probably be
described in Zeller’s paper on the Microptera taken in Tuscany
by Herr Mann, which paper was commenced in the July number
of the Zeitung of the Entomological Society of Stettin.
List of THE NAMES OF SPECIES REFERRED TO.
PAGE
POmmerella, (APU vest esac ca cca eae eae eee Oe
AlKonela hab. eac oe 6 eects cys oa wemene on
Amimanella, Hba.. 3% scces sce < Bieta o bye ert chests 31
Prnonmane la Wp. a amici aie vies ees «ates e | OO
Anderschella; sD ups ies sici yes oi0o'* eo blnja'e eietwte'e 32
Poruncella; Scops 441i \.fe'naisieWiess » bes ole wes 29
Auro-purpurella, Haw. .eccocsecrsccssaes 35
Calthella, Linn..... ete vern kine oGidia station de 28
Calthella, Bentley ..........4. ne, stove rela ee - 380
Cicatricella, Zett........ Oh Shel see Mate accile 37
Conciniella; Stephii'. s.).05 64 eke. ' Sisitee e130
Donzelella, Dup. . owiss seve sic evisv es decisis 36
Fastnosella; Zell, wince i.e wet ake She ath hehe 37
Hellwnigella, Steph ii ies. se vicislds Glas sisi oe B2
Mansnctella,: Heth. -so's bahee, sates Woes te OS
Podévinella, ba.) iiss sees ess cep ee sees 30
Purputella; Hawes fo5 ss sai ce/stsate eis’. = 8 56
Pusilellay Himsa sleceaeattes i ceva ee oa 928
Rubritascielia, eae is 6.06 idee Sess celaleies S588
Rubro-aurellasawe (cls Mo nes lee’. owe weeds soe
Sanguinella, Haw. ......... gate ein ete 33
Semipurpurella, St......... sinjeia's a's ois sistas 34
Peppellaj Mab, sites swam tet wl wn ess cs 8 A er)
“ee a.
British Species of the Genus Micropteryzx. 39
List of the Names of Species referred to—continued.
PAGE
SolierellapDuns) Jos cs sone sich 40 os <r te 34
Sparmannella, Fab........0--08 a Sree apa gina 35
Subammanella, Sta........ Ba Se ate, sae < aeons fora
Sobpurpurella, Hawes. .-\scieisies: ceases aera cdl
pileatellap Bentleys, si4.c.¢'4's ier «:4,0;9 o;4.ejejc0e oe 28
Uninaeulella; Zette o 65) os, 32) 5 nae nia ck artuaeats 37
Winpunetellay, Du. sise!s vies eis = woisis peisiejepcle 37
Supplemental Note to the above Paper.
[Read July Ist, 1850.]
In my Monograph of the genus Micropteryx, I have incorrectly
described as Aruncella, Scopoli (see page 29), a distinct, but
closely allied species; the name to be retained for the insect there
described is Seppella, Fabricius, and its correct synonymy, should
stand thus:
& Seppella, Fab. 3, 2,320; Haw. L. B. 573, 44; Steph. Ilust.
iv. 362, 20.
3 Podevinella, Hbn. 342; Treit. ix. 2,119; Dup. xi. 399, pl.
302, fig. 5.
@ Calthella, Bentley, Zool. 1086.
Aruncella, Sta. Cat. Tin. p. 9 (non Scop. non Zell.)
$ Eximiella (Kollar), Zeller, Ent. Ztg. Feb. 1850, p. 62.
Whereas the synonymy of Aruncella will run thus :
Aruncella, Scop. F. C. p. 254, No. 660; Zeller, Isis, 1839, 185.
$ Concinnella, Steph. Ilustr. iv. 361, 19.
I now proceed to describe this latter insect.
Capillis ferrugineis, & alis anlicis aureo-brunneis, basi ad costam
purpureo, fascia recta tenui argentea ante medium, maculaque indis-
tincta argentea prope basin; @ alis anticis aureo-brunneis, basi ad
costam solum purpureo, immaculatis.
Exp. alar. $ 33, 2 4 lin.
Head and face ferruginous. Antenne dark fuscous, in the
nearly as long as the anterior wings. Thorax golden brown, ab-
domen, legs and tarsi dark fuscous.
Anterior wings of the ¢ golden brown, with the costa at the
base purple. Not far from the base is a rather faint silvery spot ;
40 Mr. H. T. Stainton’s Monograph of Micropteryz.
and rather before the middle of the wing is a slender, almost per-
pendicular, silver fascia. Cilia golden brown.
Anterior wings of the @ (entirely destitute of the silvery mark-
ings) golden brown, with the costa at the base purple.
Posterior wings pale grey, with the apical half tinted with
purple.
Hitherto scarce in this country. Mr. Stephens has specimens
from Darenth Wood, and Mr. Thomson once met with it on the
grassy bank between Sydenham and Penge.
The best character by which to distinguish the ¢ of this species
from the ¢ Seppella is the position and form of the fascia; it is
more slender, straighter, and placed nearer the base than in Seppella.
The entire absence of the silver spot on the costa towards the
apex would appear at first sight a more decided character ; but it
is often no easy matter to see this spot in set specimens of Sep-
pella; and I last week took a specimen of Seppella entirely des-
titute of this spot, and which I was therefore inclined to take for
Aruncella. The anterior wings of Seppella are narrower and
greener than those of Aruncella 6. Iam not at present aware of
any character by which to separate the females of these two
species.
Till I received from Herr Zeller specimens of this species as
Aruncella, and of Seppella as Eximiella, I had not the slightest
conception that my Aruncella and his were not identical. Pode-
vinella, Tr., which Zeller gives as a synonym of Aruncella, is most
certainly Seppella.
How many similar errors may lurk undetected for want of
comparison of specimens, it is impossible to say.
( 41 )
VII. Descriptions of two new Species of Exotic Hymenop-
tera. By FrRepeErRicK Suirtu, Esq.
[Read August 6th, 1849.]
Family VESPIDZ, Leach.
Genus Paracetia, Shuck.
Tue genus Paragia was established by Mr. W. E. Shuckard, in
the second volume of the Transactions of the Entomological So-
ciety, for the reception of an insect possessing several remarkable
exceptions to the usual characteristics of the family to which it
belongs. It was suggested in the paper referred to that these
insects were probably social; but I am not inclined to adopt that
opinion. Of one of the species described, I am fortunate in hav-
ing an opportunity of describing both sexes, and these are not
characterized by the usual disparity observable in opposite sexes
of social species. I should be inclined to place this genus in close
proximity to the genus Abispa, also a native of New Holland.
The second species so closely resembles an Odynerus, that it was
only upon a careful examination of that genus at the British Mu-
seum that I detected it. I have named it in reference to its de-
ceptive appearance.
Sp. 1. Paragia tricolor. (Pi. V. fig. 1).
Fem. (length 10 lines). Black, opaque, the clypeus entire,
having a few deep punctures on its apical margin; the mandibles
robust, tridentate. Thorax; a bell-shaped impression on the disk
of the thorax, with a central longitudinal line reaching to the pro-
thorax, a short smooth impression on each side over the tegule, a
narrow yellow fascia on the margin of the prothorax; the scutel-
lum very prominent, subquadrate; the wings dark brown, paler
towards their apical margins, and also the basal portion of the
externo-medial cell; the claws ferruginous. Abdomen of a violet
blue, finely and closely punctured, an angular yellow macula on
the lateral apical margin of the basal segment. ‘The four follow-
ing segments have a narrow yellow marginal fascia; beneath the
second, third and fourth segments have a broad marginal fascia.
Male (length 9 lines). Black; the clypeus and scape of the
antennze in front yellow; a narrow interrupted fascia of the same
colour on the margin of the prothorax ; the disk of the thorax
sculptured as in the female, the wings and legs as in the opposite
42 Mr. F. Smith’s Species of Exotic Hymenoptera.
sex. Abdomen of a violet blue; the first, second and third seg-
ments have laterally on their apical margins a large angular yellow
macula, beneath coloured as in the female; the second segment
has in the centre a large acute conical tubercle.
Perth, W. Australia.
In the British Museum.
Sp. 2. P. Odyneroides. (Pl. V. fig. 2.)
Male (length 5 lines). Black, head deeply punctured, the clypeus,
a narrow line along the inner margins of the eyes, a coronated
spot between the antennz, and a short narrow line at the outer
margins of the eyes towards their apex, yellow. Thorax coarsely
punctate; a lateral angulated spot on the collar; the tegule and
a small dot beneath the wings yellow; the wings have a fuscous
cloud along their anterior margins ; all the tibiae, tarsi and extreme
apex of the femora ferruginous, the anterior tibiz stained with
yellow in front. Abdomen finely punctured; the apical margins
of the first, third and fourth segments have an orange yellow
fascia, the intermediate one broadest; the margins of the fifth and
sixth segments are narrowly piceous; beneath, the second and
third segments have a yellow fascia, which on each side in front
is sinuated.
From Hunter River, New Holland.
In the British Museum. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.
Vol. I. New Series, Plate V, Paragia tricolor. Fig. 1 a, male; 16,
mandible of do.; 1c, lateral view of abdomen of do.; 1 d,
tarsus of do.; 1 e, female; 1 f, mandible of do.; 1g, tarsus of
do.; 1 h, anterior wing of do.; 1%, anterior leg of do.; 1k,
posterior leg of do.
Fig. 2. Paragia Odyneroides.
Two new Strepsipterous Insects. 43
VIII. Descriptions of two new Strepsipterous Insects from
Albania, parasitical on Bees of the Genus Hyleus; with
some Account of their Habits and Metamorphoses. By
S. S. SaunpErs, Esq.
[Read Ist April, 1850.]
Mvucu insight has gradually been obtained, especially during late
years, into the singular economy of the Strepszptera, which has
formed the subject of several interesting notices in the Transactions
of this Society, followed by many important facts recorded by
Dr. Siebold of Erlangen,* by an elaborate paper, accompanied by
microscopic details of extreme nicety, contributed by Mr. George
Newport to the Transactions of the Linnzan Society (vol. xx.
part 2, 1847), by critical disquisitions on their affinities by Mr.
Newman, published in the Zoologist, &c.; and in adding to the
list of this pigmy tribe, two new species, reared from the bodies
of bees, of the genus Hyleus of Latreille (Prosopis of Jurine),
I avail myself of the opportunity which presents itself, to offer
some remarks on their eventful history and extraordinary career.
The first of these species I obtained from a large oak-gall,
which, being tenanted by some Hymenopterous larve, I had
placed in a box, where it remained forgotten until autumn, when,
I observed, among several specimens of /7yleus, which had been
produced and died in the interim, some exhibiting abdominal pro-
tuberances, caused by the presence of Strepsipterous insects,
still shrouded in their pupa envelopes, having perished zm sité,
although ready to burst forth in the imago state.
The following year my endeavours to obtain more of the Hylai
from oak-gails proved ineffectual; but knowing that these bees
also nidificated in briars, I collected a quantity of briar-snags,
and on the 28th of May, having examined some of the cells,
I selected from among their occupants five already-formed pupe,
the remainder being still in the larva state; of these pupe three
completed their transformations after the lapse of two days, when
1 had the satisfaction of perceiving that each of the bees then
produced presented the usual parasitical phenomena, not pre-
viously apparent ; and the next morning, on placing them in a phial
accessible to the sun, two of the winged parasites—smaller than
those previously obtained from the Hyleus of the gall—speedily
* In Weigmann’s Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 1843.
oe
ee fe
44 Mr. S. S. Saunders’s Description of
came forth. The remaining pupe, selected as aforesaid, having
perhaps experienced some injury, never attained the imago state.
From the ample stock of larvee and briars remaining, I ex-
pected to have been able to obtain a considerable number of the
parasites; but in this I was mistaken, the gestation of the latter
apparently rendering the Hyleus precocious,* for none of the
bees whose metamorphoses were deferred to a late period pro-
duced any parasites; such transformations being, in some cases,
exceedingly protracted and irregular. I noticed the same result
on other occasions, those bees which produced parasites being
always observed in the imago state before others not parasitically
affected ; their appearance varying, according to the season, from
about the middle of May to the middle of June.
The parasitic pupze—with the exception of one possibly over-
looked at first— always appeared contemporaneously with the
imago-bee (never sooner), whose contortions in wriggling itself
out of the pupa-envelope may not impossibly assist the parasite
in driving the prominent carinated apex of the male pupe, or the
subcuspidate cephalo-thorax of the female, through the abdomi-
nal folds. Jurine, however, on one occasion discovered no less
than six larvee entirely concealed within the abdomen of a fully-
developed Polistes ;+ and Mr. Westwood, also, ‘‘ in examining the
interior of the abdomen (of an Andrena imago), from between the
segments of which the heads of two Stylops larva were exserted,
found a third larva similarly attached, but entirely hidden within
the abdomen of the bee.” }{ It may therefore be assumed, as
Dr. Siebold appears to think, that the preliminary act of pro-
truding its head is performed by the parasite previously to entering
upon the inert pupa state, its anterior region becoming indurated
about that period, and subsequently (as Professor Peck, of Boston,
also observed) presenting a ‘rounder form;’’ although, indeed,
it may be difficult to determine with precision when the one
condition terminates and the other commences; the outer tegu-
ment not being discarded at the time, but the real pupa or nymph
remaining encased, and finally divesting itself of its slender pel-
licle within; where, as I shall have occasion to explain, it may
continue for some time undisclosed in the imago form. The
rapidity however with which, in these parasites on Hyleus, this
* A similar circumstance was noticed by Mr. Thwaites, in a species of An-
drena ; as mentioned in Westwood’s Introd. Mod. Classif. of Insects, vol. ii.
p- 300, note. [Just as the presence of the Blastophaga by caprification renders
the figs precociously ripe.—Trans. Ent. Soc. vol. ii. p. 214.]
+ Mem. Acad, Turin. tom. xxiii.
¢ Trans. Ent. Soc. vol. ii. p. 185, note.
Two new Strepsipterous Insects. 45
ultimate transition has been accomplished in some instances,—
the winged parasite having been produced as aforesaid within
twenty-four hours after the first indication of its presence between
the abdominal folds of the newly-developed bee,—would seem to
imply that the entire change, from larva to imago, can scarcely
be effected, as it were, per saltum, on such occasions,
Among a number of other larva and pupe of Hyleus, set
apart and carefully watched, I could discover no symptom of
Strepsipterous distension during either of those stages; but at
length having noticed two pupa, extracted from a briar, on the
2nd of June, exhibiting on the right side only the dark markings
which usually precede the development of the bee, I found, on
their pupa-pellicles being discarded the next day, that Strepsip-
terous parasites, ready to burst forth, had become conspicuously
prominent on the opposite side, where their hitherto concealed
presence would seem to have had the effect of exhausting the
ordinary secretions within. I am also inclined to believe, upon
a comparison of numerous specimens of Hyleus, reared from the
briars, that the colour of the abdomen in the perfect bee was
often considerably affected by the abstraction cf those substances
which had afforded sustenance to Strepsipterous intruders (parti-
cularly where the winged parasites were produced), as in the
pale-coloured specimens now exhibited.
So long as the Hy/l@i remained in the dark, the parasites, de-
prived of those external influences which, under ordinary circum-
stances, would serve to stimulate their dormant energies, made
no attempt to abandon their pupa tenements; as an incentive to
which, light appears to be absolutely essential, in order that their
perceptions may be awakened to an intuitive consciousness of the
bees having quitted their cells. Thus, as with those first obtained
from the oak-gall, some briars occupied by the larvee of the
Hyl@i having remained shut up in a box, and the bees having
come to maturity and died unobserved, none of the parasitic skull-
caps were found to have been removed,—an operation which
seems attributable, therefore, to the unaided efforts of the para-
site from within; so that, although fully prepared to quit their
pupa-cases, unless the parasites be aroused from their lethargic
stupor by the exhilarating influence of the solar rays, they termi-
nate their existence, together with the bee, without ever regaining
that liberty of action which at an earlier period they were privi-
leged to enjoy in their incipient hexapod larva form; for, as Dr.
Siebold’s careful investigations into the economy of the Strepsip-
tera have served to elicit, the little acariform beings so frequently
46 Mr. S. S. Saunders’s Description of
seen to emanate from what had formerly been regarded as mere
abortive Strepsipterous larvae, under the influence of some other
parasitical attack, now require to be acknowledged as the true
lineal representatives of insects of this order, the perfect female
retaining the vermiform condition, and remaining encased in the
the body of the bee, into which, at an earlier period, the young
hexapod may have found means to insinuate itself, her cephalo-
thorax being the only part externally visible.
In an early part of the Transactions of this Society,* Mr.
Westwood, in describing and figuring some of these hitherto sup-
posed hexapod parasites upon the Strepsiptera, appended a note
to his remarks, suggesting “that the individuals producing these
minute parasites might be females, and the parasites their
young,” which Dr. Siebold’s observations have served to con-
firm; and Mr. Newport has since illustrated, with inimitable
precision, the whole series of changes which “ take place in the
ovum within the body of the female Stylops herself, contained
within that of the bee.}’’ It may indeed be observed, that the
primary question as to the origin of these ova, is not hereby en-
tirely set at rest; nor is the distension progressively acquired by
such ova of unexampled occurrence, as it is recorded also among
the Tenthredinide and Cynipide ; neither does it appear that their
presence has ever been detected in any vermiform Strepsipterous
insect obtained from a bee not taken at large, whereby the pos-
sibility of extraneous ovi-position (considering also the previous
seclusion of the internal-feeding larva within the body of the bee)
would be absolutely negatived ; but the circumstantial evidence
affecting the relations of these hexapods with the Streps¢ptera is
so convincing, and the conditions essential to their future main-
tenance and propagation—involved in the exploded theory of
their hyper-parasitic character—have been so nearly reduced to
an argumentum ad absurdum by Mr. Westwood, that no reason-
able doubt can be entertained upon this point.
These never-to-be-emancipated females, in their apodal apte-
rous imago-form, destitute also of visual organization and an-
tennz, wherewith their more favoured partners are so munifi-
cently endowed, may be recognized by the depressed condition
of the exserted cephalo-thorax, which is but slightly concavo-
convex, and usually of a paler colour than the distended conical
* Vol. 2, p. 187.
+ Trans. Linn, Soe. vol. xx. p. 339.
¢ Westwood’s Introd. &c. vol. 2, p. 303.
Two new Strepsipterous Insects. 47
cephalo-thoracic caps of the pupa cases from which winged males
may be obtained. ‘The latter exhibit also a transversely carinated
apex, furnished with three small equidistant basal rugosities above,
two others, somewhat larger and wider apart, being seen upon a
parallel line lower down, when viewed in front; the occipital sum-
mit being traversed by a faint sutural line, where this capsule or
operculum eventually separates, being thrown off as a mask on the
exit of the perfect insect. The apod female, moreover, is not de-
void of certain additional discriminative characters, wherein, how-
ever, the condition of the cephalo-thorax appears to be subject to
considerable modification; which (whether depending upon gene-
ric, specific, or metamorphotic distinctions) a comparison between
the figures and descriptions of this part in the Xenos Rossi, as
given by Dr. Siebold,—in the Stylops aterrima, by Mr. Newport,
—and in these parasites on Hyl@us,—may serve to exemplify.
In this latter sex also a small glossy distension towards the
anterior portion of the cephalo-thoracic region, is observable on
each side, and dark protuberances at the basal angles, corre-
sponding apparently with others more prominently developed in
the pupa-cases of males, and analogous to those noticed in other
instances by different observers.*
With respect to these several markings and protuberances,
the question naturally suggests itself, to what corresponding
organs they may respectively be referred, regard being had also
to the very limited portion of the cephalo-thoracical region
strictly attributable to the head itself, according to the relative
distribution which has been ascribed to the larva-segments. This
brings me to notice a remarkable circumstance to which Dr.
Siebold has directed attention,} namely, “that the feet of the pupa
lie,” as he states, ‘“‘always and ab initio beneath that surface of the
pupa-case which is turned away from the ventral region of the
stylopized Hymenopterous insect; ... whence it is to be understood
that the convex surface of the cephalo-thorax” (as represented in
his figures) is the ventral, and the concave, the dorsal region;”
and, furthermore, that he had “likewise always distinctly ob-
served, when the males of Xenos Rossi were on the point of
issuing, after the operculum of the pupa-case had been cast off,
that they had both their face and their feet turned away from the
* See the figures of supposed larva with exserted heads, as represented by Mr.
Curtis ( Brit. Ent. pl. 226, fig. B.); by Mr. Westwood (Trans. Ent. Soc. vol. i.
pl. 17, fig. 9, 10, 12); by M. Léon Dufour (Ann. Sci. Nat. tom. 7, 1837, pl. 1.
fig. 15, &c.).
+ Loc. cit. p. 152.
48 Mr. 8. 8. Saunders’s Description of
body of the Hymenopterous insect; and, consequently, that those
Xenos males which had become transformed into pupe on the
dorsal region of the Polistes gallica, emerged from their pupa-
cases with the ventral side uppermost.”
Notwithstanding the frequent opportunities of noticing so
anomalous a proceeding, which have from time to time presented
themselves, no mention of such a circumstance appears among
the observations hitherto recorded in connection with the ultimate
ecdysis of Strepsipterous parasites ; nor can I supply any corrobora-
tive testimony on the present occasion; for whenever I have seen
any of these parasites produced, or have extracted them from their
pupa-cases, I should say (speaking from recollection) that their
position was the reverse of that described by Dr. Siebold, and
as such, not calling for remark. Dr. Siebold’s expositions upon
this point are however so precise, and his opinions entitled to so
much weight, that all controversial discussion upon the subject
must resolve itself into a careful comparison of facts; the more
especially as it was long since remarked by Dr. Peck, that, in the
American species which bears his name, ‘ the head of the larva
was, in the feeding state, turned towards the base of the abdomen
of the wasp;” this direction being subsequently reversed prior to
its exit (those found by Jurine, as before stated, being in this
position); so that, supposing the larva to double back upon itself
for such purpose, in close contiguity along the upper abdominal
region, as appearances would seem to indicate, the natural result
of this proceeding would be, to subvert its original position
within the body; which the male might afterwards rectify within
the pupa-case.* Analogy moreover would seem to lead to the
conclusion, that the oviduct being situated on the convex upper
surface of the cephalo-thorax in the females, this position is more
appropriately ascribed to the ventral than to the dorsal region.
With all its superior organization—exhibiting so marked a
contrast with the hapless condition of its secluded partner—the
delicate conformation of the male throughout this tribe, at once
suggests that ephemeral existence which the concurrent testimony
of all observers has served to confirm; whereas the functions de-
volving upon the viviparous female until her hexapod progeny
have acquired their preliminary development, necessarily imply a
more prolonged, and, in some cases protracted, career; suscep-
* Some pupe perform a series of evolutions within. (Vid. Ichn.-gyrator,
Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, Tome 9, p. 43.)
Two new Strepsipterous Insects. 49
tible, doubtless, of some subtle appreciations of external in-
fluences, although deprived of independent action and visual
discrimination. The earliest specimens producing these hex-
apods, taken at large with the Hylei, were found towards the
beginning of the fourth week in June; which, assuming the final
metamorphosis of the bees to have been at least synchronous
with the most precocious of those produced in the house, would
indicate about three weeks as the usual term of gestation in these
parasites on Hyleus; nearly agreeing with Mr. Newport’s compu-
tation in the case of his Stylops aterrima, namely, about eighteen
days.
It has, however, been announced by Dr. Siebold, as if generally
applicable throughout this class of parasites, that the hatching of
the eggs in the Strepsipterous females proceeds very slowly (geht
sehr langsam vor sich), and that many of the latter hybernate
with the insects upon which they subsist (29th result); which ob-
servations however can only be understood as applicable to the
females of Xenos; and indeed, under the peculiar embryogenous
and metamorphotic conditions affecting the continuation of the
species, it is manifest that these parasites could not perpetuate
their existence in company with the social Vespide, unless the
epoch of parturition were thus protracted until the following
year, so as to enable them to transfer their hexapod progeny to
the succeeding colony of wasps. In the case of Stylops, how-
ever, the converse necessity exists for the rapid development of
the ova, the Andrene enjoying but a limited term of existence at
large, and it being therefore essential that, within the brief period
of a few weeks, the female parasite should fulfil the part assigned
her, and the young hexapods be ready to occupy their appointed
stations in the larva cells of the bee, soon about to be closed. A
corresponding urgency is imposed upon these parasites on Hy-
leus; although the larva state of the latter continuing throughout
the winter and spring, involves the necessity of a suitable con-
formity of habit in the parasite, under those altered conditions
wherein nature, in the plenitude of her resources, delights to
exhibit her ever-varying appliances. ,
The pupez of the males, as Dr. Siebold proceeds to explain,
always first appearing at the beginning of summer, (immer erst
im anfang des sommers,) but never surviving the winter; it
follows that the hexapod larve to which he alludes, produced
before the aforesaid pupe of the males, must, by a speedy tran-
sition, assume the pupa state at the time when these latter are first
observed; which well accords with the habits and equally rapid
VOL, I. N.S. PART I1,—ocT. 1850. E
50 Mr. S. S. Saunders’s Description of
metamorphoses of the Polistes,* while offering a remarkable con-
trast to the tardy development of the larvee of other Strepsip-
terous parasites, which, like Stylops, Halictophagus, and those
affecting the Hylei, are associated with bees long retaining their
immature condition, and enjoying comparatively but a brief exist-
ence after quitting their cells in the imago state.
But, on the other hand, it is well known that among wasps,
neuters alone are produced up to a certain period, upon which the
duty subsequently devolves of preparing the cells set apart for
females; and the Xenos being essentially dependent upon the
hybernation of the latter, the female parasite of the preceding
year must either await the occasion when the cells of the female
wasps are so prepared for the reception of ova, or otherwise,
transmitting her posterity to these females through the inter-
medium of neuters in the first instance, the Xenos would thus
prove to be double-brooded, a circumstance which could scarcely
have escaped the observation of Dr. Siebold ; although indeed the
time at which the first pupe of the males are stated to show
themselves, (preceded by the appearance of the young hexapods as
already recited, such hexapods being also necessarily present after
the formation of the female cells,) would seem to warrant such a
conclusion. +
It has also to be considered that bees, whose vital energies have
become impaired, and internal economy disorganized, by the sus-
tenance and accommodation afforded to Strepsipterous parasites,
are generally believed to be sterile and impotent; as long since
suggested by Kirby, and confirmed by subsequent observers, par-
ticularly by Mr. Newport, when describing the condition of the
ovaries in his stylopized specimen of Andrena Trimmerana. It may
then be asked, does this law apply with equal force and effect to
the parasite-bearing Polistes? If such be the fact, the hyber-
nating wasps so attacked, not being themselves capable of forming
new colonies, the hexapod brood of the Xenos, like that of Stylops,
must be transferred by adventitious means to the larva cells of
some other constructor; nor does it seem probable that under
such circumstances the unproductive hybernating Polistes should
survive to an advanced period, the prevailing efficacy and sustain-
ing power of instinct being already withdrawn.
It does not, however, appear to be specifically averred whether
the hexapods and pupz, which Dr. Siebold noticed so early in
* Saint Fargeau, Suites a Buffon—Hymenoptéres, (Histoire des Polistides,)
tome i. p. 475, et seq.
+ Jurine informs us that his males of Xenos were produced from the Polistes,
on the 27th and 28th July, and Ist of August.
Two New Strepsipterous Insects. 51
summer, were in reality those of the true Xenos found upon
Polistes or those of Stylops; some being also mentioned which,
completing their final metamorphosis within the space of a few
weeks, did not assume the imago state until towards the end of
summer (31st result); thus coinciding with the period when Rossi
was accustomed to meet with the pupz of Xenos, namely, during
the months of August and September.*
It is therefore to be regretted that, by collectively embodying
under one category results derived from the Stylops Melitte,
Xenos Rossii and Xenos? Sphecidarum, and by simply setting forth
the deductions so obtained, Dr. Siebold has afforded us no oppor-
tunity of classifying the evidence for the purpose of comparison,
whereby its bearing upon other points might be correctly ascer-
tained, and a consistent series of well-assorted facts more accu-
rately propounded.
Much still remains to be ascertained in connection with the
history of these parasites; no satisfactory explanation having yet
been afforded of the phases which more immediately precede,
accompany, and follow, the ingress of the hexapod progeny into
the bodies of the Hymenopterous larvee; of the instincts displayed
to this effect by the former, the preliminary development acquired
by the latter, or the conditions (of abstinence or otherwise) im-
posed upon the parasites during the interim; nor indeed, after so
locating themselves, does it appear unequivocally demonstrated by
what process they then pass from the hexapod to the apodal form,
unless indeed it should be understood that Dr. Siebold actually
verified the casting of the larva skin, (alluded to under his 8th
result,) followed perhaps by that atrophy of the organs of loco-
motion and plethoric distension of other parts, noticed by Mr.
Newport in the larva of Meloé, although he is disposed to believe
that the latter “does not enter the body of the bee-larva; that
in all probability it wounds it, and preys on its fluids from with-
out; .... and either that, having destroyed the recently hatched
bee-larva, its first tegument is cast, its mandibles are altered, and
it then subsists on the food that had been stored up for the bee in
the closed cell, and there gradually changes its form; .... or
that, like the larva of Clerus, having destroyed the bee in one
cell, it penetrates into another and preys on the inhabitant until it
has attained its full growth, when it remains in one of these cells
and undergoes its metamorphoses;” various circumstances recited,
leading him “ to incline to the first of these views.” +
* Fauna Etrusca, Mantissa, App. No. 97, p. 115.
+ Trans. Linn, Soc. vol. xx. p. 354,
E2
52 Mr. S. §, Saunders’s Description of
At all events, considering the facilities which offer to continental
entomologists, of procuring the exposed Polistes nests, furnished
with the eggs and larve of their respective founders in every pro-
gressive stage of development, as well as of introducing some of
the hexapod parasites for the purpose of watching their operations,
it may be assumed that additional links will not long be wanting
in order to connect the chain of evidence and complete the magic
circle within which the destinies of these singular beings have
been mysteriously cast.
Thus Nature, chary of superfluous endowments, and constantly
indulging in freaks of inexhaustible variety, adapts and concen-
trates her resources to the ends to be attained, withholding such
organs as circumstances may have rendered unavailing, while con-
ferring additional perfection upon others, the same design being
effectually promoted in either case: so that whereas, on the one
hand, among the insects now under consideration the short-lived
male is appropriately invested with most inordinately expansive
eyes and antenne, wholly unnecessary to the apterous female ;
the vital energies of the latter are engrossed, on the other hand,
by those complex and capacious ovaries which pervade the whole
system, suitable for the reception of a multitude of infinitesimal
germs,* each constituting the nucleus of a future being, admirably
fitted to perform its allotted part, however humble, amid the works
of creation: thereby maintaining those due proportions which,
regulated by the most elaborate processes of a corrective and
compensating tendency, serve to perpetuate the unerring perfec-
tion of all: nor among the least curious subjects of inquiry are
the laws which govern such divergence of structure and produc-
tion of dissimilar conditions from homogeneous molecules. While
considering the perplexing obscurity in which the biography of
these little parasites has hitherto been involved, it cannot be matter
of astonishment that their affinities to other Orders, and conse-
quently their fitting position in the natural system, should ‘have
given rise to interminable controversy.
With regard to the genus to which these enemies of the Hylei
may belong, the general structure of the antenne and tarsi might
tend to associate them with Xenos; yet, consorting with the Mel-
lifera, their habits bring them into close relation with Stylops and
Halictophagus ; so that they seem to supply a connecting link
between Xenos and Stylops, coinciding with the position which the
Hylei themselves have been considered to occupy between the
Vespide and the Mellifera,—thus constituting a new genus, for
* Mr. Newport bas computed that more than 7000 hexapods were produced
by one female. (Loc. cit. p. 341.)
Two new Strepsipterous Insects. 53
which I would propose the name of Hylecthrus, readily distin-
guished at first sight by the broad laminz of the antenne, which
are nearly of equal width throughout, whereas in Xenos they gra-
dually taper from the middle to the apex; the veining of the wings
being also different ; the palpi less conspicuous in the former; and
the thorax considerably more gibbous, as well as wider and shorter
in proportion.
It may furthermore not be unworthy of notice, that among the
hitherto described species of Xenos, a portion (including the type
of the genus) being parasitic upon the social Vespide, whose larve
subsist on disgorged juices, chiefly of vegetable extraction, admi-
nistered to them from mouth to mouth in open cells,— whereas
another portion, being derived from the solitary and exclusively
carnivorous Sphegide &c., reared in closed cells, wherein the young
hexapod must therefore be incarcerated at a time when, as in the
solitary Mellifera, the ovum and store only are to be met with,—
it seems reasonable to infer that, inasmuch as all remarkable varia-
tions of structure afford presumptive evidence of corresponding
modifications of economy, so, vice versa, habits thus widely differ-
ing will also be typified in the minutiz of some peculiar character,
whereby we may be enabled to discriminate the respective groups,
and associate the species justly appertaining to each.
With reference to an opinion which has long prevailed, that the
larvee of the Hylei are parasitical feeders on the stores of other
Mellifera,—founded upon apparent structural incapacity in the
perfect insect for the task of collecting and conveying nutriment ©
for its progeny, this inference does not appear to be borne out in
those which I have reared; for, having obtained a considerable
number of specimens from cells adapted to the size of the larvee,
and constructed in appropriate channels through the pith, forming
sometimes a double or triple series of parallel galleries, occasionally
crossing each other (as in the accompanying briar marked A.), the
peculiar transparent iridescent tapestry of the Hylai being con-
tinued throughout each series of cells in uninterrupted succession,
I cannot but infer that these are no casual intruders or predatory
usurpers, but, on the contrary, rightful heirs of the original con-
structors and purveyors.
Similar parasitical habits have also been ascribed to other
Hymenopterous insects, upon primd facie evidence of structural
organization,— such as the absence of pollen-plates and pollen-
brushes in the pollinivorous, or the non-existence of spinal arma-
ture of the tibia, considered essential to the Zoophagous for the
transport of their prey,— which inferences, however, more careful
54 Mr. 8. 8. Saunders’s Description of
observation has in several instances served to disprove. Thus,
in an interesting notice which appeared some time since in the
Annales of the French Entomological Society, (tome 9, premier
trimestre, 1840,) ‘sur les Insectes Hyménoptéres qui nichent
dans I’Intérieur des Tiges séches de la Ronce” (p. 35), the writers
(MM. Léon Dufour and Edouard Perris) have evinced a laudable
desire to vindicate the reputation of some of their Hymenopterous
protégés from the aspersions previously cast upon them in this
respect,—as in the case of Ceratina (pp. 16—23) and Trypoaylon
(pp. 28—33); while however they arrive at a different conclusion
respecting a species of Hyleus they had in like manner reared
from briars (the Prosopis signata or annulata), upon which head
they remark as follows: ‘ La Prosope usurpe les nids de 1’ Osmia
parvula, et ses larves réduisent celles de cette Apiaire 4 mourir de
faim, en dévorant les provisions recuellis par cette derniére.”—p. 35.
I have myself, on more than one occasion, reared specimens of
Hyleus from briars wherein a species of Osmia was also met with,
—such being however unusual and exceptional cases, when the
cells of the one appeared perfectly independent of those of the
other; the Hyleus having, as I conceive, simply availed itself of
the unoccupied portion of an excavated briar, after the Osmza had
completed her labours; the cells constructed by the latter, and the
pupa-cases of her young, forming an uninterrupted series lower
down,—the limits of the slender tapestry of the Hylai above being
readily distinguishable, and on one occasion a deposit of liquid
acidulous honey being found intermediate between the two (as in
the accompanying briar marked 8).
Whence could this honey have proceeded, and for what purpose
could it have been collected and deposited? Can this be the na-
ture of the food upon which the Hyleus larve subsist, and could
it have found its way hither by exuding from the cells of the Hylei,
or have been so placed to prevent the egress of the Osmia? This
is a problem difficult to explain; the solution of which, as defining
the habits and economy of the Hyli, offers an interesting subject
of inquiry. 7
The allied genus Colletes (long known as a constructor,* and
furnished with pollinigerous organs) has been observed by Mr.
Smith filling her cells with a “ liquid mixture of pollen and
honey ;” + and may not the Hyl@i also—the peculiar conformation
of whose oral organs, as well as those of Colletes, approximates to
that of the social Vespide — supply their larvee with some viscous
* Reaumur, Mem. 5, tom. vi.
+ Zoologist, 1846, p. 1275.
Two new Strepsipterous Insects. 55
saccharine essences, possibly in a less condensed form? At all
events I feel assured, from the circumstances under which I have
usually found them, as already narrated, that their alleged parasi-
tical habits will ere long be disproved, as in the case of Ceratina.
It should also be remarked, that it is not an uncommon occur-
rence for briars previously occupied by the progeny of one insect,
to be again made available by a different insect after the original
tenants have quitted their abode ; and that on one occasion I found
some pup of Hyleus ensconced in a mud-cased briar containing
the deserted cells of an Odynerus; the Hylei in this instance
being arranged obliquely, on account of the large diameter of the
excavated channel (as in the briar marked C., to which is ap-
pended a specimen of the Hyleus reared therefrom, and some of
the pupe in spirits). It will however scarcely be contended that
the Hylei in this instance were parasitical feeders upon the store
laid up for the Zoophagous Odynerus larve, nor is there any trace
of subsequent occupation by an Osmia.
The same remarks equally apply to another briar (now exhibited
and marked D), the lower end of which I found to be tenanted
by three larvae of Cemonus, with several others of Hylaus above,
the tapestry of the latter serving to determine the limits of each :
but, having carefully reunited the split portions of the briar for
the purpose of ascertaining the result of this joint occupancy, the
time for the appearance of the perfect Cemoni being prior to that
of the Hylzi, the former alone were produced, having annihilated
the latter while effecting their exit towards the middle of May ;
and it would seem not improbable that a similar result should
ensue in the briars occupied by Osmia and Hyleus as aforesaid,
unless the progeny of the original constructor be altogether pre-
cluded from issuing, there being no other opening for the purpose,
nor do the Osmie ever perforate the side of the briar ; and the
lodgment of the Hyleus being subsequently effected, the former
must have belonged to a species which attains maturity before the
latter,—like the Osmia ruborum of the French writers already re-
ferred to, produced early in May.
The Zrypoxylon also is not averse to profit by such opportu-
nities of economizing labour; which the same writers characterize
as “une sorte d’intelligence industrielle,” surpassing the ordinary
inspirations of instinct, although not unattended with risk. This
insect however usually prepares for its larve a gallery, with cells
proportioned to their size, excavated amid the main body of pith.
The distinction which the same writers have pointed out, between
such casual appropriations of a deserted tenement, from which the
56 Mr. 8. S. Saunders’s Description of
entire pith has been removed by some former constructor, and
the ordinary proceedings of the Trypoxylon as aforesaid, equally
applies to the Hyl@i, whose diminutive tunnels, perforating and
often winding through the pith, essentially differ from any made
by an Osmia or an Odynerus.
In concluding these observations upon the Strepsiptera, and the
insects on which they parasitically subsist,—a subject wherewith
the name of our honorary President is indissolubly associated,—
I cannot better dispose of the specimens illustrative of this com-
munication than by consigning them to the Museum of this
Society.
Diacnosis oF THE SPECIMENS.
1. Hylecthrus Rubi, 8. (Pl. VIII. fig. 1), with its foster-parent
Hyleus versicolor ¢.
2, Bred-specimens of the Hylecthrus Rubi @. (Pl. VIII. fig. 2a—
2d), with Hyleus rubicola, and ¢.
3. Cephalo-thorax of hexapod-bearing female (Pl. VIII. fig. 2e),
with some of her progeny.
4. Corneous operculum of pupa-case of the male (PI. VIII. fig. 1h).
5. Hylecthrus Quercis $.
6. Hyleus gibbus 2, with exuvie of the preceding.
Brrars.
A. Briar exhibiting the normal construction of the cells of Hyleus
versicolor and rubicola, in galleries perforating the pith,—
often in a double or triple parallel series, as in this instance.
B. Briar-snag excavated by an Osmia, whose pupa-cases remain
below; the upper portion being occupied by J7yl@i, and
the intervening space having contained some liquid acidulous
honey.
B. 1, Specimen of the Osmia.
B. 2. Pupa of the same in spirits.
C. Briar containing the mud-constructed cells of a large Odynerus,
with others of Hyleus superposed, and arranged obliquely.
C.1. Hyleus reared from this briar,
C. 2. Nymph of the same in spirits.
D. Briar occupied in part by Cemonus unicolor, with the tapestried
cells of Hyleus above; the occupants of the latter having
been destroyed when the Cemoni effected their exit.
Two new Strepsipterous Insects. oY
Order STREPSIPTERA, Kirby.
Genus Hyzecrurvs.* (PI. VIIT.)
Caput magnum, transversum. Oculi ingentes. Antenne 5-arti-
culate; articulo basali brevi; secundo parvo, truncato ;
tertio longissimo, spatulato, tota feré latitudine subaequali,
quartumque basin versus latere externo ferenti; hoe parvo,
annuloso; extimo (5to) tertio simillimo, et in illum recum-
benti. Palpi parvi, articulo basali crassiori, apice obliquo ;
apicali graciliori, setoso. Thorax anticé constrictus, disco
gibboso; capiti latitudine subequali; scutello maximo;
elongato-triangulari, margine antico sinuato, lateribus rectis,
angulo postico subacuto porrecto. Pseudelytra parva, apice
valdé dilatato, crassiori, subconcavo. Ale, coste dimidio
basali inspissato, seu potids vena subcostali abbreviaté cum
costa quasi conjunctad ; prima discoidali, prope basin furcatd,
ramo antico ejus cum costa parallelo, ultra medium ale eva-
nescenti, ramo postico ejusdem longitudinis, recto, deflexo:
prope apicem alz incrassatio exstat, cujus basis, venaque
duplex tenuissima de margine externo sinuaté producta, intra
furcam retro-extendunt: venis reliquis rectis, deflexis; quarum
una gracilis, margini externo attingens ; due subapproximatee,
margini interno propiores, basi robustiores; altera(?) analis
feré obliterata. 4bdomen valdé constrictum. Pedes longi-
tudine mediocres, posteriorum tibiis dilatatis, compressis,
genubus constrictis; tarsorum articulis quatuor, apicali in-
tegro. Mas.
Femina (cui, modo congenerarum, ale, pedes, antennze, necnon
oculi, desunt), vermiformis ; cephalothoracem complanatum,
supra subconvexum, infra subconcavum, e dorso apis edu-
cantis tantum modo protrudens; vagine adit, olim clauso,
post coitum sat ample patenti.
Sp. 1. Hylecthrus Rubi. (Pl. VIII. figs. 1, 2, 3, and details.)
Niger, gibbosus; pedibus luteis; alis lacteis, venis saturaté
piceis. Mas.
Long. corp. 3—2 lin. Expans. alar. feré 13 lin.
Femina, nuper declarata, cephalothorace pallido, lineola mar-
ginali tenuissima nigricanti; vitta utrinque, maculis binis
* From Hyleus, and éxSp0¢, hostis.
58 Mr. 8. 8. Saunders’s Description of
parvis transversis prope basin, angulisque posticis, brunneis :
parturientes autem disco convexiori, feré omnino flavescenti,
vitta media longitudinali dilutiori.
Habitat in Epiro, intra corpus Hylei versicoloris parasiticus.
Fig. 1, male; fig. 2, details of female; fig. 3, young larve.
Sp. 2. Hylecthrus Quercts.
Differt magnitudine duplod majori, alis parum obscurioribus,
venisque magis nigricantibus. Mas.
Long. corp. 3—1 lin. Expans. alar. feré 12 lin.
Individua mutilata tantum vidi.
Habitat in Epiro, Hylei gibbi parasitus.
Order HYMENOPTERA.
Section MELLIFERA, Zatr.
Family ANDRENIDA, Latr.
Genus Hytzvs, Latr. (Prosopis, Jurine.)
Sp. 1. Hyleus rubicola.
Niger; genis, clypeique puncto, luteis, vel albicantibus, vel
denique omnino nigris; antennis subtus ferrugineis; protho-
racis lineola seepé interrupta, humeris, squamdaque alarum,
flavescentibus; tibiis tarsisque plus minusve ferrugineis vel
pallidis; abdominis segmento primo omnind, secundo non-
nunquam ad basin, rufo-fulvis, reliquis nigro-piceis, mar-
ginibus posticis pallidioribus; alis subhyalinis, venis piceis.
Femina.
Long. corp. 3 unc. Exp. alar. 74 unc.
Mas differt, genis clypeoque albidis; thorace, abdomine,
squamaque alarum, nigris.
Habitat in Epiro, circum Ambracicum Sinum, in rubos exsic-
catos fodiens.
Sp. 2. Hyleus versicolor. (Pl. VIII. fig. 4.)
Niger; genis, clypei lined, prothoracis lined interrupta, humeris,
squamaque alarum, flavescentibus; antennis subtis ferru-
gineis ; tibiis tarsisque anterioribus feré omnind, intermediis
posterioribusque basin versus, pallidioribus; abdomine vel
toto vel parte majori pallidé flavo; alis subhyalinis, venis
piceis. Femina.
Two new Strepsipterous Insects. 59
Long. corp. =; unc. Exp. alar. 34 une.
Variat genis luteis, clypei puncto concolori, vel disco omnino
nigro.
Habitat in Epiro, in rubis exsiccatis. (An species distincta?)
The dissimilarity in appearance between this and the preceding
species is very striking, but although I am inclined to consider the
difference as resulting from parasitical attack, it would perhaps be
hazardous to assert this without further proof. It is, however,
remarkable that all the male parasites which I have obtained were
derived from these pale-coloured specimens, whereas the apterous
females were restricted to the former,—a circumstance not un-
worthy of attention, as connected with the physiology of sexual
development.
Sp. 3. Hyleus gibbus.
Niger, gibbosus; genis tibiisque anterioribus anticé, luteis ;
posterioribus ad basin, intermediis vix, tarsorumque quatuor
posteriorum articulo primo, albicantibus ; antennis subtus
ferrugineis; prothoracis lineola interrupta tenui, humeris,
alarumque squama, flavescentibus; abdomine nigro; alis
fuscescentibus, venis piceis. Femina.
Long. corp. 3 lin. Expans. alar. 43 lin.
Habitat in Epiro, prope Sinum Ambracicum, in gallis querceis.
The Hylecthrus Querctis was obtained from this species, the
abdomen exhibiting irregular rufous patches in some specimens
parasitically affected.
60 Mr. J. W. Douglas on the
IX. On the British Species of the Genus Gelechia of Zeller.
By J. W. Doveuas, Esq. (Continued from page 21.)
[Read 6th May, 1850.]
Sp. 61. Mulinella.
G. mulinella (Tis.), Z.
Re. interrupta, Haw. (non 7%. interruptella, H.)
An. interruptella, St.
G. interruptella, Sta. (Cat.)
*« Alis anticis griseo-fuscescentibus, dorso obscuriore, vitta me-
dia obsoleta fusca, pustulis marginis postice subquatuor nigri-
cantibus.” (Tis. MSS.)
Head ashy-fuscous; palpi fuscous; antenne brown-black; thorax
darker than the head. Anterior wings greyish fuscous, darker in
the inner margin, with a dark, not well defined vitta in the centre,
and a few very small black dots on the posterior margin. Pos-
terior wings greyish-fuscous.
This species is very like Ti. interruptella, H., but is held to
be distinct from it by the continental entomologists, who take
both. The most apparent difference is that the ground colour of
the wings of mulinella is darker, and the central vitta is less clearly
defined than in interruptella.
Not scarce in July on furze bushes and breom; from the latter
I have reared this species.
Sp. 62. Divisella, mihi.
Alee antice griseo-lutez, dimidio inferiori griseo-fuscze, punctis
tribus atris, uno minimo humerali, altero majori ante, tertio-
que post medium: ale postice griseo-fusce.
Expansion of wings 74 lines.
Head, palpi and thorax luteous; antenne Juteous, faintly an-
nulated with fuscous. Anterior wings luteous, the lower half
shaded with fuscous; cilia luteous; on the shoulder near the
costa is a very small dark dot; another, larger, lies in the groove
before the middle, and a third opposite the anal angle half way
between the anterior and inferior margins. Posterior wings grey-
ish, with luteous cilia; body fuscous. Posterior legs and tarsi
British Species of the Genus Gelechia of Zeller. 61
luteous. This species resembles mulinella and interruptella, but
is truly distinct.
Taken near Whittlesea Mere. In the collections of Messrs.
Doubleday, Shepherd and Allis.
Sp. 63. Neviferella.
G. neviferella, Z.
Ti. Knockella, Haw. (non F.)
G. Knockella, Sta. (Cat.)
Ti. miscella, Haw. (non H. 273.)
Micros. aurofasciella, St.
G. aurofasciella, Sta. (Cat.)
** Alis anticis nigricantibus, maculis tribus posticis; una dor-
sali, unaque minore disci aureis, una costali pallida.” Z.
Expansion of wings, 43 lines.
Head and thorax concolorous with the anterior wings; palpi
black; antennz faintly annulated black and white. Anterior
wings shining greenish-black, with three golden spots, of which
one is in the middle of the inferior margin, one on the costa to-
wards the apex, and the other between them: another evanescent
yellowish spot may also generally be seen at the anal angle extend-
ing into the cilia; it is more conspicuous when the wings are
closed. Posterior wings fuscous.
The colours of this species fade much after death, rendering it
difficult to describe.
Found on Atriplex erecta at Charlton sandpit in July; also in
hedges at Camberwell.
Sp. 64. Fugitivella.
*G. fugitivella, Z.
G. fugacella, Sta. (Cat.)
Expansion of wings, 6 lines.
Head ashy; palpi griseous, terminal joint black in the middle
and at the tip; antenne black, faintly annulated with griseous ;
thorax griseous. Anterior wings griseous, with some raised scales
on the disk; near the base is an oblique black streak, two black
spots on the costa, one before, the other beyond the middle, and
some scattered black dots on the disk. Posterior wings grey-
fuscous.
Varies considerably in the colour of the anterior wings, some-
62 Mr. J. W. Douglas on the
times even to black, so that no markings are visible, the base and
apex, however, being mostly paler than the rest of the wing.
Not rare on fences under elm trees at Camberwell in July.
This species is exceedingly like G. fugacella, Z., and not easy
to distinguish from it. Herr Zeller, however, assures me it is
quite distinct, fugacella being rather larger, and having broader
anterior wings: it is not yet discovered in this country.
Sp. 65. Desertella, Edleston (MSS.)
Alze antice angustz, luteo-fuscze vel lutez, punctis quatuor
nigris, apicibus punctis nigris circumdatis. Ale postice
grisez, apicibus acuminatis.
Expansion of wings, 6 lines.
Head, palpi and thorax luteous; antenne annulated black and
white. Anterior wings narrow, linear, in colour varying from
light to dark luteous, and in some cases nearly fuscous, with four
black dots, of which one, faint, lies in the groove near its base ;
another, also in the groove, before the middle; the third, near it,
but above and beyond; and the fourth, in a line with the third,
still further removed; the apex surrounded with black dots.
Posterior wings greyish, with the apices acute. Body light fus-
cous. Legs luteous.
Very like G. terrella, but smaller, unvarying in size, and with-
out a trace of a fascia; also the apex of the posterior wings is
more acute, and not so gradually produced.
Found abundantly in the sand hills at New Brighton and near
Weymouth in June and July. Herr Zeller has sent me a speci-
men of his variety a of G. terrella, which agrees in most respects
with this species, except that it has a faint fascia, a character which
I have never seen in any one of the multitude of desertella I have
observed.
Sp. 66. Ligulella.
*G. ligulella, Z.
Tr. ligulella, W. V.
Harp. albistrigella, St.?
Expansion of wings, 6 lines.
Anterior wings black, with a whitish fascia just beyond the
middle, curving slightly outwards, opposite to which, on the under
side, is a small yellowish costal spot. Posterior wings fuscous.
Found in several places near London.
British Species of Genus Gelechia of Zeller. 63
Sp. 67. Vorticella.
G. vorticella, Z.
Ti. vorticella, Scop. ?
Expansion of wings, 53 lines.
Anterior wings black, with a snow-white fascia just beyond the
middle, curving slightly inwards, opposite to which, on the under
side, is a white costal spot. Posterior wings fuscous black.
Exceedingly like ligulella; but it differs in being smaller,
blacker, the fascia curving slightly from, not to, the anal angle,
and the spot underneath being white, not yellowish. I have long
doubted if these species were distinct, but I now believe they are
so. Herr Zeller informs me that he rears plenty of vorticella
from the larve found on Genista tinctoria, but not one ligulella
among them, nor does he even take the latter near Glogau. I
would advise any one who has the two species to place them and
also teniolella side by side, when the difference will be more ap-
parent. From teniolella, vorticella is at once separated by the
want of the fascia on the underside, and from lgulella by its
smaller size, darker colour and whiter spot underneath.
In Mr. Stephens’s cabinet, and found by Mr. Weir in Sussex.
Sp. 68. Coronillella.
G. Coronillella, Z.
Lita Coronillella (Tis.) Tr.
Expansion of wings, 6 lines.
Anterior wings black, with a small yellow costal spot, and
another, very small, opposite to it in the anal angle. Posterior
wings fuscous, very broad, with the apex long, acute, and very
abruptly produced. Body and posterior legs fuscous.
I took this species on the 30th May, by sweeping in the hilly
field in Headly Lane, Mickleham.
Sp. 69. Hiibneri.
Re. Hiihneri, Haw. (non Ti. granella, H.)
An. Hiibneri, St., Wood, 1211.
Expansion of wings, 53 lines.
Head white; palpi white, terminal joint black; antenne annu-
lated, black and white; thorax ashy white. Anterior wings ashy
white, with two cloudy fascize, in which are some black marks,
one of the most conspicuous being in the first fascia on the costa;
64 Mr. J. W. Douglas on the
apex clouded and margined with black dots, cilia fuscous. Pos-
terior wings dark griseous, with fuscous cilia.
This species is rare, and I do not know the places of its cap-
ture. It is in the collections of Messrs. Doubleday and Shepherd,
and Haworth’s specimen is in the collection of the Entomological
Society.
Sp. 70. Mundella, mihi.
Alz antice grisez vel cineree, cost plerumque _pallidiori,
puncto humerali tribusque in disco atris, apicibus ciliisque
fuscis. Alze postice grisez.
Expansion of wings 5 lines.
Head and thorax griseous; palpi griseous, terminal joint
black; antennz black. Anterior wings griseous or cinereous,
generally paler on the costa, a humeral spot and three on the disk
black, of these three, one lies in the groove, and two above and
beyond; the apex either wholly fuscous or only surrounded by
black dots; cilia fuscous, with a griseous tinge at the extremity.
Posterior wings griseous.
This pretty species is found on the sand hills at New Brighton,
Cheshire, in June.
Sp. 71. Suffusella, mihi.
Alz anticze anguste, pallidé lutez, griseo-fusco suffuse, punctis
duobus elevatis atris, uno costali, alteroque opposito in disco
pone medium; ciliis luteis. Alz postice grisez, ciliis luteis.
Expansion of wings, 6 lines.
Head and thorax pale luteous; palpi pale luteous, with the tip
of the terminal joint black. Anterior wings narrow, pale luteous,
suffused more or less with greyish fuscous, palest on the costa,
with two raised black dots, of which one is on the costa, the other
below it, opposite the anal angle, exactly half-way between the
anterior and inferior margins; cilia luteous. Posterior wings
griseous, with luteous cilia. Posterior legs luteous, tarsi spotted
with black.
In the collection of Mr. Shepherd, from Whittlesea Mere.
Sp. 72. Pernigrella, Stainton (MSS.)
Ale anticze immaculate atree, fascia suffusd aterrimd pone me-
dium. Ale postice nigree.
Expansion of wings, 6 lines.
Head, antennez and thorax jet black; palpi fuscous, with black
tips. Anterior wings jet black, spotless, with a still darker fascia
British Species of the Genus Gelechia of Zeller. 65
beyond the middle, not easily seen. Posterior wings and body
dark fuscous.
This species must be closely allied to G. subsequella, F. v. R.,
and G. Temerella, Lienig, but from both of which it essentially
differs, in being entirely without a spot of any colour.
In the collection of Mr. Edleston, and reared in July by Mr.
Gregson, from larvee found by him on sallows at New Brighton,
Cheshire.
Sp. 73. Inornatella, mihi.
Ale antice luteze, atomis fusco-griseis irrorate, punctis tribus
atris, quorum duo ante, tertiamque pone medium, plagaque
obliqua apicali fusca. Ale postice grisez.
Expansion of wings, 7 lines.
Head and palpi luteous; antennz luteous, annulated with fus-
cous. Anterior wings luteous, dusted throughout with griseous
atoms, on the disc are three black spots, each surrounded by a pale
ring, of which the first is in the groove, the second above it, both
before the middle, and the third in a line with the second beyond
the middle; from the apex a fuscous dash stretches obliquely
towards the centre, and a few dark dots are on the posterior
margin. Posterior wings griseous.
In the collections of Messrs. Doubleday and Shepherd, from
Whittlesea Mere.
Sp. 74. Gerronella, Z. (MS.)
Ale antic ochracez, punctis tribus medio atris, puncto minimo
versus basin, alteroque majori margine inferiori, lined curva
coste bis connexa, fascia obliqua ad angulum posticum, alte-
rdque recta juxta marginem posteriorem, ferrugineis; ciliis
ferrugineis. Alz postice grisez.
Expansion of wings 53 lines.
Head and thorax deep ochreous ; palpi lighter; antenne ferru-
ginous. Anterior wings deep ochreous, with three black central
spots, a small spot near the base, and one on the inner margin,
ferruginous; above this last, on the costa, commences a thick
lunate line of the same colour, which extends to beyond the mid-
dle, where it again joins the costa, leaving the clear ground colour
within the curve; joined to its outer end a fascia stretches
obliquely to the anal angle, where it is met by a thick, still darker
fascia going along but not touching the posterior margin, between
VOL. I. N.S. PART I1l.—DEC. 1850. F
66 Mr. J. W. Douglas on the
which and the dark cilia an ochreous line is perceptible. Poste-
rior wings griseous.
Taken at Charlton, in July and August.
Sp. 75. Inopella.
G. inopella, Z.
Aphelosetia? Inulella, Curt. Ann, and Mag. N.
Hist. ‘ser..2, vol: v. p. 117.
«Tt expands five lines and is white; scales on head depressed ;
palpi recurved, scaly to the apex ; superior wings narrow, lanceo-
late, ochreous and freckled; costa, a line along the middle, with
the radiating nervures and inferior margin white, and sometimes
there is an oblique white stripe near the inner angle directed to-
wards the tip; cilia long, pale, and dotted at the base; inferior
wings silky, dove-colour, nearly as broad as the superior, trun-
cated at the extremity, the apex produced ; cilia long and thick ;
hinder tibiz stout, with hairy scales.
“Very like 4. rufo-cinerea, Haw., at first sight, but besides other
differences, the under wings are not lanceolate, which indicates an
affinity to Cleodora. I bred two from flowers of Inula dysenterica,
the 28th of August, 1848, collected near Ryde in the Isle of Wight,
and no doubt the caterpillars fed upon the seeds in the recep-
tacles.””—Curtis, loc. cit.
Sp. 76. Bifractella.
G. bifractella, Mann. (MS.)
Caput testaceum, palpi ochraceze. Alz antice brunneo-nigre,
maculis duabus posticis oblique oppositis feré confluentibus,
fulvis. Ale postice nigre.
Expansion of wings 5—6 lines.
Head testaceous; face and palpi paler; antenne black. Ante-
rior wings brown-black, with two nearly opposite fulvous spots,
one on either margin towards the apex, generally connected by a
curved line. Viewed with a lens these wings are dusted with
griseous atoms. Posterior wings black. Posterior tarsi black,
annulated with white.*
* In July and August this year I reared this species, and also G. inopella pre-
ceding, from the dry receptacles of the flowers of Inula dysenterica, gathered last
winter at Folkestone.—-J. W. D. 6th Sept. 1850.
British Species of the Genus Gelechia of Zeller. 67
Sp. 77. Littorella, mihi.
Alz anticze anguste, albide, punctis quinque fuscis; ciliis griseis*
Ale postice pallidé grisez.
Expansion of wings 5 lines.
Head, palpi and thorax concolorous with the anterior wings;
antennz fuscous. Anterior wings ashy-white, with five fuscous
spots, two of them pale before the middle, two central, and one
beyond the middle; cilia griseous. Posterior wings pale griseous.
Body fuscous; posterior legs and tarsi ashy.
Found by Mr. S. Stevens in May on the coast of the Isle of
Wight.
Sp. 78. Immaculatella, mihi.
Ale antic sericeze, immaculate, nigre. Alz postice grisez.
Expansion of wings 5 lines.
Head, palpi, antenne and thorax concolorous with the anterior
wings, which are of an uniform blue-black and without any spot.
Body black ; posterior legs and tarsi pale griseous.
Of this very distinct species I have a single specimen which I
caught flying in West Wickham Wood, August, 1849.
Sp. 79. Fumatella, mihi.
Alze anticee fumato-griseze, punctis tribus aliquantulim elevatis,
fascid obscura sinuata grisea; ciliis griseo-sparsis. Ale
postice grisez.
Expansion of wings 7 lines.
Head and thorax concolorous with the anterior wings; palpi
paler, darker just before the tip; antenne fuscous. Anterior
wings smoky-grey, brown, with three black spots somewhat raised,
an obscure wavy greyish fascia; the posterior margin pale, dotted
with black; cilia dusted with ashy. Posterior wings griseous,
with paler cilia. Body fuscous; posterior tarsi spotted with
black.
Mr. Gregson took three of this species at New Brighton, and
very liberally gave me one. Mr. Stainton has also received it
from Mr. Jordan, by whom it was captured in Devonshire.
F2
68 Mr. J. W. Douglas on Gelechia.
Sp. 80. Senectella.
G. senectella, Z.
Expansion of wings 6 lines.
Head fuscous or greyish fuscous ; palpi griseous, the tip darker ;
antennze fuscous. Anterior wings acute, fuscous, with lighter
cilia, and three very obscure black central dots. Posterior wings
shining, dark griseous. Considerably like the dark varieties of
G. terrella, but smaller ; anterior wings more acute, and the pos-
terior more produced at the apex, as observed by Herr Zeller
(Isis, 1839).
Some of my specimens differ from this description, inasmuch
as all the wings and the terminal joint of the palpi are nearly
black, but I do not see in them sufficient difference to constitute
a distinct species.
Found on the downs at Stoat’s Nest in thatch, and flying, also
at West Wickham Wood, in July and August.
( 69 )
X. Descriptions of some new Aculeate Hymenoptera from
Epirus. By S. 8. Saunpers, Esq.
[Read June 3rd, 1850.]
Fam. MUTILLID, Leach.
Genus Myrmosa, Latr.
M. nigriceps.* (PI. VI. fig. 1.)
Nigra, thorace rufo, anticé recté truncato, angulis acutis; ab-
dominis segmentis pilis albidis postice fimbriatis ; alis ob-
scuris; antennis pedibusque nigris. Mas.
Long. corp. =4—¥% unc.
Exp. alar. 1 unc.
Habitat Nicopolin, prope Sinum Ambracicum, mense Junio
capta.
Four specimens of this fine species were captured at intervals
upon flowers in the same locality, towards the middle or end of
June.
Fam. SCOLIAD, Leach.
Genus Pseupomeria,} S. S. Saunders.
Ale brevissime, thoraci feré longitudine cocquales ad volandum
ineple ; anticarum margine apicalt profunde sinuato, disci usque
medium incise ; cellule alarum orisque structura ut im genere
Paramerid Guerin (delineante Savignio) ; pedes mediocres,
tibtarum calcaribus rectis, acutis.
* Eprror’s Norr. The name of this species should have been nigripes, but
owing to a typographical error it appeared in the report of the proceedings of the
June meeting, in the Zoologist, p. 2861, as nigriceps, which name, according to
the laws of nomenclature, must be retained.
t In the original memoir upon this insect communicated to the Entomological
Society, (an abstract of which has been published in the Proceedings for June,
1850, p. 16,) it was referred to the genus Parumeria of Guérin ; a more extended
examination of the allied species than I had then had an opportunity of making
has however rendered necessary the establishment of a new genus for its recep-
tion.
70 Mr. 8. 8. Saunders’s Descriptions
PGieea er. V. fie3.)
Castanea, pilis albidis densé vestita; femoribus, tibiis, mandi-
r ;
bularum apice costaque alarum, piceis; abdominis segmentis
quatuor basalibus (preter petiolum) nigris ; secundo tertio-
que fascia apicali, medio interrupta, utrinque emarginata,
lateribus haud attingenti, alb4 notatis; alis obscuris ; oculis
nigris. Femina.
Long. corp. -35 une.
Exp. alar. } unc.
Habitat in Epiro, apud Nicopolin, prope Sinum Ambracicum,
mense Junio capta.
This insect—closely allied to Meria, from which it may be dis-
tinguished by its abbreviated wings, and by the absence of the
small triangular cell which exists between the first and second
submarginal cells in the former—approximates to the division
which Guérin has suggested,* founded upon an insect figured by
Savigny in the great work on Egypt,} and which the former
characterizes as differing from Meria “ par les cellules des ailes
supérieures, par la forme des jambes, et de leurs épines termi-
nales,” the wings being of ordinary dimensions and adapted for
flight ; whereas in the present species they are merely rudimental,
employed (like those of the ostrich) as an adjunct to the legs during
rapid circumvolutions along the ground or in close proximity
thereto. The tibial armature also differs from that of Savigny’s
undescribed species characterized as aforesaid; while the sinuation
of the apical margin of the wing, not observable in the latter, is
strongly developed in the former ; the discoidal incision however,
which is present also in Meria, being probably a constant cha-
racter throughout the group.
The following tabular statement may serve to indicate the
several divisions which have been proposed for Meria and its
allies :—
* Dict. Pitt. d’Hist. Nat., tome 5, p. 575, 1837.
+ Expéd. d’Egypte, Hymen. pl. 15, fig. 21.
of some new Aculeate Hymenoptera. 71
1. Wings with a small triangular cell between
the first and second submarginal cells.
¢ Mena, Illg.
2. Wings without the small triangular cell.
a Wings fitted for flying; spurs of hind
legs long, curved, and obtuse.
MacromMERIA,
Westw. MSS.
(Meria Klugi,
Westw. Proc.
Zool. Soc.
April14,1835.)
* Posterior tibiz elongate-triangular;
last joint of posterior tarsi scarcely
smaller than the fourth.
** Posterior tibize globose; last ae PARAMERIA,
of posterior tarsi very minute. Guérin(loc. cit.)
6. Wings unfit for flight; spurs of hind
: PsEUDOMERIA.
legs moderate, straight, and acute.
Fam. EUMENIDZ, Westwood.
Genus Rapuicrossa,* Saunders.
Caput magnum subrotundum, subtis obliqué complanatum,
thoraci feré latitudine cozquale. Oculi interné emarginati.
Mandibule obtuse apice transversé serrato. Labium longis-
simum, inter coxas acuformé retrorsim, cum maxillis vix
brevioribus, productum. Clypeus anticé excavatus, labium
porrectum ad recipiendum et dirigendum. Thorax truncato-
convexus, medio vix dilatatus, subtus canaliculatus. Antenne
thoraci feré longitudine cozequalis. Ale antice cellulis cubi-
talibus quatuor, quarum secunda et tertia singulatim venam
recurventem accipiunt ; prima magna, basi ampliori ; secunda
parva subtriangulari, lateribus anticé valdé approximatis,
venam recurrentem recipiente; tertid subquadrata, externé
latiori, secundam recurrentem accipienti; apicali clausa.
A. Abdomen segmento basali elongato, infundibuliformi : Mas,
antennarum apice integro: cellula radialis simplex.
* padig, acus; yAaeoa, lingua.
Te Mr. 8. S. Saunders’s Descriptions
Sp. 1. Raphiglossa Eumenoides, (PI. VI. fig. 4, 2 -)
Elongata nigra, flavo-notata; labio usque abdominis petiolum
producto; antennis testaceis, pedibus concoloribus, basi
nigris ; abdomine flavo-fasciato.
Long. corp. 3—# une.
Exp. alar. 1 unc.
Habitat in Epiro, prope Sinum Ambracicum, in rubis exsiccatis
nidificans.
Descr. Nigra, nitida; macula frontali truncato-conica, altera
parva utrinque pone oculos, aliaque magna utrinque ad an-
gulos posticos, flavis; clypeo nigro, puncto utrinque (sepé
obliterato) flavo; oculis luteis, latere externo nigro-striatis,
vel punctis nigris circumcinctis; antennis testaceis, apicem
versus obscuris, articulo basali anticé flavo ; thoracis angulis
anticis posticisque, alarum squam4, macula trianglari subtus
alas, scutellique maculis quatuor, flavis ; abdominis segmentis
posticé flavo-fasciatis, secundi fascia infra continua ; pedibus
testaceis, plus minusve flavo-notatis, femoribus basi nigris ;
alis subhyalinis, anticé flavescentibus, prope apicem nebulosis.
Femina.
Mas differt clypeo sulphureo, macula pone oculos obsoleta ;
antennarum articulo basali breviori, robustiori, posticé nigro,
apicalibus omnino testaceis; abdominis fasciis sex ; coxis
intermediis puncto magno flavo.
B. Abdomen segmento basali campanulato: Mas, antennarum
articulo apicali corneo, vix uncinato: cellula radialis ap-
pendiculata.
Sp. 2. Raphiglossa Odyneroides. (Pl. VI. fig. 2, 8; fig. 3, 2.)
Nigra, flavo-notata; labio usque pectoris medium producto;
pedibus flavis, basi nigris; abdomine flavo-fasciato; maribus,
antennis nigris, subtis flavescentibus ; feminis, capite maximo,
antennis flavescentibus, prope apicem obscuris.
Long. corp. 6—7 lin. ¢; 83 lin. @.
Habitat in Epiro cum precedentibus.
Descr. Caput nigrum, clypeo, macula subcordata frontali, ante
oculos vittA minima, punctoque parvo ad angulos posticos,
flavis; mandibulis concoloribus, apice piceo ; antennis tes-
taceis, superné nigrostriatis, articulo basali robusto, anticé
flavo, apicali testaceo, mucrone parvo nigro. Thorax angulis
of some New Aculeate Hymenoptera. 73
anticis, alarum squama, macula rotunda subtus alas, scutelli
utrinque puncto lineol4que marginali, flavis. Abdomen nigrum,
segmenti basalis fascia posticd lata, ad latera anticé valdé
producta, flava; reliquorum margine postico flavo-fasciato,
fasciis subtus productis. Pedes flavi, basi nigri. Alze sub-
hyaline. Mas.
Femina differt staturd majori, capite maximo, macula triangu-
lari frontali, alterd utrinque minori juxta oculos, alioque
magno utrinque ad angulos posticos, flavis; antennarum
articulo basali subgracili, arcuato, testaceo, anticé sulphureo,
reliquis testaceis, prope apicem superné obscurioribus ;_ tho-
racis angulis anticis, alarum squama, macula rotunda subtis
alas, scutelli fascia emarginata transversali lineolaque mar-
ginali posticé, flavis ; abdominis segmento primo feré omnino
flavo, vittd basali nigr4 disci usque medium retro producta,
reliquis nigris, fascia apicali utrinque dilatatd flav4, 2% 3%que
subtus margine postico flavo; pedibus flavis, basi nigris;
alarum disco iridescenti, marginis antici dimidio apicali ob-
scuriori, venis purpureis, areolis basalibus flavo-notatis.
‘
These remarkable insects—closely resembling Eumenes on the
one hand, and Odynerus on the other—although differing much
in general aspect are nevertheless associated by several important
characters ; the peculiar veining of the wings being consistently
maintained in connection with other evidences of structure and
economy; both species exhibiting an extraordinary prolongation
of the proboscis,* which is turned back and laid between the coxz
in a groove prepared for its reception along the under side of the
thorax ; both nidificating in briars, for which purpose this con-
formation of the lingua is obviously most appropriate ; and the
veining of the wings, although coinciding together in both, yet
differing essentially from that of all other established genera of
Diplopterous Hymenoptera, the second submarginal cell receiving
only one recurrent nervure, and the third submarginal receiving
the other.
The larve of the first, when full grown, measures about two-
thirds of an inch in length, and one sixth of an inch in diameter,
being of firm fleshy consistency, its colour opaque-white, each
successive segment presenting an overlapping margin; it is nearly
of equal thickness throughout, with a slight distension about the
thoracical region, somewhat flattened beneath, and having the
posterior margin of each segment below vaulted and _ hollow.
* See Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. 1, p. 90.
74 Mr. 8. 8. Saunders’s Descriptions
These larve are found occupying spacious elongate-oval cells, in
galleries containing a series of such receptacles, from which the
entire pith has been removed; with intermediate spaces of vary-
ing dimensions, yfMrtly filled with mud and partly with compressed
particles of pith in sectional divisions; each cell being first se-
curely closed by a well-connected convex top of firm pergame-
neous consistency, followed by a small portion of black mud.
The store provided by the parent-insect, judging from the re-
mains occasionally found about the cells, consists apparently of some
small yellow-headed larvee, which Mr. Westwood considers to be
Coleopterous, and probably to belong to some species of Curcu-
lionide ; after consuming which, the full-fed larva remains as
usual during a considerable period in an inert state, assuming the
condition of a fully-developed pupa a few weeks only previously
to its final metamorphosis towards the middle or end of June.
These pupz are endowed with the singular faculty of exe-
cuting a rotary motion when disturbed, by bringing the apex of the
abdomen into play around the bottom of the cells, performing
these revolutions for a number of times in rapid succession, the
direction being occasionally reversed. A similar proceeding on
the part of a species of Ichneumon (hence termed gyrator) is
described by MM. Dufour and Perris in the Annales of the
French Entomological Society.*
The perfect insect effects its exit by gnawing a circular aperture
through the side of the briar, for which operation its powerful
serrate mandibles are well adapted.
The dark brown corneous case of a species of Chrysis is not
unfrequently found in the cells, closely enveloped in a thin tissue
covering of its own.
Of the second species males alone were obtained from a briar
which had been confounded with others occupied by the larve of
R. Eumenoides. With these, however, I have not hesitated to as-
sociate a female, possessing all the characters of the genus which
I captured, flying along a sandy road, another having subse-
quently been found among a miscellaneous collection of briars ;
and, unless properly referred to this species, the latter would
constitute a third.
* Vol. ix. p. 43, 1840.
of some New Aculeate Hymenoptera. 75
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE V.
Fig. 3. Pseudomeria Greca, 9.
3a, front view of head; 3b, under side of do. ; 3c, maxilla; 3d, labium;
3e, antenna; 3f, wings; 3g, foreleg.
Fig. 4. Briar-cells of Raphiglossa Eumenoides.
+ Convex top of cell, consisting of a firm well-connected pergameneous
cap.
* Tnterior of cell.
t Concave lower extremity of ditto, resting on successive layers of
comminuted particles of pith (**) and black earth (tt) in distinct
compartments; the former being limited in some instances to mere
sectional divisions at varying intervals.
PLATE VI.
Fig. 1. Myrmosa nigriceps, ¢.
la, mandibles; 1b, antenna; 1c, maxilla; 1d, labium; le, anterior
tarsus; If, apex of abdomen seen in profile; 1g, anal appendages
as seen from above; 1h, intermediate ditto, ditto.
Fig. 2. Raphiglossa Odyneroides, g.
2a, under side of head, showing the labium and maxille united as when
at rest, and projecting backwards beneath the thorax like a needle;
2b, mandible; 2c, antenna of male; 2d, maxilla; 2e, labium,
Fig. 3. Raphiglossa Odyneroides, 9.
3a, antenna of ditto.
Fig. 4. Raphiglossa Eumenoides, 9.
4a, the same seen in profile of the natural size; 4b, labrum; 4c, max-
illa; 4d, labium; 4e, antenna of male; 4f, ditto, of female; 4g,
anterior tarsus.
76 Mr. W. W. Saunders on
XI. On various Australian Longicorn Beetles. By W.
Witson Saunpers, Esq., F.L.S.
[Read November 4th, 1850.]
A GREAT many interesting forms among the smaller Longicornes
having during the last few years been brought to this country
from our Australian colonies, I have thought that an account of
some of them would be interesting to entomologists ; particularly
if I combined with them figures and short descriptions of some
of the interesting, nearly allied forms which had only before been
described, but wanted good portraits to point out their structure.
The species now brought together form no particular family or
group, but will probably be divisible into several; but their affi-
nities are not easy to mark out distinctly with our present know-
ledge of the subject, and I therefore leave this point for future
observers to determine. The whole of the Australian Longi-
cornes want careful revision; and it is to be hoped that such an
interesting investigation will soon be taken up by some entomolo-
gist who has time and opportunity to work the subject out.
FIRST DIVISION.
WINGS NOT ABBREVIATED,
EYES ROUNDED OR OVATE.
Encnoptrera. New genus (eyxoc mrepor).
Head produced into a long, declining, gradually tapering snout.
Antenne not so long as the body, filiform, 11-jointed, geniculate,
with the Ist joint long and clavate; 2nd, short, rounded; 3rd to
11th, long, subclavate, gradually decreasing in length. Eyes mode-
rate, ovate. Thorax elongate, cylindrical, with rounded obsolete
tubercles on the sides, Elytra tapering to a point, not so long as
abdomen, and gaping at the suture. Abdomen long, clavate. Legs
long and attenuated, with the femora clavate.
This genus is nearly allied to Macrones of Newman, but differs
in the longer thorax, which is nearly smooth on the sides, and the
longer and pointed snout.
Australian Longicorn Beetles. Vb
Sp. 1. Enchoptera apicalis. (Pl. I. fig. 7.)
Dark chesnut brown, with the forehead and apices of the fe-
mora black; the three terminal joints of the antenne yellow, and
the elytra yellowish brown. Head produced into a long, gradu-
ally tapering, declining snout, with the face slightly furrowed, and
having a bronzy tinge of colour over the dark chesnut, much
contracted behind the eyes, which are ovate, black, and situate
immediately under the antenne, on the sides of the head. An-
tennze 11-jointed, filiform. Thorax about as broad as the head,
bulging out in the after portion; the surface somewhat undulating,
sub-tuberculate, with a slightly elevated transverse ridge above,
in front, and clothed with a short, yellowish, silky pubescence.
Scutellum small, triangular. Elytra somewhat broader than the
thorax, gradually tapering to a point, gaping at the suture, and
not so long as the abdomen, marked above with four elevated
ridges. Abdomen clavate, long, 5-jointed. Legs long, attenuated,
with the thighs clavate, tarsi moderate.
Habitat Van Diemen’s Land.
Length +, inch.
In my own collection, and that of the British Museum.
Sp. 2. Enchoptera ngricornis. (PI. I. fig. 5.)
Head pale chesnut brown, slightly furrowed down the face,
and somewhat hairy on the underside of the snout, with the an-
tenn pitchy brown, inclining to black. Eyes black. Thorax
nearly smooth, cylindrical, slightly rounded at the sides, pale
chesnut brown, and clothed with short adpressed silky yellow pu-
bescence. Scutellum minute, chesnut brown. Elytra pale ches-
nut brown, clothed with yellowish pubescence, and marked with
four faintly elevated ridges. Abdomen long, clavate, five-jointed,
pale brownish green. Legs pitchy brown, with the anterior and
middle thighs yellowish brown.
Habitat New South Wales.
Length 3 inch.
In my own collection and that of the British Museum.
78 Mr. W. W. Saunders on
Macrones, Newman. Entomologist, p. 33.
Sp. 1. Macrones exilis, Newman. (PI. I. fig. 6.)
Black, with the sides of the thorax dark rufous brown, elytra
yellowish brown, with four darker elevated ridges, and the poste-
rior tarsi white.
Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.
Length -83, inch.
In the cabinets of the British Museum and J. O. Westwood,
Esq.
The above short characters will serve to distinguish the exilis
of Newman from the species which follows. The figure is from
the original specimen from which Mr. Newman drew up his de-
scription, and a good representation of it, with descriptions, will
serve to point out the peculiarities of its structure more forcibly
than words, and show how it differs from the foregoing genus, and
the one immediately following, all being nearly allied.
Sp. 2. Macrones rufus. (Pl. 1. fig. 8.)
Rufous brown, with a broad ring of black on the first joint of
the antennee, and another of the same colour on the hind femora.
Head projecting considerably beyond the eyes into a short broad
snout, with the sides parallel, much contracted immediately behind
the eyes ; eyes small, subovate, black. Antenne geniculate, fili-
form, 11-jointed; 1st joint long, clavate, equalling in length the
three following; 2nd joint small rounded; 3rd to 11th subclavate,
gradually decreasing in length. Thorax broader than the head,
with a strongly marked raised ring in front; behind which is an
expanded portion, having a spine on each side, and tuberculated
above. Scutellum small, subtrigonate. Elytra a little broader than
the thorax, gradually tapering to sharp points, terminating before
the apex of the abdomen and gaping at the suture, marked above
with four elevated longitudinal ridges, and the surface somewhat
rugose. Abdomen long, clavate, five-jointed. Legs long, with
the femora clavate.
Hab. Hunter’s River.
Length 1 inch 3,.
In my own collection.
Australian Longicorn Beetles. 79
I have seen but one example of this remarkable insect, which
was presented to me by my friend the late Rev. J. W. Horsley.
Bracuopsis, new Genus (Spaxue oxic).
Head slightly produced in front, abruptly truncate, with the
sides parallel ; deeply furrowed between the eyes. yes round.
Antenne filiform, with the Ist joint long, clavate, equalling the
three following in length; 2nd, short, rounded; 3rd, long; 4th,
much shorter; and the remainder rapidly decreasing in length.
Thorax cylindrical, the sides slightly projecting, with obtuse
tubercles. LElytra gradually tapering to a point, gaping at the
suture, and of the same length as the body. Abdomen long, spatu-
late. Legs short, somewhat robust, with the femora clavate.
This genus differs from Macrones in the less projecting head,
unarmed thorax, and shorter and stronger legs, besides other
characters. This and the two preceding genera form a very
natural group.
Brachopsis concolor. (Pl. IV. fig. 4.)
Dark chesnut brown, with the tips of the first joint of the an-
tenne, forehead, face, and a longitudinal line along the upper
surface of thorax, black. Elytra marked with four elevated lon-
gitudinal ridges.
Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.
Length 3 inch.
In the collection of the British Museum.
StenopErvus, Dejean.
Stenoderus maculicornis. (PI. IV. fig. 2.)
Dull orange, with the antenne, except the fourth, fifth and
sixth joints, black, the latter nearly white, tipped with black, and
with the eyes, apices of elytra, apices of hinder femora, apices of
all the tibia, and three terminal joints of tarsi, also black.
Head and thorax impunctate, opaque. Elytra punctate, with
five elevated striae, two vanishing before the shoulders.
Length -4, inch.
80 Mr. W. W. Saunders on
In the collection of the British Museum.
Collected by Mr. Byrne on the north and west coasts of New
Holland and Abralhos Islands. This species is clearly distinguish-
able from the other Stenodert by the antenne being partly of a
whitish colour.
PsitomorPHA, new Genus. (Ade popdi).)
Head produced in front into a short snout, with the sides some-
what approximating at the apex. yes large, round, situate im-
mediately beneath the insertion of the antenne. Antenne longer
than the body, filiform, 11-jointed ; Ist joint long, clavate; 2nd,
short, rounded; 3rd, 4th, and 5th, long, gradually increasing
in length; 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th equal to 5th; 10th and 11th
shorter than 5th. Thorax long, cylindrical, swelling out at the
base. lytra broader than thorax, gradually tapering to a
rounded point as long as the abdomen, and not gaping at the
suture. Legs long and very slender, femora subclavate.
A small genus, having some resemblance to Mr. Shuckard’s
genus Stephanops, but abundantly distinct in the less projecting
head, ovate eyes, and other characters.
Psilomorpha tenuipes. (Pl. IV. fig. 1.)
Pale chesnut brown, with the eyes, first joint of antenne, tips
of the other joints of the antennz, and legs, black. Elytra striate.
Hab. New Holland.
Length -4, inch.
In the collection of J. F. Parry, Esq.
Australian Longicorn Beetles. 81
SECOND DIVISION.
WINGS NOT ABBREVIATED.
EYES RENIFORM OR EMARGINATE.
Srepuanops, Shuckard, Ent. Mag. vol. 5, p. 510, 1850.
Stephanops nassatus, Shuckard. (PI. IV. fig. 4.)
Dark chesnut brown, with the head and thorax pitchy brown.
Face smooth and shining. Thorax and elytra opaque, smooth,
with a velvety texture,
Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.
Length =% to §, inch.
In my own collection and that of the British Museum.
This singular insect not having been hitherto figured I have
thought it desirable to give a representation of it. Its remarkable
eyes distinguish the genus at the first glance.
OropeErEs, new Genus.
Head slightly produced in front, with the sides parallel. Antenne
not so long as the body, filiform; Ist joint robust, clavate; 2nd,
small, rotundate ; 3rd, as long as the first, subclavate, remainder
somewhat shorter, sub-equal. Thorax elongate, cylindrical, armed
near the thorax with a row of acute elevated tubercles. Scutel-
lum triangular, minute. Elytra a little broader than thorax, not
quite so long as the body, gaping at the suture and gradually
tapering to a point. Legs short, rather robust. Femora subcla-
vate.
A genus, having a general resemblance to the Macrones group,
but essentially differing in the shape of the eyes, structure of an-
tennee, &c.
Oroderes humeralis. (P1. I. fig. 3.)
Black, with a purplish metallic tint, except the elytra, which
are orange at the base, and the abdomen, which has a bright steel
blue tint. The first five joints of the antenne are hairy, as well
as the head and thorax; the latter are deeply punctate. Elytra
hairy at the base, deeply and irregularly punctate-striate. Ab-
domen with the sides parallel, very shining. Legs hairy.
Hab. New South Wales.
Length 3 inch.
In the collection of the British Museum.
VOL. I, N.S. PART III]. —DEc. 1850. G
82 Mr. W. W. Saunders on
Herua@stion, Newman, Entomologist, p. 10, 1840.
Hephecestion ocreatus, Newman. Entomologist, loc. cit. (PI. IV.
fig. 5.)
Head, antennz and thorax black, the latter armed with four
spines set in a transverse row. Elytra bluish purple, smooth and
shining. Abdomen rufous brown, with the apex above black.
Legs yellow brown, with the tips of the femora, tibize and tarsi
black.
In the collection of A. Melly, Esq.
Length 1-3, inch.
A large and beautiful species, received by Mr. Melly from Aus-
tralia, but stated to be from the Island of Chiloe by Mr. Newman
in the Entomologist.
Brta.
Bima femoralis. (Plate IV. fig. 7.)
Yellow ochre, with the antennz, eyes, a narrow line along the
upper surface of the thorax, posterior legs and middle and ante-
rior tibiz and tarsi, black, WHairy. Face with a slight furrow
down the centre. Thorax gibbous above, and spiny at the sides.
Elytra broader than thorax, pointed, gaping at the suture. Legs
robust, rather short.
Habitat New Holland.
Length 54, inch.
In the collection of the Rev. J. W. Hope.
This species closely resembles the Bimia bicolor of White, in
the Illustrated Proceedings of the Zoological Society, but will be
found to differ in the narrow instead of broad, black, thoracical
band, in the forehead being ochraceous instead of black, and in
the middle femora having the same difference of colour.
Axretera, N. G. (Axcc arepov).
Head slightly produced in front, with the sides parallel. An-
tenne filiform, nearly twice the length of the body, 11-jointed.
Ist joint robust, pyriform; 2nd, minute, rounded; 3rd, about as
long as Ist; 4th to 11th longer than 3rd, gradually increasing in
length, sub-clavate. yes reniform, clasping the base of the an-
tenne. Thorax transverse, armed on each side with a pointed
Australian Longicorn Beetles. 83
tubercle, and gibbous above. lytra broader than thorax, about
the length of the abdomen, gradually tapering to a point, and
gaping at the suture. Legs robust, moderate in length.
Akiptera semiflava. (Plate IV. fig. 6.)
Head black, hairy, with a yellow patch. Antenne black.
Thorax hairy, dull orange, with the disk black. Elytra hairy,
dull yellow, with the apical half black, marked with two elevated
longitudinal ridges. Legs hairy; the anterior dull yellow, with
the tips of the femora and tibize and tarsi black, middle and pos-
terior black, the former having the tibie dull yellow, with the
tips black.
From Australia.
Length 43; inch.
In the collection of A. Melley, Esq.
Somewhat allied to Mr. Newman’s genus Brachytria, but dif-
fering in the length and structure of the antenne, and in other
important characters.
Bracuytria, Newman. (Annals, Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 16.)
Brachytria gulosa, Newman, loc. cit. (Plate IV. fig. 3.)
Hairy, black, with the head and forepart of the thorax bright
orange, and three large yellow spots forming a triangle on the
elytra, pale yellow.
Hab. New Holland.
Length ~63, inch.
In the British Museum collection, and in my own cabinet.
This species varies much in its markings. The dorsal spot
is sometimes wanting, and occasionally the three spots are united
into one angular band of pale yellow.
84 Mr. W. W. Saunders on
THIRD DIVISION.
WINGS MUCH ABBREVIATED.
Hestuests, Newman.
Hesthesis ornata. (Plate I. fig. 1.)
Head pitchy black, with the face somewhat prolonged, and ex-
cavated longitudinally; the excavation having a large some-
what cordiform patch of bright yellow hairs in the centre. An-
tennz dark chesnut brown, about as long as the body. Eyes
large, subreniform, black brown. Thorax quadrato-rotundate,
rather broader than long, black, narrowly margined in front, with
a row of bright, yellow, short hairs, and with a small triangular
patch of the same coloured hairs on the upper side, in the centre
of the hinder margin. Elytra somewhat broader than thorax or
abdomen: about one-third the length of the latter, quadrate and
somewhat rounded on the outer margin; dark umber brown, with
darker shoulders. Wings dusky brown, darker on the anterior
margin. Abdomen black, with the first and fourth joints mar-
gined posteriorly with a bright yellow band of short adpressed
hairs. Legs and tarsi dull chesnut brown.
Length 3 inch.
In my own collection.
I have only seen one specimen of this interesting species of
Hesthesis, which was collected by Mr. Horsley at Hunter’s River,
New South Wales. It is the smallest species of the genus with
which I am acquainted; and is most nearly allied to a species
called by Mr. Newman variegatus.
AcaPreTE, Newman. (Zoologist, vol. iii. p. 1017.)
Agapete carissima, New. (Plate I. fig. 2.)
Head rufous brown, covered with short erect down, furrowed
along the vertex and down the face. Palpi piceous, but little
projecting. Antenne black, 12-jointed, somewhat longer than
the body. Ist joint shortish, somewhat clavate, robust; 2nd
Australian Longicorn Beetles. 85
nearly orbicular; 3rd, about as long as the Ist, clavate; 4th,
shorter than 3rd, of the same shape; 5th, as long as the 2nd, 3rd
and 4th joints combined, cylindrical, the remainder same shape,
but gradually diminishing in length. Eyes black, round, placed
below the base of the antenne, with a narrow offset projecting
round the base of the antenne posteriorly. Thorax rufous brown,
quadrate, somewhat gibbous at the sides, covered with short,
erect down. Elytra not attaining half the length of the abdomen,
broad at the base, and then suddenly contracting into a long
spathalate point, pitchy brown, with a whitish-brown semitrans-
parent vitta running along the length of each. Wings somewhat
longer than the abdomen, dark smoky brown. Post-thorax black,
the sides covered with pale, yellowish, silky hairs. Abdomen
above pale dull rufous brown at the base; the apical joints black
brown; beneath of the same colour, with the 1st, 2nd and 3rd seg-
ments broadly margined with a band of pale yellowish silky hairs.
Legs and tarsi black.
Hab. Hunter’s River.
Length 5, inch.
In my own collection.
Mr. Newman was the first to describe this remarkable Longi-
corn in the Zoologist, but no figure of it has yet appeared. I
have seen two specimens, both taken by Mr. Horsley, at Hunter’s
River, New South Wales; and up to the present time it is very
rare in collections. The singular conformation of the antenne,
this organ being 12-jointed, immediately distinguishes the genus
from others of the Molorchide.
86 Mr. H. T. Stainton on
XII. On Ornix Meleagripennella and its Allies; a Group
of Lepidoptera, Family Tineide. By H. T. Srarnron,
Esq.
Trt the appearance of the second volume of the Linnza Ento-
mologica, in which Herr Zeller described Ornia« anguliferella, 1
believe there was no suspicion that with Meleagripennella were
confounded several very closely allied species. Haworth, it is
true, had in his “‘ Lepidoptera Britannica,” described at p. 532
Gracillaria nebulea—“ alis anticis cinereis, nebulis magnis nigris,
costa fasciis nigris, strigis albidis interrupta,” which is manifestly
one of this group; and at p. 578 he has Tinea meleagripennella—
“‘alis cinereis apice punctulo ocellari atro,” which he places after
Cramerella, observing “precedente minor et angustior ;” but it
appears to have been known to him from only a single specimen,
and as little information is to be gained from his description, and
he does not attempt to compare it with his Nebulea, we may
safely consider that Haworth was acquainted with this group
only under the name of Nebulea. Mr. Stephens has certainly two
descriptions in his Illustrations, vol. iv. p. 364, applicable to this
group, viz. Nebulea and Meleagripennella ; but these species are
not compared with each other, and there is nothing to identify
them with any species with certainty. His Nebulea may have
been either the Meleagripennella or the Anglicella of this paper,
and his Meleagripennella may have been either the Anglicella or
the Torquillella of this paper. Hiibner's figure of Meleagripennella
No. 189, is much too coarse to be identified with any species.
Treitschke’s description of Meleagripennella, vol. ix. 2, p. 209,
and Duponchel’s, supp. vol. iv. p. 467, pl. 86, f. 4, are both un-
satisfactory and are not sufficiently precise to be identified with
any of the species I am about to enumerate. I have now brought
the history of the literature of this group up to the appearance in
1847 of Zeller’s Monograph, in the second volume of the Linnzea
Entomologica, where we are first informed that there is a species
very closely allied to Meleagripennella. The mere statement of
this fact, having had the effect of causing Entomologists to ex-
amine their specimens in order to try and detect Anguliferella
lurking in their collections, has resulted in the discovery of at
least six additional species. In my monograph of Argyromiges,
in the Zoologist, I described at p. 2162 one of this group, under the
Ornix Meleagripennella and its Allies. 87
name of Loganella. The specimen from which this description
was made being destitute of cilia, 1 was at that time not at all
aware of its relationship, but in my Catalogue it appears in its
proper place, p. 23, after Meleagripennella. In the May number
of the Entomologische Zeitung, of the present year, Zeller de-
scribes two new species of this group, p. 161, under the names of
Torquillella and Finitimella. Ampliatella, the very beautiful new
species discovered last year by Herr Mann, at Fiume, will pro-
bably be described in the Publications of the Imperial Academy
of Vienna; but the knowledge that it is there described will be
small consolation to Entomologists, to whom such a work is
almost unattainable. It is a great pity but that Herr Mann had
sent his descriptions of new species to the Stettin Society, to ap<
pear in its widely-circulated Zeitung.
I briefly recapitulate the generic characters, as given by Zeller
in the Linnzea.
Ornix (Tr.), Z.
Caput lanatum. Palpi labiales squamis appressis, fasciculo pilo-
rum nullo.
Readily distinguished from the genera, Gracilaria and Coriscium,
by the woolly head, by the labial palpi being destitute of a tuft of
hairs, and by the broader anterior wings.
In their general appearance and mode of sitting, the insects are
at once recognised as allied to Gracilaria.
Treitschke’s observations on the larva and pupa (which were
communicated to him by Fischer-von-Réslerstamm) appear to
me most appropriately appended.here, since we are at present
unable to attach them to any one species, though future observa-
tions may enable us to do so. ‘ The fourteen-footed larva feeds
in September in the united leaves, or the turned-down edges of
leaves, and certainly always on the underside, of mountain ash,
blackthorn, and birch. It is yellow-green, almost transparent,
with hardly perceptible little warts of the same colour. The head
likewise, with brown spots on the sides. The similarly coloured
thorax has two stronger, and two fainter brownspots. The claws
are brown, spotted.
“ At the end of September or in October it shuts itself up in
its habitation, for which purpose it weaves therein a narrower and
firm brownish case. Before winter it changes into a thin, very
long pupa, which is at first yellow, and afterwards becomes grey-
brown, and has long leg and tongue sheaths reaching beyond the
anus.”
88 Mr. H. T. Stainton on
The following is my arrangement of the species :—
A. With the palpi spotted.
A. The last joint of the palpi with a dark spot underneath.
. Meleagripennella. Anterior wings pale grey; no white line
along the hinder margin.
. Devoniella. Anterior wings ochreous.
. Anguliferella. Anterior wings grey, with a white line along
the hinder margin.
. Loganella. Anterior wings black.
. The last joint of the palpi encompassed with a broad black-
brown ring interrupted on the upper side.
. Finitimella.
. The last joint of the palpi encompassed by a broad uninter-
rupted black-brown ring.
. Anglicella.
B. With the palpi entirely white.
A. Face grey.
. Torquillella.
B. Face white.
. Scolicella. Anterior wings grey, with the base and inner
margin whitish.
. Ampliatella. The ground colour of the basal half of the
anterior wings white.
Of these nine species, three have not yet been discovered in
Britain; viz. Anguliferella, Finitimella and Ampliatella; two,
Meleagripennella and Torquillella, are common to this country and
the continent; and four, Devoniella, Loganella, Anglicella and
Scoticella, are exclusively British, not having yet been discovered
on the continent.
Sp. 1. Meleagripennella, Zeller.
Alis anticis pallidé fusco-cinereis, dorso albido farinato, costz
strigulis numerosis albidis, ciliis externe fusco-cinctis, puncto
atro apicali nullo,
Meleagripennella, Z. (Linnzea Entomologica, vol. ii. p. 374.)
Distinguished from its allies by the pale grey anterior wings
having zo strongly marked black spot at the apex.
Head and thorax whitish grey, with some brown hairs inter-
Orniz Meleagripennella and its Allies. 89
mixed; face white; antennez white, annulated with brownish ;
palpi white, with a greyish spot on the under side of the terminal
joimt; the four anterior legs brownish, spotted with white, tarsi
white, with brown ends to the joints; hind legs dirty yellowish-
grey, tarsi brownish, with the basis of the joints whitish.
Anterior wings five times as long as broad, pale grey, intermixed
with white, especially along the inner margin; along the costa are
numerous oblique white streaks, those nearest the apex gradually
become longer and less oblique, the five last are much more dis-
tinct than those which precede; in the fold of the wing, beyond
the middle, is a darker brown spot, and another near the anal
angle; at the apex of the wing is a dark ocellus-like spot (not
nearly so dark as in the following species); cilia whitish, with a
curved dark line from the apex to the inner margin, followed by
a second line beyond it, but only corresponding to the lower half
of the first line.
Posterior wings six times as long as broad, gradually pointed,
grey, with paler cilia.
This species will, probably, eventually prove common; but at
present it is a scarce species with us. I have once or twice taken
it at Lewisham, but more frequently at West Wickham Wood.
It is not improbable that it is a birch feeder. It is, probably,
often overlooked as a pale specimen of our commonest species
Anglicella. It occurs in many parts of the Continent; but
whether all the localities given by Zeller for this species really
belong to it, individually, is very questionable.
Sp. 2. Devoniella, n. sp.
Alis anticis ochraceis, dorso albido farinata, cost strigulis
numerosis indistinctis albidis, ciliis-externe ochraceo-cinctis,
puncto apicale atro.
Readily distinguished from any of its known congeners by its
ochre-coloured anterior wings. A further point of distinction
between it and the preceding species is the deep black apical spot.
Head and thorax whitish, with some ochreous hairs intermixed ;
face white; antennz white, annulated with pale grey; palpi
white, with a faint appearance of a dark spot on the under side of
the terminal joint ; the four anterior legs ochreous, spotted with
whitish, tarsi whitish, the ends of the joints ochreous; hind legs
dirty ochreous, tarsi dirty ochreous, with the bases of the joints
whitish.
90 Mr. H. T. Stainton on
Anterior wings five times as long as broad, ochreous, in-
termixed with white, especially along the inner magin; along
the costa are numerous indistinct, short white streaks, towards
the apex they become longer and more distinct; in the fold of
the wing, beyond the middle, is a spot of darker ochre; at the
apex is a distinct deep-brown or black ocellated spot; cilia
whitish, with a curved ochreous line from the apex to the inner
margin.*
Posterior wings six times as long as broad, pale grey, with
ochreous cilia.
Of this beautifully distinct species I took a single specimen on
the Ist of May, 1850, in a lane near Dawlish, in Devonshire. I
beat it out of a hedge in which there was a great deal of birch,
but also bramble, sallow, hornbeam and honeysuckle. I beat the
same hedge most assiduously the whole of the next day, but with-
out having the good fortune to meet with another specimen.
Sp. 3. Anguliferella, Zeller.
Alis anticis cinereis, dorso albido farinato, costz strigulis nume-
rosis albidis, linea albida ab angulo anale ad apicem, ciliis
externe bis fusco-cinctis.
Anguliferella, Zeller. (Linnzea Entomologica, vol. ii. p. 377;
(Z. Ent. Zeitung, 1850, p. 162.)
Best distinguished from all the allied species, by the whitish
line which runs along the hinder margin, from the anal angle to
near the apex.
Head and thorax whitish-grey, with some darker hairs inter-
mixed; face white; antennz white, annulated with brownish-
grey; palpi white, mith a blackish spot on the under side of the
terminal joint ; the four anterior legs grey, spotted with white,
the tarsi white, with the end of the joints dark brownish-grey ;
hind legs whitish, spotted with grey, tarsi brownish-grey, with
the bases of the joints whitish.
Anterior wings four times as long as broad, pale grey, inter-
mixed with white, especially along the inner margin; along the
costa are numerous short white streaks, the five last being much
the most distinct, and longer than the others; the fifth from the
* I believe this should be followed by a second outer line, at the lower half of
the cilia, as in the preceding species ; but my specimen is a little rubbed at the
extreme tips of the cilia.
Ornix Meleagripennella and its Allies. 91
apex is produced towards the apex of the wing, and there meets
the hinder marginal white line, forming with it an acute angle
(hence the name); on the fold of the wing are two dark spots,
one before the middle, the other a little beyond; at the apex of
the wing is a dark ocellus-like spot; cilia whitish, with two com-
plete curved dark lines from the apex to the inner margin.
Posterior wings five times as broad as long, blunter than in the
two preceding species, grey, with paler cilia.
Of this species I have not yet seen a British specimen ; the
specimen I have described was sent me by Herr Zeller, who
states in the Zeitung that the species occurs “ in a small garden
at Breslau, not scarce on orchard trees.”
Sp. 4. Finitimella, Zeller.
‘Minor, alis anticis fusco-cinereis, glaucescentibus, costa
albido-strigulata, ciliis apicis obtusis externe fuscocinctis,
epistomio fuscescenti, palpis albidis, annulo articuli ultimi
lato fusco.” Ent. Ztg. 1850, p. 162.
‘Even smaller than Meleagripennella ; its anterior wings are
darker, with the violet gloss of Yorquillella, and with smaller,
fainter costal streaks ; the cilia of the apex of the wing have the
complete brown double encompassing-line as in Torquillella ; face
brownish-grey ; the whitish palpi have the terminal joint encom-
passed at the base with a broad black-brown ring, interrupted on
the upper side.” Z. 1. c¢.
I have never yet seen a British specimen of this insect, and
having only a bad foreign specimen, unfit for description, I have
been obliged to copy Zeller’s description in the Entomologische
Zeitung, in order to make this memoir as complete as possible.
Zeller says it occurs “ at Glogau (a fine male on the 25th July)
and at Jena.”
Sp. 5. Loganella, Stainton.
Alis anticis atris, dorso maculis duabus albis, costa albo-
strigulata, ciliis fuscis.
Loganella, Stainton, Zoologist, 1848, p. 2162.*
Not likely to be confounded with any of its congeners.
* The figure there shown, PI. 3, f. 37, is very bad, and hardly gives an idea of
the insect.
92 Mr. H. T. Stainton on
Head greyish, with some brown hairs intermixed; face brown-
ish; antennze dark grey, with paler annulations; palpi white,
with a faint appearance of a dark spot on the under side of the
terminal joint ; thorax black, with a few whitish scales; legs dark
grey; the four anterior tarsi white, with the ends of the joints
dark grey ; the posterior tarsi dirty ochreous.
Anterior wings five times as long as broad, very dark grey or
black, not irrorated with whitish, as in the allied species, the
white marks are few in number, and from the contrast of colour,
stand out very prominently ; on the inner margin, towards the
base, are a few white scales; about the middle of the inner margin
is an oblong white spot, and a little beyond the middle of the
inner margin is another smaller white spot, followed by a few
white scales at the anal angle; along the costa are several short
white streaks, of which the four nearest the apex are the most
distinct, the fourth from the apex is connected by white scales
with the second inner-marginal spot, thus forming, as it were, a
white fascia; the apical streak is continued round the black
ocellated spot to the hinder margin; cilia at the apex whitish,
surrounded by a black curved line; cilia at the anal angle dark
grey.
Posterior wings five times as long as broad, grey with paler
cilia.
This species was discovered by Mr. R. F. Logan (after whom
I have named it); he took a single specimen off a hazel bush near
Luss, in Dumbartonshire, on the evening of the 5th of July, 1847;
this remained unique till this year, when a second specimen was
taken by Mr. Jobson, at Kilmun, about the middle of June.
This species appears to form a connecting link between this
group and Gutiea.
Sp. 6. Anglicella, n. sp.
Alis anticis cinereis, dorso albido farinato, costa albido-strigu-
lata, ciliis externe bis fusco-cinctis; palpis albis, articulo
tertio annulo lato fusco.
Nebulea, Haw.?
Meleagripennelia, St. ?
Distinguished from Meleagripennella by the much darker
anterior wings, and from Torquillella and Scoticella by the broad
black ring on the terminal joint of the palpi.
Ornix Meleagripennella and its Allies. 93
Head whitish grey, with some ochreous, and dark grey hairs on
the crown of the head; face grey; antennze whitish, annulated
with dark grey ; palpi white, the terminal joint nith a broad dark
grey or black ring, leaving only its base and apex white; thorax
whitish-grey, with some dark grey scales; the four anterior legs
dark grey, spotted with whitish, tarsi white, with the ends of the
joints dark grey; hind legs dirty brownish ochre, tarsi rather
darker, with the bases of the joints paler.
Anterior wings five times as long as broad, dark grey inter-
mixed with white, especially along the inner margin; along the
costa are numerous short white streaks, those towards the apex
being most distinctly marked, and the apical one is continued
round the ocellated apical black spot, to the hinder margin; in
the fold of the wing are two distinct oblong black spots, one
before, the other beyond the middle, and between this latter and
the apex of the wing is a smaller black spot, bounded externally
by a whitish mark, which appears to form a continuation of the
costal streak situated the fifth from the apex; cilia whitish, with
a complete curved black line from the apex to the inner margin,
followed by a second almost as complete, but slightly interrupted
at the extreme apex.
Posterior wings six times as long as broad, pale grey, with paler
cilia.
By far the commonest species of the group in the south of
England; at Lewisham it swarms in every hedge in May, and
again in July. I have sent specimens of it to Herr Zeller, who
pronounces it quite new to him.
Sp. 7. Torquillella, Zeller.
Alis anticis cinereis, glaucescentibus, dorso albido farinato,
costa albido-strigulata, ciliis externe fusco-cinctis; palpis
albis, immaculatis ; epistomio cinereo.
Torquillella, Zeller, Entomologische Zeitung, 1850, p. 161.
Distinguished from all the preceding species by the white
palpi being entirely unspotted, and from Scoticella by the darker
face, darker base of the anterior wings, and less sharply defined
markings on the anterior wings.
Head ochreous grey, with some darker hairs intermixed; face
grey ; antenne dark grey, with paler annulations; palpi entirely
white ; thorax whitish grey, with some darker scales; the four
94 Mr. H. T. Stainton on
anterior legs dark grey, spotted with whitish, tarsi white, with
the ends of the joints dark grey; hind legs dirty brownish, tarsi
pale, with the ends of the joints darker.
Anterior wings five times as long as broad, dark grey with a
purple gloss, with the inner margin whitish, and with several
short whitish streaks along the costa, the fifth before the apex
being continued obliquely across the wing towards the anal angle,
and the apical streak continued round the ocellated black spot, to
the hinder margin; in the fold of the wing are two oblong black
spots, one before, the other beyond, the middle, and between
this latter and the continuation of the costal streak, which is fifth
from the apex, is a smaller black spot; cilia whitish, with two
complete curved dark lines from the apex to the inner margin.
Posterior wings six times as long as broad; pale grey, with
paler cilia.
This species appears rather partial to the chalk here. I have
taken it at Sanderstead in May, and at Mickleham in July. It
has been taken in Italy by Herr Mann, near Florence, Pisa and
Leghorn, “ everywhere abundant on blackthorn.” Zeller states
that it also ‘ occurs near Vienna and Jena.”
Sp. 8. Scoticella, n. sp.
Alis anticis nigro-cinereis, basi dorsoque albido farinato, costa
albo-strigulata, ciliis apicis externe bis fusco-cinctis, palpis
albis immaculatis ; epistomio albido.
Resembles Torquzllella in having unspotted white palpi, but
readily distinguished from that species by the paler face, paler
base, and whiter markings of the anterior wings.
Head white, with a few grey hairs on the crown; face white;
antennze dark grey, with paler annulations; palpi white, un-
spotted ; thorax white, intermixed with grey; the four anterior
legs dark grey, spotted with white, tarsi white, with the ends of
the joints dark grey; hind legs dirty brownish grey, tarsi the
same, with the bases of the joints paler.
Anterior wings five times as long as broad, dark grey, with the
base and inner margin copiously sprinkled with whitish ; along the
costa are numerous short white streaks, the fifth before the apex
being continued towards the anal angle, and the apical one being
continued round the apical black spot to the hinder margin; in
the fold of the wing are two deep black oblong spots, one before
and the other beyond the middle (the third spot is lost in the dark
Ornix Meleagripennella and its Allies. 95
ground colour of the apical portion of the wing); cilia greyish,
with two complete curved dark lines from the apex to the inner
margin.
Posterior wings six times as long as broad, rather pointed,
grey, with paler cilia.
I had the good fortune to discover this species in Torwood, in
June, 1849, in considerable plenty ; the insects, when alive, have
a greenish appearance (which they entirely lose after death); I
was thus struck with them at the time, but only suspected it to be
a northern variety. In September, 1849, I collected a number of
small larvee in this locality, and in June of this year I had the
pleasure of breeding a specimen of the insect from one of these
larvee found on mountain ash. I have never met with it in any
other locality, and the species has not yet been detected on the
continent.
Sp. 9. Ampliatella, Mann.
Alis anticis albidis, cinereo-irroratis, apicem versus suffusis,
costa nigro-strigulata, maculis nigris tribus in disco; ciliis
apicis externe bis fusco-cinctis; palpis albis immaculatis ;
epistomio albo.
Ampliatella, Mann in litt.
Known at once from all its congeners by the general whiteness
of the anterior wings.
Head white, with a few grey hairs; face white; antenne grey,
with paler annulations ; palpi white, unspotted ; thorax white, in-
termixed with grey; the four anterior legs dark grey, spotted
with white, the tarsi white, with the ends of the joints blackish ;
hind legs dirty greyish white, tarsi the same, with the ends of the
joints darker.
Anterior wings four times as long as broad, white, irrorated
with grey; along the costa are numerous short black streaks,
which, by their union, form a dark grey patch at the apex of the
wing, where accordingly the ground colour seems reversed, the
markings at the apex appearing white on a dark ground, whereas
in the remaining portion of the wing the markings appear dark on
a white ground; the apical white costal streak is continued round
the ocellated black spot to the hinder margin; in the fold of the
wing are two conspicuous oblong black spots, one before and the
other beyond the middle; the third spot occupies its usual place,
but is not as conspicuous as the other two; cilia whitish, with two
96 Mr. H. T. Stainton on Meleagripennella,
complete curved dark lines from the apex of the wing to the inner
margin. is
Posterior wings five times as long as broad, grey, with paler
cilia.
This very beautiful species was discovered last year in Croatia
by Herr Mann, of Vienna; of its food and time of appearance I
know nothing. It appears to form a connecting link between this
group and Caudulatella.
I have not thought proper to extend this paper to a Monograph
of the entire genus Ornia, the species allied to Meleagripennella
form such a very distinct group, and at present we only know of
one other British species in the genus, Guttea. On the continent
two other species are known; one Celatella, Zeller (Linn. Ent.
vol. ii. p. 585), somewhat allied to Guttea, with silvery white
markings along the costa; the other, Caudulatella, somewhat
resembling Ampliatella, but with a black hook in the apical cilia.
It is by no means improbable that Guttea and Caudulatella may
both form centres of groups of species, as is the case with Me-
leagripennella, and I would therefore advise collectors to keep a
sharp eye to any aberrant specimens of these species, besides
bearing in mind, that the allies of Meleagripennella I have here
enumerated are probably not the whole number of these species,
and that many allied species may yet have to be discovered.
C2 oen}
XIII. Descriptions of New Butterflies, with Drawings,
also Remarks on the Sexes of some Papilios. By
W. C. Hewirson, Esq.
[Read December 2nd, 1850.]
Many of the true Papilios, which now bear separate names, will,
I believe, if better known, prove to be only sexually and not spe-
cifically distinct.
In the great group of South American Papilios, known by their
colouring of black, red and white, several females hitherto de-
scribed as species have been mated with their proper males by
Messrs. Bates and Wallace.
Pap. Tullus proves to be the female of P. Sesostris; and P.
Hippason and Vertumnus are accompanied by similar females,
all of which will be better explained on the return of those gentle-
men to England.
Pap. Proteus and Arcas, both from Venezuela, are male and
female, and I have not the least doubt myself that the four butter-
flies which have up to the present time been considered as distinct,
P. Licophron, P. Thersites, P. Pirithous and P. Acamas, are only
the opposite sexes of two species, and will stand thus:
Papilio Lycophron, Boisd. Spe. Gen. n, 194.
@ P. Perithous, Boisd. Sp. Gen. n. 201.
Papilio Thersites, Fab. Boisd. Sp. Gen, n. 195.
9 P. Acamas, Fab. Boisd. Sp. Gen. n. 203.
P. Licophron and Pirithous are both Brazilian.
P. Thersites and Acamas are from Jamaica.
Doubleday’s P. Pallas, which differs but slightly from Licophron
in the breadth of yellow and position of the lunules of the pos-
terior wing, will no doubt find its female in Boisduval’s P. Gibalus,
which I have not seen, but which, he says, only differs from P.
Pirithous in the same particulars. P. Mentor will most likely
have also a dark female.
These butterflies, much as the sexes are unlike each other in
colour, are not more so than the male and female of Polycaon.
Fam. PAPILIONID.
Genus Papitio.
Papilio Bolwar. (PI. X. fig. 2.)
Upper sipr of a deep uniform black. Anterior wing with an
irregular patch of bright silvery green, extending from the inner
VOL. I. N. S, PART IV. — MARCH, 18951. H
98 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Descriptions
margin to the first median nervule; nearer to the base than the
outer margin.
Posterior wing with a rather large rounded patch of dark crim-
son, which, occupying the lower half of the cell, and extending
beyond it, is cut into five unequal portions by the nervures ; the
outer margin with very distinct white lunules.
Unper sive lighter than above, of a uniform black, except
the marginal lunules, and a band of white, slightly tinted with red,
which does not occupy the same position as the crimson patch
above, but is placed half-way between the end of the cell, and
the outer margin, and extends, from the abdominal fold where it is
widest, more than half-way across the wing, cut into four unequal
portions by the nervures; the outer portion clouded and indis-
tinct. Expan. 3.3, inch.
This species is most nearly allied to P. Vertumnus. The green
patch is much more beautiful, and the red one without its irride-
scence; and though in a different position above, occupies nearly
the same below.
It is in my own collection, and was captured by Mr. Bates on
the Amazon.
Papilio Columbus. (Pl. X. fig. 1.)
Uprer stDE cream colour, the outer margin of the wings and
a large space at the apex of the anterior one black, the posterior
wing dentated, with a narrow linear tail of moderate length.
Anterior wing with the costa at the base bordered with black,
and forming part of a triangular belt of black, which crosses the
middle of the cell at the costa and at right angles with it ; just
beyond the end of the cell upon the black is a short line of
white.
On the posterior wing the black margin is marked with several
irregular white spots, and from its inner margin rise three upright
lines of black, which are crossed at their points by another line
of black, one end of which runs to the middle of the upper margin
of the wing, the other is joined to a black spot, which occupies
the anal angle, and encircles a lunular spot of scarlet.
Unpber sipE does not differ from above, except that the mar-
gin of the anterior wing, and the adjoining part of that of the
posterior wing, are lighter; that the black lines on the posterior
wing are more distinct, and that some of the nervures are also
black. Expan. 3.3, inch.
In my own collection from the river Amazon.
This species is nearly allied to P. Dolicaon.
of New Butterflies. 99
Fam. PIERIDZ.
Genus Lertatis, Dalman.
Leptalis Acreoides. (PI. XI. fig. 1.)
Upper sipr. Anterior wing dark brown, with three groups of
spots. The first orange, oblong-triangular, commences in its acute
point at the base of the wing, runs parallel to the median nervure,
by which and its first nervule it is cut into three unequal parts. The
second, which is yellow, tinged with orange, runs obliquely across
the middle of the wing, from the costa to the second median
nervule, and is divided into five unequal parts by the nervures.
The third group, which is half-way between the last and the tip
of the wing, runs in the same direction, and is composed of three
distinct oval yellow spots.
Posterior wing orange, bordered by dark brown, and cut into
numerous striz by the nervures, and by parallel lines of brown,
which run between each nervure.
Unper sive differs only in being less distinct, the posterior
wing being without the brown margin.
Expan. 24 inch.
In my own collection from Minas Geraes.
This is an exceedingly interesting species of Leptalis, and so
nearly resembles Acrea Thalia in colour, that I have twice re-
ceived it mixed with that species.
Fam. NYMPHALIDA.
Genus Caxuiruea, Boisduval.
Callithea Batesu. (Pl. XI. fig. 2.
Upper sipz of a deep purple, the base of the wings of a brilliant
orange, in a large rounded spot.
Anterior wing with the apex and outer margin of a shining
green, widest at the tip.
Posterior wing with a submarginal line of the same colour.
Unpber si1DE of a brilliant silvery green.
Anterior wing with the basal spot of orange margined with
black below the middle; half-way between it and the outer mar-
gin, and parallel to the margin, are four oval spots of deep black.
H2
100 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Descriptions.
Posterior wing with the orange patch at the base larger than
above, sinuated at its margin, with four rows of deep black spots
of various shapes and sizes between it and the outer margin; the
rows of seven or eight spots each, parallel to the margin and each
other. Exp. 2-3, inch.
In my own collection, and that of Mr. Saunders, from the river
Amazon.
This very beautiful genus was, until lately, represented in Eng-
land by an imperfect specimen in the collection of the Entomolo-
gical Society; and this must be my excuse for an unsatisfactory
drawing in the “* Diurnal Lepidoptera.”
To Messrs. Bates and Wallace we are indebted, not only for a
supply of the two species before known, but also for the beautiful
unknown one now figured from the far distant and unexplored
locality into which their enthusiasm has led them. It was first
taken by Mr. Bates, and has, by common consent, been named
after him.
Genus Catacramna, Boisduval.
Catagramma Astarte, female.
Papilio Astarte, Cramer ; Nymphalis Condomanus, Godart.
(Pl. XI. fig. 3.)
I have figured this very beautiful butterfly as the female of
Cramer's Astarte. It was sent home by Messrs. Bates and Wal-
lace from the river Amazon, and was accompanied by specimens
(males), which in no way differ from Astarte, except in being
larger and more brilliant in colour.
The under side of the insect figured is exactly similar to that
of Astarte in Cramer and Condomanus of Godart.
It is in my own collection, in which is also a very beautiful va-
riety, having the orange of the wing replaced by rich yellow.
Toul
XIV. On the British Species of the Genus Gelechia of
Zeller. By J. W. Dovauas, Esq. (Continued from
page 68.)
[Read 6th Jan., 1851.]
Sp. 81. Fraternella, mihi.
Alee anticz late, obtusz, griseo-fuscze, puncto humerali, macula
magna nigra ante medium, fascia posticad interrupta flaves-
centi interné nigro irregularitér marginata ; apice medio
nigro, ciliis griseis. Alz posticz grisez.
Expansion of wings 53 lines.
Head fuscous; face pale; palpi griseous, terminal joint black ;
antennz annulated black and white. Anterior wings greyish-
fuscous, broad in proportion to their length, and obtuse; a small
humeral spot followed by a large black, somewhat linear blotch,
reaching obliquely to the groove; beyond the middle the colour
becomes nearly black on the costa and inferior margin, a some-
what rufous mark being in the centre, extending across the adja-
cent rather broad yellowish fascia; apex black, broadly bordered
with the lighter colour of the wings, which extends through the
cilia. Posterior wings griseous.
Taken by Mr. Stainton at Lewisham, in August, out of mixed
hedges, in company with G. contigua.
From this species it may be distinguished by the absence of the
continuous black costal blotch, and by wanting the rufous tinge
on the inner margin of the anterior wings, which in fraternella are
also shorter and more obtuse.
Differs from G. vicinella in the greater breadth and obtuseness
of the anterior wings, in the inferior margin not being pale, and
the posterior fascia being narrower.
Differs from G. maculiferella, in the larger size, more obtuse
anterior wings, on which the large blotch is not angulated, the
generally darker colour, and other minor characters.
It is perhaps more like G. peliella than any other; but may at
once be known from that species by its smaller size, and having
the end of the posterior fascia on the inner margin nearer the
base of the wing than that on the anterior edge; whereas in
peliella, the spots answering to the posterior fascia are reversely
placed.
102 Mr. J. W. Douglas on the
Sp. 82. Vicinella, mihi.
Ale anticze fuscze, puncto basali, macula lata costali ante, altera-
que minori discoidali pone medium, atris, fascia postica lata
vix interrupta albida. Alze posticz grisez.
Expansion of wings 6 lines.
Head griseous; palpi griseous, terminal joint black; antennz
faintly annulated black and white. Anterior wings greyish fus-
cous, interior margin whitish, a basal spot, a large blotch reaching
obliquely from the costa to the groove, before the middle, and a
smaller central one beyond the middle, black; a broad whitish
posterior fascia barely interrupted in the centre; apex fuscous,
with a black spot in the centre; cilia griseous. Posterior wings
and cilia griseous.
Two specimens in the cabinet of Mr. Stainton, taken by Mr.
Jobson near Belfast.
Resembles G. contigua, but differs in the large black blotch of
the anterior wings not being continued along the costa, in the
presence of a second blotch beyond the middle, in the inferior
margin being pale, not rufous, and in the breadth of the hinder
fascia.
Differs from G. fraternella in the anterior wings being longer and
more acute, in the first blotch being larger, in the posterior fascia
being broader, and in having the inferior margin pale.
Sp. 83. Maculiferella,
* G. maculiferella, (F.v. R.), Mann. (MSS.)
Re. proxima, Haw. (non 7%. proaimella, H.)
« Alze anticee grisece, macula magna ante medium atra angulata,
vel sinuata fascizeformi, a costa fere ad marginem tenuirorem ;
et pone hanc nebulis aliquot atris.”—Haworth.
Expansion of wings 5 lines.
Head fuscous, face pale; antenne annulated black and white ;
palpi griseous, terminal joint black. Anterior wings griseous or
greyish-fuscous, paler at the base, near which is a small black
spot; before the middle is a large, somewhat angulated blotch,
the point of which reaches nearly to the inner margin; beyond
the middle are two or three irregular black marks, and then a pale
fascia; apex griseous with a black angular spot in the centre.
Posterior wings and cilia griseous.
British Species of the Genie Gelechia of Zeller. 103
Found by Mr. Bentley on the trunks of poplars.
Haworth’s specimen is in the collection of the Entomological
Society.
Differs from G. junctella in the greater paleness of the base, in
the angular form and larger size of the blotch before the middle,
in the absence of the rufous patch beyond, in the slighter whitish
fascia, and the broader margin of griseous to the apex.
Differs from G. marmorea in being less, in the paler base and
darker inner margin, in the form and distinctness of the blotch
before the middle, and in the dark colour not being continued
along the costa.
Haworth places it next to contigua and sequax, and says, “ Hee
et duz preecedentes forte mera varietates sunt, sed characteribus
valde diversis.” I do not see so much resemblance to sequaz ;
but it is more like contigua, from which it differs in being smaller,
in the costal blotch being very different in form, not touching
the costa in its whole length, but only at its origin; in the whitish
hinder fascia not being expanded on the costa, and in the absence
of a rufous tinge on the inner margin.
Sp. 84. Junctella, mihi.
Ale antice griseo-albide, puncto humerali, fascia lata abbreviata
obliqua ante, alterd punctorum forma pone medium, atris ;
tertidque recta albida: apice atro. Alz posticze grisez.
Expansion of wings 43—5 lines.
Head shining bronze; palpi griseous, terminal joint black; an-
tennze annulated black and white. Anterior wings greyish- white,
a black humeral spot, a thick black sub-linear fascia or blotch
reaching obliquely to the groove, before the middle; beyond the
centre an oblique row of black dots disposed as a slender fascia,
joined to which and reaching to a whitish fascia which stretches
quite across the wing, is an angular rufous blotch; apex black,
bordered with griseous ; cilia griseous. Posterior wings and cilia
griseous.
Found by Mr. Bouchard in August on trunks of oaks, in com-
pany with G. Hiibneri, to which species this bears considerable
resemblance in the disposition of the markings; but the general
darker colour and the nearly straight whitish fascia are so dif-
ferent that I cannot consider it identical therewith. There is also
great resemblance to the preceding G. maculiferella, from which
however it may be known at first sight by the first fascia or blotch
104 Mr. J. W. Bouglas on the
being linear, not angulated ; the inner margin also is paler. From
G. marmorea it differs in being slightly less, of a greyer colour,
paler on the inner margin; the first fascia well defined, not merged
in the ground colour; the whitish fascia being also well defined,
and the apex of the wing darker.
Sp. 85. Marmorea.
Re. marmorea, Haw.
An. marmorea, St.
An. guttifera, Wood, 1216.
*G, Manniella (F. v. R.), Z.
Expansion of wings 5 lines.
Head rufous; palpi, second joint griseous above, black be-
neath, terminal joint black. Thorax rufous. Anterior wings
rufous, sometimes nearly black, with a darker, thick streak ex-
tending from the costa before the middle, and a blackish spot on
the disk beyond, adjoining which is a slender yellowish fascia ;
the inner margin is pale rufous or ochreous to beyond the middle,
extending upwards to the centre of the wing in the form of a
double arch. Posterior wings griseous.
Found abundantly on the sand-hills at New Brighton, Cheshire,
at Chesil Bank near Weymouth, and Dawlish Warren. There is
not a tree of any kind near these places, and therefore I am in-
clined to think that, although it is taken on trunks of firs at Glogau
and Frankfort, it only goes there for shelter. Neither can I
concur in the opinion that maculiferella and junctella are only
varieties; for among hundreds of specimens of marmorea, many
of them most extraordinary variations, I never saw one that could
be referred to either of those species; and all three are found by
us in different localities and under different circumstances, as I
have indicated under each.
Differs from G. junctella in being larger ; anterior wings having
the colour of the superior and inferior margins more distinct
and meeting abruptly in the centre, the hinder fascia narrower
and more obliquely placed; apex paler.
Differs from G. maculiferella in being larger, anterior wings
browner, wanting the pale base and the large angulated blotch ;
in the entire costa being dark, and in having a well-defined,
light inner margin.
These last five species, possessing characters very much in
common, form a group not easily divisible, and difficult to iden-
British Species of the Genus Gelechia of Zeller. 105
tify if one be taken alone; but when seen together and in quantity
they seem to me, independently of the variation of time of appear-
ance and the circumstances pertaining to different localities, to be
naturally divisible into distinct species.
Sp. 86. Basaltinella.
G. Basaltinella, Z.
Re. domestica, var. (3, Haw.
Head and thorax concolorous with the anterior wings; palpi
griseous, terminal joint black ; antenne black, faintly annulated
with white. Anterior wings ashy-fuscous, with an apical yellow-
ish fascia, a spot at the base of the costa, and four black ones
placed as in G. domestica, the two central ones being, as in that
species, frequently confluent. Posterior wings griseous.
Several specimens taken by Mr. Bedell, last June, out of old
thatch at Addington.
Under the head of G. domestica (vol. v. p. 198) I have without
doubt given G. Basaltinella as a synonym, but an examination of
recent specimens has led me to think with Herr Zeller that it is
distinct. The whole insect is very much darker than domestica,
although the size and markings are the same; it agrees exactly
with Haworth’s var. 3, which is preserved in the collection of the
Entomological Society, and of which he observes, ‘‘ Forte propria
species.”
Sp. 87. Boreella, mihi.
Alz antice late, obtusz, griseo-fusce, punctis, tribus disco,
atris, lined brevi medio, fascidque postica acuté bi-angulaté,
albidis. Alze postice grisee.
Expansion of wings 63 lines.
Head and thorax concolorous with the anterior wings; palpi
of the same hue, terminal joint black; antennz black. Anterior
wings broad, obtuse, grey-fuscous ; in the groove a black spot,
another above and beyond, but both before the middle; a third
beyond the middle in a line with the second, from which it is
divided by a linear whitish streak; a posterior, narrow whitish
fascia, acutely bi-angulated in the centre, beyond this the apex is
darker than the rest of the wing, bordered on the hinder margin
with a black line, and on the costa with black dots; cilia griseous ;
Posterior wings griseous.
A single specimen, taken by Mr. Stainton, 14th July, 1850, on
boggy ground on the shores of the Holy Loch, Argyleshire.
y «a ae
106 Mr. J. W. Douglas on the
Sp. 88. Paupella.
G. paupella, Z. (Isis, 1847, p. 858).
“¢ Alis anterioribus albidis, lineis longitudinalibus fusco-margi-
natis, striga marginis postici latiore utrinque attenuata.
Mas.”
* Most closely allied to G. inopella, of which it almost appears
to be merely an enlarged, sharper and yellower form of the South ;
however, its palpi are proportionably longer and the tongue is
shorter. Head and thorax white; antenne whitish, towards the
apex more distinctly dark grey annulated; tongue (accidentally
unrolled) only as long as the labial palpi; labial palpi recurved,
three times as long as the head, thin, somewhat compressed,
whitish, the last joint a little thinner than the second, shorter,
pointed. Legs white, the first two pairs on the anterior side brown,
the ends of the joints white; all the tibiz covered with long
hairs. The pale grey abdomen has a long white anal tuft. An-
terior wings white; from the base a posteriorly pointed yellowish
streak goes close to the costa, ceasing before the middle (in
inopella the white costa is broader) ; under the middle of the wing
is another longer, attenuated streak reaching further than this,
three shorter ones on the disk, and a sixth on the hinder margin,
broad, attenuated at both ends, but not touching the opposite
margins ; behind it the cilia are white and round, their apices are
marked with two rows of brown scales running nearly parallel to
the hinder margin, between them the ground colour is yellowish ;
the costa has at the base of the cilia five remote, brown spots; all
the streaks are encompassed with scattered brown scales on their
margins. Posterior wings very narrow, somewhat shining, pale
grey, with rather long apex, before which the hinder margin is
deeply and bluntly emarginated ; cilia very Jong, yellowish-grey.
Under side shining, pale grey, on the anterior wings darker; all
the wings are paler on the disk.
“One male I took near Syracuse in a flowery path through
the moist meadow between the Anapo and the columns of Ju-
piter’s Temple, on the 19th of May.”—2Z. loc. cit.
I have one specimen which I took flying at Folkestone in
July, 1850, in a somewhat wasted condition, having only traces
of the streaks, but which, nevertheless, Herr Zeller pronounces
without doubt to be paupella, adding the remark, “ thus England
has another species in common with Sicily.”
British Species of the Genus Gelechia of Zeller. 107
Sp. 89. Cerealella.
Alucita cerealella, Encycl. Méthod., Entom. tom. i. p. 121,
No. 15.
Butalis cerealella, D. Supp. p. 444, pl. 85, fig. 3.
(cophora granella, Latr.
*G. Pyrophagella, Kollar in lit., Z. in lit.
Expansion of wings 63 lines.
Head pale ochreous ; palpi concolorous, with the extreme tip
fuscous; antennze luteous. Anterior wings narrow, acute, deep
ochreous or luteous, with brownish atoms at the apex and on the
cilia. Posterior wings narrow, with long, acute apex, greyish,
with a luteous tinge, especially on the cilia. Posterior legs and
tarsi pale luteous.
I have one specimen taken by myself many years since, but I
have no record of the locality.
In France this Z?nea has proved very destructive to corn;
wheat, barley and rye being indiscriminately attacked by it.
Duponchel (loc. cit.), quoting from the Memoirs of Reaumur,
Duhamel-Dumonceau and Tillet on its natural history, inform
us that the female lays her eggs on the grains of these three
kinds of corn before they are ripe. Six or seven days afterwards
the caterpillars appear, being hardly as thick as a hair, and each
one attacks a grain, introducing itself into it by a hole so small
that it is not visible to the naked eye. Here it lives, taking care
not to break the husk of the grain, so that the affected seeds can-
not be distinguished from the sound except by putting into water,
when the former swim and the latter sink. When arrived at
perfection, the caterpillar, still within the grain that has afforded
it food, spins a cocoon of white silk, having first taken the pre-
caution to gnaw one of the ends in such a manner as to form a
kind of operculum, which readily yields to the efforts of the moth
to escape from its prison. This escape usually takes place after
the corn is thrashed and laid up in granaries, but specimens some-
times appear before this is accomplished.
Several methods for preventing or diminishing the ravages of
this Tinea have been suggested, the principal being exposure in
machines to heat or carbonic gas. In the former it was found
that corn would germinate after exposure to a temperature of
70 degrees, Reawmur, and that a higher temperature, 76 to 96
degrees, for a short period, was less effectual in accomplishing
the destruction of the larve than a lower one, 45 to 50 degrees,
continued for a longer time. In the other method the corn has
been found not to be deteriorated for making bread, nor to have
lost the power of germinating.
108 Mr.J. W. Douglas on Gelechia.
I am not aware that this insect, which appears to be a great
pest in granaries in France, has been observed in similar places
in this country, though from the ignorance of insects generally
among those most immediately affected by their ravages, it may
exist in plenty without having been distinguished from other
moths whose larve feed on grain. My own is the only British
specimen I have seen.
Sp. 90. Nigritella.
G. nigritella, Z. (Isis, 1847, p. 857.)
** Alis anterioribus fusco-nigris, guttalis duabus posticis oppo-
sitis pallidis obsoletis; posteriorum apice valdé producto;
palporum articulo terminali longo; antennis fuscis. Mas.”
“Very near to G. Coronillella, and from it certainly distin-
guished by the narrow anterior wings and unicolorous brown
(not pale-annulated) antennee. A little larger than an ordinary
male Coronillella ; anterior wings narrow and more pointed, darker
spots on the disk are not visible, except one with difficulty per-
ceptible on the fold at the beginning of the last third; the two
pale opposite spots are very small and faint, especially the lower
one, which stands inwards, instead of, as in Coronillella, perpen-
dicularly under the other. The pale, grey posterior wings have
in the male sex a stronger, more prolonged apex, the emargina-
tion below it is much blunter, and the projecting part of the
hinder margin, before the emargination, is not so convex. The
entire underside is rather paler than in Coronillella. The an-
tenne in this latter are distinctly annulated brown and white, and
have on the under side of the basal joint a white long streak ; in
nigritella they are quite unicolorous brown, on the under side of
the basal joint whitish; in the palpi of both species the terminal
joint is the longest, but in Coronillella it has on the outer and
inner side a white long line, in nzgritedla it glitters on the entire
inner side and also on the back, whitish, but nowise in a fine long
line. Hinder tibize and tarsi are in nigritella more slender.”
“A single male, taken 3rd May near Messina, high on the
southern slope of a mountain, among wild lupins.” Z. loc. cit.
A single specimen captured several years since, but of whose
capture I have no record, has been submitted to Herr Zeller, who
says that he has no hesitation in pronouncing it to be nigritella,
although it differs from his specimen in having the terminal joint
of the palpi shorter, the white on the back of the palpi in a more
distinct line, and the traces of two opposite spots on the wings
less evident.
( 109 )
XV. Note on the British Species belonging to the Genus
Acanthosoma, Curt. By W.S. Dauuas, Esq., F.L.S.
[Read January 6th, 1851.]
Tue genus Acanthosoma, established by Curtis in 1824, upon the
Cimex hemorrhoidalis, Linn., includes five European species, of
which only four are found in this country. Notwithstanding the
small extent of the genus, however, the synonymy of the species
contained in it is by no means settled, and that of two of them in
particular is in a very confused and unsatisfactory state; almost
every author, in fact, who has had occasion to touch upon them,
having departed more or less from all that had been previously
published on the subject. Under these circumstances I have
endeavoured, by careful examination and the inspection of the
Linnzan cabinet, to arrive at some satisfactory conclusion on the
subject, and I hope in the present paper to be able to set the
matter on a more secure basis than it has hitherto occupied.
Genus AcCANTHOSOMA.
Cimex, p. Linné, De Geer, Fabricius, Schrank, Fallen.
Pentatoma, p. Latreille, Le Pelletier et Serville.
Acanthosoma, Curtis, Herrich-Schaffer, Burmeister, Amyot et
Serville, Sahlberg.
Clinocoris, Hahn.
Head rather small, with the central lobe as long or longer
than the lateral ones. Antenne five-jointed. Rostrum slender,
reaching the base of the abdomen. Membrane of the elytra with
longitudinal nervures. Sternum with a large central keel, which
is attached to the mesosternum, and projects forward nearly to
the base of the head. Abdomen with a long spine at the base,
which runs up at one side of the sternal keel. Scutellum trian-
gular, with the sides nearly straight. Tarsi of two joints.
Amyot, in his “ Entomologie Frangaise,” published in the
** Annales de la Société Entomologique de France,” having made
use of characters drawn from the shape and proportionate size
of the different parts of the external sexual organs, to assist in
the determination of the species, some account of the structure
of these parts may be acceptable to the British Entomologist,
although the species present a sufficiency of obvious characters
110 Mr. W.S. Dallas’s Note on the
to enable them to be easily distinguished from one another, with-
out having recourse to any purely sexual character. The struc-
ture of the male organs, moreover, is very peculiar, and differs
considerably from the form usually observed throughout the
Pentatomide. This peculiarity consists principally in the great
development of those organs which in other genera are con-
cealed beneath the ordinary anal plate, which usually closes the
aperture of the last ventral segment, but here becomes, as it
were, a seventh abdominal segment, and the space thus left at the
apex of the abdomen is occupied by the enlarged sub-internal
organs above mentioned, of which the dorsal portion is frequently
more or less produced on each side, and in some exotic species
projects considerably beyond the apex of the body. The female
organs consist, as in the other genera of the family, of five prin-
cipal plates, namely, two basal (pieces antérieures, L. Duf., pieces
basilaires, Amyot), divided from each other by a longitudinal
suture, and occupying the central emargination of the last ventral
segment,—two apical (pieces postérieures, L. Duf., pieces derniéres,
Amyot), forming the posterior and dorsal portion of the whole
apparatus,—and two intermediate (picces intermédiaires, L. Duf.
and Amyot), which separate the basal from the apical plates,
but do not meet in the centre, the small notch thus left being
occupied by a small central plate, which is probably the apex of
some internal organ.
A. Head pointed in front, central lobe projecting beyond the
lateral. Margins of the abdomen scarcely projecting beyond the
elytra, not variegated with black.
a. Basal joint of the antenne projecting beyond the apex of the
head.
Sp. 1. Acanthosoma hemorrhoidale.
Cimex hemorrhoidalis, Linn. F. S. 925 (1761), and S. N. i.
720, 35 (1767); De Geer, Mém. iil. 254, 3, pl. 14, fig. 7
(1773); Schr. Enum. Ins. Aust. 267, 515 (1781), and F. B.
ii. 70, 1099 (1801); Fab. E. S.iv. 98, 76 (1794), and S. R.
160, 27 (1803); Don. Brit. Ins. vii. 5, pl. 218, fig. 2 (1798);
Wolff, Ic. Cim. 10, tab. 1, fig. 10 (1800); Fall. Mon. Cim.
44, 3 (1807), and Hem. Suec. 23, 3 (1829).
Cimex pabulinus, Harris, Exp. Eng. Ins. 88, pl. 26, fig. 2
(1776).
Pentatoma hemorrhoidalis, Le P. et Serv. Enc, x, 53, 1 (1825):
British Species of Genus Acanthosoma. 111
Acanthosoma hemorrhoidale, Curtis, B. E. I. 28 (1824); H.
Schaff. Nom. Ent. 57 and 94 (1835); Burm. Handb. ii. 360,
3 (1835); Am. et Serv. Hém. 154, 1 (1843); Kolen. Mel.
Ent. iv, 58, 186 (1846).
Clinocoris heemorrhoidalis, Hahn, Wanz. ii. 71, tab. 52, fig. 158
(1834).
Acanthosoma, Amyot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr, 2me. ser. iii. 456, 72
(1845).
Geoff. Ins. i. 465, 63.
Stoll. Pun. 31, pl. 6, fig. 44.
Above pale olive or brownish green, rather strongly punctured
with black. Thorax with the posterior angles spinous, black and
tinted with red. Membrane transparent, spotless. Body beneath
and legs greenish, yellowish or orange red; anus red, Antenne
pale green or reddish brown, with the apex brown.
Length 73 lines.
This species is the largest in the genus. In the male the pos-
terior margin of the anal plate is not denticulated. In the female
the basal plates are smaller than the apical, and form a somewhat
irregular circle with the intermediate plates; the intermediate
plates are much smaller than the basal.
Sp. 2. Acanthosoma dentatum.
Cimex dentatus, De G. Mém, iii. 260, 7 (1773).
Cimex hemagaster, Schrank, Enum. Ins. Aust. 270, 520 (1781).
Cimex collaris, Fab. S. R. 170, 83 (1803).
Pentatoma Stollii, Le P. et Serv. Enc. x. 53, 2 (1825).
Cimex lituratus, var. 3. Fall. Hem. Suec. 24, 4 (1829).
Acanthosoma hemagaster, H. Schaff. Nom. Ent. 57 and 94
(1835).
Acanthosoma hematogaster, Burm. Handb. ii. 360, 4 (1835) ;
Kolen. Mel. Ent. iv. 59, 187 (1846); Sahlb. Geoc. Fenn. 32,
1 (1848).
Hematogaster, Amyot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 2me. ser. iii. 456,
73 (1845).
Stoll. Pun. 129, pl. 33, fig. 229.
Above pale olive green, rather finely punctured with black,
with the inner and apical margins of the coriaceous portion of the
elytra, the posterior margin of the thorax, and the base of the scu-
tellum, more or less tinted with red. The lateral angles of the
thorax are prominent, and there is a smooth, transverse band,
generally of a yellow colour, close to the anterior margin of the
thorax. Membrane transparent, with a large brown spot on the
112 Mr. W.S. Dallas’s Note on the
outer margin about the middle. Body beneath and legs yellow ;
the apex, and sometimes the whole of the abdomen, is reddish.
Antenne yellowish, or greenish at the base, with the two apical
joints brown. Length 6 lines.
In the male, the anal plate is large and distinctly denticulated
on the posterior margin, where it also bears two strong brushes
of hairs; in the female the basal plates are transverse, forming an
irregular oval, and much larger than the apical; the intermediate
plates are nearly as large as the apical and reach their posterior
"3 in; the central plate is larger than in the other species, and
i a to be divided iSucituclinally:
. _ Amyot (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.) refers the Cimexagathinus, Fab. to
this species, but it is evident both from the description given by
‘Babricius i in the ** Entomologia sey and the figures quoted
by! him in the “ Systema Ryngotorum,” that the insect described is
- identical with Cimex griseus, Linn.
A specimen of this insect stands in the Linnzean collection with
, the name Cimex interstinctus attached to it. I am inclined to
- think, however, that it has been placed there by Linnzeus in error,
probably some time after the publication of his description of that
insect, for it is impossible to make it agree in any respect with
_ the characters given in the “ Fauna Suecica.” I have referred the
Cimex interstinctus, as a synonym, to the Cimex griseus, with which
Linnzeus says it agrees in size, appearance and colour, differing
only, in fact, in having the upper surface of the abdomen red, with
the base black, instead of entirely black.
b. Basal joint of the antenne not passing the apex of the head.
Sp. 3. Acanthosoma lituratum.
Cimex lituratus, Fab. E. S. iv. 114, 134 (1794), and S, R. 170,
5 84 (1803); Wolff, Ic. Cim. 14, tab. 2, fig. 14 (1800); Panz.
; F. G. 40,19; Fall. Mon. Cim. 44, 4 (1807), and Hem. Suec.
24, 4 (1829).
Acanthosoma picta, Newman, Ent. Mag. i. 287 (1833).
Acanthosoma lituratum, H. Schaff. Nom. Ent. 57 and 94 (1835) ;
Kolen. Mel. Ent. iv. 60, 188 (1846).
Acanthosoma clypeata, Burm. Handb. ii. 361, 7 (1835).
Saranus, Amyot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 2me. ser. iii. 458, 75
(1845).
Above pale green, thickly and rather finely punctured, with a
broad red band along the inner and apical margins of the coria-
ceous portion of the elytra, and sometimes a reddish band across
the posterior portion of the thorax. The red portion of the
British Species of Genus Acanthosoma. 113
elytra and the base of the scutellum have some patches of black
punctures. Membrane hyaline, with a brown spot near the middle
of the base, and a brown band across near the middle. Body
beneath and legs yellowish or pale green. Antenne yellow, pale
green or reddish, with the apex dusky. Length 5—6 lines.
In the male the anal plate is broadly emarginate at its apex,
but not denticulated ; in the female, the basal and intermediate
plates form together a nearly perfect circle; the basal plates are
larger than the apical, and these again larger than the intermediate.
B. Head rounded in front, lateral lobes as long as the central.
Margins of the abdomen projecting beyond the elytra, variegated
mith black and orange.
Sp. 4. Acanthosoma griseum.
Cimex griseus, Linn. F. S. 926 (1761), and S. N. i. 721, 43
(1767).
Cimex interstinctus, Linn. F. S. 927 (1761), and S. N. i. 721,
44 (1767); Fab. E.S. iv. 116, 141 (1794), and S, R. 171,
88, (1803).
Cimex Betula, De G. Mém, iii. 261, 8, pl. 14, fig. 9 (1773).
Cimex agathinus, Fab. E.S. iv. 114, 133 (1794), and S. R. 170,
82 (1803) ; Fall. Mon. Cim. 45, 5 (1807), and Hem. Suec.
24, 5 (1829) ; Zett. Faun. Lapp. i. 464, 4 (1832), and Ins.
Lapp. 260, 4 (1840).
Cimex achatinus, Wolff, Ic. Cim. 58, tab. 6, fig. 55 (1801).
Acanthosoma agathinum, H. Schaff. Cont. Panz, F. G. 114, 10,
1], and Nom. Ent. 57 and 94 (1835).
Acanthosoma grisea, Burm. Handb. ii. 360, 6 (1835); Sahlb.
Geoc. Fenn. 33, 2 (1848).
Acanthosoma interstinctum, Kolen, Mel. Ent. iv. 61, 189 (1846).
Mearus, Amyot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 2me. ser. iii. 457, 74
(1845).
Above pale olive green, more or less clouded and variegated
with red, thickly and rather strongly punctured with black ;
sometimes entirely of a pale brick red. Scutellum with a large
blackish or dark brown triangular patch at its base. Membrane
hyaline, more or less clouded with brown. Body beneath and
legs pale yellow ; stigmata black. Antenne concolorous with the
legs at the base, becoming brownish towards the apex, with the
apical joint pitchy brown. Length 4 lines.
In the male the anal plate is very small and not denticulated
on its apical margin ; in the female the basal plates are semicir-
cular and larger than the apical ; the intermediate plates smallest.
VOL. 1, N.S, PART IV.—-MARCH, 1851. I
114 Mr. W.S. Dallas’s Note on Acanthosoma.
This species varies greatly in colour, but is easily distinguished
from the other species of the genus by the form of its head, and
by its having the projecting margins of the abdomen banded with
black and yellow or orange. The green specimens generally have
a reddish band across the posterior margin of the thorax, and the
coriaceous portion of the elytra more or less tinged with red ; the
brown clouds of the membrane are frequently very indistinct.
This species is evidently the true Cimex griseus of Linnzus,
both according to his descriptions and the specimens preserved in
his cabinet. Nevertheless the name has been applied by most
authors since his time to the Cimex punctipennis of Illiger, an in-
sect of much larger size belonging to the genus Rhaphigaster.
This error has probably arisen, in a great measure, from the care-
less manner in which Fabricius has given the synonyms of his
C. griseus ; for he quotes as belonging to that species the C. gri-
seus of Wolff and Panzer, which represent Rhaphigaster punctipen-
nis, and also the Cimex Betule of De Geer, which agrees precisely
with the true C. griseus of the Linnzan cabinet. This error has
been to a certain extent rectified by Amyot in the “ Annales de la
Société Entomologique de France,” where he quotes Cimex griseus
Fab., Wolff and Panzer as synonyms of Raphigaster punctipennis,
stating particularly that it is not the same insect as the Cimex
griseus, Linn., but afterwards again quotes them in giving the
synonymy of the present species.
I have placed the Cimez interstinctus, Linn., as a synonym of this
species, although the insect to which that name is attached in the
Linnzean cabinet is aspecimen of 4. dentatum ; for Linnzeus states
particularly in the Fauna Suecica that the margins of the abdomen
are banded with black, which is the case in no species except 4.
griseum. The description given by Linnzus in the above work
agrees precisely with specimens of 4. griseum in the British
Museum collection, but cannot by any means be made to suit the
insect to which the name is attached in his own.
( 115 )
XVI. On Gracilaria, a Genus of Tineide. By H.T.
Srainton, Esq.
[Read January 6th, 1851.]
Tue genus Gracilaria forms a portion of an exceedingly natural
group, the other genera included in the group being Coriscium
(which differs from Gracilaria only in the palpi having a tuft be-
neath), and Ornix (which has the head rough). The whole of
this group are readily recognized by their long filiform maxillary
palpi, and by the thickness of the middle pair of tibiz. The per-
fect insects when at rest have a peculiar mode of sitting, by which
they may be at once known; they sit with their long narrow
wings closed over the back, with the head raised, the body of the
insect forming an angle of at least 30° with the surface on which
it rests; the antenneze turned backwards, under or over the
wings.
The essential characters of the genus Gracilaria are, head and
face smooth; palpi thin, recurved, the terminal joint pointed ;
maxillary palpi long, thin and projecting ; antenne as long as the
anterior wings, or nearly so, slender, not enlarged at the base;
anterior wings long and narrow, with long cilia; posterior wings
long and narrow, lanceolate, with long cilia; middle pair of tibiz
much thickened, with hairy scales.
The larvze of all the species are probably, when young, leaf-
miners, some continue always so; those of most of the species,
on attaining a certain age, roll up portions of the leaf generally in
the form of a cone; of this cone they mostly eat the inner sur-
face, thus discolouring it, and betraying their habitation. Some
species change to the pupa in the cone formed by the larva, but
I doubt whether this is most frequently the case. The larva of
Auroguttella leaves the cone, and rolls up a leaf of the plant on
which it feeds (Hypericum perforatum) in the form of a cigar.
The genus Gracilaria may be divided into two sections, by the
number of veins arising out of the discoidal cell. In Section A.
there are nine veins, in Section B. only eight.
In order to assist young Entomologists easily to be able to name
their species, I arrange the genus in the following form ; but first
I should observe that many of the species have a trigonal mark
on the costa, extending nearly to the inner margin.
Note.—The species marked § have not yet been detected in
this country.
12
116 Mr. H. T. Stainton on Gracilaria,
Section A,
a. With a distinct, paler, trigonal mark on the costa.
* The trigonal mark reaches with its apex beyond the fold
of the wing.
Sp. 1. Franckella. The base of the trigonal mark is
prolonged along the costa towards the apex of the
wing.
§ Sp. 2. Oneratella. The base of the trigonal mark is
not prolonged along the costa.
* * The trigonal mark does not reach beyond the fold of
the wing, but its apex is prolonged posteriorly.
Sp. 3. Stigmatella.
b. With a more or less distinctly margined, but hardly paler
trigonal mark on the costa; the trigonal mark does not reach
beyond the fold of the wing.
Sp. 4. Stramineella. Anterior wings straw colour.
Sp. 5. Hemidactylella. Anterior wings reddish ochre-
ous; costal triangle paler.
Sp. 6. Falconipennella. Anterior wings reddish-grey-
brown.
Sp. 7. Semifascia, Basal half of the costal triangle
very conspicuously paler than the posterior half.
Sp. 8. Populetorum. Costal triangle very indistinct ;
a conspicuous black spot on the costa beyond the
middle.
Sp. 9. Inconstans. Anterior wings rufous-ochreous,
or rufous; costal triangle not paler than rest of the
wing. (Most of the varieties of this species.)
c. With no trigonal mark on the costa; anterior wings uni-
colorous, or spotted longitudinally.
* Anterior wings rufous.
Sp. 9. Inconstans. Hinder femora pale yellowish.
(A few varieties of this species. )
Sp. 10. Elongella. Hinder femora entirely brownish.
§ Sp. 11. Rufipennella. Hinder femora with the base
whitish ; apex brownish-black.
* * Anterior wings bone colour, or pale yellowish.
Sp. 12. Tringipennella. Costal portion of the wing
whiter.
§ Sp. 13. Limosella. Costal portion of the wing not
whiter.
a Genus of Tineide. 117
d. Anterior wings with fasciaform markings.
Sp. 14. Syringella. Anterior wings brownish, with
paler markings.
§ Sp. 15. Stmploniella. Anterior wings snow-white,
with pale yellow markings.
Section B.
+ Anterior wings with no hook in the cilia.
a. Anterior wings with fasciaform markings.
Sp. 16. Omissella.
b. Anterior wings with paler inner margin, and faint spots on
the costa.
§ Sp. 17. Scalariella. Head and palpi snow-white.
Sp. 18. Phasianipennella. Head and palpi yellowish-
brown.
c. Anterior wings with four distinct spots, two on the costa, two
on the inner margin.
* First costal spot not touching the costa, first dorsal spot
extending to the base.
Sp. 19. Auroguttella.
* * First costal spot touching the costa, first dorsal spot
not extending to the base.
Sp. 20. Quadruplella. Spots narrow, and inclined
obliquely.
§ Sp. 21. Quadrisignella. Spots broad, and placed per-
pendicularly.
d. Anterior wings with numerous silvery spots.
Sp. 22. Ononidis.
+ + Anterior wings with a hook in the cilia.
a. Anterior wings golden, with four costal and three dorsal
silvery spots, and a silvery basal line (as in Lithocolletis.)
§ Sp. 23. Pavoniella.
b. Anterior wings brownish, with the inner margin and 4—5
costal streaks snow-white.
§ Sp. 24. Kollariella.
I now proceed to describe these species in the order enumerated
above. Of those species of which I have not been able suffi-
ciently to examine specimens, I have translated the descriptions
given by Zeller, in the Linnea Entomologica. Simploniella,
Scalariella and Pavoniella I have never seen.
I just say a few words here in defence of what many people
will be apt to call unnecessarily wordy descriptions. It is easy
118 Mr. H. T. Stainton on Gracilaria,
enough of two known species, however closely allied, by a very
few words sufficiently to distinguish both; but a voluminous
description is necessary to distinguish an insect from an allied
species that may not yet be knonn; we can by no means foresee
what character will be important as distinguishing two allied
species, one of which has yet to be discovered; and it is only by
a minute circumstantial description of all the parts of a species
that we prevent doubts hereafter arising which of two very similar
species it was that we intended by our description. Hence the
great uselessness of nearly all descriptions of Micro-Lepidoptera
made by most authors.
Section A,
Sp. 1. Franckella, Hiibner. (PI. XIV. fig. 10.)
Alis anticis rufis violaceo-nitidis, triangulo costali ad costam pro-
ducto, dorsoque ad basim, flavis.
Franckella, Hib. Tin. 379; Zell. Linn. Ent. ii. 314.
Thunbergella, Steph. Illust. iv. p. 366; Fabr. 3, 2, 326?
Hilaripennella, Tr. ix. 2,8. 196; x. 3,8. 297; Dup. xi. 583,
pl. 511, fig. 1.
Snederella, Thun. M. N. Ac. Upsal. Part VI. p. 80 * figs. 1
and 2?
Var. b, ut a, sed alis anticis saturatioribus, costa obsoletissimeé
fusco-punctata,
Not to be confounded with any known species.
Expansion of the wings 53—6 lines.
Head reddish brown, with a violet gloss; face pale yellow;
palpi pale yellow, the terminal joint externally brown before the
apex (in var. b, this joint is also brown on the upper side); an-
tenne pale yellow, with brown annulations; thorax pale yellow
in the middle, reddish brown on the sides and in front; abdomen
grey, beneath dirty white ; the four anterior legs have the femora
and tibize dark reddish brown, tarsi yellowish white; posterior
legs, base of the femora whitish, apex dark brown, tibia at the
base pale brown, towards the apex darker, tarsi dirty yellowish
white.
Anterior wings bright rufous-brown, with a violet gloss; a
little before the middle the costal triangle commences, it is pale
yellow, and reaches beyond the fold of the wing, has no prolonged
apex, but its base is prolonged on the costa to near the apex of the
wing; a yellow triangular spot extends from the base along the
a Genus of Tineide. 119
inner margin, it is broadest at the base, but continually decreases in
breadth, terminating a little before the apex of the costal triangle ;
apical cilia reddish yellow; inner marginal cilia pale grey.
Posterior wings shining grey, with grey cilia.
In var. b, the yellow of the anterior wings is of a deeper colour
than usual, and appears to shade off gradually into the red, in-
stead of having sharply defined margins; and along the costa in
the middle of the triangle are two very faint brownish spots.
Common among oaks in May, June and August. My specimen
of var. b was taken on Dartford Heath fence, April 19th, 1848.
The objection to retaining the Fabrician name for this insect
lies in the words “ Alz postice aurate.”
I certainly think this must be Thunberg’s Smwederella (under
which name a specimen was sent by Bohemann to Zeller), and if
so, the name Iranckella must fall. I leave the matter in the
hands of the next writer on this species,
Sp. 2. Oneratella, Zeller. (Pl. X1V. fig. 12.)
Alis anticis brunneo-rufis, postice flavido-mixtis, triangulo costz
stramineo, plicam superante.
Oneratella, Zel., Linn. Ent. ii. 317.
Not nearly allied to any other species of the genus; in the pale
colour of the trigonal mark it resembles Mranckella, but the form
of the mark is quite different, not being prolonged along the
costa.
Expansion of the wings 6 lines.
Head reddish brown ; face pale straw-yellow ; palpi pale yellow,
the terminal joint brown before the apex; antennz pale yellow,
with dark brown annulations ; thorax reddish brown, with a fine
yellow line along the middle; abdomen brownish grey, beneath
yellowish; the four anterior legs have the femora and tibiz
reddish-brown, the latter with a white spot on their middle, tarsi
shining white at the ends of the joints, with a brown spot; pos-
terior legs dirty, shining, reddish white, tarsi the same, with the
ends of the joints darker.
Anterior wings reddish brown, the darkest parts are the margins
of the costal triangle (especially that towards the base of the
wing), and the inner margin towards the base ; the costal triangle
reaches beyond the fold of the wing, almost touching the inner
margin, its hinder margin is slightly angulated, turning towards
the base of the wing; it is pale straw yellow, and there are a few
red-brown spots along the costa. At the base of the wing is a
120 Mr. H. T. Stainton on Gracilaria,
small yellow streak, along the fold of the wing ; the apical portion
of the wing is varied with several small yellowish spots along the
costa and inner margin ; apical cilia are reddish brown, the inner
marginal cilia grey.
Posterior wings grey, shining, with yellowish grey cilia.
Not yet detected in this country, and very rare on the Con-
tinent; it has only occurred near Glogau; and of its food and
habits nothing is known.
Sp. 3. Stigmatella, Fabricius. (PI. XIV. fig. 14.)
Alis anticis rufis, purpureo-nitidulis, triangulo costali exalbido,
plicam tangente, apice suo postice producto,
Stigmatella, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3, 2, 304; Schr. F. B. 2, 1, 106;
Steph. Illust. iv. 366; Zel. Linn. Ent. 11. 319.
Upupepennella, Hib. Tin. 203; Tr. ix. 2,8.195; x. 3, S. 217
& 279; Dup. xi. 602; pl. 311, f 13.
Purpurea, Haw. L. B. 528; St. Ill. iv. 366.
Trigona, Haw. L. B. 529.
Var. b, alis anticis dilute ochraceis, circa triangulum fusces-
centibus.
Ochracea, Haw. L. B. 528; St. Ill. iv. 366.
Readily distinguished from all its congeners by the posteriorly
projecting apex of the costal triangle.
Expansion of the wings 6—64 lines.
Head and face greyish red ; palpi red brown, the inner side of
the second joint and apex of the terminal joint yellowish ; antennze
pale yellowish, with brown annulations ; thorax greyish red; ab-
domen grey, beneath whitish; the four anterior legs have the
femora and tibiz reddish brown, tarsi whitish, the ends of the
joints brown; the posterior legs have the base of the femora
yellowish white, the apical half dark brown, tibize and tarsi dirty
yellowish white, the ends of the joints darker.
Anterior wings reddish brown, darkest along the costa, paler
along the inner margin and towards the hinder margin. ‘The
costal triangle is whitish, it is situated about the middle of the
costa, and has its shortest side towards the base of the wing; the
side opposite is longer, and slightly concave; the apex of the
triangle, which reaches the fold of the wing (rarely crosses it), is
produced obliquely towards the hinder margin of the wing. The
costal triangle is more or less suffused with rufous in the middle,
and on the costa itself are several fine red brown spots; apical
cilia rufous, inner marginal cilia grey.
a Genus of Tineida. 121
Posterior wings shining grey, with yellowish grey cilia.
In var. b, the anterior wings are very much paler than in the
typical form of the insect, the ground colour being ochreous.
This species is by no means rare, but is generally only taken
singly ; it is widely distributed, occurring in most parts of
Europe. Zeller thinks that it is double-brooded, but I do not
feel confident on this point; the larva feeds on sallow, and curls
up the end of the leaf so as to form a cone, of which it eats the
inner cuticle; these cones are in September and October by no
means scarce, and I have several times found the larve in them
(more frequently they are empty). The perfect insect appears at
the end of autumn, and hybernating is again to be met with in
spring, when of course it is rather the worse for wear.
Sp. 4. Stramineella, n. sp. (Pl. XIV. fig. 9.)
Alis anticis stramineis, rufo-brunneo irroratis, triangulo costali
rufo-brunneo marginato, non dilutiore.
Sulphurella, Wood, Ind, Ent. pl. 51, f. 1623 (non Haw. St.)
In the colour of the anterior wings this comes nearer to
Coriscium sulphurellum than any other allied species ; but its straw
yellow, and not sulphur or lemon colour, and the dark margin of
a costal triangle, sufficiently distinguish it, independently of the
generic difference.
Expansion of the wings 63 lines.
Head and face pale straw yellow ; palpi the same, the terminal
joint externally rufous brown before the apex; antennz pale
yellow, with dark brown annulations ; thorax straw colour; abdo-
men grey brown, beneath whitish ; the four anterior legs have the
femora and tibiz dark rufous brown, tarsi yellowish, with the ends
of the joints darker: the posterior legs have the tibiz dirty
whitish yellow at the base, and pale reddish brown at the apex,
tarsi dirty yellowish, the ends of the joints darker.
Anterior wings pale straw colour, with numerous red brown
scattered spots, of which the two most conspicuous form the
margins of the usual costal triangle, which is concolorous with the
rest of the wing; towards the apex the wing is suffused with
reddish ; apical cilia straw colour, mixed with reddish, inner mar-
ginal cilia grey.
Posterior wings shining grey, with grey cilia.
Of this species, which is totally unknown on the continent, I
have two specimens, which were taken in Torwood, Stirlingshire,
in September. Mr. Stephens has the specimen that was figured
by Wood.
122 Mr. H. T. Stainton on Gracilaria,
Sp. 5. Hemidactylella, W. V. (Pl. XIV. fig. 8.)
Palpis externe brunneo-rufis, apice albido ; alis anticis fusco-rufis,
triangulo costali dilutiore, costa fusco-punctata.
Hemidactylella, W. V. Hib. Tin. 276; Zeller, Linn. Ent. ii.
326; Ent. Ztg. 1850, S. 160.
Hemidactylella, Fabr. 3, 2, 307?
Allied to Falconipennella, but smaller, broader winged, the an-
terior wings redder, and the inner margin unspotted. Some of
the varieties of znconstans come very near hemidactylella, but the
broader, shorter anterior wings, and more sharply defined basal
margin of the costal spot, sufficiently distinguish the latter species.
Expansion of the wings 54 lines.
Head and face rufous ochreous; palpi reddish brown, on the
upper side and at the apex whitish; antenne annulated yellow and
reddish brown; thorax reddish brown; abdomen grey, beneath
whitish; the femora and tibiz of the two first pair of legs reddish
brown, tarsi reddish brown, with the bases of the joints whitish ;
posterior legs, apex of the coxe and base of the femora dirty
yellowish white, terminal half of the latter reddish brown, tibize
and tarsi dirty yellowish grey, the ends of the joints faintly
brownish.
Anterior wings dark ochreous, with reddish brown markings,
the most conspicuous of which is that which borders the costal
triangle towards the base; the costal triangle does not reach be-
yond the fold of the wing, and is distinctly paler than the rest of
the wing, appearing more prominent from the darkness of its
margins, that towards the hinder margin being, however, never so
dark as that towards the base; a small dark blotch lies along the
base of the inner margin ; along the costa are several minute dark
brown spots; the apical portion of the wing is marbled ochreous
and reddish brown, the extreme apex just before the cilia being
dark ; cilia at the apex reddish ochreous, on the inner margin grey.
Posterior wings shining grey, with yellowish grey cilia.
With us a scarce species; it has been taken in Whittlebury
Forest, in September, by Mr. Desvignes ; and I am not aware of
any other locality in this country. Zeller states that it flies near
Vienna in July and September on maple, and Mann found it in
Italy in May, also on maple.
Sp. 6. Falconipennella, Hubner.
Palpis externé fuscis, apice exalbido; alis anterioribus griseo-
brunneis, triangulo costali dilutiore obsoleto, costa dorsoque
fusco punctatis.
a Genus of Tineide. 123
Falconipennella, Hiib, Tin. 317; Tr. ix. 2, S. 203; x. 3, S.
237; Zeller, Linn. Ent. 2, 323.
Nearest allied to hemidactylella, but the anterior wings are
longer, narrower and darker, and the costal spots are generally
more distinct. The inner margin beyond the middle has also
some small brown spots, which in hemidactylella are entirely
wanting.
Expansion of the wings 6—63 lines.
Head and face greyish brown; palpi on the upper side dirty
whitish, the terminal joint reddish brown (in all the three specimens
I have before me; Zeller states in the Linn. Ent. thatethis joint is
frequently entirely whitish on the upper side), the apex whitish,
externally the palpi are entirely of a red brown, except the apex ;
antenne annulated yellowish and red brown; thorax reddish, or
greyish brown; abdomen dark grey, beneath white; the two first
pair of legs have the femora and tibiz reddish brown, the tarsi
dirty yellowish, with the ends of the joints reddish brown ; pos-
terior legs, femora and tibize dirty yellowish white at their bases,
and dirty brownish at the ends, tarsi dirty yellowish white, with
ends of the joints browner.
Anterior wings reddish or grey-brown, darkest from the base
to the basal side of the costal triangle; this triangle is hardly
perceptibly paler than the rest of the wing, it does not reach be-
yond the fold of the wing, and has dark margins on both sides ;
these, however, are not as sharply defined as in hemidactylella.
The costa itself, from the commencement of the triangle to imme-
diately before the apex, is whitish-yellow, with numerous dark
brown spots, and along the inner margin beyond the middle are
also some dark brown spots, and in the apical portion of the wing
there is generally a brown patch above the anal angle; apical cilia
reddish brown, with the ends darker, inner marginal cilia grey.
Posterior wings grey, with yellowish grey cilia.
Scarce in this country; specimens are in the collections of
Messrs. Stephens, Shepherd and Bedell.
Zeller says that “ it flies in oak, birch, and especially alder
woods, from the branches of which it is beaten out. Its proper
period of flight is the end of summer and entire autumn. It also
occurs in April, but has then usually the appearance of having
hybernated. It is nowhere abundant,” but occurs in many parts
of the Continent.
124 Mr. H. T. Stainton on Gracilaria,
Sp. 7. Semifascia, Haw. (Pl. XIV. fig. 13.)
Palpis fuscis, apice albido; alis anticis rufo-brunneis, macula
obliqua albida costali ante medium ; tarsis posticis brunneis,
albido-maculatis.
Semifascia, Haw. L. B. 528, St. Ill. iv. 365.
Picipennella (F. v. R.), Zell. Linn. Ent. ii. 328.
Nearest allied to Falconipennella, but smaller, the costal triangle
strikingly paler on the side next the base of the wing, the side
next the apex of the wing being much suffused with, or entirely
lost in, the ground colour of the wing; besides, the hinder tarsi
are dark brown, with only the bases of the joints dirty whitish.
Expansion of the wings 5—53 lines.
Head and face greyish-brown or greyish-yellow; palpi pale
at the base, the terminal joint brown, except the apex, which is
whitish ; antennz pale, with strong dark brown annulations;
thorax greyish or reddish brown; abdomen grey, beneath whitish ;
the four anterior legs have the femora and tibiz reddish brown,
tarsi reddish brown, the bases of the joints whitish; the poste-
rior legs have the femora yellowish at the base, the apical half
brown, tibize and tarsi dark brown, the bases of the joints whitish.
Anterior wings very variable in colour, reddish brown, with
more or less of a violet tint, and frequently much intermixed
with yellowish; the darker markings on this ground vary much
in distinctness, the most prominent is the dark margin of the
costal triangle towards the base of the wing; the costal triangle
is towards its hinder margin so much suffused with the ground
colour, that it is with difficulty it can be traced, and in some
specimens is entirely lost; that portion of the costal triangle
which is nearest the base of the wing is pale yellowish, therefore
very prominent, and is continued a short distance along the fold
of the wing, forming an oblique semifascia ; the costa beyond the
middle is alternately spotted with black and yellowish, and along
the inner margin are also several yellowish spots; apical cilia
rufous, or reddish brown, inner marginal cilia grey.
Posterior wings shining grey, with grey cilia.
Not scarce in many places; at Whittlebury, at Almondsbury,
near Bristol, and at Mickleham, in September and October.
a Genus of Tineide. 125
Sp. 8. Populetorum, Zeller. (Pl. XIV. fig. 11.)
Alis anticis osseis, vel purpurascentibus, griseo-nebulosis, puncto
costali post medium, duobusque distantibus supra plicam
nigris.
Populetorum, Zell. Isis, 1839, S. 269; Linn. Ent, ii. 330.
The dark-coloured specimens of this insect have some resem-
blance with Falconipennella, but Populetorum may always be at
once recognized by the distinct black spot beyond the middle of
the costa.
Expansion of the wings 6—63 lines.
Head and_ face greyish yellow; palpi yellowish, the terminal
joint brown, with the apex yellowish; antennz yellowish, with
brown annulations ; thorax greyish yellow; abdomen grey, be-
neath yellowish; the four anterior legs have the femora and tibize
dark reddish brown, the tarsi shining whitish, at the ends of the
joints brown; the posterior legs have the femora yellowish grey,
tibize and tarsi dirty whitish, the joints of the latter with the ends
brownish.
Anterior wings pale yellowish purple (a specimen sent me by
Herr Zeller is entirely of dirty bone colour), with some cloudy
grey markings, forming the usual costal triangle; behind the
hinder margin of this triangle is the conspicuous black spot, and
along the costa are various other small blackish spots; a small
black spot lies in the fold of the wing, near the apex of the costal
triangle, and another larger one lies on the fold, towards the anal
angle ; apical cilia purplish brown, inner marginal cilia grey.
Posterior wings shining grey, with purplish grey cilia.
A scarce species. I once took it in Birch Wood, September,
17th, 1846. It is also in the collections of Messrs. Stephens,
Curtis and Douglas.
Zeller states that ‘it was several times bred by Fischer von
Roslerstamm from larve off birches and aspens, and that he him-
self had taken fine specimens in June and July, almost only in
unmixed aspen woods; yet that in April and May he obtained
specimens which were wasted, and appeared to have hybernated.”
Sp. 9. Inconstans, Stainton. (PI. XIV. figs. 1—7.)
Alis anticis ochraceo-rufis, triangulo costali non dilutiore, brunneo-
rufo marginato, nebulis brunneo-rufis apicem versus; femo-
ribus tibiisque quatuor anterioribus brunneo- vel cinereo-
rufis, femoribus tibiisque posticis albidis (fig. 1, 2),
126 Mr. H. T. Stainton on Gracilaria,
Hemidactyla, Haw. L. B. 527.
Hemidactylella, Stephens, Ill. iv. 367,
Var. b, ut a, sed alis anticis saturatioribus, maculis indistincti-
oribus (fig. 3).
Var. c, alis anticis ochraceo-rufis, punctis tribus fuscis supra
plicam (fig. 4). -
Signipennis, Haw. L. B. 527.
Elongella, Stephens, Ill. iv. 367 ?
Var. d, alis anticis ochraceo-rufis, punctis numerosis juxta
dorsum; striga brunnea apicali supra plicam (fig. 5).
Var. e, ut b, sed costa post medium dilute ochracea (fig. 6).
Var. f, alis anticis saturate brunneo-rufis, costa dorsoque dilute
ochraceis (fig. 7).
Var. g, alis anticis rufis, unicoloribus, immaculatis.
The phases of this insect are truly endless; the variety I have
taken for my type is by no means unlike hemidactyleila, but
differs essentially in the longer and narrower anterior wings; the
dark margin of the costal triangle towards the base is never so
sharply defined, and the costal triangle itself is hardly perceptibly
paler than the rest of the wing: var. g in appearance exactly
resembles the plain varieties of elongella, but from this the pale
hinder femora and tibiz sufficiently distinguish it. The average
size of this insect is also less than the average size of elongella ;
many of the other varieties of znconstans are similar, but in these
respects, to the corresponding varieties of elongella.
Expansion of the wings 64—83 lines.
Head reddish ochreous, face rather paler (in one specimen the
face is strikingly paler) ; palpi reddish ochreous externally, in-
wardly yellowish ; antennz annulated brown and ochreous; thorax
ochreous or rufous, concolorous with the anterior wings; abdo-
men grey, beneath yellowish white; the femora and tibia of the
two first pair of legs are reddish brown, tarsi pale yellowish,
with the ends of the joints brown; posterior legs, femora and
tibize pale ochreous, or greyish white, tarsi dirty yellowish, with
the ends of the joints darker.
Anterior wings reddish ochreous, varying extremely in intensity
of colour, the apex mostly darker; apical cilia reddish ochreous,
inner marginal cilia grey. The form and number of the markings
on the wings are very variable; in what I have considered as the
typical form the markings are reddish brown on a reddish ochreous
ground colour, and consist of two oblique blotches extending
from the costa to the fold of the wing, and these form the mar-
a Genus of Tineide. 127
gins of the trigonal costal mark, which is hardly any paler than
the rest of the wing; there are also several scattered reddish
brown spots along the costa, and between the fold and the inner
margin, and a larger one across the fold towards the anal angle.
In var. b the dark markings are less sharply defined, and appear
gradually to fade into the less ochreous ground colour. In var. ¢
the dark markings consist only of three very distinct brown spots
along the fold, and a few smaller spots along the costa and inner
margin. In var. d there is a brown spot on the fold a little
before the middle, and another in the middle, from the latter a
brown streak extends to the extreme apex of the wing. In var. e,
which in other respects resembles var. b, the costa from the com-
mencement of the trigonal mark is pale yellowish. In var. f, the
ground colour of the anterior wings is deep reddish brown, with
the pale costa of var. e, and also a pale inner margin. In var. g,
the anterior wings are unicolorous rufous, with a slight purplish
gloss, and entirely unspotted.
Posterior wings shining grey, with greyish, slightly ochreous,
cilia.
This insect, the critical examination of which has cost me a
great deal of time, has been taken in considerable numbers by
Mr. Cooke of Warrington, and it is owing to that gentleman’s
extreme industry in capturing so many specimens, and to his great
liberality in sending me a splendid series of interminable varieties,
that I have been able to describe it so fully. I must candidly
confess to some still remaining doubts whether it be identical or
not with elongella. But elongella, not a scarce insect on the con-
tinent, appears never to have a costal triangle; now in incon-
stans the costal triangle is generally present: the only good dis-
tinctive character of the unicolorous specimens is the pale hinder
femora.
In this country inconstans is widely distributed, occurring, though
generally only singly, nearly in every part of England, and in the
south of Scotland.
Sp. 10. Elongella, Linnzus.
** Alis anticis rufis postice purpurascentibus ; femoribus tibiisque
quatuor anterioribus brunneo- vel cinereo-rufis, coxis posticis
apice albidis.”’ '
Elongella, L. S. N. 1, 2, p. 890, 385; F. S. 368, 1436; Fab.
Ent. Syst. 3, 2, 307; Zell. Lin. Ent. i. 334.
Signipennella, Tr. ix. 2, S. 200; x. 3, S. 297; Dup. xi. 598,
pl. art, Li:
128 Mr. H. T. Stainton on Gracilaria,
Var. b, ut a, sed punctis duobus disci in alis anterioribus supra
plicam, fuscis.
Punctella, L., S. N. 1, 2, p. 890, 386; F. S. 368, 1437.
Signipennella, Hub. Tin. 196.
Var. c, ut b, sed puncto disci tertio fusco apicem versus.
Signipennella, Dup. xi. pl. 311, f, 10.
Var. d, ut a, sed punctis alarum anteriorum fuscis multis, po-
tissimum juxta dorsum.
Roscipennella, Dup. xi. 596, pl. 311, f. 9.
Var. e, alis anticis dilute ferrugineis, disco violaceo, oblique
dissecto.
Var. f, alis anticis violaceis, marginibus ferrugineis, basi ferru-
gineo-mixta.
“ This species differs from rufipennella by its generally much
larger size, by the narrower anterior wings, by the grey-red
femora and tibiz, and the want of the pale base of the hinder
tibiee.”
Expansion of the wings 73—9 lines.
“* Head rust-red ; palpi rust-red, inwardly yellowish; antenne
darker annulated than in rufipennella; thorax rust-red; abdomen
grey, beneath yellowish white; the four anterior legs have the
femora and tibize brown-red, or greyish-red, or grey-brownish,
sometimes with a purple gloss, tarsi less pure white than in rufi-
pennella, on the upper side at the ends of the joints brown; the
posterior legs have the apex of the coxa yellowish white, femora
entirely brownish, tibize and tarsi dirty whitish, tinted with
brownish.”
“ Anterior wings narrow, rust-red of variable intensity, gradu-
ally darker towards the apex and with a purple gloss. In one
specimen the dark colour and purple gloss extends nearly over
the entire wing. The cilia round the apex of the wing are rusty-
brown, the ends darker, below and on the costa paler, rusty-
yellow, at the anal angle grey.”
**T consider those specimens typical which have no markings
on the wings. Var. b, or the Linnzean punctella, has before the
middle of the wing, just above the fold, a black brown spot, and
at some distance from it, towards the base, another; between these
the ground is paler, whilst in the contrary direction faint darker
shades are attached to both spots. Not rarely there are, besides
the spots of var. b, brown spots between the fold and the inner
margin, and also towards the apex (var. d).”
“ Posterior wings shining grey, with dull grey cilia, the basal
half of those next the base of the wing yellowish.”
a Genus of Tineide. 129
«© In Germany in many localities not scarce; at Vienna, Augs-
burg, Regensburg (Ratisbon), Berlin, Frankfort, Glogau, Breslau ;
also in Hungary, Livonia, Sweden and France. It flies principally
in the autumn in alder and oakwoods, also singly after hybernation
at the end of April.”
I have copied the above description from Zeller, for fear of
unintentionally making some strange mistake in confusing this
species and znconstans.
I have two specimens which I am inclined to think are truly
identical with the continental elongella; one of these is var. d,
a variety which I have not yet found in inconstans.
Zeller has a Gracilaria Roscipennella which he places imme-
diately after elongella, and which he considers distinct from the
above mentioned var. d; it was only known to him as a single
specimen in the collection of Fischer v. R., taken in Switzerland ;
he describes it thus:* ‘ Anterior wings pale yellow, with many
brownish spots; the apical cilia externally brown; the four ante-
rior tibize black-brown;” and he lays most stress upon this last
character.
IT have not deemed it advisable to enumerate this myself as a
distinct species.
Sp. 11. Rufipennella, Hiibner.
‘* Alis anticis rufis, postice purpurascentibus ; femoribus tibiisque
quatuor anterioribus nigro-fuscis, femorum posticorum basi
albida.”
Rufipennella, Hib. Tin. 204; Tr. ix. 2, S. 198; x. 3,8. 297;
Zeller, Linn. Ent. ii. 331 (non Steph.)
‘Smaller than Stigmatella, hardly as large as Franckella ;
nearest allied to elongella, but differing from it by its smaller size,
broader anterior wings, darker femora and tibia, and the whitish
spot at the base of the hinder tibiz.”
“¢ Expansion of the wings 53 lines.”
“ Head rust-red ; face paler; palpi rust-red, inwardly pale yel-
lowish ; antennz faintly annulated yellowish and grey; thorax
rust-red; abdomen grey, beneath shining whitish; the four an-
terior legs have the femora and tibiz black brown, with a violet
gloss, with whitish spots, tarsi shining silvery white, with the ends
of the joints brown; the posterior legs have the apex of the
* Isis, 1839, S. 209; Linn. Ent. ii. 338.
VOL. I. N. S. PART IV.— MARCH, 1851. K
130 Mr. H. T. Stainton on Gracilaria,
coxe and the base of the femora whitish, the apex of the femora
black-brown, tibize and tarsi dirty whitish, on the upper side
and the ends of the joints of the tarsi tinted with brownish.
Anterior wings rather short, rust-red, towards the apex darker,
and with faint purple gloss. Either there are no further mark-
ings, or there are brown spots between the inner margin and the
fold of the wing, or there are some spots on the costa. One
specimen has only a large spot in the middle of the wing above
the fold, and another towards the apex of the wing. Apical cilia
paler than the apex, inner marginal cilia grey.”
“ Posterior wings shining grey, with dull grey cilia.”
“The larva has been accurately described by F. v. R., in
Treitschke’s work. It feeds on Acer pseudo-platanus (or pla-
tanoides), in conically rolled up ends of leaves in June. The
perfect insect appears in July. It occurs in Bohemia and in
Bavaria.”
The above description is copied from Zeller.
This species has not yet been detected in this country, the
insect in most British collections under this name is Zelleria He-
pariella, which has a rough head, no mazillary palpi, short thick
drooping labial palpi, and much broader posterior wings.
Sp. 12. Tringipennella (F. v. R.), Zeller.
Alis anticis latiusculis albis, dorso posticeque gilvescentibus,
punctis fuscis dispersis.
Tringipennella, Zell. Isis, 1839, S. 209; Linn. Ent. ii. 339.
Fringilella, Dup. Supp. iv. 303, pl. 75, f. 11.
Readily distinguished from all its allies, except Limosella ; but
this latter is smaller, entirely yellowish, without any white along
the costal half of the wing, and the black spots towards the hinder
margin are confluent.
Expansion of the anterior wings 63 lines.
Head and face pale yellowish grey; palpi whitish grey, the
terminal joint brown, with a whitish apex ; antenne pale, with dark
brown annulations; thorax yellowish grey; abdomen grey, above
and beneath, anal tuft yellowish; the four anterior legs have the
femora and tibize of a brown-black, the tarsi shining whitish, the
ends of the joints faintly brownish; the hind legs have the femora
grey-brown, paler at the base, tibice and tarsi dirty greyish-white,
darker towards the ends of the joints.
Anterior wings whitish, with a slight violet gloss; along the
inner and hinder margins yellowish-ochre, with numerous scattered
black scales, and two rows of black spots, one just below the costa,
a Genus of Tineide. 131
the other on the fold of the wing; apical cilia pale ochreous,
inner marginal cilia grey.
Posterior wings broader than usual, and the point less prolonged,
shining grey, with yellowish grey cilia.
In some specimens the violet gloss on the anterior wings is
entirely wanting.
This species always occurs among grass, and is double-brooded,
appearing in May and August. I have taken it plentifully at
Lewisham, and on the Sanderstead Downs; and once in Scotland.
Sp. 13. Limosella (F. v. R.), Zeller.
Alis anticis latiusculis osseis, punctis seriatis postice confluen-
tibus, fuscis.
Limosella, Zeller, Linn. Ent. ii. 341; Dup. S. iv. 488 (non
pl. 87, f. 11).
Much smaller than Tringipennella, the costa not paler than the
rest of the wing, the spots less distinct, and towards the hinder
margin confluent.
Expansion of the wings 4—44 lines.
Head and face greyish-yellow; palpi yellowish, the terminal
joint with a broad fuscous ring; antenne yellowish, with brown
annulations; thorax greyish yellow; abdomen grey, anal tuft
yellowish ; the four anterior legs have the femora and tibie grey-
brown, tarsi whitish, the ends of the joints brown; the posterior
legs have the femora grey, tibiee and tarsi dirty yellowish, the ends
of the joints darker.
Anterior wings pale ochreous yellow, with three rows of faint
fuscous spots, one along the costa, one above the fold, and one
along the inner margin; these become confluent towards the
hinder margin, the apex of the wing being almost entirely suffused
with fuscous; apical cilia fuscous, inner marginal cilia yellowish
grey.
Posterior wings shining grey, with grey cilia.
Not yet detected in this country.
It was first discovered by Herr Mann, in woods near Vienna,
in May and June; he afterwards met with it at Leghorn and other
places in the North of Italy.
Sp. 14. Syringella, Fabricius.
Alis anticis luteo-brunneis, maculis albidis costee dorsique, prope
basim, subfasciatis.
Syringella, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3, 2, 328; Steph. Ill. iv. 364;
Zell. Linn. Ent. ii. 342; Dup. Sup. iv. 298, pl. 75, f. 6.
k 2
132 Mr. H. T. Stainton on Gracilaria,
Anastomosis, Haw. Lep. Brit. 530; Curt. B. E. fol. 479.
Ardeepennella, Tr. ix. 2, S. 205; x. 3, S. 298.
Not closely allied to any known species.
Expansion of the wings 6 lines.
Head and face yellowish, the former with some brown scales on
the crown; palpi pale yellowish, the end of the second joint, and
the terminal joint, except the apex, brown; antennz pale, with
dark-brown annulations; thorax yellowish, spotted with brown;
abdomen grey, beneath whitish, anal tuft yellowish; the four an-
terior legs have the femora and tibiz dark-black brown, tarsi pale
yellowish, the ends of the joints brown; the hinder legs have the
femora pale yellowish, spotted with brown, tibiz pale dirty-yel-
lowish at the apex, brownish at the base, tarsi dirty-yellowish,
with the ends of the joints brownish.
Anterior wings broad, appearing from the cilia, broadest pos-
teriorly. The ground colour is a yellowish-brown, marbled with
dark red-brown patches, and with numerous pale-yellowish spots,
which are thus disposed; first, near the base a yellowish angu-
lated fascia, which, on the inner margin, is nearer the base than
on the costa. Then follows a straight oblique fascia, and beyond
it another angulated, which joins the preceding on the inner mar-
gin; the third fascia is generally expanded along the costa into a
spot, and is sometimes united to the small spot that forms the
fourth costal marking; beyond this, towards the apex of the wing,
are two yellowish hooks; and in the extreme apex is frequently a
small whitish spot, sometimes continued into the cilia; at the com-
mencement of the inner-marginal cilia is a triangular yellow spot
on the inner margin; the apical cilia are brownish, then whitish,
with the ends brown, inner marginal cilia grey.
Posterior wings not long-pointed, grey, with grey cilia.
The larva at first mines, and afterwards rolls up the leaves of
the lilac, and is very common in gardens. It is double-brooded, the
perfect insect appearing in May and July.
Sp. 15. Simploniella (F. v. R.), Duponchel.
‘* Alis anticis niveis, fascia prope basim, fascia media postice
angulata strigisque 3—4 posticis subconfluentibus luteis, ni-
gro-marginatis.”
Simploniella, Dup. xi. 471, pl. 305, f.10; F. v. R. Beitr. pl.
70, f. 8;-82 197;
“This has some resemblance to the 4rgyresthia, allied to Goed-
artella ; probably the neuration of the wings differs a little from
a Genus of Tineide. 133
that of the Gracilarie, already described, and unites it with the
following species. Its snow-white colour, with pale yellow mark-
ings, readily distinguishes it in this genus.”
‘“‘ Hardly as large as Gr. Syringella. Thorax and head, with their
adjuncts, pure white, rather shiny. Antenne dirty-yellowish,
faintly annulated with darker towards the base, above more
whitish; the long basal joint is white above, brownish-yellow
beneath, at the end with a brown spot. Labial palpi rather
drooping, filiform, slightly curved. The second joint externally
at the apex dark; the third as long as the second, short-pointed.
The four anterior legs have the middle of the femora and the base
and end of the tibia brown; the very unequal spines of the middle
tibize have the basal half brown.
‘“‘ Hinder femora dirty white; hinder tibia fringed on the back,
externally and before the apex yellowish brown. All the tarsi
have the ends of the joints brownish-yellow. Abdomen yellowish
grey, beneath white.
* Anterior wings rather broad, appearing (owing to the colouring
of the cilia) to expand towards the hinder margin, snow-white, with
brownish-yellow, almost saffron-yellow markings. At the base of
the costa is the black spot. At some distance from it is a per-
pendicular nearly straight fascia. Almost on the middle of the
wing follows an inwardly oblique fascia, the lower half of which ex-
pands externally, and, by its prolongation, unites with the next
fascia-form line. This lies still more inclined and parallel to another
very near and similarly formed, with the lower half of which it
sometimes unites. All the above mentioned markings are finely
bordered with black. There are besides two yellow hook-shaped
transverse-streaks, the colour of which, as well as of the two pre-
ceding, is continued into the hinder-marginal cilia. Beyond the
apex of the wing is a deep black streak in the white cilia.
** Posterior wings narrow, long pointed, yellowish grey, with paler
cilia.”
** Several specimens of this insect were taken on the Simplon,
in the latter half of July, among white-thorn, willow and birch
bushes.”
The above description is copied from Zeller. The insect has
not yet occurred in this country, nor indeed do I believe it has
ever been met with but on the Simplon.
( To be continued.)
134 Schiodte’s Specimen
XVII. Specimen Faune Subterranee ; being a Contribution
towards the Subterranean Fauna, by J. C. Scuropre.
Reprinted from the Transactions of the Royal Danish
Society of Sciences, Fifth Series, Division of Natural His-
tory and Mathematics, 2nd Vol. Copenhagen, 1849. 4to.
(Translated from the Danish, at the request of W. Spencn,
Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President of the Entomological Society
‘of London, by N. Watuicn, M. & Ph. D., F.RS.,
V.P.LS.)
[Read January 6th, 1851.]
Arrer an interval of more than three-quarters of a century, during
which our knowledge of existing inhabitants of the Stalactitic
caves in Carniola was limited to one single animal, attention has
again been directed towards this remarkable zoological subject, by
a few solitary communications recently made. To the curious
reptile, known since 1768, chiefly under the name of Proteus, and
since then occasionally found in the subterranean river which
traverses the Magdalena cave near Adelsberg, were added, since
1840, two other animals belonging to the Articulata, the entire
structure of which indicated that they were created exclusively
to undergo a subterranean existence. In the course of that year
Koch published in his work on the Crustacea, Myriapoda and Arach-
nida, a figure of Pherusa alba, a crustacean of the family of Oniscus,
discovered in the cave of Adelsberg. Four years later we were
surprised by another singular discovery in the Luege cave, of
Anophthalmus Schmidtii, an insect belonging to the Curabide,
allied to the genus Z'’rechus, excellently described by the well
known German naturalist Sturm.*
It was not only their locality which attracted attention to these
animals, though it cannot be denied that the fact was striking
enough, that animals should be found to exist under conditions so
very unfavourable for the support of animal life; but it was
especially the circumstance of their being found to have no eyes,
organs so well developed in all the other species of the respective
groups to which they belong, which was so remarkable. In the
* Anophthalmus. Neue Gattung ausder Familie der Caraben. Mit einer color.
Tafel. Nurnburg, 1844, 8vo, Also as an Appendix to the Deutschlands Fauna
by the same author, V. Abth. 15 Bd.
Faune Subterranee. 135
long-known cave-animal the Proteus, the eyes, if not altogether
wanting, are yet so little developed, being concealed under the
skin, that beyond the mere perception of light, they must be in-
capable of receiving any impression of images by means of those
organs. It is easy to perceive the connexion which exists be-
tween the want of light in the caverns, and the want of organs in
their inhabitants by means of which alone light can affect the
senses. So long as one form only was known to exist there, in-
habiting, moreover, a running stream in the cave, and therefore
not exclusively doomed to darkness, this blindness was viewed
simply as an exceptional phenomenon, of which there were analo-
gous instances. But on becoming acquainted with other occu-
pants of those caves, not only blind, but in their structure belonging
to peculiar forms (genera), the idea arose, that the three animals
mentioned, stood related to each other as links of one chain; in
other words, they seemed to exhibit themselves as representatives
of a possibly numerous, generically consistent, subterranean
Fauna, whose common characteristic consists in blindness. On
the other hand, fresh researches, made by that meritorious col-
lector Ferdinand Schmidt of Schischka, near Laybach, to whom
we likewise owe the discovery of the Anophthalmus, proved that
there were some few other animals in those caves not materially
different from the usual forms. Erichson, in his Monograph of the
Family of Staphylinide, has described a new species of Homalota
under the specific name of spelea, closely allied to H. elongatula,
Grav., so common all over Europe, and has quoted it as an in-
habitant of the cave at Adelsberg.* A species of Carabidae,
communicated to collections by Schmidt under the name of Pris-
tonychus Schretbersii,+ seems to occur only in the Stalactitic caves
of Carniola. It deserves to be noticed, that these two animals
differ from their allied species by their strikingly minute eyes.
New prospects were further opened in consequence of commu-
nications from quite a different quarter. Migratory Indians had
long ago, and adventurers and new colonists more recently, visited
the immense Kentucky cave, ramified for miles, and known at pre-
sent under the name of the Mammoth cave. At a distance of
about a mile (Danish)} from the entrance to the cave, a consider-
* Genera et Species Staphylinorum, p. 107, n. 51.
+ I take this species to be Pristonychus elegans, Dej. (Species Général des
Coléoptéres, Tom. iii. p. 59, n. 17.) Dejean got possession of the specimen de-
scribed by him during his journey in Carniola, without knowing the real habitat
of the insect.
¢ Equal to about four English miles—N. W.
136 Schiodte’s Specimen
able lake was found in 1841, extending above a quarter of a mile
into its numerous branches. In this subterranean sea, which rises
and falls according to the varying degree of wetness of the seasons,
were found a fish and a crustacean, both colourless, with eyes
concealed under the skin, like the Proteus. Various communi-
cations have been made to periodicals in North America and
England concerning the former,* which is introduced under the
name of Amblyopsis speleus in the splendid Natural History of
New York, published under the authority of that State, and the
zoological part of which belongs to James Dekay.+ Dr. Tell-
kampf, a German, who visited the cave several years later, has
given a further account of its Fauna since his return to Europe,
in two memoirs.t According to researches instituted partly by
the celebrated J. Miiller, this fish is represented as the type of a
new family, Heteropygii, but nothing of consequence is said as to
the anatomy of Astacus pellucidus, which name indicates that it is a
congener of the river Crustacea ; an opinion which Thompson had
previously pronounced, without, however, scientifically supporting
it. Our author has discovered several new Articulata, of which
he describes the following :—Adelops hirtus of the family Silphide,
being a new genus and species, which he distinguished from
Choleva solely by the want of eyes, and which in fact would be-
long to that genus, unless, which is probable, the essential syste-
matic characters of the animal have been overlooked: Phalango-
des armata, a small Arachnidan of the family of Opiliones, white,
blind, differing from the other forms by its aculeated palpi:
another small, blind, white Arachnidan, Anthrobia Mammouthia,
concerning which Dr. Tellkampf’s account affords us no means of
* Jeffries Wyman, Description of a Blind Fish from a Cave in Kentucky, in
Silliman’s American Journal for July, 1843; Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,
vol. xii., 1843, p. 298; Thompson’s Notice of the Blind Fish, Cray Fish and
Insects from the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, in Ann. and Mag., &c., vol. xiii.,
1844, p. 111. [In this communication Mr. Thompson states that the Crustacean
agrees with Milne Edwards’s description of Astacus Bartoni, an inhabitant of the
Delaware and other American rivers, and that it possesses eyes; crickets also
(as they were termed) were captured seven miles within the cave, They like-
wise possess eyes, and approach near to Phalangopsis longipes of Serville—
JO OW ell
+ Zoology of New York, or the New York Fauna, by J. E. Dekay, Albany,
1842. 4to. Four volumes have been published; the fourth containing Fishes.
t Ueber den blinden Fisch, &c., (on the Blind Fish of the Mammoth Cave in
Kentucky, with Observations on some other Animals which live in them), in Johan
Miiller’s Archiv. 1844, p, 381, tab. ix.; Beschreibung, &c. (Description of
several Articulate Animals found, &c.) In Erichson’s Archiv fur Naturgesch.
10 Jahrg. vol. i. p. 318, tab. viii.
Faune Subterranee. 137
forming any conclusion as to its proximate systematic relations,
This last defect applies particularly to the fourth, T’riuwra caver-
nicola, which appears to belong to the order of Amphipoda, and
to have a most remarkable structure. Dr. Tellkampf has likewise
found a new species of Anophthalmus, extremely like that of
Europe, but characterized as different by Erichson, who calls it
A. Tellkampfii. Finally, a sort of fish different from Amblyopsis,
a grasshopper belonging to the genus Phalangopsis, and flies of the
genus Anthomyia, are enumerated as found in the cave.
At the time the account of these discoveries reached Copenha-
gen, I was preparing for a scientific tour through a great part of
Europe. One of my objects was to visit the Alps, and make
collections for the Royal Museum of Natural History, of which
the Insecta, Arachnida and Myriapoda, are entrusted to my
charge, divisions in which it is very poor in European species: I
determined, therefore, to arrange my plans in such a way, that I
might connect my tour to the Alps with a visit to the caves in
Carniola, and accordingly I selected the eastern portion of the
Alps for my researches.* After remaining among these during the
summer of 1845, I arrived at Adelsberg early in the autumn.
I examined four caves; namely, that of Adelsberg, the Mag-
dalena and Luege caves, all in the neighbourhood of Adelsberg,
and the Corneale cave at Trieste. The result was, first, that I
found every one of the animals, known before as inhabitants of
those caves; secondly, that I discovered more than twice as
many new kinds, among which there are five types of new genera ;
and finally, as these latter concern a part of the subterranean
Fauna hitherto almost unknown, I believe I can offer materials for
a systematic inquiry into the whole phenomenon. I will now
proceed to describe what I have observed, and in conclusion I
will venture to offer some remarks on the character of the sub-
terranean Fauna.
The entrance into the first two of the four Stalactitic caves just
mentioned, is horizontal, and through the two largest flow rivers ;
namely, the Pojk through the Adelsberg cave, and the Magdalena
through the cave bearing that name. The Luege grotto is the
most considerable of four grottos, placed almost perpendicularly
one above the other; two underneath, and one above the castle
of Luege, so famed from romantic traditions, and which itself
* My collections in the said classes made on the Alps, and during the subse-
quent part of my journey, especially in the Roman Campagna, Calabria and
Sicily, amount altogether to about 70,000 specimens, which have safely arrived
at Copenhagen, and have been deposited in the Museum.
138 Schiodte’s Specimen
stands in the fourth cave. The lowermost is the bed of a river,
covered above, and accessible only for a short distance ; the upper-
most two are nothing but slight excavations into the perpendicular
rock, and it is only in the third grotto from below that consider-
able Stalactitic formations exist and are in progress. The grotto
Corneale has its entrance nearly vertical, and contains no running
stream of any size. ‘These cave-localities exhibit nothing peculiar
as respects their Fauna; a moist air and low temperature are the
leading features of the Stalactitic caves, with the consequent
nearly total absence of vegetation. The only plant which I ob-
served was a sort of fungus, Byssus fulvus, L.* I found this
growing on bits of wood scattered about, on bridges, railings and
fragments of torches; extending itself sparingly on the columns,
especially such as are stinted in their growth.
On searching along the walls within the entrance of the caves,
among the rubbish and the vegetable debris along the sides of the
river, we meet with a considerable number of Insecta, Myriapoda,
Arachnida, and Crustacea, of various families, which shun day-
light; being such species only as inhabit promiscuously other places,
provided they are moist and feebly illumined. We find species of
Pterostichus, Pristonychus, Amara, Quedius, Homalota, Omalium,
Mister, Trichopteryx, Cryptophagus, Atomaria, Ptinus, Ceraphron,
Belyta, a grasshopper of the Locust family, which could not be
quite determined, as it was only seen in the larva state,{ Zrichop-
tera, Sciara, Psychoda, Phora, Heteromyza, Sapromyza, Tomo-
cerus, Linyphia, Gamasus, Cryptops, Julus, and Asellus. In
proportion as we recede from the entrance the number of species
as well as individuals greatly decrease, and at the distance which
entirely excludes the light, only single individuals are found. In
the deepest recesses these species are entirely wanting, except
some few which have been transported by the current; only a few
Diptera are found, namely, a species of Phora, very near P. macu-
lata, Meig., Heteromyza flavipes, Zett., and Sapromyza chrysoph-
thalma, Zett., extending also very far into the caves, even to the
remotest accessible places in the Adelsberg cave, more than half
an hour’s walk from its entrance. Dead moths are occasionally
found far in the caves, being left there by the bats; and like-
wise accidental specimens of the parasites of the latter.
Of the five earlier known animals which inhabit these caves,
* Kindly determined by Prof. Liebmann.
+ I found this species, likewise in the larva state, in the following summer, in
the artificial grotto at Syracuse, called V’orrechio di Dionisio; also in most of
the adjacent grottos.
Faune Subterranea. 139
I found, Pristonychus elegans, Dej., rather frequently, and Homa-
lota spelea, Er., in considerable numbers; the former in all the
Luege grottos, the other in the Magdalena and Adelsberg caves.
They may be observed under stones and in loose earth, close at
the entrance, where a dim light is admitted; afterwards, as we
penetrate deeper into the darkness, they become more frequent ;
after which they again disappear. I, however, saw solitary spe-
cimens of both, in the innermost portion of the Adelsberg cave,
ascending on recent columns to a height of several ells above the
floor of the cave. Anophthalmus Schmidtii appears to be very
rare indeed; and I have only met with two specimens in the in-
nermost part of the Luege grotto among decayed wood.* Phe-
rusa alba, Koch, was very common in all the caves, showing itself
soon after entering the dark part. Hypochthon (Proteus) anguinus
was found here and there in the Magdalena river, in the innermost
part of the cave of that name, and may almost always be pur-
chased of the conductors. On perceiving the torchlight it usually
remains quiet in the water; but the first attempt to catch it is
rarely successful. The moment you bring your net under it, the
animal suddenly darts off with a serpentine motion to a distance
of several ells; after which it remains again stationary in the
water, when the attempt is more likely to succeed.
I now proceed to give an account of the new cave-animals.
The family of Stlphide is increased by two remarkable new
genera. Of one of these, Bathyscia, 1 am acquainted with two
species, both very small, blind, and without wings ; but otherwise
so perfectly like Choleva in appearance that, without the most
careful examination, they might be referred to that genus. ‘They
differ essentially in their toothed mandibule, the absence of the
horny tooth, which in Choleva, Colon, and Silpha, terminates the
masticatory lobe of the maxillz; and, more strikingly, by their
four-jointed tarsi of the anterior legs, a proportion which here
occurs for the first time in one of the members of the family Sz-
phide ; moreover, the labellumt is much more developed, and
* In a small, completely dark space in the cave where the castle stands, be-
hind it, and separated by a brick wall, Mr. Hellmuth von Kiesenwetter, who
accompanied me during my tour in the Alps and to the caves, also found a spe-
cimen of this species.
+ I propose this term for the coriaceous ciliated appendage, which projects in
many families, in a more or less degree, from the under surface of the upper lip.
Tam aware that Erichson uses the word Parachilia for similar parts in the Scarabeides,
in his most recent work (Naturgeschichte der Ins. Deutschl. iii. p. 553); but
this term, being founded on the assumption that these parts have the same re-
140 _ Schiodte’s Specimen
the first joint in the tarsi of all the legs not longer than the fol-
lowing.
The two species resemble each other much, but may be easily
discriminated by the structure of their antennz and labial palpi.
In the smallness of their size and their habit they resemble the
Ptila, having the same darting motion, which is exceedingly
rapid. I met with a number of specimens of Bathyscia byssina
in the inner part of the Adelsberg cave, occupying the small
clusters of Byssus fulvus, on the short and stinted columns. The
other species, 2. montana, is common in the Luege grotto, among
loose earth and little stones along the walls; but I have found
it also, and in far greater quantities, among moist leaves in
forests, on shady rocks near the castle Veldes, on the Carniolan
Alps. I examined this species anatomically during my stay at
Veldes; but as we do not possess more than the few observations
I published some years ago* respecting the internal structure
of Choleva and Colon, with which Bathyscia is to be compared,
there is no need of my saying more on the subject for the pre-
sent, except that Bathyscia agrees with these genera in the cha-
racteristic want of a coecum, but differs strikingly in the following
points: the malpighian vessels have the same angular nerve and
thickened end as that which, on another occasion,} have been
pointed out by me as characteristic of some families of the divi-
sion of clavicorn beetles; the pair of spermatic vesicles are short,
wide and clavate, not long and rolled up; the testicular vesicles
are small and very numerous, and they form together a globular
body.
As yet it is doubtful what relation Bathyscia has to Tellkampf’s
genus Adelops. According to the character he gives of this form,
it differs from Choleva only by its want of eyes, and would accord-
ingly belong to that genus, provided his account is correct, and no
essential character has been omitted. The similarity of locality,
and the analogy existing between the European and North Ame-
rican Fauna, which, as far as regards cave-animals, is strikingly
exemplified by the similarity between the Anophthalmi of these
two countries, would seem to indicate that Adelops ought to
merge into Bathyscia. This supposition is somewhat supported
by Tellkampf’s figure, in which the first joint of the feet is repre-
lation to the upper lip, as the supplementary tongues [paraglosse] have to the
under lip, certainly can have no application as far as regards the Silphide, where
it is clear that both lobes are simply a continuation of one single organ.
* Germar’s Zeitschrift fur die Entomologie, Bd. V. 1844, p. 475.
+ Kroyer, Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, Ny Rekke, Iste B. p. 396.
Faune Subterranee. 141
sented as shorter than in Choleva; but the greater size of the
North American species, and Erichson’s remark, in a note added
to Tellkampf’s account, that it is principally the want of eyes
which distinguishes Adelops from Choleva, is against this suppo-
sition. On the other hand, new doubts and conjectures arise from
the information of Erichson, that the museum at Berlin possesses,
besides the North American Adelops, two other species, one from
Carniola, and the other from Sicily; for, one cannot help thinking
that the species from Carniola, said to have been communicated
by Schmidt of Schischka, may prove to be B. montana, which is
frequent in that locality, and where Schmidt had often made col-
lections. In that case it may be suspected that Erichson was
prevented from closely examining the animal, either by the paucity
of specimens or some other cause; so that it still remains doubtful
as yet whether his two European species agree generically among
themselves, or with Adelops.
BatTHYscIA.
Ordo Exvevtuerata—Familia SinpHaz.
Oculi nulli. Mandibulz dentatee. Mazxillee mala interiori spi-
nulis terminata. Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo conico, acumi-
nato. Antenne longiores, extrorsum crassiores, articulo octavo
contiguis minore. Mesosternum carinatum. Tarsi antici 4 arti-
culati, posteriores 5-articulati, omnes articulo primo subsequen~
tibus haud longiore.
Bafte; coxa.
Batuyscra Byssina.
Breviter ovata, valde convexa, fusco-ferruginea, fulvo-pubescens,
articulis palporum labialium longitudine subaequalibus ; nono an-
tennarum articulo octavum ter superante. Long 4 lin.
Batuyscta Montana.
Ovata, convexa, ferruginea, fulvo-pubescens ; articulo secundo
palporum labialium brevissimo; nono antennarum articulo octa-
vum dimidia parte superante. Long. ¥, lin.*
The next genus, Stagobius, is so peculiar in its structure, and
so unlike all the Sijphe, and yet possesses nothing in its habit
to remind us of any other family, that we must rigorously adopt
* For the full details (in Latin) of the generic and specific characters of these
and the subsequent species, the reader is referred to the original work.—W. S.
142 Schiodte’s Specimen
systematic characters, in order to settle its natural place. The
connate swollen and bladder-formed elytra form a curious con-
trast with the blind, long, narrow and depressed head and the
equally long, narrow, almost cylindrical prothorax, and the strange-
ness of the figure is rendered still more complete by the slender
and elongated shape of the limbs. However, a combination of the
following characters will only admit of the animal being com-
pared with Silphide, Anisotomide and Scydmenide. Seven ab-
dominal joints; the first being hidden by the hind hips; only the
last two completely movable. Fore coxe conical, freely projecting
from their articulating cavities. Antenne 11-jointed, clavate.
This last-mentioned family has been adopted by a number of
authors since the time of Latreille, but remains still without being
properly confirmed. I have in a former memoir * endeavoured
to show that it recedes from the rest of Latreille’s Clavicorns by
its anatomical character, and therefore confine myself at present
to the following observations.
The parts of the mouth are formed according to a peculiar
type, approaching to no other than that of the Pselaphide. The
upper lip wants the labellum, but is furnished with spines; the
mandibles are falcate, with sharp teeth, the molar plate small,
slightly grooved ; maxillz short, with broad stems and palpi, with
extraordinarily large joints; the terminal part of the external
maxillary lobe is quite horny, except along the inner suture. On
account of the greater development of the divisions of the maxillz,
the faucal margin becomes deeply excavated on each side of the
mentum, which is very small, and is thus supported by a more or
less protruding part of the throat. The scapes of the labial palpi,
which in the Si/phide and Anisotomide are nearly concealed by the
mentum, are protruding, free and connate throughout their whole
length in the Scydmenide. The short tongue is quite horny,
with a spinose scarcely incised apex; the paraglosse, on the
contrary, are much more developed than in the two families men-
tioned, free at the apex, and armed along the inner margin with a
row of pectinate teeth; the middle joint of the lingual palpi is of
considerable size, intumescent, with a cuspidate terminal joint.
It is, therefore, principally the third pair of the parts of the mouth,
which presents itself by its form as the diagnosis; and, in the se-
cond place, the form of the hinder hips, which are conical, and re-
moved from each other by the greater lateral development of the
metasternum. The congregated structure of the eyes, and the
* Kroyer, Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, Ny Rekke, B. 1, p. 394.
Faune Sublerranee. 143
number of the joints of the feet, may be taken as secondary cha-
racters ; but they are of no importance, least of all the last men-
tioned.
According to what we have advanced, this family may be de-
signated in the following manner, in contradistinction to the Sil-
phide and Anisotomide :—
Scydmenidee. Antenne 11-articulate, clavate. Oculi aggregati.
Stipites palporum labialium maximi, detecti, connati. Ligula
parva, cornea, paraglossis liberis, elongatis, pectinatis. Coxe
anlice conice, exserte. Coxe postice conice, distantes.
Tarsi 5-articulati. Abdomen segmentis ventralibus septem.
The new genus cannot be admitted into this family, because the
parts of its mouth, as will be seen below, are totally different from
the type of Scydmenide, and its hinder coxz are transversal,
moveable on their axis. It only remains, therefore, to compare it
with the St/phide and Anisotomide. The most recent diagnosis
of the first of these families is, according to Erichson :*
Mazxille mala utraque coriacea aut membranacea. Antenne 11-
articulate, clavate. Tarsi omnes 5-articulati. Abdomen segmentis
sex compositum.
This diagnosis in its totality is obsolete; nor can we consider
any of its characters as quite correct. The first is too general,
and therefore insufficient ; the second excludes Necrophorus ; and
the third is cancelled by the genus Bathyscia proposed above.
It is only the fourth character which can be retained, remembering,
however, that Erichson does not include the first joint, which is
concealed by the hinder coxe.
Erichson proposes the following diagnosis for the Anisotomide
in his last immortal work :}
Antenne 11-articulate clavate. Coxe antice exserte, conice,
posteriores approximate. Trochanteres postici simplices. Abdomen
segmentis ventralibus sex; and he adds the remark, that the
Anisotomide are so nearly related to the Silphide, that it is diffi-
cult adequately to discriminate between the two families. He
mentions that the trochanters of the posterior supporting legs are
fulcrantes (‘« stutzend”) in the Si/phide, simple (“ einfach’) in the
Anisotomide ; that the middle coxez in the latter are more en-
closed in the cavities of the joints ; and that the episterna of the
post-pectus (parapleura) are totally, or for the greater part, con-
* Die Kafer der Mark Brandenburg, Band 1, p. 223.
+ Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands, Abth. 1, B. 3, p. 41.
t Ibid. p. 43.
144 Schiodte’s Specimen
cealed under the recurved margin of the elytra. He has since *
given an account of the difference between the larvee of Leiodes
and the hitherto known larve of Silphide. .
We find, according to the subjoined details of structure, that
all the characters exist in Stagobius which, as has been said al-
ready, must be considered as common to the Silphide and Aniso-
tomide, in contradistinction from the Scydmenide. The anterior
legs are four-jointed, which is the case also in Bathyscia, which
is in all respects a genuine form of the Silphide. It has the same
type of the parts of the mouth, the antenne, the coxe, and the
hinder portion of the abdomen ; in a word, it possesses the iden-
tical essential character, with this notable exception, however, that
the post-pectus, which is more developed in breadth, though not
to that degree as in Scydmenide, forces the hinder coxz (quite re-
sembling, in their transversal position, those of the Szlphide) asunder
from each other. If to this is added, that this proportion, as far
as I know, always represents a very different distribution of
muscles in the metathorax, and implies in this case a more or
less slow motion, while it renders running quite impossible ; if it
is further remembered, how deeply this single circumstance must
influence all the functions of life of the animal; and lastly, ifits very
strange habits are considered, surely there are grounds for regard-
ing the animal as the type of a peculiar family. In fact there can be
no doubt that this is the correct view, if the family of Anisoto-
mide maintains its place as a family independent of the Silphide,
for the deviations of Stagobius from the latter are of far greater
weight than those which separate the Anisotomide. But I cannot
admit at present that the slight differences, pointed out by Erich-
son, go further than to separate the Silphide@ and Anisotomide as
two different groups of the same family; and, accordingly, I do
not place any great value on the deviations of this new form. It
must be recollected that we are still very deficient in our know-
ledge of the series of the forms here mentioned, and that all that
can be expected as yet is a modified view of their internal and
external systematical relations.
* Erichson, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 13 Jahrg, 1847, B.1, p. 285. The
point upon which he has laid the greatest stress is this: that the mandibles in the
Anisotomide, and their larvae, are furnished with a molar plate, whereas in the
Silphe there are none. This distinction, according to my observations, does not
hold good; for Choleva has the molar plate ten times longer and stronger than the
Anisotomida.
Faune Subterranee. 145
Some parts of the structure peculiar to this remarkable animal,
demand additional notice, with reference to its mode of existence.
On a former occasion* I have pointed out that the organs termed
onychia exist more extensively among the Eleutherata than was
hitherto supposed to be the case, and. that they are found also in
Silphide. They are developed in a peculiar manner in Stagobius,
where the proper, horny, basilar-part, is greatly withdrawn, while
the two bristles, at its end, are much elongated and directed back-
wards, towards the base of the tarsus. There exist, besides, two
other setae, equally moveable, but having a forward direction ;
these, together with the others, form a cross of four long sete,
which constitute the longest of a system of moveable bristles of
various lengths; two pairs being inserted at the end of the joint
of each foot, one pair above, the other underneath. The intention
of this whole apparatus, and the very long, slender and sharp claws,
as well as the elongated and attenuated tarsal joints, is very mani-
fest in an animal, destined to roam amid the vertical stalactites, in
darkness and in blindness. It is more difficult to comprehend the
apparent disproportion of the prothorax, as compared with that
part of the body directly behind it. I account for it in this way :
it is obvious that it must be difficult for so slow and weak an
animal, to procure adequate sustenance in a locality like that
which it inhabits ; and that, probably, it is occasionally without the
means of procuring food, during a long period. The spacious vault
under the elytra seems to indicate, that possibly an accumulation
of fat takes place under favourable circumstances, on which the
animal subsists in times of scarcity. In the specimens which I
examined, the abdomen occupied only a small portion of the
vault, and I consider them, therefore, to have been in a lean
state. The slowness of motion, and the small respiratory fo-
ramina, are in favour of this view; for we may, I think, consider
it as a fact, that the respiration of insects, is in a direct ratio to
the intensity of their motion, but in an indirect ratio to the mass
of fat. The necessity of a spacious abdomen, and the movements
consisting of long steps, determine the necessity of a slender pro-
thorax, which can supply the absence of freedom of motion, and
afford adequate space for the insertion of legs, fitted to take long
strides.
My first specimen of Stagobius troglodytes, as I call the
species, was found seated about ten feet from the ground, on one
of the stalactites, in an inner compartment of the Adelsberg cave.
* Kroyer, |. c., vol. ii. p. 360.
VOL. I. N.S. PART Y.—JUNE, 1851. L
146 Schiodte’s Specimen
I afterwards found a second in a similar locality there, and a
third in the Magdalena cave; the two latter nearly twenty feet
above the floor. These were the only specimens which I met
with in a living state; but we may conclude from the many re-
mains of dead specimens, found in the breaks of the columns,
that the animal is common at other seasons; for its skin may
long be preserved in the cool air of the caves, although it is at
length covered by the calcareous deposit. The animal moves
slowly and cautiously, supported on its long legs, as if on stilts ; it
stands still the instant that light, or rather the sound of approach,
reaches it, when it crouches down and remains immoveable, with
erect antenne and stretched out legs, unless it is touched. Many
of the remains were dispersed in such a manner, that there can be
no doubt of the animal being killed and devoured by animals of
prey, which, it may be easily conjectured, are the two Arachnidans
subsequently described, which, it will be seen, are well fitted for
hunting.
STAGOBIINZ.
Ordo EteutHerata. SinpHarum Familie Tribus nova.
Coxe postice distantes.
Prothorax subcylindricus.
STAGOBIUS.
Oculi nulli. Mazxille mala interiort spinulis terminata. Palpi
maxillares articulo ultimo conico, acuminato. Ligula membra-
nacea, apice acute emarginata; paraglossis membranaceis,
breviter ciliatis, igulam haud superantibus. Antenne elongate,
graciles, extrorsum crassiores, articulis clavatis, octavo contiguis
minore. Pedes elongati, gracillimi; tarsi filiformes, setis longi-
oribus, antici 4-articulati, posteriores 5-articulati, omnes articulo
primo elongato, unguiculis setisque onychii terminalibus elongatis.
Lraé, Brow.
Stacogius TrocLopytTes.
Fusco-brunneus, capite thoraceque obscurioribus, glaber, levis,
nitidus, scutello, coleopteris ventreque minutissime reticulosis
punctisque impressis remotis, obsoletis. Long. 23—3 lin.
In the inner cavities of the Adelsberg cave, on clusters of
Byssus fulous, 1 found a remarkable new species of the order
Faune Subterranee. 147
Thysanoura,—white, of considerable size, and approaching to the
genus Anurophorus, Nicolet, on account of its want of a scaly co-
vering, its rudimentary apparatus for jumping, the structure of
its antenne and limbs, as well as the number and position of its
eyes. The antenne are strikingly different from those of the
well-known species, being longer than the head ; the legs, besides,
are longer and more slender; and the structure of the pectoral
segments is remarkable, each being subdivided by a stricture
into two unequal parts. It is exceedingly difficult to discover the
eyes, and it was only after many attempts that I ascertained their
existence, form, number and position, by the aid of Lieberkiihn’s
mirror and a powerfully reflected lamp-light. They are snow-
white, fourteen on each side, and placed nearly as in Anurophorus
jimetarius.* Their colour plainly indicates their being rudimen-
tary, and unfit for sensation.
Smaller specimens, found together with the larger ones, differed,
besides their size, by the short antennz having a large terminal
joint, and the pectoral joints being less strongly constricted; I con-
sider them to be a younger age. Conjointly with these two forms
I met with a third, much smaller, linear, with very short antennz,
very feeble traces of constriction in the pectoral rings, and the
abdomen furnished at the end with two small hooks. This small
form, I think, is the larva state.
Anvropuorus STILLICIDII,
Niveus, oculis viginti-octo; antennis capite duplo longioribus ;
segmentis thoracicis bilobis.
Long. 13 lin.
Many of the stalactites have lateral projections, arising from
the inequality of the droppings from which they have originated.
From these projections water drops down, which strikes on those
below; and this is particularly the case, where the stalactites
have reached the roof of the vault. Carbonate of lime is in time
deposited between the adjoining projections, which thus gra-
dually approach each other, beginning from without, so that a
small recess is often formed between two projections, preserving
its outlet, until their whole breadth is united. These little cavities
are inhabited, in the Magdalena and Adelsberg caves, by two
remarkable blind Arachnidans, each the type of a new genus.
* Nicolet, Recherches pour servir 4 l’Histoire des Podurelles, pl. 2, fig. 19.
L2
148 Schiodte’s Specimen
One of them belongs to the order Aranee, and is connected
with the few known genera having two pairs of respiratory ori-
fices, of which only the first pair contains air-gills, the other
containing tracheze. It is besides, in other respects, nearly allied
to the genus Dysdera, though in its habit it still more resembles
the otherwise far removed genus Desis.* Besides its want of
sight, it differs from Dysdera, by various discrepancies in the
parts of the mouth, the proportions of its limbs, and the naked
abdomen.
STALITA.
Ordo AranEx. Familia DyspErR&.
Oculi nulli. Antenne mandibulares subporrecte, conice, ungue
sublateraliter inflexo. Mazille mala elongata, apice oblique
truncato, margine interiori dense barbato. Labiuwm sternale
elongatum, angustum, apice subrotundato. Pedes elongati,
subceequales, tertii paris breviores. Abdomen nudum.
Irnrirne.
Srauita Tnaria.
Pallide ferruginea, antennis palpisque fuscescentibus, abdomine
animalis vivi niveo: nitida, subglabra, palpis pedibusque spis-
sius pilosis. Long. 3 lin.
The other genus, of the order of Solifuga@, is a colossal form
of the family of Obisia, being closely allied to Obsiwm, though
apparently differing by its remarkably slender and elongated
limbs and palpi, the rudimentary state of the horny abdominal
scales, its want of eyes, and, lastly, its remarkable size.
Both these Arachnidans are rust-coloured, with a white abdo-
men; they are swift animals, readily escaping pursuit, unless
they are caught at a distance from their places of resort.
BLorturRws.
Ordo Souiruce. Familia Ostsia.
Oculi nulli. Pollex antennarum mandibularium appendice nulla.
Cephalothorax integer. Pedes elongati, gracillimi; tubie an-
teriores biarticulate ; femora posteriora sutura ante medium
* At least the only known species, Desis dysderoides, Walck. (Hist. Nat. des
Aptéres, i. p. 610), which is identical with the original specimen in the Royal
Museum of Natural History, of Aranea mazillosa, Fabr. (Entom. Syst. ii. p. 411,
n. 17.)
Faune Subterranee. 149
divisa spuria ; tarsi omnes biarticulati. Abdomen membrana-
ceum, scutis corneis obsoletis. Corpus setulosum, selis simpli-
cibus.
BiwOpdc, & BAwoyw.
Bioturus SPEL&US.
Pallide ferrugineus, manibus obscurioribus apice fuscescentibus
oO ? ’
abdomine animalis vivi eburneo. Long. 23—2# lin.
In places of the caves, where water drops down direct upon the
floor, small collections of it take place, which form a deposit of
crystals of carbonate of lime at their bottom. In these pools in
the Luege and Adelsberg caves, we find a snow-white, blind, crus-
taceous animal of the family of A4mphipoda. It has a slender
smooth figure, without any spines, and so nearly allied to Gam-
marus, that it would belong to that genus, were it not for its want
of eyes, and the following very striking character :—The last ab-
dominal feet, which are nearly void of spines, have the inner style
rudimentary, while the outer is not only greatly elongated, espe-
cially in the male; but what is more remarkable, it is two-jointed.
I consider this last circumstance as decisive, being supported in
this view by some expressions of our celebrated Carcinologist
(M. Kroyer), concerning those species of Gammarus, in which
the style of the second joint of the sixth pair of abdominal legs
is rudimentary, or entirely wanting; such as G. Olivii, podager,
Dugesi, brevicaudatus, Milne-Edw.,* affinis and pungens, Milne-
Edw.,{ dentatus{ and anisochir, K.§ He considers this structure
to be of weight in a physiological point of view, as a generic cha-
racter among animals, whose motion in a great measure consists
in jumping ;|| but in our new species, this apparatus for jumping
differs still more, so as to resemble almost a rotatory contrivance.
Another deviation deserving notice, is the very slight development
of the appendicular flagellum of the uppermost antennz, which
consists of only two joints, and protrudes very little beyond the
first joint of the flagellum; yet great weight cannot be attached
to this structure, especially as in some degree it occurs in several
* Extrait de Recherches pour servir a ]’Hist. Nat. des Crustacés-Amphipodes
(Annal. des Se. Nat, tom, xx. p. 367—372).
+ Hist. Nat. des Crustacés, tom. iii. p. 47.
¢ Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskr. vol. iv. p. 159.
§ Ibid. New Series, vol. i. p. 327,
|| Kroyer, lo. cit. p. 326.
150 Schiodte’s Specimen
species of Gammarus, such as brevicaudatus and Othonis, M.-
Edw.*
NIPHARGUS.
Ordo AmputropA—Familia GamMaARI.
Oculi nulli Antenne superiores inferioribus longiores, flagello
appendiculari minuto, biarticulato. Pedes ultimi paris stylo
interiori brevissimo, exteriori valde elongato, biarticulato.
Nigapyoc.
Niphargus Stygius.
Elongatus, summa altitudine a dorso segmenti tertii ad infe-
riorem epimeri marginem quintuplo longior, subcompressus,
crassitie maxima segmenti tertii altitudinem haud zquante,
levis, carinis dentibusque carens omnino. Color niveus.
Long. 5—7 In.
The commonest among the proper cave animals, is a species,
which, not confining itself to the columns in the depths of the
caves, is found wandering about on the walls, on the columns
near the outlet, which have become blackened by the torches,
and also along the frequented paths and roads; and it is the
only animal among those treated of here, which was known
before, though imperfectly only. It is a white crustacean of the
family of Oniscide, and has been figured by Koch under the
name of Pherusa alba.{ He had, however, defective specimens
only, without antennz or the last pair of abdominal legs, and had
to rely on the want of eyes for his generic character. On refer-
ring to Koch’s work on the subject, Erichsont has subsequently
added some remarks, derived from his examination of better pre-
served specimens in the Berlin Museum, concerning the appen-
dage to the last pair of abdominal legs, and the number of joints
in the flagellum of the antennze, which he rates at eight. As this
is all the information we have hitherto possessed as to this animal,
I have availed myself of the present opportunity of entering into
a detail of its structure.
According to M. Koch’s division of the family of Oniscide
(Cloportides, Lat.), founded on the structure of the last pair
* Annal. des Soc. Nat. tom. xx. p. 373. Milne-Edwards mentions that the
appendicular flagellum is three-jointed.
t Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden, 34stes Heft. 1840.
t Archiv fur Naturg. 1841, vol. il. p. 252.
Faune Subterranee. 151
of abdominal legs, our animal belongs, as observed already by
Erichson, to the middle group (the family of Oniscid@, Koch),
characterized by the oval or lanceolate form of those legs, and
otherwise corresponding entirely with the almost identical divi-
sion of Porcellionides of M. Milne-Edwards. Among the genera
founded in this group by Latreille and Brandt, which differ only
in the number of joints of the outer flagellum of the antennze
(one, two or three), Pherusa maintains its place in many respects.
Instead of one single, or only a few joints, which in point of form
or size do not contrast with the outer joint of the stalk, we find
here a very developed flagellum, having a larger number of short
joints (eight, to twenty). The entire form of the animal is slender,
the corners of the hindermost of the thoracic segments are consider-
ably elongated, especially in the male, without the abdomen being
enclosed by the seventh thoracic segment, as is usually the case ;
on the contrary, it is quite free, more than half the length of the
thorax, receiving a still more determined shape, from the unusual
length of the two first joints; these, as well as the succeeding
joints, differ in shape among themselves, as well as from the
thoracic joints; the posterior corners of the third of the abdo-
minal segments, in the male, being much elongated externally and
backwards. The structure of the limbs is in uniformity with the
slender form of the body, the first seven pairs of legs being very
delicate, and increasing gradually in length from before, so that
the last pair is very much longer than the first, which is the re-
verse of what is the case in the known genera. The outer joints
of the last pair of abdominal legs is subulate, and exceeds in
length the abdomen.
The following points remain to be noticed, being different from
the other genera of the group. The middle of the three lobes,
which seem to terminate the head anteriorly in these genera, may
be said to be deficient here, inasmuch as it does not, as usual,
form a projecting border, but is vaulted downwards with a gentle
curve towards the clypeus, above which it is bordered by a strongly
arched, slightly elevated line. All the parts of the mouth are re-
markably slender. In the sinus of the masticatory side of the
mandibulz are found four movable appendages ; the first of these
is thick, with a naked, toothed joint; the other three elongated,
nearly filiform, slightly hairy on the anterior surface. The first pair
of maxille have the anterior lobe at its apex furnished with three
appendages, instead of a short one; they are long and slender,
nearly lanceolate, and furnished with longish lateral hairs. The
palpi and lobes of the maxillary feet are unusually developed, and
152 Schiodte’s Specimen
both are dense and finely ciliated, but without scattered spines ;
the lobe has at its apex a minute, sharp, and slightly hairy ap-
pendage, and a delicate spine. The outermost joint or claw of the
thoracic legs, wants the little appendage on the inner side, near
the apex; but it is divided into two joints, of which the upper-
most is densely bristly and furnished outwardly with a peculiar
little apparatus, consisting of two threads, united at the base in
a common sheath, but flabelliform and incised at the end.
The want of eyes, in addition to the above peculiarities, must
assuredly be considered as differences from the known genera of
the group, far more significant than the characters, which separate
those genera among themselves. I hesitate not, therefore, to re-
gard the animal as a well-founded genus, The peculiarity in the
structure will be understood without difficulty. Having a much
more humid locality than Oniscus, Porcellio and the other Oniscide,
and compelled to seek for nourishment in the dark, we easily
comprehend the intention of its general slenderness of shape, the
more free abdomen, and the longer legs, especially developed be-
hind, as adapting it for a higher degree of mobility. The flagellum
of the antennze approaches accordingly nearer to the structure,
which we find among the Ligie and the other groups of aquatic
animals; while the fanshaped, very flexible apparatus appended
to its feet, appears well suited to support its progress on the most
frequently perpendicular and wet sides of the caves and the sta-
lactites.
Among the characters in the diagnosis, the first two are suffi-
cient to separate the genus from the earlier ones of the group;
but some of the others may have to be removed in case other
species should be discovered. When it will be seen whether or
not the genus occupies the same position in the group, with regard
to the difference among its species, as the other genera, whose
species, like what occurs in all terrestrial Zrticulata, are so closely
allied to each other, that they differ only in colour, painting,
covering, sculpture, and single little inequalities in their forms.
As the name applied by Koch has been repeatedly used before,
even in the same class of animals, I propose a new generic name.
TITANETHES.
Ordo Isopopa—Familia Onisci—Tribus Ontscin1.
Oculi nulli. Flagellum antennarum exteriorum setaceum, mul-
tiarticulatum. Mandibule appendicibus quatuor, anteriori
nuda, dentata, posterioribus cqualibus, filiformibus. Mala
wntertor maxillarum prioris paris appendicibus munita tribus,
Faune Subterranee. 153
elongatis, pennatis. Mala pedum mazxillarium elongata, ap-
pendiculata. Pedes (sic dicti) thoracict graciles, longitudine
per paria crescentes ; unguiculis biarticulatis appendiceque in-
structis gemina flabellata. Posterior abdominis portio libera,
elongata. Pedes abdominales ultimi paris articulo exteriori
styliformi, elongato.
Tirdy,—i6ne.
Titanethes albus.
Oblongo-ovatus, posterius attenuatus, convexiusculus, niveus,
unguiculis apicem versus rufuscentibus, levis; caput, thorax,
segmentaque prioris abdominis portionis superne ad latera
marginemque posteriorem tuberculis adspersa minutis, rotun-
datis, inzequalibus. Long. 4—7 lin.
We may with propriety apply the collective term Subterranean
Fauna to those animals, which exclusively inhabit caves, and
are expressly constructed for such habitations. Still there is
nothing in this name, which would indicate that these animals
have any claim to be considered as a separate group, beyond the
mere peculiarity of their common place of abode. I have endea-
voured, but in vain, after completing my examination of them,
to collect the impressions left on my mind by their various pecu-
liarities, and to estimate the extraordinary changes which take
place in regard to the more or less wide or narrow systematic
groups to which each of the forms belong, with the view of as-
certaining whether or not the animals might constitute some
higher faunal unity. While a few of them possess such an extra-
ordinary structure, as to stand in no comparison with those
animals which inhabit the light, there are others, forming only
more characteristic links in the groups of animals more or
less shy of light, of which many are found common in the
localities of the caves; and some belong to genera having a
wide local, as well as geographical, extension. We are accord-
ingly prevented from considering the entire phenomenon in any
other light than something purely local, and the similarity which
is exhibited in a few forms (Anophthalmus, Adelops, Bathyscia),
between the Mammoth cave and the caves in Carniola, otherwise
than as a very plain expression of that analogy, which subsists
generally between the Fauna of Europe and of North America.
Besides, it is clear to me, that the Fauna of the caves of Carniola
consists of two divisions, of which the essential character is refer-
able on the one hand to the dark locality, and on the other to the
154 Schiodte’s Specimen
additional confinement to stalactitic formations; as yet we are
not able rigorously to discriminate between the two. We shall
accordingly look upon the subterranean Fauna, or more properly
Faunas, as small ramifications which have penetrated into the
earth from the geographically-limited Faunas of the adjacent
tracts, and which, as they extended themselves into darkness,
have been accommodated to surrounding circumstances. Animals
not far remote from the ordinary forms, prepare the transition
from light to darkness. Next follow those that are constructed
for twilight; and last of all those destined for total darkness, and
whose formation is quite peculiar. Among these, some are adapted
for special localities, those which inhabit dry localities or detached
little reservoirs being totally blind, while others, destined for run-
ning streams, have eyes of imperfect construction, so as to receive
the impression of rays of light, but no proper image of illumi-
nated objects. We may therefore with tolerable precision arrange
the inhabitants of caverns under the following heads :
Shade-animals.— Extensive genera and species, inhabiting caverns
near their entrance, and, generally, all cool, shady and moist loca-
lities. Of these, those that fly, occasionally enter far into the
caverns (Antliata).
Tnilight-animals.—They belong to widely-spread genera, but
are peculiar to the caves, and distinguished by their small eyes.
They are principally found near the entrances to the caves, but
proceed deeper into the darkness than the shade-animals, and
although wingless, they penetrate often the whole extent of the
dark space.—(Pristonychus elegans, Homalota spelea.)
Cave-animals.—They form, at least in part, peculiar genera,
are wingless and colourless, as far as the consistency of their
integuments will admit, and exist exclusively in total darkness,
The terrestrial division is blind; the aquatic has a perception of
light. To this group belong all the animals in the Mammoth cave,
and among those of the caves of Carniola Anophthalmus, Bathyscia,
perhaps likewise Anurophorus and Hypochthon, which, however,
may belong to the following group.
Stalactite-cave-animals.—Insects, Arachnidans and Crustaceans,
appertaining to peculiar genera, wingless, blind, brightly coloured,
according to the nature of their integuments, either light brown,
yellowish, white, or snow-white, perhaps according to the prepon-
derance of the Chitine; living in total darkness, peculiar to sta-
lactite caves, in part occupying the columns and constructed
accordingly, either for ascent or hovering over them. Here belong
most of the animals treated of in this memoir,—Stagobius, Blothrus,
Stalita, Niphargus and Titanethes.
Faune Subterranee. 155
The circumstance of all the proper cave animals belonging to
those groups which feed on prey or else on fermenting vegetable
and animal substances, corresponds exactly with the nature of the
caves. For, all the caves in which these animals are known te
occur, agree in this, that they contain, more or less, running
streams, or at any rate accumulations of water, which may be sup-
posed to receive influx from without. It is easy, therefore, to
understand how the aquatic animals obtain their food. But water
will also carry with it sufficient food for the land animals of the
caves, consisting of living and dead animals, and putrid vegetable
substances; and these animals may in their turn serve as food for
the predatory ones. Titanethes albus may be instanced as a link
between the outer animals and the predatory animals within, on
account of their frequency and mode of living. But it is difficult
to understand the mode of life of Stagobius Troglodytes ; or how
this slow and defenceless animal can escape being devoured by
the rapid, piratical Arachnidans, or find adequate support on
columns, for inhabiting which it is so manifestly constructed. We
are led in this respect to consider the antennee. Whatever signi-
fication we attach to those enigmatical organs, we must admit, that
they are organs of sense, in which view an animal having them
so much developed as Stagobius, must possess a great advantage
over its enemies, if these be only Arachnidans. Its cautious and
slow progress, and its timid reconnoitring demeanour, fully indi-
cate, that it is conscious of life being in perpetual danger, and that
it endeavours to the utmost to avoid that danger. Darkness,
which always favours the pursued more than the pursuer, comes
to its aid, especially on the uneven, excavated surface of the
columns. Nor is it difficult to suppose, that it procures sufficient
food, more so, perhaps, than is the case with many insects living
in the open air; for, the stalactites can scarcely be more void
of vegetation, or present generally a more hopeless appearance,
as the abode of insects, than the spots on the confines of the snow-
line of the Alps, which continue uncovered only a few weeks in
summer ; or the ashes and lava at the foot of the crater of Vesu-
vius and Atna; or the naked sands, washed by perpetual spray
from the sea, on the cliffs at the extremity of Skagen. And yet,
these lofty Alp-regions are inhabited by not a few peculiar, wingless
insects; the scanty manure, left on the sides of the volcanos by
the mules and horses of travellers, is sought after by a peculiar
Aphodius ; and the. above-mentioned sandy spots are covered,
during the entire summer, by myriads of nests of Bledius are-
narius.
156 Schiodte’s Specimen
The predominant part, which articulate animals perform, all
over the world, in the terrestrial and fresh-water Fauna, corre-
sponds with the fact, that most of the cave inhabitants belong to
that series ; while the small number of species, and even of indi-
viduals, is easily explained by the poverty of the locality, as re-
gards the conditions favourable for organic life. But if we recollect,
that only a few caves have been visited zoologically, that only few
naturalists have examined them, and finally, that the animals of
the caves of Carniola, which I have described above, were found
in the course of half a score days only, and in but one season, we
may look upon it as probable, that the number of cave-animals,
even those of the caves hitherto actually visited, is far from being
exhausted.
EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.
PLATE IX.
Fig. 1. Stagobius troglodytes, seen sideways.
Fig. 2. Anurophorus stillicidii.
Fig. 3. Stalita teniaria.
Fig. 4. Blothrus speleus.
Fig. 5. Niphargus stygius.
Fig. 6. Titanethus albus.
(All reduced from Schiodte’s figures.)
The following observations have been communicated by the author, in
a letter to Dr. Wallich, as an Appendix to the above Memoir :—
I. I have mentioned a peculiar insect of the family of Locusts
as occurring in the caves of Carniola, and in grottos in the vicinity
of Syracuse; but I could not do more than barely mention the spe-
cies, not being in possession of completely developed specimens. I
have since learned that the animal has been already described.
In a paper of Dr. H. Fischer (Beitrage zur Geschichte des
Orthopteren-Studiums, in Entom. Zeitung, 10 Jahrg. Feb. 1849,
p- 44) I was made aware of the existence of a memoir, which ap-
pears to have remained in complete obscurity even in Germany
itself, but in which the insect in question is clearly described under
the name of Locusta cavicola. The author is Vincent Kollar; the
memoir is in ‘ Systemat. Verzeichniss der im Erzherzugthume
Oestreich vorkommende geradefliigeligen Insecien,” and is also in-
serted in “ Beitraége zur Landeskunde Ostreichs unter der Enns,”
3d vol., Vienna, 8vo. p.67. The insect was discovered by Director
Schreibers in a small cavern in the vicinity of Baden, called the
Schelmenloch.
Faune Subterranee. 157
Locusta cavicola is no doubt nearest to the genus Rhaphidophora,
Serv., differing however in one important point from Serville’s
character of it, namely, in the structure of the legs, which are ea-
tremely compressed. Not having had an opportunity of examining
any of the species of Rhaphidophora described by Serville, Harris,
and De Haan, I am unable to point out anything beyond that.
II. My researches concerning the Fauna of the caves were
communicated to the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences, at the
Meeting of the 25th June, 1847, and a sketch of them was pub-
lished the same year, in the Academy’s Proceedings, No. 6, p. 75,
et seq. Through the kindness of Mr. Ferd. Schmidt I have
since become acquainted with a quarto paper, published by him
(as it appears, a transcript from an Illyrian daily paper), entitled
Naturhistorisches aus Krain (Communications on Natural History,
from Carniola), and dated the 28th December, 1847; in which
that zealous and, as respects the Fauna of the caves, very merito-
rious collector, gives an account of several new objects found there.
A new Anophthalmus, from the Sele grotto, has now appeared in
Sturm’s “ Deutschlands-Fauna,” under the name of A. Bilimeki
(named after the discoverer, a Cistercian divine), Two other
animals likewise mentioned there ; Catops troglodytes and Obisium
troglodytes, are probably identical with Bathyscia byssina and
Blothrus speleus. Mr. Schmidt has likewise met with Stagobius
troglodytes in the Adelsberg grotto, referring to it under the
name of Leptodirus Hohenwarti, represented in an annexed litho-
graphic outline. It is mentioned at the same time, that frag-
ments of the animal had already been found, in 1831, by Count
Franz von Hohenwart ; but that Mr. Schmidt had visited the caves
annually, from 1831 to 1846, on purpose to search for it, but in
vain. Sturm has now given a good account of this cave-inhabitant
in his *“ Deutschlands-Fauna,” but appears not to have been ac-
quainted with my memoir. The anterior tarsi of the male are
five-jointed, according to his account; so that my specimens must
be all females, and those points, to which I thought I could attach
external sexual differences, can only belong to individuals.
III. In a communication from Mr. Freyer mention is made of
a new cave-crustacean, Palomon anophthalmus, Kollar, said to serve
as food for Hypochthon; of which last genus he discriminates six
species. Berichte, &c. (Reports on the Communications of
Friends of Natural Sciences at Vienna, edited by William Hai-
dinger, vol. 5, Vienna, 8vo. p. 56.)
158 Mr. W. W. Saunders on
XVIII. On Insects injurious to the Cotton Plant. By W.
W. Saunpers, Esq., F.L.S.
[Read February 3rd, 1851.]
Havine had my attention recently called to the insects injurious
to the Cotton plant, I have been seeking for information on this
subject from various sources, where I expected to have found the
object of my inquiries fully answered, It is with surprise, how-
ever, that I discover that the insects in question have been but
very little studied, and have scarcely excited the attention of those
interested in the growth of cotton ; although it is evident, from the
accounts published of the ravages of these insects, that at times
the amount of loss to the planter must have been very great. No
careful description, nor well directed observations, seem to have
been made by our Transatlantic brethren on the various insects
which we read of under the names of Chenille, Cotton Bug, Cut~-
worm, &c., &c., insects well known to the planters, as their worst
enemies, and concerning them the particulars I have to offer are of
avery unsatisfactory kind, wanting entirely in that exact informa-
tion so necessary to the entomological inquirer, and which, if fully
developed, might lead to some satisfactory method of diminish-
ing, if not preventing, the injuries so much complained of. A
short account of these insects, extracted from Porter’s Tropical
Agriculturist, and the History of the Cotton Manufacture, by
Dr. Ure, is all that I can discover of any value on the subject,
and the extracts hereafter made will show that the information
afforded is of a very scanty and unsatisfactory nature. Pursuing
the subject further, I find a brief notice and description of a moth
injurious to the cotton plant in Abbot and Smith’s Insects of
Georgia, which may be one of those alluded to by Mr. Porter or
Dr. Ure; but I have no means of proving their identity. There
is also in the Transactions of the Entomological Society, vol. iii.,
a notice of a small moth, very injurious to the cotton plant, at
Broach, in the East Indies, which I brought to the notice of this
Society, and called Depressaria Gossypiella. The published infor-
mation on insects injurious to the cotton plant, appears to termi-
nate here, as far as I can ascertain; and it is my intention, after
laying a short account of the insects alluded to before this
Society, to proceed to the description of some others, about which
1 have more positive information, trusting that the whole may be
Insects injurious to the Cotton Plant. 159
of some use asa first step towards a history of the insects inju-
rious to the cotton plant ; and may bring this important subject to
the notice of Entomologists, especially of those who have oppor-
tunities of witnessing the ravages committed by these insects,
and induce them to record their observations, with a view of fur-
nishing information for a more complete illustration of the subject
hereafter.
The Cuenitte, of Guiana and Bahamas.—Mr. Porter mentions
this caterpillar as follows:—‘‘ Another very serious peril to which
the plant is liable results from the ravages of an insect called the
cotton caterpillar, but more generally known upon cotton plantations
as the Chenille. This destroyer is generally about an inch or an
inch and a half in length; its back and sides are glossy black; a
single line of white runs down the whole length of the back, at
its middle, and double white lines are seen at each side of the
single line, and running parallel to it. The belly is of a whitish
yellow colour, and is covered with a soft downy hair intermixed
with bristles, which are short and black. ‘These insects have a
most rapacious appetite; they sometimes appear singly, or in
small companies, but at other times are in such swarms that
whole fields of cotton plants, which gave no sign of their pre-
sence on the previous evening, are seen in the morning com-
pletely devoured, so that not a leaf, a flower, a pod, or a green
sprout remains. A very singular effect accompanies the ravages
of this Jittle enemy. Although the insect itself gives out no
smell, and the plants are equally inodorous, yet while the Chenille
is feeding on its leaves, a strong and uncommonly fragrant smell
is perceptible at more than one hundred yards distance. This
army of caterpillars moves off to another field as soon as one is
destroyed; and it appears that they exhibit great capriciousness
in the choice of their feeding grounds, and are often found com-
mencing their attacks in the centre of a field instead of at the
circumference, as might have been expected.”— Tropical Agricul-
turist, pp. 24 and 25.
Dr. Ure says, ‘the cotton plant of Guiana is particularly sub-
ject to the attacks of the Chenille.” — Ure’s Cotton, p. 130.
“ The Army Worm of the United States is probably identical
with the Chenille, or is a caterpillar very similar to it in its mode
of carrying on its ravages. The visits of the Chenille seldom
recur more frequently than once in three years; its whole exist-
ence is limited to twenty-seven days, nine of which it passes in
the form of a moth.”—Tvop. Agric. p. 26.
160 Mr. W. W. Saunders on
The Cotron Motu of Georgia and South Carolina.—Dr. Ure
gives the following account of this moth:—‘“ The August full
moon is likewise the time when the caterpillar makes its appear-
ance. It is the offspring of a small brown moth, resembling the
candle moth, which deposits its eggs upon the leaves of the
Gossypium, always a night or two before the full or new moon;
they hatch a few hours after they are deposited, and are so small
at first as to be hardly discernible to the naked eye; they do
little or no damage during the first nine or ten days of their life,
like the silkworm eating little in their infancy, but a few days
before they complete their growth they become so excessively
voracious as to destroy an entire plantation in a few hours. Mr.
Spalding has seen 400 acres of cotton of a promising aspect,
which four days thereafter did not possess a green leaf, or scarcely
a solitary pod upon a plant.” — Ure’s Cotton, p. 106.
Curworm or Grus, of Georgia and Guiana, is thus mentioned.—
“When both these sources of danger (frost and north-east wind)
are past, there is another enemy, equally destructive, the cock-
chafer or cutworm, which prevails in the month of April. As the
cotton comes through the ground and remains several days, like
the pea or other pulse, with only two radical leaves, every one
of the plants cut above or below the ground is destroyed, in con-
sequence of which whole fields have not unfrequently to be re-
planted in the month of May.”—Ure, loc. cit. p. 105.
** Another description of caterpillar, hurtful to the cotton
plant, is one which continues either buried in, or crawling on the
surface of the ground, it being incapable of climbing. The
ravages of this insect are consequently at an end, after the first
week following the appearance of the plant above the ground.
The ravages of these insects are said by Mr. Edwards to be so
great, that it is necessary every third or fourth year to resort
to fresh land in order to avoid them.”—Tropical Agriculturist,.
p- 26.
The Cotron Bue, of Guiana.—This insect is alluded to by Mr.
Porter, as follows :—‘‘ It is a concomitant of this disease (the
blast), that the plant is attacked bya peculiar kind of insect
called the cotton bug, which infests the pods by swarms, and
contributes greatly to the destruction of the crop; this, which is
one of the effects, has sometimes been mistakenly considered as
a cause of the blast. The insect, which is a species of Cimez, is
of a scarlet colour when young. If crushed when full grown,
Insects injurious to the Cotton Plant. 161
a powerful and offensive smell will be perceived, very similar to
that given out under similar circumstances by its European and
more domestic namesake.” —Tropical Agriculturist, p. 24.
** There are, moreover, red and black bugs, which sometimes
suck the seeds of the cotton plant at the period when the capsules
open. When seeds so gnawed get accidentally between the rollers
of the gin, they are crushed flat, and cause the wool to be soiled
with the animal impurities of the bug.” —Ure, loc. cit. p. 131.
Apate monachus, of Guiana.—Dr. Ure observes, ‘ this species
of Scarabé, the Apate monachus, is a third enemy of the cotton
plant. The larva of this insect begins its attack by boring a hole
in the green bark of the cotton tree; it penetrates into the alba-
mum, eats it with a revolving motion under the bark, and proceeds
then to the wood and pith; the branches thus attacked dry up and
perish.” — Ure, loc. cit. p. 130.
This insect may be identical with the boll or bore worm of the
planters, which Mr. Turner, in a communication to Dr. Royle,
supposes to be the larva of a Coleopterous insect, probably a
Curculio.
Referring now to the species, of which there is more positive
information to be obtained, I will place them in two divisions ;
the first containing those which have already been described,
and the second such only as are for the first time brought for-
ward as injurious to the cotton plant. In the first division may
be mentioned the smeared or cotton moth, /halena oblinita of
Abbot and Smith’s insects of Georgia, figured on plate 94 of that
work, and shortly described at page 187, loc. cit. in the following
terms, ‘ Ph.noctua, spirilinquis cristata, alis lanceolatis, coenis
punctis nigris marginem versus effluentibus.” This, more fully
described from the figure, has the fore wings above pale blueish
ash grey, covered with indistinct irregularly shaped darkish spot-
like markings on the disk, and a row of more distinct round spots
of the same colour parallel to the exterior margin; the hind
wings white, with the nervures yellowish, and with a row of black
marginal spots. The head and thorax are of the same ash grey
as the fore wings, and the abdomen is yellowish white, with the
last four or five apical joints tinged with ash grey. The cater-
pillar is black, with a broad irregular lateral yellow band on each
side, and the joints of the body transversely margined with the
same colour; the joints are marked above with red spots and
VOL. I. N.S. PART V.—JUNE, 1851. M
162 Mr. W. W. Saunders on
bunches of reddish brown hairs. The caterpillar feeds on the
cotton and other plants, and the moth appears in April. Found
in Virginia and Georgia, Pl. XII., figs. 3 and 4.
Next I may mention a small moth which I described in the
Transactions of the Entomological Society, vol. ill. p. 284, under
the name of Depressaria Gossypiella. This little moth belongs to
the large family of minute moths, the Zimeide, and I am under
obligation to my friend Dr. Royle, who takes such a lively interest
in all that concerns the commerce and agriculture of the East
Indies, for bringing its habits and economy to my notice. Dr.
Royle obtained his information from Dr. Barn, superintendent of
the government cotton plantations at Broach, who describes the
larva as very destructive to the American cotton grown at Broach,
but seldom affecting the native cotton. The larva feeds upon the
cotton seed until the pod is about to burst. The moth is ¥ of an
inch in the expansion of the wings, and is of a dark fuscous
brown colour, the anterior wings having a round blackish spot on
the disk, and a band of the same colour crossing the wings a little
above the apex, which itself is black.
Under the second ‘head of species, now for the first time brought
forward, as injurious to the cotton plant, in the first place T will
describe two, for the knowledge of which I am indebted to Dr.
Horsfield, the talented Entomologist who has charge of the Ento-
mological collection of the Honourable East India Company, and
whose researches in Java will ever render his name memorable
among Entomologists.
Arctia Horsfieldi. g.
Antenne blade greyish white, pectine reddish brown. Thorax
rounded above, purplish ashy grey. Abdomen brownish orange.
Anterior wings, above, purplish ashy grey, crossed with several
abbreviated, obsolete, wavy, dark ashy grey lines, running parallel
with the outer margin, and a more defined zigzag line of the same
colour near the base; and with an elongate, reniform, eye-like,
dark grey spot on the disk, a little behind the anterior margin,
and near the centre of the same; below, yellowish grey, with a
dark grey spot corresponding with the reniform mark on the upper
surface. Posterior wings brownish orange, gradually changing to
purplish ash grey on the outer margin, marked on the disk with a
dark grey spot, and with radiating lines of the same colour
running through the purplish grey of the outer margin, fore legs
ashy grey, middle and hinder legs cream-coloured. Caterpillar
yellowish white, covered with long lemon-coloured hairs. The
joints of the body each crossed above with an ash grey lunulate
Insects injurious to the Cotton Plant. 163
spot, and a round, rather large, black spot on the upper side of
the third joint. Chrysalis bright shining chesnut brown, enclosed
in a case of loose, thin, fragile, yellowish brown, silky fibres. Feeds
on the Gossypium herbaceum, Lin. (Kapas, Java). A native of
Java, appears in the month of August. Dr. Horsfield.
Length of body, 9 lines.
Expansion of wings, 1 inch, 10 lines.
Perfect insect, Pl. XII., fig. 2.
Caterpillar, P]. XII., fig. 1.
Fam. PYRALIDZ.
Evpioptes, Hiibner.
Puakettura, Land. Guelding (MSS. ? according to Poey.)
Head small, not so broad as the thorax, with the eyes round
and prominent. Palpi short, but little apparent. Tongue long,
spirally twisted when drawn in. Antenne three-fourths the length
of the body, setaceous, cylindrical, consisting of a great number
of joints. Thorax rounded, even above. Wings with the disk
covered with hyaline scales, and margined anteriorly and laterally
with a broad band of dark scales. The fore wings elongate,
pointed, about the length of the abdomen. Abdomen cylindrical,
the terminal joint furnished with a dense radiating tuft of hair-
like scales. Legs long, slender, the hinder tibize with one strong
spur at the apex, and a pair set close together about midway
between the apex and the femur.
E. Indica.
Head and thorax dark silky, sepia brown; antennez nearly as
long as the wings, greyish brown, getting darker at the base.
Tongue half the length of the body. Abdomen white, with a
dark sepia brown fascia across the apical joint, which is furnished
at the apex with a radiating tuft of dark sepia brown closely set
hairs. Legs long, creamy white, with the apices of the tibize
strongly spurred. Anterior wings hyaline, reflecting an azure
tint, with a broad dark sepia brown even band along the anterior
and exterior margins, the band rather widening as it approaches
the posterior angle, and showing a slight curvature on the hyaline
disk. Posterior wings hyaline, with a band of the same width
and colour as the anterior around its exterior margin, gradually
drawing to a point as it nears the anal angle.
Expansion of wings 10 to 12 lines.
Length of body 6 to 7 lines.
Caterpillar.—Mouth pale grass green, with the head yellowish.
M2
164 Mr. W. W. Saunders on
Pupa dull chesnut, enclosed in a case of portion of a leaf drawn
together with silken threads.
Feeds on the Gossypium herbaceum (Kapas, Java), and on the
Erythrina corollodendron (Dadap Srep, Java). Is common in
Java from January to April.—Dr. Horsfield.
Perfect insect, fig. 7.
Caterpillar, fig. 5.
Chrysalis in case, laid open, fig. 6.
This species is a very near ally to the Pyralis hyalinata, Lin.
Poey, Cen. Lep. Cuba, pl. 19 (which belongs to the genus Eu-
dioptes, Hiib.), but it differs from it in the somewhat smaller size,
broader band round the wings, in the nature of the chrysalis case,
and being found only in the East Indies, while the species de-
scribed by Poey seems to be as exclusively limited to the new
world, and is found in Cuba, Jamaica, Brazil and Honduras. A
third closely allied but distinct species is found on the west coast
of Africa.
For the information concerning the three following insects I am
indebted again to Dr. Royle, who handed me a communication,
accompanied by a drawing, he had received from Sam. Simpson,
Esq., government cotton planter in the East Indies; and although
the communication is short, it is very interesting, and tells well for
the observing qualities of that gentleman, and shows how capable
he is of working out the subject of the cotton insects of India to
a very satisfactory termination.
Mr. Simpson states, that the effect of the attack of these insects
is to cause dark greenish blotches on the leaves, as shown in figures
8,9and10, P]. XII. These blotches are occasioned by the insects
having recently fed there; and the result is, that the leaves bleed
from the injured parts, and, from the heat of the sun, they even-
tually curl up, as shown at fig. 10, assuming the appearance of
leaves touched by the frost, or scorched by fire. This curling
of the leaves much injures the growth of the cotton plants, and
considerably influences the crop.
The first insect mentioned by Mr. Simpson is the larva of some
beetle, probably of the family Chrysomelide. The appearance
of the eggs of the insect, which are white, oval, and closely laid
together, as observed by this gentleman at 8 a.m., is shown at a,
fig. 8. The same eggs, just hatching, were observed at noon, and
are shown somewhat magnified at 8, fig. 9. Three hours after-
wards the young larve were seen feeding, and are shown at c,
fig. 9, also magnified. These larve are elongate, ovate, dirty
green, with a red head; they have six feet, and the whole surface
Insects injurious to the Cotton Plant. 165
of the body appears to be covered with short spine-like processes
or tubercules.
The second insect mentioned by Mr. Simpson is evidently an
Aphis of a green colour, and about one-eighth of an inch in length.
The drawing is not sufficiently accurate to form any idea of the
species, and I shall therefore give it the pro tem. name of Aphis
Gossypii. This species is shown magnified, and real size? at ee,
fig. 8; and has an ovate abdomen, furnished at the apex with two
shortish setze, and the head furnished with antennz about two-
thirds the length of the body.
The third insect is shown magnified at d, fig. 8 and 9, and does
not exceed one-eighth of an inch in length. It has six legs, and
an incurved ructorial apparatus, with a pointed abdomen, consi-
derably projecting beyond the immature wing cases. The general
colour is pale grass-green, with the wing cases of the same colour,
but much darker.
Mr. Simpson has figured one specimen, d, fig. 8, with setaceous
antennze about half the length of the body, while there is no ap-
pearance of these organs on the other specimen, d, fig. 9; but they
are so evidently the same insect, that there being no antennz in
the latter case is clearly an error in the drawing. This is an
immature state of some member of the large order Homoptera,
and probably will be found related to the Cercopide, and not far
removed from the genus T'yphlocyba of Germar.
As the foregoing notices are strung together without any attempt
to classify the insects, it will be as well, in conclusion, shortly to
recapitulate what has been said; and it results that there is evi-
dence of twelve insects having been found injurious to the cotton
plant, viz.—
6 caterpillars of moths,
3 larve of beetles,
1 immature state of an Homopterous insect,
1 Cimex,
1 Aphis,
12
which have been treated on in the following order :—
1. The caterpillar of a moth, known by the name of Chenille
in Guiana, and Army Worm in the United States.
2. The caterpillar of a moth, known as the Cotton Moth of
Guiana.
166
Mr. W. W. Saunders on Insects injurious, &c.
. The Cut Worm or Grub of Georgia and Guiana, which is
the larva of a beetle.
. The Cotton Bug, an insect belonging to the family Cimi-
cide.
. The insect called Apate Monachus, of Guiana, probably
identical with the Bore Worm or Boll Worm of the
United States, and supposed to be the larva of a
Curculio.
. The caterpillar of Phalena oblinata of Abbot and Smith.
. The caterpillar of Depressaria Gossypiella of W. W.
Saunders, Ent. Trans.
. The caterpillar of Arctia Horsfieldii, now described.
. The caterpillar of Eudioptes Indica, now first described.
. The larva of a beetle supposed to belong to the family
Chrysomelide.
11. An Aphis, or plant louse.
. The immature state of an Homopterous insect allied to
Typhlocyba.
C ter}
XIX. Descriptions of three new Genera of exotic Coleoptera.
By J. O. Westwoop, F.L.S., &e.
[Read March 8rd, 1851.]
Tue three insects which form the subject of the present com-
munication are worthy of attention, on account of their severally
presenting an external resemblance to groups to which naturally
they do not belong. The first of these beetles has in fact been
mistaken for a small species of Lucanide, to which family however
it only bears a relation of analogy, whilst in affinity it is naturally
very closely allied to the genus Jps. The second species has a
very close prim4 facie resemblance to the heteromerous genus
Cossyphus, and yet it possesses no real relation thereto; and the
third species is most nearly related to Trogosita, although its
slender filiform antennz and general form give it the appearance
of some of the smaller Scaritide.
These analogical resemblances are highly interesting, on account
of the clue which they have been supposed to afford to the natural
classification of the groups to which, by affinity, they belong, and
as indicating, by parallelism, the precise position of these analogous
species or genera in the respective families to which they belong.
Paromia, Westw. Gen. Nov.
Corpus oblongum, subdepressum, parallelum, postice rotun-
datum. Caput porrectum, horizontale, pronoto parum angus-
tius, parte antica angustata, longitudinaliter sulcata. Labrum
minutum, porrectum, angulis anticis rotundatis, ciliatum.
Mandibule porrecte elongate, apice curvate bifide, intus
ciliate. Mazille transversim insertze, lobo unico apicali
elongato, valde setoso, obtuso inermi. Palpi maxillares lobo
vix longiores, articulo basali minimo, haud in tuberculum
elongatum insidenti; articulisque interimediis brevibus obco-
nicis, apicali longiori, apice parum attenuato. Mentum trans-
versum corneum, basi paullo latius, angulis anticis rotundatis.
Labium breve et angustum, margine antico parum emarginato.
Palpi labiales minuti, subfiliformes; articulo basali minimo,
3tio elongato ovali, lingua e laciniis duabus elongatis ultra
marginem anticum labii exsertis, setosis divaricatis compressis
formata; maxillarum lobo ciliato ad latera laciniarum (insecto
quiescenti) applicato. Antenne breves, 11-articulate, clava
3-articulata, articulo ultimo mamilla parva terminali instructo;
singula in canali laterali faciei inferze capitis recepta. Pro-
thorax brevis transversus, angulis anticis porrectis, lateribus
168 Mr. Westwood’s Descriptions
fere rectis. Prosternum retro porrectum et supra mesos-
ternum paullo productum, apice rotundatum. Metasternum
basi tenuissime canaliculatum. Pedes parum elongati, tibiis
inermibus, tarsis 5-articulatis, subtus setosis, articulis tribus
basalibus parum cordatis, 4to minuto, unguibus acutis, pul-
villo parvo bisetoso intermedio instructis. 4bdomen 5-arti-
culatum, articulo basali majori.
The chief difference between this genus and Jps, its most decided
ally, consists in the large size of the type (being nearly three
quarters of an inch long, whilst the species of Jps rarely exceed
one-fourth of an inch), the advanced structure of the anterior
parts of the head, whereby the labrum becomes porrected (thus
disagreeing with one of Erichson’s three characters* of the family
Ipina); the mandibles falcated, and by the canaliculated front of
the head. The maxillary palpi do not arise from a long basal
scape as in Jps. The “ instrumenta labialia” closely resemble those
of Ips, but less so those of Pityophagus ferrugineus,~ Shuckard,
in which last the mentum is much narrowed at the base.
Sp. unica. Paromia Dorcoides, Westw. (Pl. XIII., fig. 1,
and details.)
P. nigra, nitida, elytris castaneis, basi parum luteis, apice nigris,
maculis duabus subapicalibus fulvis.
Long. corp. lin. 83 (cap. cum mand. 24, prothoracis 2, elytror. 4).
Habitat in Columbia. In Mus. D. Reich. Paris.
Caput antice et versus angulos posticos punctatum, linea media
longitudinaliter impressum ultra medium verticis obsoleta, im-
pressione altera tenuissima intus oculos et marginem posticum
extensa; pronotum tenuissime marginatum. Elytraad apicem
plaga magna nigra antice in medio producta notata, in qua
macule due transverse subapicales fulve.
Cossypuopes, Westw. Gen. Nov.
Corpus minutum, latum, subparallelum, antice et postice rotun-
datum, valde depressum, marginatum et in medio longitudina-
liter elevatum et carinatum. Caput semicirculare, fere planum,
margine laterali paullo elevato, utrinque versus angulos pos-
* «© Tahrum occultum.’? Germar, Zeitsch. iv. 355.
+ Mr. Curtis has unfortunately drawn his generic characters of Ips from this
species; it is, however, certainly, if belonging to the genus Ips at all, a most
aberrant species. Mr. Curtis’s figure of the ‘‘ instrumenta labialia’’ (Brit. Ent.
pl. 306, fig. 4) gives no idea of the real structure of this part of the mouth, and
omits the paraglosse or lacinie of the lingua.
of three new Genera of exotic Coleoptera. 169
ticos impressione parva longitudinali obliqua instructum.
Subtus genz utrinque porrecte, fossulas duas pro receptione
antennarum formantes. Oculi haud detecti, vel in fossulis
duabus longitudinalibus disci reconditi. Antenne brevissime
geniculate, sub marginem lateralem capitis insertz et in canali,
genis utrinque formato, insidentes, clavate, 11-articulate,
articulo basali magno elongato ovali, 2ndo parvo breviter
ovali, 3tio ad 9um brevissimis transversis, duobus apicalibus
magnis conjunctim coarcte applicatis, clavam subsolidam
biarticulatam ovalem formantibus. Labrum sub clypeo ab-
sconditum transversum, angulis anticis rotundatis ciliatum.
Mandibule breves, crasse, cornez, subtriangulares, sub
apicem incise, et inde bidentate. Mazille parvee, extus
tuberculo porrecto (basin palporum defendente) armate,
intus ad apicem lobis duobus distinctis longe ciliatis instructe.
Palpi maxillares lobis longiores in tuberculum parvum insi-
dentes, articulis duobus intermediis brevibus latis, 4to multo
longiori et subovali. Mentum subquadratum, basi parum
angustatum, lateribus in medio emarginato-incisis. Labiwm
breve, mento multo angustius, angulis lateralibus anticis
ciliatis. Papi labiales minuti in scapos duos crassos breves,
cum facie externa labii connatos, insidentes; articulis 1 et 2
minutis, 3tio longiori, apice subacuminato. Prothorax trans-
versus antice paullo angustior, lateribus parum rotundatis et
recurvis, dorso in medio longitudinaliter elevato, carinisque
tribus gracilibus utrinque notato. Prosternum breve elevatum
subcuspidatum. Scutellum haud visibile. Elytra ovalia,
depressa, lateribus acutis elevatis, medio elevato, singulo
carinis tribus carinis prothoracis continuis lineaque altera
tenuissima submarginale instructo. Ale nulle. Metasternum
brevissimum. Abdomen utrinque marginibus inflexis ely-
trorum circumcinctum, 5-articulatum, segmentis sensim longi-
tudine decrescentibus. Pedes brevissimi, valde compressi.
Femora lata elongata ovalia, Tibie angustiores in femora
subtus, quiescentes, replicatee, calcaria minuta. Tarsi breves,
subtus setosi, anticis 5-(vel 4?) articulati, intermedii 4-(vel5?),
postici 4-articulati, articulo penultimo precedenti vix minori.
This is altogether one of the most anomalous genera hitherto
described among Coleopterous insects. At first sight it possesses
so strong a resemblance to the heteromerous genus Cossyphus,
that it was for a time regarded merely as a minute species of that
genus, for the outline of the head and pronotum are nearly con-
tinuous, so that it was not until a more careful examination was
made that the ordinary exposed condition of the head and its divi-
170 Mr. Westwood’s Descriptions
sion from the prothorax was observed. The tarsi are not, how-
ever heteromerous.* The structure of the antennz, moreover, at
once removes this genus from the whole of the Heteromera, since
they are elbowed at the extremity of the large first joint, and have
a nearly solid 2-jointed terminal club. It is, I apprehend, among
the genera originally placed by Latreille among the Xylophaga
(but separated therefrom by Mac Leay, by whom they were intro-
duced among the Necrophaga), that we must look for the true. re-
lations of this insect, some of which are already known to exhibit
various numerical peculiarities in respect to the joints of their
tarsi, often varying in the sexes in this respect. Biphyllus, as the
name implies, has a 2-jointed clava to the antenna, and some of
the species of Cerylon have similarly polished bodies. Brtoma has
also a biarticulate club to the antenne, as well as a carinated pro-
notum and elytra. This last-named genus, in fact, notwithstanding
the various very striking points of disagreement with Cossyphodes,
may perhaps be regarded as most nearly allied to it of any known
genus ; indeed the parts of the mouth of Bitoma, as figured by Mr.
Curtis (Brit. Ent. pl. 283), present a strong general conformity
with those of Cossyphodes.
Sp. unica. Cossyphodes Wollaston, Westw. (PI. XIIL., fig. 2,
and details. )
C. totus castaneus, immaculatus, levis, subnitidus ; antennis,
palpis pedibusque concoioribus,
Long. corp. lin. 1.
Habitat sub lapidem ad littus insula Madera. D. Wollaston.
The head has a small transverse slightly raised space near the
anterior margin, beneath which the mouth is inserted. I have
been unable to detect any traces of the eyes, although there is on
each side of the disc of the head, extending to the front of the
pronotum, an impressed line, in which the eyes may be concealed.
The outline of the head, prothorax, and elytra is nearly continu-
ous, as are also the three delicate carinze on each side of the
raised middle longitudinal line of the prothorax and elytra.
A single specimen of this most remarkable insect was discovered
by T. Vernon Wollaston, Esq., under a stone on the shore of the
* Strictly speaking the tarsi are heteromerous, that is, they do not consist of
the same number of joints in all the legs; but in the true Heteromera the four
anterior tarsi are 5-jointed, and the two posterior tarsi are 4-jointed ; but in the
genus before us four of the tarsi are 4-jointed, and only one pair 5-jointed. I am
unfortunately unable to state whether it is the anterior or intermediate pair of
tarsi which are 5-jointed, having detached the legs, but the hind pair are certainly
4-jointed.
of three new Genera of exotic Coleoptera. 171
island of Madeira during his first visit. The species must how-
ever be extremely rare or very local, as he failed to detect it again
during his second visit, although he repeatedly searched the ad-
joining neighbourhood with that object in view.
Cuz#tosoma, Westw. Gen. nov.
Corpus oblongum, angustum, parallelum, subcylindricum, dorso
subdepressum, punctatum, longe setosum. Caput porrectum,
subquadratum, latitudine pronoto equale. Clypeus trans-
versus, brevis. Labrum breve, angulis anticis lateralibus
rotundatis, medio antice subemarginatum. Mandibule magne,
corneze, exserte, elongato-trigonee, apice subhamato, intus
dentibus duobus obtusis armate. Mazille e lobis duobus
setosis latis obtusis formatee, interno haud spina armato.
Palpi maxillares maxillis fere duplo longiores, articulo basali
minuto; 2do et 3tio equalibus, apice parum crassioribus, 4to
precedenti paullo longiori et crassiori, sensim incrassato, apice
obtuso. Mentum breve transversum, in scapum corneum
juguli insertum, lateribus rotundatis, medio late emargina-
tum. Labium porrectum, profunde emarginatum vel fere
bifidum, margine antico setoso. Palpi labiales in scapos
duos latos insidentes, articulo basali breve, secundo fere tri-
plo longiori, 3tio longitudine 2di, subovali, apice oblique
truncato. Antenne subfiliformes, fere longitudine capitis et
pronoti, longe setosz, articulo Imo brevi subrotundato, 2ndo
brevissimo, 3tio ad 10mum fere zequalibus basi singulatim
angustato, 11mo precedenti vix longiori subovali. Pronotum
subquadratum, lateribus fere rectis, dorso rude punctatum,
elytris paullo angustius. | Elytra oblonga, basi truncata,
apice rotundata, angulis humeralibus acute prominentibus.
Pedes longitudine mediocres, femoribus crassis, tibiis e basi
ad apicem sensim incrassatis subtriquetris. Jars? omnes
5-articulati, articulis 4 basalibus brevibus infra setosis inte-
gris, 5to multo longiori clavato. Ungues basi intus dilatato,
vix dentato. Pulvillus brevis bisetosus.
This genus, in its general form, porrected mandibles, filiform
antenne, and rather elongated legs, with their five-jointed tarsi,
might at first sight be almost mistaken for some of the narrow
Harpalide or Scaritide, but an inspection of the parts of the
mouth (those most excellent guides in determining the relations
of the families of insects in general, and Coleoptera in particular),
is sufficient to prove that the insect must be referred to the great
group to which Mr, MacLeay has applied the name of Necrophaga,
472 Mr. Westwood’s Descriptions, &c.
and it is I apprehend amongst these, in the neighbourhood of
Trogosita, Cucujus and Passandra, that we must look for the
natural situation of the genus before us. From Trogosila it is,
however, distinguished by the bilobed maxilla, the elongated lobes
of the labium, the filiform antenne, and the 5-jointed tarsi. In se-
veral of these respects it approaches much nearer to the Cucujide.
The remarkably long sete with which the sides of this insect
are furnished seem to indicate some peculiarity in its habits with
which we are unacquainted. Such seta appear in some groups,
especially the Geodephagous Coleoptera and Fossorial Hymenoptera,
to be accompanied by very predaceous habits, and, judging from
the powerful mandibles of the insect before us, I should not be
surprised if such are the habits of this insect.
Chetosoma Scaritides, Westw. (Plate XIII., fig. 3, and details.)
Nigra, nitida, punctata, longe setosa; elytrorum basi late, api-
ceque cum pedibus rufis.
Long corp. lin. 43.
Habitat in Nova Zelandia. In Mus. Westwood.
Leevis, nitida, supra rude et irregulariter punctata, tota nigra ;
elytrorum basi et apice pedibusque rufis exceptis. Caput antice
magis punctatum, ibique prope clypeum in canali sinuato trans-
versim impressum. Pronotum canali tenuissimo longitudinale
medio, hujus lateribusque pronoti magis punctatis, spatio utrinque
longitudinali lzvi relicto, margine postice impressionibus duabus
sat profundis, versus angulos posticos alteraque media marginem
posticum haud attingente. Elytra rude et vage punctata, setis
longis lateralibus porrectis instructis.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.
PLATE XIII.
Fig. 1. Paromia Dorcoides, mag. nat. 1a, head and mandibles, seen from above;
16, head, with the instrumenta labialia, antenna and mandibles, seen
from beneath; 1c, maxilla; 1d, instrumenta labialia, seen from within
the mouth, with one of the maxilla in situ; 1 e, underside of the thorax
and abdomen ; 1f, 1g, posterior tarsus in different positions.
Fig. 2. Cossyphodes Wollastonit magnified. 2a, labrum; 26, 2c, mandibles ;
2d, maxilla; 2e, instrumenta labialia, seen from the outside of the
mouth ; 2/, antenna; 2g, head and prothorax, seen from below ; 2h,
meso- and meta-sterna and abdomen, seen from below; 23, hind leg ;
2k, anterior (or middle) leg ; 2/, middle (or anterior) tarsus.
Fig. 3. Chetosoma Scaritides magnified. 3a, head and antenna, seen from above;
3, head, seen from below; 3c, front of head, seen from above; 3d,
maxilla and instrumenta labialia from beneath; 3f, foreleg; 3g,
angues and pulvillus.
Vg)
XX. On the Papilio Telamon of Donovan, with Descriptions
of two other Eastern Butterflies. By J. O. Westwoop,
F.L.S.
{Read 3rd March, 1851.]
Tue Papilio Telamon, figured by Donovan in his “ Insects of
China,” has up to the present time continued to be known only
by the figures in that work, no specimen existing in any Con-
tinental or British Cabinet. Specimens of the insect having how-
ever been recently sent from Shanghai, in China, by R. Fortune,
Esq., of which both sexes have been obtained for the British
Museum Collection, I have been enabled to examine the species,
and find that it belongs to a genus distinct from Papilio, and the
other genera of Papilionide, differing at once from Papilio in its
elongated palpi. It approaches very near to Thais Cerisyi in
general form, but in that insect the antenna are much more cla-
vate, with more numerous articulations, the space between the
second and third branches of the post-costal vein of the fore
wings is much more elongated, the palpi much more hairy, the
hind wings without the small prediscoidal cell, and not furnished -
with a single elongated tail. The female is destitute of the ab-
dominal pouch of Doritis. In the arrangement of the veins of
its wings it is nearly similar to Teinopalpus ; the middle disco-
cellular vein in that genus is however nearly straight, and not
angulated, the hind wings in both genera have the small pre-
discoidal cell, but the upper disco-cellular vein in Yeznopalpus is
much more transverse, and the lower one is short, oblique, and
almost continuous with the space between the second and third
branches of the median vein; whereas in J’elamon the upper disco-
cellular vein in these wings is very oblique, and the lower one nearly
transverse. The antenne of Teinopalpus also differ considerably
from those of Telamon, the basal portion being quite cylindrical,
so that the joints are not distinct (as they are in Telamon, each
being slightly thickened at the tip); the clava of the antennz
is very distinct in Teinopalpus, and the front of its head is pro-
duced into a thick conical hairy tuft. The following are the
characters of the new genus which is accordingly required for the
reception of P. Telamon.
Sericinus, Westw.
Genus novum, e familia Papilionidarum.
Teinopalpo et Thaidi affine.
Caput mediocre, antice hirsutum, palpi labiales capite fere duplo
longiores, subhorizontaliter porrecti, hirti nec setis longis, ut
174 Mr. Westwood on the
in Thaide, instructi. Antenne vix clavate, articulis circiter
30, sensim incrassatis, articulis 10 ultimis paullo brevioribus.
Ale antice triangulariter ovate, apice rotundatz ; vena post-
costali 4-ramosa ramis simplicibus, 1mo et 2do ante apicem
areee discoidalis emissis, 3tio ad ejus apicem emissa, 4to in
medio spatii inter apicem arez discoidalis et apicem ale ;
vena disco-cellulari supera brevissima; media multo longiori
in medio angulata, angulo versus basin alarum spectanti; vena
disco-cellulari infera breviori, cum apice venze medianz fere
continua, et spatio inter hujus ramos 2dum et Stium longitu-
dine fere zquali. Ale postice subovales, margine externo
vix repando, ramo tertio venz medianz in caudam longissi-
mam, et valde angustam producto; vena precostali apice
furcata; venze costalis basi, cum basi venz postcostalis con-
nexa, cellulam parvam prediscoidalem efficiente. Abdomen
foeminze absque lobis membranaceis Doratidum.
Typus Papilio Telamon, Donovan, Ins. of China, Pl. 26,
fig. 1, la; Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lepidop. 1, p. 250, n. 74.
Hab. China, Shanghai. (D. Fortune.)
In Mus. Britann. et Westw.
Thaumantis Homqua, Westw.
T. alis supra fulvis, omnibus serie subapicali lunularum nigra-
rum valde curvatarum; maculis hastiformibus nigris, in alis
posticis majoribus, antice adjectis; alis infra luteo-fulvis,
strigis duabus obliquis irregulariter sinuatis, 1ma ante et 2nda
pone medium alarum anticarum, illa ante et hac per medium
posticarum, extensis, externa e costa fere ad angulum analem
ducta ubi recurvat; nubila recta obliqua fusca submedia ad
angulum analem extensa, macula grisea terminata; alis an-
ticis ocellis tribus, posticis quinque rufis, pupilla alba iride
tenui nigra strigisque duabus parallelis vix angulatis prope
marginem apicalem. (Mas.)
Expans. alar. antic. une. 5.
Habitat Shanghai, China. (D. Fortune.)
In Mus. Britann.
At first sight this butterfly might be regarded as the female of
Thaumantis Nourmahal, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 337, but it
proves to be of the same sex as Mr. W. W. Saunders’s unique
male of that species. It is difficult without figures to describe
Papilio Telamon of Donovan. 175
the distinctions between the markings of these two species and 7.
Camadeva, but the following are their chief differences :—
Howqua. Camadeva. Nourmahal.
Uprer Sipe. — — —
The marginal row of lunules! much angulated |moderately arched] nearly straight
The marks preceding the mar-| diamond-shaped | diamond-shaped | V-shaped
ginal lunules
UNDER SIDE.
The anterior transverse striga dentate very dentate | slightly waved
of discoidal cell
The posterior striga, in the} deeply multi- multisinuated | nearly straight
middle of the fore wings sinuated
The two subapical parallel) slightly multi- | nearly straight | strongly den-
strige arcuate in fore tate
wings, nearly
straight in hind
wings
Drusilla Mylecha, Westw.
D. alis niveis, omnium utrinque costa nigricanti, posticis subtus
ocellis duobus magnis, eequalibus, nigris, pupilla minima alba
circulo latiori fulvo, alteroque tenui nigro circumcinctis,
capite thoraceque subtus nigris, palpis fulvis, abdomine lute-
scenti. (Mas et foem.)
Expans. alar. antic. unc. 4.
Habitat in Insulis Louissiadis, Maris Indici (D. MacGillivray.)
In Mus. Britann.
This is one of the fine additions to the National Museum col-
lected by John MacGillivray, Esq., naturalist of the Rattlesnake
exploring ship, by whom it was found flying in great abundance in
the woods of the south-eastern island of the Louissade Archi-
pelago.
The wings in both sexes are of a very pure silky-white, the
costa of the fore wings on both sides rather narrowly brownish-
black, bearing in the male a very slender white line, running quite
close to the costal edge ; in this sex, also, the two discoidal veins
are also black. The hind wings in both sexes have a brownish-
black costa, the dark colour extending to the large ocellus near
the outer angle; near the base of the costa in the males, on the
upper side, is a tuft of long yellowish hairs, and the fore wings
above this tuft are rather dilated, and more transparent than else-
where. In this sex, also, the anal margin is narrowly edged with
176 Mr. Westwood on the Papilio Telamon, &c.
black, of which colour there is also a short longitudinal contiguous
black streak. The inner margin of the fore wings in the male is
emarginate in the middle. The wings are not nearly so long and
narrow asin D. Horsfieldii, and they are slightly transparent, so
that the large ocelli on the underside of the hind wings are
slightly visible from above. The species is nearly allied to D.
Catops, Bdv., D. W. & H. Gen. D. Lep. p. 335.
XXI. On the Nest of Polistes Lanio, Fab. and a Parasite
found therein, and on the Nest of a Social Wasp. By
F. Smitu, Esq.
[Read 7 April, 1851.]
Joun Mac Grtttvray, Esq., Naturalist to Her Majesty’s Ship
Rattlesnake, lately presented to the British Museum the nest of a
South American species of Polistes, which he says is very abundant
at St. Salvador, where even in the streets it attaches its nest
under the eaves of houses; the species is the Polistes Lanio of
Fabricius, and in all probability the Vespa Canadensis of Linnzus ;
a specimen of the species is preserved in the Banksian Cabinet.
On examining the nest, I found it consisted as usual of a single
comb of cells, having in the centre at the back a short footstalk,
by which the nests are attached in their position; the comb con-
tained sixty-five cells, the outer ones being in an unfinished state,
whilst twenty-two of the central ones had remains of exuviz in
them, and one or two closed cells contained perfect insects ready
to emerge; about half a dozen of the wasps had the anterior
portion of their bodies buried in the cells, in the manner in which
these insects are said to repose. In one cell I observed the head
of an insect evidently of a different species, it being black and
shining. On extricating it, I discovered it to be a species of T7i-
gonalys; I subsequently carefully expanded the insect, and it proved
to be the Trigonalys bipustulatus, described by myself in the
Ann, and Mag. of Natural History, vol. vii., 2nd Series, 1851,
from a specimen captured at Para by Mr. Bates, now in the pos-
session of William Wilson Saunders, Esq. The insect was not
enveloped in any pellicle, nor had the cell been closed in any way;
the wings were crumpled up at its side, as is usual in Hymeno-
pterous insects which have not expanded them, proving satis-
factorily that it had never quitted the cell, and that 7’rigonalys is
the parasite of Polistes.
Mr. F. Smith on the Nest of Polistes Lanio, §c. 177
This discovery is one of much interest, proving the relationship
of the insect to be amongst the pupivora, to which family it had
been previously assigned by Mr. Westwood, see Vol. III. Ent.
Trans. p. 270. The specimen is seven lines in length, entirely
black, the head shining, the thorax and abdomen opaque, and
having two white macule touching the apical margin of the basal
segment above; the wings are smoky, the antenne broken off.
Of one of themI found subsequently seventeen joints—the perfect
insect in the possession of Mr. Saunders having twenty joints.
f
Another exceedingly interesting nest has also been lately pre-
sented to the British Museum; it is that of a species of social
wasp, but unfortunately it did not contain any specimen of the
insect. The peculiar interest attached to this nest arises from the
nature of the material of which it is composed, it being constructed
entirely of clay, or, more correctly probably, of sandy loam; in
form it is somewhat egg-shaped, blunted at each end, the longest
diameter being 104 inches, the shortest 8}; at the upper end is an
opening, through which the branch to which it was suspended has
passed, and the shell at this part is three quarters of an inch thick,
from which it becomes gradually thinner towards the bottom,
where it is about the eighth of an inch in thickness: down one
side is an oblong slit six inches in length and nearly a quarter wide,
the margins of which are about half an inch in thickness; but it
can be ascertained that it is not equally so all round, but merely
so for the purpose of strengthening the entrance to the nest. The
nest contains six combs, placed as usual horizontally, the cells
being downwards; the backs of the combs are deeply concave,
and have been apparently attached by their entire margins to the
exterior shell, the oblong slit giving free ingress to each cham-
ber. From the broken state of the nest a vast number of cells
are visible, but I cannot detect any difference in the size of them,
each being two lines in diameter from the two parallel sides of the
hexagons. This would lead one to suppose that there can be little
or no difference in the size of the sexes of the inhabitants, and
that the species is one of those which are allied to the genus
Myrapetra of White, and of which I myself possess about thirty
distinct species, the sexes of which appear to differ but slightly
in size. The cells, which are of the most regular and beautiful
construction throughout, are continued beyond their margins, in
some instances into the shell itself, but none of these are carried
beyond a shallow excavation. There is no coating or glazing of
VOL. I, N.S. PART VI.—SEPT. 1851. N
178 Mr. F. Smith on the Nest of Polistes Lanio, &c.
any kind either on the back of the combs or on the exterior of
the shell itself; the latter is of so hard a consistency that it blunted
a watch-saw, which was used by the gentleman who presented the
nest in making an opening in one of the sides. The cells, although
exceedingly thin and delicate in appearance, allow of the hand
being passed with some degree of pressure over them without the
slightest injury. The outer surface of the shell has a remarkable
mottled appearance, caused by the different colour of small dabs of
mud plastered on by the wasps. The surface is therefore rendered
uneven by these small and countless additions; indeed one is lost
in admiration of the untiring perseverance and the exquisite skill
of the tiny architects.
One circumstance is very remarkable, and for which I can in
no satisfactory way account. Although such an immense number
of cells are exposed to view, I cannot detect in any of them the
slightest vestige of exuvie or other matter bearing evidence of
the nest having had inhabitants; all the cells are uniformly fresh
in appearance and as clean as if they had never -been occupied.
Usually an old or recently commenced nest may be at once de-
termined by such evidence; but here we have a nest apparently
perfect, filled with combs, and not any trace left behind of the
occupancy of its constructors; in all probability the economy of
these wasps differs in some particulars from that of any species
with which we are at present acquainted.
Notr.—Since reading the above notice on the nest of Polistes, I
have discovered that Trigonalys bipustulatus zs described and figured
by De Geer, in his Mem. Hist. Ins., vol. 3, under the name of “ Sphex
compressa;” the specific name of bipustulatus nill consequently fall.
€ £79
XXII. Notes on the Habits of Australian Hymenoptera.
By F. Suira, Esq.
[Read May sth, 1851.]
On tue Hasits or Lestis BomByLans.
(New Hotrzanp.)
Mr. Ker, a gentleman who resided some years in Australia,
informed me that this insect is very common in all parts of the
country. He found it inhabiting the hollow stem ofa Zamia. It
was at that time in a dormant state, it being the winter season.
The entrance to the tube was rounded like the mouth of a flute.
The stem of the Zamia or grass tree is straight and pithy, and
easily excavated. The cells, about a dozen in number, were
placed one above the other, separated by slight partitions.
I will embrace this opportunity to correct an error which has
crept into all the works in which this genus is described or alluded
to. Fabricius, in his Entomologia Systematica, describes under the
genus Apis two bees from New Holland—Apis bombylans and
Apis muscaria—both in the cabinet of Sir Joseph Banks. St.
Fargeau, in the 10th vol. Encycl. Meth., and also in his later
work, the Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, has described the Apis
muscaria as the female of his genus Lestis, and 4. bombylans as the
male. Now on examining the original specimens in the Banksian
Cabinet, I find the Apis muscaria is a male, of the genus Xylocopa ;
and 4. bombylans a female, of the genus Lestis. St. Fargeau has also
committed another error by reversing the characteristics of the
sexes; those given as the male belong to the female, and (vice
versa) both are however too general to aid much in discrimi-
nating the species. I will endeavour to remedy this insufficiency
by giving more tangible characters, and by describing a second
species of this genus.
N 2
180 Mr. F. Smith’s Votes on
Sp. 1. Lestis bombylaus.
Apis bombylans, Fab. Ent. Syst. 2, 338, 104, @.
Centris bombylans, Fab. Syst. Piez. 358, 19.
Female (length 6-7 lines), dark blue-green; the face and
cheeks clothed with a thin silvery white pubescence; the thorax
is strongly punctured, except the disk, which is smooth and
shining ; the wings dark fuscous, with a violet reflection; and the
apex of the abdomen has a fringe of white pubescence. The
pubescence on the legs is black.
Male (6-7 lines), brassy green: head; the clypeus has an oblong
white stripe, broadest towards the base of the antenne; also a
narrow white line along the inner margin of the eyes, reaching
their vertex. The thorax has two triangular patches of yellow
pubescence, separated by a smooth space the exact width of the
distance between the eyes; a patch of the same colour on the
sides of the breast, and on the tubercles; the wings slightly fus-
cous; the anterior and intermediate tibia and tarsi have on their
posterior margins a pale yellow fringe; that on the posterior legs
is black. The apex of the abdomen has some long dark fuscous
pubescence.
Sp. 2. Lestis eratus, new sp.
Female (7-8 lines), brassy green; the pubescence on the face
pale yellow, the thorax punctured as in the preceding species ;
the wings slightly fuscous; the pubescence at the apex of the
abdomen is pale yellow.
Male (7-8 lines), brassy; the face is marked as in the pre-
ceding species, but the colour, instead of being white, is yellow;
the patches of pubescence are situated as in the preceding, but
are much more dense, and of a bright yellow; wings hyaline,
slightly fuscous; all the legs are fringed with bright yellow
pubescence.
On tHE Hasits oF ABISPA, A SOLITARY AUSTRALIAN WASP.
Mr. Ker also informed me that this wasp constructs a nest of
clay; it is thimble-shaped, about three inches in diameter, and
three and three-quarters in height; the rounded end is upper-
the Habits of Australian Hymenoptera. + 181
most. About the centre of the bottom flat surface the wasp con-
structs a most beautiful, funnel-shaped entrance, the pipe of
which is continued a short way within the shell of the nest; at
the top a single layer of cells are constructed without regularity
of form or disposal; only a single wasp was observed either
building or furnishing the nest. Unluckily the nest, which Mr.
Ker describes as being one of the most beautiful he ever saw, was
broken on the voyage to this country.
The following passage, in Mitchell’s Expedition into Eastern
Australia (vol. i. p. 104), can hardly refer to this species, as it
appears to have been some gregarious wasp by which the travel-
lers were attacked.
“At seventeen miles we entered a plain, where grew trees of
the Acacia pendula, and we traversed it in the most elongated di-
rection, or to the south-west. On entering the wood beyond, a
sudden extreme pain in my thigh made me shout, before I was
aware of the cause. A large insect had fastened upon me, and
on looking back I perceived Souter, ‘the doctor,’ defending him-
self from several insects of the same kind. He told me that I
had passed near a tree from which their nest was suspended: and
it appeared that this had been sufficient to provoke the attack of
these saucy insects, who were provided with the largest stings I
had ever seen. The pain I felt was extreme, and the effect so
permanent, that when I alighted in the evening from my horse,
on that leg, not thinking of the circumstance, I fell to the ground,
the muscles having been generally affected. ‘The wound was
marked by a blue circular spot, as large as a sixpence, for several
months.”
EXPLANATION OF PLATE.
Plate XVI. fig. 1. Polistes lanio; 2. Trigonalys compressa; 3. Nest of a wasp
formed of clay; 4, Clay nest of Abispa; 5. Abispa ephippium?
( 182 )
XXIII. Description of a New Species of Lithocolletis. By
R. F. Locan, Esq.
[Read March 3rd, 1851.]
Lithocolletis nigrescentella. (Pl. XV. fig. 9.)
Capite fusco, fronte palpisque albis. Alis anticis aureo-nigris, linea
distincta media basi, fasciaque valde ante medium curvata, et
leviter in exteriore producta; post hanc tribus punctis acutis ad
costam, uno latiore ante angulum anale, et duobus obscurioribus
adversus apicem, argenteis ; ciliis cinereo-albidis. Alis posticis
griseis, ciliis cinereis interne pallidioribus. Tarsis albidis, fusco-
maculatis.
Exp. alar. 5 lin.
Somewhat allied to Ulmifoliella, but blacker, and the anterior
wings longer and narrower towards the apex, much more the
shape of the Pomifoliella group. The first dorsal spot is also
much larger and more of an equilateral triangle, and the first
costal spot points towards the centre of the fascia, which is much
further from the middle of the wing than in Ulmifoliella, consider-
ably bent, and slightly produced on its outer edge, so as nearly to
form with the first costal spot a y shaped figure.* The basal
streak is nearly equidistant from the costa and jnner margin, (in
Ulmifoliella it is nearer the costa,) somewhat claviform, and mar-
gined distinctly with black, and there is a smaller streak of white
on the inner margin near the base.
The hind wings are peculiar, the cilia being pale next the wing
and darker externally. The antennz are fuscous, with pale apices.
Tarsi white, spotted with dark fuscous.
Taken near Morpeth in May.
* On the right wing of the specimen the connection is complete, but not on
the left,
@: + B63%9
XXIV. On Gracilaria, a Genus of Tineide. By H. T.
Stainton, Esq.
(Continued from page 133.)
Sp. 16. Omissella (Douglas), Stainton. (PI. XV. fig. 1.)
Alis anticis griseo-brunneis, strigulis costee quinque, dorsique
tribus niveis, basim versus fusco-marginatis.
Omissella, Stainton, Zoologist, 2163.
Not closely allied to any known species; has perhaps most re-
semblance to Coriscium substriga, but from this its different palpi,
smaller size, want of an apical hook, and differently coloured an-
terior wings, at once distinguish it.
Expansion of the wings 4 lines.
Head and face white; palpi white, a fuscous ring at the end of
the second joint, and another a little before the end of the terminal
joint; antennz dirty whitish, with fuscous annulations; thorax
fuscous; abdomen fuscous, whitish underneath posteriorly ; the
four anterior legs have the femora and tibiz dark grey, and the
tarsi white; the posterior legs have the femora and tibie white,
the end of the latter grey, tarsi white, with the ends of the joints
dark grey.
Anterior wings of a grey-brown, or ochreous, with five white
streaks along the costa, nearly at equal distances, and three on the
inner margin. ‘The first costal streak lies not far from the base,
is placed obliquely, and does not reach the middle of the wing ;
the second costal streak is placed similarly to the first, but is
longer, reaching nearly to the fold; the third costal streak, placed
similarly to the two preceding, but more attenuated, (a little ex-
panded however on the costa,) is generally rather shorter than the
second streak, but in one of my specimens it is continued right
across the wing, forming with the third inner-marginal streak an
uninterrupted fascia; the fourth costal streak is crescent-shaped,
and reaches to the hinder margin; the fifth costal streak lies in the
extreme apex. The first inner-marginal streak has its origin at
the base, and is there very narrow, but expands into a triangular
form opposite the end of the first costal streak, with which it
forms an interrupted fascia; the second inner-marginal streak
lies opposite the end of the second costal streak, forming with it
an interrupted fascia; the third inner-marginal, situated at the
anal angle, forms with the third costal streak an interrupted fascia,
or else an entirely uninterrupted fascia. All these white markings
184 Mr. H. T. Stainton on Gracilaria,
have dark margins, and are preceded by darker scales on the sides
next the base. Cilia grey, with the white markings continued
through them, and with two rows of dark spots round the apex.
Posterior wings grey, with grey cilia.
First discovered by Mr. Douglas at Charlton sand-pit, July 29th,
1847; in the following summer Mr. Douglas again met with it,
and observed that it frequented the Artemisia vulgaris ;-on the
3rd July last year I observed the leaves of this plant, in a lane
between Birch Wood and Dartford Heath, mined by some larva,
and collected several of them; these I kept in a tin canister along
with several other plants collected at the same time, and from the
leaves thus mingled together I obtained two specimens of Omis-
sella, but whether from the Artemisia leaves or not I cannot posi-
tively say.*
Sp. 17. Scalariella, Zeller.
‘‘'Thorace et capite cum palpis niveis, alis anticis late brunneis,
vitta dorsali interne obtuse dentata nivea.”
Scalariella, Z. Ent. Ztg. 1850. S. 160.
* Larger than Gr. ononidis. Head rather shining, snow-white.
Antenne brownish, with a darker basal joint. Maxillary palpi
small, thin, pointed, whitish ; labial palpi longer than the thorax,
rather slender, falcate, at the end of the second joint somewhat
thickened beneath by loose hairs, white; the pointed terminal
joint half the length of the palpi. Thorax snow-white, on the
shoulders pale yellowish-brown. ‘The four anterior legs have the
femora grey-brown, the tibize black-brown, with the base white ;
the tibiz of the middle pair have the base itself brown, on the
light side (in front) ; tarsi silky-whitish, with a brown spot at the
base of each joint on the shady side. Posterior Jegs shining, with
the femora grey, the tibiz brownish-grey, and the tarsi brownish-
white, with grey-brown spots at the bases of the three first joints.
Abdomen grey-brown, beneath whitish.
«‘ Anterior wings rather narrow, pale yellowish-brown. On the
costa, before the apex, is a white, black-margined hook, curved
outwardly, and at some distance before it a white, black-margined
costal spot (this is entirely wanting on the right wing); at the end
of the cilia of the apex of the wing are two white, broader, ap-
proximating, marginal hooks, under which the ground-colour is
continued to the end of the cilia as a long streak, beneath mar-
gined with white. At the base of the inner margin arises a streak,
* In July, 1851, 1 reared this species freely, from tarve which mined the leaves
of Artemisia.
a Genus of Tineide. 185
sharply bordered internally by black scales; it has three broad
blunt teeth, the second of which is confined on each side by a
deep indentation, but the first is the shortest; the white streak is
continued to the end of the cilia, and on them it encompasses the
prolongation of the ground-colour. Cilia grey. Posterior wings
narrow, pointed from the base, grey, with paler cilia.”
Found by Herr Mann at the end of April, near Montenero, and
at the beginning of May at Ardenza, sparingly.
Sp. 18. Phastanipennella, Hiibner. (Pl. XV. fig. 2.)
Alis anticis nitidulis fuscis, gutta dorsi medii pallida distinctiore,
intus nigro-marginata, tribus costze obsoletissimis.
Phasianipennella, Hiib. Tin. 321; Tr. X. 2, S. 209, 13; X. 3,
S. 298; Zell. Isis, 1838, S. 675, 100; Linn., Ent. ii. 350.
Readily recognized by the pale triangular mark on the inner
margin of the anterior wings, the other spots being very faint, or
not perceptible.
Head and face shining yellowish-brown; palpi dirty whitish,
the terminal joint brown, with only the base and apex appearing
in certain directions whitish ; antenne pale, with darker annula-
tions; thorax yellowish-brown ; abdomen brown-grey ; the four
anterior legs have the femora and tibize black-brown, tarsi brown,
the bases of the joints white ; hinder legs dirty whitish, the ends
of the joints brownish.
Anterior wings broad, (appearing from the cilia broadest toward
the hinder margin,) shining yellowish-brown, with a very slight
violet-gloss. Near the middle of the inner margin is a small, tri-
angular, faint yellowish, or whitish spot, the apex of which reaches
beyond the fold of the wing, and has some dark brown scales round
it; the base of this spot is sometimes prolonged along the inner
margin, to near the base of the wing, as a narrow white streak ;
on the costa, just before the apex, are two faint, small, yellowish
spots, and a little before the middle of the costa a still fainter spot
may sometimes be perceived, with slightly darker margins ; on the
hinder margin are two still more evanescent paler margins, which
are only perceptible in very fine specimens; the apical cilia are
brown, with a darker line before their ends, and the ends also
darker ; inner marginal cilia grey.
Posterior wings shining grey, with grey cilia.
Not rare on the Continent, but its late period of flight, October,
has probably caused it to be overlooked here. Hybernated spe-
cimens will occur in the spring, as of most of the other Gracilarie.
186 Mr. H. T. Stainton on Gracilaria,
The only British specimen I have yet seen was taken near Gosport,
last December, by Mr. Wing.
I annex Zeller’s account of the mode of feeding of the larva,
which will probably lead to its detection by some of the provincial
collectors.
“The larva feeds on Polygonum hydropiper, most usually in
shady alderwoods, also often in more open situations. The plants,
on an ordinary examination, only appear to want broad strips on
the margins of the leaves. This might also have happened by
the ravages of a Noctua larva; but if one examines the plants
sideways, one easily perceives at the end of the gaps in the leaves,
on the underside, the cones which the larva of Phasianipennella
rolls up out of the strips of the leaves. Some plants nourish as
many as a dozen, but generally only from one to three. The
larva is already to be found in the middle of August. It then
lives as a miner between the skins of the leaf, the parenchyma of
which it devours ; the discoloured patches on the leaves betray its
whereabouts. The mined patches have no regular form, and
occur in the most different positions, but generally at the basal
half of the leaf. The larvee attain maturity at very different
times. When it leaves off mining the leaf it manufactures the
cone—at what period of its life it begins this work is still to be
observed. It begins the cone at the margin of the leaf, which it
bites off in a curved line, and thus cuts off a strip which still hangs
by its broadest end to the leaf; this strip it rolls up into a blunt
cone, the base of which it fastens to the leaf with white silk.
Generally the strip of leaf is rolled from the base of the leaf
towards the apex, rarely in a contrary direction. The older the
larva is, the larger is the cone, since the larva cuts the strips con-
tinually broader; it only works across the midrib of the leaf,
when it is young and tender. The upperside of the leaf is turned
externally at the cone, which hangs perpendicularly on the under
side of the leaf. The larva lives inside the cone, and feeds on the
lower part of the walls of its dwelling; when its abode no longer
suits, the larva leaves it, and makes a new one on another leaf.
“Tt undergoes its transformation to the pupa state within this
conical habitation, in a tight-fitting, rather transparent cocoon,
which is suspended to the apex of the cone by a thick, snow-white
cord, about a fifth of the length of the cocoon.
“The perfect insect appears about three weeks after the trans-
formation to the pupa state. Collectors wishing to obtain the
pupz should cut off those leaves which have the largest cones.”
a Genus of Tineide. 187
Sp. 19. Aurogutiella, Stephens.
[Plate XV., figs. 3 and 4.]
Alis anticis nitidulis, violaceo-fuscescentibus, maculis quatuor
alternatim oppositis aureolis ; antennis fuscis, apice albo.
Auroguttella, Steph. Illust. iv. 274.
Stipella, Haw. L. B. 568 (non St. Ill. iv. 265).
Lacertella (F. v.R.), Zell. Isis, 1839, s.209; Linn. Ent. ii. 347.
Allied to Quadrupleila, Quadrisignella, and Bucculatria aurima-
culella.
Distinguished from Quadruplella and Quadrisignella by the less
sharply margined spots of the anterior wings being of a golden-
yellow, not whitish-yellow, by the first costal spot being slightly
removed from the costa, and by the first inner-marginal spot
extending to the base of the wing.
Distinguished from Bucculatriz aurimaculella by the smooth
head, by the palpi, by the antenne without eye-caps, by the first
costal spot not being placed on the costa, and by the first inner-
marginal spot extending along the inner margin to the base of the
wing (in Adurimaculella it is continued along the fold).
Expansion of the wings, 4-5 lines.
Head and face shining bronze-grey ; palpi brown-grey, the
apex white; antennz blackish-grey, the apex white (I believe in
all fine specimens, but Zeller gives the typical insect with uni-
colorous antenne, and only his var. 8 with the apex white) ;
thorax violet-grey, beneath yellow; abdomen grey, spotted with
yellow beneath ; the four anterior legs have the femora and tibie
violet-grey, tarsi white, with the ends of the joints brown; the
posterior legs have the femora at the base yellow, then pale grey,
tibiz pale grey, tarsi dirty whitish, the ends of the joints darker.
Anterior wings dark violet-grey, rather shiny, with four golden
yellow spots; an oblong, rather large one on the inner margin,
beginning at the base of the wing, and ceasing just opposite the
commencement of the first costal spot (in some specimens it is
prolonged a little further); the second inner-marginal spot is
triangular, and lies just before the commencement of the cilia;
the first costal spot does not touch the costa, is oval, and lies»
before the middle of the wing; the second costal spot lies near
the apex, posterior to the second inner-marginal spot, is some-
what triangular ; none of these spots have dark margins. In very
fine specimens there are some yellow or whitish scales in the apex
of the wing. Cilia violet-grey.
188 Mr. H. T. Stainton on Gracilaria,
Posterior wings rather broad, brown-grey, with paler cilia.
Pretty generally distributed throughout the country, and not
uncommon, but easily overlooked from its small size and dark
colour. It occurs in many parts of the Continent.
The larva feeds in June and October on the Hypericum per-
foratum ; when very young, it mines the leaves (PI. XV. fig. 4a),
but afterwards it rolls them up into a form resembling two short
cones (Pl. XV. fig. 4b), united by their bases: in these rolled
up leaves it feeds on the inner epidermis, thus discolouring the
cones, which soon assume a rust coloured appearance. The
larva, which has six legs and eight prolegs, is very pale yel-
lowish ; the head is slightly darker, and a darker middle streak
is faintly indicated along the back. Unlike Phasianipennella, the
larva of this species does not undergo its transformation inside
the cone, but when full grown it leaves the cone and proceeds to
another leaf, which it rolls up longitudinally in the form of a
cigar (Pl. XV. fig. 4c), and then, spinning a white cocoon, turns
to a brown pupa. ‘The period for collecting the pupe is the
beginning of July, and from the end of October to April. The
perfect insect appears in April and May, and in July and August.
The Gracilaria plumbella, figured by Duponchel, Supp., pl. 89,
fig. 13, is not improbably intended for this species.
The oldest name applied to this insect is undoubtedly Stipella,
Haworth; but as in Haworth’s description the first spot on the
inner margin is entirely omitted, and the description is only ex-
plained by his ‘‘exemplarium unicum” being in the possession of
the Entomological Society, I have not thought it desirable to
retain this name.
Sp. 20. Quadruplella, Zeller. (Pl. XV. fig. 5.)
Alis anticis nitidulis fuscis, guttis quatuor oblongis obliquis
sulphureis alternatim oppositis ; pectore sulphureo-maculato.
Quadruplella, Z. Isis, 1839, S. 209; Linn, Ent. ii. 355.
Auroguttella, Steph. Illust. iv. 363.
Allied to the preceding, and also to Quadrisignella ; from Auro-
gultella it is distinguished by the sulphur yellow (not golden
yellow) spots being very sharply defined, the first costal spot
touches the costa, and the first dorsal spot is not continued to the
base; Quadrisignella, which it resembles in the two last parti-
culars, has the spots broad and placed nearly perpendicularly to
the margins, whereas in Quadrupiella the spots are narrow, and
placed obliquely to the margins.
Expansion of the wings 4—5 lines.
a Genus of Tineide. 189
Head shining yellowish-brown ; face paler, more or less yellow-
ish ; palpi yellowish-brown, the base of the terminal joint and the
apex whitish; antennz brown, with grey annulations; thorax
yellowish-brown, beneath spotted with sulphur; abdomen grey,
beneath whitish. The four anterior legs have the femora and tibize
dark brown, the tarsi at the base snow-white, otherwise brown,
and the end joints with the brown prevailing more over the white;
the posterior legs have the femora at the base externally sulphur
yellow, otherwise brownish, tibize and tarsi grey, with the basal
halves of the joints white.
Anterior wings rather pale yellowish-brown, with hardly the
slightest tinge of lilac colour. The markings consist of four
sulphur yellow spots, margined with dark brown. The first
costal spot is before the middle, and is narrow, rounded, obliquely
placed, and reaching half across the wing; the second costal spot
before the apex is shorter, and is less obliquely placed; beyond
the apex there appears in the cilia a very faint, pale spot. The
first spot on the inner margin lies nearer the base than the first
costal spot; it forms a blunt triangle, and has its longest side on
the margin. The second lies near the anal angle, almost midway
between the first and second costal spots; it is triangular pointed,
and with its apex rather turned towards the hinder margin. The
cilia round the apex of the wing are traversed by several dark
shady-lines, and have the ends brown, those of the inner margin
are grey.
Posterior wings rather broad, pointed, not long-pointed, grey,
with paler cilia.
The above description is compiled from that of Zeller, in the
Linnea.
The only British specimen yet known is that in Mr. Stephens’s
extensive collection, found by Mr. Stephens “ in June, 1827, at
Ripley.”
Zeller says that it ‘occurs in Bohemia, near Reichstadt; in
Silesia, near Glogau; and in Livonia, near Kokenhusen ; every-
where scarce. I have hitherto only taken five specimens; one of
these on the 18th June, amongst mixed bushes, towards sunset.
I found a dead male, in a box in which I had furnished the larva
of Tortrix Wahlbomiana, with a leaf of Cirsium lanceolatum ;
whether the larva had lived on it I know not, since the leaf had
already been thrown away before I observed the dead Gracilaria.
Madame Lienig took the species in May, on the margins of fir
woods.”
As Mr. Stephens and Herr Zeller concur in giving June as the
190 Mr. H., T. Stainton on Gracilaria,
period of flight, it seems probable that, as in the case of Ononidis,
there is only a single brood in a year ; yet it is possible, on the
other hand, that there may occur a second brood at the end of
autumn. The larva of the June brood should, at any rate, feed in
May, at which time particular search should be made for rolled
cones or mined leaves, in the hope of discovering the larva of this
beautiful species.
Sp. 21. Quadrisignella, Zeller. (Pl. XV. fig. 6.)
Alis anticis fuscis, lilacino-nitidulis, guttis quatuor majusculis
sulphureis alternatim oppositis ; pectore sulphureo-maculato ;
antennarum apice albo.
Quadrisignella, Z. Isis, 1839, S. 209; Linn. Ent. ii. 375, pl.
2, fig. V7.
Very easily recognised by the large, sulphur-coloured, trian-
gular spots of the anterior wings.
Expansion of the wings 4—5 lines.
Head and face brown; palpi brown, the terminal joint whitish
at the upper side of the base and at the apex; antenne brown,
with paler annulations, the last fourth quite white; thorax brown,
with a violet tint; abdomen grey, paler beneath. The four an-
terior legs have the femora and tibie dark violet-brown; tarsi
snow-white, with the ends of the joints brown. The posterior
legs have the femora at the base sulphur coloured, the remainder
brownish ; tibiz brownish; tarsi, first joint brownish, four last
joints white, with brown ends.
Anterior wings rather broad, brown with a lilac tint, with four
large sulphur coloured, sharply defined, marginal spots. The
margins of these spots appear in certain lights orange. The first
spot is on the inner margin, near the base, and is triangular, with
the apex round ; the second spot is on the costa, before the middle,
is smaller and more rounded; the third spot is on the inner margin,
before the anal angle, and is the largest, it is triangular, with its
apex prolonged beyond the middle of the wing; the fourth spot
is on the costa, before the apex, is narrower, triangular, and its
apex reaches half across the wing; cilia brownish grey.
Posterior wings unusually broad at the base, grey, with paler
cilia.
Zeller observes, that “this pretty species has hitherto only been
found near Glogau, where it is very scarce. I took both sexes in
May, on hedges near leafy woods; once, on the 8th May, I took
a Genus of Tineide. 191
three specimens, along a hedge amongst Rhamnus frangula, after
a short, warm shower.”
From its appearing so early in May, it is probably, like Auro-
guttella, double-brooded.
Sp. 22. Ononidis, Zeller. (Plate XV. fig. 7.)
Alis anticis fuscis, guttulis costae quatuor, dorsi quatuor, apicis
una argenteis; epistomio argenteo, palpis albis.
Ononidis, Z. Isis, 1839, S. 209; Linn. Ent. ii. 358.
Argentipunctella, Stainton. Zool. 2163.
Moniliella, Tengstrém. Fyaril. Fauna, p. 147.
Readily distinguished in this genus, by the silver spots on the
brown anterior wings. Tengstrom, not having seen the insect
alive, had fallen into the very natural error of taking it for an
Elachista, and compared it with Elachista pomposella, with which
it has a slight resemblance.
Expansion of the wings 33 lines.
Head brown; face silvery ; palpi white, the base of the second
joint brownish; antenne brown, annulated with whitish; thorax
brown; abdomen greyish-brown. The four anterior legs have the
femora and tibiz brown, the tarsi white, with the ends of the
joints brown. ‘The posterior legs have the femora greyish-brown ;
tibize brown, with the base whitish, and the extreme end white;
tarsi brown, with the ends of the joints white.
Anterior wings brown, with nine silvery spots; four of which
are situated on the costa, four along the inner margin, and one at
the apex; all these spots have dark margins. The first of these
silvery spots is situated near the inner margin, not far from the
base, and is round; beyond it, on the costa, lies the second, which
is very small; hardly separated from this by the ground colour is
the third, which is narrow, and extends in an oblique direction to
the fold of the wing, and then drops perpendicularly upon the
inner margin; the fourth spot is on the costa, about the middle,
it is narrow, obliquely placed, and reaches half across the
wing, pointing to the fifth spot; this latter lies on the inner
margin, is very small, and has its apex turned rather towards the
hinder margin; the sixth spot lies on the costa, as far beyond the
fourth as that is beyond the second spot, it is slightly curved and
pointed, and almost unites with the seventh spot, which is situated
on the inner margin, at the anal angle; the eighth spot lies on the
costa, a little before the apex, and is prolonged on the costal cilia,
it is somewhat curved; the ninth spot lies at the apex of the wing,
192 Mr. H. T. Stainton on Gracilaria,
immediately before the commencement of the cilia, it is small and
round; the cilia round it are brown, with two darker curved lines,
formed by the end of the scales.
Posterior wings narrow, gradually pointed, grey, with paler
cilia.
First found in this country by Mr. Weir, in July, 1847, near
Tunbridge Wells, among Genista tinctoria. Mr. Weir informs
me that where he meets with it there is no Ononis at all, and he
presumes that it feeds there on the Genista.
Zeller says that “its chief resort at Glogau is a fir plantation,
on a loamy hill, in a patch thickly grown with Ononis spinosa.
Here I first took the small, and easily overlooked, moths from the
middle of June to July. They can only be brought to fly during
the day by trampling down the plants, but on still evenings they
fly more readily, and are not hard to catch. They sit as the other
Gracilarie.”
‘“¢ The larva, which is pale, greenish-yellow, with a honey-yellow
head, mines the lower, older leaves of the Ononis spinosa; it
loosens the upper epidermis for the greater part of the leaf, and
devours the parenchyma; it leaves the lower skin of the leaf
quite uninjured, wherefore the leaves seen from below appear
quite sound. Towards the base or apex of the mined place or on
both are found collections of black excrement. The larva also
appears to go into fresh leaves, since I have sometimes found an
entire leaf mined, and the larva only in one leaflet. It crawls
rather slowly and spins a thread. At the end of May the larva
crept out of the dried leaves to seek a place suitable for spinning
up, often going far away. The white cocoon is placed in a
corner ; it is twice the size of the larva, and is pointed on both
sides. On the 14th of June the first moth appeared.”
“ The species does not appear to be double-brooded.”
Sp. 23. Pavoniella (Metzner), Zeller.
“ Alis anticis subcaudulatis aureis, strigulis quatuor coste,
tribus dorsi lineolaque ex media basi argenteis, fusco-margi-
uatis, puncto apicis atro, pupilla argentea.”
Pavoniella, Z. Winn. Ent. i. 362.
“‘ Most nearly allied to the preceding, easily recognized by the
hook in the cilia, the paler gold yellow ground colour of the ante-
rior wing and the silver marginal streaks directed obliquely to
one another. It reminds one most of the genus Lithocolletis.
“Rather larger than the preceding. Thorax golden-yellow.
a Genus of Tineide. 193
Head and palpi white. Antenne brownish, hardly perceptibly
annulated. Maxillary palpi rather short, with loose hairs ; labial
palpi shorter than the thorax, recurved, filiform, with somewhat
projecting hairs on the underside, especially at the beginning of
the third joint, but without a tufted prolongation. The four
anterior femora yellowish-brown; tibize and tarsi, as well as the
whole of the posterior legs, snow-white, spotted with brown, the
former colour prevailing in the tarsi, the latter in the tibiz. Ab-
domen grey, with yellowish anal tuft (in the ¢ white beneath), and
beneath with whitish margins of the segments.
« Anterior wings broad, golden-yellow, slightly shining. Of the
four costal streaks, the three first have the apices obliquely di-
rected outwards, but the fourth has its apex directed inwards,
The first at the commencement of the second third of the wing is
prolonged in a fine costal line nearly to the base; its apex, as
well as that of the second streak, is abruptly cut off. The third
is thin and pointed. The fourth lies rather farther from the
third than the three preceding from one another, has the broadest
base and curves inwards (with its concavity directed outwards)
till before the black spot with a silvery white pupil, at the apex
of the wing. The short streak arising from the base of the wing
is near the inner margin; it curves upward beyond the fold of the
wing, and is thickened before its apex. The two first dorsal
streaks are shorter and rather thinner than the costal streaks, and
lie alternately with them ; the first is placed rather more obliquely.
The third is a triangular spot, with the apex directed towards the
third costal streak, with which (on the left wing of the male) it
forms an acute fascia. Beyond the apex of the wing, the ground
colour is divided on the cilia into two streaks enclosing a white
triangle, the upper streak has at its end a very short hook. Be-
neath, the cilia are whitish, towards the anal angle grey.
‘“‘ The posterior wings are long-pointed, grey, with paler cilia.
“ Occurs near Vienna, whence the pair described from Metz-
ner’s Collection come.”
This beautiful little species yet remains undetected in this
country.
Sp. 24. Kollariella (F. v. R.), Zeller. (Pl. XV. fig. 8.)
Alis anticis caudulatis brunneis, dorso, strigulis quinque costa-
libus niveis. ;
Kollariella, Z. Isis, 1839, S, 209; Linn. Ent. ii. 363; Dup.
Supp. 78, 3.
Not likely to be confounded with any known species.
VOL, I. N. S. PART VI.—SEPT. 1851. fc)
194 Mr. H. T. Stainton on Gracilaria, &c.
Expansion of the wings 4-43 lines.
Head and face white; palpi white; antennz brown; thorax
white, with the sides brown; abdomen greyish. The four ante-
rior legs have the femora brown, tibia and tarsi brown, spotted
with white; the posterior legs have the femora and tibiz whitish,
the tarsi white, with the bases of the joints brown.
Anterior wings brown, inclining to black, along the inner mar-
gin extends a narrow streak of white uninterruptedly to the anal
angle; on the costa are five white streaks: the first begins a little
before the middle, is placed very obliquely, and reaches, with
its attenuated and rather curved apex, to the commencement of
the last third of the wing; the second streak, which immediately
follows the first, is much shorter, and does not reach as far as the
first; the third streak, following at a little distance from the second,
is placed less obliquely, points towards the anal angle, and reaches
half across the wing; the fourth streak is slightly curved, its apex
almost touching the apex of the preceding, it reaches half across
the wing, but there appears an indistinct continuation of it to the
anal angle; the fifth streak, which is small, is on the costa, im-
mediately before the apex. Below the apex of the first costal
streak lies a small white streak on the disk. At the apex of the
wing is a bfack ocellus, from the end of which springs the black
hook. Cilia at first brownish, then white, with black tips.
Posterior wings narrow, gradually pointed, grey, with paler cilia.
* Occurs near Vienna, and at Pisa, in the beginning of May,
singly, among ash trees in the marshes.”’ *
Like the preceding, this still remains to be discovered in this
country.
* Ent. Ztg. 1850, S. 161.
@ 195?)
XXV. On the Effects of certain Agents on Insects, in a
Letter addressed to W1tu1AM SPENCE, Esq., F.R.S., &c.,
by Joun Davy, Esq., M.D., F.R.S.
[Read 5th May, 1851.]
My pear Sir,
In a letter which I had the honour to address to you last year
relative to the effects of change of temperature on insect life, in
a very limited way, I expressed the hope of being able to continue
the experiments and extend them to other agencies on the same
class of beings. This I have in some measure accomplished, and
I propose now to make known to you the results, which be pleased
to use in any way you may think proper.
The inquiry was entered on in the last week of November,
and owing to the extraordinary mildness of the winter months has
been continued almost uninterruptedly to the present time, viz.
the middle of March. During the whole of this period the
thermometer here has never for twenty-four hours been below the
freezing point ; it has oftener, by day, been above 40° of Faren-
heit than below that degree. This mildness of atmosphere has
been accompanied with unusual humidity, and an extraordinary
fall of rain: in November the amount of rain here was 13°26
inches, in December 5:46 inches, in January 19°54 inches, as mea-
sured by the pluviometer; and scarcely a day has passed during
the whole of the period that insects of several kinds have not
been seen on the wing or abroad in the open air.
For the sake of order, and to be better able to compare the
results, I shall first notice those experiments which I have made
on the effects of temperature on insects; next, of gases; and
lastly, of vapours. Should my account of the trials be found
tedious, I trust it will be borne with, as without some minuteness
of detail, accuracy on such a subject is hardly attainable. For
the names of the species, when they are assigned, you know that
I am indebted to an able Entomologist, Francis Walker, Esq.,
who at your request was so obliging as to examine most of the
individuals, the subjects of the experiments, and to return them
labelled.
1. On the Effect of Changes of Temperature on certain Insects.
I shall first notice the effect of reduced temperature, that is, of
a reduction of many degrees below the annual mean, and also
below the freezing point.
02
196 Dr. John Davy on the
On the 28th of November exposed a bee (Bombus hortorum), in
a languid state as to activity, in a room, the temperature of which
was 54°, to the open air of the temperature 32°; it immediately
became more active, endeavouring to get from under the glass
which confined it, even spreading its wings and attempting flight.
How long it remained thus active I did not stop to watch. Left
over night, it was found the following morning quite torpid as if
dead. A register thermometer, placed beside it on the grass, in-
dicated 25° as the minimum. After having been brought into a
room, of the temperature 52°, in about half an hour it revived,
and, when touched, feebly moved its legs and walked. The same
bee, on the morning of the 30th, at a temperature of 48°, moved
its limbs slowly when touched. Exposed to the open air at 22°,
rising in the course of the day to 28°, it soon became completely
torpid, moving no part when touched. It revived as before, at a
temperature of 56°.
A fly (Musca vomitoria), on the 8th December, was active, flying
about within doors, at a temperature of 52°; it became dull and
averse from motion at 40°, and more so at 33°, at which tempe-
rature it did not move till touched, and then sluggishly ; even at
28° it was not torpid, and that after exposure during the night to
a temperature of 23°, as indicated by a register thermometer.
On the following day it was exposed under the same circum-
stances, in company with a bee (a Bombus), to the open air at 28°;
the bee presently became torpid, the fly not,--moving its legs
Janguidly when touched. The bee, in this its torpid state, bore
a temperature of 22°: it remained motionless at 30°: for two
hours it did not revive at 54°: when placed on the warm hand
and breathed upon, it presently began to move one of its legs,
and shortly after another, and in less than a minute it was walking
on the hand; removed from the hand, in a few seconds it became
motionless, showing no signs of life even when touched, and this
at 54°; replaced on the hand, it again became active, but not so
soon as before, its hind legs first moved; the movement was that
of passing the one over the other, as in the act of cleaning
them; next the fore legs were moved in the same manner, the
wings remaining motionless. Removed from the hand, a state of
torpor was induced in a few seconds.
A fly (Musca stabulans), found within doors on the 18th De-
cember, exposed to the open air at 41°, became motionless, except
when touched, wken it was tolerably active: even at 54° it ap-
peared to be in the same state, not torpid, moving only when
touched, and excited to motion by the gentlest touch. At S1° it
Effects of certain Agents on Insects. 197
became quite torpid, so that when roughly moved it showed no
signs of life. It was exposed to a temperature of 22°, without
fatal effect.
A small fly (Piophila casei), pretty active in a window at 44° on
the 19th December, did not become torpid at 38°, moving its legs
when touched, nor at 33°: but at 31° torpor was produced, and
it bore without fatal effect a reduction of temperature to 22°.
After this it was active at 36°, and flew away when let into the
open air in the shade.
On the 23rd February exposed a fly (Anthomyia mitis) to a
night temperature of 25° (the lowest); the following morning at
9 a.m. it was languid at 26°, moving its legs sluggishly when
touched. On the following night it was again exposed to a tem-
perature of 22°. When taken out of the tube, which was covered
with hoar frost, it was motionless for several seconds; but ina
minute or two it moved its legs when touched, and, brought into
a warm room, it soon became active.
A honey bee (Apis mellifica), active in the open air in sunshine
on the 9th March, became motionless at 40° in the shade. In a
room at 55° it moved its legs and wings languidly ; some hours
later at night, at 519, it was found torpid; breathed on, a languid
movement of its wings was reproduced; placed where the tem-
perature was 65° it presently became active. The following
morning at 50° it was found motionless; breathed on, on the warm
hand, a feeble revival was indicated by a slight motion of one of
its antennz, and occasionally of one of its legs: in this state, as
it were between life and death, it continued during five days, at a
temperature between 50° and 60°, at the end of which it ceased
to give any sign of vitality, the same means being employed to
excite it.
These are all the trials I have made on the influence of reduc-
tion of temperature: they are smaller in number than I could
have wished, owing to the want of opportunities from the extreme
mildness of the season, as already adverted to; and even in the
few instances in which the reduction of temperature was below
the freezing point it may be worthy of remark, that it was owing
not so much to the coldness of the atmosphere as to that of the
surface, the effect of radiation from the grass plat on which the
insects were placed during clear and calm nights, of which for
the time of the year there were unusually few.
On the effect of elevation of temperature, to which I shall now
proceed, I have also a few results to describe.
On the 19th January exposed a fly (Anthomyia mitis) in a tube
198 Dr. John Davy on the
of thin glass to a temperature of 120°; in two or three minutes it
became motionless and was found to be dead. The same effect,
in as short a time, was produced on another fly of the same kind
by a temperature of 113°. On the 28th January exposed another
also of the same kind to a temperature gradually rising (the tube
being immersed in water) to 96°. After about an hour the fly
that was at first active was found lying at the bottom of the tube,
seemingly incapable of standing; in another minute it ceased to
move, and did not revive on exposure to the air of the room.
Another of the same kind bore well a temperature between 80°
and 90° for two hours; after exposure to a temperature between
90° and 100° less than an hour, it was found dead.
A fly (Musca lanio) on the 80th January was exposed to a tem-
perature between 80° and 90°, and 90° and 100°, for several hours ;
so long as the air in the tube was below 100° the fly did not appear
to suffer ; above 100°, it showed a tendency to become torpid ; at
105°, after a very few minutes, it became motionless, and did not
revive on exposure to the air of the room.
On the 16th March, a honey bee,—just taken from the open air
at 45°, when in sunshine actively on the wing,— was exposed to a
gradually increasing temperature. Its activity was not apparently
diminished at 80°; at 90° the sound of its wings had ceased: it
was at rest at the bottom of the tube, but in nowise torpid; after
a few minutes, at 96°, it became motionless; then taken out, and
exposed to the air of the room at 55°, it did not revive; no part
of it afterwards moved.
What is known of the habitats of insects in relation to climate,
I need hardly remark, amply proves the vast range of temperature
at which different species can exist,— each probably restricted to a
certain range,—and consequently that a very large number of trials
on different species would be required to arrive at any satisfactory
conclusion on the influence of temperature on insects generally.
One remark I beg to make, in which I think I am warranted by
my limited experience,—as to the effect of change of temperature,
—viz. that on insects it is different from what it is on the hyber-
nating mammalia; not, as in them, producing a quick transition
from active to torpid life, but more commonly a graduated one
from great activity to diminished, till motion is altogether lost ; and
this gradation, whether in becoming torpid from cold, or in reco-
vering from a state of torpor on elevation of temperature.
4
Effects of certain Agents on Insects. 199
2. On the Effect of certain Gases.
Carbonic Acid Gas.—On the 19th December placed a fly (Musca
stabulans) in a tube in which this gas was in process of being rapidly
generated by the action of dilute nitric acid on fragments of lime-
stone. The fly was supported by a perforated diaphragm, so as
to be kept above the fluid, and the tube was corked, but not so tight
as to prevent entirely the escape of gas, and immersed in water.
In a few seconds the fly became motionless: taken out after two
hours, it seemed dead, it did not move even when placed on the
warm hand, and breathed on for a minute or two; soon after, the
breathing on it being continued, a slight tremulous motion was
perceived in its feet, and in a few minutes more decided animation
was restored, and it moved when touched, and walked.
December 21st, put a fly (Heteromyza buccata) into a tube full
of carbonic acid gas. It became instantly motionless. Kept in
the gas about two minutes, it revived in about five minutes after
being taken out, and seemed not less active than before. Replaced
in the gas after an interval of twenty-four hours, in a few seconds
it became motionless; left in the gas another twenty-four hours,
it was found dead when taken out.
On the same day, a small fly (an Anthomyia), confined in a wine
glass inverted on a plate of glass, was so active (the temperature
of the room 56°) as to fly from side to side. Introduced a bit of
limestone, and added a little nitric acid; the fly at the time was
standing on the side of the glass; in two or three seconds, without
making any efforts to escape, it lost its hold, and fell into the
effervescing fluid, where it was motionless. ‘Taken out after about
two minutes, in two or three minutes more it began to move its
legs, and shortly was tolerably active, considering its clogged state
from its wet wings and legs.
On the 25th December, put a fly (MZusca lanio) in an active state
at the temperature of the room into the tube, with carbonic acid
gas. It immediately became motionless ; taken out after twenty-
four hours, it was found to be dead.
On the same day put into the gas a small fly of the gnat kind.
In two or three seconds it became motionless ; after about three
or four hours exposure to the gas, on being taken out, and placed
on the warm hand and breathed upon, a slight motion of the legs
was perceived, but this only for a minute or two, when all marks
of life ceased.
On the 26th December, placed two flies, both of them pretty
active, (a Heteromyza buccata and a Musca lanio,) in carbonic acid
200 Dr. John Davy on the
gas. They became motionless in a few seconds; left in about an
hour, the former did not revive immediately on being taken out,
nor even when placed on the warm hand and breathed upon; yet
in half an hour it was nearly as active as before. The other fly,
similarly treated when taken out, revived in less than a minute on
the warm hand. Again immersed in the gas, and now left there
about twenty hours, both were found to be dead when taken out.
On the 29th December, repeated the experiments on two flies
similar to the preceding, with a like immediate result, they be-
coming motionless in two or three seconds, Taken out after two.
hours, they did not revive immediately, even when placed on the
warm hand and breathed upon; in ten minutes they had revived,
and were much in the same state as to activity as before immersion :
the one alert (the Heteromyza), the other sluggish. Thrown again
into the gas, they instantly became motionless, — not the slightest
movement, even of the legs, could be perceived ; had the air in the
tube been common air, they would have been excited by the fall;
taken out instantly they presently revived. Returned into the gas
on the following day, and taken out after three hours, both were
found motionless ; the Heteromyza, after six hours, was found
active ; the other fly then was motionless, not moving even when
touched ; nine hours later it was revived, and active.
On the 9th March placed two honey bees, rather languid at 55°,
in the tube, in which carbonic acid gas was in the act of being
disengaged ; common air was mixed with the gas. They at first
became excited and active, used their wings, as if trying to escape;
gradually, and pretty rapidly, their activity diminished; and in less
than a minute they both dropped down on the diaphragm motion-
less. Taken out, after remaining in about a quarter of an hour,
they remained motionless about an hour and a quarter; now
breathed on, they began to move, and shortly, at a temperature
of 65°, to which they were transferred from one of 51°, they be-
came active.
Hydrogen Gas.—On the 30th December immersed the same flies,
which had revived after exposure to carbonic acid gas on the pre-
ceding day, to hydrogen whilst in the act of being generated by
means of zine and dilute muriatic acid. They did not become
instantly motionless, but they were so in less than a minute. Taken
out after being two hours in the gas, the Heleromyza revived in
about a quarter of an hour; the other remained motionless about
three hours, then, when touched, it moved freely.
On the 10th March made a similar experiment on a honey bee.
As the hydrogen, from the expulsion of common air from the tube,
Effects of certain Agents on Insects. 201
became concentrated, the bee became restless; in two or three
minutes it fell down, and after a tremulous movement of its limbs
for a few seconds, it became motionless. Taken out after being
in five minutes, it exhibited, in a few seconds, marks of reviving,
its limbs moving in the same tremulous manner as that observed
previously to its becoming torpid. On the following day it was
alive and tolerably active at 55°, as if nowise injured by the ction,
on it, of the gas.
Azote.—Put a fly (Heteromyza buccata) into this gas, obtained
from common air by the removal of the oxygen by phosphorus,
after which removal it was allowed to stand twenty-four hours
over water. The fly, in coming in contact with the azote, imme-
diately fell from the side of the tube, and, except a slight motion of
one of its legs, it appeared to have been rendered instantly torpid.
Taken out after two hours, it revived in about ten minutes, its
activity nowise impaired.
Common Air.—Put a fly of the same kind as the preceding into
a tube, with common air, confined by a little cotton wool, ina
room where all the indoor experiments were made, varying in
temperature between 52° and 60°. From the 5th February, when
it was introduced, till the 26th, it seemed little affected ; on the
28th it was found dead.
Put a fly (Musca lanio) in a tube, with a small quantity of air,
a few times its own volume. ‘This was onthe 4th of January ; on
the 5th the fly was languid ; on the 16th it was motionless. About
two hours after being taken out it showed marks of vitality, and
was soon tolerably active. Hardly an appreciable quantity of
oxygen, by the test of phosphorus, was found in the residual air ;
most of it had been converted into carbonic acid.
On the 19th January put three flies of the same kind as the last-
mentioned, pretty active at 45°, into a tube full of water, and in-
verted it in water; a little air adhered to their wings. Shortly
after they were found motionless, the temperature of the room 56°.
In about ten minutes after being taken out they revived, and,
when dry, they appeared to be as active as before.
Oxygen.—Introduced a fly of the same kind into this gas, over
water obtained from the decomposition of chlorate of potash.
Though swimming with its feet and part of its body immersed in
the water, for twenty-four hours, its activity was nowise im-
paired :—a few hours later it was found under the water and
motionless; on exposure to the air of the room it did not recover,
On the 27th January introduced another fly of the same kind into
202 Dr. John Davy on the
oxygen. Twenty-four hours after it was standing dry on the side
of the tube, as if in common air, and in like manner on the 3\1st.
On the Ist February it was found swimming on the water; by
inclining the tube it got out of the water, attaching itself to the
side of the glass; on the following day it was found motionless,
and it did not revive on being taken out. There was a slight
diminution of the volume of the oxygen, many times the bulk of
the fly.
Coal Gas.—Put a fly (Heteromyza buccata) into a tube half-full
of water, above which was common air, and introduced a little
coal gas as it was generated by the action of heat : no sooner had
a few bubbles come in contact with the fly floating on the surface
of the water, than from a state of activity it became motionless.
Taken out without loss of time, and exposed to the air, it revived
in about ten minutes. ‘The same fly, exposed to the action of the
gas nearly pure, became motionless in two or three seconds.
Taken out after about a minute, it gave no signs of life for half
an hour; three hours later, a feeble movement of its legs was per-
ceptible, soon terminating in death.
Sulphuretted Hydrogen.—On the 31st December immersed the
same flies, that had been exposed to the action of hydrogen on the
preceding day, in sulphuretted hydrogen, as it was slowly dis-
engaged in a tube by the action of dilute muriatic acid on sul-
phuret of iron. After a few seconds both flies were motionless ;
and they did not revive when taken out, and that immediately.
The effect was the same on another (Heleromyza buccata), and as
rapidly.
On the Ist January immersed a fly (Musca hortorum) in a mix-
ture of sulphuretted hydrogen and common air: in a few seconds
it became motionless, and though instantly taken out it did not
revive. On the same day repeated the experiment on a Hetero-
myza, and with like effect: the air in the tube consisted of about
two parts common air and one sulphuretted hydrogen. On the
same day introduced into the tube in which the gas was in process
of being generated, two flies (T7'richocera hiemalis, very active,
Musca vomitoria, less so). After about an hour both were motion-
less ; nor did they revive when taken out. So small was the pro-
portion of sulphuretted hydrogen, that, when an attempt was made
to ascertain it, it was hardly appreciable.
On the 20th March introduced an active honey bee, just taken,
into a mixture of sulphuretted hydrogen and atmospheric air.
The very instant it entered it dropt motionless; and not the
Effects of certain Agents on Insects. 203
slightest motion of any part was seen afterwards. Taken out,
after having been in the tube ten minutes, it did not revive on ex-
posure to the air. The same day repeated the experiment on
another honey bee: after a few minutes of restlessness it fell down
motionless. Taken out, after about eight minutes, and exposed
to the air, in about half an hour a languid motion of the abdomen
was visible, and the same was occasionally seen to occur for about
thirty hours, soon after which time it was found motionless and
dead. The proportion of sulphuretted hydrogen mixed with the
atmospheric air in this instance was very minute. The experi-
ment repeated under the same circumstances with another active
honey bee. The result was similar,—the state of torpor, the
effect of the very dilute gas, was, on exposure to the air, followed
by slight signs of revival, soon terminating in death.
Sulphurous Acid Gas.—On the 24th of January exposed a fly
(Heteromyza buccata) to this gas, very much diluted, by kindling
a minute portion of sulphur under a wine glass, in which the fly
was confined. In a few seconds it tottered and fell, and in a few
more became motionless ; it did not recover on exposure to the
air.
Chlorine.—On the 22nd January exposed a fly of the same kind
as the last to this gas, as disengaged in the tube by the action of
dilute sulphuric acid on a mixture of common salt and black oxide
of manganese. In less than two minutes the fly became motion-
less. Taken out immediately and exposed to the air, it did not
revive.
3. On the Action of Vapours.
Ammonia.—On the 3rd January put a fly (Heteromyza buccata)
into a tube, with a few drops of strong aqua ammonie. At first
it was active and restless; in about half a minute it fell down,
moving its legs; in another half- minute it was motionless. It had
not come in contact with the fluid. Taken out it did not revive.
Exposed another fly (Musca lanio) in the same manner to the
ammoniacal vapour ; it presently exhibited convulsive movements ;
in less than a minute it was motionless, and it remained so, for
several hours, after exposure to the air ; the following morning, it
was found revived and active.
Muriatic Acid.—Exposed a fly of the same kind to the vapour
of strong muriatic acid: during the first half-hour the fly was
active, it gradually became less so; after about two hours it was
found motionless. Taken out of the tube, after showing no signs
204 Dr. John Davy on the
of life for an hour or two, it revived, and recovered its activity.
Replaced, and kept exposed to the acid vapour for twenty-four
hours, it was found dead when taken out.
A fly (Piophila case’) was put under a small wine glass, ona
glass support, and with it a portion of cotton wool moistened with
the acid. Inlessthana minute the gait of the fly became tottering ;
and in less than five minutes it was motionless. It was imme-
diately taken out, but it did not revive. A similar experiment
was made on another fly (Heteromyza?), somewhat larger and
more vigorous. After about a quarter of an hour it became
motionless. Then taken out, in a few minutes it became pretty
active.
Nitric Acid.—The results of two trials with the vapour of this
acid, one on a Piophila, the other a Heteromyza, differed chiefly
from those last mentioned in being, in each instance, fatal, exhi-
biting, after deprivation of motion, no sign of revival, though
taken out immediately.
Alcohol.—Put a fly (Musca lanio) into a tube with a little aleohol
of Sp. Gr. *84 underneath, and raised its temperature to 74°.
For a few minutes the fly showed increased activity ; in a few
more it became nearly motionless ; after about a quarter of an
hour it appeared to be torpid. Now, exposed to the air of the
room, in a few minutes a slight motion of its feet was seen; after
a couple of hours it was nearly as active as before the experiment ;
two hours later it was found dead.
On the Sth of January, temperature of the room about 58°,
placed two small flies (Sczara vitripennis, Psychoda nervosa) under
a wine glass, on a glass support, with a portion of cotton-wool
moistened with alcohol. The first effect was an increase of acti-
vity; after a few minutes their irregular movements and occa-
sional falls suggested an inebriated state. A drop of alcohol
poured on them rendered them motionless instantly, and proved
fatal to them.
On the 11th January a similar trial was made on another fly
(Heteromyza buccata), at araised temperature of 70°. The excite-
ment first produced, marked by increased activity, was soon fol-
lowed by feebleness, irregular movements, and death. Similar
effects were produced by the vapour of alcohol on another fly of
the same kind, at the temperature of the room 57°, but not quite
so rapidly.
Ether—On the 12th January placed a fly (Musca lanio) in a
tube with a little sulphuric ether, at the temperature of the room
Effects of certain Agents on Insects. 205
56°, It immediately became motionless. Taken out after a few
minutes it soon revived, and seemed as active as before. Replaced
in the tube after an interval of two hours, it did not become
torpid so soon asat first, two or three minutes elapsing ; it revived
in about a quarter of an hour after being taken out.
Repeated the experiment on another fly (Heteromyza buccata)
at a temperature of about 54°. In a few seconds the fly dropped
from the side of the glass motionless; so it continued till taken
out. Taken out, after ten minutes, it did not revive. Repeated,
on another fly of the same kind, the immediate effect was the
same. ‘Taken out, in less than a minute, in about an hour it re-
vived and was active as before.
Chloroform.—On the 14th January, at the temperature of the
air of the room, placed a fly of the same kind as the last under a
wine glass, with a portion of cotton-wool moistened with chloro-
form. For a second or two the insect was active; then it sud-
denly became motionless. Taken out, it was tolerably revived in
an hour. Repeated the experiment on a small gnat, witha like
effect in every respect. Repeated it on the fly and the gnat,
keeping them in the vapour about eight minutes ; they soon be-
came motionless as at first, but they did not revive on exposure to
the air.
Camphor.—A fly (Heteromyza buccata) put under a wine glass
at the temperature of the room, with a piece of camphor, became
torpid in about half an hour; after exposure to the air for about
the same time it revived, moving sluggishly. Replaced, and left
over night under the glass, with the camphor, on the following
morning it was found dead. Repeated the experiment with ano-
ther fly of the same kind. In rather less than half an hour its
activity was diminished ; some five hours later it was motionless 5
it did not revive on exposure to the air.
Oil of Turpentine.—-On the 20th January placed two flies, of
the same kind as the Jast, under a wine glass, with a portion of
cottoh wool moistened with this volatile oil. In a minute or two
they walked unsteadily, as if intoxicated ; in less than a quarter
of an hour they were found motionless, they had become smeared
with the oil; they did not revive on exposure to the air. Another
fly, of the same kind, placed in a tube with a portion of oil, sepa-
rated by a diaphragm, pervious to the vapour, at a temperature of
about 75°, soon became motionless, and did not recover when
taken out. Repeated the experiment on another fly of the same
206 Dr. John Davy on the
kind at the temperature of 54°; the immediate effect was the
same, in a few seconds it had lost the power of walking on the
perpendicular side of the glass tube, and was more restless than
before ; accidentally a small portion of its surface came in contact
with the oil, in Jess than half a minute it became motionless: im-
mediately taken out it did not revive. The experiment repeated
on another fly of the same kind, not allowed to come in contact
with the oil; it became motionless in a minute, after having been
instantly affected in the same manner as the preceding ; taken out,
after about two minutes, it did not revive. Repeated the experi-
ment on a small fly.
Strong Acetic Acid.—A fly (Heteromyza buccata), exposed to the
vapour of this acid at about 56°, was not immediately apparently
affected, nor after five hours; after ten hours it was found motion-
less; it did not revive when taken out. ‘The trial was repeated
on another fly of the same kind, with a like result, and also on a
gnat; in about five minutes it became motionless; taken out,
after about two hours, it was found to be dead. Repeated it on
another fly (Heteromyza buccata), in about half an hour it ceased
to move; allowed to remain in about two hours, it did not revive
when taken out.
Attar of Roses.—Placed a fly (Heteromyza buccata) under a
wine glass, with a portion of paper on which a drop of this
essential oil had been let fall; temperature of the room 54°. At
first the fly did not appear to be affected; in about an hour it had
become dull, moving languidly ; five hours after it was found mo-
tionless. Taken out it showed marks of revival in about half an
hour ; after three hours it had recovered its activity. Repeated
the experiment on a small fly—a gnat; after an exposure of about
two hours it was found motionless; taken out it did not revive.
Musk.—Placed a fly (Heteromyza buccata) under a wine glass
with a portion of this substance, adding a few drops of water to
favour the rise of the odorous effluvia. After twelve hours no
appreciable effect was produced; the activity of the insect was
not impaired. Repeated the experiment on a gnat and another
fly, the species of which was not determined, and with a similar
result; one was exposed to the odour for twelve hours, the other,
the latter, for twenty-four: this insect, on lifting up the glass, took
wing and escaped.
Todine.—Exposed a fly (Musca domestica) to the vapour of this
substance at 70°; the air in the tube was only just perceptibly
Effects of certain Agents on Insects. 207
coloured. During the first half hour the fly was active, and seemed
little affected ; after another half hour it was found motionless ;
whether it revived or not is not mentioned in the note of the ex-
periment. The experiment was repeated at the temperature of
the air of the room, 55°, on two flies (Heteromyza buccata); one,
which was feeble when put into the tube, became motionless in
about a quarter of an hour ; the other, in the same time, excepting
that it had become dull, seemed but little affected; in about an
hour its gait was unsteady, as if its muscles were no longer under
control; after four hours it was found motionless; neither of
them revived.
On the results described in the two last sections I beg to offer
in conclusion a few remarks,
Comparing the effects of the several agents no two seem to have
acted precisely in the same manner; and probably were a larger
number of experiments made, and with minute attention, each
agent would be found to possess some peculiarity in its influences.
Those most fatal to life appear to have been sulphuretted hydrogen,
ammonia, chlorine, nitric acid, iodine, camphor, oil of turpentine,
each varying in degrees of rapidity of effect, but so far analogous
that no perfect revival ensued on exposure to the air, after a
motionless state had once been induced. ‘Those less fatal to life
appear to have been azote, hydrogen, carbonic acid, coal gas,
muriatic acid vapour, ether, chloroform,—all of them producing
immobility, and probably insensibility, with different degrees of
rapidity, but not commonly terminating in death, revival in most
instances following. Whether oxygen belongs to either is more
than doubtful; it seems to stand alone, as regards its effects on
the functions of life, throughout all classes of animals. That
death sooner occurred in the trial with it than in that with atmo-
spheric air, may have been owing to exhaustion connected with
increased vital action of the insect, unsupported by nourishing
food.
How the-effects of the several agents are produced, it may be
difficult to explain in the present state of our knowledge. Some
of them probably act chemically, such as the strong acid vapour,
chlorine, iodine: some probably, chiefly, in suspending respiration,
or in preventing the due aération of the fluids, such as azote,
hydrogen, carbonic acid; and others, it may be, in a more com-
plicated manner, and in part through their action on the nervous
as well as the respiratory system, such as sulphuretted hydrogen,
ether, chloroform, alcohol, oil of turpentine, camphor. al
It is worthy of remark, that most of the substances, which, even
titel
208 Dr. John Davy on the
in minute portions mixed with common air, prevent the slow com-
bustion of phosphorus, as indicated by its shining in the dark,
have the effect, on the insects on which they were tried, of sus-
pending animation.
The revival which occurred in so many instances after sus-
pended animation, may probably be connected with that tenacity
of life and long enduring excitability for which insects are re-
markable: thus, even when decapitated, the common house fly,
or the flesh fly, will not unfrequently move its hmbs twenty-four
hours after the loss of the head on being touched, and commonly
can be excited to action beyond twelve hours after such a muti-
Jation.
Some of the results may not be undeserving notice for practical
purposes,—as those in the instances of sulphuretted hydrogen,
oil of turpentine, and camphor, in relation to the destruction of
parasitical insects, whether infesting plants or minerals, or to the
preservation of substances from the attacks of insects. To be
applicable to the preservation of plants, of course it is necessary
that the agents to be used should not exercise on them any mate-
rial injurious effects. ‘This must be determined by experiments
made expressly for the purpose. The few trials I have yet made
on seeds seem to show, that the steeping them in a solution in
water of sulphuretted hydrogen has not prevented their germina-
tion. The seeds tried were mignionette, cress seed, and that of a
Nemophila: analogy, viz. that of steeping the seed of the Cerealia
in a solution of the white oxide of arsenic, is in favour of the same
conclusion. T'urther, for the preservation of articles, whether of
clothing or furniture, it is hardly less necessary that the substances
to be employed should have no offensive odour. Judging from
the effects of attar of roses, and from what we know of scented
woods not being liable to be attacked by insects, the probability
is that any volatile oil of agreeable perfume will answer the pur-
pose required, and prove a true instance of the utile et dulce
combined.
As carbonic acid gas, and some of the other agents mentioned,
produce merely a temporary torpor, it may be a question whether
this gas, or simple immersion in water, may not be advantageously
substituted for the fumes of burning sulphur, destructive of life,
at the yearly gathering of honey; the former, indeed, may be said
to be in use in the Levant, where the smoke of the fire of leaves,
in which the carbonic acid generated may be considered as chiefly
operative, is employed to stupify the bees preparatory to the
spoiling of their hives.
Effects of certain Agents on Insects. 209
The tenacity of life in insects, as exemplified in their suspended
animation, whether from want of free air,—as when immersed in
water, or buried in the earth, or surrounded by azote or carbonic
acid, may serve a useful purpose in the economy of nature. They
are the favourite food of many birds and fishes ; and in their torpid
state, with just sufficient life to preserve them from decomposition,
they are most easily obtained, and that at a time when such a
supply is peculiarly wanted; and even their quitting their state of
torpor in temperate weather in winter, when they themselves ap-
pear to exist without food, may conduce to the same end,— the
affording of food to other animals higher in the scale of organiza-
tion, and especially such as are roused from a like state of torpor
by elevation of temperature.
I am, my dear Sir,
Yours very truly,
Lesketh How, Ambleside, J. Davy.
March 19th, 1851].
To Witt1am Spence, Esq.
F.R.S., &e.
P. S.—In the note with which you have favoured me of the
15th of April, you have called my attention to the effects of the
vapour arising from the bruised leaves of the common laurel on
insects, and also to that of prussic acid. Before describing the
experiments I have made in consequence, I shall, with your per-
mission, quote your words :—* There is,’ you remark, * one
vapour, on which, though now employed to kill insects, we want
more exact facts—that of the prussic acid let loose from the
bruised leaves of the common laurel. Entomologists find that
insects introduced into a wide mouthed phial, having a few of
these bruised leaves at the bottom, die almost instantly; but
there is this inconvenience in employing them, that the watery
vapour, which they also give out, condenses on the side of the
phial, and injures the wings of the flies, &c., put into it.” You
add: ‘“ It would be desirable to know how small a quantity of
the vapour of prussic acid suffices to kill an insect of medium
size; whether some insects (as beetles) are less affected than
others (as flies, &c.), and whether the size of the insect has any
thing to do with the result.”
Preparatory to making any trials with the prussic or hydro-
cyanic acid, I thought it right to institute one or two with the
bruised leaves of the laurel.
Two leaves just gathered, torn into small pieces, and bruised in
VOL, I, N.S. PART ViI.—DEC. 1851. P
210 Dr. John Davy on the
a mortar, were put under an inverted glass in which were con-
fined a honey bee and two small insects of the knat kind. In
about five minutes they had all been rendered motionless; one of
the small flies did not revive; the other and the bee recovered in
a few hours, symptoms of revival appearing even before they
were taken from beneath the glass into the open air. Probably
had the experiment been made at another season, in summer or
autumn, the effect would have been different ; be this as it may,
the result was not of a kind to induce me to make at the time any
further trials of the leaves, especially after instituting some with
the hydrocyanic acid, the fatal agency of which exceeded my
expectations.
With a view to answer your inquiries respecting this acid, I
paid attention to quantities. Two glass tubes, each closed at one
end, a small and a larger one, were selected for the experiments ;
the larger of three cubic inches and a half capacity, and seven-
tenths of an inch wide, the smaller only one-tenth of an inch in
width, and little more than an inch long. The small] tube, charged
with three-tenths of a grain of prussic acid, was introduced into
the larger, in which had just before been placed three flies.
The tube was finally closed with a cork. In less than two
minutes one of the smaller flies, and also the larger, dropt down,
and, after a few convulsive movements, became motionless, as did
the other in about half a minute more (it was further removed
from the acid), but without convulsive action. ‘Taken out in less
than half a minute, and exposed to the air of the room at 55°
Fahrenheit, they did not revive. The small tube, immediately
weighed, had not sustained any appreciable loss.
Repeated the experiment, using the same portion of acid on
another fly (a Heteromyza). It became motionless in as short a
time, but it revived when exposed to the open air. Placed again
in confinement, with only 04 grains of prussic acid in the small
tube, in five minutes it became motionless. Immediately taken
out, it was found revived after an hour, and so active that it
escaped by taking flight.
Placed a honey bee just caught in the garden at noon, under a
wine glass inverted, of about four cubic inches capacity, with the
small tube charged with ‘16 grains of prussic acid. In about
two minutes the bee fell down and was convulsed in its legs and
abdomen; all motion ceased in about eight minutes. Taken out
immediately, symptoms of revival appeared in about three hours ;
soon after it was standing on its legs, but not active: the fol-
lowing morning it was found dead.
Effects of certain Agents on Insects. 211
Placed the small tube containing the prussic acid instantly after
the experiment on the bee under another wine glass, in which was
confined a Bombus (B. hortorum), just caught, and very active.
During the first minute or two its wings were in constant motion ;
during the next four or five it moved about in an irregular
manner, its legs alone acting; in about ten minutes motion
ceased, except a slight tremulous one of the legs ;—now several
parasitical insects (4carus—?) dropt from it, deprived of motion
themselves; in about twenty minutes it was altogether motion-
less. The tube taken out and weighed was found to have
sustained no appreciable loss; it was replaced under the wine
glass. In about three hours, though still confined under the
wine glass, the humble bee began to revive, and the following
morning it was pretty active; none of the parasitical insects re-
vived excepting one.
Placed another Bombus under a wine glass, with the small tube
charged with ‘08 grains of prussic acid. In less than a minute
it was motionless, as were also two or three of the parasitic
insects (the same kind as the preceding), which fell from it when
the poison began to take effect. In less than two hours it had
tolerably revived. Now added a single drop of the acid, in about
ten minutes the humble bee, after being slightly convulsed, became
motionless. On the following morning it was found alive, moving
its feet feebly.
Substituted for the small tube one a little larger, its mouth
two-tenths of an inch in diameter, its capacity one-tenth of a
cubic inch. After pouring into it 7 grains of prussic acid, it was
suspended by a thread in the larger tube, and so used in the fol-
lowing trials.
Introduced a large vigorous beetle (Geotrupes stercorarius),
and closed the receiving tube with a cork so as to prevent the
escape of the vapour of the dilute acid. In about a minute the
beetle became motionless. Taken out after two hours and a
quarter it was found dead.
Next introduced an active Bombus. Ina few seconds it became
motionless—entirely motionless. Taken out after an hour it
exhibited no signs of revival; it was dead.
Introduced another active Bombus. It too in a few seconds
was rendered motionless. Taken out after about a minute, it
showed no signs of revival for many hours; but the following
morning it was found tolerably revived. Replaced in the tube
with the acid, and left there three hours, it did not recover when
taken out. The tube, now weighed, was not found to have sus-
P2
212 Dr. John Davy on the Effects of certain Agents, &c.
tained any appreciable loss,—a circumstance which perhaps might
have been anticipated, considering that the prussic acid used was
the dilute hydrocyanic acid of the London Pharmacopeeia, which
contains 2 per cent. only of real acid.
These few experiments may perhaps suffice to show the great
efficacy of the acid, the intensity of its action, and the very minute
quantity requisite to occasion death, and that in a few seconds (at
least a motionless state terminating in death, exposure to the
acid vapour being prolonged), of such powerful and comparatively
large insects as the Bombus hortorum and Geotrupes stercorarius ;
and, further, in conjunction with the qualities of the acid, espe-
cially its great volatility, the boiling point of the pure acid being
only 79° Fahrenheit, the manner in which it should be used when
employed for the purposes of the Entomologist.
As to precautions, the poison being so volatile, it need hardly
be remarked, that a close tube (one made air tight, by a good cork,
will be best) ought to be used for confining the insects to be
acted on; and, on the same account, that the receiving tube
should not be very capacious, nor the small tube or bottle to be
included in it, charged with the acid, one of narrow or contracted
aperture. The dimensions of the two duly proportioned, the
effects, deprivation of life, even from a few grains of the acid,
should be almost instantaneous and quite certain, and this at the
ordinary temperatures of our rooms, supposing them to range
throughout the year between 50° and 70°. As to bad effect from
moisture, there appears to be no ground for apprehension, inso-
much as in the short time the effect is being produced, even
should the insect be allowed to remain in the tube more than an
hour, there will be no appreciable loss from the ascent of aqueous
vapour; and, even if there were, it would be most easy to coun-
teract its influence by the introduction in another small tube of
a few drops of strong sulphuric acid, or grains of chloride of
calcium. As, in the instance of the Bombus, the prussic acid
proved destructive to the parasitic insects infesting it, it is not
improbable that it may be equally fatal to parasitic animals gene-
rally, and their ova and larve. If so, would not this be an
additional inducement to employ it, and no small advantage ?
J.-D.
April 19, 1851.
~<—
€=2I5™)
XXVI. Descriptions of some new Species of exotic Hyme-
noptera belonging to Evania and the allied Genera, being
a Supplement to a Memoir on those Insects published in
the Third Volume of the Transactions of the Entomolo-
gical Society. By J. O. Westwoop, Esq., F.L.S.
{Read June 2nd, 185].]
Stncr the publication of the Memoir above referred to, various
new species of the genera there described having come to my
hands, and others having been described by recent authors, I
have thought it might be considered useful to publish these addi-
tions by way of supplement to my Memoir; more especially as
several of the species now described possess characters of con-
siderable interest, and the synonymy of some of the species con-
tained in my former Memoir requires further observation.
Genus Evania.
Evania appendigaster, Linn.; et levigata, Oliv. Westw. Trans.
Ent. Soc. vol. ii. p. 241.
Admitting the distinction between these two species (although
adopting the nomenclature of the Marquis Spinola relative to the
former species), M. Guérin-Méneville (Revue Zoologique, 1843,
p. 334,) states, that, having examined many individuals of E. levi-
gata, he invariably found the radial cell to be triangular, whilst
in LE. appendigaster it is semi-oval, as described by Latreille, and
figured by Jurine, pl. 2, ord. 2, gen. 1, and pl. 7. In EL. appen-
digaster, moreover, the head is more convex in front, and the
antennz are inserted much lower in the face, nearly level with
the lower extremity of the eyes, whence their scapes are longer.
In E. levigata the front of the head is much less prominent, and
the antennz are inserted on a line running between the eyes,
scarcely below their middle.
Evania fuscipes, Nees von Esenb., Illig., Westw. Trans. Ent.
Soe. vol. iii. p. 241.
M. Guérin-Méneville introduces this insect as the female of FL.
appendigaster.
214 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Descriptions
Evania Cube, Guérin. Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. vol. iii. p. 242.
M. Guérin-Méneville (Iconogr. du Régne Animal, Texte, p.
405) states, that “on ne doit pas la distinguer de /’ Evania lavi-
gata decrite par Olivier dans l’Encyclopédie Méthodique.”
Evania Desjardinsii, Blanchard. Westw. Trans, Ent. Soc.
vol. ili. p. 242.
According to M. Guérin-Méneville (Revue Zoologique, 1843,
p- 334), this supposed species is the male of Evania levigata, the
Evania appendigaster of Blanchard being the female of the same
E. levigata.
Evania rufipes, Fabricius. Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. vol. iii.
p- 245.
The Evania thoracica, Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. (ed. Dumesnil,
iv. p. 299), from Carolina, is stated by M. Guérin-Méneville
(Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 334) to be identical with this Fabrician spe-
cies, which is a native of South America; but by a note subse-
quently published by M. Guérin (Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 39) it ap-
pears that the two species are distinct, the thoracica of M. Blan-
chard being only two lines long, and not having the four fore-legs
red, as described by Fabricius. The description given by M.
Blanchard, “toute Ja partie supérieure du thorax est d’un rouge
de brique,” also removes it from my Evania bicolor, Trans. Ent.
Soc. vol. iii. p. 246, which has the thorax entirely ferruginous.
It will, therefore, be necessary to reinstate M. Blanchard’s species
under the name of
Evania dorsalis,
4
in order to avoid confusion with the two other species to which
the name of thoracica had been applied by Drs, Klug and Leach.
Evania (Hyptia) Poeyi, Guérin-Méneville, in Rev. Zool. 1843,
p. 335.
This species is closely allied to L. petiolata, Fab., but is larger,
and the scutellum is not black. The fore wings have the cells
obliterated, those at the base of the wings being open and incom-
plete, whereas in EZ. minuta the latter are complete and closed.
The metasternum is not furcate. It is a native of Cuba, and
measures 9 millemetres in the expanse of its fore wings.
of New Species of Exotic Hymenoptera. 215
Evania (Hyptia) Servillei, Guérin-Méneville, in Revue Zool.
1843, p. 335; Brullé, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. iv. p. 529.
This species is black, with the head and thorax strongly rugose.
The antennz thick, scarcely so long as the head and thorax,
blackish, with the first joint fulvous. The four fore legs are ful-
vous, with the middle of the thighs and tibia brownish. Hind
legs thick, short, blackish, with the joints subfulvous; wings
transparent, short. It measures 8 millemetres in the expanse of
the fore wings.
Inhabits St. Domingo. Coll. Serville.
Evania sericans, Westw. nov. sp.
Nigra, valde sericea, thorace rufo, mesosterno in medio nigro,
metasterno vix furcato; antennis pedibusque longis nigris,
tibiis tarsisque anticis piceis.
Long corp. lin, 33. Exp. alar. lin. 6.
Habitat in Australia, King George’s Sound.
In Mus. Westwood.
Caput nigrum, antice convexum, pro receptione scapi anten-
narum haud impressum, rugosum, facie lateribusque pone
oculos sericeis. Antenne vix subtus medium oculorum
insertee, longze (fere longitudini totius corporis zequales),
omnino nigre, scapo brevi. Palpi lutei. Thorax ferrugineus,
mesosterno tantum in medio nigro, valde scaber, metathoracis
lateribus areolatis, lateribus parteque postica (pro receptione
pedunculi abdominalis canaliculata) sericeis. Metasternum
minimum, apice fisso. Petiolus abdominis piceus, oblique
striatus. Abdomen parvum, compressissimum, elongato-
ovale, articulo basali subtus in angulum producto, lateribus
versus dorsum sericeis. Al hyalinze, venis distinctis, areola
marginali subsemi-ovali, apice infero curvato nec angulato.
Pedes longi, nigri; tibize et tarsi antici picei.
Evania nobilis, Westw.
Ferruginea, grosse punctata; capite nigro punctato, carina tenu-
issima faciei, antennis et abdomine nigris, pedibus anticis
piceo-castaneis, posticis nigris.
Long. corp. lin. 5. Expans. alar. antic. lin, 9.
Habitat in Brasilia. In Mus. Britann.
Clypeus levis, linea tenui curvata impressa (e latere interno
antennarum ad os ducta) e genis separatus. Antenne longe,
216 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Descriptions
crasse, 13-articulate, articulis 3 et 4 subtus piceo-rufis.
Mandibule nigrez ; palpi lutei. Thorax ferrugineus, puncta-
tus, metanoto areolato. Abdomen nigrum, lateribus pedunculi
rugosis ; valde compressum, supra curvatum, subtus angula-
tum. Pedes 2 antici lutescenti-rufescentes, coxis omnibus
lutescentibus; femoribus intermediis pedibusque posticis nigris.
Venez alarum ut in EL. principe disposite.
Evania perfida, Westw.
Nigra, punctata, metanoto valde declivi, areolato, et profunde
impresso; pedibus fulvis, tarsis omnibus tibiisque duabus
posticis nigris.
Long. corp. lin. 23.
Habitat in Terra Van Diemenii. In Mus. Britann.
Tota nigra, capite et thorace valde punctatis, metanoto areolato.
Pedunculus brevis, punctatus. Abdomen dorso arcuato,
ventre recto, basi truncato, apice obliquo. Antennz in
medio faciei inter medium oculorum posite. Ale mihi
desunt.
Evania Brullei, West.
Syn. Brachygaster rufipes, Brullé, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. iv.
p- 528; nec LE. rufipes, Fab. An E. fulvipes, Curtis, var.
‘“‘ Niger, dense punctatus, alis hyalinis, nervis et stigmate rufis,
pedibus 4 anterioribus fere totis, posterioribus 2 geniculis
rufis, antennis incrassatis.”
Jong. 0,005.
Habitat “ environs de Paris.”
Genus Monomacuus.
Monomachus ruficeps, Brullé, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. iv. p. 535.
‘Supra fuscus, subtus et lateribus obscure rufis, pedibus fuscis,
femoribus obscure rufis, capite ferrugineo, metathorace ru-
goso” @.
Long. 0,020.
Habitat Brasil. Prov.de St. Paul. Coll. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris.
Monomachus gladiator? Klug.
Brullé, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. iv. p. 535.
‘“‘ Rufus, antennis, abdomine fere toto, pedibus posterioribus 2
once
of New Species of Exotic Homenoptera. 217
supra nigris; facie, fronte et metathorace punctatis; alis
anterioribus apice fuscis” ?.
Long. 0,020.
Habitat Cayenne. Coll. Serville.
Obs.—The late Dr. Erichson considered the genera Monomachus
and Pelecinus as belonging to the Proctotrupide.
Genus Fanus.
M. Guérin-Méneville (Iconogr. Régne An., Texte, p. 406 et
seq.) has added the seven following species to this genus. M.
Blanchard has published the description of another species from
Brazil, and seven additional species from the collections of the
British Museum, &c. are also here described.
Feenus Pyrenaicus, Guér.-Mén. op. cit. p. 406.
Black, with the posterior half of the first segment, the whole of
the second, and a small patch on each side of the third, fulvous
red. Legs black, with a small yellow ring at the base of the
tibize; oviduct nearly as long as the abdomen, its lateral fillets en-
tirely black; wings transparent.
Long. corp. 14, exp. alar. 15 mill.
Habitat Tarascon (Pyrenees) [Berlin, Dr. Klug].
Intermediate between F. jaculator and assectator.
Feenus Caucasicus, Guér.-Mén. op. cit. p. 406.
Black; thorax transversely striated. Abdomen very long, com-
pressed, very slightly thickened at the tip, with the hind edge of
the first and second segments of the abdomen slightly spotted
with yellow at the sides. Oviduct much longer than the whole
body, with the tips of the lateral fillets yellow. Four fore legs,
with the articulations, fulvous brown; base of the tibiz whitish,
tarsi fulvous. Hind legs black, with the base of the tibize and
the first joint of the tarsi (except at the base) yellow. Wings
transparent.
Long. 14, exp. alar. 14, length of ovipositor 16 mill.
Habitat Caucasus.
Nearly allied to /. jaculator.
“~rrfeenus rubricans, Guér.-Mén. op. cit. p. 407.
Fulvous; thorax rugose; neck, a large spot in front of the
thorax, a small spot above the insertion of each wing and the scutel-
218 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Descriptions
lum, black. Abdomen very compressed, short, suddenly thickened
at the tip, black at the base, and annulated with black and red
beyond the middle. Oviduct very short, about one third of the
length of the abdomen, with the lateral fillets black. Legs ful-
vous, with the coxe and trochanters of the middle and hind pairs
black, middle of the hind thighs and tibiz brown; antennz brown.
Wings transparent, with brown veins.
Long. 10, exp. alar. 10 mill.
Habitat France. Dauphiny, {Germany, Italy].
Feenus Hollandie, Guér.-Mén. op. cit. p. 407.
Black; underside of the head and thorax sericeous. Abdomen
very long, gradually widened to the tip, compressed, especially at
the base, with the ovipositor short, not half the length of the ab-
domen; lateral filaments black, with the tips white. Four fore
legs fulvous, with the middle of the tibize and two last joints of
the tarsi blackish. Hind legs entirely black, with the tarsi
yellow, except the base of the first and tip of the last joints, which
are black. Wings transparent, veins black.
Long. 16, exp. alar. 173 mill.
Habitat New Holland.
Feenus flavitarsis, Guér.-Mén. op. cit. p. 407.
Like the last, but larger, with the oviduct nearly half as long
again as the whole body; lateral filaments terminated with white.
Legs black, with the front of the fore and middle tibiz and their
tarsi yellow, the latter black at the tip. Posterior tarsi yellow,
with the base of the first joint and the last joint black.
Long. 22, exp. alar. 20, long. ovipos. 30 mill.
Habitat Swan River, New Holland.
Feenus thoracicus, Guér.-Mén. op. cit. p. 437.
Black, with a long streak of fulvous yellow on each side of the
thorax, not extending to the fore margin. Legs black, with the
underside of the thighs, and the base and tips of the tibiz and of
the tarsi fulvous, sides of the thorax beneath the wings with large
fulvous spots. Head and thorax finely rugose. Abdomen black,
spotted with fulvous beneath.
Long. 17, exp. alar. 16 mill. (male.)
Habitat New Holland.
of New Species of Exotic Hymenoptera. 219
Feenus Capensis, Guér.-Mén. op. cit. p. 405. Brullé, Hist. Nat.
Ins. Hym. iv. p. 531.
Black, with the antenne (except at the base), four fore legs,
underside of the femora, base of the tibiz and tarsi of the hind
legs, fulvous ; first segment of the abdomen, and a large spot on
each side of the second and third segments, fulvous: oviduct of
the length of the abdomen. Wings transparent, with blackish
veins.
Long. 14, exp. alar. 14 mill.
Habitat Cape of Good Hope.
Feenus Brasiliensis, Blanchard. Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. vol. iti.
p- 260.
Niger, thoracis et abdominis lateribus rufo-ferrugineis, pedibus ni-
gro, ferrugineo, et flavo variis, thorace punctato (fem.)
Long. 0,020. Expans. alar. 0,016.
Brullé, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. iv. p. 530.
Feenus rufipectus. Westw.
Gracillimus, niger; capite obconico, vertice convexo polito, facie
argentea, ore rufo; antennis piceis, apice magis rufescentibus,
collo valde elongato nigro, thorace nigro, punctato, pectore, late-
ribus, metanoto pone abdominis insertionem rufis; abdomine
valde elongato, nigro, subtus piceo; pedibus piceis, coxis pedum
4 anticorum rufis, tibiis basi apiceque albidis, tarsis 2 anticis
albis, intermediis duobus fuscis basi albis; pedibus 2 posticis
piceis, basi tibiarum subtus apiceque articuli basalis tarsorum al-
bidis; alis hyalinis, purpureo viridique nitidissime fulgentibus,
terebra longitudini abdominis zqualis. ¢ @.
Long. corp. lin. 6 (oviduct. exclus.) Expans. alar. antic. lin. 6.
Habitat in insula St, Vincentii. In Mus. Brit.
Affinis F. gracillimo, at gracilior et aliter coloratus.
Feenus Kirbui, Barnston, MS.
F. assectatori proximus, niger, subopacus; thorace varioloso-
punctatissimus ; antennis piceis, extus rufescentibus extremo
apice nigro, mandibularum apice rufo; pedibus 4 anticis
piceo-rufis, coxis nigris, femoribus subtus nigris, pedibus 2
posticis cum coxis nigrescentibus, geniculis rufis; tarsis bre-
vibus, rufo-piceis; abdomine nigro nitido, rufo-bifasciato ;
220 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Descriptions
terebra vix quartam partem abdominis zequante; alis parum
infumatis, stigmate nigro.
Long. corp. lin. 53. Expans. alar. antic. lin. 63.
Habitat Hudson’s Bay, Amer. septr. D. Barnston. In Mus.
Brit.
Foenus Barnstoni, Westw.
F. jaculatori proximus, niger, facie utrinque lateribusque tho-
racis parum argentatis, mandibulis et antennis nigris; capite
obconico levi, collo elongato, thoracis dorso in medio transverse
striato, metanoto sub abdominis insertionem rugoso; pedibus
4 anticis gracilibus, piceis, coxis omnibus nigris, tibiis basi
albidis, pedibus 2 posticis nigris, coxis transverse striatis,
tibiis annulo subbasali albido, tarsis albidis, extremo apice
nigricanti; abdomine nigro, rufo-bifasciato; terebra corporis
toti longitudine, valvulis apice albis; alis fere hyalinis, stig-
mate piceo.
Long. corp. (oviduct. excl.) lin. 8. Expans. alar. antic. lin. 8.
Habitat Hudson’s Bay, Amer. septentr. D. Barnston. In
Mus. Brit.
Feenus varipes, West.
Elongatus, niger, abdomine piceo-nigro, lateribus et parte infera
mesothoracis obscure rufis, pedum 4 anticorum basi et apice
tibiarum basique tarsorum, et basi tibiarum 2 posticarum al-
bidis; alis infumatis, stigmate venisque anticarum nigris; an-
tennis subbrevibus nigris, capite postice elongato, vertice
convexo levi, antice et postice, albido parum sericanti, tho-
racis dorso rugosulo ¢.
Long. corp. (oviduct. excl.) lin. 7}. Expans. alar. antic. lin.
73.
Habitat in China. In Mus. Brit.
Feenus Raphidioides, West.
Pergracilis, capite magno plano obconico-cordato, collari thoracis
longitudine, tibiis posticis valde clavatis; niger, thoracis late-
ribus anticis et metanoto rufis ¢.
Long. corp. lin. 43; oviduct. vix lin. 1. Expans. alar. lin. 43.
Habitat in Australia Australiori (Adelaida?). In Mus. West-
wood.
Species parva sed singularis. Caput magnum, obconico-ovale,
thorace latius, basi angusto truncato, subconvexo, fere levi,
parum nitido. Ocelli fere ad marginem posticum capitis
of New Species of Exotic Hymenoptera. 221
inserti. Antenne prope os nigra, breves. Mandibule
pallide-testaceze, dente basali transverso acuto, alio parvo
acuto subapicali. Collare valde elongatum, antice sensim
attenuatum lzve, striola media longitudinali supera impres-
sum. Thorax supra levis, parvus, lateribus anticis et meta-
noto rufis. Pedes 4 antici nigri, geniculis rufis, postici 2
nigri, tibiis valde clavatis, basi subtus et basi articuli 1mi
tarsorum albis. Alz hyalinz, venis gracillimis, stigmate
angusto nigro, cellula discoidali minima. Abdomen nigrum,
membrana laterali segmentorum testacea. Oviductus perbre-
vis, vaginarum apice extremo albo.
Feenus spinitarsis, Westw.
Brevis, robustus; capite transverso rotundato, collari brevissimo;
rufus ; antennis (articulo basali rufo excepto) tarsisque piceis,
tarsorum posticorum articulis basalibus supra acute pro-
ductis 2,
Long. corp. lin. 5. Expans. alar. 63.
Habitat Gold Coast, Africee occident. tropicalis. In Mus.
Westwood.
Species satis robustus, subnitidus, capite et thoracis dorso parum
punctatis, hoc antice et postice transverse striolato, Caput
valde convexum, transverse rotundatum. Ocelli inter oculos
inserti, Mandibulee magne rufe, extus et apicibus nigris,
dente valido subbasali, alteris duobus ante apicem acutum
et faleatum. Thorax brevis, metanoto valde declivi. Pedes
4 antici satis graciles, 2-postici crassi, tibiis mediocriter cla-
vatis, tarsorum articulis duobus basalibus extus in spinam
acutam productis. Ale luteo parum tinctz, stigmate magno
nigro.
Feenus patellatus, Westw.
Niger, capite et lateribus thoracis argenteo-sericeis, mesonoto
scabro, lateribus et scutello magis rufescentibus; coxis pos-
ticis castaneis, tarsorum posticorum articulis duobus basalibus
dilatatis albis ¢.
Long. corp. lin. 7, Expans. alar. lin. 9.
Habitat in Nova Hollandia. In Mus. Smith.
Caput fere rotundatum, subleve, facie inter antennas carinata,
argenteo-sericans, postice emarginatum. Mandibule nigre,
apice piceze. Collare parum elongatum. Thorax supra scaber,
antice vix transversim striolatus, lateribus thoracis et meta-
222 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Descriptions
noto (subtus basin abdominis) magis rufescentibus et valde
sericantibus. Abdomen nigrum, lateraliter magis piceum.
Pedes 4 antici nigri, geniculis piceis, 2 postici coxis lete
castaneis; femoribus in medio obscure rufis; tibiis nigris,
parum clavatis, tarsorum articulis duobus basalibus dilatatis
depressis albis, 1mi basi nigro, tertio mediocri, nigro basi albo.
Ale hyaline, venis nigris, stigmate fusco.
Feenus rufus, Westw. Monogr. Sp. 15.
Individua duo foeminea hujus speciei, ut videtur, vidi, mesono-
tum macula parva media notatum habentia, nec non striolam
nigram dorsalem abdominalem, oviductum e quarta parte ab-
domine breviorem, antennas graciles ejusdem longitudinis,
faciem sericantem in medio parum carinatam, et tibias pos-
ticas mediocriter clavatas.
Long. corp. lin. 73, oviduct. lin, 4. Expans. alar. antic. lin. 9.
Habitat prope Adelaida, Australasia. In Mus. Smith and
Westwood.
Genus AuLaAcus.
M. Brullé (Hist. Nat. Inst. Hym. iv. 343) states that he has
found the ungues of the tarsi small and simple in both sexes of
A. striatus, with the pulvillus large, whilst they are large and
pectinated in 4. Latrellianus (female= A. Patrati), and with the
pulvillus small.
Aulacus Guerinii, Westw.
Syn. Aulacus ater, Guérin, Mon. Icon. R. An. Texte, p. 408.
Entirely black, shining. Head large, with the crown very ele-
vated behind. Neck slender, elongated, received in a deep impres-
sion of the head. Thorax elevated, with the anterior lobe strongly
striated, transversely emarginated in the middle, the remainder
of the surface rugose and striated. Abdomen smooth, a little
compressed, much thickened, and a little curved at the tip, termi-
nated by an ovipositor, nearly as long as the abdomen, with the
lateral filaments black. Legs moderately elongated, slender,
shining, posterior tarsi with the hinder half of the first joint and
all the second yellow. Wings transparent, with black veins, the
tip of the fore wings slightly stained with brown. Antenne long,
slender and black.
Long. corp. 13, expans. alar. 21 mill.
Habitat Rio Janeiro.
of New Species of Exotic Hymenoptera. 223
Aulacus hemorrhoidalis, Westw.
Niger, thoracis dorso valde rugoso, antice bicornuto ; antennis
gracilibus nigris, medio testaceis; pedibus nigris, anticorum
tiblis et basi tibiarum, nec non dimidio apicali abdominis,
rufis 9.
Long. corp. lin. 6; oviductfis lin. 6. Expans. alar. ant. lin. 9.
Habitat in Brasilia (Para). In Mus. Britann. et Westw.
Species gracilis. Caput fere rotundatum, subleve, antice prope
antennas punctis minutis instructum, genis ad basin mandi-
bularum angulatis, Mandibule breves, nigree. Antenne
graciles, nigra, articulis 5°, 6°, 7°, 8°, et basi 9! testaceis.
Collare mediocriter elongatum. Thorax niger, antice et ad
latera griseo-subhirsutus, supra irregulariter et transversim
striolatus, praesertim versus marginem anticum, hujus an-
gulis anticis porrectis acutis cornutis, lateribusque ante alas
subangulatis. Mesonotum irregulariter areolatum. Pedes
graciles, nigri, anticorum tibiis et basi tarsorum testaceis ;
intermediorum geniculis piceis, posticis cum valvulis ovi-
ductis nigris. Ale hyalinz, stigmate nigro, apice nubila
parva nigricanti. Abdomen longitudini capitis et thoracis
zequale, basi angusto nigro, apice clavato rufo.
Aulacus flavo-guttatus, Westw.
Niger, capite (vertice excepto), antennis pedibusque fulvis,
thorace et abdomine pallide flavescenti guttatis, alarum apice
extremo fusco.
Long. corp. 6, lin. 6; oviduct. lin, 3. Expans. alar. antic.
lin. 11.
Habitat in Australia Australiori. In Mus. Saunders et Westw.
Caput subrotundatum, lave, fulvum, verticis macula magna ro-
tundata nigra. Antenne maris corporis toti longitudine,
fulvee, articulis 9-11 sensim obscurioribus, apicalibus duobus
albidis; foeminz breviores fulve, articulis 10-13 albidis,
apicali nigro. Mandibulz breves, apice piceee. Thoracis
dorsum striolatum, striolis ad partem anticam multo profun-
dioribus, angulis anticis rotundatis et parum elevatis; al-
bido-marginatis, lateribus anticis guttis tribus albidis in tri-
angulum dispositis; dorso guttis novem ejusdem coloris (2
inter alas anticas, 2 inter posticas, 3 pone alas et 2 ad angulos
224 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Descriptions
posticos. Pedes graciles, fulvi, coxis omnibus nigris. Abdo-
men glaberrimum, nitidum, nigrum, segmento singulo utrinque
striola parva albida. Valvule oviductiis nigre.
Aulacus ruficeps, Westw. (PI. VII. fig. 3.)
Niger, nitidus, pilis argenteo-griseis vestitus, capite castaneo-
rufo, glaberrimo et convexo; antennarum articulo basali ob-
scure castaneo ; alis limpidis, stigmate venisque nigris; val-
vulis terebrze ante apicem albo-fasciatis,
Long. corp. lin. 43; oviductfis long. 3. Expans. alar. antic.
lin, 8.
Habitat in Para Brasiliz. In Mus. Britann.
Caput glaberrimum, convexum, vertice levi; facie punctis
minutis paucis impressum, postice late emarginatum; cas-
taneo-rufum, Antenne nigre, capite et thorace vix longiores,
articulo basali obscure castaneo, articulis 7°, 8°, 9°, et basi
10: albidis. Thorax niger, nitidus, valde rugosus et strio-
latus, angulis anticis rotundatis acute elevatis, et in spinam
parvam recurvam elevatis (fig. 3a) ; metanoto irregulariter
areolato. Abdomen nigrum, nitidum, clavatum. Valvule
oviducttis nigre, fascia alba ante apicem. Alz hyalinz, valde
iridescentes, stigmate et venis nigris ; nubila parva sub stig-
mate apiceque alarum fusco.
Aulacus Resutorivorus, Barnston, MS.
Niger, tenuissime punctatissimus; capite fere leevi, griseo se-
riceo, abdomine elongato ovali nigro nitido, segmento basali
utrinque macula magna rufa; antennis nigris, pedibus 4 an-
ticis rufo-piceis, tarsis obscurioribus, pedibus posticis nigris,
femoribus tibiisque apice extremo rufescentibus; alis infus-
catis, apice clarioribus, costa maculaque quadrata sub stig-
mate nigro-fuscis, oviductu longitudine thoracis et abdo-
minis.
Long. corp. lin. 9 ; long. oviductés lin. 7. Expans. alar. antic.
lin. 15.
Habitat in America Boreali, Hudson’s Bay.
Larvae Monochami resutoris parasita. D. Barnston.
Genus Carrtontus, Brullé, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. iv. p. 544.
This new genus differs from Aulacus in having the third dis-
coidal cell not closed, the head nearly cubical, with a deep frontal
of New Species of Exotic Hymenoptera. 225
impression to receive the antenne; face wide. Abdomen de-
pressed, oval, affixed on the hind upper extremity of the meta-
thorax, which is suddenly truncate behind. Prothorax forming
a long neck. Antenne filiform, shorter than the body, first
joint long and cylindric, second short and globular, and eleven
(twelve ?) joints, slightly diminishing in length. Fore wings with
a rather large radial cell not extending to the tip of the wings;
three cubital cells, the outer one very long; two discoidal closed,
and the third very long, extending to the tip of the wing; hence
there is only one recurrent vein, and a single posterior mar-
ginal cell. Legs rather long; ungues with a strong tooth at the
base.
Capitonius bifasciatus, Brullé, op. cit. p. 545.
Nigro rufo et flavo varius, alis flavis, anterioribus fasciis 2 pos-
terioribus, fascia unica fuscis, metathorace rugoso.
Long. 0:010.
Habitat Par4, Brazil.
Upper side of head and antenne black ; lower part of head
and mouth yellow. Prothorax yellowish red. Metathorax [me-
sothorax?] yellow. Upper side of the metathorax blackish-
brown, with the scutellar region yellowish red; the sides of the
mesothorax and of the breast black ; the three basal segments of
the abdomen bright red, the remainder black ; fore legs reddish-
yellow, hind legs black. Abdomen depressed and shining, first
segment nearly flat and triangular, rather longer than broad.
Genus MreGatyRa.
Megalyra rufipes, Erichson, Beitrag zur Insecten Fauna von
Vandiemen’s Land, p. 258.
“ Nigra, pedibus rufis, alis anticis fascia fusca.
Long. corp. 53; acul. 18 lin,
“ Nigra. Antenne tenues, 14-articulate, articulo 1mo crassi-
usculo nigre, articulo tertio infra ferrugineo. Caput puncta-
tissimum, albido-puberulum. Thorax punctatissimus, albido-
puberulus, prothorace vittis duabus, mesothorace plaga media
obsoletis sanguineis. Abdomen lave, parcius albido-puberu-
lum, aculeus corpore plus triplo longior. Pedes albo-pube-
ruli, rufi, coxis trochanteribusque nigris. Ale hyaline,
apice infuscatee, anticee fascia transversali fusca.”
This species seems to me scarcely to differ from M. fasci-
pennis.
VOL, I. N. S. PART VII.—DEc. 1851. Q
226
Mr, J. O. Westwood’s Descriptions
Megalyra Shuckardi, Desvignes, MS. Pl. VII. fig. 2.
Niger, metanoto truncato, angulis porrectis, alis nigricantibus,
plaga pallidiori pone medium notatis @.
Long. corp. fere unc. 1; oviduct. unc. 33. Expans. alar. antic.
unc. 15%.
Habitat in Nova Hollandia. In Mus. Britan., Jard. des
Plantes, Paris, et Smith.
Corpus robustum, subcylindricum, lateribus capitis, thoracis et
abdominis argenteo-griseo parum sericantibus. Caput et
thorax valde et rugose punctata. Antenne pergraciles, 14-
articulate, articulo 4to pracedenti dimidio longiori, 5to et
sequentibus sensim abbreviatis, ultimo brevissimo. Caput
transversum, antice rotundatum, angulisque posticis rotun-
datis. Collare minus rugose-punctatum quam in M, fas-
ciipenne. Metanotum in medio canaliculatum, canali pro-
fundiori (preesertim postice) quam in specie preedicta ; angulis
posticis porrectis. Abdomen magis ovale, segmento primo
nitido ; reliquis sub lente punctis minutis valde contiguis im-
pressis. Pedes, praesertim versus apicem tibiarum postica-
rum, argenteo-sericei. Ale obscure fusco-nigricantes, plaga
subovali pallidiori pone medium notate. Oviductus longis-
simus, corpore fere quadruplo longior.
Megalyra mutilis, Westw. (Plate VII. fig. 1.)
Niger, capite et thorace valde rugosis, illo globoso, hoc elongato
obconico truncato ; abdomine elongato ovali glaberrimo, alis
perbrevibus nigris.
Long. corp. lin. 11. Expans. alar. anticar. lin. 8.
Habitat apud Adelaidam Australasie. In Mus. Westwood.
Insectum persingulare. Caput fere globosum, valde rugosum,
punctis irregularibus profundis contiguis omnino impressum.
Antenne perbreves, gracillimz, prope os insertee. Mandi-
bulz breves, nigree. ‘Thorax subcylindricus, oblongo-obco-
nicus, antice et postice truncatus, lateribus argenteo-griseo
setosis. Mesonotum magnum, rugosum, punctis profundis
irregulariter confluentibus impressum. Scutellum punctis
ovalibus lineaque media parum profunda impressum. Me-
tanotum irregulariter areolatum, carinisque elevatis gra-
cillimis semicircularibus instructum. Ale parve, vix capite
of New Species of Exotic Hymenoptera. 227
longiores, nigrae, venis ut in congeneribus dispositis. Pedes
breves, nigri, tibiis et tarsis pedum posticorum setis griseis
dense vestitis. Abdomen elongato-ovale, glabrum, nitidum,
nigrum, lateraliter punctis parvis impressum ; segmento basali
lzeve, reliquis sub lente delicatissime granulatis.
Genus STEPHANUS.
M. Brullé (Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. iv. p. 536) confines this
genus to the European Stephanus serrator of Fabricius, on
account of its possessing five joints in the hind tarsi, the fourth
being short, oblique, and prolonged beneath the following joint.
This structure, however, also exists in the male of the following
species.
Stephanus Brasiliensis, Westw. in Griffith, Animal Kingdom.
pl. 66, f. 3, g.
The figure above referred to correctly represents the hind
tarsi as five-jointed. The hind femora are furnished beneath
with two strong teeth, having a smaller one between them and
several slight serratures.
Genus Meeiscuus, Brullé, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. iv. p. 537.
This genus consists of such species of Stephanus as possess
only three joints in the posterior tarsi, the middle joint being
prolonged beneath the terminal joint, and the two posterior fe-
mora are armed beneath with a row of small teeth, two of which
are larger than the rest, whereas in Stephanus the hind femora
are armed with three large teeth, and destitute of the smaller
denticulations. I believe, however, that this character is merely
a sexual one, and that it is peculiar to the females alone.
Megischus coronalor, Fabricius. Westw. Trans. Ent. Soe. iii.
p- 276 (Stephanus cor.); Brullé, Hist. Nat. Inst. Hym. iv.
p- 538.
M. Brullé gives, as the habitat of this species, the East Indies,
collected by Messieurs Diard and Duvaucel, and New Guinea
(Dorey), captured during the expedition of Capt. D’Urville, the
specimen from the latter locality having the colour of the wings
rather more dusky.
az
228 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Descriptions
Megischus annulator, Brullé, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. iv. p. 539.
pl. 40, fig. 5.
Niger, alis subhyalinis, abdominis segmento 2do toto levigato,
terebrz valvulis ante apicem annulo albo.
Long. corp. 0,040; long. oviduct. 0,055.
Habitat unknown. Coll. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris.
The cheeks of this species are marked with a red spot; the
mandibles in part ferruginous, as well as the anterior part of the
prothorax. The scutellar region is entirely smooth; the meta-
thorax marked with some large punctures, transversely strigose
behind, and slightly so in the middle; the first segment of the
abdomen is very finely strigose transversely, the remainder are
smooth, the second alone presenting one or two strigez at the
base. The figure of this species is very unsatisfactory, not repre-
senting the white bar of the valves of the ovipositor, and giving
four joints to the posterior tarsi.
Megischus furcatus, Serv. and St. Fargeau. Westw. Trans, Ent.
Soc. iii. p. 276 (Stephanus f.); Brullé, Hist. Nat. Ins.
Hym. iv. p. 539?
I have been obliged to add a query to the last citation, as M.
Brullé describes the insect thus : “‘ Niger, alis fere fuscis, abdominis
segmento 2ndo levigato, valvulis terebre nigris. Long. corp.
0,030; long. ovid. 0,040. Cette espéce ressemble beaucoup a la
précédente. Elle n’en différe, pour ainsi dire, que par sa taille
moindre, par la couleur plus foncée de ses ailes, et par les valves
de sa tarriere, qui sont plus gréles, sans anneau blanc, et dont
l'extrémité n’est pas lanceolée comme dans le M. annulator.” In
the original description in the Encyclopédie Méthodique, as well as
in Guérin’s figure, the valves of the terebra are however marked
with a white bar near the tip, so that either M. Brullé has de-
scribed another distinct species, (which seems improbable, as he
refers to M. Serville’s cabinet,) or the specimen must have had
the extremity of the valves of the terebra broken off, and this
seems the more probable from what M. Brullé says respecting
their tips not being lanceolate. M. Brullé also describes the
cheeks as being marked with a red spot, and the mandibles as
ferruginous at the base.
Megischus acutus, St. Farg. and Serville. Westw. Trans. Ent.
Soc. iii, p. 276 (Stephanus ac.); Brullé, Hist. Nat. Ins.
Hym. iv. p. 540.
M. Brullé has added several particulars to the original descrip-
of New Species of Exotic Hymenoptera. 229
tion in the Encyclopédie of this small species, the body of which
is 0,016 millemetres long, and the ovipositor 0,017, derived from
M. Serville’s original specimen.
Megischus ducalis, Westw.
Niger, capite punctato rufo, vertice semicirculariter Striato,
antice tuberculis quinque acutis nigris frontalibus ; antennis
nigris, articulo basali rufo; mandibulis rufis porrectis, apice
nigris ; palpis maxillaribus castaneis, articulo basalj rufo ;
thorace nigro, nitido, irregulariter punctato; metanoti medio
canaliculato, circulisque numerosis impressis punctato ; hujus
lateribus dilatatis ; abdominis pedunculo longitudine capitis et
thoracis, transversim striato, e basi sensim fere ad medium
incrassato, et exinde ad apicem sensim attenuato ; segmen-
tis reliquis clavam conjunctim formantibus et pedunculo
brevioribus, glaberrimis ; terebra corpore toto parum longiori,
valvulis fascia lata ante apicem alba; pedibus nigris, longe
hirtis, femoribus posticis crassis, dente parvo ante, altero
pone medium, denticulis tribus adjectis ; alis limpidis, fulvido
parum tinctis, venis distinctis, posticis venis duabus abbrevi-
atis subapicalibus.
Long. corp. (oviductu excluso) unc. 1,5; oviduct. 13 une.
Exp. alar. antic. unc. 13.
Habitat in India Orientali. In Mus. Britann.
Megischus maculi pennis, Westw.
M. gracillimus, niger, capite rufo, antennarum articulis tribus
basalibus basique palporum rufis, horum apicibus fuscis ; alis
sublimpidis, anticis nubila media fusca, tibiarum posticarum
apice tarsisque rufo-piceis ; capite supra irregulariter punctato
et transverse strigoso, vertice denticulis quinque nigris inter
oculos, mandibulis apice nigris, pronoto fortiter transverse
sulcato, mesonoto in medio levi, metanoto oblongo punctis
rotundatis vix contiguis, thoracis lateribus obsolete punctatis,
albo-sericantibus ; pedunculo abdominis tenuissimo transverse
striatulo, ante medium utrinque dente minimo instructo, abdo-
mine glaberrimo; oviductis valvulis ante apicem fascia alba,
spatio inter fasciam et apicem latitudini fascize zequali; femo-
ribus posticis dentibus duobus denticulis nonnullis adjectis
armatis.
Long. corp. fere unc. 1; oviduct. unc. 13. Exp. alar. antic.
une. I},
Habitat Para, Brasiliz. In Mus. Brit.
230
Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Descriptions
Megischus submaculatus, Westw.
Niger, capite rufo, pedibus nigris, antennis nigris, articulo basali
rufo, alis subhyalinis, oviductiis valvulis fascia alba fere api-
cali, pedibus nigris.
Long. corp. unc. 144,; oviduct. unc. 14. Exp. alar. antic.
unc. 14.
Habitat Para, Braisile. In Mus. Brit.
Preecedenti valde affinis. Differt statura paullo crassiori, alis
in medio tantum parum obscurioribus, palpis fuscis, pedibus nigris,
femoribus crassioribus, pronoto et collari vix transversim striato,
meso- et metanoto punctis multo paucioribus, hoc breviori, pedun-
culo abdominis transverse striato, tuberculis duobus majoribus
lateralibus ante medium armato.
Megischus cylindricus.
Niger, pergracilis, capite et antennarum basi rufis; alis hyalinis,
oviductis valvulis paullo ante apicem albo-fasciatis, petiolo
abdominis nigro cylindrico tenuissime striato, utrinque cari-
nis tenuissimis longitudinalibus paullo elevatis instructo ;
capite ruguloso, vertice denticulis quinque rufis obtusis, man-
dibulis rufis, apice nigris, palpis fuscis, pronoto transversim
sulcato, meso- et metanoto mediocriter punctatis ; abdominis
segmento secundo spatio parvo dorsali, versus marginem pos-
ticum, segmento 2ndo supra fere omnino subopacis, lineis
tenuissimis striatis sub lente distinctis ; pedibus nigris, tarsis
posticis piceis, femoribus posticis dentibus duobus fortibus
denticulisque nonnullis adjectis.
Habitat Para, Brasiliz. In Mus. Brit. et Westw.
Long. corp. unc. 2; oviduct. unc. 3. Exp. alar. antic. unc. 4.
35
Obs. Individuum @ possideo, cujus corpus unc. ? longitudinem
habet et oviductus unc. 1}.
Megischus Indicus.
Niger, capite fulvo, vertice piceo; denticulis quinque nigris,
labro mandibulisque fulvis, horum apice nigro; antennis
piceis, articulis basalibus fulvis, palpis similiter coloratis ;
pedibus 4 anticis fulvis, femoribus magis castaneis, posticis
nigris, dentibus duobus crassis denticulisque nonnullis ad-
jectis armatis, tarsis posticis piceo-fulvis ; pronoto tenuissime
transverse striatulo, metanoto rudé punctato.
Long. corp. lin. 53. Exp. alar. antic. lin. 53.
Habitat in Insulis Philippinensibus. In Mus. Brit.
of New Species of Exotic Hymenoptera. 231
Genus Triconatys, Westwood.
Syn. Sphex p., De Geer ; Celius, Serville, olim; Seminota, Spi-
nola; Abastus, St. Fargeau, olim; T'rigonalys et Lycogaster,
Shuckard.
Sp. 3. Trigonalys depressa.
Sphex depressa, De Geer. (Vid. Monogr. Trans. Ent. Soe. iii.
Pp. 273,) *
Trigonalys obscura, West. op. cit.
Trigonalys bipustulata, Smith, in Annals of Nat. Hist., 2nd
series, vol. vii. p. 28.
Trigonalys compressa, Smith, in Trans. Ent. Soc. New Series,
vol. i. p. 178, pl. xvi. fig. 2.
The parasitic connexion of this species with Polistes lanio has
been determined by Mr. F. Smith, in the present volume of the
Transactions of our Society. In addition to the specimens in the
Collections of the British and Berlin Museums, and that of W.
W. Saunders, Esq., I possess a specimen presented to me by J. A.
Turner, Esq., of Manchester, the antennz of which are composed
of twenty-three joints. Mr. Smith states that Mr. Saunders'’s
individual possesses only twenty. The examination of these
different specimens has convinced me that that contained in the
Berlin Museum is only a variety of De Geer’s species.
Sp. 7. Trigonalys maculata, Smith. (Plate VII. fig. 4.)
Nigra, capite et thorace flavo-maculatis, abdomine flavo fasciato ;
antennis fuscis, medio ferrugineis; pedibus castaneis; alis
fusco parum tinctis, costa lata anticarum obscuriori.
Long. corp. lin. 5. Exp. alar. antic. lin. 8.
Habitat Moreton Bay, Australasia. In Mus. Britann. and
Westw. Communicavit D. Parry.
Trigonalys maculata, Smith, in Annals of Nat. Hist. 2nd series,
vol. vil. p. 28.
Caput, thorax et abdomen punctis minutis numerosissimis
undique notatum. Caput rotundatum, subdepressum, nigrum,
macula elongata ad marginem internum, alteraque ad mar-
ginem posticum oculorum ; maculis duabus parvis clypei et
duabus ad basin antennarum striolaque in medio interrupta
* « Sphea (depressa), nigra, capite lato depresso; alis exterius fuscis, abdo-
mine gibbo ; petiolo depresso, maculis binis flavis.”—De Geer.
232 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Descriptions
versus marginem posticum capitis, omnibus flavis. Antennz
piceze, articulis 4 et quinque sequentibus magis castaneis.
Mandibule flave, dentibus nigris, dextera dentibus 4 aequa-
libus acutis, sinistra dente subapicali latiori, denteque pre-
cedenti lato truncato (fig. 4 a, mandibulis vero reversis).
Palpi maxillares 6-articulati (fig. 4 6); palpi labiales
articulo ultimo securiformi (fig. 4 c). Antenne graciles,
25-articulatee. Thorax niger, dorso antice maculis duabus
obliquis flavis, punctis minutis distantibus scutelli alterisque
duabus postscutelli apiceque metanoti duabus flavis. Abdo-
men nigrum, flavo-fasciatum, fasciis posticis interruptis, apice
valde incurvo, segmentum 2dum subtus productum fere atti-
gente (fig. 4d). Pedes fulvi, trochanteribus albidis, femo-
ribus basi obscurioribus. Ale parum fuscescentes, costa
late castaneo-fusca.
The discovery of a species of this genus in New Holland is of
considerable geographical interest, the species hitherto known
being natives of North and South America, and Europe. The
species also is the most elegant yet discovered. The only indi-
viduals hitherto known were obtained in a collection from Moreton
Bay by Captain Parry, F. L. S., to whom I am indebted for my
specimen.
I take this opportunity of describing a new genus of Hyme-
nopterous insects collected in the East Indies by Captain Boys,
belonging to a family hitherto known only as inhabitants of South
America and New Holland, but differing from the species already
described in several generic particulars. Unfortunately, only a
single specimen of the male sex has been hitherto observed, and
I am only able, by analogy, to infer that the female when dis-
covered will be a wingless insect, considerably smaller than the
male.
Family THYNNIDZ.
Genus Iswara, Westw.
Characteres masculini. Corpus subcylindricum, fere leve, palli-
dum. Caput (fig. 5a) mediocre, longitudine latius, lateribus
rotundatis. Oculi magni, laterales, margine interno fere
recto, vix emarginato. Clypeus parum porrectus, parvus, in
lobos duos subacutos divisus. Labrum clypeo absconditum.
Mandibule graciles, faleatee, apice acute, intus versus apicem
of New Species of Exotic Hymenoptera. 233
dente parvo tuberculiformi instructa. Masille (fig. 5 6)
parve, lobo apicali ovali simplici membranacea paullo ciliata.
Palpi maxillares minuti, ut videtur 3-articulati, articulo basali
brevissimo, 2ndo longiori, apice paullo crassiori, 3tio brevi
subconico, apice bisetigero. Mentum (fig. 5 c) elongato-ob-
conicum, apice recte truncato, bisetoso. Palpi labiales ad
angulos ejus anticos laterales inserti, minimi, 3-articulati, arti-
culis fere zequalibus, ultimo subacuto, seta terminali. Ocelli
3 magni in impressione occipitali positi. Antenne subelon-
gate subrectz, apice haud convolutz ; in tubercula dua faciei
insidentes, 13-articulatze, articulo basali brevi, reliquis parum
crassiori, 2ndo minimo in apice precedentis fere omnino
recepto; reliquis sensim sed parum attenuatis singuloque
ad apicem paullo curvato. Thorax oblongus subcylindricus,
postice paullo attenuatus. Collare transversum, usque ad
tegulas lateraliter utrinque extensum, striola transversa per
medium ut videtur supra divisum. Scutellum fere quadratum,
convexum. Postscutellum transversum. Metathorax rotun-
datus, dorso utrinque parum impressus. Ale mediocres,
stigmate magno: cellula unica marginali, apice appendiculato ;
cellulis tribus submarginalibus ; 1ma, ut videtur, cum cellula
antica discoidali confluenti, venula obliqua ordinaria illas
separante, fere obliterata (in figura 5ta omissa); cellula
2nda submarginali subtriangulari, (angulis vero 6 instructa,
antica basi stigmatis opposita, ubi vena suboblitera supra
dicta e cellula emittitur), venam primam recurrentem acci-
piente; cellula 3tia submarginali subquadrata, venam se-
cundam recurrentem accipiente ; et ad angulum ejus venam
fere indistinctam versus marginem apicalem ale emittente.
Pedes mediocres, setis acutis instructi, tarsis posticis reliquis
multo longioribus ; unguibus minutis (fig. 5 f'), versus apicem
subtus dente acuto minimo instructis. Abdomen ovale, seto-
sum, segmentis 2ndo et reliquis supra impressione semicir-
culari recurva utrinque notatis ; genitalia mascula lobis duo-
bus magnis compressis spinaque acuta media infera recurva
armata. (Fig. 5 e lateraliter, 5 d infra visa.)
Iswara luteus, Westw. (Plate VII. fig. 5 and details.)
Albido-luteus, collari, scutello et pedibus magis albidis; nitidus ;
capite nigro, antennis, clypeo et mandibulis (apice excepto)
luteis ; alis subhyalinis.
Long. corp. lin. 43. Expans. alar. lin. 7.
Habitat in India Orientali (D. Boys). In Mus. Westwood.
234 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Descriptions, &c.
Caput nitidum, parum punctatum. Thorax fere levis, collari
antice magis punctato. Abdomen sub lente punctis delica-
tissimis undique impressum. Alz apice parum obscuriores,
stigmate luteo-fusco, postice magis fusco.
Femina ignota, forsan aptera et mare multo minor.
XXVII. Remarks on the Psychide, by Professor C. Th.
v. SIEBOLD, published in the Silesian “ Bericht uber die
Arbeiten der Entomologischen Sektion im Jahre 1850.”
Translated by H. T. Stainton, Esq.
{Read October 6th, 1851.]
I wave already endeavoured, in the first year (1849) of the “ Zeit-
schrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie,” to direct the attention of
Physiologists and Entomologists to the extremely interesting mode
of propagation of the Psychide, when I maintained that the as-
sertion, that the female individuals of the Psychide could propa-
gate without the introduction of the semen of the male, was
founded on mistake and error.
The whole of the peculiar behaviour of these moths in the
business of copulation, as well as when laying their eggs, may
easily contribute to lead the observer into error, as may be per-
ceived from the following. The females of many of these case-
bearers, after copulation, lay their eggs in the deserted pupa: shell
which remains in the case, and fill it with them tightly from top to
bottom, so that if these cases are collected and preserved, one may
easily fall into the belief they were the cases in which the females
had not yet escaped from the pupa. Consequently, when young
larvee afterward crawl out of such cases, one erroneously concludes,
that in this instance a female which had been obtained whilst in the
pupa state, and therefore had not been impregnated, had sine concu-
bitu produced young. But this only concerns the two genera of
Psychide, Psyche and Fumea, and is not the case with the genus
Taleporia. 1 have now arrived at the conviction that the females
of the genus Taleporia, which formerly I had not learnt to dis-
tinguish strictly from the females of the genus Fumea, can under
certain conditions propagate without male intercourse.
But this occurrence can not be considered as an exception to
those physiological Jaws, according to which all true eggs, in order
Siebold’s Remarks on the Psychide. 235
to attain their development, must previously be fecundated by
the semen of the male; but this phenomenon, observed in Tale-
poria, must be added to those widely spread occurrences in the
lower orders of animals which we have but recently learnt to es-
timate correctly, and now know under the designation of alterna-
tion of generation, We should therefore no longer consider the
individuals capable of propagation without intercourse with the
male, as females endowed with ovaries, but as sexless individuals
quite different from females in their organisation. _ These indivi-
duals, sexless, yet capable of propagation, as we have now learned
to know them so plentifully among the invertebrata, have been
designated Nurses by Steenstrup, who first paid attention to the
change of generation, These nurses can propagate by longitu-
dinal or transverse section, by external or internal formation of
germs, or by a germ-stock. This germ-stock supplies the place
of an ovary, and renders the presence and influence of a testicle
unnecessary. Such a germ-stock produces in consequence no
eggs, but germs (germ-grains or germ-balls),
According to this physiological law, only recently recognised,
the long known wonderful phenomenon among the Aphides is es-
timated quite differently from what it has hitherto been. There
do not occur in them, in the course of a summer, generations and
generations of exclusively female individuals one after another
without any traces of male individuals, till at last there appears a
brood of male and oviparous female Aphides, which must copulate
and be impregnated; but we shall have to consider these vivipa-
rous female individuals as sexless nurses provided with germ-stocks.
That these /phis nurses, in reference to their organs of propaga-
tion, have a truly different organisation from the oviparous Aphis
females, I have already demonstrated in the year 1839 (see
‘“‘Froriep’s Neue Notizen, Band XII. p. 307), The sexless vivi-
parous Aphides want not only the receptaculum seminis, which the
sexual oviparous Aphides possess, but also the germ-stocks of these
Aphis nurses show an entirely different form and structure to the
ovaries of the female Aphides. I have already mentioned my
suspicion (see my “ Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der
wirbellosen Thiere,” p. 634), that the occurrence of sexless nurses
among insects was not confined to the single family of the Aphides,
and that probably also among the species of Cynips and Psyche
similar nurse formations might occur. In the Psychide this is
now certainly the case, since the Taleporie are subject to such
a change of generation. The account of Lepidopterologists (con-
stantly repeated, and from different quarters), that the females
236 Siebold’s Remarks on
of certain species of Psyche had produced young without pre-
vious copulation (sine lucina) has compelled me to examine these
communications more rigorously; and I chose for investigation
Psyche Graminella and Fumea nitidella. !
I soon convinced myself by investigation, that most of the as-
sertions that the Psychide could propagate sine concubitu origi-
nated in delusions. I have further explained the errors lying at
the bottom of these delusions in the “ Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaft-
liche Zoologie” (Bd. I. 1849, p. 93).
After I had made known my opinion upon this point, I again
continually received, from various quarters, intimations that in cer-
tain Psychide, which were collected as larvee and taken care of, a
propagation sime /ucina must have taken place, since from such
larvee, after they had gone into pupz, only females had emerged
which had laid eggs, from which afterwards larve had certainly
come.
These communications, however, mostly referred to Taleporia
lichenella, Zell., and | now turned my whole attention to the Tale-
porie, for which the abundant occurrence of the Tal. lichenella at
Freiburg in Breisgau, my former abode, was very useful. Un-
fortunately I was interrupted in these investigations by my re-
moval from Freiburg to Breslau; yet I had prevailed on Herr
Reutti, who had undertaken these investigations in company with
me at Freiburg, to pursue our observations further. He has faith-
fully communicated to me the further success of these observa-
tions, and so I am now in a condition to announce with certainty,
that the Taleporia lichenella, Zell., is subject to a change of genera-
tion, or rather, that the Taleporia lichenella, Zell., is a sexless nurse,
since the larve of this case-bearer produce nothing but females,
and always only again females, which, sine concubitu, lay eggs, from
which afterwards larve actually escape. Apparently these wing-
less individuals of Tal. lichenella with ovipositors do not correspond
to females, but to the sexless nurses ofa species of Taleporia, sub-
ject to alternation of generation. How many generations of these
nurses follow one another, till at last a sexual generation occurs,
has not yet been ascertained.
We must, in the first place, endeavour to find out the sexual
form of this Talep. lichenella, since although Zeller (see Isis, 1838,
p- 718, 1839, p. 182 and 302) quotes as a synonyme to this case-
bearer the Psyche triquetrella of Fischer von Réslerstamm, it is
not yet ascertained whether both the forms truly belong to the
same species. I know the male and female of this Taleporia
the Psychide. 2a7
triquetrella, F. v. R., from my own inspection—for I have often bred
it at Freiburg from its three-sided cases, and thereby obtained fe-
males and males in tolerable plenty. At any rate the cases of the
sexual Taleporia triquetrella, F. v. R., and the sexless Taleporia
lichenella, Z., although the cases of both species appear three-sided,
are very different from one another. This difference probably
does not originate from the different materials, which these case-
bearing larvee use for the composition of their cases, though, in-
deed I have always found the larvee of Taleporia lichenella, Z., on
old fences, whereas Taleporia triquetrella, F. v. R., probably re-
mains, while in the larva state, on low grass plants, and to undergo
transformation crawls up on to the stems of trees, and sides of
rocks. The former is rarely found but in the neighbourhood of
gardens and houses; the latter, on the contrary, occurs at a distance
from these, as in woods. The cases of Talep. lichenella, Z., are
constantly smaller and darker than those of Talep. triquetrella,
F.v. R. Since the cases of these Taleporia nurses are probably
differently constructed from those of the sexual Taleporia in-
dividuals, since besides it may be assumed that nurse-forms
will also occur in other species of Taleporia, and that we had
hitherto altogether disregarded the alternation of generation of
these moths, it cannot fail that the separation of species among the
genus T'aleporia, which by these complicated circumstances is
rendered very difficult, must have fallen into the worst con-
fusion.
It is now a problem for Lepidopterologists to investigate further
the extremely interesting circumstances of living of the Taleporia,
in order that the many still unresolved questions, which are as-
sociated therewith, may speedily receive a decided answer.
For all those who wish to make the observation and investiga-
tion of the Psychide their task, I will besides suggest the follow-
ing. It should be sufficient for the present to distinguish only
three genera of Psychide ; Psyche, Fumea and Taleporia. Psyche
and Taleporia form the extremes of this family, and Fumea
stands as a connecting link midway between the two.
1. Psyche. The male has pectinated antennae; it can elongate
its abdomen more or less, and during copulation thrusts it deep
into the case where the female remains concealed.
The wingless female is vermiform, possesses neither legs, an-
tennz nor eyes, and likewise wants an ovipositor. It remains con-
cealed in the case, after its escape from the pupa shell, till copu-
lation has taken place; it then creeps backwards into the deserted
pupa-skin and lays it completely full of eggs, when, being quite
shrivelled up, it dies.
238 Siebold’s Remarks on
2. Fumea. The male is provided with pectinated antenne. It
can generally stretch its abdomen lengthways. Copulation with
the female takes place outside the case of the latter.
The wingless female possesses properly developed legs, antennz
and eyes. ‘The antenne are moniliform and short, their apices
not reaching to the hinder end of the thorax; the abdomen termi-
nates with a telescopic ovipositor (capable of being drawn out
and in), the base of which is clothed with many woolly hairs.
The female, after its escape from the pupa skin, creeps out of the
case, and, firmly attached thereto, waits the approach of the male.
After copulation the female, by means of its ovipositor, lays its eggs
in the empty pupa- skin which remains in the case, and fills it with
eggs and woolly hair; after which, being shrivelled up, it falls off
the case.
3. Taleporia. The male possesses long, simple, filiform an-
tenne. It can not elongate its abdomen. Copulation with the
female takes place outside the case.
The wingless female is quite similar to the female of a Fumea ;
legs, antenne, and eyes are developed; the woolly hairs at the end
of the abdomen, and the ovipositor, capable of being drawn out
and in, are present. The only difference lies in the form of the
antenne. The filiform antenne are here always longer than in
the females of Humea; they either reach to the hinder end of the
thorax or extend beyond it. The female on its exclusion creeps
out of the case, with the pupa skin attached to it, which falls off
when it has completely quitted it; and then the female, having co-
pulated outside the case to which it is firmly fixed, lays its eggs,
by means of its ovipositor, in the cavity of the empty case.
On the Spiral Case of the Larva of a Psyche.
This case-bearer, which occurs near Freiburg in Breisgau on
stone walls, and has also been found by Kollar on a brick wall at
Vienna, must in every respect attract the attention of Entomolo-
gists and Physiologists. From most of those which were sent me
from Vienna through Kollar’s kindness, a Chalcis made its escape,
which proved to be a new species, and has received from Kollar the
name Chalcis unicolor. From very few pup only have I hitherto
bred vermiform females without ovipositors, males having never
made their appearance. My attention was first called to the
occurrence of the Psyche near Freiburg by Herr v. Heyden. I
had provisionally named it Psyche Helix, but ascertained after-
wards that Herrich-Schiiffer had already described and figured
(Systematische Bearbeitung der Schmetterlinge von Europa, Bd.
the Psychide. 239
II. Fig. 108—109, with case) a male as Psyche Helicinella, from
specimens sent by Mann, but of which the latter had only sus-
pected that they might have escaped from spiral cases, which he
had found in Sicily in the vicinity of their capture. Reaumur
(Mémoires pour servir al’Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, tom. iii.
part i. 120. pag. 249, Pl. 15, f. 20-22) had also already known
and described these singular cases, and had bred the Chalcis from
them, at least we must consider as that the “‘ petite mouches noire et
a quatre ailes,” which he obtained from these spiral cases. Zeller,
in his critical review of the Lepidoptera described by Reaumur,
has omitted to explain these case-bearers (Isis, 1838, p. 718), but
he has expressed his opinion to me in a letter that these spiral
cases could belong to no Psyche, since the larve living therein
fed in the way of the larvee of Coleophora. The latter fact has
Reutti also communicated to me from Freiburg. I had on my re-
moval from Freiburg specially recommended to him the further ob-
servation of these extremely interesting case-bearers. But hitherto
no Coleophora has been produced from these cases. In short, up
to the present time no Entomologist, who has had opportunity to
observe the case-bearers, has had the good fortune to breed from
them winged Lepidoptera. Neither Reaumur nor I, and just as
little (according to oral and written communications) Kollar, Mann,
Zeller or Reutti can boast of it. This is most extraordinary, and
must especially stimulate our interest in these case-bearers. I
therefore beg of Entomologists to devote all their attention and
care to this extremely interesting subject. Any notice thereon I
will receive most thankfully.
The discovery of these spiral cases will probably happen in
the North of Germany, and even here in the province of Silesia,
since according to a written notice, for which I am indebted to
Herr Zeller, he has found these cases generally distributed (and
also near Glogau), In Italy he had met with them abundantly
on the olive trees; he had also observed them on Anthyllis vul-
neraria, Lotus corniculatus and Gnaphalium arenarium, which
plants the larvee really fed on. Near Vienna I collected these
case-bearers, in the pupa state, only on a wall much exposed to
the sun, in the immediate vicinity of which grew Atriplex laci-
niata, on which plant, according to Kollar’s assertion, these case-
bearers feed in the larva state. I may here incidentally observe,
that at the same place I met with the pupe of Coleophora auro-
guttella, the case-bearing larva of which likewise feeds on Atriplex
laciniata.
240 Siebold’s Remarks on the Psychide.
From Reutti I afterwards learnt that he had ascertained that
the Artemisia vulgaris, which grew in the vicinity of the head quar-
ters of the spiral cases, on the castle-hill at Freiburg, was the
food of the larve belonging to these cases.
From all that has hitherto been ascertained of these case-bearers
I am inclined to suspect that the vermiform insects, so like the
females of Psyche, which escape from the pupz of these case-
bearers, are not truly females, but correspond to sexless nurses,
as in Zaleporia lichenella, Zell., which, sine concubitu, can produce
young.
I have long cherished this suspicion, since I had observed, partly
in Freiburg and partly here, several hundred cases, which never
produced a single male moth, but either a Chalcis, Pteromaline,
or a vermiform female. Each case which I collected spun-up,
and afterwards opened, I had become certain beforehand that it
contained a female pupa or the remains of one. Many pupe ap-
peared empty or dried up; some were filled with eggs, or, to my
astonishment, with hexapod larve.
It follows from this, that on the exclusion of the so-called fe-
male of Psyche helix, the pupa skin remains in the case, and that
the female understands to lay its eggs in the empty pupa-skin,
wherein the animal reminds one of Psyche and Fumea. From a
later communication received from Reutti I perceived that he has
observed the same thing; indeed that from such cases, of which
he had isolated the larve and allowed them to undergo their trans-
formations, he had afterwards found the pupa-skins filled with
young larvee, from which it becomes a certainty that these case-
bearers with spiral cases furnish nurse-formed beings, the sexual
individuals of which have not yet been discovered.
( 241 )
XXVIII. On the British Species of the Genus Gelechia of
Zeller, By J. W. Dovauas, Esq. (continued from p. 108.)
[Read Sth January, 1852.]_
Sp. 91. Fumosella.
G. fumosella, H. Doubl. (in litt.)
Ale antice fusco-nigree, punctis tribus (2—1) elevatis atris,
ciliis fuscescentibus. Alze posticze latee, griseo-fusce.
Expansion of wings 103 lines.
Head, palpi, antennze and thorax concolorous with the anterior
wings, which are fuscous-black ; before the middle are two large
raised black spots, placed close together, one above the other,
and one other beyond the middle; cilia greyish brown, with
a black line extending through the centre, from the apex to the
posterior angle of the wing. Posterior wings broad, with obtuse
apices; cilia greyish fuscous.
Closely allied to G. Zthiops, but apparently distinct, being in
every way larger, the upper wings being brown-black, instead of
jet-black, and the posterior darker than in that species.
A single specimen taken in 1851, in Perthshire, by Mr. Weaver,
is in the collection of Mr. Doubleday.
Sp. 92. Politella.
G. politella, (Doug.) Sta. (Cat. Supp. p. 4.)
Ale anticz nitentes, olivaceo-brunnee, punctis tribus discoida-
libus nigris. Ala postice latee, griseo-brunneee. Exp. alar.
6 lin. Mas.
Ale antice anguste, ochrace, capite palpisque concoloribus.
Exp. alar. 5 lin. Foem.
Head, palpi and antennz concolorous with the anterior wings.
Anterior wings shining, light olive-brown, three very small black
dots on the disk, as in G. terrella, and a row of black dots round
the apex. Posterior wings greyish brown. Male.
Head, thorax and palpi concolorous with the anterior wings;
antennz annulated brown and ochreous alternately. Anterior
wings ochreous, marked as in the male, but shorter and nar-
rower. (In one of the two females I have before me, the anterior
wings are contracted on the costa beyond the middle, expanding
again towards the apex.) Posterior wings greyish brown, with an
ochreous tinge, especially on the cilia. Female.
VOL, I. N.S. PART VIIIL—MARCH, 1852. R
242 Mr. J. W. Douglas on the
Closely allied to G. terrella, of which, indeed, it might pass for
a variety, only that the female differs so conspicuously. _
Found rather common in June, 1846, among heather, at the
foot of Skiddaw, by Mr. Stainton,
Sp. 93. Cuneatella.
Lita cuneatella, F. v. R. (MSS.) Z. (in litt.)
Al anticee fusco-grisez, vitta longa centrali albido inter-
rupta, punctis duobus costalibus, et infra apicem fascia acuté
angulata, nigris. Ale postice griseo-fusce.
Expansion of wings 7 lines.
Head and thorax concolorous with anterior wings, palpi cine-
reous, terminal joint black; antennz fuscous. Anterior wings
brownish grey, in the centre a long black dash, interrupted about
the middle by a whitish oval spot, opposite to which, on the costa,
is a small black spot, and another similar costal spot lies beyond
the termination of the central dash; within the apex, and not
touching its margin, a row of contiguous black dots forms an
acutely-angled fascia, which in some lights appears a wedge-shaped
mark; round the apex are some black dots. Posterior wings
grey fuscous, the cilia in certain lights with a brownish tinge.
Abdomen grey brown, the basal segments ferruginous. Posterior
legs clothed with ochreous hairs, the tarsi fuscous, lightly annu-
lated with ochreous.
A single specimen, which Herr Zeller has seen and pronounces
to be this species, was taken by Mr. Bedell in London, in a house
in Great Tower Street, into which it had probably been brought
in the larva or pupa state. Herr Zeller observes the wedge-
shaped mark varies in different specimens.
Sp. 94. Acuminatella.
G. acuminatella, Sircom, (Zoologist, 1850, App. lxxii.)
G. Cirsiella (Doug.), Sta. (Cat. Supp. 4.)
Ale antice acuminate, murine, fascia indistincta postica angu-
lata. Alz posticze cinerez.
«Exp. 3 inch. Anterior wings ashy brown, acutely terminated,
with a very indistinct angulated fascia towards the apex; poste-
rior wings and cilia ashy ; head and palpi rather paler; antennz
dark brown; hind legs ashy, with dark spots.”
“‘ July 28th, Brislington, two specimens.” Sircom, 1. c.
I would add to Mr. Sircom’s description, that the ground colour
of the anterior wings is ochreous, more or less covered with
British Species of the Genus Gelechia of Zeller. 243
brown scales in different specimens, and that the fascia sometimes
becomes quite obsolete.
I bred this species in 1850 and 1851, from larvee found at
Charlton, mining the leaves of a thistle (Cirsium lanceolatum), in
July ; the moths appeared early in August. Mr. Sircom has iden-
tified one of them as his species.
Sp. 95. Pulliginella.
G. pulliginella, Sircom, (Zoologist, 1850, App. Ixxii.)
“ Exp. 44 lines. Anterior wings of an uniform dark brown,
with a row of deeper-coloured spots round the apical margin, and
a second round the middle of the fringe; posterior wings ashy ;
cilia brown; head ashy; antenne dark brown; hind legs ashy.
July, Durham Down. Two specimens.” Sircom, I. c.
I have not seen this species, and therefore can add nothing to
the above.
Sp. 96. Celerella.
G. celerella (Doug.), Sta. (Cat. Supp. p. 5.)
Ale anticz ochreo-grisez, macula magna triangulari ante,
altera irregulari pone medium apiceque, nigris, fascia postica
ciliisque ochraceis. Alze posticee fusco-grisee.
Expansion of wings 6—6 lines.
Head grey brown, with a metallic lustre; palpi griseous, ter-
minal joint black outwardly, grey and black inwardly, the extreme
tip ochreous; antenne dark brown, very faintly annulated with
ashy. Thorax grey brown. Anterior wings ochreous-grey, more
ochreous at the base; before the middle is a large triangular
brown-black patch, another irregular patch or cloud of the same
colour, beyond the middle, quite across the wing, touching an
ochreous fascia, beyond which is the dark apex; cilia ochreous,
sprinkled with dark scales. A black dot lies in the groove, form-
ing the point of the triangular patch; another black dot is in the
triangle, close to the outward edge, and a third is at the inner
edge of the irregular patch; to all these dots are attached some
white scales.
Posterior wings cloudy grey.
I have one specimen taken at Liscard, near new Brighton, in
September, by Mr. C. S. Gregson, who says it is one of the most
active little creatures he ever saw. Mr. Doubleday also has a
specimen from Mr. N. Cooke.
R2
244 Mr. J. W. Douglas on the
This species may possibly prove to be identical with my G.
vicinella (p. 102), of which the specimens were not fine.
It resembles in many respects G. distinctella, but it has narrower
and more distinctly marked anterior wings, and narrower posterior
wings, with more acute apices. In size, and the triangular patch
on the anterior wings, it resembles G. costella and G. contigua,
but in other respects it does not agree,
Sp. 97. Nigricostella.
*Lita nigricostella (F. v. R.). D. (Supp. pl. 74, 9.)
Expansion of wings 5—53 lines.
Head and thorax concolorous with the anterior wings; palpi
rather paler, the second joint fuscous outwardly and at the upper
end, the third joint with two broad fuscous rings, leaving the base,
middle and apex yellow; antennez annulated brown and yellow.
Anterior wings egg-yellow on the disk, with a posterior outwardly-
curving fascia of the same colour; the costa is broadly fuscous
as far as the fascia, beyond which the apex is also fuscous; the
inferior margin has on it two fuscous marks, one long and narrow,
proceeding from the base, the other rounded and joining the yellow
fascia; on the disk are three black dots; the first small, near the
base, the second larger, before the middle, both on the inner
margin of the dark costal streak, and the third just touching the
rounded dark patch on the inner margin; cilia ochreous, dusted
with fuscous. Posterior wings pale grey, the apices well defined.
This pretty species, closely allied to G. dimidiella, was first
taken in this country by Mr. Edwin Shepherd, in Wicken Fen,
Cambridgeshire, at the end of June, 1851, flying at dusk.
Sp. 98. Brizella.
G. Brizella, Z.
Lita Brizella (Tis.), Tr., D. 306, 5.
Expansion of wings 6 lines.
Head and thorax concolorous with anterior wings; the second
and third joints of the palpi annulated brown and white; antennz
annulated brown and white. Anterior wings rich light brown,
merging gradually from the costa to the inner margin into ochre-
ous; on the costa three equidistant longish silvery spots, sloping
towards the hinder margin, before the apex a curved silvery fascia,
broadest on the costa, and on the disk, beyond the middle, two
black dots, one before the other; cilia brown. Posterior wings
and cilia fuscous.
British Species of the Genus Gelechia of Zeller. 245
A single specimen taken by Mr. Grant, in 1851, at Southend,
Fssex.
The larva, according to Zeller (in litt.), feeds on Statice armeria.
Sp. 99. Carlinella.
G. Carlinella (Doug.), Sta. (Cat. Supp. p. 5.)
G. Lappella, var. 3, Z.
Ale anticze anguste, fulvo-ochracez, apice saturatiori, fascia
postica valdé obliqua pallidé ochracea. Ale postice fusco-
grisez, ciliis ochraceis.
Expansion of wings 6—73 lines.
Head and thorax ochreous; palpi darker; antenne brown,
very faintly annulated with ochreous. Anterior wings spotless,
ochreous suffused with fulvous, lightest on the inner margin,
beyond the middle a very oblique light ochreous fascia, somewhat
curved; apex dark. Posterior wings fuscous grey, long, linear,
and with the apex produced ; cilia ochreous in certain lights.
This species is very close to G. Lappella, from which it may be
distinguished by its less average expansion, narrower anterior
wings, which are also of a brighter, almost fulvous, yellow,
and spotless; the palpi shorter and thinner, the terminal joint
especially being much finer. The posterior wings are lighter
than in G. Lappella.
Bred abundantly in July and August, 1850, from seed heads
of the Carline thistle (Carlina vulgaris), gathered at Folkestone,
during the preceding winter.
Sp. 100. Galbanella.
G. Galbanella (F. v. R.), Z.
Expansion of wings 6 lines.
Head, thorax and antennz concolorous with the anterior wings ;
palpi pale ochreous. Anterior wings of an indistinct greyish
brown, with a light angulated posterior fascia, three black dots on
the disk, two before and one beyond the middle, and attached to
these some light spots or lines; the apex distinctly margined with
black dots. Posterior wings light fuscous.
Somewhat like G. boreed/a in the marking, but very different in
colour. The blackness of the discoidal spots, and the paleness
of the palpi, are characters by which this species may be at once
. distinguished.
A single specimen has been sent to me by Mr. Weaver, by
whom it was taken, he believes, in Scotland. In Germany it is
abundant in fir woods.
246 Mr. J. W. Douglas on the
POSTSCRIPT.
Vol. v. page 175, No. 2. G. lobella. Add to synonyms 7’. lugu-
brella, D.
Vol. v. page 175, No. 3. G. cinerella. Add to synonyms 7. Ar-
deliella, H. 437.
S » 195, ,, 21. G. rufescens. Add to synonyms G.
diaphanella (Lien.), Z. (Isis, 1846.)
“ » 196, ,, 25. G. contigua. This, I now think, is most
probably the Re. tricolorella of Ha-
worth; and if this point can be esta-
blished, we must adopt the name, as
it was published prior to contigua.
But there is no reference to Haworth’s
specimen, as in that case, and I doubt
the sufficiency of the description alone
of tricolorella.
oe » 197, ,,27. G. maculella,F. Zeller writes to me
that he thinks this name is improperly
applied to this Gelechia, and that
Fabricius’s description much better
suits our Ccophora Curtisella. I
agree with this opinion, and adopt
for our Gelechia the name blandella
(F. v. R.), Z. Mr. Stainton has reared
this species from larvee which fed in
the capsules of Stellaria holostea.
» » 198, ,, 30. G. sequax. Mr. Logan has reared this
species from larvz found on Helzan-
themum vulgare.
5 y », 33. G. lentiginosella. Mr. Weir has reared
this species from larvee found on
Genista tinctoria.
6 » 199, ,, 34. G. distinctella. Add to synonyms An.
serricornis, West.and Humph. vol. ii.
p. 187, pl. 104, fig. 19.
” » 200, ,, 38. G. subocellea. The larvz, which are
case-bearers, feed on Origanum vul-
gare. (Proceed. p. 117.)
British Species of the Genus Gelechia of Zeller. 247
Vol. i. n.s., p. 14, No. 42. G. paucipunctella. Zeller has found bis
first opinion that this species was
identical with paucipunctella, Metz.
was erroneous; he had founded it on
seeing a specimen, not in the finest
condition, which I had sent to him.
I have accordingly called it Metzne-
riella. (Sta. Cat. Supp.)
0, » 16, ,, 46. G. £thiops. Mr. Edleston informs me
this species has nothing to do with
poplars, as I supposed, but that it is
taken on Chat moss in black places
that have been burned, of which it is
exactly the colour.
i » 17, 4, 49. G. affinis. I have some specimens of
which I am in doubt whether they
should be referred to this species or
not, and I therefore reserve them for
another opportunity.
ie » 18, ,, 54. G. nigrovittella. This is the Tinea
gemmella of the Linnean cabinet, and
it also agrees with the description in
the “ Fauna Suecica.” Iam indebted
to Mr. Stainton for calling my atten-
tion to the Linnean specimen. Linné
appends to his description the obser-
vation—“ Hab. intra querciis folia,
subcutanea,” which may now lead to
the finding of the larva.
3 » 19, 4, 57. G. costella. Mr. Stainton found the
larve of this species on Solanum
Dulcamara, feeding on and in the
leaves, fruit and stems. (Proceed.
p: 114.)
ie » 21, 4, 60. G. Walkeriella. I find this name must
drop, Mr. Westwood having, in 1845
(Humph. B. Moths, ii. 192), de-
scribed this species under the name
of ‘“ Anacampsis fuscipennis, Haw.
MSS.” Mr. Westwood’s remark,
that ‘‘ the species appears to approach
Cleodora Cytisella,’ induced me to
248 Mr. J. W. Douglas on the
think it was distinct from that species,
but I find that he has omitted C.
Cytisella, Curt., from his list altoge-
ther, and re-described it under the
name of “ fuscipennis.”’
Vol.i. v.s., p.61, No. 63. G. neviferella. The larve mine the
leaves of Chenopodium album.
” » 64, 4, 72. G. pernigrella. WHerr Zeller has sent
me one of the specimens he, had
before him when he described G.
temerella; there is just visible the
very faint lighter line outside the
dark fascia mentioned by him, and
which I[ neither could nor can see in
the British specimens which I have
described under the name of perni-
grella. But this is all the difference
I can find between the insects of the
two countries, and I am convinced
that our moth is G. temerella (Lien.),
Z.
{i 5, 68, 4, 80. G. senectella. The heads of some recent
specimens are ochreous, and the an-
terior wings of others have an ochre-
ous tinge.
* » 100, ,, 81. G. fraternella. Bred by Mr. Stainton
and myself from Jarve which rolled
up the young terminal leaves of Stel-
laria uliginosa.
I have now enumerated all the British species of this genus that
are known to me. I intended to have added here some remarks
on the structure of the species, associated under the generic name
Gelechia, but want of time to make the necessary examinations
compels me to postpone them. I have, however, thought it de-
sirable to complete the enumeration of the species in this volume ;
and to satisfy the demands of many friends, a provisional arrange-
ment thereof will be found in the “ Journal of Proceedings,”
Pp. Cxxx.
British Species of the Genus Gelechia of Zeller. 249
INDEX
TO
THE SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Vol. i. Vol.i
——— Vol. v ea ae Vol. v.
No. | page ioe No. | Page Page
mstivella. cesececcecse| aL | ce [1a ff Coste veeeeeeeeeee $35 |S | ay
P 46 oe 16 GEAR oun adonec 93 +2 | 242
Bithiops.. eee ---+} 46} -- | 247.|) Cytisella. 12253. .eccced| 60. }, aeawren
AMINISic:s\6.0 Daisteietaststeiate) | SAG 5 17
AACE] lain stajcrsimlalare eiesiiasecs 36 | 200 Me decorellayi.:5 .Bys's ents 400 are 19
albiceps «...+...+.00- 53 ae 18 desertellas \.ie 08% sje eye's ol 00 a 62
alecila BEA his) i 177 a diaphanella ..........] 21 “246
62 diffinis ee ee)
~—s
aS
©
—
~)
albistrigella ....... 5-60 es 5 =
albo-cingulella ........| 6 | 176 | .. || dissimilella..........++| 26 | 196
alterna, alternella......| 11 | 177 oi dissonellay jos: «4 cates]. 085) 200
aninulicornis .s<.-..+2.| 8 | L76 ic distinctella ......-.-+-| 34 | 199 | 246
Anthyllidella ..... ~| 50 A 174 Givisellaestac «ele aseienevrer|) OS ne 60
apicistrigella ........-. 30 | 198 bo dodecea, dodecella ..--|7—8} 176 Si
rleliella <ciee s0tes aie Boll oe: Sami eO domes §| 32 | 198 a
Artemisiella .....<¢....| 39 | 201 Be Cane i Aass BO Salles: -- | 105
8 | 176 Hic
Sls gle gies oh fat a toes } 15 | 178 -. |{ elongella ..... Sasosos 59 oe 20
atrella ..ccecccccees-| Ol oe V7} EMe®s, ceatara vies = aerciseisi| 200 |) Lae
Atriplicella ...../..'..|°58 ae Pe eOneernicinella, sos «.c/eterers | el Telia
aurofasciella-.....0.+6.| 63 ve 61
: fal CIORMIES s.0ls severest Re ae 14
basaltinella ....5-. = rey gg || fauillaticella -+.......-1 8 | Wagohapad
Betuleatacjocctees gs cics| OF 176 Pe fraternella ¢..2% 0.0615 < } a a We
bicolorellajcsrvatsiaereqretere || LYE RN Ag oie
bifractella) Se cieire'e:6,2)<,<,0| 20 Sc 66 fugacella seeescoescce| G4 ve 61
fugitivella ..........02| 64 St 61
blandella sideile ctcacacclod. | U9 246 hanGlle. fcc ee : 67
Blattaritas folecits’s etetameperel, La: aed hie
: fumosella ..... ctotd creole eo» | 24)
Blattariella = 82-66% 50|-. 0 lade we faaesendis 60 347
HOFEE arse sslsieicicieaicia= ||) O10 aon LOS P ae ae oe nae 7s
Lal) Sopaeaccdedbooo 98 ont [BAe
Galbanella.........-../100 «2 | 245
Carlinella ...... saoocs|) BS -- | 245 || gallinella ............| 5 | 176
Cantellahent.. pias csc ec] 20 | 196 5s ||) gemmella f..5 0%.2...2. 4. of Bat) Oy.)
celerellajsa-<)-0% «14 << «| 90 -- | 243 || Gerronella............| 74 Se 65
cerealella ........-.--| 89 -- | 107 || gibbosella ............| 24 | 196
cinctella ........----] 31 | 198] .. || granella...........2.-| 89 | .. | 107
cinerea, cinerella.. ....| 3 | 175 +» || guttifera 2. ..0-cce00.| 85 -- | 106
irsiellae ye -eieeiiaresar 94 waulecae
conscripta, conscriptella 19 | 178 «» || Hermannella..........| 18 | 178
§ | 25 | 196 | 246 || histrionella..... slejesecoyspeeh Gy | haiG, °
Contigua...-++++++++) 30 | 198 * FOR com 175 i
Coronillella ....... zoos Gere: =a. e beg. |. BPLaENs seeeeeeeee} 93.| 196"hi=:
cad
250
DTT: = o:cie1s. claceisveus, 0%
NRO AIIR sao ode 4 ot
immaculatella ........
inopella -.........0:-
MNOTMALE A sicie cic e a,0 lee e 6
MIstabilellainsictsrevewetewies
internella
interrupta, interruptella. .
Hsabellavnecsiss =. 50 6 58
LISRDGH ASAI AAR AS ease
ee
junctella ........-0e-
Juniperi, Juniperella....
Knockella ..}<citc 50.02.00
Janteotella cis ele 0.0.0 .i0
Lappella ........ +. }
Haticinctella jicleles odec.e i
lentiginosella..........
lepidella ...+-+seseee
Nelicatedionic vere aA
leucatella ..........
Hipmileliave {. ftten tree
Listeri
Listerella ....
IVEROTEWA’s eyclstsicis's pace 3
aus Rrclscy ee prove eins
TOU EICONMISTs «Give mis iate-ote
Hiveidellaetete: cha 60 bw.seter
HATEUNE LIGA lis'eva: 01 o1c &'s)0 6 to1m
ameer len aver. erct. co Gis, wrexotenete
iupbrelika t.)< cs 6 wiereictern
MUERTE core che gusia'b ciate ;
dutwlentella — . 50. vices
Warreliellay =. .)cc\ere oinreisiier-
maculea, maculella .. ;
macniliferellar. ccc wes se
Malvella erate
Manniella ..... eis ele e%ars
MATIOGIEA yc icls wie'cine «.< ;
Merianella...... Srctichetess
mBtallelia. «3.5 crete betes “ors
Metzneriella ........0:
mmIcellay tatshaws soak wisitiee
TIMSCEL ay ets ct seid. bie anste
Mouffettella ..........
PMUNINCL IAL bested was alec
AUEMIGGIIG he ay0: sisrec des ve
Mr. J. W. Douglas on the
meevilerellaic oss s'\s\s'e
§
t
nana, nanella........ ;
nebulea ..... eee |
neuropterella ........--
nigra
nigricostella ....+..s-
nigritella
nigrovittella ...-..-- ;
nivea, nivella.......«- ;
notatella...... Pe ticleisets
obsoletella 5.63.0.
Padifoliella
paripunctella ......-.+-
paucipunctella
paupella..........--+-
pauperella ........+-+:
pedisequella
peliella
pernigrella ,cescsseee ?
Picepennis) 2+.-.0..0+
pictella weer tae <i gett
Panetellac -caccdiale bs eran
pinquinella.........-..
peliteliale:.|< seemels atsietete
Populi, Populella .... }
PTOXIMA oe ceceressreee
proximella........ oe ;
pulliginella....... eretavete
punctella ...
punctifera .....e.s..s-
Pyrophagella.....-.-..
trhombea, thombella ..
rhomboidella.........-
rufescenS” '<s\'v-7¢ cle’ ote’ s'a!
rusticella
seabidelld ™: . «15: wrune'e mp
Scheefferella oss. lec cic
scriptella
genectélla) (.3...am< i & oe
§
l
SEQUAX cosseeces $s5 ;
. . ru ce 7.7 7 by
orien we : e
British Species of the Genus Gelechia of Zeller. 251
SEITICOINIS 6. s000cse-cs| 34
silacea, silacella...... } 4l
thuctellavss «sree. atesiclesc
Premetla s seGssi 0 eater
fricolorellaccas setneia ise
sororculella ....6c+«s0) 20 triparella ....eeeceee.
Stagninella’ss xsrcisstastere| 45
subcinerea ..... Son snc le) MMDFOSC] Ia pivic cle © cic wie) s'= 17
subeuprellayy scrleiesier = (at unicolorella .eeeeeeees 16
subocellea ..... Hodedvoliet ess
: §| 13 velocella’ “Zk dae cslsictas Ais
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252 Mr. J. O. Westwood on the
X XIX. On the Genus Mantispa, with Descriptions of various
New Species. By J.O. Westwoop, Esq. F.L.S. &c.
[Read 2nd February, 1852.]
Manytispa is one of those remarkable genera which, belonging to
one family of insects, put on the general appearance of the species
of another, or occasionally of several other families, to which they
possess but little, if any, real relationship. By Stoll, De Geer,
Pallas and Fabricius, the species were arranged in the genus
Mantis, belonging to the order Orthoptera; and Latreille, in his
earlier works, adopted the same view, by uniting them with the
family Mantide. By Linnzus, however, the species known to
him was regarded as a Raphidia; and Latreille, who never appears to
have dissected an insect of the genus (his characters in the “* Genera
Crustaceorum,” &c. iii. p. 93, being entirely derived from the ex-
ternal parts of the insect), relying upon the elongated form of the
prothorax, in his later works (commencing with the ‘‘Considérations
Générales,” p. 276) has introduced it into the Neuroptera, placing
it (Fam. Nat. p. 436, &c.) in the family of which Raphidia is the
type.
In the “‘ Considérations” we find the only observations hitherto
published relative to the larve of these curious insects, which
appear to resemble those of the Raphidie. ‘Ces derniers insectes,
ainsi que les Mantispes, se trouvent sur les chénes; leurs habi-
tudes, et probablement leurs métamorphoses, sont identiques.
M. Bourgeois, entomologiste trés-zélé, et qui a trouvé fréquem-
ment, aux environs de Lyons, la Mantispe villageoise, m’a donné
une Jarve conforme a celles des Raphidies, mais beaucoup plus
grande, et que je ne peux rapporter qu’a cette Mantispe.” (Cons.
Gén. p. 69.) How far Latrielle’s conjecture be correct has
never yet been ascertained ; the greater affinity of Mantispa with
Hemerobius than with Raphidia, and the diversity in the con-
dition of the pupa state of the two last named groups, lead me
however to question its correctness. The late T. Say gave an
account of the manner in which these insects capture their prey,
consisting of living flies, with their fore legs, in the same manner
as the Mantide. (Amer. Entomology, ii. pl. 25.)
As regards their relation with the Mantide, we find the wings of
Mantispa constructed on the Neuropterous type; the maxillz are
also destitute of a dentated inner lobe, and the lower lip is entire
instead of being bi- or 4-partite ; whilst as regards the structure of
Raphidia, we find the abdomen of the females of Mantispa des-
stitute of the long exserted ovipositor, and the tarsi with the third
Genus Mantispa. 253
and fourth joints of equal shape and size, whereas in Raphidia the
third joint is deeply bilobed, concealing the fourth minute joint in
the incision. The parts of the mouth are also less like those of
Raphidia than they are of those of Hemerobius. Hence in my In-
troduction, I separated Mantispa from the Raphidiide, and formed
it into a distinct family, Mantispide. I am now also enabled, by
the observations of Messrs. Fortnum and Wilson on Australian
species of the genus, to corroborate the propriety of this separation
by the knowledge of the mode in which the eggs are deposited
by the female Mantispe, which is exactly in the same manner as
in the Hemerobii, namely, by attaching each egg at the extremity
of a long and very delicate footstalk. How far this circumstance
will render necessary the junction of Mantispa with Hemerobius,
and the suppression of my family Mantispide, is a subject which
a knowledge of the real larva and of the pupa state of the Man-
tisp@ will alone enable us to determine. In the mean time, it ap-
pears to me far more advisable to retain the family as proposed in
my Introduction, and which has been done by M. Rambur, in his
volume on Neuroptera in the Suites a Buffon (Neur. p. 431).
Like Gryllotalpa and several other equally anomalous genera,
Mantispa is found in every quarter of the globe, including New
Holland. The latter country is denied to the genus by Messrs.
Swainson and Shuckard, in their volume on Insects in Lardner’s
Cabinet Cyclopedia, p. 344; but it will be seen by the present
paper that a number of species have now been received from dif-
ferent parts of Australasia.
Dr. Erichson, in his Monograph in the first volume of Germar’s
“Zeitschrift fiir die Entomologie,” published descriptions of twenty-
four species, fourteen of which are from the New World, six from
Africa, two from Europe, one from Asia, and one of doubtful
locality. As Dr. Erichson’s Latin characters are very short, it will
be serviceable to give them in this paper, in order to concentrate
our knowledge of the genus up to the present time.
1. M. semihyalina* : obscure czerulea, antennis pedibusque an-
ticis basi testaceis. Long. 8—10 lin. Brazil and Surinam.
2. M. brunnea (Say, Am. Ent. ii. pl. 25): brunnea, alis antice
* In consequence of the confusion in the nomenclature of the larger insects
of the genus, the name and synonymy of this species will stand as follows :—
Mantispa semihyalina.
Mantispa semihyalina, Serville and St. Fargeau, Enc, Méth. x. p.270; Rambur,
H, Nat. Ins. Neur. p. 434, pl. 10, fig. 5.
Mantispa chalybea, Erichson in Germar’s Zeitschr. f. d. Ent. i, 160.
Mantispa grandis, Burmeister, Hand. d. Ent, ii. 967 (nec M. grandis, Guérin,
nec M. grandis, Erichs,). Brazil.
254 Mr. J. O. Westwood on the
concoloribus, postice preter basin hyalinis. Long. 9 lin.
North America.
3. M. varia: castanea, nigro flavoque variegata, alis antice fulvis
? ? >
margine postico fulvescente. Long. 6—7 lin. Var. corpore
pedibusque unicoloribus, brunneo-rufis. Meazco.
4. M. ambusta: nigra, abdominis segmentis margine tibiisque
flavis, alis hyalinis margine anteriore apiceque brunneis.
Long. 7 lin. Monte Video.
5. M. irrorata: fusco-grisea, capitis thoracisque dorso flaves-
centibus, alis fusco-irroratis. Long. 9 lin. Brazil.
6. M. decorata: flava, fusco-variegata, alis hyalinis brunneo-
maculatis. Erich. tab, 11, fig. 5. Long. 5—10 lin. Brazil.
7. M. prolixa: flavo brunneoque varia, alis stigmate macula-
que apicali brunneis. Long. 73 lin. South Brazil.
8. M. Erichsonii* : brunnea, prothorace cinereo, alis hyalinis,
costa maculaque apicali brunneis. Long. 11 lin. South Africa.
9. M. costalis: fusca, prothorace abdomineque luteis, alis hya-
linis, costa lutea. Long. 8 lin. Brazil.
10. M. pusilla (Pallas, Latr., brevicornis, De Geer): fusca,
flavo-variegata, prothorace tenuiter flavo-lineato, alis flavicanti-
hyalinis, costa fusca. Long. 4—6 lin. Cape of Good Hope.
11. Styriaca (Poda, R. Mantispa, Scop. Linn. M. pagana, Fabr.
Panz. Latr. M. pusilla, Schrank nec Pallas): flava, brunneo-
varia, antennis ferrugineis, alis hyalinis, costa flava, stigmate
brunneo. Long. 4—7 lin. South Europe.
12. M. perlat (Pallas, M. Christiana, Charp.): flava, brunneo-
variegata, antennis nigris, alis flavicanti-hyalinis, costa testacea.
Long. 6 lin. South-Eastern Europe.
13. M. flaveola: flava, brunneo-varia, alis hyalinis, costa stig-
mateque flavis. Long. 5 lin. Para.
14. M. dorsalis: atra, prothorace toto corporisque dorso flavis,
alis hyalinis, costa fusca. Long. 6 lin. Caffraria.
15. M. fuscipennis: fusca, pectore pedibusque testaceis, alis fuscis
nitidis. Long. 5 lin. Caffraria.
* In consequence of the confusion in the nomenclature of the larger insects of
the genus, the name and synonymy of this species will stand as follows :—
Mantispa Erichsonii.
Mantispa Erichsonii, Guérin, Iconogr. R. An. Ins. p. 391.
Mantispa grandis, Erichson in Germar’s Zeitsch. f. d, Ent. i. p. 164 (nec M.
grandis, Guérin, nec grandis, Burm.). Southern Africa (Port Natal).
} Syn. Mantispa Victoriit, Guérin-Ménéville, Inconogr. R. An. Ins, p. 391.
Genus Mantispa. 255
16. M. tenella: flava, abdomine fusco-variegato, prothorace
zequali subtiliter granulato, alis hyalinis, costa pallida, stigmate
brunneo. Long 43—5 lin. Cape of Good Hope.
17. M. nana: pallida, abdomine fusco-variegato, prothorace
zequali subtiliter granulato, alis hyalinis, stigmate subfusco.
Long. 4 lin. Dongola.
18. M. gracilis: fusca, capite, prothorace, pedibusque flaves-
centibus, prothorace equali levi, alis hyalinis, costa flava,
stigmate brunneo. Long. 5 lin, Brazil.
19. M. viridula: pallide viridis, alis albo-hyalinis, costa stigmate-
que corpori concoloribus. Long. 43 lin. Brazil.
20. M. Notha: picea, pilosa, prothorace brevi, abdomine supra
lobato, tibiis posticis compressis, alis inequalibus, fusco-
maculatis. Tab. 2, f. 6. Long. 34 lin. Brazil.
21. M. interrupta (Say, Amer. Ent, ii. pl. 25): pallida, ad-
domine linea dorsali incisurisque nigris, alis hyalinis, costa
ferruginea ante apicem interrupta. Long. 63 lin. North
America.
22. M. minuta (Fabr.* Syst. Ent. 278, 21): M. capite thorace-
que cylindrico flavescentibus ; elytris alisque hyalinis, costa
flavescenti, s. virescenti, abdomine virescenti dorso flaves-
cente, pedibus virescentibus. Hab. 2 In Mus. Banks.
23. M.flavo-maculata (Latr. Mantis Liliputiana, Oliv. Encycl.):
flava, capite pedibusque posterioribus viridibus, prothorace
lateribus fusco, abdomine pedibusque anticis ferrugineis,
alis virescenti-hyalinis. Surinam.
24, M. rufescens (Latr. Stoll. pi. 4, fig. 15, M. Nabota, Oliv.
Encycl.): brunnea, antennis brunneis filiformibus, alis flaves-
centibus, stigmate brunneo. Coromandel.
The following additional species have been described since the
publication of Erichson’s Monograph :—
25. M. Guerinit:} atro-fusca, femoribus anterioribus latis, trans-
* The type specimen is still preserved in the Banksian Cabinet. The subse-
quent description in the Ent, Syst. ii. 24, 50—‘ Elytra—puncto medio parvo albo ;
ale rufescentes, apice hyaline margineque interiori nigricantes”—seems to have
been added from some smal! Mantidean.
+ In consequence of the confusion in the nomenclature of the larger insects
of the genus, the name and synonymy of this species will stand as follows :—
2. Mantispa Guerinii, Westw.
Mantispa grandis, Guérin in Duperrey’s Voy. Coquille; Atlas, Ins. pl. x.
fig. 4, texte 11, part 2, p. 196. (Nec M. grandis, Erichson; nec M.
grandis, Burm.)
256 Mr. J. O. Westwood on the
verse rugosis, spinis tibiarum et tarsorum castaneis, antennis
obscurioribus; alis angustatis, perlucidis, antice rutilis, apice
obscurioribus. Long. 20 mill. Enverg. 49 mill. Amboyna.
26. M. auriventris (Guérin, Mag. Zool. 1838, Ins. pl. 202):
rufo-castanea, fronte ]uteo, abdomine flavo, fasciis quatuor
anoque brunneis; alis byalinis, anterioribus et margine in-
ferioribus luteis, anticis macula exigua apicali obscura.
Long. 18 mill. Enverg. 42 mill. Egypt.
27. M. nodosa (Westwood, Cab. Orient. Ent. p. 70, pl. 34,
fig. 7): nigra, capite, antennis prothorace et pedibus anticis
ferrugineis ; abdominis dorso in medio obscure fulvo; alis
subhyalinis, dimidio costali fulvo ; basi fusco strigaque obliqua
ante medium fusco, in posticis fere obliteratis ; prothorace
brevi nodoso, antennis 48-articulatis.* Exp. alar. antic. fere
24 lin. Assam.
28. M. Cora (Newman, Ent. Mag. 5,401): fusca, antennarum
basi, facie, prothoracis lateribus (lined obliqua interrupta)
mesothoracis scutello, tuberculis ad alarum basin, metatho-
racis scutello abdominisque incisuris flavis, pedibus variis.
Long. 54, unc. Exp. al. =85, une. Malabar.
29. M. virescens (Rambur, H. n. Ins. Neur. p. 433): entiére-
ment d’un jaune verdatre pale. Antennes un peu plus
longues que chez la pagana, roussatres, obscures vers |’ex-
tremité; prothorax un peu moins gréle, tibias antérieures
plus courtes, plus larges, non obscurcis; ailes transparentes,
un peu blanchatres; les nervules et le réseau ciliés d’un
jaune verdatre pale; pterostigma de la méme couleur, trés
allongé, un peu velu sur sa surface, rangée longitudinale
médiane d’aréoles ayant leurs nervures latérales trés sinuées.
De la taille des petits individus de la pagana. Patrie in-
connu. [North America? An M. viridula, No. 19? an M.
viridis, Newm. MS. in Mus. Brit. ? Americe borealis incola. |
30. M. gracilis} (Rambur, H. n. Ins. Neur. p. 433): d’un
roussdtre un peu obscur; téte ayant les yeux plus gros que
ceux de la pagana, beaucoup plus rapprochés antérieurement,
* Antennarum articuli hujus speciei breve transversi, articulis tertio quarto-
que fere zqualibus ; ale antic cellulis 12 discoidalibus, cellula singula venulas
duas rectas, haud furcatas, ad marginem posticum emittenti; tarsorum ungues
lati, apice 4-denticulati; prothorax in lobos tres divisus.
t Syn. ? Muntispa iridipennis (Guérin, Icon. R. An. Ins, p. 392) : entiérement
jaune; extremité des antennes brunes; yeux d’un gris métallique ; pattes toutes
jaunes; ailes transparentes a nervures et stigmate jaunes, offrant des reflets irisés
wés-vifs et trés-brillants. Long. 1! ; envy. 21 mill. Colombia.
Genus Mantispa. 257
plus excavée derriére les antennes, avec le milieu plus
saillant, une ligne noire sur Ja face; antennes noirdtres, plus
pales ala base; prothorax pas plus long, plus gréle, plus
bossue, moins dilaté antérieurement ot la petite saillie
supérieure est plus sensible, les autres piéces du thorax ob-
scures en dessus ; abdomen d’un brun cendré, un peu nuancé
de jaune; pattes blanchatres; tibias antérieures un peu
roussatres, plus courts, finement et irreguliérement striés
antérieurement, avec une marque obscure 4a leur face interne ;
ailes transparentes, nervures et reseau jaunatres, ce dernier
un peu varié de brun; pterostigma presque comme chez la
pagana, un peu plus étroit. De la taille de pagana. Co-
lombia,
31. M. apicalis (Loew in Germar’s Zeitschr, iv. 433): brunnea;
hypostomate, abdominis basi supra, tribusque cingulis pone
medium utrinque flavis; alis subeequalibus, anticis dilute
flavo-brunneis, extremo apice fuscis, posticis limpidis, ad
marginem exteriorem dilute flavo-brunneis. Long. lin. 7.
Rhodus insula.
32. M. vitiata (Guérin-Ménéville, Voy. Coquille, Insectes, texte,
p- 196): fusca, capite supra carinato, antennis pallidis, apice
nigricantibus ; abdomine flavo, vittis lateralibus latis duabus
aliaque media angusta supra et infra brunneis ;_pedibus flavis,
femoribus anticis apice intus nigris, prima spina flava, apice
nigra; alis hyalinis, stigmatibus fulvis. Long. 10 mill.
Enverg. 26 mill. Port Jackson. Tab. nostr. 17, fig. 1.
Being enabled to add several new Australian species, it will be
serviceable to describe this and M. Australasie, Guérin, in greater
detail.
The general colour is dark brown-orange, varied with yellow.
The head has a deep impression on each side, above the insertion
of the antenna, leaving an elevated central carina on the forehead;
the lower part of the face, below the antennz, is pale yellow,
which colour also runs upwards along the inner margin of the
eyes; there is also a very slender brown line down the middle
of the face. The antennz are slender, about twice the length
of the head, 26-jointed, brown, about one-third towards the base
reddish, the two basal joints yellow beneath; the basal joint
is large and subglobose, the second smaller, the third larger than
the second or fourth; the fourth and following submoniliform,
each nearly as long as broad, very slightly setose; terminal joint
VOL. I, N.S. PART VIII.—MARCH, 1852. s
258 Mr. J. O. Westwood on the
ovate, rather longer but not thicker than the preceding. The
prothorax is rather more than three times the length of the head,
very slender, widened in front, the dilated part separated from
the narrow part by two lateral tubercles, finely transversely
striated on the upper surface, and finely granulose, each granule
emitting a very short black hair; the upper side is orange-brown,
with a narrow dorsal line of yellow dilated in front, the dilated
pale part bearing a very narrow Y like brown mark, the anterior part
of which extends to the fore margin; the under side is pale yellow.
The meso- and metathorax are yellow beneath, brown-orange
above, with two dorsal yellow longitudinal lines converging behind
upon the metascutellum. The abdomen is brown-orange coloured
above, with a row of brown spots down the middle of the back
(one in each segment), and a broad lateral band of dark brown;
the under side yellow, with a longitudinal median dark line.
The coxee of the fore legs are yellow, with a streak of orange-
brown on the outside; the femora are orange-yellow outside,
the outer half of the inside marked with a large dark brown
spot. The tibia are yellowish orange, rather darker in the
middle. The four hind legs are pale yellow; the tarsi have the
terminal joint dilated, the ungues being simple. The wings are
scarcely tinged with yellowish; the veins are uniformly brown,
except the costal, subcostal and radial, which are pale brownish
yellow; the stigma is very long and orange red. ‘There are only
seven longitudinal oblique discoidal cells dependent upon the
sector radii tertius of the fore wings and upon the sector radii
secundus of the hind wings, the veins which separate these cells
from each other being very much curved.
Inhabits Van Diemen’s Land, Port Jackson, Adelaide.
In Mus. Soc. Ent. London, Hope (D. Fortnum), Saunders
and Westwood.
This species varies from three to four lines in length, and from
six to ten lines in expanse. The smaller specimens have fewer
(one in my Collection has only five) oblique discoidal cells, in the
fore wings dependent upon the sector radii tertius. The dark
spot on the fore femora is also occasionally enlarged.
33. M. Australaste (Guérin-Ménéville, Icon. R. An. Ins. p.
392). D’un brun, tirant un peu sur le fauve, avec le dessous
de la téte et du thorax presque fauves. Devant de la téte et
bord des yeux jaunes; une petite caréne longitudinale au
milieu du vertex. Antennes brunes, avec le premier article
plus gros, globuleux et jaune en avant seulement. Ailes trans-
Genus Mantispa. 259
parentes, trés faiblement teintées de jaunatre, & nervures et
stygmate d’un brun rougeatre assez vif. Abdomen noiratre
en dessus, avec une bande étroite jaune de chaque cété, jaune
en dessous avec une bande mediane brune. Pattes d’un
jaune fauve. Long. 17 mill. ; enverg. 34 mill. New Holland.
Tab. nostr. 17, fig. 2.
The head is dark chesnut on the crown, with two rather deep
impressions behind the antennz, leaving a slender central carina ;
the face below the antennz is yellow, with a short raised dark line
in the centre, close below the insertion of the antennz ; the Jabrum
is chesnut in the middle, and the mandibles dark at the tip; the
eyes are narrowly margined on the inside with yellow. The an-
tennz are scarcely more than twice the length of the head, thick,
becoming gradually, but slightly, more slender towards the tip;
they are 36-jointed, chesnut coloured, darker towards the tip, the
first joint beneath yellow, large and globose; second joint much
smaller ; third, rather longer and slenderer ; fourth, and following,
short and transverse ; last joint small, oval, and apparently divided
into two joints. The prothorax is but little more than twice the
length of the head, dilated in front, transversely rugose, and very
granulose, with a large tubercle on each side, about one-third of
the length from the head; it is of a greyish chesnut colour above,
much paler beneath: the meso- and metathorax are chesnut
coloured above, paler at the sides and beneath.. The abdomen is
dark chesnut above, with a pale and very narrow, followed by a
broader dark brown lateral stripe; beneath dirty buff, sometimes
witha dark central stripe. The fore legs are entirely of an orange
yellow, except that the inner face of the femora is more chesnut
coloured. The hind legs are also orange yellow, with simple
ungues. The wings are slightly stained yellow, the chief veins
reddish yellow, the rest brown, the stigma long and bright red,
the general number of oblique longitudinal cells, dependent upon
the sector radii tertius of the fore wings, and sector radii secundus
of the hind wings, appears to be eleven; the veins separating
the cells being less curved than in the preceding species.
Inhabits Van Diemen’s Land and Adelaide.
Mus. Hope (D. Fortnum), Saunders and Westwood (D. Wilson).
The species varies considerably in size.
The following species are now, for the first time, described.
34. M. strigipes, Westw. Castanea, facie flava, linea media
nigra, vertice flavo vario, prothorace supra punctis nonnullis
lineaque tenui media flavis; femoribus anticis extus linea media
s2
260 Mr. J. O. Westwood on the
nigra; antennis brevibus, 25-articulatis ; alis cellulis obliquis
discoidalibus 7. Tab. nostr. 17, fig. 3.
Long. corp. lin. 53 ; expans. alar. lin, 123,
Habitat Adelaidam Australasiez. In Mus. Saunders.
Head chesnut, above glossy; inner margin of eyes, a narrow
transverse line on the crown, and a small central spot just above
the insertion of the antenne yellow, the front with two slight im-
pressions above the antenne, leaving an ill-defined central carina ;
face yellow, with a black central line; antennz short, scarcely
more than twice the length of the head, rather robust; 25-jointed,
the basal joint moderately thick, 2nd small, 3rd rather longer than
the 4th, which, with the following, is transverse; terminal joints
slightly attenuated. Prothorax about two and a half times the
length of the head, considerably dilated in front, but not so broad
as the head, rather glossy, the middle portion strongly striated
transversely. ‘Two small dots near the front margin, a third in
the central line rather behind the former, and the two small
tubercles (separating the dilated front part from the cylindrical
middle part), yellow, and arranged thus §-’ there is also a
slender line down the middle of the cylindrical part, the sides of
which are also yellow, with a slender dark line running along the
middle of the yellow stripe. The meso- and metathorax are chesnut
above, the former with the anterior margin and the sides slightly
varied with yellow, beneath and sides dark brown, varied with
yellow. Abdomen chesnut, with the sides yellow ; beneath chesnut,
with the base of the middle segments broadly yellow; fore coxz
yellowish brown behind, pale Juteous in front, with a slender black
line running their whole length ; femora within and above dark
chesnut, outside luteous yellow, with a dark brown line running
above the teeth, tibia and tarsus dirty yellow, with the fore edge
dark; middle coxz with a yellow patch in front and another at
the sides; hind coxe entirely dark brown; four hind legs dark
luteous yellow ; femora with a dark longitudinal stripe beneath ;
wings slightly stained yellow, principal longitudinal veins yellowish
brown ; stigma long and bright red; longitudinal oblique veins
dependent on the 3rd sector radii of the fore wings, and on the
second of the hind wings, seven in number.
35. M. scutellaris, Westw. Luteo-flava, capite magis castaneo,
meso-thorace supra lineis duabus nigris convergentibus,
scutellis magis elevatis, abdominis segmentis fascia apicali
nigra in medio interrupta, antennis brevibus brunneis, 32-ar-
ticulatis. Tab. nostr. 17, fig. 4.
Long. corp. lin. 7; expans. alar. lin. 15.
Habitat in Nova Hollandia. Mus. W. W. Saunders.
Genus Mantispa. 261
Head entirely chesnut, smooth, witha slight impression on each
side behind the antennz, which are short, about twice the length
of the head, 32-jointed, rather slender; basal joint large, oval,
2nd small, third longer, but rather slenderer than the 4th, which is
transverse and short, as are the following joints, except near the
tip, where they become slightly more slender, the terminal joint
acute at the tip; prothorax about 23 times the length of the head,
slender, dilated in front, glabrous, the cylindrical part with trans-
verse elevated lines, and with two tubercles at the anterior part:
glabrous, not granulose, entirely dirty-luteous orange, with a
slender dark line at each side ; mesothorax orange yellow, with a
short oblique black line, extending from the anterior angles; scu-
tellum very convex and prominent, yellow ; metathorax coloured
like the mesothorax, but with the black marks less conspicuous,
beneath and sides of the meso- and metathorax yellow, with black
lines ; abdomen yellow, with a black ring at the extremity of each
segment, interrupted in the middle ; segments beneath less strongly
marked with black; fore legs orange-chesnut ; femora with a
black dash above the row of teeth; four hind legs entirely orange
yellow; ungues of the tarsi with several long teeth on the under-
side; wings coloured as in the last species; with eight lon-
gitudinal oblique discoidal cells, dependent upon the 3rd sector of
the radius of the fore wings, and upon the 2nd sector of the radius
of the hind wings,
36. M. delicatula, Westw. Picea, capite flavo vario, abdominis
lateribus flavo-punctatis, antennis longis, gracilibus, 44-articu-
latis ; pedibus anticis elongatis, gracilibus, piceis, luteo-striatis ;
alis elongatis, stigmate griseo, fusco-tincto, cellulis 10 sec-
toris 3tii radialis anticarum. ‘Tab. nostr. 17, fig. 5.
Long. corp. lin. 4—7; expans. alar. lin. 10—15.
Habitat apud Adelaidam. JD, Fortnum. In Mus. Hope.
The head is broad; the crown quite convex, with only a very
slight impression on each side behind the antenne ; the eyes with
a slender yellow margin on the inner edge; the face below the
antennz is luteous yellow, with a dark lateral irregular slender
line extending from the lateral angles of the clypeus to the vertex.
Below the antenne are three small triangular pitchy-coloured
spots placed in a triangle; the clypeus and labrum are also dark
in the centre; the mandibles are dark at the tips; a very slender
short yellow line extends upwards from between the antennz, and
there are two yellow spots on the crown between the middle of
262 Mr. J.O. Westwood on the
the eyes. Antenne pitchy black, about three times the length of
the head, very slender and filiform, 44-jointed ; first joint mode-
rate sized, oval, yellow beneath; second much smaller, rounded;
third still more slender, scarcely longer than the second, but
rather longer than the fourth, which, as well as the following
joints, is small and cup-shaped ; terminal joints rather more atte-
nuated. The prothorax pitchy, opaque, granulose and setose, with
an obscure paler longitudinal line down the back. It is about 24
times longer than the head. Mesothorax pitchy, with the anterior
angles and two oblique spots on the disc obscure orange-coloured ;
front of the metathorax chesnut-coloured. Abdomen black, each
segment with two small bright yellow spots placed longitudinally
on each side, as well as a slender longitudinal yellow streak; be-
neath black, with a broad irregular pale stripe down the middle.
Fore legs slender and elongated, the femur not thicker than the
coxa; front of coxa pale luteous, behind pitchy; femur both
outside and inside pitchy, with the upper edge and half of the
lower edge pale luteous; spines pitchy, with the base pale; tibiz
pitchy, with the upper edge dirty luteous; obtuse at the tip;
tarsi 5-jointed, terminated by two distinct slender curved acute
ungues and a moderate sized pulvillus; four hind legs dirty
luteous, with pitchy setee; middle pair very short; femora pitchy
outside, tibia with a dusky ring, about one-third of the length
from the base; terminal joint of the tarsi pitchy; ungues strong,
acute, much bent, furnished with a single very minute tooth on
the outer edge, at some distance from the tip. Wings almost
colourless; principal veins pale brown; stigma very pale greyish
luteous ; apical half stained with brown. All the wings with ten
oblique discoidal cells dependent upon the ordinary radial sectors,
slightly curved towards the costa of the wings; fore wings with a
dark spot on the hinder margin, close to the base.
Varies in having the coloured markings less decided, and the
general appearance more uniform; and there are specimens of
this kind in the British Museum Collection, which have the cells
of the wings rather more numerous.
37. Mantispa discolor, Westw. Fulvo-lutescens, prothorace
opaco granuloso et setoso, meso- et meta-noti lateribus fuscis,
femoribus anticis intus macula elongata fusca, spinis nigris
basi albidis, alis elongatis, tarsis anticis biunguiculatis ; alis
elongatis, stigmate fusco, cellulis obliquis 18. Tab. 17, fig. 6.
Long. corp. lin. 103; expans. alar. lin. 23.
Habitat in Australasia. In Mus. Britann.
Genus Mantispa. 263
Head luteous, opaque; crown very convex; two small brown
dots behind the antenne; labrum with a pitchy spot in the centre;
mandibles bjack at the tips; two basal joints of the antenne lu-
teous beneath, brown above; prothorax luteous, opaque, granu-
lose and setose, scarcely more than twice the length of the head ;
two tubercles before the middle scarcely distinct, hinder portion
with strong transverse raised lines; meso- and metanotum with a
large dark patch on the sides of each, leaving the centre brighter
coloured. Abdomen luteous above, each segment with a pitchy
spot in the middle, and with a narrow brown line on each side;
under side of the abdomen with a whitish longitudinal stripe down
the middle, and a broad black stripe along each side. Fore legs
long and slender; outside dirty brownish luteous, within the
femora marked with a large black patch extending above the
spines, which are also black, but white at the base; the first and
largest spine at about one-fourth of the length from the base, and
three shorter spines half way between the former and the tip, and
with a number of minute spines, all white at the base, with the
tips black; fore tarsi terminated by two distinct curved ungues
and a moderate sized pulvillus. Four hind legs dirty luteous ;
femora of the two hind legs blackish; tarsi of the four hind legs
dusky at tip, and terminated by bifid ungues; wings slightly
stained dirty yellow; principal veins dirty luteous; stigma rather
long and chesnut brown. In the fore wings the oblique veinlets
are pale, but the points of their juncture with the radial sector
are black.
38. M. biseriata, West. Lutea, verticis linea tenuissima media
fusca, lateribus prothoracis brunneis ; antennis gracillimis, 40-
articulatis, alarum venis albidis nigro-punctatis, cellulis dis-
coidalibus in medio vena transversa in duplici serie divisis.
Long. corp. lin. 8; expans. alar. antic. lin. 19. Tab. 17, fig. 7.
Habitat in Australia, Moreton Bay. D. Mossman. Mus.
Westw,
This species diflers from all the rest of the genus in having a
double series of oblique discoidal cells, and in the veins being
very pale and dotted with black; the antenne are also extremely
slender and filiform; the general colour is luteous buff. The
head is very convex on the crown, with a slender black central
line ; on each of the lower parts of the face, near the clypeus, is a
small rather deep impression. The labrum is broadly cordate and
flat. The tips of the mandibles and the last joint of the palpi are
black. The antenne are about three times the length of the head,
264 Mr. J. O. Westwood on the
extremely slender and filiform, 40-jointed ; the first and second
joints large; the third and following very small, rather longer
than wide; terminal joint oval, not larger than the preceding
joint. Prothorax about 23 times the length of the head; sides
brownish chesnut, transversely very rugose, except in the anterior
dilated part; remainder of the thorax and abdomen slightly varied
with brown; beneath luteous. Fore legs luteous buff; spines of
the femora very short and black, except the first large one, which
is buff, and placed near the base; tarsi terminated by two minute,
distinct, curved, simple ungues, and a moderate sized pulvillus.
Four hind legs luteous buff; tarsi terminated by large, simple,
very acute curved ungues; pulvillus broad. Wings broad, almost
colourless; stigma brunneous; veins pale buff, dotted with black,
each wing with eleven oblique, nearly straight, greatly elongated
cells dependent on the ordinary radial sectors; nearly every cell
divided in the middle by a transverse veinlet, forming a double
row of cells.
39. M. 4-tuberculata, West. Brunneo-fulva, flavo nigroque
varia, antennis brevissimis, 32-articulatis, pronoto carina trans-
versa ante alteraque pone medium alarum, stigmate venisque
subcostalibus fulvis, nubilaque apicali fusca. Tab. 18, fig. 1.
Long. corp. lin. 5—9; expans. alar. antic. 11—17.
Habitat Northern India. Mus. W. W. Saunders.
This is a very elegant species, nearly allied to M. auriventris of
Guérin-Méneville. The head is bright yellow, nearly flat on the
crown, slightly impressed on each side at the base of the antennz;
the clypeus and a transverse line beneath the base of the antennze
black, and a transverse brown bar across the top of the head ;
labrum nearly circular; palpi fulvous; antennze scarcely more
than one and a half times the length of the head, thick, fulvous, basal
joint yellow, moderate sized; second joint small, scarcely larger
than the third; remaining joints, especially beyond the middle,
very short and transverse. Prothorax dark fulvous, deeply trans-
versely sulcated, forming a more strongly-marked carina before
and another behind the middle; anterior part semicircularly di-
lated in front, yellow, with the anterior margin black, and a brun-
neous transverse fascia at its hinder part; meso- and metathorax
dark fulvous, with the scutella yellow. Abdomen above with the
basal half dark fulvous, the remaining half bright yellow; the
second and third joints with a broad black hind margin; sides of
the abdomen yellow; the three terminal segments blackish; be-
neath dark fulvous; fore legs dark fulvous; femur yellow on the
outside, dark brown on the inside; large spine yellow, placed
Genus Mantispa. 265
nearly in the middle of the thigh; four hind legs fulvous; tibize
paler, with a dusky broad ring near the base; ungues short, broad,
terminated by four or five sharp teeth; pulvillus broad; wings
narrow; principal veins fulvous; stigma long, orange brown;
fore wings suffused at the base, and all the wings with an apical
cloud of fulvous brown; all the wings with from nine to eleven
oblique discoidal cells dependent on the ordinary radial sectors,
the veinlets dividing the cells slightly curved.
40. M. tropica. Westw. Brunneo-picea, flavo-varia, prothorace
subelongato, lineis duabus obliquis flavis ; scutellis margi-
neque postico segmentorum abdominalium tenuissime flavis,
femoribus anticis intus et extus brunneis, margine tenui
pallido, antennis gracilibus, 29-articulatis. Tab. 18, fig. 2.
Long. corp. lin. 43—53; expans. alar. antic. lin. 9—11.
Habitat Africa tropicali occidentali, Gambia. Mus. Westwood.
Allied to M. Cora, Newman. Head bright yellow ; clypeus and
a broad bar across the place of insertion of the antenne black ;
crown of the head with a transverse brunneous fascia; palpi
fulvous; antenne slender, about 24 lines longer than the head,
28 or 29-jointed, fulvous, basal joint yellow, moderate sized,
2nd small, 3rd slightly longer than the fourth, which, with the
following, is short and transverse; prothorax pitchy brown,
rather long and slender, dilated in front, the fore margin not wider
than the hind part of the eyes, with two tubercles separating the
dilated from the cylindrical part, which is but moderately trans-
versely rugose; the tubercles are yellow, and from each of them
extends backwards a slender oblique yellow line ; meso- and meta-
thorax pitchy brown, with the scutella yellow; abdomen pitchy
brown, the anterior segments slenderly margined with yellow, the
hinder segments yellow above, sides pitchy brown; fore legs dark
chesnut, upper and lower edge of the femur paler; tibiz with a
dark longitudinal line on each side; tarsi terminated by a very
minute single claw; four hind legs fulvous-buff, femora and base
of the tibia dusky; ungues moderately long, curved, armed with
several teeth at the tips; wings nearly colourless, principal veins
brown, stigma long dark red, tips of the wing with a minute brown
cloud, disc with eleven oblique cells dependent on the ordinary
radial sectors, the veinlets separating the cells being considerably
curved, fore wings also slightly stained with brown at the base.
41, M. areolaris, Westw. Fusca, flavo-varia, facie nigra, flavo-
marginata; prothorace elongato angustato, parum transversé
266 Mr. J. O. Westwood on the
rugoso, mesonoti angulis anticis scutelloque flavis; antennis
gracilibus, 34-articulatis ; alis hyalinis, cellulis obliquis discoi-
dalibus ordinariis 15 vel 16. ‘Tab. 18, fig. 3.
Long. corp. lin. 10; expans. alar. antic. lin. 23.
Habitat in Brasilia. Mus. Hope.
This is one of the largest species in the genus, and is dis-
tinguished by the great number of the narrow discoidal cells of the
wings. The face is black; the labrum and a narrow line on each side
yellow, reaching from the clypeus to the back of the head, uniting
with a transverse yellow line on the crown, which is considerably
depressed behind the antenne, a slender carina extending along
the hind part of the crown, which is of a dark brown colour. The
mandibles are black, with the tips dark chesnut, the palpi fulvous.
Antennz black, two basal joints yellow beneath, terminal joints
orange, slender, about twice the length of the head, 34-jointed,
the basal joint strong, the 2nd small, nearly rounded, 3rd longer
than the 2nd, 3rd and following very short, transverse, terminal
joint conical. Prothorax rather elongated and slender, opaque,
very slightly transversely rugose in its cylindrical part, moderately
dilated in front, with the two ordinary tubercles very small. A
semi-circular slender yellow line extends across the dilated anterior
part from one anterior angle to the other ; the under side is yellow,
and there extends a yellow branch from the side obliquely upwards
and forwards, and gradually becoming lost in the dark ground
colour ; the extremity of the upper side is black, preceded by a
yellow lunule. Meso- and meta-nota black above, the anterior
angles of the former, and a small dot on each side of both, toge-
ther with the scutella, yellow; beneath and at the sides yellow,
with slender black lines. Abdomen brown above, segments
broadly black at the margin, beneath orange, with a slender mar-
ginal black line to each segment. Fore legs with the coxze out-
wardly dusky, the upper and lower edges paler ; within yellowish,
with a dark line forming a transverse ring about one-third from
the base; femora externally dark fulvous, with an angulated
dusky line extending from near the base to the apex, internally
dark chesnut, varied with orange colour; tibiz black, with a
slender yellow line on the upper edge ; tarsi with the basal joint
elongate-conic, hairy beneath ; four terminal joints very slender,
terminated by a very minute single unguis; four hind legs long,
slender, fulvous; femora with the extremity and tibize with the
base dusky ; ungues short, broad, terminated by six acute teeth ;
pulvillus broad, each side dilated into a pseudo-pulvillus. Wings
long, nearly hyaline and colourless, principal veins elongated ;
Genus Mantispa. 267
stigmata and base of the fore wing brownish yellow coloured, each
wing with fifteen or sixteen elongated, discoidal, oblique ordinary
cells, the veinlets separating them being but slightly curved.
42. M. Javanica. Westw. Nigra, flavo-varia, faciei maculis
tribus, labro, fasciaque transversa occipitali flavis; protho-
race flavo, lineis duabus latis dorsalibus nigris ; pedibus an-
ticis flavis, femoribus extus et intus striga abbreviata basali
nigra, alis hyalinis, stigmate sanguineo.
Long. corp. lin. 8 ; expans. alar. antic. lin. 16.
Habitat in insula Java. In Mus. East India House.
Head black, with a transverse yellow fascia between the eyes on
the crown; antennz black, slender, two basal joints slightly
marked with red beneath ; face with three spots of yellow beneath
the base of the antenne ; labrum and palpi yellow, mandibles
black. Prothorax long, slender, slightly transversely rugose,
yellow, with two black lines down the back, leaving only a slender
yellow dorsal longitudinal line. Meso-thorax pale brown, the
anterior-lateral angles prominent and black ; both scutella yellow.
Abdomen pale greyish brown, with darker marks on the sides.
Fore legs yellow, coxz externally marked with a broadish black
bar ; femora yellow outside, with a slender black mark extending
from near the base to the middle, interrupted in the middle; inside
having a wider dark mark extending from the base to the middle,
where it is forked ; tibize with the terminal half black, tarsi paler ;
femoral spines darker, brownish red. Four hind legs yellow, tibize
dark at the base above, extremity of the ungues and pulvilli black.
Wings colourless, veins black, except the subcostal and radial,
which are fulvous ; stigma dark blood red; disc with ten longi-
tudinal oblique cells dependent on the ordinary radial sectors.
43. M. lineolata. Westw. Flava, nigro-variegata, facie flava,
macula angulata subtus alteraque majori ad antennarum basin,
labro nigro, maculaque parva triangulari verticali ; prothorace
fere levi elongato, strigis tribus longitudinalibus nigris ; an-
tennis gracilibus, nigris, alarum stigmate nigro. Tab. 18, fig. 4.
Long. corp. lin. 6; expans alar. antic. lin, 13.
Habitat in Nepalia (D. Hardwicke.) In Mus. Britann,
Head yellow, with a small black diamond-shaped patch on the
face beneath the antennz; labrum with a smaller black patch, a
larger one between and behind the base of the antennz, and a
smaller triangular one on the back of the crown of the head ;_ palpi
yellow; antenne with 27 joints, slender, black, the basal joint
moderate sized, the 2nd small, the remainder still smaller, the two
268 Mr. J. O. Westwood on the
basal joints yellow beneath. Prothorax yellow, slender, elongated,
almost smooth, with scarcely any transverse wrinkles, the fore
margin and three longitudinal lines black, the middle one extending
from the front margin nearly to the hind one, dilated in front and
behind; the two side ones not extending to the fore margin.
Mesothorax yellow, with a transverse black mark in front, den-
tated on its hinder edge, but not extending so far back as the
scutellum; metathorax yellow. Abdomen yellow, with the base
black above, the terminal segments dark at the sides, and with a
triangular black patch on the hinder margin of each, on the upper
side. Fore legs yellow ; coxe very slender ; femora on the outside
yellow, on the inside the terminal half is black; spines brown;
tibize yellow, with the inside black ; four hind legs entirely yellow.
Wings very slightly stained with yellow, submarginal and radial
veins and the elongated stigma black; all the wings with only six
oblique discoidal cells dependent on the ordinary radial sectors.
44, M. Indica (Westw.) Fulva, facie linea fusca, media longi-
tudinali, verticeque striga transversa brunnea; prothorace
flavo, antice lineis duabus lunatis lateralibus, lateribusque
posticis fuscis, femoribus anticis intus nigricantibus; alis hya-
linis, stigmate sanguineo. ‘Tab. 18, fig. 5.
Long. corp. lin. 5—6; expans. alar. antic. lin. 12.
Habitat in India orientali, Calcutta, Nepalia. (D. Hardwicke,
&c.) In Mus. Britann., Westwood.
Head fulvous yellow; labrum blackish brown, a line of brown
between the antenne, extending nearly to the labrum, dilated
behind the base of the antennz; a red brown bar extends across
the crown of the head; antennz black, yellow at the base.
Prothorax elongated and rather slender, yellow, anterior part
dilated, with the anterior margin (except in the middle) and a
curved line on each side of blackish brown, leaving the middle
clear; the two ordinary tubercles rather more prominent than
usual; hinder cylindrical part only slightly transversely wrinkled,
with a more distinct impression on each side, at about one-third
from the hind margin; sides of this part brownish black; re-
mainder of the thorax fulvous yellow, with slender dark lines
separating the several portions. Abdomen varied with fulvous
yellow and black. Fore legs fulvous on the outside, femora with
a small black spot at the tip; on the inside the femora are
blackish brown; inferior edge fulvous; spines fulvous, Four
hind legs fulvous, with black ungues, terminated by three or four
minute teeth. Wings very slightly stained with brown; veins
slender and black ; postcostal and radial veins yellow, stigma
Genus Mantispa. 269
elongate and blood red; all the wings with seven or eight oblique
discoidal cells, arising from the ordinary radial sectors.
45. M. Mozambica (Westw.) Luteo-fulva, prothorace magis
rufescente, facie macula lunari, fasciaque transversa verticali
nigris, pronoto antice linea abbreviata nigra; femoribus an-
ticis luteis, intus linea tenui fere circulari notatis; alis parum
areolatis, stigmate nigro. ‘Tab. 18, fig. 6.
Long. corp. lin. 43; exp. alar. antic. lin. 8.
Habitat in Mozambica. In Mus. D. Miers.
Luteo-fulvous. Head with a lunate mark between the antenne,
and an abbreviated transverse fascia on the forehead black.
Antenne about two and a half times the length of the head,
rather slender, black, basal joints pitchy, beneath luteous, mouth
luteous. Prothorax moderately elongated, not or scarcely trans-
versely wrinkled; luteous, having the fore margin and a short
longitudinal median line black, behind which are the two ordinary
tubercles, fulvous; meso- and metathorax dark in the middle.
Abdomen paler luteous, with a brown line down each side, ter-
minated by two short fulvous brown curved hirsute filaments ;
legs pale luteous; anterior femora with their spines externally
concolorous, marked on the inside with a dark brown horse-shoe
like mark ; the large spine on this side is luteous, the remainder
black. Anterior tibiae outwardly luteous yellow, with the inner
edge black; inwardly black, with the upper edge yellow; tarsi
yellowish, terminated by a single curved acute minute claw ;
four posterior femora with a very thin black line beneath; wings
hyaline and colourless; veins and stigma black; the postcostal
vein pale luteous brown; disc of all the wings with only four
oblique veins dependent on the ordinary radial sectors.
46. Mantispa (Trichoscelia) Fenella (Westw.) Fulva; capite,
antennis, tibiis posticis dilatatis, fascia pone medium alarum
anticarum (in medio interrupta) stigmateque posticarum
nigricantibus ; antennis longis, gracilibus, 46-articulatis ; alis
anticis ovalibus, posticis minoribus. Tab. 18, fig. 7.
Long. corp. lin. 33; expans. alar. antic. lin. 8.
Habitat in Brasilia, Para. (D. Bates). In Mus. Britann.
This is one of the most remarkable species in the genus, agree-
ing with D. Notha, Er., in the broad form and unequal size of
the wings, the dilated hairy hind tibize, and in the short simple
formed prothorax. ‘These characters, together with the modifi-
cation in the position of the veins of the wings dependent on their
broad oval form, warrant the separation of these two species as a
270 Mr. J.O. Westwood on Mantispa.
distinct subgenus, to which the name of Trichoscelia,* in allusion
to the hirsute tibiae, may be applied.
Head wide, crown very convex, blackish. Antennz longer than
the head and prothorax, slender, hirsute, 46-jointed ; basal joint
robust, nearly rounded; second joint short, thick; third longer
than the second; fourth and following joints very short, growing
rather longer towards the middle, where they are cup-shaped.
Maxillary palpi very slender, acute at the tips; labial palpi thick,
terminal joint subulated. Prothorax not twice the length of the
head, not so wide in front as the hind part of the eyes, not
transversely wrinkled, subdepressed, rather widened in front,
fulvous, meso- and metathorax much widened, fulvous. Abdomen
slender, brown above, dirty fulvous at the sides. Fore legs
fulvous; femora with a row of equal sized minute teeth; tarsi
with the basal joint produced in a long acute point, terminal joints
set on at the side of the preceding, very slender, terminated by
two minute simple acute ungues and a small pulvillus. Middle
legs fulvous; tibia rather dilated; hind legs with the femora
slender, fulvous; tibize dilated, hirsute and black; tarsi dark
fulvous; ungues of all the four hind legs very slender, simple
and acute. Fore wings large, wide, ovate, nearly colourless ;
principal veins, especially towards the base of the wing, fulvous ;
stigma of all the wings blackish; fore wings with a rather broad,
transverse, blackish fascia beyond the middle, interrupted in its
centre; veins longitudinal, scarcely oblique, the discoidal cells
dependent on the ordinary radial sectors, not more than five in
number. The margin of the wing is composed of a series of
very minute black globular tubercles, each emitting one or more
fine hairs.
Notrr.—Each figure is accompanied by details representing
portions of the antenne and extremities of the legs.
P.S.—The genus Hoplophora, Perty (Delect. an. art. Bras. 126),
Chaetessa, Burmeister (Handb. d. Ent. ii. 527), Mawnrorpa,
Newman (Ent. Mag. v. 179), placed by Perty in the Neuroptera
near Mantispa, and by Newman in “ Natural Order ?” belongs
to the Mantide, as proved by the dentate inner lobe of the
maxille and the divided labium. A specimen is in the cabinet
of W. W. Saunders, Esq., F.L.S.
* Schneider (Monogr. Raphid.) suggests this separation, with the name of
Anisoptera. There is, however, a genus of Geometride named Anisopteryx, and
the termination ptera must be restricted to the names of the orders, and not used
for genera.
C°97l)
XXX. Remarks on the Synonymes of the Genus Acan-
THOSOMA, as regards the British Species. By Joun
Curtis, Esq., F.L.S., &c.
[Read 2nd February, 1852.]
Wuen the Second Edition of the First Volume of my British
Entomology was called for, I revised my genus Acanthosoma,*
giving short descriptions, and adding the localities, &c., of the
species, which I then believed to amount to five, in consequence
of Mr. Davis having found a specimen, apparently different to
A. agathina, Fab., but which probably was a variety only of
that species. Mr. Dallas does not appear to have seen this re-
print of my genus at the time his “ Note on the British Species”+
was published, and as I differ from him and M. Amyot, especi-
ally regarding one of the species, I wish to call attention to this
singular genus of Hemiptera.
According to my views the nomenclature stands thus :—
1. Acanthosoma hemorrhoidale, Linn., Fab. &c.; Acanthosoma,
Amyot.
2. Acanthosoma dentatum, De Geer, Dallas; liturata, Fab.,
Curt.; Hematogaster, Amyot.
3. Acanthosoma pictipenne, Newm.; picta, Newm., Curt.; ltu-
ratum, Dall.; Saranus, Amyot.
4, Acanthosoma griseum, Linn., Curt., Dall.; agathina, Fab.,
Curt.; Mearus, Amyot.
Of A. liturata, Fabricius says, ‘ C. viridis fusco-irroratus, tho-
race fascia elytris litura sanguineis,” } and again, “ Thorax et
elytra viridia punctis numerosissimis impressis fuscis, thorace fascia
postica, elytris litura sanguineis. Abdomen supra atrum, subtus
flavescens utrinque linea punctorum nigrorum.” Fabricius takes
no notice of the length of the basal joint of the antenne, and
therefore it is presuming a fact not established, when M. Amyot
places 4. lituratus, Fab. in the Section 10, ‘‘ characterized by the
basal joint of the antennz not extending beyond the extremity of
the head.Ӥ Now the head, thorax and elytra are thickly
sprinkled with fuscous punctures in 4. dentatum, but they are not
visible to the naked eye in 4. pictipenne from their being green,
* Curtis’s Brit. Ent. fol. and pl. 28.
+ Trans. Ent. Soc. New Series, vol. i. p. 109.
¢ Ent. Syst. vol. iv. p. 114
§ Ann. de la Soc, Ent. de France, Second Series, vol. iii. p. 458.
272 Mr. J.Curtis’s Remarks on Synonymes of Acanthosoma.
or of the general colour of the insect. A portion only of the
body above is black, the apex being green or ochreous to a con-
siderable extent; and whilst the rows of black dots beneath are
distinct enough in 4. dentatum, they are not to be found in A. pic-
tipenne in my specimens. If this view of the species be correct,
one of Mr. Newman’s names must be retained; and as picta has
been employed by Fabricius for another insect, I have restored
the name of pictipenne.
Our species, Acanthosoma griseum, Linn., agrees well with the
description in the Fauna Suecica, ‘‘ Abdomen lateribus albo ni-
groque varius, alis nebulosis,’* but it is far otherwise with his C.
intricatus, of which he says, ‘‘ Abdominis lateribus rubro nigroque
variis, alis albidis;” and in his more ample description he again
says, “* Ale albz diaphane,” alluding no doubt to the membrane.
of the elytra. And what follows shows that it must be a different
species from ours, namely, “Color dorsi sub alis ruber (quo
manifeste a precedente (C. grisea) differt, qui niger et viridis),
versus basin nigra lata macula, versusque anum lineis transversis
nigris, preesertim ad abdominis latera.”
I have never seen a specimen of 4. griseum partaking of such
characters. And the “ ano rosea” of Fabricius’s C. agathinus
but ill accords with the Linnean 4. grisea; nevertheless I believe
it is intended for that species.
The confusion occasioned by Fabricius’s careless references
to figures, together with the incorrect nomenclature of Wolff and
Panzer, has created such obstacles to a uniformity of names, that
it is not surprising if even those well versed in such matters
should often be at fault; but this very defect has led to greater
precision, and if we only adhere to that just and sound principle
in nomenclature, the right of priority, with the tact and energy
which are now manifest in discussing this most important branch
of natural history, the day, it is to be hoped, is not far distant,
when, instead of our pages being encumbered with synonymes
and doubts, we shall see every family as readily recognized by in-
dividual names as are our Papilionide.+
* Fauna Suec. p. 248, No. 926.
+ Ten years after the genus Acanthosoma had been characterized and figured,
and after it had been adopted by Laporte and Burmeister, Hahn published it
with the name of Clinocoris, and represented the tarsi as triarticulate !
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
January 7, 1850.
G. R. Wateruousse, Esq., President, in the chair.
Mr. Busk, who was present as a visitor, exhibited two kinds of silken web, for-
warded to him by Mr. Kincaid, an extract of a letter from whom was read, stating
that “ they were the production of a species of silkworm found in the mountains near
Merida, Maracaybo : the insects spin, or rather weave, it from tree to tree, sometimes
to the extent of several feet in length and breadth.” This production appears to have
been hitherto quite unknown in this country. Mr. Busk also presented two specimens
of it, mounted on glass slides, for the microscope.
A portrait of the late Edward Doubleday, by Maguire, was presented by George
Ransome, Esq., accompanied by a letter from Mr. Bowerbank, stating that copies at
5s. each would be furnished to subscribers. Mr. Douglas then read the following
memoir :—
“ The death of my lamented coadjutor, Mr. Edward Doubleday, affords a melan-
choly opportunity, which I trust I may be permitted to use, of placing upon our
minutes a brief testimony to his worth. Educated in the midst of woodland scenery,
the love of Nature—in him strongly innate—grew with his growth and increased
with his strength, and led to an intimate acquaintance with the Natural History of
his native district. In course of time his enthusiasm led him to North America, and
he spent two years in visiting its magnificent scenery and collecting objects of Natural
History, chiefly insects, of which he brought home immense quantities. Subsequently
he became attached to the British Museum, where, up to the time of his illness, he
laboured most assiduously, as the present state of the Lepidoptera in that Institution
abundantly testifies. He also contributed largely to the entomological literature of
the day, but, most of all, his name will be remembered in connexion with the ‘ Genera
of Diurnal Lepidoptera, a work which for beauty and accuracy has no equal, though,
unfortunately for us, he has not lived to see it completed. Above all we have reason
to deplore his loss asa man. Doubtless he had his failings, for, as our great poet
says,
‘You, Gods, will give us
Some faults to make us men ;’
2
but these were cast into the shade by his better nature ; and besides those who had
the pleasure of knowing intimately his good qualities and his great and varied at-
tainments, many others will ever lament that they have been thus suddenly deprived
of his friendship.”’
The President stated that he had no doubt but that all present who had known Mr.
E. Doubleday would fully concur in the remarks of the Secretary, and proposed that,
as a tribute of respect to his memory, all further business should be adjourned.
January 28, 1850. (Anniversary Meeting).
G. R. Wareruovtse, Esq., President, in the chair.
The Auditor's Report of the Treasurer's Account was read, from which it appeared
that the Society was now in a much better financial condition than at the correspond-
ing period of last year.
Messrs. W. 8. Dallas, E. W. Janson, J. F. Parry and J. O. Westwood, were
elected members of the Council in the room of Messrs. W. F. Evans, J. Walton, J.
J. Weir and the late Mr. E. Doubleday; and the following were elected to the
respective offices for 1850: G. R. Waterhouse, Esq., President; W. Yarrell, Esq.,
Treasurer ; and Messrs. J. W. Douglas and H. T. Stainton, Secretaries.
The President then delivered an address on the state and prospects of the Society,
for which a vote of thanks was passed, and he was requested to allow it to be printed.
Votes of thanks were then passed to the Treasurer, Secretary, and retiring members
of the Coancil.
The Secretary announced that part 2 of vol. v. of the Society’s Transactions, con-
taining, among other matter, a general index to the five volumes, and completing
vol. y., was on the table.
February 4, 1850.
G. R. WarernouseE, Esq., President, in the chair.
The President appointed as Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year, Messrs. Spence,
Stephens and Westwood.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
respective donors: ‘A Synonymice List of British Lepidoptera, by Henry Doubleday,
and the ‘ Zoologist’ for January and February; presented by E. Newman, Esq.
‘ Mémoires de Académie Royale de Belgique, tome xxiii.; ‘ Bulletins de l Académie
Royale de Belgique, tome xv. 2me partie, et tome xvi. lre partie; ‘ Annuaire de
PAcadémie Royale de Belgique, tome xvi. lre partie; ‘ Mémoire de Fertilisation des
Landes de la Campine et des Dunes,’ par A. Eenens ;‘ Observations des Phenoménes
Periodiques ;’ all presented by the Academy. Two Almanacs of the Art Union of
London ; presented by the Art Union. ‘ Literary and Scientific Register and Alma-
nac for 1850;’ presented by J. W. G. Gutch, Esq., the author. ‘ Descriptions and
3°.
Figures of some New Lepidoptera from Nepaul;’ by G. R. Gray, Esq., F.LS.
‘Notice Biographique sur M. C. J. Schonherr,’ par M. le Comte Mannerheim ; pre-
sented by the author. ‘ Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society,’ vol. x. part 2 ; by
the Society. ‘The Atheneum’ for September, October, November and December,
1849 ; by the Editor. A collection of British Lepidoptera; presented by Mr. Bond.
Mr. Weir brought for exhibition a box of Micro-Lepidoptera, showing his method
of mounting whole series of a species on pieces of cork of an oblong shape.
Mr. Douglas exhibited a new species of Tortrix, allied to Stigmonota redimitana,
Guenée, which he proposed to call Weirana, in honour of the indefatigable Lepidop-
terist (he wished he could have said Lepidopterologist) of that name: he also exhi-
bited two specimens of a new British Tinea, the Cosmopteryx Pinicolella of Zeller,
which he had taken from fir trees, at Wickham and Mickleham, at the end of June.
My. S. Stevens exhibited a very fine specimen of Eurycantha horrida from the
South Seas: he also exhibited some beautiful new Lepidoptera, which he had
received from Mr. Bates, from Para; and he exhibited, still living, the specimen of
Lamia textor which had been exhibited at the October meeting.
Mr. Stephens exhibited two specimens of a new British Noctua, which appeared
to be the ruticilla of Esper, and which Boisduval places in the genus Orthosia: of
these specimens one had been sent to Mr. Shepherd by Mr. Edleston, and the other,
which was extremely wasted, was taken by Mr. Stainton, at Sheffield, in June, 1847.
Mr. Stainton then read a paper on the genus Micropteryx of Zeller, in which he
described all the known British species, and an abstract of which is given below.
This interesting and very distinct group of insects is sadly in want of investiga-
tion, and the metamorphoses of none of the species are known. Several of the known
species appear very early in the season,—for instance, purpurella in February, and
unimaculella and semipurpurella in March,—and it is exceedingly probable that other
equally early species lurk undetected. From the affinities of the group to the Adele,
the larve of which are known to be case-bearers feeding on various plants, there is
little doubt that the larve of these insects feed in a similar way; and if those
collectors who take Calthella in plenty would devote a little of their time to the fur-
therance of science, by searching for the larve and pupz of that insect, though they
might not enrich their collections by so doing, they would have a better claim to the
title of entomologists.
A. Head ferruginous.
1. Calthella, Linn. Anterior wings golden, with the base entirely purple.
Frequents Caltha palustris, in May.
2. Aruncella, Scopoli. @ Anterior wings golden, with the base purple on the costa ;
So with two fascie and a spot silvery.
Not scarce, in June and July.
3. Allionella, Fabr. Anterior wings purple, with two golden fascie, and a golden
spot towards the apex reaching neither margin.
Scarce, in May and June.
4, Subammanella, Stainton, Catal. Tin. p. 9.
5. Rubrifasciella, Haw. Anterior wings greenish golden, with a reddish spot on
the costa at the base, a reddish fascia before the middle, and another bifurcate
beyond the middle.
4
B. Head not ferruginous.
a. Head cinereous.
6. Subpurpurella, Haw. Anterior wings greenish golden, with a faint paler spot
towards the anal angle.
Common, on oaks, in May.
7. Semipurpurella, Steph. Anterior wings purple, irrorated with pale golden; an-
tenn more than half the length of the anterior wings.
Common, on birches, in March and April.
8. Sparmannella, Fabr. Anterior wings golden, with numerous transverse purple
fascie.
Scarce, on birches, in May.
B. Head dark fuscous ; antenne less than half the length of the anterior wings.
9. Purpurella, Haw. Anterior wings golden, with numerous irregular purple fasciz,
and the veins purple.
Common, on birches, in February and March.
10. Unimaculella, Zetterstedt. Anterior wings golden purple, with a conspicuous
whitish spot at the anal angle.
Searce, in March and April.
The difficulties in the genus commence with semipurpurella, which in my Cata-
logue I have lumped together with purpurella and unimaculella as one species: these
are, however, truly distinct, and with fine specimens they are easily separated, though
in the ordinary run of specimens found in collections it is uo easy matter to say to
which they should be referred. One main reason for our specimens being so poor is
that we do not collect them soon enough: they should be sought for in March; by
delaying to collect them till April the specimens become wasted. I have no doubt
many might be met with in February in forward seasons. Haworth distinctly states
that Mr. Hatchett took two specimens of purpurella, zn copula, in February.
A conversation followed upon the notes which had appeared in the ‘ Gardener's
Chronicle,’ on the danger to be apprehended by horticulturists from the attacks on
pears by the larve of Ditula angustiorana, which in some instances referred to were
reported to have done some damage to this fruit. Several members concurred in
saying that there was but little ground for this opinion, as, except in the instances
quoted, this insect had not been observed to have attacked fruit trees, and in fact it
was seldom seen in gardens, although its larve were polyphagous, but that the perfect
insect was found in the greatest abundance in firs and yews, often far from gardens.
Tortrix levigana, on the other hand, was known to be very destructive to fruit trees,
both foliage and young fruit, and it was supposed some of the ravages attributed to
D. angustiorana may have been the work of this species.
March 4, 1850.
G. R. Waternouse, Esq., President, in the chair,
The-following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
several donors: A bound copy of Mr. H. Doubleday’s ‘Synonymic List of British
Lepidoptera,’ with written notes by Mr. Stainton of the several dates of publication
on each page; ‘ Berichte des Lepidopterologischen Tauschvereins, Jena, 1842-7;
‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ February, 1850; all presented by Mr.
H. T. Stainton. ‘ Entomologische Zeitung, August, September and October, 1849;
by the Entomological Society of Stettin. ‘Transactions of the Linnean Society,’
1847-8, pp. 341—401, and 1848, pp. 1—48; ‘Charter and By-laws of the Linnean
Society ;’ ‘ List of Members of the Linnean Society, 1849;’ all presented by the
Linnean Society. ‘Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society's Annual Reports,’
1847-8 and 1848-9; by the Society. A box of insects, from G. Dalton, Esq., of
George Town, Demerara.
The following gentlemen were balloted for, and elected subscribers: Joseph S.
Baly and James Shepherd, Esqrs.
Mr. Bond exhibited a portion of the stem of a young ash tree, from near Whit-
tlesford, Cambridgeshire, covered with the pupa-cases of a Galeruca?, each being
enclosed in the shrivelled spiny skin of the larva, which had a longitudinal slit down .
the back, after the manner of Tiresias serra.
Mr. Bond also exhibited some silken production, like felt, supposed to be formed
by the larve of Galleria colonella, which he had found between two planks of wood.
Mr. Wilkinson exhibited some cocoons of Plutella harpella, found in crevices of
the bark of a lime tree. Mr. Bond stated that he had found the larve of this insect
on roses and dogwood: it had been reported to feed on the honeysuckle only.
Mr. S. Stevens exhibited specimens of Agrotis suffusa and saucia from Venezuela,
identical with our British species; and a living specimen of Ceropacha flavicornis
which he had taken the preceding day.
Mr. H. T. Stainton exhibited some specimens of Micro-Lepidoptera which he had
recently bred from leaves gathered the preceding autumn, viz., Lithocolletis Pomifo-
liella from hawthorn, and L. Viminiella and Salicicolella from sallow; also one of
Gracilaria auroguttella, from a cone formed by the larva on a leaf of Hypericum
pulchrum.
Mr. Stainton also exhibited a fine series of (icophora senescens, taken by Mr.
Douglas, at Mickleham, in June; and six new species of British Tineide, of which
he read the following brief descriptions :—
Micropteryx mansuetella, Z. ‘Similar to, and size of, M. Calthella, black-
headed, with faint pale fascie on the anterior wings. Near Glogau, in an alder-brake,
at the same time as Calthella, on the bloom of Sorbus Aucuparia, in plenty; more
rarely on Spireea Ulmaria and reed-blossoms.” (Schlesisch. Tauschbericht, 1844, p. 16).
This species has some resemblance to Calthella, but has on the anterior wings some
faint indications of purple fasciz, as in rubrifasciella: from both these species it is
readily distinguished by its deep black (blue-black) head. Two specimens taken by
Mr. Douglas; locality unknown.
Be
6
Aichmia Stanneella, F-v-R. (p. 248). “ Rather smaller than H. metallicella, of a
pale silvery gray, inclining to a yellowish colour, very glossy: the duller posterior
wings have besides a very faint violet tint. Before the anal angle of the anterior
wings is a whitish spot, but it is so lost in the pale ground colour that it only becomes
perceptible when the sun shines on it.” A single specimen taken by Mr. Douglas,
in company with sericiella, May 4, 1849, at Coomb Wood.
Myelois Artemisiella, Steph. MSS. Not closely allied to any species I am ac-
quainted with. Exp. alar.7—9 lines. Head, thorax and anterior wings pale dirty
ochreous, the latter with a paler sinuous hinder fascia, followed by a dark cloud on
the costa, and preceded by a similar dark cloud a little removed from the costa, which
is continued as a dark streak along the middle of the wing to the base: near the
costa, a little before the hinder fascia, is a black spot; and a row of dark spots
on the hinder margin: posterior wings pale cinereous. This species has been bred
by Mr. Simmons from larve, feeding within the stems of Artemisia campestris.
Bucculatrix cristatella, F-v-R. A single specimen, the locality of which is un-
known, is in Mr. Douglas's collection. A note of the distinctive characters of this
species appears in the Society’s Transactions, vol. v. p. 128.
Gracilaria ? Ocnerostomella, Exp. alar. 4—5 lines. Last joint of palpi stout
and not pointed: head, thorax, antenne and anterior wings concolorous, gray, some-
times with a slight ochreous tinge: the wings are entirely destitute of markings,
which readily distinguishes it from any known Gracilarie, whilst the longer palpi
immediately separate it from Ocnerostoma; and the smooth head, long’ posterior legs,
and long cilia at the anal angle of the anterior wings, at once remove it from Argy-
resthia. I exhibited an imperfect specimen of this species to the Society in Novem-
ber last, as Argyresthia Amiantella?, imagining the hairs on the crown of the head
to have been rubbed off: the sight of several fine specimens, taken by Mr. Douglas,
at Mickleham, in June, 1848, has convinced me that it is not Amiantella, and not
even an Argyresthia ; but from the thickness of the last joint of the palpi it ill accords
with any known Gracilaria.
Crambus uliginosellus, Z. in litt. Distinguished from C. pascuellus, with which it
has hitherto been confounded, by its shorter and less pointed anterior wings, the white
streak on which is less gradually pointed ; the posterior wings are whiter, and the
palpi and thorax are likewise whiter. One specimen taken at Lewisham, at light,
June 21st, 1848.
Mr. Westwood exhibited a specimen of Ophion undulatum, taken in this country.
April 1, 1850.
G. R. WaTeErnHovsE, Esq., President, in the chair.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
donors: ‘ Entomologische Zeitung, November and December, 1849 ; ‘ Linnea Ento-
mologica,’ vol. iv.; by the Entomological Society of Stettin. ‘The Zoologist’ for
March and April; by the Editor. ‘ Biographical Notice of the late Edward Double-
7
day ;? by J. O. Westwood, Esq., the author (from the ‘ Gardener's Chronicle’).
‘Monograph of the larger African Species of Nocturnal Lepidoptera, belonging or
allied to the Genus Saturnia,’ with four plates ; by J. O. Westwood, Esq., the author.
The following gentlemen were balloted for and elected Corresponding Members
of the Society: Herr M. Bach, Boppard, on the Rhine; H. G. Dalton, Esq., George
Town, Demerara.
Mz. Westwood exhibited a specimen and drawing of Cholovocera Madere, a new
Coleopterous insect, remarkable for having the facetted eyes at the posterior angles of
the head, replaced on each side by six small, semiglobose, pellucid ocelli, precisely si-
milar to the ocelli at the sides of the head of many larve, being the only species
throughout the whole of the metamorphotic winged insects in which this peculiarity
had been observed to exist.
Mr. Westwood exhibited two insects mounted on gelatine, which he considered
was preferable to tale, as it was more transparent, and the insects were more firmly
secured, for the gum by which they were fastened was not so liable to scale off.
Mr. Westwood also stated that the pupa-cases exhibited at the last meeting by
Mr. Bond, and then supposed to be those of a species of Galeruca, belonged to a spe-
cies of Chilocoris, and had been noticed by De Geer.
Mr. Stainton exhibited a British species of Micropteryx which he had previously
overlooked, though it was described by Mr. Stephens under the name of concinnella.
It appeared that this species was the true Aruncella of Scopoli, and that the insect
described under that name by Mr. Stainton, in his monograph of the genus, must now
resume the name of Seppella, Fab. The females of both species, being destitute of
markings, would probably be very difficult to distinguish from each other.
Mr. 8. Stevens exhibited some beautiful new species of butterflies he had recently
received from Mr. Wallace, by whom they were captured, at Santarem, on the Ama-
zon river: among them he had been able to identify Callithea Godartii, Feisthamel
(male and female), and C. Lepreurii, Feisth. He also read an extract of a letter
from Mr. Wallace, stating that the males of C. Godartii frequent the higher parts of
trees, and are very difficult to capture.
Mr. Douglas exhibited an empty pupa, apparently of some Noctua, in a thistle-
stem of last year, and some living larve, found the preceding week, at Darenth
Wood, on broom. These larve, which did not seem to be scarce, drew together se-
veral of the smaller twigs of the broom, forming a covering, in which they appeared
to have hybernated, and in which they fed on the bark: they resembled in appearance
and habit the larve of Depressaria assimilella, as described by Fischer-von-Rosler-
stamm.
Mr. Douglas exhibited a new species of Elachista, which he proposed to name
occultella, and of which he read the following description :-—
Family Trine.
ELacHIsfta OCCULTELLA.
Caput fuscum ; antenne nigre ; thorax niger; ale antice nigre griseo irrorate,
medio fascia levi obscura, maculis duabus oppositis griseis, apicibus ratione
ciliorum rotundatis. Ale postice nigra, ciliis fuscis.
Expansio alarum 33 lin.
8
Head fuscous ; antenne and thorax black; anterior wings black, dusted through-
out with minute griseous atoms, in the centre a slight obscure fascia, towards the
apex on either margin a small obscure griseous spot, and the cilia long. Posterior
wings black, with fuscous cilia.
Very like E. obscurella, S¢., but smaller and darker, the anterior wings more
rounded on the costa, drawn more suddenly to a point, and by reason of the long cilia
the ends appear rounder.
He found this species May 25th, 1848, flying above long grass under trees, in a
damp part of West Wickham Wood.
He also read the following description of a moth he had exhibited at the meeting
in February :—
Family Tortricipz.
GraPHouitHa (Stigmonota, Guen.) WEIRANA.
Caput fusco-nigrum, fronte palpisque albidis. Ale antice obtuse, fusco-nigre,
fascia media curvata obscura subplumbea, punctis sex costalibus albidis, ciliis
subplumbeis, micantibus. Ale postice cinereo-fusce, ciliis concoloribus.
Subtus omnino cinereo-fusca.
Exp. alar. 5} lin.
Head fuscous black; face and palpi whitish. Anterior wings obtuse, rounded,
soot-black, with an obscure curved medial fascia, and six whitish costal spots, in
_pairs, of which the first is at the middle and the other two towards the apex; cilia
lead-coloured, shining. Posterior wings cinereous-fuscous, with concolorous cilia.
Underneath, the wings, body and legs are all of an uniform cinereous fuscous hue.
This species is most closely allied to Stigmonota redimitana, Guen., from which it
differs chiefly in being larger, of a lighter colour and less glossy, and the fascia less
distinct: underneath, also, the fore legs and breast are not white.
Taken at the end of May, flying in sunshine round beech-trees, at Mickleham.
He had great pleasure in dedicating this species to him in whose company he captured
it, Mr. Weir, who is well known as one of our most acute and industrious entomolo-
gists.
Mr. Stainton exhibited some small Lepidopterous larve mining in leaves of
Helianthemum vulgare, which plant was not hitherto known to afford nourishment to
any species of Tinez.
A paper by Mr. S. S. Saunders was read, entitled “ Descriptions of two New
Strepsipterous Insects from Albania, parasitical on the Genus Hyleus, with some ac-
count of their Habits and Metamorphoses,” of which the following is an epitome :—
Order Strepsiprera, Kirby.
Genus HyLectTurvs.*
Caput magnum, transversum. Oculiingentes. Antenne 5-articulate; articulo
basali brevi; secundo parvo, truncato ; tertio longissimo, spatulato, tota feré
* Hyleus, éx3pos, hostis.
gi
latitudine subequali, quartumque basin versus latere externo ferenti; hoc
parvo, annuloso; extimo (5to) tertio simillimo, simul productis, adsistentibus.
Palpi parvi, articulo basali crassiori, apice obliquo; apicali graciliori, setoso.
Thorax anticé constrictus, disco gibboso, capiti latitudine subequali; scutello
maximo, elongato-triangulari, margine antico sinuato, lateribus rectis, angulo
postico acuto porrecto. Pseudoelytra parva, apice valdé dilatato, crassiori,
subconcavo. Ale, costa dimidio basali inspissata, seu potiis vena subcostali
abbreviata quasi conjuncta; prima discoidali prope basin furcata, ramo antico
ejus cum costa parallelo, ultra medium ale evanescenti, ramo postico ejusdem
longitudinis, recto, deflexo: prope apicem ale incrassatio exstat, cujus basis,
venaque duplex tenuissima de margine externo sinuaté producta, intra furcam
retro extendent: venis reliquis rectis, deflexis; quarum una gracilis, margini
attingens; due subapproximate, margini interno propiores, basi robustiores ;
altera (?) analis feré obliterata. Abdomen valdé constrictum. Pedes longitu-
dine mediocres, posteriorum tibiis dilatatis, compressis, genubus constrictis;
tarsorum articulis quatuor, apicali integro. Mas.
Femina (cui, modo congenerarum, ale, pedes, antenne, necnon oculi desunt)
vermiformis ; cephalothoracem complanatum, supra subconvexum, infra sub-
concavum, e dorso apis educantis tantum modo emittens.
Sp. 1. HyLecturus RvBI.
Niger, gibbosus ; pedibus luteis; alis lacteis, nervis saturaté piceis. Mas.
Long. corp. 3— lin. Expans. alar. feré 13 lin.
Femina, cephalothorace pallido, disco utrinque vitta brunnea, quandoque basin
versus punctis obscuris duabus, seu lineolis transversis, signato.
Habitat in Epiro, intra corpora Hylzi versicoloris parasiticus.
Sp. 2. HyLEcTHRUs QUERCUS.
Differt magnitudine duplé majori, alis parim obscurioribus, nervisque magis ni-
gricantibus. Mas.
Long. corp. 3—1 lin. Expans. alar. feré 1$ lin.
Individuis mutilatis tantum vidi.
Habitat in Epiro, Hylei gibbi parasitus.
Order HyMENoPTERA.
Section Metuirera, Latr.
Family AnprEentDz, Latr.
Genus Hytzvs, Latr. (Prosopis, Jurine).
Sp. 1. Hyrzus rusico.a.
Niger; genis, clypeique puncto, luteis, vel albicantibus, vel denique omnino ni-
gris ; antennis subtus ferrugineis ; prothoracis lineola sepe interrupta, humeris,
squamaque alarum, flavescentibus ; tibiis tarsisque plus minusve ferrugineis
vel pallidis; abdominis segmento primo omnino, secundo nonnunquam ad
basin, rufo-fulvis, reliquis nigro-piceis, marginibus posticis pallidioribus ; alis
subhyalinis, nervis piceis. Femina.
Long. corp. { unc. Exp. alar. ¥ une.
10
Mas differt, genis clypeoque albidis; thorace, abdomine, squamaque alarum,
nigris.
Habitat in Epiro rubis exsiccatis cireum Ambracicum sinum.
Sp. 2. Hy.zus verRsIcoLor.
Niger ; genis, clypei linea, prothoracis linea interrupta, humeris, squamaque ala-
rum, flavescentibus ; antennis subtus ferrugineis; tibiis tarsisque anterioribus
feré omnino, intermediis posterioribusque basin versus, pallidioribus; abdo-
mine vel toto vel parte majori pallidé flavo; alis subhyalinis, nervis piceis.
Femina.
Long. corp. 3 unc. Exp. alar. 4 une.
Variat genis luteis, clypei puncto concolori, vel disco omnino nigro.
Habitat in Epiro rubis exsiccatis cum precedentibus. (An species distincta ?)
The dissimilarity in appearance between this and the preceding species is so .
striking, that, although he inclined to consider the difference as resulting from
parasitical attack, it would perhaps be hazardous to assert this without further proof
of their identity. It is, however, remarkable that all the male parasites which he has
obtained were derived from these pale-coloured specimens, whereas the apterous fe-
males were restricted to the former,—a circumstance not unworthy of attention, as
connected with the physiology of sexual development.
Sp. 3. Hytaus crpsus.
Niger, gibbosus; genis, tibiisque anterioribus anticé, luteis; posterioribus ad
basin, intermediis vix, tarsorumque quatuor posteriorum articulo primo, albi-
cantibus ; antennis subtus ferrugineis; prothoracis lineola interrupta tenui,
humeris, alarumque squama, flavescentibus ; abdomine nigro; alis fuscentibus,
nervis piceis. Femina.
Long. corp. 3 lin. Expans. alar. 43 lin.
Habitat in Epiro, quercibus prope Sinum Ambracicum.
The Hylecthrus querctis was obtained from this species, the abdomen exhibiting
irregular rufous patches in some specimens parasitically affected.
Having reared two new species from the bodies of bees of the genus Hyleus,
Mr. Saunders availed himself of the opportunity to offer some remarks on these para-
sites, and certain particulars which had come under his notice. The first species he
obtained from oak-galls, which he had placed in a box and forgotten till some months
afterwards, when he found—on some Hylzi which had been produced and died—
abdominal protuberances caused by the presence of Strepsiptera, still in their pupa
envelopes, having perished tn situ after attaining the imago state. The following
year he could find no more Hylei in oak-galls ; but knowing that the larve of these
bees nidificated in briars, he collected some briar-snags, and on the 28th of May se-
lected from their occupants five already-formed pup, the remainder being still in
the larva state: of these, three completed their transformations within two days, when
he saw the usual parasitic phenomena, not previously apparent ; and the next morn-
ing, on placing them in the sun, two winged parasites—smaller than those previously
obtained from the Hyleus of the gall—speedily came forth. The remaining selected
pupe never attained the imago state. From the ample stock of larve and briars re-
11
maining he expected to have reared numbers of the parasite, but in this he was mis-
taken, the gestation of the parasite apparently rendering the Hyleus precocious, for
none of the bees that came out late produced any parasite: yet although the bees
which produced parasites have always been observed to assume the imago state before
others not parasitically affected, their appearance has varied according to the season,
from the middle of May to the middle of June. The parasitic pupe have almost
invariably shown themselves contemporaneously with the imago bee (never sooner),
whose contortions in wriggling itself out of the pupa-envelope may not impossibly
assist the parasite in driving the prominent dentate apex of the male pupa, or the
subcuspidate cephalothorax of the female, through the abdominal folds; though it
may indeed also be assumed that this is accomplished, as Dr. Siebold seems to think,
by the larva. Among: another lot of larve and pupe of Hylei, set apart and care-
fully watched, no symptom of Strepsipterous distension could be discovered in either
of those stages: however, he at length observed in two pupe, on the right side only,
the dark markings usually preceding the development of the bee, and found, on the
pupa-pellicles being discarded the next day, Strepsipterous parasites ready to burst
forth had become conspicuously prominent on the opposite side. So long as the
Hylzi remained in the dark, the parasites made no attempt to leave their pupe, as
an incentive to which light appears essential ; for in one instance, some Hylei having
become mature in a closed box, where they remained some time, none of the parasitic
skull-caps were removed; so that it seems that unless aroused, after assuming the
imago state, by the stimulus of light, they die without emerging from the pupa-case.
Adverting to the observations of Mr. Westwood and Dr. Siebold on the hexapod
larve of the Strepsiptera, and those of Mr. Newport on the whole series of changes
which take place in the ovum within the body of the female Stylops, herself contained
within that of the bee, he said that they did not affect the origin of these ova, nor did
it appear that their presence had been detected in any larviform Strepsipterous insect
obtained from a bee not taken at large, whereby the possibility of extraneous oviposi-
tion would be absolutely negatived: but the circumstantial evidence affecting the
relations of these hexapods with the Strepsiptera is so convincing, and the conditions
essential to their future maintenance and propagation—involved in the exploded
theory of their hyper-parasitic character—have been so nearly reduced to an argu-
mentum ad absurdum by Mr. Westwood, that no reasonable doubt can be entertained
upon this point. The male pupz, as Dr. Siebold affirms, always appearing towards
the commencement of summer, but never surviving the winter, it follows that the
hexapod larve produced in the spring must, by a speedy transition, assume the pupa
state at the time when the first pupe of the males. are observed; which well accords
with the habits and equally rapid metamorphoses of the Polistes, while offering a re-
markable contrast to the tardy development of the larve of other Strepsipterous
genera, which, like Stylops, Halictophagus, and these parasites on Hyleus, are asso-
ciated with bees long retaining their immature condition, and enjoying comparatively
but a brief existence after quitting their cells in the imago state. It is therefore to
be regretted that Dr. Siebold, by collectively embodying under one category results
derived from the Stylops and Xenos, and by simply setting forth the deductions so
obtained, should have afforded no opportunity of classifying the evidence for the pur-
pose of comparison ; whereby its bearing upon other points might be correctly ascer-
tained, and a consistent series of well-assorted facts more accurately propounded.
12
With regard to the genus to which these parasites upon the Hylei may belong, the
general conformation of the antenne and tarsi might tend to associate them with
Xenos, yet their habits, consorting with the Mellifera, bring them into close relation
with Stylops and Halictophagus, so that they seem to supply a connecting link be-
tween Xenos and Stylops, coinciding with the position which the Hylei themselves
occupy between the Vespide and the Mellifera, thus constituting a new genus, for
which he would propose the name of Hylecthrus, readily distinguished at first sight
by the broad lamine of the antenne, which are nearly of equal width throughout,
whereas in Xenos they gradually taper from the middle to the apex; the palpi in the
former being less conspicuous, and the thorax less, considerably more gibbous, as well
as wider and shorter in proportion. With regard to an opinion which has long pre-
vailed, that the larve of the Hylei are parasitical feeders upon the stores of other
Mellifera, it does not appear to be borne out in those which he has reared ; for having
obtained many specimens from cells adapted to the size of the larve, and constructed
in appropriate channels through the pith, the peculiar transparent tapestry of the
Hylei being continued throughout each series of cells in uninterrupted succession, he
could not but infer that these are no casual intruders or predatory usurpers, but lineal
descendants of the original constructors and purveyors. On more than one occasion
he had reared Hylei from briars wherein a species of Osmia was also met with, but
the cells of the one were perfectly distinct from those of the other; the Hyleus having
simply availed itself of an excavated briar after the Osmia had completed its labours,
a deposit of acidulous honey being found intermediate between the two sets of cells.
Whence could this honey have proceeded, and for what purpose could it have been
collected? Can this be the nature of the food upon which the Hyleus larve subsist,
and could it have found its way hither by exuding from the cells of the Osmia? This
is a problem involving many points difficult to explain, the solution of which—as de-
fining the habits and economy of the Hylei—offers an interesting subject of inquiry.
On one occasion he found some pupe of Hyleus in a mud-cased briar containing the
deserted cells of an Odynerus, the Hylzi in this instance being arranged obliquely:
it will, however, scarcely be contended that the Hylei were parasitical feeders upon
the store laid up for the zoophagous Odynerus larve, nor was there any trace of subse-
quent occupation by an Osmia. In another instance he found, in an excavated briar,
the lower part tenanted by three larve of Cemonus, and the upper portion by several
larve of Hyleus: in this case, the time for the appearance of the perfect Cemoni
being prior to that of the Hylzi, the latter were destroyed by the former while making
their exit. The memoir concluded by saying that the specimens illustrative thereof
were now presented to the Society.
Referring to Mr. Saunders’s Memoir, Mr. Westwood observed that he had thought
the Hylei were parasitic ; and Mr. Smith said that he did not believe they were pa-
rasitic, for he had seen individuals excavating bramble-sticks for their cells.
Copies of the President's Address at the Anniversary Meeting, and of Part i. vol. i.
of the new series of the Society’s Transactions, were laid on the table.
13
May 6, 1850.
J. F. Sreruens, Esq., V.P., in the chair.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
donors: ‘Isis von Oken, Heft 3, 4, 8,9 and 10; presented by Herr Zeller, Honorary
Member. ‘Entomologische Zeitung’ for March; presented by the Entomological
Society of Stettin. Specimens of Scleroderma cylindrica, Westw., and S. pedunculata,
Westw.; also pupe of an Odynerus, from Briars, and of Hyleus, by Mr. S. S.
Saunders, in illustration of his memoir read at the last meeting.
The following gentlemen were balloted for and elected Members of the Society :
Francis Walker, Esq.; Samuel Waring, Esq., of Norwood; and Alexander Murray,
Esq., of Shenley, Herts. And the following were balloted for and elected Subscribers
to the Society: Dr. Lowe, of Balgreen, Slateford, N. B.; Samuel Nevill Ward, Esq.,
of the Hon. E. I. C. Civil Service, Madras.
Mr. Shepherd exhibited two specimens of Lobophora polycommata, W. V., and
an extensive series of Micropteryx purpurella, Haw., and semipurpurella, S¢., recently
taken at Darenth Wood. Among the semipurpurella was one remarkable albino
variety.
Mr. Stainton exhibited specimens of Micropteryx purpurella, semipurpurella and
unimaculella, taken at West Wickham; he also exhibited nine species of Ornix,
forming the Meleagripennella group of that genus,—six of these were British, includ-
ing one new species he had taken the preceding week in Devonshire; he also ex-
hibited a specimen of Bedellia Orpheella, taken by Mr. H. Cooke, of Brighton, and
stated that the specific name of this insect must sink, as it had been previously de-
scribed by Zeller under the name of Opostega somnulentella; and he had likewis e
brought for exhibition a specimen of Aleucis pictaria, taken by Mr. Ellman near Lewes.
Mr. 8.8. Saunders exhibited a female Stylops extracted from the abdomen of An-
drena Trimmerana, after the death of the bee; also two male specimens of the same
bee, one with a female Stylops in the abdomen, and the other with the exuvie of a
male visible.
Mr. J. F. Stephens exhibited three new species of British Micro-Lepidoptera, viz.,
Stigmonota dorsana, from Scotland, Tinea Caprimulgella, Von Heyden, and a De-
pressaria.
Mr. Adam White exhibited a new Coleopterous insect, forming a new sub-genus
of the family Languriade, for which he proposed the name Doubledaya viator, in
honour of the late Edward Doubleday, and read a description of it, of which the fol-
lowing is an abstract.
“Head decumbent in front, at the base of the jaws expanded and wider than the
thorax. Thorax as wide as long, margined on the sides, bisinuate at the base, grooved
down the middle. Legs very long, the two first pairs somewhat the longest, the
femora and tibie compressed ; tarsi very widely dilated, flat, all the joints wider than
long.
‘Head and thorax highly polished, ferruginous, the elytra of a pale ochreous red,
and with from eight to nine thickly punctured longitudinal parallel strie.
“ This insect is a native of Madras, in the East Indies: the specimen described is
unique in the collection of the East India Company.”
14
Mr. Fortnum exhibited two species of Locusta captured near Frankfort, from one
of which a Gordius had extruded, and from the other a dipterous larva, both of which
he also exhibited.
The following description, by Mr. Newman, of Panorpa ruficeps, a new species
from New Holland, was then read.
PANORPA RUFICEPS.
Nigra, capite femoribusque ferrugineis ; alis fuscescentibus immaculatis. (Alarum
latitudo 1:4 une. Corporis longitudo, 6 unc).
Antenne much longer than the body, slender, gradually tapering to the apex, 57-
jointed, the basal joint stout, its length and breadth nearly equal ; the second, half as
large as the first, its length and breadth also equal; the third, longer than the second
and much narrower; the basal, second, and half the third joint are ferruginous, the
remainder black: every joint, from the third to the fifty-sixth inclusive, has a short
apical bristle on each side, and all of them are clothed with a short velvety down: the
head, including the rostrum, is ferruginous excepting the eyes, a triangular spot which
encloses the ocelli and the apex of the palpi, all of which are black. Thorax, abdomen,
tibia and tarsi, black: coxe and femora ferruginous, except the apices of the latter
which are blackish. Wings immaculate, hyaline, suffused uniformly with brown,
which is slightly darker on the nervures and stigmata.
Inhabits New Holland. The only specimen I have seen was taken at Port Philip,
by Edmund Thomas Higgins, Esy., to whom I am indebted for the opportunity of
describing it. The specimen will be deposited in the British Museum.
Some remarks by Mr. S. S. Saunders were then read, on the sense in which Dr.
Siebold had used the words “banchseite” and “ rickenseite,” in his observations on
the larve of Stylopide.
Mr. Douglas then read the following description of a new species of Tineide.
YPSOLOPHUS? PALUSTRELLUS.
Ale antice luteo-albide, lineis ad margines radiatis punctisque duobus pone
medium nigris. Ale postice grisee, ciliis lutescentibus.
Expansion of wings 9 lines.
Head and thorax ashy, with a black line continued on the centre of each ; palpi
ashy, second joint fuscous beneath, terminal joint faintly darker at the apex ; antenne
fuscous. Anterior wings yellowish white, covered with black lines which radiate from
the centre to the costa and inferior margin, and two black dots beyond the middle.
Posterior wings griseous with luteous cilia.
This appears to be a species oscillant between Ypsolophus and Gelechia ; by its
palpi, however, the second joint of which is clothed with long porrected scales, it
seems to be more related to the former than the latter genus.
Two specimens taken at Yaxley, one in Mr. Doubleday’s, the other in Mr. Allis’s
collection.
He also read a continuation of his memoir on the British species of the genus
'Gelechia, including the following species, viz., mulinella, Z%s. (R. interrupta, Haw.,
non H.); neviferella, Z. (Tinea Knockeella, Haw.), T. miscella, Haw. (Micro-
setia aurofasciella, St.); fugitivella, Z. (fugacella, Sta., non Z.); ligulella, W. V.
(albistrigella, St..?); vorticella, Z., a species closely allied to ligulella; Hubneri,
Haw. (non granella, H.); senectella, Z., a small dark species somewhat resembling
15
terrella; Tnulella (Aphelosetia), C.; Gerronella, Z.; divisella, Doug. (allied to mu-
linella) ; Desertella, Edleston (allied to terrella); Coronillella, Tischer (allied to An-
thyllidella, but larger); suffusella, Doug.; Mundella, Doug.; pernigrella, Sta.
(reared by Mr. Gregson from larve, off sallow); inornatella, Doug.; littorella, Doug.;
immaculatella, Doug.; fumatella, Doug.; bifractella, Mann: the twelve last species
were hitherto unrecorded as British.
June 3, 1850.
G. R. Warernouss, Esq., President in the chair.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
donors: ‘Entomologische Zeitung, for April; by the Entomological Society of
Stettin. ‘Descriptions of three new Coleopterous Insects, by Messrs. Mulsant, Cl.
Rey and Wachanru ;' by M. Mulsant. ‘Directions for Collecting and Preserving
Specimens of Natural History in Tropical Climates ;’ by the author, Mr. S. Stevens.
The following gentlemen were balloted for and elected Subscribers: Mr. R. W.
Meade, Bradford; Mr. C. R. Bree, Stowmarket; and Mr. John Dashwood, Barton-
under-Needwood, Lichfield.
Mr. Bedell exhibited Depressaria assimilella, reared from larve found on broom;
Lithocolletis hortella and Tinea Zinckenii, from West Wickham wood; Ctenostoma
Laburnella? from fences near Beckenham ; and Coccyx Strobilella, reared from cones
of spruce-fir.
Mr. J. F. Stephens exhibited a shoot of Ribes sanguineum which had been quite
killed by Coccus Serpuleformis, numbers of which were on the bark ; he also stated
that branches of apple-trees, in his garden, were killed by Coccus Mytilliformis.
Mr. Shepherd exhibited a specimen of Cloantha conspicillaris recently caught
flying at Darenth Wood.
Mr. Westwood exhibited the male and female of Lyda fasciata, one of our rarest
Hymenoptera ; also a shoot of a pear-tree o11 which the larve of this species had fed,
showing the damage done by them. He observed, that he had taken them emerging
from the earth, under the surface of which they had undergone their final change.
He also exhibited leaves of a pear-tree attacked by a Lepidopterous case-making
larve, probably Colecphora Hemerobiella; and he made some observations on the
peculiar mode adopted by these curious larve to obtain the parenchyma of the
leaves, on which alone they subsisted; and as some damage might accrue to the trees
from their attack, he thought it desirable that it should be discovered when and where
the eggs were deposited.
Mr. S. S, Saunders exhibited pupa-cases of Rhopalum tibiale, from a raspberry
snag, from which the perfect insects had issued towards the end of May.
Mr. Stainton exhibited specimens of Lithocolletis tenella, hitherto one of our
rarest species, but which he found abundant on hornbeam, at Wanstead, in May;
also a species of the same genus, found at the same time and place, which was the
Tlicifoliella of his catalogue, and which he now proposed to call Carpinicolella ; also
three specimens of Micropteryx mansuetella, recently taken by Mr. C. R. Bree, in
company with M. Calthella, at Northfield Wood, near Stowmarket, on Mercurialis
perennis.
16
Mr. S. Stevens exhibited Dryophila Anobioides and Hylastes rhododactylus, also
the stump of broom from Plumstead Wood, from which he had obtained them. He
also exhibited a new species of Dorytomus, allied to D. teniatus, from Wimbledon
Common; Pogonus Burrellii, found in soft mud on the shore at Sheerness ; splendidly
coloured specimens of Lixus bicolor, from Deal, and Psyche retiella, from Southend ;
the last insect he thought was attached to Plantago maritima.
Mr. W. W. Saunders exhibited some insects set up as specimens of the method of
preserving and displaying used by Mr. Ernard, who was about to proceed to Surinam
on a collecting expedition. With them were some spiders, of which the form and
colour were beautifully retained. He also stated that the collection of insects belong-
ing to M. Saville, containing types of all the species described by him, was offered
for sale. Mr. Saunders also exhibited some leaves of Rhododendrons greatly at-
tacked by Otiorhynchus sulcatus ; also two different kinds of pup enclosed in net-
like cases, and an anomalous pedunculated little bag which appeared to be full of
eggs of an insect, this receptacle being in the centre of a much larger bladder-like
formation ; all collected at Santarem, by Mr. Wallace.
Mr. Weir exhibited a singular Lepidopterous insect recently captured, more like
an Argyresthia than any other genus, but not agreeing with any known species.
Mr. Smith, on the part of Mr. Gould, exhibited four different species of Bombi
found impaled on thorns, and stated that it was Mr. Gould’s opinion that they were
not so fixed by shrikes as commonly believed. Myr. Smith also exhibited a quantity
of the eggs of Meloe, and said that another batch, deposited by a female on the 7th
of April, had hatched on the 2nd of June. On the 27th of April he took eleven spe-
cimens of Pediculus Melitte from the bodies of Melecta punctata, which was much
eatlier than any larve of Meloe were ever known to be hatched ; and this fact tended
more strongly than ever to confirm his opinion that Pediculus Melitte of Kirby, was
not the larva of a Meloe. He mentioned as a curious fact, that all bred specimens
of Hymenoptera were larger than those captured at large. He then exhibited a new
British species of Nomada, a new British species of Crabro, and a new species of
Chrysis, taken near Bristol ; all from the collection of Mr. Hewitson.
Mr. Stainton, on behalf of Mr. Logan, exhibited some small Lepidopterous larve,
which drew up the tops of Helianthemum vulgare, at Arthur's Seat, near Edinburgh ;
and he stated that from the leaves of Helianthemum, exhibited at the April meeting,
he had reared Elachista Staintoni.
The following descriptions of some new Aculeate Hymenoptera from Epirus, by
Mr. S. S. Saunders, were then read, accompanied by some observations on their
structure and habits :—
Family Muritiiw#, Leach.
Genus Myrmosa, Latr.
Myrmosa NIGRICEPS.
Niger, thorace rufo, antice recté truncato, angulis acutis; abdominis segmenti-
bus pilis albidis fimbriatis; alis obscuris; antennis pedibusque nigris. Mas.
Long. corp. Z—3une. Exp. alar. 1 une.
Family ScotiapZ#, Leach.
Genus Parameria, Savigny.
PaRaMERIA GRA&CA.
Castanea, pilis albidis densé vestita; femoribus, tibiis, mandibulorum apice,
17
costaque alarum piceis ; abdominis segmentis quatuor basalibus (preter petio-
lum) nigris; secundo tertioque fascia apicali medio interrupta, utrinque emar-
ginata, lateribus haud attingenti alba notatis; alis obscuris; oculis nigris.
Femina.
Long. corp. 3 unc. Exp. #, alar. } unc.
Family Eumenip2, Westwood.
Genus Rapuiciossa, Saunders.
Caput magnum subrotundum, subtus oblique complanatum, thoraci feré latitudine
coequale. Oculi interné emarginati. Mandibule obtuse, apice transversé
serrato. Labium longissimum, intra coxas acuforme retrorsum, cum maxillis
vix brevioribus, productum. Clypeus anticé excavatus, labium porrectum ad
recipiendum et dirigendum. Thorax truncato-convexus, medio vix dilatatus
subtus canaliculatus. Antenne, thoraci feré longitudine coequales. Ale
antice cellulis cubitalibus quatuor, quarum secunda et tertia singulatim venam
recurrentem accipiunt, prima magna, basi ampliori; secunda parva subtrian-
gulari, lateribus anticé valdé approximatis, venam recurrentem recipiente ;
tertia subquadrata, externé latiori, secundum recurrentem accipienti; apicali
clausa.
Sp. 1. Rapuictossa EuMENoIDEs.
Elongata, nigra, flavo-notata, antennis pedibusque testaceis, abdomine flavo-fas-
ciato.
Long. corp. 3—3 unc. Exp. alar., 1 une.
Habitat in Epiro, in rubis exsiccatis prope Sinum Ambracicum nidificans.
Sp. 2. Rapuietossa ODYNEROIDEs.
Nigra, flavo-notata, labio usque pectoris medium producto; pedibus flavis,
basi nigris ; abdomine flavo-fasciato ; maribus, antennis nigtris subtus flaves-
centibus: feminis, capite maximo, antennis flavescentibus, prope apicem ob-
scuris.
Long. corp. 6—7 lin. f, 83 lin. 9. Exp. alar. 103 lin. f—1 une. 9.
Habitat in Epiro cum precedentibus.
This paper was accompanied by two plates of illustrations, presented by the
author.
Mx. Yarrell read a letter addressed to him by Dr. Lukis, of Guernsey, containing
some observations on the natural history of the Channel Islands, and stating, among
other things, that each island had to a certain extent a fauna of its own, as certain
reptiles, quadrupeds and insects found in one were not found in another, although
the distance between them was not more than eight miles in one case, and twenty
miles in another. Mr. Yarrell mentioned as a fact within his own knowledge, that
although the water in the canal at Stockbridge, Hants, was always one degree colder
than in the adjoining river Test, yet the May-flies invariably appeared from the canal
some days sooner than from the river.
18
July 1, 1850.
Wixuram Spence, Esq., V. P., in the chair.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
donors: ‘Annals of Lyceum of Nat. Hist. New York, Sept. 1848; by the Lyceum.
‘Entomologische Zeitung, for May; by the Entomological Society of Stettin.
‘Statuten und Namen der Mitglieder des Munchener Vereins fir Naturkunde, and
Isis, 1850, No. 1;’ by the Munich Natural History Society. ‘On the Pselaphide of
the United States’ and a ‘ Synopsis of the Cleride of the United States ;’ by the au-
thor, Dr. John L. Le Conte.
Four impaled Bombi (exhibited at the preceding meeting) ; by Mr.Gould. Spe-
cimens of Apion Sedi and Pogonus Burrellii; by Mr.S. Stevens. A collection of
Lepidoptera ; by Mr. Douglas.
John Lubbock, Esq., of High Elms, near Farnborough, and the Rev. Hamlet
Clark, of Northampton, were elected members of, and John Walker, Esq., of Chester-
field, was elected a subscriber to the Society.
The President announced that the prize offered for the best monograph of a genus
of Tortrices, had been awarded and sent to Mr. Logan for a monograph of the genus
Penthina.
The President also announced that the Council had appointed Mr. E. W. Janson,
Curator to the Society.
Mr. S. Stevens exhibited living specimens of Gracilia minuta, with the willow
basket-lid in which they had bred ; also Sericoris littorana reared from thrift (Statice
armeria) growing below Gravesend, and Elachista rufocinerea and E. cerusella taken
in copula. He also exhibited a Psecadia funerella, taken early in June, near Kirkby
Stephen, Westmoreland, by Mr. Hewitson.
Mr. Bond exhibited several Psecadia funerella from Whittlesea Mere ; also Chilo
mucronellus, Nascia cilialis, Eupithecia sparsata, and Zeuzera arundinis, from the
same locality.
Mr. J. F. Stephens exhibited pupa-cases of Zeuzera arundinis protruding from
reeds in which the larve had fed; and Mr. Bond stated that the pupz, although pos-
sessing but small spines, moved up and down the inside of the reeds with as much ra-
pidity as the larve. Mr. Westwood said that he had seen cases of a Dipterous
insect, probably a Cecidomyia, sticking out of reeds just in the same manner as these
Zeuzere : they would probably prove to be those of a new species, as this economy was
quite new in the history of the genus.
Mr. F. Smith said that having in former years found Baris laticollis aj the roots of
Sisymbrium officinale, he searched for it again this season ; but found, instead of those
insects, some larve which he supposed to be those of Leiosoma punctata. He also
stated that he had observed attached to the posterior segments of the abdomen of a
common Hydrobius a receptacle containing eggs, one of which he had examined mi-
croscopically, and found in it a living larva.
Mr. White read part of a biographical notice of Dr. Leach; and also a letter from
Mrs. Hamilton, in which the capture of a Curculio, probably Acanthothorax longicor-
nis, in India, was recorded.
Mr. Westwood exhibited drawings of the larva and pupa-case of Psyche nigricans,
19
found by Mr. Weaver in the New Forest ; and stated that Mr, Weaver had taken two
other species of Psyche new to Britain, —and in Scotland Cetonia enea and Pytho
depressus.
Mr. Westwood exhibited larve of Lymexylon navale in wood from Pembroke
dock-yard, where it had proved very destructive to Italian oak which had been lying
there since 1846: it had been suggested that the wood should be placed in the steam-
kiln in order to effect the destruction of these larve, and this plan was to be tried,
Mr. Westwood read a portion of a paper entitled ‘ Notes on Strepsiptera,’ and ex-
hibited drawings in illustration.
Mr. Stainton read a description of Micropteryx Aruncella, Scopoli, as an addition
to his monograph of the genus.
The following is an abstract of Mr. Stainton’s paper. ‘In my monograph of the
genus Micropteryx I have incorrectly described as Aruncella of Scopoli, a distinct, but
closely-allied species; the name to be retained for the insect there described (see p. 30)
is Seppella, Fab. In the male Aruncella the fascia is more slender, straighter, and nearer
the base than in Seppella; the entire absence of the silver spot towards the apex in
Aruncella hardly forming so decided a character, as in many specimens of Seppella it
is scarcely visible. Mr. Stephens has specimens from Darenth Wood, and Mr. Thom-
son once met with it on the grassy bank between Sydenham and Penge.”
August 5, 1850.
G. R. Warernouse, Esq., President in the chair.
Mr. F. Smith was balloted for and elected a Member of the Society.
The following letter from Mr. Spence was then read :—
** 18, Lower Seymour Street, Portman Square, July 20, 1850.
“ My dear sir,—My attendance at the meeting of the British Association at Edin-
burgh, on the 31st instant, will prevent my being present at the next meeting of the
Entomological Society, but I cannot refrain from offering to you and our members, my
sincere condolence on the irreparable loss which we have all sustained by the death,
since we last assembled, of our revered and beloved Honorary President, and the
father of Entomology, the Rev. William Kirby, M.A., who died at Barham, near
Ipswich, where he had resided sixty-eight years, on Thursday the 4th of this month,
in the ninety-first year of his age.
“T need not expatiate on the vast debt of gratitude which this Society owes to
our departed Honorary President, for the deep interest he has always taken in its
prosperity, and for the precious gift which he made to it some years since, of his entire
collection of insects ; invaluable, as being the depository of his Entomological disco-
veries during a long life, and of the precise individual species referred to in the de-
scriptions of his papers in the Linnean Transactions, and of his general works on the
science.
“Nor is it necessary to point out to you and our members, who so justly appreciate
20
his merits, what important services hc has rendered to Entomology. You will all
agree with me, that had he published no other work than his ‘Monographia Apum
Anglie, his first separate one, which appeared in 1802, he would have ranked as one
of the first Entomologists of the age: a title which was at once assigned to him by
every student of the science, foreign as well as British, capable of estimating the un-
wearied perseverance with which he had collected his materials, the value of his new
observations on the anatomy of bees, and the large and philosophical grasp with which
he had arranged them, under the families (or, as they are now considered, genera)
into which he distributed them. Nothing can show more strikingly the ardour of his
zeal for the science, than the fact that he took lessons in the art of etching, to enable
him to give from his own hand, sketches of the parts of the mouth, on which his
family characters mainly depended. But when to this great work we add his ‘ Mono-
graph of Apion,’ ‘ Century of Insects,’ memoir ‘ on the order Strepsiptera, and other
valuable papers in the ‘ Transactions of the Linnean Society; the ‘ Introduction to
Entomology, written in conjunction with myself; the Entomological portion of his
‘ Bridgewater Treatise, ‘On the History, Habits and Instincts of Animals; and the
‘ Description of the Insects of the northern parts of British America, occupying a
quarto volume of Sir John Richardson’s ‘ Fauna Boreali-Americana,’ it will be evident
how extensively and successfully he has cultivated our favourite science, and how
deeply it is indebted to him.
‘Tt will always be to me a scource of self-gratulation, that about the year 1808,
when we were in active correspondence respecting British insects, the idea occurred
to me of proposing to my excellent friend that we should write an Introduction to En-
tomology together, and that further consideration led me (as explained in our preface,
which, on that account, Mr. Kirby would have me write *) to advise our giving it a
popular form, as it was this form which enabled him to interweave in it, under their
respective heads, the great number of detached observations from his note-book, col-
lected during many years, on the economy and habits of insects, which would other-
wise, in all probability, have been lost to the world, and which, independently of its
scientific merit, of which, J need not say, that by far the largest share belongs to my
revered coadjutor, stamped it with an originality, that elementary works can rarely
claim.
“T should be negligent of the interest of the rising race of Entomologists if I
omitted to mention for their imitation, one of the peculiar features of Mr. Kirby’s in-
vestigations of insects, deeply impressed on my recollection, during my long inter-
course with him as a visitor at Barham, often for months together, in several years,
when we were engaged in the preparation of our work, namely, the patient and minute
examination which he always gave to the subject in hand, and the slow and cautious
way in which he drew his conclusions, which on this account were almost always
correct.
‘One concluding remark I must make with reference to the vast amount of additi-
onal enjoyment which our revered friend derived from the study of Entomology.
Simply as a pious country-clergyman, conscienciously fulfilling all the duties of his
office, and beloved by his parishioners of every class, and as one of the most friendly,
* The paragraphs towards the middle, relative to the religious bearing of our work,
were added by Mr. Kirby.
21
simple-minded and kind-hearted of men, he would have led a happy life ; but his hap-
piness was largely increased hy his love of Entomology, which supplied him with inte-
resting objects of observation in every walk, and of investigation for every leisure hour,
when within doors, yielding him constant delight from the new facts and discoveries that
were almost daily rewarding his researches, while at the same time he was extending
his friendships with all the first naturalists of this country and of Europe, and his
fame was so widely spread, that long before the close of his career, his name would
have been a sufficient passport for his claiming acquaintance with the men of science
of every large town of Europe and America. In short, if
“ Honour, love, obedience, troops of friends”
would have attended his old age without Entomology, with it, these consolations were
heaped on him tenfold, and in all probability, greatly contributed to his long life ; and
we may all congratulate ourselves on having had the honour and privilege of being
so long presided over by one, who has so conclusively proved the value of our science,
both as largely multiplying the enjoyments of those who cultivate it, and as promoting
the best interests of science and mankind.”
“ T am, my dear sir, yours very truly,
“W. SPENCE.”
“G. R. WaTEruHovsE, Esq., President of the
Entomological Society.”
Mr. Westwood moved, and Mr. Stephens seconded, and it was unanimously
agreed to request that Mr. Spence would draw up for publication in the Transactions,
a biographical and bibliographical memoir of Mr. Kirby, in which the substance
of this letter should be incorporated, and also that he would allow a portrait of
Mr. Kirby, in his possession, to be lithographed and added.* The President then
* Mr. Spence not wishing to interfere with a memoir of Mr. Kirby’s Life, now
in preparation by a relative well qualified for the task, has preferred adding here, to
the scientific notices of Mr. Kirby in the above letter, a short account of his ancestry,
early life, &c., chiefly from an article furnished to the ‘ Literary Gazette’ of July the
20th, by the same gentleman who purposes publishing a more extended memoir. Mr.
Westwood has kindly added a complete list of Mr. Kirby’s Entomological Works and
papers ; and Mr. Spence has much pleasure in complying with the Society’s request,
by furnishing lithographed copies of a pencil-sketch of his revered friend, taken by his
eldest son, Mr. W. B. Spence, at Barham, two years ago, which presents a faithful
and characteristic profile-likeness of him at that period.
Mr. Kirby is descended from a family deserving honourable mention, from its con-
nexion with literature.
“ Mr. Kirby’s grandfather, John Kirby, born in the year 1690, was the author of
‘The Suffolk Traveller,’ a work of no mean reputation in its day. Mr. Kirby’s uncle,
Joshua Kirby, was the author of Dr. Brook Taylor’s ‘ Perspective made Easy ;’ he was
an intimate acquaintance of Gainsborough, and frequently his adviser; and such was
Gainsborough’s regard for his friend, that he made a special request in his will that
he might be buried by his side; a desire which was carried into effect. This Joshua
22
submitted to the meeting, that out of respect to the memory of Mr. Kirby, all scientific
business should be adjourned, which was unanimously agreed to.
Kirby afterwards became a great favourite with his majesty George III., and received,
through his patronage, the office of comptroller of the works at Kew. The celebrated
Mrs. Trimmer was his daughter, and consequently first-cousin to the subject of this
memoir.
“Mr. Kirby was born in the year 1759, at Witnesham Hall, in the county of Suf-
folk, the residence of his father, who was by profession a solicitor; he was educated at
the Grammar School in-Ipswich, whence he removed, in his 17th year, to Caius Col-
lege, Cambridge. Here he pursued his studies with diligence, and laid so good a
foundation, that he subsequently earned the reputation of being a sound and accurate
scholar. In the year 1781, he took the degree of B.A.; in the year 1782 he was ad-
mitted into Holy orders, having been nominated by the Rev. Nicholas Bacon to the
joint curacies of Barham and Coddenham. By his exemplary conduct in the dis-
charge of his parochial duties, he so gained the esteem vf Mr. Bacon, that he left
him by his will the next presentation to the rectory of Barham; to this he was in-
ducted in the year 1796, so that for sixty-eight years he exercised his ministry in the
same charge, residing also in the same parsonage-house.”
Mr. Kirby’s first taste for Natural History was excited, as he told Mr. Spence (see
address to the Entomological Society, January 22nd, 1849, p. 10), by his mother
having been accustomed to lend him, when a child, occasionally as a treat, some of the
foreign shells in her cabinet to look at and admire. This early admiration of the
works of creation led him, soon after he entered on his curacy at Barham, to direct
his attention to Botany, and he closely studied and made a collection of all the phe-
nogamous plants in his neighbourhood. When these were exhausted, his attention
was turned to Entomology, as he has himself so interestingly related (Introd. to Ent.
Vol. II., p. 227), by the circumstance of observing on his window, a yellow cow-lady
(Coccinella 22-punctata), his admiration of which, led him to collect other insects, and
as great events often arise from trifling causes, the whole of his Entomological career
probably depended on his having been struck by this insect.
“The energies of his powerful mind were with equal diligence directed to the
study of Theology. In the year 1829, he published a volume of Sermons, partly (to
use his own language) to show that while he devoted so much of his time to the study
of God’s works, he had not been negligent of his word. Mr. Kirby was appointed to
write one of the ‘ Bridgewater Treatises, which he published in the year 1835. The
manner in which he executed this task, although in his 76th year, is too well known
to need any comment ; his earnest desire was to see God in all things here, his fervent
hope was ‘ to see all things in God hereafter.’ ”
Mx. Kirby was twice married, but left no issue. Besides being Honorary Presi-
dent of this Society, Mr. Kirby was President of the Ipswich Museum, Fellow of the
Royal, Linnean, Zoological and Geological Societies, and Honorary Member of se-
veral foreign societies. ‘He was interred on Thursday (the 11th), in the chancel
of Barham Church. The funeral, in compliance with his expressed wish, was as
private as possible, but a great number of friends, nearly the whole of his own, and
many of the adjoining parishes, attended to pay the last tribute of respect to deserving
worth.”
23
Mr. Kirby‘s Entomological and other scientific publications, of which a complete
list has been kindly supplied by J. O. Westwood, Esq., are as under :—
1. ‘Descriptions of Three New Species of Hirudo, with a Note by G. Shaw.’
Linn. Trans. ii. p.316, 1793.
2. ‘A History of Three Species of Cassida.’ Linn. Trans. iii. pp. 7—11. Read
January 7th, 1794.
In this memoir, the necessity for investigating the preparatory stages of each par-
ticular insect in order to form a complete system of Entomology is insisted upon ; the
general characters of the larva and pupa of the genus Cassida are described, as well
as the three states of the three following species:—1. C. liriophora, A. =C. Vibex,
Linn., the larva of which feeds on Serratula arvensis. 2. C. viridis, A, =C. eques-
tris, Fab., the larva of which feeds on the same plant. 3. C. maculata, K., Linn. =
C. Murrea, var. Linn., the larva of which feeds on Inula dysenterica.
3. ‘Letter to Mr. Marsham, containing observations on the Insects that infested
the Corn in the year 1795. Linn. Trans. iii. pp. 246—249.
In this letter, Mr. Kirby notices and describes the different states of several species
of Thrips found by him on the wheat, as well as the citron-coloured larva (subse-
quently found to be that) of Cecidomyia Tritici.
4. ‘Ammophila, a new Genus of Insects in the class Hymenoptera, including
the Sphex ‘sabulosa of Linneus. Linn. Trans. iv. pp. 195—212. Read
December 5th, 1797.
The examination of the parts of the mouth and especially of the tongue and the
valves which inclose it (or speaking in modern terms, the labium, its lacinie and
the terminal lobes of the maxille), led Mr. Kirby to separate the Sphex sabulosa and
its immediate allies from the other Linnean Spheges; the former of which, on account
of the structure of these parts of the mouth, Mr. Kirby says that he would place be-
tween Vespa and Apis. He follows Linneus and Fabricius in giving in detail the
character naturalis, as well as the more concise character essentialis of the genus, which
is followed by a synopsis specierum, and full descriptions with synonyms of 1. A. vul-
garis = Sphex sabulosa, Linn. 2. A.affinis,n.sp. 3. A. hirsuta, Scop. = arenaria,
Fab. 4, A. argentea, n. sp. = hirsuta, male. It is remarkable, that notwithstanding
the care with which the characters of these insects were examined, the author should
have had no idea of the sexual distinctions afforded by the number of joints of the
antenne, or the structure of the fore-legs, and that the arrangement of the veins of
the wings should have been overlooked, although Harris had previously employed
this character in his work on ‘ English Insects.’ The paper is accompanied by a plate
executed by the author himself, containing figures of the details of the characters of
Ammophila and the allied genera.
5. ‘History of Tipula Tritici and Ichneumon Tipule, with some observations
upon other Insects that attend the wheat, in a Letter to Thomas Marsham,
Esq., Sec. Linn. Soc., Linn. Trans. iv. pp. 230—239. Read February
6th, 1798.
In this paper the natural history of the minute but very destructive Cecidomyia -
24
_ Tritici, a new species of minute Tipulide is recorded, together with that of its para-
site Ichneumon Tipule, a species belonging to Latreille’s genus Platygaster.
6. ‘A Continuation of the History of Tipula Tritici, in a letter to Thomas
Marsham, Esq., Treas. Linn. Soc. Linn. Trans. v. pp. 96—111. Read
February 5th, 1799.
The economy and transformations of Cecidomyia Tritici are here further elucidated
(although the male still remained unobserved), and descriptions are added of three
parasites which keep it in check, namely, 1. Ichneumon inserens (E'ncyrtus sp ?)
2. I. Tipule (Platygaster Tipule), and 3. I. penetrans (Macroglenes penetrans, Westw.
fam. Chalcidide).
7. ‘Observations upon certain Fungi which are parasites of the Wheat.’ Linn.
Trans. v. p. 112. Read February 5th, 1799.
8. ‘Some Observations upon Insects that prey upon Timber, with a short His-
tory of the Cerambyx violaceus of Linneus.’ Linn. Trans. v. pp. 246—
260. Read Nov. 5th, 1799.
The introductory part of this paper contains a summary of the habits of the xylo-
phagous insects belonging to the different orders of insects (subsequently dilated into
one of the most interesting chapters of the ‘ Introduction to Entomology’ ), which is
followed by a more precise detail of the economy of the Cerambyx (Callidium) viola-
ceus, Linn., observed by Mr. James Trimmer of Old Brentford, in fir timber of
English growth. Figures of the insect in its different states, and of the method of its
attack upon timber are added.
9. ‘Monographia Apum Anglie; or an attempt to divide into the natural genera
and families such species of the Linnean genus Apis as have been disco-
vered in England, with descriptions and observations. To which are pre-
fixed some introductory remarks upon the class Hymenoptera, and a Sy-
noptical Table of the nomenclature of the external parts of these insects,
with plates.’ 2 vols. 8vo., pp. xxii, 258 and 388. Ipswich, 1802.
The title page sufficiently explains the object of this treatise on the British species
of bees, which may justly be said to be the most perfect monograph hitherto published
on any extensive group of insects. The introductory portion of the first volume, com-
prises a general survey of the views entertained by preceding authors concerning these
insects, both as regards their structure and classification, and a description of all the
different parts of the body of the perfect insect. This is followed by a very elaborate
account of the various “ genera and families, or orders,” or as we are now accustomed
to term them, families, sub-families and genera, their structure and habits, with a
description of the fourteen plates of outlines, etched by Mr. Kirby himself, illustrating
the sectional characters of these groups (the last of which contains figures of the
Pediculus Melitte and Stylops Melitte). The second volume is occupied with the
description of the species of bees, namely, 111 Melitte (Andrenide), and 110 Apides
(Apide), and is illustrated with four plates of the perfect insects, containing fifty co-
loured figures.
It is very worthy of remark that precisely at the period when this work was
published, Latreille was engaged upon a treatise upon the same insects, which ap-
25
peared in one of the supplementary memoirs appended to the ‘ Histoire naturelle
des Fourmis,’ published at Paris in 1802, the same year in which the ‘ Monographia
Apum Angliz’ was published. To show that these two authors worked independently
of each other, and that by following Truth as their guide they arrived, to a remarkable
extent, at a similar result, it will be sufficient to refer to the remarks subsequently
published by Latreille, in the third volume of his ‘ Histoire naturelle des Crustacés
et des Insectes,’ pp. 369—371, and by Kirby in the ‘ Linnean Transactions,’ ix. p. 2.
The recognition of each other’s merits by these two “ heroes scientie,” at a time when
England and France were engaged in deadly strife, is one of the most graceful tes-
timonies to the tranquillising power of the study of nature which can well be con-
ceived. 4
A condensed sketch of this work appeared in ‘ Illiger’s Magazine,’ vol. v. p. 28.
1806.
The fourteen plates of the first volume of this work were etched by Mr. Kirby him-
self, who had already in his paper on Ammophila, exercised his skill in this direction.
The plates of the second volume were, I believe, engraved by Sowerby.
10. ‘The genus Apion of Herbst’s Natursystem considered, its characters laid
down, and many of the species described.’ Linn. Trans. ix. pp. 1—80.
Read June 4th, 1805.
In the introductory observations, Mr. Kirby discusses at some length the various
modes of distribution proposed for grouping or dividing the great Linnean genus,
Curculio, and adopts Herbst’s genus Apion, of which he gives long descriptive “ es-
sential,” “artificial” and “ natural” characters ; followed by descriptions, after the
manner of the ‘ Monographia Apum Angliz,’ of the sixty species with which he was
then acquainted, including several Swedish species which he had received from Major
Gyllenhal. In this memoir, the great benefits resulting from the possession of
the Linnean cabinet of insects in this country were also exemplified, in the accurate
determination and detailed descriptions of several of the Linnean species. Of the
sixty species described in this monograph, not fewer than twenty-eight were new, ex-
clusive of the splendid Apion Limonii, described in the Addendum at the end of the
memoir, and figures of twenty of the species were given in the accompanying plate.
11. ‘ Descriptions of Seven New Species of Apion.’ Linn. Trans. x. pp. 347—
354. Read Dec. 5, 1809.
‘ Additional Observations.’ Jd., pp. 354—357.
We here find the first notice of ‘ an intended Introduction to Entomology,’ by Mr.
Kirby and his “ learned and very ingenious friend and coadjutor, William Spence, Esq.,
F.L.S., whose eye nothing escapes, and who directed my attention to the trochanters
(for, by this name, in the work above alluded to, we have agreed to distinguish what I
formerly called the second or femoral joint of the apophysis), in Apion, as differently
circumstanced from those of other Coleopterous genera.” This peculiarity is then de-
scribed, and in the additional remarks on the previously described species, attention
is paid to the characters afforded by these basal parts of the legs.
12. ‘Strepsiptera, a new order of Insects proposed ; and the characters of the
order, with those of its genera laid down.’ Linn. Trans. xi. pp. 86—122.
Read March 19th, 1811.
This is one of the most remarkable memoirs ever published. Mr. Kirby himself
D
26
had been so fortunate as to observe the development of the male of that strange insect,
which he described in his ‘Monographia Apum Anglie’ under the name of Stylops
Melitte. He had subsequently become acquainted with Rossi’s description of the
allied Xenos Vesparum, and had also received specimens of an American species of
Xenos from Professor Peck. With these materials, aided by the inimitable pencil
and microscope of F. Bauer, Mr. Kirby arrived at the conclusion, by a train of argu-
ment of the most instructive nature, that these insects constitute a distinct order, of
which he laid down the characters derived from a most scrutinizing examination of
every part of the insect, as well as a consideration of its preparatory states, so far as
he was at that time acquainted with them. He also characterized in detail, the two
genera Stylops and Xenos, the latter of which contained two species, X. Rossii (X-
Vesparum, Rossi), and X. Peckii, the latter reared from Polistes fuscata, abr. Mr.
Kirby likewise describes a new species of genuine Vespa (V. concolor), in which he
had found the exuvie of a species of Xenos. It is greatly to be regretted that Mr.
Kirby had not obtained a knowledge of the sexual distinctions of the Strepsiptera, and
that Mr. Bauer’s drawing, representing the pseudelytra, attached to the base of the
fore legs, led Mr. Kirby, and subsequently other authors, into incorrect ideas of the
relations of these curious appendages.
13. ‘Addendum to Strepsiptera.’ Linn. Trans. xi. pp. 233, 234. Read February
16th, 1813.
In this short paper, Mr. Kirby describes a new British species belonging to the
order which he names Stylops tenuicornis (subsequently described by Mr. Curtis, under
the name of Elenchus Walkerii), and likewise alludes to Frisch having been the first
author, who (on the testimony of Latreille) is said to have used the reticulation of the
wings for generic and secondary characters.
14. ‘An Introduction to Entomology, or Elements of the Natural History of In-
sects, with Plates. By W. Kirby and W.Spence. 4 vols.,8vo. London,
1815, &c.
The object of the authors in planning this work, was to supply an elementary work
upon the subject of insects fuller and more complete than Curtis's translation of the
‘Fundamenta Entomologie, and Yeat’s ‘ Institutions of Entomology, and less expen-
sive than Barbut’s ‘Genera Insectorum, works now almost forgotten, but which were
then the only introductory treatises published in this country. In order to render
their work as instructive and entertaining as possible, they devoted the first two
volumes to the interesting discoveries of Reaumur, De Geer, Bonnet, Lyonet, the
Hubers, &c., as well as their own individual observations, arranged under distinct
heads, a great portion of which were unknown to the English reader, no other si-
milar generalization being then extant, except a slight attempt in Smellie’s ‘ Philoso-
phy of Natural History,’ and a confessedly imperfect one in Latreille’s ‘ Histoire
naturelle des Crustacés et des Insectes.’
It is almost needless to give any detailed sketch of a work so well known as the
one before us, which has passed through six English editions. The following sum-
mary will suffice.
Vol. I.—Objections to the Study of Entomology answered ; Metamorphosis of In-
sects; Injuries caused by insects to man, animals, plants, furniture, clothes,
&e.; Benefits derived from insects ; Affection of insects for their young ;
ae
Food of insects; Stratagems of insects; Habitations of solitary and social
insects.
Vol. II.—Societies of insects (imperfect and perfect societies) ; Means by which
insects defend themselves; Motions of insects ; Noises produced by insects ;
Luminous insects ; Hybernation of insects; Instinct of insects.
Vol. II1I.*—Definition of the term insect; Egg state; Larva state; Pupa state ;
Imago state ; External anatomy of the head and its parts; Anatomy of
the trunk and its parts and organs; Anatomy of the abdomen and its
parts.
Vol. IV.—Internal anatomy and physiology of insects ; Sensation ; Respiration ;
Circulation ; Digestion; Secretion; Reproduction ; Motion ; Diseases of
insects ; Senses of insects; Orismology, or explanation of terms; System
[or classification] of insects; History of Entomology; Geographical and
local distribution of insects; Seasons, &c.; Entomological instruments ;
Modes of collecting, breeding, preserving and investigating insects; List
of authors, &c.
Vol. I., London, 1815 ; Id., 2nd edition, London, 1816; Id., 3rd edition, London,
1817.
Vol. II., London, 1817; Id., 2nd edition, London, 1818; Id., 3rd edition, London,
1822.
Vols. III. and IV., London, 1826.
Vols. I. II. III. and IV., 4th edition, London, 1828 ; Id., 5th edition, London,
1838.
Vols. I. and II., 6th edition, with much additional matter, London, 1843.
Index to 4th and 5th edition, London, 1838.
Translated into German by Oken, and published 1823, 24, 27 and 33.
Some of the chapters of the first and second volumes, also translated by Oken
and published in the ‘Isis,’ and others translated into French, and pub-
lished in Silbermann’s ‘ Revue Entomologique.’
15. ‘A Century of Insects, including several New Genera described from his
cabinet.’ Linn. Trans. xii. pp. 375—453, Read November 4th, 1817.
Previous to the commencement of the present century, very few insects from
* The third and fourth volumes of this work were not published until 1826, in con-
sequence of the continued ill-health, at that period, of Mr. Spence, “ which has de-
volved upon Mr. Kirby a considerable increase of labour, and demanded a greater
expenditure of time than would otherwise have been required, for though Mr. Spence
put every facility in Mr. Kirby’s power, and had drawn up a rough copy of every
letter belonging to his department: yet as most of them had been written several
years ago, many curious facts and a great variety of interesting information subse-
quently derived from various sources, were necessarily to be inserted, and the whole
prepared for the press.’—Advertisement, vol. iii. It is subsequently stated, that the
theory of instinct given in the second and fourth volumes, is from the pen of Mr.
Spence. The above is, I believe, the only indication of individual authorship in these
volumes which has hitherto been published.
28
Brazil had found their way to the collections of Europe. About the time, however,
when this memoir was read, Latreille published the descriptions of a considerable
number in Humboldt and Bonpland’s great work, and Dr. Klug described many
beautiful species in his several papers in the ‘ Nova Acta.’ To complete the trio, Mr.
Kirby, in the present paper, described a considerable number of Brazilian species,
chiefly Coleoptera. The following new genera were described in this paper, Pelecium
(Carabide), Anelastes (Cebrionide), Eurypus, Axina, Priocera (Cleride), Geniates,
Apogonia (Lamellicornia), Psammodes, Oxura, Scotinus, Spherotus, Strongylium,
Eurynotus, Adelium (Tenebrionide), Spheniscus, Stenochia (Helopide), Gnathium
(Meloide), Rhinotia, Eurhinus, Rhinaria (Curculionide), Lamprosoma (Chryso-
melide), Choragus, raised to the rank of a distinct family, Choragide, type C. Shep-
pardi, taken at Offton in Suffolk, by Mr. Sheppard (strenué saltans); one species of
Blatta, one of Mantis, one of Fulgora and Gonyleptes, a new genus of Phalangide.
It will be seen that Mr. Kirby here first adopts the uniform termination of ide for his
families, which correspond pretty nearly with the Linnean genera. This paper is il-
lustrated by two splendidly coloured plates by Mr. John Curtis, containing representa-
tions of thirty-two of the most interesting of the species.
Republished in Paris by M. Lequien, in 8vo., Paris, 1834, with 4 coloured plates.
16. ‘A Description of several New Species of Insects, collected in New Holland,
by Robert Brown, Esq. F.R.S., &c.’ Linn. Trans. xii. pp. 454—478. Read
February 17th, 1818.
Thirty-three species of Australian insects, chiefly Coleoptera, are described in this
memoir, including eight species of Buprestis, and the following new genera, Bolboceras
(allied to Geotrupes), Distichocera (Cerambycide), and Achilius (allied to Fulgora).
A plate by Mr. John Curtis, contains coloured figures of thirteen of the most beautiful
of the species.
17. ‘The Characters of Otiocerus and Anotia, two New Genera of Hemipterous
Insects belonging to the family Cicadiade ; with a description of several
species. Linn. Trans. xiii. pp. 12—23. Read March 2nd, 1819.
These are two small but very curious genera of Homoptera, allied to Fulgora and
Delphax ; Otiocerus being remarkable for its long wings and for having the antenne
furnished with long tortuous appendages: eight species from Georgia, collected by
Abbot, and sent to Francillon ; and Anotia having the terminal joint of the antenne
much elongated: one species from Georgia.
18. ‘An Account of the Animals seen by the late Northern Expedition whilst
within the Arctic Circle.’ London, 1821,4to. Being a Supplement to the
Appendix of Captain Parry’s Voyage for the discovery of a North-west pas-
sage, in 1819-20. The insects described by the Rev. W. Kirby.
The only species captured during this voyage in the high latitudes are Bombyx
(Psychophora) Sabini, Bombus arcticus = Apis alpina, O. Fabr., Ctenophora Parrii,
Chironomus polaris, a small caterpillar and a very small spider. [In the ‘ Introduction
to Entomology,’ iv. p. 448, a genuine Culex is mentioned as having been also brought
from Melville Island by this expedition.]
19. ‘A Description of some Insects which appear to exemplify Mr. W. S. Mac-
29
Leay’s doctrine of Affinity and Analogy. Linn. Trans. xiv. pp. 93—110;
also in the Annals of Philosophy, new series, 1823, vol. iv. pp. 417—426.
Read December 17th, 1822.
In this paper are described various new species of insects, which although belong-
ing to one family, exhibit little apparent resemblance with any of its members, but
take the form of species belonging to other families, their affinity being with the
former, whilst their relation with the latter is that of analogy. The species and genera
here described are,
1. Catascopus, belonging to the Harpalide, but which ‘ might be mistaken for a
species of Notiophilus of Dumeril, or at least be regarded as belonging to a cognate
genus.”
2. Pseudomorpha (fam. Scolytide ?). Although this genus might at first sight
be regarded as a Nitidula or Ips, it possesses all the essential diagnostics of those Ca-
rabide, with notched fore tibiz, but its precise place in that tribe is doubtful, although
it is suggested that it approaches towards Scolytus, Fabr. [Omophron].
3. Mimela (fam. Melolonthide). This Chinese genus externally resembles the
Brazilian Areoda, “ wearing, as it were, its very habit,” but most nearly allied in struc-
ture to Euchlora.
4, Agrion Brightwelli, apparently osculant between Agrion and Lestes. All these
insects are represented in a plate, executed by Mr. John Curtis. It is to be noticed that
the old Linnean genera, transformed into families are here (in accordance with Mr.
W. 8. MacLeay’s plan, adopted in the ‘ Hore Entomologice’) cut up into groups of
smaller value, to which the patronymic termination ‘ide’ is affixed.
20. ‘Some account of a new species of Eulophus, Geoffroy. Linn. Trans. xiv.
pp. 111—113. Read December 17th, 1822.
This paper contains a careful description of both sexes of Eulophus damicornis, a
beautiful little Hymenopterous parasite with branched antenne in the males, reared
from a caterpillar found on the hazel, which nearly, but not altogether, resembles that
of Bombyx camelina.
21. ‘On Animals receiving their Nutriment from Mineral Substances.’ Tilloch
and Taylor, Philos. Mag. and Journ. vol. 1xi., 1823, Part I. pp. 3—4.
After alluding to the assertions of some writers that no mineral substances had
afforded food to any species of animal, the writer mentions that the late Mr. Hunne-
man had received four specimens of asbestos, from Bonelli, which upon examination
were found to contain many larve of some insect that had perforated it in various direc--
tions, and in it underwent their customary metamorphosis, and which proved to be
Dermestes vulpinus. It was also mentioned as a proof that the insects had fed upon
the asbestos, that the holes with which it was perforated were of different sizes, varying-
from 14 to 2 lines in diameter.
22. ‘Introductory address explanatory of the views of the Zoological Club,* de-
livered at its foundation, November 29th, 1823, by the Chairman, the Rev.
* This Club, which was at first a branch of the Linnzan Society, was subsequently
developed into the Zoological Society.
30
W. Kirby. Tilloch and Taylor, Philos. Mag. vol. Ixii. pp.457—463, 1823,
also in Zool. Journ. (No. 5, April, 1825), vol. ii. pp. 1—8.
In this address the author dwelt especially upon the vast number of new species of
animals of all orders continually accumulating in our collections, and the necessity
for an union of talent for their investigation, not only with the object of rendering
them known, but also for studying the relations of affinity and analogy, their habits
and structure, and he dwelt especially on the necessity of pursuing the branch of
comparative anatomy.
23. ‘A Description of such Genera and Species of Insects alluded to in the
‘Introduction to Entomology’ of Messrs. Kirby and Spence, as appear not
to have been before sufficiently noticed or described. Decade the first.
Linn. Trans. xiv. pp. 503—572. Read December 21st, 1824.
The following are the new genera described in this paper:—1. Hexagonia (fam.
Lebiade). 2. Megasoma (fam. Dynastide, type Scarabeus Acteon, &c.) 3. Archon
(fam. Dynastide). 4. Genuchus (Cetoniade, allied to Cremastocheilus). 5. Schi-
zorhina, type Cetonia atropunctata, Kirby, Linn. Trans. xii. Australia). 6. Gnatho-
cera (allied to Cetonia, type Cetonia vitticollis, Latr.)
23. ‘Some Remarks on the Nomenclature of the Gryllina of MacLeay, &c., with
the Characters of a New Genus in that tribe. Zool. Journ. vol. i. (No. 4,
January, 1825), pp. 429—482.
This paper commences with some observations on the utility of uniform termina-
tions for the primary divisions of Orders, and gives an account of the “havoc and
confusion” which had been made in the nomenclature of the primary groups into
which the Linnean genus had been divided, approving of Dr. Leach’s restitution of
the name Locusta to the real locusts of the ancients, but proposing in lieu of Conoce-
phalus, by which Leach designated the Locust of Fabricius and Geoffroy, the names
of Acrida, Conocephalus and Pterophylla. He adds a short generic and specific
character of Scaphura Vigorsii, a new genus which connects these genera with the
Locustide (Gryllus, Fab.), and proposes some alterations in the employment of the
generic names Cicada, Tettix and Tettigonia.
25. ‘Some further Remarks on the Nomenclature of Orthoptera, with a detailed
Description of the Genus Scaphura.’ Zool. Journ. (No. 5, April, 1825),
vol. ii. pp. 9—11.
These remarks are very few, chiefly correcting the reference of his previous de-
scription to the tribe of Locustina of MacLeay, instead of his Gryllina. A full
description is added of the Scaphura Vigorsii, from Brazil, illustrated by figures.
26. ‘A brief Description of a Pair of Remarkable Horned Mandibles of an
Insect.’ Zool. Journ. (No. 5, April, 1825), vol. ii. p. 70.
These very large mandibles were taken from a string of beads and other trinkets,
brought from New Zealand, and “appear to have belonged either to a Lucanus or a
Prionus.”
27. ‘On the Structure of the Tarsus in the Tetramerous and Trimerous Coleop-
tera of the French Entomologists.’ ‘'Tilloch and Taylor, Philos. Mag. and
Journ. vol. lxv. Part 1, March, 1825, p. 193. -
31
In this paper, Mr. Kirby shows that Mr. Mac Leay’s supposed discovery of the
minute joint at the base of the claw joint in the Tetramera and Trimera, had been
observed by De Geer, and was also mentioned in the ‘ Introduction to Entomology.’
28. ‘A Letter from the Rev. W. Kirby in Explanation of his Remarks upon the
Notice given in the ‘ Philosophical Magazine’ of Mr. W.S. MacLeay’s
paper on the Tarsi of certain Insects. ‘Tilloch and Taylor, Philos. Mag.
vol. lxv. p. 267, 1825.
In this short note, Mr. Kirby admits that he had too hastily assnmed that Mr.
MacLeay was not aware of De Geer’s knowledge of the minute joint in question, and
also that the reference to the ‘ Introduction to Entomology’ ought to have stated that
the volume of that work containing the passage above referred to, had not then been
published. He further adds, that with De Geer he did not consider the joint in ques-
tion as a primary, but as a secondary one.
29. ‘A Description of Two New Species of Coleopterous Insects belonging to the
Genera Cremastocheilus and Priocera. Zool. Journ. (No. 8, 1826), vol. ii.
pp. 516—518.
The species here described are Cremastocheilus variolosus (North America ?), to
which is added a detailed description of another species of the same genus, received
from Dr. Harris, which Mr. Kirby considered as the real C. castanee of Knoch. The
species of Priocera is named P. pusilla, and supposed to be also a native of North
America.
29*. ‘Introduction to Entomology,’ vols. iii. and iv., 1826.
30. ‘A Description of some New Genera and Species of Petalocerous Coleoptera.’
Zool. Journ. No. 10, vol. iii. pp. 145—158, 1827.
The insects here described are Cnemida (a new genus belonging to the Rutelide)
C. Francilloni, Sparshalli and Curtisii, from Brazil; Cremastocheilus canaliculatus,
from Massachussets, with figures of two other previously described species of the same
genus, Cymophorus (n. g., near Cremastocheilus) undatus, Campulipus (n. g., allied
to Trichius, type Melolontha limbata, Oliv.), Acanthurus (n. g., allied to Trichius,
type T. hemipterus, Fabr.), Trichius Bigsbii, from Canada; together with a sketch of
the distribution of the genus Trichius into seven sections, namely, J. Legitimi (T.
fasciatus, &c.); 2. Trichini (T. viridulus, piger, &c.); 3. Tetropthalmi (T. suturalis,
K., n.s., Java); 4. Archimedii (T. Delta); 5. Euclidii (T. triangulum) ; 6. Aleuro-
sticti (T. nobilis, 8-punctatus) ; 7. Gymnodi (T. eremita, &c.).
31. ‘A Description of some Coleopterous Insects in the Collection of the Rev.
F. W. Hope, F.L.S. Zool. Journ. No. 12, 1828, vol. iii. pp. 520—526.
The species here described are Scarabeus femoralis, a gigantic species of sacred
beetle, from Nigritia (Soudan), Drepanocerus (a new and curious genus, allied to
Oniticellus), D. Kirbii, Hope MS., from the Cape of Good Hope, Onitis ambigua,
from the same Cape, Chrysina (a new genus of Rutelide), C. Peruviana, Emcephalus
(a new genus allied to Helzus), E. gibbosus and Adelium Hopii. Most of these
insects are beautifully figured by Sowerby.
32
32. ‘Some Account of the Hessian Fly. Loudon’s Mag. of Nat. Hist. No. 3,
vol. i. pp. 227, 228. September, 1828.
Mr. Say’s article upon the Hessian fly (Cecidomyia destructor, Say) in the ‘Jour-
nal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia’ for the year 1817, is here
abstracted, and its habits contrasted with those of C. Tritici of Kirby.
33. ‘An Outline and Description of Centrotus Bennetii and Hardwickii.’ Lou-
don’s Mag. of Nat. Hist. No. 6, vol. ii. pp. 20—22, 1829.
Descriptions and figures are here published of two very singular small Homopte-
rous insects, under the names of Centrotus Bennetii, from Choco in Colombia, and
C. Hardwickii, from Nepal. Outline figures are added from Stoll, of several other
equally remarkable species of the same genus.
34. ‘Nidus on a Rush. Loudon’s Mag.of Nat. Hist. No. 9, vol. ii. p. 405, 1829.
This is a short answer in reply to a query in the same volume‘(p. 104),*concerning
a circular nidus found attached to a rush, and which Mr. Kirby states to be that of a
spider, referring to De Geer, vol. vii. Plate xiii., and his own collection for similar
specimens.
35. ‘The Characters of Clinidium, a new genus of Insects in the Order Coleo-
ptera, with a Description of Clinidium Guildingii.’ Zool. Journ., No. 17,
1830, vol. v. pp. 6—10.
This is a very curious genus of beetles, presenting the characters of several dif-
ferent and distant tribes, especially interesting from its want of reticulated eyes. Mr.
Kirby considered it as most nearly allied to Cucujus rufus ; it is, however, very close
in its affinity to the genus Rhysodes, with which Mr. Kirby does not appear to have
been acquainted. The species is a native of the Island of St. Vincent, in the West
Indies: figures of the upper and under sides of the insect are given, but it is unfor-
tunate that Mr. Kirby was unable to examine the structure of the chief parts of the
mouth.
36. ‘On the History, Habits and Instincts of Animals, being Treatise VII. of the
Bridgwater Treatises.’ London, 1835. 2 vols. 8vo., pp. 948, 17 plates.
The design of this work, as of all the ‘ Bridgwater Treatises,’ is to prove and illus-
trate “‘ the power, wisdom and goodness of God as manifested in the Creation.” The
animal kingdom was assigned to Mr. Kirby, and the habits and instincts, especially
of the lower tribes of animals, have furnished much very interesting matter.
Translated into German by Fr. Oesterlen, under the title ‘ Die Thierwelt, als
zeugniss fur die Herrlichkeit des Schopfers.’ 1838. 8vo.
37. ‘Fauna Boreali-Americana, or the Zoology of the Northern parts of British
America.’ Part the Fourth and last. The Insects. 4to, pp. 325 and
xxxix, Norwich, 1837. 8 Plates containing coloured figures of 66 of the
most interesting genera and species with details.
This volume contains descriptions of the insects collected in the Northern Land
Expedition, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R. N., by Sir John Rich-
ardson, Surgeon and Naturalist to the Expedition, which formed a very principal and
interesting feature of the collections made during these expeditions, “ not only on ac-
33
count of the number of individual species, which is considerable, but also on account
of several new forms ; some of them connecting tribes, before placed far asunder, and
filling up many vacant places in a scientific arrangement of these animals; others
exhibiting an eastern aspect, and the majority representing, as it were, known Euro-
pean types, and, though varying from them in characters of more or less importance,
known European species: so that the American entomologists, for want of comparing
one with the other, appear often to have confounded them.” These insects were col-
lected during the brief summers of the Arctic Regions, and Mr. Kirby has added to
them descriptions of other species in his own collection, from Canada and Nova Scotia.
In the introduction, Mr. Kirby notices the difficulties attending the primary distribu-
tion of the Coleoptera according to the views of Latreille, MacLeay and Stephens,
and adds a tabular view of an arrangement of his own, in which the order is divided
into thirteen primary groups of equal value (the majority of which are subdivided into
other groups ‘of minor value). These groups are, 1. Adephaga; 2. Brachelytra;
3. Entaphia (consisting of the single genus Necrophorus) ; 4. Necrophaga; 5. Phil-
hydrida ; 6. Lamellicornia ; 7. Sternoxa; 8. Xylophaga (including the Xylophaga
of Latreille, as well as the Ptini and Longicornia) ; 9. Rhynchophora; 10. Phyto-
phaga; 11. Aphidiphaga; 12. Heteromera; 13. Malacoderma. Descriptions are
given of 343 Coleoptera; 3 Orthoptera; 2 Neuroptera; 2 Trichoptera; 32 Hyme-
noptera ; 17 Hemiptera; 1 Homoptera; 32 Lepidoptera; 15 Diptera. A List is also
added of 103 other insects of the northern parts of America, described by Otho
Fabricius, Curtis, Children and himself, in other works.
September 2, 1850.
J. F. Srernens, Esq., V. P., in the chair.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
donors: the ‘ Zoologist’ for August and September; by the Editor. The ‘ Transac-
tions of the Royal Society, 1848, parts 1 and 2; 1849, parts 1 and 2 : 1850, part 1;
List of Members, 1849, and Proceedings, No. 70 to 74; by the Royal Society. ‘ En-
tomologische Zeitung, for June and July ; by the Entomological Society of Stettin.
‘Bulletin de la Société Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscow, 1847, Nos. 3 and 4;
1848, Nos. 1 to 4; 1849, Nos. 1 to 3. ‘Specimen Faune Subterranex; by J. C.
Schiddte, Copenhagen, 1849; and ‘Om en afvigende Slegt af Spindlernes Orden,’
by J. C. Schiddte; both presented by the author. ‘A Letter to Lord Brougham
on the Scientific Exploration of Egypt and Ethiopia, by John James Wild, Civil
Engineer of Zurich ; by the author. Specimens, male and female, of Raphiglossa
Eumenoides and R. Odyneroides, and a male of Myrmosa nigriceps ; by 8. 8. Saun-
ders, Esq. These insects were described in a memoir read on the 3rd of July last.
Mr. Shepherd exhibited specimens of Rhodaria sanguinalis taken at New
Brighton, by Mr. C. 8. Gregson ; also some black varieties of Elachista Linneella,
taken near London.
Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a male and female of a beautiful variety of Ornithoptera
E
34
Priamus from Richmond River, New Holland; specimens of Amphimalla verna,
Meg.? found by Captain Parry at Tenby, and of Rhagium indagator, Callidium stri-
atum, Cetonia enea and Pytho depressus, taken by Mr. Weaver in the Black Forest,
Perthshire.
Mr. Douglas exhibited—
Odontia dentalis, found on Echium vulgare at Folkstone, in July.
Réslerstammia granitella, Xanthosetia inopiana, Eupecilia udana? and Sericoris
fuligana, Haw., found on Inula dysenterica, also at Folkstone, in July.
Adela Dumerillella? Tinea angusticostella, Pterophorus baliodactylus, Gelechia
Coronillella and Argyresthia Sorbiella, the latter on Pyrus Sorbus (Service), at Mick-
leham, in July.
Penthina ? in June, and Gelechia peliella, in August, at West Wickham.
Depressaria atomella, and Catoptria ? in August, at Charlton Sandpit.
Gelechia Inulella, Curtis, and G. bifractella, Mann, bred in July and August from
seed-heads of Inula dysenterica.
Gelechia Carlinella, n. s., bred in August, from seed-heads of Carlina vulgaris.
Gelechia, n. s., bred in August, from leaves of Cirsium lanceolatum, in which the
larva mines, feeding on the parenchyma only.
Pterophorus lithodactylus, bred from leaves of Inula dysenterica.
Mr. Westwood stated that in July, Lymexylon navale appeared from the oak-
timber in Pembroke Dockyard in thousands, and he had learned that they did not
continue in the perfect state longer than a fortnight, a circumstance he thought worthy
of note, as if availed of, their destruction might be more easily accomplished. The
experiment of placing the timber in the steam-tank for ten hours had been tried,
and found perfectly effectual in destroying the larve. He was likewise informed that
the timber affected was quite sound when received four years since. Mr. Westwood
also stated that he had received specimens of Apate Capucina, a beetle that had done
considerable damage in the same dockyard to oak timber received from Istria. Ad-
verting to the case-making Lepidopterous larve from pear-trees in the Horticultural
Society’s Garden, exhibited at the meeting on the 3rd of June, Mr. Westwood said
they proved to be of two kinds, one having produced Coleophora nigricella, and the
other C. Hemerobiella.
Mr. White read the following note on the boring powers of Monohammus
Sutor :-—
Messrs. Kirby and Spence in their world-read Introduction, record a striking
instance of the boring powers of another beetle of the Longicorn group, the Callidium
bajulum. Sir Joseph Banks gave to these gentlemen a piece of a sheet of lead, which,
though only eight inches long and four broad, was pierced with twelve oval holes, of
some of which the longest diameter is a quarter of an inch.
In every case recorded, the lead has been over wood in which the larva or pupa
of the insect has been enclosed, and as insects in their unerring instinet generally
“go forward,” the imago to get out to fulfil the object of its existence gnaws through
anything in the way, that can be reduced by its jaws.
My friend Mr. Ainger lately had occasion to get a pipe repaired which had been
damaged by an insect; the culprit is the Monohammus Sutor, and as Mr. Ainger
describes the circumstances well, I add his letter.
“ Dear Sir,—I send you the creature which perforated my leaden pipe, and the
enclosed sketch will explain the position of the pipe in reference to the round hole
35
in the timber, where the animal was found, and from which it must have been
trying to escape, when the pipe stopped its progress. The hole in the pipe had
very much the appearance of a screw-hole in a common iron hinge, with the
dishing or countersinking formed to receive the head of the screw. This counter- ~
sinking was not uniform, being on one side oblique, and on the other nearly vertical
to the surface of the pipe; the difference,was evidently produced by the obliquity of
the line of progress, and by the fact of the animal’s working in something like a he-
misphere, of which that line was the axis. I can give no indication of the time
occupied except this; that the pipe was subjected to a high-service pressure seventy-
two hours, before the water burst through the aperture in question. The creature
when found was not quite dead, but very inanimate, having been exposed to a violent
jet of water for above half-an-hour. I am, dear Sir, yours truly, ALFRED A1NGER.”
‘What surprises me is, that these round holes in the timber are not more common.
The coincidence of finding a leaden pipe at the surface of the timber may easily be
very rare; but I never before saw such a hole formed in wood, and I suppose the
animal is not uncommon ?”
Mr. White, on the part of Mrs. Hamilton, exhibited a small but most interesting
collection of insects of India, including the beetle referred to in her letter, read
July 1, and a specimen of the butterfly Danais Daos.
He also exhibited a drawing by Mrs. Hamilton, of this butterfly, its larva and
pupa, which, besides being highly flattering to that lady as an evidence of her skill in
observing and delineating, was especially interesting as determining the relations of
the species, and showing that Mr. E. Doubleday, with his usual accuracy, was correct
in considering it to belong to the genus Danais rather than Hestia, with which it had
been associated.
October 7, 1850,
G. R. Warernouse, Esq., President, in the chair.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
donors thereof: The ‘ Zoologist, for October; presented by the Editor. ‘ Entomo-
logische Zeitung, for August and September ; presented by the Entomogical Society
of Stettin. ‘Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 1848, ‘Troisiéme et
Quatriéme Trimestres, and 1849, complete. ‘ Insecta Saundersiana, or Characters of
Undescribed Insects in the Collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq.; Diptera, Part I.,
by Francis Walker, Esq.’ ; presented by W. W. Saunders, Esq. A small collection of
Insects from Hong Kong ; presented by J. C. Bowring, Esq., Corresponding M. E. 8.
George Guyon, Esq., of Richmond and Ventnor, and Mr. Charles Potter, 6, Cole-
man Street, were elected subscribers.
Mr. S. Stevens exhibited some beautiful Lepidoptera, received from Mr. Bates,
collected by him at Ega, Upper Amazons, including a new species of Papilio, Hectera
Andromeda, a new species of Castnia, and a new Callithea ; also some Homoptera
and Diptera of curious form, and some conspicuous Staphylinide.
Mr. Shepherd exhibited three specimens of Aphomia anella, a species new to
Britain, taken near Dover.
36
Mr. Bond exhibited a hermaphrodite specimen of Arctia Caja, reared from a larva
which did not present any remarkable appearance. It was observed of this specimen
that the female half was on the right side, it being usually in such cases found upon
the left. Mr. Bond also exhibited a variety of Sphinx Ligustri, and a pale variety of
Charissa pullata.
Mr. Westwood, on the part of Mr. Gould, exhibited two insects he had found in
Scotland impaled on the spines of furze. In former instances of insects impaled on
thorns, it had been suggested that they might have been so placed by shrikes, but
this was scarcely probable in this case, as shrikes were not known in Scotland. One
of the insects was Coccinella 7-punctata, which was alive when found; it had been
suggested that it had impaled itself by flying against the spines, which was barely
possible: in the other instance a suicide was still less likely to have occurred, the
insect being the caterpillar of Phragmatobia Menthrasti. The subject of insects im-
paled on thorns required elucidation.
Mr. Westwood, on the part of Captain Parry, exhibited a specimen of Goliathus
Drurzi enclosed in its pupa-case, in which it was alive when received in England.
Mr. Westwood observed that the cases of some Lamellicorn larve were formed by the
parent insects, but he was inclined to believe that this was made by the larva itself,
as in the instances of some Noctue and Cetoniade.
Mr. Westwood exhibited a larva of Lymexylon navale in spirit, received from
Pembroke Dockyard. On seeing it, the president said he was now sure that he had
once found a larva of this beetle in hard dead wood of an oak in Windsor Forest, close
to the place where Mr. Griesbach had taken the perfect insect. At that time he was
not certain that it was the larva of this species, though he strongly suspected it. Mr.
Westwood also exhibited a larva of Apate Capucina in spirit; observing that it
greatly resembled the larve of the Ptinide to which it was doubtless related.
Adverting to the butterfly received from Mrs. Hamilton and exhibited at the last
meeting, Mr. Westwood said, that judging from the characters furnished by the larva
it had then been referred to the genus Danais, but it appeared on a more careful ex-
amination of the butterfly, that notwithstanding these characters of the caterpillar, it
did not belong to the genus, but was in reality a Hestia; showing at least that no one
set of characters could be exclusively relied upon for separating subgenera.
Mr. Douglas exhibited a specimen of Hypera Rumicis, of which he had found the
pupa in its round, reticulated, diaphanous cocoon, attached to a blade of grass at
Folkstone, in July. He had put it into a pill-box and watched it daily until the
imago emerged, and when he then saw it not a vestige of the cocoon was visible, so
that be had no doubt it had eaten up its former covering.
A letter was read from J. C. Bowring, Esq., corresponding member at Hong
Kong, of which the following is an extract :—“ July 30,1850. In 1848, I exhibited
to the Society a curious Coccus-like insect, parasitic upon Fulgora candelaria, which
excited some attention, and gave rise to considerable discussion as to the order to
which it belonged. On my return to China, towards the close of 1848, I endeavoured
to rear this parasite, but without success until last month, owing chiefly to the diffi-
culty of keeping the Fulgore alive in captivity. The young larve are found, varying
from the size of a pin’s head to half an inch in length, attached to the dorsal segments
of the Fulgore, there being rarely more than one parasite on a Fulgora. When
young, they are destitute of the cottony covering which gives them so great an ap-
pearance of Cocci, but as they grow larger this makes its appearance until they are
37
densely covered with it. Arrived at this stage they drop off from the Fulgore, and
retire to some safe place, where they may undergo their transformation to the pupa
state. I have not been able to discover in what way the insect spins its coating of
cotton into a cocoon, but it is evident that it does do so, forming a comfortable look-
ing, compact nidus, lined internally with strong and stiff material. The period
during which the insect remains in the pupa state is very variable ; in one instance
it was nine days, in another, upwards of two months ; the latter case was during the
cool season, the former, last month. On attaining the perfect state the insect makes
its escape from its nidus by an opening at one end, leaving the pupa-case protruding
therefrom about half its length, like the Oiketici.
“The specimen labelled ‘ No. 2,’ I consider particularly interesting. I had it in
my box for some time, when one day a number of minute Hymenoptera issued from
it, parasites on a parasite. I was unable, to my regret, to capture any of these, for
they were so small that they escaped through the gauze covering of my breeding-
cage, and I did not perceive them till it was too late.”
Mr. Bowring adds that, although it will be deemed very extraordinary, he thinks
the insect reared from the Coccus-like parasite is Lepidopterous. Unfortunately the
insect he reared and forwarded became so broken on its journey that not sufficient re-
mained to show to what order it belonged.
The following note by Mr. Newman was read, on
“ The way Bees open the Snapdragons.—I have been much amused and instructed
by watching wild bees of the genera Bombus and Megachile open the blossoms of the
snapdragons, that is, the garden varieties of Antirrhinum majus. This species is so
great a favourite with the bees, that the flowers are frequently destroyed by the assi-
duity of their visitors, and one variety in particular, the corolla of which is unusually
delicate, rarely attains perfection unless enclosed by a covering of gauze or glass.
‘“*T have remarked in the first place the truth of the assertion, which I fear I have
too often condemned as merely poetic, that the same individual bee never tries the
same flower a second time. Even though it shall have sipped at fifty of these little
fountains of nectar between two visits to any particular flower, and though on the
second visit, it shall approach that particular flower quite as eagerly as on the first,
yet it is simply a visit of inquiry, as it invariably leaves the flower, without the
slightest attempt to enter it a second time. Now how does the bee ascertain that
the sweets of the flower have already been rifled by herself? What organ of sense
aids her in making the discovery? Certainly the fact of the honey having been ab-
stracted is not perceptible, for I watched a bee enter every one of six flowers on a
plant, and in the space of a few minutes, another bee did the same; and then another,
and another: as many as fifteen or twenty bees will occasionally come to an isolated
plant within an hour, and the last comer will not appear aware of the previous visits ;
and yet the same bee never opens the same flower twice.
“In the second place there are four different modes, practised by as many species,
in which the pollen or honey is obtained: these I will describe separately.
“1. Megachile centuncularis alights on the upper lip of the flower, and crawls into
the mouth with its back downwards ; and the hairy pollen-brush of its abdomen
is closely appressed, by the elastic spring in the under lip of the flower to the hairy in-
terior surface of the upper: by this means the pollen is brushed from the anthers and
received by the pollen-brush of the bee, and also by the hairy interior surface of the
upper lip of the flower: as this bee disappears within the corolla it is fair to assume it
38
sips honey from the nectary, as well as gathering pollen from the anthers, and thus
accomplishing a double purpose in its visit.
«2. Bombus ? invariably alights on the lower lip of the flower, which it
enters in the ordinary position of its race, with the back upwards: the mesothoracic
sections press the anthers against the hairy surface to which I have already alluded,
and there remains on the mesothorax of the bee a yellow stripe of pollen, which,
however, does not appear to be a desideratum, but on the contrary rather an annoy-
ance, as the bee will often settle on a leaf, and passing its fore legs over its alary seg-
ments try to scrape or brush away the pollen which clings there. Although the
mouth of the corolla is greatly distended as the bee enters, still the presence of the
latter when entirely within the tube is not perceptible.
“3. Bombus ? alights on the common flower-stalk, just below the flower, and
with its sharp scissars-like mandibles cuts a hole in the corolla close to the nectary,
which in the true Antirrhinums is not elongated into a spur as in Linaria vulgaris and
its congeners: cutting the aperture is scarcely the work of a second: when accom-
plished, the tongue or rather labial apparatus is immediately thrust through the
aperture, and the delicious liquid abstracted: it frequently, indeed most frequently,
happens, that the honey has been already consumed by one or other of the species
already noticed, and the difference in the bearing of the bee is very remarkable: when
disappointed, she immediately flies away with a sharp angry hum, as though out of
temper: but when successful, she imbibes the nectar with much deliberation, and
apparent satisfaction; and makes a kind of purring noise, probably with her wings,
while engaged in the agreeable occupation: having finished the task, she strokes her
head and antenne with her fore feet, somewhat as a cat washes her face ; and rests at
least a minute before seeking another meal.
“4, Bombus ? a very large bee, which alighting on the lower lip of the
corolla opens the mouth of the flower, and whilst standing in this position, thrusts its
enormous labial apparatus into the tube until it reaches the nectary. I believe this
is the female of No. 2, all of which I found to be neuters, and I have so seldom had
an opportunity of watching its operations that I should not have recorded them, had
not Mr. Stainton informed me he had frequently observed the same habits in a large
Bombus in Devonshire.”
Mr. Westwood observed, that it did not appear to have occurred to Mr. Newman
that a bee might operate on a flower in different ways, guided thereto by its wants. If
it required pollen it would enter with its back downward, in order, as Mr. Newman
had observed, that it might place its abdomen in contact with the anthers ; but if
seeking honey, it would enter the flower in the ordinary manner.
It was announced that Part II. of Vol. I. new series of the Transactions was
ready for delivery.
39
November 4, 1850.
G. R. Waternouse, Esq., President, in the chair.
The following donations were received, and thanks ordered to be given to the
respective donors: The ‘ Zoologist’ four November ; presented by the Editor. ‘ Lecture
on Blights,’ by F. Plomley, Esq., M.D.; presented by the Author. ‘ Fauna Japonica,
Auctore Ph. F. De Siebold ; Crustacea, elaborante W. De Haan, 1850; presented
by Herr De Haan, Hon. For. M.E.S. ‘Memoires de la Société des Sciences de
YAgriculture at des Arts de Lille, 1842—9;’ presented by the Society. ‘ Enuméra-
tion des Insectes qui Consomment les Tabacs,’ by M. Guérin-Méneville ; ‘ Essai sur
les Maladies des Vers a Soie, by M. Guérin-Meneville; ‘ Analyse des Expérimens
sur la Muscardine, by M. Guérin-Méneville; all presented‘by the Author.
The Rev. Joseph Greene, Miss Stopford, and Mr. Thomas Thompson were bal-
loted for and elected Subscribers of the Society.
Mr. Westwood mentioned that M. Guérin had observed that the structure of the
blood in diseased silkworms, was found, when viewed under microscopes of high
powers, to be considerably altered. The small granules, which in the healthy blood
were found to be oval, or round ; in the diseased blood became elongated, and then
branched ; thus, apparently turning from an animal into the vegetable substance
known as muscardine. ;
Mr. Shepherd exhibited an Hermaphrodite Nonagria Cannz, of which, however, ~
both the antennz were male.
Mr. S. Stevens exhibited some cocoons of a Bombyx from Columbia, in each of
three of which he had found two pupe. He also exhibited the four new species
of Australian Coleoptera, Clytus spinicornis, Saperda bilabilis, Cerambyx subserratus
and Agasma semicrudum, described by Mr. Newman in the ‘ Zoologist.’
Mr. Stevens also exhibited some specimens of insect economy, brought from South
Australia by Mr. Mossman.
Mr. J. F. Stephens exhibited specimens from Scotland, of Dictyopterus Aurora,
a beetle new to Britain, and Tinea ochraceella, of Tengstrom ; the latter species had
been found by Mr. Weaver in ants’ nests.
Mr. Bond exhibited some rare Lepidoptera he had taken at Ventnor, in August,
including Agrotis lunigera, Catoptria pupillana, Depressaria caprella, rotundella,
Douglasella, nanatella and pallorella.
The President exhibited on behalf of Mr. G. Ransome, a very fine Deilephila
Celerio recently taken at Ipswich.
Mr. W. F. Evans exhibited four specimens of a Culex, which had accidently been
enclosed in a letter received from Commander Pullen, dated Great Slave Lake, 28th
June, 1850, in latitude 61 degrees. The great abundance and intolerable annoyance
of these little pests in high latitudes, had been mentioned by Sir G. Back, in his ac-
count of the Arctic Land Expedition, in 1833; and by Sir John Franklin, in his
account of his journey to the Polar Sea in 1819—22.
The President read a letter from M. Blisson, requesting from the members of the
Society, information concerning certain British Coleoptera, to be incorporated in a
work he was preparing on that order.
40
Mr. W. W. Saunders read a paper on Australian Longicorn beetles, of which the
following is an abstract. The paper is accompanied by two coloured plates.
The author observed, that a great many interesting forms among the smaller Lon-
gicorns having, during the last few years, been brought to this country from our Aus-
tralian colonies, he had thought that an account of them would be interesting to ento-
mologists, particularly if he combined with them, figures and short descriptions of
some of the interesting nearly allied forms, which had previously only been described,
but wanted good portraits to point out their structure.
First Division. Wings not abbreviated ; eyes rounded or ovate.
Genus—ENCHOPTERA.
Nearly allied to Macrones of Newman, but differs in the longer thorax which is
nearly smooth on the sides, and the longer and pointed snout.
Sp. 1. ENcHoprERA APICALIs.
Dark chesnut-brown, with the forehead and apices of the femora black, the three
terminal joints of the antenne yellow, and the elytra yellowish brown.
Length ¥ inch.
From Van Diemen’s Land.
Sp. 2. ENcHOpPTERA NIGRICORNIS.
Head pale chesnut-brown: antenne pitchy-brown inclining to black: elytra pale
chestnut-brown, clothed with yellowish pubescence: legs pitchy-brown with
the anterior and middle thighs yellowish brown.
Length 4 inch.
From New South Wales.
Genus—Macrones, Newman, Entomologist, p. 33.
Sp. 1. Macrones ExILis, Newman.
Black, with the sides of the thorax dark rufous brown: elytra yellowish brown,
with four darker elevated ridges, and the posterior tarsi white.
Sp. 2. Macrones RUFUws.
Rufous brown, with a broad ring of black on the first joint of the antenna, and
another of the same colour on the hind femora.
Length 14, inch.
From Hunter's River.
Genus—Bracnopsis.
Differs from Macrones in the less projecting head, unarmed thorax, and shorter
and stronger legs, besides other characters,
Al
Sp. 1. Bracnopsis CONCOLOR.
Dark chesnut-brown, with the tips of the first joint of the antenne, forehead, face,
and a longitudinal line along the thorax, black: elytra with four elevated
ridges.
Length } inch.
From Van Diemen’s Land.
Genus—SrEenopeErus, Dejean.
Sp. 1. SreNopERUS MACULICORNIS.
Dull orange, with the antennz, except the fourth, fifth and sixth joints, black, the
latter nearly white, tipped with black.
Length +, inch.
From the north and north-west coasts of New Holland.
Genus—PsILOMoRPHA.
Having some resemblance to Mr. Shuckard’s genus Stephanops, but abundantly
distinct by the less projecting head, ovate eyes, and other characters.
Sp. 1. PstLomorpHa TENUIPES.
Pale chesnut-brown, with the eyes, first joint, and tips of the other joints, of the
antenne, and legs black: elytra striate.
Length 4, inch.
From New Holland.
Second Division. Wings not abbreviated ; eyes reniform.
Genus—Stepuanops, Shuckard, Ent. Mag. v. 510.
Sp. 1. SrepHanors nasutus, Shuckard.
Genus—ORroDERES.
Having a general resemblance to the Macrones group, but essentially differing in
the shape of the eyes, structure of antenne, &c.
Sp. 1. OrRoDERES HUMERALIS.
Black, with a purplish metallic tint, except the elytra, which are orange at the
base, and the abdomen, which has a bright steel-blue tint.
Length $ inch.
From New South Wales.
A2
Genus—Herrnazstion, Newman.
Sp. 1. HepHzsrion ocreatus, Newman, Entomologist, p. 10.
Genus—Bimia, White.
Sp. 1. Brmta FEMORALIs.
Closely resembles Bimia bicolor of White (in the ‘ Illustrated Proceedings of the
Zoological Society’), but will be found to differ in the narrow instead of broad
black band on the thorax, and in the forehead and middle femora being ochra-
ceous instead of black.
Genus—AKIPTERA.
Somewhat allied to Newman’s genus Brachytria, but differing in the length and
structure of the antenne, and other important characters.
Sp. 1. AKIPTERA SEMIFLAVA.
Head and thorax hairy, yellow and black: elytra hairy, dull yellow, with the
apical half black.
Length ¥ inch.
From Australia.
Genus—Bracuytris, Newman.
Sp. 1. Bracuytrria GuLosa, Newman, Annals Nat. Hist. v., p. 6.
This species varies much, the dorsal spot is sometimes wanting, and occasionally
the three spots are united into one.
Third Division. Wings much abbreviated.
Genus—HestueEsis, Newman.
Sp. 1. HEsTHESIS ORNATA.
The smallest species of the genus, and most nearly allied to H. variegatus of
Newman, the Molorchus variegatus of Fabricius. Head and thorax black:
elytra dark umber brown, with darker shoulders: legs and tarsi dull chesnut-
brown.
Length 3 inch.
From Hunter’s River.
Genus—AGaApETE, Newman.
Sp. 1. Acarere carissima, Newman, Zoologist, p. 1017.
The singular conformation of the antenne, these organs being twelve-jointed, im-
mediately distinguishes the genus from others of the Molorchide.
43
A paper by Mr. Hewitson was then read, containing descriptions of some new Pa-
pilionide, of which the following is an abstract. The paper is accompanied by two
coloured Plates.
“Many of our true Papilios which have now separate names, will, I believe, if
better known, prove to be only sexually and not specifically distinct.
“ Papilio Tullus proves to be the female of P. Sesostris.
“‘ Papilio Proteus and Arcas, are male and female; and I have no doubt that P.
Pirithous is the 2 of P. Lycophron, and P. Acamas the ? of P. Thersites.”
Papritio Bo.tvar.
Allied to P. Vertumnus. Anterior wings deep black, with an irregular silvery
ereen patch, from the inner margin to near the middle of the wing: posterior
wings black, with a dark crimson patch at the lower half of the cell.
Exp. 3 % inches.
Has, Amazons.
Papitio CoLumBus.
Allied to P. Dolicaon. Anterior wings cream-colour, the outer margin and a
large space at the apex black, and the costa at the base bordered with black:
posterior wings dentated, with a narrow linear tail; cream-colour, with the
outer margin black.
Exp. 3 3, inches.
Has. Amazons.
CauuirHes BaTeEsit.
Anterior wings deep purple, the base orange, apex and outer margin shining
green: posterior wings deep purple, the base orange, and the submarginal line
green.
Exp. 2 ¥ inches.
Has. Amazons.
Lepratis ACROIDES.
Anterior wings dark brown, with three groups of spots: the first is at the base, orange,
oblong-triangular, the second yellow, tinged with orange, runs obliquely across
the middle, the third, half-way between the last and the tip of the wing, is formed
by three oval, yellow spots : posterior wings orange, bordered by dark brown. The
under side is like the upper but less distinct, and the posterior wings are without
the brown margin.
Exp. 271, inches.
Has. Minas Geraes.
Mr. Westwood read the first part of a paper on the genus Evania, supplementary
to his paper in the third volume of the Society’s Transactions.
44
December 2, 1850,
G. R. Warrernouse, Esq., President, in the chair.
The following donations were announced and thanks ordered to be given to the
respective donors ; ‘The Zoologist, for December; presented by the Editor. * Ento-
mologische Zeitung, for October and November; by the Entomological Society of
Stettin. ‘Separat-Abdruck der Zeitschrift der Entomologische Gesellschaft zu
Breslau; by Herr Zeller, Honorary Foreign Member. ‘Abhandlungen de Zoolo-
gisch-Mineralogischen Vereins zu Regensburg ; by Dr. Herrich-Schiaffer: and an
‘Article on the Fulgorelle ; by Dr. Schaum. Also five specimens of Cheimatobia
boreata; presented by Nicholas Cooke, Esq.
John Gray, Esq., of Wheatfield House, near Bolton, and J. Newman Tweedy,
Esq., of 47, Montagu Square, were balloted for, and elected Members of the Society.
The President announced that the requisite number of subscribers for the ‘ Insecta
Britannica’ being nearly obtained, the committee had decided to proceed with the
publication of the series, and that the first volume would be published early in 1851.
Mr. Evans exhibited a Lampyris from Rio de Janeiro, and read the following ex-
tract of a letter, dated Rio de Janeiro, November 12th, 1849.
“ T send you at last a specimen of the Rio firefly, which I certify to having captured
myself while in the act of emitting light, and further, that having taken it home, I
placed it under a tumbler in a dark room, and was enabled, by the light it emitted, to
read letters printed on a paper on which the glass was put. P.S.—Near the caudal
extremity underneath, is a white enamel-like spot, which emits the light.—F. Pen-
nelly.”
Mr. Evans communicated an extract from the Sydney Morning Herald, of the
22nd of June last, announcing the establishment, in that city, of the Australian So-
ciety for the investigation of scientific subjects, and stating that at the first meeting,
the attention of the Society was directed by the Rev. G. E. Turner, to a grub, which
is found in vines, and excites some alarm among the vine-growers of the colony.
My. Evans exhibited a Scolopendra electrica, and Mr. Westwood referring to its
luminous properties, stated as a fact that had come within his own observation, that
Lithobius forcipatus also emitted light.
Mr. S. Stevens exhibited some fine specimens of the variety of Ornithoptera Pria-
mus, from Richmond River, New Holland, and also that singular Lepidopterous in-
sect, Myrmecopsis Eumenides, Newm., which so resembles a Hymenopterous insect.
My. Stainton exhibited five new species of British Tineide: viz., Coleophora par-
titella, Z., C. vulnerarie, Z., C. lithargyrinella, Z., C. juncicolella, Sta., and Ela-
chista Treitschkeella, F-v-R., and read the following notice, by Mr. Jordan, of a small
Lepidopterous larva (probably of the genus Goniodoma).
“ During a short excursion in Kent, in the month of August last, I gathered and
brought to town amongst other wild flowers, several specimens of Origanum vulgare.
On the next day, as I was looking at the flowers, two buds from one of the heads of
this plant seemed to be crawling about, and on closer examination, it proved that
these two were in reality the tents of larve of some minute Lepidopterous insect.
They so exactly resembled a single flower-bud of the Origanum, that it was difficult to
distinguish them when at rest, from those in the head around them; the lower part of
45
the case bearing a complete resemblance to the calyx, and the upper portion to the
unexpanded corolla both in colour and form; in fact these were the materials out of
which the case was formed. Both larve unfortunately died in two or three days. The
Origanum was gathered in a small chalk-pit, near Darenth Wood, where no doubt the
larva may again be met with another season.”
Mr. Douglas read a letter from Mr. E. Wilson, in which it was stated, that in the
United States it was impossible to preserve a collection of insects of any extent ; as in
some years during the very hot weather, owing to a peculiar state of the atmosphere,
everything that was closely shut up became covered with a white hvar, and that from
this cause a pair of boots in a cupboard would become as white as snow ; that in order
to guard against these sudden attacks, the cases of birds at the Academy of Philadel-
phia, instead of being closed as they are in this country, have chimneys to cause an
artificial draught, and every box of insects is required to be opened during the con-
tinuance of these attacks so as to expose them as much as possible to the air.
Mr. Westwood stated that M. Guerin-Méneville, in his researches on insects des-
tructive to tobacco, had found that many different species fed thereon. One of these,
a new species, named Catorama Tabaci, he at first thought was allied to the genus
Ptinus, but afterwards found it more nearly related to Dorcatoma. In this latter
genus he had been able to clear up the doubts as to the number of joints in the an-
tenn (which had been variously stated by different authors to be eight, nine, ten and
eleven) ; having determined from the examination of two specimens that the real
number was ten in the male and nine in the female. Another species detected by M.
Guérin-Ménéville was Xyletinus serricornis. Mr. Westwood said that in a cigar for-
warded to himself for examination, he had found the pupa of a beetle, the abdominal
portion of which was encased in the skin of the larva, the skin itself, including the
head, remaining perfect, and he thought probably that the species was Xyletinus ser-
ricornis. The cigar purported to be from Havannah, but if the insect should prove to
be X. serricornis, this was very doubtful, as that beetle was North American, and the
observations of M. Guérin went to show that the native country of tobacco might be
ascertained by the insects found in it.
Mr. Wilkinson thought this idea of M. Guérin fallacious, as tobacco in this country
coming from different places, was piled in the bonded warehouses often for a consider-
able time, and insects might easily travel from one package to another.
The President observed that many insects were found all over the world, instan-
cing the species of Dermestes and Trogosita Mauritanica, and that it remained to be
proved that the beetles referred to were peculiar to one country.
My. Saunders then read the following note :—
In acommunication I have lately received from Mr. H. G. Harrington, dated at sea,
the 7th of October last, in lat. 17 deg. S., long. 35 deg. W., he says, “ I have taken two
very beautiful moths decidedly exotic, one in lat. 27 deg. 36 min. N., long. 19 deg.
34 min. W.; the other in lat. 13 deg. 12 min. N., long. 24 deg. 32 min. W., and three
beetles south of the line a few miles.” Laying down these positions on a good chart,
I find that the first is about eighty miles from land, nearly west of the Island of Tierso,
one of the Canary group ; and the second is about ninety miles from land, due south
of Brova, one of the Cape de Verd Islands. The exact position where Mr. Harring-
ton took the beetles is not so easy to determine ; but looking to the route taken by the
ship, Sir E. Parry, which may be very nearly ascertained from the positions given by
46
Mr. Harrington in his letter, it is evident that the distance from the nearest land,
that of the small island of Fernana Noronha, was at least 240 miles, and from the
coast of Brazil, 350 miles. The small island alluded to is only about two leagues in
length, and is about seventy leagues distant from the mainland of Brazil. Facts so
well authenticated as the foregoing on the flight of insects are very interesting, and it
is well that they should be recorded, although at present, the names of the insects
which have ventured out so far to sea, or have been driven by necessity to undertake
a long flight over such an extent of water, cannot be ascertained. I hope hereafter
to procure from Mr. Harrington more information on this point, which I shall have
pleasure in communicating to the society.
The President observed that once when crossing the channel to Dublin in very
calm weather, the vessel was surrounded the whole distance by insects of all kinds, of
which as most conspicuous he had noticed the common white butterfly, which invaria-
bly flew close to the water.
Mr. Bond stated that the larve of Acherontia Atropos had been unusually common
in Cambridgeshire this autumn, and that two had squeaked audibly while yet in the
pupa state.
The President announced that Part 3, of Vol. i., new series, of the Transactions,
was on the table.
January 6, 1851.
G. R. Wareruouss, Esq., President in the chair.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
donors: The ‘ Zoologist’ for January; presented by the Editor. The ‘ Journal of
the Royal Agricultural Society of England,’ vol. xi. part 2; presented by the Society.
‘Annales de la Societé Linnéenne de Lyon,’ 1847-9; presented by the Society.
‘Mémoires de Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts, de Lyon;’ ‘Classe
des Lettres,’ tom. i. et ii.; ‘ Classe des Sciences, tom.i. et ii.; presented by the Society.
‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles d’ Agriculture et d'Industrie de Lyon, tome xi. 1848,
1849 and 1850; presented by the Society. ‘ List of the Specimens of British Animals
in the collection of the British Museum ; Part v. Lepidoptera, by J. F. Stephens, Esq.’ ;
presented by the Author. Six specimens of Pterostichus oblongo-punctatus; presented
by the Rev. C. Kuper, from Trellich, Monmouthshire. Specimens of the rare Formica
cunicularia, male ; Mononycus Pseudacori, and Vespa Crabro, male and female ; pre-
sented by F. Smith, Esq.
T. A. Preston, Esq., of Brampton Place, Bexley, was balloted for and elected a
Subscriber.
Mr. Douglas, on the part of Mr. Allis, exhibited a specimen of the rare Neuropte-
rous insect Drepanepteryx Phalenoides, taken by him at Bowness.
47
Mr. S. Stevens exhibited some fine specimens of Dynastes Jupiter or Neptunus,
from Columbia ; also a foreign Bombyx, with the case of the larva of a Tinea? at-
tached to its head.
Mr. Douglas observed, in reference to the note of Mr. Jordan, read at the last
meeting, that on looking at some dry flowers of Origanum, which he had gathered in
October, near Dartford Heath, he found that two of the withered calyces, or rather
combination of calyces, for two or three were joined together, were removed by their
insect tenants from the bulk of the plant, and attached to the cage in which they were
placed. Since then, Mr. Stainton and he had gathered some withered flowers of Ori-
ganum with living larve in them, one of which Mr. Stainton exhibited to the
meeting.
Dr. Wallich read a translation which he had made from the Danish at the request
of William Spence, Esq., V.P., of the elaborate memoir of J. C. Schiddte, entitled
‘Specimen Faune Subterranee, of which the following is an epitome.
In 1768, was discovered that singular blind reptile Proteus anguinus in the caves
of Krain, and occasionally found since in the Magdalene cave, near Adelsberg, in
Illyria. In 1840, Koch published a figure of a Crustacean, of the family of Oniscus,
Pherusa alba, discovered in the cave of Adelsberg ; and four years later was found in
the Lueger cave, an insect of the Coleopterous family Carabide, Anophthalmus
Schmidtii. It was not only their locality which attracted attention to these animals,
though it was striking enough that animals should be found existing under conditions
so unfavourable to animal life ; but the fact that they had no eyes, organs so well de-
veloped in all other members of the respective groups to which they belong. In the
Proteus, indeed, the eyes if not altogether wanting, are yet so little developed, that
beyond the mere perception of light, they must be incapable of receiving impressions
of images. It is very easy to perceive the connexion that exists between the want of
light in the caves and the want of visual organs in their inhabitants. So long as only
one form of animal was known to exist there, inhabiting, moreover, a running stream
and not, therefore, exclusively doomed to darkness, this blindness was viewed as an
exceptional phenomenon for which there were analogous instances. But on becoming
acquainted with other occupants of these caves, not only blind, but in their structure
belonging to peculiar forms, the idea arose that these animals stood related to each
other, as links of one chain of a subterranean Fauna, whose common characteristic
was blindness. On the other hand, F. Schmidt found in these caves some few ani-
mals not materially different from the usual forms. Erichson, in his ‘ Monography of
the Staphylinide, describes a new species of Homalota, under the name of spelaca,
and quoted as an inhabitant of the cave at Adelsberg a species of Carabide, Pristony-
chus Schreibersii. Both these insects differ from allied species by their strikingly
minute eyes.
In 1841, were found in the Mammoth cave at Kentucky, about a mile from the
entrance, a fish and a Crustacean, both with eyes concealed under the skin, as in
Proteus, concerning which, various communications have been made public. Tel-
kampf noticed these, and described some new Articulata and a fish in 1844.
In 1845, Schiodte examined three caves near Adelsberg and one near Trieste, in
all of which he found the animals already known and several new ones. Of the
latter were Coleoptera Silphide, viz. —
Bathyscia (n. g. allied to Choleva, but differing chiefly in its want of eyes), two
48
species ; and Stagobius (n. g., so peculiar in its structure that it is unlike any
other of the Silphide, and minutely described).
A Thysanoura, Anurophorus Stillicidii, on clusters of Byssus fulvus.
Two remarkable blind Arachnide, each the type of a new genus, viz., Staleta, and
another not named.
A Crustacean of the family Amphipodes, Niphargus (new genus).
The term, subterranean Fauna, may with propriety be applied collectively to those
animals which exclusively inhabit caves, and are expressly constructed for such locali-
ties. ‘They may with tolerable precision be arranged under the following heads :
Shade-animals ; extensive genera and species, inhabiting caverns near their en-
trance, and generally all cool, shady and moist localities.
Twilight-animals ; they belong to widely spread genera, but are peculiar to the
caves, and distinguished by their small eyes. They are principally found
near the entrances to the caves, but proceed deeper into the darkness than the
shade-animals.
Cave-animals ; they form, at least in part, peculiar genera ; are wingless and co-
lourless, and exist exclusively in total darkness. The terrestrial division is
blind ; the aquatic has a perception of light.
Stalactite Cave-animals ; Insects, Arachnide and Crustacea, appertaining to pe-
culiar genera; wingless, blind, living in total darkness, peculiar to stalactite
caves ; in part occupying the columns, and constructed accordingly.
The following papers were also read :
‘ Descriptions of Six New British Diptera, by F. Walker, Esq.
‘On the Genus Acanthosoma, by W. 8. Dallas, Esq.
‘On the British Species of the Genus Gelechia’ (Fifth Part), by J. W. Douglas,
Esq.
‘On the Genus Gracilaria, by H. T. Stainton, Esq.
The President appointed Messrs. J. F. Stephens, W. W. Saunders, W. 8. Dallas,
S.J. Wilkinson, E. Shepherd and F. Smith, auditors of the Treasurer’s accounts, and
gave notice that the Anniversary Meeting would be held on the 27th January.
AQ
January 27, 1851. (Anniversary Meeting).
G. R. Wareruouss, Esq., President, in the chair.
The Secretary having read the bye-law relative to the Annual General Meeting,
the Auditors’ Report of the Treasurer's account was read, from which it appeared that
the financial condition of the Society had greatly improved during the past year.
The ballot then took place, when Messrs. E. Shepherd, F. Smith, 8S. Stevens and
S. J. Wilkinson were elected members of the Council, in the room of Messrs. T. Des-
vignes, F. J. S. Parry, W. Spence and J. F. Stephens; J. O. Westwood, Esq.,
was elected President; W. Yarrell, Esq., Treasurer ; and J. W. Douglas and H. T.
Stainton, Secretaries.
The President delivered an address on the state and prospects of the Society, for
which a vote of thanks was passed, and he was requested to allow it to be printed.
Votes of thanks were also passed to the retiring President, for his services for the last
two years ; also to the Treasurer, Secretaries and retiring members of the Council.
THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.
GENTLEMEN,
It is again my duty to address you on the subject of the pro-
gress of our Society, as well as to call your attention to the leading
features indicative of the general advancement of our favourite branch
of Natural History. The first part of my task is easily performed,
but I must claim your indulgence for the imperfect manner in which
the second part is executed. Having unexpectedly been obliged to
leave London, on business, and to remain absent for nearly a fort-
night, at a time which I intended to devote to the collecting of mate-
rials for completing this part of my address, will, I hope, plead as an
excuse.
Firstly, allow me to congratulate the Society upon the state of its
finances and publications, as well as upon the increase in the number
of its members. Our Treasurer’s Report, you will perceive, is more
satisfactory than it has been for some years, and in connexion
with this statement it may be observed that there has been no
G
50
decrease in the quantity of matter published. At the commencement
of the session, the Council (always full of hope for the future) deter-
mined to issue four parts of the ‘Transactions’ during the year, and
these, as you are aware, have appeared in the time contemplated.
More than four parts of the ‘ Transactions’ the Council do not antici-
pate they shall be able to publish annually, but it has been determined
that these parts shall appear, if possible, at regular quarterly intervals,
viz., on the first of each of the following months,—March, June, Sep-
tember, and December. Of course to accomplish this very desirable
end, the Society must be furnished with an adequate number of papers
worthy of publication, and I have great hope that this simple an-
nouncement of the Council’s intentions will be sufficient to stimulate
the members to the necessary exertions in preparing communications.
That such communications may be made known with the least possible
delay, an arrangement has been entered into with the Editor of the
‘Zoologist, which will insure their publication, in abstract, in that
journal, for the month following that in which the paper was read.
The record of the loss sustained by the Society, in the death of
certain of its members, forms a most melancholy part of my duties of
this evening. Besides the decease of our excellent and amiable
Honorary President, which has already been much dwelt upon in this
room, it is my duty.to announce the death of two other of our mem-
bers, viz., H. F. Farr, Esq., a most zealous entomologist, who
I learn died, in March last, of laryngial consumption, at Torquay,
in his 28th year. Mr. Farr joined our Society in 1849, and is well-
known to many of our members, whose collections have been en-
riched by his liberal donations of rare insects which he had the good
fortune to capture. The third death I have to record is that of
Captain Du Cane, a comparatively old member of the Society,
he having been elected in 1839. Shortly before his decease, which
took place last month, he published an interesting paper on the trans-
formation of the Crustacea.
I am happy to state that our number has decreased but by one,
through resignation, and that, on the other hand, as many as eight
new members and thirteen subscribers have joined the Society during
the past year. The principal communications during the same
period have been by Mr. S. S. Saunders, on Strepsiptera and new
aculeate Hymenoptera; by Mr. W. W. Saunders, on Australian Lon-
gicorn Beetles; by Mr. Stainton, on Micropteryx; and by Mr.
Douglas, on the species of Gelechia. These papers have already
appeared in our ‘ Transactions ;’ those which remain unpublished are
~
51
as follows: Mr. White, on Doubledaya viator; Mr. Hewitson, on
new Papilionide ; Mr. Walker, on new British Diptera; Mr. Dallas,
on the genus Acanthosoma; Mr. Stainton, on Gracilaria; and lastly,
Dr. Wallich’s translation of M. Schisdte’s elaborate memoir on the
Subterranean Fauna of the Caves in Carniola, Trieste, &c., a most in-
teresting paper, kindly communicated to us by Dr. Wallich, at our
last meeting, and which, I am happy to state, will shortly be published
in our ‘ Transactions.’
I will now call your attention to various Entomological works and
memoirs published elsewhere ; and with regard to these I have to ob-
serve, that I have not confined myself strictly to noticing only those
which have appeared in the year 1850; some which have come
under my observation during the past year for the first time bear the
date of the preceding year, and are here noticed.
In the ‘ Proceedings of the Linnean Society, of last year, will
be found “ Further observations on the habits of Monodontomerus,
with some account of a new Acarus (Heteropus ventricosus), a para-
site on Anthophora retusa;” by Mr. Newport: and Mr. Westwood
furnishes another contribution to the several papers on the Pausside,
previously read before the Society, by describing two new species of
that remarkable family of Coleoptera.
The ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ also contains papers
on the branch of Natural History to which we are more particularly de-
voted, namely, two papers by Mr. Adam White, one of which is
entitled “Descriptions of some apparently new species of Longicorn
Coleoptera ;” and the other, “ Descriptions of some apparently new
species of,Aptera from New Zealand.” This latter paper will be
found in the ‘ Proceedings’ for 1849, but was not noticed in my last
year’s Report: the same remark will apply to a paper, by Mr. Wing,
containing characters of three new genera and species of Lepidoptera.
In the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for 1850, will
be found the following papers on annulose animals, viz., several com-
munications by Mr. Francis Walker, containing descriptions of
Aphides. “Observations on the species of Termitide of West Africa,
described by Smeathman as Termes bellicosus, and by Linneus as
T. fatalis;” by T. S. Savage.* “Notes upon the smaller British
Moths, with descriptions of some nondescript or imperfectly charac-
terized species;” by John Curtis. “Notes on Chalcidites, and
* From the ‘ Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,’ yol.
iv. No. 11.
52
descriptions of various new species;” by Francis Walker. “ Meta-
morphosis of Donacia sagittaria;” by M. Perris: (from the ‘ Biblio-
théque Universelle de Genéve, June, 1849). “ On the Pathology of
the Silkworm (Bombya mori, L.)—Examination of the Blood ;” by F.
G. Guérin-Meneville: (from the ‘Gazette des Hopitaux, Feb. 2,
1850). “ Description of the Entomostraca of the Pleistocene Beds of
Newbury, Copford, Clacton, and Grays;” by T. Rupert Jones.
“ On the Circulatory Apparatus and the Organs of Respiration in the
Arachnida;” by M. Emile Blanchard. “ Notes on Crustacea;” by
C. Spencer Bate. ‘On the different modes of Aquatic Respiration im
Insects ;” by M. Léon Dufour: (from the ‘Comptes Rendus,’ vol. xix.
p- 763). “On the effects produced by some Insects, &c. upon
Plants ;” by James Hardy. “On the Classification of Trilobites ;”
by M. Barrande, of Prague, in Bohemia. “On the Visual Organs of
the Annelida;” by M. A. De Quatrifages: (from the ‘Comptes Ren-
dus, Dec. 31,1849). Descriptions of some newly-discovered species,
and characters of a new genus of Araneidea;” by Mr. J. Blackwall.
“ Descriptions of some New Butterflies ;” by Mr. W. C. Hewitson..
The ‘ Zoologist, as usual, contains numerous brief notices relating
to insects, besides which, the following descriptive papers form contri-
butions to this journal: “Characters of undescribed Diptera in the
British Museum ;” by Mr. F. Walker. “ Descriptions of two New
Species of Tineide ;” by Mr. J. Sircom, Jun. “ Description of a
second Lepidopterous Insect of the genus Psyche, recently discovered
in Britain ; and proposed separation of a well-known European spe-
cies under a new generic name;” by Mr. E. Newman. “ Description
of New British Aphides ;” by Mr. F. Walker. “ Descriptions of Lepi-
dopterous Insects of the genera Hypenodes, Eupithecia, and Spilonota,
recently discovered in Britain;” by Mr. Henry Doubleday. “ Ran-
dom Observations on the Psychidz, in reference to Mr. Newman’s
paper on that family ;” by Mr. J. F. Stephens. “ Description of cer-
tain Longicorn Coleoptera from New Holland;” “ Description of a Pen-
tamerous Coleopterous Insect from New Holland;” “ Description of
three Coleopterous Insects from New Zealand ;” “ Description of an
Agrion from the interior of South America ;” “ Description of an ap-
parently New Lepidopterous Insect of the family Glaucopide, from the
Upper Amazons ;” “ Descriptions of two New Coleopterous Insects
from New Holland ;” all by Mr. E. Newman.
I will now draw your attention to a few other contributions to
Entomology which have appeared in this country during the year.
The first on my list is an 8vo work, entitled “ Insecta Saundersiana,
53
or Characters of undescribed Insects in the Collection of W. W.
Saunders, Esq.,” and contains Part 1 of the Diptera; by Mr. F.
Walker.
Mr. Hardy has communicated a paper on New British Homoptera
to the ‘ Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club;’ and a
second paper by the same author, “On an Acarus which attacks
Grapes,” was read at the Meeting of the British Association, and pub-
lished in the ‘ North British Agriculturist,’ vol. ii. No. 34, Aug. 1850.
Mr. Westwood’s continuation of ‘ Doubleday and Hewitson’s
Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera’ may be here noticed ; and the follow-
ing articles, by the same author, are published in the ‘ Gardeners’
Chronicle, viz., “ On the History of Cemonius unicolor, Myrmica
domestica (house-ant), Sirex gigas, eggs of the dog-flea, and Tortria
Turionana ; together with articles on Rose-tree Insects, and other
subjects connected with Horticulture and Agriculture ; articles which
are accompanied by figures. Inthe same work will be found a “ Dis-
cussion conducted by Messrs. Curtis, Westwood, Graham, and H.
Doubleday, relative to the habits of Tortrix angustiorana ;” and like-
wise a paper, “On the Diseases of Plants, including those caused by
the attacks of Insects.” Mr. Dennistoun communicated a paper “ On
the Silk Tissue spun by Caterpillars” to the British Association
Meeting at Edinburgh.
Vols. 2 and 3 of ‘Episodes of Insect Life’ have appeared in 1850.
The following works, relating to Entomology, have been published
by order of the Trustees of the British Museum, viz., ‘List of the
Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part 1V.—Crustacea;’ by Mr. Adam White. ‘ List of
the Homopterous Insects, &c. Part I.; by Mr. Francis Walker.
‘List of the British Micro-Lepidoptera, &c.; by Mr. J. F. Stephens.
‘List of the Diptera.’ Part 1V.; by Mr. F. Walker.
To the labours of our continental brothers in Entomological Sci-
ence, I feel that I cannot do full justice, since several periodicals,
Proceedings of Societies, &c., which usually contain Entomological
papers, I have been unable to consult. The subjoined list of contri-
butions to our Science (imperfect as it must be), however, should
serve as a stimulant to increased activity on our part. Looking to our
nearest neighbours first, I naturally turn to the
‘ Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, for 1850, in
which I find “ Observations sur le Theridion civicum;” by M. Du-
méril ; followed by a Note on the same Memoir, by M. H. Lucas.
“ Note sur la prétendue poussiére Cryptogamique qui couvre le Corps
34
de certaines Insectes;” by M. Coqueral. “ Réponse a cette Note ;”
by M. A. Laboulbéne. “ Notice sur une production Cryptogamique
observée sur le Brachinus crepitans ;” by M. A. Rouget. “ Note sur
les Mceurs du Coniatus chrysochlora;” by M.E. Perris. “ Observa-
tions sur ce Mémoire;” by M. Lucas. “Observations sur un nou-
veau genre de l’ordre des Coléoptéres (genus Stenomera) qui habite
les possessions Frangaises du Nord de lAfrique ;” by M. Lucas.
“ Description d’un genre nouveau (Chevrolatia) et de quelques espéces
nouvelles (Euzsthethus Lespesii et Stenus Guynemeri);” by M.
Jacquelin-Duval. “Description dun nouveau genre de Lucanide
(G. Streptocerus) ;” by M. L. Fairmaire. “ Note sur le Classification
parallélique des Orthoptéres;” by M. L. Brisout de Barneville.
“Description dune nouvelle éspéce de Lystra (L. punctata) ;” by M.
V. Signoret. “ Description d’ Hémiptéres nouveaux provenant de la
Guinée Portugaise (G. Petascelis et Mictis cinctns);” by M. V.
Signoret. ‘ Observations sur les Lépidoptéres d’Auvergne ;” by M.
Bellier de la Chavignerie. ‘“‘ Observations sur les Lépidoptéres des
genres Papilio, Anthocharis, Cigarites, et Cerocala, qui habitent les
possessions Frangaise du Nord de l’Afrique;” by M. Lucas. “ Ob-
servations sur le genre Thyatira, et Réponse a la Note de M. Bruand,
publié in 1849;” by M. Guenée. ‘Species Italic generis Kumeri
observate et distincte a Camillo Rondani.” “ Description et Iconogra-
phie de quelques Diptéres d’ Espagne ;” by M. L. Dufour. “ Mémoire
sur plusieurs éspéces de Myodaires—Entomobies ;” by M. Robineau-
Desvoidy. ‘ Myodaires des Environs de Paris (suite Entomobies Era-
mydes) ;” by the same Author. ‘“ Nota sexta pro Dipterologia Italica
de nova specie generis Ceriz (C. Petronillz), detecta et descripta a
Camillo Rondani. “ Observations sur un nouveau genre de lordre
des Décapodes Macroures appartenant a la tribu des Pénées (Seleno-
cera Philippii);” by M. Lucas. “ Observations sur l’indigénéité des
Sphinx Nerii et Celerio;” by M. Donzel. “ Note sur la conforma-
tion du front dans plusieurs éspéces de Noctuelles, et sur les divisions
du genre Cleophana ;” by M. Guenée. “ Description d’un Lépidop-
tére nouveau de la tribu des Saturnides (Saturnia Isabelle), apparte-
nant ala Faune centrale de /Espagne;” by M. Graells. “ Descrip-
tion de quelques Lépidoptéres Rhopalocéres nouveaux, ou peu connus,
provenant de la Cazamance (Afrique);” by M. Feisthamel. “ Mé-
moire sur les genres Psalidognathus et Chiasognathus;” by M.
Reiche. “Monographie des éspéces Européennes des genre Crypto-
cephalus (deuxiéme partie);” by M. Suffrian. “ Description de
soixante Coleopterés appartenant a l'Europe et a l’Algérie ;” by M.
55
Ch. Aubé. “Note sur le male des Vesperus Xatarti, Mulsant ;”
by M. Jacquelin-Duval. “ Notice Nécrologique sur M. Pierret ;”
by M. Doué. “ Ichneumonologie provengale, ou Catalogue des Ich-
neumonides qui se trouvent aux environs d’Aix, et description des
éspéces inédites (Suite) ;”> by M. Boyer de Fonscolombe. ‘“ Notice
sur quelques Lépidoptéres nouveaux (Erebia Sthennyo, Heterogynis
erotica, &c.) trouves dans les Pyrénées-Orientales;” by M. De Gras-
lin. “Note relative a ?Erebia Stennyo, de Graslin;” by M. Alex-
andre Pierret. “ Nouvelles Observations des Diptéres de Europe de
la tribu des Tachinaires (Suite) ;” by M. Macquart.
In that excellent periodical, the ‘ Revwe et Magazin de Zoologie,
conducted by M. Guérin-Ménéville, I find the following memoirs and
references to Entomological works which have, more or less, recently
issued from the press :—“ Essai sur les Coléoptéres de la Polynesie ; ”
—a continuation of a paper commenced in former parts of the
‘Révue,’ containing descriptions of the Xylophaga, Longicorns, and
Chrysomelide, &c.; by M. Léon Fairmaire. “ De Vappareil circu-
latoire et des organes de la Respiration dans les Arachnides;” by
M. E. Blanchard: a paper of which there will be found a translation
in the ‘ Annals of Natural History’ for 1850, No. 31, vol. vi. (second
series) p. 67. “Sur la Circulation dans les Insectes;” by M. Léon
Dufour (from a small 8vo work of 40 pages, published at Bordeaux,
in 1849). ‘Note sur le Calymus abdominalis (Callidium abdominalis
Oliv.);” by M. Mulsant. ‘ Memoir sur l’étude Microscopique de la
cire appliquée a la recherche de cette substance chez les Animaux et
les Végétaux;” by M. Dujardin. “ Céufs de Lépidoptére éclos
quoique leur mére n’ést pas été fecondée ;” by M. Popoff. The com-
munication here referred to occurs in a note to M. Le Comte Manner-
heim’s paper on “ New Coleoptera of Siberia,” published in the ‘ Bul-
letin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou,” No. 1
for 1849, p. 223. M. Guérin states that several observers had
already called attention to the fact, that the eggs of certain Lepidop-
terous insects have been known to produce larve, notwithstanding
that the eggs had not received the fecundating influence of the male ;
and that he had published in the.‘ Révue Zoologique’ for 1847, pp.
266—268, some Notes, by M. Bourcier, and a Report, by M. Dumeril,
on this curious subject; whilst in the present notice would be found
a new instance of the fact, and this coming from a person worthy of
faith, and published by M. Le Comte Mannerheim. It is stated that
the eggs from a female of the Euprepia hololeuca, itself reared from a
larva, after having been laid from eight to ten days, gave birth to
56
a number of caterpillars, and that the parent insect had been kept
quite isolated. That at the time the moth was in the breeding-cage,
there was not only no male of the Euprepia present, but no male of
any Lepidopterous insect. M. Speyer has published similar observa-
tions in the ‘ Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung’ for 1847, p. 18, with
respect to certain species of Psychidz ; whilst an analogous fact is
noticed by Lacordaire, in his ‘Introduction a ?Entomologie,’ ii. 283.
“Note sur la prétendue poussiére Cryptogamique qui recouvre le
Corps de certaine Insectes ;” by M. Charles Coqueril. This paper
is followed by another on the same subject, by M. A. Laboulbéne.
“ Notes pour servir 4 Vhistoire du Cyrtonus rotundus, suivies de la
description de cette insecte et dune éspéce voisine;” by MM. E.
Mulsant and A. Wachran. (Read before the Académie des Sciences,
&c. de Lyon, July, 1849). “ Catalogue des Carabiques recueillés par
M. Bocandé dans le Guinée Portugaise, avec la description sommaire
des éspéces nouvelles ;” by M. Laferté-Sénectére. The commence-
ment of this paper, which is published in several parts, will be found
in the ‘Révue’ for 1849. “ Description d’un genre nouveau et
de quelques éspéces du groupe des Tettigonides ;” by M. Signoret.
Description d’un genre nouveau de l’ordre des Hémipterés Héterop-
téres, et de la section des Hydrocoryses;” by the same author: both
papers are accompanied by plates. “ Enumeration des Insectes qui
consomment les Tabacs;” by M. Guérin-Ménéville: with a plate.
“Pathologie des vers 4 soie (Bombyx mori, Z.) études sur le sang ;”
by M. A. Focillon: a paper which appeared originally in the
‘Gazette des Hépitaux.* A paper relating to the same subject, viz.,
“On the Diseases of Silkworms” was read by M. Guérin-Ménéville,
at the Academy of Sciences of Paris, on the 26th of August.
The ‘ Stettin Entomologische Zeitung’ for the year 1850, is rich
in memoirs and notices; the principal papers are as follows:
“ Catalogue of the species of Sphex of Linnzus, found in the princi-
pality of Birkenfeld at Herrstein;” by Tischbein. “On some new
Alpine Coleopterous Insects;” by Miller. “On the Rhizotrogus
marginipes, Mulsant ;” by Rosenhauer. ‘“ On Rhizotrossus foveola-
tus, a new species;” by Bach (a corresponding member of our
Society): and “ Further observations on the Bostrichus Kaltenbachii;
by the same author. “On the History, Economy, and Development
of Gonioctena 5-punctata, F., pallida, Fb., Leona cyanella and L.
* Translated in the ‘ Annals of Natural History ;’ see No. 29, for May, 1850. (Vol. v.
of second series).
D7
9 >
melanopa;” by Cornelius. ‘‘ Entomological Observations ;” by
Dorbner. “On the Micro-Lepidoptera of the Neighbourhood of
Dessan;” by Richter. “ Description of a new species of Setia
(Sesia, Fab.), with pectinated antennz (Pennisetia anomala);” by
Dehne. “ Remarks upon the ‘ Entomologiz Neapolitane specimen pri-
mum’ of Dominici Cyrilli;” by Schlager. “ On six new species of the
genus Trypeta;” by Loew. “ Review of Modern Literature relating
to the Neuroptera (concluded) ;” by Dr. Hagen. “ On two new
genera of German Neuroptera;” by Heyden. ‘“ Memoir on the spe-
cies of Raphium;” by Professor Loew (concluded in part 4). “On
three new species of the family Carabide;” by Herr Bielz. “ Des-
criptions to Herr J. Mann’s Tuscanian Micro-Lepidoptera;” by Herr
Zeller. “ Onthe European species of the genus Colon ;” by Krantz.
“ Descriptions of fifty new, or little known, species of European Cole-
optera;” by Herr Kiesenwetter. ‘On the distribution of the Lepi-
doptera in Germany; ” by Dr. Adolf Speyer and Herr August Speyer.
“On Meghyperus and Anthropeas, two new genera of Dipterous In-
sects ;” by Loew. “ Descriptions of two new Diurnal Lepidoptera ;”
by Zeller. “Description of a convenient Apparatus for rearing
Caterpillars ;”» by Koch. “Onan apparent abnormal form of An-
tenne in the Melolontha vulgaris;” by Dorbner. ‘“‘ On the Thread-
worms of Insects ;” (3rd Supplement}; and a paper “ On the Worms
infesting the Alimentary Canal of the Human Subject;” by the same
author. “ Description of a new species of Orthochile of Latreille ; ”
by Loew. “Description of some new Coleoptera;” by Hampe.
“ Review of the more recent Literature concerning the Neuroptera of
Linneus” (continuation); by Hagen. ‘ On two new Diptera;” by
Loew. “On Lepoptera Cervi;” by Siebold. ‘On Nematus helici-
nus, a new species ;” by Brischke.
As the ‘ Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Mos-
cou’ for 1849, has, I have reason to believe, but recently arrived in
England, it may be well here to notice the several Entomological
papers which it contains, in addition to those of the first two parts of
1850, which I have also consulted. In the volume for 1849 are the
following papers: “Die Staphylinen-Fauna des Kaukasus und
Transkaukasiens bearbeiten;” by J. H. Hochhuth. “ Insectes Co-
léoptéres de la Sibérie Orientale, nouveaux ou peu connus ;” by M.
Le Comte Mannerheim. ‘ Note sur deux Araignées venimeuses de la
Russie Méridionale qu’on croit étre le Tchim des Kalmoaks;” by
Victor de Motschoulsky. “ Abhandlung iiber eine neue Daphnienart
H
58
(Daphnia aurita) iind iiber die Daphnia laticornis, Jurine, mit Zeich-
nungen nach der Natur begleitet ;” by Sebastian Fischer. “ Coléop-
téres recus d’un Voyage de M. Handschuh dans le midi de l’Espagne,
énumerés et suivis de Notes ;” by Victor de Motschoulsky. ‘“ Lepi-
doptere verzeichniss der Umgegend von St. Petersburg;” by T. H.
Fixsen. “Fauna Hymenopterologica Volgo-Uralensis ;” by Dr. Ed.
Eversmann. ‘“ Orthoptéres observés dans les Steppes des Kirguises ;”
by MM. Le Prof. P. Wagner et le Docteur Kittary, en 1846, déter-
minés et décrits par Modeste Kittary. “ Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte
und Anatomie der gattung Lycosa;” by Prof. Kessler. | “ Nachricht
iiber die Kafersammlung des grafen Georg Mniszek;” by H. Hoch-
huth. Parts 1 and 2 for 1850 contain a “ Mémoire sur la famille des
Carabiques;” by Le Baron M. de Chaudoir. “ Kritische Beurthei-
lung von Dr. Erichson’s Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands ;”
by Victor V. Motschoulsky. ‘“ Eucere Rossice in districtu Romen
gubernii Poltavici capt, descripte et icone illustrate, auctore ;” by
J. Beer.
The ‘ Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon’ for 1847—49 con-
tains the following three papers: “On Grease in Coleopterous In-
sects;” by Lerrat. “ Notes on Coleoptera found at Fallavier;” by
M. Gascognés. “On a species of Ochthebius;” by MM. Mulsant
and Rey.
To the Academy of Sciences of Berlin, Dr. Klug has communicated
a paper “ On the Synemon of Doubleday (a remarkable genus of Lepi-
dopterous insects, allied to Castnia), from New Holland.
A memoir on the Scorpionide, by M. Gervais, will be found in the
fourth volume of the ‘ Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle.’
Mr. Dana has published a synopsis of the genera of Gamaracee in
the ‘ American Journal of Science and Art,’ (second series, vol. viii.
No. 22); and a ‘Conspectus Crustaceorum,’ (parts 1—3, inclusive)
has been issued by the same author.
Dr. Herrich-Schiiffer has published the first number of a new work,
in 4to, containing figures of New Exotic Butterflies; and by the
same Author, is a “Memoir on the Veins of the Wings of Lepidop-
terous Insects,” in the ‘ Proceedings of the Meeting of the German
Naturalists, at Ratisbon.’
An article “On the Fulgoride” has been contributed by Dr.
Schaum to ‘ Ersh and Gruber’s Encyclopedia.’
The continuation of the ‘ Entomologische Jahresbericht,’ by the
same Author, may be here noticed.
59
Band 4 of the ‘ Linnea Entomologica, contains the conclusion of a
paper “On the European Diptera Asilici;” by Loew. A “ Mono-
graphic revision of the genus Hydrena;” by Kiesenwetter. A
“‘ Memoir on the Coleophore ;” by Zeller. A paper “ On the genera
and species of Manticora ;” by Dr. Klug.
Of separate works in different branches of Entomology, it remains
for me to notice the ‘ Monographia Cassididarum ;’ by C. H. Bohe-
man. Vol. 1, 8vo. Holmie. The ‘Species de Coléoptéres Triméres
Sécuripalpes ;” by M. Mulsant, a thick 8vo volume (consisting of up-
wards of 1000 pages), published as part of the ‘ Annales des Sciences
Physiques et Naturelles d’Agriculture, &c. de Lyon.’ ‘ Révue des
Odonates ou Libellules d'Europe ;’ by M. Edm. De Selys-Longchamps
and M. Le Docteur H. A. Hagen; forming the sixth volume of the
“Mémoires de la Société Royale des Sciences de Liége.’ ‘ Synopsis
der Lepidopteren Fauna Béhmens;’ by F. A. Nickerl. 8vo, Prag. ‘Die
Waldverderben und ihre Feinde, &c.;’ by J. F. G. Ratzeburg. 8vo.
Berlin. ‘Versuch einer Monographie der Lycenen ;’ by Gerhard.
A parts, 4to. ‘ Catalogue of the Coleoptera in the Museum of the Jar-
din des Plantes;’ (No. 1, containing a thousand species belonging to
the families Cetoniide and Melolonthide). ‘ Kafer Fauna der Preus-
sichen Rheinlande ;’ (1st Lieferung, Coblenz, 1849, contains the Co-
leoptera to the end of the Lamellicornes) by Bach. ‘Memoir on
the Pselaphide of the United States ;’ and a ‘Synopsis of the Cle-
ride ;’ by Leconte. The 20th part of J. Sturm’s ‘ Deutschland
Fauna, continued by his son, J. W. Sturm, contains descriptions of
fifteen Coleopterous genera and numerous species: it appeared in
1849. ‘Fauna Austriaca—Die Kafer nach der Analytischen Me-
thode bearbeiten ;’ by Ludwig Redtenbacher. 1 vol. 8vo. Vienna.
60
Report of the Library and Cabinet Committee of the Entomological
Society.
During the past year the Foreign Coleoptera have been removed into the Cabinet
presented by Mr. Bond, and the arrangement of the British Lepidoptera, in the Cabi-
net that thus became empty, is far advanced.
The Foreign Insects that have been presented to the Society for some years past
still remain in the boxes in which they arrived, and it is very desitable that they should
be incorporated into the Collection and named, but in consequence of the amount of
time that would be required if the Curator were to do this, we beg lo suggest
that some of the Members, conversant with Exotic Insects, should be requested to as-
sist him. Many duplicates would be the result of the arrangement, and we would sug-
gest whether it would not be desirable to offer them to the Members and Subscribers
in exchange, more particularly for British Insects.
Some glasses are required for the Cabinets, and the drawers in that presented by
Mr. Bond require some chenille or velvet for the glasses to rest on, in order
to exclude dust.
The arrangement for the exchange of Books, ordered by the Council to be made
with Mr. Lumley, is not yet completed, as Mr. Lumley has not yet taken away the
whole of the volumes.
Several works of value in the Library, presented in parts, are in want of binding,
in fact, in their present state, it is not safe that they should go out on loan. We
therefore recommend that, if the funds of the Society will permit, those most urgently
requiring it should be bound forthwith.
J. W. DOUGLAS.
H. T. STAINTON.
EDWARD JANSON.
J. F. STEPHENS.
February 3, 1851.
61
The Society's Collections are at present contained in Six Cabinets,
Forty-three Store-boxes, and Twelve glazed Cases.
Cabinet No. 1, consisting of 40 mahogany drawers in two tiers, contains the Collec-
tion of British Lepidoptera.
Cabinet No. 2, consisting of 42 mahogany drawers, in two tiers, contains the first
portion of the general Collection of Coleoptera.
Cabinet No. 3 consists of three tiers of drawers.
In tier 1 there are 25 drawers, containing the continuation of the gene-
ral Collection of Coleoptera.
In tier 2 there are 26 drawers, containing the remainder of the general
Collection of Coleoptera, Myriapoda, Onisci, Scorpions, and
Orthoptera.
In tier 3 there are 23 drawers, several of which contain exotic Papilio-
nid, and the remainder of which is to be transferred, as far
as practicable, to the general Collection of Lepidoptera.
Cabinet No 4, consisting of 48 mahogany drawers, in two tiers, contains the Collection
of British Coleoptera, Hymenoptera (chiefly Aculeates), Diptera, and
the original specimens described by the late Rev. William Kirby, in
“ Monographia Apum Anglie” and the “ Monograph of the Genus
Apion.”
Cabinet No. 5, consisting of 18 drawers, contains the general Collection of Hyme-
noptera.
Cabinet No. 6, consisting of 20 drawers, contains the general Collections of Diptera,
Hemiptera, Neuroptera, and Arachnoida.
The Store-boxes contain miscellaneous Insects, principally exotic Lepidoptera and
Coleoptera, which have to be incorporated with the arranged Collections.
The 12 glazed cases contain Insects from the East Indies, chiefly Lepidoptera,
lately presented to the Society, and which have likewise to be incorporated with the
arranged Collections.
62
ABSTRACT OF THE TREASURER’S ACCOUNTS.
INCOME.
On hand at the Audit, January, 28th, 1850 .....cceceee see seeeeoceaces veeees
Arrears of Subscriptions
Subseriptiens TOF 1E50. sc sescncseneesaxcxcccesbenens
Pive AGMission Pe|s 6.000660. cneesneesvewacsvseuhoahscmwereiass ese vecenesevannenn en
Two Compositions .........sscsccccsscccscccccrecesctecsecee cesses sescssonssoeaseens
Tea Subscriptions ..
Sale of ‘ Regacnone 5
Donation of W. W. Sanilder ay -» in wo of Colaste Plates
Deduct Expenditure: s..c.cs0dcs esasesees
EXPENDITURE.
PATTeATS OL: 1849 TT ee eT Ee Saree co cote cet ete et mtcoue senmeeaieer
Rent to Midsummer, 1850
USUTATICE | Soa. esas lta recs ome cece Sew bauesecakece ceubstids tes caaaancee sadess o> accuses
Curators . PFA saat sc aera sene ce acaeinist ctnadewaccosnestecssceeen
Thirteen Mectings (Tea) «
Attendance, Coals, Oil, bé-
Freight, Postage, Stationery, G00. .0c00. oF. cess vsclsce voc taceatarsscenesaes
Printing ‘ Transactions,’ Vol. 5, Part 9 ......ssccssssesereseees oT 70 0
BS + VOR 128 SSP are Sls ant. ae oO
- . pw AD eet ee Oo
. Pisteedings: President’s Address, &C. .......00.. 518 4
£8:
9 17
20 15
75 2
10 10
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spocedssc 10 14
£251 LE
244 13
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Printing Plates . sleek seeeuh enol Guallaelrcn eee dads cae edaegeman ae
Colouring Plates fot: Vol. 5; Part 9 eh ctdalube bebe belebenbuauyneesbte 16
3 $! Wiel, ING Spa ame it). eee. caste eeeek 0
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6 a = oe OL 2 ae tae eas
” ” ” ” Wil Secercsnsacvecudee te « 0
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” ” ” ” Wigs: acawecawenaaectesmescuve 12
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3 14
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63
LIABILITIES AND ASSETS OF THE SOCIETY.
Liabilities. Assets.
Liss di: & s. d.
Half-year’s Rent to Xmas. 1850. 17 10 0 | Cash in hand .........ssesesseeees 6178
Printer’s Bill for ‘Transactions,’ Arrears of Subscription for 1850. 22 1 0
Viole Tee NaS:, bantidtcessemces 8 17 6| Do. for former years ..,......0000 14 140
£26 76 £43 12 8
State of Progress of the Entomological Society.
|| Ordinary Memb
Honorary Members shameless of Ocdit
Annual Who have | Subscribers Mamie”
English, | Foreign. air hg oa Compounded & Subscribers
January Ist, 1849...... 2 9 63 8 0 7
Elected in 1849 ........ +1 —7 +1 +28 +36 —
Compounded in 1849.. —8 +8
Withdrawn in 1849 ... —2 —1 —3
Deceased in 1849...... —o —3.
January Ist, 1850...... 2 10 57 17 27 5 108
Elected in 1850 ........ +7 a +13 +21
Compounded in 1850.. ——f ci
Withdrawn in 1850... —l —l
Deceased in 1850......|| —1 —2 —2
January Ist, 1851...... 1 10 60 19 40 119
Income arising from Annual Subscriptions.
Lie sin ds
January Ist, 1849 ...... 66 3 0
January Ist, 1850 ...... 88 4 O
January Ist, 1851 ...... 105 0 0
PRINTED BY E. NEWMAN, DEVONSHIRE STREET, BISHOPSGATE.
rs
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oat )
“awicQhet af Baagaaerll 4
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,
FOR 1851.
February 3, 1851.
J. O. Westwoop, Esq., President, in the chair.
M. Motchulsky was present as a visitor.
The President returned thanks for his election and delivered the following inaugu-
ral Address.
GENTLEMEN,
Before proceeding to perform the first public official act which
I am called upon to do in this chair, I must beg permission to be
allowed to trespass a few minutes upon your time, in order to offer
to you my best thanks for having elected me to the honourable posi-
tion in the entomological world which I now occupy. Looking, as I
do, upon the Entomological Society, as the mainstay and support of
entomological science in this country, I cannot, whilst proud of my
position as President of the Society, conceal from myself that that
position is attended with duties of considerable weight, which will
require a greater Share of attention and much more time than I am
afraid I shall be able to bestow upon them, as well as an amount
of talent and self-possession, to which I am equally afraid I can lay
no claim. I must look, Gentlemen, under such circumstances, to you
for support, and I feel confident that if my exertions, although
inadequate, are directed to the welfare of the Society, I shall receive
that support. It will be now more than ever my duty to consider the
well-being of the Society as of paramount importance; and acting on
this principle, I feel convinced that I shall not disappoint the kind
intentions of those gentlemen, who have considered that my election
to the Presidency would advance the Society’s interests.
66
But, Gentlemen, I look to you for more than a support of such ex-
ertions as I may myself make with this object in view. I look to you
for cordial co-operation in your endeavours to render our meetings
interesting and instructive; since it is only by such means that we
can maintain our position among the Scientific Societies of the coun-
try, and can insure to ourselves, individually, the benefits of associa-
tion. With this consideration it has suggested itself to my mind,
that it might not be entirely useless to recall to your attention the
chief branches of entomological science, and which indeed seems the
more necessary, as too many of our younger members appear disposed
to regard Entomology simply as an amusement. Nobody can indeed
appreciate more completely than myself the pleasure attending a day’s
stroll in the woods with an object in view, such as the discovery of
some rare insect or plant, and the increase of our collections by
our own personal exertions. Neither can the pleasant task of inves-
tigating the names of our captures, and the mutual interchange of our
novelties with our friends, be too highly regarded. The few observa-
tions which I now beg leave to address to you have, however, for their
object, a higher cultivation of the science, and a more severe applica-
tion of the mental faculties to the subjects of our research.
That Entomology, as a science, possesses such claims upon the
attention of its votaries, will be evident, if we bestow but a few
moments’ attention upon each of its main features ; to the cultivation
of one or the other of which, I would earnestly beg to direct your
attention, as the sure means of advancing the science.
Descriptive Entomology, that branch of the science which teaches
us the names and distinctive characters of the species of insects,
merits the first consideration. It ought not, however, to be under-
taken without a careful investigation of the respective groups to which
any species proposed to be described naturally belongs. It is a great
mistake to suppose, that when a person has discovered what appears
to be anew species, he has only to sit down with the insect before him
and draw up ashort technical description of it, without a careful study
of the naturally allied species, or an investigation of what has already
been published by previous authors upon the genus or family. Even
then, much judgment is required, as to the style and description to be
adopted, since some descriptions are as much too short as others are
needlessly too long. There is, in my opinion, no better advice to be
given on this branch of the subject, than to study the descriptions
drawn up by the great masters of our science. Here, also, I would
more especially be allowed to recommend the publication of mono-
67
graphs of particular groups, or even of isolated genera. These have,
in all times, been considered of. the greatest importance; and I
am sure I cannot too often recall to your recollection the ‘ Monographia
Apum Angliz, the finest entomological monograph hitherto pub-
lished.
The Anatomy of Insects, either internal or external, also especially
merits, on account of its extreme importance, more attention than it
has of late received in this country. Two exceptions to this remark
of course at once present themselves to the mind, namely, Mr. New-
port's most valuable series of memoirs which have appeared in
the ‘Transactions of the Royal Society, and Mr. Haliday’s re-
searches, which have not hitherto been published, but which we know
to be very elaborate, from the specimen which he gave to us at one of
our meetings, relative to the anatomy of that remarkable larva which
resides in the fresh-water sponge. It has always seemed astonishing
to me, that out of the vast numbers of young men educated for the
medical profession, so very few should attach themselves to the
anatomy of insects, or even to comparative anatomy in general. I
cannot but think, that if Natural History formed a branch of popular
education, many young men, who, as boys, had been devoted to
insects or any other branch of zoology, would, whilst pursuing their
academical or hospital researches, naturally apply the knowledge
which they were then acquiring to the objects for which they had
previously entertained a predilection. It is precisely this which takes
place in the German universities, and hence it is that so many excel-
lent Theses upon Entomology have been written by students on tak-
ing their degrees in that country. The vast strides also which have
been made in the improvement of microscopical instruments, ought to
produce some far more beneficial results to our science than have yet
been achieved. Instead of allowing his observations to extend over
the three kingdoms of Nature, if one microscopical observer would
confine his attention to the variations of structure of any particular
organ, or set of organs, of insects, tracing out its modifications,
and carefully describing and delineating the results, it is unquestion-
able that much good would ensue. ‘The fine work of Stein, on
the female generative organs of the Coleoptera, affords an excellent
specimen of such a work.
The Investigation of the Natural History of Insects, including,
of course, their preparatory states, is another branch of the subject
which cannot be too constantly kept ,in view; in fact, it is surprising
to me that entomologists should in general be so regardless of the |
68
wonderful marvels which are hereby brought to light. The extraordi-
nary adaptation of structure to habit is a most fruitful subject of
inquiry, whilst we cannot too much over-rate the vast importance of a
precise knowledge of the larva state of most of the groups of insects,
as a clew to their natural relations. Almost every number of the
‘Annals of the Entomological Society of France’ contains papers of
this kind, whilst I regret to see that our own ‘ Transactions’ now
rarely contain any such.
The Natural Relations of Insects with each other is the last branch
of the subject to which I shall allude. By such fanciful minds as
those of Swainson, Gravenhorst, and Herrich-Schiiffer, I am well aware
that much discouragement has been thrown upon the investigation of
the affinities and analogies of natural objects, and upon inquiries into
their position in the great chain of Nature. I cannot, however, but
believe, that a steady examination of the structure and habits of an
insect with reference to those of other allied species, is one of the
most legitimate objects of our study. To follow this out with effect,
however, we must look upon Nature in general, and not confine our
view to the productions of a limited district like our own country.
This may, however, be done by the careful investigation of a very few
exotic types, which cannot but afford an enlarged view of Nature, and
which ought, I think, to be undertaken even by the professed British
entomologist.
I have ventured, Gentlemen, to make the preceding observations,
simply with the hope that some of our members who have hitherto
been content to exhibit to us at our meetings the results of their en-
tomological excursions, may thereby be incited to direct their atten-
tion to the subject in a more philosophical spirit, and led to give
us the result of their investigations, so as to render our meetings
worthy of public attention, and our ‘ Transactions’ friendly rivals of,
if not indeed superior in value to, those of the French and German
Entomological Societies.
Thanking you again for the honour you have conferred upon me, I
cannot sit down without throwing out one remark, which will of
course require much discussion before it can be carried into effect,
even if approved of, but which seems to me to promise considerable
benefits to our members, if adopted in a liberal spirit,—I allude to the
distribution of duplicates of rare British species, on the plan which
has now been found to work so well for a considerable period at the
Botanical Society of London.
69
The President appointed as Vice-Presidents, Messrs. Bond, W. W. Saunders and
G. R. Waterhouse.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
donors: ‘ Mémoires de la Société Royale des Sciences de Liege, tome 6, being
‘Revue des Odonates ou Libellules d'Europe; par M. C. de Selys-Longchamps.
‘ Monographia Cassididarum ;’ auctore Carolo H. Boheman, tome 1 ; both presented
by Mr. Stainton. ‘ Entomologische Zeitung, for December, 1850; by the Entomo-
logical Society of Stettin. The ‘Zoologist’ for February ; by the Editor. <A speci-
men of Sirex duplex and one of the Tenthredinide ; by Mr. Lubbock. A collection
of Indian insects, contained in twelve cases and in the finest condition; by — Grant,
Esq., Elchies.
The President observed that the addition of this valuable donation of Mr. Grant’s,
made the Society possessor of one of the finest collections of Indian insects in Europe.
Major E. Sheppard, F.L.S., Bellefield House, Parson’s Green, Augustus Shep-
pard, Esq., Bellefield House, Parson’s Green, and J. McIntosh, Esq., Charminster,
near Dorchester, were balloted for and elected members of the Society.
Mx. S. Stevens exhibited a new butterfly (Thaumantis Howqua) Westwood MS.,
and two specimens of the Papilio Telamon of Donovan, both recently taken by Mr.
Fortune, in the north of China.
The President remarked that the last species was especially interesting, although
the specimens were in bad condition, for no example had been seen since the time of
Donovan, and not one was known to be now in existence; and the examination of
these had shown that the species was not a true Papilio, but formed a new genus be-
tween Thais and Teinopalpus.
Mr. Saunders exhibited some Lepidoptera from Brazil, remarkable for the great
size of their projecting palpi, simulating the appearance presented by the peculiar
legs of the genus Polypogon.
The President exhibited some galls found on vines, sent to him by Sir O. Mosley,
Bart. No insect had yet been reared from them; indeed in many that he had ex-
amined, no insect was present, but in one he had found a larva which appeared to
belong to a species of Curculionide.
Mr. Douglas and Mr. Stainton exhibited some twigs of yew, from Mickleham
and Worksop, in which the growth had been stopped, and the agglomeration of the
terminal leaves had caused the formation of a knob about the size of a hazel-nut. In
some of these a small lepidopterous larva had been found, which was probably the
cause of the arrested development: and Mr. Douglas, adverting to a conversation
about the food of Ditula angustiorana which took place on the 4th of February, 1850,
at this Suciety’s meeting, suggested that these might be the larve of that species of
Tortricide.
Mr. Stainton mentioned that during the past week he had seen in the seed-vessels
of common furze, fully developed specimens of Oxystoma Ulicis, apparently waiting
until their cells should open.
Mr. Lubbock exhibited some small globular nests, apparently of a spider, attached
to stems of grass, but they were untenanted.
Mr. Douglas exhibited a somewhat singular nest, found last week at Mickleham,
on the ground, formed between leaves still attached to the twig of beech on which
they had grown, aud the architect, a spider, accompanied it.
Mr. Stainton exhibited a small bunch of evergreen oak, the leaves on which were
70
mined by the larve of a Lithocolletis, observing as a fact he had noticed, that Lithocol-
letis larve feeding on the leaves of deciduous trees, passed before the winter into the
pupa state, but in evergreens, they remained larve until the spring.
Mr. W. W. Saunders read a memoir ‘ Upon the Insects injurious to the Cotton
Plant,’ of which the following is an abstract.
“Having had my attention called to the insects injurious to the cotton-plant, I
have been seeking for information from a variety of sources, but discover with sur-
prise that the insects in question have been but very little studied, although it is evi-
dent from the published accounts of their ravages, the amount of loss to the planter
must at times be very great. The particulars which have hitherto appeared regarding
the cotton-moth, cut-worm or grub, cotton-bug, Apate monochus or bore-worm, will
be found in Porter’s ‘ Tropical Agriculturist, and Dr. Ure’s ‘ History of the Cotton
Manufacture,’ but the information is very unsatisfactory, and entirely wanting in that
correctness of detail so necessary to the entomological enquirer, and which if fully de-
veloped might lead to some satisfactory method of diminishing if not preventing the
injuries caused by these destructive insects.
“More positive information is to be obtained on the following insects, and in treat-
ing on these I will place them in two divisions.
“The first, containing the species which have already been described ; and the
second, such only as are for the first time brought forward as injurious to the cotton-
plant.
“Tn the first division may be mentioned,
“ PyaLmNna OBLINITA, Abbot and Smith’s Insects of Georgia, Pl. 94, p. 187.
“The caterpillar feeds on the cotton and other plants, and the moth apppears in
April.
“ Found in Virginia and Georgia.
“ Depressarta GossypreLya, Ent. Trans., vol. iii. p. 284.
“Very destructive to the American cotton grown at Broach, in the East Indies, but
seldom affecting the native cotton. The larva feeds on the cotton-seed until
the pod is about to burst.
“Tn the second division I have to enumerate,
“ ArcTia HORSFIELDII.
“ Expansion of the wings 1 inch 10 lines. Anterior wings purplish ashy gray, with
several abbreviated, obsolete, wavy, dark gray strige, parallel to the hinder
margin, and a more defined zigzag, dark gray line near the base, and with an
elongate reniform mark on the disk beyond the middle: posterior wings brown-
ish orange, gradually changing to purplish gray, marked on the disk with a
dark gray spot, and with radiating lines of the same colour.
“ The larva is yellowish white, covered with long cream-coloured hairs. ‘The joints
of the body, each crossed above with an ash-gray lunulate spot, and a round,
rather large black spot on the upper side of the third joint.
“ Feeds on the Gossypium herbaceum, Lin. ; anative of Java ; appears in the month
of August, according to Dr. Horsfield.
71
“ Eupiopres Invica.
“ Expansion of the wings 10—12 lines. Anterior wings hyaline, with a broad,
dark brown band along the costa and hinder margin, the band rather widening
as it approaches the anal angle: posterior wings hyaline, with a band of the
same width and colour as on the anterior wings along its hinder margin,
gradually tapering as it approaches the anal angle.
“ Larva smooth, pale grass-green, with the head yellowish.
“ Feeds on the Gossypium herbaceum, and on the Corallodendron; common in
Java from January to April, accerding to Dr. Horsfield.
“ This species is nearly allied to Pyralis hyalinata, Lin., but is nevertheless quite
distinct.
“Three other species of insects attack the cotton plants in the East Indies, and
cause serious injury, viz.,
“ The larva of some beetle, probably of the family of the Chrysomelide ; an Aphis,
for which I propose the name A. Gossypii; and the immature state of a Homopte-
rous insect, probably related to the family Cercopide.
“ T trust that this notice, imperfect as it is, may be of some use as a first step to-
" wards a history of the insects injurious to the cotton-plant, and may bring the impor-
tant subject to the notice of entomologists, who have opportunities of witnessing the
ravages committed by insects on the cotton-plant, and induce them to record their
observations, with a view of furnishing materials for a more complete investigation of
the subject hereafter.”
The paper is accompanied by a plate.
The President announced that in addition to the donation of lithograph copies of
the portrait of the late Rev. W. Kirby, for the ‘ Transactions, Mr. Spence had placed
fifty copies at the disposal of the Council, who have determined to offer them to mem-
bers and subscribers at one shilling each.
The President also said he had been requested to announce that Mr. Foxcroft in-
tended to visit Wales this year, on an entomological expedition, for which he solicited
subscriptions, to be repaid by his captures,
February 3, 1851.
J. O. Westwoop, Esq., President, in the chair.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
donors thereof : ‘ Linnea Entomologica, v. Band ; ‘ Entomologische Zeitung, Janu-
ary and February; by the Entomological Society of Stettin. ‘The Zoologist’ for
March ; by the Editor. ‘ Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club,’ vol. iii.
No. 1; by the Club. ‘Transactions of the Zoological Society,’ vol. iv. Part 1; by
the Zoological Society. ‘Mémoires de Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres
et des Beaux-arts de Belgique, tomes xxiv. and xxv. 1850 ; ‘ Mémoires Couronnées
et Mémoires des Savants étrangers, tome xxiii. 1848—50 ; ‘ Bulletin de Académie
Royale, tome xvi. 2me partie, 1849, tome xvii. lre partie, 1850 ; ‘ Annuaire de l’Aca-
72
démie Royale, 1850; ‘Catalogue des Livres de la Bibliotheque de lAcademie
Royale ; ‘Histoire Naturelle des Polypes composés, d’eau douce;’ ‘Mémoire de
Chimie et la Physiologie Végétale, 1849; ‘ Exposé Générale de l’Agriculture Lux-
embourgeoise, both by Henry le Docte; ‘ Mémoire sur la Paupérisme dans les Flan-
dres, par E. Ducpetiaux, 1850 ; all presented by the Académie Royale de Belgique.
Five species of foreign Coleoptera, found alive in a warehouse in Glasgow; by J.
Scott, Esq. Two boxes of insects, collected near Baltimore, United States, by R.
H. Spence, Esq., and presented by him. A small hornet’s nest, with a queen hornet,
and four young ones reared from her eggs; by H. W. Newman, Esq., Stroud.
It was announced that copies of the President's Address at the Anniversary
Meeting were on the table for distribution &mong the members; also that Part 4,
vol. i. n.s. of the Society’s ‘ Transactions’ was ready.
The President informed the Meeting that larve of one of the Céstride had been
found on the rein-deer in the Zoological Society's Garden ; probably of Gidemagena
Tarandi, or Cephenemyia trompe ; and it was hoped they would be reared.
The following account of a hornet’s nest, at New House, Stroud, Glo’stershire, by
H. W. Newman, Esq., was read.
“ At the end of the month of May, 1850, I placed an empty bee-hive on a board,
on a bench in the garden, in expectation of a swarm of bees; the bees did not swarm
as expected. On the 3rd of June, I took up the hive to examine it, and found some
curious matter adhering to the top, inside, like part of a cork-screw, this I unfortu-
nately (being in a hurry) broke off, and threw down the piece, about an inch long,
without examining it. Next day, while I was watching my bees, a large queen hornet
came to the empty hive and entered it; at first I thought of killing her, but finding
that she remained about ten minutes in the hive, I let her alone; she went out,
making her observations all round. I then recollected the piece of curious substance
which I had thrown away; searched for it and found it: it was the foundation of
three cells, and on examining it, found there was an egg in each of the cells at the
bottom; the cells had not any sides at the time, being quite open. The queen hornet*
seemed determined still to occupy the hive; she began the same day, and rebuilt all
that I had unfortunately thrown down; I watched her day by day, and in about six
weeks she had completed nearly twenty cells, and then formed a sort of covering like
thin brown paper, nearly egg-shaped, about three inches Jong, open at the bottom.
The comb was suspended by the integument on which the thread is tied. In about
thirty-five days from the time the second batch of eggs was laid, two young hornets
were hatched, and there were then about a dozen grubs of various sizes in the other
cells ; nearly all the cells had an egg or a grub (two or three remain now in different
stages of development): only two or three more young ones were hatched, but the
queen mother, at different intervals, carried out at least a dozen live grubst+ and
dropped them generally near the hive. The weather was showery and variable during
the whole summer here, a hill country, and the esprit de corps of the queen seemed to
be guided by the heat and cold; in a hot sunny day (of which there were but few),
sss ——__naaaenennrennenennant
* It is rather surprising that she did not forsake the hive when all her eggs were
destroyed, for she had to begin de novo.
+ I can only account for this by supposing that the want of sun prevented the
mother-hornet from finding sufficient food for the grubs.
73
she seemed much more alive, and seldom remained absent more than from twenty to
twenty-five minutes, working until the clock struck nine at night; there was some-
times just light enough for her to find the hive.* I had not the least fear of her, and
used to sit within two yards of the hive she occupied ; my wife frequently was with me, —
and was not the least afraid.
** On some of the stormy days, the hornet frequently remained out for two and three
hours, and at one time I fancied she had been destroyed, for I visited the hive two
days in July, nearly every hour, and remained waiting for a long time and never saw
her, but on one of these evenings she came in at nine o'clock quite exhausted, so
much so, that she fell short among some potatoes, and I was obliged to assist her to
the hive. ‘The queen worked from the entrance made for the bees ; the young hornets
worked very little, went out very seldom, and after four were hatched two died. The
queen, in the beginning of September, became so weak that she used to fall two or
three times when she first went out; so fearing she would be lost, I determined to
kill her and the only two young ones left alive; these are the ones sent in the box.
I regret that the outer part, or round covering, was broken in endeavouring to cut
the nest from the crown of the hive with a pen-knife. The queen has shrunk in
size nearly one third, and about half an inch in length since her death ; her sting is
partly out. Hornets do not act offensively until they become numerous; I frequently
turned up the hive when they were all in, and they generally attempted to escape, but
never to attack me; plainly verifying the old saying, “‘ certain persons are not so black
as they are painted.” I assure you that my pet hornets caused a good deal of surprise
to some of my neighbours who saw them.
‘“* Hornets appear to be originally natives of a warmer climate than England ; in
Scotland none were ever seen alive, and I believe in the northern counties none are to
be seen; they are not nearly so hardy as the wasps, nor are they of so predatory a
disposition. In 1848, when I lived at Thornbury Park, I had a strong hornet’s nest
in the top of one of my hay-stacks, within seventy-five yards of my bees, the hornets
never attacked the bees nor even my wall-fruit, which was plentiful; my cows and
sheep used to be within five yards of the nest nearly every day, and they never were
stung.
‘«T found the hornets very fund of an exudation from the bark of a very old, decayed,
but growing elm ; every day, for a month, they were to be found about six feet from
the ground, settling and biting at the moist parts; it may have been the substance
from which they made their combs.
“ In general hornets build in the hollow parts of old trees; I have seen them in
apple-trees, elm-pollards, and now and then in the roofs of old, uninhabited houses
and barns, or in a hay-stack.”
The President, referring to the observation that hornets did not attack bees, said
that he knew a garden at Hammersmith, in which once were two bee-hives, two wasps’
nests, and two hornets’ nests, and the different inhabitants did not molest each other.
* Several times after nine o’clock she arrived, and it was so dark that T only knew
it by hearing her superb “ boom” as she flew to the entrance: the hum of the hornet
is very magnificent, it is quite peculiar and different from the large Apis terrestris
(queen), which is next to it in grandeur.
K
74
Mr. 8S. Stevens exhibited a moth, Orthostixis catenaria, Hubn., a North American
species, and a letter from Mr. Hemming, of Brighton, was read, stating that it
came from the collection of Mr. Thorncroft, who believed he took it at Eastbourne.
Mr. Stevens also exhibited two specimens of the New Holland Longicorn beetle,
Phacodes Mossmanni, Newman; and a Curculio from Brazil, with some spine-like
fungi attached.
The President said that on examining some seed-pods of furze, he found in one,
besides specimens of Oxystoma Ulicis, a cocoon, in which was a grub belonging he
thought to some Hymenopterous parasite upon Oxystoma. In aseed-pod of Lathyrus
pratensis he had lately found a larva and a pupa, which had not yet been perfected,
but which he imagined were those of an Apion.
Mr. Douglas exhibited a stem of common dock, containing larve of a Pemphredon
or Cemonus, placed one above the other at the bottom of a burrow about four inches
long, at the top of which was a hole by which’ they would make their escape when
perfect, and which was now closed by whitish papery film.
The President read the following descriptions of two new butterflies, and the cha-
racters of the new genus he proposed for Papilio Telamon, Denovan.
Sericinus, Westwood.
Genus novum e familia Papilionidarum, Teinopalpo et Thaidi affine.
Caput mediocre anticé hirsutum ; palpi labiales capite fere duplo longiores sub-
horizontaliter porrecti; hirti nec setis longis ut in Thaide instructi; antenne
vix clavate, articulis circiter 30 sensim incrassatis, articulis 10 ultimis paullo
brevioribus. Ale antice triangulariter ovate apice rotundate, vena post-costali
4-ramosa ramis simplicibus, lmo et 2do ante apicem aree discoidalis emissis,
3tio ad ejus apicem emissa, 4to in medio spatio inter apicem aree discoi-
dalis et apicem ale; vena disco-cellularis supera brevissima; media multo
longiori in medio augulata angulo versus basin alarum spectanti; vena disco-
cellularis infera breviori, cum apice vene mediane fere continua, et spatio
inter hujus ramos 2dum et 3tium longitudine fere equali. Ale postice subo-
vales, margine externo vix repando ramo tertio vene mediane in caudam lon-
gissimam at valde angustam producto; vena precostali apice furcata, vene
costalis basi cum basi vene post-costalis connexa, cellulam parvam predis-
coidalem efficiente. Abdomen feminz absque lobis membranaceis Doritidum,
Typus Papilio Telamon, Donovan.
Hazs.—Shanghai, China, D. Fortune.
In Mus. Britann. et Westw.
TuHaumantis Howeua, Westwood.
T. alis supra fulvis omnium serie subapicali lunularum nigrarum valde curvatarum,
maculis hastiformis nigris in alis posticis majoribus, anticé adjectis ; alis infra
luteo fulvis strigis duabus obliquis irregulariter sinuatis 1ma ante et 2da pone
medium alarum anticarum, et ante et per medium posticarum, extensis externa
e costa fere ad angulum analem ducta ubi recurrat; nubila recta obliqua fusca
submedia ad angulum analem extensa, macula grisea terminata ; alis anticis
75
ocellis tribus, posticis quinque rufis, pupilla alba iride tenui nigra, strigisque
duabus parallelis vix angulatis prope marginem apicalem. Mas.
Has.—Shanghai, China, D. Fortune.
In Mus. Britann.
‘
Drusitta Mytacna, Westwood.
D. alis niveis, omnium utrinque costa nigricantis posticis subtus ocellis duobus
magnis equalibus nigris pupilla minima alba circulo latiori fulvo, alteroque
tenui nigro circumcinctis, capite thoraceque subtus nigris ; palpis fulvis; ab-
domine lutescenti. Mas et foem.
Has. in Insulis Louissiadis maris Indici, D. Mac Gillivray.
In Mus. Britann.
The President also read ‘ Descriptions of Three New Genera of Exotic Coleoptera
remarkable for possessing an external resemblance to groups to which they do not
belong.’ The first species, Paromia Dorcoides, from Columbia, unique in the cabinet
of M. Reich, in Paris, has in fact been mistaken for a small species of Lucanide, to
which family, however, it only bears a relation of analogy, its affinity being to the
genus Ips. The second species, Cossyphodes Wollastoni, of which only a single spe-
cimen was found by Mr. Wollaston, under a stone, at Madeira, has a very close prima
facie resemblance to the heteromerous genus Cossyphus ; while it is among the genera
originally placed by Latreille among the Xylophaga, but separated therefrom by Mac-
Leay and introduced among the Necrophaga, that we must look for its true relations.
The third species, Eucheta Scaritides, in his own collection, from New Zealand, re-
markable for the long sete on its sides, appears by its slender filiform antenne and
general form to belong to the Scaritide; but it is really most nearly related to
Trogosita.
Mr. Stainton exhibited a species of Tineide, forming the type of a new genus very
near to Pterolonche of Zeller ; he proposed to call the insect Limnecia Phragmitella.
It was captured by Mr. S. Stevens, in the marshes at Hammersmith, and a specimen
is in the collection of Mr. Shepherd.
Mr. Stainton exhibited, on the part of Mr. Logan, a drawing of a new species
of Lithocolletis; and read a description of the insect under the name of L. nigrescen-
tella, Logan.
M. Stainton also exhibited a new Tinea, taken flying in the streets of Liverpool,
by Mr. C. 8. Gregson. Mr. Stainton proposed for it the name of pallesceutella.
April 7th, 1851.
J. O. Wesrwoop, Esq., President, in the chair.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
donors thereof. —‘ The Zoologist’ for April, by the Editor. ‘Hints on the History
and Management of the Honey-bee. By Edward Bevan, M.D.’ Presented by
the author. A Portrait of the Rev. W. Kirby, on large paper; by W. Spence, Esq.
76
Two copies of ‘A Supplementary Catalogue of British Tineide. By H. T. Stainton.’
Presented by the author. ‘The Atheneum, from July, 1850 to March 1851; by the
Editor. ‘The Literary Gazette, January and February; by the publishers. Bred
specimens of Catocaia sponsa, C. promissa, Triphena fimbria, and other British Lepi-
doptera ; by Mrs. Vines. About 200 species of British Lepidoptera; by Mr. Douglas.
The following gentlemen were balloted for and elected: —Johan Wilhelm Zetter-
stedt, Lund: Honorary Foreign Member. H. J. Steuart, Esq., 76, Jermyn-street,
and the Rev. J. M. Simkiss, St. Mary’s, Oscott, Birmingham; Ordinary Members.
Robert Patterson, Esq., Belfast, and J. C. Hyndman, Esq., Belfast ; Subscribers.
Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a most beautiful specimen of the Lepidopterous Cocytia
D’'Urvillii, Boisd.; the only previous example being one in bad condition in the col-
lection of Dr. Boisduval. He likewise exhibited, from a collection just received from
Mr. Wallace, on the Amazon, Papilio Columbus recently described and figured in the
Society’s ‘Transactions’ by Mr. Hewitson, and aes new species of the genus Papilio.
Also a specimen of Gymnancyla canella, which he believed to have been taken on the
coast near Southend, being the second known British specimen; and Dryophilus Ano-
bioides, bred from the same stump of broom from which he reared the insect last year.
The President exhibited living larve of CEstride, from reindeer in the Zoological
Society’s Garden. He observed that Linneus stated from six to eight were the usual
number on one deer, but in the present case there were from fifty to one hundred, and
they were very conspicuous. Mr. Bracy Clark, in his ‘“ Memoir on Gstride ” in the
‘Linnean Transactions, had given his opinion that CEstrus Trompe and CH. Tarandi
were only sexes of one species; but from the examination of specimens sent to him
by Professor Zetterstedt, he could not concur in this opinion ; moreover, Gi. Trompe
was not found in the backs of reindeer, but in the frontal sinus. He also exhibited
drawings of the head of the larve of GE. Tarandi and CE. Bovis, showing the mouth
destitute of mandibles, and the larve could obtain nourishment by suction only ; in
this respect differing from 2. Equi, in which mandibles were present.
The President also exhibited drawings made from the mutilated specimen of the
parasite upon Fulgora candelaria, received from Mr. Bowring, and exhibited at the
meeting last October. The venation of the wings was decidedly of a Lepidopterous
type, and the legs were of a Lepidopterous character; the pupa also, as far as could
be ascertained without divesting it of its cottony covering, appeared to be that of a
Lepidopterous insect ; but such an one was so anomalous, that more and entire speci-
mens were greatly to be desired.
A note was read from R. Maysmor, Esq., Devizes, accompanying some cocoons of
Trichiosoma Lucorum, stating that he believed the imago made its exit from the co-
coon backwards; at least, he always found the exuvie remaining in the passage out,
with the head in the interior of the cocoon, and there does not appear to be room for
the insect to turn round in the skin it is about to leave behind.
Mr. F. Smith called the attention of the meeting to a very interesting paper inti-
tuled “ A New Phase of Bee-life,” recently published in Dickens’s ‘ Household Words,
from which he read the following extracts, premising that the scene of the discovery
was about 170 miles from the mouth of the Essequibo river.
“Seating myself on the smooth gray trunk of a tree, which lay prostrate across the
sluggish water, whose broken limbs shone bright in the gay drapery of a scarlet-blos-
somed epiphyte, I lighted my pipe, and taking a book from my pocket, began lazily
turning over the pages and lightly gleaning the pleasant thought of a witty and social
77
poet. My attention now and again drawn away by the ceaseless tappings of a yellow-
headed woodpecker on a decaying tree close at hand, to the glittering flashes of a
Karabimitas, a Topaz-throated humming-bird —a frequenter of dark and solitary
creeks, capturing flies among the gay petals, for his nest-keeping partner, who, a few
paces up the stream was gently swinging with the evening breeze, in her tiny home.
I had been in this position for some time, little regarding the whizzing hum of in-
sects constantly passing and repassing—when, my gaze chancing to fall a yard or more
from my resting place, I detected a small bright-gray bee, about the third of an inch
in length, disappearing in what seemed a solid part of the trunk.
“There was no hole or crevice perceptible to the eye, nor did that portion of the
bark feel less smooth than that immediately adjoining. I might be mistaken—nay!
I must be. I had just arrived at this last conclusion, when a tiny piece of the bark
was suddenly raised, and out flew the little gentleman I had seen disappear, or one
too like him not to belong to the same family. The mystery was solved. Some in-
genious bee-architect had devised an entrance-gate, fitting so admirably as to defy
discovery when shut; while I was certain that I could lay my finger almost on the
precise spot, the closest inspection failed to reveal any trace of its outline. The bark,
though polished and even, was covered with faint interlaced streaks, from which even
the smoothest bark is never free ; and the skilful carpenter had adapted the irregular
tracings of nature to his object of concealment. Wishing to inspect the workmanship
without injuring its delicacy, I had to wait patiently until it should again fly open ;
nor was I kept long in expectation, for it presently popped up to permit the egress of
another of the fraternity, and a ready twig prevented its descending. I found it de-
signedly crooked and jagged at the edges, with an average width of about a quarter of
an inch, and twice that in length: its substance was little more than the outer skin of
the bark, and, being still connected at one end, opened and closed as with a spring.
The cunning workman had no doubt been aware that had he made it much shorter—
which the size of the passengers would have permitted—it would have required to be
thrown farther back, when the greater tension would soon have destroyed the elas-
ticity of the hinge, and, with that, its power of fitting close to the tree. Immediately
within the doorway was a small ante-chamber, forming a sort of porter’s lodge to the
little surly gray-liveried gentleman inside, who, without quitting his retreat, showed
his displeasure at my intrusion in a manner too pointed to be mistaken, and certainly
manifesting neither trepidation nor alarm at the sight of one of the ‘lords of the
creation, though probably the first offered to his inspection. From the entrance-hall,
two circular tunnels conducted into the interior of the establishment, from whence
came the confused murmurs of a numerous and busy community. I had just allowed
the door to close, and was admiring the exceeding neatness of the workmanship, when
another of the family returned home, signifying his arrival, and obtained admittance
in a manner at once novel and singular.
“ After darting against the entrance, and touching it with his feet, he rose again
into the air, and taking a wide swoop round the trunk, came up on the other side, this
time, flying straight towards the “trap,” which was quickly raised, when he was a few
inches distant, and, on his entering, as quickly closed. The office of the pugnacious
individual inside was explained; he was actually the door-keeper, and his returning
comrades, having, like any other modern gentlemen, politely rapped, circled out of the
observation of prying eyes, till he was prepared to admit them. Numbers were con-
stantly arriving, and all went through the process I have described, each flying away,
78
after knocking, in a different direction, but all allowing the same time to elapse
before returning for admission :—thus, the door was never opened save at the proper
moment.
“ After watching their proceedings for some time, I discovered the reason of their
not waiting quietly at the entrance. Sneaking among the stray leaves and rubbish in
the trunk and in the holes and cavities of the bark, were numbers of small insects, of
the same colour as the bees, but with the addition of one or two minute bands of black
across the abdomen ; their slender, graceful forms and partially exposed ovipositors re-
vealed, however, the cause of their slinking about, and stamped them the parasitic
ichneumons of the hive. I thought that, after the habits of their tribe, they were en-
deavouring to obtain an entrance, when they pouncingly hovered over the bees as they
were disappearing in the door-way ; but, as none ever succeeded, I conjectured that
they had devised and were pursuing some other plan of introducing their blood-thirsty
progeny. Further observation showed this to be correct. The rascals were endea-
vouring to attach their eggs to the small pellets of pollen with which each bee was
laden, and they often succeeded, in spite of the admirably devised tactics to prevent
them.
“We were up and away down the sparkling river at daybreak the next morning ;
and I had no other opportunity of observing the economy of the bees and their ene-
mies; nor in my rambles, did I ever chance to meet with another family of the same
species, or with kindred habits.”
Mr. Smith also read the following extracts from letters received by him from the
author of the paper, hoping that some day the bee would be captured and examined
by an entomologist.
“J think nothing more will be necessary than simply to attest the truth of “A new
Phase in Bee-life ” to which you allude, and to add, that in recounting the facts there-
in contained, I used neither invention nor distortion, and but little embellishment.
Indeed, that portion which describes the bee’s workmanship and movements is nearly,
and but little more than, a verbatim copy of rough notes of a day’s gleanings, scrawled
by the light of the hissing night-fire, as I sat in my hammock that same evening,
scarcely a stone’s throw from the scene of such rare instinct and sagacity. Johnson
used ofttimes to quote the Spanish proverb,— He that would bring home the wealth
of the Indies, must take the wealth of the Indies with him ;’ and truly this aphorism
could not find a better application than in my case. It has been, and ever will be, a
matter of extreme regret, that when I took up my residence in British Guiana, I was
possessed of so mean a knowledge of Entomology, and that, too, in a country so rich
and so unexplored, and that seemed to promise such inestimable treasures to the in-
vestigator, and without a smattering of the science or technicology of the subject, by
which alone the most careful observations can possibly be rendered intelligible, or any
thing but useless to naturalists at home.
“ In reply to your first question, as to the manner of conveying the pollen to the
hive, I may state that the posterior thighs (tibie) were considerably expanded, and hol-
lowed out into spoon-like cavities, in which the balls of kneaded pollen were steadied,
or rather, secured by numerous stout bristles. The bee itself could but little have ex-
ceeded a quarter of an inch in length, and in form approximated more to the rounded
humble- than to the oblong hive-bee; its colour was a light gray, and its body and
legs were in some places profusely covered with hair of a light hue; though in the lat-
ter, as in the head, face, and breast, the black predominated. Such is the impression
79
which my mind retains of its appearance, for I did not make any notes at the time,
entering into the minutie of size, form or colour, and write entirely from memory. I
did not observe the eggs of the parasite on the pollen ; their minuteness, similarity of
colour and rapidity of deposition, baffling the unaided sight; but I judged of their in-
tention, as you conjecture, from their movements. The eggs were certainly left either
on the polien or hinder parts of the body or legs of the bee. I assumed the former as
the more probable. I regret that I did not procure specimens of this ingenious insect,
but my attention was almost exclusively devoted to the acquisition of the more bril-
liant species of Lepidoptera.”
Mr. Smith then read a note on a nest of Polistes Lanio, Fabr., lately sent by John
MacGillivray, Esq. to the British Museum, from St. Salvador, where the wasp is abun-
dant, the nests being formed under the eaves of the houses. In one of the cells he
fuund a specimen of Trigonalys bipustulatus, Smith, not enveloped in any pellicle, and
the wings crumpled up ; nor had the cell been closed in any way, proving that it had
never quitted the cell, and that Trigonalys is the parasite of Polistes,—a discovery of
much interest, as showing the relationship of the insect to be among the Pupivora.
Mr. Smith also read a note on another nest, recently presented to the British Mu-
seum, of a social wasp, unfortunately without any tenants, the chief interest attached
to it arising from its being constructed entirely of sandy loam, and the exterior being
so hard that a saw used in opening one of its sides was blunted.
The following note by J. M‘Intosh Esq., of Charminster, was read : —
“In the ‘ Proceedings of the Entomological Society, October 7, 1850, p. 36, it is
recorded that ‘‘ Mr. Westwood, on the part of Mr. Gould, exhibited two insects he had
found in Scotland, impaled on the spines of furze.” And Mr. Westwood says “the
subject of insects impaled on thorns required elucidation.” Perhaps the following me-
moranda made by myself on this subject, may prove interesting to the Entomological
Society.
“T have frequently taken from off the thorns of Crategus and Ulex, the following
insects: —1. Pieris Crategi. This insect was alive, and had been driven against the
thorn by the force of a gust of wind. The caterpillar also of this insect I have found
in the same position. On one occasion I watched a caterpillar of this species crawl
over a thorn, in doing which its weight, and a slight breeze of wind at the same time
giving a motion to the branch, caused the sharp thorn to pierce the caterpillar, which,
struggling about to relieve itself, worked the thorn through its body, by which means
it became completely fixed. This was not a case of determined suicide, but an acci-
dental death. That insects meet with their death by being driven by wind or rapid
flight against the thorns or spines of trees, numerous examples have come under my
own observation. On heaths and in plantations, caterpillars, by crawling over the
sharp thorns or spines of plants, become in many cases pierced, and in their endea-
yours to escape only fix themselves the more securely, and become the easy food of
some feathered enemy. 2. and 3. Vanessa Urtice and Cynthia Cardui. The perfect
insects I have taken from off the thorns of Crataegus Oxyacantha, on several occasions
dead, but not in any way injured to lead me to suppose that they had been placed there
by any enemy. If so, they would have been mutilated in some degree. 4. Ourapte-
ryx sambucaria. An example of this moth I have taken from off the spines of Ulex,
not injured. 5. Coccinella 7-punctata. I have met with frequent examples of this
insect impaled on the spines of Ulex, and what is more curious, on the sharp leaves of
Araucaria imbricata and Abies Canadensis, as well as on Crategus Oxyacantha. I
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have taken specimens dead and very much mutilated, and others alive. 6. Sarrothri-
pus ilicanus. Specimens of this moth I have taken on the sharp prickles of the leaves
of the holly, Ilex Aquifolium.”
Mr. Spence read the following extract from a newspaper, called ‘ The Scientific
American, dated March 22, 1851, “On the American Locust (Cicada septemdecim),”
communicated by Dr. Gideon B. Smith.
“ T have made this remarkable insect a special object of study for seventeen years,
beginning in April, 1834. During the spring and summer of that year, I made a
careful examination of its anatomy and habits, from the perfect larva state to the de-
scent of its progeny in July and August into the earth. I have frequently found the
larve since 1834, in the ground, where they went down in that year, from one and a
half to two feet from the surface, in oblong cells, varying from an inch to two or three
inches in diameter, and generally horizontal. These cells, however, appear to he
moveable, that is, the insect digs the earth from one end and packs it in the other.
The object of these movements seems to be to obtain fresh vegetable matter on which
to feed. The insect obtains its food from the small vegetable radicles that everywhere
pervade the earth. It takes its food from the surface of these roots, the moist exuda-
tion (like animal perspiration), for which purpose its rostrum or snout is provided with
three delicate capillaries or hairs, which it projects from the tube of the snout, and
sweeps them over the surface, gathering up the minute drops of moisture. This is its
only food: the mode of taking it can be seen by a good glass.
“Tt does not puncture the bark, because it has no instrument for such a purpose,
and therefore that they puncture the roots of pear-trees and thus kill the trees is erro-
neous. It is also an error to say, should a tree on which these larve have been feed-
ing be cut down, the insects perish for want of food. Ifa place be found where trees
grew in 1834, which were cut down, the land cleared, and even houses built upon it
sixteen years ago, the locusts will be there now, and will be seen to emerge from the
ground about the 25th of next May.
“The tract of country that will be occupied this year by the locusts extends from
the Patapsco river in Maryland, to Buck’s county in Pennsylvania, and from the Dela-
ware river to the middle of the range of the Alleghany mountains, including Bedford
county, Pennsylvania.
“There is another locust-district this year in Georgia and South Carolina, a small
tract embracing a portion of these States, and another small one in Mississippi. I
have the location of thirty from different districts, occupying fourteen of the seventeen
years. The other three years are no doubt occupied in the western wilds of N. Ame-
rica, between latitudes 433° N. and 29° S., beyond which parallels I have not been
able to hear of them. The locusts will appear about New York in 1860; this district
extends to the Connecticut river East, and as far North as Washington Co., N. Y.,
West to Amsterdam in Montgomery Co., and a large portion of New Jersey.
“In the whole range of Natural History there is nothing more strange than the
fact, — which has been established with as much certainty as any fact in Astronomy
ever was, — that a little insect, not so large as the smallest ant, should pass into the
ground, and remain there seventeen years, and then emerge a comparatively large in-
sect; or that a certain tribe of insects should appear here in immense numbers, ex-
actly once in seventeen years, always in the same month, almost on the same day, and
same hour. It is indeed wonderful, but it is nevertheless true.
“The music or song produced by the myriads of these insects, in a warm day,
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from about the 25th of May to the middle of June, is wonderful. It is not deafening,
as many describe it; even at its height it does not interrupt ordinary conversation.
It seems like an atmosphere of wild monotonous sound, in which all other sounds float
with perfect distinctness. After a day or two, this music becomes tiresome and dole-
ful, and to many very disagreeable. To me it was otherwise, and when I heard the
last note on the 25th of June, the melancholy reflection occurred—shall I live to hear
it again ?
“ Probably the first indication many persons will have of the approach of the lo-
custs, will be the industry with which they will find the hogs rooting up the ground
in the woods and fields. It is a great festival for them: and as soon as the insects
appear above ground, chickens, turkeys, and all poultry will also have their feast. So
fond are all fowls of these insects, that they will scarcely touch other food during the
locust-season. This has a remarkable effect upon all hens’ eggs laid after the locusts
appear —their yolks are nearly white. The chicken become very fat, and of fine fla-
vour. Even the little wren will be seen flying off with a locust in its mouth, and all
insectivorous birds have a great festival.
“From the Ist to the 20th of June, all shrubbery of value should be protected, ei-
ther by covering it with cheap gauze, or in case of pot-plants, by keeping them in the
house. About the 15th of June, the insects commence depositing their eggs ; and
about the 25th of June, the old locusts will have disappeared altogether.”
“In conclusion, people ought not to be alarmed. The insect has neither means
of offence nor defence, and all the stories told of children being killed by their sting or
bite are fabulous.”
May 5, 1851.
J. O. Westwoop, Esq., President, in the chair.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
respective donors: —‘ The Zoologist’ for May; by the Editor. ‘On the Probable
Relation between Magnetism and the Circulation of the Atmosphere;’ from the ‘ Ap-
pendix to the Washington Astronomical Observations for 1846:’ Washington, 1851.
‘ Bericht tiber die Leistungen in der Entomologie wahrend des Jahres 1848, von Dr.
H.Schaum; Berlin, 1850:’ presented by the author. ‘ Entomologische Zeitung’ for
March and April; presented by the Entomological Society of Stettin. ‘The Athe-
neum ’ for April; by the Editor.
The President announced a Resolution of the Council, that during the Great Ex-
hibition any foreign entomologist might see the Society’s collection on any day of the
week, if accompanied by a member or subscriber.
Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a species of Curculionide, of which he had not been able
to determine the name, but which was new to Britain; also an Adela cuprella, the se-
cond known British specimen: both captured recently on sallows at Fenny Stratford.
He likewise exhibited a living specimen of Callidium sanguineum, caught at Bow,
L
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Middlesex, and some splendid Lepidoptera and Coleoptera from Ega on the Amazon,
collected by Mr. Bates, who, he mentioned, was now on his way home. He brought
for distribution specimens of Hylastes rhododactylus, recently taken in stumps of
broom at Coomb wood.
Mr. Shepherd exhibited a hermaphrodite Smerinthus Populi, found at liberty. In
this instance the right side was male.
Mr. Douglas exhibited a longicorn beetle, Coptomma variegatum, Fabr., a native
of New Zealand, caught flying at Bow Common, by Mr. Robertson, last September.
He also exhibited one of the Tipulide, apparently a species of Trichocera, the pupa of
which he found sticking out of the very hard side of the sand-pit at Charlton, the in-
sect being in the act of emerging therefrom. It was difficult to think how so slender
a creature had the power to work through such hard material.
Mr. Smith exhibited a specimen of Formica graminicola, Latr., taken by Mr.
Wing, December 9, 1850; and a specimen of Formica cunicularia, taken by Mr. S.
Stevens, April 18, 1851. Both insects were females, and were caught flying, the
interest attached to them arising from the season at which they were found, the usual
time of appearance of the former being the end of June, and of the latter, the autumn.
The President observed that such observations as these might appear trivial, but
they were in reality of much importance, and in the aggregate would serve as clews to
the elucidation of many obscure points in the history of insects. For instance, in re-
spect to the economy of ants, we are in some species quite in the dark, certain things
observed of some having been attributed to all, quite erroneously, as the habits of spe-
cies differ greatly.
Mr. Waring exhibited two singular crustaceous-looking spiders from Western
Africa.
The President stated that some plants of a strawberry brought by him from Paris,
had been all but destroyed by Haltica wrata, the young leaves and buds having been
eaten in the same manner as those of turnips are devoured by H. nemorum.
The following note on Trichiosoma lucorum, by R. Maysmor, Esq., in a letter ad-
dressed to the President, was read.
“T am still puzzled respecting these cocoons, for those I have found with the in-
sect inclosed, are opened when it escapes in a very different way to the greater num-
ber of this kind of cocoon. I have observed the escape of several, and I see they cut
a round piece very nearly out at one end, so that it merely hangs by a little hinge;
the hole thus made is just large enough for the escape of the insects. In one instance
the fly had made a slight mistake, for after having cut the piece completely out, it
proved too small, and after several unsuccessful attempts to force itself out, it set to
and cut off a slip round the hole, which made it large enough. The flies cut the holes
with their mandibles as true as they could be done with a pen-knife, and when ready,
they force themselves out head first. I fancy the flies which cut these round holes are
all females. I have five cocoons opened in this way, and all the flies are females: the
cocoons which are opened in such an irregular manner, I think belong to the male
flies: the exuvie are considerably different in the two cocoons. At any rate, the te-
nants of the irregularly opened cocoons appear to make their exit at least a month
earlier than the others, for I found them opened by the middle of March, whereas I
have not yet seen any of the others opened on the hedges. My first flies did not come
out till the 12th of April, and they had been a month in a warm room. The day after
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they came out I placed them in a sunny window, and they became very active; I then
put them upon some hawthorn-leaves, and had very soon the pleasure of seeing them
begin to oviposit, which they continued four or five hours. They were so intent upon
this, that I could turn the leaves about so as to enable me to see the whole operation
distinctly with a Coddington lens. The fly having placed herself in a favourable po-
sition upon a leaf, so that her abdomen is in contact with it, raises the cuticle of the
side upon which she is (for I found with gathered leaves that she made use of either,
but generally the upper), by inserting the ovipositor very gradually, but working it
rapidly all the time till it was wholly extended, when it was withdrawn a liquid oozed
out, which left the cuticle raised like a little blister, of an oval form, and about the
tenth of an inch long: the ovipositor is about a quarter of an inch long. The opera-
tion lasts about three minutes, during which the fly lowers her antennz in front, and
the segments of the posterior part of the abdomen have a slight tremulous motion.
The sight is a most beautiful one, equally as interesting as the ciliary currents of the
Rotifera ; the cuticle of the leaf is so transparent, that at a little distance the oviposi-
tor absolutely appears to be on the exterior surface. It would seem that although
there may be no connexion with the male fly, the desire of propagating their species
is equally strong.
“T would not say that the fly which leaves the cocoon by the small irregular open-
ing does so backwards ; it appears strange to me that the skin should be left in the
hole with the head of it in the cocoon unless it is so: but I hope next year to see the
actual escape of this fy. With regard to the cocoon containing larve of ichneumon
flies, I cannot see what insect made the hole in that cocoon like the others, as it cer-
tainly was, if the fly had been destroyed by the parasites, as they did not seem ina
state to make it. I inclose one of the cocoons with irregular opening, containing the
skin, also one opened by one of my female flies, with the insect and its skin. I hope
to find out from some quarter the solution of the difference of these cocoons.”
Mr. Smith observed that he had frequently observed this insect emerge from its
cocoon, and always with the head first.
A paper ‘On the Effects of Temperature, Gases, and Vapours on Insects,’ by John
Davy, M.D., F.R.S., in a letter to Wm. Spence, Esq., was read, giving a detailed ac-
count of various experiments, from which it appeared that no two of the agents em-
ployed acted precisely in the same manner. Those agents most fatal to life appear to
have been sulphuretted hydrogen, ammonia, chlorine, nitric acid, iodine, camphor, oil
of turpentine, each varying in degrees of rapidity of effect, but so far analogous that
no perfect revival ensued on exposure to the air, after a motionless state had been in-
duced. Those less fatal to life appear to have been azote, hydrogen, carbonic acid,
coal-gas, muriatic-acid vapour, ether, chloroform ;—all of them producing immobility,
and probably insensibility, with different degrees of rapidity, but not commonly termi-
nating in death, revival in most instances following. Oxygen seems to stand alone
in its effects on the functions of life; that death sooner occurred in the trial with it
than in that with atmospheric air, may have been owing to exhaustion connected with
increased vital action of the insect unsupported by nourishing food.
84
Mr. Smith read a note ‘ On the Habits of the Bee, Lestis bombylans, and a Cor-
rection of its Synonymy,’ as follows : —
LEsTIS BOMBYLANS.
Apis bombylans, Fab. Ent. Syst. ii. 388, 104, 9.
Centris bombylans, Fab. Syst. Piez. 358, 19.
Also a description of a new species under the name of
LEsTIs £RATUS, Smith.
“Female, (7 to 8 lines). Brassy green; the pubescence on the face pale yellow; tho-
rax punctured ; wings slightly fuscous ; pubescence at the apex of the abdomen
pale yellow.
“‘ Male, (7 to 8 lines). Brassy; face as in L. bombylans, but yellow, patches of pu-
bescence much more dense and bright yellow; wings hyaline, slightly fuscous ;
all the legs fringed with bright yellow pubescence.”
Mr. Smith also read a note ‘On the Habits of Abispa, a solitary Australian
Wasp.’
June 2, 1851.
J.O. Westwoop, Esq., President, in the chair.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
respective donors: —‘The Zoologist’ for June; by the Editor. ‘The Atheneum’
for May; by the Editor. ‘ Entomologische Zeitung’ for May; by the Entomological
Society of Stettin. . ‘ Bulletin de la Société Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou,
1850, No.2; by the Society. ‘Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe
der Koeniglich Bayerischen Akademie da Wissenchaften, band v. parts 2 & 3: Bul-
letin, ditto, 1848—50: by the Academie. ‘Hymenopterologische Studien von Arnold
Foerster ;’ by Mr. Stainton. ‘Insecta Saundersiana, Diptera, part 2;’ by W. W.
Saunders, Esq. A box of Cape insects, by — Rooper, Esq., through Mr. Spence. A
fine hornet’s nest, found in an uninhabited cottage near Thornbury Park, Gloucester-
shire; by H. W. Newman, Esq.
H. W. Newman, Esq., Thornbury Park, Gloucestershire, and Herr Ernst A. Zuc-
kold, Halle, Prussia, were elected Members of the Society ; and Alfred Beaumont,
Esq., Huddersfield, a Subscriber.
Mr. Spence, on the part of Mr. Ellis, exhibited some oak leaves attacked by two
different larve, one of which was Lepidopterous, and the other, which had rolled up
the leaves, was Coleopterous.
85
Mr. Preston exhibited an Anthocharis Cardamines, recently captured, destitute of
the green markings on the under side.
The President exhibited from the Horticultural Society's garden, cases of larve of
Coleophora Hemerobiella, which, as he had noticed, fed on the underside of pear-leaves.
He had also observed, on the same trees, larve of C. nigricella, feeding on the upper
side of the leaves; another case-maker which fed at the base of the leaves; anda
fourth, with a very rough case, which fed all over the leaves indiscriminately : besides
a larva under a transparent web, and some leaf-rollers. He also stated that he had
again found the once rare Lyda fasciata, in considerable numbers, several species of
Curculionide, and Cemiostoma scitella, all in his own garden, showing how many spe-
cies might be found in a small space.
Mx. Rich exhibited some splendid Goliath beetles in the finest condition.
_Mr. E. Shepherd exhibited a bred specimen of Vanessa Io, remarkable for the
nearly white colour of the wings towards the extremity. He mentioned that Mr. Bond
had a similar bred specimen; and that Mr. Doubleday possessed another, taken at
liberty.
Mr. Augustus Sheppard exhibited a male Smerinthus Populi, found at liberty,
with a long appendage at the base of the right under wing, but distinct, apparently of
the same texture as the wing, and, like it, covered with scales.
Mr. Stainton exhibited some cases of the larve of Coleophora Paripennella, found
on a fence at Brixton, where he had observed them to assume a position parallel to the
fence, by reason of the case being abruptly curved near the mouth.
Mr. Douglas exhibited one of the larva-cases off Origanum vulgare, of which he
had spoken at the January meeting. It had been stationary since the middle of
March, but no insect had yet emerged.
Mr. J. F. Stephens exhibited from his own garden specimens of Selandria seri-
cans, Hartig, a new British species of ‘Tenthredinide, and a male and female of Lyda
inanita.
Mr. Saunders exhibited some rare Homoptera, and a moth accompanied by its
pupa-skin and transparent cocoon, similar to one exhibited by him at the meeting in
June, 1850; all received from Assam.
Mr. Smith mentioned that he had seen a specimen of Gastropacha Ilicifolia, a new
British species, captured on heather at Channock Chase, Staffordshire, in the middle
of May, by Mr. Atkinson.
Mr. 8. Stevens exhibited several specimens of a new species of Mecinus, found in
company with Baris Atriplicis, about the roots of Plantago maritima, growing below
Gravesend ; also a new species of Limonius from oaks near Tooting. He likewise ex-
hibited fine specimens of Eupisteria carbonaria, recently taken in Perthshire by Mr.
Weaver; and some remarkably beautiful butterflies, including one which he believed
to be the male of Papilio Zagrus, captured on the banks of the river Napo, district
east of Quito, South America, and sent home between folds of paper.
The following note by Mr. Rich, on a Goliathus Cacicus which he had alive nearly
five months, was read.
“Tn going on board a vessel which had arrived two days prior from Africa, I saw
suspended in the lamp-glass a fine female Goliathus Cacicus, which at the time was
very dormant, and on inquiry of the steward found it had been so ever since the vessel
came into soundings, the weather being much colder than before ; that it was hung in
a draft, but it had been very lively during the passage home, and fed freely on satu-
86
rated biscuit and sugar: it had been on board more than three months. On purchas-
ing it of the captain, I put it in my hat, and did not expect it to live, but on going
homewards, found it not quite so dormant, as by a sudden movement, after it had been
there some little time, I felt something equal to a dozen lancets running into me, which
will readily account for my having so many specimens with the tarsi gone, the natives
not liking to handle them. On arriving at home I found the beetle to be exceedingly
active and restless; and having at the time a large Fuchsia in bloom on the table, I
put it on the pot, when it immediately ran (if I may so term it) up the plant to the
top, and to my surprise took flight to the window, where there stood a vase of roses,
and immediately began to bury its head in the centre of a rose, and appeared to be
eating. The flight was very rapid, and accompanied by considerable noise. The sun
coming out, I left the beetle for some little time, when on going into the room again,
and coming suddenly upon it, it directly took flight; and I afterwards found that by
making a sudden noise, it would invariably do so if the sun were out. I could rarely
get it to take flight if the sun were not shining, but at all times it was very watchful,
and at the slightest noise would erect its antenne, and look towards the point whence
the noise proceeded, and then lie quite still; but if the noise were repeated, the beetle
would take flight. On giving it its liberty, which I generally did every day, by allow-
ing it to crawl over me, I found that it would always take three or four steps, then stop
and look about, then a few more steps, and if I chanced to move my hand, or any one
came near me, it would take flight. After having it some time, and always feeding it
myself, it came quite to know me, would not start, and would come to my finger if I
held it out, and if there was no sugar, it seemed quite disappointed. I believe that it
knew my voice, having tried it several times when several persons were in the room,
for as soon as J spoke to it, if previously quite still, it would brisk up and be quite rest-
less until I fed it, which was invariably with sugar, or honey, and a little moistened
biscuit or bread. As far as I could I supplied it with roses, having tried it with many
flowers, but to none was it so partial as to the rose. After feeding it invariably cleaned
its antenne, and the tarsi also, if by chance either of them had touched the sugar. The
antenne were cleaned by using the two fore tarsi, and drawing them to its mouth;
the hair on the middle and lower legs was used to clean the wings and elytra.”
A paper on the Habits of the Bombinatrices, by H. W. Newman, Esq., of Stroud,
was then read, of which the following is an abstract.
“ Although there have been several publications on this branch of Natural Histo-
ry, I still venture to submit to the public the observations I have made on four species
of humble bees, having spent the leisure hours of four or five summers of my youth in
this pursuit. My object is mainly to describe the extraordinary habits of the drones
or males of all the four species of Bombinatrices which have come under my immedi-
ate notice and observation, which have never been described by any former writer on
he subject.
“ Genus Bomsus.
“1. Apis terrestris. — This is the most common and the best known of the four
species. It inhabits all parts of Great Britain and the Continent, but is more plenti-
ful in the northern part of the kingdom than in the south ; indeed, I have found that
in the southern and western counties, the nests do not contain so many inhabitants as
even in the midland counties, probably owing to the scarcity or abundance of the wild
flowers. The female may be seen in the spring, flying from flower to flower. She is
87
much larger than the worker, and commences a nest by herself, in the ground; some-
times she takes possession of some hole near, excavated by some reptile, but it is often
made entirely by herself: in the latter case, her nest is not so apt to be destroyed by
the field mouse, the most determined enemy to the wild bee. The queen and workers
are so well known that it is almost useless to describe them; but the male bee is very
different, being of a bright buff colour, with a white abdomen, and is one of the most
beautiful of the whole species. These drones are very fond of the blossoms of the
puce-coloured Salvia and the blue Veronica, a common spiry plant to be seen in al-
most every garden. Although the Apis terrestris appears the first in the spring,
generally in the beginning of March, the males do not hatch or leave the nest until
fully a month later than some of the other species.
“The whole of this species is subject to a disease from small lice, which fasten
upon the head and trunk of the poor insect, and often eventually separate the trunk
from the lower part of the body, and destroy the insect. It is a remarkable fact, that
I have invariably found the queens at spring time, more infested with these lice in
the south and south-west of England than in Scotland, where my first acquaintance
with their habits began.
* As soon as the queen mother has formed two or three cells her labours are inces-
sant, and I have watched her from the nest for the first fortnight. At this period she
is seldom longer from the nest than from three to five minutes, no doubt to prevent
the young brood-bee from getting chilled to death in its cell. Only one bee is hatched
at first, which, immediately after making great observations around, leaves the nest
and commences work. It is wonderful to see what observation a bee makes the first
time it issues from the nest. It is about two minutes in particularly noticing the en-
trance, and all the objects near; returning many times before taking its final flight to
work. The organ of locality, as the phrenologists term it, is very strongly developed in
the whole genus of the Bombinatrices. It is the same with wasps, hornets, and hive-
bees. The queen now remains at home a longer time, and when some half-dozen bees
are hatched, her journeys are very rare indeed. I should here remark that the proof
of these labours of the mother bee are much more easily ascertained with the Apis
muscorum, in consequence of their easiness of access in the moss; and it is to this
species of bee that I am indebted for my first notice of the gradual labours of the
queen mother.
“T shall now proceed to notice the extraordinary habits of the drones or males of
all these species of wild bees, my first discovery of which was with the Apis terrestris,
and purely accidental. They leave the nest but once, never to return.
“ When about thirteen years of age, I began to collect nests of bees, and place
them in my garden. In the months of June and July I used to employ my idle hours
in looking for their nests; and meeting with a very strong and numerous one, about
the 15th of July, in a wood, a schoolfellow accompanied me to take it. We were
armed with a large knife, and two wooden boxes, with holes and stoppers, to hold the
bees. This nest (Apis terrestris) was so numerous that at fifty yards’ distance I could
see the bees ascending and descending to the place. The flight of this bee is much
higher in the air and steadier than that of any of the others. After an hour’s labour
we got to the combs, and succeeded in capturing no less than 500 bees, including a
new hatch of about fifty drones; these were all brought home, with nearly all the
combs. Having left a small bit of comb, to decoy the stray bees, we returned home.
This nest contained 800 bees, fully 200 or 300 more than in any I ever found before
88
or since. It contained three full quarts of combs, and there was nearly a pound of
honey-comb filled. It shows how much sometimes a good season with good situation
will do. Huber mentions about 300 bees as near the number in a strong nest; but
the majority, particularly in a wet season, contain a much smaller number. The nest
was found near the root of an old tree, in a wood near Hamilton, in Lanarkshire, which
had been cut down many years; and the combs were so placed, that any wet from
them was drained into a large space of hollow ground beneath. Near the new nest I
found, in another compartment, the remains of a nest full of decayed combs of the pre-
vious year. I have no doubt that one of the females had issued from this, and planted
the colony in the same spot. For three mornings following I visited the nest, and col-
lected nearly 200 stray workers, which were either lost in the bustle of disturbing the
nest, or were out at work. However, I am indebted to this nest for my first observa-
tion of the wonderful habits of the males; and which was afterwards confirmed to me
many hundred times. My garden was almost two miles from the nest, and having
collected nearly the whole of the bees, excepting some few drones which escaped, I do
not think any of the bees which I brought home went back to the old nest. Next
morning early, having opened the aperture in the wall where I had placed them, the
bees sallied forth in the most cautious manner, each worker bee, as it came out, re-
maining on wing very near the entrance, on which it made the closest observation,
going farther and farther until it took flight. About 10 o'clock, when the sun became
hot, several drones found their way out, and flew off without looking behind them, or
making observation like the workers; and during the week nearly the whole of the
males departed never to return.
“When taking the nest, I observed the same thing: those which escaped never
returned, like the workers, to visit the spot. To test this, I took several other nests of
the Apis terrestris, and placed them in very small hives made by the shepherds, and
found the same result. Within the first fourteen days after the drones are hatched,
they voluntarily depart, and commence searching for food for themselves, which they
do until the end of September or later, when they perish. Divine Wisdom has de-
prived them entirely of the power or faculty of returning to or finding the nest;
indeed they make not the least observation on their departure, like the workers. The
male bee of Apis terrestris is a very handsome insect, and so unlike the worker, that
it cannot be mistaken for it, being nearly all over of a light buff colour, with a black
stripe on the back, excepting the abdomen, which is white.
“ How wonderful is this provision of Nature, when we contemplate it! ‘These
drones have the faculty of gathering honey but for themselves alone, during their vo-
luntary and necessary exile. They also copulate with the females, but not until they
leave the nest. I have witnessed about half a dozen of these connexions in my life-
time, one on the ground, and the rest on flowers and thistles. After the connexion,
they invariably take a flight, adhering together for a short time. This I have ob-
served in the months of August and September; but I never saw a male and female
come out of the nest in coitu.
“The most determined enemies to these bees are the field-mice, which destroy
more than two-thirds of them all over England. Near villages and small towns, I
have found their nests more numerous, which I attribute to the number of cats that
destroy the mice. Another enemy is a caterpillar, which gets into the outer coating
of the combs of Apis terrestris, and destroys the nest, if not discovered and killed.
Each species of wild bee has its own peculiar mode of going its round in fine weather,
some near the ground, others through hedges, trees, shrubs, &c.
89
“2. Apis hortorum, Linn. This is very similar to the last in appearance ; its body
is longer, but not sothick. It is easily distinguished from Apis terrestris by the quick-
ness and volatile nature of its flight; it flies much nearer the ground on all occasions,
in a sort of jerking and uneven way. The males of this species are much more diffi-
cult to be distinguished from the workers by a casual observer, being of the same
colour; but their antenne are much longer, and the abdomen much broader and more
hairy. The nests of this species are also in the ground, and generally about half a
foot further from the entrance than those of Apis terrestris; indeed, much time must
be lost by these insects in going and returning; they usually prefer old drains, or the
sides of old walls, for their habitations, and are not nearly so strong in numbers as A.
terrestris, generally not more than from twenty to fifty in a nest. The male is among
the first to appear; I have seen them at the end of June: the queen is a month later
than in Apis terrestris. I have have had several colonies of them, but they were never
such favourites, not being so docile, and more irascible than the last described, so I
had fewer nests of this species than of the other four. The drones are of the same
habits precisely as the last ; they are deprived of the faculty of returning to the parent
nest after once leaving it, and these males can be more easily discovered after their
exit ; and they become regular wanderers, even more than any other species. Any
observer may watch them in their unsteady flight, very near the ground, paying visits
to the roots of trees, holes in banks, &e. At first appearance they look as though they
intended to alight at these haunts, but this they never do, until around of probably a
quarter of a mile is made in this manner, when they require nourishment ; they then
return to the thistles and flowers, where they frequently remain all night, particularly
in cold weather, and may be seen dormant in the morning ; when taken in the warm
hand they soon recover and fly away. These bees I have also observed in connexion
at various times on the wing. Though I never saw the connexion commence, I be-
lieve it be on the ground, as I once watched a male bee go toa spot and stop: on my
reaching it, I found a queen with the drone, but they both flew away; probably my
visit to the place was too quickly made.
“The nests of this species being further in the ground, and often amongst old
drains, are more difficult to take. When a boy, I have often made an attempt to take
them, and failed ; and in the neighbourhood where I reside at present, the wet sum-
mer and autumn of 1839, destroyed the greatest part of this species of bee, and they
have never been so plentiful since. They seem to be more numerous in the midland
and southern counties than inthe North. I have found great numbers in Northamp-
tonshire ; and some years since, in the Isle of Thanet, I observed hundreds of the
drones of this species vagabondizing about, and scarcely any of the Apis terrestris :
close to the sea-side they were more numerous than anywhere else. The Apis horto-
rum does not interfere with the hive-bee in its pasture; they select large flowers which
the other bees cannot reach with their proboscis. This bee is very fond of the Digi-
talis or foxglove. It is beautiful to see how it opens the flower of the great red snap-
dragon, particularly the queen mother. Were a small bee to get into this flower, the
collapse is so strong it could not force its way out, consequently it never attempts it.
In Creation, how wonderfully is everything adapted to its particular purpose! The
Apis hortorum, having the longest proboscis of the four most common species, searches
for a different set of flowers from its congeners. Despising the white clover, the sweet-
scented lime-blossoms, and preferring the wood honeysuckle, the foxglove, snap-dra-
gon, and others of the largest and wildest flowers of the forest ; when it condescends
M
90
to visit our gay parterres, it will be seen busy among the flowers above mentioned.
In the month of August, the queens of this species are seen booming along, scarcely
able to fly, probably full of eggs, and quite different from the active, nimble worker.
The male bees may be seen late in November, dormant on the thistle, with their hairy
bodies and long antenne; after this time they all perish. There is a variety of this
species all black, very like them, but not socommon; the males have the same habits,
leaving the nest once, and not returning. The Apis hortorum may be found in great
numbers in woodland countries, which they certainly prefer: but for the wild wood-
mouse these bees would be ten times more numerous.
“T have found the two last-named species, Apis terrestris and A hortorum, more
infested with lice than any others; the old queen mother is often covered with them,
and so close do they keep, that it is a work of time aud difliculty, as well as requiring
patience, to rid them of these troublesome vermin. Sometimes their poor bodies are
nearly eaten in two by these lice, and I have often found them in consequence weak,
unable to fly, and in a dying state.
“The Apis hortorum is full fourteen days or a month later in making its appearance
in the spring than its congener, the Apis terrestris ; another instance of the wisdom of
Providence, as no flowers fit for its use are in blossom at an earlier period. Notwith-
standing this, and the paucity of numbers, the males are a month earlier in being
hatched and leaving than Apis terrestris.
“The two following species which I am going to describe are also later in awaking
from their slumbers from the same cause.
“There are several varieties of the next species, called the orange-tailed bee.
“3. Apts lapidaria, red or orange-tailed. This is another beautiful species of wild
bee, and very common in England. It forms its nests sometimes in old walls, heaps of
stones, &c., but I have found the greatest number in heaps of moss, or in the earth,
generally a couple of inches only from the surface. The female or queen bee is large,
very black and hairy, with the three last segments of the abdomen red or deep orange.
The male is smaller, and quite differently marked, being nearly all yellow, except the
abdomen, which is red. The worker is a smaller bee, and marked the same as the
queen. This is a very common bee in some parts of England and on the Continent,
but I never saw one of this species in any part of Scotland, though there is a variety of it
differently marked, with nearly the same habits in every respect, most frequently found
there in old walls; they go by a very vulgar name among the lower orders in the North.
“Of these (red-tailed) I have taken many nests. This is easily done, as they are
mostly on or near the surface of the ground, but out of reach of the tread of cattle.
My method is to lay the nest bare in the course of the day; and after sunset, when
they are all quiet, to go with a small box, and lift the whole of the nest, combs, bees,
&c., all at once, and cover them up for the night. It will amply repay any one cu-
rious in these trifles, to watch the exit of the workers in the morning, when the aper-
ture is opened, and they find themselves in a new situation. The care with which
they survey the entrance one by one, the slow and cautious manner in which they take
their first few flights, is most admirable. Surely no one who observes this, can for a
moment suppose that the bee finds its way to its hive or nest mechanically, without
full observation.
“The males of the Apis lapidaria have precisely the same habits as the two last-
described species; they leave the nest a few days after they are hatched, guided much
91
by weather, to become wanderers like their congeners. They voluntarily leave, and
may be seen flying from thistle to thistle, in their lively liveries of yellow and red.
“There are several more species of the wild bee in Britain, varieties of those which
I have described, but they have all the same habits as to the internal economy of the
nest, the drones all leaving, without the faculty of returning ; and each of the males
of all the species making a round of visits in fine weather, in the early part of the day,
to particular spots, and each species varies its flight in this respect, on the ground, in
a manner that a little resembles the workers. I need scarcely add, that none of the
honey-cells of any of these bees are sealed like those of the hive bee. | The Apis lapi-
daria is the handsomest of its congeners.
“4, Apis muscorum, or Moss Carder.
¢ Tn saltibus omnia libant.’
‘The queen mother of this species is not so large as the others I have described,
and is the latest of the Bombinatrices in appearing in the spring. The colour is pale
yellow, very nearly the same as the moss in which it makes its nest: the body is hairy,
the proboscis long, the legs black: the abdomen of the male is longer than that of the
female. The worker becomes cinereous as it gets older. This species is very easily
taken, as they make their nest on the surface of the moss, and in most cases removed
from the tread of cattle, in some quiet lane or retired spot with a southern aspect. A
single queen commences a colony, which in general is few in number, although in fa-
vourable situations in Scotland, where the wild flowers of their seeking abound, I have
found 200 in number, and from that down to twenty, or even ten. This is a good
species for watching the operations of the queen bee: I have easily taken many of
their nests in the same way as those of the last described. The more cultivated and
rich the country, the fewer bees of this species are found, and they vary in colour; in
Scotland they are of a much darker yellow, and are called the foggy bee, from moss
being called fog in that part of the kingdom.
“When shooting on the moors in August, I have found the nest of this species
very few in number, sometimes only three or four workers, besides the queen. One
wonders how they exist in such a miserable locality ; however, there they may be seen,
booming along, and in a very calm day their hum is the only sound heard, except the
whirr of the moor-cock. When a boy, I had many colonies of these insects in my gar-
den, and have watched their habits, which I can inform my readers are precisely the
same as those already described, at least as to the males adopting a voluntary banish-
ment, and never returning to the nest. Excepting to an habitual observer, this is the
most difficult species to watch, as the difference in colour and appearance is less than
in any others between the workers and drones; the antennz of the latter are large,
and a little curved, like a cow’s horn.
“In an old orchard overgrown with moss, in Northamptonshire, I found at least
twenty of their nests in the space of twenty yards square. No cattle had been in it,
as it adjoined a kitchen-garden; nor had there been any carts or wagons there. I
had some difficulty myself to walk without treading on their nests, which may be known
by being a little raised above the surface, and the moss of a lighter colour. These
bees are fond of the wildest of all wild flowers ; they fly very near the earth, but have
a very straight flight; they may be seen on the wild flowers in the deepest valleys and
woods, as well as on the highest hills, and they are by far the hardiest and strongest
of all their congeners. I have seen them in the most stormy weather, winging their
92
way from flower to flower, at a time when no other bee could be seen to brave the
wind and rain.
“The male of this species is the latest of all in appearance, at least in our climate,
seldom appearing before the end of August or beginning of September; and may be
distinguished by his low flight along hedge-rows, and his stopping frequently as if in-
tending to go into the ground; this he will continue for a mile together, and if watched,
he will be seen to return to the same places more than ten times in an hour.
“‘ There are two or three varieties of the Apis muscorum, of one of which, the work-
ers are good-sized bees, with scarcely any small ones in the nest: these inhabit the
West of England. I found that it does not answer the end to examine the nests of
the carders often. I found a strong nest in Northamptonshire a few years since, and
examined it repeatedly by breaking the moss. At last, a young friend of mine, wish-
ing to have it in his garden, we went one night to take it, and discovered about 1000
ants in possession of the combs, and all the bees gone. The ants had got through the
moss where it was broken and unguarded, and had overpowered the bees.
‘“‘In the dry summer of 1844, although there were plenty of queen bees in the
spring, the wild bees were very scarce all over England. I believe firmly the ground
was so hardin May and June, that the queen mothers could not bore through it. I
never saw them so scarce as during that summer. A very wet summer destroys them
in the same proportion. A wild woodland country is the most favourable for their
increase in numbers: a rich pasture country without wovuds is very unfavourable for
the whole genus.
** My acquaintance with the ‘dumble dores’ is of fifty years’ standing. I com-
menced catching them when a child. The first nest I took was in 1798, the last in
1848! I have spent many happy hours in studying their history and economy ; and
T trust those of my readers who are real naturalists, will not think the pursuit trifling
or unsatisfactory, as many do who are no lovers of these things. For myself, I may
truly say that to this day I feel thankful that the first fifteen years of my life were
spent in the country, and in these pursuits. The old adage,—
“* God made the country, and man made the town,’
is to me a true saying; for the agency of a Great First Cause is much more apparent
in every object around us, in the country than in the town. Even in the history of
these little insects, how wonderful their preservation during the winter! Their frail
bodies are five months in the year in the cold wet earth, and other holes and corners,
(I once found one ina small fissure of a wooden fence ; it was dormant until the begin-
ning of February, when it recovered and flew away) : they arise from their long slum-
bers, refreshed by their rest, as soon as the glorious sun begins to warm the earth.
Should not this remind us mortals of the great change which must happen to us all,
when we shall be called into new and everlasting life, from the sleep of death ?
“ The study of the wild bee has this advantage over the hive bee, that young peo-
ple can follow it without danger: they are not vindictive, and if properly handled, do
not sting, even when defending their young. It can also be followed without cost,
except that of time ; and who is there that has not a leisure hour each day in the sum-
mer? I therefore strongly recommend this study to my young friends in the country,
as an intellectual amusement. Natural History has of late years become more fashion-
able, and this is no mean part of it ; beides, it is accessible to nearly all who reside in
rural districts.”
93
Mr. Smith observed, that the preliminary remarks of Mr. Newman would lead one
to expect a record of some new facts in the history of humble bees, but that he could
not discover anything bearing even the aspect of novelty, except the statement that
“the males leave the nest but once, never to return.” Upon this point, he had some
observations to make, since it was at variance with his own experience and observa-
tion. Mr. Smith said that in many particulars the social bees differ from the solitary
species; thus, amongst solitary species, the males are the first to make their appear-
ance, whereas the contrary obtains in social communities : the males also of the soli-
tary species fly to their nests on the approach of night, or the passing of a summer
cloud, so also do the males of the hive-bee. Mr. Smith observed that Mr. Newman’s
Apis terrestris he had undoubtedly considered identical with A. lucorum, and had pro-
bably considered all the yellow-banded species, except hortorum, as constituting but
one, in which he was mistaken ; Mr. Newman’s Apis terrestris being the lucorum, as
proved by his description of the male. Mr. Smith said he had some doubt whether
the Bombus lucorum really was so much more numerous in the North; in the neigh-
bourhood of London, and indeed in Kent, Surrey and Hampshire it is much more nu-
merous than terrestris ; but if Mr. Newman meant that the black and yellow-banded
species are more numerous, he was probably correct. Mr. Smith said that some years
ago he collected a number of Bombi in Yorkshire, and there the Bombus Raiellus
abounds, this being Mr. Newman’s variety of Lapidaria found in Scotland: this spe-
cies he had always found constructing a moss nest, not building in old walls, but in
meadows.
Mr. Smith said he had occasionally found Bombi im coitu (B. pratorum, June 20,
1847, B. lapidarius, July 27, both before 10, a. m., B. soroensis, in the Battersea-
fields, August 19, 1840), and was of opinion that the reason why such connexions were
not more frequently observed, was to be explained by the fact of their taking place
usually at an early hour. In the month of June, a few years ago, he discovered a
large colony of Andrena fulvescens in the after part of the day: there were thousands
of their little hillocks turned up in the hard-trodden pathway, and a few females en-
tering and issuing from them. The morning following, on revisiting the colony be-
tween 9 and 10 o’clock, he observed numbers in coitu. With regard to Mr. Newman’s
observation that the males of the Bombinatrices “ leave the nest but once, never to
return,” Mr. Smith stated, that on the 10th of August, 1838, he found a nest of B.
Raiellus constructed of moss, in a bank in the Hackney-marshes, and not knowing to
which species it belonged, he gently raised it, and found some combs of empty cells,
except a little honey in one or two of them, and four or five workers and one female.
He then replaced the upper portion of the nest, and left it till he returned on his way
home, when with a silk handkerchief he secured the nest, together with its contents:
these proved to be four females, ten workers, and six males. These had all no doubt
returned towards the evening, and he was quite confident there were no males there
in the morning. There remained only the possibility of the subsequent development
of the males, which he felt satisfied did not take place during the interval ; the combs
were in too empty a state to contain young brood, and when he examined them at
home, they contained no brood of either sex. He also felt pretty sure of having ob-
served the male of Bombus terrestris entering the nest ; but his crowning remark was
that Mr. Kirby, in his observations on B. Lapidarius, alluding to the male, says, “I
have myself seen this insect entering the nidus of A. lapidaria.”
The President read the conclusion of his Memoir on the genus Evania and its allies.
94
The President announced that Herr de Haan, an Honorary Member of this Soci-
ety, had for a long time made researches into the venation of the wings of butterflies,
with reference to their metamorphoses, general structure, and economy, in which he
had received great assistance from M. Milne-Edwards, at Paris, and he now sought
the help of English entomologists, in furnishing him with specimens of diurnal Lepi-
doptera, stating that it would be sufficient for his purpose if there were but an upper
and an under wing free from damage.
Herr Helfrich, of Berlin, had also intimated his desire to exchange with any of the
Members, specimens of the larger European Lepidoptera for English species.
It was announced that Part 5, Vol. I. n.s. of the Society’s ‘Transactions,’ was
ready for delivery.
July 7, 1851.
J. O. Westwoop, Esq., President, in the chair.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
donors thereof :—‘ The American Currant-moth, (Abrawas? Ribearia) ; by Asa Fitch,
M.D.: ‘A Catalogue with References and Descriptions of the (Homopterous) Insects
collected and arranged for the State Cabinet of Natural History, New York;’ by Asa
Fitch, M.D.: both presented by the author. ‘Transactions of the Linnean Society,
Vol. xx. part 3: ‘Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Nos. 41—44, pp. 49— 112:
‘List of Members of the Linnean Society, 1850:’ all presented by the Society.
‘The Zoologist’ for July; by the Editor. A Blatta and a Pentatoma, on which were
living larve of one of the Tenebrionide, imported from Abyssinia in a parcel of the
new vermifuge called “‘ Kousso;” presented by William Mansell, Esq.
Mr. Edwin Shepherd exhibited specimens of Phibalapteryx polygrammata, Har-
palyce Sagittata, Eupithecia sparsata, Psecadia funerella, Cosmopteryx Lienigiella,
and a new species of Gelechia allied to dimidiella ; all recently captured at Burwell
Fen, Cambridgeshire: also Phoxopteryx Upupana, Ephippiphora obscurana, and a
new Spilonota allied to dealbana; all from Darenth Wood: and a very fine Stauropus
Fagi, captured at Black Park, Bucks.
Mr. Augustus Sheppard exhibited a fine series of Depressaria assimilella, reared
from larve found on broom.
Mr. J. Jenner Weir exhibited Bucculatrix Cidarella from alders, Gracilaria Ono-
nidis from Genista tinctoria, A’chmia oculatella from Eupatorium Cannabinum, and
A. metallicella ; all captured near Pembury, Kent.
Mr. Smith exhibited the specimen of Gastropacha Ilicifolia caught by Mr. Atkin-
son, mentioned at the June meeting; also living specimens of Chrysomela cerealis,
which had fed for the last fortnight on leaves of wild thyme, on which plant Mr. Fox-
croft found them in the Pass of Llanberris, N. Wales.
Mr. Douglas exhibited, in illustration of the natural history of the following Tor-
trices : —
95
A pupa-skin of Ditula angustiorana, projecting from the interior of one of the
shoots of yew exhibited at the February meeting.
A pupa-skin of Cochylis Francillana, and a section of a dry stem of an umbellife-
rous plant, in which the larva had fed.
A pupa-skin of Pedisca bilunana, with a catkin of birch, inside which the larva fed.
Dry capsules of Saxifraga granulata, gathered at Southend, im which he had found
pupe which produced Sphaleroptera Ictericana.
It was somewhat singular that all the six or eight specimens of this insect that had
appeared were males ; the females (longana, Haw.) he had reared from larve found
on Aster Tripolium growing near Gravesend, which quitted the plant prior to changing
to pupe ; so that granting the larve of the pupe found in the capsules of Saxifraga
granulata had fed therein, it would appear, judging from the instances in question,
either that the sexes fed on different plants, or that these two insects had been erro-
neously united as one species. It was not safe to speak positively without further ex-
perience, but it would at least seem that if there were but one species, the larve were
not only polyphagous, but had different habits on different plants ; in one case chang-
ing to pupe in the seed-capsule of the plant, in the other quitting the plant and re-
tiring to the earth.
Mr. S. Stevens exhibited Chrosis Audouinana from Black Park, Psyche reticella
from Sheerness, and Eupithecia tenuiata, bred from sallows.
The President directed the attention of the meeting to the descriptions of the win-
ter insects of New York by Dr. Asa Fitch; specimens of the greater part of which were
intended to be presented to this Society. The following are extracts from the paper.
“It is the object of the following paper, to describe those insects of Eastern New
York, which occur in their perfect state in the winter, and are peculiar to that season
and the early part of spring. They are objects of curiosity, as coming forth to our
view in full maturity and vigour, at that time in the year when almost every other
member of the animal kingdom is reposing in torpidity under the chilling influence
of solstitial cold. In an economical aspect, they possess but little importance, their
period of life being limited to that season when the field furnishes no herbage, the gar-
den no flowers, and the orchard no fruits, on which they can prey. They are chiefly
interesting, therefore, merely as objects of scientific research—as forming integral parts
of that vast array of animated beings, with which the Father of Life has populated
our world, and rendered it vocal with his praise.
“A few words respecting the analogies of the two first species here described, may
not be devoid of interest to the general reader. A small insect, destitute of wings,
and bearing some resemblance to a flea in its general aspect, is found in the winter
season, upon the snow in the northern part of Europe, and also occurs upon the Alps
and the Harz mountains. It has been known for nearly a century, and from its sin-
gularly anomalous characters, naturalists have been much perplexed to determine in
which particular family of the insect tribes it might with the most propriety be pla-
ced. Linneus was the first to classify and name it. He regarded it as possessing
more analogies with the species associated in his genus Panorpa, than with any other
insects, and accordingly arranged it with them, bestowing upon it the specific name
hyewalis. But, inasmuch as it differed from the Panorpide in some prominent par-
ticulars, such as possessing the faculty of leaping, and being furnished with an ovipo-
sitor similar to many grasshoppers and crickets, Panzer, at a subsequent day, placed
it under the genus Gryllus. More recent naturalists, however, have concurred in the
96
propriety of the location originally given by Linneus, and to obviate, in some degree,
the incongruity of its situation, Latreille was induced to construct for it an indepen-
dent genus, placed beside Panorpa, to which genus he gave the name Boreus. The
hyemalis has remained to this day the sole species of this genus, no other insect hay-
ing similar characters, having been discovered in any part of the world. ‘Two years
since, in the month of March, searching carefully upon the melting snow, to find if
possible in this vicinity, a rare and singular insect which has been lately discovered in
Canada—the Chionea valga, a fly destitute of wings—though unsuccessful, my labours
were rewarded with an equally acceptable return, an insect co-generic with the curious
Boreus hyemalis of Europe. Since that time, I have met with numerous specimens,
and have also found, in the same situations, several individuals of a third species per-
taining to the same genus.
“7. BorEvus NiIvoniunpUs. The Snow-born Boreus.
“‘ Shining black or brownish black; rudimentary wings, thorax above, with the
rostrum and ovipositor excepting their tips, fulvous; legs dull fulvous.
“ Length, male 0.12 in.; female 0.15, or including the ovipositor 0.18.
“ This insect is by no means rare, being found upon the snow in forests in warm
days, so early as December, and becoming more plentiful as the season advances. I
have met with it the most plentifully in April, when there has been a fall of snow in
the night, succeeded by a warm forenoon of bright sunshine. Appearing so suddenly,
in numbers, upon the clean, dazzling white surface thus spread over the earth, at the
first thought it seems to be literally bred from the snow. I have not yet searched for
it in the moss of tree-trunks, but doubt not that like the European insect, ours will
also occur in this situation. When observed upon the snow, it is almost always sta-
tionary ; and when approached by the hand, it commonly makes a leap to the distance
of a few inches only, its saltatory powers appearing but feeble.
“9. BorEvs BRuMALIS. The Mid-winter Boreus.
“ Polished deep black-green; legs, antenne, rostrum, and ovipositor black; rudi-
mentary wings brownish black.
“ Length, male 0.10; female 0.12, or including the ovipositor 0.15.
“So faras I have at present observed, this appears abroad earlier in the season,
and in colder weather than the preceding, though occasionally found associated with it
on the last snows that fall in the spring. It is much less common than the other.
“3, Perta Nivicota. The Small ‘ Snow-fly.’
“ Black ; wings gray, unclouded, a third shorter than the abdomen in the males,
a third longer in the females.
“ Length 0.20, wings expand 0.45 ; males smaller.
“On warm days in the latter half of winter, this species may be observed crawling
with hurried steps upon the snow. It becomes most numerous about the time the
snow finally disappears, and is then often seen on shrubs, fences, and buildings, and
not unfrequently finds its way into our houses. It is extremely common, occurring
most abundantly in the vicinity of streams of water, in which element the previous
stages of its existence are passed. When first excluded from its pupa state, it is of a
pale yellowish colour, but gradually changes to black, this change commencing upon the
thorax. Copulation occurs immediately after the female comes from the pupa state.
oF
“4, NemourA nivauis. The Large‘ Snow-fly.’ The ‘ Shad-fly.’
g y y
“ Black ; wings griseous, faintly banded, double the length of the abdomen.
“‘ Length, males somewhat under, females over, half an inch; wings expand about
an inch.
“Tt is not uncommon to meet with specimens of this and the preceding species,
infested with a minute parasite of the family Acaride. These parasites are of a bright
vermillion-red colour, and fix themselves, one or more, at the sutures of the tergum,
not quitting their hold after the death of the insect, unless disturbed.
“‘ This species begins to appear soon after the small snow-fly is first met with. It
occurs in the same situations, is nearly as abundant, and remains for a time after that
has disappeared. One of the purposes served by these prolific insects in the economy
of nature, doubtless is to supply with food the fish of our streams at this early period
of the year. The larger of these species, continuing to be abundant when the shad
first come into our rivers, has evidently received one of its popular designations in al-
lusion to this fact.
“ We regard this as the American analogue of the European Nemoura nebulosa,
Linn. But, from several points in the extended description of that species given by
M. Ramber (‘ Suites 4 Buffon, Insectes Neuropteres, Paris, 1842), it is quite obvious
that ours is a distinct insect.
“5, CuLEX HYEMALIS. The Winter ‘ Musketoe.’
‘*Thorax cinereous, with a broad black vitta on each side; extreme tips of the wings
and two spots on their anterior margins black, with two intervening sericeous yellowish
white spots.
“ Length 0.22; to the tips of the wings 0.28, or including the beak, 0.39.
“ The winter musketoe is met with in the last days of autumn, and again for a short
time in the first days of spring, and specimens are occasionally found in any of the
winter months. It is a somewhat rare insect, which no one can fail to distinguish °
clearly by the marks on its wings, as above described.
“6, CHIRONOMUS NIvoriuNDUS. The Snow-born Midge.
“‘ Black ; poisers obscure brown ; wings pellucid-cinereous, their anterior nervures
blackish.
“Length about 0.15 to the tip of the abdomen in the males; females a third
shorter.
“ This is a very common species, appearing upon the snow in the winter season,
and upon fences, windows, «c., in the fore part of spring, the males and the females
being about equally numerous. The beautiful plumose antenne of the former distin-
guish them at a glance from all other insects abroad at this season. At times they
may be met with in immense swarms. April 27th, 1846, in a forest, for the distance
of a fourth of a mile, they occurred in such countless myriads as to prove no small an-
noyance to the passer, getting into his mouth, nostrils and ears at every step, and li-
terally covering his clothing. These had probably hatched from the marshy border of
an adjoining lake, on this and the preceding days, the weather having been remarka-
bly warm and dry. The wings appear to be more hyaline and iridescent in those in-
dividuals that come forth earliest, but I am unable to detect any marks by which they
may be characterized as specifically distinct from those which appear at a later day.
N
98
“ TRICHOCERA BRUMALIS. The Mid-winter Trichocera.
“‘ Brownish black; wings and legs pallid at their bases ; poisers blackish, their pe-
dicels whitish.
“ Length of the male 0.18, of the female 0.25 ; the wings expanding twice these
measurements.
“Common in forests in the winter season, coming out on warm days, flying in the
sunshine, and alighting on the snow, its wings reposing horizontally upon its back
when at rest. Even when the temperature is below the freezing point, and the cold
so severe as to confine every other insect within its coverts, this may be met with
abroad upon the wing. It is a plain, unadorned species, closely allied in its characters
and habits to the European T. hyemalis, but in a number of impaled specimens before
me, I can detect no stripes or bands upon the thorax ; whilst the very obvious charac-
ter of the legs and wings being pallid at their bases, I do not find mentioned as per-
taining to that species.
“ Popura Ntivicota. ‘ The Snow-flea.’
“ Black or blue-black ; legs and tail dull brown.
“ Length 0.08.
“Though found in the same situations as the European P. nivalis, ours is a much
darker coloured species. Say’s P. bicolor is a larger insect than the one under
consideration, and differs also in size and in the colour of the tail or spring. From
the habits of the present species, we should infer that it might be abundant in all the
snow-clad regions of the northern parts of this continent; it may therefore prove to be
identical with the P. humicola of Otho Fabricius (‘ Fauna Greenlandica’), of which
we are unable to refer to any but short and unsatisfactory descriptions, which do not
coincide well with our insect.
“This is an abundant species in our forests in the winter and fore part of spring.
At any time in the winter, whenever a few days of mild weather occur, the surface of
the snow, often over whole acres of wood-land, may be found sprinkled more or less
thickly with these minute fleas, looking, at first sight, as though gunpowder had been
there scattered. Hollows and holes in the snow, out of which the insects are unable
to throw themselves readily, are often black with the multitudes which here become
imprisoned. The fine meal-like powder with which their bodies are coated, enables
them to float buoyantly upon the surface of water, without becoming wet. When the
snow is melting so as to produce small rivulets coursing along the tracks of the hus-
bandman’s sleigh, these snow-fleas are often observed, fluating passively in its current,
in such numbers as to form continuous strings; whilst the eddies and still pools ga-
ther them in such myriads as to wholly hide the element beneath them.”
Mr. 8S. Stevens stated that Mr. Walton had had the kindness to determine the
names of the two new British Curculionide he had recently captured. That from
Gravesend he had no doubt was the Mecinus collaris of Germar, for it answered ex-
actly to Germar’s description ; the other from Fenny Stratford is Acalyptus rufipennis
of Schonherr. Of this, Mr. Walton in a note, observes: — “ The genus Acalyptus,
Schonherr states, is not very dissimilar to Sibynia, and is partly like Tychius, but dif-
fers in the construction of the funiculus of the antenne and in the form of the rostrum.
The location of the genus is next to Sibynia. Schonherr records only two species in
the genus, viz., A. Carpini, Herbst., and A. rufipennis ; but I am of opinion that Car-
99
pini is identical with rufipennis, which is founded upon Gyllenhal’s description. If
I am right, the synonymy will stand thus : —
“ Acalyptus Carpini, Hbst., Gyll., Sch. -
“* Ellescus sericea, Dahl., Dej.
* Sibynia sericea, Sturm, (Ins. Cat.)
“ Acalyptus rufipennis, Schon.
“‘ According to Gyllenhal, it occurs plentifully in Sweden upon the flowers of Salix
cinerea.”
Mr. Saunders alluded to the great abundance of cockchafers this year, and stated
that he had made experiments on the relative weight of males and females. He found
that in twelve males the average weight was 132 grains each, in twelve females 203
grains.
The heaviest male weighed 17 grains, the lightest 12 grains.
The heaviest female weighed 243 grains, the lightest 16 grains.
The difference between the heaviest male and female was 73 grains.
The difference between the lightest male and female was 4 grains.
The difference between the lightest male and heaviest female was 123 grains, the
heaviest male being 1 grain heavier than the lightest female.
The President said that these observations might possibly prove to be more than
curious, and to have an economic value; for in some places on the continent, in sea-
sons when cockchafers were abundant, quantities had been collected and pressed for
the sake of the oil they afforded; and in Transylvania they had been made into a paste
with which cart-wheels &c. had been greased.
August 4, 1851.
J. O. Westrwoop, Esq., President, in the chair.
Herr Herrich-Scheffer and Count Mniszeck were present as visitors.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
donors thereof: —‘The Zoologist’ for August ; by the Editor. ‘ Entomologische Zei-
tung’ for June; by the Entomological Society of Stettin. ‘ Isis, 1848, Heft xi.’; by
Herr Koch. Lieut. Maury’s ‘ Investigations of the Winds and Currents of the Sea,’
(from the Appendix to the ‘Washington Astronomical Observations for 1846’), with a
map: Washington, 1851; by the Author. ‘Monographia Cassididarum,’ tom. i.,
auctore C. H. Boheman; by the Author. ‘Verslag van de Zesde Algemeene Verda-
gering der Nederlansche Entomologische Vereeniging ;’ by the Netherlands Entomo-
logical Society. ‘ Transactions of the Microscopical Society, vol.iii-parts 1 and 2; by
the Society. ‘Additamenta ad Faunam Carcinocologicam Afric Occidentalis, scrip-
sit J. A. Herklots;’ by the Author. A box of Brazilian Hemiptera; by M. de Gand.
Specimens of Apamea ophiogramma and Gelechia velocella; by Mr. F. Grant. Two
living specimens of Chrysomela cerealis from Llanberris ; by Mr. Foxcroft. A nest
of the spider, Theridion variegatum (T. callens, Blackwell); by Mr. Meade.
Mr. J. F. Stephens exhibited a series of varieties of Abraxas Grossulariata, caught
100
by himself; some of the specimens being remarkable for variation in the form of the
wings as well as the colours.
Mr. Bond exhibited a specimen of Saturnia Carpini, reared by Mr. Barlow, of
Cambridge, in which the usual ocellus on the upper wings was replaced by a yellow
dash; and the President observed that at least one of the veins was deficient.
He also exhibited some very remarkable varieties of Harpalyce suffumata, Cidaria
fluctuata, C. montanata, Boarmia rhomboidaria, and Spilosoma Menthrasti, all taken
near Leeds.
My. Bedell exhibited the following Micro-Lepidoptera, all taken near Mickleham
on the 27th of July: — Pempelia ornatella, Depressaria rotundella and D. Douglas-
ella, Gelechia neuropterella, Pterophorus baliodactylus and P. didactylus.
Mr. S. Stevens exhibited some splendid Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, received from
Messrs. Wallace and Bates, and collected by them at Ega and Guia, on the Amazon.
Among the Lepidoptera were several novelties, and a female of the butterfly of which
Mr. Hewitson had lately described the male in this Society’s ‘ Transactions,’ under
the name of Papilio Bolivar. Mr. Stevens also exhibited some fine Buprestide from
Swan River.
The President exhibited a living specimen of Cerambyx Heros, forwarded to him
from Pembroke dock-yard by Sir T. Pasley; Phibalocera Quercana, reared from larve
living under a silken web on leaves of pear-trees, to which they had done much da-
mage; Plutella Cruciferarum, reared from leaves of turnips, on which in many coun-
ties they had appeared in immense numbers, and caused great devastation ; turnip-
leaves, containing living larve, probably of the last-mentioned species, and others
which had been forwarded to him, accompanied by specimens of Crambus culmellus,
which were said to have caused the damage to the turnip-plants, but which was not
probable; Meligethes eneus, seen eating pollen of roses ; Balaniuus Brassice, found
gnawing the petals of roses; a monstrous claw of Astacus fluviatilis, with two horns
instead of one; a nest of Chelostoma florisomne, with three cells, in a straw; and a
species of Astyages from asparagus. He also distributed a number of Coleophora
Hemerobiella and C. nigricella, reared from leaves of pear-trees.
Mr. Moore exhibited some Lepidoptera from Hastings, among which were Spha-
leroptera longana, Haw., and Bryophila glandifera.
Mr. Smith exhibited two specimens of the rare Ctenicerus castaneus, captured by
the Rev. C. Kuper, in Monmouthshire.
Mr. Smith also exhibited a great number of Hymenoptera, which he had recently
captured in the Isle of Wight ; among them the following were the most remarkable.
Mutilla Ephippium (male and female), Larra unicolor, Philanthus triangulum (hi-
therto exceedingly rare, but of which he took between 200 and 300), Andrena nigri-
ceps (Kirby), Panurgus calearatus, Nomada varia (Kirby), Coelioxys vectis (Curtis),
Megachile maritima, the very rare Osmia xanthomelana, an immense number of Foe-
nus assectator, and one specimen of a Dasypoda, probably a new species.
Mr. Smith stated that from the stem of dock exhibited by Mr. Douglas at the
March meeting, containing larve then supposed to belong to Cemonus or Pemphre-
don, he had reared three specimens of Hyleus, of which two (males) were H. planta-
ris, Smith (Trans. Ent. Soe. iv. 32), and one (female) was H. cornuta, Kirby, MSS.
Smith, (l. c.); thus leaving no doubt that these were but sexes of one species.
Mr. 8. Stevens exhibited a quantity of insects, of all orders, part of a great mass
he had brought from below Gravesend on the preceding day, when from 7 to 8, P. M.,
101
there were myriads on the grass, although at 5 o’clock scarcely any were visible.
Among them he had already discovered a number of a species of Haltica new to him.
Mr. Waring exhibited two specimens of Plusia orichalcea, recently taken by Mr.
Harding near Folkstone.
Mr. Augustus Sheppard exhibited specimens of Tortrix transitana from Fulham,
T. cinnamomeana and Dichelia Grotiana from Weybridge, and two strongly-marked
Demas Coryli, reared from larve.
Mr. Meade exhibited some cocoons of a Coceus found in May, from which a num-
ber of very minute insects, all alike, had escaped, and a sketch of which he exhibited.
The President said he thought the holes visible in the cocoons were not made by
the Cocci, but by a parasite thereon, — Coccophagus; and he believed he perceived
some of them among the Cocci.
Mr. Stainton exhibited the new species of Lithocolletis, recently described in the
‘Entomologische Zeitung’ by Herr Nicelli, under the name of L. Coryli; also the
larve and pupz zn leaves of hazel.
Mr. Douglas exhibited Gelechia Walkeriella, from Dartford Heath; Peronea as-
persana, with its pupa-skin, and Sericoris conchana, both reared from Jarve which fed
on the leaves of Spirea Filipendula; and a species of Coleophora, apparently unde-
scribed, for which, if such should prove to be the case, he proposed the name of Inule,
the larva having fed on leaves of Inula dysenterica.
The President read the following extracts from a letter he had received from I. P.
Kirtland, Esq., M.D., Cleveland, Ohio, dated July 15, 1851 : —
“Tn the ‘ Arcana Entomologica’ it is stated, on the authority of Mr. Doubleday,
that ‘ Papilio Ajax is found chiefly in the lower country of the Southern States, east
of the Alleghanies ; its range is, I believe, from Virginia to Florida. But this spe-
cies has a more extensive range. At my residence on the south shore of Lake Erie,
five miles west of Cleveland, it is not uncommon, and I have found it still more abun-
dant at Columbus, near the centre of the State of Ohio. With us the larva feeds upon
the foliage of the Anona triloba. This insect, in its various stages of metamorphosis
is correctly figured in Leconte’s Boisduval’s ‘ History of Lepidoptera.’
“The P. Marcellus is still more common in the same northern localities, and feeds
upon the same shrub. It is also well figured in the work to which I have referred.
The pupa-case is occasionally of a pea-green colour, and remains unchanged during
the winter. In their perfect state these two species are readily recognized by their
peculiar modes of flight, as well as difference in size and markings.
“« P. Asterias in the larva state feeds on all species of Umbellifere, not excepting
- Cicuta virosa, the most virulent of our vegetable poisons.
“ P. Philenor, in the same state, confines itself to the several species of Aristolo-
chia; A. Serpentaria, in this vicinity, constituting its principal food. It is badly co-
loured in Say’s‘ American Entomology ;’ in Boisduval it is better, but far short of the
original while living.
“You will perhaps be surprised to learn that P. Cresphontes, Herbst., described
and figured as P. Thoas in Leconte’s Boisduval, has found its way as far north as my
locality. In the August of last year I captured four beautiful specimens on my lawn.
The present season two have already been seen here, and I have received one from the
Scioto valley near Columbus. At the south it feeds on the orange trees; what its food
is here I have not yet discovered. Ido not think it has visited this section of the
country till very recently.
102
“ Among the most rare species which I have taken, are Vanessa Milberti, Melitea
Phaeton, Xanthidia Nicippe, and Limenitis Arthemis.
“ It may interest you to learn the fact that three species of your English butterflies
have become naturalized in this vicinity; viz., Vanessa Antiopa, V. Atalanta, and
Lycena Phleas. All are now abundant. It is perhaps doubtful whether the last is
specifically identical.”
The President announced that Herr Herrich-Scheffer, having come into posses-
sion of the works of Hubner and Panzer, would dispose of copies, including the con-
tinuations, at greatly reduced prices ; and that he would receive in exchange English
entomological books and English and Foreign Lepidoptera. Also that he had for sale
or exchange small collections of European Lepidoptera. He intended to terminate,
during the ensuing winter, his works on the Lepidoptera of Europe ; and for illustra-
tion therein, he begged the loan of new species, especially of extraordinary genera of
Nocturnes ; and promised to return them in good condition as soon as possible, and
free of expense.
A MS. list of a collection of Lepidoptera and books for sale by Herr Koch, of Frank-
fort, was on the table.
September 1, 1851.
J. O. Westwoop, Esq., President, in the chair.
Previous to the ordinary Meeting, a Special General Meeting was held, at which
a revision of the Bye-Laws was made. Oue of the alterations was, that a new class
of Members, called Associates, should be created, for the express purpose of admit-
ting working entomologists to the advantages offered by the Society’s Meetings, Li-
brary, and Collections.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
donors: —‘Entomologische Zeitung’ for July and August ; by the Entomological
Society of Stettin. ‘ Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou,
1849, No. 4, 1850, No. 1; by the.Society. ‘ Abhandlungen der Mathemat.-Physika-
lischen Classe der Keenigliche Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenchaften,’ Band v.,
Abth. 1, and Band vi., Abth. 1; Munich, 1851: ‘ Bulletin’ ditto, 1847, Nos. 1—35:
by the Academy. ‘ Melitemata Entomologica, auctore Dre. Frederico A. Kolenati,
Fase. 1; Petropoli, 1845; by the Author. ‘On the Hessian Fly, by Dr. A. Fitch;
by the Author. ‘The Atheneum’ for July; by the Editor. ‘The Zoologist’ for
September; by the Editor. A selection from the Hymenoptera collected at the Isle
of Wight and exhibited at the last meeting; by Mr. F. Smith. Four specimens of
Lobophora polycommata; by Mr. T. H. Allis. ‘Two specimens of Cecidomyia Tritici,
and two of a new species of Cecidomyia ; by Mr. Brown, Burton-on-Trent.
Alfred Beaumont, Esq., of Huddersfield, was balloted for and elected a Member
of the Society.
Mr. White exhibited a specimen of the spider-like crustacean, Nymphon gigan-
teum, Goodsir (Stromii? Kréyer), taken at a depth of twenty fathoms, in the sea on
the coast of Zetland.
The President exhibited a moth reared from eggs received from Mr. Parker this
103
year, and which came from the province of Cheetiang, in the North of China, where
the fine kind of silk called “ Tsatlee” is produced by the caterpillars of this species.
The moth, a Bombyx, apparently differed from the common B. Mori ; the caterpillar,
however, fed on mulberry-leaves.
The President also exhibited three specimens of a Nepticula, probably N. centifo-
liella, reared from leaves of a rose-tree. The larve, which apparently were without
legs, mined the leaves in a tortuous manner, and when full-fed came out of the recep-
tacle they had formed, and made flat, boat-shaped cocoons, each being placed between
the foot-stalk and the bract of a leaf.
Mr. Spence sent fur exbibition the eggs of some insect beautifully arranged round
the foliage of a species of Conifere.
Mr. Grant exhibited a specimen of Gelechia Brizella, a new British species taken
by him at Southend, in July. He also exhibited Peronea permutana, Gelechia pic-
tella and Agrotis valligera, all taken by smoking bushes on Barnes Common, Surrey ;
a new and inland locality for these hitherto maritime species: and from the same
place, smoked out of broom, Depressaria atomella.
Mr. Smith exhibited six specimens of a species of Pteromalus, reared from larve
found in pods of furze with Oxystoma Ulicis, on which he had no doubt they were
parasitic. He considered them identical with the example mentioned at the March
meeting, when the President had stated his belief that it was a parasite upon Oxy-
stoma.
Mr. Smith also exhibited a new British bee, Bombus arcticus, Dahlbom, taken by
Mr. A. White, in August, at Lerwick, where it was not uncommon in the gardens of
Mr. J. A. White, Union Bank, and Mr. Bruce, Sand Lodge.
' Mr. Smith exhibited two living specimens of Lamia textor, female, taken by Mr.
Jacques, near Bristol.
Mr. Douglas exhibited leaves of laburnum, showing how larve of Cemiostoma
Laburnella had fed between the cuticles, and when full grown had left their habita-
tions and made their cocoons on the under side of the leaves. Also, a specimen of
Mecinus collaris, the new British Curculio discovered by Mr. S. Stevens at Graves-
end, at which place, in June, Mr. Douglas had gathered some flower-stems of Plantago
maritima, in which the larve of this beetle fed, causing a large swelling immediately
~ below the flower, and from one of these the example now exhibited was produced. He
also exhibited specimens of Depressaria atomella, reared from broom, Gracilaria Ono-
nidis, Dicrorampha acuminatana, Z. (caliginosana, Guen., Doub., non Tr.), and an
apparently new species of Stigmonota, all taken at Headley Lane, August 10.
Mr. Stainton exhibited a minute pupa-case, probably of a Nepticula, on oak. It
exactly resembled a caraway-seed, and was fastened to a twig by some exceedingly
fine filaments of silk.
Mr. Spence communicated the following extract of a letter from his son, R. H.
Spence, Esq., dated Cold Springs, near Baltimore.
“ As Dr. Smith predicted, the Cicade [C. septemdecim] came out of the ground
from May 25th to June Sth, in swarms, the ground being actually riddled with the
holes from which the pupe emerged. Every tree, and shrub, and fence, and stick,
and stone, in fact, everything, was covered with them. I have counted a hundred on
a small peach-tree planted last year. Their habits, in one respect, are different from
those of other Cicadz, as they are excessively slow and lazy, and will allow themselves
to be caught without the least attempt to get away. The black locust, as they call it
104
here, and all the South-of-Europe Cicade, are very active, and exceedingly difficult
to get hold of. The injury they do is this. The female with her ovipositor makes se-
veral incisions in the bark of the small branches of trees, and in each incision lays
about one hundred kidney-shaped white eggs. In about a week or ten days the branch
withers and falls to the ground, when the grubs, which are then hatched, penetrate
into the earth and remain there, as they say, seventeen years. The trees have suffered
so much, that the woods have quite an autumnal appearance.”
Mr. Spence also communicated the following extract of a letter from Signor Carlo
Passerini, of Florence, Honorary Foreign Member of the Society : —
(Translation). —“‘ This autumn I have had the fortune to find the habitat, where
it undergoes all its transformations, of the rare teredile Denops personatus, and soon I
shall publish its history with plates, which I believe will augment the known notices
(and they are very few) of the Terediles. I have collected several specimens of this
pretty Coleopterous insect, which I shall be able to impart to entomologists. In an-
nouncing this to English entomologists, you may say that I reserve a couple of this
Denops for each. Remember me particularly to Messrs. Capt. Parry, Thwaites, Cur-
tis, Westwood, and G. R. Gray, aud I shall be well content if they ask from me Coleo-
ptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera of Tuscany.”
Mr. Stainton read an extract of a letter from J. C. Bowring, Esq., Corresponding
Member of the Society, dated Hong Kong, June 9.
“T inclose a pair of Cyclosomus insularis, White, a species I met with yesterday
morning for the first time. This beetle burrows to some depth in the sand by the sea-
shore ; it is very active in its movements, and when exposed on the surface disappears
beneath the sand with truly wonderful rapidity, diving down head foremost. I cap-
tured about twenty specimens by turning up the sand for some distance to the depth
of five or six inches.”
Mr. White read the rollowing extracts of a letter from Mr. Bowring, dated Hong
Kong, June 2.
“ Captain Champion tells me that you entomologists at home will not believe my
account of the parasite on Fulgora. Now yesterday I showed Mr. Harrington a spe-
cimen which I have just reared, the moth having come out a day or two ago — a fine
male, with beautifully pectinated antenne. The pupa-case with its cottony covering
is well preserved. This specimen I intend to send to the Entomological Society.
Among my most recent captures are my Cicindela speculifera, now out, and of which
I took fifteen specimens yesterday, also a few of the three other species of which I
sent specimens to the British Museum last year. The other day, when up at Can-
ton, I got no less than thirty-two specimens of C. Chinensis—magnificent fellows, as
perfect as can be. The insect is in every collection, but all the specimens are villan-
ous things, with great May-poles of needles stuck through them. I have also taken
some very beautiful Carabideous insects this spring ; a fine Panageus, like P. quadri-
maculatus, one or two species like Pogonus, and some which I cannot make out, one
particularly, which belongs to the Truncatipennes, and has the labrum produced into
a long snout, like some of the Cistele. Another capture made this spring is one which
surprised me not a little; viz., a fine Creophilus, quite as large as, and closely resem-
bling, our C. maxillosus. Are you aware of any other species from the tropics? Ca-
rabus Lafossei is another fine thing I have added to my cabinet lately; and I hope
this summer to get some good specimens of C. prodigus from the hilly country N. W.
of Canton.”
105
The President, in exhibiting the Cecidomyie presented by Mr. Brown, read the
following extracts from letters received from that gentleman : —
“Last year, when examining the economy of Cecidomyia Tritici, I discovered
another species of the same genus, which appeared to me also to be attached to the
wheat, but I was not then able to verify my observations. I have, however, this year
been more fortunate, aud have seen the dark-winged species in the act of depositing
its eggs in the ears of flowering wheat, exactly as is the habit of C. Tritici. All the
specimens sent are females, as I have only been able to find one male, and I cannot
at present tell to which species it belongs. The males appear to be excessively rare,
or appear very early. Curtis says he has never seen the male of C. Tritici. I have
swept at least two other species of Cecidomyia from the wheat, besides re-discovering
the spotted-winged species which Markham bred about sixty years ago from wheat.
I have however taken only two specimens of Markham’s species, and about the other
species I know at present too little to bring them under notice.”
“IT send herewith two preparations of the flea of the hen-roost, showing the insect
in its three stages. I find the larve in the dust on the floor of the hen-house, appa-
rently living on the fragments of feathers and scales from the quills of the fowls ; some
of them changed to chrysalids whilst in my possession, forming a slight cocoon of par-
ticles of dust.
“‘Wilson’s article on Entomology in the ‘ Encyclopedia Britannica’ contains a
strange error respecting the habits of Echinomyia grossa. He states, on the autho-
rity of Reaumur!! that itis bred in cow-dung ; but it is really bred in the larva and
pupa of the egger moth, (Lasiocampa Quercis). I always took Reaumw’s cow-dung
species to be the common orange-shouldered fly whose name I know well, but which
at this moment I forget.”
Mr. Douglas said that in the August number of the ‘ Entomologische Zeitung’
was an account of the habits of some of the species of Pausside, which he had thought
sufficiently interesting to translate. The note was communicated by Herr Guenzius,
for some time and now resident at Port Natal, to Herr C. A. Dohrn, President of the
Stettin Entomological Society.
“‘ Port Natal is rich in species of Pausside peculiar to itself, for I have found here,
besides one species of Pentaplatarthrus and four species of Cerapterus, nine other spe-
cies of Paussus. All the species dwell parasitically with ants which make their nests
variously, underground, under stones, or in timber. The larger Pausside (Cerapterus
and Pentaplatarthrus) are supported by the larger ants, and the smaller by the smaller
ants. All the species are night-creatures, and fly during the spring, that is, from the
middle of October to December, especially in thundery weather, from 9 to 11 o'clock
in the evening. In February also I find Pausside, but only the smaller species. Like
almost all night-creatures they are dazzled and attracted by light, and I have taken
my rarest Pausside through open windows and doors on still warm nights. Their flight
is swift, and with a peculiar shrill sound, so that after hearing it I am sure to see a bee-
tle. All the species contain a caustic liquid, which they eject in an audible manner
from the abdomen upon being seized. This liquid from Pentaplatarthrus Natalensis
stains one’s fingers blood-red for several days; from the larger species of Cerapterus,
the purplish brown of iodine ; from the Pleuropterus alternans, Westwood, it burns the
epidermis, forming white spots. The odour of this liquid is extremely pungent, like
ammonia, and reminds one also of iodine. The explosion is repeated, as in the Bra-
chini, three or four times, each time weaker than before, when it becomes exhausted.
O
106
Pentaplatarthus I searched for early in the morning in a more laborious manner in
the ants’ nests, until by accident an easier method was suggested. On one very hot
afternoon, between 4 and 5 o’clock, immediately before a thunder-storm, I saw in the
red sand of the roads, on a woody hill, a long train of ants busily running backwards
and forwards, and I remarked among them a Pentaplatarthrus gently led by its an-
tenne by several ants, which accompanied it in the common procession. My first idea
that it was forcibly held against its will I gave up, when, on this and following days,
I several times saw the same fact occur on the approach of a thunder-storm. I had
with me at the same times a young Kaflir, an ardent and dexterous collector, and
when I told him what I had observed and seen confirmed, he stared with astonish-
ment at the strange escort, and cried out —‘ By Tschaka (by the Great King)! the
ants have chiefs, and they lead them out to promenade.’ In this manner, with the
assistance of this and two other Kaflir boys, I obtained a good many specimens of
Pentaplatarthtus, and a pair of another species of Pausside.” Herr Dohrn adds : —
“So far Herr Guenzius. I have only to remark that among the collections of in-
sects received from him is a specimen of Pentaplatarthrus with an ant still attached
to it; two other specimens of the same ant lay in the wadding in which the Pausside
were packed, so it is probable that it is this species of ant with which Pentaplatarthrus
lives. It is red, with a silky shining body, and very much resembles our Formica ru-
fa, but is somewhat smaller.
“T have no doubt that the Paussus Natalensis of the Berlin Museum, and the spe-
cies described under this name in the ‘ Proceedings of the Linnean Society’ by Mr.
Westwood, are identical with P. 4-maculatus, Buquet, (in litt.) Among a considera-
ble number of examples before me, some are simply red-brown, but by far the greater
number have a darker, nearly black, band across the middle of the elytra, which not
unfrequently extends along the suture so much that only four red-brown spots are left,
one at each angle of the elytra. I also agree with my friend Westwood (Proc. Linn.
Soc. June 19, 1849), that P. Natalensis is synonymous with P. Paussoides.”
Mr. Douglas read the following extracts from a letter he had received from Mr.
Weaver, dated Corrie, Rannoch, August 22nd.
“ The larve of the rose-beetle (Cetonia enea) T discovered here, live for three years
in ants’ nests, and feed on the ants’ eggs, of which they devour great quantities, which
I learned by keeping and feeding some therewith for several months. I have seen
them of all ages, and although exposed to thousands of ants, I never saw them mo-
lested. I have seen the beetle alight on a large ants’ nest, and dive into it without
fear to deposit its eggs. The larva changes to pupa within a cone of its own making,
but still within the ants’ nest.”
“With respect to Tinea ochraceella, I believe that its larve feed in the ants’ nest, for
I always rout the insect out of the nest, and it has no disposition to fly away from it.”
Part 6 of the new volume of the Society’s Transactions was announced as ready.
The following is a condensed account of the American currant-moth (Abraxas ?
Ribearia), from the pamphlet presented to the Society by the author, Dr. Asa Fitch.
““We have in Eastern New York a moth, which will rank as the compeer of the
European Abraxas Grossulariata in destructiveness, though varying from it somewhat
in its habits, and in the characters which it presents, both in its larva and perfect —
state.
“Soon after the middle of May, when the currant and gooseberry bushes have be- —
come well clothed with leaves, the larva appears upon them. It is of a lively. light
107
yellow colour, and thickly covered with black dots of different sizes, most of which,
when closely examined, are discovered to be symmetrically arranged, and forming
rows lengthwise of the insect. It continues to feed and to increase in size until near
the middle of June, when, being fully grown, it is about % of an inch long and % of an
inch in diameter. It then descends to the ground, and burying itself slightly under
the srurface, changes to a pupa of a shining black colour, about thrice as long as broad,
and measuring about $ an inch in length. The pupa is not inclosed in a cocoon, nor
surrounded with any other covering, but lies naked in contact with the earth ; in this
state it continues but a few days.”
“ For at least three years past the currant and gooseberry bushes of particular
gardens in this district have, in June, been stripped of their leaves by these worms so
completely, that they would be bare as in winter, but for the dead stems and blighted
fruit adhering to them. A second growth of leaves begins within a week after the
worm hus disappeared, but no fruit is yielded, and this annual destruction of foliage
cannot but prove most pernicious to the shrubs.”
“ On first examining the larve of this insect, I felt confident that they would pro-
duce nioths congeneric with the European gooseberry-moth. But an inspection of
the perfect insect rendered it apparent that they could not be included in the genus
Abraxas, as defined by its founder, Dr. Leach, without a modification of its charac-
ters, which must be made, or a new genus must be constructed to receive our insect.
This is also the opinion of Dr. Harris, but I decline availing myself of it, and have
therefore placed the insect doubtingly in the genus Abraxas.
** Abraxas? Ribcaria. Nankin-yellow; body iminaculate; wings with two brown
bands, the outer composed of sub-confluent dots, whereof three in the midst of the an-
terior pair are more couspicuousand permanent. Wings expand slightly over 1} inch.”
A detailed description follows, illustrated by a coloured plate of the larva, pupa,
and imago.
October 6, 1851.
J. O. Westwoop, Esq., President, in the chair.
Monsr. Victor Signoret and J. McGillivray, Esq. were present as visitors.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
donors : —‘ Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, No.
6, 1849—51; by the Society. ‘Catalogus Systematicus ad Cramerum, auctore Hen-
rici Verloren ;’ by the Author. ‘ Mémoires de la Socicté de Physique et d’MHistoire
Naturelle de Genéve, tome xii. 2nde partie; by the Society. ‘ Journal of the Royal
Agricultural Society of England,’ vol. xii. part 1; by the Society. ‘ Memorias de la
Real Academia de Ciencias de Madrid, tomo i. parte 1: and ‘Resumen de las Actas,
ditto, 1849-50 ; both presented by the Academy. ‘ Degli Insctti Carnivori adoperati
a distruggere le specie dannose all’ Agricultura di Antonio Villa, Milano, 1845: ‘ Os-
servazioni Intomologique durante l’Eclisse del 9 Octobre, 1847, di Antonio Villa;’
both by the Author. ‘ Entomologische Zeitung, for September; by the Entomologi-
cal Society of Stettin. ‘The Zoologist’ for October; by the Editor. ‘ Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society, 1850, part 2, 1851, part 1: ‘ Proceedings,’ ditto,
108
No. 75: ‘ List of Members,’ ditto, 1850: all by the Society. ‘ Annales de la Societe
Entomologique de France, tome viii. 1850; by the Society. ‘ Bericht ther die Ar-
beiten der Entomologischen Sektion (of the Silesian Society of Natural History),’
1850; by the Society. ‘ Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the East In-
dia Company ;’ by the Hon. Court of Directors of the Company. ‘The Atheneum,’
for August and September; by the Editor. A number of insects, chiefly Coleoptera,
collected in Renfrewshire ; by Mr. Young, Paisley. A fine series of varieties of Or-
thosia instabilis; by Mr. Barlow.
John Curtis, Esq., F.L.S., and Captain H. Lodder, 47th Infantry, were balloted
for and elected Members of the Society.
Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a fine series of the hitherto very rare Heliophobus his-
pida, taken sitting on rocks in the Isle of Portland, between the 20th and 27th of Sep-
tember; Aporophila australis, from the same locality ; Eupithecia ultimaria, Ramb.,
Boisd., Dup., a new British species taken at Dover in the middle of September; a spe-
cimen of Deiopeia pulchella, taken in Somersetshire in 1847; and a specimen of Cla-
viger foveolatus, taken near Dorking in September.
Mr. Edwin Shepherd exhibited a new species of Peronea, reared from larve found
on Spirea Ulmaria.
Mr. Augustus Sheppard exhibited a pupa of Saturnia Carpini in its cocoon, which
latter was rounded internally and externally, instead of being of the usual egg-shape ;
one side, that by which it had been affixed to the breeding-cage, being open and
showing the pupa.
Mr. F. Smith exhibited a mass of cocoons of Aphomia sociella, found on the coast
of the Isle of Wight.
Mr. Weir exhibited many species of Depressaria, lately captured, and a specimen
of Gelechia lentiginosella, reared from a caterpillar which fed on Genista tinctoria.
Mr. W. Thomson sent for exhibition a box of Coleoptera, collected at Morocco by
Mr. Drummond Hay, containing, among vther interesting insects, a specimen of the
British species, Nebria complanata.
Mr. Janson exhibited a box of fine Coleoptera from Himalaya.
Mr. Adam White exhibited a copy of a manuscript on spiders, by Mr. Joseph Dan-
dridge, or Daindridge, an apothecary, who lived in Moorfields in the days of Petiver
and Sloane. He wasa keen collector of British spiders, and wrote descriptions of
them, which were subsequently published by Albin in 1736. He found “above a hun-
dred and forty kinds of them in England only,” (see Bradley’s ‘ Works of Nature,’ p.
131, 1721). Mr. W. mentioned a New Zealand genus, and a curious species of New
Zealand spider, named after this indefatigable collector; he also pointed out the clear
manner in which Lister and Dandridge had described the habits and markings of the
British spiders, directed the attention of the entomologists present to this interesting
group, and requested them to collect specimens. He mentioned that Mr. Blackwall
had commenced in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ a series of papers
on British spiders, and said that the arachnologist of Denbighshire had undertaken
for the Ray Society a volume on the subject, which would include the descriptions
and figures so admirably detailed and drawn by his friend Mr. Templeton, when re-
siding near Belfast, a manuscript which Mr. W. some years ago urged the Zoological
Society to publish. He alluded to the labours of Dr. George Johnston, of Berwick,
on the mites of Berwick, published in the ‘ Proceedings of the Berwickshire Natural-
ists’ Club ;’ and concluded by reading an extract from a MSS. journal of his own,
109
written in France in 1841: this extract referred to Walckenaer, Fabricius, and La-
treille, and their labours in Arachnology.
The following communication from Mr. H. W. Newman, of Stroud, was read: —
“Tn the ‘ Proceedings’ (p. 93) I find my friend and brother member of the Soci-
ety, Mr. Smith, has criticised my paper on the Bombinatrices, and seems to doubt the
veracity of the statements respecting the drones; and I do not wonder at this, for any
casual observer may come to the same conclusion. This very summer I have a fine
nest of Apis lapidaria in my kitchen-garden, at the foot of the wall, which, for the last
six weeks, I have watched at nearly all hours; and though they have had a traflic of
the average of three per minute entering, I have never seen one male go in.
“ The wild bees are of an inoffensive character, and not in sufficient numbers (like
the hive-bees) to expel the males ; and the Creator has ordained that they shall leave
the nest voluntarily and never return, they not having the same ‘ organ of locality’ as
the workers, for they make no observation like the workers: and yet they know their
way to flowers, and have certain haunts. I watched one of the Apis hortorum a few
days ago come exactly every three minutes and a half, for two hours, to two spots
within view, hover about them as if going to settle, and then move on somewhere
else. [can assure Mr. Smith that it cost me many months’ observation, for a dozen
summers at least, before I could fathom their pastime, but at last I found it out, as I
believe firmly when the males of the different species leave their nests, the ‘Great
Architect’ has ordained their round of visits as an occupation. Each species has a
different flight, but Apis hortorum is by far the easiest to discover going its rounds to
the different haunts, as it flies very near the ground, and may be traced to some five
or six places, where it appears to stop. The other species vary their flight through
trees and bushes, but invariably keep the same track, generally from 10 or 11 o'clock
till about 3 or 4, in fine sunny weather.
“The whole of the Bombinatrices, about the beginning of September, begin to
get feeble and slow ; they lose their wings in many instances, and the females, many
of which leave the nest, look out for dry and convenient holes in the ground and else-
where to pass the winter in a torpid state.
‘“* Now of the moving habit of the drones Mr. Smith took no notice, and yet this is
one of the things I thought worthy of remark. I have pointed it out to several of my
friends many times, and I certainly think this eccentricity of the male a curious addi-
tion to their true history.
“ T can assure Mr. Smith that I shall be most happy next summer to meet him or
any other lover of the genus, and prove the whole of this. I will only add that I have
made the history of these insects my study for fifty years, and have taken at least 500
of their nests. I have also watched their nests in the fields for days and weeks, and
had my observations confirmed over and over again.
“The great Mr. Kirby has himself said ‘ that the Bombinatrices are in many in-
stances so unlike (the males and females), that they may be mistaken for another
species, and that unless by intense application it is quite impossible for any one per-
son to be perfect in the history of more than one species. And again, ‘I am by no
means certain that I have not, in more instances than one, described the sexes under
different names ; until all can be traced to their nidi this is not easy to be avoided.’ *
“« Mr. Smith’s ‘ crowning remark’ on Mr. Kirby, I cannot find in his work.”
* Kirby’s ‘ Monographia Apum Angliz,’ 208,
110
Mr. Smith then made the following observations : —
“ When, at the June Meeting of this Society, a paper by Mr. H. W. Newman on
some species of humble-bees was read, I, having paid some attention to their specific
differences, and alsv to their economy, felt it incumbent on me to offer to the Society
a few remarks as the results of my experience. In differing from Mr. Newman re-
specting the habits of the drones, or males, I gave but the result of my observations,
which induced me to adopt a contrary opinion ; this opinion, as I stated at the time,
was drawn from circumstantial evidence, and admitted even of the possibility of error ;
but IT felt an additional persuasion to its adoption from having the support of Mr.
Kirby, who, in his ‘ Monographia Apum Angliz’ (ii. 367) says, ‘I have myself seen
this insect entering the nidus of Apis lapidaria; and what appears to do away with all
doubt upon the subject (of its being the male), ‘I saw this insect in the collection of
the celebrated Peter Collinson, with a memorandum affixed to it, that he had seen it
connected with A. lapidaria.’ Mr. Newman now objects to my observations, at which
I am surprised ; because in making observations, it should be the sole object of the
naturalist to elicit truth, and he should always bear in mind that ‘ Nature is commu-
nicative at intervals only, and she must consequently be assiduously watched ;’ still
it is only to few that she raises the veil.
“ Since making the remarks alluded to, I have had the good fortune to have my
opinion confirmed by direct observation: the particulars are embodied in my notes
on the nest of Bombus Derhamellus, which, with permission, I will read to the Soci-
ety. Before doing so, however, I will make one or two remarks on other points con-
nected with the history of humble-bees as recorded by Mr. Newman. I cannot bring
myself to coincide in the opinion that males have prescribed rounds, from which they
never deviate, keeping in the same track ; because I have always found these, as well
as insects generally, influenced by the direction of the wind, the sun, and the situation
of such flowers as they most frequent ; and Mr. Newman’s theory would tell against
his remark, that the males have not the organ of locality developed as in the females
and workers.
“ With regard to the localities of Bombus lapidarius, which Mr. Newman never
saw in Scotland, I made it a point to inquire of residents in that part of the kingdom.
From Mr. Little I received the whole of his black-and-red humble-bees captured in
various parts of Scotland, and all but two were B. lapidarius.
“Mr. Newman limits the number of species of Bombus to four, considering all
others as mere varieties: this is certainly incorrect; I am acquainted with twenty-two
distinct species found in Great Britain. In differing from the author of the paper on
the habits of the Bombinatrices in some particulars, I should be sorry indeed if he
should suppose that I doubted the veracity of his statements ; so far from that, I fully
appreciate the value of his remarks on their general history, and also on the various
particulars of numbers of the different species inhabiting the same nest, their modes of
construction, times of appearance, &c.: but I differ from him in the conclusions which
he draws from his observations, and can see nothing to uphold the assertion that ‘ Di-
vine Wisdom has deprived them (the males) entirely of the power or faculty of return-
ing to, or finding the nest.’
“ The following notes, in connexion with the observations of Mr. W. H. 8. Wal-
cott, will, I think, prove conclusive on that point.
111
“ Nores ON THE Nest oF Bomspus DERHAMELLUS.
“On the 2nd of August, whilst walking at the side of a wood at Hampstead, my
attention was attracted by a male humble-bee which was skimming over a bank. It
suddenly alighted and disappeared: on examining the spot where I lost sight of it, I
found a track of moss, about nine inches long ; this was the covered way to the nest,
which, together with its contents, I carefully secured for examination. The species
was Bombus Derhamellus. The nest was about eight inches long and six broad. At
this period of the year the labours of the community were over; with the exception of
about half a dozen females, all the bees had quitted the cocoons; in six cells I found
a small portion of honey. The total number of cocoons was 187; judging from the
differences in the sizes of these, I consider 107 as being those of workers, 44 those of
males, and 36 those of females. In the nest I found thirteen females (six others were
subsequently developed), fourteen males and two workers. The mass of comb was of
an irregular form, the cocoons being spun one over the other, that is to say, the fe-
males had spun a layer of cocoons on the top of some of those of the workers, those of
the males being intermixed with them. Reaumur says the pupa is placed with its
head downwards, and makes its way out at the bottom of the cocoon ; in my nest the
case was exactly the reverse. The females were all in fresh and beautiful condition,
the mother bee, or founder, having probably perished some time previously, when the
process of depositing her eggs was completed.
“The nest swarmed with the Acarus with which humble-bees are so much infest-
ed; the larve of Volucella hombylans were also very numerous, and in all stages of
growth, and I reared two or three perfect insects from them. I also found the larve,
pup, and perfect insects of Cryptophagus Lycoperdi in considerable numbers. The
larve of a Tinea (7. Sarcitella) were also very numerous; from these I obtained the
perfect insect. I also found three or four specimens of Antherophagus glaber.
“ The immature larve of Volucella were plentiful, but on what they would feed I
cannot determine, there being neither larve nor pupe remaining. I observed them
to frequent those cells which contained honey, and I think, notwithstanding they are
said to be insectivorous, that they feed also on the honey and wax: on the latter, the
Acari undoubtedly partly subsist. The larva of Tinea Sarcitella feeds on the cocoons
themselves: a number of these moths appeared in a perfect state at intervals, and I
observed the larve in the empty cocoons of the bees in all stages of growth. The
larve of Cryptophagus I found also in the honey and wax ; when full fed, they bury
themselves in the ground, and soon appear in the perfect state.
“‘ Since writing the above notes, I have received a letter from Mr. Walcott, of
Bristol, a gentleman who has made the bees a particular study, and is well acquainted
with the genus Bombus. He says, ‘In the last week in August, I found a nest of
Bombus Derhamellus on our Downs ; it was at least a hundred and fifty strong. In
watching the nest, the males re-entered it with the neuters ; but, I should observe, that
the females had not appeared, this strengthens what I have lately supposed, that the
males continue to re-enter the nest until the females are out, after which they forsake
the nest. The bees invariably make their exit from the top of the cocoon; their mode
of proceeding is this: a note or hum being heard from the encased bees, both males
and neuters hasten in a body, clustering themselves as close as possible on and about
the cell, either to soften the wax on the cocoon, or to give encouragement to the en-
cased bee to make the great effort of delivering itself; and immediately on the bee
making its exit from the cell, it hastens to the old cocoons containing honey to feed,
112
it appearing much exhausted by its late effort. All the masses of cells that I have
seen have been placed upwards, but should a bee select a hole somewhat circular and
confined, there I think the bee would make her cells not only on the ground surface,
but as they increased would go on until some were placed downwards ; but this would
be an extreme case, and form an exception to the general rule.’”
Mr. Stainton exhibited a species of Lithocolletis, which he had hitherto confounded
with the true L. Frolichiella, but which was yet quite distinct; and read the follow-
ing note : —
“Mr. Allis suggested to me last December, that it was not improbable we bad
two species under the name of Frolichiella, and a further examination of more speci-
mens has convinced me of the correctness of his suggestion. Naturally, on first hear-
ing of L. Nicellii, my idea was that it would prove to be our other species, but in this
I was mistaken. Both are indeed smaller than Frolichiella ; but whereas Nicellii is
paler than Frolichiella, our new species is darker.
“ For this species I have much pleasure in proposing the name of Dunningiella,
in honour of Mr. J. W. Dunning, of Leeds, whose extreme quickness and perseverance
give promise of great doings in that branch of science called Micro-Lepidopterology.
“ T,, Dunningiella is smaller and darker than Frolichiella (yet not so small as Ni-
cellii), the anterior wings are narrower, especially above the anal angle, where in Fro-
lichiella they are very broad ; the black scales of the apex of the wing are also more
collected, thus resembling Nicellii, and the hinder marginal line is much more distinct
and darker than in Frélichiella, where it is barely perceptible.
“ From Nicellii, fine specimens of Dunningiella may be readily distinguished by
their dark colour; worn specimens are less easily separated, but the longer and nar-
rower anterior wings, less brilliant markings, and the clouded appearance of the ground
colour, are sufficient characters to enable one eventually to separate them.
“ Dunningiella was the species I described in the ‘ Zuologist’ (2088), under the
name of Frdélichiella, and is in most collections under that name. It probably is at-
tached to hazel or oak. Of the true Frolichiella I have a specimen taken ‘ among
alders on Askham Bog, near York, May 31, 1849, (Zool. 2897).”
Mr. Stainton read a translation from the Silesian ‘ Bericht wher die Arbeiten der
Entomologischen Sektion’ for 1850, of Professor Siebold’s “ Remarks on the Psychide.”
In this paper, Siebold alludes to a former suspicion of his that “alternation of genera-
tion” did not occur among the Aphides only ; and affirms that he is now certain the
same phenomenon occurs among the Psychide, he having discovered it in the Talepo-
rie. He had particularly investigated the history of T. Lichenella, Zell., and found
that for several generations fertile eggs were produced by the females (or mwrses as un-
der these circumstances they are called), without male intercourse. It had also been
observed that from some spiral cases found in Germany and Italy, apparently belonging
toa Psyche, nothing but vermiform females were produced, which again laid fertile eggs
without male intercourse ; and indeed the male of this species was not hitherto known.
Mr. J. E. Gray expressed his dissent from the theory of “alternation of genera-
tion,” and cautioned young entomologists against believing in such a doctrine because
it was advocated by a physiologist of so great a reputation as Siebold.
The President observed that M. Guérin had known an example of a female Bom-
byx Mori having produced fertile eggs without male intercourse; and it was recorded
that a similar circumstance had occurred among the Sphingide.
113
November 3, 1851.
J. O. Westwoop, Esq., President, in the chair.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
donors: —‘ The Annual Report of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society,’
1849-50; by the Society. ‘Jahresbericht des Naturwissenchaftlichen Vereines in
Halle,’ two parts, 1849-50 and 1850; by the Society. ‘ Bibliotheca Historico-Natu-
ralis et Physico-Chemica, Erster Jahrgang, 1s Heft; Halle, 1851; by E. A. Zuc-
kold, Foreign Member of the Society. The ‘ Atheneum’ for October ; by the Editor.
The ‘ Zoologist’ for November; by the Editor. A second box of Renfrewshire in-
sects ; hy Mr. Young, of Paisley. A case of Tasmanian insects (from the Great Ex-
hibition) ; by F. Cox, Esq., Van Diemen’s Land. A glass case containing a piece of
honeycomb, in which a queen bee had been reared from the worker-brood, (from the
Great Exhibition) ; by Mr. Golding.
The following books had been obtained for the Society : —‘ Orthoptera descripta
et depicta a T. de Charpentier.’ Lipsiz, 1845 ; and ‘ Libelluline Europex descripte
ac depicte a T. de Charpentier.’ Lipsie, 1840.
Mr. John Hunter, of 24, Bloomsbury Street, London, was balloted for and elected
a Member of the Society.
The President, in exhibiting the honeycomb presented by Mr. Golding, read the
following memorandum from that gentleman’s note-book : —“ July 2nd. Hive No.
5 having lost its queen, gave it a piece of brood-comb from another hive. On the 8th
found a sealed royal cell upon it. On the 15th, the young queen was come forth. On
the 28th found eggs and young larve in the hive; consequently the operation was
completely successful. The queen thus raised is now queen of the hive.” Mr. Gold-
ing adds that “ this might be taken as a specimen of the facilities offered by hives hav-
ing movable leaves or bars.”
Mr. Stevens exhibited a new British coleopterous insect — Dircea discolor; and
one of the rare British Tineida — Gracillaria Phasianipennella ; both taken this year
in Scotland, by Mr. Weaver. Mr. Stevens also exhibited specimens of Helops palli-
dus, Curtis, found at Tenby by the Rev. H. Burney.
Mr. Edwin Shepherd exhibited some beautiful specimens of Aporophila australis,
and one example of the pale variety of Colias Edusa ; all captured this autumn near
Deal.
Mr. Smith exhibited some oak-leaves, with galls, commonly known as “ oak-span-
gles,” attached. In one of these he had found a larva, probably that of Cynips longi-
pennis, an insect hitherto obtained only in the perfect state.
Mr. Wilkinson exhibited larva-cases of a Taleporia (T. Ferchaultella, Stephens ?
Zool. App. cix.), found in July, from whieh females had been produced, which laid
fertile eggs without male intercourse. The larve that had been hatched were also in
the box.
Mx. White exhibited some specimens of Crustacea, including Idotea Baffini, Acan-
thonotus hystrix, Amphithoé Edwardsi, Nymphon (new species), &c., collected by
Charles Ede, Esq, Assistant-Surgeon to H. M. S. Assistance, lately returned from the
Arctic regions. He exhibited some drawings by Mr. Ede, of minute Crustacea, espe-
P
114
cially of a species of Cyclopsina, which Dr. Baird thinks may prove to be the type of
anew genus. He exhibited an unpublished plate of Crustacea and Insects, which
will shortly appear in Mr. MacGillivray’s ‘Voyage of H. M.S. Rattlesnake. He also
exhibited a portrait of Jules-César Saviguy, Member of the Academy of Sciences, and
one of the savans employed during the French expedition to Egypt and Syria; and
gave a short account of his valuable labours and published works.
Mr. Spence submitted a letter, addressed to him by Mr. T. Thompson, of Hull,
inquiring the name of an insect, the larve of which were doing considerable damage
to the corks in wine-bottles in the cellar of a wine-merchant in that town; and also
what means could be adopted to stay their ravages. A specimen of the eaten corks
was also sent, but the larve had escaped.
Mr. J. F. Stephens said that on a former occasion some perforated corks were for-
warded to the Society, from which he had reared Gracillaria Vau-flava, Haw., and the
larve certainly fed on the cork ; so that it was probable the damage in the present in-
stance was caused by that species.
Mr. Bedell observed that the moth was frequent in vaults in the London Docks.
and other places. Other members concurred in the opinion that the larve were im-
ported in the cork, and that the only cure for the damage they caused was to recork
the bottles.
Mr. Douglas exhibited specimens of a moth, a species of Ephestia, which appeared
to be undescribed, and which he proposed to call E. Ficella, from its having been
reared (by Mr. Doubleday) from larve which fed on dried Turkey figs. The specimens
exhibited were lately found in the bonded warehouse at Botolph Wharf, where great
quantities of figs were deposited.
Mr. Douglas also exhibited specimens of Gelechia costella, reared from larve found.
on Solanum Dulcamara, on which they feed variously ; some mining the leaves, some
fastening two or more leaves together and feeding between them, some eating the
seeds, and others boring into the stems. He observed that the larve of another spe-
cies of Gelechia—G. contigua, Haw. (tricolorella, Haw.? St.), closely allied to G. cos-
tella, fed on the young shoots and leaves of Stellaria holostea, and the larve of another
species, G. blandella, fed in the capsules of the same plant. These discoveries, all
made by Mr. Stainton, were not only interesting in themselves, but showed that in:
some instances, much stress could not be put upon the manner of feeding of larve,
as a guide to generic association, for there could be no doubt of the close relationship
of these three species, notwithstanding the habits of their larve were so different.
Mr. Ingpen exhibited, mounted as objects for the microscope, young Coccide.
found on leaves of maple: they probably belonged to the genus Cyanops.
Mr. W. W. Saunders mentioned that an instance had lately come under his notice,
in which some ornaments formed of maccaroni, and worked into fancy baskets, had
been totally destroyed by Anobium paniceum.
Mr. Saunders also stated, that over a large extent of garden-ground on the south
side of London, French beans had been freely attacked by a red-brown Acarus, caus-
ing the formation of yellowish spots on the leaves, and killing the plants in about ten.
days. On looking at some plants that had been cast aside for a few days, he found)
them covered with a fine delicate web.
The President exhibited a specimen of the rare beetle, Leptinus testaceus, taken
some years since at Box Hill, by Mr. Janson; and stated that at a future time he’
should have some observations to offer on this and other species of blind insects.
115
The following note by Mr. Weaver was read : —
“ In 1850 I discovered, in Scotland, an empty larva-case of a species of Psychide,
differing from any I had seen before, and having this year found some of the same
kind with living larve in them, from which I have reared the perfect insect, I am sa-
tisfied it is a new species. The male very closely resembles Sterrhopterix opacella,
which I formerly discovered in Hampshire; but the female is very dissimilar, as I
propose to show by comparison: and, for the sake of brevity, I will call S. opacella
No. 1, and the new species No. 2.
“ The Cases.—No. 1 is found on dry ground, and is thickly covered with sprigs of
heath, on which plant the larva feeds. No.2 is found on boggy ground, is much
larger than No. 1, has on it no sprigs of heath, and therefure I think the larva does not
feed on heath.
“ The Larve.—No. 1 has the back of a tortoiseshell colour, and the under side of a
light colour ; in fact it resembles the larva of S. nigricans, but is smaller. No. 2 has
the back nearly black, and the under side black as far as the third pair of legs.
“ The Perfect Insects.—No. 1. The female has no breast, is quite destitute of legs,
and the body is much shorter than in No.2. It has eight or ten distinct tufts of hair?
all round each segment of its body ; this hair is very brittle, and as, when the insect
falls out of its case it rolls about, the tufts soon get broken. No. 2. The female has a
breast, six slender legs (which may easily be overlooked), and two antenne ; it hasa
black mark down the under side of the breast as far as the legs; head and thorax shin-
ing black, the head protruded. On each side of the body are three patches of hair or
down, also one patch on the fore part and one on the hinder part of the back, all of
which are so short that they can scarcely be seen without a glass. When the insect
drops out of its case, it does not roll about like No. 1, but remains quiet. In conclu-
sion, I would remark that any entomologist seeing the two females alive, would at once
say they were different species.”
The President observed that the males of these species, under the above cireum-
stances observed in the females, might be expected to show a difference in the number
of the joints of the antenne and in the neuration of the wings.
The President exhibited a living larva of Hamaticherus Heros, received from Sir
T, Pasley, the head of Pembroke Dock-yard, where this insect is often found to be very
destructive to the Italian oak timber, into which it burrows to a considerable depth.
Living specimens of the perfect insect had been exhibited by the President on previous
occasions, received from the same gentleman, who had informed him that the larve
are frequently found when the timber is being cut up at the saw-pits. The son of the
Timber Inspector of Pembroke Dock-yard had also obtained egys of this beetle, which
were hatching at the end of October. The President remarked that this larva, from
its size, afforded the means of solving the difficulty which had arisen respecting the
construction of the anterior portion of the body of this and other longicorn larve ; the
large membranous segment succeeding the head having been considered by some au-
thors as a portion of the head itself.* It is true, indeed, that this large segment is des-
titute of spiracles, and that the first pair of legs seems placed rather on the fold between
it and the following segment; that, moreover, the first pair of spiracles is placed in the
following segment, and, as it is the general principle of larve to have the first pair of
* See various papers in the ‘ Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France.’
116
spiracles either in the first, or in the fold between the first and second segments, it
might at first sight seem to warrant the conclusion, that the large membranous seg-
ment following the head is really part of the head. But when the corneous head itself
is separately examined, it presents all the characters of a perfect head, and it is seen,
moreover, that the second pair of legs is certainly attached to the segment which bears
the first pair of spiracles, we shall be compelled to consider the first segment as re-
duced to the small inferior fold which bears the first pair of legs. Taking all these
circumstances into consideration, the President was clearly of opinion that the large
segment in question is not part of the head, but is the real first segment greatly deve-
loped ; and that the position of the first pair of spiracles on the second segment of the
body is anomalous.
December 1, 1851.
J. O. Westwoop, Esq., President, in the chair.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
donors : —‘ Entomologische Zeitung’ for October ; by the Entomological Society of
Stettin. ‘The Zoologist’ for December; by the Editor. ‘The Literary Gazette,’
three Nos. for November; by the Publishers. ‘ Annals of the Lyceum of Natural
History of New York, Vol. v. No. 3; by the Lyceum. ‘ Smithsonian Contributions
to Knowledge, Vol. ii., 1851. ‘ Proceedings of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, fourth meeting, August, 1850. ‘ Fourth Annual Report of the
Smithsonian Institution’ ‘ Ephemeris of Neptune for 1852, by B. A. Gould, jun.’
‘ Report to the Smithsonian Institution on the Discovery of Neptune.’ ‘ Report to
the Smithsonian Institution on the Public Libraries uf the United States, by Prof. C.
C. Jowett, 1851. ‘Patent Office Report,’ 1848 : —all presented by the Smithsonian
Institution. ‘Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. vi. No. 1 and 2, Boston, 1850:
by the Boston Society of Natural History. ‘ Diptéres Exotiques,’ par J. Macquart,
Suppl. Paris: 1847-8; by the Author. ‘Analyse des Expériences sur la Muscardine
et les autres Maladies des Vers a Svie en 1849.’ ‘ Insectes nuisibles aux Récoltes,
moyens darriver a leur destruction.” ‘ Enumeration des Insectes qui consomment les
Tabacs. ‘ Extrait des Matériaux recueillis pendent la Campagne Séricicole de 1850,
sur les Maladies des Vers a Soie.’ ‘ Essaie sur les Insectes utiles et nuisibles. All
by M. Guerin Ménéville, and presented by him. ‘ Rapport sur les deux Essais sur
les Maladies des Vers a Soie, par M. Dumeéril;’ by M.G. Meénéville. — § Pro-
ceedings of the Royal Society,’ Vol. vi. No. 80; by the Society. A box of British
Lepidoptera, in very fine condition; by H. Doubleday, Esq.
There have also been purchased fur the Library, ‘ Systematische Beschreibung
Zweigelflugeligen Insekten ;’ by J. W. Meigen, Vol. vii.
G. Guyon, Esq., Richmond, and T. Dossetur, Esq., London, were elected Members
of the Society ; and James Dutton, Esq., Hammersmith, was elected a subscriber to
the Society.
117
Mr. Douglas exhibited, on the part of H. Cooke, Esq., Argynnis Lathonia-and
Diphthera Orion, both captured near Hastings, and Adela rufimetrella from the same
locality, taken among sallows in April.
Mr. Douglas reported that of the larve off Origanum vulgare, exhibited at a former
meeting, one had arrived at the perfect state, and proved to be Gelechia subocellea, S¢.
Mr. Adam White read the following note, addressed to him by Mr. H. George, jun.
“ Dear Sir,—Three weeks ago I was walking, one very dark evening, in the Bromp-
ton lanes, when I observed under a hedge a dozen or more luminous spots, about the
size of a pin’s head. Expecting that it might be some decayed animal, I cut a twig
from the hedge, and gently stirred the ground, and to my astonishment, about half a
dozen of these spots made apace towards me, while the rest retreated. Not having
my collecting-bottle, I secured this movable mass in my handkerchief, where it re-
mained luminous until I had thickly covered it to prevent any means of escape. When
I arrived at home, to my further astonishment I discovered it to be no more than the
common Goérius olens. It was no longer luminous: I did not immediately kill it,
but waited to see whether it would show the same phosphoric appearance, but without
any success. The causes of what I observed I leave for you tu determine, and have
submitted it to you, knowing how acceptable any information of the kind generally is.
“ T remain, yours respectfully,
“ Henry GEORGE, JUN.
“4, Hornton Villas, Kensington,
“ October 29, 1851.”
Mr. Stephens suggested that the Goérius had been caught in the act of attacking
or feeding on a Scolopendra, and that some particles of phosphorescence therefrom had
adhered to it. Mr. Curtis concurred with this view, and added that the favourite food
of this beetle was Forficule, a fact that might be tumed to account by growers of
Dahlias and other plants attacked by earwigs. The President mentioned as an in-
stance of the predaceous character of this Goérius, that it had been known to attack a
worm six times its own length. Mr. Smith said that he once, at night, disturbed a
Crevphilus maxillosus, which appeared luminous, the phosphorescence doubtless hav-
ing originated in the decaying matter within an old crab-shell on which the beetle had
been feeding.
Mx. White exhibited a spider brought by C. Ede, Esq., R.N., from the Arctic re-
gions, lat. 76, long. 69. He observed that Otho Fabricius, in his ‘ Fauna Grenlan-
dica, has noticed only four species of Aranea, one of which, A. saccata (now Lycosa
saccata) this specimen resembled, but he thought it not identical, and proposed to call it
L. Baffini. Mr. White also exhibited Tipula glomerata, Walker, and a Chirunomus,
both brought from the same locality as the spider; and observed that the eggs of these
two Diptera being deposited upon the ground, exposed for many mouths to the most
intense cold, and still preserving their vitality, was a wonderful instance of the power
of life in insects. Judging from the variety of insects brought by various visitors to
the Polar regions, he believed the number there to be much greater than is generally
supposed. Mr. Curtis remarked that Sir James Ross had, as an experiment, caused a
caterpillar to be frozen and thawed several times without injuring its vitality.
The Secretary read the following extracts of a letter from Mr. H. W. Newman: —
“TI have to trouble the Society again with a few observations in reply to Mr. Smith’s
remarks, (Proceed. 110). First of all, Mr. Smith mistakes entirely about the limited
118
number of the species. My paper was only an extract. I mention my selection of
four for examples, being the most common. I know at least ten species which make
honey. Mr. Kirby enumerates nearly one hundred of the wild bees in his work.
“2. The Apis Derhamellus I am unacquainted with by name, but from description
I presume it is a black bee, like A. lapidaria.
““3. In the numerous nests which [ took for seven or eight summers, I always
selected those which had at least two-thirds of their combs in brood, generally before
the males were hatched. In all cases, when the males were hatched they left the nest
and never returned ; those which escaped during the digging out of my numerous
nests, never came back to the place like the workers,
“I mentioned the case of the nest in my own garden this year: now Mr. Walcott,
who mentioned the nest on Durdham Down this year, says that in the third week in
August he saw males entering the nest! This is still more extraordinary, as in all my
long experience of fifty years, I never saw nests of Bombus Derhamellus. Long be-
fore this, in my nest of B. lapidarius, the males were all gone and over, the queens
looking out for holes to stop in. In 1850, the males in all the nests here, a hilly and
late country, were all out and gone by the middle of August, and many of them much
sooner, it being a fine summer. |
“ T had nests within a hundred yards of my house, when I lived at Thornbury Park,
of the Apis terrestris, A. hortorum, and A. muscorum ; these nests I visited nearly
every day in July and August, and no males ever entered.
“ By the last week in August this year, the development of all the bees had taken
place, and the purposes of their existence accomplished.
“ Lastly, the pastime of the drones is much more easily shown than the other ques-
uons, and in any fine day, towards the end of July, it may be observed between the
hours of 10 and 3 o'clock. I grant that the sun and wind have a good deal to do with
the movements of all insects. I trust next summer to have the pleasure of meeting
Mr. Smith and Mr. Walcott ‘ at Philippi’ to settle the argument.
** Now respecting Mr. Smith’s remark about the Apis lapidaria, I will assure him
that there is one, if not two, species of wild bees in the West of England, which do
not inhabit Clydesdale, which is a most prolific field for A. terrestris. One species of
A. lapidaria, with a yellow band and a brown red abdomen, is most common, and uni-
versally has its nest in walls.
“Mr. Smith also mistakes my observation about the organ of locality in the drones.
I merely contend that as far as their nest is concerned, the males leave it without the
least observation, and are never intended to return, like the workers, which act entirely
differently. When the males become vagabonds, they then commence the round of
visits described by me until they perish.”
The President read a portion of his Report on the Entomological Productions in
the Great Exhibition, showing from the examples therein how much suciety was in-
debted to insect labours.
The Secretary read some extracts of a letter from Mr. H. W. Bates, dated Para,
October 8, in which he stated his intention of going into the interior for the purpose
of exploring a branch of the Amazon not yet visited by any naturalist.
Part 7, Vol. i., n. s., of the Society’s ‘ Transactions’ was announced to be ready.
The Secretary called the attention of the meeting to ‘A Memoir on the Pselaphide
of the United States, by J. L. Le Conte, M.D., in ‘The Boston Journal of Natural
History, Vol. vi. No. 1, 1850; of which the following is an abstract : —
119
. ABsTRACT oF 4 MEMOIR ON THE PSELAPHIDS.
I would invite the attention of observers to the fact, that the antenne of the
genus Bryaxis are provided with only two joints, when the medial thoracic fovea is
larger than the lateral ones, or when these last are entirely wanting. I have not yet
succeeded in finding which joint becomes obsolete, but it would be very interesting to
follow up this investigation by the aid of foreign species, and to ascertain whether
other forms than those specified are also embraced in the division with ten-jointed
antenne. The genus Batrisus having been very much increased, it became necessary
to search for some means of dividing it into groups, and the structure of the front has
enabled me to do this in a tolerably natural manner.
The parallelism of the productions of the two continents is seldom more beauti-
fully displayed than iu the present group. There is now but a single European genus
(Bythinus), which has not its represevtative or its analogue in this country. This cor-
respondence extends in a remarkable manner through the species of which the genera
are composed, so that almost every species of the genera common to the two continents
has its exact equivalent: moreover, in those genera which, from possessing less power
of variation, consist only of a single species, the parallelism of characters is still kept
up to a most surprizing extent; so much so, that if we were to leave out all strictly
generic characters, the two analogues would be represented by a single diagnosis,
In addition to these equivalents and analogues, we have still remaining many ge-
nera and species without representatives in Europe, a fact which leads me to infer
that the total number of species of Pselaphide in North America, notwithstauding the
rarity of individuals, is larger than in the corresponding part of the other continent.
Notwithstanding the difference in the structure of the palpi, I have placed Ceo-
phyllus as the American analogue of Chennium. The form of the body, and in fact
the external characters, are exactly similar in the two genera. And on account of the
variation of the cephalic organs, and especially of the palpi (as noticed in Tychus and
Ctenistes) it is obvious that a similarity of structure is not necessary to a strong affinity
between two species; and I have in this instance considered it of secondary importance,
as compared with the general habit, and very particular structure of the antenne.
It will be observed, tco, in comparing a number of species of any genus of Psela-
phide, that however much the relative proportions of the joints of the antenne vary,
there is still a particular appearance, depending perhaps on the method of articulation,
which enables a practised eye at once to recognize the antenne of each genus. On
this account I have been led to consider in this group the structure of the antenne as
of fundamental importance in arriving at a philosophical arrangement of the genera
in their mutual relations.
The differences already alluded to are, however, so slight as scarcely to be appre-
ciated in a description. Not so with the manner of insertion of these organs; here
we find great and important variations : some having the antenne inserted under the
front, as in many Brachelytra; while others have the front porrected and elevated into
a narrow tubercle, upon or under which the antenne are inserted.
Using this principle of division, the genera fall into two very natural series, which
to some extent repeat each other.*
* Another reason why I consider the position of the antenne as of primary impor-
tance in the division of this group, rather than the number of their articulations, and
120
Antenne approximate.
a. Tarsi didactyli.
Antenne distantes.
a. Tarsi didactyli.
Chennium. Hamotus.
Ceophyllus. Faronus.
Cedius.
Tmesiphorus.
Ctenistes.
Tyrus.
Phamisus.
b. Tarsi sesquidactyli. b. Tarsi sesquidactyli.
Metopias. Batrisus.
ce. Tarsi monodactyli. e. Tarsi monodactyli.
Pselaphus. Bryaxis.
Tychus. Eupsenius.
Claviger. Arthmius.
Adranes. Bythinus.
Articerus (?) Rhexius.
Euplectus.
the tarsal claws, which are the bases of Aubé’s tables, is that the character selected by
me is entirely independent of particular stages of development. After the light which
has been thrown, by embryological researches, on the true signification of allied ani-
mals, scarcely any naturalist will be inclined to deny the existence of series in nature,
which, starting from a common origin, of low organization, can be traced in different
directions to very diverse forms. The particular members of each series therefore
stand in a linear relation to each other, and mark the progressive material evolution
of the intellectual idea, previously existing in the mind of the Creator, until the per-
fection of this idea is attained in the most highly organized member of each group.
Gradually, too, as the primary idea is evolved, others seem to be brought out into
greater prominence ; s9 that the intermediate forms of a small group may be in direct
relation with the lowest forms of a group standing higher in the same series. It is
therefore obvious, that if any group be defined by a character variable in the develop-
ment of similar animals, that group is ipso facto not natural ; because it indicates not
a series, but a stage of development. However, it may be itself a particular stage of
development in a group of higher value; but in this case the definition of the entire
series will also be added to the definition of the group, and the latter will not bea dis-
tinctly limited collection of forms, but only a transitus from lower to higher species.
The primary principle of division of any natural group must therefore be independent
of any development which takes place after the animal has assumed a definite, pecu-
liar, recognizable form. Now here Aubé’s principles fail, because the number of the
articulations of the antenne and the tarsal claws varies from the larva to the imago,
and therefore indicates stages of development. Hence, if the group were composed
of smaller series, manifesting affinities in different directions, his arrangement would
not render them evident, and they would remain rather matters of inference than of
demonstration. It is of course very difficult to detect these characters which are in-
dependent of development, because they are usually obscured by physiological develop-
ments, required by the habits of the animal, and the part it has to play in the economy
121
The first group (with the front elevated) is the most normal form, and shows an
unbroken series; Metopias, with its immarginate abdomen, being the inosculating
point with Batrisus, which, by slight variations in the form of its front, shows its ten-
dency towards the typical stem.
The second group requires more careful analysis. The curious sculpture on the
thorax of many of its members is not found in the first group, and should lead us to
suspect that it may be the connecting chain with other forms. The embryonic cha-
racter is plainly seen in the elongate form, and six-articulated abdomen of Euplectus ;
while in the other series, Adranes, though of very low organization, preserves the typi-
cal Pselaphus form. Of the two genera in this second series, Hamotus is plainly a
Bryaxis form, while Faronus is a Euplectus form. Accordingly the genera must be
thus arranged.
Scydmenoid genera. Oxyteloid genera.
Hamotus. Batrisus.
Bryaxis.
Eupsenius. Rhexius.
Arthmius. ”
Bythinus.
B. A.
a —
Euplectus.
Faronus.
The left-hand branch being almost typical Pselaphi, with globular thoraces, scarce-
ly sculptured, and leading very obviously to the Scydmeni; the right-hand branch
being altogether abnormal, Batrisus being the only genus tending at all to the typical
chain. The six-jointed abdomen and elongate form of Euplectus, proves that the
lower forms of this line must possess a multi-articulate abdomen, with a linear body.
They must therefore be sought among the Brachelytra.
To circumscribe this large group containing Pselaphi, Scydmeni, and Oxytelini,
all closely related, and to discover its higher forms (if any exist), is a work of much
labour, and could be undertaken only after a careful study of all the groups of Coleo-
ptera, and a knowledge of their larve. Since the Coleoptera have heretofore been
studied for the purpose of being arranged into groups rather than series, many cha-
racters used in defining these groups must be rejected, when we attempt to find the
relations of these to each other. In fact, too strict an adherence to characters indi-
cating states of development, has already led to the formation of two very heteroge-
neous tribes, the Brachelytra and Heteromera; the latter containing many embryonic
of nature. But we must remember that the progress from artificial to natural ar-
rangement has always been slow, and that we are compelled by the limitation of our
own intellects, to make use of the former in order to attain the latter. Again, having
once discovered the true principle of definition, it is only necessary to make use of it
in cases of difficulty, as, for instance, in the decision of the articulate nature of Bala-
nus, the decomposition of the Infusoria, &c. In all ordinary inquiries we associate
with the primary idea such characters as are of less importance but more obvious, and
which depend on the beautiful co-relation of parts evident throughout all nature.
Q
122
forms, known by their softness and imperfect structure, while the former is a general
receptacle for all larval forms with a corneousabdomen. The first effort to decompose
this tribe has herein been made by joining the Oxytelini and Omalini with the Psela-
phi; and in future memoirs I hope to point out how some other portions of the Brach-
elytra may be disposed of.
CEOPHYLLUS, (n. g.)
Antenne approximate, 11-articulate, moniliat, sub fronte elevata in fovea inserte.
Palpi maxillares 4-articulati, articulis 3tio et 4to clavam transversam formantibus.
Mentum basi angustatum. Tarsi unguiculis binis equalibus.
1. C. monilis. Long. .11.
Specimen unicum ad fluminis St. Clair (Michigan) ripas, sub cortice Tilize Ame-
ricane, mense Augusto, inveni.
Ceptvs, (n. g.)
Antenne approximate, 11-articulate, sensim incrassate, ad marginem frontis ele-
vate subtus inserte. Palpi maxillares 4-articulate, articulo 3tio cuneiforme extus
acuto, 4to majore convexo. Mentum quadratum. Tarsi unguiculis binis equalibus.
1. C. Ziegleri. Long. .11.
Hab. Pennsylvania sub cortice arborum.
2. C. spinosus. Long. .07.
Hab, in Carolina Australi, Columbiz.
TmEsIPpHorts, (n. g.)
Antenne approximate, 11-articulate, sensim clavate, ad frontis elevate marginem
subtus insert. Palpi maxillares 4-articulati, articulo 2ndo et 3tio extus appendicu-
latis, 4to triangulari emarginato. Mentum quadratum. Tarsi articulo 3tio quam
2ndo sesqui longiore, unguiculis binis equalibus.
1. T. carinatus. Long. .08—.10.
Hab. sub cortice Pinuum et Quercum, minus frequens. Ohio, Alabama, Penn-
sylvania. Abundat in Georgia.
Pselaphus carinatus, Say, J. Ac. N. Sc. 4, 97.
Ctenistes ? carinatus, Aubé, An. Ent. 2, 100.
2. T. costalis. Long. .11.
Hab. Pennsylvania, sub cortice.
CrentstEs, Reichenbach, Aubé.
1. C. piceus. Long. .08.
Hab. Vermont.
2. C. Zimmermani. Long. .07.
Hab. Georgia et Louisiana.
3. C. consobrinus. Long. .07.
Specimen unicum masculinum ad Athenas Georgie inventum.
123
Tyrus, Aubé.
1. T. compar. Long. .07—.08.
Hab. Georgia et Carolina.
Psrevapuus, Herbst.
1. P. longiclavus. Long. .07.
Hab. in provinciis australibus.
P. Heissei Europz simillimus, et palpis aliter clavatis solum differt.
2. P. Erichsoni. Long. .065.
Hab. Nov. Ebor.
Tycuus, Leach.
1. T. longipalpis. Long. .08.
Hab, Carolina.
2. T. minor. Long. .06.
Specimen unicum e valle Nakutshi, Georgie.
ADRANES, (n. g.)
Antenne approximate, 2-articulate, articulo 2ndo longissimo truncato. Palpi
maxillares brevissimi (biarticulati?). Oculi nulli. Abdomen supra excavatum, arti-
culo Imo maxime. Tarsi unguiculo unico, articulis 2 primis obsoletis.
Genus Clavigero similis.
1. A. ceecus. Long. .08.
Specimen unicum ad Montis Jone (Georgie) apicem, cum Formica parva ni-
gerrima, abdomine cordato, inventum.
Hamortus, Aubé.
1. H. humeralis. Long. 13 mill.
Hab. Carolina boreali.
Bryaxis, Leach.
1. B. conjuncta. Long. .08.
Hab. in provinciis orientalibus. B. sanguinee Europ simillima.
2. B. dentata. Long. .08.
Hab. Mass., Noy. Ebor., Illinois.
Pselaphus dentatus, Say, J. Ac. Nat. Sc. 4, 99.
B. xanthoptere (Aubé) simillima, thoracis solum forma differt.
3. B. velutina. Long. .05.
Hab. Nov. Aureliani.
4. B. abdominalis, Aubé, Mon. Ps. 27, tab. 82, fig. 2.
B. dentata, ej. An. Soc. Ent. Fr. l. c. 112.
Hab. ad Cantabrigie (Mass.) in pratis salinis.
124
5. B. hematica, Leach, Aubé.
Mihi ignota, an recté Americe citata?
6. B. luniger. Long. .10.
Specimen unicum (femineum ?) ad Cambridge in pratis salinis lectum.
7. B. puncticollis. Long. .06.
Hab. Novi Aureliani.
A B. juncorum Europe precipue capite impunctato differt.
Mas pectore abdominisque articulo inferiore penultimo excavatis.
8. B. rubicunda, Aubé. Long. .06.
Hab. ubique sat frequens.
9. B. propinqua, Aubé. Long. .06.
Hab. Lacum Superiorem.
B. Antennis 10-articulatis.
10. B. abnormis. Long. .06.
Hab. in provinciis australibus et borealibus.
11. B. longula. Long. .06.
Hab. Nov. Ebor. et ad Lacum Superiorem minus frequens.
12. B. formiceti. Long. .04.
Specimen unicum in Pennsylvania, cum Formica Pennsylvanica, Aprilo inveni.
EvpsEnivs, (n. g.)
Antenne clavate, distantes, ad marginem frontis anteriorem lateraliter site.
Palpi maxillares breviusculi, articulo ultimo ovali. (Mentum basi angustatum ?).
Abdomen marginatum, 5-articulatum, articulo 1mo majore. Tarsi unguiculo unico,
articulis 2 et 3 equalibus.
1. E. glaber. Long. .04.
Specimen unicum ad Columbiam (S. C.)
ARTHMIUs, (n. g.)
Antenne basi subapproximate, in fossula ad frontis marginem inserte. Palpi
maxillares 4-articulati, articulo 3tio parvo, 4to elongato, fusiformi. Mentum basi
angustatum. Abdomen immarginatum. Tarsi unguiculo singulo.
1. A. globicollis. Long. .06.
Hab. in Georgia et Pennsylvania.
Bartrisus, Aubé.
Antenne basi distantes, in fossula laterali, sub frontis margine recte inserte. Pal-
pi maxillares 4-articulati, articulo 4to fusiformi. Tarsis articulis 2 et 3 equalibus,
hoc unguiculis binis inequalibus. Abdomen immarginatum.
125
Tabula synoptica.
A. Tibiis posticis calcare obsoleto vel nullo.
1. Fronte posticé concava, vertice non cristato: g antennarum articulo ultimo
dentato solum coguoscendus.
Sp. 1. ¢ 2 Lone. Capite leviusculo vertice valdé elevato, thorace 3-lineato.
(Hic ponendi sunt B. formicarius, Germari, Dregei, et venustus).
2. Fronte posticé concava, vertice cristato, fossulis lateralibus permagnis; ¢ ti-
biis anticis contortis spiniferis.
Sp. 2. g Armiger. Vertice 3-cristato, antennarum art. ult. longissimo, tarsis posticis
art. Imo dilatato.
Sp. 3. 3 Monstrosus. Vertice 3-cristato, antennarum art. ult. longiusculo, tarsis pos-
ticis simplicibus.
Sp.4. $ Q Ferox. Vertice 3-cristato, antennarum art. ult. ovali, impress. capitis
vonfluentibus.
Sp. 5. Q Cristatus. Vertice 3-cristato, antennarum art. ult. ovali, impress. capitis
discretis.
Sp. 6. 2 Confinis. Vertice 1-cristato, antennarum art. ult. ovali, impress. capitis
conjunctis.
(Ad hane turmam forté referendus B. australis, Er.)
B. Tibiis posticis calcare terminali longo, tenui.
3. Fronte inter antennas plus minusve elevata, retusa vel marginata, clypeo apice
sepius ¢ dentato, vel cornuto.
Sp. 7. ¢ Frontalis. Capite levi, fronte valdé retuso, rufus, elytris impunctatis.
Sp. 8. ¢ 2 Punetatus. Capite levi, vertice tuberculato, rufus, elytris punctatis.
Sp.9. ¢ Q Riparius. Capite leviter scabro, vertice cristato, levi, rufus, elytris
punctatis.
Sp. 10. g¢ Q Scabriceps. Capite scabro, castaneus, elytris punctatis, antennis gra-
cilibus.
Sp. 11. ¢ Nigricans. Capite levi, thorace 3-lineato, niger, elytris impunctatis.
(Hic interponendus B. oculatus Europe).
Sp. 12. ¢ Q Striatus. Capite levi, thorace 3-lineato, elytris obsolete punctulatis.
(Forte hic B. Delaporti Europe).
Sp. 13. ¢ Q Globosus. Capite scabro, vertice levi, thorace 3-lineato, elytris im-
punctatis.
Sp. 14. ¢ Q Spretus. Capite levi, thoracis linea media obsoleta, niger, elytris im-
punctatis.
4. Fronte plana, minime retusa.
Sp. 15. ¢ Bistriatus. Capite scabro, vertice levi, thoracis linea media obsoleta.
Sp. 16. ¢ Q Lineaticollis. Capite scabro, thorace 3-lineato.
(in hac turma, verisimiliter ponendus B. albionicus, Californie).
Sp. 17. B. albionicus, Aubé.
Hab. California.
126
Sp. 18. B. Schaumii, Aube.
B. punctato proximus videtur.
Obs.—In the Northern States an individual of this genus is scarcely ever seen
apart from a colony of ants, but in the South they are frequently found under the bark
of trees where no ants are seen. The northern species, as far as my experience goes,
are found only under stones ; the southern ones (except B. Ion, and a few specimens
flying in twilight) under bark.
Ruexivs, (n. g).
Antenne distantes, ad frontis marginem inserte, geniculate, clavate. Palpi max-
illares breves, articulo ultimo ovato, acuto. Abdomen subtiliter marginatum, articulis
subequalibus. Tarsi unguiculo singulo.
1. R. inseulptus. Long. .06.
Hab. Noy. Aureliani.
Evurprectus, Leach.
A. Corpus elongatum, elytris depressis, antennarum articulis penultimis crassioribus,
a. Thorax canaliculatus, vel medio foveatus.
. Linearis. Canalicula integra, medio dilatata, capite levi.
Confluens. Canalicula integra, medio dilatata, capite thoraceque punctulatis.
Interruptus. Thorace fovea elongata, capite levi, vertice elevato.
Difficilis. Thorace fovea elongata, capite levi, vertice elevato, foveatoque.
Pumilus. Thorace fovea elongata, capite punctulato.
Se
b. Thorax medio non canaliculato.
6. Arcuatus. Capite antice arcuatim impresso, postice utrinque foveato.
B. Corpus convexiusculum.
a. Thorax subtiliter canaliculatus ; antenne articulis 9—10 crassioribus.
7. Canaliculatus. Capite utrinque bi-impresso, elytris confertim punctatis.
®
b. Thorax non caniculatus, foveis ‘posticis linea conjunctis, antennarum articulo
1lmo maximo globoso. Trimium, Aubé.
8. Globifer. Capite arcuatim impresso, elytris stria dorsali brevi.
9. Dubius. Capite punctato, angulatim impresso, elytris stria dorsali.
10. Parvulus. Capite levi minus profunde impresso, posticé bifoveato.
Faronus, Aubé.
1. F. Tolule. Long. .09.
Specimen unicum ad Tolule cataractam Georgie inveni.
127
January 5, 1852.
J. O. Westwoop, Esq., President, in the chair.
The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the
donors : —‘ Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou,’ Nos. 3 and
4, 1850, and No. 1, 1851; by the Society. ‘ Insecta Caffrarie, annis 1838—45, a J.
A. Wahlberg collecta, descripsit C. H. Boheman ; pars 1, fase. 2.— Coleoptera :’
Holmiz, 1851; by the author. ‘The Entomologists’ Companion, being a Guide to
the collection of Micro-Lepidoptera, by H. T. Stainton: London, 1852; by the Author.
‘ The Zoologist’ for January ; by the Editor. ‘The Literary Gazette’ for December;
by the Publishers. ‘The Atheneum’ for November and December; by the Editor.
‘ Diagnosen neuer Coleoptera aus Abyssinien von Dr. J. R. Roth:’ Munchen, 1851;
by the Author. ‘Systematische Uebersicht der Kafer um Munchen, von Dr. Max
Gemminger:’ Jena, 1851; by the Author. ‘ Bulletin der Konigliche Akademie der
Wissenchaften, Nos. 1—33: Munchen, 1851; by the Academy. ‘ Descriptions of the
Insects brought home by Commander James Clark Ross, by John Curtis, Esq.,
F.L.S. ; by the Author.
Mr. Adam White exhibited a specimen of the moth, Anarta Richardsoni (Hadena
Richardsoni, Curtis, in ‘ Appendix’ to Sir John Ross’s Arctic Voyage), taken by Charles
Ede, Esq., on the north shore of Baffin’s Bay.
Mr. White also exhibited some rare and beautiful insects, part of a quantity sent
to him for this Society by Hugh Low, Esq., Corresponding Member at Labuan.
Among the Coleoptera were Trictenotoma Childreni, G. R. Gray, Sarothrocera Lowii,
White, Chrysodema Helena, White, MSS., and Cladognathus Tarandus, Thunb.
Among the Lepidoptera were Thaumantis? Lowii, Hewitson, MSS., Papilio Neptu-
nus, Guérin, a series of an Ornithoptera, and a fine species of Terias. Mr. White
took occasion to remark that the Trictenotoma had an extensive habitat, ranging from
Tenasserim to Borneo; and that the same observation might be applied to some of
the Lepidoptera now before the Society, certain of the species being also found at As-
sam and Sylhet. Indeed there was a great similarity among many Lepidoptera from
Singapore, Sumatra, Java and New Guinea, insomuch that it might be almost doubted
whether the differences relied upon by entomologists as pointing out distinct species,
were any more than variations, induced by the altered circumstances of the several lo-
calities. The genus Ornithoptera was probably abundant in New Guinea, as nearly
all our specimens had come thence ; it extends also along the N. E. coast of Austra-
lia. Papilio Turnus, which extends southward as far as Florida, has been found also
as far north as Rupert's Island. On the other hand, it was certain that the habitat
of many species of insects was very circumscribed, many places, islands in particular,
having peculiar forms and species.
Mx. S. Stevens remarked that he had received from China a Colias which did not
differ, in any respect, from the European C. Hyale.
Mr. White observed that the genus Colias has a wide range — the species being
found throughout the temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and America, but it did not
appear that they extended further to the South. Cynthia Cardui is found every-
where, agreeing in every respect with our English specimens.
128
Mr. J. E. Gray remarked that this identity of appearance in some species was not
confined to insects, for among the Vertebrata, the musk deer was found from the cen-
tre of Siberia to the south of the Himalayas, and no difference was perceptible.
Mr. Curtis remarked that he had once seen a collection of insects from Calcutta,
which had generally a very European appearance; and in another collection from Van
Diemen’s Land, they were so like European forms, that they might be associated there-
with generically if not specifically.
The President remarked that in looking at some insects from Shanghae, he had
been struck with the remarkable resemblance, in several instances, not only to Euro-
pean, but even to English species.
Mr. Curtis exhibited an exotic species of Cicada, found alive on the 11th uf Au-
gust last by Mr. R. Gordon, in one of the hot-houses in the Horticultural Society’s
Garden at Chiswick, into which it had probably been brought with some Orchidacee
from Central America. He also exhibited a curious nest of eggs of a spider (Epeira
zebrata?), which he found at Nice last spring. It was of a dirty white colour, of a
spherical shape, and about an inch in diameter; M. Guérin had informed him that
these nests were sometimes thrice as large.
Alluding to the experiment of Sir James Ross, mentioned at the last meeting, Mr.
Curtis read the following note from the ‘ Appendix’ to Sir J. Ross’s Voyage, in 1830,
transcribed by him from Sir James’s MSS. — “ About thirty of the caterpillars were
put into a box in the middle of September, and after being exposed to the severe win-
ter temperature of the next three months, they were brought into a warm cabin, where,
in less than two hours, every one of them returned to life, and continued for a whole
day walking about. They were again exposed to the air at a temperature of about 40°
below zero, and became immediately hard frozen ; in this state they remained a week,
and on being brought again into the cabin, only twenty-three came to life. These
were at the end of four hours put out once more into the air, and again frozen ; after
another week they were brought in, when only eleven were restored to life. A fourth
time they were exposed to the winter temperature, and only two returned to life on be-
ing again brought into the cabin. These two survived the winter, and in May an im-
perfect Laria (Rossii) was produced from one, and six flies from the other; both of them
formed cocoons, but that which produced the flies was not so perfect as the other.”
Referring to the exhibition at the meeting of this Society on the 4th of Novem-
ber, 1850, by Mr. Evans, of some Culicide received from the Great Slave Lake, Mr. C.
said he had no doubt they were the C. Caspius of Pallas, of which insect Sir James
Ross remarked that “ It first appeared about the 10th of July, on the 15th it became
very numerous, and on the 22nd so exceedingly troublesome as to prevent the neces-
sary duties of the ship. They swarmed in perfect clouds over the marshes, and their
larve constitute the principal food of the trout that inhabit the lakes. On the 13th of
August they came out again after the rain, but were no longer very troublesome, being
apparently nipped by the frost at night.” Mr. Curtis added that Sir James told him
the crew were obliged to wear nets over their faces while fishing.
The Chironomus and Tipula exhibited by Mr. White at the last meeting, Mr. Cur-
tis said were described by him in the ‘ Appendix’ to Sir J. Ross’s Voyage already men-
tioned, the former being the C. borealis, Curtis, the latter the Tipula arctica, Curtis.
It was a curious fact, that all the Culicide received from the Arctic regions were
females.
129
With reference to the note on Ocypus* olens, read at the last meeting, Mr. Curtis
said that in the ‘Gardener’s Chronicle’ of November 5, 1842, he had made the follow-
ing note on this insect, showing the value of these persecuted animals in gardens, es-
pecially in the autumn, when earwig's are most abundant and destructive to flowers:—
“ Having heard that our rove-beetle was the natural enemy of earwigs, I placed
one with a few of these insects under a tumbler glass. It commenced running round
the inside, now and then resting, but it soon seized an immature earwig by the mid-
dle, and a full-grown one soon after, just behind the forceps, the back being upper-
most, and in an hour and a half it had eaten six earwigs.”
Mr. Curtis then referred to vol. i. p. 107 of the new series of this Society’s Trans-
actions, where, as one of the Gelechie, Mr. Douglas has recorded Butalis cerealella as
a native insect. Mr. Curtis expressed his belief that Mr. Douglas’s specimen was
imported, and that fortunately the species was not British, for in France corn in gra-
naries decreased from 40 to 70 % cent. by its feeding thereon. He further observed
that the species is well characterized by its extremely faleate inferior wings, and is
apparently related to Stephens’s genus Cleodora, which is established by dissections
in plate 671 of the ‘ British Entomology,’ though now included by Mr. Douglas in the
genus Gelechia, which, as it now stands in Mr. Stainton’s Catalogue, is a most hetero-
geneous group. Mr. Curtis expressed his regret that we cannot come to some under-
standing regarding generic names, for until they are settled, science must be a laby-
rinth not easily comprehended by the learned entomologist, and incomprehensible to
the young student in Natural History.
Mr. Spence read an extract of a letter from G. H. Thwaites, Esq., M.E.S., now in
Ceylon, informing him that he had lectured to a mixed audience of Europeans and
Cingalese, on the habits and instincts of insects, especially directing attention to the
Termites, with a view to the study of their metamorphoses. He suggested that the
two kinds of workers did not undergo any subsequent change.
The President read a note from Albert Way, Esq., stating that in a basket of old
Roman bones, sent a year or more since to Mr. Quekett, at the College of Surgeons,
for examination, were found, after a long interval, a great number of Obrium minu-
tum, which had doubtless proceeded from the willows of which the basket was made.
The President said that Mr. Stevens had once brought a similar case before the Society ;
and Mr. Smith added that he had more than once reared this beetle from bramble-sticks.
Mr. Stevens exhibited a very fine variety of Argynnis Paphia, beautifully suffused
with black, which had been captured in 1849 at Darenth Wood.
The President read the following extract of a letter from Brigadier J. B. Hearsey,
dated Wuzeerabad, August 6, 1851, and exhibited the insects referred to.
“‘ As I was sitting in my flower-garden on the 4th of this month, with a ‘bearer’
fanning me with a large date-palm-leaf fan, he called my attention to a large showy
plant of CEnothera speciosa, which he was aware I was taking great care of, covered
with insects. It was then three feet high, and had eight or ten branches ; the whole
was densely covered with insects (the Galeruca sent herewith); they could not have
been on it half an hour, and it was almost denuded of foliage and flowers. I drove
them all off, and put twenty or thirty into a bottle of spirit of wine. The sun had now
set, and soon after I went into my house, as it is not wholesome to sit out of doors in
such hot, steamy nights. The next morning, the moment I was dressed, I went into
* Erichson, Gaubil, &c., adopt this name, and not Goérius.
R
130
the garden to look at my “speciosa:” the ten stems had nothing on them but some
hard seed-capsules, every leaf, flower, and bud was devoured, and the stems bending
from the weight of these Galeruce. I determined on revenge. I ordered two ‘ chil-
lumchees’ (large, circular, shallow brass pans, which are used in this country for the
water to fall into as the ‘ bearer’ pours it into your joined hands to wash your face
with, and also to wash your feet in) to be put under the stems and half filled with boil-
ing water, the stems were then shaken, and the insects that did not fall were knocked
into them as they attempted flight; at least 1000 were thus destroyed. But now for
the wonderment. The (nothera speciosa is one of three kinds of that plant that I
have raised from American seeds. I had blossoming in my garden one plant of Gi.
speciosa, and several of GE. salicifolia and longicaulis. ‘These plants were never grown
in this country before this rainy season, and certainly never blossomed. The speciosa
does not flower till the seeond year, but still, an insect produced in this country, which
could never have tasted or felt the perfume of this American plant, nor could even its
progenitors have done so, selects it, the only one of its species in my grounds or in the
country, for its food, destroys it completely, and touches no other! How can you ac-
count for this? Could the CE. speciosa have had a perfume (to me the flower has but
a slight scent) so strong to the senses of this insect as to attract it in the mass? Please
to ask any entomological friends if that is the way they can account for this proceed-
ing, or can it be accounted for in any other manner?”
Mr. Saunders remarked that he had once seen this beetle (G. Lawsonie?) in im-
mense numbers in a paddy-field near Calcutta.
Mr. Douglas remarked that probably the usual food of this Galeruca was some
plant of the same natural order as Enothera, for he once, in this country, found cater-
pillars of Cucullia Verbasci feeding on Buddlea globosa, a native of Chili, belonging
to the same natural order as Verbascum, on the leaves of which they usually feed.
Mr. Douglas read descriptions of ten species of Gelechia, being the completion
of his Memoir on the British species of that genus. On a future occasion he intended
to offer some observations on the structural characters of the genus, and now, at the
request of many friends, he gave the following provisional arrangement of the species,
according to the characters indicated by Zeller, in the ‘ Isis,’ 1839.
A, a. senectella diffinis contigua
a. mulinella sororculella sequax
lobella divisella Galbanella blandella
Populella distinctella boreella Hibneri
temerella fumatella domestica rhombella
velocella basaltinella proximella
b. lentiginosella leucatella notatella
tufescens Atriplicella alacella humeralis
inornatella instabilella peliella scriptella
cinerella obsoletella fraternella fugitivella
Malvella gallinella marmorea aleella
vilella ethiops junctella Mouffetella
politella fumosella maculiferella triparella
terrella nigra vicinella
desertella cuneatella celerella b.
acuminatella longicornis costella ligulella
13]
vorticella lucidella vulgella pictella
teniolella lutulentella nanella
Coronillella cerealella albiceps B, a.
nigritella suffusella gemmella conscriptella
Anthyllidella littorella luculella gibbosella
atrella subocellea Artemisiella
bifractella fuscipennis pulliginella b.
aflinis inopella neviferella Lappella
mundella paupella Hermannella Carlinella
immaculatella Gerronella Brizella Metzneriella
tenebrella nigricostella Ericinella neuropterella
tenebrosella dodecella
January 26, 1852, (Anniversary Meeting).
J. O. Westwoop, Esq., President, in the chair.
The Secretary read the Report made to the Council by the Library and Cabinet
Committee: and Mr. Wilkinson, one of the Auditors of the Treasurer’s Accounts
for 1851, read an abstract thereof, exhibiting a very improved condition of the Society’s
financial affairs.
The Ballot then took place, when Messrs. J. Curtis, W. Spence, J. J. Weir, and
W. Wing, were elected Members of the Council, in the room of Messrs. F. Bond, W.
S. Dallas, W. W. Saunders and G. R. Waterhouse : J. O. Westwood, Esq., was re-
elected President, W. Yarrell, Esq., Treasurer, and J. W. Douglas and H. T. Stainton
Secretaries.
The President delivered the following Address on the State and Prospects of the
Society, and of Entomology generally ; for which a vote of thanks was passed, and he
was requested to allow it to be printed.
Votes of thanks were also passed to the Treasurer, Secretaries, and the retiring
Members of the Council.
THE PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.
GENTLEMEN,
In accordance with the custom of my predecessors in this
chair, it now becomes my duty to address you on the progress of
Entomology in general, and of this Society in particular, during the
past year.
132
As regards our own body, you have already heard read the Reports
from the Council and Auditors of the Treasurer's Accounts, relative
to our general concerns and financial position, upon which we are
fairly entitled to congratulate ourselves: there are, however, other
matters to which I must direct your attention.
During the past year, our Bye Laws have undergone a searching
revision, in the course of which several modifications in the previously
existing Laws were made, with a view to the more efficient working
of the Society, and a new class of members, named Associates, limited
in number, and not subject to any pecuniary charge, has been intro-
duced, in order to endeavour to bring within the sphere of the Society
praiseworthy working entomologists, whose humble means have hither-
to kept them aloof from our meetings. I trust that this, and the other
alterations adopted by the Society, will be found to work beneficially.
As regards our monthly meetings, we may justly congratulate our-
selves on the full attendance of our members, and on the great variety
of objects contributed by them towards the amusement and instruc-
tion of their fellow-members. Indeed, considering the comparatively
small number of our body, and the fact that our sittings are conti-
nued throughout the year, there are no scientific meetings in London
better attended or more satisfactorily kept up. By this means we
have been able to publish four quarterly parts of our ‘ Transactions,’
containing much interesting matter, to which I shall subsequently call
your more particular attention. I will therefore only add, in this
place, that as we are thus now enabled to publish papers read before
the Society, within a very short time after their perusal, it behoves
our members to give their memoirs to the Society for publication, ra-
ther than consign them to works of a more general nature: the same
cause will also operate in rendering unnecessary the loading of our
‘Proceedings’ with specific characters of new species, of which the full
descriptions will so shortly appear in full in the ‘Transactions.’ It
will also be observed that two papers are included in the parts of our
‘Transactions’ published during the past year, translated from the
‘Transactions’ of foreign Societies. The great interest of the subjects
of those two memoirs sufficiently warrants this step, rendered how-
ever to a certain extent necessary, by the comparative absence of the
usual amount of original memoirs laid before the Society during the
year by our own members. ‘This circumstance, I hesitate not to say,
is attributable, in a great extent, to that great and all-absorbing fact
which would of itself render the past year one of the most marvellous
in the history of the world.
133
The Great Industrial Exhibition of all Nations is, indeed, an event,
the effects of which can be but dimly discerned at present. As regards
our own pursuit, however, we cannot but be gratified that amongst
the manifold objects collected in the Crystal Palace to astonish the eye
and inform the mind, insects and insect products held by no means
an unimportant place. The collections of raw silks from almost all
quarters of the world, of honey, wax, insect dies and varnishes, insect
medicines, as well as local collections of insects, and collections illus-
trative of their effects upon the useful products, cannot but have tended
to prove to the thousands of visitors to that wondrous building, that
insects and Entomology are subjects worthy of some share of the at-
tention of mankind.
Another gratifying event connected with the Great Exhibition, has
been the opportunity which it has afforded to many of our continen-
tal brethren to visit England (in many cases for the first time), and
thus to make themselves acquainted with our collections, and establish
with ourselves friendly relations which it is sincerely to be hoped no
political events will have power to break. Amongst these visitors we
have to number Dr. Boisduval, Messrs. Guérin-Ménéville, Mulsant,
Chevrolat, Perroud, Sommer (of Altona), Jourdan (President of the
Natnral History Society of Lyons), Signoret, Professor Pictet (of Ge-
neva), Deyrolle, De Saussure (grandson of the celebrated geologist,
and who is at present engaged on an extended memoir on the EKume-
nidz), the Baron de Selys Longchamps, Prince Charles Lucien Bona-
parte, Count Mniszeck, Drs. Herrick-Schiffer and Verloren, Heer,
Becker, Gehin, Silbermann, Nylander, Dohrn (President of the Ento-
mological Society of Stettin), Javet, and Col. Motschulsky.
The amount of information reciprocally afforded by these visits,
cannot fail to produce good fruit hereafter; at the same time it is al-
lowable to congratulate ourselves on the pleasure and surprise which
the sight of many of our beautifully preserved and arranged collec-
tions of insects afforded to our visitors.
This leads me to speak of the progress made in our entomological
collections during the past year. Our own Society has received very
considerable acquisitions ; amongst which, a very valuable collection
of Indian insects, presented by — Grant, Esq., of Elchies ; two cases
of insects collected near Baltimore, by the late Robt. Spence, Esq. ;
a case of Tasmanian insects, presented by F. Cox, Esq.; and a box
of insects from the Cape of Good Hope, by — Rooper, Esq., must
especially be mentioned. For specimens of several species of Coleo-
ptera of rarity, we are indebted to the Rev. C. Kuper, Messrs. Scott,
134
Young, Foxcroft, and Mansell. Many interesting Hymenoptera have
also been presented by Messrs. Smith, Lubbock, H. W. Newman, and
Golding. Various Lepidoptera, generally in beautiful condition, have
been received from Messrs. H. Doubleday, Douglas, T: H. Allis, Bar- -
low, and Mrs. Vines: and other insects from Messrs Meade, Brown
(of Burton-upon-Trent), and Mr. De Gand. Various interesting col-
lections, containing many exotic novelties, have also been received
in England from Messrs. Bates and Wallace in Brazil, Mr. Wilson
of Adelaide, and Dr. Fitch, of North America.
Our British Fauna, during the past year, has also received some va-
luable accessions. Amongst Coleoptera, the most interesting have
been Dircea discolor, collected in Scotland by Mr. Weaver; Aépus
Robinii, detected by M. Javet, and taken by himself in the North, and
by Mr. Wollaston on the south coast; with several new species of
Curculionide. In Lepidoptera, Gastropacha Ilicifolia, taken by the
Rev. Mr. Atkinson on Cannock Chace, and its larve near Sheffield ;
Trochilium Chrysidiforme, by Mr. Barron near Haslar, in Hampshire;
together with a considerable number of new Micro-Lepidoptera,
chiefly recorded by Messrs. Stainton and Douglas. In Hymenoptera,
Bombus arcticus has been taken by Mr. Adam White, in the island
of Shetland; and Mr. F. Smith has added several new Aculeata to
our lists: and in Crustacea, a new genus of Amphipods, with several
new species belonging to the genera Pagurus, Portunus and Amphi-
thoé, have been described by Mr. Spence Bate, in the ‘Annals of
Natural History.’
The Entomological collection of the British Museum has, during
the two past years, received very great additions, for a notice of
which I am indebted to J. E. Gray, Esq. In 1850, 299 specimens
were received from Africa, 212 from North and 873 from South Ame-
rica, 477 from Turkey in Asia (presented by Mr. Loftus), 227 from
India, 333 from Hong Kong (presented by Capt. Champion), and 244
from the Indian Islands (presented by the East India Company), 888
from Australia (including the insects collected during the Exploring
Voyage of the Rattlesnake by Mr. MacGillivray), 844 European, and
2184 British specimens ; together with 99 Crustacea from the Medi-
terranean. :
In 1851, the British Museum received 280 specimens from Africa,
2756 from North and South America (including the collection made
by Sir John Richardson in the Arctic Searching Expedition), 570
from Asia and the Asiatic islands, 694 from Australasia and the
135
adjacent islands, 638 British, and 3724 from Continental Europe (in-
cluding 3000 well-named specimens).
During the like period the classification of the Museum collections
has progressed satisfactorily, and several Catalogues of considerable
portions have appeared.
The collection also of the East India House has received conside-
rable additions, and an arrangement completed, in which careful co-
pies of Dr. Horsfield’s series of drawings of the transformations of the
Javanese species have been placed side by side with the arranged spe-
cimens, rendering this portion of the collection extremely interesting
and instructive.
With reference to the numerical progress of our Society, I have to
report to you that during the past year we have elected as an Hono-
rary Foreign Member, Dr. Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt, of Lund, in the
place of the late M. Wiedemann; and I am sure the Society will
agree that no other foreign entomologist could have been selected
more worthy to supply the place in our limited list of Honorary Mem-
bers. Twelve new members and four subscribers have also joined
the Society during the past year; whilst, on the contrary, one mem-
ber and one subscriber have resigned. The names of two other sub-
scribers have been struck from our list, being defaulters; and we have
lost two of our original members by death, namely, John Fell Christy
and Robert H. Spence, Esqs. I am not aware that Mr. Christy had
published any entomological papers; and I believe the only memoir
by the latter gentleman, is the description of Carabus Cristoforii, in
the 2nd vol. of the ‘ Annales’ of the French Entomological Society.
Mr. Robert Spence was, however, a zealous collector; and during the
past year he forwarded to our Society the two cases of American insects
above referred to, collected by himself near Baltimore, as well as the
notices relative to the appearance of Cicada septemdecim, recorded
in our ‘ Proceedings’ for September, 1851 (pp. 80 and 103). He died
at Cold Springs, a watering-place near Baltimore, where he had been
spending the past autumn and winter for his health. Our members
will, I am sure, participate in the grief which so unexpected a loss
will occasion to his father, our most excellent Honorary Member, W.
Spence, Esq., and other relatives.
We have moreover to lament the loss of several naturalists and en-
tomologists, who have more or less contributed, during their several
careers, in extending the bounds of our favourite science. I regret
that space will not allow me to do that justice to their merits to which
they are so fully entitled.
136
Jules César Savigny must always be regarded as one of those natu-
ralists who placed structural Entomology on its true foundation. His
‘Mémoires sur les Animaux Invertebres’ are beyond all praise. In
these he traced, with wonderful precision, the identity of structure
which exists between the parts of the mouth in haustellated and man-
dibulated insects ; and showed how remarkably a set of organs might
be so much modified in form (in order to fit them for a change of
functions), as in one tribe to appear as organs of locomotion, and in
another as organs of manducation. These and various other equally
important results, could only be arrived at by a precise investigation
of the various structures themselves; and we accordingly find, in the
plates which represent them, a’series of the most beautiful figures
which have ever been published ; whilst the plates of annulose ani-
mals in the great work on Egypt (of the scientific expedition to which
country he was one of the most indefatigable members), are unsur-
passed for the drawing of the many species and details therein repre-
sented. Among the true insects, the orders Orthoptera, Neuroptera,
and Hymenoptera are illustrated in that work. The fitful changes of
events in France, and the subsequent blindness of Savigny himself,
unfortunately put a stop to the publication of his beautiful works,
without also the necessary descriptive text of the work. This want,
to acertain extent, was remedied by the publication of the text by the
late Professor Audouin; but much essential matter still remains un-
published, which, it is to be feared, is now entirely lost to science.
He was a member of the Zoological Section of the Academy of Sci-
ences of Paris.
John George Children, Esq., born August, 1777, died at Halstead,
in Kent, on the Ist of January, 1852. He was for many years Secre-
tary to the Royal Society, and was a very profound and practical che-
mist. He gave most important assistance to Sir Humphrey Davy, in
prosecuting his researches on galvanism, which had such an important
effect on the progress of that science. He was for several years Assist-
ant Librarian in the Natural History Department in the British Mu-
seum, and was made Keeper of the Zoological Collection in 1838; and
it was under his direction that most important changes were effected
in the zoological collection, by which it has become one of the most
perfect, and certainly the most accessible, collections in Europe. He
devoted a considerable portion of his time to the study of Entomology,
and formed a very large private collection of insects, as well as one
of the most complete entomological libraries in Europe.
In addition to the above details, Mr. Children possessed strong
137
claims to our regard as one of the founders and the first President of
our Society. It was, indeed, at his house that the establishment of the
Society was resolved upon; and the interest which he naturally took
in its affairs will be perceived on perusing the Preface to the first vo-
lume of our ‘ Transactions,’ which was from his pen.
Mr. Children was also the author of a translation of Odier’s memoir
on the chemical composition of the corneous parts of insects, with
additions by himself, published in the first volume of the ‘ Zoological
Journal ;’ also of a Synopsis of Ochsenheimer and Treitschke’s great
work on European Lepidoptera, which appeared in Taylor’s ‘ Philoso-
phical Magazine and Annals; ’ as well as of an Abstract of the ‘Sys-
tema Glossatorum’ of Fabricius, a work previously almost unknown
to entomologists, which appeared in the same Magazine in 1830. He
was likewise one of the chief supporters of the ‘ Zoological Journal.’
Andrew Melly, Esq., of Liverpool. This gentleman was the pos-
sessor of one of the finest collections of Coleoptera ever formed, being
equally rich in the splendid exotic species, and those of minute size,
from all parts of the world. His untimely death in Egypt (where he
was travelling with his wife and family) has deprived Entomology of
one of its most indefatigable votaries: I am not, however, aware that
he had published any Entomological memoirs.
Dr. J. Kidd, Regius Professor of Anatomy in the University of
Oxford, was the author of a Memoir upon the Anatomy of the Mole
Cricket, of considerable merit, published in the ‘ Philosophical Maga-
zine’ for 1825. He died full of years, universally regretted for the
amiability of his character and the extent of his scientific knowledge.
General Feisthamel was the author of numerous memoirs in the
‘ Annales’ of the French Entomological Society, Guerin’s ‘ Magasin
de Zoologie,’ &c. Full of zeal for his favourite pursuit, although suf-
fering from a disease of the heart, under which he at last sank, he had
formed one of the most splendid collections of exotic Lepidoptera in
France: his collection of Coleoptera was also very considerable.
-<) Professor J. Kunze, born at Leipsic in 1793, a distinguished botanist
and entomologist, died on the 30th of April, 1851. We are indebted
to him for a valuable memoir on the genus Scydmenus, published in
the ‘Transactions of the Natural-History Society of Leipzig,’ 1823,
(vol. i. p. 175—204), with figures of all the then known species ; also,
for a monograph, published under the title of “ Entomologische
Fragmente,” in the 2nd volume of the ‘ Neue Schriften der Naturfor-
schender Gesellschaft zu Halle, 1818, on the genera Donacia and
Macroplea; including a description of the larva of the latter genus:
Ss
138
together with notes on the genera Potamophilus, the larger species of
Dyticus, the species of Hydroporus, and a new genus, Zeugophora.
Five new species of Monotoma were also described by him in Ger-
mar’s ‘ Zeitschrift, v. 1.
Dr. Laurenz Oken, was editor of the ‘Isis, a work containing a
mass of entomological articles from various contributors, and the au-
thor of many elementary works (‘ Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte,’
‘Lehrbuch der Naturphilosophie’) written in a deeply philosophical
spirit, of which scarcely any traces are to be found in English works,
if, indeed, we except some of the recent memoirs of Professor Owen,
in,which several of the views of Oken are elaborated.
Dr. Frederick Augustus Gebler, born 3|15 December, 1782, of
Saxon parents, having entered the service of Russia, became esta-
blished at Barnaoul, in Siberia, where he died on the 9/21 of March,
1850. He was the author of numerous memoirs, chiefly on Siberian
Coleoptera, which appeared, between 1817 and 1847, in the ‘ Mé-
moires’ and ‘Bulletin’ of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of
Moscow, the ‘ Bulletins’ of the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St.
Petersburgh, in the ‘Essais Entomologiques’ of Hummell, and in
Ledebour’s ‘ Reise in das Altai Gebirge ;’ a complete list of which is
given in the Moscow ‘ Bulletin’ for 1850, (p. 589).
William Spry, formerly a member of this Society, also died in the
beginning of the past year. He will be long remembered as an ento-
mological artist of great ability, and as the draughtsman of the excel-
lent plates of the work on the genera of British Coleoptera, published
by him in conjunction with Mr. Shuckard. The portrait of Fabricius
in the 4th volume of our ‘ Transactions’ was also drawn by him.
In bringing this sad list to a close, allow me, on the other hand, to
add, that it is a source of much hopeful anticipation that the place of
these, our departed friends, may soon be filled up from the numerous
ranks of our rising entomologists. A slight survey of the entomological
world of the present day, as compared with its state a quarter of a
century since, is sufficient to inspire strong hopes for the future pro-
gress of our science, if even but a few of the many of our younger
members will only resolve to extend their views, and instead of rest-
ing satisfied with being collectors, will patiently investigate and record
the natural history and transformations, the minute anatomical
structure, external and internal, and the natural relations of insects
amongst themselves. Any of these objects of study will, be assured,
amply repay the attention bestowed upon it.
I have now to direct your attention to the progress of the literature
139
of our science during the past year; in doing which, it will be neces-
sary, in some instances, to refer to books or memoirs published pre-
viously to 1851, but of which we have only obtained a knowledge
during the past year. The necessity of these annual summaries of
publications connected with Entomology is every day becoming more
evident, from the multiplicity of channels in which new facts are re-
corded, and new species described or old ones illustrated. 1 am aware
how difficult is the task which I have undertaken; but I trust few
material omissions will be found in my summary, by which, with the
assistance of those published by Burmeister and Erichson, and, since
the decease of the latter, continued by Schaum in Germany, and by
Bohemann in Sweden, the future entomological bibliographer will
find his labours greatly relieved, and the means afforded of obtaining
a knowledge of the majority of the publications, and consequently an
idea of the state of the science at any particular period.
The plan which I propose to adopt in the following pages, is to
classify these publications according to the orders and families upon
which they treat,—a more useful, but, at the same time, a far more la-
borious plan than has been generally adopted by my predecessors, in
their annual addresses from this chair.
I wnust, however, in the first place, direct your attention to the pub-
lication of the first volume of the ‘ Insecta Britannica,’ published
under the superintendence of the Officers of this Society, destined to
supply the want, which has been so long felt, of a descriptive work
upon those orders of insects which have not hitherto been described
in detail in this country, or which have been found to require revision.
The orders intended to be treated upon in the present series, are the
Diptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, and Micro-Lepidoptera ; and it is
confidently hoped that the support of the public will warrant a future
series.
ENTOMOLOGY AND INSECTS IN GENERAL.
A remarkable memoir by Professor Louis Agassiz, on ‘ the Classification of Insects
from Embryological Data,’ has appeared in the 2nd vol. of the ‘Smithsonian Contribu-
tions to Knowledge,’ 4to., Washington, 1851. Taking up the idea (first propounded,
I believe, by MacLeay) that the perfect state of one animal is represented by one or
other of the preparatory states of another animal higher in organization than itself, and
working out the assertion of Oken, that Lepidoptera are born as worms, then pass into the
the condition of Crustacea, and are finally developed into true insects, thus exemplifying
the natural order of gradation of the three classes of Articulata, the author reviews the
140
characters of the different orders of true insects (especially with reference to their larva
state and extent of subsequent development), adopting two primary groups, Mandibu-
lata and Haustellata, placing the Neuroptera as the lowest of true insects, preceded by
Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera, the Lepidoptera, “in the
character of their wings, as well as in all other respects, ranking highest among Haustel-
lata, and therefore amoung all insects.” “The same evidence also which shows Lepido-
ptera to rank highest among insects, shows also that insects as a class rank higher than
Crustacea.” The larva of the Lepidoptera represents perfect worms; the chrysalis, in
the junction of the head and thorax into an enlarged shield, with the abdomen free
and movable, represents perfect Crustacea, and the true insect is above all. So also he
further regards the Myriapoda as worm-like insects or larva-like insects, the spiders as
Crustacea-like insects or pupa-like insects, “and the true insects as the highest stage of
development, ranking aboveall.” These views are developed with much ingenuity and
at considerable length in the Ist and 5th sections of the Memoir, accompanied at the
same time, as it appears to me, with just such an amount of direct general observation,
mixed with assertion and assumption, as to give an appearauce of vraisemblance to the
argument,* which a more precise view of the subject does not appear to warrant.t
In his second section, the author has detailed the transformations of one of the North
American Hesperide — Eudamus Tityrus, especially describing the changes which
take place on assuming the pupa state, and on passing from the pupa to the imago,
and dwelling especially on the fact, which he believed to be a new discovery, that the
limbs of the pupa are at the first free and detached from each other; a fact, however,
well known ever since the days of Swammerdam, whose figures in illustration thereof
are even more intelligible than those of Agassiz. With regard to the manner in which
the limbs of the pupa become firmly and closely affixed on the breast in a mass, the
author appears to be unaware that it is due to the existence of a gummy liquid, se-
creted by the insect at that period, attributing it to the pressnre caused by the pupa
escaping through the narrow slit on the back of the skin of the larva. The skin, legs,
wings, antenne and jaws are erroneously said to be thus fixed together. In like manner
he describes the well-known pupa of Musca vomitoria (inclosed within the indurated
skin of the larva) as a fact of which previous entomologists had been ignorant, or had
not properly considered with reference to its analogy with the pupa of Culex! The
only new fact which I find in this Memoir, is the manner in which the Hesperide at-
tach themselves by silken threads in the pupa state, namely, by fixing themselves with
* For instance, the assertion that ‘‘ however extensive the metamorphoses of the
Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera may be, they do not rise in any of
these orders beyond the development which the Lepidoptera attain in their pupa con-
dition, as in the pupa of Lepidoptera the jaws are already transformed into a sucker-
like proboscis when wings and legs are developed,” is at once disproved by the fact
that the jaws of the larve of Lepidoptera become obsolete in the perfect insect, and —
that it is the maxille of the larva which are developed into the tubular sucker of the
butterfly. So, again, in asserting that the type of the jaws of the Diptera is interme-
diate between those of Hemiptera and the perfect Lepidoptera, we have a confusion
of ideas arising from three separate organs being brought into comparison ; namely,
the mandibles of the Diptera, the maxille of the Lepidoptera, and the labium of the
Hemiptera.
+ In this respect the memoir bears a curious resemblance to the ‘ Vestiges of Creation.’
141
some silk threads by the tail, throwing a few others across the body, and spinning a very
thin, transparent, loose cocoon between the leaves. Another chapter is devoted to the
“ Special Classification of the Lepidoptera,” in which the butterflies are asserted to be at
the head of the order (and consequently the most highly organized of all the Annulosa),
because they sit with their wings erect, the inner side in the pupa state becoming the
outer one, whereas the Hesperide raise the anterior wings only, and stretch the lower
ones more or less horizontally ; while Sphinges and moths sit with those organs more
or less in the position they assumed in the pupa state: the precise method of spreading
the wings in repose being considered as the first character to be employed in the clas-
sification of the families of heterocerous Lepidoptera.
M. E. Blanchard read a Memoir before the Académie des Sciences, on the 6th of
October, 1851, on the Circulation of the Blood and on the Nutrition of Insects, witha
view to explain why silk-worms, fed upon leaves powdered with coloured matters, pro-
duced similarly coloured silk ; and in order to demonstrate the correctness of his views
as to the peritracheal circulation in insects. (Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 492; and Ann. N.
Hist. January, 1852).
M. Joly has published a Memoir on the asserted Peritrachean Circulation, (Ann.
Sc. Nat. 3rd ser. xii. p. 306); in which he insists that it is physically, anatomically,
and physiologically impossible.
On the other hand, M. Agassiz, in a Memoir on the Circulation of Blood in In-
sects, read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in 1850,
adopts the peritrachean system of circulation.
A Memoir by M. Quatrefages, on the General Cavity of the Body of Invertebrated
Animals, and on the Liquid contained therein, and its functions, has been published.
(Ann. Sc. Nat. 3rd ser. xiv.)
A paper on the formation and use of the Air-sacs and dilated Trachez in Insects,
by Mr. G. Newport, appears in the ‘Transactions of the Linnean Society, xx., pt. 3.
A curious memoir by Dr. Hollard, on the Structure of the Scales, Hairs, and other
appendages of the Skin of Articulated Animals, has appeared in the ‘ Revue Zoololo-
gique, 1851, p. 283.
The 6th part of the ‘ Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Li-
verpool’ contains an elaborate paper on the Structure of the Feet of various species of
Insects of different orders, with highly magnified figures, by Dr. Inman.
A paper by Professor L. Agassiz, on the Numerical Composition of the Segments
of the Body of Larve, perfect Insects, and Crustacea, appears in the ‘ Proceedings of
the American Association for the Advancement of Science,’ for 1850.
A remarkable memoir by M. F. Dujardin, has appeared (Ann. Sc. Nat. 5rd ser.
xiv.), in which the author asserts that there is a true brain in some insects, the struc-
ture and size of which depend on the development of their intellectual faculties; this
true brain being surrounded by a cortical pulpy substance, which is of small extent in
the more intelligent insects, but predominates in those in which intelligence is masked
by instinct: the ganglions of the thorax and abdomen appearing to be exclusively com-
posed of this pulpy cortical matter.
M. E. Perris, having reviewed the various opinions proposed on the subject of the
seat of the sense of smelling in articulated animals, considers that it chiefly resides in
the antennz, and also, to a certain extent, in the palpi; and further, that the antenne
are not organs of hearing, the seat of which is placed in the cavity in which the an-
tenn are inserted. (Ann. Sci. Nat. 3rd ser. xiv. p. 149).
142
M. L. Dufour, in a note (Ann. Sci. Nat. xiv. 179), adopts the above views of M.
Perris, but extends them by regarding the sense of smell merely as a modification of
that of touch, and agreeing with Goureau and Newport in thinking that the antenne
are the seat of hearing as well as of smelling, the air being the vehicle through which
the impressions of both senses are conveyed.
Professor Owen’s remarkable views concerning the Metamorphosis, Metagenesis,
and Parthenogenesis of Plants and Animals (by which the extraordinary anomalies in
the generation of the Aphide are explained), have been communicated in detail in
the ‘ Annals of Natural History,’ viii. p. 59, as well as in a distinct work.
A memoir by M. F. Dujardin, on the Microscopical Texture and Properties of
Wax, has been published in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles,’ 3rd ser. xii. p. 250,
in which the writer considers that the white secretion with which the Dorthesiz, Cocci-
dz, Aleyrodes, and other Homoptera, are invested, and also the powdery matter on the
elytra of the Notonectide and Gerride, as well as on the abdomen of the males of se-
veral species of dragon-flies, are all modifications of the same material.
A memoir by Bohemann on Parasitism appears in the ‘ Proceedings of the Royal
Academy of Sweden’ for 1850; in which appear notices of a Typhlocyba attacked by
a Pteromalus, Forficula by a dipterous insect (found in the pupa state), CEdipoda cy-
anoptera by Conops vittata, and Oryctes nasicornis by Sarcophaga striata.
Dr. Philippi has published (Ann. Sci. Nat. 3rd ser. xv.) a memoir on the Parasit-
ism of a Dipterous and Hymenopterous Insect, which he obtained from the closed
nest of Rhynchites Betuleti, the eggs of which were infested with a dipterous larva,
within the body of which was developed another parasite, belonging to the family Pte-
romalide. As the parent of the latter parasite is considered to have had no means of
depositing her eggs in the dipterous parasite, the latter is regarded as one of the nurses
of Steenstrupp’s system of alternation of generations, sometimes producing a dipter-
ous and sometimes a hymenopterous parasite !!!
M. Alex. Lefebvre has published some remarks on the similarity of colour exist-
ing between the soil or sand in Egypt, and the insects found thereupon, (Ann. Soc.
Ent. Fr. ix. p. xxv.)
Likewise, a notice of a caterpillar mentioned by Levaillant in his ‘ Travels among
the Namaquois, which is venomous when it feeds upon venomous plants, and suggest-
ing the inquiry whether the larva of Deilephila Euphorbie possesses the mordant ac-
tion of the plant it feeds upon.
A remarkable memoir by Dr. J. Davy, F.R.S., on the Effects of various Chemical
Agents on Insects, appears in our Transactions (p. 195).
A translation of M. Schiodte’s ‘ Specimen Faune Subterranee,’ made by Dr. Wal-
lich, has also appeared in our Transactions, (Vol. i. No. 3, p. 134).
An article by Mr. Newman, on the Use of the Word Hermaphrodite, appears in
the ‘ Zoologist, cxl. The writer makes no allusion to the comprehensive classifications
proposed by Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Lacordaire, or Agassiz.
A gynandromorphous specimen of Formica sanguinea is described by Tischbein,
in the ‘ Stettin Zeitung’ for October.
M. Wesmael has described two remarkable monstrosities occurring in the genus
Ichneumon, in both of which the front part of the body was of the male, and the ab-
dominal portion of the female sex. Also a monstrous Melolontha vulgaris, having one
of the antennz tripartite.
143
Dr. Lereboullet has also described a monstrous Melolontha vulgaris, having its right
antenna furnished with three distinct seven-leaved clubs, (Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 433).
Instances of monstrosity occurring in Calosoma Sycophanta and Oberea oculata,
are described by Stollwerk in ‘ Verhandlungen’ of the Prussian Rhenish Natural His-
tory Society, 7th year.
M. Jacquelin Duval (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. viii. 533), has described a curious case of
monstrosity observed in the left outer maxillary palpus of Bembidium striatum, the an-
tepenultimate joint being dilated and triangular, supporting three distinct penultimate
joints, each with a minute terminal subulated joint; the inner corresponding palpus
having the last joint elongated, wide, and flattened, terminated by two small points.
M. Laboulbene has added a list of fifteen cases of monstrosities observed in the an-
tenne of insects.
A remakable variety of Bombyx castrensis, in which the ordinary colour and mark-
ings are entirely effaced, and which the author regards as “ due a cette maladie qu’on
appelle albinisme,” has been described and figured by M. de la Chavignerie, (Ann.
Soc. Fr. ix. 101).
Several notes on living specimens of lobsters of a red and blue colour, the variation
of colour, also supposed to be the result of a disease analogous to albinism, have been
read before the Académie des Sciences on the 22nd of September, 1851, by M. Guérin,
6th of October by M. Lereboullet (by whom also the description of a new species of
Astacus was communicated), by M. Foullon and by M. Vallot.
An Obituary Notice of the late Honorary President of our Society, communicated
by Mr. Spence, accompanied by a fac simile of a remarkably characteristic full-length
sketch of Mr. Kirby, and a detailed account of his writings, furnished by myself, ap-
pear in our ‘ Proceedings,’ pp. 19—32.
Our late President's Annual Address for 185!, contains extensive bibliographical
notices of entomological works published in 1850.
M. Bohemann’s resumé of the entomological works published in 1847-48, has been
published by the Royal Academy of Stockholm, (8vo., 1851).
Dr. Schaum has undertaken the continuation of the Annnal Reports of the Pro-
gress of Entomology, commenced by Burmeister and continued by Erichson up to his
decease, when the coleopterous and hymenopterous works published in 1847 were re-
viewed. Dr. Schaum’s first annual summary comprises the works published on the
remaining orders in 1847, and all published in 1848, forming a closely printed volume
of 212 pages. These summaries are of the highest utility.
A periodical work has been commenced at Breslau by the Silesian Entomological
Society, under the title of ‘ Zeitschrift fur Entomologie.’
The ‘Proceedings’ of the fifth and sixth annual meetings of the Entomological
Society of the Netherlands, for 1849-50, have appeared, and contain a number of short
notices, and two of greater extent by Dr. Verloren on the pupation and development
of various Lepidoptera, especially Sphinx Ligustri and Psyche nitidella.
M. Dufour has published (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. 55), under the title of ‘ Mélanges
Entomologiques,’ a series of notices relative 1o the following subjects : —
1. Etude de l’Entomologie. Observations on the Superior Advantages of Studying
the External Structure, Habits, Transformations, and Internal Anatomy of In-
sects, in lieu of the Technicalities of Species, in which he asserts that instead
of “in parvo copia,” we find “in copia parvum.”
2. Notes on the Habitat of Serenthia leta (Agramma leita, West.)
144
3. On the Issus grylioides, Fabr., distinct from that so named and figured by Spinola.
4. On a new species of Celonites from Spain, both sexes of which are described
under the name of C. dispar.
5. Remarks on the family Masarides.
6. On a Hyalomyia (H. dispar) born in the bowels of Brachyderes lusitanicus.
7. On Musca vitripennis, the fly which torments the collector in his rambles.
8. On Otites pulchella of Macquart.
An abstract of Dz. Asa Fitch’s Memoir upon the Insects captured in winter in the
neighbourhood of New York, with Notices of their Habits, appears in our ‘ Proceed-
ings, p. 95.
Descriptions of the following Annulosa, collected by Mr. Macgillivray during the
voyage of the Rattlesnake, have been published by Mr. A. White, in the ‘ Appendix’
to the Narrative of the Expedition. Pachyrhynchus Stanleyanus, (Coleopt. Curculio-
nide); Drusilla Mylecha, (Lepidopt. Diurna, Morphide); Eusemia Mariana, (Lep.
Heteroc. Gymnautoceride) ; Ommalocarcinus Macgillivrayi, (Crust. Decap.); and
Porcellanella triloba. All these species are beautifully figured by Mr. W. Wing.
My. Bowring has communicated to us various notes on the insects of Hong Kong,
(‘ Proceedings,’ pp. 76, 104).
The insects collected by Messrs. Ferret and Galinier in Abyssinia, have been de-
scribed by M. Reiche, accompanied by a folio atlas of plates, representing a great num-
ber of species. The greater portion of the species belong to the Coleoptera (amongst
which appear the Compsocephalus Galinieri, distinct from C. Horsfieldianus, White),
and a new Paussus), there are, however, a number of new Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Hy-
mevoptera and Lepidoptera.
M. Bohemann has published a memoir on the Insects of Gothland (Trans. Royal
Acad. Stockholm, for 1849, published 1851), containing lists (and descriptions of some
new species) of the orders Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Homoptera: and in
the ‘ Proceedings’ of the same Academy for 1850, is another paper on the Coleoptera
of the same country, with descriptions of nine new species of different families.
M. Perris has published a ‘ Lettre sur une Excursion dans les Grandes Landes,’
in the ‘ Memuirs of the Academy of Lyons,’ containing various new species, and a new
genus of Diptera, Aphrozeta, consisting of two species.
Mr. W. W. Saunders has published in our ‘ Transactions,’ (n. s. i. p. 158) a me-
moir upon twelve species of insects, belonging to different orders, which are injurious
to the cotton-plant.
Notes upon destructive Insects, by M. Amyot and Col. Goureau, have appeared in
the Annales Soc. Ent. France, ix. xxxvi.
A pathological memoir on the Diseases of Plants produced by the attacks of Aphi-
dx, Coccide, and Acaride, was read before the Académie des Sciences, by Dr. Ro-
bouam, on the 20th of October, 1851.
A paper by myself, on the following insects obnoxious to the Rose, has appeared
in the ‘ Gardener’s Magazine of Botany, (iii. p. 273). Porthesia auriflua, Balaninus
Brassice, Meligethes eneus, Lyda inanita, Megachile centuncularis, and Microsetia
centifoliella.
Articles upon the Natural History of the following species, — Lyda fasciata, Bos-
trichus capucinus, various species of Apion, Astyages hemerobiella, and Cerostoma
Xylostiella, together with two articles on the Generic Characters of Insects, have been
published by myself in the ‘ Gardener’s Chronicle’ during the past year.
145
The question as to the cause of the occasional occurrence of insects impaled upon
thorns, has been re-opened by Mr. McIntosh (Proc. Ent. Soc. p.79), by whom various
instances have been observed. Mr. G. Ingall adopts the ordinarily received opinion,
having observed instances of humble bees impaled evidently by the red-backed shrike,
(Zool. 3285):
COLEOPTERA.
A work has been commenced by M. Chenu, intended to illustrate all the modern
genera of insects. The numbers hitherto published contain the text of the earlier fa-
milies of Coleoptera, with a vast number of wood-cuts, chiefly copied from other works,
but forming a very useful text-book.
M. Ormancey has published an extended series of observations on the structure of
the sheath of the penis of various Coleoptera, with the view to prove that the specific
characters obtained from this part of the body are of the first importance in determin-
ing the limits of closely allied species, (Ann. Sci. Nat. 3rd ser. xii. p. 227). Figures
are given of this organ in sixty different species.
A paper on the minute species of beetles found in ants’ nests, by Kraatz, appears
in the Stettin ‘ Zeitung, p. 166. Another on the same subject by Bach appears in the
October number of the same work.
M. Mulsant has published the descriptions of various new Coleoptera, in the ‘ Me-
moirs of the Society of Agriculture? &c., of Lyons, consisting of a new genus of pal-
picorns (Ceratoderus graniger, Columbia), a new genus of Trogide (Lrimazus 1-striatus,
Algeria), two new genera, forming a new tribe amongst the Coccinellide, and new spe-
cies of Aphodius, Mordella, Ochthebius, Ergates, Clytus, and various other Longi-
corns; with notes on the Linnean collection of Longicorns.
Dr. Schaum has published a series of critical synonymical notices of various spe-
cies of Coleoptera, chiefly Carabide, Cicindelide, and Staphylinide.
Dr. Kuster has continued his work entitled ‘Die Kafer Europa’s, Heft 21: Nu-
remberg.
The 21st volume of Sturm’s ‘ Deutschlands Fauna’ has appeared, with sixteen
plates.
Herr Gemminger has published a ‘Systematic Revision of the Coleoptera of the
neighbourhood of Munich, (8vo., 65 pp. 1 pl.)
Herr Maehler has published a catalogue of 2124 species of Coleoptera found near
Heidelberg. The ordinary order of arrangement of the families is reversed, the au-
thor commencing with the Coccinellide and ending with the Cicindelide.
M. Keisenwetter has published a memoir upon the species of Coleoptera collected
by himself in his journey through the South of France and Catalonia, with descrip-
tions of a number of new species, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1851, 3rd trim.)
Numerous species of Coleoptera of the Mark Brandenberg, omitted by Erichson in
his work on the beetles of that country, are published by Kraatz, in the Stettin ‘Zeitung.’
M. Graells has published the descriptions of a decade of new species of Coleoptera
from Spain (Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr. ix. 5), belonging to the genera Cebrio (with notes on
the habits of the new species), Anomala, Misolampus, Mylabris, Cneorhinus, Thyla-
cites, and Doreadion.
A memoir on the character of the Insect Fauna of Southern Persia, with a list of
160 species of Coleoptera, including 33 new species (with 2 new genera of Malaco-
derms, and a new genus of Longicorns allied to Arumia), appears in the Ist volume of
ah
146
the ‘ Transactions of the Royal Society of Sciences of Vienna, by Kollar and Redten-
bacher.
Dr. Roth has published a descriptive list of 100 new species of Coleoptera from
Abyssinia, in the continuation of Wiegmann’s ‘ Archives.’
The 2nd volume of the ‘Coleopterous Insects of Caffraria,’ described by Bohemann,
has appeared, comprising 287 new and 54 previously described species, belonging to
the families Buprestide (93 species, 72 new), Elateride, the Malacoderms, Cleride
(37 species, 31 new), Ptinide, Clavicorns and Hydrophilide.
Signor Bertolini has published a series of papers on the Coleoptera of Mozam-
bique, containing 81 species (22 new), with figures of the more remarkable species, in
the ‘ Memoirs of the Royal Society of Bologna.’
Descriptions of 31 new species of Coleoptera, of various families, natives of Mada-
gascar, including new species of Stenotarsia and Pogonotarsus, 10 species of Tetra-
phyllus and 5 of Oryctes, have been published by Dr. Coquerel, in the ‘Revue Zoolo-
gique,’ 1851, p. 86.
The Coleoptera of Lake Superior have been described by Dr. Leconte, consisting
of 152 new species, together with an extensive list of already described species, in
Professor Agassiz’s work on Lake Superior (Boston, 1850), accompanied by notes on
their geographical distribution.
M. L. Fairmaire has described two new species of Coleoptera from Venezuela, —
Hyperantha hemorrhoa (Buprestide) and Alurnus 8-punctatus (Hispide), with notes
on Arescus monoceros, Oliv. (Rev. Zovl. 1851, p. 350).
Mr. Newman has described a number of Coleoptera from New Holland (Zool.
CXXVili., CXxxiii., clxxix.), some of which however appear to have been previously de-
scribed by Dr. Germar, in the ‘ Linnea Entomologica.’
M. Perris has described and figured the transformations of the following Coleo-
ptera, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. 39); Triphyllus punctatus, Fabr., the larva of which
lives in the Boletus named Fistulina hepatica; Diphyllus lunatus, the larva of which
feeds upon Spheria concentrica; Agathidium seminulum, the larva and perfect in-
sect of which feed upon the subcortical Fungus called Trichia cinnabarina; and Eu-
cinetus (Nycteus, Latr.) meridionalis, also found in both states feeding on the byssus
and mycelium growing under decaying wood.
CICINDELID&.
M. Gehin has published the first part of a ‘Catalogue des Coléoptéres’ in his own
collection, containing the Cicindelide, (Metz, 1851).
A note on the dentition of the tiger beetles, was communicated by myself to the
Zoological Society, on the 24th of June, 1851.
Mr. Tatum has described four new exotic Cicindelide, and an Indian Carabus,
in the Ann. Nat. Hist. viii. 49.
CARABIDZ.
A remarkable new species of Carabus from Algeria, having the prothorax regularly
obcordate, has been described by M. Lucas, (Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 504).
A new fossil species of Carabus from Aix, in Provence, has been described by M.
Barthelemy, (Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 203).
A paper of considerable length, containing descriptions of new, and revisions of
147
previously described, Russian species of Carabus, Zinn., has been published by M.
Chaudoir, in the ‘ Bulletin of the Nat. Hist. Soc. Moscow,’ 1850, pt. 3.
An important memoir, containing a revision of the genera and species of Harpali-
dz forming Dejean’s section Patellimanes (Panageus, Chlenius, Oddes, &c.), has been
commenced by the Baron de Laferté-Sénectére, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. p. 209).
M. Laferté-Sénectére has also continued his descriptions of the Carabide of Portu-
guese Guinea, collected by M. Bocandé, in the Rev. Zool. 1851, pp. 81, 221, 427.
Dr. Coquerel (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. viii. 529) has published some interesting obser-
vations on the habits of pus Robinii (lately detected by M. Javet in this country).
It is never found above high-water mark, and M. Coquerel has searched for it in vain
on the shores of the Mediterranean (where there are no tides). Its mode of respiration
is similar to that of AZ. fulvescens. Dr. Coquerel has also added a description and
figure of its larva.
The occurrence of Hpus Robinii in England has been noticed by Mr. Wollaston
(Zool. 3090), and that of Bembidium Schuppelii, Dej., in Cumberland, by Mr. Bold,
(Ibid. 3289).
The commencement of an extended memoir by M. Jacquelin Duval, entitled ‘ De
Bembidiis Europzis, has appeared in the Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1851, (8rd trim.)
HETEROCERIDE.
Von Kiesenwetter has published a revision of the genus Heterocerus, in the Linn-
nea Entomologica, v.
STAPHYLINIDE.
M. Doue has described a new Staphylinus (S. Mulsanti) from the South of France,
(Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. viii. lv.)
A dichotomous tabulation of the numerous species of Stenus, with the description
of a new species, has been given by M. Leprieur, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. 191).
A new species of Stenus, found near Lille, is described by M. Cussac, (Ann. Soc.
Ent. Fr. ix. p. xxix.)
PsELAPHIDZ AND SCYDMENIDE.
A memoir by M. Bohemann, on the Scydmenide and Pselaphide of Sweden, ap-
pears in the ‘ Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Stockholm’ for 1850. No new
species is described.
PAvssIDz.
The note by Herr Guenzius, on the economy of the Pausside, published in the
Stettin ‘ Zeitung,’ p. 227, has been translated by Mr. Douglas (‘ Proceedings,’ p. 105).
Descriptions by myself of two new species of Cerapterus from Australia, have
been published in the Ann. Nat. Hist. vii. 491.
CLAVICORNIA.
Three new remarkable exotic genera have been described by myself in our ‘ Trans-
actions’ (vol.i. n. s. p. 167), under the names of Paromia Dorcoides (allied to Ips), Cos-
syphodes Wollastonii (apparently allied to Bitoma), and Chetosoma scaritides (allied
to Trogusita).
1438
Cisip&.
M. L. Dufour (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. viii. p. 549) has described and figured the larva
and pupa of Xylographus Bostrichoides (one of the Cisidz), the larva of which resides
in Boletus igniarius ; the terminal joint of the body is only slightly emarginate, but
the angles “durcissent en une pointe épineuse, quand la larve prélude asa métamor-
phose,” thus differing from the larva of Cis Boleti, Alni, &c.
LAMELLICORNIA.
The second part of the ‘Catalogue dela Collection Entomologique du Mus. d’Hist.
Nat. de Paris,’ containing the continuation of the lamellicorn beetles, described by M.
Blanchard, has appeared.
Von Heyden has communicated a note of the discovery of a number of specimens
of Propomacrus (Euchirus) bimucronatus, in a hollow oak near Constantinople, (Ent.
Zeit. Stettin, p. 243).
A paper by myself on the South American genus Athyreus, with descriptions of 13
new species (all of which are figured), has appeared in the Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xx. pt. iil.
The earthen balls formed by a new species of Heterogomphus inhabiting the Andes,
have been described, together with the insect itself, by M. Guérin-Ménéville, in the
Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 160.
The genus Dasysterna, Dej. Cat., allied to Elaphocera, Géné, and Artia, Ramb.,
has received the addition of three new species, natives of Algeria, described by M. Lu-
cas, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. viii. 515).
A series of experiments on the relative weight of various specimens of Melolontha
vulgaris, of both sexes, has been made by Mr. W. W. Saunders, (Proc. Ent. Soc. 99).
A note by Mr. Rich on the habits of a living specimen of Goliathus Cacicus, ap-
pears in our ‘ Proceedings,’ p. 85.
The parasitism of the larva of Cetonia aurata in ants’ nests has been confirmed by
Mr. Weaver, (Proc. Ent. Soc. p. 106).
The distinctive characters of Cetonia stictica and funesta, have been pointed out
by Cornelius, (Ent. Zeit. Stet. 1851, p. 22).
The employment in Southern Russia of dried specimens of Cetonia aurata, redu-
ced to powder, as a remedy against madness arising from hydrophobia, has been re-
corded by M. Motschoulsky, (Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 60 ; Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. p. xlv.)
MELANDRYID&.
A paper by Braselmann, on the habits and transformations of Orchesia micans, has
appeared in the ‘ Verhandlungen of the Prussian Rhenish Natural History Society.’
BostTRIcHID&.
The habits and transformations of Apate capucina, Fabr., A. 6-dentata, Oliv., A.
sinuata, Fabr., and A. Dufourii, Latr., have been described and figured by M. Perris
(Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. viii. 555), followed by some observations on the affinities of these
insects, and the necessity of breaking up the Latreillian group of Xylophaga, and pla-
cing Apate near Anobium, a position it has long held in the English lists. See also
my article on the first-named species in Gard. Chron., referred to above in p. 144,
A note by Kollar on the injuries committed by Apate bispinosa, Oliv., on vine-
stocks in Austria, has been published in the ‘ Proceedings of the Royal Society of
Sciences of Vienna.
149
ScoLyTID&.
A note by Kollar on the injuries committed in Austria by Tomicus typographus,
appears in the Proc. Royal Acad. Sci. Vienna.
BRuUcHIDz.
The fact of the importation of myriads of Bruchus rufimanus, Sch., into Newcas-
tle-on-Tyne, in a cargo of beans from Sicily, is recorded by Mr. Bold, (Zool. 3289).
CURCULIONIDE.
Mr. Bold has also published the result of some experiments, in which specimens
of Calandra granaria were immersed in water from 1 to 15 days; even after the
latter period some few survived, (Zool. 3289).
Mr. Walton’s revision of the Curculionide has been continued (Ann. Nat. Hist.
vii. 310); the genera Dorytomus (with 16 species) and Elleschus (with 2 species) be-
ing described in detail.
An extensive memoir by Hochhuth, on the Curculionide of Russia, has appeared
in the Bulletin Soc. Hist. Nat. Moscow, 1851, pt. i.
A new genus of Curculionide (Cotaster, type Phleophagus uncipes, Schonh.), and
a new French species belonging thereto, have been described by M. Motschoulsky,
(Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 425).
Another new genus near Mesites, taken near Lille, has been described by M. E.
Cussae under the name of Elmidomorphus Aubei, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. 206).
The occurrence of Trachoides hispida, Sch., a weevil new to Britain, in the New
Forest, is announced by Mr. J. Walker (Zool. 3102), and that of Acalyptus Carpini
and Mecinus collaris, two new British weevils, by Mr. 8. Stevens, (Proc. Ent. Soe.
July, 1851).
Captain Godart has published a note on the powder-like matter which covers the
elytra of Lixus angustatus, and other species, which he considers not to be cryptoga-
mous, as has been asserted by Laboulbene and denied by Coquerel, (Ann. Soc. Ent.
Fr. 1X, p. Sint.)
LonGIcoRNIA.
Mr. A. White’s descriptions of exotic longicorn beetles, including several new ge-
nera, read at a previous meeting of the Zoological Society, have been published in the
Ann. Nat. Hist. vii. 70.
An abstract of Mr. Newman’s monograph on the Australian genus Distichocera,
in which D. fulvipennis is regarded as the female of D. maculicollis, and three other
~ species described, appears in the ‘ Zoologist, 3091 and 3122. Descriptions of many
Australian species of longicorns, by the same author, appear in the ‘ Zoologist.’ (See
ante, p. 146).
A note by M. Lucas, on some of the species of Purpuricenus, appears in the Ann.
Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. p. x.
A monograph of the genus Cometes (containing 4 species) by M. Buquet, is pub-
lished in the Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 188.
M. Lucas describes a new species of Clytus from Algeria, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix.
p- xXxi.); and a new Phyteecia from Algeria, (Ibid. p. xli.)
M. Graells has published the description and figures of the transformations of Aga-
panthia irrorata, the larva of which resides in the stems of Onopordon, and resembles
150
in its form that of the larve of Parmena and Calamobius, (‘ Memoirs of the Royal
Academy of Spain,’ vol. i. pt. i.)
Mr, A. White has communicated to us the fact of Monohammus Sutor eating its
way through a leaden pipe, (Proceedings, p. 34).
The destruction of the carrot crop by the larve of one of the Lepturide (Phytecia
Ephippium), which form burrows in the rvots, has been noticed by M. Lareynie, (Ann.
Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. p. liv.)
CRIOCERID#.
The larva of Hemonia Gyllenhalii, Zacord. (Donacia Zostere, Gyll.), has been
described by M. Lacordaire in the Stettin ‘ Zeitung,’ p. 263,
PHYTOPHAGA.
The European species of Chrysomela are described by Suffrian in the 5th volume
of the ‘ Linnea Entomologica.’
A new Chrysomela (C. islandica, Kohler) has been described by Letzner, in the
‘ Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Silesia’ for 1850.
M. Lambert notices two instances in which parasitic Muscide had been produced
from Chrysomela Graminis and Timarcha coriaria, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. p. xxii.)
The parasite from the former of these insects has been described by M. R. Desvoidy,
under the name of Rhinomyia Lamberti, (Op. cit. p. xxvii.)
M. Léon Fairmaire has published (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. viii. 535) a monograph on
the genus Cyrtonus, consisting of eleven species, chiefly from Spain, the major part
new to science. The memoir published by Messrs. Mulsant and Wachanru, in the
Trans. Acad. Lyons, 1849, has supplied the author with the details relative to the ha-
bits and transformations of C. rotundatus.
The European species of Clythride described by Lacordaire, have been revised by
Suffrian in the ‘ Zeitung’ of the Stettin Society, p. 194.
M. Lucas (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. 29) has given us some interesting observations
on the remarkable striated cocoon and metamorphoses of Clythra octo-signata, Fabr.
A memoir by Cornelius on the transformations of various species of Cassida, ap-
pears in the Stettin ‘ Zeitung, p. 88. Those of C. Austriaca are also described by
Bach, in the same work, p. 158.
ORTHOPTERA AND NEUROPTERA.
Dr. Fischer has published a ‘ Beitrage’ on the Orthoptera and Neuroptera of Breis-
gau, (17th Bericht of the ‘ Mannheimer Vereins.’)
ORTHOPTERA.
Herr Von Borck has published a revision of the Scandinavian Orthoptera, (Skan-
dinaviens Ratvingade Ins. Nat. Hist. ; Lund.)
A paper upon fossil Biattide and apts dees by Herr Giebel, has appeared in the
2nd Jahresbericht of the Natural Society of Halle.
LocusTipz&.
The Locustide of Algeria, accompanied by the description of a new and beautiful
species, have formed the subject of a memoir by M. Lucas, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1851,
3rd trim.)
15]
M. Brisout de Barneville has described several new species of Acridium, Acinipe,
and Tetrix, from Algeria and France, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. viii. pp. lvi. lxiii.)
A new genus of Orthoptera, named Dachinia, is described by Haldemann, in the
‘ Transactions of the American Association for the Advancement of Science’ for 1850.
NEUROPTERA.
HEMEROBIIDE.
Dr. Hagen has continued his revision of the modern literature of the Neuroptera,
his recent articles consisting of the genera Nematoptera and the Hemerobiide, in the
Stettin ‘Zeitung, pp. 118, 185; Ascalaphide, p. 186;* Phryganeide, p. 365.
Dr. Schneider’s ‘Symbole ad Monographiam Generis Chrysope’ (Vratislav. 1851,
pp. 178, tab. 60), is one of the most complete monographs hitherto published, contain-
ing 53 species of the restricted genus Chrysopa, and 1 of the new closely allied genus
Apochrysa. The plates are quite remarkable for their elegance and delicacy.
The species of the genus Chrysopa found in Austria have been described by Brauer
in Hardinger’s ‘Abhandlungen.’ A critical notice of this memoir is appended by
Schneider at the end of his monograph on the same genus.
M. F. Dujardin has published (Ann. Sci. Nat. 3rd ser. xv.) the description of a neu-
ropterous larva, apparently allied to Hemerobius, but without elongated mandibles
and maxille, and with dilated palpi, which he regards as that of Hemerobius hirtus,
but which appears to be that of the genus Coniortes, Westw. (Coniopteryx, Curt.,
Malacomyza, Wesm.), agreeing with Mr. Haliday’s figure, published by Mr. Curtis,
in most of its essential characters.
ASCALAPHID2Z.
Descriptions of four Russian species of Ascalaphus have been published by Evers-
man in the Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, 1850, pt. 3.
PERLIDZ.
A paper by Mr. G. Newport, on the anatomy and affinities of Pteronarcys regalis,
Newm., with descriptions of some American Perlide, and notes on their habits, has
appeared in the Trans. Linn. Soe. xx. pt. iii.
TRICHOPTERA.
PHRYGANEIDE.
A memoir by Hagen on Phryganea grandis and striata, appears in the 5th volume
of the ‘ Linnza Entomologica.’
A note by Hagen on the remarkable Phryganideous Dromophila montana, and on
the identity of Lepinotus, Heyden, with my genus Clothilla,+ appears in the Stettin
‘Zeitung, p. 164.
* The new Indian species described in my ‘ Cabinet of Oriental Entomology,’ are
not noticed.
+The contraction Westm., twice repeated, may possibly be mistaken for that of
the name of Wesmael, who has written upon the allied groups.
152
HYMENOPTERA.
An important memoir on the structure of the female organs of generation in the
Hymenoptera, by M. L. Duthiers, has appeared in the 12th and 13th volumes of the
Ann. Sci. Nat. 3rd ser.; in which the author has endeavoured to prove that the saw of
the Serrifera, the ovipositor of the Terebrantia, &c., and the sting of the Aculeata, are
only modifications of one and the same instrument, as asserted by myself in the ‘ In-
troduction to the Modern Classfication of Insects. The author has given highly
magnified views and descriptions of these parts, in all the chief types of the order.
A notice of the geographical distribution of the Hymenoptera of North America,
has been published by Mr. Adam White, (Ann. Nat. Hist. viii. 503).
Mr. F. Smith has also published descriptions of various East Indian Hymenoptera
in the collection of the East India Company, collected by Mr. Ezra Downes, with
notes on their economy, (Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 44). Also, descriptions of four new Bri-
tish Hymenoptera belonging to the families Chrysidide, Crabronide and Apide (Zool.
CXXV.)
A note by Mr. F. Smith, on the Hymenoptera of the Undercliff of the Isle of
Wight, makes us acquainted with several new British species of ants and other Acu-
leata, and is accompanied by remarks on the habits of Philanthus triangulum, and on
the singular position in which Feenus assectator hangs suspended by its mandibles be-
neath the umbels of the wild carrot when asleep, (Zool. 3248).
Thirty species of new Prussian Hymenoptera, belonging to different families, are
described by Foerster in the ‘ Verhandlungen’ of the Prussian Rhenish Natural His-
tory Society, 7th year.
TENTHREDINID.
A note upon the economy of Trichiosoma lucorum, with reference to the mode in
which it escapes from the cocoon, has been communicated to us by Mr. Maysmor,
(Proceedings, p. 82).
Mr. Stephens has announced the discovery of the Selandria sericea, a Tenthredi-
nidan new to Britain; and also described the male of the rare Lyda inanita, (Zool.
3163).
SIRICIDZ.
A notice by the late Mr. Edward Doubleday of the transformations of Sirex Gigas,
with a beautiful plate, is published in the last part of the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoolo-
gical Society.’
IcHNEUMONIDZ.
Three articles by Professor Wesmael, on the Ichneumonidz, have appeared in the
16th volume of the ‘Bulletin’ of the Acad. Roy. de Belgique. 1. A Review of the
genus Anomalon, divided into 5 subgenera, containing 20 species. 2. Adnotationes
ad Descriptiones Ichneumonum Belgii. 38. A Notice of the Belgian Species of Me-
topius, Banchus and Coleocentrus.
A monograph by Herr Foerster of the genus Pezomachus, Grav., has appeared
(Berlin, 1851, pp. 240), comprising 233 species, divided into 9 subgenera, Pezoma-
chus alone containing 201 species.
The continuation of M. Boyer de Fonscolombe’s memoir on the Ichneumonide of
153
the environs of Aix, in Provence, containing descriptions of 19 species of Phygadeuon,
appears in the Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. 103.
A memoir by Herr Foerster on the apterous Ichneumonida, forming the genus Pe-
zomachus, has appeared in the continuation of Wiegmann’s ‘Archives, 15th year,
5th part.
CyYNIPIDZ.
A note on the habits of Cynips Calicis, Burgsd., by Kollar, appears in the Pro-
ceedings of the Roy. Acad. Sci. Vienna.
CHALCIDIDE.
Mr. F. Walker has continued the publication of his descriptions of Chalcidide, in
the Ann. Nat. Hist. vii. 210, ix. 39. With the exception of a neat synopsis of the
Trichograminini, communicated by Mr. Haliday, the descriptions are of isolated species.
CHRYSIDIDZ.
Descriptions by Dr. Dahlbom, of species of Chrysidide from Southern Africa, ap-
pear in the ‘ Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Stockholm’ for 1850, containing
1 new species of Omalus, 7 of Chrysis (6 new), and 1 of Stilbum.
ACULEATA.
An excellent ‘Catalogue of the British Aculeate Hymenoptera, by Mr. F. Smith,
has been published by the Trustees of the British Museum.
Mr. F. Smith has described a number of new and interesting exotic aculeate fos-
sorial Hymenoptera, including a new genus, Larraxena, and a description of the pre-
viously uncharacterized genus Sericophorus, in the Ann. Nat. Hist. vii. 28.
ForMIcIDz.
Herr Foerster, of Aix, has published, under the title of ‘ Hymenopterologisches
Studien’ (Aachen, 1850), a monograph on the Rhenish species of Formicide.
A review of the first part of M. Foerster’s ‘ Hymenopterologisches Studien,’ has been
published by Dr. Nylander (Ann. Nat. Hist. viii. 126), in which the latter has com-
mented upon or corrected the nomenclature of the species.
The Rev. A. C. Smith describes the ants’ nests in Norway to be occasionally from
2 to 4 feet high; and adds that the inhabitants use the insects to give a flavour to
their corn-brandy by bruising them in it, (‘ Zoologist,’ 3257).
. MasaRrip2.
A note by M. de Romand, on the structure of the antenne of both sexes of the
Masarides, appears in the Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. p. li.; and see L. Dufour’s memoir
above referred to, p. 144.
VESPIDZ.
A memoir by Schilling, on the Silesian species of Vespide, appears in the ‘ Pro-
ceedings of the Entomological Section of the Natural History Society of Silesia’ for
1850.
Mr. F. Smith has given us a notice of the nest of Polistes Lanio, and of the dis-
covery of Trigonalys depressa, as a parasite in one of its cells, as well asa description
U
154
of the nest of one of the social Vespide, formed entirely of sandy loam, (Trans. Ent.
Soc. n. s. i. 176). He has also published a note on the habits of the genus Abispa,
(Ibid. 180).
Some interesting notes on the economy of the hornet, have been communicated by
Mr. H. W. Newman, (Proc. Ent. Soc. 72).
A note by Mr. H. W. Newman, on the habits of British wasps, appears in the
‘ Zoologist,’ 3164.
A paper by Mr. F. Smith, on the specific distinctions between Vespa vulgaris and
V. germanica (which he had previously regarded as identical), appears in the ‘ Zoolo-
gist’ (p. elxxiii.) In addition to the characters derived from external markings, the
writer has had recourse to the differences in the structure of the male generative or-
gans, in which he finds still more decisive proofs of the specific difference of the two
insects. The superiority of these organs, as affording fixed specific characters, had
been so long ago pointed out by Kirby (Mon. Ap. Ang. i. 39) and MacLeay (Hore
Ent. i. 1), that it is surprizing they are not more frequently had recours2 to. Mr.
Smith has also arrived at different results from Reaumur, as to the number of indivi-
duals composing the wasp-nest in a season.
ANDRENID&.
A note by Mr. Meade on the habits of Andrena albicans, and on the occurrence
of a pupa of Calathus Cisteloides close to its burrow, appears in the ‘ Zoologist, 3221.
APID&.
Mr. Smith has communicated a very interesting note to the ‘ Zoologist’ (p. 3253),
on the habits of Osmia parietina (= Anthophora inermis, Zett.), 230 cocoons of which
were discovered on the under side of a stone, 10 inches by 6. The parasitic Chrysis
austriaca was found in some of the cocoons. Mr. Smith adds notes on the distinction
of the females of the different species of Osmia.
The nest of Chalicodoma Sicula, a mason bee of Sicily and North Africa, has been
described by M. Lucas, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. p. xliv.)
A remarkable account of the proceedings of a wild bee in British Guiana, publish-
ed in Dickens's ‘ Household Words, has been brought under our notice by Mr. F.
Smith, (Proc. Ent. Soc. 76).
Mr. F. Smith has published some observations on the Australian genus Lestis, with
the description of a new species, (Trans. Ent. Soc. n. s. i. 179).
Mr. E. Newman has published a notice of the mode in which bees open the blos-
soms of the snapdragon, (Proceedings, 37).
The habits of various species of humble bees have formed the subject of several
notices, communicated by Messrs. H. W. Newman, F. Smith, and Walcott, (Proceed-
ings, pp. 86, 93, 109, 111).
Dr. Von Frantzius has described a small Acarus-like parasite, apparently allied to
Triungulinus, in the nest of the Javanese Xylocopa amethystina, in the Natur. Ar-
chiy. v. Neerlands Indie (iii. Jaarg.), reprinted in the Stettin ‘ Zeitung,’ p. 237.*
A new edition of Richardson’s ‘ Hive and the Honey-bee, with additions by my-
self, has appeared; also, a new edition of Milton’s ‘ Practical Bee-keeper, of Golding’s
* Dr. Schilling has described, in his ‘ Beitrage,’ a curious Gamasus, G. cerapus,
found on Xylocopa violacea.
155
‘Shilling Bee-book,’ and of the ‘ Description of the Bar and Frame Hive invented by
W. A. Munn, Esq., (Van Voorst, 1851). | Dr. Bevan has also published two lectures
on bee-culture, under the title of ‘ Hints on the History and Management of the Ho-
ney-bee.’
HEMIPTERA AND HOMOPETRA.
A paper by Wallenberg, on the Hemiptera and Homoptera of Eastern Scania, ap-
pears in the ‘ Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Stockholm,’ for 1850.
HEMIPTERA.
The first part of the ‘ Catalogue of the Hemipterous Insects in the British Muse-
um Collection, containing a very great number of new species, by Mr. Dallas, has
been published by the Trustees. The care bestowed by the author upon this first part
merits the thanks of the entomological world.
M. Signoret has described 16 new species of Hemiptera from Gaboon, chiefly be-
longing to the Scutelleride and Pentatomide, (Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 438).
A number of new exotic species of Pentatomides and Edessides have been described
and illustrated with an excellent plate, by the same author, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1851,
3rd trim.) ; and a new species of Petascelis, of large size, from Port Natal, has been
described by him, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. 121).
Mr. Dallas has published a monograph on the four British species of Acanthosoma,
(Trans. Ent. Soe. i. n. s. 109).
A new species of Rhyparochromus (R. brachiideus) has been described by M. L.
Dufour, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1851, 3rd trim.)
HOMOPTERA.
Dr. Asa Fitch’s ‘ Synoptical Catalogue of the Homopterous Insects of the State
of New York, has appeared in the ‘ Fourth Annual Report of the Regents of the Uni-
versity on the Condition of the State Cabinet of Natural History.’ The new species
described are numerous (including a new Otiocerus, named after our late Honorary
President, O. Kirbii), and several new genera are added in the Membracide and Tet-
tigoniide.
The 2nd and 3rd parts of Mr. F. Walker’s ‘ Catalogue of the Homoptera contain-
ed in the British Museum Collection, has been published by the Trustees.
Some notes by Dr. G. B. Smith, on the periodical appearance in America of the
Cicada septendecim, have been communicated to us by Mr. Spence (Proceedings, 80).
A further note on the same subject, by the late Mr. R. Spence, appears at p. 103,
A paper by myself, on new exotic species of Homoptera chiefly belonging to the
genera, separated from Derbe, has been published in the Ann. Nat. Hist. vii. 208.
M. Signoret has published a monograph on the Australian genus Eurymela, con-
taining observations on the position of this genus among the Cercopide, and descrip-
tions of 18 species, 10 of which are new to science, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. viii. 497).
A paper by Herr Tollin on various species of Cicadellina, including the genus Ty-
phlocyba, appears in the Stettin ‘ Zeitung,’ p. 67.
156
PsyLuipe.
The 3rd part of the 1st volume of the ‘ Proceedings of the Royal Society of Van
Dieman’s Land,’ contains a curious paper on the secretion called Laap or Lerp, formed
upon the leaves of certain Eucalypti, by different species of Psyllide, descriptions of
which are also given, by Mr. Thomas Dobson.
Dr. Anderson has also communicated the description of a new species of Manna
from New South Wales, in the same work.
Coccipz&.
Descriptions of two new species of Aleyrodes (A. Aceris and A. Phyllicee *) and
various new species of Coccide, have been published by Bouche in the Stettin ‘ Zei-
tung, 109.
APHID.
The discovery of a wingless species of Aphide, destitute of anal tubercles, in an
ants’ nest, has been recorded by Mr. Meade, (Zool. 3222).
A curious new genus which infests the leaves of Quercus sessiliflora, forming small
circular galls, has been described by Kollar under the name of Acanthochermes Quer-
cus, (‘ Proceedings of the Royal Society of Sciences of Vienna’).
LEPIDOPTERA.
Dr. Herrick-Schaffer has continued both the plates and text of his fine work, the
‘ Systematisches Bearbitung.’
Herr Heydenreich has published a ‘ Lepidopterorum Europzorum Catalogus Me-
thodicus,’ 8vo., Leipzig.
Two memoirs by Wallenberg, on the Lepidoptera of Eastern Scania, with tables
of the months in which the insects appear in the larva and perfect states, is published
in the ‘ Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Stockholm’ for 1850.
Notes on various Lepidoptera by Herren Schmidt, Bremi and Zeller, appear in the
Stettin ‘ Zeitung,’ pp. 74, 83, 145.
A notice of the Lepidoptera of Brunswick, by Herr Heinemann, with a list of the
species, appears in the Stettin ‘ Zeitung,’ 55.
Nickerl has published the Ist part of a ‘ Synopsis of the Lepidoptera of Bohemia,
(royal 8vo. 1850).
Dr. Von Nordman has given a notice of the Lepidoptera of Taurian Caucasus,
with 6 plates, in the ‘ Bulletin Soc. Nat. Moscow ;’ and Dr. Eversmann has also pub-
lished some new Russian species in the same work.
The Lepidoptera of the neighbourhood of Bologna have been published by Berto-
lini, (Hist. Lepidopt. Agri Bonon. 4to. 1850).
A list of 49 species of Lepidoptera from Southern Persia, including 10 new species
of Diurnal Lepidoptera, described by Kollar, has appeared in the Ist volume of the
‘Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Vienna.’
A paper by Signor Bertolini, on the Lepidoptera of Mozambique, has appeared in
the ‘ Transactions of the Academy of Bologna.’ It contains descriptions of only 3 new
species, belonging to the genera Papilio, Hesperia, aud Deilephila.
* Sic. An A. Phillyree, Haliday ?
157
The Lepidoptera of Lake Superior have been described by Dr. T. W. Harris, in
Professor Agassiz’s work on Lake Superior.
A controversy on the adoption by Mr. Stephens, of the generic names of Lepido-
ptera proposed by Hubner in his ‘ Verzeichniss, has been carried on by Messrs. H.
Doubleday, Guenée, and Stephens, in the ‘Zoologist.’ It is clear, that if any of Hub-
ner’s groups are well founded, and had not been previously indicated and named, his
generic names must be adopted.
The question as to the superior value of the characters derived from the transfor-
mations of Lepidopterous insects, has been further discussed by M. Bruand (Ann. Soc.
Ent. Fr. ix. 89), who has replied to M. Guenée, and corrected his figures of the veins
of the wings of Noctue Batis and derasa.
Diurna.
The publication of the ‘ Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, commenced by the late
Mr. Edward Doubleday, and continued by myself, with illustrations by Mr. Hewitson,
has been continued, the work being now nearly completed.
The Ist quarterly part of a new work by Mr. Hewitson, containing illustrations
of new species of exotic butterflies, has also appeared. Each number is to contain 3
plates, each plate several figures, according to the size of the species. The Ist part
contains various new species of the genera Ithomia, Catagramma, and Epicalia.*
Mr. Hewitson has published a memoir in our ‘ Transactions’ on four new Brazi-
lian butterflies, and notes on the identification of the sexes of various Brazilian spe-
cies of Papilio, hitherto regarded as distinct, (n. s. i. 97).
A memoir by M. Kollar on the diurnal Lepidoptera of New Granada and Vene-
zuela, containing descriptions of new species of Papilio, Morpho, and Pieride, with 4
plates, has appeared in the 1st volume of the ‘ Transactions of the Royal Academy of
Sciences of Vienna.’
A critical revision of the European butterflies has been published by Keferstein in
the ‘ Zeitung’ of the Stettin Entomological Society, pp. 220, 242, 272.
Several livraisons of a new work by M. De la Haye, on the Lepidoptera of France,
containing beautifully coloured figures of all species, at a very low price, have appeared.
M. Alex. Lefebvre (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. 71) has given us a remarkable memoir
on the fossil Lepidopterous insect figured by Dr. Boisduval in the Ist series of the
‘ Annales’ (ix. 371, pl. 8), under the name of Cyllo sepulta, but which from a consi-
deration of the veins of the wings, M. Lefebvre regards as allied to Vanessa Archesia,
the antericr (and not the posterior wings, as supposed by Boisduval) wings being
strongly angulated, instead of the hind ones being furnished with a short tail, and the
markings on the supposed hinder wings being those of the under side of the fore wings.
A note on the North-American species of the genus Papilio, by Dr. J. P. Kirt-
land, has appeared in our ‘ Proceedings,’ p. 101.
Papilio Telamon of Donovan has been formed into a new genus, Sericinus; and
* From information received from Mr. Bates, in South America (which I have con-
firmed by an examination of the feet of all the specimens in the British-Museum col-
lection), it appears that the orange-spotted species of Epicalia are the males of the 2nd
section of Myscelia, to which Mr. E. Doubleday applied Hibner’s name Catonephele,
(Gen. D. Lep. 222).
158
descriptions of it and of Thaumantis Howqua and Drusilla Mylecha, have been pub-
lished by myself in our ‘ Transactions,’ vol. i. n. s. p. 173.
The structure of the pouch-like apparatus attached to the abdomen of the females
of the genus Parnassius, has been described by Von Siebold, in Siebold and Kolli-
ker’s ‘ Zeitschrift f. w. Zoologie, Band iii., reprinted in the Stettin ‘ Zeitung, p. 176.
A new European species of Pontia is described by Mayer in the Stettin ‘ Zeitung,
p- 1d1.
The caterpillars of Limenitis Camilla and Sibylla have been described by Mr. De
la Chaumette (Zool. 3237), and of the latter by Mr. Hunter (Ibid. 3185).
A remarkable variety of Cynthia Cardui is described by Mr. Newman, (Zool. 3304).
A remarkable emigration of Papilio Cardui took place at Turin, on the 26th of
April, (Ghiliani, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. p. lv.)
SPHINGIDZ.
Mr. De la Chaumette has published a series of interesting notes on the larve of
the Sphingide observed in Switzerland, in the ‘ Zoologist’, (pp. 3100, 3158, 3241);
and also on the habits and transformations of Aglaia Tau, (Tbid. 3063).
Nocrurna.
A remarkable fact has been communicated to us by Mr. J. C. Bowring, of the oc-
currence of a parasite resembling a large Coccus, covered with white cottony matter,
which is found upon the dorsal abdominal segments of Fulgora candelaria, and which
proves to be the larva of a moth with strongly pectinated antenne, (‘ Proceedings,’ pp.
37, 76, 404).
Two memoirs by M. Bouchardat on the digestive powers and upon the diseases of
silk-worms, have been published in the ‘ Revue Zoologique,’ 1851, pp. 34 and 41.
An extended series of experiments on the muscardine and other diseases of silk-
worms, by Messrs. Guérin-Ménéville and Eugéne Robert, has appeared in the ‘ An-
nales de la Société Séricole, tome 13.
M. Guérin-Ménéville has also communicated to the Académie des Sciences, the
‘Résultats scientifiques et pratiques obtenus de 1847 a 1851, sur les maladies des Vers
a Soie, et sur les meilleurs moyens de perfectionner leur race ou d’arréter leur dégéné-
rescence.’
A plan for employing the silk spun by the larve of the processionary moth (Bom-
byx pityocampa), was submitted to the Académie des Sciences by Messrs. Falguiére
and Cotelle on the 28th of July, 1851.
A memoir by Wahlberg, on the larve of Psyche graminella, appears in the ‘ Pro-
ceedings of the Royal Academy of Stockholm’ for 1850.
Dr. Von Siebold’s curious observations on the Psychide and their supposed Par-
thenogenesis, published in the ‘ Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Na-
tural History Society of Silesia’ for 1850, and Stettin ‘ Zeitung’ for November, have
been translated by Mr. Stainton, (Trans. Ent. Soc.n. s. i. 234).
Three new genera of Nocturnal Lepidoptera have been established by Mr. Wing,
upon species, natives of South Africa, Brazil, and Australia, in the last part of the
‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society, under the names of Caligatus, Trichomoplata
and Palparia.*
* This last name was long ago used by Haworth for a genus of small moths.
159
Mr. H. Doubleday has published a note on the habits of the recently discovered
Hydrecia Petasitis (Zool. 3289).
A Geometridan allied to Abraxas, which infests the gooseberry and currant in the
State of New York, has been described and figured by Dr. Asa Fitch under the name
of Abraxas? ribearia, (Trans. New York State Agric. Soc. vii. See also Proc. Ent.
Soc. p. 106).
Micro-LEPIDOPrERA.
A note on the habits of Tortrix roserana, injurious to the vine in Austria, has been
published by Kollar, (Proc. Roy. Soc. Sci. Vienna).
Mr. J. A. Hill has published a few interesting notes on the habits of various Tor-
tricide and Depressarie, (Zool. 3245, 3288).
M. Goureau has published a memoir on Sericoris antiquana, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.
1851, 3rd. trim.)
A small volume with the title of the ‘ Entomologist’s Companion, being a Guide
to the Collection of Micro-Lepidoptera, and comprising a Calendar of the British Ti-
neidz, has been published by Mr. Stainton, containing: — 1. A List of the Genera
and Species of Tineide, with the times of their appearance in the different states. 2.
A Monthly Calendar, with a list of the species appearing in each month.
A supplemental Catalogue of British Tineide has been published by Mr. Stainton.
A note by M. Boyer de Fonscolombe affirms the identity of Gicophora Oleella
and Elachista Olivella, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. p. xvii.)
The identity of Gicophora Oleella, the larve of which in spring mine the leaves of
the olive, and Elachista Olivella, the larve of which, in the autumn, feed on the fruit,
has been re-affirmed by M. Ghiliani, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. p. lv.) So remarkable a
modification of the habits of a species is deserving of attention.
The employment of the tissue spun by Yponomeuta padella, was brought under
the notice of the meeting of the British Association at Edinburgh, in July, 1850.
Mr. Stainton’s translation of Nicelli’s memoir on Lithocolletis, containing 26 spe-
cies, has appeared in the ‘ Zoologist,’ p. cl.
The genera Incurvaria, Micropteryx, and Nemophora, are critically revised by
Zeller in the 5th volume of the ‘ Linnea Entomologica.’
Mr. Douglas has continued his memoir on Gelechia (Trans. Ent. Soe. n. s. i. 101),
describing 10 additional species.
Mr. Stainton’s monograph of the species of Gracillaria, Haw., has appeared in our
‘ Transactions,’ (n.s. i. 115, 183). ‘Twenty-four species are described, 16 of which
have occurred in this country.
A memoir by Nicelli on the Pomeranian species of Lithocolletes appears in the
Stettin ‘Zeitung, 1850, pp. 34—41.
A new species of Lithocolletes from Northumberland, is described by Mr. Logan
(Trans. Ent. Soc. 182) ; and another by Mr. Stainton in our ‘ Proceedings,’ p. 112.
DIPTERA.
M. Léon Dufour’s extended researches on the anatomy and physiology of the Dip-
tera, have appeared in the 11th volume of the Mémoires des Say. Etr. published by
the Académie des Sciences, with 11 plates.
A memoir by M. Blanchard on the typical construction of the various parts of the
160
mouth of Dipterous insects, was read before the Académie des Sciences on the 16th of
September, 1850.
A revision of the Diptera contained in the Linnean cabinet, by Mr. Haliday, has
been published in the Stettin ‘ Zeitung, p. 131.
‘Insecta Britannica. Diptera: Vol. i., is the title of the 1st volume of the series
above alluded to. It contains the Brachyceratous Diptera (except the Muscide and
CEstride), described by Mr. F. Walker. The synoptical tables of the distribution of
the families of the whole order, as well as of the genera of Empide and Syrphide, and
the whole of the text of the Dolichopide, are by Mr. Haliday. The species of the last
named family, as well as of the Empidz (including the Tachydromide and Hybotide)
have especially received considerable addition to their numbers. Each genus is more
or less fully illustrated in ten elementary plates, Mr. Haliday having contributed ela-
borate details of several of the smaller genera.
The 2nd part of the ‘ Insecta Saundersiana, by Mr. F. Walker, has appeared (8vo.
pp. 80), containing descriptions of a great number of new exotic species and genera of
the families Stratiomydz and Asilide, with figures of 16 of the most interesting genera.
The 8th and 9th volumes of Zetterstedt’s ‘Diptera Scandinavie’ have lately ap-
peared at Lund.
TIPULIDZ.
An elaborate memoir by Lvew on the natural history of the gall-midges (Cecido-
myia and Lasioptera), with a beautiful plate, appears in the ‘ Program’ of the Royal
Gymnasium of Posen for 1850, accompanied by a synoptical table of the species (62
Cecidomyie and 7 Lasioptere), amongst which are a great number of new species.
Dr. Loew’s supplemental memoir on the gall-midges (Cecidomyiz), and upon va-
rious new Tipularie terricole and European Asilide, have appeared in the 5th volume
of the‘ Linnea Entomologica.’
A note by Mr. Brown, on several species of Cecidomyia which attack wheat when
in blossom, appears in our ‘ Proceedings, p. 105.
Empip2.
M. Alex. Lefebvre has published an extended notice relative to Empis platyptera
(Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. 125), discovered by himself for the first time in France.
ASILIDE.
M. Léon Dufour has published extended descriptions, with figures of the larve
and pupz, of a number of species of Asilus, Dasypogon and Laphria, (Aun. Sci. Nat.
3rd ser. xiii. 141).
ScENOPINIDE.
The position of the curious genus Scenopinus in a higher range than that assigned
to it by Latreille, among the Muscide, has been confirmed by the figure and deserip-
tion of the pupa given by M. L. Dufour, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. viii. 493). M. Dufour
is however in error in asserting that “les archives de la science gardent le silence le
plus absolu sur les métamorphoses du Scenopinus,” as its larva and pupa are described
in my ‘ Introduction,’ ii. 554, the former exactly resembling that of Thereva plebeia.
161
DoicHoPIDa.
A new species of Rhaphium from Gothland is described by Steiuhammer, and 16
new species of Dulichopus by Wahlberg, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Royal Academy
of Stockholm, 1850.
Muscip.
A memoir on the Silesian species of Tetanocera, by Dr. Scholtz, containing de-
scriptions of 18 species, appears in the ‘ Proceedings of the Entomological Section of
the Natural History Society of Silesia, for 1850.
M. Macquart has continued his descriptions of the European Tachenarie (Ann.
Soc. Ent. Fr. viii. 419), containing the genera Phorocera (19 species), Frontina (3
species), Metopia (9 species), DeGeeria (21 species), Masicera (61 species). Four
crowded plates represent the wings and profile of the heads of the species, with full
figures of the four first-named genera. The species are parasitic on Lepidoptera, ex-
cept the Metopiz, which infest the fossorial Hymenoptera.
The continuation of M. Robineau Desvoidy’s memoir upon the Myodaires or
Muscide found in the environs of Paris, has appeared in the Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix.
177. The genera here treated upon are Thryptocera (5 species), Herbstia (1 species),
Aetia (2 species), Osmea (1 species), Ramburia (1 species). The larve of the species
whose habits have been observed, reside in the bodies of the larve of Tineide. A fur-
ther continuation, containing Zonia and the allied genera, appears in the 3rd trimestre
of the same volume of the ‘ Annales.’
The natural history of numerous small species of Muscide, the larve of which
mine the leaves of different plants, together with that of the various Ichneumonide
and Chalcidide which are parasitic upon them, has been described and illustrated
with figures by Colonel Goureau, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. 131).
M. Robineau Desvoidy has described in the ‘ Revue Zoologique,’ 1851 (p. 147), 10
species of Muscide obtained by Col. Goureau from the chrysalides of various Lepido-
tera, chiefly Tortricide, which roll up the leaves of different kinds of fruit-trees. A
second memoir by the same author, on species of Muscidae, the larve of which mine
the leaves of different plants, appears in the same work, (pp. 229, 391).
M. L. Dufour communicated to the Académie des Sciences, on the 11th of Au-
gust, 1851, the history of a species of Muscide, Hyalomyia dispar, the larva of which
resides as a parasite within the body of a perfect beetle, Brachyderes lusitanicus, the
spiracles at the extremity of its body occupying one of the spiracles of the perfect bee-
tle, (Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 408; and Ann. Nat. Hist. viii. 425).
A valuable memoir by M. Guérin-Ménéville, has been presented to the Académie
des Sciences, on the natural history of the Oscinis Olez, a small fly which deposits its
eggs in the young fruit of the olive, within which the larva resides, thus often doing
great injury to the crop, and deteriorating the quality of the oil, (Rev. Zool. 1851, 241).
A curious circumstance connected with the natural history of Musca vomitoria and
fulvibarbis, has been observed by M. Blanchard, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. p. lxii.) A
specimen of Platydactylus muralis, an Algerine reptile which had been fed upon these
insects, and throve upon them, was at length observed to have its bowels distended,
and shortly afterwards died, when its intestines were found filled with nearly full-
grown larve of these flies, which had been swallowed at the time when ready to depo-
sit their eggs, and these had been hatched in the stomach of the reptile. A similar
circumstance had also occurred with a green lizard fed by M. Gratiolet.
xX
162
A notice of my paper on the Tsetse and Zimb, read at a previous meeting of the
Zoological Society, appears in the ‘ Zoologist,’ 3037.
CE stTRIDzA.
The occurrence of great quantities of the larve of (Estrus Tarandi, infesting the
rein-deer in the Zoological Society’s Menagerie in the Regent’s Park, bas been no-
ticed by myself, (Proc. Ent. Soc. 76).
HIpPoBosciIDz.
The species of Hippcboscide parasitic upon the deer, have been noticed by Von
Siebold in the ‘ Verhandl. des Schlesischen Forstvereins.’
A note by Von Siebold on the spider-fly of the deer, Lipoptera Cervi, and its sup-
posed identity with Ornithobia pallida, Meig., and Hemobora pallipes, Curt., appears
in the ‘ Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Silesian Society of Natural
History, for 1850.
M. Lucas (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. viii. p. Ixvii.) has published some observations on
the singular bee-parasite, Braula ceeca, Nitzsch, (Entomobia Apum, Costa).
APHANIPTERA.
A paper by Mr. Newman, on the ‘ Affinities of the Pulicites, in which the opinion
that they are Dipterous insects without wings is adopted, appears in the ‘ Zoologist,’ p.
exliii. Independently however of the structure of the thoracic segments and their
appendages warranting their separation from the Diptera, in respect to the alary Lin-
nean arrangement, that of the mouth, both of the larva and imago, appears to me to
remove them from the Diptera with reference to the cibarian system of Fabricius.
THYSANURA,
Professor Allman has published a notice of the emission of light by Podura fime-
taria, Linn., numerous specimens of which were observed to be luminous, the light
continuing to be visible for many nights.
CRUSTACEA.
Mr. C. Spence Bate has communicated various notes on the Crustacea (Ann. Nat.
Hist. vii. 297), namely, ‘ On the Fifth Pair of Legs in the Anomoura, ‘ On the Deve-
lopment of the Shell of Crabs, ‘ Shedding the Exuvie, and ‘ On the Reproduction of
Limbs.’ He has also described (ibid. 318) a new British genus of Amphipods, named
Bellia arenaria, and new British species of Amphithoé, Pagurus and Portunus.
In a memoir by Mr. Huxley on the auditory organs of the Crustacea (Ann. Nat.
Hist. vii. 304), Dr. Farre’s views (exactly reversing the opinions of previous writers,
and considering a sac at the base of the first pair of antenne in some of the Podoph-
thalma to be the auditory organ, whilst the sac in the second pair in all the Podoph-
thalma is the olfactory organ, the Brachyura being considered as destitute of an au-
ditory organ) are supported by the structure of these organs in a small transparent
Crustacean taken in the South Pacific, allied to Palemon, and by Lucifer typus.
A paper by Sir John G. Dalyell on the exfoliation of the Crustacea, has appeared
in the ‘ Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal,’ No. 101.
163
A memoir by M. Duvernoy on the external organs of generation in the Crustacea,
appears in the ‘ Revue de Zoologie, 1850, p. 552.
The completion of Dr. De Haan’s great work on the Crustacea of Japan, so long
delayed by the illness of the author, has been published during the past year.
A series of articles by Mr. Dana has appeared in Silliman’s ‘ American Journal
of Science and Arts’ (vol. xi. and xii.), giving a complete generic synopsis of the Can-
croideous, Grapsoideous, and Oxyrhynchous crabs, with descriptions of many new spe-
cies of Grapsoidea and Oxyrhyncha.
A memoir on the Crustacea of Western Tropical Africa has been published by Dr.
Herklots (‘ Additamenta ad Faunam Carcinologicam Afr. Occid. 4to. Lugd.-Batav.
1851), containing descriptions of various new species, and an excellent and extended
table of the geographical distribution of the Crustacea of the whole of Africa.
Professor L. R. Gibbes has published a list of all the species of Malacostracous
Podophthalma in the public collections of the United States,* amounting to 250 in
number, of which 22 are described as new, 100 only being known as inhabiting the
Atlantic coast of the United States.
The 7th part of Professor Bell’s ‘ History of British Crustacea’ has appeared, and
is occupied with the genera of Palemonide, and also the genera Pasiphea, Peneus,
Cuma, Alauna, Bodotria, and Mysis.
A list of localities of the rarer British Podophthalmous Crustacea in the County
Galway, has been published by Dr. Melville, (Ann. Nat. Hist. viii. 236).
A list of the time of spawning of 24 British species of Crustacea has been published
by Mr. W. Thompson, (Ann. Nat. Hist. viii. 501).
M. Duchassaing has communicated notices on the habits of 11 species of Brachy-
ura, natives of the Antilles, to the Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 77.
A note by Mr. Dana on the genera Hexapus and Arges, both allied to Pilumnus, is
published in Silliman’s ‘ American Journal,’ Sept., 1851, and Ann. Nat. Hist. viii. 430.
Mr. W. Thompson has published a note on the occurrence of Athanas nitescens at
Weymouth, (Ann. Nat. Hist. vii. 346); also a description of Gonoplax angulata (Ibid.
500), and a notice of Acheus Cranchii (Ibid. viii. 77).
Mr. White has also given an account of the rare Australian Potamobius serratus,
and the description of a new species of Gonodactylus from China, (Ibid. 421).
ENTOMOSTRACA.
Dr. Baird’s memoir on the Limnadiade (11 species, 6 being new), appears in the
last part of the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society.’
A new Entomostracan named Cypridina Zealandica, from New Zealand, has been
described by Dr. Baird, (Ann. Nat. Hist. vii. 430).
The development and organization of Nicothoé Astaci, a minute parasite which in-
fests the gills of the common lobster, has been described and figured in detail by Van
Beneden, (Mem. Acad. Bruxelles, tome xxiv.) ; reprinted in the Ann. des Sci. Nat.
3rd ser. xiil. p. 354.
PARASITA.
A memoir by M. Van Beneden, on the species of Lerneide (32 in number, § of
which are new) parasitic on the fishes of Belgium, with the detailed description of a
* The private collection of Mr. Wilson contains more than 1000 species.
164
new species of Lerneonema, parasitic on Mustela vulgaris, was communicated to the
Academy of Sciences at Brussels, on the 5th of April, 1851.
CIRRHIPEDA.
The development of five different species of Cirrhipedes, belonging to the genera
Balanus, Chthalamus and Clitia, from the first bursting of the egg, has been observed
and illustrated by Mr. C. S. Bate, (Ann. Nat. Hist. viii. 324).
FossiL, CrusTackEa.
The fossil Crustacea of Sweden have been described and figured by H. P. Angelin
in his ‘ Paleontologia Suecica (4to. Lund), fase. 1. Iconographia Crustaceorum for-
mationis transitionis, (24 plates).
TRILOBITES.
Dr. Taylor, in a communication to Silliman’s Journal, has opposed the assertion of
Barrande of Prague, that Trilobites vary greatly according to age (and consequently
that many of the recently formed genera must be sunk, being established on indivi-
duals of the same species of different ages), having observed Calymene senaria and
C. Blumenbachii of all sizes without any variation in their appearance. He has also
described a specimen of Isotelus megistos, which, if complete, would measure 183 inch-
es by 9¢ inches in size.
ARACHNIDA.
M. E. Blanchard has published (Ann. Sci. Nat. 3rd ser. xii. 316) an extended me-
moir on the circulatory and respiratory organs of the following Arachnida: — Epeira
diadema, Aranea domestica, Sagestria perfida, the scorpion, and Phalangium opilo.
As the classification of this class is so much dependent on these organs, the memoir
acquires additional value. A supplementary note (Ibid. p. 351) describes the blood of
the Arachnida and its corpuscles.
SPIDERS.
The 6th volume of the Boston ‘ Journal of Natural History’ completes Dr. Hentz’s
memoir on the Araneides of the United States; all the species of which are figure
generally of the size of life.
Mr. Blackwell has communicated a very valuable synonymical list of 106 British
species of spiders, accompanied by remarks on their habits, to the Ann. Nat. Hist. vii.
and viii.
Captain Sherwill has published a note on the habits of a bird-devouring spider on
the Kerrakpur Hills on the Ganges, the webs, of a bright yellow colour, being spun
across paths, and in one of them a bird was found entangled, upon which the young
spiders, eight in number, were feeding, (Ann. Nat. Hist. vii. 427).
A memoir on the genus Salticus, and on a new species found near Paris, closely
resembling an ant, has been published by M. Lucas in the ‘ Revue Zoologique,’ 1850,
p. 492.
M. Lucas has noticed the occurrence of the genus Filistata, hitherto regarded as
peculiar to the Old World, in the New, having received a species apparently identical
with F. bicolor, Walck., from St. Domingo, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. p- xxviii.)
165
ScoRPIONs.
An abstract of M. L. Dufour’s memoir on the anatomy of the Scorpionide, has ap-
peared in the Ann. Sci. Nat. 3rd ser. xv.
A memoir by M. Duvernoy on the generative organs of the scorpion, was read be-
fore the Académie des Sciences on the 7th of October, 1850.
Mires.
The species of mites infesting sugar, cheese, meal, and the human body (the itch
insect), have been described and illustrated in the ‘ Pharmaceutical Joumal,’ Vol. x.
No. 8).
The fact of a species of Acaride (Argas reflexus) living nearly two years and a
quarter without food, is stated by M. Ghiliani, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. p. lvi.)
A memoir on the male of the Acarus Scabiei, and on the different modes adopted
by the two sexes in their attacks on the skin, was read before the Académie des Sci-
ences on the 20th of October, 1851, by M. Bourguignon.
An extended memoir by M. F. Dujardin has appeared, on the species of Acaride
destitute of a mouth, and generally furnished with suckers at the extremity of the under
side of the body, which have been formed into the genus Hypopus, but which the author
regards as the young of species of the genus Gamasus. These Hypopi are generally
found infesting the bodies of other insects, of various orders. Highly magnified figures
of several of them are given, (Ann. Sci. Nat. 3rd ser. xii. 243). In a subsequent arti-
cle (Ibid. 259) the author describes 11 of these species or supposed larve of Gamasi.
M. Laboulbene has published the descriptions of several new species of Acaride,
and of a new species of Hydrachna, in the Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. 3rd trim.
M. Vogt has given an account of a water-mite (Hydrachna Concharum, Baer),
which lives within the palleated cavity of the Naiades, the eggs being deposited in the
branchie of these Mollusks, it being rare in winter to open a mussel without finding
vast numbers of them, (Ann. Sci. Nat. 3rd ser. xii. 198).
The development and natural history of a species of water-mite which parasitically
infests the Anodonte (Atax Ypsilophora) has been described in detail by Van Beneden,
(Mem. Acad. Bruxelles, tome xxiv.)
M. Dujardin has published the description of the 4-footed Acaride which are pa-
rasitic on vegetables, especially those of the galls of the leaves of the Tilia and sallow,
which, contrary to the opinion of M. Dugés, he is not inclined to regard as the young
of the 8-footed Dermanyssi. He accordingly forms them into a distinct genus, named
Phytoptus. (Ann. Sci. Nat. 3rd ser. xv.)
The species of Acaride residing in the galls of different vegetables, regarded by
Duges as the young state of species of Tetranychus, have also been considered by Von
Siebold as perfect animals, and formed by him into a distinct genus, named Eriophyes,
(Proceedings of the Entom. Sect. of the Nat. Hist. Soc. of Silesia, for 1850).
M. Robineau Desvoidy addressed a memoir to the Académie des Sciences on
the 22nd of September, 1851, in which he asserts that the prevalent disease of the
vines, generally attributed to the Cryptegamous Oidium Tuckeri, in fact results from
the attacks of an Acarus, to which he gives the name of A. Caldiorum, allied to A.
telarius, Linn. ! And further, that the potato-disease is caused by the attacks of ano-
ther species of Acarus, which he names A. Solanorum !!
166
?
M. F. Dujardin has published the description of a new marine animal, provided
with four pairs of jointed legs, which he regards as a new form of the Tardigrades, and
which he considers as more nearly allied to Acaride than to Vermes, (Ann. Sci. Nat.
3rd ser. xv.)
P
M. Dujardin has published (Ann. Sci. Nat. 3rd ser. xv. 158), a memoir on a small
marine animal (Echinoderus) from St. Malo, which he regards as a type between the
Crustacea and Vermes, the head being retractile, and armed with long flexible spines,
the body destitute of limbs, and terminated by small caudal plates and sete. The in-
sect has much the appearance of a Dipterous larva.
Report of the Library and Cabinet Committee for 1851.
The arrangement of the British Lepidoptera has been completed: a quantity of
duplicates is the result, which we recommend may be offered in exchange among the
Members.
The Curator has been, and still is, engaged in grouping, according to their affini-
ties, the various insects, for the must part exotic, that have from time to time been
presented to the Society, as a preliminary step towards their arrangement in the
cabinets.
The faulty drawers in one of the cabinets, alluded to in last year’s Report, could
not be secured against dust by chenille, as then proposed ; an arrangement has there-
fore been made to have the glasses put into tightly fitting frames, at a small expen-
diture.
Mr. Lumley has furnished the books agreed upon, in exchange for those he re-
ceived from the Society ; and in accordance with the Resolution of this Committee,
the balance of £1 18s. 6d. received from Mr. Lumley has been applied to the pur-
chase of the 7th vol. of Meigen’s ‘ Diptera, and the 2nd and 3rd vols. of Walckenaer’s
‘Aptera, to complete the sets of those works. The former has arrived, but the latter
are not yet come to hand.
Thirty-two volumes of books in the Library have been bound at an expense of
£4 1s. 6d.; and as many remain in want of binding, we recommend the Council to
allow £5 to be expended thereon this year.
Mr. Wilkinson having kindly offered to take the principal part in forming a Cata-
logue of the Books under the two heads of “ Authors” and “ Titles,” a suitable book
has been procured, and the work is commenced.
(Signed)
JNO. O. WESTWOOD, President.
FREDK. SMITH.
EDWARD W. JANSON.
J. W. DOUGLAS.
167
Abstract of the Treasurer's Accounts.
INCOME.
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168
Tiabilities and Assets of the Society.
Liabilities. °
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Lee.
Cash in hands. ddeccsssceveo ess 14) Lome
tions;, Vol. I. n.s.\pt..7.....8. 14. 0 Arrears of Subscriptions for
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£12 18) 0 £43, 02
State of Progress of the Entomological Society.
Honorary Members. Ordinary Members. Total of
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English. Foreign. Bsa Who have |Subseribers Members 7s
£1 1s. |compounded Subscribers.
January Ist, 1849...... 2 9 63 8 0 71
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Elected in 1851......... + 1 +12 + 4 +16
Compounded in 185L.. —2 Tae
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1 10 67 21 41 129
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EDWARD NEWMAN, 9, DEVONSHIRE STREET, BISHOPSGATE.
169
GENERAL INDEX.
Note.—W here the name only of an Insect is mentioned the description thereof is
referred to.
The figures refer to the pages of the Transactions, and the Numerals to the pages of
the Journal of Proceedings.
GENERAL SUBJECTS.
Address, President’s Anniversary, 1851..xlix.
1852..cxxxi.
Inaugural, 1851..Ixv.
Dahlias, cure for earwigs attacking, exvii, cxxix.
Doubleday, Edward, biographical notice of, i.
Gelatine for mounting insects on, vii.
Insects, difficulty of preserving in United States, xlv.
effects of certain agents on, 195, exxviil.
from Arctic regions, cxili, cxvii, exxvii, cxxviii.
geographical distribution of, exxvii.
hermaphrodite, xxxvi, xxxix.
impaled on thorns, xvi, xxxvi, Ixxix.
inhabiting caves, 134,
injurious to apple trees, xv.
corn, 107, exxix.
cotton plant, 158.
Dahlias, exvii.
figs, cxiv.
French beans, cxiv.
macaroni, Cxiv.
(Enothera speciosa in India, cxxix.
pear trees, iv, XV, Xxxiv, Ixxxv, Cc.
rhododendrons, xvi.
Ribes sanguineum, xv.
strawberry plants, Ixxxil.
timber, cxv.
tobacco, xlv.
turnips, c.
wine corks, exiv.
power of life in, cxvil, cxxvili.
taken far at sea, xlv.
VOL, I. N.S. PART VIIIL—MARCH, 1852.
170
GENERAL SuBJECTS—Ccontinued.
Insects, winter, of New York, xcv.
Kirby, Rev. W., Memoir of, xix.
Library and Cabinet Committee, Report of, 1850..1x.
1851..166
Muscardine in silk worms, xxxix.
Oil obtained from cockchafers, xcix.
Silk called “ Tsatlee,” how produced, ciii.
Silken web, new kind of, i.
“« Specimen Faune Subterranee,” by Schiodte, 134,
ARACHNID#.
Blothrus Speleus, 149.
Epeira zebrata, nest of, exxvill.
Spiders, remarks on, cviil.
Stalita tenaria, 148.
COLEOPTERA.
Acalyptus Carpini, new British species, Ixxxi, xcvili.
Agapete carissima, 84.
Akiptera semiflava, 83.
Anobium paniceum, note on, cxiv.
Baris laticollis, note on, xviii.
Bathyscia Byssina, B. montana, 141.
Bimia femoralis, 82.
Brachopsis concolor, 79.
Brachutria gulosa, 83.
Callidium sanguineum, capture of, Ixxxi.
striatum, capture of, xxxiv.
Catorama Tabaci, note on, xlv.
Cetonia @nea, habits of larve, xxxv, xcvl.
Chetosoma Scaritides, 172.
Chinese Coleoptera, note on, civ.
Cholovocera Madera, vii.
Chrysomela cerealis, note on, xciv.
Cockchafers, weight of, cxix.
Coptomma variegatum, capture of in England, Ixxxii.
Cossyphodes Wollastonii, 170.
Ctenicerus castaneus, capture of, c.
Cyclosomus insularis, habits of, civ.
Denops personatus, note on, civ.
Dictyopterus Aurora, a new British species, xxxix.
Dircea discolor, a new British species, cxiil.
Dorytomus, new species of, xvi.
Doubledaya viator, xiii.
Dryophila Anobioides, capture of, xvi.
Enchoptera upicalis, E. nigricornis, 77.
Galeruca Lawsonie, note on, cxxix.
171
CoLrorTERA—continued.
Goerius olens, destructive to earwigs, cxvii, cxxix.
Goliathus Cacicus, note on a living specimen, Ixxxv.
Drurg@i, in its pupa case, xxxvi.
Haltica erata, destructive to strawberry plants, 1xxxii.
Hamaticherus Heros, note on larva, cxv.
Hepheestion ocreatus, 82.
Hesthesis ornata, 84.
Hydrobius, eggs of, xviii.
Hylastes rhododactylus, capture of, xvi.
Hypera Rumicis, pupa of, xxxvi.
Lampyris, luminosity of, xliv.
Longicorns, Australian, description of, 76.
Lymeaylon navale, note on, xix, xxxiv, xxXvi.
Macrones evilis, M. rufus, 78.
Mecinus co!laris, a new British species, 1xxxv, xcviil, Ciii.
Meloé, note on, xvi.
Monohammus Sartor, boring powers of, xxxiv.
Obrium minutum, larve where found, cxxix.
Oroderes humeralis, 81.
Oxystoma Ulicis, note on, }xix, Ixxiv, Ciil.
Paromia Dorcoides, 168.
Pausside, habits of, ev.
Paussus Natalensis, synonymy of, cvi.
Pogonus Burrellii, capture of, xvi.
Pselaphide, abstract of a memoir on, cxix.
Psilomorpha tenuipes, 80.
Pytho depressus, capture of in Britain, xxxiv.
Rhagium indagator, capture of, xxxiv.
Stagobius troglodytes, 146.
Stenoderus maculicornis, 79.
Stephanops nasutus, 81.
Xyletinus serricornis, note on, xlv.
CRUSTACEA.
New or rare species, cil, cxiil.
Niphargus Stygius, 150. >
Titanethes albus, 153.
DIPTERA.
Cecidomyia, habits of a new species, cv.
7 note on larva of, xviii.
Chironomus nivoriundus, xcvii.
Culex, annoyance from species of in northern latitudes, xxxix, cxxvili.
hyemalis, xevii.
Echinomyia grossa, notes on habits of, cv.
stride, note on, Ixxvi.
Trichocera brumalis, cxviii.
172
HEMIPTERA.
Acanthosoma, note on the British species of, 109, 271.
Anisoscelis rufiventris, 5.
Arilus nigricollis, 8.
Cercopis fulviceps, 10.
; dimidiata, 11.
Harpactor obscurus, 7.
Nematopus serripes, 4.
Platymeris fulvipes, 6.
Ranatra pilipes, 9.
gracilis, 10.
Urochela 4-punctata, 3.
HOMOPTERA.
Cicada, exotic, found alive in England, exxviii.
septemdecim, notes on, Ixxx, ciii.
Cocci, notes on, xv.
Fulgora candelaria, Lepidopterous parasite on, xxxvi.
HYMENOPTERA.
Abispa, note on, 180.
Aulacus, new species of, 222.
Bee, life, a new phase of, xxvi.
queen, reared from worker brood, exiii.
Bees, the way they open the snapdragons, xxxvii.
Bombi impaled on thorns, xvi.
Bombinatrices, on the habits of the, lxxxvi, cix, exviii.
Pombus arcticus, a new British species, ciii.
Derhamellus, note on the nest of, cxi.
Bred specimens of Hymenoptera, note on, xvi.
Capitonius bifasciatus, 225.
Chrysis, new British species, xvi.
Crabro, new British species, xvi.
Cynips longipennis, larva of, exiii.
Evania and allied genera, memoir on, 213.
Fenus, new species of, &c. 217.
Formica graminicola and F. cunicularia, note on, |xxxii.
Hornets, note on, Ixxii.
Hylai, notes on, 43, xii, c.
Hyleus gibbus, 59.
rubicola, H. versicolor, 58.
Hymenoptera, captures of, in Isle of Wight, c.
Iswara luteus, 232.
Lestis bombylans, 179.
eératus, 180.
Lyda fasciata, note on, xv.
Macrus and Coleocentrus, observations on, 12.
Megalyra, new species of, 225.
Megischus, new species of, 229,
173
HymeEnorrera—continued.
Monomachus, notes on species of, 216.
Myrmosa nigriceps, 69.
Nomada, new British species, xvi.
Ophion undulatum, a new British species, vi.
Paragia Odyneroides, 42.
tricolor, 41.
Polistes Lanio, on the nest of, 176.
Pseudomeria Greca, 69.
Pteromalus, species parasitic on Oxystoma Ulicis, ciii.
Raphiglossa Eumenoides and R. Odyneroides, 72.
Rhopalum tibiale, note on, xv.
Selandria sericans, a new British species, Ixxxv.
Stephanus, note on the genus, 227.
Trichiosoma lucorwm, 1xxvi, 1xxxii.
Trigonalys compressa, 176.
species of, 231.
Wasp, social, note on a nest of a, 177.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Abraxas? Ribearia, habits of, evi.
Acherontia Atropos, squeaking in pupa state, xlvi.
Adela cuprella, capture of, ]xxxi.
“Echmia oculatella, capture of, xciv.
Stanneella, vi.
Agrotis saucia and A. suffusa, from Venezuela, v.
lunigera, capture of, xxxix.
Aleucis pictaria, capture of, xiii.
Aphomia anella, a new British species, xxxv.
Arctia Caja, hermaphrodite, xxxvi.
Horsfieldi, 162.
Argynnis Lathonia, capture of, cxvii.
Bombyx, cocoons containing two pupe, xxxix.
larva-case of a Tinea attached to, xlvii.
Bucculatrin Cidarella, capture of, xciv.
cristatella, vi.
Callithea Batesii, 99.
Godartii, note on, vii.
Catagramma Astarte, note on, 100.
Cemiostoma Laburnella, habit of larva, ciii.
Chilo mucronellus, capture of, xviii.
Cochylis Francillana, note on, xcv.
Coleophora Hemerobiella, food of larva, xv, xxxiv, Ixxxv.
Inule, a new British species, ci.
Paripennella, note on, lxxxv.
Cosmopteryx, new British species of, iii.
Crambus uliginosellus, vi.
Cucullia Verbasci, note on, Cxxx.
174
LeEPIDOPTERA—continued.
Danais Daos, note on, xxxv, XXxvi.
Deilephila Celerio, capture of, xxxix.
Depressaria assimilella, food of larva, vii.
atomella, food of larva, cili.
Diphthera Orion, capture of, cxvii.
Ditula angustiorana, notes on, iv, xix, xcv.
Drusilla Mylecha, 175.
Elachista, notes on species of, 21, 24.
cerusella and E. rufocinerea, taken in cop., xviii.
occultella, vil.
Staintoni, food of larva, viii, xvi.
Ephestia Ficella, note on, cxiv.
Eudioptes Indica, 163.
Eupithecia tenuiata,mote on, xcv.
ultimaria, a new British species, cviii.
Gastropacha Ilicifolia, a British species, Ixxxv, xciv.
Gelechia, Zeller, memoir on British species of genus, 14, 60, 101, 241, exxx.
lentiginosella, note on, Cviil.
notes on species of, 23, 24, exiv, exxix.
subocellea, notes on larve of, xliv, xlvii, cxvii.
Gracilaria, memoir on the genus, 115, 183.
? ocnerostomella, vi.
Ononidis, capture of, xciv, cili.
Phasianipennella, capture of, cxvii.
Grapholitha (Stigmonota) Weirana, viii.
Heliophobus hispida? capture of, cviii.
Hestia Daos, xxxvi.
Lepidopterous parasite on Fulgora candelaria, xxxvi, Ixxvii, civ.
Leptalis Acreoidis, 99.
Limnecia Phragmitella, note on, lxxv.
Lithocolletis Carpinicolella, note on, xv.
Coryli, note on, ci.
Dunningiella, a new British species, cxii.
nigrescentella, 182.
note on larve of, Ixx.
species of, v.
tenella, note on, xv.
Micropteryx, monograph of the British species, 26.
Mansuetella, note on, xv.
Myelois Ariemisiella, vi.
Nascia cilialis, capture of, xviii.
Nepticula, notes on species of, cili.
Nonagria Canne, hermaphrodite, xxxix.
Odontia dentalis, capture of, xxxiv.
(cophora, notes on species of, 22.
Opostega somnulentella, note on, xiii.
Ornix Meleagripennella and its allies, 86. -
175
LEPIDOPTERA —continued.
Orthosia ruticilla, a new British species, iii,
Orthostixis catenaria, taken in Britain, Ixxiv.
Papilio Bolivar, 97.
Columbus, 98.
Papilionide, notes on American species of, ci.
remarks on the sexes of some species, 97.
Peronea, new species of, cviii.
Phalena oblinita, 161.
Plusia orichalcea, capture of, ci.
Plutella harpella, food of larva, v.
Poedisca bilunana, note on, xcv.
Psecadia funerella, capture of, xviii.
Psyche, note on a new species of, cxv.
reticella, note on, xvi.
Psychide, remarks on the, 254.
Rhodaria sanguinalis, capture of, xxxiii.
Saturnia Carpini, curious cocoon of, eviii.
variety of, c.
Sericinus Telamon, 173.
Sericoris littorana, food of larva, xviii.
Silk worms, new species of, ciil.
Silk worms diseased, structure of the blood in, xxxix.
Smerinthus Populi, curious structure in, lxxxv.
hermaphrodite, Ixxxii.
Sphaleroptera ictericana, note on, xcv.
Stigmonota dorsana, a new British species, xiii.
Weirana, viii.
Taleporia, alternation of generation in, 234, cxili.
Thaumantis Howqua, 174.
Tinea Caprimulgella, a new British species, xiii.
ochraceella, a new British species, xxxiv, cvi.
pallescentella, a new British species, Ixxv.
Tineid@, capture of rare species, xxxiv, xxxix, xliv.
Vanessa Io, variety of, Ixxxv.
Ypsolophus? palustrellus, xiv.
Zeuzera Arundinis, note on larva, xviii.
NEUROPTERA.
Boreus brumalis, xevi.
nivoriundus, xCVl.
Drepanepteryx Phalenoides, capture of, xlvi.
Mantispa, memoir on the genus, 252.
Nemoura nivalis, xevii.
Panorpa ruficeps, xiv.
Perla nivicola, xcvi.
Termites, note on the workers, cxxix.
176
ORTHOPTERA.
Locusts, parasites on, xiv.
STREPSIPTERA.
Hylecthrus Rubi, 57.
Quercis, 58.
Notes on habits and metamorphoses of two species, 43.
THYSANURA.
Anurophorus stillicidii, 147.
Podura nivicola, xcviii.
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