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TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON.
Mah Rik
aaOrro ¥ ‘
= TEN
AOOAOL
POP te fg denen
THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
yal HNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
LONDON
FOR THE YEAR
1868.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY H. G. ROWORTH,
11, RAY STREET, FARRINGDON ROAD,
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S APARTMENTS, 12, BEDFORD ROW,
AND BY LONGMAN, GREEN, READER AND DYER,
PATERNOSTER ROW:
1868.
Qua
P ee
LONDON
PRINTED BY H. G. ROWORTH,
11, Ray STREET, E.C.
we
| \secis
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
COUNCIL FOR 1868.
—$——_—_—___———
HOW. Barns, fisq:, H.Z.8.,.&c; % . : . 3 +s Presulent.
Sir Joun Lussock, Bart., F.R.S., &. :
W. Witson Saunpers, Hsq., F.R.S., &e. . . | Yse-Presidnts,
H. T. Srarnton, Esq., F.R.S., &e. :
SaMvuEL Stevens, Hsq., F.L.8. . . . . . . Treasurer.
J. W. Dunnine, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e. Seonainne
R. McLacutan, Esq., F.L. S. ateae am eet
FERDINAND Grout, Esq. .
Ospert Satvin, Esq., M.A., Pr. i S., F. Z. g.
GAiSss SAUNDERS REISE e hwk ued esht @uinerus) ca Other Members
Frepenicx Suirn, Esq... .. 2... , of Council.
Rowand Trimen, Esq. . . |
J. O. Westwoop, Esq., M.A., F. L. g., ee
THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
1834—1868.
OS
To the Public. To Members.
First Series, 5 volumes (1834-1849)...... Price £6 0 O £410 0
Second Series, 5 volumes (1850-1861).... 8070 6) OG
Third Series, 5 volumes * (£862-1868).... TOA fee) 716 0
The Transactions for the year 1868...... OG 015 6
The Transactions will henceforth appear in Annual Volumes like the
present. The Journal of Proceedings is bound up with the Transactions,
but may be obtained separately by members, gratis; by the public, price
1s. per sheet.
————
Members and Subscribers resident more than fifteen miles from London,
who have paid the subscription for the current year, are entitled to receive
a copy of the Transactions without further payment, and they will be
forwarded free, by post, to any address within the United Kingdom.
Members and Subscribers resident in or within fifteen miles from Lon-
don, are entitled to a copy of the Transactions for the current year at
half the price to the public, which may be obtained on application to the
Librarian.
* Vol. IIL is not yet finished, but will very shortly be completed.
CONTENTS.
Explanation of the Plates .
Errata et Addenda : ‘ ‘ A 3
List of Members . x Z : : -
MEMOIRS.
J. A Revision of the Australian Buprestide described by
Iil.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
the Rev. F. W. Hope. By Epwarp SaunDERS .
On some undescribed Species of South-African Butter-
flies, including a new Genus of Lycenide. By
RouanD TRIMEN
Remarks on Mr. A. R. Wallace’s ‘ Pieride of the In-
dian and Australian Regions.” By W. C. Hrwitson,
IaDIDH SG We : : : :
On Burmeisteria, a new Genus of Melolonthide. By
FREDERIC SCHICKENDANTZ
On the ‘Coffee Borer’? of Southern India (Xylotrechus
quadripes, Chevrolat). By J. W. Dunnine, M.A.,
F.L.8., Sec. Ent. Soe.
Observations on the Economy of Brazilian Insects,
chiefly Hymenoptera, from the Notes of Mr. Peckolt.
By Freprricrk Suitu, late Pres. Ent. Soc.
A few Observations on the Synonymy of Tinea (?)
Alpicella and Zelleria Sawifrage, (n. sp.). By H.
T. Starnton, F.R.S., &e. . A - : .
Remarks upon the Homologies of the Ovipositor. By
A. E. Eaton, B.A.
A Monograph of the British Neuroptera-Planipennia.
By R. McLacutay, F.L.S., Sec. Ent. Soc. A
Observations on the Duration of Life in the Honey
Bee. By J. G. DesporoucH
69
97
101
105
133
137
141
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
CONTENTS.
Descriptions of Aculeate Hymenoptera from Australia.
By Freperick Suita, late Pres. Ent. Soc.
Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Heteromera.
Ry Freperick Barres :
On the Larva of Micropeplus Staphylinoides. By Sir
Joun Lussock, Bart., F.R.S., late Pres. Ent. Soe.
On some points in the Anatomy of the immature Cenis
macrura of Stephens. By A. H. Haron, B.A. .
Observations on some South-African Butterflies enu-
merated in the ‘‘Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera
of the Family Satyride in the Collection of the
British Museum. By A. G. Butler, F.L.S., F.Z.S.;
London, 1868.’’ By Ronanp Trimen : .
Contributions to a knowledge of European Trichoptera.
By R. McLacutan, F.L.8., Sec. Ent. Soc.
Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Heteromera.
By Freprrick Barres
Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Exotic
Hymenoptera. By J. O. Wrstwoop, M.A., F.L.S.,
late Pres. Ent. Soc.
Proceedings for 1868 . ; : : :
Index : c 5 : : ‘4 f A
231
259
275
279
283,
289
309
327
Ixxi.
( ix )
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Plates I.—IV. . : : 5 5 . See pp. 65—67.
Plates V.—VI. . : - 5 : : See the Plates.
Plate VII. C : , 4 : . See p. 103.
Plates VIII.—xXI. . : ‘ : 5 See pp. 223, 224.
Plate XII. 7 : A - é 5 See pp. 274, 326.
Plate XIII. = . . . 5 c See p. 278.
Plate XIV. . : ‘ . - See pp. 307, 308.
Plate XV. - ‘ : : - See p. 326,
ERRATA ET ADDENDA.
Transactions, p. 89, middle. Lycena ewilis is described by Boisduval in
Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852, p. 294.
p. 91, 1.6 from bottom, For Lycewna notoba, read L. notobia.
p- 160. The date of Stephens’ description of Raphidia
maculicollis is 1836, not 1846.
p- 192, 1.3 from bottom. The date of Wesmael’s description
of Malacomyza lactea in 1836, not 1840.
The rest of the citations of Wesmael, in Mr. McLach-
lan’s Monograph of Newroptera-Planipennia,
should bear date 1841, not 1840.
p- 263, 1. 13, read “labium sinuous in front, rounded in the
middle, not ciliate,”
1. 23. Omit the word ‘‘ hind.”
1. 2 from bottom, read ‘“‘labium sinuous in front,
rounded in the middle, not ciliate.”
p. 265, 1.17. For “decided,” read ‘*decidedly.”’
p. 297, 1. 7 from bottom. For ‘applied to Curtis,” read
‘applied by Curtis.”
Proceedings, p. xi, 1. 8 from bottom. For ‘‘ Nessiaro histria,” read “ Nes-
siara histrio.”
p. xiv, 1. 20, read “‘haustellum of the moth,” omitting the
word ‘‘ was.”
p. xxxiv, 1. 7, first column, read ‘‘ Myrmidone (H)”’
Kist of Members
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON.
DECEMBER 38ilst, 1868.
Honorary Hlembers.
Guérin-Méneville, F. E., Paris.
Hagen, Dr. H. A., Cambridge, U.S.A.
Lacordaire, J. T., Liége.
Leconte, Dr. John L., Philadelphia.
Lefebvre, Alexandre, Bouchevilliers, pres Gisors, Département de l’Eure.
Milne-Edwards, H., Paris.
Pictet, J. C., Geneva.
Zeller, P. C., Meseritz.
Zetterstedt, J. W., Ph. D., &c., Lund.
(One Vacancy).
( xi )
ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.
Marked * wre Original Members.
Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.
Marked S. are Annual Subscribers.
Adams, Henry, F.L.S., 19, Hanover Villas, Notting-hill, W.
Allis, Thomas H., York.
Archer, F., 3, Brunswick Street, Liverpool.
Armitage, Edward,A.R.A., 3, Hall Road, St. John’s Wood,N.W.
Atkinson, W. S8., M.A., F.L.S., La Martiniére, Calcutta.
Babington, Professor C. C., M.A., F.R.S., &c., Cambridge.
Baly, J. S., F.L.8., The Butts, Warwick.
Barbier-Dickens, 1bis Rue Paradis-Poissoniére, Paris.
Barlow, F., St. Andrew’s Street, Cambridge.
Barton, Stephen, Maudlin Street, Bristol.
Bates, Frederick, 15, Northampton Street, Leicester.
Bates, Henry Walter, F.Z.S., President, 40, Bartholomew
Road, N.W,
Beaumont, Alfred, Greave, Meltham, Huddersfield.
Beavan, Lieut. R. C., Bengal Staff Corps.
Bicknell, Percy, Beckenham, S.E.
Birt, Jacob, 30, Sussex Gardens, Hyde Park, W.
Blackburn, Thomas, Grassmeade, Southfields, Wands-
worth, S.W.
Blackmore, Trovey, The Hollies, Wandsworth, S.W.
Bladon, J., Albion House, Pont-y-pool.
Bond, Fred., F.Z.S., 203, Adelaide Road, N.W.
Bonvouloir, Vicomte Henri de, 15, Rue de l’Université, Paris.
Borrer, W., M.A., F.L.S., Cowfold, Horsham.
Borthwick, Richard, Alloa, N.B.
Bowerbank, J. §., LL.D., F.R.S., &., 2, Hast Ascent, St.
Leonards.
Boyd, Thomas, 17, Clapton Square, N.E.
Boyd, W. C., Cheshunt, Herts.
Braikenridge, Rey. G. W., M.A., F.L.8., Clevedon, near Bristol.
Brewer, J. A., High Street, Reigate.
Brown, Edwin, Burton-on-Trent.
Browne, Rev. T. H., M.A., F.G.8., High Wycombe, Bucks.
Burnell, E. H., 32, Bedford Row, W.C.
Butler, A. G., F.L.8., &c., 26, Brompton Square, S.W.
xu
Date of
Election.
1860
1865
1868
1867
1865
1865
1865
1853
1867
1857
1865
1868
1868
1865
*
1867
1867
1849
1853
1866
1866
1837
1855
1865
1851
%
1867
1867
1849
1865
1851
1865
1865
1858
1865
1868
1855
1865
1857
1865
1855
%
1850
1842
1866
rans
+
ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.
Candéze, Dr. E., Glain, Liége.
Carey, A. D., Ahmedabad, India.
Carrington, Charles, Westwood Park, Forest Hill, 8.E.
Clarke, Alex. H., 16, Furnival’s Inn, E.C.
Clarke, C. B., M.A., F.L.S., Calcutta.
Colquhoun, Hugh, M.D., 17, Grosvenor Terrace, Glasgow.
Cooke, Benj., 119, Ardwick Place, Manchester.
Cox, Colonel, C. J., Fordwich House, Canterbury.
Cox, Herbert E., Rosenheim, Reigate.
Croker, T. F. Dillon, 19, Pelham Place, Brompton, S.W.
Crotch, G. R., M.A., University Library, Cambridge.
Cumming, Linnezus, B.A., Trinity College, Cambridge.
Curzon, E. P. R., Trinity College, Cambridge.
Dallas, W. 8., F.L.8., The Museum, York.
Darwin, Charles, M.A., F.R.S., &c., Down, Bromley, S.H.
Davidson, G. W., M.D., F.R.S.E., 13, Union Place, Edinburgh-
Davies, A. H., Ph.D., F.C.S., Royal College of Surgeons,
Edinburgh.
Dawson, John, Carron, Falkirk, Stirlingshire.
De Grey and Ripon, Earl, F.R.S., &c., 1, Carlton Gardens, S.W.
De Grey, Hon. Thomas, M.A., M.P., 23, Arlington Street, W.
Depuiset, A., 17, Rue des Saints Péres, Paris.
Devonshire, Duke of, K.G., F.R.S., &c., 78, Piccadilly, W.
Dohrn, Dr. C. A., Pres. Ent. Verein, Stettin.
Doryille, H., Alphington, Exeter.
Dosseter, T. P., 12, Poultry, H.C.
Doubleday, Hote Kpping.
Druce, Herbert, 1, Circus Road, St. John’s Wood, N. W.
Duer, Yeend, Cleygate House, Esher.
Dunning, J. W., M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8., Secretary, 24, Old
Buildings, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C.
D’Urban, W. S. M., F.L.S., 4, Queen’s Terrace, Mount
Radford, Exeter.
Dutton, James, 2, Theresa Place, Hammersmith, W.
Katon, A. H., B.A., 20, Russell Street, Reading.
Farren, W., 10, Rose Crescent, Cambridge.
Fenning, George, Lloyds, E.C.
Fletcher, J. K., Pitmaston Road, St. John’s, Worcester.
Francfort, Cay. E., Pallanza, Lago Maggiore.
Fry, Alexander, F.L.S., 1, Holland Villas Road, Kensington, W.
Fust, H. Jenner, jun., M.A., Hill Court, Berkeley.
Gloyne, C. P., Jamaica.
Godman, F. D., M.A., F.L.8., Park Hatch, Godalming.
Gorham, Rev. H. 8., Needwood Parsonage, Burton-on-Trent.
Gould, J., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.8., 26, Charlotte Street,
Bedford Square, W.C.
Gray, John, Wheatfield House, Bolton, Lancashire.
Gray, John Edw., Ph.D., F.R.S., British Museum, W.C.
Green, Philip, 11, Finsbury Circus, H.C.
Date of
Election.
1865
1853
1846
1865
1850
1867
*
1868
1864
1865
1861
1846
1866
1866
1859
1865
1864
1851
1843
1853
*
1865
1866
1866
1861
1865
1842
1861
1861
1865
1855
1868
1868
1865
1865
1835
~ 1865
1849
1850
1850
1865
1851
1858
1865
8.
+~R +—+-
ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS. xii
Greene, Rev. J., M.A., 57, Upper Leeson Street, Dublin.
Groves, W., Shortlands, Kent.
Grut, Ferdinand, 9, King Street, Southwark, 8.E.
Guise, Sir W. V., Bart., F.L.8., Elmore Court, Gloucester.
Guyon, George, Southcliff Cottage, Ventnor.
Haliday, Alex. H., M.A., F.L.8., Carnmoney, Antrim.
Hanson, Samuel, 24, Greville Place, Kilburn, N.W.
Harold, Baron Edgar yon, 7, Carlstrasse, Munich.
Harper, P. H., 30, Cambridge Street, Hyde Park Square, W.
Hartwright, J. H., 16a, Terrace, Kennington Park, 8.
Haward, Alfred, Shirley Villas, Croydon, S.
Hewitson, W. G., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Oatlands, Weybridge.
Higgins, EH. T., M.R.C.S., 24, Bloomsbury Street, W.C.
Hobson, Major Julian C., A.Q.M.G., Belgaum, Bombay.
Howitt, Godfrey, M.D., Collins Street Hast, Melbourne.
Hudd, A. E., 1, Gloucester Row, Clifton.
Hume, William H., Orwell Works, Ipswich.
Hunter, John, Market Place, Faversham.
Janson, H. W., Librarian, 2, Alma Road, Highgate Hill, N.
Jekel, Henri, Paris.
Jenyns, Rey. L., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.8., 1, Darlington Place,
Bath.
John, Evan, Liantrisant, Glamorganshire.
Jones, W. Stavenhagen, 793, Gracechurch Street, H.C.
Keays, F. Lovell, 4, Harringay Villas, Green Lanes, N.
Kirby, W. F., Royal Dublin Society, Kildare Street, Dublin.
Knox, H. Blake, 2, Ulverton Place, Dalkey, Dublin.
Kuper, Rev. C., M.A., Trellich, Chepstow.
Lacerda, Antonio de, Bahia.
Laing, Arthur, 11, Morden Road, Blackheath, 8.H.
Latham, A. G., Weaste Hall, Pendleton, Manchester.
Lea, J. W., B.A., F.G.8., The Grange, Shepperton Green,
Chertsey.
Lebour, G. A., F.R.G.S., Geological Survey Office, Jermyn
Street, S.W.
Lendy, Capt. A. F., F.L.S., Sunbury House, Sunbury, 8.W.
Lier, H.H.H. van de, Delft.
Lighton, Rey. Sir C. R., Bart., Ellastane, Ashbourne.
Lingwood, R. M., M.A., F.L.8., Cowley House, Exeter.
Llewelyn, J. T. D., M.A., F.L.S8., Ynisygerwn, Neath.
Logan, R. F., Hawthornbrae, Duddingstone, near Edinburgh.
Lowe, W. H., M.D., Balgreen, Murrayfield, Edinburgh.
Lubbock, Sir John, Bart., F.R.S., &c., Vice-President, High
Elms, Farnborough.
M‘Caul, S., B.C.L., Rectory House, London Bridge, H.C.
M‘Intosh, J.
M‘Lachlan, Robert, F'.L.8., Secretary, 20, Limes Grove North,
Lewisham, 8.H.
Marshall, Rev. T. A., M.A., Barnstaple.
X1V
Date of
Election.
1856
1865
1860
1865
1865
1864
1866
1853
1859
1861
1849
1868
1841
1840
1854
1852
1851
1867
1866
1865
1865
1857
1865
1865
1868
1865
1866
1865
1861
1849
1849
*
1865
1865
1866
1864
1862
1868
1847
1851
1852
1867
1853
1863
1850
+
PnP + ++
Pane
+ DA. +.
ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.
Marshall, William, Elm Lodge, Clay Hill, Enfield.
Mathew, G. F., R.N., F.L.8., Raleigh House, Barnstaple.
May, J. W., 9, Victoria Road, Finchley Road, N.W.
Meek, Edward G., 4, Old Ford Road, E.
Mercer, Albert, 24, Hemingford Road, Islington, N.
Milnes, Rev. Herbert, Winster, Matlock-Bath.
Mniszech, Comte G. de, 22, Rue Balzac, Paris.
Moore, Frederic, 51, Oakfield Road, Penge, S.H.
Mosse, G. Staley, 12, Eldon Road, Kensington, W.
Murray, Andrew, F.L.S., 67, Bedford Gardens, Kensington, W.
Newman, Edward, F.L.8., F.Z.S., M. Imp. L. C. Acad., 7, York
Grove, Queen’s Road, Peckham, S.E.
Newton, Professor Alfred, M.A., F.L.S., &c., Magdalene
College, Cambridge.
Owen, Richard, M.D., F.R.S., &e., British Museum, W.C.
Parry, Major F. J. Sidney, F.L.8., 18, Onslow Square, S.W.
Pascoe, Francis P., F.L.8., 1, Burlington Road, Westbourne
Park, W.
Pickersgill, J. C., Hooly House, Coulsdon, Croydon, §.
Preston, Rey. T. A., M.A., The College, Marlborough.
Pryer, H. J. §., 10, Holly Village, Highgate.
Pryer, W. B., Shanghai.
Ransome, Robert James, Ipswich.
Reeks, Henry, F.L.8., The Manor House, Thruxton, Andover.
Robinson, EH. W., 3, Bartholomew Road, Kentish Town, N.W.
Rogers, W., 22, Cross Street, Clapham, 8.
Rooke, Col. Willoughby 8., F.L.S., Guards Club, Pall Mall, S.W.
Rothney, G. A. J., Addiscombe.
Rylands, T. G., F.L.S., F.G.8., Heath House, Warrington,
Salvin, Osbert, M.A., F.L.S., &c., 16, The Grove, Boltons, S.W.
Saunders, Edward, Hill Field, Reigate.
Saunders, G. §., Hill Field, Reigate.
Saunders, 8. S., H.M. Consul General, Corfu.
Saunders, W. F., F.L.S., Hill Field, Reigate.
Saunders, W. Wilson, F.R.S., V.P.L.8., &., Vice-President,
Hill Field, Reigate.
Schaufuss, L. W., M. Imp. L. C. Acad., &., Dresden.
Scholfield, R.8., M.A.,Junior Carlton Club, Waterloo Place,S.W.
Schrader, H. L., Shanghai.
Semper, Georg, Altona.
Sharp, David, M.B., Eccles, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire.
Shearwood, G. P., Cedar Lodge, Stockwell Park, 8.
Shepherd, Edwin, 2, Leopold Villas, New Wimbledon, S.W.
Sheppard, Augustus I’., Rose Bank, Eltham Road, Lee, 8.E.
Sheppard, Edward, I’.L.S., 18, Durham Villas, Kensington, W.
Sidebotham, J., 19, George Street, Manchester.
Signoret, Dr. Victor, 51, Rue de Seine, Paris.
Smith, E. A., 27, Richmond Crescent, Islington, N.
Smith, Frederick, 27, Richmond Crescent, Islington, N.
Date of
Election.
*
1848
1862
1837
1866
1854
1850
1856
1866
1838
1853
1859
1866
1849
1866
1862
1850
1858
1863
1866
1850
*
1866
1845
1855
*
1868
1865
1849
1863
1843
1862
1866
tT
+
+P Pp Bm
ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS. XV
Spence, W. B.
Stainton, H. T., F.R.S., &c., Vice-President, Mountsfield,
Lewisham, 8.E.
Stevens, John 8., 6, Holland Place, Brixton Road, S.
Stevens, Samuel, F.L.S., Treasurer, 6, Holland Place, Brixton
Road, S.
Swanzy, Andrew, 122, Cannon Street, H.C.
Thompson, Miss Sophia, Barn Hill, Stamford.
Thompson, Thomas, Hull.
Thomson, James, 23, Rue de Université, Paris.
Thornborrow, W., 4, Provost Road, Haverstock Hill, N.W.
Thwaites, G.H.K., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.8., Ceylon.
Tompkins, H., 3, Colonnade, Worthing.
Trimen, Roland, Colonial Office, Cape Town.
Turner, Thos., 5, Summerlands, Exeter.
Vaughan, P. H., Redland, near Bristol.
Verrall, G. H., The Mulberries, Denmark Hill, S.
Walcott, W. H. L., 11, Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol.
Walker, Francis, F.L.S., Elm Hall, Wanstead, N.E.
Wallace, Alexander, M.D., Trinity House, Colchester.
Wallace, Alfred R., F.Z.8., F.R.G.S., 9, St. Mark’s Crescent,
Regent’s Park, N.W.
Ward, Christopher, Halifax.
Waring, 8S. L., The Oaks, Norwood, 8.
Waterhouse, G. R., V.P.Z.8., &c., British Museum, W.C.
Watson, John, Rose Hill, Bowdon.
Weir, J. Jenner, F.L.8., 6, Haddo Villas, Blackheath, 8.E.
Were, R. B., 35, Osborne Terrace, Clapham Road, S.
Westwood, Professor J. O., M.A., F.L.8., &c., Oxford.
White, F. Buchanan, M.D., Perth.
White, Rey. W. Farren, Stonehouse Vicarage, Gloucestershire.
Wilkinson, §. J., 7, Jeffrey’s Square, St. Mary Axe, E.C.
. Wix, William, Isbells, Reigate.
Wollaston, T. Vernon, M.A., F.L.8., 1, Barnepark Terrace,
Teignmouth, Devon.
Wormald, Perey C., 35, Bolton Road, St. John’s Wood, N.W.
Wright, Professor H. Perceval, M.A., M.D., F.L.S., &c., 10,
Clare Street, Dublin.
1865 §. Young, Morris, 7, Old Sneddon Street, Paisley.
ager
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THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON
FOR THE? YEAR 1868.
——_—_&—_—-
I. A Revision of the Australian Buprestide described by
the Rev. F. W. Horr. By Epwarp Saunpers.
[ Read 4th November, 1867. ]
Tue large number of new species of Australian Bupres-
tidee contained in European collections have long re-
quired description; but the difficulty of this task has
been seriously augmented by the confusion which has
hitherto existed in the nomenclature of the already de-
scribed species. The first work of any importance on
the Buprestide of Australia was printed by Mr. Hope in
1836, i which are mentioned all the species then known
to him from that part of the world. The descriptions,
however, which he gives are so short, and wanting in
specific character, as to be nearly useless ; and, besides this,
many of the insects he described as species can only be
considered as mere varieties. Messrs. Laporte and Gory
published their Monograph of the Buprestide shortly
afterwards (1837-41), and although in their work they
have corrected many of the errors made by Mr. Hope,
they have fallen into several fresh ones, by describing
and figuring under Mr. Hope’s names species which do
not at all agree with his types. Subsequently to this
TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1868.—PaART I. (APRIL). B
2 Mr. Edward Saunders on
work (1845-47), Mr. Hope published three papers in
the fourth volume of the Transactions of this Society,
containing many new species, but also several which are
identical with those described by Messrs. Laporte and
Gory, and some with those which he had himself pre-
viously described. Other papers have been published by
various authors, in which are to be found several species
identical with Mr. Hope’s—thus making further additions
to the already too complicated synonymy. It is with the
hope of clearing up this confusion that the present paper
has been undertaken; in it are given redescriptions and
steel engravings of all Mr. Hope’s species, the short
Latin diagnoses used by that Author forming their head-
ings. All his types, with the exception of three which
are apparently lost, as well as those of Messrs. Gory,
Thomson, Boheman, Chevrolat, White, and others, have
been carefully examined, and the synonymy rendered as
complete as practicable.
I have to express my best thanks to Prof. Westwood
for the very kind manner in which he assisted me, while
studying Mr. Hope’s collection in the Oxford Museum.
To recognize the original types was a work of consider-
able difficulty, and, but for the help of one well acquainted
with Mr. Hope’s writing, would have been almost impos-
sible.
I would also express my thanks to Count Mniszech,
Messrs. H. Deyrolle, Lucas, Thomson, Chevrolat, Bohe-
man, and Stal, who have kindly assisted me by allowing
me access to their collections, and have done their utmost
to further the object I have had in view.
In the following revision, I have referred the species
to the modern genera to which they respectively belong.
Diadoxus, Plagiope, Neocuris, Anilara, Prospheres, Merim-
na, Xyroscelis, and Paracephala, will shortly be charac-
terized by M. Henri Deyrolle.*
* At the time when this paper was prepared and read before the Society,
T was under the impression that Mr. Hope’s descriptions of 1836 had been
published, and were entitled to priority over the names given by Laporte
and Gory, and subsequent authors. But finding from the discussion which
is reported in Proc. Ent. Soc., 1867, pp. cix, cx, that Mr. Hope’s paper
was printed only for private circulation, I have abandoned the names
of the unpublished tract ‘‘Buprestide’’ in favour of published names,
though later in point of date. —H.8. March, 1868.
jes)
Australian Buprestide.
Gen. CYRIA, Serville.
1. Cyria imprrialis, (Pl. I. fig. 1, 2).
Buprestis imperialis, Fabr. Syst. Hleuth. un. 204.
Cyria imperialis, (Hope, Bupr. p. 1).
Chrysochroa imperialis, L. & G.1. Chrysoe. 19, pl. v. fig. 20.
Buprestis australis, Boisd. Voy. Astrol. 1. 62, var.
Chrysochroa australis, L. & G.i. Chirysoc. 20, pl. v. fig. 21.
Cyria gagates, (Hope, Bupr. p. 1).
I feel quite convinced that these insects, which have
hitherto been considered distinct, are to be referred to one
and the same species; the British Museum possesses a
series which exhibits every gradation between the black
variety australis and the typical imperialis.
Hab. Australia.
2. Cyria virtianra, (Pl. I. fig. 3).
OCyria vittigera, (Hope, Bupr. p. 1).
Chrysochroa vittigera, L. & G. i. Chrysoc. 21, pl. v. fig. 22.
“Flava, elytris vittis nigris variegatis.” (Hope).
Head black on the vertex, yellow above the mouth.
Thorax black, with the anterior and lateral margins and
dorsal line flavous. Elytra of the same colour as the
thorax, with the lateral margins and a vitta on each, ex-
tending from the base almost to the apex, flavous.
Underside black, covered with long white hairs.
Head punctured, channelled between the eyes, covered
with long white hairs in front. Thorax half as broad again
at the base as long; anterior margin three quarters the
length of the base, elevated except just in its centre,
which is shghtly produced; sides nearly straight, pos-
terior angles acute; base very slightly lobed. Elytra
twice and a quarter as long as broad, punctate-striate ;
sides slightly curved, apex of each slightly emarginate.
Underside and legs shining, punctured, clothed with long
white hairs, with the exception of a space down the
centre of the abdomen, which is almost denuded.
Length 13 lines; breadth 4 lines.
Hab. Australia.
4 Mr. Edward Saunders on
Gen. DIADOXUS, (H. Deyr. MS.).
(AnTHAXIA, pars, Hope.)
1. Dtapoxus mrytHrurvs, (Pl. I. fig. 5).
Anthavia pistacina, (Hope, Bupr. p. 10).
Stigmodera erythrura, White, in Stokes Voy. Austr. i.
PeOUNe Mle, wes de
“* Capite antice luteo-viridi, inter oculos triangulo signato ;
thorace nigro-violaceo, vitta media marginibusque
flavis; elytris acuminatis, nigricantibus, quatuor ma-
culis flavis in singulo dispositis. Corpore subtus
colore pistacino inquinato, tribus ultimis annulis ab-
dominis rufo-brunneis flavisque maculis notatis.”
(Hope).
Head pistacinous in front, black on the vertex. Thorax
with its dorsal line yellow, a vitta on each side of it black,
and its sides pistacinous; there is also a small yellow spot
near each posterior angle. Hlytra black, each with four
yellow discal spots, one at the base extending for about a
third of the entire length of the elytra, and three others
between it and theapex, the two upper ones ofa transverse
oval form, the one near the apex somewhat triangular ;
there is also a pistacinous vitta extending from the
base along the lateral margin for about a third of its entire
length. Underside and legs pistacinous, three apical
segments of the abdomen chesnut-brown, each with four
flavous spots, a small one on each side, and two large
ones near the middle. Antenne black.
Head punctured, covered with short hairs. Thorax
half as broad again as long; anterior margin raised,
shghtly produced, three-quarters the length of the base ;
sides straight; base very slightly sinuate; disk very
largely punctured, punctures closer on the sides; just
above the scutellum is a small round pit. Hlytra largely
punctate-striate, twice and a third as long as wide; sides
eradually converging to the apex, which is attenuate,
and armed with a short spine on each elytron. Under-
side punctured, shining, with a few short white hairs.
Length 7 lines; breadth 2} lines.
Hab. Australia.
2. Drapoxus scauaris, (Pl. I. fig. 4).
Anthawia Hrichsoni, (Hope, Bupr. p. 10).
' Buprestis scalaris, L. & G.i. Bup. 141, pl. xxxy. fig. 198.
Australian Buprestide. 5
“ Affinis A. pistacine, at major. Antenne nigre, capite
antice luteo-viridi, postice nigro triangulo signato ;
thorace tricolori punctato, lateribus pistacinis, vittis
tribus flavis, binisque aliis nigris; elytris acuminatis,
rubro-brunneis, maculisque variis flavis notatis. Cor-
pore subtus pistacino, annulis abdominis utrinque
flavo-maculatis et medio flavis et rubro-brunneis ma-
culis inquinatis.” (Hope).
Head greenish-yellow in front, black on the vertex.
Thorax of the same colour as the front of the head, dor-
sal line yellow, with a black vitta on each side; there are
also two yellow lines between these and the greenish
sides. Elytra red-brown, each with five yellow spots,
one of an oblong form starting from the base and extend-
ing not quite to the centre, between this and the apex
are three others, the two upper irregular in shape, the
apical one elongate ; the lateral margin yellow from the
shoulder to just above its middle. Underside and legs
pistacinous; each segment of the abdomen with a small
yellow spot on each side, and variegated with brown
and yellow in the centre.
Head largely punctured. Thorax half as broad again as
long; anterior margin slightly rounded, two-thirds the
length of the base; sides slightly rounded behind the
middle; base nearly straight; disk largely punctured.
Elytra deeply punctate-striate, twice and a fifth as long
as wide; sides scarcely smuate above the middle; apex
with a short spine. Underside and legs shining, finely
punctured. Thorax, breast, and the sides of the abdomen,
covered with a silky white pubescence.
Length 12 lines; breadth 3} lines.
Hab. Australia.
Gen. CHRYSODEMA, Laporte and Gory.
1. Curysopema cicas, (Pl. I. fig. 6).
Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 208.
“‘Viridis; thorace fere quadrato, rugoso-punctato; ely-
tris quadricostatis, marginibusque externis elevatis,
tarsisque infra flavis.” (Hope).
Upper-side green; underside witha slight coppery tint.
Head punctured rugosely, excavated between the eyes,
the sides of the excavation raised. Thorax two-thirds
as wide again as long; anterior margin produced in the
6 Mr. Edward Saunders on
centre and at its angles, a little more than half as long
as the base; sides rounded immediately behind the an-
terior angles, then nearly straight to the base, which has
a very shallow median lobe; surface rugose, especially on
the sides; disk with an irregular slightly raised dorsal
line. Elytra a little more than twice as long as wide,
finely punctured, each with four smooth elevated coste ;
the lateral margins and suture also are rather raised ;
sides swelling out behind the middle; apex of each
rounded, with a slight sutural angle. Underside and
legs rugose, with a few short hairs.
Length 19 lines; breadth 64 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
Gen. CHALCOTANNIA, 4H. Deyrolle.
(Buprestis, pars, and Evipes, pars, Hope.)
1, Cuancota@nta aLsivittis, (Pl. I. fig. 7).
Buprestis albivittis, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 214.
«« (Ainea, thorace punctulato, lateribus externis albis, ely-
trisque eneis, vitta albida lateralinotatis.” (Hope).
Head coppery. Thorax zneous, with a white impres-
sion extending along its lateral margin. LElytra con-
colorous with the thorax, each with a wide silvery
pubescent vitta, extending from behind the shoulder to
the apex. Underside and legs cyaneous, with coppery
reflections.
Head very deeply punctured, and widely excavated
between the eyes. Thorax half as broad again as long;
anterior margin nearly straight, three-quarters the length
of the base; sides very slightly curved; base straight;
disk largely punctured, with a slightly raised dorsal line
in front; each side with a long fovea, reaching from the
margin to the base, these foveze are very finely punc-
tured, and slightly pubescent. Elytra twice and a quarter
as long as wide, punctate-striate, each with an impressed
pubescent lateral vitta; sides slightly sinuate above the
middle, posterior margin denticulate, apex terminated in
a short spine. Underside and legs punctured, with a few
very short scattered hairs.
Length 125 lines; breadth 4 lines.
Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.
Mr. Hope’s type of this species has had a wrong head
attached to it, I have therefore described that part from
a specimen in ‘the collection of Mr. Bakewell.
Australian Buprestide. 7
2. Cuatcormntia Lamperti, (PI. I. fig. 8).
Hvides? Lambertii, (Hope, Bupr. p. 9).
Chrysodema Lamberti, L. & G. i. Chrysod. 14, pl. iv. fig. 18.
“Thorace cupreo-eneo punctato, medio sulcato; elytris
marginatis serratis viridibus, quinque bronzeis lineis
elevatis. Corpore infra viridi, segmentis abdominis
utrinque farinoso-flavo-maculatis.” (Hope).
Coppery-brown. ‘Thorax with its dorsal line, and each
elytron with four striz, green. Underside and legs green,
shining; each abdominal segment with a yellow pubes-
cent spot on the side.
Head deeply punctured, largely excavated and chan-
nelled between the eyes. Thorax half as broad again as
long; anterior margin three-quarters the length of the
base, slightly produced in the centre and at its angles ;
sides slightly curved near the anterior angles, then almost
straight to the base, which is very largely and deeply
punctured with a strongly impressed dorsal line; each
side with two deeply punctured fovez, one of which is
placed close to the posterior angle, the other just above
it. Hlytra punctured, wider than the thorax, twice and
a fifth as long as wide, each with four deep wide stria ;
sides gradually converging to the apex; posterior mar-
gins finely dentate. Underside and legs punctured, with
a few scattered hairs, and two pubescent spots on each
abdominal segment.
Length 13 lines; breadth 4 lines.
Hab. Australia.
Gen. CYPHOGASTRA, H. Deyrolle.
(Evipxs, pars, Hope.)
1. CypHocastra Fartnosa, (Pl. I. fig. 9).
Buprestis farinosa, Fabr. Syst. Hleuth. 11. 195.
Evides farinosa, (Hope, Bupr. p. 9).
Chrysodema farinosa, L. & G. 1. Chrysod. 21, pl. v. fig. 28.
Hab. North Australia.
Gen. PROSPHERES, (H. Deyr. MS.).
(AncyLocHEIRA, pars, Hope.)
1. ProspHEREs aurantiopicta, (Pl. IV. fig. 6).
Ancylocheira? decostigma, (Hope, Bupr. p. 7).
Buprestis aurantiopicta, L. & G. i. Bup. 182 (mee fig.) .
“Capite atro, thorace nigro-bronzeo punctulato, fossula
8 Mr. Edward Saunders on
in medio fortiter impressa; elytris striatis, decem
maculis aurantiis notatis. Corpore subtus nigro-
geneo, pedibus rubris.”” (Hope).
Bronzy-black. Elytra with five small round golden
spots on each, one touching the base, the second midway
between the first and the middle of the elytron, two others
at the middle side by side, (the sutural one a little the
lower,) the fifth between these and the apex; on the late-
ral margin are three dull red spots, two near the shoul-
der almost touching each other, and one about a third of
the length of the elytra from the apex. Underside and
legs bronzy-green.
Head deeply punctured, somewhat depressed between
the eyes, with a smooth raised dorsal line. Thorax not
quite twice as broad as long; anterior margin raised,
smooth, two-thirds the length of the base; sides slightly
rounded; base bisinuate; disk largely punctured, the
punctuation becoming denser on the sides, dorsal furrow
deep, widening at the base, where it terminates in a round
pit; near the posterior angle on each side is a deep, small,
oblong fovea. LHlytra deeply punctate-striate, especially
at the sides, interstices also punctured ; a little more than
twice as long as wide; sides very slightly sinuate above
the middle; apex truncate. Underside and legs punc-
tured, covered with short white hairs.
Length 84 lines ; breadth 3 lines.
Hab. Australia.
Gen. NASCIO, Laporte and Gory.
(Acritus, pars, and SricmopgrRa, pars, Hope.)
1. Nascio xantHura, (Pl. I. fig..10).
Agrilus xanthurus, (Hope, Bupr. p. 13); L. & G. ii. Ag.
30, pl. vu. fig. 38.
“Capite nigro, fronte aurantia; thorace punctato, tuber-
culato, nigro ; elytris concoloribus, apicibus aurantiis,
striato-punctatis, lineis duabus elevatis. Corpore
infra eeneo albisque capillis irrorato.” (Hope).
Head and thorax black, the former covered with golden
pubescence in front. EHlytra black, with their apex for
about two-fifths of their entire length croceous. Under-
side dull bronzy.
Head punctured, impressed between the eyes. Thorax
Australian Buprestide. 9
a quarter as broad again at the base as long; anterior
margin rounded, three-quarters the length of the base ;
sides very slightly rounded, posterior angles produced
and acute; base scarcely lobed; disk very deeply and
rugosely punctured with an impressed dorsal line, which
becomes rather deeper and wider as it approaches the
base; the punctuation of the sides is rather deeper, on
each may be perceived four slightly elevated rounded
tubercles, and near each posterior angle is a shallow longi-
tudinal fovea. Elytra a little more than twice as long as
wide; sides sinuate below the shoulders; apex rounded ;
surface punctured; each elytron with four longitudinal
ridges, between which are a series of large impressions ;
all the ridges unite near the apex, which however they do
not reach. Underside and legs punctured, with a fine
pubescence.
Length 54 lines; breadth 1# lines.
Hab. Swan River.
2. Nascro Parryt, (Pl. I. fig. 11).
Stigmodera Parryi, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 103.
Stigmodera Saundersii, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 213.
“Nigra, capite antice argenteo, antennis eneis, serratis.
Thorax niger, punctatus. Elytra miniata, ad basin
maculis ternis atris insignita, binis externis humer-
alibus et elongatis, tertioque infra scutellum posito,
fere rotundato. Circa medium disci semicircularis
macula ad suturam globum atrum format, apex ely-
trorum ater est et sub-bidentatus. Corpus infra
chalybeo-zneum et punctatum, pedibus concolori-
bus.”” (Hope).
Head, thorax, and scutellum black. Elytra red, a spot
on each shoulder, a diamond-shaped sutural spot below
the scutellum, a large somewhat-circular spot situated
about their centre, its edges not quite reaching the lateral
margins, and the apex for a quarter of the entire length
of the elytra, black. Underside, legs, and antennz
bronzy, covered with white hairs.
Head flat in front, deeply punctured. Thorax a
quarter as broad again at the base as long; anterior mar-
gin produced in the centre and at the angles, about the
same length as the base; sides and base straight; disk
deeply punctured, with a large dorsal impression, the
10 Mr. Edward Saunders on
sides of which have a silvery appearance; the sides also
are slightly impressed above the posterior angles. Ely-
tra wider than the thorax at the base, widest behind the
middle; sides slightly sinuate below the shoulders, swel-
ling out shghtly behind the middle, and then converging
in nearly straight lines to the apex, which is emarginate
and bidentate; disk largely and deeply punctate-striate,
each elytron with four elevated ridges. Underside and
legs punctured, covered with an ashy pubescence.
Length 34-5 lines; breadth 1-2 lines.
Hab. Adelaide.
Gen. ASTHRAWUS, Laporte and Gory.
(SriamopEra, pars, Hope.)
1. Asturaus Samovettt, (PI. I. fig. 12).
Stigmodera Samouelli, (Hope, Bupr. p. 6).
“horace bronzeo, marginibus violaceis; elytris purpu-
rascentibus, flavostictis. Corpore subtus violaceo.”
(Hope).
Head green in front, purple-brown on the vertex.
Thorax purple-brown, sides (especially near the anterior
angles) violaceous. EHlytra purple-black, each with five
flavous spots, one at the base near the suture, two placed
abreast just below it, the exterior one touching the lateral
margin ; below these is a band touching the lateral mar-
gin but not the suture, and midway between this and the
apex is an oval spot. Underside and legs cyaneous.
Antenne purple-black. Tips of the tibiee, and the first
joint of the tarsi, flavous.
Head punctured, hairy, with a slightly elevated dorsal
line. Thorax not quite twice as broad as long, anterior
margin nearly straight, two-thirds the length of the
base ; sides slightly curved ; base largely bisinuate, with
a narrow median lobe; disk punctured, hairy, the punc-
tures on the sides rather larger. Hlytra two-thirds as
long again as wide, deeply punctate-striate, sides
rounded, apices divergent, each armed with a long
sutural spine, and a short one on the posterior margin
just above it. Underside punctured, with a few scattered
hairs.
Length 5 lines ; breadth 24 lines.
Hab. Australia.
Australian Buprestide. 1]
Gen. HURYSPILUS, Lacordaire.
(Aaritus, pars, Hope.)
1. Hurysritus cHatcopus, (Pl. I. fig. 13).
Agrilus chaleodes, (Hope, Bupr. p. 12).
Eurybia chaleodes, L. & G. iu. Hur. 1, pl. 1. fig. 1.
“* Aneus, caput cum thorace ruguloso-punctatum, fronte
depressa; elytris punctatissimis, quatuor lineis
lateribusque elevatis. Corpore infra concolore.”
(Hope).
The entire insect of a coppery bronze hue.
Head largely punctured, furrowed on the vertex, with a
shallow round depression above the mouth. Thorax a
quarter as broad again as long ; anterior margin rounded,
three-quarters the length of the base; sides rounded ;
base nearly straight; surface deeply punctured and trans-
versely ribbed throughout; disk with an impressed
dorsal line. Elytra twice and a quarter as long as wide ;
sides gradually converging to the apex, which is some-
what attenuate; apex of each extremely finely bidentate ;
disk deeply punctured ; each elytron with four raised
lines. Underside punctured, covered with very short
white hairs.
Length 53 lines; breadth 14 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
Gen. CINYRA, Laporte and Gory.
(CissEIs, pars, Hope.)
1. Crvyra spitota, (Pl. IV. fig. 32).
Cisseis spilota, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 219.
“ Viridi-zenea, thorace quatuor punctis albis notato,
elytrisque variis minutis maculis ornatis; corpore
infra eneo.” (Hope).
Head fiery copper. Antenne green. Thorax dark
bronzy-brown, with four white spots, one near each
angle, the two posterior touching the base. Elytra of
the same colour as the thorax, each with twelve small
white spots, two on the base, several dispersed along
the margin, and four on the suture, the two upper of
which are larger than the rest. Underside bronzy, with
two white spots on each side of the breast, and on each
abdominal segment. ;
12 Mr. Edward Saunders on
Head very deeply punctured, with a few scattered
short hairs. Thorax half as broad again at the base as
long; anterior margin almost straight, two-thirds the
length of the base; sides nearly straight, posterior angles
acute; base straight; disk largely and deeply punc-
tured, with a broad impressed dorsal line, with four small
foveee filled with white pubescence, situated as above.
Elytra twice and a quarter as long as broad; sides
straight for two-thirds of their length, then converging
to the apex, which is rather pointed; disk striate
and very deeply punctured, with numerous fovez filled
with white pubescence, situated as mentioned above.
Underside and legs bronzy, with a pubescent fovea on
each side of the thorax, breast, and each abdominal
segment.
Length 54 lines; breadth 1# lines.
Hab. New Holland.
Gen. PLAGIOPH, (H. Deyr. MS.).
(Buprestis, pars, and AnrTHaxia, pars, Hope.)
1. PuLAGIopE cHRysocHLoris, (PI. I. fig. 22).
Buprestis chrysochloris, (Hope, Bupr. p. 7); L. & G.1i.
Bup. 122, pl. xxxi. fig. 169.
“Thorace aurato, punctulato; elytris viridi-auratis, atro
marginatis, disco postice flammanti. Corpore sub-
tus eeneo, nitido, antennis pedibusque viridibus.”
(Hope).
Above, golden copper, with greenish reflections. Be-
neath, golden green. Legs and antenne green.
Head flat in front, deeply punctured, covered with
short hairs. Thorax twice as broad at the base as long ;
anterior margin slightly produced, three-quarters the
length of the base; sides nearly straight, with a slight
bend just above the posterior angles; base straight;
surface deeply punctured and transversely ridged ;
dorsal line indicated merely by a very faint depression
near the anterior margin; near the posterior angles on
each side there is rather a deeper one. Elytra half as
long again as wide, finely and rugosely punctured, sides
subparallel for two-thirds of their length; posterior
margin finely denticulate. Underside and legs punc-
tured, covered with white hairs.
Length 6 lines ; breadth 25 lines.
Hab. Australia.
Australian Buprestide. 13
2. Puaciope cuprirera, (Pl. I. fig. 23).
Buprestis cuprifera, Kirby, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. 457 ;
L. & G. i. Bup. 119, pl. xxx. fig. 163.
Anthaxia ? cuprifera, (Hope, Bupr. p. 10).
Hab. Australia.
Gen. MELOBASIS, Laporte and Gory.
(Buprestis, pars, and Anruaxia, pars, Hope.)
1. Menopasis pyrirosa, (PI. I. fig. 14).
Buprestis pyritosa, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 214.
*‘Toneo-cuprea, thorace flammanti punctato, elytris
subviolaceis, maculis fasciisque duabus aureis notatis,
pedibusque viridibus.” (Hope).
Head golden green. Thorax coppery, the sides with
golden reflections. Scutellum golden. LHlytra violet
with green reflections ; an elongate spot below the scu-
tellum, a spot on each shoulder, and two narrow bands
on each elytron, one situated a little above the middle,
the other midway between it and the apex, fiery copper ;
neither of these bands touches the suture, and the lateral
margins between the shoulders and the first band are of
the same colour. Underside golden-green, abdomen
cyaneous, with its base green. Legs and antenne cya-
neous, the basal joint of the latter green.
Head flat in front, deeply punctured. Thorax nearly
twice as broad at the base as long; anterior margin
nearly straight, its angles produced, three-fifths the
length of the base; sides slightly rounded; base almost
straight; disk punctured, with a very faint smooth
dorsal line; puncturation of the sides larger and denser.
Hlytra twice as long as wide, rather irregularly punctate-
striate, sides subparallel till past the middle, then con-
verging in nearly straight lines to the apex, which is
rounded and denticulate, the denticulation continuing
up the sides to about their centres; posterior suture
elevated. Underside and legs punctured, the apical seg-
ment of the abdomen bidentate.
Length 5 lines; breadth 2 lines.
Hab. West Australia.
14 Mr. Edward Saunders on
2. Metopasis etoriosa, (Pl. I. fig. 15).
Buprestis gloriosa, (Hope, Bupr. p. 7); L. & G. i. Bup.
123, pl. x=xa. fig. 140.
“Thorace viridi-zneo, elytris virescentibus, sutura,
fascia media, macula humerali in singulo, margini-
busque puniceis. Corpore infra viridi-zeneo, nitido.”
(Hope).
Head and thorax coppery-green, the disk of the latter
rather darker than the sides. Scutellum coppery. Ely-
tra golden-green, lateral margin coppery-brown, the
colour of the suture spreading out on the base so as to
extend rather more than half-way across each elytron ;
just above the middle the cclour of the suture again
spreads out on each side, and in some specimens extends
to the lateral margins; there is another similar com-
mencement of a band just below the middle. Underside
bright green. Antenne cyaneous, their base green.
Head deeply and rugosely punctured. Thorax half as
broad again at the base as long ; anterior margin a little
more than half as long as the base; sides much rounded
in front, posterior angles shghtly acute; base almost
straight; disk punctured, with a very faintly impressed
dorsal line, punctures on the sides deeper and closer
together ; sides slightly depressed near the posterior
angles. Hlytra twice as long as wide; sides subparallel
for nearly two-thirds of their length; apex rounded ;
posterior margin denticulate; disk punctate-striate, the
striz vanishing on the sides; posterior suture elevated.
Underside punctured, with a few scattered white hairs.
Length 6 lines; breadth 2 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
3. MELOBASIS SPLENDIDA.
Buprestis splendida, Don. Ins. Austr. pl. i. fig. 4.
Anthaxia splendida, (Hope, Bupr. p. 10).
Hab. Australia.
4. Metopasis superba, (Pl. I. fig. 15 a).
Anthaaa superba, (Hope, Bupr. p. 9).
Buprestis superba, L. & G.i. Bup. 128, pl. xxxi. fig. 171.
“‘Caput cum thorace auratum, punctatum ; elytris vio-
Australian Buprestide. 15
laceis serratis, viridi-trimaculatis. Corpore infra
aureo nitido, antennis pedibusque violaceis nitidis.”
(Hope).
Head, thorax, and antenne green, the latter coppery
on the disk. Scutellum golden. Elytra purplish-brown,
each marked with four golden spots, a small one just
above the shoulder touching the base and the lateral
margin, a long narrow one on the suture extending
from the scutellum for about a quarter of the entire
length of the elytra, a transverse band about the middle,
reaching the lateral margin, but not touching the suture,
and a round spot between it and the apex. Underside
and thighs green, shining’; tibie blue.
Head deeply punctured. Thorax twice as broad at
the base as long; anterior margin half as long as the
base, very slightly produced, its angles slightly embra-
cing the head ; sides rounded before the middle, posterior
angles produced and acute; base straight; disk with a
faintly raised dorsal line, largely and remotely punc-
tured, the punctures becoming closer on the sides.
Elytra twice as long as broad, punctate-striate, the in-
terstices in some cases raised so as to form longitudinal
ridges ; sides subparallel for two-thirds of their length ;
posterior margin denticulate, apex rounded. Underside
and legs punctured ; each segment of the abdomen with
two fovez, one on each side near the anterior margin ;
the apical segment armed with four spines, the inner
ones the longest.
Length 7 lines ; breadth 25 lines.
Hab. Australia.
5. Mutopasis cupricers, (Pl. I. fig. 16).
Buprestis cwpriceps, Kirby, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. 457 ; (Hope,
Bupr. p. 8); L. & G.i. Bup. 119, pl. xxx. fig. 164.
Buprestis viridinitens, Boisd. Voy. Astrol. 11. 94.
Buprestis iridescens, (Hope, Bupr. p. 8); L. & G.i.
Bup. 121, pl. xxxi. fig. 167.
Hab. Australia, Port Jackson.
6. Metopasis propinaua, (Pl. I. fig. 17).
Buprestis propinqua, (Hope, Bupr. p. 8); L. & G. i.
Bup. 120, pl. xxx. fig. 165.
Buprestis Porteri, Hope, Tr. Ent, Soc, iv, 215.
16 Mr. Edward Saunders on
“‘Capite bronzeo, thorace cupreo punctato, elytris con-
coloribus, striato-punctatis. Corpore infra albo-
tomentoso.”’? (Hope).
The whole insect coppery, with greenish reflections.
Head very deeply punctured, clothed with long white
hairs. Thorax half as broad again at the base as long ;
anterior margin slightly produced and ciliated, three-
quarters the length of the base; sides very shghtly
rounded, posterior angles somewhat acute; base nearly
straight; disk largely and remotely punctured, with a
faintly impressed dorsal line, terminating at the base
in a deep impression ; the punctures on the side thicken-
ing and becoming larger. Hlytra twice as long as wide,
deeply punctured; sides nearly straight, posterior margin
denticulate, apex rounded. Underside and legs punc-
tured, covered with long white hairs; apical segment of
the abdomen incised.
Length 3-44 lines ; breadth 1-1} lines.
Hab. Sydney, Swan River, Port Philip.
7. MetLopasis METALLIFERA, (PI. I. fig. 18).
Buprestis metallifera, (Hope, Bupr. p. 8).
“‘Cuprea, thorace aurato punctato, elytris concoloribus
striato-punctatis serrulatis. Corpore subtus cupreo-
eeneo nitido.” (Hope).
Coppery-golden, with greenish reflections. Antenne
nearly black.
Head flat in front, deeply punctured, and covered with
adpressed white hairs. Thorax three-quarters as broad
again at the base as long ; anterior margin slightly pro-
duced, two-thirds the length of the base; sides rounded
in front, straight behind; base almost straight; disk
punctured, with an impressed dorsal line ; puncturation
of the sides much closer. Hlytra three-quarters as long
again as broad, sides subparallel for not quite two-thirds
of their length ; apex slightly rounded, posterior margin
denticulate ; posterior suture elevated and its region de-
pressed ; disk strongly punctured, the punctures very
close together on the sides. Underside punctured,
entirely covered with long white adpressed hairs.
Length 6 lines ; breadth 25 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
Australian Buprestide. 17
8. Metopasis verna, (PI. I. fig. 19).
Buprestis verna, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 214.
“ Viridis, capite cupreo-zeneo, thorace elytrisque aurato-
virescentibus et punctatis; corpore subtus roseo-
cupreo et pubescenti, pedibusque concoloribus.”
(Hope).
Green. Underside bronzy. Antenne cyaneous.
Head flat in front, punctured, covered with long some-
what erect gray hairs. Thorax half as broad again as
long; anterior margin produced, three-quarters the
length of the base ; sides rounded in front, straight be-
hind; base nearly straight; disk with a slightly impressed
dorsal line, deeply punctured, the punctures very close
together on the sides. Hlytra twice as long as wide ;
sides subparallel for a little more than half their length ;
apex rounded ; posterior margin finely denticulate; disk
deeply punctured, the punctures on the sides closer to-
gether ; posterior suture elevated, its region depressed.
Underside and legs punctured, covered with long ad-
pressed white hairs.
Length 44 lines ; breadth 14 lines.
Hab. Adelaide.
9. Metopasis Latruamt, (PI. I. fig. 20).
Buprestis Lathami, (Hope, Bupr. p. 8) ; L. & G. i. Bup.
120) pli xa. fie “166.
Buprestis serrulata, (Hope, ibid.) .
“ Nigro-enea, thorace punctato, elytris concoloribus
serrulatis, sutura lineis ternis elevatis marginibusque
cupreis. Corpore infra nigro-eneo.” (Hope).
Bronzy-green, the apex and lateral margins of the
elytra shghtly coppery. Antennz cyaneous.
Head flat in front, deeply punctured. Thorax one
quarter as broad again as long; anterior margin nearly
straight, three-quarters the length of the base, its angles
produced; sides slightly rounded for two-thirds of their
length, then emarginate to the posterior angles, which
are rather acute; base almost straight ; disk punctured,
the punctures on the sides deeper and closer together.
Elytra twice as long as wide, sides swelling out very
slightly to the middle, apex rounded ; posterior margin
denticulate ; disk punctured, with three raised lines on
TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1868.—PaRT I. (APRIL). C
18 Mr. Edward Saunders on
each elytron, the suture also raised. Underside and
legs punctured, covered with white silvery pubescence.
Length 65 lines; breadth 13 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
10. Mztopasts nervosa, (Pl. I. fig. 21).
Buprestis nervosa, Boisd. Voy. Astrol. 11. 77, pl. vi.
fig. 8; (Hope, Bupr. p. 9); L. & G.i. Bup.
V2; pl. Socxi, Tie 168)
Hab. New Holland.
Gen. MERIMNA, (H. Deyr. MS.).
(Bexionota, pars, Hope.)
1. Merina arrata, (Pl. IV. fig. 13).
Belionota ? atrata, (Hope, Bupr. p. 10).
Chrysobothris atrata, L. & G. 1. Chrysob. 58, pl. x. fig. 79.
“Totum corpus supra atrum, thorace subruguloso, elytris
quatuor lineis elevatis, quinto basali ante medium
disci sutura conjuncto. Corpore infra nigro-violaceo
punctato, femoribus nigro-zneis.” (Hope).
The entire insect dull black.
Head punctured, with a slightly raised smooth dorsal
line. Thorax half as broad again as long; anterior mar-
gin slightly produced in the centre and at the angles,
finely ciliate, three-fifths the length of the base; sides
slightly rounded in front, then nearly straight to the pos-
terior angles; base with a shallow median lobe; disk
punctured and transversely ridged, with a faint dorsal
line, impressed at the base, but smooth and slightly
raised in front, the puncturation rather denser on the
sides. Elytra three-quarters as long again as wide; sides
sinuate above the middle ; apex of each witha slight point ;
surface punctured and irregularly rugose ; each elytron
with four smooth raised lines of which the lateral one
alone reaches the posterior margin. Underside, legs, and
antennee, punctured, with a few short hairs; the three
first segments of the abdomen with a fovea on each side.
Length 11 lines; breadth 4 lines.
Hab. Australia.
Australian Buprestide. Tg
Gen. ANILARA, (H. Deyr. MS.).
(ANTHAXIA, pars, Hope.)
1. Awinara ApzLaipm, (Pl. IV. fig. 12).
Anthaxia Adelaide, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 216.
“* Nigro-eenea; thorace cupreo-zneo, subtilissime punc-
tato, elytris nigricantibus violaceoque colore tinctis.
Corpus infra atro-eneum, antennis pedibusque
concoloribus.” (Hope).
Dull bronzy.
Head very largely punctured, with an impressed line
on the vertex. Thorax twice as broad at the base as long;
anterior margin slightly produced in the centre and at
the angles, three-quarters the length of the base; sides
diverging rapidly for a third of their length, then slightly
rounded to the posterior angles; base straight; disk
punctured, punctures on the sides very large. LElytra
one quarter as long again as wide, sides subparallel for a
little more than half their length, then rounded to the
apex; disk finely rugose; suture elevated posteriorly.
Underside and legs punctured, with a few scattered
hairs.
Length 1} lines ; breadth 3 a line.
Hab. Adelaide.
Gen. NEOCURIS, (H. Deyr. MS.).
(ANTHAXIA, pars, and StiagmopERA, pars, Hope.)
1. Nzocuris Forrnumt, (Pl. IV. fig. 10).
Anthaxia Fortnumi, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 216.
“‘Cyanea, thorace concolori, lateribus aurato-punctatis ;
elytris ad scutellum auro-fulgentibus, macula irre-
gulari aurea’ post humeros locati; corpore subtus
violaceo, pedibus concoloribus.”’ (Hope).
Head ceruleous. Thorax and elytra dark cyaneous ;
the former nearly black, its posterior angles fiery copper
colour, the colour extending along its sides for about
two-thirds of their length; the latter with a somewhat
triangular sutural coppery red spot, commencing at the
scutellum, which is green, and extending for about a
third of the entire length of the elytra, and with a long
C2
20 Mr. Edward Saunders on
spot of the same colour just below the shoulders. Under-
side cyaneous, with green reflections ; legs purple ; sides
and posterior portion of the breast, and the lateral mar-
gins of the abdomen, coppery. Antenne cyaneous.
Head punctured, with a famt impression between the
eyes. Thorax three-quarters as broad again at the base
as long; anterior margin slightly emarginate, three-
quarters the length of the base; sides rounded; base
with a shallow median lobe; disk deeply punctured,
the punctures deeper on the sides; just above the scu-
tellum is a very small round impression. Hlytra one
quarter as long again as wide; sides subparallel for
two-thirds of their length; apex of each rounded and
denticulate; disk punctured, with a somewhat scaly
appearance. Underside and legs punctured, with a few
scattered hairs.
Length 3 lines; breadth 1 line.
Hab. Australia.
2. Nxocuris Gusrini, (Pl. IV. fig. 11).
Stigmodera Guerinit, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 103.
“‘Violacea, thorace nigro, marginibus auratis. Hlytra
antice et postice nigro-violacea, in medio fascid lata
flav’ insignita. Corpus infra lete violaceum, pedi-
bus concoloribus.” (Hope).
Head green ; thorax and elytra cyaneous; the former
with its sides fiery copper colour, the latter with a broad
flavous band situated a little above their middle, widening
as it approaches the lateral margins. Underside and
legs cyaneous. Antenne green.
Head punctured, depressed between the eyes. Thorax
twice as broad at the base as long; anterior margin
emarginate, three-quarters the length of the base, sides
rounded ; base slightly lobed; disk punctured, punc-
tures on the sides deeper. Elytra one quarter as long
again as wide, sides subparallel for two-thirds of their
length ; apex of each largely rounded and finely denticu-
late ; disk rugosely punctured, presenting rather a scaly
appearance ; apical segment of the abdomen above with
a deep round fovea, its posterior margin very finely den-
ticulate. Underside rugosely punctured, with a few
scattered hairs. .
Length 3 lines; breadth 13 lines.
Hab. Australia.
Australian Buprestide. 21
Gen. CURIS, Laporte and Gory.
(AntHaxia, pars, Hope.)
1. Curis catoprera, (Pl. IV. fig. 7).
Buprestis caloptera, Boisd. Voy. Astrol. ii. 93.
Stigmodera caloptera, L. & G. Stig. 1. 48, pl. xi. fig. 58.
Anthawia dives, (Hope, Bupr. p. 9).
Hab. Australia.
2. Curis aurirera, (Pl. IV. fig. 8).
Anthaxia aurifera, (Hope, Bupr. p. 9).
Stigmodera aurifera, L. & G. iu. Stig. 49, pl. xi. fig. 59.
“‘Capite nigro-violaceo, inter oculos foveolato ; thorace
purpurascente, lmea media marginibusque aureis ;
elytris serratis, striato-punctatis purpurascentibus,
sutura, lateribus externis ad medium disci.auratis,
nitidis. Corpore infra nigro-violaceo, annulis ab-
dominis utrinque flavo-pilosis, antennis pedibusque
cyaneis.” (Hope).
Head green. Thorax cyaneous, with a dorsal line and
the sides golden. LHlytra of the same colour as the
thorax, the suture and lateral margins just below the
shoulders golden, the apex coppery. Underside green.
Head deeply punctured, impressed between the eyes.
Thorax half as broad again as long; anterior margin
shghtly produced, three-quarters the length of the base ;
sides rounded, posterior angles acute; base nearly
straight ; disk punctured, with a broad impressed dorsal
line ; sides more deeply punctured than the disk, each
with a small round fovea midway between the anterior
margin and base. Hlytra twice as long as wide; sides
very slightly sinuate above the middle, apex somewhat
attenuate and rounded, posterior margin finely denticu-
late, disk largely and irregularly punctured. Underside
and legs punctured, the sides of each abdominal segment
near the anterior margin, with a white pubescent spot.
Length 74 lines; breadth 23 lines.
Hab. Australia.
22 Mr. Edward Saunders on
Gen, CASTALIA, Laporte and Gory.
(Srricorrura, pars, Hope.)
1, Casratia Brmacutata, (Pl. I. fig. 24).
Buprestis bimaculata, Oliv. Ent. ii. 88, pl. xii. fig. 140.
Strigoptera bimaculata, (Hope, Bupr. p. 11).
Castalia bimaculata, L. & G. ii. Cas. 2, pl. i. fig. 1.
Hab. Australia.
Gen. CALODEMA, Laporte and Gory.
(SriemopgRA, pars, Hope, olim.)
1. Catopema recatis, (Pl. IV. fig. 9).
Stigmodera Kirbti, (Hope, Bupr. p. 2).
Stigmodera regalis, L. & G. ii. Stig. 71, pl. xvi. fig. 88.
Calodema Kirbii, Hope, Col. Man. iii. 173, fig. frontisp.
‘Flava; thorace viridi, maculis duabus ovalibus pu-
niceis fossulisque binis in medio disci positis ; elytris
flavis, marginibus internis viridibus. Corpus infra
viride splendidum, annulis abdominis utrinque flavo-
maculatis.”” (Hope).
Head and thorax shining green; the latter with the
dorsal line slightly darker, and an ovate longitudinal red
spot on each side near the lateral margin. Scutellum
green. Hlytra flavous, with the suture, the posterior
lateral margins, and four fine lines on each, black. Un-
derside and legs green, shining; the thorax with a spot
on each side as on its upper surface, and each of the last
three segments of the abdomen with a small yellow spot
on each side.
Head deeply punctured with a slghtly impressed .
dorsal line. Thorax three-quarters as broad again as
long; anterior margin three-fifths the length of the
base, slightly produced in its centre, and very much so
at its angles; sides diverging rapidly till about the
middle, then slightly curved to the posterior angles ;
base with a deep narrow median lobe ; disk finely punc-
tured, the puncturation of the sides deeper and larger,
especially near the posterior angles. Hlytra nearly twice
as long as wide, finely punctured, the punctures arranged
in irregular rows ; sides slightly rounded; apex of each
sub-bidentate. Underside finely punctured, the legs
with a few scattered hairs.
Length 19 lines ; breadth 7 lines.
Hab. Australia.
oe
Australian Buprestide. 23
Gen. STIGMODERA, Eschscholtz.
(SticmopERA ; Buprustis, pars ; ConoGNatTHA, pars ;
Hope.)
1. SricMopERA MACULARIA, (Pl. fig. 2b).
Buprestis macularia, Don. Ins. N. Holl. Bupr. pl. i. fig. 2.
Stigmodera macularia, (Hope, Bupr. p. 1); L. & G. u.
Stig. 8, pl. i. fig. 4.
Hab. Australia.
2. SrtigmopErA Gort, (PI. I. fig. 26).
Stigmodera Goru, (Hope, Bupr. p. 1). S. Goryz, L. & G.
ul. Stig. 7, pl. 1. fig. 3.
Stigmodera Curtisii, (Hope, Bupr. p. 2).
“« Aurantia, thorace zneo punctato quasi vermibus eroso,
elytris flavis punctis impressis confluentibus atris.
Corpus subtus atro-zneum cinereisque capillis obsi-
tum.’ (Hope).
Head, thorax, scutellum, underside, legs, and antenna,
eneous-black. Hlytra testaceous.
Head deeply punctured, with an impressed line be-
tween the eyes, and a few scattered white hairs in front.
Thorax three-quarters as broad again as long ; anterior
margin slightly produced, half as long as the base ; sides
rounded above the middle; base slightly lobed; disk
deeply punctured, the punctures very irregular and
grouped together so as to give the surface a worm-eaten
appearance, puncturation larger on the sides. Hlytra three-
quarters as long again as wide ; sides converging from be-
low the middle ; apex of each bidentate ; the entire surface
scattered over with large punctures, which are some-
what arranged in lines near the suture, but very irregular
on the sides. Underside and legs punctured, the former
covered with long white hairs, the hairs on the latter
shorter.
Length 16 lines ; breadth 6 lines.
Hab. Australia.
S. Curtisii has the puncturation of the thorax so faint
as to give it a smooth and scarcely worm-eaten appear-
ance.
24 Mr. Edward Saunders on
3. STIGMODERA saNnGuinosa, (Pl. I. fig. 27).
Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 210.
« Ainea, thorace nigricanti, elytris sanguineis, punctis
viridibus fortiter excavatis; corpore infra aurato,
gnels griseisque pilis obsito, pedibus antennisque
cupreis.” (Hope).
Head and thorax green, the lateral margins of the
thorax golden. Hlytra red-brown, the bottom of the
pits with which its surface is covered brilliantly golden.
Underside, legs, and antennz, golden copper.
Head flat, punctured, covered with long white hairs ;
vertex with a slight median furrow. Thorax twice as
broad as long ; anterior margin emarginate, scarcely half
as long as the base; sides rounded ; base broadly and
shallowly lobed ; disk largely punctured, sides rugose.
Elytra widest at the shoulder, not quite twice as long as
wide; sides gradually curved to the apex, which is some-
what acuminate but blunt; surface covered with small
irregular pits placed close together, the raised lines be-
tween them bearing a few scattered punctures. Under-
side of the thorax, sides of the abdominal segments and
a band across the middle of each, and legs, punctured
and villose ; the rest brilliantly burnished.
Length 10 lines ; breadth 4 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
4, Sriamoprra Rost, (Pl. II. fig. 2).
Stigmodera Roei, (Hope, Bupr. p. 2).
_ Stigmodera cancellata, L. & G. ii. Stig. 10, pl. ii. fig. 6,
(nec Donov.).
“Viridis, clypeo antennis auratis; thorace varioloso
virescenti ; elytris concoloribus, fortitur insculptis,
minio marginatis, sex maculis magnis miniatis medio
disci positis. Corpus subtus auratum, splendidum,
albisque capillis sparsim obsitum.” (Hope).
Aboye, green. FElytra with the margins, apex, and
three spots on each, sanguineous; of these spots one
almost touches the base, the second is a little more than
one-third of the entire length of the elytra from the
base, and the third about one-third of their length from
the apex. Underside, legs, and antennz, coppery-
golden.
Australian Buprestide. 25
- Head deeply punctured, hairy, with an -elevated
smooth dorsal line on the vertex. Thorax twice as
broad at the base as long; anterior margin nearly
straight, half as long as the base ; sides rounded ; base
almost straight; disk very strongly punctured, sides
almost rugose. Hlytra three-quarters as long again as
wide; sides straight for a little more than half their
length, then converging to the apex, which is slightly
pointed ; disk deeply and regularly pitted, the interstices
between the pits remotely punctured. Underside and
legs punctured, hairy, the segments of the abdomen
punctured only on their posterior margins.
Length [4 lines ; breadth 6 lines.
Hab. Australia.
This species is clearly distinct from 8S. cancellata, Don.,
and may be recognized by its shorter form, by the disk of
the thorax being more strongly punctured, by the absence
of a distinct dorsal line, and by other minor differences.
5. STIGMODERA cANCELLATA, (PI. II. fig. 1).
Buprestis cancellata, Don. Ins. N. Holl. Bup. pl. i. fig. 2.
Stigmodera cancellata, (Hope, Bupr. p. 2).
Buprestis Dejeaniana, Boisd. Voy. Astrol. 11. 63, pl. vi.
o. 6.
Stigmodera Dejeanti, (Hope, Bupr. p. 7).
Hab. Australia.
6. StriamopERa GrRatiosa, (Pl. I. fig. 3).
Chevr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 201.
Stigmodera smaragdina, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 283.
Hab. Australia.
7. Sriamopera Parryi, (Pl. I. fig. 4).
Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 210.
“‘ Brunneo-rubra, thorace zneo rubroque colore varie-
‘gato, elytris brunneo-rubris ; corpore infra eroso-
punctato et neo, pedibusque concoloribus.”
(Hope).
Head and antennz bronzy. Thorax and elytra brown,
the former with a bronzy tint. Underside and legs
bronzy.
26 Mr. Edward Saunders on
Head punctured, with an impressed line on the
vertex, covered with short hairs. Thorax twice as wide
at the base as long; anterior margin produced, not
quite half as long as the base; sides very slightly
rounded, posterior angles acute ; base nearly straight ;
disk confluently punctured, wth a smooth dorsal lne,
sides granulate. Hlytra not so wide as the base of the
thorax, deeply striate, two-thirds as long again as wide;
sides sinuate above the middle ; apex rounded. Under-
side shining, the sides of the breast and abdomen rugose ;
legs punctured and hairy.
Length 143 lines; breadth 6 lines.
Hab. New Holland.
8. SrigMopERA FLavocinotA, (Pl. IT. fig. 5).
(Hope, Bupr. p.1); L. & G. un. Stig. 6, pl. i. fig. 2.
“Rufobrunnea, thorace nigro-chalybeo flavo-marginato
variolisque eroso ; elytris rufobrunneis, externe flavo-
cinctis. Corpus subtus eneum punctatum flavis-
que capillis obsitum, antennis pedibusque eeneis.”
(Hope).
Head bronzy. Thorax bluish black with the lateral
margins yellow. Hlytra reddish brown, with the margins
flavous. Underside and legs bronzy, the margins of the
thorax and abdomen yellow.
Head rugose, covered with long white hairs. Thorax
twice as broad at the base as long; anterior margin pro-
duced, not quite half as long as the base; sides much
rounded, posterior angles acute; base trisinuate; disk
largely and deeply punctured, rugose in front and on the
sides. Hlytra striate, the interstices vermiculately rugose,
three-quarters as long again as wide, considerably nar-
rower than the thorax at the base; sides swelling to the
shoulders, then slightly sinuate above the middle ; apex
of each elytron with a short spine. Underside and legs
punctured and hairy, the former shghtly rugose.
Length 16 lnes; breadth 63 lines.
Hab. Australia.
9. SrigmopeRA Granpis, (Pl. II. fig. 6).
Buprestis grandis, Don. Ins. N. Holl. Bup. pl. ii. fig. 1.
Stigmodera grandis, (Hope, Bupr. p. 1) ; L. & G. ii. Stig.
6, pl.i. fig. 1.
Hab. Australia.
Australian Buprestide. 27
10. SrigmopEra timpata, (Pl. II. fig. 7).
Buprestis limbata, Don. Ins. N. Holl. Bup. pl. ii. fig. 4.
Stigmodera limbata, (Hope, Bupr. p. 2), (nec L. & G.).
Hab. Australia.
11. SricmopERa sutuRALIs, (Pl. II. fig. 8).
Buprestis suturalis, Don. Ins. N. Holl. Bup. pl. ii. fig. 5.
Stigmodera suturalis, (Hope, Bupr. p. 2) ; L.& G. ii. Stig.
18, pl. iv. fig. 16.
Hab. Australia.
12. Sriemoprra Fortnumy, (Pl. IT. fig 9).
Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 102.
* Violacea, capite viridi, thorace punctulato, lateribus
flavo-marginatis, medio purpurascenti. LElytra vio-
lacea, striato-punctata, ternisque latis fascus flavis
insignita. Corpus infra viride, lateribus thoracis,
pectore, segmentisque abdominis utrinque flavo
notatis. Pedes virides.” (Hope).
Head greenish in front, purple on the vertex. Thorax
purple, the lateral margins widely yellow; scutellum
bright blue. Hlytra violet, with three straight yellow
bands, one at the base, the second situated about one-
third of the entire length of the elytra from the base and
connected with the basal band along the margin, the
third near the apex and touching neither the suture nor
the lateral margin. Underside green, the sides of the
thorax, two spots on each side of the breast, a spot on
each side of the four first abdominal segments, and the
whole of the apical segment, flavous; legs and antenne
green, with purple reflections.
Head rugosely punctured, with a slight vertical furrow
and an impression in front. Thorax twice as broad at
the base as long; anterior margin slightly ciliate, half as
long as the base; sides rounded; base nearly straight ;
disk punctured, with a smooth slightly elevated dorsal
line. Elytra deeply striate, half as long again as wide ;
sides sinuate below the shoulders; apex widely truncate.
Underside punctured and slightly hairy.
Length 18 lines; breadth 8 lines.
Hab. Adelaide.
28 Mr. Edward Saunders on
13. Sricmopera Mircuetin, (Pl. II. fig. 10).
Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 209.
See Stricklandi, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 220, var.
“Flava, thorace olivaceo-eneo, marginibus croceis,
fossula utrinque parum distincta, elytrisque vio-
laceis et quatuor fasciis flavis ornatis; corpore infra
cyaneo, pedibusque concoloribus.” (Hope).
Head and thorax purplish black, the sides of the thorax
yellow. Elytra yellow, with three black bands, one below
the base, the second (a wider one) at the middle, the
third midway between it and the apex, which is also of
the same colour; these bands all unite on the suture;
the median band in the specimen before me quite touches
the lateral margins, and the other two do not, but I find
these bands differ so much in other individuals that I
think little specific value should be attached to them.
Underside yellow, the centre of the thorax and of the
first three abdominal segments, as well as their posterior
margins, greenish-black.
Head deeply punctured, vertex furrowed. Thorax
widest about the middle, three-quarters as broad again
at the base as long: anterior margin slightly elevated,
emarginate, not quite two-thirds the length of the base ;
sides much rounded, each margin bordered internally
with an impressed line; base nearly straight; disk
deeply and rugosely punctured, with a faintly elevated
dorsal line. Elytra nearly twice as long as wide; sides
sinuate below the shoulders; apex rounded; surface
punctured, deeply striate, interstices near the base ver-
miculately rugose. Underside and legs punctured, the
latter with a few scattered hairs.
Length 113 lines; breadth 5 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
14, Sriagmopera vaRiABILIs, (PI. IT. fig. 11, 12).
Buprestis variabilis, Don. Ins. N. Holl. Bup. pl.i. fig. 1.
Stigmodera variabilis, (Hope, Bupr. p. 2); L. & G. ii. Stig.
Pb pl. a. Age, 8:
Stigmodera nigripennis, (Hope, 1. ¢.); L. & G. u. Stig. 15,
pl. m1. fig. 12, var.
Buprestis King, Mach., King’s Voy. App. p. 441.
Stigmodera Kingui, (Hope, L.c.).
Stigmodera unifasciata, (Hope, Bupr. p. 7); L. & G. u.
Stig. 20, pl. iv. fig. 19.
Hab. Australia.
Australian Buprestide. 29
15. Sriemopera sancurniPennis, (Pl. II. fig. 18).
(Hope, Bupr. p. 2); L. & G. 1. Stig. 16, pl. i. fig. 13.
“ Sanguinea, capite nigro, thorace punctato macula
media atra, lateribus thoracis elytrorumque san-
guineis, apice cyaneo. Corpus ’subtus concolor, late-
ribus abdominis sanguineis.” (Hope).
Head and antennz steel blue. Thorax black on the
disk, red at the sides. Hlytra bright red, with the apex
cyaneous. Underside cyaneous, the sides of the thorax
and abdomen red; legs blue.
Head deeply punctured and covered with short yel-
lowish hairs. Thorax at the base a quarter as broad again
as long; anterior margin produced, half as broad as the
base, the angles slightly enclosing the head; sides much
rounded till they reach the middle, thence gradually
converging to the posterior angles, which are slightly
acute; base bilobed; disk slightly punctured, the punc-
tures becoming deeper and closer towards the sides.
Hlytra punctate-striate, twice as long as broad, widest at
the shoulders; sides very slightly smuate above the
middle, whence they gradually converge to the apex,
which is armed with two short spmes. Underside and
legs punctured, hairy.
Length 14 lines; breadth 5 lines.
Hab. Australia.
16. Sricmoprra umMatica, (PI. II. fig. 14).
Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 210.
“ Sanguinea, capite atro-eneo, thorace in medio nigro-
maculato; corpore infra sanguinoso, pectore pedi-
busque cyaneis.” (Hope).
Head black. Thorax red, with the disk black. Hlytra
red, with the apex just tipped with cyaneous, which
colour extends along the suture to about the middle.
Underside red, the centre of the thorax and portions of
the breast and legs bronzy. Legs above, and antenna,
cyaneous.
Head deeply punctured, channelled between the eyes,
covered with dense long hairs. Thorax not quite twice
as broad as long; anterior margin very slightly produced,
half as long as the base ; sides diverging to their middle,
then straight to the posterior angles, which are rounded ;
base shghtly lobed; disk slightly punctured, punctures
30 Mr. Edward Saunders on
very deep on the sides, with a slight dorsal line, on each
side of which is a small round depression situated about
two-fifths of the entire length of the thorax from the
anterior margin. Elytra twice as long as broad; sides
subparallel for two-thirds of their length; apex of each
armed with a spine; disk striate, the interstices on the
sides somewhat rugose. Underside very deeply and
closely punctured, clothed with long white hairs.
Length 15 lines; breadth 6 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
17. Stiamopera Spenco, (Pl. IT. fig. 15).
(Hope, Bupr. p. 2); L. & G.u. Stig. 13, pl.im. fig. 9.
Temnognatha egregia, Bohem. Kugen. Resa, Ins. p. 60.
““Thorace eeneo, elytris striato-punctatis nigro-violaceis
testaceo-trifasciatis. Corpus subtus eneum, pectore
lateribus abdominis flavo-notatis, pedibusque viridi-
eeneis.”” (Hope).
Head and thorax coppery golden. Scutellum green.
Elytra flavous, with their base, a band situated about —
one-fifth of their length from it, and another midway
between it and the apex, cyaneous; the apex also for
about one-fourth of the entire length of the elytra is of
the same colour ; the two lower bands and the apex are
connected on the margins. Underside flavous, the sides
of the thorax, breast, and abdominal see green ;-
lees and antennz of the same colour.
Head punctured, with a longitudinal impression on the
vertex. Thorax three-fifths as broad again as long; an-
terior margin slightly produced in the centre and at the
angles, not quite half as long as the base; sides much
rounded; base with a shallow median lobe; disk
deeply punctured, with a slight smooth dorsal line.
Elytra punctate-striate, punctures on the sides irregular;
not quite twice as long as wide; sides slightly sinuate
above the middle; apex truncate, with an external tooth
on each elytron. Underside and legs punctured.
Length 15 lines; breadth 6 lines.
Hab. Australia.
18. SriemopERA sicNaAticoLuis, (Pl. II. fig. 16).
Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 209.
Stigmodera conspicillata, White, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xii.
344.
Australian Buprestide. 31
“‘ Flava, thorace viridi-violaceo, utrinque flavo-maculato,
elytris tribus fasciis violaceis, pedibus viridibus.”
(Hope).
Head, antenne, and thorax bluish green, the latter
with a yellow spot on each side, touching the lateral
margin and sloping towards the base. Elytra yellow,
the base narrowly bordered with violet, two bands of the
same colour, one very slightly declining from the shoulder
to the suture, and situate about a quarter of the entire
length of elytra from the base, the other below the
middle and almost straight; the apex for about a fifth of
their length is also violet,and this is connected along the
margin with the second band. Underside yellow, the
centre of the thorax, a triangular spot on the breast, the
posterior margin and a spot on each side near the an-
terior margin of each abdominal segment, and the legs,
green.
Head punctured, hairy, the vertex with a faintly im-
pressed lime. Thorax three-quarters as broad again at
the base as long ; anterior margin produced, not quite
half as long as the base; sides rounded, posterior angles
acute; disk convex, deeply punctured, with a smooth
impressed dorsal line. EHlytra considerably wider than
the thorax, striated, sinuate above the middle; apex
widely truncate. Underside shining, punctured, the
thorax and breast slightly hairy; legs punctured.
Length 14 lines ; breadth 6 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
19. StiemopERa cyanura, (Pl. II. fig. 17).
Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 211.
Stigmodera conspicillata, var., White, Ann. & Mag.
N.H. xii. 344.
“« Flava, thorace viridi-nitido, macula flava parva utrinque
posita, elytris flavis, apicibusque late cyaneis; cor-
pore infra flavo viridique colore variegato.”” (Hope).
Head, thorax, and antenne bright green; the thorax
with two small transverse yellow spots, one on either
side above the posterior angle. Scutellum green. Elytra
flavous, with the apex for about a quarter of their entire
length cyaneous. Underside of the thorax green, with a
large irregular patch of yellow on each side ; the breast
also green, with an oblong yellow spot on each side ;
32 Mr. Edward Saunders on
abdomen yellow, the lower edge of each segment, and
a spot on each side near the upper edge, green. Legs
green.
Head deeply punctured, hairy in front. Thorax three-
quarters as broad again at the base as long; anterior
margin ciliate, nearly straight, half as long as the base;
sides gradually rounded; base shghtly bisinuate; disk
very convex, shining, covered with rugose punctures.
Elytra deeply striate, almost twice as long as broad;
sides slightly sinuate below the shoulders, widest a little
below the middle, whence they gradually converge to the
apex, which is somewhat truncate, with a very obtuse
external angle. Underside and legs slightly hairy and
punctured.
Length 11 lines; breadth 43 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
20. Srigmopera YarReELui, (Pl. IT. fig.°18).
(Hope, Bupr. p. 3); L. & G.u. Stig. 14. pl. ii. fig. 11.
(S. Yarelli). *
Stigmodera flavipennis, Gehin, Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Metz, 1855.
Stigmodera elegans, Gehin, ibid.
“ Hlytris striato-punctatis nigro-violaceis testaceo-4-
fasciatis, thorace punctato cyaneo, lateribus flavis.
Corpus infra luteum, annulis abdominis postice pedi-
busque viridibus.” (Hope).
Head and thorax cyaneous, the lateral margins of the
thorax, and a small spot just above the scutellum yellow.
Elytra yellow, with three bluish-black bands, the first ex-
tending from one shoulder to the other im an almost
[* Laporte and Gory adopted the name of this insect from Hope, but
spelt it at one time Yarelli, at another Yarellii, always with one ‘r.”
But some there are who carry their advocacy of the law of priority in no-
menclature to such an extreme, that they would insist upon the perpetua-
tion of this blunder, and would condemn posterity throughout all time to
write Stigmodera Yarelli as the name of an insect dedicated to William
Yarrell. Truly, this is keeping the letter of the law with a vengeance!
Under a semblance of obedience to rule, the rule itself is perverted ; the
reason and object of the law are lost sight of, it is applied to a case beyond
its scope, it is strained to produce a result never intended by its framers.
Every law has limits beyond which it cannot reasonably be carried; the law
of priority in nomenclature is no exception, but requires to be rationally
interpreted and rationally applied. To make it the means of enforcing
the perpetuation of an error in orthography is to misapply the rule, and
the result is an absurdity. Moral sense denounces the misapplication,
common sense rejects the result.—J. W. D., Sec. Ent. Soc.)
2
Australian Buprestide. 33
semicircular curve, the second straight, and reaching the
margins, the third (a shorter one) not touching the
margins ; apex bluish-black. Underside yellow ; a spot on
each side of the thorax, the posterior margin of each ab-
dominal segment, and the legs, green.
Head deeply punctured, with an impressed line on the
vertex. Thorax widest behind the middle, not quite twice
as broad at the base as long; anterior margin slightly
rounded, half as long as the base; sides rounded; base
nearly straight; disk punctured, with a smooth dorsal line,
which is met at the base by a small fovea. FElytra striate,
twice as long as wide, sides almost straight, apex rounded.
Underside shining, very finely punctured, the punctures
coarser on the legs, which have also a few short white
hairs, *
Length 12 lines ; breadth 4 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
21. Sriemopera semicincta, (PI. II. fig. 19).
(Hope, Bupr. p. 3); L. &G. un. Stig. 19, pl. iv. fig. 17.
“Nigra, capite cyaneo, thorace punctato, in medio viridi,
marginibus violaceis; elytris nigris striato-punc-
tatis, lateribus externis flavis. Corpus infra cya-
neum.” (Hope).
Head and thorax cyaneous. Scutellum bright green.
Elytra dark brown, the margins flavous. Underside and
legs cyaneous. Antenne bronzy.
Head punctured, deeply impressed between the eyes.
Thorax widest behind the middle, two-thirds as broad
again as long’; anterior margin half as long as the base,
its centre and angles slightly produced ; sides diverging
till just past the middle, then rounded and straight to
the posterior angles; base slightly lobed; disk largely
and deeply punctured, with a scarcely-visible smooth
dorsal line, the punctures in many cases confluent on the
sides, each of which has a shght impression near the
posterior angle and almost touching the lateral margin.
Elytra regularly striate, twice as long as broad, shoulders
slightly prominent, sides scarcely sinuate below them;
the apex of each with an external spine. Underside and
leos punctured, covered with short whitish hairs.
Length 94 lines; breadth 4 lines.
Hab. Australia.
TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1868.—PaRT I. (APRIL). D
34 Mr. Edward Saunders on
22. Sticmoprra unpuLaTa, (PI. II. fig. 20).
Buprestis undulata, Don. Ins. N. Holl. Bup. pl. i. fig. 5.
Stigmodera undulata, (Hope, Bupr. p. 3); L. & G. ii.
Stig. 24, pl. v. fig. 23.
Castiarina Laportei, Bohem. Eugen. Resa, Ins. p. 61.
Hab. Australia.
23. SriemopERA cruENTA, (PI. II. fig. 21).
(Hope, Bupr. p. 4); L. & G. ii. Stig. 29, pl. vi. fig. 30.
“‘ Thorace bronzeo, elytris sanguineis, ternis fasciis vio-
laceis, corpore infra concolori, abdomine sanguineo.”
(Hope). .
Head, thorax, and antenne bronzy. Elytra flavous, the
margins and base blood-red, traversed by three black
bands, one just below the base, the second below the
middle, and the third at the apex. Underside of thorax,
breast and legs cyaneous, abdomen sanguineous.
Head very largely and deeply punctured. Thorax one
quarter as broad again as long; anterior margin straight,
slightly elevated at the sides ; base almost twice as long
as the anterior margin; sides diverging till they pass
the middle, then straight to the posterior angles, which
are right angles; disk flat posteriorly, with a faint indi-
cation of a smooth dorsal line. Elytra strongly and
deeply punctate-striate, twice as long as broad; sides
slightly sinuate ; apex largely rounded. Underside and
legs punctured, hairy.
Length 6 lines; breadth 2} lines.
Hab. Australia.
24, Sriemopera Kuver, (Pl. I. fig. 22).
(Hope, Bupr. p. 4); L. & G. ii. Stig. 27, pl. vi. fig. 28.
““Thorace punctato, cyaneo, nitido; elytris purpuras-
centibus, striatis, crebre punctulatis, apice subser- —
ratis, humeris flavo-maculatis binisque fasciis conco-
loribus ornatis. Corpore infra cyaneo.” (Hope).
Cyaneous. Elytra with a flavous spot above each
shoulder touching the base and the lateral margins, and
two bands of the same colour, one just above the middle,
the other about one quarter of the length of the elytra
from the apex. Legs with green reflections.
Head deeply punctured, channelled between the eyes.
Australian Buprestide. 35
Thorax not quite twice as broad as long; anterior margin
nearly straight and slightly raised, half as long as the
base ; sides diverging rapidly for about two-thirds of
their length, then parallel to the base, which is very
shghtly lobed; disk largely and deeply punctured. Elytra
twice as long as wide, punctate-striate, the interstices
also punctured, especially on the sides; sides sinuate
below the shoulders, swelling out considerably below the
middle; apex very finely emargimate. Underside punc-
tured, with a few white hairs.
Length 74 lines; breadth 34 lines.
Hab. Australia.
25. SrtiamopERA AMABILIS, (Pl. III. fig. 1).
(Hope, Bupr. p. 3); L. & G. u. Stig. 19, pl. iv. fig. 18.
“ Flava, capite cyaneo; thorace punctato medio conco-
lori, lateribus externis miniatis ; elytris striato-punc-
tatis flavis, sutura vittaque in singulo violaceis,
lateribus externe sanguineis. Corpus subtus cyane-
um, ultimo segmento abdominis miniato.” (Hope).
Head and thorax cyaneous, the latter with the margins
widely dull-orange. Scutellum blue. Elytra dull orange,
the base and suture broadly margined with blue, the
colour of the latter swelling out near the apex so as to
form a somewhat square spot; a vitta of the same colour
on each elytron reaches from the shoulders, running
nearly parallel to the side, and ending about two-thirds
of its entire length from the base ; near their terminations
they shghtly swell out, so as to assume a clubbed shape ;
posterior margin slightly tinged with red. Underside
blue-green, the sides of the thorax and the two last ab-
dominal seoments orange; legs and antennz cyaneous,
tibiz greenish.
Head punctured, widely depressed between the eyes.
Thorax widest behind the middle, not quite two-thirds
as broad again as long’; anterior margin slightly elevated,
half as long as the base, its angles produced ; sides diver-
ging in nearly straight lines for about two-thirds of their
length, then very slightly rounded to their posterior
angles, which are acute; disk largely and deeply punc-
tured, slightly raised in front, with a dorsal line visible
only at the base, where it is slightly raised ; the region
on each side of it depressed. LHlytra three-quarters as
long again as wide, rather narrower than the thorax at
D2
36 Mr. Edward Saunders on
the base, widest behind the middle, punctate-striate,
the interstices also punctured; shoulders angulose, sides
sinuate above the middle; apex of each narrowly punc-
tate, with an external tooth. Underside and legs punc-
tured, the punctures of the legs very fine.
Length 8 lines; breadth 23 lines.
Hab. Australia.
26. Sricmopera Erytaromeas, (Pl. ILI. fig. 2).
Buprestis Erythromelas, Boisd. Voy. Astrol. 11. 75, pl. vi.
fig. 7; L. & G. i. Bup. 124, pl. xxxi. fig. 178.
Stigmodera Erythromelas, (Hope, Bupr. p. 7).
Hab. Australia.
27. Sriamopera Horrmanseaen, (Pl. III. fig. 3).
Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 211.
““Violacea, thorace neo, elytris purpurascentibus striatis,
apice subserratis, humeris flavo-maculatis fasciisque
duabus concoloribus ornatis ; corpore infra chalybeo-
violaceo, pedibusque zneis.” (Hope).
Head, thorax, and antenne bronzy green. Scutellum
blue. Elytra bluish black, a square spot on the shoulder
touching the margin, a somewhat oblique band above the
middle sloping downwards towards the suture, and a
third which widens out considerably at the margin, mid-
way between it and the apex, reddish yellow. Underside
of thorax and breast, green; abdomen cyaneous.
Head deeply punctured, excavated in front. Thorax
nearly twice as broad at the base as long ; anterior mar-
gin half as long as the base, slightly elevated and pro-
duced, the angles a little advancing forwards so as to
embrace the head; sides diverging rapidly for two-thirds
of their length, then straight to the posterior angles ; disk
slightly raised in front, very deeply punctured ; near the
posterior angle, on each side, and almost touching the
lateral margin, is a slight oblong depression, in which the
punctures are closer together. EHlytra crenate, striate,
three-quarters as long again as broad; sides sinuate
below the shoulders, widest behind the middle, whence
they converge to the apex, which is rounded. Under-
side and legs hairy, punctured.
Length 9 lines; breadth 4 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
Australian Buprestide. 37
28. SricmoperA Austratasia, (Pl. III. fig. 4).
Stigmodera simulata, (Hope, Bupr. p. 3); nec L. & G.
Stigmodera Australasie, L. & G. 1. Stig. 32, pl. vu.
fig. 35.
“ Atra, thorace bronzeo, elytris nigro-violaceis flavo-tri-
fasciatis, lateribus antice posticeque concoloribus.
Corpus subtus eneum.” (Hope).
Head and thorax bronzy black ; antennz brassy green.
Elytra blue-black, with a spot on each touching the base,
but reaching neither the suture nor the margin, a band
situated about the middle and declining from the suture
(which it does not quite touch) to the margin, and another
near the apex, yellow ; asmall marginal spot of the same
colour between the base and the median band. Under-
side dark violet, with greenish reflections ; legs cyaneous.
Head deeply punctured, with a strongly impressed line
between the eyes. Thorax half as broad again as long;
anterior margin nearly straight, a little more than half as
long as the base, angles produced ; sides rounded, pos-
terior angles acute; base slightly sinuate; disk deeply
and closely punctured. Elytra punctate-striate, not quite
twice as long as wide; sides sinuate below the shoulders;
apex of each armed with a short central spine ; posterior
margin finely denticulate. Underside and legs punc-
tured, covered with scattered white hairs.
Length 64 lines; breadth 3 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
29. Srigmopera stmunata, (Pl. III. fig. 5).
L. & G. ii. Stig. 26, pl. v. fig. 27, (nee Hope).
Buprestis Helene, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 215.
“‘Nigro-enea, thorace concolore, maculis quatuor irregu-
laribus elytrorum; corpore subtus neo, pedibus
concoloribus.” (Hope).
Head and thorax purplish black. Elytra yellow, the
base black, and three very irregular black bands, ar-
ranged as follows:—a common diamond-shaped spot,
starting from the scutellum and ending not quite one-
third of the length of the elytra from the base ; between
this and the margin on either side are two longitudinal
spots, the inner margins of which touch the points of the
38 Mr. Edward Saunders on
diamond ; these spots do not touch the lateral margins
till just at their lowest extremities where they bend out-
ward; united with the common spot on the suture, is a
band reaching both margins, and between this and the
apex is a spot shaped somewhat like the head of an an-
chor ; this touches the apex, but not the posterior margins,
and is connected along the suture with the band above it.
Underside and legs bronzy.
Head deeply impressed between the eyes. Thorax not
quite twice as broad as long; anterior margin straight,
half as long as the base ; sides much rounded in front,
posterior angles acute ; base very slightly sinuate ; disk
deeply punctured, with a faint smooth dorsal line. Ely-
tra striate and deeply punctate, the punctures becoming
larger and closer on the sides, three-quarters as long
again as broad, sinuate below the shoulders ; ; apex of each
bidentate. Underside and leo's punctured, thickly clothed
with white hairs.
Length 64 lines; breadth 3 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
30. SticmopERA Burcuexiit, (Pl. III. fig. 6).
L. & G.u. Stig. 33, pl. vii. fig. 37, (nec Hope).
Buprestis perpleca, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 211.
Buprestis lanuginosa, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 215.
*‘Nigro-violacea, thorace cupreo, elytris maculis tribus
aurantiacis, marginibus apicibusque sanguineis ; cor-
pore subtus zeneo, lanugine albidd obsito.” (Hope).
Head and thorax green. LElytra yellow, the margins
and apex red, and three green-blue bands, a straight one
near the base widening slightly on the margin, the second
behind the middle, and the third midway between it and
the apex, limited on the sides by the red colour of the
margins ; the suture between the bands concolorous with
them. Underside brassy green.
Head punctured, with a deeply impressed line between
the eyes. Thorax three-quarters as broad again at the
base as long; sides much rounded; base almost straight ;
disk deeply and rugosely punctur ed, with a faint smooth
dorsal line (this character however appears to vary).
Elytra three-quarters as long again as broad, punctate-
striate ; sides sinuate above the middle ; apex bidessas
Under side and legs punctured, lanuginose.
Australian Buprestide. 39
Length 65 lines; breadth 3 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
Perplexa, Hope, is merely a larger form of this species,
with the colours less distinct.
31. Srtiamopera Hoper, (Pl. III. fig. 7).
Stigmodera Burchellii, (Hope, Bupr. p. 3); nec L. & G.
““Olivacea, thorace viridi-zneo, elytris flavis, tribus
fasclis nigro-violaceis. Corpus subtus eneum.”
(Hope).
Head and thorax bronzy-green. LElytra yellow, with
three black bands, situate as in the preceding species,
but their margins are concolorous. Underside bronzy-
green, the four hindmost abdominal segments coppery.
Head punctured, deeply impressed between the eyes.
Thorax not quite twice as broad at the base ‘as long ;
anterior margin nearly straight and slightly raised, two-
thirds as long as the base; sides rounded, posterior
angles acute; base scarcely sinuate; disk punctured,
with a faintly impressed dorsal lmne. LHlytra punctate-
striate, twice as long as wide; sides slightly sinuate
below the shoulders ; apex bidentate. Underside punc-
tured, the sides of the abdomen with long hairs.
Length 53 lines; breadth 24 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
Allied to the preceding species, from which it is
easily recognized by its flatter, longer, and more parallel
form, as well as by its colour.
32. STIGMODERA ANCHORALIS, (Pl. III. fig. 8).
(Hope, Bupr. p. 5); L. & G.ii. Stig. 26, pl. v. fig. 26.
““Thorace viridi-zneo, elytris flavis, sutura maculis
duabus humeralibus anchoreque figura, virescenti-
bus. Corpore subtus eeneo, albisque capillis obsito.”
(Hope).
Head and thorax bronzy-brown. LElytra flavous, with
the following parts and markings greenish, namely, the
base, a band situate about the middle, a smaller one con-
nected with the former on the suture but touching
neither margin, the suture between the median band and
the base, and two elongate somewhat-curved spots
40 Mr. Edward Saunders on
originating from the base, and extending along (but not
touching) the lateral margins for about two-fifths of the
entire length of the elytra. These markings, if the sect
be turned head downwards, assume somewhat the shape
of an anchor. Underside and legs bronzy.
Head punctured, impressed between the eyes. Thorax
three-quarters as broad again as long; anterior margin
straight, half as long as the base; sides rounded; base
nearly straight ; disk deeply and largely punctured ; just
above the posterior angle on each side is a small round
impression. Elytra punctate-striate, twice as long as
wide, the sides nearly straight till past the middle, whence
they are rounded to the apex, which is armed with two
strong external spines. Underside punctured, covered
thickly with long white hairs; legs punctured.
Length 54 lines; breadth 2 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
33. STIGMODERA DELECTABILIS, (Pl. III. fig. 9).
Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 284.
“* Viridis, thorace concolori, nitido et punctulato. Ely-
tra striato-punctata, macula suturali majore viridi,
altera minori utrinque posita, fascia lata aurato-
viridi, maculaque irregulari concolori apice termi-
nata. Corpus infra lete viride, punctulatum, pedi-
bus violaceis.” (Hope).
Head, thorax, and scutellum green. Elytra red-yellow,
with a diamond-shaped spot on the suture touching the
scutellum, a somewhat triangular spot on each side be-
tween it and the lateral margin, a transverse band behind
the middle touching the sides, and a sutural spot between
it and the apex, golden-green ; the apex also is very
slightly tipped with the same colour. Underside bronzy-
green.
Head punctured, deeply furrowed between the eyes.
Thorax three-quarters as broad again at the base as long ;
anterior margin nearly straight, slightly elevated, half as
long as the base ; sides rounded ; base shallowly lobed ;
disk rather flat, deeply punctured, the dorsal line indi-
cated at the base by a large puncture ; near the posterior
angle on each side is a very small oblong fovea. Elytra
punctured, deeply striate, not quite twice as long as wide;
sides slightly sinuate below the shoulders ; apex of each
Australian Buprestide, A]
bidentate. Underside and legs punctured, slightly
hairy.
Length 64 lines ; breadth 24 lines.
Hab. Port Philip.
34. Sriamopera tospitota, (Pl. III. fig. 10).
(Hope, Bupr. p. 6); 8S. jospilota, L. & G. u. Stig. 35,
pl. vu. fig. 39.
“‘ Thorace viridi, elytris flavis, sutura, fascia, varlisque
maculis violaceis. Corpore infra virescenti.” (Hope).
Head and thorax bronzy. LElytra red, the suture for
about half its entire length widely margined with green,
a vitta of the same colour on each side near the lateral
margin, not quite reaching to the middle, and united to
the suture at the base; about the middle the suture is
met by a transverse green band touching the lateral
margins, and below it by a much shorter one reaching
about halfway across each elytron ; the apex also is very
shghtly tipped with green. Underside bronzy-green.
Head punctured, channelled between the eyes. Thorax
deeply punctured, widest at the base, two-thirds as broad
again as long; anterior margin slightly elevated, emar-
ginate, a little more than half as long as the base; sides
rounded ; base with a shallow lobe. Elytra punctate-
striate, the interstices also punctured, two-thirds as long
again as wide; sides sinuate above the middle ; apex of
each with a sharp central spine. Underside and legs
punctured, with a grayish pubescence.
Length 44 lines ; breadth 1# lines.
Hab. Australia.
35. STIGMODERA CRENATA.
Buprestis crenata, Don. Ins. N. Holl. Bup. pl. 1. fig. 3.
Stigmodera crenata, (Hope, Bupr. p. 4) ; nec L. & G.
Hab. Australia.
The insect figured by Laporte and Gory under this
name must be referred to the next species. The figure
given by Donovan gives an idea of a very much narrower
and hghter-coloured insect.
42 Mr. Edward Saunders on
36. SticmMopyrRA pLaaiaTa, (Pl. III. fig. 11).
Stigmodera bicruciata, (Hope, Bupr. p. 4).
Stigmodera crenata, L. & G. u. Stig. 39, pl. 1x. fig. 46
(nec Donov).
Stigmodera plagiata, L. & G. ii. 132 (err. S. sexplagiata) ,
pl. xxiii. fig. 130.
Castiarina Hopei, Bohem. Eugen. Resa, Ins. p. 61.
Castiarina similata, Bohem. Hugen. Resa, Ins. p. 62.
‘‘Thorace bronzeo, elytris sanguineis, sutura fasciisque
tribus nigro-violaceis. Corpore subtus zneo albisque
capillis obsito.” (Hope).
Head and thorax dull bronzy. EHlytra dull red, brighter
near the lateral margins; the suture, and two broad
bands, one just below the base, and the other near the
middle, black ; there is also a rather large black spot on
the apex. Underside, legs, and antenne, dull green.
Head deeply punctured, depressed, and furrowed be-
tween the eyes. Thorax half as broad agai as long ;
anterior margin slightly produced at its angles, a little
more than half as long as the base ; sides much rounded,
widest just behind the middle ; posterior angles acute ;
base largely and shallowly lobed ; disk convex in front,
with an impressed dorsal line, deeply punctured, the
puncturation rather closer on the sides. LHlytra wider
than the thorax at the shoulders, three-quarters as long
again as wide; sides slightly sinuate above the middle ;
apex of each sub-bidentate; surface deeply punctured
and striated, the interstices much raised and rounded,
two on each elytron being rather more so than the rest ;
margins finely crenulate. Underside and legs punc-
tured, densely clothed with short white hairs.
Length 44 lines; breadth 2 lines.
Hab. Sydney.
37. Sriemoprra Anpersont, (PI. III. fig. 12).
(Hope, Bupr. p. 5); L. & G. uu. Stig. 25, pl. v. fig. 25.
““Thorace bronzeo, elytris flavis, postice fascia nigro-vio-
lacea, macula magna apicali fasciz conjuncta. Cor-
pore subtus nigro-zeneo, pedibus cyaneis.” (Hope).
Head and thorax bronzy. Scutellum cyaneous. Ely-
tra yellow, with a straight black band situate about a
third of their entire length from the apex, which has a
Australian Buprestide. 43
square spot of the same colour united with the band along
the suture. Underside cyaneous, legs bright blue.
Head punctured, excavated between the eyes. Thorax
widest at the base, twice as broad as long, emarginate on
the anterior margin, which is two-thirds the length of the
base; sides very little rounded ; base slightly sinuate ;
disk shining, punctured, the punctures becoming denser
and larger on the sides; near each posterior angle is a
shght rugose depression. EHlytra punctate-striate, twice
as long as broad ; sides sinuate above the middle ; apex
truncate, armed with four spines, the outer ones the
longest. Underside and legs punctured, hairy.
Length 6} lines; breadth 24 lines.
Hab. Australia.
38. StigmMopERA PHmoRRH@A, (Pl. III. fig. 13).
Buprestis pheeorhea, Kirby, Tr. Linn. Soc. xu. 456,
pl. xxi. fig. 2.
Stigmodera pheeorhea, (Hope, Bupr. p. 6).
This species seems to have been utterly ignored by
Laporte and Gory in their Monograph.
39. StTiegmopERA vicina, (Pl. ITI. fig. 15).
(Hope, Bupr. p. 5.)
Stigmodera bicincta, (Hope, l. c.); L. & G. u. Stig. 31,
pl. vi. fig. 33 (nec Boisd).
“Thorace zeneo, elytris bronzeo-violaceis, fasciis duabus
flavis. Corpore infra eneo, pedibus atro-violaceis.”
(Hope).
Head and thorax bright coppery brown. Antenne
green. Llytra dark purple, each with a straight yellow
band above the middle, and a sinuated one of the
same colour near the apex. Underside purplish; legs
cyaneous.
Head punctured, depressed between the eyes. Thorax
twice as broad at the base as long; anterior margin half
as long as the base; sides diverging almost to the pos-
terior angles, which are acute; base sinuate; disk largely
and deeply punctured. Elytra punctate-striate, interstices
much raised, half as long again as broad; sides sinuate
above the middle; apex of each truncate, and armed with
A. Mr. Edward Saunders on
a short external spine. Underside and legs punctured,
and slightly hairy.
Length 5 lines; breadth 2 lines.
Hab. Australia.
40. Sricmoprra Bicinota, (Pl. III. fig. 14).
Buprestis bicineta, Boisd. Voy. Astrol. 11. 89 (nee Hope).
Stigmodera bicincta, L. & G. i. 131, pl. xxin. fig. 129,
Stigmodera bicingulata, (Hope. Bupr. p. 5); L. & G. 1.
Stig. 30, pl. vi. fig. 32.
Hab. Australia.
>
41. Sriamopera cyanicoiuis, (Pl. III. fig. 16).
Buprestis cyanicollis, Boisd. Voy. Astrol. u. 91.
Stigmodera cyanicollis, L. & G.u. Stig. 34, pl. vu. fig. 38.
Stigmodera subtrifasciata, (Hope, Bupr. p. 4) ; L. & G. i.
Stig. 41, pl. ix. fig. 48.
Stigmodera media, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 284.
Stigmodera rubrocincta, Gehin, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Metz, 1855.
Hab. Adelaide.
42, SrigmMopERA cRuENTATA, (Pl. III. fig. 17).
Buprestis eruentata, Kirby, Tr. Linn, Soc. xii. 455, pl.
seni ifigs 1.
Stigmodera cruentata, (Hope, Bupr. p. 6); nec L. & G.
Hab. Australia.
It is strange how Laporte and Gory can have figured
under this name an insect so totally different from Kirby’s
species, as a very good figure is given by him in the
paper above quoted.
43. Srtiemopera scanaris, (Pl. III. fig. 18).
Buprestis scalaris, Boisd. Voy. Astrol. ii. 89.
Stigmodera crucigera, (Hope, Bupr. p. 4); L. & G. ii.
Stig. 40, pl. ix. fig. 47.
Hab. Hobart Town, &c.
Se
Australian Buprestide. 45
44, Srigmopera veceta, (Pl. IIT. fig. 19).
Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 283.
“‘Leete cyanea, antennis concoloribus, thorace punctu-
lato. Hlytra violacea, fasciis tribus flavis fere ad
suturam terminata ; prima irregulari ad basin posita
e humeris ad latera extensa, secunda latiori fere
media, tertiaque minori. Corpus infra lete cyaneum,
pedibus concoloribus.” (Hope).
Head and thorax blue-green. Scutellum green. Elytra
cyaneous, with three orange bands ; the first at the base,
the second above the middle, and the third near the
apex, all interrupted at the suture. Underside, legs,
and antenne, cyaneous.
Head deeply punctured, excavated between the eyes.
Thorax half as broad again at the base as long ; anterior
margin nearly straight, two-thirds the length of the
base; sides rounded; base deeply sinuate ; disk deeply
and largely punctured, with a smooth irregular dorsal
line, somewhat depressed at the base. Elytra punctate-
striate, twice as long as wide; sides subparallel ; apex
of each with an external tooth. Underside and legs
punctured, slightly hairy.
Length 4} lines ; breadth 2 lines.
Hab. Adelaide.
45. Sriamoppra ampHicuroa, (Pl. IIT. fig. 20).
Buprestis amphichroa, Boisd. Voy. Astrol. 1. 90.
Stigmodera 6-spiluta, (Hope, Bupr. p. 4) ; L. & G. i.
Stig. 35, pl. vin. fig. 40.
Hab. Australia.
46. StiemopprA Srepoxpy, (Pl. III. fig. 21).
(Hope, Bupr. p. 4); L. & G. u. Skg. 38, pl. vin.
fio. 44.
“Thorace elytrisque sanguineis, ternis fasciis violaceis,
corpore infra viridi, nitido.” (Hope).
Head golden green. Thorax dark green, with the
sides of a more golden hue. LElytra bright red, with
three straight broad cyaneous bands, one just below the
base, the second about the middle, and the third at the
apex; the first and third do not reach the lateral mar-
46 Mr. Edward Saunders on
gins ; the actual base of the elytra is tmged with brown.
Underside, legs, and antenne bright golden green.
Head punctured, with a wide shallow impression be-
tween the eyes. Thorax half as broad again as long;
anterior margin nearly straight, a little more than half as
long as the base; sides slightly rounded in front, almost
straight behind ; base with a shallow median lobe; disk
punctured, with an impressed dorsal line, punctures on
the sides much deeper. LHlytra punctate-striate, a little
more than twice as long as wide; sides subparallel; apex
emarginate, the suture of each with a shght blunt spine.
Underside, legs, and antennz punctured.
Length 5 lnes ; breadth 14 lines.
Hab. King George’s Sound.
47. Sriemopera Kirsyt, (Pl. IIT. fig. 22).
Buprestis Kirbyi, Guér. Voy. Coquille, p. 65.
Stigmodera Kirby, L. & G. 1. Stig. 33, pl. vii. fig. 36,
(nec S. Kirbu, Hope).
Stigmodera vivida, (Hope, Bupr. p. 5).
Hab. Port Jackson, &c.
48. SriemopEra ocrospitota, (Pl. II. fig. 23).
L. & G. u. Stig. 28, pl. vi. fig. 29.
Stigmodera femorata, L. & G. ii. Stig. 37, pl. viii. fig. 42.
Stigmodera Adelaide, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 212.
Hab. Adelaide.
49. SrrgMopERA DecEM-macuLaTa, (PI. III. fig. 24).
Buprestis 10-maculata, Kirby, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. 456, pl.
xxill. fig. 3.
Stigmodera 10-maculata, (Hope, Bupr. p. 3); L. & G. ii.
Stig. 36, pl. vin. fig. 41.
Hab. Australia.
50. Sriamopera prota, (Pl. III. fig. 25).
L. & G. u. Stig. 46, pl. x. fig. 55.
Stigmodera purpurea, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 213.
Hab. Swan River.
Australian Buprestide. 47
6
51. Sriamopera assmmiuis, (Pl. IIT. fig. 26).
Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 212.
“‘Violacea, thorace olivaceo-zneo, elytris tribus fasciis
flavis ; corpore infra purpurascente, pedibus concolo-
ribus.” (Hope).
Head green. Thorax green, the disk with a purplish
tinge. Hlytra purple-brown, marked asin S. Australasie,
(ante, p. 37) except that the bands are rather wider.
Underside of thorax dull cyaneous, abdomen dull green.
Head punctured, excavated between the eyes. Tho-
rax half as broad again at the base as long, widest be-
hind the middle ; anterior margin nearly straight; sides
much rounded, posterior angles acute; disk deeply and
closely punctured. Elytra punctate-striate, twice as long
as broad; sides rather strongly sinuate above the middle ;
apex of each with a short central spine. Underside and
legs punctured, covered with white hairs.
Length 53 lines; breadth 2 lines.
Hab. Port Philip.
This insect closely resembles S. Australasie, but the
different shape of the thorax, the different ground colour
and greater sinuation of the elytra, and the denser pu-
bescence on the underside, seem sufficiently to distin-
guish it therefrom.
52. Srigmopera TRirasciaTa, (Pl. IIT. fig. 27).
Stigmodera apicalis, (Hope, Bupr. p. 3); L. & G. un.
Stig. 43, pl. 1x. fig. 51.
Stigmodera trifasciata, L. & G. u. Stig. 38, pl. vii. fig. 43.
*“Thoraceo olivace-eneo, elytris flavis, tribus fascus api-
ceque cyaneis.” (Hope).
Head and thorax bronzy green. Llytra flavous, with
three wide bronzy-green bands, one below the base, the
second at the middle, and the third covering the apex ;
all the bands unite on the suture, the one near the base
does not quite reach the lateral margins. Underside and
legs green.
Head deeply punctured, impressed between the eyes ;
on each side above the antennary cavity is a small round
fovea. Thorax globose, not quite twice as broad as
long ; anterior margin half as long as the base, slightly
raised, the centre and angles produced; sides much
48 Mr. Edward Saunders on
rounded, posterior angles acute; base nearly straight ;
disk deeply punctured, with an impressed dorsal line,
the punctures on the sides rather closer together. Hlytra
punctate-striate, twice as long as wide; sides subparallel
for two-thirds of their length, thence converging to the
apex, which is somewhat acuminate, the points slightly
diverging. Underside and legs punctured.
Length 53 lines; breadth 2} lines.
Hab. Swan River.
53. Sriemopera sprtota, (Pl. IIT. fig. 28).
(Hope, Bupr. p. 5); L. & G.u. Stig. 24, pl. v. fig. 24.
«« nea, thorace punctato viridi, elytris flavis, quatuor
maculis nigro-zneis. Corpore infra viridi albidique
seritie aspersa.” (Hope).
Head and thorax green. LElytra flavous, marked with
seven bronzy-black spots—a common one on the suture,
the centre of which is about a quarter of the entire length
of the elytra from the base, a small one on each side near
the margin slightly below the former, a large transverse
one below the middle of each elytron, and a smaller round
one between it and the apex. Underside and legs
greenish blue.
Head deeply punctured, furrowed between the eyes.
Thorax half as broad again as long; anterior margin
straight, not quite two-thirds the length of the base;
sides regularly rounded; base nearly straight; disk
deeply punctured, the punctures thickening on the sides,
the dorsal line indicated merely at the base, where
there is a slight longitudinal impression, just above the
scutellum. EHlytra punctate-striate, twice as long as
broad; sides straight for nearly two-thirds of their
length; apex rounded. Underside and legs punctured,
clothed with white pubescence.
Length 53 lines; breadth 2] lines.
Hab. Australia.
54. Sriamopera riavoricra, (Pl. IIT. fig. 29).
Buprestis flavopicta, Boisd. Voy. Astrol. ii. 92.
Stigmodera bicolor, L. & G. 11. Stig. 39, pl. viii. fig. 45.
Stigmodera colorata, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 283.
Hab. Adelaide.
Australian Buprestide. 49
55. Sriamopera xanTuHorrLosa, (PI. III. fig. 30).
Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 283.
Stigmodera parallela, White, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 119,
pl. lx. fig. 3.
2? Stigmodera splendida, Gehin, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz,
1855.
* Affinis 10-maculate, at longior; elytris vix thorace
latioribus ; atro-violacea, thorace roseo-eneo et
punctulato. Hlytra flavo-marginata, striata, stris
punctatis, maculis quatuor luteis, prima prope ad
scutellum subrotundata, secunda fere oblonga, tertia
parum transversa, ultima in apice minori. Corpus
infra argentea lanugine obsitum ; pedesque violacei.”
(Hope).
Dull black, with green and coppery reflections. Elytra
with the lateral margin (not quite to the apex) and a dis-
cal row of four somewhat round nearly equidistant spots,
flavous ; the first spot touches the base, and the last is
situated about a quarter of the entire length of the elytra
from the apex. Underside and legs cyaneous, with
coppery reflections, densely covered with silvery white
hairs. Antennee bronzy.
Head very deeply punctured, narrowly furrowed be-
tween the eyes. Thorax two-thirds as broad again as
long, widest at the base ; anterior margin nearly straight,
slightly elevated, a little more than half as long as the
base; sides rounded; base almost straight; disk deeply
punctured, with a faint smooth dorsal line, and on each
side of it above its centre is a small round smooth spot ;
near the posterior angles the punctures are larger and
further apart. Elytra twice as long as broad ; sides very
slightly sinuate above the middle, whence they converge
to the apex, which is rounded ; disk punctate-striate,
the interstices also punctured, puncturation of the sides
very dense. Underside and legs punctured, covered
with long silvery pubescence.
Length 7 lines ; breadth 2 lines.
Hab. Adelaide.
56. StiamopERA consanauinea, (Pl. IV. fig. 1).
Stigmodera crocicolor, (Hope, Bupr. p. 6); nec L. & G.
“‘Thorace cupreo, elytris virescentibus, marginibus cro-
ceis, Sex maculis concoloribus. Corpore subtus eneo
albisque capillis obsito.”” (Hope).
TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1868.—PART I. (APRIL). E
50 Mr. Edward Saunders on
Head coppery. Thorax green on the disk, the pos-
terior angles coppery. LElytra golden-bronze, with
coppery reflections, the lateral margins and three spots
arranged in a longitudinal line on the disk of each,
flavous; the first spot is long and narrow, and com-
mences near the base, the second is somewhat trian-
gular, the third is small, and situated about a quarter of
the entire length of the elytra from the apex. Under-
side, legs, and antenne, bronzy, densely covered with
white hairs.
Head impressed between the eyes, punctured. Thorax
widest about the middle, half as broad again at the base
as long ; anterior margin elevated, almost straight, two-
thirds the length of the base; sides much rounded ; base
straight; disk very largely and deeply punctured, with a
slight dorsal line met at the base by a large puncture ;
puncturation of the sides rather larger than that of the disk.
Elytra twice and a quarter as long as broad, sides sub-
parallel for three-quarters of their length ; apex of each
shghtly rounded ; disk punctate-striate, the imterstices
very finely punctured, the punctures closer together on
the sides. Underside and legs punctured, covered with
a dense long pubescence.
Length 4 lines ; breadth 14 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
57. Stiemopera Pxrti, (Pl. IV. fig. 1 a).
(Hope, Bupr. p. 5); L. & G. 11. Stig. 23, pl. v. fig. 22.
“« Preecedenti [S. Andersoni] affinis at major, capite inter
oculos sulcato, thorace punctato miniato, antice
macula viridi fere trigona, binisque aliis concolori-
bus postice positis; elytris striatis crebre punctu-
latis viridibus, fascia aurantia fere apicali ornatis.
Corpore subtus miniato, segmentis abdominis
utrinque maculatis, pedibus antennisque virescen-
tibus.”” (Hope).
Head black. Thorax ochraceous, with a large trans-
verse black spot above the middle, slightly emargimate
on its anterior margin, and produced triangularly be-
hind; there are also two small black spots on the base,
one on each side of the scutellum. LElytra dull olive-
green, with a transverse yellow band close to the apex.
Underside flavous, the sides of the breast, a small round
spot on the side of each abdominal segment, and the
legs, greenish.
—
Australian Buprestide. 51
Head deeply punctured, channelled between the eyes.
Thorax half as broad again at the base as long; anterior
margin nearly straight, a little more than half the length
of the base ; sides very muchrounded; base straight; disk
largely punctured, with a slightly impressed dorsal line.
Elytra twice as long as wide, punctured and finely striate ;
sides shghtly smuate below the shoulders ; apex of each
sub-bidentate. Underside and legs punctured, with a
few short hairs.
Length 63 lines; breadth 24 lines.
Hab. Australia.
58. SrigmopERA coccrnaTa, (Pl. IV. fig. 2).
Conognatha coccinata, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 102.
*‘Coccinea, capite viride, antennisque concoloribus.
Thorax lete miniatus punctatus, maculisque ternis
viridibus insignitus, binis externis minutis, me-
dioque majori fere rotundato. Elytra coccinea,
tribus fasciis lete viridibus ornata, prima basale,
duabus alius fere apicalibus, viridi macula in singulo
elytrorum inter basalem fasciam et apicales valde
conspicua. Corpus infra sanguineum, pectore seg-
mentisque abdominis utrinque viridi-maculatis, pedi-
bus concoloribus.” (Hope).
Head and antenne cyaneous. Thorax sanguineous-
red, the base green, a central oval spot and a small one
on either side near the lateral margin, cyaneous. LElytra
sanguineous, the base greenish-blue, the apex, a trans-
verse oval spot about one-third of their entire length
from the base, and a band constricted in the middle and
situate midway between the spot and the apex, blue.
Underside red, the breast and two spots on each abdo-
minal segment at the sides blue ; legs greenish.
Head deeply punctured. Thorax half as broad again at
the base as long; anterior margin nearly straight, not
quite three-quarters the length of the base; sides much
rounded, widest just behind the middle; disk very
largely and deeply punctured. LElytra almost twice as
long as broad, sides sinuate below the shoulders, widest
behind the middle; posterior margin slightly denticu-
late ; apex armed with two sharp spines; surface deeply
punctate-striate, mterstices raised, smooth between the
three first striz, deeply and minutely punctured at the
sides. Underside and legs punctured, and slightly hairy.
Length 5; lines; breadth 2 lines.
Hab. Adelaide. E 2
e
52 Mr. Edward Saunders on
59. Sriemoprrs Bremer, (Pl. IV. fig. 3).
Conognatha Bremei, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 102.
“Nigra, capite fere trigono szneo, medio fortiter im-
presso. Thorax bronzeus, marginibus externis sub-
impressis, disco punctatissimo, lmed longitudinali
medio vix impressi, fovea utrinque fortiter insculpta.
Elytra nigra, binis fasciis rubris, lateribus externis
antice concoloribus. Corpus infra zeneum et nitidum,
pedibus concoloribus et punctatis.” (Hope).
Purplish- black. Hlytra with two red bands, one
situate about a third, and the other about two-thirds of
their length from the base; the apex, and the lateral
margin, from the shoulder to the first band and from
the second band to the apex, are also red. Underside,
legs, and antennz, bronzy.
Head deeply punctured, furrowed between the eyes.
Thorax widest in front, half as broad again at the base
as long; anterior margin slightly elevated, nearly
straight, half the length of the base; sides much rounded
above the middle, and then nearly parallel to the base,
which has a large very shallow lobe ; disk shinmeg, deeply
punctured ; each side with two fovew, placed close to-
gether, almost touching the margin, situate about mid-
way between the anterior margin and the base, the
posterior one rather the larger. Hlytra widest about the
middle, striate, the striz finely punctate, not quite twice
as long as wide ; sides sinuate above the middle; apex
of each simply pointed. Underside and legs deeply and
closely punctured, with a few scattered white hairs.
Length 9 lines; breadth 34 lines.
Hab. Australia.
60. Sricmopera uiuaris, (Pl. IV. fig. 4).
Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 218.
«¢ AAruginosa, elytris miniatis, humeris viridibus maculis-
que aliis concoloribus per discum positis, corpore
infra leete virescenti.” (Hope).
Head and thorax green. LElytra orange-red, with the
suture, a diamond-shaped sutural spot commencing at the
scutellum, a spot on each shoulder united to the last, a
Australian Buprestide. 53
band situate about the middle but not reaching the lateral
margins, and a somewhat triangular spot below it, green.
Underside green.
Head deeply punctured, furrowed between the eyes.
Thorax widest behind the middle, half as broad again as
long ; anterior margin two-thirds the length of the base,
slightly elevated, and almost straight; sides diverging
till past the middle, then rounded and converging to the
posterior angles, which are acute; base with a deep cen-
tral lobe; disk slightly depressed in the dorsal region,
largely and very closely punctured, the punctures so close
together as to give the surface a dull appearance. LHly-
tra widest at the shoulders, which are prominent, and
much wider than the base of the thorax, twice as long as
wide ; sides sinuate above the middle; apex of each with
a small external spine; disk punctate- striate, interstices
finely and very closely punctured. Underside deeply and
closely punctured, with a few scattered white hairs.
Length 3 lines; breadth 1 line.
Hab. Port Philip.
61. SricmopERA RUFIPENNIS, (Pl. IV. fig. 5).
Buprestis rufipennis, Kirby, Tr. Linn. Soc. xi. 456.
Stigmodera ac Re (Hope, Bupr. p. 6); L. &G. u.
Stig. 21, pl. iv. fig. 21.
Stigmodera crocipennis, (Hope, 1. c.); L. & G.l.c.
: fig. 20, var.
Hab. Australia.
I cannot think that the suffusing of the black colour
of the suture over the apex is sufficient to make croci-
pennis a distinct species from rufipenns ; and I cannot
perceive any other difference between them.
Gen. XYROSCELIS, (H. Deyr. MS.).
(AcmmoperRaA, pars, Hope.)
1. Xyroscenis crocata, (Pl. IV. fig. 15).
Amorphosoma crocatum, L. & G. ii. Am. 13, pl. ui. fig. 16.
Acmeeodera nodosa, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 217.
Acmeodera melanosticta, Hope, «bid.
Hab. Swan River.
54, Mr. Edward Saunders on
Gen. CHRYSOBOTHRIS, Eschscholtz.
1. Curysopoturis AusTRALASI®, (Pl. IV. fig. 14).
Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 216.
“ Nigro-eenea, thorace pallidiori colore eeneo, elytris nigri-
cantibus, punctis duabus baseos fortiter impressis et
alteris in medio cupreo-auratis ; corpore subtus eneo,
lateribus sublanugimosis.”” (Hope).
Head, thorax, and antenne bronzy brown. LElytra
darker, with two golden coppery spots on each, one just
above, the other below the middle. Underside bronzy.
Head deeply and rugosely punctured. Thorax at the
base twice as broad as long; anterior margin slightly
rounded, only half the length of the base ; sides widening
from the anterior angles, with a slight emargination
about the middle; posterior angles largely cut off and
swollen ; base deeply bisinuate ; disk rugose transversely,
with a slight indication of an impressed dorsal line. Ely-
tra half as long again as broad; shoulders slightly pro-
minent; sides almost straight till past the middle, whence
they converge to the apex, which is rounded; the pos-
terior margin is slightly denticulate; disk rugosely punc-
tured, with four smooth raised lines on each, and two
coppery impressions, one situate just above the middle
on the second line, the other just below it on the third.
Underside and legs deeply punctured; the sides of the
abdomen slightly hairy, the apical segment with a central
carina.
Length 6 lines ; breadth 24 lines.
Hab. Swan River.
Gen. ETHON, Laporte and Gory.
(DipnucraniA, pars, Hope.)
1. Erson Rost, (Pl. IV. fig. 16).
Diphucrania Roe, (Hope, Bupr. p. 12).
“‘Capite inter oculos fortiter impresso, thorace aureo-
tomentoso, elytris striato-punctatis purpurascen-
tibus. Corpore subtus zneo albisque capillis obsito,
antennis pedibusque eneis.” (Hope).
Dull golden bronze ; the posterior portion of the elytra
of a brighter hue. Underside, the anterior margin of
each abdominal segment with a whitish pubescence.
Australian Buprestide. 5d
Head punctured, with a very deep longitudinal cut
between the eyes; the sides of the forehead forming two
carine bordering the eyes. Thorax half as broad again
as long; anterior margin very slightly produced, a little
more than half the length of the base; sides rounded ;
base bisinuate; surface punctured, vermiculate, and
slightly tomentose; lateral carinze short, straight, and
strongly marked. Elytra two-fifths as long again as wide ;
sides subparallel as far as the middle; apex rounded ;
disk punctate, the punctures elongated and arranged in
rows, the interstices finely punctured. Underside shining,
vermiculate, the breast and the anterior margin of the
abdominal segments slightly pubescent; legs punctured.
Length 5 lines; breadth 2 lines.
Hab. Australia.
2. ErHon susrasciatum, (Pl. IV. fig. 17).
Diphuerania subfasciata, (Hope, Bupr. p. 11).
«« Alnea, capite inter oculos profunde impresso, thorace
aureo-tomentoso, elytris integerrimis sericeis sub-
striatis, ad apicem flaveolo tomento fasciatis. Cor-
pore infra zeneo et albo-tomentoso.” (Hope).
Head and thorax dull bronzy. EHlytra dark coppery
brown, with numerous small spots and two transverse
bands near the apex of a yellow pubescence. Underside
and legs bronzy.
Head large, swollen, very deeply impressed between
the eyes, punctured, and covered with yellow hairs.
Thorax not quite twice as broad as long; anterior mar-
gin slightly emarginate, three-quarters the length of the
base; sides diverging for a little more than half their
length, then nearly parallel to the base, which has a
rounded median lobe; disk with a scattered yellow pu-
bescence, deeply punctured with elongate punctures
having the appearance of short slits, which are arranged
in semicircular curves. Elytra three-quarters as long
again as wide; shoulders rather promiment; sides very
slightly sinuate above the middle; apices rounded ; sur-
face regularly punctured in lines, the punctures like those
on the thorax, and resembling short slits. Underside
punctured, covered with silvery white hairs.
Length 43 lines; breadth 2 lines.
Hab. Australia.
56 Mr. Edward Saunders on
3. Erson arrive, (Pl. IV. fig. 18).
Diphucrania auriflua, (Hope, Bupr. p. 12).
Diphucrania purpurascens, (Hope, l. ¢.).
Ethon affine, L. & G. u. Hth. 4, pl. 1. fig. 6.
Lthon proximum, Boh. Kugen. Resa, Ins. p. 63.
“ Preecedenti [Diph. subfasciate, Hope,] affinis. Capite
inter oculos sulcato, thorace aurato subtomentoso,
elytris roseocupreis et flavo-irroratis. Corpore sub-
tus zneo albisque capillis obsito.” (Hope).
Head and thorax coppery golden. Elytra of a redder
hue, with two narrow golden pubescent bands; one,
which is sinuated in its middle, situate about two-thirds
of the length of the elytra from their base, touching the
lateral margin but not the suture; the other very short,
close to the apex ; there are also a few small pubescent
spots on the basal half of the elytra. Underside with a
fine close gray pubescence, which is longer on the sides
of the abdomen than elsewhere.
Head very deeply channelled between the eyes, pubes-
cent, and punctured. Thorax twice as broad as long;
anterior margin slightly produced im the centre and at
the angles, two-thirds the length of the base; sides
rounded ; base with a rounded median lobe ; disk pubes-
cent, punctured, the puctures arranged in semicirclesand
becoming deeper on the sides. LHlytra nearly twice as
long as wide, punctate, the punctures arranged in longi-
tudinal lines and assuming the form of short slits; sides
sinuate above the middle; apex rounded. Underside and
legs punctured and pubescent.
Length 43 lines ; breadth 2 lines.
Hab. Australia.
EL. purpurascens differs in having the humeral impres-
sions less strongly marked and the posterior angles of the
thorax rather more rounded, as well as in the colour, which
is purplish-red throughout; these differences however do
not appear to me to be of specific value.
4, Hrson risstcers, (Pl. IV. fig. 19).
Buprestis fissiceps, Kirby, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. 458, pl. xxiii.
fig. 4.
Diphucrania fissiceps, (Hope, Bupr. p. 12) ; nec L. & G.
Ethon viride, L. & G. 11. Hth. 6, pl. i. fig. 8.
Hab. Australia.
Australian Buprestide. 57
Gen. CISSHIS, Laporte and Gory.
(Dippucrantia, pars, ETHoN, pars, Buprestis, pars, Hope.)
1. Cisszis LEvcostictTa, (Pl. IV. fig. 20).
Buprestis leucosticta, Kirby, Tr. Linn. Soc. xu. 382.
Diphucrania leucosticta, (Hope, Bupr. p. 11).
Ethon leucostictum, L. & G. u. Hth. 2, pl. i. fig. 1.
Hab. Australia.
2. CISSEIS SIGNATICOLLIS, (Pl. IV. fig. 21).
Ethon signaticolle, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 219.
“ Affinis H. bicolori, Laporte, at longior. Violaceum,
thorace aureo-nitido, binis albidis punctis notato,
elytris violascentibus, punctis variis albis per discum
aspersis.” (Hope).
Head, thorax, and antenne brassy; the thorax with
two round white pubescent foveze on the disk, and an
oblong one on each side extending along the lateral
margin. LElytra bluish-black, each with ten round white
pubescent fovezee Underside cyaneous, with a white pu-
bescent spot on each side of the breast and two on each
abdominal segment.
Head largely and deeply punctured, depressed between
the eyes, the depression filled with a whitish pubescence.
Thorax three-quarters as broad again at the base as long ;
anterior margin rounded, two-thirds the length of the
base ; sides slightly rounded; base straight; disk very
convex, very largely and deeply punctured, the punc-
tures becoming closer together on the sides. LHlytra
twice as long as broad, sides straight, posterior margin
denticulate, apex rounded, disk rugosely punctured.
Underside and legs punctured, and slightly hairy.
Length 43 lines; breadth 1} lines.
Hab. Port Essington.
3. Crsseis 12-aurrata, (Pl. IV. fig. 22).
Buprestis 12-guttata, Guér. Voy. Coquille, p. 65.
Cisseis 12-guttata, L. & G. u. Ciss. 2, pl. i. fig. 1.
Diphucranai xanthosticta (Hope, Bupr. p. 11).
Cisseis 14-notata, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 218.
Hab. Port Jackson, &c.
58 Mr. Edward Saunders on
4, CIssEIs CUPREICOLLIS, (Pl. IV. fig. 28).
Ethon cupreicolle, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 219.
Hthon cneicolle, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 220, var.
“Nigro-eneum, thorace cupreo-aurato, binisque minutis
foveis albis notatis, lateribus concoloribus ; elytris
atris et punctis duodecim albidis notatis; corpore
infra viridi et nitido, segmentis abdominis utrinque
albo-punctatis, pedibusque viridibus.”’ (Hope).
Head and thorax golden bronze, the latter with a white
pubescent spot on each side of the disk below its middle,
and a similar one near the lateral margin. LElytra nearly
black, with numerous round pubescent white spots, the
principal of which are thus arranged on each elytron——
one touching the base, three nearly touching the suture,
and three near the lateral margin. Underside, the sides
of the breast and of each abdominal segment with a white
pubescent spot.
Head deeply punctured, channelled between the eyes.
Thorax half as broad again as long; anterior margin pro-
duced, three-fifths the length of the base; sides slightly
rounded ; base bisinuate; surface deeply punctured and
concentrically striated, with a round impression on each
side of the disk, and another about half way up the
lateral margin on either side; these fovee are filled with
awhitish pubescence. Hlytra half as long again as broad,
punctured and transversely ridged; sides nearly straight
as far as the middle; apex rounded; posterior suture
elevated. Underside transversely striated and punc-
tured; legs punctured.
Var. ceneicolle. Upper side entirely dark zneous black.
Length 2} lines; breadth 1 line.
Hab. Adelaide and Moriatta.
5. Cisszis Gounpu, (Pl. IV. fig. 24).
Hthon Gouldu, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 220.
«« Aneum, thorace cupreo-zneo, fortissime punctato, late-
ribus externe linea elevata ened conspicuis ; elytris
iridescentibus, eneis, colore violaceo sparsim asper-
sis, maculis duabus obscuris post scutellum positis ;
corpore infra zneo, punctato, pedibus concoloribus.”
(Hope).
Australian Buprestide. 59
Dull bronzy. Hlytra with a cyaneous tint on the disk,
and two obscure sutural spots, one near the base and the
other just above the middle, covered with a grayish pu-
bescence ; just above the apex of each is a somewhat
transverse gray pubescent band. Underside, the sides of
the breast and of each abnominal segment with an ob-
scure pubescent spot.
Head deeply punctured, swollen, furrowed between the
eyes. Thorax three-fifths as broad again as long; ante-
rlor margin produced ; sides rounded ; base with a slight
central lobe; disk deeply punctured and concentrically
striated, lateral carinz well marked and straight; base,
especially near the posterior angles, depressed. LElytra
twice as long as wide ; apex largely rounded and finely
denticulate ; surface transversely rugose. Underside and
legs punctured, transversely striate, with a few scattered
hairs, besides the spots above mentioned.
Length 4 lines ; breadth 1} lines.
Hab. Port Essington.
6. Crsszis stminis, (Pl. IV. fig. 25).
Buprestis wrrorata, (Hope, Bupr. p. 8) ; nec L. & G.
‘‘Bronzea, capite eneo nitido, (tuberculo flavo in medio
posito *), thorace marginato minutissime ruguloso,
elytris subserrulatis albida sericie irroratis. Cor-
pore infra cupreo nitido.” (Hope).
Dull bronzy. Legs coppery. Hlytra with numerous
irregular gray pubescent spots, of which three are rather
larger than the rest, two near the lateral margin, and
one almost touching the suture near the apex.
Head flat in front, deeply punctured. Thorax three-
quarters as broad again at the base as long; anterior
margin two-thirds the length of the base, its angles quite
enclosing the eyes; sides rounded; base with a small
median lobe; disk punctured and striate in semicircular
arcs. Elytra twice as long as broad; sides subparallel
for two-thirds of their length; apex rounded ; posterior
margin finely denticulate ; disk finely and rugosely punc-
tured; each elytron with numerous gray pubescent spots,
the chief of which are arranged as mentioned above.
Underside and legs punctured, covered with a short fine
gray pubescence.
Length 54 lines; breadth 2 lines.
Hab. Australia.
* The yellow tubercle mentioned by Mr. Hope is a small lump of extra-
neous matter which has adhered to the centre of the insect’s head.
60 Mr. Edward Saunders on
7. CIssEIs sururaALIs, (Pl. IV. fig. 26).
Diphucrania suturalis, (Hope, Bupr. p. 12).
“‘Capite eneo, inter oculos profunde impresso, antice
macula alba, postice binis alus notato; thorace in
medio eneo, marginibus cretaceis; elytris nigro-
violaceis, sutura aurata fasciaque alba ante apicem
ornatis. Corpore infra zneo, annulis abdominis cy-
aneis, lateribus albo-maculatis, antennis pedibusque
eeneis.”” (Hope).
Head and thorax eneous, with cyaneous reflections,
the sides of the thorax covered with white pubescence,
leaving two small round denuded spots on the anterior
margin. Hlytra cyaneous, the suture zneous, ornamented
with white pubescence forming irregular transverse lines
on their upper half, and a broad transverse band just above
the apex. Underside cyaneous, the three apical seg-
ments with a small white pubescent spot on each side.
Head punctured, channelled in front, with a small
round fovea near each eye just above the antennary cavity ;
a shight pubescent spot above the mouth and two on the
vertex. Thorax twice as broad as long ; anterior margin
produced, its angles quite enclosing the eyes, not quite
three-quarters the length of the base; sides much
rounded ; base shghtly bisimuate ; disk punctured, the
punctures arranged in curves, sides pubescent. LHlytra
two-thirds as long again as wide, finely rugose and punc-
tured ; ornamented with a white pubescence ; sides swel-
ling out beyond the middle; apices rounded, posterior
margins finely denticulate. Underside and legs punc-
tured, covered with short adpressed hairs; the abdomen
with two pubescent spots on each of its three apical
segments.
Length 43 lines ; breadth 1 lines,
Hab. Swan River.
8. Cisszis acupucta, (Pl. IV. fig. 27).
Diphucrania lata, (Hope, Bupr. p. 11).
Diphucrania cenea, (Hope, Bupr. p. 12).
Trachys acuducta, Kirby, Fauna Boreali-Americana, Ins.
p- 162 (1837).
Cisseis marmorata, L. & G. i. Ciss. 4, pl. i. fig. 5.
“‘Ainea, capite inter oculos subimpresso, thorace postice
lobato, elytris crebrissime punctulatis integerrimis
sericeis, foveolisque binis ad apicem parum distinctis.
Corpore infra eeneo alboque irrorato.” (Hope).
Australian Buprestide. 61
Aineous; the sides of the thorax, portions of the
elytra, and the underside, covered with a hoary pubes-
cence.
Head punctured, depressed between the eyes. Thorax
twice as broad as long; anterior margin a little more than
half as long as the base, produced in the centre and
at its angles, which quite enclose the eyes ; sides slightly
rounded; base with a rounded median lobe; surface
punctured and striated in semicircular curves; sides
covered with a gray pubescence. LElytra three-quarters
as long again as wide; sides slightly swelling out behind
the middle ; apex rounded, posterior margin finely denti-
culate ; disk finely rugose, with a scaly appearance, orna-
mented with a gray pubescence, leaving a spot surround-
ing the scutellum, a transverse band below the middle,
and a patch on each posterior margin, denuded. Under-
side and legs punctured, covered with a white pubes-
cence.
Length 5 lines; breadth 2} lines.
Hab. Australia.
I have examined Kirby’s type-specimen, which is said
to have come from Nova Scotia. I cannot but suspect
some error of locality, since it seems to me scarcely pos-
sible that this undoubtedly Australian species should
belong to the North-American fauna.
9. CissEIs kosEocurREA, (Pl. IV. fig. 28).
Ethon roseocupreum, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 219.
“Totum corpus supra cupreum et punctatum, capite fo-
veolato, elytris lete cupreis et iridescentibus. Cor-
pus infra zneum, lateribus abdominis albido colore
irroratis, pedibus concoloribus.” (Hope).
Coppery red. Underside coppery bronze. Antenne
bronzy green.
Head deeply punctured, furrowed between the eyes.
Thorax half as broad again as long; anterior margin
much produced, three-quarters the length of the base ;
sides rounded; base slightly bisinuate; surface punc-
tured and transversely ridged ; disk elevated in front ;
base and sides near the posterior angles depressed ; late-
ral carine very slightly curved, running almost parallel
to the sides. Hlytra finely rugose, three-quarters as long
62 Mr. Edward Saunders on
again as wide; sides subparallel above the middle; apex
rounded, extremely finely denticulated. Underside ru-
gosely punctured, with a gray pubescent spot on each
side of the breast and of the three posterior abdominal
seements ; legs punctured. ’
Length 3 lines; breadth 1} lines.
Hab. Moriatta.
Gen. AGRILUS, Mégerle.
1. AgRitvs HypoLtevcus, (Pl. IV. fig. 29).
(Hope, Bupr. p. 13); L. & G. ii. Ag. 37, pl. vii. fig. 48.
Agrilus purpuratus, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 217.
Agrilus assimilis, Hope, «bid.
‘* Capite nigro-violaceo, fronte flavis capillis obsita; tho-
race violaceo, lateribus luteis; elytris purpurascen-
tibus. Corpore infra cupreo, annulis abdominis albo
maculatis.” (Hope).
Brown-purple. Antenne bronzy.
Head with a white pubescent spot above the mouth,
produced upwards towards the forehead in the centre,
and with a semicircular white spot between the eyes.
Thorax with a spot on each side near the anterior angle,
and the dorsal line, white. Elytra with the suture near
the apex pubescent. Underside with the sides of the
thorax and breast, and two spots, one on each side of the
abdominal segments, covered with a whitish pubescence.
The sides of the abdomen above bordering the elytra of
the same colour.
Head deeply punctured, slightly furrowed in front.
Thorax a quarter as broad again as long; anterior mar-
gin produced, about the same length as the base; sides
almost straight ; base slightly bisinuate ; disk punctured,
and transversely ridged, with an impressed dorsal line ;
sides near the anterior angles also impressed. Hlytra
three times as long as wide; sides slightly sinuate above
the middle ; apex finely denticulate ; disk rugose, with a
slightly raised longitudinal line on each elytron. Under-
side and legs punctured, covered with fine white hairs.
Length 4 lines; breadth 1 line.
Hab. Moriatta, West Australia.
Australian Buprestide. 63
2. AGRILUS AuRovITTaTus, (Pl. IV. fig. 30).
Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 218.
“ Affinis Agrilo purpurato, Hope, at minor. Purpurascens,
capite aurato et punctato, thorace lmei longitudi-
nali medii aurei, binisque aliis ad latera positis ;
elytris cupreo-purpureis, vitti suturali aurata in sin-
gulo conspicua, corpore infra eneo, pedibus con-
coloribus.” (Hope).
Brown-purple. Head bronzy. Thorax with the dorsal
line filled with a whitish pubescence. Elytra with the
suture margined in the same manner. Underside, legs,
and antennz, golden bronze, covered with gray pubes-
cence.
Head swollen, channelled on the vertex, punctured,
and transversely ridged, with two smooth transverse
raised spaces. ‘Thorax a quarter as broad again as long;
anterior margin about the same length as the base,
rounded; sides nearly straight; base bisinuate; disk
punctured and transversely ridged, with a deep dorsal
furrow; sides also impressed above the lateral carine,
which are arcuate posteriorly. Hlytra nearly three times
as long as wide; sides slightly sinuate above the middle;
apex somewhat pointed and very finely denticulate ; su-
ture finely rugose, sutural region depressed and gray-pu-
bescent. Underside and legs punctured and pubescent.
Length 2? lines; breadth ? line.
Hab. Moriatta.
Gen. PARACEPHALA, (H. Deyr. MS.).
(Acritvus, pars, Hope.)
1. ParacepHara pistactna, (Pl. IV. fig. 31).
Agrilus pistacinus, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 218.
“‘Totum corpus supra et infra viride punctatum, antennis
saturatiore colore inquinatis. Caput fere rotunda-
tum; thorace angulis posticis recté acutis; elytra
gnea, creberrime punctulata. Corpus infra viride,
sericie albida obsitum, pedibus concoloribus.”
(Hope).
Dull bronzy-green ; cylindrical.
Head swollen, punctured, with a few long white
hairs. Thorax widest in front, one quarter as broad
64, Mr. Edward Saunders on
again as long; anterior margin rounded, as long as the
base; sides nearly straight; base bisinuate ; ; “surface
punctured, slightly hairy, with a shallow impression
stretching right across the thorax. EHlytra twice and a
quarter as long as wide, finely rugose, covered with short
silvery white hairs ; posterior suture elevated ; sides sub-
parallel; apex rounded and denticulate. Underside and
legs punctured, covered with short white hairs.
Length 2 lines; breadth § line.
Hab. Adelaide.
Species ignote.
I am unable to recognize any of the five followmg
species :—
1. BuprEstis SUBCYANEA.
(Hope, Bupr. p. 8.)
I have searched carefully in Mr. Hope’s collection, and
in the British Museum, but cannot find any trace of this
species. It was probably a Melobasis.
2. ANTHAXIA AFFINIS.
(Hope, Bupr. p. 10.)
The type of this is apparently lost. It was probably a
Melobasis.
3. DIPHUCRANIA ABDOMINALIS.
(Hope, Bupr..p.. 1 1:)
The type of this also is not to be found. It was pro-
bably a Cissevs.
4. STIGMODERA TRICOLOR.
Buprestis tricolor, Kirby, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. 455.
Stiqmodera tricolor, (Hope, Bupr. p. 6).
“JT am doubtful if this species belongs to the genus
Stigmodera, never having seen it.” (Hope).
I have sought in vain for the type of this species.
Kirby’s description might apply to many of the Stig-
moderee.
5. BuprREstTIs LAPIDOSA.
MacLeay, in King’s Austr. App. p. 11; (Hope,
Bupr. p: 9).
“This species is unknown to me; it appears some-
what allied to the foregoing insect” [ Buprestis irrorata].
(Hope.) ‘This is unknown to me also; perhaps it was a
Melobasis.
Australian Buprestide.
Haplanation of the Plates.
Prats I.
Fig. 1. Cyria imperialis, Fabr., ante, p. 3.
2 5 Me var. australis.
3 » vittigera, L. & G., p. 3.
4. Diodoxus scalaris, L. & G., p. 4.
5. i erythrurus, White, p. 4.
6. Chrysodema gigas, Hope, p. 5.
7. Chalcotenia albivittis, Hope, p. 6.
8. i Lamberti, L. & G., p. 7.
9. Cyphogastra farinosa, Fabr., p. 7.
10. Nascio vanthura, L. & G., p. 8.
ites » Larryt, Hope, p. 9-
12. Asthreus Samouelli, E. Saund., p. 10.
13. Huryspilus chaleodes, L. & G., p. 11.
14. Melobasis pyritosa, Hope, p. 13.
15. x gloriosa, L. & G., p. 14.
. Loa. 5 superba, L. & G., p. 14.
16. a cupriceps, Kirby, p. 15.
17. a propinqua, L. & G., p. 15.
18. ke metallifera, E. Saund., p. 16.
19. a verna, Hope, p. 17.
20. ny Lathami, L. & G., p. 17.
pale ue nervosa, Boisd., p. 18.
22. Plagiope chrysochloris, L. & G., p. 12.
23. be cuprifera, Kirby, p. 13.
24. Castalia bimaculata, Oliv., p. 22.
25. Stigmodera macularia, Don., p. 23.
26. re Gorti, L. & G., p. 23.
27. Fe sangwinosa, Hope, p. 24.
Puate II.
Fig. 1. Stigmodera cancellata, Don., ante, p. 25.
2: 53 Roei, E. Saund., p. 24.
a: e gratiosa, Chevr., p. 25.
4. 5 Parryi, Hope, p. 25.
5. e flavocincta, L. & G., p. 26.
6. BY grandis, Don., p. 26.
the + limbata, Don., p. 27.
8. 2 suturalis, Don., p. 27.
She ‘a Fortnumi, Hope, p. 27.
10. is Mitchellii, Hope, p. 28.
11. 5 variabilis, Don., p. 28.
12. a Be var. nigripemnis.
TRANS. ENT. Soc, 1868.—parT I. (APRIL).
aon)
on
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
la.
er comes
Mr. Edward Saunders on
Stigmodera sanguinipennis, L. & G., ante, p. 29.
hematica, Hope, p. 29.
Spencii, L. & G., p. 30.
signaticollis, Hope, p. 30.
cyanura, Hope, p. 31.
Yarrellii, L. & G., p. 32.
semicincta, L. & G., p. 33.
undulata, Don., p. 34.
cruenta, L. & G., p. 34.
Klugit, L. & G., p. 34.
Prats III.
Stigmodera amabilis, L. & G., ante, p. 35.
Stigmodera consanguinea, E. Saund., ante, p. 49.
”
”
Erythromelas, Boisd., p. 36.
Hoffmanseggii, Hope, p. 36.
Australasiv, L. & G., p. 37.
simulata, L. & G., p. 37.
Burchellii, L. & G., p. 38.
Hopei, BE. Saund., p. 39.
anchoralis, L. & G., p. 39.
delectabilis, Hope, p. 40.
iospilota, L. & G., p. 41.
plagiata, L. & G., p. 42.
Andersoni, L. & G., p. 42.
pheorrhea, Kirby, p. 43.
bieincta, Boisd., p. 44.
vicina, E. Saund., p. 43.
cyanicollis, Boisd., p. 44.
cruentata, Kirby, p. 44.
scalaris, Boisd., p. 44.
vegeta, Hope, p. 45.
amphichroa, Boisd., p. 45.
Sieboldi, L. & G., p. 45.
Kirbyi, Guér., p. 46.
octospilota, L. & G., p. 46.
decem-maculata, Kirby, p. 46.
picta, L. & G., p. 46.
assimilis, Hope, p. 47.
trifasciata, L. & G., p. 47.
spilota, L. & G., p. 48.
flavopicta, Boisd., p. 48.
vcanthopilosa, Hope, p. 49.
Puate IV.
Pertui, L. & G., p. 50.
coccinata, Hope, p. 51.
Bremei, Hope, p. 52.
hilaris, Hope, p. 52.
rujipennis, Kirby, p. 53.
—- ss — -”
Australian Buprestide.
Prospheres aurantiopicta, L. & G., ante, p. 7.
Curis caloptera, Boisd., p. 21.
» auwrifera, L. & G., p. 21.
Calodema regalis, L. & G., p. 22.
Neocuris Fortnumi, Hope, p. 19.
= Guerinii, Hope, p. 20.
Anilara Adelaide, Hope, p. 19.
Merimna atrata, L. & G., p. 18.
Chrysobothris Australasice, Hope, p. 54.
Xyroscelis crocata, L. & G., p. 53.
Ethon Roei, EK. Saund., p. 54.
» subfasciatwm, E. Saund., p. 55.
» affine, L. & G., p. 56.
» jissiceps, Kirby, p. 56.
Cisseis leucosticta, Kirby, p. 57.
», signaticollis, Hope, p. 57.
» duodecimguttata, Guér., p. 57.
», cwpreicollis, Hope, p. 58.
» Gouldii, Hope, p. 58.
similis, K. Saund., p. 59.
suturalis, E. Saund., p. 60.
acuducta, Kirby, p. 60.
roseocuprea, Hope, p. 61.
Apres hypoleucus, L. & G., p. 62.
=“ aurovittatus, Hope, p. 63.
Paracephala pistacina, Hope, p. 63.
Cinyra spilota, Hope, p. 11.
F2
67
( 69 )
Il. On some undescribed Species of South-African But-
terflies, including a New Genus of Lycenide.
By Rotanp Tren.
[Read 2nd December, 1867. |
Srxcz the completion of my published Catalogue of South-
African Butterflies, many species have been added to the
list of those known to inhabit the Southern extra-tropical
regions of the African continent ; and among these I have
beengso fortunate as to meet with examples of eighteen
species which appear to be undescribed. Half of the
entire number is composed of species belonging to the
family Lyccenide, and one of these is a butterfly presenting
such remarkable characters, that I am led to regard it as
the type of a new genus, and have so described it, under
the name of Delonewra immaculata.
The other nine novelties consist of two species of Papilio
of great interest, an Acrewa, a species of Panopea (family
Nymphalide) , and five Hesperiide belonging to the genera
Pyrgus, Cyclopides, and Pamphila.
In treating of these hitherto undescribed insects, I have
not confined myself to descriptions only, but have given
all the particulars which I have been able to collect, con-
cerning their habits and haunts, a kind of information
with which we are in general very scantily supphed, but
of which the Entomological Society will recognize the
importance.
It is gradually becoming acknowledged that the accurate
description of genera and species, highly important and
indeed indispensable as it is, is not the sole end and object
of Entomology, any more than of other kindred branches
of Natural Science. The scientific definition of the pe-
culiar characters of a species is, in fact, only the starting-
point from which we can safely and surely proceed to
investigate its relations, not only to its own near allies
and immediate conditions of life, but also to other groups
of organic beings, actors like itself in that great drama of
Nature which, with not unfrequent shifting of scenes and
change of performers, has been enacting from the remote
dawn of life, and is yet in progress.
TRANS. ENT. soc. 1868.—parrT I. (APRIL).
70 Mr. R. Trimen on
Family PAPILIONIDA.
Genus Papriio, Linn.
1. Papilio Huphranor, (Pl. V. fig. 1, 2).
Exp. 4 in.—4 in. 3 lin.
Hind-wings tailed. Brownish-black, with pale sulphur-
yellow band, and marginal spots.
3. Fore-wing: costa finely irrorated with yellow as far
as extremity of discoidal cell, where the irrorations are so
dense as to form a more or less distinct longitudinal
streak ; this streak with a more conspicuous one imme-
diately below it, being the origin of a transverse band of
eight well-defined elongate spots, gradually enlargin& to
a little beyond middle of inner margin ; this band is
rather abruptly angulated on first discoidal nervure, where
the second spot is connected with the last of a short row
of three smaller spots (in line with the six other spots of
transverse band) from costa near apex; in cell, at lower
edge of its extremity, a small rounded yellow spot (some-
times wanting). Hind-wing: macular band of fore-wing
continued by a belt of the same colour (nearly straight on
its inner edge, but outwardly sharply denticulated with
black on the crossing nervures) which terminates narrowly
on inner margin beyond middle; adjoining belt, but
separated from it by a black bar on disco-cellular nervules,
a curved row of three spots, of which the uppermost is
largest; immediately beyond inner-marginal extremity of
belt, but sometimes touching it, a small sub-lunular orange
spot; a sub-marginal row of 11-12 spots arranged in
pairs between nervules, the spots of the fourth and fifth
pairs usually confluent; tail black, not spotted, rather
broad, slightly spatulate. In both wings, the indentations
of hind-marginal edge between nervules are marked with
yellow lunules.
Unpersipr.—General pattern similar to that of upper-
side; hind-wing and apical region of fore-wing warm cho-
colate-brown, clouded with paler grayish-ochreous-brown
(which has, in many parts, a famt violaceous lustre).
Fore-wirg: upper spots of transverse band, and those of
row from near apex, represented by ill-defined yellowish-
white marks ; cellular spot larger and more distinct, and
succeeded by an additional spot just beyond cell; other
spots of band as above, but each emitting a small, acute,
—— rr
South-African Butterflies. (a
central projection towards hind-margin. Hind-wing:
basal region unclouded by paler brown; an. indistinct,
longitudinal, bifurcate, black streak in cell; transverse
belt almost white, narrower than above, especially in its
central portion; the adjacent spots, just beyond cell,
smaller, nearly white ; sub-marginal spots obsolete, or but
very faintly indicated ; orange spot wanting, or repre-
sented by a few scales.
@. Ground-colour not so dark; yellow markings
duller, broader. Fore-wing: apical row of spots prolonged
to sub-median nervure by five additional spots, the first of
which is confluent with third spot of transverse band.
Hind-wing : before sub-marginal spots, a row (continuous
of that in fore-wing) of yellowish lunulate spots between
nervules, terminating in a conspicuous orange lunule
(much larger than in ¢@) ; yellow indentation of margin
beyond this lunule sometimes tinged with orange. Uvn-
DERSIDE.—Fore-wing: most of sub-marginal spots well-
marked. Hind-wing: inner row of spots partially repre-
sented, the orange lunule distinct.
P. Huphranor should be placed in that section of the
genus of which P. Hesperus, Westw.,* has hitherto been
the solitary representative. It differs but very slightly
in structure, the costa of the fore-wings being rather less
arched than in P. Hesperus, and the apical region not
quite so much produced ; while the tails of the hind-
wings are much broader at the base and less spatulate.
P. Huphranor is a much smaller species ; and its upper-
side markings present more general resemblance to those
of P. Thersander, Fab., and allies, than to those of
P. Hesperus. The colouring of the underside is, how-
ever, very similar in Hesperus and Huphranor, particu-
larly in the hind-wings, where the transverse white bands
and extra-cellular spots (the latter not present on upper-
side in Hesperus) are almost identical im form and posi-
tion. A smaller, but not unimportant sign of affinity is
also found on the underside of the hind-wings of both
species, consisting in a peculiar arrangement of the
scales, which gives the greater portion of the surface a
very fine transversely-ribbed appearance, not observed in
any other African species of Papilio. Huphranor is easily
to be distinguished from the Thersander group by the
unspotted, uniform blackness of its tails.
* Arcana Entomologica, i. p. 189, pl. 48. (A species inhabiting the
Gold Coast, Western Africa).
72 Mr. R. Trimen ov
This fine Papilio was discovered by Mr. J. H. Bowker,
at the end of the year 1865, near the River Tsomo, a
tributary of the Kei, in Kaffraria Proper. The species
occurred in abundance at the “‘ Boolo Forest,” about the
end of November, and again in February; its flight
being described as ‘like that of P. Menestheus, but
higher, and often extended from the forest to the open.”*
A living specimen of the pupa was forwarded to me at
Capetown, but the perfect insect unfortunately emerged
on the journey, and remained undeveloped. Mr. Bowker
described its colouring as “ bright green beneath, and
pale green, with light spots, on the upper side,’ and
noted its resemblance to that of Papilio Demoleus. This
resemblance must, however, be one of colouring only,
for the form of the chrysalis differs widely, the base of
the abdomen being very much wider and flatter than in
the Demoleus pupa, while the thoracic projection is much
more rounded and less prominent, and the head has two
small, acute, outward projections, instead of being deeply
bifid. In these respects it more resembles the chrysalis
of Papilio Nireus, but the peculiarities are more strikingly
developed than in that species.
In the Collections of the South-African Museum, A. R.
Wallace, and R. Trimen.
2. Paptho Hcherioides, (Pl. VI. fig. 1, 2).
Exp. 2 in. 9 lin.—3 in. 8 lin.
Allied to P. Cynorta, Fab.
3. Black, with w yellowish-white band, macular in fore-
wing, broad and entire in hind-wing ; a row of spots of the
same colour on hind-margin of hind-wing. ore-wing:
band commencing near apex, and consisting of eight dis-
tinct spots, separated by woolly-black bars or nervures, and
gradually increasing in width and length from the Ist and
irregularly-ovate spot between 4th and 5th sub-costal ner-
vules to inner-margin beyond middle; on edge of hind-
margin, just below apex, the fringe is rather conspicuously
white ; the other indentations of margin being very faintly
marked with whitish cilia. Hind-wing : band occupying all
central region, but rather before than beyond middle, its
* I saw several examples of this butterfly, or of a closely allied form,
in a forest at Tunjumbili, on the Tugela frontier of Natal, early in March,
1867. Their flight was limited to a small open, across which they con-
tinually passed at a considerable height, often settling on the lofty trees
on either side.
South-African Butterflies. io
mner edge well defined, nearly straight, its outer edge
invading the ground colour and slightly radiating on the
nervures, but at the same time pierced to a little depth
by black internervular rays; immediately adjoiming the
white internervular marks of cilia, but sometimes dis-
_ tinctly separated from them, a row of six conspicuous
more or less rounded spots, of which the first two are
smaller than the rest. Unpmrstpr.—Apical region of fore-
wing, and hind-marginal half of hind-wing, dark-brown.
Fore-wing: second spot of band very famtly marked,
and, as well as first spot, confused with some grayish-
white clouding from apex; sub-costal nervure whitish for
some distance from base. Hind-wing: space between base
and inner edge of band warm brownish-ochreous, with the
crossing nervures, an ovate and an elongate spot between
costal and sub-costal nervures, a 3-branched longitudinal
streak in cell, and a streak on each side of sub-median
nervure, black; a small white spot at origin of median
and sub-median nervures ; pale band very much narrower
than on upper side, its outer half (except on costa) being
obscured with pale-brownish, and further pierced by inter-
nervular rays, and marked with two brownish striz in
cell; hind-marginal spots smaller than above, each divided
by a black internervular ray ; between extremity of cell
and hind-margin, immediately above discoidal nervule, an
ovate whitish spot.
2. Strikingly different from ¢, and closely resembling
Danais Heheria, Stoll.
Fore-wing: m discoidal cell, not far from extremity,
and adjoming sub-costal nervure, an oblique white mark,
of variable size and shape; beyond cell, a short, oblique,
white bar, crossed by Ist discoidal nervule; a large,
ovate, white spot just below cell, between 2nd and 3rd
median nervules (its upper edge sometimes extending
over 2nd median) ; a conspicuous spot below apex touching
white mark on cilia, and asub-marginal row of four other
similar white spots, between Ist discoidal nervule and
sub-median nervure. Hind-wing: central band pale och-
reous yellow (occasionally dull whitish yellow), broader,
its inner edge bemg nearer base, but so greatly narrowed
on costa and—to a less extent—on inner-margin, that it
assumes the form of an externally-rounded patch ; mar-
ginal spots white, larger than im 3, the lower ones not
so close to the hind-margin, occasionally a small additional
one at analangle. Unprrsipr.—Much as in ¢, with the
exception of the very different white markings of fore-
74 ; Mr. R. Trimen ox
wing, which agree with those of the upperside. Fore-wing :*
Ist spot of row of four wanting; all other spots rather
larger. Hind-wing: basal ochreous narrower than in @ ;
two or three central spots of marginal row always more
or less obliterated ; spot between cell and hind-margin
always present, occasionally large and irregular in shape.
An unusually small ¢ specimen in my collection has
all the pale markings ochreous-yellow instead of white.*
As regards the ¢ sex, P. Hcherioides presents many
marks of distinction from its nearest ally, P. Cynorta,
Fab. (Zeryntius, Boisd.), of which the followmg may be
noticed, viz. 1°, the band of fore-wing 1s much narrower
than in Oynorta, its inner edge being at some distance
from discoidal cell, and its outer edge much further from
hind-margin; 2°, this band is contimuous, and gradu-
ally widening from its origin, while in Cynorta, it is
abruptly interrupted, the 2nd spot being absent or nearly
obsolete, and the 3rd very large; 3°, the outer edge of
the band is slightly concave instead of convex, and the
composing spots are narrower and less blunt internally,
the black separating rays being broader; 4°, in the
hind-wing, the band is usually narrower than in Cynorta,
its inner edge being further from base, while its outer
edge is almost even, instead of being sharply and regularly
dentated by the internervular rays; 5°, the conspicuous
hind-marginal spots are wholly wanting in Cynorta. f
On the underside, 6°, the inner edge of the band of fore-
wing is rather further from the discoidal cell than it is on
the upperside, while in Oynorta it is so close as partly to
touch the extremity of the cell; 7°, a small whitish disco-
cellular spot is sometimes found in Cynorta, but there is no
trace of it in Heherioides; 8°, in the hind-wing, the basal
ochreous is darker and redder, extending further along
costa, and the outermost of its two black spots is more
elongate; 9°, the band is considerably narrower, the
inner edge not so even, the brownish clouding of its
outer border more defined; 10°, the internervular rays
are not so strongly marked; 11°, the spot between cell
and hind-margin is not found in Oynorta. As a rule,
Echerioides is considerably larger than Cynorta.
With reference to the 9, I may mention that there is
no room for doubt as to the specific identity of the two
* A similar variation of colouring is not uncommon in Danais Hcheria.
+ Prof. Westwood (Are. Ent. pl. 40, f. 3, 4) figures an example in which
these spots, though very small, are present.
South-African Butterflies. 75
sexes described above, Mr. Bowker having repeatedly
observed them in copuld, and having forwarded to me
two pairs captured by him in that condition. <A well-
established case of this description affords us something
hike reliable grounds for reconciling other so-called “ dis-
tinct species,” and resolving them into the differing sexes
of one insect. Hvery year’s discoveries prove to us that
arbitrary entomological decrees of divorce are far more
numerous in our collections than we had any idea of.
The determination, beyond dispute, of the 2 Hcherioides
has led me to search for the same sex of P. Cynorta,
there being only ¢@s of the latter in the National and
other collections. I have found, it is true, nothing re-
sembling the ¢@ Heherioides ; but, placed next to P. Cy-
norta, 11 most arrangements, is the P. Boisduvallianus of
Westwood, an insect only differing from Cynorta in the
arrangement of the white markings of the anterior wings,
—the very character by which the 2 Hcherioides seems,
at first sight, so remote from the ¢. Boisdwvallianus
most accurately imitates the colourmg and pattern of
Acrea Gea, Fab. (2), another West-African butterfly ;
—how closely may be inferred from the fact that asso-
ciated with three specimens of the Papilio in the British
Museum I found an example of the Acrwa/—but the
resemblance is scarcely more remarkable than that exis-
ting between the 9 of P. Heherioides and Danais Echeria.
Both the perfect examples of Papilio Boisduvallianus
in the National Collection are 9s; the third wants the
abdomen, but all its characters coincide with those of the
two others; and the only example in Mr. Swanzy’s collec-
tion (from the Gold Coast) is of the same sex. All the four
specimens of P. Cynorta in the British Museum, as well
as others in the Hope Museum, and in the collections of
Mr. Salvin and Mr. Hewitson, are gs. I am convinced
after careful comparison, and from analogy with the case
of Lcherioides, that P. Boisduvallianus is the 9 of COy-
norta; and should this be eventually proved, a better
distinction between the two species, the ¢s of which are
so nearly alike as those of Cynorta and Hcherioides, could
not be wished for, than the fact of one 2 wearing the
livery of an Acrea and the other that of a Danais.*
* The point in which the 2 Echerioides most differs from Danwis Eche-
ria, and most resembles as well as its own ¢ as P. Cynorta and P. Bois-
duvallianus, is in the basal colouring of the underside of the hind-wings,
which is almost identical in all the four.
70 Mr. R, 'Trimen on
The first specimen of this species that I received was
taken by Archdeacon Kitton, of King William’s Town, in
the Perie Bush, a mountain forest some miles from the
town, in April, 1863. This example,a ¢@, reached me
in a very damaged state, and I erroneously considered it
to be P. Messalina, Stoll, and so recorded it in my ‘ Rho-
palocera Africe Australis,” pt. 1. p. 329. Mr. J. H.
Bowker subsequently forwarded a number of specimens
of both sexes, from the Sogana aud Boolo forests, near
the river Tsomo, in Kaffraria. His notes on the species
are very graphic and interesting, and I gladly append
the more important of them. In February, 1865, he
found the 4 “numerous at one spot in the forest, where
the large yellow-wood trees had been cut away ; they
kept flymg in one regular track, more regular than that
of any other Papilio that I have seen on the wing.”
During the next month, he notes the flight as ‘low,
seldom above the weeds and undergrowth, and rarely
extending beyond the ‘bush.’” In November, both
sexes made their appearance “in great numbers, but
disappeared in four weeks’ time.” In January, 1866, a
“‘fresh brood” came out, and the species was “ the most
common butterfly at the Boolo,” and remained on the
wing during February. ‘‘The ¢ takes a constant course
through the forest, returning regularly by the same
route; while the 2 keeps about the place, but flyimg at
a lower elevation, and does not appear to take the rounds
of the g. The sexes disappeared together at the end of
November, and did not appear again until early in
January, when they both came out on the same day. ..
The two pairs I send were taken in copula. The @
and 2 meet, whirl about amongst the tops of plants in
the forest, and, as soon as united, disappear down under
the leaves, and have to be hunted up without the net.”
I took both sexes of this species, on the 8th of March,
1867, in woods at Tunjumbili, on-the Tugela frontier of
Natal. The 3s were tolerably numerous, but I only saw
two 9s, and, at the first glance, mistook one of them for
P. Cenea, Stoll,* which is still more closely imitative of
* There is good ground for considering Papilio Cenea to be the 2 of
P. Merope, Cram. No g Papilio with the colouration of Cenea is known to
exist, while all the specimens of Merope are gs; and the colouring of the
body, the position of the apical spot of the fore-wings, and the markings of
the hind-wings (chiefly on the under-surface) are so much alike in the two
forms as to support the belief that they are sexes of the same species,
apart from the collateral evidence of habitat, &e. I propose to treat of
South-African Butterflies. v7
Danwis Echeria. The flight of the imsects quite con-
firmed Mr. Bowker’s description, the $s coursing pretty
rapidly and irregularly over the underwood, while
the 2s hovered flutteringly near the ground, and often
settled on leaves.
In the Collections of the South-African Museum, A. R.
Wallace, and R. Trimen.
Family ACRAGI DAN.
Genus Acrma, Fab.
Acrea Anacreon, (Pl. VI. fig. 3, 4, 5).
Exp. | mm. 10 lin.—2 in. 7 lin.
g. Fulvous-ochreous ; each wing with a discal trans-
verse row of black spots, and a black hind-marginal border
marked with spots of the ground colour.
Fore-wing : a conspicuous rounded black spot in dis-
coidal cell, near extremity ; another spot, narrower and
more oblique, on disco-cellular nervules ; seven spots in
irregular discal row, of which the 5th and 6th are largest,
the first (near costa) usually mdistinct, and the 7th (on
inner margin beyond middle) frequently wanting ; costa
edged with black, which widens mto a broad apical
border containing seven spots of the ground-colour ; this
border gradually narrows to a thin edging at anal angle,
its inner edge radiating on the nervures, but leaving the
last two spots confluent with the ground-colour ; between
summit of discal row and marginal border often some in-
distinct yellowish-white scaling ; base clouded with black,
widest on inner margin. Hind-wing: no black spot on
disco-cellular nervule, but one im cell, near extremity ;
another spot before middle, between costal and sub-costal
nervures ; seven spots in irregular discal row, of which
the last two are largest; black hind-marginal border
moderately broad, diminishing slightly towards anal
angle, more or less radiating inwardly on nervures, and
enclosing eight sub-lunulate spots rather paler than the
ground-colour, or (sometimes) whitish-yellow; basal
black rather deeply piercing cell, and extending broadly
this and some similar cases more fully in another paper; but it is right
to note here that the 9 of what is generally regarded as a Madagascarene
variety of Merope (viz. P. Meriones, Felder), does not widely differ from
the ¢.
78 Mr. R. Trimen on
below median nervure to rather beyond origin of 3rd
nervule; inner margin beyond middle tinged with
whitish-yellow in those specimens in which the marginal
spots are of that hue. Unprrstpr.—Hind-wing, and costal
border and apical region of fore-wing, whitish-yellow ; the
extremities of all the nervures strongly defined with
black. Fore-wing: spots as above; more or less con-
spicuous fulvous internervular rays from hind-margin
stripe the yellow of apical region. Hind-wing: spots as
above, but larger, those of discal row often touching ;
below median nervure a black transverse stripe of three
contiguous spots extends to mner margin, and almost
touches the 8th and last spot of discal row; base marked
with two rather large, black-edged pink spots ; immedi-
ately before discal spots a row of pink marks, mdistinct
‘or obsolete near costa, but large and conspicuous towards
inner margin; spots of hind-marginal border whitish-
yellow, and so much larger than above as to reduce the
black to a narrow edging; before these spots are very
faint internervular fulvous rays. In both wings, the basal
black is wanting, but the costa is marked with a small,
distinct, black spot close to base.
Q. Semi-transparent grayish-ochreous ; an indistinct,
dusky-whitish, costal bar outwardly bordering’ first three
spots of discal row; black of himd-marginal borders
duller, rather broader. Fore-wing : an additional, elongate
spot, before middle, just below median nervure. Hind-
wing : a minute spot usually marking the Ist disco-cel-
lular nervule. Uwnpursipr.—Yellowish colouring paler ;
internervular rays obsolete, or nearly so; pink markings
of hind-wing duller, especially those on disk, which are
sometimes wanting.
A é specimen, taken in Kaffraria by Mr. Bowker, has
the whitish-yellow costal scaling developed into a distinct
whitish bar lke that of the 2; and there is a similar,
but much smaller whitish marking on costa of hind-
wing.*
This Acrcea is very distinct from all the described
species. It is mtermediate between A. Rahira, Boisd.
(its nearest ally) and A. serena, Fab. Besides the bright
fulvous colouring of the ¢, and the greater transparency
of the ¢@, Anacreon may easily be distinguished from
* Tt is remarkable that some examples of this Acrwa have the wings
much more elongated than those of the majority; and in these the spots
and markings are more attenuated. This peculiarity is observable in
both sexes.
South-African Butterflies. 79
Rahira by its possession of a maculated hind-marginal
border. ‘This character is presented by A. serena, but
the small size of that species and its want of any discal
spots in the fore-wings preclude the possibility of con-
founding Anacreon with it.
In April, 1865, two g specimens, taken on the banks
of a small river called the Sogana, were received by me
from Mr. Bowker, and these Kafirarian examples were
the only ones I had seen until March, 1867, when I
found the species pretty commonly in the Umvoti District
of Natal, particularly near Greytown and about the
Noodsberg. Like A. Rahira, the butterfly delights m
damp, reedy spots, and has a very weak, low flight. It
frequently settles on flowers, and the ¢?s may easily be
taken with the fingers. I met with Rahira in the same
’ region, and often in the same spots, but it was not more
abundant than Anacreon.
In the Collections of the South-African Museum, and
R. Trimen.
Family NYMPHALIDA.
Genus Panopra, Hiibn. *
Panopea Tarquinia, (Pl. V. fig. 3).
Exp. 2 in. 11 ln.—8 in.
¢. Brownish-black, with white and yellowish-white bands.
Fore-wing : an outwardly convex band of four white spots,
of which the Ist (smallest) is in discoidal cell close to its
extremity, and the 4th (largest) between 2nd and 3rd
median nervules; two wide, elongate, yellowish-white
spots, one on each side of sub-median nervure, form an
irregular patch on inner margin rather beyond middle ;
two obliquely-lying sub-quadrate white spots between
white band and apex, one on each side of Ist discoidal
nervule ; a very narrow line of pure-white edges costa
from a little beyond middle, ending at apex in a conspi-
cuous white spot extending to the cilia immediately ad-
joming. Hind-wing : a broad yellowish-white band, con-
tinuous of inner-marginal patch of fore-wing, occupies
middle ; its inner edge not far from base, slightly crene-
* Verz. Bek. Schmett. p. 39. A genus allied to Diadema, but distin-
guished by its much longer, very gradually-clavate antenne ; shorter, more
convergent palpi, with much shorter terminal joint; and by the strongly
inward-curved nervule closing discoidal cell of fore-wing, which joins the
median nervure exactly at the origin of the 2nd median nervule. These
characters approximate Panopea to Romaleosoma.
80 Mr. R. Trimen on
lated,—its outer edge regularly and sharply dentated by
internervular black rays from hind-margin. In _ both
wings indistinct traces of a sub-marginal row of dull-
whitish spots ; cilia with white internervular dots.
Unverrsipe.—Ground-colour pale ochreous-brown except
brownish-black discal region of fore-wing. Fore-wing: a
small white spot at origin of sub-costal and median ner-
vures ; a fulvous-ochreous streak along costa for some
distance from base ; a black longitudinal ray im cell, con-
fluent with discal black; white band and spots larger
than above, especially spot at apex, which is widely suf-
fused inwardly; a third spot, very much smaller than
the other two, at lower end of bar between band and
apex; four or five small white spots in a sub-marginal
row between Ist median nervule and anal angle. Hind-
wing: base, as far as inner edge of band, dull fulvous-
ochreous, with eight black spots, viz. one on costa at base,
one on each side of pre-costal nervure, three in cell, and
one on each side of Ist sub-costal nervule; four of these
mark the edge of central band, which is broader than
above; a sub-marginal row of small white spots in pairs
between nervules; internervular rays more conspicuous
than above.
Q Unknown.
This species is closely allied to P. Lucretia, Cram., but
as far as the g sex is concerned, presents the following
differences, viz. in fore-wing—Il°, the white bar of two
spots is square, and does not radiate towards hind-margin ;
2°, the inner-marginal patch is yellowish-white, and does
not extend to 3rd median nervule; 3°, the white costal
edging and apical spot are not found in Lucretia ; while m
hind-wing,—4°, the band is yellowish-white, and much
broader, extending nearer to base. On the underside in
fore-wing, 5°, Tarquinia wants both the whitish scaling
in cell, and the conspicuous white radiation from sub-
apical bar ; 6°, the median band is wider; 7°, the sub-
marginal white spots are smaller and fewer; while in
hind-wing—8°, the basal ochreous is broader ; 9°, the sub-
marginal spots much smaller ; and 10°, the inter-nervular
streaks fainter. The white lateral stripe and spots of the
abdomen are smaller and yellower than in Lucretia.
This butterfly bears a very remarkable resemblance to
Acrea Aganice, Hewits.,* the shape and position of the
* The West-African Lucretia, with its much more conspicuous sub-
apical white marking, bears a strong likeness to Acrwa Lycoa, Godt., a
native of the same region.
South-African Butterflies. 81
central bands, the colouring, and particularly the basal
markings of the underside of hind-wing, being singu-
larly similar; but the Panopea has a short sub-apical
white bar not found in the Acres. The latter marking
is, however, not noticeable in flight ; and I fully believed
the first example that I met with to be Acraea Aganice, |
(which was common in the same wood), until it settled
on the damp pathway immediately beforeme. I searched
in vain for a second specimen on that day, as well as on
many subsequent occasions in the woods near Port Natal;
but, on the 24th February, 1867, on the edge of a forest
near the village of Verulam, about twenty miles north-
ward of D’ Urban, I met we another individual. This
example exactly imitated, not only the slow floating
fight of Acrea Aganice, but also its invariable habit of
settling occasionally, with closely-shut dependent wings,
on the projecting twigs of the outermost trees on the
edge of the wood. There is reason to believe that the
species is rare, as the daily forest-hunting of myself and
my Kafir collector for several weeks never resulted in
the capture of another example; nor have I seen one in
any collection, either from Natal or the adjoming South-
African regions.*
In the Collection of R. Trimen.
Family LYCAENIDA.
Genus DELONEURA, n. &.t
Head wide, flattened anteriorly, clothed with scales
superiorly : eyes prominent, smooth; palpi naked, ascen-
dant, widely divergent, the second joint much swollen,
the terminal jot slender, acute, rather short; antenne
of moderate length, stout, very gradually incrassated, the
extremity slightly curved, outwards. ‘Thorax short, stout,
smooth and with scattered scaling anteriorly, thinly hairy
posteriorly. Wings large, broad, the hind-margins very
convex. ore-wings with costa strongly arched from
base to middle, thence nearly straight ; apex well defined,
anal angle smoothly rounded off; inner-margin convex
* Since this paper was read, I have seen two examples in the Collection
of Mr. Hewitson; one, from the Zambesi, being similar to the two speci-
mens here described, the other, from Natal, larger and with yellowish
bands.
+ From djdog and vevpov.
TRANS. ENT. SOc. 1868.—PparT I. (APRIL). G
82 Mr. R. Trimen on
near base ; costal nervure short, not extending to middle;
sub-costal with five branches, of which four end on costal
edge, and the 5th on hind-margin immediately below
apex; two discoidal nervules dissociated from the sub-
costals, and having a common origin at upper part of
extremity of discoidal cell; the cell itself short, blunt,
closed by a straight slender nervule. Hind-wings almost
ovate; costa gently arched; imner-margins enveloping
underside of abdomen at base, and thence gradually
divergent; costal nervure short, but ending a little be-
yond middle; discoidal nervule separated from sub-costals
at its origin by a short disco-cellular nervule ; discoidal
cell short, blunt, its straight closing nervule meeting the
lst and 2nd medians at their common origin. Legs very
stout, smooth, without hairs; the femur and tibia of each
about equal in length ; tarsi of front pair perfectly deve-
loped, 5-jointed, the ungues distinct.* Abdomen rather
short and thick, compressed laterally, arched in the
centre, enlarged posteriorly.
I was for some time in much doubt as to the rela-
tions of this peculiar genus, but having, at the sug-
gestion of Mr. A. G. Butler, of the British Mu-
seum, carefully compared it with the American genus
Humenia, Blanch. (Humceus, Hiibn.), I feel satisfied that
its proper position will be with that group of butterflies.
Apart from the strong mark of affinity in the distinctly-
closed wing-cells, there is great similarity in the general
structure and proportions of the body, and especially in
the characters of the legs. Differences amply warranting
the generic distinctness of Deloneura are, however, plainly
observable. In the latter the antenne are curved,
instead of straight and rigid as in Humenia; the palpi
considerably shorter, more ascendant and divergent, the
terminal joint more slender, the middle joint much swol-
len: in the fore-wing there are five sub-costal nervules,
instead of only three, while the discoidal nervules have a
common origin, in place of being widely separated as in
Humenia ; and in the hind-wing, the closing nervule of
cell meets the Ist and 2nd median nervules at their
* T regret that paucity of examples of the species on which this genus
is founded (of the three individuals before me two are the property of the
South-African Museum) prevents me from actually ascertaining by dis-
section whether the fore tarsi are identical in both sexes; but, judging
from the external characters of the abdomen, the much larger size, and
the more rounded wings of one specimen, I believe it to be a female,
while the other two have the aspect of males. The fore tarsi are pre-
cisely similar in these three specimens.
South-African Butterflies. 83
common origin, while in Hwmena it is oblique, and only
meets the Ist median some way from its origin.
The plain ochreous colouring of the type of Deloneura
is strikingly different from the rich dark hues of Hu-
mena.
Deloneura immaculata, (Pl. V. fig. 4).
Exp. 1 in. 5 lin.—1 in. 9 hin.
Yellow-ochreous, without spot or marking of any descrip-
tion.
Unversip—.—Hind-wing, and costal and hind-marginal
region of fore-wing slightly paler.
Thorax, head, palpi, antennz, and lees dull-black; the
antennz tipped, and the back of thorax scaled with
ochreous; abdomen ochreous beneath, ochreous mixed
with blackish above.
Hab. Bashee River, Kaffraria.
Entomology is indebted to Mr. J. H. Bowker for the
discovery of this remarkable butterfly, which took place
at the end of December, 1863. In some letters addressed
to me about that time, Mr. Bowker notes the species as
*‘a true forest insect, only found in or at the edge of
woods, and appearing but for a few days. In flight they
resemble Acrea Horta, and still more the yellow tree-
moth,* whirlnge slowly, with flapping wings, round the
tops of trees, rising and falling, sailing away and return-
ing.’ t The species would seem to be extremely local,
Mr. Bowker not having met with it elsewhere than on
the Bashee River, though constantly collecting in many
other parts of Kaffraria in which he has been stationed.
In the Collections of the South-African Museum and
R. Trimen.
Genus Zeritis, Boisd.
1. Zeritis Sardonyz, (Pl. V. fig. 5; Pl. VI. fig. 6, 7).
Exp. 1 in. 8 lin.—2 in. | lin.
$. Orange-fulvous (not metallic), with brownish-black
* Mr. Bowker here alludes, I believe, to a species of Aroa (a genus of
Liparideous Bombycina allied to Orgyia) which abounds in the wooded
regions of South Africa,—A. crocata, Walker.
Mr. Salvin informs me that he has observed Humenie on the wing in
Central America, and that their flight, with the exception of being lower,
is not unlike that here described. j
G
84, Mr. R. Trimen on
markings and hind-marginal borders. Fore-wing: base
with a blackish suffusion ; costa bordered with creamy-
or vinous-ochreous from base to a little before middle,
thence with brownish-black to apex ; hind-marginal bor-
der broad, of tolerably even width to anal angle, where
it is considerably enlarged ; a slightly-irregular, macular,
transverse band extends from costal border to jom hind-
marginal border on 3rd median nervule ; a small rounded
black spot in discoidal cell; marking extremity of cell a
larger, squarer spot, confluent with costal border. Hind-
wing: a shining, pale grayish-ochreous space at base,
adjoining costa; lower basal region with blackish suffu-
sion; apical region occupied broadly with brownish-
black, which parts to form a hind-marginal edging dis-
appearing before attaining sub-median nervure, and a
broader discal ray ending rather abruptly on 3rd median
nervule ; inner-margin whitish ; anal-angular lobe and
caudal projection vinous-ochreous. Cilia of both wings
conspicuously varied with black and white.
Unversipr.—HHind-wing, and margins of fore-wing, vary-
ing from dull vinous- to dark ferrugimous-ochreous. Fore-
wing: the following silvery-white black-ringed spots, viz.
two cellular, and a band of six beyond middle (repre-
senting the markings of upperside) ; and an additional
spot in cell near base; orange ground-colour paler than
above. Hind-wing: two conspicuous pure-white, short,
transverse streaks, at a little distance apart, between
costal and sub-costal nervures, about middle; beyond
middle, a similar, much longer, slightly-irregular streak
extending from Ist sub-costal nervule to inner-margin ;
adjoining the latter streak a grayish inner-marginal
space, extending narrowly along margin—outwardly to
lobe at anal angle, and inwardly as far as a small narrow
white mark. Cilia of the ground-colour, varied with
whitish.
Q. Considerably larger, paler, markings similar. Fore-
wing : hind-marginal border comparatively narrower, the
space of ground-colour between it and transverse band
broader. Hind-wing: black from apical region not so
extended, only the commencement of the discal ray
being present, and ending on Ist median nervule, and
the hind-marginal edging being narrower. UNDERSIDE.
—Quite asin ¢.
A much-injured specimen of the 2, in the South-
African Museum, has the discal markings obscure and
much reduced in size, especially the macular band of
South-African Butterflies. 85
fore-wing, which ends on 2nd median nervule, without
meeting hind-marginal border.
This very distinct Zeritis has no close ally known to
science. In general structure, outline of wings, and
character of the upperside markings, it is nearer to
Z. Perion, Cram., than to any other; but, besides its
much greater size, and paler colour, it has no trace of
the brilliant gilded spots of that species, but pure-white
streaks on the underside of the hind-wings; while the
remarkably long and porrected palpi are widely different
from those of Perion, and approximate the insect to Z.
malagrida, Wallengren, and allies.
4. Sardonyx inhabits the north-eastern portion of the
Cape Colony. In November, 1864, two specimens were
forwarded to me for identification, respectively by Mr. J.
J. Muskett, M.R.C.S., of Murraysbure, and Mr. D. Kan-
nemeyer, junior, of Burghersdorp. I have subsequently
received four fine examples from Mr. Muskett, who cap-
tured them ‘ only in the neighbourhood of a particular
bush on a hill-side near Murraysburg’.”’
In the Collections of the British Museum,* the South-
African Museum, and R. Trimen.
2. Zeritis Chrysantas, (Pl. V. fig. 6).
Exp. 1 in. 2 hn.
Sub-metallic pale-orange, with black spots and narrow
hind-marginal borders; cilia broad, conspicuously varied
with black and white. Fore-wing: an elongate black spot
marking extremity of discoidal cell; an irregular discal
row of five small spots, of which the 8rd and 5th are
beyond the line of the other three, extending from close
to costa to 3rd median nervule ; base narrowly grayish ;
on costa, beyond middle, three minute, oblique, white
lines, separated by black; a rounded whitish spot at
apex, touching white cilia; hind-marginal border broad-
est at apex, narrowing to anal angle, its mner edge
dentated with orange on median nervules. Hind-wing:
base narrowly grayish; no discal spots; hind-marginal
border broadest near costa, its inner edge irregularly
dentate with orange on nervules.
Unversipe.—Hind-wing, costal edge and apical and
hind-marginal border of fore-wing, pale grayish-ochreous,
varied with whitish. Fore-wing: orange paler; an addi-
* A 2 specimen, presented by Mr. Kannemeyer.
86 Mr. R. Trimen on
tional, sub-marginal row of six black spots, of which the
upper three are filled with glittering-brassy; Ist spot of
transverse row, two small additional spots on costa, spot
closing cell, and two additional spots in cell, also marked
with dense glittering-brassy scaling; an additional
blackish spot before middle, just below median nervure ;
an indistinct hind-marginal row of small whitish lunules,
commencing with that at apex. Hind-wing: the follow-
ing glittering-brassy, brownish-edged spots, viz. three in
cell—1st (minute) at base, the 2nd (larger) midway, the
érd (large) at extremity; two near base—one just below
costal, the other just below median nervule; nine form-
ing a regular sub-marginal row —the 3rd and 4th con-
spicuously clouded with dark-brown; a discal, rather
irregular row of nine whitish-gray spots, of which the
Ist, 2nd, 8th and 9th are more or less marked with
brassy scales ; several quadrate whitish marks interspersed
between the brassy spots; hind-marginal lunules as in
fore-wing, that next anal angle largest, inwardly edged
with dark brown.
The only specimen I have seen is, I believe,a ¢, but
the abdomen having unfortunately been devoured by
insects on the voyage to England, I cannot be certain
as tothesex. The species is allied to Z. Zeuxo, Linn., but
is readily distinguished both from that species and from
Z. Chrysaor, mihi, by the hind-wings being spotless above,
and metallic-spotted beneath, as well as by the broad,
chequered cilia.
This beautiful Zeritis formed one of an interesting col-
lection made by Mr. and Mrs. Muskett, at Murraysburg,
and kindly presented to me by them in July, 1864.
In the Collection of R. Trimen.
3. Zeritis Lyncurium.
Exp. 1 in.—1 in. 1} lin.
3. Metallic golden-red, with narrow hind-marginal black
borders. Fore-wing: base slightly blackish; costa nar-
rowly black to beyond middle, where the edging widens
to join hind-marginal black border, which is broadest at
apex, and the inner edge of which is irregularly dentated
with red on median nervules; a narrow black spot at
extremity of cell; sometimes an indistinct smaller spot
in cell; usually from one to four small spots indicative
of a discal transverse row. Hind-wing: base and costa
South-African Butterflies. 87
clouded with blackish, sometimes very broadly ; occa-
sionally a faint narrow mark at end of cell; hind-marginal
black border very sharply dentated with red on median
nervules. Unprrsips.—Hind-wing, and costal and upper
hind-marginal border of fore-wing, pale-brownish- or ferru-
ginous-ochreous. Fore-wing: discal row distinct, irre-
gular, of six spots, extending to sub-median ; an addi-
tional sub-marginal row of five or six minute spots ;
below median nervure, a blackish suffusion from base,
and a black spot; spot closing cell, two spots in cell,
two minute costal spots, lst spot of discal row, and first
three spots of sub-marginal row, more or less marked
with glittering-steely scales. Hind-wing: the following
inconspicuous darker markings, here and there edged
inwardly with dull-metallic scales, viz.,a narrow marking
closing cell; a spot in cell; two elongate spots between
costal and sub-costal nervures, before middle; and an
irregular discal row; along hind-margin, indications of
some paler lunulate markings. Cilia dull-gray, varied
with blackish.
?. Rather larger, paler. Hind-wing: costal clouding
narrower, not so dark; red indentations of marginal
border deeper, almost reaching hind-marginal edge.
Unversitpr.—Spots better marked ; but the steely scaling
much duller and fainter, and wholly wanting in some
spots.
Nearly allied to Z. Chrysaor, mihi, but differing in its
smaller size, darker colour, broader hind-marginal bor-
ders, the imperfection of discal row of spots in fore-wing,
and its entire absence in hind-wing, and particularly in
the broad costal black clouding of hind-wing, no trace of
which is found in Chrysaor; while, on the underside, the
discal band of fore-wing is less irregular, and inclines
inwardly instead of towards anal angle,—the sub-marginal
spots are more distinct,—and the steely markings of the
spots are fewer and much less brilliant; and the mark-
ings of hind-wing are more glistening and defined.
This Zeritis was discovered by Mr. J. H. Bowker, near
the River Tsomo, in December, 1864. In that month
and the following one, he captured a good many speci-
mens, but only in two spots, “ flitting about stunted
bushes growing between rocks, upon a lofty hill-ridge.”
4. Chrysaor inhabits the same parts of Kaffraria, but has
a wide range from Cape Town to Natal.
In the Collections of the South-African Museum and
R. Trimen.
88 Mr. R. Trimen on
Genus Apunaus, Hiibn.
Aphneus Oaffer.
Aphneus Natalensis, Hewits. Illustr. Diurn. Lep., II.
pl. xxv. fig. 1, 2, (nec Doubl.).
Exp. 1 in.—1 in. 4 lin.
Closely allied to A. Natalensis, Doubl.
$. Blue, paler, not so violaceous as in Natalensis.
Fore-wing: three conspicuous, transverse ochreous-yellow
stripes, all commencing a little below costa,—the Ist
short, crossing cell,—the other two long, beyond middle,
usually narrowly confluent on second median nervule.
Hind-wing: anal-angular orange brighter and wider, the
metallic central dot marking it smaller. Unprrsipz.—
All the golden-striped, black-edged transverse bands,
filled with orange-ochreous, instead of dull-purple. Fore-
wing : no spot on costa at base, or at origin of inner sub-
marginal streak. Hind-wing: base and inner margin
rather widely orange-ochreous ; transverse band beyond
middle inclining outward rather than inward, its extremity
always joining inner sub-marginal streak, which is orange
throughout, instead of dull-purplish.
@. Similar to ¢ ; cellular band of fore-wing obscured
with blue; the outer bands broader, more widely confluent
at lower extremity. Unprrstpr.—Quite like that of 3.
Cilia in both sexes pale orange-ochreous instead of
dull-grayish.
The differences above noted are so constant in a long
series of specimens, that I consider it impossible any
longer to regard the two forms as specifically identical,
although, when I had seen but one example (from Sierra
Leone) of A. Caffer, I regarded it asa variety of Natalen-
sis.* A. Oafferis smaller than Natalensis, and approaches
nearer to A. Vulcanus, Fab., particularly in the underside
markings of the hind-wings.
Accompanying the distinction of colours and markings
is a difference of habitat and haunts. The true Natalensis
is a forest butterfly, and I never met with it away from
the low coast region of Natal; while Caffer inhabits the
upland grassy hills of the interior of the Colony. Both
species are swift and active flyers, but settle frequently,
Natalensis preferring the leaves and flowers of tall shrubs,
and Caffer those of low plants among the grass.
In the Collections of the British Museum, the South-
African Museum, W. C. Hewitson, and R. Trimen.
* See ‘Rhopalocera Africe Australis,” ii. p. 228.
South-African Butterflies. 89
Genus LYCANNA, Fab.
1. Lyccena Barbere, (Pl. V. fig. 7).
Exp. 6-8 lin.
Dark-brown : cilia broad, white, interrupted with brown
at ends of nervures. Hind-wing : a very indistinct hind-mar-
ginal row of blackish dots. UNnprrsipE.—Brownish-gray
(the hind-wing irrorated with whitish) ; each wing with a
brownish incompletely white-ringed spot at end of cell;
a rather irregular discal row of similar confluent spots ;
and a double sub-marginal row of white lunules. Hind-
wing: along hind-marginal edge, and inwardly bounded
by double row of white lunules, a row of black, brilliantly
golden-dotted spots, of which the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th
are large and conspicuous; a golden mark (without
black) at anal angle; two round, dark-brown, white-
ringed spots near base, one above, the other below cell.
The sexes appear to be alike, excepting for the rather
larger size of the ¢. The discoidal cell is remarkably
short in both fore and hind-wings, its termination being
considerably before the middle.
The nearest allies to this minute species with which I
am acquainted are two Jiyccene in the British Museum ;
one from Ceylon, labelled “ L. Chinga,” the other from
California, and named “ LD. exilis;”? but I am not aware
that either of these has been described. L. Barbere
differs from both in its broader, blunter wings, dark-brown
colour above, and broad white cilia interrupted with brown.
The Californian species presents the peculiar character of
a strong sub-metallic reddish gloss on the outer half of
the fore-wing beneath ; and, above, the wings have a
bluish suffusion at the bases.
I have named this Lyccena, which may fairly dispute
with the Californian species the distinction of being the
smallest of known butterflies, in honour of Mrs. F. W.
Barber, of Highlands, near Grahamstown, who has ren-
dered important services to South-African Entomology.
The first examples of the insect that I received were
taken by Mrs. Barber and Mr. H. J. Atherstone in the
neighbourhood of Highlands. I have since received
specimens from the Tsomo River, from Burghersdorp,
and from Murraysburg, respectively captured by Mr.
Bowker, Mr. Kannemeyer, and Mr. Muskett; so that
the insect would appear to be widely distributed in the
eastern portion of the Cape Colony, and beyond the
frontier. Mrs. Barber notes it as occurring “ within an
90 Mr. R. Trimen on
extensive range of about ten yards, on a single hill-side,
and flying close to the ground;” and Mr. Bowker also
describes it as a ground-loving species. It is easy to
understand how so minute an insect may escape notice,
especially if it keep about spots of very limited extent.
In the Collections of the South-African Museum and
R. Trimen.
2. Lyccena Otacilia.
Exp. 11 lin.—1 in.
$. Shining-violaceous. Fore-wing : apical region, as
far as end of discoidal cell and first median nervule,
rufous-brown ; borders of the same colour extend along
costa to base, and hind-margin to anal angle. Hind-wing:
a rufous-brown border, widest on costa, from base to anal
angle; a rather conspicuous black spot on hind-margin
between second and third median nervules; below the
latter nervule, the trace of a similar spot. UNDERSIDE.—
Pale brownish-gray: in each wing, the ordinary spot at
end of cell, discal band of spots, and hind-marginal row
of lunulate spots, darker than ground-colour, and incom-
pletely ringed with white. ore-wing: no spot near
base ; discal band curved inward below cell. Hind-wing :
three rounded, dark, small, white-ringed spots near base,
that above cell conspicuous, the other two (respectively
in cell and below it) faintly marked; discal band so
curved as half to encircle spot at end of cell,—part
of its outer white edging confluent with inner white
edging of lunulate spots; hind-marginal spot inwardly
edged by an orange lunule ; a minute, similarly-coloured
spot at anal angle. Cvlia dull-whitish.
¢. Unknown.
In one specimen * all the spots of the underside are
much narrowed, their white edgings being widely and
universally suffused.
This species is allied to L. Hmolus, Godt., but is much
smaller. The bright violaceous of the upperside, with
the broad brown borders, render it easily distinguishable.
The under-surface is more like that of the ¢ Hmolus,
and approaches also that of L. Amarah, Guérm, but
differs from the former in possessing distinct basal spots
on hind-wings, and from the latter im the want of the
black basal bar of fore-wings.
Mr. Taats, of Swellendam, gave me an example, taken
near that place, at the close of the year 1864; and I have
* From Swellendam, in the Cape Colony.
South-African Butterflies. 91
subsequently received specimens from Grahamstown,
captured by Mrs. Barber, and from the River Tsomo,
taken by Mr. Bowker.- Of the special haunts or habits
of this Lycceena, I have no information.
In the Collections of the —— African Museum and
R. Trimen.
3, Lycena Tsomo.
Exp. 94—11 lin.
2. Pale shining-brown ; in each wing, the base nar-
rowly tinged with purplish-black, and a faint pinkish-
violaceous suffusion over median nervure and neryules,
extending into discoidal cell. Hind-wing: a blackish
hind-marginal spot between 2nd and srd median ner-
vules. Cilia shining-grayish. UnpErstpe.—Pale ochreous-
gray. Fore-wing : the usual disco-cellular spot and discal
macular band scarcely paler than the ground-colour, in-
completely bordered with whitish ; hind-marginal lunules
almost obsolete ; a whitish-ringed spot in cell, similar to
that at extremity. Hind-wing: macular discal band re-
markably straight, externally bordered by a suffused whitish
band ; an indistinct transverse macular band before mid-
dle, but no separate spots; hind-marginal lunules rather
more apparent than in fore-wing ; black spot distinct.
9. Darker ; the violaceous suffusion much less, scarcely
perceptible in hind-wing. UNDERsIDE.—AI] the markings
more distinct. Hind-wing: a spot closing cell, imme-
diately before discal band.
On the upperside, this Lyccena much resembles the ?
Lysimon, Ochs., but is widely different on the underside,
which is very like that of L. Beetica, Linn., though on a
smaller scale.
Mr. Bowker discovered this species in January, 1865,
near the River Tsomo. It was “ very numerous,” in
that month and the following, ‘‘in reedy, swampy spots
near water.”
In the Collections of the South-African Museum and
R. Trimen.
4, Lyccena notoba.
Exp. 114 lin.—1 in. 2 lin.
4. Shining opalescent-violaceous ; a very narrow hind-
marginal brownish border to each wing; cilia whitish, broadly
interrupted with brownish. UNnpbersipe.—Brownish-gray :
in each wing, usual spot at end of cell, and macular
92 Mr. R. Trimen on
discal band scarcely darker than ground-colour, bordered
with whitish. Fore-wing : macular band broad and curved ;
outer white edging of spot at end of cell prolonged to-
wards inner margin; a similar spot in cell; hind-marginal
lunules acute, indistinct. Hind-wing: macular discal
band curved and irregular ; a similar band before middle ;
a small, black, steely-dotted spot, imwardly edged by a
faint-orange lunule, between 2nd and 3rd median ner-
vules; a similar very minute spot at anal angle.
g. Grayish-brown ; the violaceous duller, and, in each
wing, only extending over median nervure and part of cell
and median nervules. Hind-wing: two distinct bluish
lunules inwardly edging hind-marginal blackish spots
near anal angle. Unprrstpy.—All the markings more
distinct than in ¢, especially the hind-marginal whitish
lunules.
The wings of this very distinct-looking Lycena are
rather more elongate than usual. I know of no species
having close affinity with it.
Mr. Muskett forwarded to me, in 1864, specimens of
this butterfly, taken near Murraysburg. In the following
year he also kindly sent me some examples; and, in 1866,
Mr. David Arnot, of Colesberg, presented me witha $
specimen captured in the Trans-Vaal territory.*
In the Collections of the South-African Museum and
R. Trimen.
Family HESPERIIDA.
Genus Pyreus, Hiibn.
Pyrgus Sandaster, (Pl. V. fig. 9).
Exp. 11 lin.
$. Shining-blackish, with minute white spots; cilia
blackish, interrupted with white. Fore-wing: five minute —
white dots on costa, at ends of nervules; a narrow elon-
gate white mark across cell, near extremity; an irregular
discal row of five spots, strongly angulated inwardly,
extending from costa to 3rd median nervule. Hind-
wing : a spot in cell, near extremity; a row of three spots
on disk, between discoidal and 3rd median nervules.
Unpersipe.—Fore-wing : base whitish, especially on costa;
a square white spot on costa before middle ; a faint white
streak marking end of cell; some whitish scaling at
apex. Hind-wing: ground-colour irrorated with whitish,
densely so along inner margin ; base whitish ; two sharp-
* Tho late Rev. J. Frédoux also forwarded to Cape Town a @ of this
species, taken at Motito, in Bechuana Land.
South-African Butterflies. 93
ly-defined ziczac transverse white streaks,—one before mid-
dle, including cellular spot,—the other beyond middle,
interrupted near costa, slightly radiating on median
nervules, and including discal spots.
This species is readily distinguished from the known
South-African Pyrgi, by the very small size of the white
spots of upperside, and by the dark underside ground-
colour, with the two narrow, distinct, transverse, white
streaks of the hind-wings.
The only specimen that I have seen is the ¢ above
described. It was taken by Mr. Muskett, near Murrays-
burg, and kindly presented to me by that gentleman in
the year 1864.
In the Collection of R. Trimen.
Genus CyctopripEs, Hiibn.
1. Cyclopides Syrinx, (Pl. V. fig. 8).
Exp. 1 in. 1 ln.—1 in. 2 ln.
$. Dusky grayish-brown, irrorated with pale-yellowish.
Fore-wing : a pale yellowish spot in discoidal cell, near
extremity ; a discal row of six or seven smaller spots of
the same colour, viz. three or four forming an oblique
transverse outward-inclining streak between end of cell
and apex, and three others (rather larger), of which the
lowest is indistinct, in an inward-inclining line between
Ist median nervule and sub-median nervure; a hind-
marginal row of six elongate, indistinct, yellowish marks,
some of which are occasionally obsolete. Hind-wing :
a clothing of yellowish-gray hairs from base over cell
and along inner margin ; the trace of a yellowish spot
in cell; two spots on disk, between discoidal and
drd median nervules; a row of hind-marginal marks,
much as in fore-wing, but rather confused towards anal
angle. Cilia of the ground-colour, slightly mixed with
yellowish. Unprrsipr.—Hind-wing, and costa and apex
of fore-wing, thickly irrorated with yellow. Fore-wing :
only upper spots of discal row distinct, and these (as
well as cellular spots, and lower discal spots) sometimes
almost obsolete. Hind-wing : two longitudinal stripes from
base to hind-margin, one creamy-white, broad, traversing
discoidal cell, the other narrow, whitish, between median
and sub-median nervures ; no spots.
This Cyclopides may be said to combine the characters
of CO. Malgacha, Boisd., and C. Lepeletierti, Godt., differ-
ing from the former in having conspicuous pale stripes
on the underside of the hind-wings, and from the latter
94. Mr. R. Trimen on
in being spotted with yellow. Its size, ground-colour,
and hind-wing markings render it, however, a nearer
ally of C. Lepeletierit than of C. Malgacha.
Mr. Bowker discovered this curious Cyclopides, on the
19th January, 1867, on the summit of Gaika’s Kop, the
highest point of the Amatola Mountains, being about
6,800 feet above the sea-level. He notes the species as
being “‘very numerous among the Mountain Bamboos,
flitting about in hundreds, but not found anywhere be-
yond the immediate vicinity of that plant.”
The specimens before me all appear to be of the male sex.
In the Collections of the South-African Museum and
R. Trimen.
2. Cyclopides Agipan, (Pl. VI. fig. 9).
Exp. 1 in. 14 ln.—1 in. 23 lin.
&. Dark-brown; cilia shining-brown, much varied with
ochreous-yellow in hind-wing. ore-wing : some incon-
spicuous ochreous-yellow irroration at base, chiefly on
costa; beyond middle, on sub-costal nervules, a streak
of two or three minute, indistinct, yellowish spots. Un-
pEerstpE.—Hind-wing, and border of fore-wing (widest at
apex) shining yellowish-gray. Fore-wing : sub-costal spots
faintly marked; at apex an ochreous-yellow stain, ex-
tending for a little distance along hind-margin. Hind-
winy: inner-marginal fold broadly blackish. Abdomen
conspicuously tipped with ochreous-yellow.
@. Fore-wing: an ochreous-yellow spot in discoidal
cell near extremity ; sub-costal spots much larger, con-
spicuous; below them, another spot, between Ist and
2nd median nervules. Cilia of fore-wing mixed with
yellowish-gray ; of hind-wing pale ochreous-yellow. Un-
pERSIDE.—Hind-wing and border of fore-wing yellower.
Fore-wing : sub-costal spots conspicuous ; other spots
almost obsolete. Hind-wing: imner-marginal blackish
vague, ill-defined.
Described from three specimens of the ¢, and one of
the @.
This insect is nearly allied to L. Malgacha, Boisd., but
may at once be recognized by the total absence of spots
in the hind-wing. The ¢ Malgacha occasionally varies in
the spotting of the fore-wing, but the hind-wing markings
are very constant in both sexes. OC. ®Algipan is also a
larger insect; and the all but spotless upperside of the
é¢ has a strong resemblance to that of C. Lepeletierw.
From the latter and from C. Syrinw it is easily known by
the absence of pale stripes on underside of hind-wings.
South-African Butterflies. 95
This Cyclopides also inhabits the Amatola Mountains,
Mr. Bowker having met with it, a day after the dis-
covery of the last-described species, on the summit of
the “ Hog’s Back” in that range. It was “not uncom-
mon among long grass in the neighbourhood of water.”
In the Collections of the South-African Museum and
R. Trimen.
Genus PAMPHILA, Fab.
1. Pamphila (?) Mackenii, (Pl. VI. fig. 8).
Exp. | in. 1 lin.—1 in. 2 lin.
$. Dull sooty-black: the last four segments of abdo-
men, and the greater part of hind-marginal edging of
hind-wing (with accompanying cilia) pure white. Fore-
wing : usually two indistinct small, whitish, discal spots,
between 2nd median nervule and sub-median nervure :
cilia mixed with whitish. Hind-wing : the white edging
commences about second sub-costal nervule, and is
irregularly dentated inwardly. Unprrsipn.—Yore-wing :
costa, apex, and most of hind-margin irrorated with
yellow; discal spots always visible, sometimes larger
than above; on hind-margin, about end of discoidal
nervule, a good-sized, circular, whitish-violaceous mark.
Hind-wing : beautifully varied with white and brownish,
and with fine dark-brown hatchings; beyond middle, a
broad, dark band, occupying most of hind-margin, much
irrorated with yellow, and traversed by an irregular row of
dark-edged violaceous lunules.
@? Duller; the discal spots of fore-wing much larger.
The example which I believe to be a ¢ of this species
is much worn; but, with the exceptions above noticed,
it does not differ from the ¢.
I doubtingly place this Skipper in the genus Pamphila,
owing to the remarkable structure of the palpi, the ter-
minal joint of which is very slender, acute, and directed
perpendicularly upward, with a slightly-backward in-
clnation. The club of the antenne is externally edged
with pure white.
There is no described species that I know of which
nearly approaches Mackeni, but a Skipper in the British
Museum, from Sierra Leone, strikingly resembles it in
the white-tipped abdomen and edgme of the hind-wings.
The latter, however, is distinct, bemg of greater size,
with a much broader head, and having white spots on
the hind-wings, as well as a totally different dark-coloured
underside.
96 Mr. R. Trimen on South-African Butterflies.
T have named this species after Mr. M. J. McKen, Super-
intendentof the Botanic Gardens at D’ Urban, Port Natal,
from whom I first received it, and whose zeal in the cause
of Entomology is scarcely exceeded by his well-known
energy in botanical researches. I subsequently took the
insect at D’Urban in June and August, 1865, and again
in February and March, 1867. It is a woodland species,
and rather uncommon; but generally found in spots of
limited extent on the edges of woods, where it jerks
rapidly about some favourite bush. I took one specimen
on flowers of Lantana. When settled, it holds all the
wings erect.
In the Collections of the South-African Museum and
R. Trimen.
2. Pamphila dysmephila, (Pl. VI. fig. 10).
Exp. | in. 8 lin.
2. Pale brown, much clothed with yellow-ochreous hairs
in basal region of wings. ore-wing: a small vitreous
spot in discoidal cell, just above origin of second median
nervule; two similar discal spots, of which the lower one
is larger, between first and third median nervules.
Hind-wing : spotless. Cvtlia grayish-brown. Unpmrsipz.
—Paler; especially along costa of both wings. Fore-
wing : vitreous dots as above, but the row continued
almost to costal edge by a row of five blackish dots,
sharply angulated on discoidal nervules. Hind-wing: a
conspicuous, straight, white streak from base to hind-
margin, running along sub-costal nervure and its second
nervule ; below streak the ground-colour is darker, gra-
dually shading into paler; a strongly-curved discal row
of six blackish dots. Club of antenne blackish, conspicu-
ously white just before the hook.
There is a nearly allied, but much larger Pamphila,
from West Africa, in the British Museum; but this,
besides the difference in size, has on the underside of the
hind-wings a much broader whitish stripe, and the ner-
vures also whitish.
The only example of this fine species that I have seen
was taken by Mr. Bowker, in March, 1864, on the Bashee
River, Kaffraria. It was captured “on a dark cloudy
evening, about sunset, feeding at flowers in the garden,
long after other butterflies had retired to rest; it flew
from flower to flower, taking a sip of honey from each.”
J. H. Bowker, in litt. .
In the Collection of the South African Museum.
i aa
III. Remarks on Mr. A. R. Wallace’s “ Pierides of the
Indian and Australian Regions”? By W. C.
Hewitson, F.L.S.
{ Read 6th January, 1868. ]
I sea to submit to the Society a few remarks on Mr.
Wallace’s Catalogue of Eastern Pieride, from the perusal
of which I had been expecting much pleasure and in-
struction.
And first, as to genera. Mr. Wallace has adopted Thyca,
proposed by Wallengren, but rejected by Vollenhoven,
and has made two new genera of his own, Tachyris and
Prioneris. I cannot think that a genus which lke Thyca
or Tachyris, is established on one character only, unaided
by some general trait which at once points it out to the
eye, and especially where, as in Tachyris, that distinctive
character exists in one sex alone, will be any aid to the
study of the Piertdce. Although in these remarks I shall,
for convenience of reference, quote Thyca and Tachyris,
I do not think that I can adopt them as genera.
Secondly, as to species. After luxuriating in the beau-
tiful new species which Mr. Wallace has given us in his
Hyparete group of Thyca, one is met by the resuscitated
ghosts of many that I had hoped were laid forever. Out
of 172 names (I speak only of Pieris as it was), there are
fifty which I would place as synonyms. It seems incom-
prehensible to me that I, certainly not tainted with Dar-
Winianism, should have to contest this point with a gen-
tleman who, according to theory, ought not to recognize
species at all.
The following references are to the pages of Mr.
Wallace’s paper, in Tr. Ent. Soc., 3rd series, vol iv.
Pieris narses, Wallace (p. 833).
I cannot adopt this name ; for bad as Donovan’s figure
of perimale may be, it was certainly intended for this
species, and the name perimale must be retained.
Pieris nama, Moore (p. 340).
Pieris nadina, Lucas (p. 341).
These are the same species, and Lucas’s name has
priority.
‘TRANS. ENT. soc. 1868.—pParT I. (APRIL). H
98 Mr. W. C. Hewitson on
Pieris nesba, Lucas (p. 341).
Thyca agostina, Hewitson (p. 303).
P. nesba is the female of agostina ; and the latter name
has priority. My description and figure were published
in April, 1852 ; Lucas’s description im July, 1852.
Pieris ajaka, Moore (p. 342).
This does not differ from P. melite of Ménétries.
Pieris pigea, Boisduval (p. 342).
Mr. Wallace gives China as the habitat. I believe it
is an African species. My specimens, which I suppose
to be referable to this species, are from Natal.
Pieris kalora, Moore (p. 348).
This does not differ from P. callidice of Kurope.
Thyca lanassa, Boisduval (p. 361).
This differs little from Pieris nabis, Lucas (p. 332).
Both of them are probably mere varieties of P. rachel,
Boisduval (p. 331). At any rate, Janassa belongs to the
genus Pieris.
Tachyris nerissa, Fabricius (p. 364).
Two of Cramer’s figures of zelmira, E and F, which
Mr. Wallace quotes as females of nerissa, belong to another
species, and have a male similar to orbona, Boisduval,
from Madagascar.
Tachyris paulina, Cramer (p. 369).
I wonder that Mr. Wallace should place neombo of Bois- ©
duval as a variety of paulina. Neombo is constant in the
outline and breadth of the black margins. I have males,
resembling ega of Boisduval, which are decidedly the
other sex of neombo. I cannot discover what Mr. Wallace
considers the distinction between paulina and melania,
Boisd. (which he gives as the female of ega), when he
unites Cramer’s fig. 110 F, which has not any border to
the posterior wing on the underside, with Hiibner’s fig.
of lets, which has a broad border. I must also express
my want of belief that albina is the male of paulina ; itis
certainly not the male of neombo.
Eastern Pieride. 99
Tachyris ega, Boisduval (p. 371).
Mr. Wallace proposes (p. 316) to drop the Fabrician
name melania altogether, as being a species “ which has
not yet been properly identified, and probably never will
be” (p. 371). ‘Che original specimen of the melania of
Fabricius is in the Banksian cabinet, and agrees with
Donovan’s figure, which was evidently made from it. The
anterior wing has its base of rich orange; the posterior
wing is altogether pale, with a band of darker brown a
little below the middle, followed by some indistinct white
spots. It seems to be distinct from melania, Boisduval.
Tachyris Jacquinotit, Lucas (p. 372).
I believe this has no relationship with zoe, Vollenhoven,
or agave, Felder, or with the group to which they belong;
and if I can trust my memory, and a note made several
years ago, Jacquinotii is the same as Pieris dsundra of
Boisduval, a South-American species. Lucas says that it
comes from New Guinea. He may be in error, I may be
more so.
Tachyris nephele, Hewitson (p. 380).
This should come next to ada (p. 367); Mr. Watson
tells me it has the same plumules. It is probably another
variety of lyncida and hippo.
Prioneris thestylis, Doubleday (p. 384).
Prioneris seta, Moore (p. 384).
P. seta, Mr. Wallace says, is ‘‘a very puzzling species.”
But it seems to me that he has himself created the diffi-
culty by describing as the male of seta an insect which
belongs to a different species, and by assigning to that
male (after the fashion of some of his oriental species of
Papilio) two females which are totally different. P. seta
of Moore is the female of thestylis of Doubleday ; and the
insect which Mr. Wallace describes as the male of seta is
a closely-allied species with a female which scarcely differs
from the male. I propose to call this species Prioneris
Watsonii, as a recognition of the good work which my
friend Mr. Watson has done and is doing to elucidate our
favourite study. I should have done this a year ago,
when I sent a note upon this group of butterflies to the
H 2
100 Mr. W. C. Hewitson on-Hastern Pieride.
Society (see Proceedings, 1866, p. xxxv), and referred
to the undescribed species allied to thestylis, but I was
unwilling to intrude upon Mr. Wallace’s work.
The synonymy of the two species will be as follows :—
PRIONERIS THESTYLIS. Prioneris WATSONII.
g. Pieris thestylis, Dou- | g. Prioneris seta, 3,
bleday. Wallace.
Q@. Preris seta, Moore. Q. Prioneris seta, 9,
2nd form, Wallace.
I may add that the male of P. Watsonii is readily known
from thestylis by wanting the broad macular border on
both sides of the posterior wing, and by the much richer
and more beautiful colour of the underside of that wing,
which in thestylis is pure yellow, but in Watsonii is orange.
This species is so interesting that I shall figure it in
“‘Hxotic Butterflies.”
Prioneris clemanthe, Doubleday (p. 385).
Prioneris berenice, Lucas (p. 386).
I have seen P. berenice, itis the same as P. clemanthe.
Prioneris cornelia, Vollenhoven (p. 386).
A specimen in my collection is much more richly
coloured than Vollenhoven’s figure. The underside has
the upper-wing suffused with black, except near the inner
margin, and the white spots almost obliterated, and the
under-wing of a brilliant deep yellow.
a
(is 0B js)
TV. On Burmeisteria, a new Genus of Melolonthide.
By Freprric ScHICKENDANTZ.
[Read 6th January, 1868. ]
I see to send to the Entomological Society of London
a description and drawings of a very curious insect, of
which I took in February, near Pilciao, a single specimen
in the flower of a leguminaceous plant. I have sent it
to Dr. Burmeister, of Buenos Aires, who informs me that
the insect possesses great interest, being a typical repre-
sentative in South America of a group which has hitherto
been observed only on the shores of the Mediterranean,
in South-Africa, and in New Holland. According to the
views of that learned Entomologist, the beetle belongs to
the aberrant group of Melolonthide which, in his ‘‘ Hand-
buch der Entomologie” (IV. 1. 428), he has named
Leptopodide, and is in some respects intermediate be-
tween Macrophylla (p. 447) and Pachypus (p. 462), but
differs from both by the open suture, and by the pro-
longated metanotum, which has never before been
observed in any of the forms allied to the present insect.
In honour of the distinguished naturalist who has con-
tributed so much, not only to the advancement of Ento-
mology, but also to the scientific knowledge of the
Argentine Republic, I propose to name this curious insect
Burmeisteria mirabilis.
BURMEISTERIA.
Genus novum Coleopterorum Lamellicornium (Phyllo-
phaga, Leptopodide).
Clypeus parabolicus, porrectus, margine subelevato,
valde descendente. Instrwmenta cibaria debilia ; labrum
parvum, integrum, parabolicum ; mandibule et maxillz
abscondite ; labium triangulare, paulisper concavum,
setis longis rigidis utrinque fimbriatum, medio nudum ;
palpi breves, articulo ultimo ovato. Antenne articulis 10 ;
primo incuryo, clavato; sequentibus tribus equalibus,
nodiformibus ; quarto mucronato ; sex ultimis flabellum
sat longum hexaphyllum formantibus. Pronotum trans-
versum, subpulvinatum, lateribus obtuse angulatum, in
omni margine pilis mollibus longis albis hirsutum.
TRANS. ENT. SoC. 1868.—PaRT I. (APRIL).
102 Mr. Frederic Schickendantz
Scutellum late cordatum. JZlytra singula triangularia,
postice multo angustiora, subacuminata ; sutura aperta,
longe et late hiante. Metanotum postice prolongatum,
processu triangulari, excavato in apice binodulo, in
suturam apertam intrante et ultra mediam suturam des-
cendente. Ale in apice suture apertz lbere prominentes.
Pectus et abdomen densissime pilis longis mollibus albis
hirsuta; pygidio cordato, usque ad basin abdominis
retracto. Pedes longi; femoribus sat validis; tibus
brevibus; tarsis longis, gracilibus, setosis, ultimis longis-
simis et fimbriatis. bic anticae compress, extus
tridentate, calcare minutissimo ; mediz subcylindrice,
extus carinis duabus setosis et in apice corona setarum
munitee ; postice valde clavate, similiter armata, utreeque
calcaribus duobus inzequalibus obtusis pellucidis, postico
subfoliaceo. Ungues tarsorum 4 anticorum equales, basi
dilatati, pellucidi, et fissura obliqua divisi; posticorum
simplices, valde ineequales, tenues, internus brevissimus. °
Articuli tarsorum omnium longitudine decrescentes, in
apice setosi, ultimorum superne et inferne setis rigidis
nigris fimbriati. (Sexus masculinus. Femina _proba-
biliter figura differente, corpore crassiore, pedibus bre-
vioribus, et forsan aptera) .
Burmeisteria mirabilis.
B. nigerrima, subtus et in limbo pronoti pilis mollibus
albis hirsuta; pygidio nudo, nitido. Long. corp.
9'lm., ped. post. 10 hn. ¢.
Hab.—In floribus Leguminosarum, circa Pilciao, ad
pagum Andalgala provincie Catamarce.
Body stout, entirely black, somewhat resplendent; the
whole underside, the outer border of the pronotum, and
the edges of the legs, covered with long soft white hairs.
The clypeus and front densely punctured, with short com-
pressed white hairs; the naked middle of the pronotum
with very fine punctures, and a longitudinal polished
median line. Scutellum not so densely punctured, with
a polished median line and outer margin. Elytra dull
black, with polished shoulders, and two elevated longitu-
dinal ridges, the surface punctured here and there, the
punctures with a raised border. The conspicuous part
of the metanotum is the open suture, longitudinally
deepened, with punctures and white hairs therein, and
two prominent notches at the end. Pygidium and middle
on Burmeisteria. 103
of the postpectus naked, polished and punctured on the
sides, with long white hairs in each puncture. Legs
polished, the femora and tibize densely covered with long
white hairs on the margins, and with black bristles on
the sides and the margins of the tarsal joints; the pos-
terior tarsi with long black hairs on both sides above
and below, and some white hairs at the beginning of
the inside.
The female has not yet been found. The above de-
scriptions have been submitted to Dr. Burmeister.
Heplanation of Plate VII.
Fig. 1. Burmeisteria mirabilis, g, natural size.
2. The antenna, magnified.
3. The mouth; a, labrum; b,b, maxillary palpi; c, c, labial
palpi; d, mentum. Magnified.
4. Claws of anterior tarsi, magnified.
5. 5, of posterior tarsi, magnified.
6. The pygidium, seen from below; natural size.
P< 5 *. 44a)? es st
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( 105 )
V. On the “‘Coffee-borer” of Southern India (Xylotrechus
quadripes, Chevrolat). By J. W. Dunnine, M.A.,
F.L.S., &c., Sec. Hnt. Soc., late Fellow of Trinity
College, Cambridge.
Ar the meeting of the Society held on the 6th January,
1868, I exhibited specimens of the Coffee-tree attacked
by the “borer,” and of the larva, pupa, and imago of
the insect, which were sent to me by the Rev. G. Richter,
Principal of the Government Central School, Mercara,
in the province of Coorg. The following extracts, rela-
ting to what my correspondent terms “the Borer pest in
the coffee districts of Southern India,” may prove inter-
esting ; and I have added a wood-cut of the beetle, with
a few words on the genus Xylotrechus and its nearest
allies.
From the Proceedings of the Agri-Horticultural Society of
Madras, 1867.
(Extract from the Season-Report of Mr. J. W. Mincuty,
dated Wynaav, May, 1867.)
“In some of the dry districts many of the estates have
suffered from the ‘Borer.’ The trees were probably
attacked during the long drought of last season, and the
consequences of its attack are now becoming apparent.
It is evident that trees not in full vitality are most liable
to the attack of the Borer, for on forest estates in moister
localities there is very little seen. The remedy, there-
fore, is evidently to support the trees by manure, burying
in weeds, and digging up the earth round ~the roots.
This last I think should be done during the dry weather,
not to any great depth, say three or four inches. It
enables any dew or showers that may fall to penetrate
the soil, and the feeding roots can search for fresh sup-
port, which, when the ground is baked hard, they are
_ unable to do. Iam sure that trees when assisted in this
way will recover from the injury done by the Borer, and
that it cannot be advisable to dig out the trees, although
they should be relieved of dead wood and crop.”
TRANS. ENT. soc. 1868.—PaRT I. (APRIL).
106 On the Coffee-borer
(Extract from a letter of Mr. Aruxanper VertTuE, dated
OotacamunD, 11 June, 1867.)
“In the neighbourhood of Goodaloor and Duralah, the
Borer is making great havoc. As yet we have, however,
every reason to hope that the crop from Terriout, South
Wynaad, and the Charambady Division of South-Hast
Wynaad will be very good.
With reference to the Borer, I myself believe that we
are now paying the penalty for slovenly cultivation or
total want of cultivation, which was generally the rule
a few years ago in the coffee districts of this Presidency,
and the droughts of three seasons have no doubtassisted the
grub materially. On forest estates which from the com-
mencement have been kept perfectly clean, or on bamboo
estates which have been regularly trenched and kept
in good order, I do not think the Borer will ever be
very destructive. I may, of course, be in error as to
this, but time will show. We hear of many remedies;
one man recommends tar, another suggests that the
trees should be washed with a solution of various things;
but although these experiments may be tried with success
in a garden, it is a very different matter when one has a
field of 200 or 300 acres of coffee to work on.”
(Hatract from a letter of the Rev. G. Ricuter.)
“But what is the meaning of sickly-looking trees with
drooping leaves that begin to turn yellow? We exa-
mine them closer. You shake such a tree—it cracks and
breaks clean off just level with the ground! The broken
stem betrays the cause of this destruction; we just see
the retreatmg enemy: a footless yellowish-white larva
with a ferocious horny mouth of darker hue. This is the
Borer—the coffee-planter’s terrible enemy! We split
the stem of a six-years’ old tree, and the open halves reveal
in every direction a number of intricate passages infested
by many larve. In some instances they are found in
company with pupz and perfect insects, ready to escape
through the burrows opening outside the bark, and to
deposit their eggs upon healthy trees.
The insect is not a ‘fly,? as commonly called by
planters, but a beetle belonging to the section Tetramera
of the order Coleoptera, as it has four distinct joints to
all the tarsi, and answers best to Cuvier’s Platysoma and
of Southern India. 107
the genus Cucujus. The species itself may perhaps be
termed Cucujus coffeophagus. The full-grown beetle is
about three-quarters of an inch long, and has an elon-
gated cylindrical body. The head is small and depressed:
the eyes are large and prominent, with a small whitish
indentation near the root of the antenne, which are fili-
form, eleven-jointed, and pointed at the tip, the first
joint being thicker and the second shorter than the rest.
The antenne just reach over the prothorax. The man-
dibles are short, strong, and horny. The prothorax is
shightly oval, nearly as broad as long, and marked by
three black roundish spots, the middle one being four
times larger than those on the sides. The remaining
surface of the prothorax and part of the head are covered
with short grayish hairs, that under the microscope pre-
sent the appearance of a seal-skin in miniature. The
upper wings are thin but horny, long, narrow and black,
with three symmetrically curved greenish streaks or
bands, and a perpendicular one at the top, forming on
the left wing with the first curve the letter Y. The
abdomen has six rings of a similar colour, and terminates
in a horny sting-like appendix. The hind-legs are par-
ticularly long, and indicate, by their strong hght-brown
femora, considerable walking and jumping powers. The
other joints are black, and the tarsi are armed with two
cleft claws.
It does not seem that the beetle continues the
devastation of the larva. I discovered in one tree larva,
pupa, and beetle together; the larva boring upwards,
the pupa lying inactive in a burrow opening outside
and large enough for the passage of the perfect beetle,
which | found with its head towards th@,opening of the
hole. In some cases, as many as twenty*four larvee have
been extracted from a single tree, and one planter
assured me that he saw the beetles swarming. Another
observed some beetles seated on the stem of a tree, in
the act, apparently, of depositing their eggs. It is
under the bark, and, in most instances, directly above
the root, that the larvee begin their burrowing, winding
half round the stem, and then working upwards and
inwards in every direction; and when arrived at matu-
rity, the larvee seem to open a passage for the exodus of
the future beetle, since the pupz do not burrow.
Another more innocent Borer was known for some
years—the red Borer. It was generally found in new
wood, but though the top or a branch of a tree may have
108 On the Coffee-borer
withered, the tree itself was thereby not destroyed.
The larva was red and larger than the one described, and
no one troubled himself much about it.
The coffee-pest will—as the dark cloud of locusts—
certainly pass over ; the Borer does not of necessity be-
long to the coffee-tree ; where there is hope there must
be activity. Without doctoring and wasting money on
doubtful remedies, I would destroy every affected tree
on the plantation; for if once attacked, it is hopelessly
gone. Though half an estate may be lost, where the
means are available and the soil is good let it be planted
over again, and, where the Borer has not yet shown itself,
plant a new tree between every four, that it may replace’
any of the old ones should they be attacked, as the Borer
prefers old stems. And since it seems to be an esta-
blished fact that coffee-trees under judicious shading are
free from Borer, let every planter in Coorg introduce
shade-trees for his young coffee; at least give it a fair
trial.”
(Remarks by the Committee of the Agri-Horticultural Society
of Madras.)
«For some years, an insect called the Borer has been
known in Ceylon and other coffee-producing districts,
but it is quite different from the one now in Coorg, being
the caterpillar of a moth called Zeuzera, whereas the
Coorg Borer, according to Mr. Richter, is the larva of a
beetle. Another caterpillar, the Black Grub, has also
done considerable mischief on coffee estates by ringing
the stems just above ground; but it has never been so
general, or appeared in such numbers, as the present
enemy. It chiefly confines its attacks to young trees,
and is the larva of Agrotis segetum. 'The curious in these
matters will find abundant information on the subject in
a pamphlet, ‘Enemies of the Coffee Tree,’ by J. Nietner,
Esq., published in Ceylon in 1861. The Coorg Borer
hardly appears to have been observed there until the
present season, but now it has appeared so suddenly,
simultaneously and in such numbers throughout a large
province, and under such varying conditions as to soil,
elevation, culture, &c., that there cannot be a doubt that
it has been called into existence by the operation of
some general cause. Both Mr. Minchin and Mr. Richter
seem to think that this cause has been the long-continued
of Southern India. 109
drought of the past two seasons, and we believe that is
the generally prevalent and correct opinion. <A dry state
of the atmosphere is, under certain conditions, favorable
to the multiplication of many forms of insect life, and, in
the case of the Scolytus (a borer), which destroys the
elm, it is a well-known fact that while a dry season
fosters it, the presence of moisture and the rapid circu-
lation of the sap immediately stop its ravages. Accept-
ing the drought, therefore, as the chief agent in the
production of the Borer, the most natural remedy, as
suggested by Mr. Richter, appears to be cultivation of
the coffee under shade; a system regarding which the
Committee have for a considerable period been seeking
to elicit the opimion of experienced planters. Doctoring
by the application of remedies may be of temporary, but
cannot prove of any permanent benefit, and will not
avert the total ruin which at present threatens a most
important branch of industry and source of revenue. It
does not seem very clear whether the ova of the beetle
that produces the Borer are hatched in the ground or
not; but, if so, a liberal application of lime to the soil
might, as in the case of the wire-worm, ensure the
destruction of the insect.”
(Hxtracts from the Coora Season-Report, by the Rev. G.
Ricuter, dated Murcara, 1 July, 1867.)
«© Much has already been written about the ‘ Borer’ in
Coorg, but I should hardly do justice to my task did
I not revert to the subject in my season-report on the
the past quarter. I need, however, not enlarge on the
blasted prospects of some planters who were so full of
hope at the flowering season of the coffee-tree in March
last. The epidemic is an undisputable fact, and elicits
the sympathies of every one who has become acquainted
with its ravages. These were especially apparent in
April and May, but with the commencement of the rains
they showed themselves less visible, whether to appear-
ance only or really and permanently, the future will dis-
close. It is, however, confidently asserted by planters
in various districts of Coorg, that the pest is passing
away. Whilst sincerely wishing this to be the case, and
feeling most inclined to forget the unpleasant subject
altogether, still there are a few notable facts which may
110 On the Cojfee-borer
prove interesting to the planter as well as to the ento-
mologist.
In my description of the coffee-beetle, I should have
added a few more characteristic traits of the destructive
operations of the Borer, and a few touches on the organ-
ization and habits of the beetle.
On examining since a number of destroyed coffee-trees,
green and dry and of various ages, in company with some
planters, we elucidated these facts, and the accompanying
sections of stems afford the proof.
Sections 6 and 7 are of a one-year old tree from an
originally large plant, the diameter at the ‘botom is one
inch. The Borer penetrated just above the root, worked
horizontally all round, leaving only a few fibres of wood
near the centre and the bark all round, and then ascended
sideways and upwards through the heart-wood for eight
inches, when I discovered the Borer and stopped its
progress. A slight shake was sufficient to break off
the tree. On a young estate of one year’s growth near
Mercara, thousands of trees have thus been attacked and
killed.
Sections 4 and 5 belong to a tree of four years’ growth,
and two and a half inches in diameter. The saw-cut is
made just under the first pair of primary roots, and it
shows a perpendicular burrow which reaches still further
into the cut-off taproot. There are side passages open-
ing outside the bark, and one cuts clear of the primary
root. In this stem the Borer had not ascended beyond
two inches above ground, the wood above is intact, but
still the tree could not live. A pull and a wrench snap-
ped it off above the root.
Section 8, of a tree two and a half inches in diameter,
and four years old, shows the horizontal windings and
the cross cutting power of the Borer. The cut is nine
inches above the ground, but the lower part down to the
root is eaten through. There is only three-eighths of an
inch of wood left on one side holding the severed stem
together, and a slight shake knocked the tree over.
Sections 1, 2, and 3 belong to five-year old trees,
and clearly exhibit the fantastical intricate confusion of
tunnelling by a multitude of Borers, which, however
closely approaching, keep their burrows distinctly sepa-
rate from each other. In all the above sections the
interior passages, except the portion near the orifice, are
closely packed with the woody excrements of the Borer.
On the bark we observe numerous round open holes of
of Southern India. 111
different dimensions, each communicating with a distinct
burrow within. For the length of about two inches from
the orifice these burrows are wider than further in, and
more irregular in shape; in fact, they form the cradle of
the struggling insect in its disentanglement from the
pupa to the imago state, for it is here that the mature
larva closes its destructive career, and rests awhile in the
pupa state to resume its pernicious work on an extended
scale by the beetle’s numerous progeny.
The orifices are small and large, in proportion to the
size of the Borer-larva and beetle, and it would appear
that it is the larva which scoops out the passage for the
beetle. It is, however, doubtful whether the hole
through the soft bark is made by the larva or the beetle
—a most important point to ascertain. The providential
economy of insect life would lead one to suppose that the
orifice 1s made by the beetle, which lies asleep in its
cradle safe from intruding ants, till it opens the little
bark shutter, and escapes from its dark chamber into the
sunny air. In one instance I found a perfect beetle—
dead; it could not escape, for the passage does not com-
municate with the outside, it stops short still in the hard
wood. The beetle must have been alive, and if it were
its habit to burrow, it would have eaten-its way out of
prison.
The female beetle is of equal size and appearance
with the male, and is easily recognized by the horny
sting-like appendage of the abdomen, which in the male
terminates in a roundish sheath. On examining under
the microscope the dissected abdomen of the female
beetle, I found the ovary full of round yellowish-red
eggs, and I am told on good authority that a planter
who confined a pair of newly-hatched beetles under a
glass counted two hundred eggs deposited by the female,
which fecundity accounts for the numerous Borer brood
in a single tree. The eggs are laid under the bark of
a coffee-tree and close to the root, whether in a natural
fissure of the bark or a puncture by the female beetle, is
not certain ; but the first burrowing of the newly-hatched
larva can be traced to a slight hollow under the bark,
whence it proceeds between the outer bark and liber till
the larva is strong enough to eat into the hard wood. It
does not seem that many eggs are deposited in one spot,
for there are not many burrows radiating from one com-
mon point. The eggs are apparently laid in November
and December, and hatched in the beginning of the
112 On the Coffee-borer
warm weather in February and March. The larva is
full-crown by July, when it enters the pupa state, and is
transformed into the beetle after the monsoon. I am,
however, not so very positive about these data, but
I hope to ascertain the facts after further investigation.
The symptoms of a tree with the Borer in it are
these: cessation of vigorous growth, peculiar twisting
or curling of the terminal leaflets of the primaries and
secondaries, foliage in general languid and drooping,
and, in advanced state of burrowing, yellow.
From all the foregoing statements we may draw the
following conclusions :—
1. The white Borer penetrates the coffee-trees, and,
especially when young, generally at or close to the root,
originating from eggs which are deposited by the coffee-
beetle (Cucujus cojjeophagus), not cumulative but dis-
persed under the bark.
2. The larve ascend and descend the tree without
interfering with each other’s burrows, and prefer the
hardest wood, themselves closing their passage behind
as they proceed; they cannot be reached by any external
means.
3. When mature, they approach the bark for their
transformation, and it is probable that, though they
burrow up to the bark, they do not penetrate it for
the egress of the future beetle.
4. Any appliance of means to destroy the insects in
the tree would only affect them after the tree has received
irreparable injury. Remedies do not save the affected
tree, but by killimg the insects a further spread of the
Borer pest is prevented.
5. It is therefore essential to know the time of the
impending exit of the beetle, and should the orifices be
open before the larva enters the pupa state, the closing
up of these orifices by any insect-destroying drug would
prove a safe remedy, not, however, for the preservation
of the young and suffering tree.
6. The shortest way to effect the same result is the
up-rooting and smashing of the tree at the first sign of
the Borer.
A word regarding ‘planting under shade.” Six
miles from Mercara on the Virajpet road, in dense forest
land, is the plantation of the Naib Sheristadar B. Bopie,
adjoining to it that of a Huropean planter. The latter
estate has the Borer, whilst the former has it not. This
is under shade, the other on an open clearance. The
of Southern India. 113
shade is too dense, and consequently the trees look thin,
lank, with dark green foliage and scanty fruit, but where
they approach the clearing they are splendid in size and
fertility, and have no Borer. This fact induces me to
believe in judicious shading, whether in bamboo or forest
land.”
(Hatracts from the Coora Season-Report, by the Rev. G.
Ricuter, dated Mercara, 15 October, 1867.)
“In my last season-report I stated some points as still
doubtful, viz., the mode and time of egress of the coffee-
beetle, the mode of depositing its eggs, the period of de-
velopment of the several transformations of the insect.
To investigate these matters, I made the following
experiments.
1. On the 2nd August last I examined some coffee-
stems with the Borerin them. I cut them up into several
pieces of convenient size, and carefully split these open,
to mark the position and appearance of the larve; three
of these seemed to be full grown, and four of smaller size.
Joiing the pieces carefully together, I preserved them
in a glass box. On re-opening them after a few days,
the larvee had filled the exposed burrows with the woody
excrements and made themselves invisible. Yesterday
(14th October) I split the same pieces in different places,
and out of the seven Borers in the larva state on the
2nd August I found three transformed into the pupa
state, the other four were still larvee in full activity. The
pupz lay with their heads close to the bark, which was
however not perforated.
2. On the 3rd Oct. I split a dozen trees attacked by
Borer, and secured four pairs of full-grown beetles alive,
besides many pupze and larve. In every instance I
found the two former in their burrows, shut up from the
outside by the bark only.
In order further to examine the habits of the beetle,
and especially the mode of laying its eggs, I made
arrangements which represented as much as possible the
natural condition of the habitat of the insect. I took a
glass shade two feet high, nine inches wide, and open at
both ends. This I placed upon a board, and cutting the
stem of a fresh coffee-tree into two pieces of the requisite
height and lateral width, with leaves attached, I placed
them in the cylinder, the bottom of which I covered with
TRANS. ENT. soc. 1868.—PARTI. (APRIL). I
114 On the Coffee-borer
two inches of earth, taken from round a coffee-tree. It
was towards evening when I liberated the beetles from
their dark narrow prison, and placed them in the glass ;
they were very lively, and I expected a strong lhght
would have now, if at all, a most startling effect upon
the imsects; but they remained perfectly mmdifferent,
and lhkewise during the followimg nights, when at dif-
ferent hours I approached the glass with a bright
lamp-hight. The insects are therefore not nocturnal
or crepuscular like moths and flying ants, and lght-
ing fires or hanging up lanterns, to attract and catch
them, is quite useless. The coflee-beetle, as I shall pre-
sently show, is most active during the hot hours of the
day, quiescent during the night, and rather so during
the cool hours of morning and evening.
On Friday morning, the 4th October, I watched the
four pairs of beetles most attentively. To distinguish
them individually, I mutilated their legs in different
ways. The glass was kept in an open verandah, and
about nine o’clock, when the sunlight fell upon it, the
beetles set out to reconnoitre their terrain. They walked
about quite sprightly, ascended the stems, even marched
up and down the glass, and clambered over the uneven
soil, which, however, on account of their long and clawed
hind-legs, they found rather difficult to accomplish, and,
if upset, they could not easily turn over. The stem of
the coffee-tree they evidently enjoyed as their home. If
it were not for the calamitous ravages of the insects, one
would feel inclined to observe them with admiration.
They are pretty in appearance, elegant in form, attentive
to their toilette, smart in their movements, and easily
offended by an opponent, whom they attack unmercifully
with their horny mandibles. When together in close
quarters, they bite off each other’s limbs im the struggle
for ascendancy. In a glass bottle, where I kept ten
beetles for three hours, I found the bottom covered like
a battle-field with mutilated hmbs. They do not readily
take to their wings, but, though not constituted for long
fights, they can easily fly from one tree to another.
After eleven o’clock, I observed their inclination to
that function of insect life, which seems to be the very
purpose of their existence in the perfect state. There
were at first only two pairs in activity, and the females
soon afterwards commenced depositing their eggs,
generally moving along with the males superimposed ;
they are, however, not monogamous. The eggs are not
of Southern India. TPS
laid in any regular order, but the female beetle roams
over the stem in every direction, except under ground,
and places her eggs alongside and into the natural fis-
sures of the bark. The ovipositor is so organized
that it serves as a most flexible and delicate feeler of the
proper locality for the egg, as well as for conveying the
egg to that spot. As the beetle moves over the stem,
this organ is in constant activity, sweeping like the finest
hair-brush over and into every little cavity, and stopping
occasionally with unerring instinct in the proper place,
where it securely drops one or several eggs. After ten
days’ careful observation, I am unable to say with any
degree of certainty, how many eggs each female has laid
or may lay. Of the eight beetles put into the glass, five
died after six days’ activity ; they laid daily some eggs ;
two females and one male are still alive and active. Yes-
terday and to-day I examined the two stems, to discover
the eggs, and I found on one piece, one foot nine inches
in length, over fifty eggs, and on the other, one foot long,
thirty-four eggs. The greatest number, grouped in one
fissure, was eight eggs ; there are none upon the branches
on account of their smoothness, but they are most nu-
merous in and round the axilla of the primaries. The
eggs are whitish, elongated, and pointed at the top. The
laid eggs are so securely hidden in the fissures of the
bark, whether perpendicular, oblique or horizontal, that
they are visible only on removing the epidermis and part
of the corky layers of the bark. One burst open, and
I secured the embryo larva, which is just discernible
with the naked eye, but which under the microscope
exhibits every characteristic of the full-grown Borer,
even the reddish-brown head.
3. In order to find out what effect coating the stem
with lime would have upon the beetles, I treated a piece
of a fresh coffee-tree in this manner, fixed it into another
glass shade, and put the ten mutilated beetles into the
glass. Those which still were able to walk, attempted to
crawl up the tree, but soon fell off, their claws could only
seize the coating of lime, which peeled off and caused
the beetle to fall, Next morning most of them were
dead. Yesterday I transferred the three active insects
of the former experiment to the white-washed stem, and
added a second male. They managed to climb up the
stem, but the females found on the white-washed surface
no hiding-place for their eggs, and repeatedly dropped
to the ground. I left purposely the axilla of a primary
12
116 On the Coffee-borer
unwhitewashed ; this they soon found out, and deposited
there the eggs. This evening a shower of rain fell, when
I exposed the open glass to its full influence. The beetles
sought shelter under the primaries, and are, I believe,
not much affected by the rain.
As a resumé of all these experiments and observations,
I venture to draw the following conclusions, m addition
to, and modification of, my former statements :—
1. It is the beetle and not the larva, which, for its
egress from the tree, eats a hole through the bark:
Any artificial injection or filling up of these holes to de-
stroy the pupz or larvee, would be like locking the door
after the horse is stolen.
2. Since the larve in the tree cannot be reached by
any external remedy, we are left to deal with the beetle
and its eges only.
3. The beetle is diurnal in its activity, not gregarious
or migratory, and unaffected by light at might. It is
generally quiescent during the cool hours of the day,
and seated upon the stem. It may therefore with ease
be collected. No doubt many are carried off by birds ;
these should therefore be encouraged on an estate by
fruit-yielding shade trees. It appears that lizards also
are active in destroying the beetles.
4. The beetles make their appearance directly after
the monsoon, propagate their species, and die off, but
are replaced by new generations all during the dry
weather. I have not observed that they feed on any
part of the coffee-tree.
5. The eggs are hatched within a fortnight after de-
position, and it is in the state of the larva that the msect
has its longest existence, which may be estimated at
about nine months. The pupa livesas such in a quiescent
state in the tree for about two months, and the beetle,
after its egress, exists but for the short space of a fort-
night.
6. There is no human remedy which would, as by
magic, dispose of the Borer-brood wholesale ; we must
grapple with the plague in patient, painstaking, and suc-
cessive efforts, which will be the easier, the younger an
estate is, and the less damage has been done.
7. Every attention must now be directed towards the
prevention of a successful deposition of the beetle’s eggs,
or the hatching of the same.
8. The cheapest and most efficient way to obtain
both objects, appears to me this—first, rubbing energe-
of Southern India. tt?
tically the bark of the stem, and especially round the
axilla of the primaries, with a rough coir-glove, as used
for cleaning bullocks, or still better, with a short wire
brush, made in the shape of a nail-brush; mere hand-
rubbing is impracticable to a large extent ; and secondly,
white-washing the stems from top to bottom, and the
primaries from the axilla one or two inches upwards
with ime. The lime will, eventually, when dropping off,
serve as manure and repay its cost. Tar is too expensive
and apt to kill young trees. Tio make the lime more
adhesive, a gelatinous liquid, obtained by soaking the
bark of the wild cinnamon and Culur Mavina or Poon
tree in water, may be admixed.
9. These remedies are, however, only preventive
against the spread of the Borer-pest, and do not save a
tree already far gone. Any such tree must be eradicated
and destroyed.
10. As the Borer appears, however, generally sporadic
on an estate, it would appear sufficient, to treat at first—
but without delay—the healthy trees which are in the
neighbourhood of such affected spots, after having care-
fully destroyed the Borer trees.
11. He to whom such treatment appears impracti-
cable to a large extent, must make up his mind, either
to save with certainty a smaller area, or risk the in-
evitable destruction of his whole estate.
12. From the difficulty we find in overcoming this
plague on an extensive acreage of cultivation, we may
learn, perhaps, the true mode of coffee culture, and the
truth of the maxim: that a hundred acres, well cultivated
and carefully superintended, are more profitable than a
thousand that cannot be properly managed.”
(Hatracts from a Report by Dr. Gtorce Brvre to the Madras
Government, dated 16 Oct. 1867.)
“‘T have the honour to report, for the information of
Government, that, in the month of September, I visited
Coorg, with a view to collect some facts regarding the
ravages of the insect called the Borer, which has lately
caused such destruction on coffee plantations there, and
in the neighbouring districts of Wynaad and Munzerabad.
It is now upwards of four years since [ last visited Coorg,
and the first thing that struck me on the present occasion
was the altered appearance of the country. In every
118 On the Coffee-borer
direction the sides of the hills and ravines have been
stripped of their umbrageous forests, and, instead of the
magnificent expanse of living green that used to meet
the eye on all sides, we have numerous sterile-looking
tracts, which give a peculiar air of desolation to the
prospect. Did the evil, however, effected by clearing,
not extend further than this, it would be of no great con-
sequence ; but, as has already been brought to the notice
of Government, the extensive destruction of forests in
Coorg has hada serious effect on the streams, that, rising
amongst its hills, descend to fertilize the plains. There
is no reason to suppose that, although every tree in Coorg
were cut down, the rain-fall would be sensibly diminished, ~
as its amount depends chiefly on the geographical position
and physical conformation of the country, but the existing
clearing has, undoubtedly, had the effect of causing a
large portion of the monsoon water to run off almost
immediately, instead of lodging in the forests as it used
to do, and, by evaporation, rendering the air moist durmg
the dry season. I have no doubt that this change in the
drainage of the country caused the droughts of late years
to affect Coorg much more seriously than they would
otherwise have done, and feel sure it will continue to
render the culture of coffee there always more or less
precarious. Coffee is a plant which delights in a moder-
ately warm and moist atmosphere, and suffers much when
subjected to adry heat. Considering, therefore, that in
Coorg it is deluged with rain during six months of the
year, and exposed to scorching sunshine, with the earth
baked as hard as a brick, during the remaining period,
it is astonishing that it thrives there so well as it does.
I have made the foregoing remarks with a view to show,
that the vigour of the coftee plant may have been im-
paired by the accidental changes that have recently
taken place in the climate through the great destruction
of forests.
Much of the land now under coffee in Coorg is very ill-
suited for the purpose, it being so steep that no care or
ingenuity can prevent the surface soil from being washed
away. ‘Iwo or three monsoons are, in general, sufficient
to sweep off every trace of humus, and the plants then
get down on the cold hungry subsoil, which consists
chiefly of clay, decaying gneiss and kaolin, and is noto-
riously deficient in lime, phosphates, and other elements,
without which coffee cannot live and produce remunera-
tive crops. Owing to this and the exhausting effects of
of Southern India. 119
fruiting, plants on estates which have been five or more
years in existence, have, as a rule, a very sickly look,
and, under the present system of culture, must have
speedily disappomted the hopes of their proprietors,
although the Borer had never made its appearance. On
most estates, too, the system of pruning is improper, and
has been the chief cause in inducing a disease called rot.
This distemper makes its appearance during the rains,
when the plants are saturated with moisture, and attacks
the leaves, many of which turn black and fall off. When-
ever the leaves drop, the berries near their insertion also
fall down, and, in this way, as much as one or one and a
half bushel per acre of crop may be lost. The imme-
diate cause of the disease seems to be the overcrowding
of the branches, which prevents the necessary exposure
of the leaves, &c., to light and air, and so retards per-
spiration, assimilation, and the due ripening of wood in
the stem and primaries. In some plants affected with
rot, I have found the centres of the stems in a state of
decay, brought on, no doubt, by the complete stagnation
of the circulation. The quantity of weeds ‘allowed to
grow on some estates is also most prejudicial to the
coffee, and the practice of pilmg them round the base of
the stem when uprooted, highly objectionable. Hvery
English gardener knows how much the gooseberry bushes
ina neglected garden suffer from caterpillar, and there
is every reason to suppose that a foul coffee estate is
equally inviting to the Borer. These several causes,
then, have greatly lowered the vital powers of the coffee-
plant in Coorg’, and helped to render it a ready and easy
prey to the Borer.
Other depressing agencies arose in the droughts of
past years, which not only acted most detrimentally on
the coffee, but also appear to have produced a peculiar
state of the atmosphere, highly favourable for the deve-
lopment of its insect enemies. Throughout the whole of
Western Mysore and Coorg, the abundance of wood-
destroying insects has, during the past year, been such
as to attract general notice, and plants of all kinds, from
the jack to the bamboo, seem to have suffered from
their ravages. The common opinion is that their appear-
ance in such numbers is an effect of the drought, and
this would seem to be the correct one, as there was no
other general appreciable cause in operation, and because
the explanation is consistent with established facts re-
garding the influence of atmospheric conditions on insect
120 Ow the Coffee-borer
life. Throughout the whole of 1866, then, the coffee in
Coorg was generally in a sickly condition, partly from
the effect of causes already referred to, and partly from
those of the droughts. At the beginning of the present
year, too, the amount ef blossom put forth by the coffee
was such as had never before been seen by the oldest
planter, and, although looked upon by many as a pro-
pitious sign, it was doubtless but a symptom of the
feeble condition of the plant; as it is a well-known fact
that plants in a sickly condition often produce an unusual
number of flowers. No doubt, this effort on the part of
the coffee still further reduced its powers, as no phenome-
non of plant life is more exhaustive in its effects. Alto-
gether, therefore, the coffee-plant in Coorg has for some
time been in such a weakly state as would render it
peculiarly lable to disease, and during the past twelve
months, the White Borer has found in it a highly con-
genial field, in which to hve and multiply. I shall say
nothing of the Red Borer, as, confining itself chiefly to
tender branches, it is not nearly so destructive in its
operations as the other one, and, besides, it has never
appeared in great numbers. For the last few years,
occasional specimens of the White Borer have been
observed by planters, but it is only of late that they have
appeared in such numbers as to cause alarm. At the
present moment, I do not believe that there is an estate in
Coorg free from the pest, while one at least has been ren-
dered worthless, and many more will be in nearly the same
condition before the advent of the rainsin 1868. In fact,
this branch of industry is threatenod with complete extinc-
tion, and it is very humiliating to think that the cause
is a tiny insect, of which a man could crush a thousand
between his palms. To enter into the natural history of
the imsect, were the facts at my disposal sufficient to
enable me to do so satisfactorily, which they are not,
would, in my opinion, be of little avail, as remedial
measures, to be successful, must be directed against the
causes that have favoured the production and increase
of the insect, rather than against the creature itself.
Indeed, at first, the operations of the enemy are so in-
sidious, that it is generally impossible to say whether a
tree has been attacked or not, and it is only when the
work of destruction has gone beyond all remedy that
symptoms of what has happened become manifest. The
signs of Borers being in a tree are drooping of the
younger leaves, and, ultimately, a yellow colour in the
of Southern India. To
whole of the fohage. In advanced stages, the leaves
drop off, and, after a few abortive attempts to put forth
fresh buds, the plant withers and dies. After the leaves
have become yellow, a very sight force will break the
stem across, when the tunnels of the enemy, accurately
filled with the débris of the wood in a fine state of divi-
sion, will be observed. These are generally about the
diameter of a small quill, and are always confined to the
wood, never entering the bark until the larva has done
its work, passed through the pupa stage, and is about to
escape in the form of a beetle. It is the larva of the
imsect that is called the Borer, and which proves so
destructive in its habits. The eges from which it is
developed would appear to be deposited immediately
under the bark of a plant near the ground, by means of
a telescopic-looking strong ovipositor, with which the
abdomen of the female beetle is furnished. It has not
been ascertained whether, in performing this operation,
she takes advantage of one of the numerous cracks in
the outer bark, but it is probable that such is the case;
as, by so doing, she would, without difficulty, reach the
tender inner layers which the ovipositor would easily
penetrate, and thus place the germs of her future pro-
geny in contact with the mucilaginous cambiwm which
would supply them with nutriment, until they acquired
sufficient strength to commence tunnelling operations in
the wood. The tunnel made by the young Borer is but
small (about the diameter of a netting needle), and
entirely confined to the sapwood. It does not continue
long of that size, however, but gradually gets larger as
the insect increases in bulk and strength, and then the
hard central wood of the stem is attacked. As the Borer
works into the stem, it seals up the passage behind it
with the débris of the wood, so firmly agglutinated by
some mucilaginous fluid that it can be removed like a
cast of plaster of Paris on laying open the tunnel. This
occlusion seems to be necessary for the existence of the
larvee, for, on laying some of them bare, with the view
of watching operations, exposure to light and dry air
speedily proved fatal. A considerable number of Borers
are generally found in one stem, but, although their
passages are very intricate and eccentric in their course,
the tunnel of one very rarely communicates with that of
another. Roots are just as frequently destroyed by them
as stems, the larvee travelling downwards; and when the
wood of the stem has become nearly exhausted, they
122 On the Coffee-borer
frequently strike off into branches. The full grown
Borer or larva is generally from three-quarters to one
inch in length, and about the diameter of a quill at
the head. The body is whitish, soft, ringed, destitute
of feet, thickest in front, and tapers gradually toward
the blunt posterior extremity. The head is harder than
the body, and furnished with very powerful mandibles.
When the larva has completed its term of existence,
during the whole of which its entire energy 1s expended
on feeding, it approaches the surface of the stem, and,
passing into a state of inactivity, becomes a pupa. How
long it remains in this state is doubtful, and all that we
know with certainty is that the imago is produced in a
cavern prepared for it by the larva in the sapwood, or
immediately under the bark, and that, having got
through the process of exuviation, it cuts its way out in
the shape of a perfect beetle. Instead of living in a dark
hermetically-closed tunnel, it now exists in light and air,
soaring on wing, or Jumping with its powerful legs. It
is at this time about half an inch in length, or some-
times a little more. The head is small, depressed, and
furnished with robust mandibles, tapering antenne, and
large brilliant reniform eyes. The elytra are black, and
each is marked with three oblique greenish bands, meet-
ing in pairs at their inner extremities when the wing-cases
are folded, and by a diagonal one at the upper end. The
hind-legs are long and powerful, and the basal joints of
their tarsi are furnished beneath with brush-hke appen-
dages. ‘The insect belongs to the tetramerous family of
Coleoptera or beetles, and will doubtless be soon im the
hands of English Entomologists, able to identify it, and
give a full account of its natural history. We have as
yet no reliable information regarding the periods of the
year at which the imsect is to be found in its various
stages of development. In the trees examined by me
in September, I found only larve. Probably the beetle
or perfect insect emerges in the dry season, or earlier
months of the year, as it would hardly be possible for it
to live during the heavy rains of the monsoon. The
Borer does not attack dead stems.
It will be observed that, through the whole of this
letter, I have endeavoured to show that the coffee-plant in
Coorg has been subjected to various debilitating influ-
ences, which have predisposed it to disease, and I now
wish to say that I look upon the Borer as akin to an
epidemic. Change in the climate, impoverished soil, and
of Southern India. 123
bad cultivation reduced the vital powers of the plant to
aminimum, and the severe drought of past years then
furnished the special influence that caused the pest to
increase to such an extent. There is no other rational
method of accounting for a scourge that has appeared
simultaneously in so many districts so far removed from
each other, and under such varying circumstances. At
the same time, there is no doubt that, when once the
disease has appeared on an estate, it will not confine
itself to sickly plants, but, when these have been used
up, extend its ravages to the most vigorous and healthy.
That a general debility in the coffee-plant has been a
powerful predisposing cause is, I think, sufficiently evi-
dent from the following considerations :—
(a.) Plants purposely or accidentally manured (such
as those around coolie lines), and thus in vigorous health,
rarely suffer much from Borer, while others in the imme-
diate neighbourhood, in which this condition is absent,
suffer severely.
(b.) Plants on newly opened estates, in which the soil
has not been exhausted, escape entirely, or suffer but
sh¢htly.
(c.) Plants on dry, barren, and exposed ridges suffer
soonest and most severely. Shade does not appear to
protect plants from Borer in Coorg, and, although it did,
the climate of a great portion of the district is such as to
render its use impracticable, the shuttmg out of light and
air by it during the rains, when the plants and atmo-
sphere are saturated with moisture, and the heavy drip
rendering the coffee sickly and unproductive. In bam-
boo lands, and places where the monsoon is less heavy,
however, it may prove useful. JI may mention one
curious and suggestive fact regarding shade that was
brought to my notice by a planter. When shade was
talked of some time ago, he tried an experiment on a
small portion of the estate with the charcoal-tree (Sponia
Wightit) to afford shade, and the result was that the
charcoal-tree was riddled with Borer, while the coffee
escaped entirely. This result would seem to support a
proposition, enunciated by the late Inspector General
Macpherson, who had given great attention to coffee
culture, viz., ‘ that the Borer had attacked the coffee
because the trees in which it used to live in the jungle
had been cut down.’ It is quite possible there may be
some truth in this, but, at all events, the rearing of belts
of the charcoal-tree on estates, so as to afford shelter
124 On the Coffee-borer
from dry and scorching winds, and give the Borer a less
expensive food than the coffee-tree, seems deserving
of a trial. Farmers and gardeners at home are quite
familiar with expedients of this kind for getting rid of
the larvee of insects destructive of fruit-trees or crops.
I examined the Borer found in the charcoal-tree, and it
seemed identical with the coffee one. As I have hinted
already, it seems perfectly futile to attempt to stop the
increase of, or to extirpate, the Borer by doctoring indi-
vidual trees, and the truth of this will become apparent
when we consider for a moment that every acre on an
estate contaims an average from 1800 to 2000 plants, and
that the larvee live in the interior of the stem. On the
other hand, there cannot be a doubt that the complete
destruction by fire of every coffee-shrub infested with
Borer is a most essential preventive measure, as every
Borer permitted to live may produce a beetle, and every
female beetle may deposit at least 200 eggs. For stamp-
ing-out measures of this nature, some combination
amongst planters is highly desirable, as a bored estate,
in which such means are neglected, will prove a source
of danger to others in its neighbourhood. I think, how-
ever, that the efforts of the planter should chiefly be
directed towards the introduction of a superior mode of
cultivation, so as to get the plants into better condition.”
Dr. Bidie has since been appointed by the Madras
Government a Special Commissioner for investigating
the ravages of the Borer in Mysore and Madras. I am
indebted to Mr. Daniel Hanbury for the followmg ex-
tracts.
(Eetracts from a letter of Dr. Grorce Broie, dated VEERAS-
PETTAH, (Coorg), 21 Dec. 1867.)
«Tn the little kingdom of Coorg two or three coffee
estates have been almost entirely cleared of their trees
by the Borer; some have lost from 8 to 50 per cent., and
none on which the plants are upwards of three years old,
have escaped entirely. Plants less than three years old
are rarely attacked, and the older the tree the more
liable is it to suffer. The eggs of the insect are depo-
sited in cracks of the bark on the stem, from 3 to 18
inches above the surface of the ground. When hatched,
the little larva works in the cambiwm until it has strength
of Southern India. 125
to enter the wood, and by so doing occasions a small
ridge on the bark, which is a sure sign of Borer being in
the tree. Once in the wood, it tunnels in all directions,
now going up, now down, or proceeding in corkscrew
fashion. As it works its way, it seals up the passage
behind it with the débris of the wood in a fine state
of division, but so firmly agglutinated by some muci-
laginous fluid, that it can be removed out of the tunnel
hike a cast of plaster of Paris. As a rule there is more
than one larva in a tree, and I have found as many as
twelve in a single stem. Very often the Borer also tun-
nels the roots of the tree, but it almost uniformly returns
again to the stem, having completed its work of destruc-
tion below ground. After living for some months in the
larva state, the Borer approaches the surface of the stem,
where, having prepared a small chamber, it passes into
the pupa state; this chamber is usually situated in the
sapwood, but I have often seen it in the very centre of
the stems. In a few weeks the perfect beetle eats its
way out, and the hole thus made is the first one visible
on the exterior of the tree. The beetle thereafter lives
entirely in the open air, resting by night, and becoming
active in the sunshine. The larva, pupa, and beetle are to
be found in every month of the year, and all three forms
may frequently be seen simultaneously in a single tree.
This, and the circumstance of the larva and pupa living
in the interior of the tree, render it very difficult to
devise any means for the destruction of the pest. I have
been recommending the uprooting and destruction by
fire of trees as soon as they exhibit any signs of the
insect being in the interior, and the coating of the lower
part of the stems of young trees with coal-tar, so as to
prevent the deposition of eggs...... My time is now
chiefly occupied in estimating the damage done by the
Borer, and during the last month I have on an average
been from 8 to 10 hours daily in the saddle, and have
thus little time left to extend and arrange my rough
notes.”
Mr. Richter is in error in supposing the Borer-beetle to
be a Cucujus ; it is an unmistakeable Clytus, or rather it
belongs to that group of the old genus which M. Chev-
rolat has recently separated under the name of Xylo-
trechus, and is the Xylotrechus quadripes of that author,
described in the “ Clytides d’Asie et d’Océanie” (Mém.
126 On the Coffee-borer
Soc. Roy. des Sci. de Liége, xvii. p. 63). A single spe-
cimen is in M. Chevrolat’s collection, now in the British
Museum; and so far as I can learn, this species was
known in Europe only by that solitary mdividual, until
attention was pointedly called to it by the serious injury
done to the coffee plantations of Southern India in 1867.
Fam. CHERAMBYCIDA, Div. CLYTIN A.
Gen. Xytorrecuus, Chevr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1860, p. 456.
» Mém. Soc. Sci. Lidge, 1663,
Ds aos
XYLOTRECHUS QUADRIPES.
Xylotrechus quadripes, Chevr. Mém.. Soc. Sci. Liége,
xvii. 63 (1863).
Cucujus coffeophagus, Richter, Proc. Agri-Hort. Soc.
Madras, 1867.
The facial carinee of this insect seem to point to Xylo-
trechus, but the globose prothorax is more characteristic
of Anthoboscus, Chlorophorus, or Sphegesthes. In the
absence of the type-specimen, for comparison with those
sent by Mr. Richter and Dr. Bidie, and judging from
description only, I should have referred the beetle to
Anthoboscus (Clytanthus, Thoms.). The specific deserip-
tion given by M. Chevrolat is sufficiently accurate, and
indicates the Olytus vicinus of Laporte and Gory as a near
ally of quadripes. The specimens received from Coorg
are pretty constant m colour and marking, but vary in
size, the males ranging from 5-7 lines, and the females
from 6-8 lines in length.
The figure of the ‘ovipositor, as seen under continued
pressure of the abdomen, has been reduced from a mag-
nified drawing which was kindly sent me by the Rev. G.
of Southern India. 127
Richter. The projection on the right hand side would
seem to be a portion either of the alimentary canal, or of
the ovary-duct, which has been forced through a fracture
of the ovipositor.
I may perhaps be allowed to say a few words with
respect to the recent sub-division of the old genus Clytus,
and will confine myself to the period since 1860, and to
the group of Clytince most nearly allied to the now noto-
rious coffee-borer.
In the “Description d’Espéces de Clytus propres au
Mexique” (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1860, p. 455) M. Chev-
rolat divided Clytus into eleven groups or divisions, the
fourth, fifth, and seventh, of which he called respectively
Anthoboscus, Clytus (true), and Xylotrechus. The type
species of Anthoboscus was the Mexican tricolor, Chevr.,
and to this division were also referred the Huropean
Massiliensis of Linnezeus, and plebeius, trifasciatus, and
ornatus of Fabricius. In Clytus (true) were retained
arietis, Lin., rhamni, Germ., and lama, Muls., &c. The
type of Xylotrechus was again a Mexican species, Sartorit,
Chevr., but the European Hafniensis, Fab. (=liciatus,
Lin.) , arvicola, Oliv., and antilope, Il., and numerous Asia-
tic species, were indicated as belonging to this division.
In the same year (1860) Mr. James Thomson published
his ‘‘ Hssai d’une Classification de la Famille des Céram-
bycides,” in which most of the “ divisions” of M. Chev-
rolat are raised to generic rank, and other new genera
are propounded. Olytus (p. 217) is restricted to the
group of which the robinie of Forster is taken as the type.
Anthoboscus (p. 219) is restricted to the Mexican species
indicated by M. Chevrolat, and is said to be scarcely
distinct from Plagionotus. Xylotrechus is extended to
comprise three divisions; the first containing Sartorti and
its allies; the second (named Huwropa, and afterwards
Clytumnus) containing Massiliensis, plebeius, trifasciatus,
ornatus, arietis, rhamm, arvicola, antilope, and also the
florals and annularis of Fabricius; the third containing
the semipunctatus of Fabricius and the perspicillus of
Fischer (= comptus, Mannerhein).
In 1862-63, M. Mulsant published a new edition of his
*‘ Longicornes de France,” in which he divided “ Les
Clytaires” into three genera, Plagionotus, Clytus, and
Anaglyptus, and again divided Clytus (p. 143) into five
sub-genera, Hehinocerus, Xylotrechus, Olytus, Anthoboscus,
and Isotomus. Hchinocerus is represented by jloralis ;
Xylotrechus includes liciatus, arvicola, and antilope;
128 On the Cofjee-borer
Clytus includes lama, arietis, and rhamni; Anthoboscus
includes trifasciatus, plebeius, and Masstliensis ; whilst Iso-
tomus 1s composed of semipwnctatus and comptus.
In 1863 M. Chevrolat’s ‘ Clytides d’Asie et d’Océanie”
appeared. Amongst other new genera, Chlorophorus (p.
38) is proposed for annularis and its allies. Anthoboscus
(now a genus) includes ornatus, Macaonensis,* plebeius,
perspicillus, and numerous other species. Olytus in-
cludes jloralis. Xylotrechus (now also a genus) is divided
into nine divisions, the third of which is sub-divided
into three groups; amongst the 27 Asiatic or Oceanic
species enumerated are quadripes, vicinus, Lap. & Gory,
and ibex, Humm. (said to be allied to arvicola). At
p- 81, the genus Sphegesthes is founded, and arietis,
rhamni, lama and arvicola are referred to it, together
with the capra of Germar.
Lastly, the “Systema Cerambycidarum” of Mr. James
Thomson was published in 1864. In this work the author
abandons the limits of Olytus and Xylotrechus as defined
in the “Essai” of 1860. The original limits of Clytus
as defined by Von Laicharting in 1784 are now adopted,
(p. 186), arietis is re-instated as the type-species, and
Europa (=2nd div. of Xylotrechus, Thoms. 1860), Sphe-
gesthes, and Hehinocerus, are sunk as synonyms. <Antho-
boscus, Chlorophorus, and Isotomus (=srd div. of Xylotre-
chus, Thoms. 1860), are merged to form the genus Clytan-
thus (p. 190), the names Anthoboscus and Chlorophorus
being rejected on account of their having been already
employed for genera of insects, whilst Isotomus is dis-
carded as being a “nom trop voisin de celui d’Isosomus 3” F
the type-species of Clytanthus being tricolor, the original
* This species was first described by M. Chevrolat, at p. 98 of the Rév.
Zool. 1845, in a paper entitled ‘‘ Description de dix Coléoptéres de Chine
des environs de Macao.” By a typographical error the name is there
printed Macawmensis; and by a second error, the insect appears in the
‘‘ Clytides d’Asie” (p. 45) as Anthoboscus Macausnensis.
+ See a note by Mr. Pascoe ‘On generic Names having nearly the same
Sound,” in Proc. Ent. Soc. 1865, p.85, in which it is stated that Mr. James
Thomson had previously changed the name Orthostoma because of its sup-
posed resemblance to Orthosoma. I can only suppose that Mr. Thomson is
inthe habit of speaking of Orthosdma and Isosébmus! Butif the derivation
of the names be attended to, there is no very great fear of confusion between
Orthostoma and Orthosdma, or between Isotémus and Isosdmus. A better
reason for the rejection of Isotomus would have been the fact that the
same name has been applied to a genus of plants; but according to
modern notions this is an insufficient ground, and botanists have now
ceased to discard names pre-occupied by zoologists. Zoologists however
will do well to avoid the intentional use of generic names already employed
by botanists. Factwm valet, fiert non debet.
i al
of Southern India. 129
type of Anthoboscus. Lastly, Xylotrechus (p. 190) is
again reduced to its original dimensions, with X. Sartorii
for its type, as defined by Chevrolat in 1860.
It is not very clear, even now, where Mr. Thomson
draws the line between Clytus and Clytanthus. Europa,
Thoms., is given as a synonym of Clytus, and Anthoboscus,
Chevr., as a synonym of Clytanthus. But this cannot
be more than approximately true ; Huropa included an-
nularis, the type of Chlorophorus, which is merged in
Clytanthus ; and there are various species—e. g., ornatus
and plebevws—placed by Thomson in Huropa, which by
Chevrolat were placed in Anthoboscus. I understand
Clytus (Thoms. 1864) to include the whole of Huropa
(Thoms. 1860), with the exception of Chlorophorus (Chev.
1863). If this be not Mr. Thomson’s meaning, he has
omitted to show which of the species of his Huropa belong
to Clytus and which to Clytanthus.
At the risk of a little repetition, I will exhibit in a
tabular form the changes in generic nomenclature made
by the above-mentioned authors within a period .of five
years, as they affect the half-dozen species which have so
long been known by the names given in the left-hand
column :—
Clytus arietis, Lin. =Clytus (div. Clytus) arietis, Chevr.
1860.
=Xylotrechus (div. Huropa) arietis,
Thoms. 1860.
=Clytus (subg. Clytus) arietis, Mauls.
1862.
= Sphegesthes arietis, Chevr. 1863.
= Clytus arietis, Thoms. 1864.
Olytus arvicola, Oliv.=Clytus (div. Xylotrechus) arvicola,
Chevr. 1860
=Xylotrechus (div. Huropa) arvicola,
Thoms. 1860.
= Clytus (subg. Xylotrechus) arvicola,
Muls. 1862.
= Sphegesthes arvicola, Chevr. 1863.
= Clytus arvicola, Thoms. 1864.
Clytus plebeius, Fab. =Clytus (div. Anthoboscus) plebeius,
Chevr. 1860.
= Xylotrechus (div. Huropa) plebeius,
Thoms. 1860.
= Clytus (subg. Anthoboscus) plebeius,
Muls. 1862.
TRANS. ENT. soc. 1868.—Part I. (APRIL). K
130 On the Coffee-borer
Clytus plebeius, Fab. = Anthoboscus plebeius, Chevr. 1863.
= Olytus plebeius, Thoms. 1864.
Clytus floralis, Pallas = Xylotrechus (div. Huropa) floralis,
Thoms. 1860.
= Clytus (subg. Hchinocerus) floralis,
Muls. 1862.
=Clytus floralis, Chevr. 1863, and
Thoms. 1864.
Clytus ruficornis,Oliv.=Xylotrechus (div. Huropa) ruficor-
nis, Thoms. 1860.
=COlytus (subg. Anthoboscus) ruficor-
nis, Muls. 1862.
= Clytus ruficorms, Thoms. 1864.
Clytus annularis, Fab.= Xylotrechus (div. Huropa) annula-
ris, Thoms. 1860.
= Chlorophorus annularis, Chev.1863.
= Clytanthus annularis, Thoms. 1864.
Clytus comptus, Mann. = Xylotrechus (div.3) perspicillus,
(=perspicillus, Fisch.) Thoms. 1860.
= Olytus (subg. Isotomus) comptus,
Muls. 1862.
= Anthoboseus perspicillum, Chevr.
1863.
=Olytanthus perspicillus, Thoms.
1864.
Mr. Pascoe, though at first disinclined to sanction the
dismemberment of Olytus (see Journ. of Entom. i. 560),
recognizes Xylotrechus and Clytanthus as genera, but
holds (I believe) that if the old genus is to be broken up,
the subdivision must be carried further than has yet been
done; and that if any of these groups are to be separated
from Clytus, the Anthoboscus group and the Chlorophorus
group should be separated from each other.
It would seem that the only poimt upon which Messrs.
Chevrolat, Mulsant, Thomson, and Pascoe are agreed is
this—that the old genus Clytus has become so unwieldy
as to require the formation at its expense of several
genera; but it is sufficiently apparent from what precedes
that each of these authorities differs from every other of
them as to the limits of the groups to be separated, and
the contents of the genera to be formed.
I confess my inability to appreciate, as of generic
value, the mimute distinctions upon which some of the
above-mentioned off-casts from Clytus are founded, and
of Southern India. . 131
I cordially agree with Mr. Thomson both when he sinks
Sphegesthes and replaces arietis as the type-species of
Clytus, and also when he re-unites Anthoboscus, Chloro-
phorus, and Isotomus. An author who has created Ce-
rambycide genera by the hundred * is not likely to err
on the side of too great sternness in refusing recognition
to the creation of others.
If I have rightly understood Mr. James Thomson, the
three genera Clytus, Clytanthus, and Xyletrechus stand as
follows : t—
Gen. C1ytvs.
Olytus, Laich. Tyr. Ins. 1. 88 (1784) ; nee al. auet.
> Clytus, Thoms. Essai, p. 217 (1860).
>Huropa =) ee A eer : fi ;
Dre = Xylotrechus (2nd div.), Thoms. Essai,
> Clytumnns J p- 221 (1860); (nec Xylotrechus,
Chevr., Muls.).
> Hchinocerus, Muls. Longic. de France, p. 143 (1862).
> Sphegesthes, Chevr. Clyt. d’Asie, p. 81 (1863).
=Clytus, Thoms. Syst. Ceramb. pp. 186, 424 (1864).
Type.—C. arietis, Lin.
Gen. CLYTANTHUS.
Olytanthus, J. Thoms. Syst. Ceramb. p. 190 (1864).
<Olytus, Fab., Lap. & G., e¢ al.
> Anthoboscus, Chevr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1860, p. 455.
> Xylotrechus (3rd div.) , Thoms. Essai, p. 221 (1860);
nec Chevr., Muls.
> Isotomus, Muls. Longic. de France, p. 183 (1862).
> Chlorophorus, Chevr. Mém. Soc. Sci. de Liége, 1863,
p. 38.
Type.—C. tricolor, Chevr.
Other species belonging to this genus are annularis,
Fab., bidens, Fab., comptus, Mannerh., semipunctatus, Fab.,
Macaonensis, Chevr., &c.
* Te Systema Cerambycidarum en a fait connaitre 1178 genres, dont
plus d'un tiers sont de ma création.” (J. Thoms. Syst. Ceramb. p. 497).
¢ The sign = has been long used to denote that two names are syno-
nymous. I venture to adopt (from the Transactions of an American
Society) the user of the algebraical signs > (greater than) and < (less
than), for the purpose of showing which is the major and which the
minor group, when the names are not perfectly synonymous, but belong to
groups which are not co-extensive. Thus Clytanthus <Clytus shows that
Clytanthus is less extensive than and was included in Clytus; whilst
Clytanthus > Chlorophorus shows that Clytanthus is more extensive than
and includes Chlorophorus.
K 2
132 On the Coffee-borer of Southern India.
Gen. XYLOTRECHUS.
Xylotrechus, Chevr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1860, p. 456 ;
Clyt. d’Asie, p. 59 (1863).
<Clytus, Fab., Lap. & G., et al.
= Xylotrechus (1st div.), Thoms. Essai, p. 221 (1860).
= Xylotrechus, Thoms. Syst.Ceramb. pp. 190, 424 (1864).
Type.—X. Sartorit, Chevr.
Other species belonging to this genus are liciatus, Lin.,
Chinensis, Chevr., vicinus, Lap. & G., quadripes, Chevr.,
ocellatus, L. & G., &e.
The diagnostic characters given by Mr. Thomson (Syst.
Ceramb. p. 424) are as follows :—
Ciytus. Antenne breves, artic. 3° seq. longiore.
Prothoraxz subglobosus, oblongus.
Pedes postici elongati, ¢ femora postica corpus
transientia.
Crytantuus. Antenne graciles,breve, artic. 3° seq. longiore.
Prothorax rotundatus.
Llytra apice truncata.
Prost. append. angusta ; mesost. append. lata.
Corpus elongatum, angustatum.
XyLotrecuus. Frons plus minusve longitud. carinata.
Antenne breves, artic. 3° seq. longiore.
Prothorax subovalis.
Elytra paulo brevia.
Prost. append. angusta; mesost. append.lata.
Pedes postici elongati.
When it is borne in mind that Mr. Thomson has another
genus, Clytosawrus, which comes between Clytanthus and
Xylotrechus, it will be seen how very slight are the dif-
ferences which separate these various groups.
The only conclusion at which I arrive with certainty is
this—that there is still much to be done with this group
of Clytine before their classification can be deemed satis-
factory. M. Chevrolat appears to me to have failed to
give any distinct characters by which his Anthoboscus,
Clytus (true), Xylotrechus, Chlorophorus, and Sphegesthes -
can be discriminated ; and whilst grateful for the reduc-
tion of these five groups into three, and for the merger
of M. Mulsant’s Hehinocerus and Isotomus, I cannot
but feel that Mr. James Thomson has left us in obscurity
as to the real boundaries of Clytus, Clytanthus, and
Xylotrechus.
eras 4)
VI. Observations on the Heonomy of Brazilian Insects,
chiefly Hymenoptera, from the Notes of Mr.
Peckolt. By Freprricx Smita, late Pres. Ent.
Soc.
[Read 3rd February, 1868. ]
Av the September meeting of this Society in 1866, I
communicated some highly interesting notes by Mr.
Peckolt, of Cantagallo, in Brazil, on the economy of
various species of Aculeate Hymenoptera ; these having
proved of sufficient interest to furnish a short paper, sub-
sequently printed in our Transactions [Tr. Ent. Soc.
third series, vol. v. p. 823], my correspondent has for-
warded a second collection, accompanied by notes on the
economy of the various species.
In the paper alluded to, I described, I believe for the
first time, a female of one of the stingless honey-bees,
the T'rigona Mosquito; Mr. Peckolt forwarded a small
colony of this bee, together with the nest, and I succeeded
in discovering among them a single gravid female, as
well as five others of the same sex, which I believe to
have been virgin queens, their abdomens not being dis-
tended as that ofthe old queen was ; this circumstance
induced me to hazard a conjecture as to the probability
of these bees swarming in the same manner as Apis
mellifica. Mr. Peckolt now writes as follows :—~ Your
conjecture respecting the swarming of T’rigona Mosquito
is now confirmed ; I made inquiry of several people, who
told me they had observed the swarming of these bees,
but I had never done so myself. I have, therefore, in
consequence of your notice, obtained hives of three or
four species, which I have established in my garden.
I have also searched six separate hives, to see whether
there was more than one female in each,—that is, one
that was impregnated ; and from your description, I had
no difficulty in recognizing the queen; but I never
could find more than one. I have now in my garden,
one hive of T’rigona Mosquito, one of Trigona ruficrus, one
of Trigona Mandacaia, and one of Trigona Urucu. I very
frequently watch them during the day, and have observed
Trigona ruficrus swarm, just like the European honey-
bees. This I have done about the end of March, when
the cold time begins, whilst in April, May, Juneand July,
they appear to increase very scantily, I suppose in order
TRANS. ENT. soc. 1868.—PaART I. (APRIL).
134 Mr. F. Smith on
not to raise too many useless feeders. The first swarm-
ing that I observed occurred during a thunder-storm. A
great number left their hive, with their queen, just as I
have seen the honey-bee Apis mellifica, and indeed their
mode of life appears to be almost identical.”
The value of these observations will be appreciated by
every Entomologist, since, taken in conjunction with
those published in my former paper on the stingless honey-
bees, we have now acquired almost a complete history of
their economy. In Mr. Peckolt’s notes on different
species, we find the observations of former naturalists fully
corroborated ; he says, some construct their nests in
hollow trees, some in the ground, whilst others construct
suspended nests of clay on trees and bushes. The quality
of the honey varies considerably in the different species ;
of one itis said to be very good, that of another tolerably
so, of another it is poor and rather tasteless, whilst that
of some is said to be unpalatable.
With regard to the different modes of building, we are
prepared to expect such to be the case; having examined
the mandibles of a large number of species, I have found
some which have those organs finely denticulate on their
inner margin, others with only five or six strong teeth,
whilst many species have the mandibles edentate. The
quality of the honey will, of course, depend upon the
flowers from which the bees extract it. The honey col-
lected by the hive-bee in this country differs im quality
according to the district in which it is obtained by the
bees: I have been informed that honey from some of the
districts in Hampshire is perhaps the finest of all; this
is said to be attributable to the extensive heaths, covered
with Hrica, from which the bees obtain the honey. Many
of our solitary bees are rarely observed to visit any but
particular flowers, and probably such is the case with
different species of the genus T’rigona.
The observations on various solitary Hymenoptera are
also interesting ; the following are the most so: I have
retained the local names given by Mr. Peckolt, and have,
when possible, added the scientific one also.
Trigona Jatai. This species produces a very fine kind
of honey.
Trigona basalis. 'This is called dog-bee, or earth-bee,
because it makes its nest in the ground, not in trees
like Trigona ruficrus.
Trigona Oupira is an earth-bee, and makes good
honey.
Brazilian Insects, 135
“Marimbouda amarella” is Pelopeus fistularis of
Dahlbom, a house-wasp ; it makes a clay nest, and stores
it with spiders.
“‘Marimbouda da Casa” is T'rypowylon albitarse; it
makes a clay nest in the form ofa long cylinder; it is called
the “ house-wasp” because it builds its nest especially in
rooms, but also out of doors on the vine, &c.; there are
from four to six divisions, and in each cell is laid one
egg; the cell is filled with some kind of spider, and her-
metically sealed ; it is curious that precisely the required
number of spiders is stored up, just sufficient to perfect
the wasp, since none are ever found after the insect eats
its way out of its earthen cell.
“Bisurra amarella pignena” is the Centris ferruginea
of St. Fargeau; it makes its nest in the ground, and is
very spiteful and vicious.
“ Bisurra amarella grande” is the Centris fuscata of
St. Fargeau.
*“ Marimbouda de cachorro” is the Sphex fulvipennis ;
it constructs its nest under ground.
“ Marimbouda accii” is a large species of the genus
Pepsis ; it is the enemy of the large bush-spider ; it is
astonishing to see this insect attack the uncouth spider,
ten times as large as itself, and overpower it ; but it is
always the victor.
“ Marimbouda tatu” is Charterqus apicalis ; it 1s said to
be a very furious wasp ; its nest is built on trees, and if
in any way disturbed, a swarm of the wasps rush furiously
to the attack.
‘* Marimbouda preta da bunda” is Liogastra bicolor of
Perty; this bee is described as a very furious wasp, and is
said to be very widely spread over the country.
The collection contained a few insects of other Orders.
Among the Diptera, there is one which is called the
““Warega” fly. This is said to be the pest of both man
and animals; it is.a species of Musca, and is said to lay
its egos in the skin; large and terrible swellings are
formed; the mode of extracting the maggot is to cut an
opening, and to press it out,—a most painful operation ;
these wounds are very difficult to cure.
Another dipterous insect is called the “Berna” fly,
which deposits its eggs in wounds, both on man and
beast; it is a species of the genus 'rypeta, and is
remarkable from having the apical segment of the abdo-
136 Mr. F. Smith on Brazilian Insects.
men elongated into a long ovipositor ; Mr. Peckolt says
the negroes suffer much from the attacks of this fly,
which frequently deposits its eggs in their nostrils whilst
they are sleeping, and such are the effects of its attacks,
that, in some cases, death ensues.
Another dipterous insect is called ‘* Marimbouda
santa,’ the holy wasp, having, as the people say, a
priest’s coat; the insect is a species of the genus Sargus,
and is distinguished by having a yellow cross at the base
of the abdomen.
Mr. Peckolt has also sent a phial containing a speci-
men of a caterpillar, that lives im companies of from
thirty to forty; they spin together a large cocoon, as
big as a man’s head, in which they undergo their change.
This caterpillar is ornamented with a number of fringed
spines or branches, and is very destructive to various
shrubs. It probably belongs to some species of butter-
fly. [See Proc. Ent. Soc. 1868, p. xv.]
(29822)
VII. A few Observations on the Synonymy of Tinea (?)
alpicella, and Zelleria saxifrage, (n. sp.). By
H. T. Srainton, F.R.S., V.P. Ent. Soc., &e.
{Read 17th February, 1868. ]
In the collection of European Micro-Lepidoptera received
from Herr Mann, of Vienna, in 1849, were two specimens
of an insect sent as Heophora alpicella, F.v.R. Believing
this to be then undescribed, I gave the following brief
description of it in the Appendix to my Supplementary
Catalogue, published in 1851—thus, at p. 18 :—
“TINEA ALPICELLA (CHcophora! alpicella, (F.v.R.),Mann
im litt.). Perhaps hardly a true J'inea, the palpi too long
and slender; anterior wings white, with some fuscous
scales along the subcostal and subdorsal nervures, and
the nervures at the apex of the wing also marked with
dark scales; on the disk before the middle of the wing
is an oblique pale fuscous streak, and a spot of the same
colour at the end of the discoidal cell; cilia white, with
some black and fuscous scales towards the apex. Exp.
7 lines.”
From better-marked specimens I now see that I might
have added, that the oblique pale fuscous streak before
the middle is continued along the fold to the base of the
wing.
In the same year, Herrich-Schiiffer figured the same
insect as Alpicella, No. 359 ;—the oblique streak before
the middle and the breadth of the anterior wings clearly
represent the above-mentioned insect.
The letter-press treating of the insect figured did not
appear till 1855, and by that time Dr. Herrich-Schiiffer
had become acquainted with another insect, which,
though generically quite distinct, he confused with the
original alpicella, apparently reputing it the female.
At the commencement of his description, vol. v., p.
282, he says :—‘ On the anterior wings are ill-defined
pale brown spots, a longer one in the medial longi-
tudinal line before the middle, obliquely below it more to
the base one in the fold, and one beyond it at two-thirds of
the length of the wing.” All this, especially the charac-
ters printed it italics, points conclusively to the species
figured in his work and described in my Supplementary
Catalogue.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1868.—ParRT I. (APRIL).
138 Mr. H. T. Stamton on
But he then proceeds—“ Quite fresh female specimens,
which Professor Frey took in the Hngadine, at a height
of 5200 feet, are distinguished by their wings being much
narrower, and the anterior are milk white, with coarse
black dots, which are placed in four irregular longi-
tudinal rows, the oblique fascia 7m the middle is blacker,
more defined, and is prolonged as a brown shade in the apex
of the wing.’ Here all the characters italicised point to
a new species, and strangely enough, when speaking of
the palpi, Herrich-Schiiffer remarks, ‘‘in the female the
third jot of the palpi is rather club-shaped, as in the
genus Zelleria,’ and was thus on the very point of dis-
covering that the two insects were generically distinct.
In1856 Herrich-Schiiffer figured in his Neue Schmetter-
linge, Heft I. fig. 45—as “a very distinctly marked female
of Swammerdamia alpicella from the Alps”—the new
species which I have no hesitation in referring to the
genus Zelleria. This figure is a remarkably good one,
except that two dark streaks are represented near the
base along the fold and below the subcostal nervure, and
my specimens do not show any such streaks, only a slight
cloud at the base of the costa.
When I first saw this Zelleria, I believed it identical
with the Zelleria fasciapennella, Logan, and it would
appear that I so determined a specimen for Professor
Frey. Frey’s fasciapennella is, however, judging from
his description of the markings in the apical cilia, clearly
identical with the insect figured by Herrich-Schiiffer in
his Neue Schmetterlinge.
On comparing bred specimens of this Alpine Zelleria,
with Scotch specimens of Z. fasciapennella, the differences
between the two are sufficiently obvious. The Alpine
Zelleria is a smaller, neater, whiter msect, the medial
fascia starts more obliquely from the inner margin, and
does not reach the subcostal nervure, so that no complete
fascia (as in the Scotch insect) is formed, and the two
dark lines round the apex in the cilia are sharply and
distinctly marked, whereas in the Scotch Z. fasciapen-
nella we see scarcely a trace of any such markings; besides
this, the Alpine species has the posterior wings paler and
more pointed.
At the end of May, 1865, Herr Ernst Hofmann disco-
vered on the Kaiserberg, near Oberaudorf, a larva feeding
in the heart of Sawifraga aizoon, of which he kindly sent
me two, one of which was figured by Miss Thomson.
From the larve he collected in 1865 only a single crip-
.
Tinea and Zelleria. 139
pled imago was reared, but in 1866 he was more fortunate
and several specimens of the new Zelleria were reared, for
which I now propose the name Saaifrage. Its synonymy
will be as follows:
ZELLERIA SAXIFRAGH, Stainton.
Zelleria fasciapennella, Frey (non Logan, nec Stainton) .
Swammerdamia alpicella, Herrich-Schiiffer, Neue
Schmett. fig. 45.
Swammerdamia alpicella 2 , Herrich-Schiiffer, Schmett.
von Kuropa, v. p. 282, (non 3, nee fig. 359).
It will now be interesting to ascertain if our Scotch
species, the original fasciapennella, Logan, is also at-
tached to one of the Saxifrages, a pomt which I com-
mend to the attention of Scotch Entomologists.
eas eh gat
Pa Seri at ce.
Cla a)
VUI. Remarks upon the Homologies of the Ovipositor.
By A. HE. Haton, B.A.
[Read 17th February, 1868. ]
Reapine in the Proceedings of the Society (Proc. Ent.
Soc. 1867, p. Ixxxv), that the Homology of the Ovipo-
sitor formed the subject of a discussion at the April
meeting of 1867, and seeing that no definite conclusion
was arrived at upon the matter, I have ventured to put
together a few observations relating to the question,
hoping that they may go a little way towards its solution.
I shall take as a criterion the ovipositor of the adult
Agrion, because in this genus, the elements composing
that organ remain free during the whole course of their
development. There are three pairs of these elements
in Agrion. One pair constitutes the terebra, the next
the inner valvule, the third the outer valvule, otherwise
called the valvulz vaginales. The terebra is formed of
long ensiform pieces, (ogdo-tergo-rhabdites, Lacaze-Du-
thiers) denticulated towards the apices, which arise from
the middle of the posterior edge of the eighth abdominal
ventral arcus. It produces a somewhat carinate ridge on
the under-surface of the apparatus. From behind and
above it, near the centre of the base of the ninth abdo-
minal ventral arcus (sternite, Lac.-Duth.) spring the
linear inner valvulee, (ennato-sterno-rhabdites, Lac.-Duth.).
Exterior to these, from a longitudinal base, and from the
same segment, the lamelliform, truncate, and slightly ap-
pendiculated valvulz vaginales (ennato-episternites, Lac.-
Duth.) grow out: these with the terebra enclose the in-
ner pair. [I drew up this description, and those after-
wards given, from moistened cabinet specimens.] In
Calopteryz and Libellula the inner valvule are sub-obsolete,
if not entirely suppressed.
The egg-valve of certain Hphemeride is not specially
homologous with any of the elements of the ovipositor
of Agrion. It is just possible that it may exhibit the
same general homology as the terebra; for in Lepto-
phlebia vespertina, Lin., (cincta, Retz.), it is merely a
minute projection from the middle of the apical border of
the seventh ventral arcus. Its special homologue seems
to be a production from the lamina subgenitalis of Deti-
TRANS, ENT. soc, 1868.—PaRT I. (APRIL).
142 Mr. A. KE. Eaton on
cus. In Baétis,t Burm., and in Baétis, Leach, the egg-
valve takes the form of an entire membrane, and arises
from an extensive transverse base; the same organ is
bifid in the subgenus Cloéon of the genus Bactis, Leach.
Its serial homologue is the “last ventral plate” of
Baétis,t Burm., and the so-called ‘‘ egg-valve” of Pota-
manthus (Leptophlebia) of Dr. Hagen’s Synopsis of the
British Hphemeride.
Of the Orthoptera possessing the ovipositor Deticus
verrucivorus, Lin., may be taken as an example. In this
insect the instrument in question seems at first sight to
be simply bivalvular; but upon a close inspection each
valve is found to be made up of three elements inti-
mately adhermg to one another. On dividimg the
lamina subgenitalis longitudinally it will be seen that
the first pair of elements proceeds from the middle of
the apex of the eighth ventral arcus; this pair (ennato-
tergo-rhabdites, Lac.-Duth.), is therefore specially homo-
logous with the terebra. The remaining pairs, the val-
vule vaginales externee (ennato-episternites and ennato-
sterno-rhabdites anchylosed, Lac.-Duth.), and valvulee in-
ternee (ennato-sternites or gorgerets, Lac.-Duth.), maintain
positions with respect to the first pair and to each other
corresponding with those occupied by their special ho-
mologues in Agrion. Being more intimately adherent to
the outer valvulz than the terebral elements, and being
moreover covered by them, the inner valvulz are demon-
strated with greater difficulty than the other pairs of
elements. Their limits are however indicated by a
shallow groove which runs almost to the acute apex of
each outer valvula on the inner side; and on cutting
across the valves each element seems to be provided
with a special tracheal tube. As Fischer (Orthop. Hurop.
p- 21) ascribes a simple bivalvular ovipositor to Rhaphi-
dophora cavicola, Kol., it may be surmised that a more
complete union obtains between its components, than is
arrived at in Deticus.
It is not possible at present to determine exactly the
homologies of the ovipositor of Hymenoptera in eyery
family, because the mode of its development has not yet
been observed with sufficient care (so far as I am aware)
in any group other than the Aculeata. In describing
the sting I shall employ the terms used to denote the
f{ This symbol distinguishes a misapplied name. I propose to call this
genus Hedyonwrus. Type, EL. venosus, Fabricius.
the Ovipositor. 143
parts of the, in some degree, homologous organ of the
Ichneumonide. According to Mr. Packard,* during the
semi-pupa stage of the development of Bombus, the first
two pairs of elements arise in juxta-position from the
eighth abdominal rmg; whilst the third pair is given off
from the apical edge of the ninth ring: and at this
period they are in the form of slender non-articulated
tubercles. The two outer pairs ultimately ensheath the
inner pair completely. From this it appears that the
spiculee filamentosee (ennato-tergo-rhabdites or stylets,
Lac.-Duth.), which he im the groove of the acus (gorgeret
or ennato-sternite, Lac.-Duth.), homologize specially with
the terebral elements of Agrion. Unfortunately it is not
stated in the Annals of Natural History (loc. cit.) what
becomes of the remaming pairs of elements: so that
whether they become anchylosed together so as to form
the acus (an event not altogether incompatible with its
anatomy), or whether, on the other hand, the second
pair cohere to form the acus, and the third pair maintain
their distinctness under the form of the ovipositor, 1s
a matter of uncertainty. On the earliest opportunity
I will make the observations necessary for the decision
of this question. Meanwhile it is clear that neither of
them is specially homologous with any of the elements
of the ovipositor of Agrion, and that the third pair of
elements presents the same general homology as the
terebra, whether it forms a part of the:acus, or whether
(as I am inclined rather to believe) it is the ovipositor.
In short it may be regarded as certain that the Acu-
leus of Hymenoptera and the Ovipositor of Agrion have
very little in common with one another. Indeed so dif-
ferent are they that it might almost be regarded as an
impropriety of language to say that the one is a modi-
fication of the other. The number indeed of their com-
ponents is identical, but in scarcely anything besides
the number of their constituents can it be said with
M. Lacaze-Duthiers that ‘les tarieres des Névropteres sont
semblables aux tarieres des Hyménopteres.’—(Ann. Sc.
Nat. Fr. 1853, tom. xix. p. 30).
In his elaborate and most valuable “‘ Recherches sur
V Armure Génitale Femelle des Insectes,” (Ann. Sc. Nat.Fr.
1849-1853) , the author just named upheld the hypothesis
* An abstract of Mr. A. S. Packard’s paper, On the Development and
Position of the Hymenoptera, is given in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd
ser., vol. xviil. p. 82, et seq.
144 Mr. Eaton on the Ovipositor.
that the elements of an abdominal segment enter into
the composition of the ovipositor. And Mr. Bates in-
quired at the April meeting of 1867, whether the ovi-
positor was not a modification of an abdominal segment.
(See Proc. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. Ixxxv). The observations
of Mr. Packard, cited above, both invalidate that hypo-
thesis and answer this question in the negative. He
says that in the semi-pupa stage of the development
of Bombus the elements which go to form the aculeus lie
in three separate pairs, and in two groups, in the form of
slender non-articulated tubercles, arisimg on each side
of the mesial line of the body. (The elements of the
segments from which the components of the aculeus
erow out being gradually reduced in size, ultimately
become the chitinous basal supports of that organ.)
Now where a segment is derived from a pre-existing seg-
ment, it is formed by a transverse division of that
segment, and not by the coalescence of various out-—
growths from that segment. Therefore the development
of the elements of the Aculeus and the Ovipositor pro-
ceeding in a manner different from that of the elements
of a segment, those cannot be in any degree homologous
with these.
>
{X. A Monograph of the British Neuroptera-Planipennia.
By R. Machacutan, F.L.S., Sec. Ent. Soc.
[Read 3rd February, 1868. ]
As a further contribution to a knowledge of British
Neuropterous insects, I have the honour to present to the
Society a Monograph of the native species of Plani-
pennia, or true Neuroptera, comprising the Sialide,
Panorpina, Rhaphidiodea, and Megaloptera of Burmeister.
1 enumerate forty-nine speciesas belonging to our Islands,
thus :—
Sialidce 2
Raphidude . 4,
Hemerobiidee 23
Coniopterygidee 3
Chrysopide . 13
Panorpide . 3
Boreidce 1
49
The number described for Europe is at present about
150, and in the more obscure groups, especially in the
Hemerobiide, Britain is well represented; but, on the
other hand, there is a total absence of many conspicuous
species, genera, and even families. Thus we have no
native member of the handsome Myrmeleonide, Ascala-
phide, or Nemopteride ; we want the curious Dilaride
and Mantispide, and the singular Tipuliform genus
Bittacus. It has been suggested that some of these do
occur here, and are overlooked, but it is scarcely pos-
sible that such conspicuous objects should have hitherto
escaped observation. Some species, generally abundant
on the Continent, are either rare here, or very local,
suchas Drepanepterya phalenoides, Micromus aphidivorus,
Megalomus hirtus, Hemerobius concinnus, &c. The extra-
ordinary Psectra diptera, a species universally rare, has
been found in Somersetshire. Of those peculiarly British,
Sisyra terminalis and S. Dalii are probably the only
examples, and it is very unlikely that we can long retain
undisputed claim to these.
TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1868.—parT I. (JULY). L
146 Mr. R. Machachlan’s Monograph of
Of the three great divisions of the Linnean Newroptera
that I have up to the present time investigated for the
purpose of monographing, | have found the Planipennia
the most difficult ;—not on account of having been less
attended to by authors, but that. these have almost in-
variably neglected the most important characters ; and
had I taken the advice of a valued continental corre-
spondent, I should have made tabulam rasam of all names
given before the last thirty years, and commenced anew.
Stephens’ collection has enabled me to determine most
of his species with tolerable certainty ; but it is not to
him alone that the chaotic condition into which the
synonymy has fallen is due.
Here, as in all other Neuroptera, the chief characters
are to be found in the structure of the abdominal seg-
ments, and the parts appended thereto ; and it is always
desirable that living insects should be examined when
that is possible. I have endeavoured to elucidate this
part of the subject as much as possible, and the numerous
illustrative figures have been lithographed from my own
drawings. The same remark will apply to the outlines
of neuration, a character also of great importance, espe-
cially for the discrimination of genera.
Having spoken of neuration, it behoves me to enjoin
caution in deductions from this character. In many
Planipennia the veining is unstable both in species and
individuals ; and the Neuropterist must obtain that expe-
rience necessary to discriminate specific from accidental
or individual variation.
The genus Hemerobius, as restricted, has been a cause
of great perplexity, and I can scarcely hope to have es-
caped serious errors. I believe, however, that the charac-
ters given will prove of service to those who may here-
after have the fortune to be able to improve upon them.
The materials from which I have worked include
most of the British collections of these imsects, the pos-
sessors of which have my thanks for their courtesy, and
especially am I beholden to the veteran Hntomologist,
J.C. Dale, Esq., for his great kindness in committing to
my care unique and valuable specimens. My Continental
collection is very rich in Hemerobiide ; it contains many
type-specimens named by Schneider, and others that I
owe to the co-operation of Herr Brauer. Thus it is
hoped that, though imperfect in many respects, this
monograph may prove useful as a starting-poit for
future investigators.
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 147
A few words of advice on the method of preparing
these insects for collections may not be outof place. I
strongly urge that all should be pinned, and placed so
high on the pin that no part of the specimen touches the
surface of the receptacle in which it is contained ; the
plan of mounting them on card, now often adopted, is
not advisable, especially as by so doing it is almost
impossible to examine the abdominal parts, which become
filled in with the gum used in mounting, and the neura-
tion can always be better investigated when the wings
can be held free against the hght.
In conclusion, it is necessary to explain the present
position of my contemplated project of monographing all
the groups of British Neuropterous insects. With this
work the Trichoptera and true Newroptera are finished,
excepting in so far as supplementary information may
be supplied. Among the Pseudo-Neuroptera, the Psocide
have already received attention. The Odonata will
scarcely require more than cataloguing, as a monograph
of these could not be other than an extracted copy from
De Selys Longchamps’ and Hagen’s exhaustive works
on the subject. The Perlide I hope to place on the
same footing as the groups now finished. The Hphemeride
will probably be worked out by a gentleman (Mr. A. EH.
Haton) who has bestowed upon them far more care than
I have yet been able to do, and I leave that most difficult
family in his hands.
Hauplanation of the Abbreviations im the Bibliographical
References.
eee
Those works which are marked with an asterisk, I have not been
able to consult, and the references to them are given on the authority of
Dr. Hagen’s “Synopsis Synonymica.”
Brauer, Haid. Abh.-.......--... Brauer (F.), in Haidinger’s Naturw. Ab-
handlungen, vol. iv.; Wien, 1850.
, ‘‘Neuroptera Austriaca ’’; Wien,
1857.
, in the Verhandlungen des zoolo-
gisch-botanischen Vereins in Wien,
Brauer, Neurop. Aust. ........
Brauer, Verh. z.-b. Verein ....
1856.
nent, Handi seein: vussies « Burmeister (H. C. C.), “‘Handbuch der
Entomologie,”’ vol. ii. part 2; Berlin,
1839.
eZ
148 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
* Costa, Faun. Nap........... Costa (A.), ‘‘ Fauna del Regno di Napoli
Emerobidea” ; Napoli, 1855.
Curt Brit ehintec sr. «steerer Curtis (J.), ‘‘ British Entomology ; ’’ Lon-
don, 1823-40.
Gurtir:) Ent. Soe. 4. 02.5 ———, in the Transactions of the En-
tomological Society of London, 2nd
series, vol. iii, 1854.
Eaton, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist..Eaton (A. E.), ‘‘On some British Neurop-
tera,’ in the Annals and Magazine
of Natural History, 3rd series, vol.
xix; London, 1867.
Evans, Tr. Ent. Soc........... Evans (W. F.), in the Transactions of
the Entomological Society of London,
vol. v, 1848.
Babs Ent: Systsic--..csses sn ek Fabricius (J.C.), ‘Entomologia Systema-
tica,”’ vol. ii; Hafniew, 1793.
Fab Gens ns. hvceceees sas , ‘Genera Insectorum ;’’ Chilonii,
1777.
abs Mant: ns) ois. Sek , ‘‘Mantissa Insectorum ;’’ Hafniz,
1787.
TOADS Sy ORIN Se aac o onan ac
, ‘Species Insectorum ;’’ Hambur-
gi et Kilonii, 1781.
, “Systema Entomologie ;”’ Flens-
burgi et Lipsiz, 1775.
Gézsy, Sitz. Akad. Wiss....... Goézsy (G. von) in the Sitzungsberichte
der Akademie der Wissenschaften
in Wien, vol. viii, 1852.
Fab. Syst. Hnt...............
Guerin slconog.ian see ee Guérin-Méneville (F. E.), ‘* Ieonographie
du Régne Animal;” Paris, 1829-44.
lshyey IDiih (balboa gan oaosbedooe Hagen (H. A.), in The Entomologists An-
nual for 1858, London.
, in the Stettiner Entomologische
Zeitung.
, in the Transactions of the Ento-
mological Society of London, 3rd
series, vol. v; 1867.
Hal. Proc: Hint: Soc. -........- Haliday (A. H.), in the Proceedings of the
Entomological Society of London,
1848.
Hogg irs Winn SOC eer rie Hogg (J.), in the Transactions of the
Linnean Society of London, vol. xviii.
1838-41.
Tat pHasteNatecr «0 ceils sees Latreille (P. A.), ‘‘Histoire Naturelle
générale et particuliére des Crustacés
et des Insectes ;’’ Paris, 1802-5.
Hag. Stett- Zeit. 3... ..4+-) =
Tsiyee UM IDidity SOG aooogooeanc
Leach, Zool. Miscell........... Leach (W. E.), in the Zoological Miscel-
lany, vol. ii; London, 1815.
Manns HAWN. SUeCs cio. aeons Linné (C. von), ‘‘ Fauna Suecica,” ed. 2;
Stockholmie, 1761.
, “Systema Nature,” vol. i. part
li. ed. 12; Holmiz, 1767.
M’Lach. Ent. Mo. Mag. ...... M’Lachlan (R.), in the Entomologists’
Monthly Magazine, vol. ii; London,
1866.
Mots. Htud. ................Motschulsky (V. von), ‘‘ Etudes Entomo-
logiques,” vol. i; St. Petersbourg,
1853.
Oliv. Enc. Méth...............Olivier (A. G.), ‘‘Eneyclopédie Méthodi-
dique. Dictionnaire des Insectes;”
Paris, 1787-1825.
MIMSY Sts IN abate esacls oo aso s
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 149
Panz. Faun. Germ. .......... Panzer (G. W. F.), ‘‘Faune Insectorum
Pict-wAuNs ScrNats .. «oece cl
Ed. Pict. Névrop. d’Esp. ......
INAMPAINEVTOPs) saci Totes s oysc
BabZeyH OFRG sh cs «.«\sercfore's
SEPEVAOMELI Sten OP.) ‘oierejetn's\c) ost le; 2/<
SChueMOne CHVYE:..)ae asta ee =
Schu-s Mon. Haply.-s'/ss. sas. 0s
Schn. Stett. Zeit. .......... ois
Schrk. Faun. Boic. ...........
schrky Inst AUsts) 0b... 05.0 odie
Sohume=. Versuch «2.4 < .-.coiee
Scopi-Bmite; Carn: 3. 60 sad. «
PAROLE ee peta os ayeystals tsehel etat cers
RTE Marne p Hints. ss. 'Siceree cavers
Germanice Initia,’ Heft 27; Nirn-
berg, 1796.
Pictet (F'.J.), in the Annales des Sciences
Naturelles, ser. 2, vol. v. Paris, 1836.
Pictet (A. K.), ‘‘ Névroptéres d’Espagne;”’
Genéve et Paris, 1865.
Rambur (J. P.), ‘“‘ Histoire Naturelle des
Insectes Névroptéres ;’’ Paris, 1842.
. .Ratzeburg (J. T.C.), ‘‘ Die Forstinsekten ;”’
vol. iii; Berlin, 1844.
Razoumowsky (G. von), ‘‘ Histoire Natur-
elle-du Jorat;’’ Lausanne, 1789.
Schneider (W. G.), ‘‘Symbole ad Mono-
graphiam generis Chrysope;’’ Vra-
tislavie, 1851.
————., ‘ Monographia generis Raphi-
diz ;’’ Vratislavie, 1843.
, in the Stettiner Entomologische
Zeitung, 1845.
Schrank (F. v. P.), ‘Fauna Boica;”
Nirnberg, 1798-1804.
, **Enumeratio insectorum
Austriz indigenorum,’’ Auguste Vin-
delicorum, 1781.
Schummel (T. E.), ‘‘ Versuch einer ge-
nauen Beschreibung der in Schlesien
einheimischen Arten der Gattung
Raphidia;’’ Breslau, 1832.
Scopoli (J. A.), ‘“‘Entomologia Carnioli-
ca;’’ Vindoboniz, 1787.
Stephens (J. F.), ‘‘ Illustrations of British
Entomology,’ Mandibulata, vol. vi;
London, 1836.
Villers (C. J. de), ‘Caroli Linnzi Ento-
mologia;’’ Lugduni, 1789.
Walk. Brit. Mus. Cat. ........ Walker (F.), ‘‘ Catalogue of the Neurop-
Wy allonos: Olives: sid Sintra 6
Wesm. Bull. Acad. Brux.......
Wiostwe dn trodiy 2s sis stei ct ebaee
Westw. Tr. Ent. Soo. ........
Atts lAs Lapp. <) 3/0) i4 (02 sels =! i
terous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum,” part 2; London,
1853. if
Wallengren (H. D. J.), in the Ofversigt af
kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Fér-
handlingar ; Stockholm, 1864.
Wesmael (C.), in the Bulletin de 1’Aca-
demie de Bruxelles, vol. viii. 1840.
Westwood (J. O.), ‘‘An Introduction to
the Modern Classification of Insects ;”’
London, 1840.
,in the Transactions of the
Entomological Society of London,
vol. ili. 1842.
Zetterstedt (J. W.), ‘‘ Insecta Lapponica ;”’
Lipsie, 1840.
es
150 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
IT divide the Planipennia into three divisions, Sialina,
Hemerobiina, and Panorpina.
TI, SLALINA.
Wings in repose more or less vertically deflexed; the
posterior pair with a slightly developed anal portion.
Front not prolonged into a rostrum. Larva aquatic, or
sub-cortical.
II. HEMEROBIINA.
Wings in repose very strongly vertically deflexed ;
mostly similar in form; no anal space in the posterior,
which are thus scarcely folded. Front not prolonged
into arostrum. Larva arboreal, or aquatic.
Ti. PANOR PUN A:
Wings in repose carried horizontally in a longitudinal
direction, linear, equal.* Front prolonged into a ros-
trum. Larva living in the earth.
Division I. SIALINA.
Antenne filiform. Head transverse (Sialide) or elon-
gate (Raphidiide); front not prolonged ; mandibles tooth-
ed internally ; maaillary palpi filiform, 5-jointed ; labial
3-jointed. Prothorax moderate and thick (Sialide), or
very long and slender (Raphidiide). Abdomen robust.
Tarst 5-jointed, the third (Raphidiide) or fourth (Siali-
dee) joint cordate ; wngues not serrated. f
Wings ovate, sub-equal, the anal area in the posterior
pair slightly developed. Swb-costa joming the costa
before the apex (Raphidiide), or becoming confluent
with the radius (Sialide); radius parallel with the sub-
costa, emitting two or more sectors; the longitudinal
veins and their branches are mostly furcate on the mar-
gins, are connected by few transverse nervules, thus
forming large areoles; pterostigma circumscribed (Ra-
phidiide) or not (Sialide).
Larva aquatic, or sub-cortical.
The two families, Sialide and Raphidiide, contain each
only one British genus, and the particular characters of
each family are indicated in those above given for the
division.
* In Boreus the wings are rudimentary.
+ In the large exotic Sialidw belonging to the genera Corydalis and
Chauliodes, the antenne are often pectinated in the male, and the jomts
of the tarsi are all filiform.
the British Neuwroptera-Planipennia. 151
Family I. SIALIDA.
The characters of the family, so far as native insects
are concerned, are those of the genus.
Genus I. Sratis, Latreille.
Head transverse ; antenne simple, short; ocelli absent ;
labrum sub-trigonate and deeply notched in the middle
in the g, (Pl. VIII. fig. 1g), rounded in front and with
a very slight notch in the 9 * (Pl. VIII. fig. 1h) ; mazil-
lary lobe small, simple; labiwm small.
Prothorax large, quadrate.
Abdomen short and robust; in the male provided at
the apex above with a fleshy lobe, whence are protruded
two downwards-directed sub-transparent appendices ;
beneath is a valve capable of beimg moved downwards in
a vertical direction.
Fourth joint of tarsi cordate (Pl. VIII. fig. 17).
Wings more or less smoky, the veins very strong;
anal portion of the posterior pair moderately developed ;
sub-costa and radius becoming confluent before the apex ;
costal area with numerous transverse nervules, which are
straight or slightly curved, excepting in the ill-defined
pterostigmatical region, where they are strongly oblique ;
sub-costal area with one transverse veinlet, placed near
the middle; transverse discal nervules few, placed in
three ill-defined rows.
Larva aquatic; very elongate, furnished at the sides
with seven pairs of articulated filaments, by means of
which it swims, and which also serve for the purpose of
respiration ; the abdomen ends in a long setose tail (see
Westw. Introd. u. 50, fig. 64, 18). When about to change,
it forms a cell in the bank; the pupa is lively, and
changes to an imago within the cell. Eggs deposited
in large broad masses on the leaves of plants and other
objects in the neighbourhood of the water; but often at
a distance therefrom that must cause the young larve,
when hatched, to make a considerable terrestrial journey.
We have two species which differ especially in the
form of the ventral valve in the male.
* This diversity in the form of the labrwm in the two sexes, does not
appear to have been hitherto noticed.
152 Mr. R. Maclachlan’s Monograph of
1. Sraris turarra, Linné.
Hemerobius lutarius, Linn. Faun. Suec. 384 (1761),
according to Linné’s collection ; Semblis lutarius, Fab.
Spec. Ins. i. 387; Ramb. Névrop. 447 ; Sialis lutarius,
Steph. Ill. vi. 1383; Pict. Ann. Sci. Nat. v. pl. i. figs.
1,4; S. lutaria, Burm. Handb. 11. 947; Brauer, Verh.
z.-b. Verein. 1856, p. 397, Neurop. Aust. 52. Sialis
niger, Lat. Hist. Nat. xi. 44 (1805). Phryganea flavi-
latera, Linn. Faun. Suec. 379, ?.
Dark blackish ; head with some yellowish impressed
spaces in the middle posteriorly, and at the sides. Tarsi
aler.
. Wings pale smoky, scarcely darker at the base ; the
veins black, paler at the base of the costal margin; the
transverse nervule in the sub-costal area of the anterior
wings placed towards the base of the first cellule between
the radius and sector (Pl. VIII. fig. 1, indicated at a).
Apex of the abdomen of the g above forming a fleshy
lobe, in which is a concave space with a prolongation in
the middle ; from this lobe proceed two curved, cylin-
drical, semi-transparent appendices, which are seldom
seen unless pressure be applied to the abdomen of the
living insect; ventral valve very large and obtuse (Pl. VII.
fig. le).
Length of body 4-7 lines; expanse of wings 11-16
lines.
Very abundant everywhere in the neighbourhood of
water, in May.
This insect bears the label ‘‘ lutarius,” in Linné’s own
hand-writing in his collection; but, his description is
far more like his Phryganea flavilatera. The figure in
Schiiffer’s Icon. Ins. Ratisb., referred to by Linné as
representing his lutarius, is undoubtedly one of the
smaller Perlide ; but the Sialis is well figured by Schiffer,
tab. xxxvii. fig. 9-10, and Linné does not quote this figure
in his notice of P, flavilatera.
2. SraLis FULIGINOSA, Pictet.
Stalis fuliginosa, Pict. Ann. Sci. Nat. v. pl. ii. fig. 6
(1836) ; Burm. Handb. u. 947; Brauer, Verh. z.-b.
Verein. 1856, p. 397, Neurop. Aust. 52.
Similar to the last, but more intensely black, the
wings dark smoky, decidedly darker at the base; the
tarsi not paler.
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 153
The transverse nervule in the sub-costal area of the
anterior wings placed in the middle of the first cellule
between the radius and sector, or more towards the
broad apical end of that cellule (Pl. VIII. fig. 2, indi-
cated at a).
Apex of the abdomen of the ¢ above with a smaller
fleshy lobe, with an oval concave space in the centre ;
the appendices proceeding from this lobe thicker at the
apex ; ventral valve very much smaller, triangular, the
apex somewhat acute (Pl. VIII. fig. 2c). A reference
to the figures will render these differences in the apex
of the ¢ abdomen more intelligible.
The slight differences in the neuration, above noted,
appear to be constant; but I can see no other certain
neural characters ; indeed, the arrangement of the veins
differs greatly in individuals, and in the opposite wings
of the same specimen; hence the figures on Plate VIII.
must only be regarded as representing the one character
of the nervule in the sub-costal area.
This species is overlooked ; it probably appears when
S. lutaria is nearly over. I have taken it at Rannoch
(Perthshire) ; on the banks of the Mole, near Box Hill ;
and in the neighbourhood of Haslemere. Mr. Dale has
found it in Dorsetshire.
Family Il. RAPHIDIIDA.
The characters of the family are those of the genus as
given below.
Genus I. Rapuipia, Linné.
Head elongate, contracted behind ; vertex nearly plane ;
ocellt present ;* antenne slender, short; clypeus very
narrowly transverse ; labrum small, nearly quadrate ;
maaillee with two short and thick end-lobes (Pl. VIII.
fig. 3e) ; mawillary palpi with the joints short, the ter-
minal one obtuse; mandibles strongly toothed within ;
labium longer than broad ; labial palpi with three short
joimts, the terminal one the smallest.
Prothorax long and slender, sub-cylindrical, dilated
posteriorly ; the sides closing over the prosternwm, and
leaving the latter free in a limited space at the posterior
end, where are attached the anterior legs. Meso- and
meta-thoraz nearly equal, transverse, much broader than
the prothorax.
* In Inocellia, a very closely allied genus, the ocelli are absent.
154: Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
Abdomen slender in the male, robust in the female ;
in the male the terminal ventral segments are longitudi-
nally cleft to admit of the insertion of the penis, which
is generally broad and flattened ; the lateral margins of
these segments are generally thickened, and furnished
with crotchets ; the female is furnished with a very long
and flexile ovipositor, composed of two transversely
striated divisions, and ending in two small papillee.
Legs moderately short, the tarsi with the first joint
long, the third cordate and nearly concealing the
fourth.
Wings nearly equal, hyaline; the neuration very
similar in both pairs, open; costal area dilated in the
middle ; costal veinlets simple ; swbcosta joming the costa
far before the apex; radius running parallel with the
sub-costa, but carried to the apex, and there ending
usually in one or more furcations; sub-costal area with
one transverse veinlet placed before the middle ; ptero-
stigma more or less coloured, circumscribed by a veimlet
on each side, and traversed by one or more oblique vein-
lets within ;* sectors, generally two, which soon divide,
and the branches are twice, thrice, or four times forked
on the margins, the principal branches are connected
by two rows of transverse veinlets, and thus form more
or less elongate cellules beneath the pterostigma; the
cubitus anticus starts from towards the base of the radius,
and furcates almost immediately, the two branches being
connected by two transverse veinlets, and thus forming
three large cellules, both branches emitting forks to the
dorsal margin, which are there again forked, hke the
branches of the sectors. The anal space of the wings is
very small, and scarcely evident.
In repose the insect elevates its prothorax and deflexes
its head.
Larva with an elongated subquadrate head, and with
the prothorax nearly similar im form; the meso- and
meta-thorax small, and much narrower; the abdomen
long and dilated, gradually attenuated at each end; fur-
nished with short 3-joimted antennz, and strong toothed
mandibles ; the legs are short, with simple tarsi. Pupa
in form more resembling the imago, and with the indi-
cations of sex strongly apparent. The larva lives
beneath the bark of trees, and subsists upon larve and
other creatures frequenting such situations. The pupa
* In Inocellia the pterostigma is without an internal veinlet.
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 155
is not contained in a cocoon, but lives in a cell formed by
the larva; before the final metamorphosis, it emerges
from this cell, and travels until it finds a favourable place,
when the skin splits along the back, and the imago
appears.
The species can only be separated with certainty by
an examination of the anal parts of both sexes, im combina-
tion with neuration, &c. It should always be borne in
mind that the neuration is lable to vary, and hasty
conclusions should not be formed from single specimens
presenting unusual characters in this respect. The
synonymy is in a terribly confused state, and it has been
the custom with many to refer every specimen to R&R.
ophiopsis of Linné; but in England we do not possess
that species, or, at any rate, that which is so referred
(and, I think, rightly,) by Continental authors. I define
four British species from an examination of about one
hundred native examples, including those in the British
Museum, in my own collection, and others kindly lent me
by Messrs. Dale, Desvignes, Wormald, Parfitt, Water-
house, etc., and I have also been aided by my Continental
collection, which contains about forty specimens, and nine
species, including types communicated to me by Herr
Brauer.
1. Rapurip1a notata, Fabricius.
Raphidia notata, Fab. Spec. Ins. i. 402 (1781) ;
Schum. Versuch, p. 13, fig. 3; Ramb. Névrop. 436.
R. ophiopsis, Curt. Brit. Ent. pl. xxxvu (1824), not of
Linné ; Zett. Ins. Lapp. 1054 (according to Hagen).
Rh. megacephala (Leach), Steph. Ill. vi. 130 (1836) ; Hae.
Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 31. R&R. media, Burm. Handb. ni.
964 (1839) ; Schn. Mon. Raph. 76, pl. iv. fig. a-f; Brauer,
Neurop. Aust. 53 ; Hag. Tr. Ent. Soe. ser. 3, v. 495.
The description is made from fresh examples.
Head very broad, the sides rounded, behind rather
suddenly contracted into a short thick neck ; black, very
finely and closely punctured above and beneath ; above
there is a longitudinal, somewhat reddish, smooth median
space, extending from the ocelli to the hinder margin,
and divided by an impressed line; beneath the hinder
edge of the neck is produced in the middle into a sort of
tooth ; front black; clypeus yellowish suffused with
156 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
black ; labrum black ; palpi black, yellow at the sutures ;
ocelli prominent, equidistant ; antenne blackish, yellowish
at the base.
Prothorax swollen behind, black, transversely rugose
and pubescent, the hinder edge narrowly yellowish ; free
anterior and posterior portion of the prosternum yellow.
Meso- and meta-thorax black, the sutures beneath nar-
rowly yellow.
Abdomen black ; sides with yellow interrupted double
lines, forming elongated spots on each segment, each
spot towards the dorsal surface is expanded widely on
the posterior margin of each segment; between these
spots is usually a smaller indistinct one; beneath, each
segment is broadly- margined posteriorly with bright
yellow. Penultimate segment in the g narrow, above
excised in the middle posteriorly, the sides very oblique,
beneath ending in two large bulbous bases ; in the open
space formed by the distant ventral margins of this seg-
ment is inserted on each side a thick yellow piece, dila-
ting greatly before the apex, which is produced into an
incurved crotchet; penis broad, pointed at the apex,
with an impressed line in the middle; above the two
crotchets before-mentioned, are two much longer ones
also directed inwards (and usually concealed in dry
specimens, owing to the collapsing of the adjacent parts) ;
above, the abdomen terminates in a hood-shaped hairy
piece, concave beneath, strongly directed upwards,
triangular when seen from the sides, and with the mar-
gins turned inwards. In the 9 the last ventral segment
is broadly rounded, the sides very oblique (Pl. VIII,
figs. 3 a-d).
Legs yellowish ; femora all blackish except at the
extreme apex ; tarsi somewhat fuscescent.
Wings (Pl. VIII. fig. 3) broad, obtusely rounded, with
a slight smoky tinge, and yellowish at the extreme base ;
pterostiqgma dark brown (sometimes with a small hyaline
mark at each end), large, the inner edge concave, the
outer edge very oblique, with two transverse veinlets,
one of which is usually forked ; these veinlets vary
greatly (exceptionally there is only one which very rarely
is simple), the stigma commences at about the middle of
the areole below it, and ends nearly at the same point
with it; twelve to fifteen costal veinlets, whereof one is
often forked ; subcosta, as a rule, ending so close to the
pterostigma as to be almost confluent with its imner
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 157
edge; four (very rarely three )discoidal areoles, varying
much in form, the second being frequently triangular,
and shorter than the others; neuration strong and black,
the base of some of the longitudinal veins, the costa for
about half its length, and the two first costal veinlets,
generally yellow; marginal veins bifurcate or quadri-
bifurcate at the apical, simply furcate on the dorsal
margins.
Expanse of wings 11-14 lines.
The largest and perhaps the most common species.
The above description is made from specimens beaten
from fir-trees near Croydon. Some examples from other
localities have a slightly different appearance, and the
sub-costa does not so closely reach the pterostigma, but
I can detect no other important difference.
This must certainly be the true notata of Fabricius,
who described the species from an English specimen,
and no other allied insect is found here. Moreover, a
fragment of Fabricius’ type still exists in Banks’ collec-
tion, and is sufficient to decide the matter, although
nearly destroyed. I am not clear as to the notata of
Schneider and others, which ordinarily should have only
three discoidal areoles, indistinct ocelli, etc., etc.
2. RapHipia xANTHOSTIGMA, Schummel.
Raphidia «anthostigma, Schum. Versuch, p. 12, fig. 3
(1832) ; Burm. Handb. ii. 963; Schn. Mon. Raph. 71,
pl. ii. fig. a-e; Brauer, Neurop. Aust. 53 ; Hag. Ent.
Ann. 1858, p. 31, Tr. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, v. 495. R. Lon-
dinensis (Leach), Steph. Il. vi. 180 (1836), but not of
Hag. Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 31.
The following description is drawn up from a freshly-
killed male example.
Head widened in front, gradually narrowed behind ;
brassy-black ; slightly but distinctly punctured above
and beneath; upper surface nearly flat, with a deep
longitudinal median line which is reddish; front grayish-
white, with a black spot below the base of each antenna ;
clypeus grayish-white, with two reddish spots in the
middle ; labrum brownish, its anterior edge pale; palpi
black, the sutures of the joints yellowish; ocelli indis-
tinct ; antenne fuscous, the basal third yellow.
158 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
Prothorax covered with small wart-like tubercles ;
black above; the anterior margin narrowly yellowish,
the posterior margin broadly reddish; an indistinct
reddish lanceolate mark in the middle posteriorly, and
another on each side; margins of the deflexed pronotum
reddish-gray ; the triangular portion of the pro-sternum
seen posteriorly black. Mesonotuwm black, with a trian-
gular yellowish space in front. Metanotwm wholly black.
Meso- and Meta-sterna black, with a yellow oblique line
on each side.
Abdomen pitchy-black above; the sides with a yellow
line, which dilates on the anterior portion of each
segment, a lateral yellow lime extending from the base
to the antepenultimate segment ; beneath, the two basal
segments are spotted with yellow, afterwards the
posterior margin of each segment is broadly yellow.
Penultimate dorsal segment much swollen, nearly quad-
rate, the sides rounded; terminal segment forming a
transverse yellow plate, the anterior margin of which
is excised (Pl. VIII. fig. 4 a). After death the
sides of this segment collapse, and then the plate
assumes the form represented by fig. 4 ¢. Beneath the
deflexed lateral margins of the penultimate segment are
blackish with a gray spot, provided with a long, thin,
curved, pointed, reddish-testaceous crotchet, extending
nearly to the apex of the terminal segment ; and at the
base of this crotchet is a shorter one, the curved apex
of which is directed outwardly; penis with a greatly
dilated yellow apex, with a black corneous line in the
middle, which is dilated near the base (Pl. VIII. fig.
4b). In the female the last ventral segment appears nearly
quadrate, shghtly transverse, the apex truncated.
Legs yellowish ; the femora (especially the posterior)
and terminal tarsal joint fuscous.
Wings (Pl. VIII. fig. 4) narrow; the costal margin
nearly regularly rounded ; pterostigma long, very pale
yellow, with one transverse veinlet commencing and
ending almost at the same points as the cellule below it;
subcosta joining the costa slightly before the ptero-
stigma; six to seven costal veinlets; three discoidal
areoles ; first apical vein forked, not starting from the
edge of the pterostigma; terminal veins. mostly once
forked at the apical, and simple on the dorsal margin ;
neuration black, the base of the longitudinal veins
yellowish.
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 159
Expanse of wings, ¢ 8 lines, @ 9-10 lines.
Occasionally found in woods. The male may be imme-
diately separated from all others by the form of the
terminal dorsal segment. It is the species to which
Mr. Waterhouse’s account of metamorphosis will apply,
according to his type (See Trans. Ent. Soc. i. 23).
3. RapHipiA cognatTa, Rambur.
Raphidia cognata, Ramb. Névrop. 488 (1842); Hd.
Pict. Névrop. d’ Hsp. 53, pl. v. figs. 7—9; Hag. Tr. Ent.
Soc. ser. 3, v. 497.
The description is made from an old ¢ example.
Head long and narrow, the sides rounded, rather sud-
denly constricted behind into a short neck; closely and
evenly punctured both above and below; shining black,
with a smooth median longitudinal reddish line extending
from the hinder edge to about the middle of the occiput;
clypeus and labrum reddish testaceous, fuscescent in the
middle ; mandibles reddish testaceous, blackish at the
tips ; antenne testaceous in the basal third, afterwards
blackish ; ocelli moderately distinct, equidistant.
Prothorax slightly dilated posteriorly, rugose above,
blackish, with three indistinct reddish lines behind; an-
terior margin narrowly, and the deflexed lateral margins
broadly yellowish ; free posterior portion of the pro-ster-
num yellowish. Meso- and meta-nota black; the former
with a large yellow spot in the front of the middle.
Abdomen blackish above, somewhat lurid beneath, the
margins of the segments on both surfaces, and a lateral
line, bright yellow. In the ¢, the penultimate segment
is broad, the sides with a deep triangular excision, the
lower portion of which is short and somewhat swollen,
ending in a short crotchet turned inwards; from beneath
the base of this portion proceeds a longer crotchet, not
extending to the apex, and strongly curved inwards at
the tip; the penis is short and broad, deeply canalicu-
lated beneath ; the terminal segment is somewhat conical
when viewed from above, truncated at the apex, scabrous
and hairy; longly triangular when viewed from the side.
Legs yellowish; the anterior and intermediate femora
with a fuscous line externally; the posterior femora
wholly fuscous, except at the apex.
Wings (Pl. EX. fig. 1) nearly similar in form to those of
R. wzanthostigma: the costal margin narrower at the base,
160 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
and afterwards abruptly elevated ; the sub-costa nearly
joins the pterostigma; eight costal veinlets; pterostigma
elongate, pale brownish yellow, with one transverse vein-
let, commencing at about the same point as the areole be-
neathit, and externally extending scarcely beyond it; first
apical vein forked, not starting immediately from the
pterostigma; second twice forked; third simple ; fourth,
fifth, and sixth once forked; ves on the dorsal margin
simple; three discoidal areoles; neuration fuscous, the
outer edge of the costa, and the radius and other veins
at the base, yellow.
Expanse of wings, ¢, 8 lines.
I have seen but one British specimen, which is in Mr.
Waterhouse’s Collection.
This species has much analogy with wanthostigma, from
which it especially differs in the appendices of the g, im
the more coarsely punctured head, &c., &c.
4. RAPHIDIA MACULICOLLIS, Stephens.
Raphidia maculicollis (Leach), Steph. Ill. vi. 151
(1846). R. affinis (Leach), Steph. l. c. R. hispanica,
Ramb. Névrop. 4388 (1842); Schn. Stett. Zeit. 1845,
p. 255; Hag. Tr. Ent. Soc, ser. 3, v. 496; Hd. Pict.
Névrop. d’Hsp. 52, pl. v. fig. 1—6._—-
The description is made from a fresh male example.
Head gradually narrowing behind, the sides rounded,
the neck evident, but short; black, moderately punc-
tured ; a broad depressed median red line extends from
the hinder edge to about the middie of the occiput, and
there are large red irregular spots, forming an ill-defined
band on each side; beneath, the whole posterior portion is
red, with an impressed median black line; the rest black ;
front and clypeus reddish-yellow ; labrum piceous ; ocelli
distinct, large, nearly equally distant; antenne black ;
the basal fourth reddish-yellow.
Prothoraw narrow in front, and gradually dilated pos-
teriorly, rugose ; black above, the anterior edge reddish,
the deflexed sides of the pronotum broadly reddish; free
posterior portion of the pro-sternum reddish. Meso-
notum black, with a reddish spot in front, and a reddish
tubercle behind. Meta-notwm black.
Abdomen black ; above, each segment is narrowly mar-
gined with yellow posteriorly, and at the sides ; first
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 161
segment reddish-brown, with a yellowish line in the
middle ; beneath, the yellow margins are broader, and
there is also a sub-lateral yellow line. In the ¢ the
penultimate segment is truncated, the sides very oblique
and excavated ; beneath, on each side of the ventral
fissure is inserted a long and narrow piece, greenish-
yellow, ending im an intensely black anvil-shaped
crotchet, the arms being produced and curved, but in
opposite directions; the penis is very long, obtuse, oval,
deeply canaliculated beneath, yellow, the side-margins
thickened, and intensely black ; at its extreme base, in-
ternally, are two short testaceous crotchets, turned out-
wards, and curved ; terminal segmentabove small, the mar-
gins rounded and finely fringed, yellow. In the ¢@ the
last ventral segment is broad, strongly rounded, yellow.
Legs yellow; intermediate and posterior femora with
an indistinct broad fuscous rmg before the apex.
Wings long and narrow, the costal margin slightly
rounded to the junction of the sub-costa; pterostigma °
narrow, pale yellowish brown, with one transverse vein-
let, the inner edge placed near the middle of the penta-
gonal areole below it, the outer edge extending far beyond
that areole; the first apical vein is simple, curved, and
starts out of the base of the outer margin of the ptero-
stigma (Pl. IX. fig. 2, indicated at a); swb-costa ending
before the pterostigma; 7-8 costal veinlets; three dis-
coidal areoles; second apical vein (counting the simple
vein proceeding from the pterostigma as the first) tri- or
quadri-furcate, third simple, fourth, fifth, and sixth once
forked ; neuration blackish, the costa at the base, the first
one or two costal veinlets, and the radius for the greater
part of its length, yellowish.
Expanse of wings, ¢, 8-9 lines; ?, 9-11 lines.
I have seen but one living specimen of this insect, sent
to me by Mr. Barrett of Haslemere. It occurs chiefly in
the south of England, but Mr. Hislop has sent me an ex-
ample taken in Morayshire in the north-east of Scotland,
which scarcely differs from southern individuals. It may
be recognized by the extent of the red markings on the
head, by the position of the pterostigma with respect to
the cellule below it, and especially by the first apical vein
being simple, and starting directly from the pterostigma.
The only other species which constantly possesses this
character is R. betica, Rambur, which is to be separated
by the shorter and broader head, &c.; but this must not
TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1868.—ParT 11, (JULY). M
162 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
be confounded with betica of Brauer, which=affinis of
Schneider.
I adopt the name maculicollis to avoid the clashing of
affinis with Schneider’s lke-named species. Stephens’
description applies so far as it goes, and the examples of
maculicollis and affinis labelled by Leach, who first pro-
posed the name, belong here, but in each case Stephens
had afterwards added two examples of xanthostigma in
his Collection.
Hagen (in Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 10) incorrectly referred
the two Leachian names to ophiopsis, as synonyms, and
his description applies to the latter species.
Division Il. HEMEROBIINA.
Antenne moniliform.* Head transverse; front not
prolonged into a rostrum ; ocelli mostly absent (present
in Osmylus) ; maaillary palpi 5-jomted, labial 3-jointed ;
mandibles with a single tooth mternally. Prothoraa
moderately developed. Abdomen mostly slender; in the
male often provided with a pair of strong appendices ;
in the female, for the most part, obtuse, or with a short
borer. Legs slender; tarsi 5-jointed, filiform; wngues
seldom serrated.
Wings ovate, sub-equal (the posterior pair rudimentary
im one sex of Psectra), no perceptible anal space to the
posterior, hence these are not folded. Swb-costa running
parallel with the costa, and into the apex ; radius parallel
with the sub-costa, and sometimes uniting therewith
near the apex, emitting one or more sectors, whereof the
first is sometimes parallel with the radius, the rest
branching off from it ; pterostigma not distinctly circum-
scribed; transverse veinlets usually disposed, for the
most part, in two or more rows like steps, and hence
termed “‘ gradate veinlets.” The margins ciliated (except
in Coniopteryx), all the veins and veinlets more or less
strongly ciliated. The neuration is most strongly deve-
loped in Osmylus ; least so in Coniopteryz.
Larva mostly arboreal (aquatic in Osmylus and Sisyra) ,
elongate, and attenuated at each end,t subsisting on
* In the Myrmeleonide and Ascalaphide the antenne are clavate or
capitate: and in the Dilaride (a family of doubtful location) they are
pectinate in the male.
+ In the extra-Britannic families, Myrmeleonide and Ascalaphide, the
larva is short and thick, and lives concealed in the earth ; in the Mantis-
pide it is parasitic in the nests of Arachnida and Hymenoptera.
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 163
Aphides, and other small insects, of which it extracts the
juices. The mouth furnished with a pair of very long
mandibles with which the prey is seized, at the base of
which, internally, the maxillez lie in a groove.
Pupa contained in an oval or circular silken cocoon,
which is very small for the size of the imago; but shortly
before the change, it cuts its way out by means of a
pair of short strong mandibles, and then extends itself,
having previously been coiled round, with the segments
retracted.
Eggs ovate, more or less pedicillate, and attached.
Most of these insects fall down on their side, and feign
death, when disturbed ; the legs being then doubled up,
the head drawn under the thorax, and the antenne con-
cealed.
The British Hemerobiine may be divided into three
families, thus :—
I, HeEmeEROBIIDA.
Antenne moniliform. Wings mostly with numerous
transverse veinlets; margins ciliated.
II. ConropreryGiIp#.
Antenne moniliform. Wings with scarcely any trans-
verse veinlets; margins not visibly ciliated. Insects of
minute size, covered wholly with a whitish powder.
Ill. Curysopriz.
Antenne setiform. Wings with a moderate number
of transverse veinlets; margins ciliated. Colour usually
greenish.
The larvee of most of these delicate insects play a great
part in the economy of nature, and must be considered
as benefactors of the human race in no small degree.
With those of Coccinella and Syrphus they help to coun-
teract the extraordinary fecundity of the Aphides; and
though their numbers are seldom so great as are those of
Coccinella, yet from their activity, and from the short
time they take to extract the juices of their prey, they
‘must destroy innumerable multitudes of these pests of
the horticulturist.
M2
164 Mr. R. MacLhachlan’s Monograph of
Family l. HEMEROBIIDA.
Antenne short; composed of a number of little rounded
joints. Terminal joint of the palpi cylindrical, generally
subulate. Ocelli usually absent (present in Osmylus) .
Wings sub-equal (except in one sex of Psectra); costal
veinlets mostly furcate; sub-costa and radius separated to
the apex, or (Osmylus and Sisyra) becoming there con-
fluent; swb-costal area with one, or several, transverse
veinlets; radius starting from the sub-costa, close to the
base, and running parallel with it; emitting either one
(whence then arise the others) or all the sectors; gradate
veinlets generally in two series, the portion of the wing
between the inner of these and the base occupied with
few transverse veins, or (Osmylus) many; the margins,
and veins, and veinlets, ciliated.
Body short; the extremity of the abdomen in the male
generally provided with appendices.
Legs short, slender; the ungues generally simple.
Larva mostly arboreal (aquatic in Osmylus and Sisyra) .
The following are the British genera :—.
A. Ocelli present. Transverse nervules numerous.
Osmy.vs.*
B. Ocelli absent. Transverse nervules few.
a. Radius becoming confluent with the sub-cos-
ta. ~ (Pl TX. fig. 3.)° 5 eee
B. Radius and sub-costa separate to the apex.
a. First sector emitting the rest. Posterior
wing's minute in one sex. (Pl. IX. fig. 5).
PSECTRA.
b. All the sectors emitted from the radius. Wings
ample in both sexes.
a. A recurrent veinlet at the base of the cos-
tal area in the anterior wings, forming
a small free cellule. (Pl. IX. fig. 6; Pl.
X. figs. 1, 5, 10, 11, indicated at a.)
* Apical margin excised. . DREPANEPTERYX.
** Apical margin entire, rounded.
+ Normally not more than four sectors.
HEMEROBIUS.
tt More than four sectors. . Mrcgatomus.
b. No recurrent veinlet at the base of the
costal area. (Pl. IX. fig. 4.) | Micromus.
* In a general monograph of Planipennia, Osmylus would form the
type of a distinct family—Osmylide.
the British Neuroptera-Planipenma. 165
Genus I. Osmytus, Latreiile.
Head with the vertex inflated; ocelli three, placed
closely together; antennee about one third the length
of the wings, the joints ovate; last joint of the maxillary
palpi acuminate, pointed.
Prothorae much narrower than the head, longer than
broad.
Abdomen moderately robust; in the male, provided
with two large ventral valves at the apex.
Legs slender, cylindrical; wngues simple; pulvilli large.
Wings large; costal veinlets both simple and forked ;
costal area narrow at the base; sub-costa and radius be-
coming confluent at the apex; sub-costal area with one
transverse veinlet placed at the base; first sector starting
from near the base of the radius, and emitting several
others which mostly become furcate at the margins; the
two cubiti parallel, running close together; the gradate
veinlets run in two sub-parallel series, the space between
the inner one and the base densely reticulated with nu-
merous transverse veinlets, forming almost quadrate cel-
ules. In the posterior wings the net-work is more open.
Larva aquatic.
1. OsmyLus FULVICEPHALUS, Scopoli.
Hemerobius fulvicephalus, Scop. Ent. Carn. 270 (1768).
H. maculatus, Fab. Mant. Ins. i. 247 (1787). Osmylus
maculatus, Lat., and other authors. Hemerobius chrysops,
Linn. Coll. (but not H. chrysops, Linn. Faun. Suec. 382,
according to the description). Osmylus chrysops, of au-
thors. Hemerobius laurifoliceformis, Raz. Hist. Jor. 289
(1789).
Head shining, reddish orange; eyes, ocelli, and antenne,
black, the last with few and short grayish hairs.
Pro- meso- and meta-thorax blackish fuscous, with yel-
lowish markings in the middle.
Abdomen blackish fuscous, sparingly clothed with
grayish hairs.
Legs pale testaceous, terminal joint of tarsi somewhat
fuscous.
Wings hyaline, with blackish fuscous spots, which, in
the fore-wings, are large and somewhat quadrate, on the
dorsal margin towards the base, and on the costal mar-
gin near the apex; pterostigma marked with pale yellow-
ish between the dark spots; veins mostly blackish, a few
166 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
yellowish; the radius and sub-costa alternately blackish
and yellowish. The posterior wings marked with blackish
at the pterostigma.
Length of body 7 lines; expanse of wings 20-23 lines.
This large and beautiful insect is not uncommon in
summer about streams. It varys little in size, but to
some extent in the number and intensity of the spots.
A detailed history of the development, and habits of
the larva, is given by Hagen, in the “ Linnea Entomo-
logica,” vol. vii. pp. 368—418, pl. mi,iv. The larval exist-
ence would appear to last about seven months. The larva
does not swim, but rests on or crawls about plant stems,
gravel, &c. It canscarcely be said to be truly aquatic, but
is rather amphibious; that is to say, it is able to live both
in the water, and among the damp moss, débris, &c., im
the vicinity of it. The pupa is contained in an irregular
rounded cocoon. The first certain accounts of the habits
of this larva, were given by Herr Brauer, to whom Ento-
mology is so greatly indebted for his discoveries in Neu-
ropterous larvee.
It will be remarked that I have rejected the Lin-
nean name chrysops, and I here give my reasons for so
doing. It is true that in the Linnean Collection this
insect is labelled “‘ chrysops” in Linné’s own handwriting,
but a glance at his description of the insect he intended
to bear that name, proves that it could not be Osmylus.
His words run thus:—“ Viridi nigroque varius, alis hya-
linis, maculatis reticulatis,” and ‘“‘ Musca fcetida, auro
oculata.” A Chrysopa is intended by these, and this is
also proved by his reference to Frisch (Insekten Teuts-
chlands, vierdter Theil, p. 40, tab. xxii) who describes
the insect under the name of “ Der gold-iiugigen Stinck-
Fhege.”
Genus II. Srisyra, Burmeister.
Ocelli absent; antenne about half the length of the
wings, the joints rounded, strongly setose; last joint of
the maaillary palpi acuminate, pointed, about four times
the length of the penultimate.
mii ane narrowly transverse, not so broad as the
ead.
Abdomen short, moderately robust; in the male pro-
vided with two simple corncous appendices at the apex ;
the British Newroptera-Planipennia. 167
in the female there is a short ovipositor, which (after
death) is directed upwards and applied against the
truncated terminal segment.
Legs short, slender; the tibiz cylindrical; wngues
simple, curved; pulvilli small.
Wings (Pl. IX. fig. 3) ovate, obtuse ; costal area narrow ;
costal veinlets simple, those in the pterostigmatical region
more numerous and strongly oblique; sub-costa and
radius becoming confluent at the apex ; sub-costal area
rather broad, without a transverse nervule; only one
sector, which starts from the base of the radius, and runs
nearly parallel therewith, emitting about three branches
to the apex, which are there twice forked; transverse
veinlets of the disk very few in number. In the posterior
wings the sector is more distant from the radius.
Larva aquatic, living in the interior of the fresh-water
sponge, and, doubtless, in other analogous positions.
Our three species are thus tabulated :—
A. Wings unicolorous, with no trace of spots.
a. Antenne wholly dark. . . . S. fuscata.
b. Antenne with pale tips. . S. terminalis.
B. Anterior wings with an appearance of darker
HpPoOtsely ius ois Fives’ Binidvees | eka:
1. Srsyra ruscata, Fabricius.
Hemerobius fuscatus, Fab. Ent. Syst. 1. 84 (1798) ;
Steph. Ill. vi. 114, pl. xxx. fig. 10; Sisyra fuscata, Burm.
Handb. 11. 976; Ramb. Névrop. 416; Wesm. Bull. Acad.
Brux. 1840, p. 215; Hag. Stett. Zeit. 1858, p. 131; 1859,
p- 412; Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 25; Brauer, Neurop. Aust.
55. Hemerobius confinis, Steph. Ill. vi. 144 (1836). H.
nitidulus, Steph. l. c. (not of Fab.). Sisyra nigripennis,
Wesm. Bull. Acad. Brux. 1840, p. 412. Hemerobius
fumatus, Mots. Htud. 1. 20 (1853).
Larva :—Branchiotoma spongille, Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc.
i. 105, id. Introd. 1. 586; Hogg, Tr. Linn. Soc. xvi.
363; Hal. Proc. Ent. Soc. 1848, p. xxxi.
Blackish fuscous, somewhat shining, sparingly clothed
with yellowish hairs ; antennce wholly black.
Legs pale testaceous; tarsi darker, pale at the tips of
the joints.
168 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
Wings uniformly shining fuscous ; neuration blackish,
ciliated with golden; two or three transverse veinlets
about the middle of the anterior wings, placed irregularly,
and three or four at the base; pterostigmatical region
scarcely darker.
Abdomen of the male, above, provided at the apex with
two incurved and sharply-pointed appendices ; ventral
plate large, rounded, obtuse.
Length of body 2-23 lines; expanse of wings 6-64
lines.
Common throughout the summer, especially about
streams, but also occasionally frequenting standing
waters ; generally distributed.
The larva, described as Branchiotoma spongille by
Westwood, was discovered by Mr. Hoge, im the sub-
stance of Spongilla fluviatilis. It is remarkable from the
form of the respiratory filaments, which are placed on the
under surface of the abdomen, and, in being articulated,
somewhat resemble legs.
Certain examples of this species are darker than the
ordinary specimens, and form Wesmael’s nigripennis ;
perhaps Burmeister’s morio should also be referred
here.
Rambur would appear to have mistaken the sexes ;
his words “ Extrémité abdominale du male ayant un
appendice courbé en haut en forme de crochet,” must
refer to the ovipositor of the female.
2. SrsyrA Dat, MacLachlan.
Sisyra Dali, M’Lach. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1. 268 (1866).
Hemerobius nitidulus (Dale), Walk. Brit. Mus. Cat.
296 (not of Fab.).
Castaneous or pale testaceous, clothed with golden
hairs ; antennce dark fuscous, with a pale basal joint.
Legs pale yellowish, the terminal joint of the tarsi
tipped with blackish ; clothed with pale hairs.
Wings pale testaceous, sub-hyaline, shining; neura-
tion testaceous; in the anterior wings the transverse
veinlets, the axilla of one or two furcations, and a spot
on the dorsal margin towards the base, fuscous ; hence
these wings have a slightly dotted appearance; four
transverse veinlets in the middle of the wing, two of
which are placed in a line, and four others towards the
base: posterior wings paler, the radius and two transverse
veinlets blackish.
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 169
Abdomen fuscescent ; in the male there are two short
and obtuse blackish appendices; the ventral plate short
and broad, pale.
Length of body 2 lines, expanse of wings 54-6 lines.
Taken by Mr. Dale at Ambleside, and also in Dorset-
shire. I once found it sparingly, in June, on the banks
of the Mole, near Reigate, Surrey.
3. SISYRA TERMINALIS, Curtis.
Sisyra terminalis, Curt. Tr. Ent. Soc. N. 8S. i. 56
(1854) ; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 25.
Testaceous or fuscescent, with golden pubescence ;
antenne black, the apical fourth pale yellowish.
Legs pale grayish yellow, with yellow pubescence.
Wings pale cinereous, shining ; the posterior wings
paler and iridescent; neuration pale grayish-fuscous,
with pale ciliation ; in the anterior wings only one trans-
verse veinlet in the middle, one near the apex, and four
or five at the base (Pl. IX. fig. 3).
Abdomen fuscescent ; in the male the appendices are
small and scarcely evident; the ventral plate is short,
broad, and obtuse.
Length of body 2 lines, expanse of wings 54-64 lines.
Appears in summer. Originally discovered at Kil-
larney, Ireland, by Mr. Haliday; occurs along the
Thames, near Richmond, and I once found it abundantly
on the banks of the Mole, near Reigate.
Genus III. Psrcrra, Hagen.
(Stett. Zeit. 1866, p. 376).
Head with the vertex strongly inflated and rounded ;
ocelli absent ; antenncee rather longer than the wings, the
joints rounded; mawillary palpi long and slender, the
two basal joints short, the third and fourth longer, the
fifth still longer, cylindrical, and shghtly acuminate.
Prothoraz transverse, quadrilobate above. Meso- and
meta-thorax with their lateral lobes strongly developed.
Abdomen short and robust.
Legs moderately long; tibice gradually dilated in the
middle, sub-compressed; tarsal joints short; wngues
small, broad.
170 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
Wings very unequal in the male; the posterior pair
rudimentary, in the form of small, scarcely evident,
lobes, with one strong vein in the middle. Anterior
wings somewhat narrow and elongate, obtusely rounded
at the apex, convex above; costal veinlets for the most
part simple, a few forked; costal area rounded ; sub-
costa and radius separated to the apex, distant; sub-costal
area broad, one transverse veinlet near the base, two in
the middle, and two near the apex; one forked sector,
the upper branch of which runs parallel with the radius ;
veins all simply furcate on the margins; gradate veinlets
in oblique series, the outer of which is complete, the
innerrudimentary ; all the vernsand veinlets very strong,
and, with the margins, strongly ciliated ; a rudimentary
vein in the form of a tubercle in each marginal inter-
stice. :
The female is said to have developed posterior wings.
Burmeister speaks of three sectors, but I think his two
first are more properly referred to the two cubiti. I am
indebted to my friend Mr. Rye for the figure at Pl. IX.
fig. 5; the abdomen is probably represented as too
elongate and pointed, but the unique example from which
the figure was drawn is not in a sufficiently good condi-
tion to ensure absolute correctness in this respect.
1. Psrctra pDieteRA, Burmeister.
Hemerobius dipterus, Burm. Handb. u. 973 (1839) ;
Curt. Tr. Ent. Soc. N. 8. m. 56; M’Lach. Ent. Mo:
Mag. 1. 269.
Shining blackish-fuscous, with golden pubescence.
Antenne with about forty-five jomts, the basal one
long and much dilated.
Thoracic lobes paler than the rest of the body, dark
castaceous.
Legs pale yellowish, the tip of the femora, base of the
tibize, and terminal joint of the tarsi, fuscous.
Wings sub-hyaline, shining, slightly testaceous ; with
fuscous spots, and the gradate veinlets broadly margined
with fuscous ; veins for the most part pale, with distant
black tubercles, from each of which springs a blackish
hair ; all the marginal forks and gradate veinlets deep
fuscous ; six veinlets in the outer gradate series, and
two in the inner, but between the latter and the base are
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 171
four others placed in two pairs, one within the other ;
the margins longly ciliated with fuscous. The rudi-
mentary posterior wings are hyaline, with a strong testa-
ceous vein in the middle (Pl. IX. fig. 5).
Length of body 14 line ; expanse of wings 3} lines.
One example of this extraordinary creature was taken
off a hazel-bush at Breach Wood, near Langport,
Somersetshire, on the 26th June, 1843, by J. C. Dale,
Esq., through whose kindness in entrusting it to my
care, I am enabled to draw up the above description.
This insect, though very widely distributed in Europe,
is excessively rare, and I believe that not more than four
or five examples are known. The female,with developed
posterior wing's, is said to be in the Berlin Museum.
Genus IV. Micromus, Rambur.
Ocelli absent ; antenne shorter than the wings, the joints
oval or conical, strongly setose; last joint of the mawil-
lary palpi scarcely longer than the penultimate, acumi-
nate, the end considerably elongated.
Prothoraz narrow, transverse.
Abdomen short, slender in the male, more robust in the
female; the apex in the male provided with a concave
ventral plate, in which lie two corneous, curved, needle-
shaped appendices (Pl. IX. fig. 4 a-b).
Legs slender; tibic sub-cylindrical; wngues simple ;
pulvilli scarcely evident.
Wings ovate, obtuse. Anterior wings with the costal
area narrow at the base, with no recurrent veinlet, after-
wards somewhat dilated; costal nervules mostly forked ;
sub-costa and radius separated to the apex; sub-costal
area narrow, with one transverse veinlet at the base, and
sometimes one near the apex; three or four sectors all
starting from the radius, and all twice or thrice forked
onthe margin; gradate veinlets mostly in two very oblique
series, which are somewhat distant, the inner one traver-
sing the middle of the wing. Posterior wings narrower
than the anterior; the costal area very narrow, with sim-
ple veinlets.
Larva probably similar to that of Hemerobius.
These insects, which otherwise much resemble Hemero-
bius, may be recognized by the narrow base of the costal
area of the fore-wings, and by the absence of a recurrent
nervule therein (Pl. IX. fig. 4).
172 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
We have three species, so different that a tabular
arrangement is unnecessary.
1. Micromus variecAtus, Fabricius.
Hemerobius variegatus, Fab. Ent. Syst. u. 85 (1793);
Steph. Il. vi. 113; Zett. Ins. Lapp. 1049; Burm. Handb.
uu. 974; Wesm. Bull. Acad. Brux. 1840, p. 214; Micro-
mus variegatus, Ramb. Névrop. 417; Costa, Faun. Nap.
4, pl. x. fig. 2; Brauer, Neurop. Aust. 58; Hag. Ent.
Ann. 1858, p. 26.
Fuscous, with whitish pubescence; head testaceous
posteriorly ; palpi whitish; antennce whitish, with fuscous
annulations, the basal jomt wholly fuscous ; posterior lobe
of the meso-notum, and scutellum of the meta-notum,
whitish.
Legs whitish ; the tibice with a faint fuscous ring to-
wards the middle, and fuscous at the apex ; tarsi blackish
at the extreme tips. .
Wings narrow, whitish, sub-hyaline; anterior wings
with two irregular black fasciz following the gradate
veinlets, the inner one continued as a blotch towards the
base, the outer one formed of two irregular blotches;
margins and veins spotted, and interrupted with black ;
neuration forming large cellules; about five veinlets in
each of the gradate series, and one or two others towards
the base; neuration and margins longly ciliated with
whitish. In the posterior wings the apex is spotted with
black, in the form of three irregular blotches; neuration
mostly white (Pl. IX. fig. 4).
Anal appendices of the male, needle-shaped, the ventral
lobe large ; the abdomen above, with two oval valves at
the apex.
Length of body 2-23 lines; expanse of wings 6 lines.
Frequent in summer, and generally distributed.
2. Micromus apHripivorus, Schrank.
Hemerobius aphidivorus, Schrk. Ins. Aust. 313 (1781).
H. angulatus, Steph. Ill. vi. 106 (1836). H. villosus,
Zett. Ins. Lapp. 1050 (1840); Micromus villosus, Brauer,
Neurop. Aust. 58. M. intricatus, Wesm. Bull. Acad.
Brux. 1840, p. 214; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 26. M.
tendinosus, Ramb. Névrop. 417 (1842). H. lineatus,
Gozsy, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. 1852, p. 346.
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 173
Brownish-ochreous, with yellow pubescence; front
paler; palpi testaceous; antenne testaceous.
Legs testaceous, with concolorous pubescence.
Wings short and broad, very obtuse. Anterior wings
testaceous; with two narrow transverse brown fasciz fol-
lowing the gradate veinlets, intersected by three similar
longitudinal fasciz, running into the apical margin; the
membrane withnumerous short transverse brown streaks ;
neuration dark fuscous, with paler interruptions; four or
five sectors; about eight veinlets in the outer gradate
series, Six in the inner, and about three towards the base;
margins and neuration slightly ciliated with golden-testa-
ceous. Posterior wings paler, more hyaline; pterostig-
matical region and neuration brown.
Abdomen of the male with pale anal valves, the ventral
one very large and concave, the superior lateral ones large
and rounded, with a callosity towards the base externally.
Length of body 24-3 lines; expanse of wings 6-7 lines.
Very rare; appears in summer, and has only been met
with singly, so far as lam aware, though widely distributed.
3. Micromus pacanus, Linné.
Hemerobius paganus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 912 (1767) ;
Vill. Linn. Ent. im. 49; Micromus paganus, Brauer,
Neurop. Aust. 58 ; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 26. 4H.
nemoralis, Steph. Ill. vi. 110 (1836). M. lineosus,
Ramb. Névrop. 416 (1842). H. elegans, Gézsy, Sitz.
Akad. Wiss. 1852, p. 346.
Grayish-white varied with fuscous ; front shining, dark
fuscous ; palpi pale testaceous : antennz whitish-yellow,
the basal joint fuscescent.
Legs whitish.
Wings broad, very obtuse. Anterior wings yellowish,
sub-hyaline, with two oblique, transverse, brownish
fascize following the gradate veinlets, intersected by
three longitudinal ones running into the apical and
dorsal margins, the latter margin brown at the base;
neuration whitish, sparingly interrupted with brown; five
sectors ; nine veinlets in the outer gradate series, six in
the inner, and one or two towards the base; neuration
and margins with short pale ciliation. Posterior wings
sub-hyaline, iridescent; the outer series of gradate
veinlets brown; neuration otherwise pale.
174 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
Abdomen pale at the apex, strongly ciliated ; the ventral
lobe of the male large, very concave, the appendices lying
therein are long, extending much beyond the lobe, and
curved strongly downwards. (Pl. IX. fig. 4.a, 45).
Length of body 3-4 lines, expanse of wings 8-9 lines.
A common species throughout the summer. (Heme-
robius decussatus of Leach and Samouelle should be re-
ferred here.)
Genus V. Hemerrosius, Linné.
Ocelli absent; antennce: shorter than the wings, the
joints mostly rounded, strongly setose ; last joint of the
maxillary palpt not greatly longer than the penultimate,
rather suddenly drawn into a long slender point at the
apex.
Prothorax short, transverse.
Abdomen short ; the male usually provided with a pair
of appendices, which are frequently furcate ; the apex
usually obtuse in the female, but sometimes with a visible
borer.
Legs slender; tibie usually somewhat dilated and
compressed, attenuated at each end, occasionally cylindri-
cal; ungues simple ; pulvilli usually moderately large.
Wings ovate, strongly obtuse, the posterior pair nar-
rower ; the margins and veins strongly ciliated. Ante-
rior wings with the costal area broad, strongly dilated
at the base, the veinlets furcate, the first veinlet from
the base does not reach the margin, but is directed
back to the extreme base, forming a free cellule (Pl. IX.
fig. 6; Pl. X. figs. 1, 5, 10, indicated at a), and emitting
several short branches to the margin; swb-costa and
radius separated to the apex; sub-costal area narrow,
with one transverse veinlet near the base, and usually
another near the apex ; one to four (exceptionally five)
sectors all starting from the radius, and running parallel
into the margins, where they are twice or thrice forked :
usually in each marginal space, between the veins, there
is a small rudimentary, and scarcely evident, veinlet;
gradate veinlets in two somewhat parallel series, whereof
the imner is nearer to the apex than to the base ; ptero-
stigmatical region indistinct, filled in with very numerous
oblique veinlets ; in the posterior wings the gradate vein-
lets are less numerous.
‘the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 175
Larva covers itself with the skins of the Aphides of
which it has extracted the juices.
(Note: Hemerobius, as now restricted, = Mucropalpus
of Rambur.)
In working out the species of this genus, I have expe-
rienced in full force the hopelessness of arriving at a
satisfactory result with respect to the synonymy.
Hitherto all authors have neglected descriptions of the
appendices, which, in most cases, will, at any rate,
separate the males; yet even with the help of this all-
important character, it is by no means always an easy
task to ensure absolute certainty, and these parts must be
considered in connection with general form and marking.
The greater part of the descriptions of old authors must
for ever remain of doubtful application ; and, in many
instances, the species referred to Linnean names are
different in the works of different writers. Hagen’s
“‘Hemerobidarum Synopsis synonymica”? has been of
great service, but I have found it impossible to view
several of the older descriptions in the same light as he.
I can only hope that the attempt, made in the following
descriptions, to place particular stress upon structural cha-
racters may aftord a more certain basis upon which to work
in future. Characters drawn from the neuration of the
wings are here tolerably sure, so far as sectional arrange-
ment deduced from the number of sectors is concerned,
but further than that they are of little use, especially the
furcations of the sectors after they leave the radius.
The Leachian and Stephensian species are far from
easy to determine; more especially as Stephens has
mixed them up in some instances, and divided them in
others. My earlier opinion as to the actual position of
some of them has undergone considerable modification
on closer examination, and yet it is probable, I may say
sure, that my present ideas are not always correct.
Hence, in more than one instance, I have not accorded
to the names given by the two Entomologists above-
mentioned, that precedence to which, by right of priority,
they are entitled, and which I have otherwise endeavoured
to maintain. It may be, that some future worker of the
genus will be more fortunate than I have hitherto been
in unravelling this tangled skein. These remarks apply
especially to H. humulz, limbatus, and pint.
I have found it impossible to tabulate this genus.
176 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
Section I. Two sectors in the anterior wings (Pl. IX.
fig. 6).
1. HemROBIUS ELEGANS, Stephens.
Hemerobius elegans, Steph. Ill. vi. 113 (1836). 4.
Marshami, Steph. Ill. vi. 114 (1836). H. paucinervis,
Zett. Ins. Lapp. 1050 (1840). Mucropalpus pygmeeus,
Ramb. Névrop. 442 (1842) ; H. pygmceus, Brauer, Neurop.
Aust. 56; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 56; Ed. Pict.
Névrop. d’Esp. 56.
Dark shining piceous, with a few pale golden hairs ;
antenne black, with a testaceous basal joint ; front some-
times yellowish testaceous ; the whole underside of the
head and thorax yellowish.
Abdomen dull pitchy-brown, with golden hairs. In
the ¢ I can see no superior or lateral appendices, but
the last ventral segment is produced in the middle into
a short curled-up hairy lobe.
Tiegs very pale whitish-yellow ; femora marked with
pale fuscous externally.
Wings short and broad, pale grayish: anterior pair
closely spotted with darker gray, and varying according
to the extent to which the spots coalesce ; apical and
dorsal margins pale and dark gray in alternate spaces ;
only two sectors; longitudinal veins with short pale
golden hairs, pale fuscous, those of the disk with whitish
dotted interruptions ; gradate veinlets dark fuscous, four
in the outer series placed in two pairs, five in the inner,
one of which is placed between the sector and radius,
and the four others together in a line, missing two inter-
stices from the first, and a series of three or four others
near the base: posterior wings pale grayish, with fuscous
veins and smoky pterostigma.
Length of body 2-25 lines, expanse of wings 4-6 lines.
The smallest species; not generally common, and
appears to prefer the neighbourhood of streams and
rivers; in summer and autumn.
This is the only British species with two sectors, and
perhaps also the only Huropean, for the Sardinian par-
vulus may be only a form of elegans.
the British Neuwroptera-Planipennia. Lad
Section 2. Three sectors in the anterior wings.
(Bl, 2. fiat )5):.
2. Hemeropius PELLUciDUS, Walker.
Hemerobius pellucidus, (Dale), Walk. Brit. Mus. Cat.
284 (1853); M’Lach. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1. 269. H. fusces-
cens, Walleng. Ofv. 1864, p. 22.
Shining, blackish fuscous, with very few pale hairs;
thoraw and abdomen paler, the latter somewhat ochreous
beneath.
Legs pale dull yellowish.
Wings rather elongate, obtuse, very pale grayish, iri-
descent ; anterior wings with the gradate veinlets clouded
with darker gray; pterostigma brownish; neuration (in
all the wings) wholly pale fuscous; three sectors; four
gradate veinlets in the outer series; five in the inner,
with two interstices between the firstand second, the three
others in a line, and placed between the two upper ones
and the outer series ; three towards the base (Pl. X. fig. 1):
postervor wings with one or two discal transverse veinlets.
Length of body 2-3 lines; expanse of wings 4-6} lines.
I have not seen this insect alive, nor can I find a male
with the appendices in a condition for describing.
Taken by Mr. Dale, sparingly, at Glanvilles Wootton,
Dorset.
In size and general appearance it resembles pale ex-
amples of H. elegans, but differs in having three sectors,
and in the unspotted veins.
Wallengren’s description appears to apply to the
species, but I have not seen his type.
3. HeMEROBIUS INCONSPICUUS, 0. s.
Head wholly black; antenne blackish-fuscous.
Thorax shining pitchy brown, paler in the middle.
Abdomen dull brownish. In the ¢ the last segment
above ends in two short blackish points; the last ven-
tral segment is produced into a long lobe, gradually nar-
rowed, the apex obtuse, and strongly curved upwards
and inwards, concave at the base internally (Pl. X. fig. 2).
In the ¢ the apex of the abdomen is obtuse.
Legs pale.
TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1868.—ParT I. (JULY). N
178 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
Wings long, rounded at the apex, uniformly pale smoky
fuscous; pterostigma with a brownish tinge; neuration
fuscous, without dots, strongly hairy; in the anterior
wings are three sectors ; four veinlets in the outer gradate
series, five in the inner, three towards the base.
Length of body 2-3 lines; expanse of wings 5-6} lines.
Found by Mr. Dale, in summer, in old furze-bushes,
at Bournemouth, Hants.
This has considerable resemblance to small examples
of H. nitidulus, but differs in its narrower wings, and
undotted veins, and especially in the extraordinary form
of the male appendices. It also greatly resembles Sisyra
fuscata mm outward appearance.
In my Continental Collection I have a 2 from Silesia
taken by Zeller, and ¢ and ¢? from France.
The ventral lobe in the ¢ has the appearance of an
ovipositor, and had I seen that sex only, I should pro-
bably have mistaken it for the Q, but the matter is set
at rest by the examples in Mr. Dale’s Collection. An
approach towards this formation is seen in H. elegans.
The large Continental and American species which I
consider to be H. longifrons of Walker (See Journ. Linn.
Soc. ix. 273; 1867) has an analogous lobe, and I re-
ferred all the examples to the female sex, but an examina-
tion of the male of H. inconspicuus has created some
doubt in my mind as to the correctness of my determi-
nation, especially as Herr Brauer sent me an insect of
similar appearance, which is decidedly female, but has
no evident borer.
4. HemMpROBIUS NITIDULUS, Fabricius.
Hemerobius nitidulus, Fab. Gen. Ins. 244 (1777) ;
Hag. Stett. Zeit. 1858, p. 131. H. ochraceus, Wesm.
Bull. Acad. Brux. 1840, p. 217; Brauer, Neurop. Aust.
57; Hag. Stett. Zeit. 1859, p. 42. Mucropalpus ob-
scurus, Ramb. Névrop. 423 (1842).
Reddish-ochreous ; face shining piceous; labrum red-
dish ; antenne brown, with narrow pale rings.
Abdomen brown, with golden-yellow hairs. In the ¢g
the appendices are deeply furcate at the apex, the prongs
widely diverging, yellow; a callosity externally near the
base (Pl. X. fig. 3).
Legs yellowish, the tarsi somewhat brownish.
the British N: euro ptera-Planipennia. 179
Wings broad, and broadly elliptical at the apex;
shining, unicolorous, pale fuscous, with a reddish tinge ;
the posterior slightly paler ; in the anterior pair the neu-
ration is pale, with the costal veinlets, and all the longi-
tudinal veins, closely and regularly dotted with small
dark fuscous points; pterostigma shghtly reddish; three
sectors ; 6-7 veinlets in both gradate series ; two or three
towards the base: in the posterior pair the costal veinlets
alone are dotted, the rest of the neuration unicolorous.
Length of body 23-3 lines; expanse of wings 64-7}
lines.
Not uncommon among Pinus sylvestris, in spring and
early summer, in all woods in the neighbourhood of
London.
5. Hemeropius micans, Olivier.
Hemerobius micans, Oliv. Enc. Méth. vin. 63 (1811);
Wesm. Bull. Acad. Brux. 1840, p. 216; Brauer, Neurop.
Aust. 56; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 27, Stett. Zeit. 1859,
p- 412. A. punctatus, Steph. Ill. vi. 111 (1886). 4.
pallidus, Steph. Ill. vi. 112 (1836). H. lutescens, Burm.
Handb. i. 974 (1839), Fab. ?. Mucropalpus fuscinervis,
Schn. Stett. Zeit. 1845, p. 344, var. Mucropalpus trro-
ratus, Costa, Faun. Nap. 11, pl. x. fig. 7 (1855).
Yellow; antenne yellow; face concolorous, the gene
shghtly castaneous; palpi yellow, the terminal joint
slightly fuscescent ; prothorax reddish brown on each side,
clothed with rather long pale hairs; meso- and meta-
thorax with shght fuscescent markings.
Abdomen yellow, slightly pubescent. In the ¢, the
appendices are long, yellow, pubescent, forked at the tips,
the prongs short; a callosity at the base externally (PI.
X. fig. 4).
Legs very pale yellowish.
Wings ovate, elliptical at the apex, pale yellowish, hya-
line, very iridescent; pterostigma more decidedly yellow ;
anterior pair with the longitudinal veins and costal vein-
lets pale yellow, with numerous short regular fuscous
streaks, longly ciliated; three sectors; gradate veinlets
fuscous, eight in the outer series, six in the inner, two or
three towards the base: in the posterior pair the neura-
tion is wholly pale.
n 2
180 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
Length of body 2-3 lines; expanse of wings 63-8 lines.
Common throughout the summer.
Var. a.= Mucropalpus fuscinervis, of Schneider.
Differs from the ordinary form, in the body being not
yellowish; the wings with the membrane nearly colour-
less, though still highly iridescent ; the pterostigma darker,
brown; the longitudinal veins less clear, the costal vein-
lets and sub-costa wholly fuscous; the gradate veinlets
in all the wings nearly black, seven in the outer series
in the fore-wings.
Expanse of wing's 63 lines; very uniform in size.
Less frequent than the type-form.
Through the kindness of Herr Brauer, I have seenatype
of fuscinervis, labelled by Schneider himself. This variety
seems to be very constant in its characters, but, save in
the colouration of the veins, I can find nothing whereby
to separate it specifically ; structurally 1t seems identical.
6. Hermerosius HuMuLI, Linné.
Hemerobius humuli, Linn. Faun. Suec. 383 (1761),
Syst. Nat.1. 912; and other authors. H. lutescens, Steph.
Ill. vi. 109 (not of Fab.). H. affinis, Steph. 1. c. (1836).
H. paganus, Steph. Ill. vi. 110 (not of Linné). H. apr-
calis, Steph. l. c. H. maculatus, Wesm. Bull. Acad. Brux.
1840, p. 215.
Pale yellow, the sides of the prothoraw fuscous ; face
yellow ; last joint of palpi fuscescent.
Abdomen pale yellow, with pale hairs. In the 4, the
appendices are broad, furcate at the apex; the prongs
nearly equal and divergent, hairy, yellow; a callosity at
the base (Pl. X. fig. 5a).
Legs pale yellow.
Wings elongate, hyaline, beautifully iridescent, scarcely
tinged; anterior pair more or less clouded with gray, the
apical and dorsal margins blotched with gray; usually
with a small distinct black spot between the cubiti near
the base; neuration (Pl. X. fig. 5) pale, with few black
dots, which are most evident at the axille of the furca-
tions; gradate veinlets brown, about seven in the outer
series, and six in the inner, one or two near the base ;
three sectors: posterior pair hyaline, unspotted.
Length of body 23-3} lines; expanse of wings 63-9
lines.
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 181
Very abundant everywhere, throughout the year, ex-
cept in the depth of winter.
Extraordinarily variable in size, and in the extent or
absence of markings on the anterior wings. It may
usually be separated by the isolated black spot near the
base, but this is occasionally absent. Some examples
are very dark, and bear considerable resemblance to H.
Nervosus.
Independent of coloration, it seems probable that two
species may be here intermingled. In many dry ex-
amples, I find the appendices of the males longer, dilated
at the apex, but scarcely furcate. A careful comparison
of living examples is necessary in order to settle the
question.
North American specimens do not differ from the des-
cribed European form.
7. Hemerosius marGrnatus, Stephens.
Hemerobius marginatus, Steph. Ill. vi. 109 (1836).
H, flexuosus, Hag. Stett. Zeit. 1858, p. 151 (not described).
Pale primrose-yellow, face and antennce concolorous ;
palpi with the terminal joint blackish; sides of the pro-
thorax fuscescent.
Abdomen pale yellow, with pale hairs. Inthe ¢, the
appendices form two broad, hairy, concave, obtuse, semi-
transparent yellow lobes, the upper margins of which are
shightly turned inwards (Pl. X. figs. 6-6a). In the 9,
the abdomen is obtuse.
Legs very pale yellow; tarsi brownish at the tips.
Wings broad, the apical margin very oblique; pale
whitish-hyaline, with a yellowish tinge: anterior pair
usually with large fuscous blotches along the apical and
dorsal margins, and often with indistinct transverse
grayish fasciee along the gradate veinlets; or these wings
are almost entirely without markings (these specimens are
usually males); neuration almost colourless, the costal
veinlets and longitudinal veins sparingly streaked with
dark fuscous, all the gradate veinlets dark fuscous; three
sectors; about eight veinlets in the inner and outer gra-
date series; two near the base: posterior pair colourless,
the pterostigmatical region slightly yellowish.
Length of body 34-4 lines; expanse of wings 83-9 lines.
Not common, but occasionally met with in summer.
182 Mr. R. Machachlan’s Monograph of
This sect has much the appearance of H. humuli, but is
very distinct, as is proved by the form of the male ap-
pendices, and also by the shape of the wings, &c.
The species has never hitherto been properly described,
though it has been duly separated by Neuropterists ; thus
in Zeller’s collection, I find it with the MS. name
“‘diversus” of Schneider, and I have received it from
Brauer as ‘‘ superbus,” n. s.
8. Hpmuropius tiupatus, Wesmael.
Hemerobius limbatus, Wesm. Bull. Acad. Brux. 1840,
p. 215; Brauer, Neurop. Aust. 57. H. subfasciatus,
Steph. Ill. vi. 111 (1836). 4. trroratus (Leach), Steph.
l. c. and H. stigma, Steph. Il. vi. 112, according to
Stephens’ collection. H. limbatellus, Zett. Ins. Lapp.
1050 (1840), ?.
Unicolorous, brownish or blackish-brown ; antennce
brown, with scarcely evident narrow pale annulations.
Abdomen brown, with paler pubescence. In the 4 the
appendices are blackish or fuscescent, broad, deeply fur-
cate, the prongs diverging, and each slightly curved at
the tips in opposite directions ; the upper prong slightly
the longer, and crossing the corresponding prong of the
other appendix (Pl. X. fig. 7).
Legs grayish-yellow, fuscescent at the knees and at
the tips of the tarsi.
Wings longly and narrowly ovate, longly elliptical at
the apex: anterior pair grayish or brownish, with short
gray streaks crossing the veins, the gradate veinlets mar-
gined with fuscous, more or less distinctly ; the apical
and dorsal margins generally broadly pale brownish, but
varying greatly in this respect; longitudinal veins and
costal veinlets pale, very closely pointed with fuscous ;
pterostigma brownish or reddish ; three sectors ; gradate
veinlets dark fuscous,seven in the outer series, six in the
inner, two near the base: posterior pair grayish-hyaline ;
pterostigma brownish ; neuration unspotted, for the most
part fuscescent, the sub-costa and radius more testa-
ceous ; the apical and dorsal margins frequently show
a trace of the broad darker margination, as in the
fore-wings.
Length of body 23-3 lines; expanse of wings 7-8 lines.
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia, 183
Common throughout the summer, especially im firs
and yews.
Excessively variable, and presenting numerous con-
ditions which I have found it impossible to separate,
either as distinct varieties or specific forms; the long
and narrow wings seem to present the best character,
together with the absence of distinct black or blackish
spots.
All the types m Stephens’ collection of irroratus,
stigma, and subfasciatus, and many of those placed under
pint, appear to belong to this species. In the ‘* Ento-
mologist’s Annual” for 1858, Dr. Hagen has grouped
many of these names as synonyms of what he describes
as phaleratus, Hoffmansegg. This last is only a Mu-
seum name; the original description is by Schneider,
in the “ Arbeit. Schlesich. Gesells.” 1846. I am quite
unable to apply his description with certainty, though
there can be little doubt that the species intended must
be either limbatus, or one of the closely allied species.
In the ‘ Synopsis synonymica” Hagen gives fasciatus
of Gézsy as a synonym of phaleratus, but types of the
latter sent by Brauer do not accord with the descriptions
of the former.
9. Hemurosius prni, Stephens.
Hemerobius pint (Leach), Steph. Ill. vi. 111 (1836).
H. punctatus, Gozsy, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. 1852, p. 346, ?.
Yellowish testaceous, shining; the face, sides of the
pro- and meso- thoraw, and the greater part of the meta-
thorax brown, with pale hairs; the prothorax longer than
in the allied species, the posterior angles produced
strongly downwards, obtuse and dilated, with a tuft of
long hairs at the tips; antenne yellow, with close
blackish annulations.
Abdomen ( ¢ ) fuscescent, with a yellow lateral line.
Legs yellowish ; the terminal joint of the tarsi fusces-
cent.
Wings somewhat elongate, oval, longly elliptical at
the apex: anterior pair testaceous, the apical and dorsal
margins darker ; two broad blackish fuscous transverse
fascize along the gradate veinlets, scarcely reaching the
dorsal margin, the inner one is more or less connected
at its lower end with a basal blotch, forming an ab-
breviated fascia; the outer fascia is generally formed
184 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
of two disconnected spots; the costal veinlets and the
sub-costa and radius blackish fuscous, with short pale im-
terruptions ; the rest of the longitudinal veins pale, with
closely placed blackish points ; fuscous blotches, more
or less distinct, along the radius; three sectors; gradate
veinlets blackish, six to seven in the outer series, six in
the inner, and others at the base; pterostigma reddish-
brown : posterior pair paler, whitish, very iridescent ;
pterostigma long, dark reddisk-brown; costal veinlets
and radius, and sub-costa wholly blackish; the other
longitudinal veins blackish in part, otherwise pale ; gra-
date veinlets mostly blackish.
Length of body 24-22 lines; expanse of wings 7-8
lines.
I have not seen males that I can confidently refer to
this species.
There are three or four specimens in the British
Museum, all similar, and one of them bears the label
““ pint ;” these are probably those from Scotland referred
to by Stephens; all the other examples I refer to limba-
tus, and these are probably from Hertford. Stephens’
description agrees with Leach’s examples, but not with
his own. It is also in Mr. Dale’s collection, and may be
not uncommon.
It is possibly identical with punctatus of Gdozsy,
of which I have certified Austrian types; these latter,
though variable, do not show the transverse fasciz with
such distinctness, and are, perhaps, slightly larger ; but
local influences may account for these slight differences.
10. HrMmROBIUS ATRIFRONS, N. S.
Bright yellow, the sides of the head and the three
divisions of the thorax broadly shining fuscous, leaving
the yellow ground colour as a pale median line; face
shining black ; antenne yellow, with narrow dark annu-
lations.
Abdomen dark fuscous, with the margins of the seg-
ments, anda line on each side, yellow ; pubescence brown,
or golden-brown. Inthe 9 the appendices are similar
to those of H. limbatus, but dark fuscous, with a yellow
callosity at the base ; the upper prong of the fork is pro-
bably slightly shorter, and thus equal with the lower.
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 185
Wings shorter and broader than in H. limbatus, the
apex broadly elliptical: anterior pair whitish-hyaline ;
a few gray markings across the veins; the gradate vein-
lets broadly margined with fuscous, giving the appear-
ance of two fuscous fasciz, and many blackish spots at
the base, at the axille of the furcations and on the longi-
tudinal veins, these veins being otherwise whitish; costal
veinlets more finely spotted; gradate veinlets black,
seven to eight in the outer series, six in the inner, two
near the base; three sectors ; pterostigma scarcely indi-
cated ; the apical and dorsal portion of the wing without
any evident margining: in the posterior pair the gradate
veinlets, the greater part of the second sector and of
the sub-costa and radius are blackish, and the rest of the
longitudinal veins have black streaks in the apical half ;
neuration otherwise pale.
Length of body 23 lines; expanse of wing's 6-64 lines.
Not unfrequent throughout the summer.
This is evidenty allied to the true H. fasciatus of
Gézsy, and may be a form thereof; but the latter would
appear to be larger and to have the wings longer (inter-
mediate between the present insect and limbatus in this
respect), with an absence of the sharply defined black
spots, the markings taking the form of three or four
more or less distinct transverse fuscous fascie. I have
not met with British examples that I can confidently
refer to fasciatus, which would seem to be a common
species on the mountains of central Europe, judging from
numerous specimens received from Zeller.
H. crispus (Leach), Stephens, may belong here as
a pale form, but I cannot satisfactorily determine it from
the single type.
There are four or five European species pertaining to
the limbatus group ; and one or more of these certainly
occurs also m North America. I have specimens of
atrifrons also from Prussia, Austria, etc.
11. Hemeropius suBNEBULOSUS, Stephens.
Hemerobius subnebulosus, Steph. Ill. vi. 107 (1836).
H. fuscus (Leach), Steph. l.c. H. nebulosus, Steph. lc.
(part). H. obsewrus (Leach), Steph. Ill. vi. 108. 4H.
nervosus, Steph. l. c. (not of Fab.). H. perelegans,
Steph. Ill. vi. 109, var.
186 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
Head and thorax rusty ochreous, broadly shining
blackish on the sides, and with a narrow blackish median
longitudinal line ; face shining black ; antennce ochreous,
closely annulated with blackish.
Abdomen dull brown, with golden hairs. In the ¢
the appendices are broad and band-lke, dilated and trun-
cated, the apex vroduced downwards into a narrow
slightly-curved spine-like appendage, the tip of which is
furnished with a tooth like the barb of a fish-hook, only
that it is placed externally (Pl. X. fig. 8). In the ¢ the
apex of the abdomen is obtuse.
Legs yellowish, the anterior and intermediate femora,
tibizw, and tarsi broadly annulated with blackish fuscous.
Wings rather elongated, the apex elliptical: anterior pair
pale grayish fuscous, with numerous narrow angulated
transverse whitish lines, the gradate veinlets margined
with dark fuscous, simulating fascize, and some strong
fuscous spots along the lower cubitus ; the dorsal margin
pale, slightly ochreous at the base ; costal margin with
pale spots ; longitudinal veinsand costal veinlets blackish,
with numerous whitish interruptions ; hairs pale; three
sectors; gradate veinlets strong and black, six to seven in
the outer series, six in the inner, two or three at the
base ; post-costal cellules both closed ; pterostigma indis-
tinct: posterior pair iridescent, pale grayish; the veins
darker.
Length of body 3-33 lines; expanse of wings 73-9
lines.
Excessively abundant throughout the summer, espe-
cially about London, hiding in the chinks of the bark
of fruit-trees, etc.
Varies considerably in intensity ; sometimes the wings
are uniformly almost blackish-fuscous, at others they are
pale, with an appearance of many dark irrorations, and
in this state more resemble H. nervosus. It may be
always distinguished by the pecuhar form of the male
appendices.
I have never seen a continental example, nor is it
known as such by Hagen or Brauer; yet the description
of H. strigosus, Zett. (Ins. Lapp. 1048) suits the insect
tolerably well. I can scarcely believe that a species so
common in England should be peculiar to our islands.
The variety perelegans is a most beautiful form, in
which the wings are strongly suffused with fuscous, with
pale spots on the margins. I had previously wrongly
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 187
referred this variety to lambatus. In the collection of
the British Museum a second insect has been placed with
Stephens’ unique type under the same label. This second
example is really a very dark limbatus, but not so the
first. I have a specimen that I took at Rannoch, in
1865, which agrees almost entirely with the type. Both
examples are females, but I believe I am correct in
referring them to subnebulosus.
12. Hemerosius NERvosus, Fabricius.
Hemerobius. nervosus, Fab. Ent. Syst. u. 85 (1793),
and other authors. H. nebulosus, Steph. Ill. vi. 107
(1836), part. H. conspersus, Burm. Handb. 1. 974
(1839). Mucropalpus distinctus, Ramb. Névrop. 421
(1842); Costa, Faun. Nap. 9, pl. x. fig. 6.
Ochreous, the sides of thorax broadly shining blackish ;
a narrow median blackish horizontal line ; face shining
blackish ; antennce yellow, with narrow fuscous rings.
Abdomen dark fuscous, with pale golden hairs, and a
reddish lateral lime in the 9. Inthe ¢ the appendices
are yellow, blackish at the tips, long, regularly curved,
band-like or sub-cylindrical, shghtly acuminate and
obtuse (Pl. X. fig. 9). In the ¢? the apex of the abdomen
is obtuse, or sub-truncate.
Legs pale yellowish ; tarsi fuscous at the tips; anterior
and intermediate tibize semi-fasciated, owing to fuscous
marks which appear externally only, and are not con-
tinued beneath.
Wings elongate, elliptical at the apex: anterior pair
whitish, clouded with grayish-cinereous, and strongly
spotted with dark fuscous, especially about the gradate
veinlets and towards the dorsal margin ; margins fuscous
and whitish in alternate spaces ; longitudinal veins and
costal veinlets black, strongly mterrupted with white,
hairs whitish; three sectors ; gradate veinlets black, seven
in the outer series, six in the mner, and three or four
towards the base; second wpost-costal cellule open:
posterior pair with blue iridescence, hyaline, the margins
often grayish ; veins for the most part black, but some
of them with long white spaces.
Length of body 3-34 lines ; expanse of wings 8-9 lines.
In Britain not nearly so common as H. sulnebulosus,
and decidedly unfrequent about London. A very abun-
dant continental species.
Varies greatly im the number and size of the black
irrorations.
188 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
Section 3. Four (exceptionally five) sectors in the
anterior wings (Pl. X. fig. 10).
13. Hrmerozpius concrnnus, Stephens.
Hemerobius concinnus, Steph. Ill. vi. 106, pl. xxx. fig. 3
(1836) ; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 28. A. hirtus, Burm.
Handb. ii. 975 (not of Linné). H. cylindripes, Wesm.
Bull. Acad. Brux. 1840, p. 218; Brauer, Neurop. Aust.
56. H. atomarius, Gozsy, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. 1852,
p. 346.
Unicolorous yellow; face sometimes inclining to
piceous.
Abdomen ochreous-yellow, slightly brownish, with
golden hairs. In the ¢ the appendices are _ broad,
yellow, pointed, with a tooth on the middle of their lower
edge (Pl. X. figs. 10a, 106). In the ¢ the apex of the
abdomen is armed with a long, flattened, slightly acumi-
nate, obtuse borer, the apex of which is often curved
upwards in dry examples (Pl. X. fig. 10).
Legs yellow, the tarsi brownish ; tibize cylindrical, not
spindle-shaped as in the rest of the species.
Wings very broad, and broadly rounded: anterior pair
with the costal area very broad, dull yellowish, the apical
margin spotted with fuscous, and with an appearance of
two fuscous transverse fasciz following the gradate
veinlets; the membrane slightly clouded with pale
grayish ; neuration pale, the costal veinlets and all the
longitudinal veins, except the sub-costa, regularly dotted
with blackish points, with long pale hairs ; gradate vein-
lets dark fuscous, eight or nine in the outer series, six to
eight in the inner, continued further towards the base of
the dorsal margin by two or three others, two rows of
three or four at the base; four (exceptionally five)
sectors: posterior pair paler, without markings, costal
margin darker, only the costal veinlets dotted, outer
gradate series with seven veinlets, inner with two,
whereof that nearest the dorsal margin is conspicuously
blackish.
Length of body 3-4 limes; expanse of wings 9-11
lines.
Usually very rare, but found abundantly in the summer
of 1867, by Mr. Barrett, in fir-trees, in Woolmer Forest,
Hampshire. It is the largest Huropean species.
the British Newroptera-Planipennia. 189
Hagen (in “‘ Hemerobidarum Synopsis Synonymica ’’)
refers this to lutescens of Fabricius, but it now appears
to me impossible that the latter insect can be equivalent
to our concinnus; ‘‘magnitudo et statura preecedentium
(our Sisyra fuscata), alee omnes albe punctis strigisque
fere indistinctis, fuscis.’? That Fabricius could have
compared the largest European species with Sisyra fuscata
in point of size is impossible, and I consider his lutescens
as far more likely to be identical with our micans. Bur-
meister’s lutescens 1s, no doubt, micans ; that of Rambur
is probably humulz, as is also that of Zetterstedt.
Genus VI. Mrcatomus, Rambur.
General characters similar to those of Hemerobius ;
the anterior wings broader and more strongly rounded at
the apex ; the costal area broader at the base; the sectors
more numerous; and the margins and veins strongly
ciliated. In the posterior wings the costal margin at the
extreme base is elevated into a sort of broad tooth which
carries a tuft of long hairs (Pl. X. fig. 11).
Rambur includes Drepanepteryx phaleenoides in Mega-
lomus, but that insect has sufficiently trenchant characters
to form a separate genus.
1. Mergatomus urrtus, Linné.
Hemerobius hirtus, Linn. Faun. Suec. 382 (1761), Syst.
Nat. i. 912; and other authors. H. fimbriatus, Curt.
Brit. Ent. pl. ccu (1828) ; Steph. Ill. vi. 113. Megalo-
mus tortricoides, Ramb. Névrop. 419 (1842).
Fuscous, strongly pilose.
Antennce fuscous, the two basal joints ochreous. |
Prothoraz with an ochreous spot on each side. Meso-
thorax veined with ochreous in such a manner as to form
two rings, filled im with a pupillate spot of the dark
ground colour.
Abdomen dark blackish fuscous, marked with ochreous
at the base.
Legs pale ochreous ; femora fuscescent ; anterior and
intermediate tibiee fuscescent at the apex, and slightly
so at the base; posterior tibiee fuscescent in the basal
third, otherwise ochreous ; the terminal joint of all the
tarsi fuscescent.
190 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
Wings slightly ochreous, sub-hyaline ; anterior wings
transversely clouded with grayish fuscous, especially on
the apical margin; newration with whitish and blackish
spaces in regular alternation; seven sectors ; twelve vein-
lets in the outer gradate series, six in the inner, and about
five towards the base: posterior wings whitish, iridescent,
broadly margined with grayish fuscous ; newration mostly
pale on the disk, and fuscous on the margin.
Length of body 3 lines; expanse of wings 7 lines.
Very rare. The above description is made from the
example figured by Curtis, which was taken on the Ist
July, 1825, at Duddingston, near Edinburgh, by Mr.
J.C. Dale. Another example is in the British Museum,
and probably one or two other native specimens are in
existence.
The appendices of the male are not prominent, but
there would appear to be a broad rounded dorsal and
ventral plate at the apex of the abdomen. Mr. Dale’s
example would seem to be a female, in which the abdo-
men is simply obtuse at the apex, and I have only seen
Continental males. Possibly several species of the genus
exist in EKurope ; but, excepting the one with which ours
seems to be identical, they are little known. Linné’s
type still exists in his collection, and bears the label
“hirtus” in his own handwriting; it agrees in every
particular with the English examples.
Genus VII. Drepanepreryx, Leach.
In general character similar to Hemerobius, but more
robust in form; the last joint of the mazillary palpi
stronger, only slightly acuminated.
Wings falcate, the apical margin strongly excised,
especially in the anterior pair. The costal area of the
anterior wings 1s very broad at the base, the costal veinlets
very numerous, and united by two longitudinal rows of
connecting veinlets ; sectors extremely numerous; three
complete series of gradate veinlets ; neuration and mar-
gins very shortly ciliated. The costal margin of the pos-
terior wings has a similar elevation to that in Megalomus.
1. DREPANEPTERYX PHALEZNOIDES, Linné.
Hemerobius phalenoides, Linn. Faun. Suec. 383 (1761);
Syst. Nat. i. 912; and other authors. Drepanepteryx pha-
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 191
leenoides, Steph. Il. vi. 100, pl. xxi. fig. 1. Drepanop-
teryx phalenoides, Burm. Handb. 1.975; Brauer, Neurop.
Aust. 55. Megalomus phalenoides, Ramb. Névrop. 418.
Dull ochreous, scarcely pubescent, the head bright
ochreous; the whole of the under-surface of the body
paler.
Antenne fuscescent, ochreous at the base; palpi
ochreous.
Legs ochreous.
Anterior wings opaque, testaceous, a whitish wedge-
shaped spot on the middle of the dorsal margin strongly
margined with fuscous ; transverse costal fuscous streaks,
the disk slightly reticulated with fuscous, two narrow
transverse fuscous fasciee including the gradate veinlets,
and a longitudinal fuscous streak running from the inner
series into the apex, a fuscous spot on the disc, rather
towards the base ; apical sinuations with a narrow whitish
margin; dorsal margin fuscous, especially at the base:
posterior wings sub-hyaline, slightly testaceous, especially
at the apex.
Length of body 4 lines; expanse of wings 13-16 lines.
Very rare. A few specimens have been taken in the
North of England and South of Scotland. I possess one
example recently taken at Windermere by Mr. Strouvelle.
Family II. CONIOPTERYGIDAL.
Antenne short, hairy. Mazillary palpi with the four
first joints short and nearly equal, the terminal joint long
and slender. Labial palpi with two small basal joints,
and a large broad and compressed terminal. Ocelli ab-
sent. Wings equal or unequal ; in the anterior wings not
more than two costal veinlets, one at the base, the other
at the apex; costal area very narrow; sub-costa parallel
with the costa; the radius runs parallel with the sub-cos-
ta, and emits two sectors, which fork before joining the
margin; transverse discal veinlets very few, margins not
visibly ciliated .*
Legs moderately long; first joint of the tarsi long, the
three next short and somewhat cordate, the fifth short and
slender ; wngues simple.
* Under a high power, the margins and veins shew a few moderately
strong hairs, and similar but shorter hairs are sparingly distributed over
the membrane.
192 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
The whole insect is covered with a whitish powder,
which, under a very high magnifying power, has the
appearance of minute irregularly rounded granules, very
shghtly attached.
Larva with a small head and thoracic segments, and
large dilated abdomen, attenuated posteriorly ; lives ap-
parently upon Cocci, and allied insects ; spins an orbicular
cocoon of fine white silk. This larva was discovered
by Mr. Haliday (see Curtis’ “ British Entomology,” pl.
528, and Westwood’s “ Modern Classification,” vol. . p.
49), and has also been noticed by Dujardin.
These curious little insects were once placed by authors
in the Homoptera, and also in the family Psocide among
Neuroptera: but, as Westwood has shewn, their true
position is undoubtedly that here allotted to them.
Genus I. Contopruryx, Haliday.
(= Coniortes, Westwood; Malacomyza, Wesmael; Scio-
dus, Zetterstedt; and probably also Aleuronia, Fitch.) .
The characters of the genus are those of the family.
1. CoNIOPTERYX PSOCIFORMIS, Curtis.
Ooniopteryx psociformis, Curt. Brit. Ent. pl. dxxvii.
fig. 1-8, and text (1834); Steph. Ill. vi. 117; Burm.
Handb.u. 772; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 30. C. aphidi-
formis, Ramb. Névrop. 316 (1842) ?. :
Antenne with about forty jomts, much longer than the
body. Wings very unequal, the posterior pair being very
small (Pl. XI. fig. 1).
Expanse of wings 33-44 lines.
Common throughout the summer.
2. CoNIOPTERYX TINEIFORMIS, Curtis.
Coniopteryx tineiformis, Curt. Brit. Ent. pl. dxxviii.
fig. 9, and text (1834); Westw. Introd. fig. 65, 1-8; Steph.
Ill. vi. 116; Ramb. Névrop. 316; Brauer, Neurop. Aust.
55; Hag. Hnt. Ann. 1858, p. 29. Malacomyza lactea,
Wesm. Bull. Acad. Brux. 1840, pp. 166, 244, pl. vi.
fig. 3, pl. vil. fig. 2. Sciodus lacteus, Zett. Ins. Lapp.
1051 (1840).
the British Neuroptera-Planipenma. 193
Antenne about the length of the body, with about
twenty-five jomts. Wangs sub-equal, slightly smoky gray.
Abdomen rather short, ochreous (Pl. XI. fig. 2).
Hxpanse of wings 2$-2# lines.
Not uncommon in summer, especially in fir trees.
This species is decidedly more gray than the others;
the shortness of the antenne and the ochreous abdomen
also distinguish it from aleyrodiformis, which is larger.
3. CoNIOPTERYX ALEYRODIFORMIS, Stephens.
Coniopteryx aleyrodiformis, Steph. Ill. vi. 116 (1836);
Hag. Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 29.
Antenne with more than thirty joints, longer than the
body. Wings sub-equal, broad, the neuration tolerably
distinct. Abdomen thin.
Expanse of wings 3}-33 lines.
Probably equally common with the last; but I cannot
say that I have personally noticed it.
These insects are as yet ill-understood, and I regret
that the subject can receive no elucidation from me.
Hagen, on the authority of an observation made by
Zeller (Stett. Zeit. 1859, p. 38), thinks it possible that
psocifornus and. tineiformis may be the sexes of one species.
I cannot confirm or disprove this, never having seen the
insects in copula, but I have certainly found psociformis
abundantly when tineiformis was not to be seen. Rather
am I inclined to think, from the formation of the abdo-
men, that tineiformis and aleyrodiformis may be only
sexual forms of one species. It may be remarked, how-
ever, that, according to information furnished by Brauer,
three distinct larve, pertaining to this genus, are found
in Austria. *
One or more species were certainly known to the old
authors, but it is impossible to apply their descriptions
with certainty ; though probably tineiformis was the insect
they had in view. None of them mention the disparity
* T have recently received from Mr. Haliday a very minute and in-
teresting species, taken in Italy. A short diagnosis is appended.
Coniopteryx hematica (Hal. MS.).
Obscure testacea, abdomine aurantiaco. Antenne albido-flave, corpore
paulo longiores, Thorax maculis utrinque nigro-fuscis. Pedes pallide
testacei. Als sub-equales, fuscescentes, sub-hyaline, vix pulveru-
lentz, venis fuscis,
Long. corp. 3 lin., exp. alar. 13-1 lin.—Hab. Italia.
TRANS. ENT. soc. 1868.—parT Ir. (JULY). 0)
194, Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
in the wings, so noticeable in psociformis. The follow-
ing descriptions apply to species of Coniopterya—Hemero-
bius parvulus, Miller, Faun. Fridrichsd. 66 (1767); Sem-
blis farinosa, Rossi, Mant. Faun. Ht. ii. 105 (1794);
Phryganea alba, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. 201 (1798);
and Miiller correctly estimated the position of his insect,
in which some of the more modern authors shewed less
keen perception.
Family III. CHRYSOPIDA.
Antenne setiform, long. Terminal joint of the palpi
cylindrical, not subulate. Ocelli absent. Hyes brilliant.
Wings sub-equal ; costal veinlets simple; sub-costa and
radius separated to the apex; sub-costal area with one
transverse veinlet near the base,* and several near the
apex under the pterostigma; radius starting from the
sub-costa at about a quarter of its length from the base,
formed, as it were, of many little veins directed upwards
and downwards alternately ; a row of cellules between it
and the sub-costa; it’ emits numerous sectors, some of
which join the cubitus anticus, but most run into the
apical portion of the wing, where they end simply or in
a furcation ; beyond the middle the sectors are united
by two rows of gradate veinlets; the cubitus anticus starts
from the sub-costa still nearer the base, and runs straight
to the anal portion of the apical margin ; the cubitus posticus
starts from the extreme base of the sub-costa, and runs
parallel with the cubitus anticus, but is alternately broken
like the radius; it sends off numerous branches to the
dorsal margin; between the two cubiti is a row of trans-
verse cubital cellules, whereof the third is divided into
two by a longitudinal veinlet; + the post-costa starts from
the base of the wing, and joims the dorsal margin soon
afterwards.
Body slender; more robust in the female ; appendices
not evident.
Legs slender; the uwngues generally strongly curved
and dilated internally at the base (Pl. XI. fig. 46), but
sometimes simple (Pl. XI. fig. 4 a). j
Larva, as a rule, not covering its body with the débris
of its prey. t
* Tn the exotic genus Apochrysa this veinlet is absent.
+ In Apochrysa this veinlet is absent.
ft Schneider (Mon. Chrys. p. 56) says, he has never observed these
larve use the skins of their prey as a covering; but this does take place
in some species.
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. . 195
Eggs placed on a long pedicle.
These beautiful insects, familiarly known as “ Golden
Hyes,” have long been notorious for the aptitude which
some of them possess for emitting, when handled, a most
disagreeable smell of ordure (hence they are sometimes
called “Stink Flies”) which is retained by the fingers
long afterwards. But I am of opinion that this propen-
sity has been very greatly exaggerated, and that it is
shown only by certain species, and by them only at cer-
tain times. I have had many hundreds of living exam-
ples through my hands, and can safely assert that it was
only exceptionally that they left any odour behind;
though, when this did take place, it was extremely nause-
ous. C. septempunctata is the greatest delinquent in this
respect, for I rarely handle a specimen of this species
without its leaving a reminder which any amount of
washing will not immediately remove.
I divide the British species, formerly placed in Chry-
sopa, into two genera; not because this is rendered
necessary for the determination of our insects, but be-
cause the large and rapid accumulation of forms from all
parts of the globe (nearly 150 species are already de-
scribed) makes it imperative that some division should
be made. The two genera will now stand as follows :—
1. Curysopa, Leach.
Labrum more or less rounded in front.
Third cubital cellule in the anterior wings divided
unequally (Pl. XI. figs. 3 and 4, indicated at cc), the
upper portion being small, and more or less ovate.
Colour more or less green.
2. NorHocurysa, n. g.
Labrum more or less excised in front.*
Third cubital cellule in the anterior wings divided
nearly equally (Pl. XI. fig. 5, indicated at ¢c), the two
portions being nearly elongate-quadrate, the two rows of
gradate veinlets less parallel. Colour more or less red-
dish or yellowish. Form more robust.
- * Curtis, in his “ British Entomology,” plate 520, gives the excised
labrum as a character for the whole of the genus Chrysopa as it then
stood, and thus figures it (fig. 2) in his dissections; but if these dissec-
tions are intended to apply to his O. abbreviata, he is certainly in error ;
Stephens (Ill. vi. 101) makes the same mistake.
o 2
196 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
It is unnecessary to give detailed characters for each
genus, as they would be little more than a repetition of
those noticed in the description of the family.
Genus I. Curysopa, Leach.
The eleven native species of Chrysopa, as here re-
stricted, may be tabulated thus :—
A. Second joint of the antennz concolorous with the
basal.
a. Costal margin of anterior wings sensibly excised.
C. flava.
a. a. Costal margin not sensibly excised.
b. The partition-veinlet of the third cubital
cellule ends before the insertion of the
transverse veinlet above it (Pl. XI. fig. 3,
indicated ate.c.) . . . . C. vulgaris.
b. b. The partition-veinlet ends after the insertion
of the above-mentioned veinlet (Pl. XI.
fig. 4, indicated at cc).
c. A black spot between the basal joints of
the antennee.
d. A black dot at the extreme base of
the costa in anterior wings.
e. Abdomen wholly green.
CO. aspersa.
e. e. Abdomen black beneath.
C. ventralis.
d. d. No black dot at base of costa.
C. septempunctata.
c. c. No black spot between the basal joints
of the antenne.
f. Palpi annulated with blackish.
O. flavifrons.
Ff. f. Palpi unannulated.
g. Expanse of wings about 21 lines.
O. vittata.
g. g. Expanse of wings about 14 lines.
C. alba.
A. A. Second joint of the antenne marked with black or
fuscous.
a. Colour full green.
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 197
b. Ungues dilated at the base (Pl. XI.
fig. 46). . . CO. abbreviata.
b. b. Ungues simple (Pl. XI. fig. 4 a).
C. phyllochroma.
a.a. Colour blue-green. . . . . C.perla.
Too much reliance must not be placed upon this tabu-
lar arrangement, as it will not determine species that
may occur with us, though not yet discovered ; attention
must be paid to the detailed descriptions. Most of the
species lose their colour very rapidly after death.
1. Curysopa FLAVA, Scopoli.
Hemerobius flavus, Scop. Ent. Carn. 270 (1763); Chry-
sopa flava, Hag. Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 20. OC. subfaleata,
Steph. Ill. vi. 105 (1836). OC. vittata, Schn. Mon. Chrys.
65, pl. vi. fig. 1, larva, pl. vii. imago, (not of Wesm.);
Brauer, Neurop. Aust. 60.
Pale green; dorsal surface of thorax and abdomen with
a yellowish longitudinal line in the middle.
Antenne shorter than the wings, becoming obscure
towards the apex; the basal joint shorter than the head.
Vertex raised, the elevated portion somewhat triangular,
the apex being extended between the basal joints of the
antenne. ‘The head is quite immaculate.
Prothoraw rounded at the sides, rather narrowed an-
teriorly ; immaculate.
Abdomen slightly pubescent.
Liegs nearly colourless; wngues brown, dilated at the
base internally.
Wings elongate, apex acute. Anterior wings with the
costal margin strongly excised after about one-fourth of
its length from the base. Newration almost wholly pale ;
the costal veinlets in the basal portion blackish at their
points of junction with the sub-costa; some of the other
basal veinlets also blackish; pterostigma, in all the wings,
scarcely darker, elongate. In the posterior wings the
costal veinlets are mostly half blackish; other veins and
veinlets pale.
After death, the colour becomes uniformly pale yellow.
Length of body 6-7 lines ; expanse of wing's 17-22 lines.
A common insect in summer, especially in trees bor-
dering streams.
The excised costal margin of the anterior wings will
readily separate this species.
198 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
2. CHRysopa virtata, Wesmael.
Chrysopa vittata, Wesm. Bull. Acad. Brux. 1840, p.
211; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 21, Stett. Zeit. 1858, p.
131, 1859, p. 412. Hemerobius albus, Fab. Syst. Ent.
309. (not of Linné); Chrysopa alba, Burm. Handb. u. 918 ;
Brauer, Haid. Abh. 1850, p. 6. C. perla, (Leach), Steph.
Ill. vi. 105 (not of Linné); Evans, Tr. Ent. Soe. v. 78,
pl. ix. fig. 4. H. prowimus, Ramb. Névrop. 425 (1842).
O. integra, Hag. Stett. Zeit. 1852, p. 40.
Very similar to CO. flava, but instantly separated by the
somewhat rounded costal margin of the anterior wings ;
the basal joint of the antenne is longer; the mawillary
palpi marked with fuscous, especially the terminal joint ;
the prothorax has a small blackish mark at the margin of
the anterior angles; the wings are broader, the newration
of all the wings wholly pale, excepting about four or five
cubital veinlets near the base, which are black.
After death, the abdomen has a strong tendency to
turn blackish.
Length of body 6-7 lines; expanse of wings 19-22 lines.
Appears in summer; according to my experience not
so common as CU. flava.
This and the preceding species are almost constantly
mixed in collections.
3. CHrysopa ALBA, Linné.
Hemerobius albus, Linn. Faun. Suec. 382 (1761), Syst.
Nat.i. 911; Chrysopa alba, Steph. Ill. vi. 104; Evans,
Tr. Ent. Soc. v. 78, pl. ix. fig. 1; Schn. Mon. Cheyaiy7,
pl. xii; Brauer, Neurop. Aust. 60; Hag. Stett. Zeit.
1852, p. 40, Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 22. O. ciliata, Wesm.
Bull. Acad. Brux. 1840, p. 212.
Very pale whitish green.
Head small, immaculate. Vertex raised, with a depres-
sion in the middle in front. Antenne and palpi conco-
lorous with the head, not marked.
Prothoraz immaculate; the anterior angles rounded; a
transverse raised line rather behind the middle, and the
posterior margin also raised.
Abdomen slightly pubescent.
Legs very pale; wngues brown, very strongly curved,
the basal portion much dilated internally.
a
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 199
Wings short and broad, apex scarcely acute. Anterior
wings (Pl. XI. fig. 4) with almost all the newration, ex-
cepting the longitudinal veins and sectors, blackish: in
the posterior wings, only the costal veinlets, those between
the sub-costa and radius, and some of the gradate vein-
lets, blackish ; the rest pale, almost colourless.
After death, the colour changes to very pale whitish-
yellow.
Length of body 34-44 limes; expanse of fore-wings
11-15 lines.
A common species insummer, in woods. Remarkable
for its very pale and fugitive colour.
4, CHRYSOPA FLAVIFRONS, Brauer.
ie BON flavifrons, Brauer, Haid. Abh. 1850, p. 6, pl.
1. fig. 2; Neurop. Aust.60; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 22.
ag green, front yellowish.
Head with the vertex unspotted, inflated, but the raised
portion is flattened, or even slightly concave; front with
a reddish or reddish-fuscous line on each side; palpi
broadly annulated with blackish, the terminal joint wholly
blackish ; antenne shorter than the wings, the basal joint
short, strongly inflated.
Prothorax with an irregular reddish or reddish-fuscous
mark on each side of the middle above, and with slight
markings at the sides of the anterior and posterior angles ;
broad, the sides strongly rounded, a transverse raised
space rather behind the middle, the posterior margin
divided in the middle by an impressed line ; with a few
blackish hairs, especially on the sides.
Abdomen with pale pubescence.
Legs pale, the tarsi somewhat yellowish ; wngues brown,
long, the basal portion dilated internally, the curved por-
tion distant from it.
Wings broad, the apex scarcely acute. Newration of
the anterior wings with each costal veinlet black at each
end, green in the middle; sub-costal basal veinlet, gra-
date veinlets wholly, and cubital veinlets at each end,
black; pterostigma dark green. Posterior wings with the
costal veinlets wholly black, the others as in the anterior.
After death, changes to yellow, the veins greenish.
Length of body 4-5 lines ; expanse of wings 14-15 lines.
Not a common species. ‘T have taken odd specimens
at various times, chiefly about Mickleham, in autumn,
200 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
5. CHrysopa vuLearis, Schneider.
Chrysopa vulgaris, Schn. Mon. Chrys. 68, pl. vi. fig.
2, larva, pl. vii, imago (1851); Hag. Stett. Zeit. 1852,
p. 40, Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 21; Brauer, Neurop. Aust. 59;
Ed. Pict. Névrop. @Esp. 59. Hemerobius perla, Fab.
Syst. Ent. 82 (not of Linné); Scop. Ent. Carn. 271;
Schrk. Ins. Aust. 311; Ratz. Forst. ii. 247, pl. xvi. fig.
6; Ramb. Névrop. 424; Costa, Faun. Nap. pl. xi. fig. 1;
Chrysopa perla, Burm. Handb. ii. 980; Wesm. Bull. Acad.
Brux. 1840, p. 207; Brauer, Haid. Abh. 1850, p. 5, pl. 1.
fig. 1, imago, pl. 11. fig. 8, larva. C. affinis, Evans, Tr.
Ent. Soc. v. 78, pl. ix. fig. 2 (1848).
Green, a broad yellow stripe along the dorsal surface
of the thorax and abdomen.
The raised portion of the vertex flattened, extended
between the basal joints of the antenne, immaculate ;
front more or less suffused with deep flesh colour at the
sides; palpi not marked with dark ; antenne not quite so
long as the wings, the apical portion darker, the basal
joint small, and often marked with reddish internally.
Prothoraz longer than broad, angles rounded, divided
into two divisions by a raised transverse space in the
middle, the anterior portion flattened, the posterior with
two raised oblique lines; clothed with sparse blackish
hairs; nearly immaculate.
Abdomen clothed with sparse blackish hairs; the pale
yellow dorsal line very conspicuous during life.
Legs green, with short blackish pubescence ; wngues
brown, long, the curved portion extending much beyond
the dilated basal portion.
Wings narrow, elongate, scarcely acute; the partition-
veinlet of the third cubital cellule does not reach the
transverse veinlet above it; newration wholly pale in all
the wings, ciliated with black ; pterostigma conspicuous,
dark (Pl. XI. fig. 3).
After death, dull yellowish.
Hibernal condition: C.carnea, Steph. Ill. vi. 103 (1836) ;
Evans, Tr. Ent. Soc. v. 78, pl. ix. fig. 6. C. perla, vars.
primaveria, incarnata, and rubropunctata, Brauer, Haid.
Abh. iv. 5.
The green colour becomes more or less reddish, still
retaining the pale dorsal line, though often less conspi-
the British Neuwroptera-Planipennia. 201
cuously. The whole head often suffused with dark flesh
colour, and the abdomen frequently with dorsal and
lateral rows of crimson or reddish spots.
Length of body 3-4 lines ; expanse of wings 11-14 lines.
A very abundant species. It often causes a deposit of
verdigris on the pin, which, in a few years, nearly
destroys the specimen.
The pale dorsal lime is a good character whereby to
separate the species at sight. Certain individuals hiber-
nate in thatch, rubbish, houses, &c., and all those taken
in winter, or early spring, more or less assume a reddish
tint. According to Brauer (in litt.) this form should be
called a ‘‘condition”’ rather than a ‘‘ variety,’ inasmuch
as the specimens are ordinarily coloured on their first
appearance, but change colour with the approach of
colder weather.
6. CHRYSOPA SEPTEMPUNCTATA, Wesmael.
Chrysopa 7-punctata, Wesm. Bull. Acad. Brux. 1840,
p- 210; Schn. Stett. Zeit. 1845, p. 345, Mon. Chrys. 101,
pl. xxx; Hag. Stett. Zeit. 1852, p.42, Ent. Ann. 1858,
p. 23; Brauer, Neurop. Aust. 61; Hd. Pict. Névrop.
d’Esp. 64. OC. angustipennis, Steph. Ill. vi. 104 (1836),
according to his collection. Hemerobius mauwricianus,
Ramb. Névrop. 425 (1842). H. pallens, Ramb. Névrop.
425 (according to Hag? Stett. Zeit. 1866, p. 298); C.
pallens, Schn. Mon. Chrys. 104, pl. xxxu; Ed. Pict.
Névrop. d’Esp. 64. OC. nobilis, Brauer, Haid. Abh. 1850,
p. 7, pl. i. fig. 4, imago, pl. u. fig. 13, larva (not of
Heyden).
Rather full green ; front with black spots.
Head with the vertex immaculate, dilated, but depressed
in the centre; a black spot between the basal joints of
the antenne (rarely absent); front with six black spots—
two semilunate ones below the antennz (these two are
often absent); two, rounded, in the genz below the
eyes; two, elongate, placed one on each side of the
clypeus ; palpi somewhat testaceous; antenne little
shorter than the wings, pale brownish, excepting towards
the base, basal joint short and inflated.
Prothorax short and broad, an impressed longitudinal
line in the middle of the posterior portion ; anterior
angles marked with black.
202 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
Legs full green; tarsi brownish; wngues brown,
strongly curved, the basal portion dilated and rounded.
Wings elongate, subacute ; neuration full green; the
costal and post-costal veinlets, the gradate veinlets
(usually), those between the radius and the sector at the
upper end only, and several cubital veinlets, black ;
pterostigma elongate, dark: in the posterior wings the
post-costal veinlets are green.
After death changes to greenish-yellow.
Length of body 5-6 lines; expanse of wings 15-18
lines.
Moderately common in summer, and especially entitled
to the appellation of ‘ Stmk Fly.”
I have not accorded to Stephens’ name angustipennis
the right of priority, although his types are certainly the
species here described. My reason for not so doing is
that the word ‘‘immaculate” in his description is so
contradictory, that no one could possibly have recog-
nized the species from that description; and I am
unwilling to drop Wesmael’s name—by which the insect
is so well known.
Hagen (Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 22), gives O. Heydenii of
Schneider, (nigricostata, Brauer), as a doubtful synonym
for angustipennis, but that species is very different.
7. CHRYSOPA ASPERSA, Wesmael.
Chrysopa aspersa, Wesm. Bull. Acad. Brux. 1840,
p. 210; Schn. Mon. Chrys. 112, pl. xxxvu; Hag. Stett.
Zeit. 1852, p. 42, 1859, p. 412, Ent. Ann, 1858, p. 23;
Ed. Pict. Névrop. d’Esp. 66. Hemerobius prasinus, Ramb.
Névrop. 424 (1842). H. Ramburii, Costa, Faun. Nap.
14 (1855).
Full green, front spotted with black.
Head with the vertex inflated, nearly semicircular,
flattened, immaculate ; a large triangular black spot be-
tween the basal joints of the antennez ; front with a black
spot on the gen below each eye, and an elongate black
spot on each side of the clypeus ; palpi sharply annulated
with black and white ; antennce shorter than the wings,
pale grayish-brown, the two basal joints green, the first
sometimes with a faint dark mark above.
Prothorax with a transverse raised line behind the
middle ; blackish-brown spots on each side of the middle,
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 203
forming somewhat interrupted longitudinal lines, and with
three similarly coloured spots on each lateral margin ;
a few scattered black hairs. Mesothorax with two blackish-
brown dots in the middle above.
Abdomen often with two indistinct lateral rows of
blackish spots ; clothed sparingly with black hairs.
Legs green, with blackish pubescence ; tarsi brownish ;
ungues dilated at the base internally, the apical portion
long and strongly curved.
Wings rather short, sub-acute ; a black dot at the ex-
treme base of the costa. In the anterior wings the longi-
tudinal veins are green; the gradate veinlets black ; all
the other transverse veinlets black at each end and green
in the middle ; pterostigma elongate, green. In the pos-
terior wings the costal veinlets are wholly black ; neura-
tion otherwise coloured as in the anterior.
After death changes to yellow.
Length of body 4 lines; expanse of wings 13-16 lines.
Tolerably common in summer in woods.
8. CHRYSOPA VENTRALIS, Curtis.
Chrysopa ventralis, Curt. Brit. Ent. pl. dxx (1834);
Steph. Ill. vi, 104; Evans, Tr. Ent. Soc. v. 78, pl. x.
fiz.6; Brauer, Neurop. Aust. 61; Hag. Stett. Zeit. 1858,
p. 131, Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 23. C. aspersa, var. 7, Schn.
Mon. Chrys. 112 (1851); Ed. Pict. Névrop. d’Hsp. 67.
Almost entirely similar to the last; but the ventral
surface of the abdomen, excepting the last segment, is
black with pale transverse sutures; the costal veinlets of
the anterior wings appear to be pale only at their junction
with the costa.
Occurs rather frequently in woods in summer, often in
company with C. aspersa, and may be instantly recog-
nized by the black underside of the abdomen. Though
inclined to consider it distinct from aspersa, I think it
very desirable that its specific right should be proved
by breeding from the larva.
9. CHRYSOPA ABBREVIATA, Curtis.
Chrysopa abbreviata, Curt. Brit. Ent. pl. dxx (1834) ;
Steph. Ill. vi. 183 (part); Wesm. Bull. Acad. Brux.
1840, p. 209; Evans, Tr. Ent. Soc. v. 78, pl. ix.
204 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
fig. 7; Schn. Mon. Chrys. 119, pl. xli (part); Hag.
Stett. Zeit. 1852, p. 35, 1858, p. 181, 1859, p. 411,
Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 24; Brauer, Neurop. Aust. 62. C.
immaculata, Steph. Ill. vi. 103 (1836) ; Evans, Tr. Ent.
Soc. v. 78, pl. x. fig.5. Hemerobius chlorophanus, Ratz.
Forst. mi. 248 (1837).
Full dark green; vertex and face spotted with black.
Head with the vertex dilated, not flattened, somewhat
triangular, the angles rounded; two black spots before
the antennee in the middle forming an interrupted semi-
circle, a black transverse line in the posterior portion
sometimes interrupted, and often with a black spot at
the posterior angles beneath the eyes ; a very large black
spot between the basal joints of the antenne ; front with
a crescentic black spot round the lower edge of the basal
joints, one or two spots on each side on the gene, and a
spot on each side of the clypeus; palpi annulated with
black, the terminal joint almost wholly black; antennce
little shorter than the wings, brownish, the basal joint
green with a blackish mark internally, second joint deep
black.
Prothoraz with a longitudinal impressed median line,
the angles rounded; generally with an interrupted,
narrow, impressed, transverse, median line, below each
end of which is a black spot; sides with a narrow black
line, and the base of the posterior coxe circled with
black ; clothed with short black hairs, especially on the
sides. Meso- and meta-thoraz marked with blackish at
the sides, and the sutures on the sternum narrowly
black.
Abdomen rather thickly clothed with short black hairs,
and sometimes with a black line on the sides.
Tegs green, with short black hairs; tarsi slightly
brownish ; wngues deep brown, dilated at the base inter-
nally (Pl. XI. fig. 4 5).
Wings short and broad, rounded at the apex ; newra-
tion for the most part green, with long black hairs ; in
the anterior wings the costal vemlets at their lower end,
those between the radius and sector af each end, the
gradate veinlets mostly altogether, and several cubital
nervules, are black ; pterostigma dark green: in the pos-
terior wings the costal veinlets almost totally, and those
between the radius and sector at their upper ends only,
are black.
After death changes to pale green.
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 205
Length of body 3-4 lines; expanse of wings 11-12
lines.
Occurs in woods in summer; apparently less frequent
than the next, with which it is generally confounded in
collections.
10. CHRyYSOPA PHYLLOCHROMA, Wesmael.
Chrysopa phyllochroma, Wesm. Bull. Acad. Brux. 1840,
p. 207; Hag. Stett. Zeit. 1852, p. 438, 1858, p. 412, Ent.
Ann. 1858, p. 24; Brauer, Neurop. Aust. 62. C. abbre-
viata, Steph. Ill. vi. 103 (part, according to his collec-
tion); Schn. Mon. Chrys. 119 (part). C. pusilla, Brauer,
Haid. Abh. 1850, p. 7, pl. u. fig. 4. OC. tenella, Brauer,
l. c. fig. 5.
In form and colouration, almost entirely similar to the
last ; im size slightly larger. May be at once separated
by the wngues, which are simple and but slightly curved
(Pl. XI. fig. 4a). On the vertex the black transverse
posterior line is usually absent.
Length of body 4-43lines; expanse of wings 12-13
lines.
Occurs in woods in summer, and is moderately com-
mon. I find the transverse veinlets partially black in
both species (See Hagen, Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 24).
11. Curysopa pERLA, Linné.
Hemerobius perla, Linn. Faun. Suec. 382 (1761), Syst.
Nat. i. 911; Chrysopa perla, Schn. Mon. Chrys. 186,
pl. vi. fig. 4, larva, pl. xlix. imago; Brauer, Neurop.
Aust. 61; Hag. Stett. Zeit. 1858, p. 131, Ent. Ann.
1858, p. 24. H. chrysops, Fab. Syst. Ent. 309 (not of
Linné) ; Zett. Ins. Lapp. 1048; Ramb. Névrop. 427.
H. cancellatus, Schrk. Faun. Boic. ii. 189 (1802) ; OC. can-
cellata, Wesm. Bull. Acad. Brux. 1840, p. 208. CO. macu-
lata, Steph. Ill. vi. 102 (1836) ; Evans, Tr. Ent. Soc.
v. 78, pl. x. fig. 4. ©. reticulata (Leach), Steph. Ill.
vi. 102 (1836) ; Burm. Handb. ii. 980; Evans, Tr. Ent.
Soc. v. 78, pl. x. fig. 83; Brauer, Haid. Abh. 1850, p. 7,
pl. ii. fig. 6, imago, fig. 11, larva. H. reticulata, Ratz.
Forst. i. 247.
Blue-green, varied with black.
206 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
Head yellowish; vertex with a depression in the centre,
the raised portion with a broad black margin, which is
prolonged between the antennz, and connected with a
transverse line margining the posterior edge; front with
a /A-shaped black mark, the apex of which joins the
vertical mark between the antennz, a black spot on the
gene below the eyes, and a black line on each side of the
clypeus ; palpi black, pale at the articulations ; antenne
shorter than the wings, brown, the basal joint yellowish,
the second joint black.
Prothoraz above, with two somewhat quadrate black
spots on each side; insertion of the coxe ringed with
black; meso- and meta-thorax strongly marked with
black on the sides, and lined with black beneath.
Abdomen black, more or less varied with blue-green,
and with pale pubescence. The extent of black and
green varies in the sexes, and also in individuals inde-
pendently of sex.
Legs green, with short black hairs; tarsi brownish ;
ungues dilated at the base internally.
Wings short and broad, obtuse ; longitudinal veins
green, transverse veinlets all black and strong, ciliated
with black ; pterostigma darker.
Nearly loses its bluish tint after death.
Length of body 4-6 lines; expanse of wings 12-14
lines.
Very common, especially in woods, throughout the
summer.
It is to me a matter of doubt whether Linné’s descrip-
tion of Hemerobius chrysops does not refer to this insect
rather than his description of perla, but Schiiffer’s figure
(Icon. Insect. Ratisb. pl. v. fig. 7-8), quoted by him,
well represents our perla.
Hagen, in the “ Entomologist’s Annual” for 1858,
p- 22, introduces, doubtfully, OC. tenella, of Schneider
(Mon. Chrys. 94, pl. xxv.), on the authority of a speci-
men in the British Museum. Among some old doubtful
specimens there, I cannot find one that agrees with
Schneider’s description of tenella, or with a continental
example so named for me by Herr Brauer. It may,
however, be assumed as certain that we possess more
species than are here described.
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 207
Genus II. Nornocurysa, n. g.
(See p. 195).
1. Norsocurysa FuLvicers, Stephens.
Chrysopa fulviceps, Steph. Ill. vi. 101, pl. xxx. fig. 2
(1836); Evans, Tr. Ent. Soc. v. 78, pl. x. fig. 1; Schn.
Mon. Chrys. 146, pl. limi; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 24.
Hemerobius erythrocephalus, Ramb. Névrop. 428, pl. ix.
fig. 5 (1842).
Dark fuscous, head reddish-orange.
Head and basal joint of antennz orange, the latter
with a small fuscous mark internally ; the rest of the an-
tennee blackish-fuscous ; palpi dark fuscous.
Pro- and meso-thoraxz yellowish, dark fuscous at the
sides; meta-thoraz slightly yellowish in front.
Abdomen with a yellowish lateral line, the apex also
yellowish, especially beneath.
Legs yellowish ; tarsi fuscous; ungues dilated at the
base internally.
Wings elongate, the anterior obtuse at the apex, the
posterior acute; newration all black, excepting the mar-
ginal vein, sub-costa, radius, and cubitus posticus, which
are pale greenish-white ; pterostigma long, obscured.
Length of body 6 lines; expanse of wings 19-23 lines.
South of England, in summer; always very rare.
2. Nornocurysa capiTaTa, Fabricius.
Hemerobius capitatus, Fab. Ent. Syst. ii. 82 (1793);
Guér. Iconog. 387, pl. Ixu. fig. 4; Chrysopa capitata,
Steph. Ill. vi. 102; Wesm. Bull. Acad. Brux. 1840, p.
212; Evans, ‘Tr. Ent. Soc. v; 78, pl. x. fig..2; Schn.
Mon. Chrys. 144, pl. li; Brauer, Neurop. Aust.59; Hag.
Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 25.
Piceous ; head reddish orange.
Head and two basal joints of antennz reddish orange,
rest of the antenne black ; palpi blackish fuscous.
Prothorax obscure reddish orange.
Abdomen reddish at the apex.
Legs testaceous, the knees piceous; wngues slightly
curved, simple.
Wings short, beautifully iridescent; newration reddish
fuscous ; pterostigma reddish (Pl. XI. fig. 5).
Length of body 4-5 lines; expanse of wings 13-15 lines.
208 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
Appears in summer; scarce, but more frequently met
with than the preceding species.
According to Schneider, both species are of rare oc-
curence on the continent, though widely distributed. I
have never seen either of them alive. In fulviceps the
lower half of the third cubital cellule is frequently divided
by a transverse veinlet.
The followmg South-European and exotic species,
should be placed in Nothochrysa.—Chrysopa italica, Rossi
(S. Europe); C. stigmatica, Rambur (8S. Hurope); C. cor-
sica, Hagen (Corsica); O. cequalis, Walker (uncertain
locality); C. variegata, Burmeister (Comoro Islands); C.
rufostigma, M’ Lachlan (S. Africa) ; CO. gigantea, M’ Lach-
lan (S. Africa) ; C. newrodes, Rambur (8S. Africa; the
third cubital cellule is not correctly delineated by
Schneider); C. tripwnctata,* M’Lachlan (Australia); C.
insignis, Walker (Australia); C. infecta, Newman (Mala-
bar); and perhaps others with which I am unacquainted.
A group of species, chiefly from tropical America, of
which C. varia of Schneider may be taken as the type,
distinguished by an excised labrum, very long antenney,
broad wings, graceful form, and generally pale colour,
(often with rich markings), will form another genus, to
which the name Leucochrysa may be applied.
Division III. PANORPINA.
Antenne sub-setiform or filiform. Head small ; front
produced into a rostrum, which is deflexed vertically ;
ocelli present (Panorpa) or absent (Boreus) ; mandibles
usually toothed internally. Prothoraw narrow and trans-
verse. Meso- and meta-thorax large. Abdomen sub-
cylindrical, the male with the three terminal segments
usually modified.
Legs long and slender ; tibice cylindrical ; tarsi with the
first joint very long ; wngues usually serrated internally f
* In describing C. tripwnctata (Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 250), I placed it
in the section ‘“‘labrum antice rotundatum.” The true definition of this
part in the type was difficult, owing to the position the palpi had assu-
med. Further examination induces me to believe that the labrum is in
reality slightly emarginate, as from analogy it should be.
+ The genus Bittacus (which does not occur in the British Isles) has
only one claw.
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 209
Wings linear, obtuse, nearly equal (Boreus is sub-
apterous), no anal space; hyaline; the costa and sub-
costa are sub-parallel, and both joi the costa before the
apex; pterostigma indistinct. In repose the wings are
carried longitudinally, and nearly horizontally.
Larva subterraneous.
The two British genera form two families, and the
generic characters apply to the families in so far as our
imsects are concerned.
Family I. PANORPIDAi.
Genus I. Panorpa, Linné.
Rostrum long ; ocelli present; clypeus elongated, acu-
minate at the apex, projecting to the extremity of the
labrum; mandibles narrow, unidentate; mazille with
two ciliated lobes ; mawillary palpi with the joints nearly
equal, the terminal one more slender; labium elongate ;
labial palpi 4-jomted (according to Westwood), the three
first jomts broad, the terminal one more slender.
Abdomen sub-cylindrical, long; the second segment
is sometimes produced above posteriorly ; the fifth seg-
ment is elongated, and somewhat acuminate. In the
male the three terminal segments are corneous and
modified ; the two first bemg more or less conical; the
terminal (or eighth) is dilated, and carries a pair of
forceps. The composition of this segment is very
complicated ; the basal portion, which is probably the
true segment, is small, and carries two large dilated
pieces, at the extremity of which is placed the forceps,
the branches of which are irregularly toothed within ;
the upperside (or the surface which is opposite the
dorsum of the abdomen when the terminal segment is
recurved) is occupied by an elongate oval plate placed
between the two lateral pieces; the lower side (that
which is seen uppermost) carries two long appendices
arising from the base of the segment, and within these
are spine-like processes which are probably the penis-
sheaths, the penis being small and concealed. In the
female the three last segments are slender and not re-
curved, the terminal one carrying two diverging articu-
lated appendices.*
* Although I have here followed other authors in giving eight abdo-
minal segments, it appears probable that there are in reality nine; the
first being confused with the hinder part of the meta-thorax. If this
supposition be correct, the three modified male terminal segments should
be called the seventh, eighth, and ninth, instead of the sixth, seventh, and
TRANS. ENT. soc. 1868.—pParRT. 11. (JULY). P
210 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
Legs long and slightly spinose; ungues broad and
strongly serrated within ; pulvilli large and spongy.
Wings long and narrow, the posterior slightly shorter
and broader than the anterior; transverse veinlets rather
numerous towards the apex, forming elongate cellules ;
the sub-costa joins the costa beyond the middle * in the
anterior wings, and far before the middle in the pos-
terior ; the radius soon furcates, and forms an elongated
discoidal cell; the basal portion of the wing has but few
transverse veinlets (Pl. XI. fig. 7).
Though so common, the earlier stages of these insects
were long a mystery. Stein first threw light on the
subject by the discovery of the pupa, which he described
and figured in Wiegmann’s Archives for 1838, and their
life-history has since been published by that pains-taking
Neuropterist, Herr Brauer, who has given the result of
his observations in the Sitz. Akad. Wissensch. of Vienna
for 1851, and in the Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell. of Vienna
for 1863. With the idea that a detailed account of Herr
Brauer’s discovery may be interesting to British Ento-
mologists, I here give a translation of his latter paper,
so far as the larva is concerned.
“The imagines may be kept alive with meat for about
a month; those that die are at once devoured by the sur-
vivors. Several days after pairing, the female lays her
egos (never many, twelve at the utmost) in crevices of
damp earth, and surrounds them with a viscid fluid.
They are at first white, afterwards yellowish-gray, and
their chorion is marked with net-like ridges.”
“The larvee emerge from the egg in eight days. They
are then 3” long, and 4” broad. Immediately after
emerging, they are white with black eyes, but soon be-
come gray. On the whole they are then similar to full-
grown larve, but are distinguished by the much thicker
antenne, and by the first to seventh abdominal segments
having two warts above, each bearing one jointed bristle,
which are also seen on the eighth to the tenth segments,
but are there larger, and there are two on the eighth
and ninth segments ; these latter remain in all stages of
growth, whereas the former are thrown off at the first
moult.”
eighth. The detached abdomen of a fresh example of P. germanica
appeared to show clearly a rudimentary basal segment; see Plate XI.
fig. 7 a, indicated at a.
* This refers only to British species ; in the Continental P. variabilis,
and in many exotic species, the sub-costa scarcely extends beyond the
middle of the costa.
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 211
““ Among generic characters the dentation of the man-
dibles stands pre-eminent. It remains constant through-
out every moult. I therefore describe it together with
the full-grown larva. The head is dark brown ; the soft
fore-part of the upper lip and the front border of the
accessory part are white. The upper mandibles are
strong, horny, triangular, their tips somewhat curved
inwards; on the inner edge is a short blunt tooth,
followed by a still shorter one, beyond which the man-
dibles increase considerably in breadth ; the inner edge
below these teeth is slightly concave. The lower man-
dibles have a broad basis, connected by a membrane
with the under lip; the stalk and the hooks may be de-
scribed as composing an angle; the hook is somewhat
horny, and bears a round membranous masticatory
piece, which in front and on the inner edge has very
short points and is rough; on the outer side of these
parts are the maxillary palpi, which are four-jointed, the
first three jomts almost equal, cylindrical, gradually
diminishing in thickness, the last joint conical ; the labial
palpi are placed close together, short and thick, with two
cylindrical basal joints, and one conical end-joint, which
is as long as the other two united. ‘The antenne dis-
tinctly protrude ; the first two joints are short, thick,
and cylindrical; the third is thin, and twice as long,
cylindrical at the base, thickened towards the end, and
therefore somewhat clavate ; the fourth is narrow, slightly
spindle-shaped or cylindrical, provided at the end with
three short points in very young larve.”
“The large eyes le behind and a little beneath the
antennee, exactly on the sides of the head; they are
shghtly contracted, and thus give the larve a strange
appearance. On the clypeus and frontal and posterior
plates of the head stand solitary bristle-like hairs. The
head is not closely connected with the first thoracic seg-
ment, as the intervening membrane is considerably
wide; beneath the latter there runs a fine, shghtly
curved, horny ridge. The pronotum is horny, broader
than long, quadrangular; on its hinder edge, on each
side, is the first spiracle. The other thoracic segments
are membranous above, and bear only isolated small
horny plates, a larger one in the middle, and two smaller
ones on each side, on which stand solitary short bristle-
like hairs; these plates vary somewhat in different
species,”
Pea
212 Mr. R. Machachlan’s Monograph. of
“The legs are short; the coxee thick and cone-shaped ;
the femora cylindrical, with a narrow but distinct horny
ring at the base; the tarsi are cylindrical, and between
them and the tibiz is, posteriorly, a small peg-hke
appendage surrounding the hinder part of the tarsus at
its base ; one might look upon this as a trochanter, but
then it would be necessary to consider the coxe as con-
tinuations of the thorax (as, indeed, such are found in
the larvee of Phryganide), and then the coxe would be
what have been termed thighs, but in that case we miss
the separation of the tarsus and foot; the foot is very
short, conical, ending in a small simple hook, only well
seen on the hinder pair. The thoracic segments, how-
ever, leaving the legs out of the question, are of equal
thickness with the seven following abdominal segments,
and the meso- and meta-thorax agree in structure with
them, only they do not bear any spiracles. The first to
the seventh abdominal segments bear, each in the middle
above, a broad triangular spot rolled up behind, within
which the skin looks harder and horny; the rolled up
portion bears on each side two bristles; on each side of
this spot is a smaller horny plate, the hinder end of which
becomes gradually more warty, and bears one bristle ;
posteriorly the middle plates gradually disappear; in
place of the harder plate-like skin, there stand small
wart-like protuberances, and on those, as previously
mentioned, are placed the four bristles; the skin is of
a darker colour round the spots. On closer examina-
tion, one observes that each end of the middle plate,
standing above in the middle, consists of four smaller
parts, divided by a cruciate membranous furrow. On
the sides of the second and third thoracic segments are
two dark horny wart-spots, one beneath the other, and
on the sides of the first to the eighth abdominal seg-
ments are three such small plates in a triangle, the fore-
most of which bears the spiracle. On the underside of the
said segments are nipple-like abdominal feet, increasing
in size posteriorly. As peculiar distinctions, the eighth
and ninth segments bear on the upper side two large
cylindrical warts with a long-jointed bristle, and the
tenth a median upper one. Out of the tenth segment a
four-jointed holding-fork can be protruded, the spikes of
which are blunt and cylindrical, two standing out side-
ways, and two straight behind. Internally numerous
muscles approach this fork, the border of which is trans-
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 213
parent ; it causes an exudation of an adhesive moisture,
by means of which the larva is enabled to adhere for a
time to highly polished surfaces.”
“The larvee never attack directly the raw meat with
which they are fed, but generally burrow at some dis-
tance from it, and then tunnel a horse-shoe-shaped pas-
sage, one end of which comes up directly beneath the
meat. If the food is rapidly turned over, they retire
backwards into their tunnel, and escape unseen through
the other free end, where they can easily attain the surface,
which in the untunnelled earth they would not succeed
in doing so readily, as they can dig but slowly. They
behave like the false caterpillars of some saw-flies ; they
often run backwards rapidly, or stand freely up by means
of their anal fork, and clean their legs with the mandibles
by lowering the head and passing the legs through them.
If touched, they roll themselves up, and feign death.”
“They are full-grown in thirty days, and then burrow
deeper into the ground, excavate an oval cell in a smail
lump of earth, and remain as larve for several months
before assuming the pupa state. In this condition they
shrivel to one-half of their previous length, the under-
side increases in thickness, and the end of the body is
somewhat curved against the back. If taken out they
move slowly, and have no power to walk. The bristles
on the three last segments are then partly broken off.”
The fact that Brauer reared his larve upon meat
proves that ordinarily they are carnivorous, subsisting
probably upon worms and underground larve.
Of these insects, so well known as “ Scorpion Flies,’
we appear to have three species in Britain. The true specific
differentiation can only be arrived at from an examina-
tion of the terminal seements of the male. The amount
of black markings on the wings is only of slight impor-
tance, inasmuch as the variations in this respect are end-
less, and, as this character was the one mainly attended to
by many authors, it happens, that by one, many so-
called species were divided, and by another, all these
were equally erroneously reduced to varieties of one. The
number of teeth in the claws, a character to which
Rambur would seem to have attached considerable im-
portance, is unstable, and one or more teeth are frequently
concealed by the large pulvill.
214 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
The perfect insects are active and predaceous, living
on other insects, which they pierce with their long ros-
trum; with this instrument they will also inflict a sharp
and momentarily painful wound on the fingers, when
incautiously handled.
Our three species can be tabulated thus :—
A. Terminal margin of the fifth segment in the
male straightly truncated; sixth (antepenul-
timate) segment conical (Pl. XI. figs. 6, 7a).
a. Cppendh ss of the male linear (Pl. XI. fig.
G@) 0h. P. communis.
a. a. Appendices flattened, dilated and truncated
at the apex (Pl. XI. fig. 7b) . P. germanica.
A A. Terminal margin of the fifth segment excavated,
sixth segment sub-cylindrical, not conical ; ap-
pendices linear (Pl. XI. fig. 8, 8a). P. cognata.
I have restricted the references and synonymy to those
authors whose descriptions or types permit of a tolerably
certain opinion being formed as to the species intended.
Both Westwood and Klug, who have monographed the
genus, wrongly unite all the European forms under one
head; hence, I have omitted all reference to their works.
Stephens’ collection of these insects has been re-arranged
since it became national property, and his borealis is no
longer recognizable with surety, as no specimen is so
labelled by him.
1. Panorpa communis, Linné.
Panorpa communis, Linn. Faun. Suec. 384 (1761), Syst.
Nat. i. 915; Leach, Zool. Miscell. ii. 98, pl. xciv. fig. 2;
Steph. Ill. vi. 52; Curt. Brit. Ent. pl. dexevi. text 1;
Ramb. Névrop. 328; Brauer, Neurop. Aust. 36, fig. 17;
Hag. Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 32; Haton, Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1867, p. 396.
Head: vertex black, marked with dark castaneous
beneath the eyes; back of head yellowish; front and
rostrum castaneous, with two longitudinal blackish stripes ;
antenne black, the basal joint reddish castaneous.
Prothorax black, margined with yellow. Meso- and
meta-thoraz black, yellowish in the middle. The whole
of the breast yellowish.
the British Neuroptera-Planipenma. 215
Abdomen with the first five segments black, the lateral
basal sutures yellowish. In the ¢@, the second segment
is scarcely produced in front above ; the fifth is long, cylin-
drical, narrowed at the apex, truncate; the sixth cone-
shaped, shorter than the fifth, very slender at the base,
reddish castaneous, with a large black blotch above; the
seventh similar in colour to the sixth, and very similarly
formed, only that the apex above is somewhat obliquely
truncated ; the eighth (terminal) reddish testaceous, broad,
the two branches of the forceps crossing each other in a very
oblique direction ; appendices very long, hairy, cylindri-
cal throughout, approximating at the base and apex, but
somewhat distant in the middle, the tips black (Pl. XI.
figs. 6, 6a); in the 2, the three terminal segments are
reddish castaneous, short, the penultimate the shortest ;
appendices black.
Legs grayish yellow; tibie with a few black spines;
spurs testaceous ; tarsi blackish or fuscous; wngues with
long and strong teeth internally.
Wings hyaline, with colourless membrane, and blackish
fuscous markings ; ordinarily with two spots near the
base, forming an incomplete fascia, a complete irregular
fascia beyond the middle, the apex broadly margined ;
detached dots between the fasciz; these markings all
vary much, and some of them are often absent; pterostig-
ma indistinctly yellowish; newration black, some of the
transverse veinlets paler.
The largest British species. Length of body, ¢, 7 lines,
2, 6 lines; expanse of wings 12-15 lines.
Abundant everywhere.
2. Panorpa GERMANICA, Linné.
Panorpa germanica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 915 (1767);
Curt. Brit. Ent. pl. dexcvi; Ramb. Névrop. 329; Hag.
Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 32; Haton, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
1867, p. 397. P. affinis, Leach, Zool. Miscell. u. 98, pl.
xciv. fig. 2 (1815); Steph. Ill. vi. 52; Curt. Brit. Ent.
pl. dexcvi, text 2. P. apicalis, Steph. Ill. vi. 52 (1836);
Hag. Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 33. P. borealis, Steph. Ill. vi.
53 (1836) ?. P. montana, Brauer, Neurop. Aust. 36 (1857).
Head: vertex castaneous, blackish in the middle; the
back of the head yellow; front and rostrum testaceous,
black below the basal joints of the antennz, with two
216 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
indistinct fuscous longitudinal stripes; antenne dark
blackish fuscous, the basal jomts conspicuously yellow.
Prothoraz blackish, yellow behind and at the sides.
Meso- and meta-thoraw black at the sides, pellow in the
middle. The breast yellowish.
Abdomen blackish, excepting the terminal one
lateral sutures and the hinder margin of each segment
yellow; in the ¢, the second segment is strongly pro-
duced in the middle above, overlapping the third; the
fifth is scarcely longer than the sixth, ob-conic, trun-
cated and margined with testaceous posteriorly ; the sixth
testaceous, marked with blackish above, cone-shaped,
very slender at the base; the seventh slightly smaller than
the sixth, more obliquely truncated in front above; the
eighth (terminal) short, strongly dilated, the branches of
the forceps shorter than in the last species; «appendices
short, flattened, dilated and truncated at the apex,
usually biackish (Pl. XI. figs. 7a, 7b); in the ¢, the
three terminal jomts are strongly hairy, the two first
broad and nearly equal, the last longer and narrower,
with black appendices.
Legs grayish yellow; tibie with few blackish spines ;
spurs yellowish ; tarsi fuscescent; wngues with fewer and
shorter teeth than in the last species.
Wings sub-hyaline, with blackish markings, the mem-
brane with a decided dark tinge; the spots scarcely
forming fascize, the apex narrowly margined ; pierostig-
ma scarcely indicated ; newration black, with some paler
transverse veinlets (Pl. XI. fig. 7).
Length of body, ¢,4$-5 lines; ¢?, 5 lines; expanse
of wings 10-12 lines.
Very abundant everywhere. Varies greatly in the
number of the spots; sometimes all are absent, excepting
the apical margination; on these variations Stephens’
species are founded.
Linné’s type (3) still exists in his collection, and bears
a label “ germ.” in his own handwriting.
It may be at once distinguished by the flattened and
truncated appendices of the male.
3. Panorpa coanata, Rambur.
Panorpa cognata, Ramb. Névrop. 330 (1842); Haton,
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 397. P. germanica,
Steph. Ill. vi. 53 (not of Linné); Brauer, Neurop. Aust.
36, fig. 18. P. alpina, Ramb. Névrop. 330 (1842) ?;
Hag. Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 32.
the British Newroptera-Planipennia. 217
Head: vertex castaneous, blackish in front; back of the
head yellow; front and rostrum reddish, with scarcely
darker lines; antenne blackish, the basal joint reddish.
Prothoraz blackish, yellowish at the sides. Meso- and
meta-thoraz blackish at the sides, yellow in the middle.
Breast grayish yellow.
' Abdomen blackish, the lateral sutures and the hinder
margins of the segments yellow; in the ¢ the fifth seg-
ment (as well as the three terminal ones) is reddish; in
the ¢ the second segment is not visibly produced in the
middle above; the fifth a little longer than the fourth,
scarcely narrowed posteriorly, the sides of the posterior
margins deeply excavated ; the sixth cylindrical, not nar-
rowed at the base, above somewhat fuscescent in the
middle, and with the upper posterior margin elevated ; the
seventh cone-shaped, scarcely shorter than the sixth ; the
eighth (terminal) strongly dilated, the branches of the
forceps short; appendices long and slender, not dilated,
reaching to the base of the forceps, straight, diverging
(Pl. XI. figs. 8, 8a); im the 9 , the terminal segments are
gradually narrower.
Legs grayish yellow, or reddish ; tibice with few blackish
spines ; spurs testaceous ; tarsi fuscescent; ungues with
few teeth.
Wings with few grayish or blackish markings, and with
the membrane slightly tinted ; the markings are, as a
rule, reduced to a broad apical margination and one
or two spots beyond the middle, whereof that at the
pterostigma is conspicuous; newration fuscescent, with a
few pale transverse veinlets.
Size of P. germanica, and much resembling pale forms
of that species. May always be separated by the form of
the terminal abdominal segments and appendices of the
male.
Local; appears to be most frequent in the New Forest.
Hagen (Ent. Ann. 1858) gives P. apicalis of Stephens
as distinct; the types are not separable from his P. ger-
manied.
It is scarcely probable that we have more species of
Panorpa in Britain; though P. vuriabilis may occur on
some of the higher mountains, and P. meridionalis should
be looked for in the south-west of Ireland.
218 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monoyraph of
Family II. BOREID Ai.
Genus I. Borezus, Latreille.
Rostrum long; eyes large, oval; ocelli absent ; man-
dibles with several teeth at the apex internally ; mazille
connate with the mentum at the base; maaillary palpi
with the joints slender, nearly equal; labial palpi very
short, 2-jomted, the second minute.
Abdomen short and stout. In the ¢ the apex is curved
upwards ; the terminal dorsal segment is modified into
two large cylindrical tubes, from each of which springs a
slender appendix, which is directed backwards upon
the dorsum ; the last ventral segment takes the form of a
large, elongate, oval or triangular plate; the penultimate
segment 1s very narrow, especially on the dorsum. In
the ¢ the apex is furnished with two elongated slender
ventral valvules, in which, and extending beyond which,
is a long tri-articulate borer.
Legs slender, cylindrical; first jot of the tarsi very
long ; wngues two, slender, simple ; pulvilli small.
Wings rudimentary. In the ¢ four, slender, bristle-
like, curved, serrated internally. In the ? im the form
of a small scale-like lobe on each side of the meso-
thorax.
Larva living in the earth or amongst moss.
The following account of the habits of the larva, etc.,
is abstracted from Brauer’s paper, Verh. d. zool.-bot.
Ver. m Wien, 1855, pp. 711-712. When paired the
female is seated on the back of the male. The females
died at the end of March and beginning of April, and
on the 11th May he found larvee in the breeding-glass,
half a line in length, which he had little doubt. were
those of Boreus. Ina later paper in the same journal,
1862, pp. 320-323, 1s a more detailed account from
certain observation. The larva is short, thick, and
curved; the head horny, pale-brown, broadest behind ;
the antenne short; the mandibles toothed internally ;
the thoracic segments form the thickest part of the body ;
the divisions little evident. The legs, six in number,
short, three-jointed, the first jomt thick and conical, the
second cylindrical and more slender, the third (or foot)
rod-shaped, somewhat curved. The abdomen cylindrical,
much thinner than the thorax, and with warts on the
sides and above; the last segment rounded, without
hooks. It fed upon moss, and its food imparted a
the British Newroptera-Planipennia. 219
greenish colour to the white body, in consequence of the
latter’s transparency. The metamorphosis into the pupa
state began in September, but many larvee were already
full-grown in February. The pupa is placed in a small
cylindrical tunnel in the earth, which is lined with fine
web. It is similar to the imago, but shorter and thicker ;
the colour at first yellow, afterwards pale greenish-
yellow ; the vertex, eyes, and pro-notum black; the an-
tenne and legs he at the sides of the body, and the rudi-
mentary wings are already seen, as are also the sexual
characters. It comes to the surface to change to the
imago state.
1. Borevs uyematis, Linné.
Panorpa hyemalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 914 (1767) ;
Fab. Syst. Ent. 314. Boreus hiemalis, Latreille, and
other authors. Gryllus proboscideus, Panz. Faun. Germ.
part xxvu. p. 18 (1796).
Varying from greenish-yellow in very immature ex-
amples to bronzy-green or bronzy-brown in very mature
ones ; the basal half of the antennz, the rostrum (except
at its apex), the whole of the pectus, the legs (save at
the articulations), the wings of the g, and the oviduct
of the 2 (excepting the tip), more or less yellowish or
yellowish-brown. In the ¢ the posterior edge of the
first (second 7?) dorsal abdominal seement bears an erect
truncated lobe, the lateral edges of which are directed
obliquely inwards, so that the truncated apex is the
broadest part; the succeeding segment bears a sort of
tubercle on its hinder edge, smaller and less conspicuous
than the above-mentioned lobe; the ventral valve is tri-
angular, the apex produced, and scarcely acute, entire.
Length of body, g 13-2 limes; ¢ (with oviduct) 23
lines. )
This truly winter insect is found in moss from October
till March, and has been observed on the surface of the
snow. It is apparently most frequent in the North of
England, though occasionally found near London, Mr.
Walker having taken it at Southgate, and Messrs.
- Douglas and Scott near Croydon. ‘These latter gentle-
men noticed its peculiar saltatorial habits, which are
also indicated by Zetterstedt, and appear to obtain in
220 Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
both sexes; though it is difficult to imagine by what
structural characters the insect is enabled to effect the
jumps. The male seems to be much more rare than the
female.
Hagen (Ent. Mo. Mag. ii. 182) indicates the British
insect as distinct from that of Linné, under the name of
B. Westwoodii, giving as differentiating characters the
pale colour of the legs, rostrum, etc., and the slightly
grooved apex of the ventral valve in the ¢. I have
been unable to identify B. Westwoodii, never having seen
a 6, either British or continental, presenting the above-
noted structural character in the ventral valve; and so,
for the present, I feel compelled to consider our species
as that of Linné, not having been able to examine more
than three or four males. At the same time, I remark
that Dr. Hagen’s well-known powers of discrimination
render it very probable that two Kuropean species really
exist.
Synonymic Catalogue of British Planipennia.
Div. I. SIALINA. Diy. Il. HEMEROBIINA.
Fam. I. SIALIDA. Fam. I. HEMEROBIIDA.
Gen. i. Sranis, Lat. Gen. i. Osmyuus, Lat.
Sp. 1. 8. lutaria, Linn. Sp. 1. O. fulvicephalus, Scop.
flavilatera, Linn.?. maculatus, Fab.
niger, Lat. chrysops, Auct. (nec
ee 2 Linn.)
Boe 2.) ee asubegmmoansE sats laurifolieformis, Raz.
Fam. Il. RAPHIDIDA. Gen. ii. Srsyra, Burm.
Gen. i. Rapuipra, Linn. Sp.1. S. fuscata, Fab.
confinis, Steph.
nitidulus, Steph.
nigripennis, Wesm.
Sp. 1. RB. notata, Fab.
ophiopsis, Curt.
glock ne Steph. fumatus, Mots.
media, Burm. ; eee
angustata, Ratz. Sp. 2. 8. Dali, M’Lach.
itidulus, Walk.
Sp. 2. R. wanthostigma, Schum. ee : aaa a
Londinensis, Steph. Sp. 3. S. terminalis, Curt.
Gen. iii. Psrcrra, Hag.
Sp. 3. R. cognata, Ramb. 4
Sp. 1. P. diptera, Burm.
Sp. 4. RB. maculicollis, Steph. ;
affimis, Steph. Gen. iv. Micromus, Ramb.
hispanica, Ramb. Sp. 1. M. variegatus, Fab.
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia.
221
Synonymie Catalogue cf British Planipennia—continued.
Sp. 2. M. aphidivorus, Schrk.
angulatus, Steph.
villosus, Zett.
intricatus;Wesm.
tendinosus, Ramb.
lineatus, Gézsy.
Sp. 3. M. paganus, Linn.
nemoralis, Steph.
lineosus, Ramb.
elegans, Gozsy.
Gen. v. Hermernosius, Linn.
Mucropalpus, Ramb.
Sp. 1. 4. elegans, Steph.
Marshami, Steph.
paucinervis, Lett.
pygmeus, Ramb.
Sp. 2. H. pellweidus, Walk.
fuscescens, Walleng.
Sp. 3. H.inconspicuus, M’Lach.
Sp. 4. H. nitidulus, Fab.
ochraceus, Wesm.
obscurus, Ramb.
Sp. 5. H. micans, Oliv.
punctatus, Steph.
paliidus, Steph.
lutescens, Burm.
trroratus, Costa.
fuscinervis, Schn.,var.
Sp. 6. A. humuli, Linn.
lutescens, Steph.
afimis, Steph.
paganus, Steph.
awpicalis, Steph.
maculatus, Wesm.
Sp. 7. H. marginatus, Steph.
: jflexuosus, Hag.
Sp. 8. H. limbatus, Wesm.
subfasciatus, Steph.
trroratus, Steph.
stigma, Steph.
limbatellus, Zett.?.
Sp. 9. H. pini, Steph.
punctatus, Gozsy ?.
Sp. 10. H. atrifrons, M’Lach.
Sp. 11. H. subnebulosus, Steph.
juscus, Steph.
nebulosus, Ste. (part).
obscurus, Steph.
nervosus, Steph.
perelegans, Steph.
Sp. 12. H. nervosus, Fab.
nebulosus, Ste. (part).
conspersus, Burm.
distinctus, Ramb.
Sp. 13. H. concinnus, Steph.
hirtus, Burm.
cylindripes, Wesm.
atomarius, GOzsy.
Gen. vi. Mrcanomus, Ramb.
Sp.1. M. hirtus, Linn.
jimbriatus, Curt.
tortricoides, Ramb.
Gen. vii. Drepanepreryx, Leach.
Sp. 1. D. phalenoides, Linn.
Fam. II. CONIOPTERYGID.
Gen. i. Contopreryx, Hal. .
Coniortes, Westw.
Malacomyza, Wesm.
Sciodus, Zett.
Aleuwronia, Fitch ?.
Sp. 1. C.psociformis, Curt.
aphidiformis, Ramb. ?
Sp. 2. C. tineiformis, Curt.
lactea, Wesm.
Sp. 3. C. aleyrodiformis, Steph.
Fam. III. CHRYSOPIDA.
Gen. i. Curysopa, Leach.
Sp. 1. C. flava, Seop.
subfalcata, Steph.
vittata, Schn.
Sp. 2. C. vittata, Wesm.
albus, Fab.
perla, Steph.
proximus, Ramb.
integra, Hag.
Sp. 3. C. alba, Linn.
ciliata, Wesm.
Sp. 4. C.flavifrons, Brauer.
Sp. 5. C. vulgaris, Schn.
perla, Fab.
affinis, Kvans.
carnea, Ste. (for.bru.)
primaveria, Brauer.
incarnata, Brauer.
rubropunctata, Brau.
222
Mr. R. MacLachlan’s Monograph of
Synonymic Catalogue of British Planipennia—continued.
Sp. 6. C.7-punctata,Wesm.
angustipennis, Steph.
mauricianus, Ramb.
pallens, Ramb.
nobilis, Brauer.
Sp. 7. C. aspersa, Wesm.
prasina, Ramb.
Ramburit, Costa.
Sp. 8. C. ventralis, Curt.
Sp. 9. C. abbreviata, Curt.
immaculata, Steph.
chlorophanus, Ratz.
Sp. 10. C. phyllochroma, Wesm.
abbreviata, Steph.
pusilla, Brauer.
tenella, Brauer.
Sp. 11. C. perla, Linn.
chrysops, Fab.
cancellata, Schrk.
maculata, Steph.
reticulata, Steph.
Gen. ii. Nornocurysa, M’Lach.
Sp. 1. N. fulviceps, Steph.
erythrocephalus,Ram.
Sp. 2. N. capitata, Fab.
Div. III. PANORPINA.
Fam. I. PANORPIDAi.
Gen. i.
Sp. 1.
Panorpa, Linn.
P. communis, Linn.
Sp. 2. P. germanica, Linn.
afinis, Leach.
apicalis, Steph.
borealis, Steph. ?.
montana, Brauer.
Sp. 3. P. cognata, Ramb.
germanica, Steph.
alpina, Ramb. ?.
Fam. II. BOREIDA.
Gen. i. Borrus, Lat.
Sp. 1. B. hyemalis, Linn.
proboscideus, Panz.
the British Neuroptera-Planipennia. 223
Explanation of the Plates.
PLATE VIII.
Fig. 1.—Sialis lutaria, neuration of anterior wing; 1a, extremity of abdo-
men of ¢, from above ; 1b, ditto, from side; 1c, ventral valve;
1d, maxilla and palpus; 1e, labium and palpus; 1f, mandible;
1g, labrum of ¢ ; Lh, ditto of 9 ; 1%, tarsus.
2.—Sialis fuliginosa, neuration of anterior wing; 2 a, extremity of
abdomen of g, from above; 2b, ditto, from side; 2c, ventral
valve.
3.—Raphidia notata, neuration of anterior wing; 3a, extremity of
abdomen of ¢, from side; 3b, ditto, from beneath; 3c, ditto
of 9, from above; 3d, ditto, from side; 3e, maxilla and
palpus.
4.—Raphidia xanthostigma, neuration of anterior wing; 4a, ex-
tremity of abdomen, from aboye; 46, ditto, from beneath ;
4c, ditto, from side, after death.
PLATE IX.
Fig. 1.—Raphidia cognata, neuration of anterior wing.
2.—R. maculicollis, ks ns
3.—Sisyra terminalis, neuration of anterior and posterior wings.
4,.—Micromus variegatus, ,, a =
4a, extremity of abdomen of M. paganus, from side; 4b, ditto,
from beneath.
5.—Psectra diptera.
_—
PLATE X.
Fig. 1.—Hemerobius pellucidus, neuration of anterior wing.
2.—H. inconspicuus, appendices of g, from side.
3.—H. nitidulus, rr e
4,—H. micans, Pe <a
5.—H. humuli, neuration of wings; 5a, appendices of g, from side.
224 Monograph of British Neuroptera-Planipennia.
PLATE X—continued.
Fig. 6.—Hemerobius marginatus; appendices of g, from above; 6a, ditto,
from side.
7.—H. limbatus, appendices of g, from side.
8.—H. subnebulosus, "7 ro
9.—H, nervosus, ” ”
10.—H.. concinnus, neuration of portion of anterior wing; 10a,
appendices of ¢, from side; 10b, ditto, from beneath; 10c,
extremity of abdomen of ?, from side.
11.—Megalomus hirtus, neuration of wings.
PLATE XI.
Fig. 1.—Coniopteryx psociformis, neuration of wings.
2.—C. tineiformis, * i
3.—Chrysopa vulgaris, neuration of anterior wing.
4.—C. alba, =f (portion); 44a, simple claw of
Chrysopa (C. phyllochroma) ; 4b, dilated claw (C. abbreviata).
5.—Nothochrysa capitata, neuration of anterior wing.
6.—Panorpa communis, extremity of abdomen of g, from side;
6a, appendices of ditto.
7.—P. germanica, neuration of wings; 7a, outline of abdomen of ¢,
from side ; 7b, cheliform terminal segment, and appendices.
8.—P. cognata, extremity of abdomen of g, from side; 8a, appen-
dices of ditto.
( 225 )
X. Observations on the Duration of Life in the Honey
Bee. By J.G. Desporouce. ~
{Read 4th May, 1868.]
The following observations on the Honey Bee are in
continuation of the Prize Essay of the Entomological So-
ciety for the year 1852 (Trans. Ent. Soc., second series,
vol. i. p. 145); and of the Paper on the same subject
read on the 2nd April, 1855 (cb., vol. ii. p. 187).
In the last mentioned paper, I traced the existence of
a queen bee from the month of July, 1852, to the end
of the year 1854; and I now propose to give the result
of my observations upon the queen, with which the hive
was stocked, until her death, or rather, her disappearance.
The month of January, 1855, was frosty nearly through-
out, with much snow, and the frost continued in the suc-
ceeding month up to the 25th, when a thaw set in; not-
withstanding this severe weather, the queen commenced
depositing eggs, and on the 19th February, I observed
brood sealed over; on the 10th March, I saw a young
bee perfect, and on that day there were 108 cells sealed
over containing brood; the queen however did not again
deposit eges until April, one prevailing cause for which
might possibly have been the continued cold season, but
singularly enough, one drone cell was observed on the
* Ist April in the midst of worker cells, but the grub had
died before being sealed over. The breeding from the
6th April, on which day the queen again deposited eggs,
was carried on uninterruptedly until September. Pollen
was first collected on the 6th April, and the spring was
so unfavourable, that I was compelled to continue feeding
throughout May and up to the 17th June, after which
time honey was rapidly collected and stored.
Another single drone was reared in a worker cell, and
although he was allowed to come to maturity, on the 11th
July he was dragged out of the cell and killed.
The brood during this year, with the exception named °
above, was entirely worker brood, and although the
queen, to all external appearance, was as healthy as ever,
she did not produce in the aggregate one half the quan-
tity of bees brought forth in the preceding year; this
TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1868.——PaRT II. (JULY). Q
226 Mr. J. G. Desborough on
might probably be owing to the severity of the season in
the early spring and summer, but we shall have occasion
further to allude to this subject towards the close of this
paper.
The winter of 1855-1856 was again wet and cold, as
well as frosty, and the great difficulty was to keep the
bees free from damp, and as the combs were now getting
dark and dirty, there was great tendency to mould; I
managed, however, to get the hive through the winter
with very little loss of life in the interior of the hive,
compared with that of the preceding year. On the 30th
January I saw brood sealed over, and a few drone cells
also sealed over ; but although the workers were allowed
to hatch off at maturity, the drones were dragged out
and destroyed, after being sealed over about three days.
The breeding was not continued, nor was it resumed
until April. In July, a small space, four inches by two,
on each. side of one comb, was occupied with drone
brood, which was hatched off by the 11th August, and
these drones were killed in the ordinary way about ten
days afterwards.
The proceedings of the hive do not call for any special
remark during this year.
We now come to the winter of 1856-1857, which com-
menced with a deep snow so early as Noy. 26th, and a
frost lasting till December 5th, very severe ; and on the
breaking up of the frost, the hive was excessively damp,
and apparently unhealthy, as I removed eighty dead
bees; I contrived, however, to get the hive dry, and
pursuing the same course of management as before, I
brought them through the winter; brood was first
detected on the 21st February, and only worker eggs
were laid ; the breeding was again delayed after the first
batch until April, and continued until September ; but
during this year there was no appearance whatever of
drone brood ; still the queen looked healthy, and the
hive continued in good condition ; I had cut ont as much
of the old comb as was dirty, and had become mouldy ;
it had been renewed by the bees, and the hive was in as
good a state to stand the winter as at any previous
period. I had continued the daily observation of the
queen up to the 22nd November, but after that day I
could not detect her; I thought she might be concealed
between the two centre combs, and I did uot disturb the
hive for a few days ; but still not seeing her, on the 29th
the Honey Bee. 227
I made a regular search, but the queen was not in the
hive, and what had become of her I could not discover ;
the weather was fine and sunny, and whether she had
been tempted to leave the hive and had become chilled,
or whether she had been picked up by a bird, or what
else was her end, it is not for me to record. I can only
state the fact, that a queen bee will live for five years
and upwards, namely, from July 1852 to November 1857 ;
in fact, six summers or seasons. The actual duration of
life in the queen bee still remains undetermined.
The period of five years and four months is, I believe,
the longest recorded duration of life in the queen bee.
Golding, in his “ Shilling Bee Book” (1847), speaks of a
queen bee with an imperfect wing existing in a hive
from May 1828 to June 1832; but this recorded life
exceeds his by a year and a quarter.
I annex a table of the number of bees produced in the
hive during the summers of 1855, 1856, and 1857, making
a total, with the numbers shown in the last paper, of
108,026 as the produce of one insect, and this of one
kept in an artificial state. The numbers produced in a
hive not so confined as the Observatory hive must be
very great mdeed, and the comparative numbers pro-
duced in each year bring us again to reconsider the dura-
tion of life in the queen bee.
Table showing the actual number of bees produced in
the Observatory Hive during the years 1855, 1856, and
1857.
1855. | 1856. 1857.
Time of measur- Time of measur- Time of measur-
ing Brood. ae: ing Brood. No. ing Brood. No.
February19 . . 108January 30 . . 40/February28 . . 216
April 16. . 162)April 18. . 108)April 12s SL
May 6. . 270|\May 4... 729\May Share) un po
” Dalim) OUR Gs Pa se oe EU ees RT 9 Pe elo
June 17. . 1,080,June 15 . . 2,916|June (Ae eo resto
July 8 . . 3,240\July 6 . . 4,563 July 5 ie eed, 40e
” 29>. . 4,077) PA She Fe (hy: lelO Maas 26> ..-, 3,402
August 19 . .4,347/August 17 . . 216|August 16 . . 2,214
September8 . . 351 September6 . . 1,296
14,303 16,402 15,228
bo
©
228 Mr. J. G. Desborough on
The Grand Total of the six seasons was as below :—
iPS aN Maa Ram ai dbe > ark fat)
LS5S yy vot i ee Vee meee Aer
1S54 ahh get ee ae peters
1855 ON eee aie
B56, i ee. wee ale Oe
IBS? sae ee, ee ed oe
108,026
Looking at the number of eggs laid by the queen in
the six seasons of her life, we find that she was most
fertile during the second and third years of her existence ;
and although it is proved that the queen can live over
five years, yet it does not follow that, in a state of nature,
she may be permitted to reign as the monarch of the
hive during that time; had the queen observed upon
been in an ordinary hive which had been allowed to
swarm, she would have changed her residence every
time a swarm issued, and she would then have acted as
the leader thereof; but whether she would have suc-
ceeded in establishing herself at the head of five succes-
sive colonies is, I think, very doubtful.
Bee-keepers are well aware of the many times a swarm
issues and returns, as is supposed, because they cannot
find the queen; may it not happen that the queen is
incapable, from old age, of flying with the swarm to their
place of setting, and so is lost ?
As to the probable ordinary duration of life in the
queen when in a state of nature, I am much inclined to
place the limit at three or four years, and to assert that
the age of my queen, prolonged to five years and four
months, was beyond the ordinary duration. I have, how-
ever, been extremely careful throughout both my Essay
and the Papers in continuation, not to state any facts
but those I have personally observed ; and other apiarians
as well as myself can draw their conclusions therefrom.
As to the age of the drone, I can add nothing to my
last paper, because, with the exception of the few drones
reared in the summer of 1856, none were brought forth.
With respect to the age of the worker, I kept a record
of the number of bees dying in the hive in the years
1855, 1856, and 1857; they were,—
the Honey Bee. 229
In 1855 ; : : : 1442
1856 : : ; : 235
1857 : ‘ ; ; 375
These numbers bear a remarkably small proportion to
the number of bees produced, and if we suppose all the
others to have been killed, in one way or another, out-
side the hive, it is a proof of the great dangers to which
the worker-bee is exposed in pursuit of the ordinary
work of life. The proceedings of the hive, since the’
publication of the last paper, were little more than a
repetition of the former years, and I see no reason to
doubt the conclusion therein drawn, that the duration of
life in the.worker-bee is eight months.
I stocked my Observatory hive on the 22nd June,
1867, with a portion of a swarm, and as the hive had a
considerable quantity of comb therein, made in the
previous year by a stock which had died, breeding was
most rapidly carried on; and as the latter part of the
season was very favourable for honey gathering, the hive
was well stored with honey sealed over. ‘The hive is
still in the old situation, and as the winter of 1867-1868
continued favourable, and the hive showed no appearance
of damp or mould, I resolved to let it alone, carefully
watching it, to adopt any course which might be found
needful under the circumstances. However, I have
never once interfered with the hive, and it has passed
hrough the winter without any assistance from me. A
few dead bees were occasionally seen at the bottom of
the hive, but they were always removed by the bees
themselves on the first sunny day.
During the five winters, from 1852 to 1857, the seasons
were all so different to the one just past, that, in the one
case, the bees could not possibly have lived through
December without artificial means being resorted to for
their preservation; in the other, they have survived,
and have been at all corresponding periods of the year
more healthy, and the hive in a much better state. It
is impossible, therefore, to lay down any rule for the
management of bees in an Observatory hive through
the winter ; all must depend upon the season, for whilst
one course of management may be the means of preserv-
ing them during a cold, wet, and severe winter, the
Same course in a mild and genial winter would be much
too exciting, and would lead to their destruction rather
than their preservation.
230 Mr. J. G. Desborough on the Honey Bee.
The Observatory hive has been this year more in a
natural state than during any former winter through
which it has been kept alive, and the queen began to lay
her eggs, from which brood has been reared, in the
month of February, but no cessation of breeding has
this year taken place, so that it would seem that the
ceasing to breed at this period of the year was the result
of the inclement weather, and was not a natural course
of events in the life of the queen.
( 281.)
XI. Descriptions of Aculeate Hymenoptera from Australia.
By Freperick Smits, late Pres. Ent. Soc.
[Read 4th May, 1868.]
Of the fifty-five species of Aculeate Hymenoptera de-
scribed in this paper, not less than thirty have been re-
ceived from Mr. H. Du Boulay, who discovered them at
and in the neighbourhood of Champion Bay, in Western
Australia. Amongst them, are three species of the genus
Crabro, not one I believe having been described previous-
ly from that country. Of the rare genus Paragia, four
new species are added, and several fine additions are
made to the Thynnde.
The principal discoveries of Apide are a fine metallic
coloured species of the genus Stenotritus; one species of
Iithurgus, and six of Megachile. The last-mentioned
genus is well represented in Australia, since at least
thirty species are known; in all other countries where
these leaf-cutting bees are found, so also is their parasite
Celioxys ; but not a single species of that genus has, to
my knowledge, been found in Australia. Probably some
other genus of bees is the parasite of Megachile im that
country, though I am not acquainted with any parasitic
bee at all likely to be so; if Celiovys is an Australian
insect, it is certainly remarkable that no one should have
hitherto captured it.
The species not indicated as being in the National Col-
lection are in my own cabinet.
Fam. THYNNIDA.
Gen. THYNNUs.
1. Thynnus ochrocephalus.
Male. Length 11 lines. The head, prothorax, and
anterior legs, bright ochraceous, body and legs black.
The antenne, tips of the mandibles, and a transverse
band on the vertex, enclosing the stemmata, black. Thorax
punctured, the metathorax and legs with a fine short
cinereous pubescence; the anterior tarsi black ; wings
sub-hyaline and ferruginous, their base brown, with the
extreme base black, their apical margins with a broad
TRANS. ENT. soc. 1868.—PartT u. (JULY.)
232 Mr. Frederick Smith on
fuscous border extending to the base of the marginal
cell. Abdomen finely punctured, and having, in certain
lights, tints of blue ; thinly covered above with cinereous
downy pile.
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
I have only seen two specimens of this fine addition to
the genus, one of whichis in my own possession, presented
to me by Mr. H. Du Boulay.
2. Thynnus campanularis.
Male. Length linch. Black: spotted and banded
with pale yellow markings. Head: the clypeus, a
V-shaped mark between the antenne, the mandibles and
orbits of the eyes interrupted at their summit, yellow ;
the cheeks with long thin cinereous pubescence, a simi-
lar short thin pubescence on the vertex. Thorax: an
interrupted line on the collar, two spots beneath the
wings, the cox beneath, the metathorax with a reversed
bell-shaped spot in the middle extendmg its entire
length, the post-scutellum, two minute spots on the
scutellum and a spot on the tegule, yellow; wings hya-
line, nervures black. Abdomen: elongate, each seg-
ment with an interrupted fascia in the middle, the fascize
narrow, and shghtly curved upwards at the lateral mar-
gins ; beneath, the segments have an ovate spot on each
side, those on the second segment large and united,
almost occupying the entire segment; the first segment
with a central triangular spot.
Hab. Sydney.
3. Thynnus oblongus.
Male. Length 103 lines. Black. Head: the clypeus
and mandibles yellow, the latter bidentate, and black at
their apex ; a narrow red obscure line behind the eyes.
Thorax: rugose; the disk with a short brown pubes-
cence ; beneath, the sides and the metathorax with a
cinereous pubescence ; tibiz and tarsi ferruginous, the
apical joints of the latter black ; wings fulvo-hyaline, the
nervures fuscous. Abdomen elongate, finely punctured,
the basal margins of the segments smooth and shining,
Aculeate Hymenoptera. 233
the other portion with a thin covering of cinereous
pubescence, which is more dense and glittering at the
sides; beneath punctured, and with a thin short cinere-
ous pubescence.
Hab. Melbourne.
4. Thynnus conspicuus.
Male. Length 8-9 lines. Black: with red and yellow
markings. Head: rugose; the clypeus, a spot at the
base of the mandibles, the margin of the elevation be-
neath which the antennez are inserted, and a narrow
yellow line behind the eyes at the lower part of their
orbits, yellow. Thorax: rugose, and with a thin hoary
pubescence ; the prothorax above, and a quadrate spot
on the mesothorax, ferrugimous; a black macula on
each side of the prothorax, and a minute spot on the
margin in front; a spot on the scutellum, the post-scu-
tellum, and two ovate spots on the metathorax, yellow ;
the tips of the joimts of the legs and of the tarsi, ferru-
ginous; wings hyaline, with a shght yellow tinge.
Abdomen smooth and shining; the first segment with a
minute spot on each side, and the four following seg-
ments, with an interrupted yellow fascia in the middle,
each narrower than the preceding ; beneath, the second,
third, and fourth segments have an interrupted white
fascia.
Hab. South Australia.
In the British Museum.
5. Thynnus vmpetuosus.
Male. Length linch. Black: the abdomen with sil-
very-white fasciz. Head as wide as the thorax, and
shining; the anterior margin of the clypeus, the mandi-
bles, and a V-shaped mark above the insertion of the
antenne, yellow; the upper portion of the clypeus and
tips of the mandibles ferruginous; the face and cheeks
with silvery-white pubescence. Thorax: above, slightly
shining, the scutellum roughly punctured, the metathorax
clothed with long white pubescence, and transversely
rugose; wings fusco-hyaline, with a darker fuscous stam
traversing the nervures, which are black; the thorax with
234 Mr. Frederick Smith on
a shortish hoary pubescence. Abdomen shining; the
apical margins of the segments with a narrow fringe of
silvery pubescence, the abdomen not truncate at the base,
but, as well as at the apex, pointed.
Hab. South Australia (Hunter River ?).
In the British Museum.
6. Thynnus audaz.
Male. Length 1 inch. Head and thorax black, ab-
domen ferruginous, the insect adorned with yellow mark-
ines. Head and thorax with a golden yellow pubescence ;
the clypeus, cheeks, mandibles, and orbits of the eyes, yel-
low. Thorax: the prothorax, scutellum, post-scutellum,
metathorax, the tegule, and two oblique lines on the
mesothorax, yellow; the legs ferruginous; wings fulvo-
hyaline, nervures ferruginous towards the apex of the
wings, but becoming fuscous towards their base. Abdo-
men: ferruginous, with an ill-defined ovate spot on each
side of each segment, the spots pale ferruginous, irregu-
larly bordered with a narrow yellow line; the basal seg-
ment has on each side a small black ovate spot, ana also
a short line near its apical margin; beneath, mottled with
yellow.
Hab. Australia.
In the British Museum.
7. Thynnus seductor.
Male. Length 94 lines. Head and thorax black, the
abdomen yellow with black fascia. Head: the clypeus
and mandibles bright yellow, the latter black at their tips ;
the antennz as long as the thorax. The thorax roughly
punctured; beneath, at the sides, and also the meta-
thorax, thickly clothed with long cinereous pubescence;
the anterior margin of the thorax raised, the margin
slightly incurved; the wings fuscous, the nervures black.
Abdomen: about the same length as the head and thorax ;
yellow, with the apical margins of the sezments bordered
with a narrow black band, each band runs into a small
black notch in the middle, between which and the lateral
margins, on each side, it is abruptly widened, and again
abruptly narrowed, thus forming an oblong broader mar-
Aculeate Hymenoptera. 235
gin; two or three of the apical segments have a narrow
black band on their basal margin also; the apical segment
is longitudinally striated; beneath, the apical margins
are fusco-ferruginous; the terminal segment with a broad
lanceolate spine, which has at its base an acute angular
process on each side ; each band runs into a notch in the
middle.
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
8. Thynnus subinterruptus.
Male. Length 8 lines. Head and thorax black, and
variegated with yellow; abdomen elongate, black, with
yellow fascize. The clypeus, mandibles, orbits of the
eyes, interrupted at their summit, and a forked spot be-
tween the antenne, yellow; the clypeus with an oblique
dark line on each side, very faintly indicated. Thorax :
the anterior margin raised, a spot at its sides, a narrow
interrupted line a little before its posterior margin, the
tegule, the post-scutellum, and a spot on the scutellum,
yellow; the apex of the posterior femora, a line beneath
them, and a spot on the intermediate femora beneath,
yellow ; the apex of the tarsal joints ferruginous; the
wings hyaline, the nervures black. Abdomen: the base,
the apical segment, and the apical margins of all the
segments, black; these marginal bands united by a
central longitudinal interrupted ferrugimous line, the
marginal bands bordered by a narrow ferruginous stain ;
an oblong ferruginous spot on each segment towards its
lateral margins ; beneath, the abdomen has the margins
of the segments stained with ferruginous, also a central
ferruginous line which expands on each segment into an
angular shape.
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
9. Thynnus (Agriomyia) irritans.
Male. Length 73 lines. Orange-yellow: the flagellum,
and a quadrate shape on the vertex, enclosing the ocelli,
black. Thorax: the mesothorax black, with a quadrate
yellow spot on the disk, and a large irregular shape be-
neath the wings, orange-yellow ; the wings fuscous, the
236 Mr. Frederick Smith on
nervures black, the marginal cell dark fuscous. Abdo-
men oblong, rounded at the base, which has a quadrate
brown spot, the basal margins of the segments rufo-
fuscous, the apical margins narrowly ferruginous ; be-
neath, the margins are coloured faintly as above; the
apical segment with a short black spme. The antenne
not reaching beyond the scutellum.
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
10. Thynnus (Agriomyia) incensus.
Male. Length 54 lines. Black, with the two apical
segments of the abdomen red. The anterior margin of
the clypeus with a narrow yellow border ; the head finely
rugose. Thorax as rugose as the head, with the scutellum
more coarsely so; the spines at the apex of the tibie
white ; the wings hyaline, the nervures black; the meta-
thorax with thin cinereous pubescence. The abdomen
shining ; the apical margins of the first four segments
have, in the centre, a pair of small quadrate white
macule, the first pair almost united and tapering to a
point laterally, and narrower than the two following
pairs; the fourth pair narrow and tapering lke the first
pair ; the style at the apex of the abdomen black.
Hab. Champion Bay.
ll. Thynnus (Agriomyia) baccatus.
Male. Length 5 lmes. Head and thorax black, the
abdomen red. The clypeus, mandibles, and a minute
spot at the imsertion of each antenna, white. The an-
terior and posterior margins of the prothorax narrowly
edged with white; tegule and post-scutellum white ; the
legs ferruginous, with the tarsidusky ; wings hyaline, the
nervures black. Abdomen ferruginous, the base and
the apical segment black; the apical half of the first
segment is divided from the black base by a transverse
slightly-interrupted white line; the four following seg-
ments have an oblique, ovate, white spot; the sixth
segment is toothed on each side beneath, and the anal
style is trispinose.
Hab. Champion Bay.
_Aculeate Hymenoptera. 237
Gen. ALuRus.
Alurus volatilis.
Male. Length 7; lines. Black, with the legs and
abdomen red. Head: the anterior margin of the clypeus,
the palpi, mandibles, and a curved line above the inser-
tion of the antenne, bordering an elevation, reddish-
yellow: the cheeks with a minute tooth at the base of
the mandibles ; the scape ferruginous, dusky above; the
cheeks with long cinereous pubescence, that on the
mesothorax fulvous. Thorax: the sides, beneath, as
well as the metathorax, with a thin cinereous pubes-
cence, the prothorax above, the scutellum and legs, of a
brick-red ; the anterior margin of the prothorax and the
post-scutellum, yellow; wings fulvo-hyaline, with pris-
matic reflections in certain lights. Abdomen red, black
at the extreme base; the sixth segment is also black at
its basal margin.
Hab. Adelaide.
In the British Museum.
Gen. TacHYPTERvs.
Tachypterus albo-pictus.
Male. Length 7 lines. Black, variegated with white.
Head: the imner orbits of the eyes, a spot on each
side of the clypeus, the basal half of the mandibles,
and a narrow line behind the eyes, white. Thorax;
the posterior margin of the prothorax, a curved line
from the insertion of the posterior wings traversing
the posterior margin of the scutellum, the post-scu-
tellum, the tubercles, the front of the anterior coxe,
and a spot outside the the posterior pair, white; the
spines at the apex of the tibie, white; the sides
obscurely blue, as well as the metathorax ; wings fusco-
hyaline, the nervures black. Abdomen: a minute spot
on each side of the first seement, an interrupted line on
the posterior margin of the second, third, and fourth,
white ; two minute white spots at the apex.
Hab. Australia.
238 Mr. Frederick Smith on
Fam. SCOLIIDA.
Gen. DrMorPHoPTERA, 0. g.
The following are the characters of the females; (the
males are not known with certainty, though I believe the
specimen described as D. nigripennis to be a male). The
maxillary palpi 6-jointed, the joints of about equal length
and thickness, except the apical jomt which is more
slender; the labial palpi 4-jomted, the joits equal and
short. Mandibles stout, curved, and not toothed. An-
tenne filiform, short and stout; the scape stout, equal in
leneth to the three basal joints of the flagellum united.
Thorax oblong, prothorax transverse, the metathorax
truncate ; the superior wings with one marginal, and three
sub-marginal cells; the marginal extending half-way
towards the apex of the wing, from the apex of the cell
usually a short abbreviated nervure; the first and second
cells of about equal length; the second receiving a re-
current nervure in the middle, the third cell shorter, and
receiving the second recurrent nervure towards the base,
the apical nervure of the third submarginal is recurved,
and much rounded towards the apex “of the wing, and
issues from the marginal cell towards, not from, its apex.
Legs and abdomen as in the genus Myzine.
This genus may be considered merely a section of the
genus Myzine, from which it only differs in the arrange-
ment and neuration of the cells of the wmgs; in Myzine,
the marginal cell receives the apical nervure of the third
submarginal at its extreme apex, which is not the case in
Dimorphoptera.
To this genus belong Myzine signata, M. sabulosa, M.
anthracina, M. fuscipennis, and M. wnicolor.
1. Dimorphoptera scoliiformis.
Female. Length 1 inch. Black: the head shining,
the face rugose-punctate ; above, sparingly and finely
punctured; the mandibles falcate, smooth, shining, and
fringed beneath with black hairs. The prothorax and
scutellum strongly punctured, the mesothorax with finer
scattered punctures, and with two longitudinal impressed
lines; the metathorax opaque; the prothorax, scutellum,
metathorax and also beneath, with erect black hairs; the
Aculeate Hymenoptera. 239
legs very pubescent, the intermediate and posterior tibize
coarsely rugose outside and spinose, the tarsi very
spinose; wings dark fuscous, with reflections of purple
and violet. Abdomen: shining, sparingly and finely
punctured ; the margins beneath, and at the sides, fring-
ed with black pubescence.
Hab. Moreton Bay.
In the British Museum.
2. Dimorphoptera nigripennis.
Male. Length 7} lines. Black: with dark brown wings.
Head ovate; slightly shining, and closely punctured;
the face and cheeks thinly covered with erect griseous
pubescence; the antennz rather stout, extending to the
apex of the scutellum; the mandibles bidentate. Thorax
as long as the abdomen, and thinly sprinkled with short
griseous pubescence ; closely punctured; the tibie and
tarsi with short griseous pile; wings very dark brown,
palest at their apical margins. Abdomen oblong-ovate,
smooth and shining, having violet reflections in certain
lights.
Hab. Australia.
This is the only example of a supposed male of this
genus that I have seen; it is in the National Museum;
it differs from the male of Myzine, in the short semi- ovate
form of the abdomen, and in being destitute of the spine
at the apex.
3. Dimorphoptera morosa.
Female. Length 10 lines. Black and shining, with
dark fuscous wings. Head narrower than the thorax,
shining on the vertex, the face coarsely punctured ;
mandibles very obscurely ferruginous towards the tips ;
the clypeus, cheeks, and posterior margin of the vertex
with cinereous pubescence. Thorax: the prothorax and
scutellum coarsely punctured, the former thinly clothed
with cinereous pubescence; the mesothorax shining,
and with a few scattered punctures ; the tibiz and tarsi
strongly spinose, the calcaria at the apex of the tibiz
white; wings dark fuscous. Abdomen shining, and with
fine scattered punctures; the apical segment covered
with short rigid spines.
Hab. Australia (Melbourne ?),
In the British Museum.
240 Mr. Frederick Smith on
4. Dimorphoptera clypeata.
Female. Length 8 lines. Black: the abdomen banded
with orange. Head and thorax with thin cinereous
pubescence ; the clypeus, inner margin of the eyes, and
a line behind them, yellow; the mandibles fringed be-
neath with stiff ferruginous hairs ; the wings fusco-hya-
line, the nervures black, the posterior wings palest ; the
legs with a glitterimg white scattered pubescence, the
calcaria white; the posterior femora incrassate, com-
pressed beneath into a thin plate, the tibiz with a row
of blunt teeth outside. Abdomen smooth and shining,
a few scattered punctures on the fifth segment, and
alone the apical margins of the other segments; the
second, third, and fourth segments with a broad orange
band, not extending to the posterior margins, the bands
notched in the middle posteriorly, and curved to the
sides; the apical segment densely covered with ferru-
ginous hair ; beneath, the second and third segments have
a broad basal band notched in the middle posteriorly.
Hab. Champion Bay.
5. Dimorphoptera fastuosa.
Female. Length 7 lines. Ferruginous: the head, tip
of the abdomen, mesothorax, and scutellum, black. The
mandibles, anterior margin of the clypeus, and the scape
of the antenne, ferruginous ; tips of the mandibles black.
Thorax: the prothorax, sides, and legs, with ferrugimous
pubescence ; the spines at the apex of the tibiee pale tes-
taceous ; the intermediate and posterior thickly spinose
outside ; the wings fulvo-hyaline, the nervures ferru-
ginous. Abdomen punctured, most strongly and closely
towards the apex, the apical segment with coarse longi-
tudinal punctures ; its tip rufo-piceous, smooth, and shin-
ing; the wings extending to two-thirds the length of
the abdomen. -
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
This species has the wings shorter than the abdomen.
Aculeate Hymenoptera, 241
Gen. Scotia.
Scolia (Dielis, Saussure) intrudens.
Female. Length7 lines. Black, with the second and
third segments of the abdomen yellow. A transverse
yellow interrupted line on the vertex of the head above
the ocelli, a narrow yellow line behind the eyes, and
a line on the lower part of their inner margin; the
mandibles, and antenne beneath, ferruginous. The
mesothorax thinly covered with ferruginous hair; the
tibize and tarsi ferruginous, the latter most brightly so;
the calcaria pale testaceous ; the wings fusco-ferruginous ;
the nervures ferruginous; two submarginal cells, and two
recurrent nervures. Abdomen: the apical margin of the
first segment narrowly, and the two followmg segments
entirely yellow, on each side of these segments a short
narrow ferruginous line, the third segment has also
a faint minute ferruginous spot a little within the outer
line; the apical segment longitudinally striated ; beneath,
shining black, the margins of the segments fringed with
white hairs.
Hab. Champion Bay.
Fam. POMPILIDAG.
Gen. PompriLus.
1. Pompilus velozx.
Male. Length 5} limes. Black, with yellow wings.
Head: the sides of the clypeus, and of the face and
labrum, yellow; tips of the mandibles ferruginous; the
head has a thm griseous pubescence, with some longer
hairs on the cheeks. Thorax: rounded anteriorly, the
posterior margin of the prothorax yellow and angulated ;
the metathorax truncate: the entire msect has a cover-
ing of cinerous pubescence, which is most dense on the
underside of the thorax; the anterior tibiz and tarsi fer-
ruginous; the second, third, and fourth joints of the in-
termediate tarsi ferruginous, with their tips black; the
spines at the apex of the tibiz pale testaceous; wings
TRANS. ENT. soc. 1868.—pParT Ir. (JULY). R
242 Mr. Frederick Smith on
fulvo-hyaline, with their apical margins bordered with
fuscous; the nervures ferruginous. Abdomen, smooth
and slightly shining, a cream-coloured ovate spot on each
side of the third segment at its basal margin.
Hab. Australia.
In the British Museum.
2. Pompilus lugubris.
Female. Length 5} limes. Black, with yellow anten-
ne. Head and thorax semi-opaque, the abdomen shining.
The antennz inserted at the sides of a bilobate promi-
nence on the face; the front and cheeks with thinly scat-
tered cinereous hairs. Thorax: the sides, and beneath,
with scattered cinereous hairs; wings dark fuscous, their
apex as well as the externo-medial cell palest, a darker
cloud also crosses the anterior wings at the second sub-
marginal cell. The abdomen with a short petiole.
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
3. Pompilus distinctus.
Male. Length 5 lines. Black: the prothorax, and the
second and following segments of the abdomen, reddish-
yellow. Head: the antenne, clypeus, labrum, mandibles,
a spot between the antenne, and a line at the inuer and
outer orbits of the eyes, orange-yellow. The prothorax
above, the apex of the femora, the tibie and tarsi, orange-
yellow; the wings fulvo-hyaline. Abdomen orange-yel-
low, with the basal segment black.
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
4. Pompilus tricolor.
Male. Length 6 lines. Black: variegated with yellow
and ferruginous. Head: antennz ferruginous, fuscous
above; the face, scape in front, and behind the eyes, yel-
low. Thorax black: the prothorax, a \/-shaped mark on
the disc of the mesothorax, the tegule and an epaulet
over them, the scutellum, a line on the post-scutellum
with a minute dot at each end of the line, and the apex
Aculeate Hymenoptera. 243
of the metathorax, yellow; the anterior and intermediate
coxe in front, with the tibie and tarsi, as well as the
posterior tibiz and the base of the first joint of the tarsi,
yellow; the anterior and intermediate femora reddish,
as well as the base of the posterior femora; the posterior
tarsi dusky; wings fulvo-hyaline, their apex fuscous.
Abdomen: the first and fourth segments black, the rest
yellow; the apical margins of the second and third fusco-
ferruginous.
Hab. Adelaide.
In the British Museum.
5. Pompilus diversus.
Female. Length 44 lines. Black: with the head and
thorax blood-red. The face with a silvery-white pubes-
cence ; the tips of the mandibles and the antenne black,
the scape red beneath; the head a little wider than the
thorax. The metathorax rounded behind; the legs
obscure fusco-ferruginous, the anterior tibiz and tarsi
brightest ; the wings fuscous, palest at their base. Ab- .
domen covered with a silky slate-coloured pile.
Hab. Sydney, or Moreton Bay.
In the British Museum.
6. Pompilus irritabilis.
Female. Length 43-6 lines. Black: the wings with
a yellow fascia; the body covered with a fine silvery
silky pile, very bright and glittering in certain lights,
and most dense on the face, and body beneath. Thorax :
the posterior margin of the prothorax rounded; wings
fusco-hyaline, with a broad yellow fascia towards the apex
of the anterior wings, enclosing the marginal, two sub-
marginal, and apical half of the third discoidal cell ; the
fascia does not quite extend to the posterior margin of
the wing: the spines at the apex of the tibiz pale testa-
ceous ; the extreme apex of the anterior tibize and joints
of the tarsi, as well as the apex of the intermediate tibie,
ferruginous. Abdomen rounded at the base.
The male closely resembles the female, but has the
anterior tibize and tarsi, as wellas the antenne, ferruginous;
the posterior tibize with a pale spot at their base.
Hab. Australia.
In the British Museum.
R 2
244 Mr. Frederick Smith on
7. Pompilus infandus.
Male. Length 8} lines. Black, with the metathorax
and base of the abdomen ferruginous. Head: narrower
than the thorax ; the antenne, palpi, and tips of the
mandibles, ferruginous; the face covered with silvery
pile. Thorax: the posterior margin of the prothorax
angulated ; the wings fulvo-hyaline, the nervures ferru-
ginous ; the metathorax, which is ferruginous above, is
tuberculate on each side; the legs ferruginous. Abdo-
men sub-petiolate, the petiole black ; the first and second
segments ferruginous, except the posterior margin of
the second, which is black, the following segments also
black ; beneath, coloured the same as above.
Hab. Australia.
In the British Museum.
8. Pompilus vespoides.
Female. Length 74-10 lines. Black: the head,
legs, and abdomen except its base, ferruginous. . Head
a little wider than the thorax, a black spot on the front
enclosing the ocelli; antennee of the same colour as the
head; tips of the mandibles black. Thorax: rounded
anteriorly and posteriorly ; pilose, with, in certain lhghts,
a violet lustre; wings flavo-hyaline, their apical margins
with a narrow fuscous border ; the coxe, trochanters and
base of the femora, black. Abdomen: the basal segment
black; the apical margins of the second, third, and
fourth seements slightly fuscous, forming in the middle
of each segment an ill-defined angular shape ; beneath,
black, except at the extreme apex.
Hab. South Australia (Moreton Bay ?).
In the British Museum.
9. Pompilus melancholicus.
Female. Length 5 lines. Black, and ornamented
with cinereous spots and bands. Head: rather wider
than the thorax, the face and cheeks covered with
cinereous pile; tips of the mandibles ferruginous ; the
clypeus smooth and shining at its anterior margin.
Thorax: the prothorax in front, its posterior margin,
the post-scutellum, and two oblique pubescent spots on
the metathorax, cinereous ; the coxz and femora beneath,
Aculeate Hymenoptera. 245
cinereous ; the tibiz and tarsi cinereous above; wings
fuscous, with their apical margins darkest. Abdomen
smooth and shining, with cinereous fasciz on the apical
margins of the segments.
The male resembles the female.
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
Gen. PRriocNEeMIs.
Ll. Prioenemis affectata.
Female. Length 10 hnes. Black, with the two basal
segments of the abdomen ferruginous, wings maculated.
Head as wide as the thorax, the face and cheeks with
a fine griseous pile, the head thinly sprinkled with fuscous
hairs; the antenne bright ferrugimous; the labrum,
mandibles, and palpi, dark ferruginous. Thorax: the
posterior margin of the prothorax arched; the sides
parallel ; the metathorax, the coxee, and sides, covered
with a fine glossy pile, reflecting golden tints in different
lights; the truncation of the metathorax smooth, not
shining, the upper surface transversely grooved ; wings
fulvo-hyaline, their apical margins with a narrow fuscous
border, and also a quadrate fuscous spot at the apex of
the third discoidal cell, extending upwards into the
corners of the second and third sub-marginals; legs
bright ferruginous, with black coxe. Abdomen: the
extreme base, also the base of the second segment in the
middle, its apical margin broadly, and the following seg-
ments entirely black; the apical segment with bright
ferruginous hairs.
Hab. South Australia (Moreton Bay ?).
In the British Museum,
2. Priocnemis defensor.
Female. Length 7-10 lines. Black, with ferruginous
wings. Head narrower than the thorax, antenne incras-
sate; the body pilose, in some lights having a dull
violet lustre. ‘Thorax: truncate posteriorly, slightly
rounded anteriorly; the posterior margin of the pro-
thorax curved ; the sides parallel ; the wings ferruginous,
246 Mr. Frederick Smith on
their bases and apical margins narrowly dark fuscous ;
the nervures ferrugimous, black at the extreme base
of the anterior wings; the metathorax impunctate, and
with an impressed line above, in the middle.
Hab. South Australia.
In the British Museum.
3d. Priocnemis Polydorus.
Female. Length 11 lines. Black: the wings fuscous,
fasciated with yellow. Head rather narrower than the
thorax ; the face below the insertion of the antennz covered
with griseous pile, above the antennee with short fuscous
pubescence, the vertex not pilose; the cheeks with a
thin, long, griseous pubescence; the antennz with a fine
fuscous pile. Thorax: oblong, the sides parallel, the
posterior margin of the prothorax rounded ; opaque,
the sides beneath, as well as the legs, with a shin-
ing griseous pile, intermixed with fine long griseous
pubescence; the metathorax truncate; above, with a
central impressed line, the truncation transversely finely
rugose ; wings dark fuscous, the anterior pair with a
broad yellow fascia, extending from the base to the apex
of the marginal cell, and narrowing posteriorly. Abdo-
men smooth and shining, the apical segment opaque
and punctured; the basal segment with a patch of sil-
very-white hair on its margin laterally, sometimes also on
the second segment.
Hab. Australia (Moreton Bay ?).
In the British Museum.
4. Priocnemis ephippiata.
Female. Length 8 lines. Black, with the meso-
thorax and scutellum red. Head: the flagellum orange-
yellow; ths tips of the mandibles ferruginous; the
clypeus and face, as high as the insertion of the antenne,
with a thin silvery-white pile. Thorax: the meso-
thorax, scutellum, and post-scutellum, blood-red; the
wings fuscous ; the spines at the apex of the tibiz pale
testaceous. Abdomen shining, the apical margins of the
segments narrowly fringed with silvery-white pubes-
cence. The insect has a silvery pile beneath.
Hab. Adelaide.
In the British Museum.
Aculeate Hymenoptera. 247
Fam. SPHEGIDA. .
Gen. AMMOPHILA.
1. Ammophila impatiens.
Female. Length 1 inch. Head and thorax black,
legs and petiole of the abdomen ferruginous. Head:
the scape ferruginous in front, the face covered with
silvery pile; thinly sprinkled with fuscous hairs. Tho-
rax: pro- and meso-thorax coarsely striated trans-
versely, the metathorax obliquely so; the femora, tibia,
and basal half of the first jot of the tarsi, ferruginous,
the other joints black; wings fulvo-hyaline, their ner-
vures ferruginous, tips of the wings clouded. Abdo-
men: the petiole elongate, and, as well as the first
segment, bright ferruginous, a black spot in the middle
of the petiole ; the apical joints of the abdomen blue-black.
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
2. Ammophila ardens.
Female. Length 13 lines. Black: the legs and petiole
and first segment of the abdomen ferruginous. Head:
the antenne, palpi, and basal half of the mandibles ferru-
ginous, the flagellum fuscous towards the apex ; the face
with golden pile. Thorax: the prothorax and meta-
thorax transversely striated ; the posterior portion of the
mesothorax in the middle, the scutellum and post-scu-
tellum longitudinally striated; the sides and beneath
rugose; the legs bright ferruginous ; the tarsi densely
spinose, the spines black; the anterior and intermediate
coxee behind, and the posterior pair in front, black;
wings fulvo-hyaline, the anterior pair clouded at their
apex. Abdomen; the petiole and first segment bright
ferruginous, the former with a black spot in the middle ;
the following segments blue-black ; the petiole elongate.
Hab. Swan River.
In the British Museum,
248 Mr. Frederick Smith on
Gen. SpHEX.
Sphex argentifrens.
Female. Length 94 lines. Head and thorax black,
the abdomen red. Head: the face covered with bright
silvery pile, interspersed with long thin white pubescence,”
which also thinly covers the whole head; the mandibles
ferruginous. ‘The thorax clothed with pale ghttermg
pubescence, which is most dense on the metathorax, and
most sparing on the mesothorax above; the legs bright
ferruginous, with the coxee, and apical half of the pos-
terior tibiz black; the wings fulvo-hyaline, their apical
margins faintly clouded, the nervures ferruginous. The
abdomen bright ferruginous.
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
Fam. LARRIDA.
Gen. Pison.
Pison nitidus.
Female. Length 6 lines. Black: the mesothorax and
abdomen shining. Head opaque black, the face with a
silvery-white pubescence. Thorax: beneath, the sides
and the metathorax with a thin cinereous pubescence,
the legs with a glittering cinereous pile; the mesothorax
finely punctured; the metathorax with a central deeply
impressed channel ; above, with oblique elongate punc-
tures, the truncation strongly punctured, the punctures
elongate and transverse; the wings dark fuscous, sub-
hyaline at their base. Abdomen delicately punctured,
the apical margins of the segments with silvery-white
fasciz ; beneath, smooth and shining.
Hab. Champion Bay.
Fam. NYSSONIDAS.
Gen. GoRYTES.
Gorytes ornatus.
Female. Length 5 lines. Black: variegated with yel-
lowand red. Head: the clypeus, scape, and mandibles
yellow; antenne much thickened towards the apex, black
Aculeate Hymenoptera. 249
above and ferruginous beneath; the eyes ochraceous.
Thorax: the collar, tubercles, a line beneath the wings
which has a quadrate notch in the middle, a line on the
sides of the mesothorax continued over the tegulex, the
scutellum and post-scutellum, yellow; the anterior and
intermediate legs, the tarsi and posterior tibie outside,
yellow; the intermediate coxe, trochanters, the anterior
and intermediate femora above, the posterior coxe, tro-
chanters, and femora, ferruginous; the posterior tibize
and basal joint of the tarsi black; the tarsal claws ferru-
ginous, the pulvillus between them black; the wings hy-
aline. Abdomen: the second segment ferruginous, a
broad yellow band on the apical margin of the basal seg-
ment; alarge yellow subovate macula on each side of the
second segment, from which a short narrow line, termi-
nating in a point, runsinwards; the apical margins of the
following segments bordered with yellow.
Hab. Champion Bay.
Fam. CRABRONID/A.
Gen. CRABRO.
1. Orabro neglectus.
Male. Length 4 lines. Black; with orange bands on
the abdomen. Head wider than the thorax; the clypeus
silvery; the scape yellow. Thorax: an interrupted
orange line on the collar: the anterior legs, and the in-
termediate tibiz and tarsi, ferruginous; the anterior tibie
white at their apex; wings fusco-hyaline, the nervures
black; the metathorax coarsely rugose. Abdomen:
smooth and shining, an interrupted orange line on the
second segment near the basal margin, and an entire
fascia at the basal margin of the fourth segment: the
apical margins of the following segments narrowly rufo-
testaceous.
Hab. South Australia.
In the British Museum.
2. Orabro nigro-maculatus.
Female. Length 3} lines. Black: the abdomen fer-
ruginous, with a large black macula. Head as wide as
the thorax ; the ocelli in a triangle, the scape, and three
250 Mr. Frederick Smith on
or four joints of the flagellum, ferruginous; a yellow line
on the mandibles at their base. Thorax: the knees, tibie,
and tarsi ferruginous; the basal joint of the anterior tarsi
black; wings hyaline, the nervures fuscous. Abdomen:
ferruginous; a large black macula above, divided across
the middle at the apical margin of the second segment.
Hab. Moreton Bay.
In the British Museum.
3. Crabro tridentatus.
Female. Length 7 limes. Black: the abdomen with
orange bands. Head: quadrate, wider than the thorax;
the clypeus and cheeks with a silvery pile, the former
with three teeth at its anterior margin, one central, the
others at the lateral angles; the scape yellow; the ocelli
ina curve. Thorax: an interrupted orange line on the
collar; the tibie, tarsi, and femora above, ferruginous ;
wings sub-hyaline, the nervures fuscous. Abdomen: an
orange fascia at the basal margin of the second segment,
the fourth and following segments entirely orange.
Hab. Moreton Bay.
In the British Museum.
Fam. MASARIDA.
Gen. -Paraaia.
l. Paragia vespiformis.
Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. 3rd Ser. n. 393, 2.
Male. Length 7 lines. Opaque black: the clypeus,
mandibles, scape of the antennee in front, and a line on
each side of the face along the inner margin of the eyes
but not extending above the insertion of the antenne,
yellow. A narrow lne on the anterior margin of the
prothorax, the inner margin of the tegulee, and the pos-
terior margin of the scutellum, yellow ; the coxe, femora,
intermediate and posterior tibiz, yellow beneath ; a narrow
yellow line beneath the basal joint of the imtermediate
and posterior tarsi; the wings sub-hyaline, the neryures
Aculeate Hymenoptera. 251
black. The basal seoment of the abdomen concave in
front, elevated on each side; the elevations acutely mar-
gined laterally, yellow above, and at the sides, outwardly ;
the five following segments with a yellow band on their
apical margins, slightly interrupted in the middle; the
apical segment black. Beneath, yellow; a blunt yellow
tooth, or spine, projecting from the middle of the second
segment, and slightly curved towards the apex of the
abdomen; the basal segment black.
The female of this species was described from a speci-
men received from the Swan River; it is in the National
Collection. Both sexes were sent by Mr. Du Boulay in
a small collection, presented to me by that gentleman ;
they are from Champion Bay.
2. Paragia morosa.
Female. Length 8 lines. Reddish-yellow, not shin-
ing; the ocelli and teeth of the mandibles black. The
mesothorax with a central lanceolate patch, and the
suture at the base of the scutellum, black; the pectus
black; the anterior wings ferruginous, becoming sub-
hyaline at their apical margins; the marginal cell occu-
pied by a black macula; the metathorax produced
laterally above, into an acute angle. Abdomen; the
apical margins of the second and third segments very
narrowly bordered with black, the basal margin of the
third slightly so, but becoming laterally more broadly
so; the third segment is also black at the base laterally ;
the third and fourth segments are black beneath, the
third having the apical margin yellow, most broadly so
in the middle and at the sides.
Hab. Champion Bay.
3. Paragia concinna.
Female. Length 5 lines. Black and orange. The
head black, with the base of the mandibles, labrum,
clypeus, a bell-shaped spot between the antenne, the
inner margins of the eyes, and a broad streak behind
them, orange-red ; the scape of the antenne ferruginous.
The thorax black, with the prothorax above, the tegule
and a narrow epaulet over them, an elongate spot on
252 Mr. Frederick Smith on
the mesothorax behind, and a minute one on each side
of it, the scutellum, sides of the metathorax, and the
legs, orange; the anterior coxe black ; wings sub-hya-
line, with a fuscous cloud along their anterior margins,
which becomes black in the marginal cell; the nervures
ferruginous towards the base of the wings, black beyond.
Abdomen orange; the second segment, and the base of
the fourth, black; the base of the second segment
orange, interrupted in the middle. Beneath, the second,
fourth, and fifth segments black.
Hab. Champion Bay.
4. Paragia nasuta.
Female. Length 6% lines. lack: the face orna-
mented with yellow, and the body with orange-red
markings. Head: the anterior margin of the clypeus
produced; a transverse spot at its base, and an ovate
one above, between the antenne, yellow; a yellow spot
behind the eyes; the mandibles ferruginous at their
apex, and sub-dentate. Thorax: the prothorax above,
a sub-quadrate spot beneath the wings, the tegule and a
line on the mesothorax at their margin, the scutellum
and an abbreviated line before it, orange-red ; the meta-
thorax with a blunt orange-red tooth on each side, and
a yellow line on the post-scutellum ; the tibie, tarsi and
femora, red, the latter more or less black beneath ; the
wing's hyaline, the anterior margin of the superior pair
fuscous. Abdomen: a broad orange-red band on the
apical margins of the first and third segments; the apical
segment of a testaceous red, except at its extreme base.
The male is rather smaller, and has the clypeus, a spot
above it, and a line on the scape in front, white; of two
examples, one has an abbreviated white line on the imner
margins of the eyes; the mandibles white outside; the
central red line before the scutellum obsolete ; in other
respects resembling the female.
This species closely resembles P. decentor, but that
insect has the mandibles furnished with three prominent
teeth, and the basal segment of the abdomen is much
narrower.
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
Aculeate Hymenoptera. 253
Fam. ANDRENIDA.
Gen. LAMPROCOLLETES.
Lamprocolletes rubellus.
Male. Length 5} lines. Head and thorax black,-the
abdomen ferruginous. The face densely covered with
golden yellow pubescence, that on the cheeks paler; the
mandibles and antenne ferruginous, the latter dusky
above. Thorax densely pubescent, ochraceous above,
much paler beneath; wings fulvo-hyaline, the nervures
ferruginous; legs pale ferruginous. Abdomen ferrugi-
nous, the basal segment thinly covered with pale pubes-
cence, margins of the segments testaceous, and fringed
with whitish pubescence.
Hab. West Australia.
Gen. Cistropsis, n. g.
Head transverse, narrower than the thorax; ocelli in
a curve on the vertex; the antenne clavate, with the
scape short and stout, one-third shorter than the third
joint, which is much attenuated, the following joints fili-
form. Mentum elongate, labium short and lanceolate,
about the same length as the paraglosse, which are
somewhat pear-shaped, and pubescent as well as the
labium. Maxillary palpi six-jomted, the basal joint
being longer and stouter than the others, each in
succession being shorter and more slender. Thorax ovate,
the wings with one elongate narrow marginal cell, round-
ed at its apex; three submarginal cells, the first one-
third longer than the second, the second narrowed
towards the marginal, the third rather shorter than the
second, and narrowed towards the marginal; the recur-
rent nervures received in the middle of the second and
third submarginal cells. Abdomen sub-conical. (Male.)
1. C£stropsis pubescens.
Male. Length 6-7 lines. Black: densely clothed with
ochraceous pubescence; in some examples the pubes-
cence is darker, being a dirty yellow.. Antennz pale fer-
ruginous, fuscous, or black above, except the two or three
apical segments; tips of the mandibles rufo-piceous.
254 Mr. Frederick Smith on
Thorax densely pubescent; legs pale ferruginous, the
intermediate coxee and femora behind, as well as the pos-
terior femora, dark fuscous or black, the tips of the latter
ferruginous outside; wings hyaline, the nervures ferru-
ginous, the costal black. Abdomen with a nigro-zeneous
hue, all the segments densely fringed with pubescence ;
beneath, thinly pubescent.
Hab. Champion Bay, and South Australia.
In the British Museum.
Gen. STENoTRITUS.
Stenotritus smaragdinus.
Female. Length 84 lines. Bright green, finely sha-
greened, not shining; the ocelli black, placed forwards
in a curve, an abbreviated carina in front of the anterior
one; adark space on each side of the ocelli between them
and the eyes; the clypeus with purple reflections; an-
tenne black. The metathorax, the thorax beneath and
at the sides, with white pubescence; the legs have a pale
pubescence, that on the intermediate and posterior tibize
and tarsi short and dense. The wings hyaline. The
abdomen has a thick dark fuscous fimbria at the apex;
on the second segment on each side at the basal margin
is a dark fuscous impressed spot; beneath, the apical
margins of the segments are fringed with pale pubes-
cence, that on the apical segment being dark fuscous.
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
The insect from which the generic characters were
drawn, (Cat. Hymenop. p. 119) was not in perfect pre-
servation ; the tongue was wanting; but the remarkable
pectinate spurs on the intermediate and posterior tibie,
in conjunction with other peculiarities, were deemed
sufficient characters whereby it might be recognized ;
the second species now described is also imperfect, the
tongue, part of the antenne, and one of the anterior legs
are wanting ; but im every particular in which I have
the means of comparing this species with the type
S. elegans, they agree; both are from Australia.
Aculeate Hymenoptera. 255
Fam. APIDAI.
Gen. Liruureus.
Iithurgus cognatus.
Female. Length 7$ lies. Black, with ferruginous
pubescence on the apical segment of the abdomen,
Head rather wider than the thorax, closely punctured ;
the face covered with white pubescence, that on the
cheeks is of the same colour, but longer, and more
sparing; the face with a transverse bituberculate eleva-
tion at the base of the clypeus; an elevated ridge on
each side of the central tubercle, curving down to the
base of the mandibles; the mandibles short, stout, and
bidentate; the flagellum of the antennz obscurely ful-
vous beneath; the labrum of a broad lanceolate form,
and fringed with ferruginous hair. Thorax: the pubes-
cence pale cinereous, that on the femora and tibiz is
of the same colour, that on the tarsi dark brown; on the
basal joint of the posterior tarsi within, it is tinged with
ferruginous ; the posterior tibize outside are roughened
with a multitude of short stout teeth or spines; wings
hyaline, their nervures black. Abdomen: the apical
margins of the segments narrowly fringed with pale
ochraceous pubescence ; the apical segment as well as
the abdomen beneath clothed with bright ferruginous.
Male. Similarly coloured to the female; the tarsi
elongate, the posterior coxze and femora incrassate ; the
basal joint of the posterior tarsi has, in the middle within,
a tuberculate blunt flattened process ; the tibiz are very
stout, and slightly curved.
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
Although both sexes are considerably larger than
Inthurgus rubricatus, described in my Catalogue of Hy-
menoptera, from North Australia, I am inclined to believe
this may be a finely developed form of the same species ;
the tubercle on the face of the female, which is rudimen-
tary in L. rubricatus, is the most marked distinctive
character.
256 Mr. Frederick Smith on.
Gen. MuGACHILE.
1. Megachile monstrosa.
Female. Length 10 lines. Black, with fuscous wings,
sub-hyaline at their base. Head: large, quadrate, as
wide as the thorax; mandibles very stout, with three
teeth at their apex, which is obliquely truncate; the
clypeus elevated on each side, at the base, into a stout
tubercle or tooth, acute at its apex; the cheeks armed
with a stout acute bent tooth; the head rugose behind
the eyes. Thorax rugose ; the wings dark fuscous, sub-
hyaline at their basal “and apical margins; beneath, the
sides and the metathorax clothed with griseous pubes-
cence; the legs have a stout griseous pile; the basal
joint of the tarsi with a short, dense, fulvous pubescence.
The abdomen clothed beneath with dense, pale, gltter-
ing fulvous pubescence; the basal segment deeply con-
cave in front. and with a patch of pale pubescence on
each side above.
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
2. Megachile fabricator.
Female. Length 64 lines. Black, wings with their
apical half dark fuscous, basal segment of the abdomen
covered with white pubescence. Head and thorax
opaque, the abdomen slightly shining; the face, as high
as the ocelli, with pale ochraceous pubescence, that on
the clypeus black ; the mandibles with two stout teeth
at their apex, and a third, more slender and acute within.
Thorax: the legs with short, pale, glittering pubescence,
that on the posterior and intermediate basal joint of the
tarsi black within; the same joint of the anterior tarsi
has it ferrugimous. Abdomen: the basal segment, the
basal margin of the second, and that of the third seg-
ment laterally, with white pubescence ; beneath, clothed
with bright white pubescence, that on the apical segment
black, with a few white hairs in the middle.
Male. Length 5 lines. Closely resembles the female ;
the mandibles with a single tooth at the apex ; the basal
joint of the anterior tarsi broadly expanded into a thin
semi-transparent plate ; all the joints fringed behind with
long pale pubescence, towards the base of the first joint
it is fuscous; the apical segment rounded at its margin,
with a small acute tooth in the middle.
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
a
rte a eee
Aculeate Hymenoptera. 257
3. Megachile fumipennis.
Female. Length 7 lines. Black: the basal segment
of the abdomen clothed with white pubescence, the
wings dark fuscous. Head closely and finely punc-
tured, the vertex with larger punctures interspersed ;
the face thickly covered with white pubescence; the
mandibles stout, having elongate punctures, and a single
tooth at the apex. Thorax: the mesothorax roughened
with confluent punctures ; the prothorax, the sides, and
the metathorax with white pubescence ; the legs have a
short black pubescence; the tarsal claws ferruginous.
Abdomen clothed beneath with black pubescence.
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
4. Megachile sexmaculata.
Female. Length 54 lines. Black: the face with golden
yellow pubescence, the abdomen with six white macule,
the apex ferruginous. The mandibles with longitudinal
strigose punctures, a single tooth at the apex, and
fringed beneath with ferruginous hairs; the cheeks with
cinereous pubescence. ‘The thorax with cinereous pubes-
cence, as well as the legs; the basal joints of the tarsi
densely clothed above with short cinereous pubescence,
but with pale fulvous beneath; wings fusco-hyaline, the
nervures black. Abdomen: a patch of snow-white
pubescence on each side of the three basal segments; a
large ovate ferruginous spot on the apex, occupying the
apical and a large portion of the fifth segment; the pol-
len brush beneath is silvery white.
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
5. Megachile imitata..
Female. Length 6 lines. Black, and closely resem-
bling M. argentata. The face clothed with pale yel-
low pubescence, that on the cheeks silvery. The thorax
with pale yellow pubescence above, sparing on the disc;
on the sides and beneath it is whitish, as is also the thin
short pubescence on the legs above, on the tarsi beneath
it is fulvous; the wings sub-hyaline, the nervures black.
TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1868.—PaRT II. (JULY). s
258 Mr. Frederick Smith on Aculeate Hymenoptera.
Abdomen: the apical margins of the segments with
fascize of pale yellow pubescence ; pra clothed with
silvery white pubescence.
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
6. Megachile nasuta.
Female. Length 6 lines. Black: with the tip of the
abdomen red. Head quadrate, closely and evenly punc-
tured; the clypeus elevated, forming in front a smooth
shining hollow space, coarsely punctured above, the
margin irregular, sub-dentate ; the face with cinereous
-pubescence. The pubescence on the sides of the thorax
and on the legs, cinereous, nearly white, that on the
basal joint of the tarsi within, pale fulvous; the claws
ferruginous. Abdomen: the basal segment covered
with white pubescence, the apical one has a fulvous
patch above; beneath, clothed with pale fulvous pubes-
cence.
Hab. Champion Bay.
In the British Museum.
Gen. Crocisa.
OCrocisa albo-maculata.
Female. Length 6 lines. Black, variegated with snow
white spots. Head clothed with white pubescence, a
snew-white spot at the base of the mandibles. Thorax:
the sides clothed with white pubescence; in the white is
a small ovate black spot, and a transverse black line; the
mesothorax with a white ovate spot on each side in frént,
an oblong line between, another in front of the tegule,
and four ovate ones on the disc; the scutellum deeply
notched, a tuft of white hair im the notch; wings fuscous,
the posterior wings and base of the anterior pair sub-
hyaline; also two or three small hyaline spots just beyond
the enclosed cells of the front wings ; the tibiz and basal
joint of the tarsi white outside. Abdomen: a white spot
on each side at the basal margin, and two united spots on
each side of the first segment; the second segment has a
broad interrupted white fascia on its apical margin,
which also runs up the sides laterally; the third and
fourth segments have two ovate spots on each side, and
the fifth segment a simple spot; the segments have a
spot on each side beneath.
Hab. Champion Bay.
( 259 )
XII. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Hetero-
mera. By Frepertck Batss.
{Read 1st June and 6th July, 1868.]
Family TENEBRIONIDA.
Sub.-fam. CHALOMETOPIN As.
HypavLax, n. g.
Mentum not borne on a projection of the submentum,
its base and the bases of the maxille on a nearly even
plane; of variable form, usually with an angular notch in
the middle of the fore-margin, front angles rounded, nar-
rowed behind, and impressed down the median line; *
mazwille having the inner lobe armed with a strong claw,
unequally bifid, whereof the upper prong is much shorter
than the lower;t labiwn somewhat prominent, rounded
or broadly emarginate in front, and ciliate in the latter
case: last jomt of the labial palpi sub-triangular, that of
the maxillary moderately securiform ; mandibles bifid at
the end; labrum transverse, rather prominent, sinuous
in front, with the angles rounded. Head more or less
prominent, but little contracted behind, more or less
convex and smooth between the eyes; antennary orbits
moderately prominent, rounded, with an impressed line
within, in front of the eye: front and epistome together
trapeziform, the latter very short, broadly emarginate
‘in front, fore angles rounded, separated from the former
by a lightly impressed lunate or subangulate line ; cheeks
prominent, with a deep channel or groove beneath,
* There also oceurs here (as in some species of Nyctobates, and in a
crowd of other genera), that peculiar form of mentum composed of a cen-
tral portion large and convex, and two smaller flat pieces situate on each
side at the back, which might appropriately be termed ‘the wings” of the
mentum. I propose to call this form of mentum ‘ winged,” as, in its most
exaggerated form, it can scarcely be considered tiilobed.
+ The same form exists in the genera Coelometopus, Iphthimus, Coeeloc-
nemis, &c. Lacordaire says of this last genus ‘‘machoires imermes”’ :—
in the two species that I have dissected, there is distinctly visible a short
obtuse claw, which is unequally bifid.
TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1868.-—PaRT III. (SEPTEMBER). T
260 Mr. Frederick Bates on
which, skirting the imferior portion of the eye near
its anterior margin, extends itself more or less in a
curved line towards the base of the submentum; throat
deeply and transversely channelled (as in Ceelometopus) ;
eyes more or less distant from the prothorax, transverse,
small, somewhat contracted below by an expansion of the
cheeks. Antenne rather short, third joint a little longer
than the following, nodose at the end, 4-6 or 4-7
obconic, 8-11 gradually broader, compact, depressed.
Prothoraz variable; generally it 1s closely applied to the
elytra, more or less convex, narrowed in front and be-
hind, rounded at the sides, truncate at the apex,
bisinuate at the base, with the hind angles acute: base
and sides margined, the latter obtusely crenulate or
sinuous in the middle. Scutellwm small, convex, trans-
verse. Hlytra oblong, but little wider than the thorax at
the base, which is thickly margined, broadest behind the
middle, and sinuous towards the apex m consequence of
a shght expansion of its epipleura, depressed at the
shoulders, but with the humeral angle rather strongly in
relief, and embracing the hind angle of the thorax; epi-
pleure entire. Legs moderate; fore and intermediate
tibice more or less arched, obsoletely spurred ; tarsi with
the last joint as long as the preceding united, first joint
of the posterior pair a little elongate; intercowal process
broad, and gradually arched at the apex; mesosternum
sub-horizontal, broadly concave in front; prosternal
process broad, strongly bisulcate, truncate or obtusely
rounded or pointed behind; metasternwm short; body
wingless.
This genus has all the essential characters of the sub-
family under which I have placed it, notwithstanding
that it has many points which closely connect it with
Iphthimus. Having the epipleure entire, it must, I sup-
pose, range by the side of Polyplewrus ; and in that case
it will, I think, be necessary to remove both genera to
the end of the sub-family, to bring them into closer
proximity with Iphthimus on the one side, and Ocwlome-
topus on the other. The species are all Australian.
I know not the Australian genus Baryscelis (Dej. Cat.).
Boisduval’s descriptions of the two species that enter
therein are so short and unsatisfactory, as to be quite
useless.
New Species of Heteromera. 261
1. Hypaulax marginata, n. sp.
Length 10} lines. Oblong, deep shining black. Head
very convex between the eyes, smooth ; epistome separated
from the front by a sub-angulate lme; cheeks with a
deep curved groove, extending half-way across, and ter-
minating in a deep elongate pit or fovea: mentum sub-
quadrate, notched in front, fore angles rounded, some-
what narrowed behind, the median line furrowed ; labium
broadly emarginate in front, ciliate. Thorax moderately
convex, not longer than broad, moderately contracted
in front and behind, rounded at the sides, which are
rather broadly margined, and obtusely crenulate in the
middle; hind angles prominent and pointed ; a shallow
impression on each side the median line near the base:
under a powerful lens both the head and prothorax
appear very finely and sparingly punctate. Elytra
oblong, a little broader than the thorax at the base,
which is sinuous and very thickly margined ; very gra-
dually widening for three-fourths of their length, then
narrowed to the apex; shoulders depressed, but with the
humeral angles very strongly in relief; on each elytron
nine rows of rather deep foveate impressions, which
become smaller and more punctiform as they approach
the apex ; the ninth row (which is completely marginal)
is jomed to the first at the extreme apex, the seventh to
the second, the sixth to the third, and the fifth to the
fourth, meeting at gradually receding distances from
the apex: there is also a short row (consisting of two or
three impressions) by the scutellum ; the intervals be-
tween the rows of impressions are sub-convex. Prosternal
process angularly truncate behind ; legs rather robust,
fore and intermediate tibiz moderately arched. Body
beneath, and legs, shining black, with the tarsi, antenne,
and palpi castaneous.
Hab.—Queensland (Clarence) .
1. Hypaulax sinuaticollis, n. sp.
Length 83 lines. Similar to the preceding, but
smaller and narrower, subnitid. Thorax longer than
broad, less rounded at the sides, which are smuous only,
and not obtusely crenulate ; less contracted behind, with
the hind angles much less prominent and pointed; the
wo
262 Mr. Frederick Bates on
two shallow impressions on the discs near the base are
also wanting in the present species. Hlytra narrower,
less sinuous at the base, more convex, not so wide, rela-
tively, behind the middle, with the rows of impressions
much smaller and more punctiform ; the punctures more
or less connected in line by a faint stria, and the inter-
vals flatter. Prosternal process squarely truncate be-
hind. Body shining black beneath, with the legs entirely,
the antennez, and the labrum castaneous.
Hab.—Queensland (Clarence).
3. Hypaulaw tarda, n. sp.
Length 7 lines. Oblong, black, subnitid. Head broad,
but little convex, more visibly punctate than im the two
preceding species, the labrum very coarsely so ; epistome
separated from the front by a sub-angulate lime; cheeks
with a simple curved linear groove, not terminating im
a pit or fovea, nor extending so far across as in the pre-
ceding species: mentum haying its anterior angles
obliquely truncate, strongly notched at the apex, con- —
tracted behind, obscurely furrowed down the median
line, with a small wing-like expansion (obscurely visible
without dissection) on each side at the back ; labium broad-
ly emarginate in front, ciate. Thorax wider than long,
finely and sparingly punctate, convex in front and down
the middle, depressed on the discs, with three or four
transverse shallow impressions thereon, and another
long, transverse and wrinkled, before the middle; mo-
derately rounded at the sides, the fore angles bent down,
the hind prominent and acute; lateral margins slightly
sinuous in the middle. Scutellum very small, convex, and
strongly transverse. Hlytra short, scarcely broader than
the thorax at the base, which is simuous and thickly mar-
gined ; of a similar shape to the preceding species, but a
little more suddenly declivous behind; scarcely depressed
at the shoulders, with the humeral angles rounded ; nine
rows on each elytron of large rounded punctures,
arranged as in the preceding species, the intervals quite
flat. Metasternum very short; prosternal process obtusely
pointed behind. Legs and antennz rather short; fore
and intermediate tibiz moderately arched. Body be-
neath, and legs, shining black, with the tarsi, antenne,
and palpi castaneous.
Hab.—Queensland (Port Denison).
co
New Species of Heteromera. 26
4, Hypaulax oblonga, n. sp.
Length 114 lines. Oblong; deep glossy black. Head
subquadrate, smooth, exserted ; front arcuately depressed
at its junction with the epistome, an angulate line
faintly impressed on the crown; eyes larger and more dis-
tant from the prothorax thaninany of the preceding species ;
labrum very short, broadly truncate anteriorly, sepa-
rated from the front by a lunate line, with a transverse
impression at its base, just within the crown of the arch:
mentum as in H. tarda, except that the fore angles are
rounder, the apical notch less broad and deep, and the
median furrow more strongly marked ; labium rounded
in front, entire, not ciliate: groove on the cheeks short,
curved, and terminating in a deep lunate fovea. Thorax
longer than wide; broad in front, strongly contracted
from behind the middle to the base; sides moderately
rounded, with their margins reflexed and obtusely crenu-
late; front angles rounded, the hind a little produced
and pointed ; finely punctured; two shallow rounded im-
pressions on the disc at each side the median line
(which is distinctly furrowed towards the base), and
another near to each hind angle. Scutellum convex, tri-
angular. Hlytra elongate, sub-parallel; contracted be-
hind, and rather strongly sinuous towards the apex ;
shoulders depressed, with the humeral angles strongly
in relief; thickly margined at the base, which is closely
applied to the thorax ; deeply striate, the striz strongly
punctured, the intervals strongly convex at the sides
and on the middle, flatter towards the suture. Prosternal
process truncate behind. Body beneath, and legs, sbin-
ing black, with the antenna, palpi, and tarsi picecus.
Hab.—_New South Wales.
I received this msect from Dresden as the Nyctobutes
crenata of Boisduval.
5. Hypaulaz ovalis,n. sp. (Pl. XI. fig. 1).
Length 10 lines. Deep glossy black. Head moderately
prominent, convex, smooth; epistome sinuous anteriorly,
separated from the front by an angulate lime; eyes more
prominent than in any of the preceding ; mentum as in
H. tarda; \abium rounded in front, not ciliate; groove
on the cheeks as in H. oblonga, but broader and deeper.
264, Mr. Frederick Bates on
Thorax very convex and smooth, broadly emarginate in
front, scarcely sinuous at the base, strongly rounded at the
sides, suddenly contracted behind near the base; lateral
margins faintly sinuous, hind angles rather prominent
and pointed. Scutellum convex, transverse. Hlytra oval,
wider than the thorax at the base; punctate-striate, the
punctures large and rounded; the intervals subconvex
at the sides and on the middle, flat towards the suture ;
shoulders depressed, with the humeral angles prominent.
Prosternal process rounded behind, the intercoxal broadly
rounded in front. Legs rather long ; fore and interme-
diate tibize rather strongly arched, the hind faintly so.
Body beneath, and legs, shining black; antenne and
palpi piceous.
The more than ordinarily rounded and convex thorax,
and the oval form of the elytra, give to the present species
a facies different from any of the preceding.
Hab.— Queensland (Clarence).
CHILEONE, n. &.
Characters of Hypaulax, but differs in having the head
more exserted and narrowed behind ; the eyes more dis-
tant from the prothorax; the antenne, relatively, more
slender, with joints 3-6 subequal, 8-11 narrower, longer
and less depressed ; the thorax bisinuate in front, with
the angles prominent, the lateral margins more decidedly
crenulate, the base distant from the elytra, with its
angles free ; the thighs more attenuate at the base; the
fore tibiae elongate and strongly curved ; the sculpture
of the elytra alveolate, etc.; characters which, taken
altogether, give to the genus a different facies to that of
the preceding.
Chileone Deyrollii, n. sp. (Pl. XII. fig. 2).
Length 93 lines. Elongate, bluish-black, with the
head and prothorax opaque. Head convex; epistome
subsinuate anteriorly; separated from the front by a
semicircular impression; mentum broad, notched in
the middle anteriorly, front angles rounded, narrowed to
the base, not furrowed down the median line; labium
broadly emarginate in front, not ciliate; the groove
New Species of Heteromera. 265
on each cheek enormously developed, and nearly meet-
ing in the centre of the head beneath. Prothorax but
little convex, minutely and sparingly punctate, * a trans-
verse impression on each side the median line near the
base ; strongly bisinuate in front, with the fore-angles
prominent but rounded; sides moderately rounded,
suddenly and obliquely contracted from beyond the
middle to the posterior angles, which are small and
pointed; sinuous at the base, which, with the sides, are
margined, the latter reflexed, and decidedly crenulate.
Scutellum angulate behind. Elytra a little broader than
the base of the thorax; gradually widening to beyond
the middle, then strongly contracted and sinuous to the
apex ; declivous behind, very thickly margined at the
base; shoulders depressed, the humeral angles rather
strongly in relief; alveolate, more decided so on the sides
and on the middle, with three round punctures ranged on
each side the scutellum. Prosternal process strongly bisul-
cate, obtusely rounded behind; the intercoxal wide, and
broadly rounded at the apex. legs rather long and
slender; all the tibiz curved, the fore tibiz as strongly
so as in some species of Nyctobates. Body beneath, legs,
etc., shining black. '
Hab.—Queensland (Clarence).
Dedicated to M. Henri Deyrolle, from whom I received
the species.
Sub.-fam. TENEBRIONIN AL.
Gen. Drcutus.
Pascoe, Journ. of Entom. ii. 455.
The author of this genus gives as characters “ labro
obtecto,” and “mawille lobo interno mutico ;” for the
first of these, I cannot see that the labrum is more
hidden than in the majority of the species of Tenebrio ;
and for the second, there certainly does exist a small
terminal claw, or hook, to the inner lobe of the maxilla.
But the chief distinguishing character of the genus
appears to have been overlooked, namely, the epipleural
fold of the elytra incomplete behind ; in this respect assi-
milating it to the genus Bius.
* Under the microscope, the whole surface of the head and prothorax
appears very finely and minutely reticulate, and thickly sprinkled with
minute polished granules.
266 Mr. Frederick Bates on
Dechius scissicollis, n. sp.
Length 3} lines. Deep black, shining. Head sparingly
punctured. Prothorax glossy, nearly impunctate on the
disc, a few scattered punctures on the sides and down
by the median line, the latter marked by a deep crenate
groove, expanding behind (and within the margin) into
a broad triangular notch; grooved along the base, the
raised margin bordering this groove angularly notched
in the middle, this notch and the one previously men-
tioned opposed to each other, so that, in the middle of
the base, there appears a deep somewhat lozenge-
shaped depression: hind angles nearly right angles.
Scutellum pentagonal. Elytra but little broader than
the prothorax at the base; convex, subcylindrical ;
rather strongly striate, the striae punctured ; the punc-
tures not approximate; the margins (especially at the
base) rather broad, reflexed, and (as also at the extremity)
subsinuous. Body beneath, chesnut-red, shining; under-
side of prothorax, legs, and terminal joints of the abdo-
men, piceous ; tarsi and oral organs red ; antennz red-
dish-brown. The tibize are very curiously sculptured,
the whole surface being covered with a network of fine
raised smuous lines, enclosing small, oval, rounded, or
angulate cells or spaces, more strongly marked on the
underside.
In the ¢ (?) the hind tibiz are expanded and thickened
towards their extremity, with a dense fringe of yellow
hairs on their inner side, extending to one-third their
length from the apex.
Hab.—New South Wales.
I have received this insect from Paris as a species of
Hylobates (Dej. Cat.).
Sub.-fam. HELOPIN Ai.
DzxpRos!s, n. g.
Mentum subcordiform; wider than long; unequally -
convex ; rather broadly emarginate anteriorly ; labium
rather prominent, arcuately notched in front, last joint of
its palpi somewhat elongate, subcylindrical, the apex
truncate ; inner lobe of the maai//e unarmed ; furnished
with a brush of long bristly hairs at the summit within,
New Species of Heteromera. 267
last jomt of the palpi rather broadly securiform ; man-
dibles fissile at their extremity. Head rugged, sloping
from the vertex forward ; slightly contracted behind the
eyes, flattened or irregularly depressed above; epistome
gradually narrowing to the front, which is arcuately
emarginate, the angles scarcely rounded ; transversely
convex or thickened posteriorly, and separated from the
front by a sinuous furrow, from which start two obscurely
defined lateral ridges, directed behind; labrum trans-
verse, rounded at the sides, and arcuately notched in
front ; eyes transverse, gradually contracted inferiorly
by the cheeks, the superior portion sub-prominent. An-
tenncee rather robust; sub-perfoliate, finely setulose ;
second joint very short, third a little longer than the
following, obconic ; four to seven subequal, sub-obconic ;
eight to ten gradually broader, subglobose, pubescent ;
eleventh much larger, elongate-ovate, and densely clothed
with a very short, fine, decumbent pubescence. Pro-
thorax not contiguous to the elytra; subquadrate; but
little convex ; shghtly emarginate in front, subsinuous at
the base, which is very finely margined to about one-
fourth its width on each side, the angles small but dis-
timct ; but slightly rounded at the sides, which are finely
margined and obtusely crenulate. Scutellwm small,
triangular, placed on the scutum of the mesothorax.
Llytra oblong; but little broader than the thorax at the
base ; subparallel, or very gradually widened to beyond
the middle, then contracted to the apex; the lateral
margins becoming broader and more reflexed as they
approach the extremity; humeral angles prominent,
somewhat reflexed, formed by an expansion of the epi-
pleural fold;* the latter entire, sinuous before the
middle, but not at the extremity. Mesosternum sloping,
more or less concave in front; metasternum short ; inter-
coxal process yather narrow and more or less rounded
anteriorly; the prosternal curved inwards, finely bi-
sulcate or margined. Legs moderate, somewhat robust ;
thighs of the anterior pair subclaviform, the posterior
rather strongly compressed ; fore and intermediate tibiee
straight, the hind subsinuous or not; the apical half of
all rather densely clothed within with longish hairs ;
moderately spurred ; tarsi clothed beneath with long hairs ;
the penultimate joint of all entire, the first joint of the
posterior shorter than the last. Body elongate, wingless ;
abdomen without pubescence. ©
* « Répli épipleural”’ of Lacordaire.
268 Mr. Frederick Bates on
This genus belongs to Lacordaire’s second division or
““oroupe” of the sub-family, which has for types the
Australian genera Thoracophorus and Adelium. As the
group at present stands, Dedrosis would appear to ap-
proach most nearly to Yhoracophorus, although it has
many points which ally it to the European genus Lena ;
indeed, were the humeral angles wanting, the prothorax
more rounded at the sides, with its margins simple, it
would have quite a similar facies to the last-named
genus. The intercoxal process is, relatively, much nar-
rower than in any other member of the group. The
comparative length of the first and last joimts of the
posterior tarsi does not appear to be a character possess-
ing any generie value. In Thoracophorus the first jomt
is longer, equal to, or shorter than the last, according to
the species, and even, I believe, according to the sex:
and in the species of Lana observed by me, the same
variability obtains.
1. Deedrosis crenato-striata, n. sp.
Length 5 lines. Subcylindrical; of a deep glossy
black, with the elytra bronzed-black. Labrum punctured ;
head and prothorax very coarsely and deeply punctured,
the interstitial spaces irregularly convex and confluent ;
the former with a transverse ridge on the crown, and
another in front of the eyes, the spaces between these
and the epistome irregularly flattened or depressed.
Prothorax very glossy, convex in the middle at the
anterior margin, a little longer than broad, slightly con-
tracted from behind the middle to the base, hind angles
small, but distinct; scutum of the mesothorax strongly
punctured. Scutellum glabrous. Hlytra elongate, deeply
crenate-striate, the interstices (except at the suture)
convex, transversely rugulose, with a few small scattered
punctures. Flanks of the prothorax, episterna, and base
of the epipleural fold very coarsely and deeply punctured ;
the abdomen much less strongly and more sparingly so ;
a few long setose hairs placed irregularly on the head,
prothorax, elytra, sterna, thighs, and on the last joint of
the abdomen. Hind tibiz subsinuous; intercoxal process
rather narrow, gradually contracted to the apex, which is
rounded ; first abdominal joint with a depression on each
side at the base of the intercoxal process, which gives to
New Species of Heteromera. 269
the latter the appearance of being compressed. Body
beneath, shining black ; legs pitchy-black, with the tarsi,
labrum, and palpi castaneous.
Hab.—New South Wales.
2. Dedrosis ambigua, n. sp. (Pl. XII. fig. 3).
Length 54 lines. Differs from the preceding in the
following particulars :—Of a deep glossy black, with the
elytra concolorous ; head with a large, irregular penta-
gonal depression above, its apex directed towards the
vertex; thorax relatively broader, shorter, and more
square, less contracted behind, the lateral margins more
strongly crenulate; scutellum larger, of a deeper and
glossier black; elytra relatively broader, more ex-
panded behind the middle; the interstices plain, not
transversely rugulose; hind tibiz straight; mesosternum
more declivous, and more concave in front; the inter-
coxal process more broadly rounded anteriorly : the abdo-
men of a deeper and glossier black, more sparingly punc-
tured, the first joint plain, not foveate ; legs deep glossy
black, with the tarsi, labrum, and palpi castaneous.
Hab.—New South Wales.
It is probable that this may ultimately prove to be but
the female of the preceding. I have seen but one
example of each, and the specimen of D. crenato-striata
wants the anterior tarsi. I have thought it best, how-
ever, at present, to keep them distinct.
-Fam. CISTELIDA.
Gen. OTHELECTA.
Pascoe, Journ. of Entom. ii. 488.
Othelecta vestita, n. sp.
9. Length 53 lnes. Dark brown, shining ; clothed
with decumbent, cinereous, spinose hairs (apparently
somewhat abraded in the specimen before me). Head
(save a line down the centre) and prothorax closely and
evenly covered with small rounded impressions, having
a somewhat cellulose appearance ; the latter convex, sub-
quadrate. Scutellum not convex, somewhat pointed be-
hind ; a few large shallow impressions in front. Hlytra
270 Mr. Frederick Bates on
convex, regularly ob-ovate, the surface finely asperous
with minute obliquely-hollowed tubercles, from which
arise the spinose hairs with which the surface is more or
less invested, and a few similar, but much larger, dis-
persed tubercles, from each of which starts a long, black,
erect, setose hair. Body beneath, and legs, dark brown,
shining’; closely and coarsely punctured (save the abdo-
men, which is much more finely and sparingly so), and
clothed, like the upper surface, with long, decumbent,
cinereous, spinose hairs, those on the legs being finer
and pale griseous ; claws of the tarsi stoutly and bluntly
denticulate, the denticulations five in number on each
branch.
Hab—South Africa.
This insect came to me labelled “ Imatismus vestitus,
EK. Z.,” but upon what authority I know not.
ALCMEONIS, n. g.
Very near to Atractus,* from which it differs in having
the form more depressed ; the last jomt of all the palpi
shorter and broader with the second of the maxillary a
little longer and moyre slender; the thorax broader be-
hind, with the base subsinuous; the scutellum shorter
and more broadly rounded posteriorly ; the mtercoxal
process subtriangular, and subacuminate at the apex ;
the legs (especially the posterior pair) much shorter and
more slender; the claws of the tarsi less robust and more
finely pectinate.
Although the characters of this and the two followmg
proposed new genera may be considered slight, they are
combined with a facies different from that of Atractus ;
and, taken together, may, I thmk, constitute proper
genera. ‘The genera belonging to this section of the
family Cistelide, which has for its chief character the
mandibles elongate and entire at their extremity, although
offering a great diversity in habit, do not always present
very marked distinguishing characters.
I know only the female of this genus.
* Lacordaire, Genera des Coleop. v. 497. This name being already in
use, Mr. Pascoe (Journ. of Entom. 11. 23, note) has proposed Hthyssius ta
replace it. See Pl. XII. fig. 7, antenne and palpi of Atractus.
New Species of Heteromera. 271
Alemeonis pulchra, n. sp. (Pl. XII. fig. 4).
@. Length 5 limes. Head and thorax castaneous ;
elytra green, with purple reflections: shining, clothed with
a silky golden pubescence. Head coarsely punctured.
Thorax depressed, longer than broad, moderately punc-
tured, the sides subparallel or very gradually widening
to the base, which is subsinuous, faintly impressed down
the median line; a large round shallow impression at
the middle of the base, within the margin, and another,
oblique, on each side, completely marginal; an angulate
patch at the base, and a lne down the centre, black.
Scutellum black. Hlytra depressed along the suture and
on the discs, truncate at the base, which is rather
more than half as wide again as the prothorax ; broadest
behind the middle, thence contracted to the apex;
crenate-striate, the imterstices moderately convex, spar-
ingly punctured , and transversely wrinkled. Body be-
neath, deep shining black, pubescent; legs, palpi, and
three first jomts of the antenne clear red, remaining
joints of the latter black.
Hab.—South Australia (Adelaide).
LIcYMNIUS, n. g.
Also very closely allied to Atractus. It differs from
that genus in the following particulars :—Last joint of the
labial palpi more briefly and broadly triangular; the
second of the maxillary longer and more slender, the last
shorter and more broadly cultriform; the foliaceous ap-
pendage at the inner side of the base of the mandibles
smaller, shorter, less regularly falciform ; antenna * sub-
compressed : joint 1, less swollen; 3, relatively shorter ;
10, longer and narrower, the last much shorter, scarcely half
the length of the 10th, swbovoid; head broader, less pro-
duced in front ; thorax wider, squarer, depressed, the base
subsinuous; scutellum angulate behind; elytra flatter,
gradually tapering from the shoulders to the apex, the
epipleuree continued nearer to the extremity; legs—
especially the posterior pair—much shorter, less robust;
* Starting from the apical half of the third joint, the whole surface of
the antennz, under the microscope, appears rugged with approximate
punctures and rugosities, a feature which is not repeated in any of the
allied genera.
ate Mr. Frederick Bates on
posterior coxze more swollen within, and more approxi-
mate (probably a sexual character only); the intercoxal
process narrowly triangular, and acuminate at the apex.*
There are six joints to the abdomen in the male, the
only sex known to me. Further to distinguish this
genus from Atractus, I may add, that the posterior
femora in the male are simple (not toothed in the middle) ,
and the tibize of the same pair are rounded (not expanded
nor keeled externally) .
The square prothorax, and the remarkably small ter-
minal joint of the antennz, will readily distinguish this
genus from the preceding.
Ticymnius foveicollis, n. sp. (Pl. XII. fig. 5).
d. Length 4; lines. Black, shining, sparingly
pubescent. Head coarsely and rugosely punctured.
Thorax glossy, subquadrate, scarcely longer than broad,
somewhat densely and coarsely punctured; a rounded
shallow impression at the middle of the base, within the
margin. Scutellum subpentagonal. Hlytra scarcely twice
the width of the prothorax at the base, depressed, gra-
dually tapering from the shoulders to the extremity ;
striate, the strizw irregularly crenate, the imterstices
almost flat, punctured, and more or less transversely
wrinkled ; an elongate patch, starting from the shoulder
and extending obliquely to the disc, fulvous. Body be-
neath, shining black, sparingly pubescent; legs and
palpi shining black, with the base of all the thighs, and
the middle of the posterior shanks, yellow. Antenne
dull black.
Hab.—Queensland (Brisbane).
ANAXO, n. g.
In its larger, broader, and still more depressed form,
this genus differs from any of the preceding. With a
similarly shaped prothorax, and the short terminal joint
of the antenne, as in Licymnius, it differs in having the
second joint of the maxillary palpi shorter and more
* T do not know the genus Chromomea, Pascoe, (Journ. of Entom. ii.
490.) It would seem to approach very closely to Licymnius, but, as he
does not particularize the terminal joint of the antenne, and gives the
prothorax of the same form as in Atractus (which is decidedly oblong), I
must consider them distinct.
New Species of Heteromera. 273
robust (as in Afractus) ; the antenne relatively shorter
and more compressed, with the ninth joint truncate, and
somewhat produced at the apex within; the tenth and
eleventh of a similar form, but more slender; head more
robust, broader between, and less contracted behind, the
eyes; the latter more depressed; thorax truncate at
the base ; scutellum broader and somewhat rounded be-
hind; elytra flatter, the sides sub-parallel; intercoxal
process gradually arched to the apex, which is subacu-
minate, its base depressed below the plane of the abdo-
men.
I know only the female.
Anazxo brevicornis,n. sp. (Pl. XII. fig. 6).
2. Length 6 lines. Black, shining ; sparingly pubes-
cent. Head closely and coarsely punctured, the thorax
more finely and sparingly so; the latter subquadrate,
scarcely longer than wide; a profound, conically-shaped
depression at the middle of the base, extending across
the margin. Scutellum large, sub-transverse. LElytra
scarcely twice the width of the thorax at the base,
strongly depressed ; sides subparallel for three-fourths
of their length, then contracted to the apex; striate, the
strie irregularly punctured, the interstices nearly flat,
coarsely punctured, and somewhat strongly and trans-
versely wrinkled. Body beneath, shining black, very
sparingly pubescent ; legs fulvous, with the apical half of
the thighs, the tips of the tibiz, the tarsi, antenna, &c.,
black.
Hab.—South Australia (Adelaide).
274 =Mr. F. Bates on New Species of Heteromera.
Heplanation of Plate XII.
Fig.
SieGe Sy CIES)
<>
Hypaulax ovalis.
Chileone Deyrollii.
Dedrosis ambigua.
Alcemeonis pulchra.
Licymnius foveicollis.
Anaxo brevicornis.
Antenne and palpi of Atractus.
(ean):
XIII. On the Larva of Micropeplus Staphylinoides.
By Sir Jonn Lvszock, Bart., F.R.S., V.P.L.S.,
YV.P. and late Pres. Ent. Soc.
[Read 6th July, 1868. ]
Wuitst looking for Thysanura I have several times,
though not often, met with the curious little Coleopterous
larva, which is figured in the accompanying plate (Plate
XIII.)
As it appeared to differ from any larva of which I
could find a description, I endeavoured to breed it, and
at the commencement of March, a specimen, which I
had found in January, came to maturity, and turned out
to be a Micropeplus. The true position of this genus
being a matter of some doubt, and the larva therefore of
considerable interest, I forwarded the specimen to my
friend Mr. Janson, in order that I might be sure about
the species, and he has favoured me with the following
letter.
«The little beetle pertains to the genus Micropeplus
of Latreille, and is I believe the M. Staphylinoides of
Marsham (Nitidula Staphylinoides, Marsh. Ent. Brit. 137).
The earlier stages of Micropeplus appear to be entirely
unknown. Prior to Erichson, great diversity of opinion
existed as to its affinities, some authors referring it to the
Nitidulide, and others to the Brachelytra. Hrichson, how-
ever, located it in his eleventh group, Proteinini, of the
Staphylinini, remarking (Gen. et Spec. Staph. 911)
‘ Corporis habitus singularis, sculptura singulari, preeterea
antennis capitulatis, receptis, et pedibus intermedaiis late
distantibus; msigne hoc genus, a multis auctoribus per-
parum Nitidulis adscriptum,’ and I believe all subsequent
systematic writers have accepted his views. Lacordaire
(Genera des Coléop. 1. 150) observes, ‘Genre ambigu,
tenant manifestement par son facies et ses antennes aux
Nitidulaires, parmi lesquels Herbst, Latreille, Dejean, etc.,
Vont placé ; mais ses organes buccaux, construits exacte-
ment sur le méme plan que ceux des Omalides, démon-
trent qu’il appartient a la famille actuelle [Staphyliniens |
comme l’ont pensé la majorité des entomologistes dépuis
Fabricius inclusivement jusquw 4 Erichson” Under
these circumstances, a knowledge of the earlier state
of your little beetle would be especially valuable.”
TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1868.—ParT lI. (SEPTEMBER). U
276 Sir John Lubbock on
Unfortunately, we are acquainted with very few larvee
either of the Nitidulidw or of the Brachelytra. Messrs.
Chapuis & Candéze, in their learned memoir on the larvee
of Coleoptera,* mention only three species in the whole
family Nitidulidee, the larvee of which are known to us.
Of these, one, that of Hpwrea obsoleta, is described by
Bouché,t but so shortly, that they do not think it worth
while to quote it; the second, Pocadius ferrugineus, is
also described by Bouché,t but there is some doubt about
the identification. Consequently the larva of Nitidula
grisea 18 the only one which can really be said to be
known to us.
Nor is our knowledge of the Brachelytrous larvee much
more complete. Out of the whole number, less than
twenty -are as yet known, so that Messrs. Chapuis and
Candéze say, ‘le nombre des larves de cette grande
famille decrites jusqu’& ce jour est trés peu de chose, ce
qui s’explique en partie par la difficulté qu’il y a a se les
procurer, et surtout a les c&hserver vivantes jusqu’ a
leur entier developpement.” ||
Under these circumstances it would not be safe to
rely too much on the characters afforded by the larva of
Micropeplus. Nevertheless the larvee of the Brachelytra
hitherto known are active, elongate, and provided with
two bi-articulate, mobile, anal appendages. They differ
therefore considerably from our larva, which is oval,
sluggish, and without the anal appendages. So far there-
fore, the larval characters would seem to tell in favour of
those who place Micropeplus among the Nitidulide,
rather than among the Brachelytra.
I have found it on the under-side of dead boughs.
The colour is hght brown, the length about one-fifteenth
ofan inch. The general outline of the body is oval. The
skin is granular. The lateral margins of the segments
are produced, and each bears at its extremity a curious
leaflike yellowish process. The posterior margin of each
segment is also armed with a row of thick spines, decreas-
ing in size towards the middle line; these spines are,
with the exception of the outer ones, armed with lateral
* Mémoires de la Société Royale des Sciences de Liége, 1853, vol. viii.
p. 347.
+ Naturg. der Insect. 1834, p. 188.
t Ibid.
|| Mém. Soe. Roy. Sci. Liége, viii. 395.
the Larva of Micropeplus Stuphylinoides. 277
teeth. The margins of the three first segments after the
head are bifurcate. The anterior fork of the first bears a
stout seta, the posterior one, as well as both processes
of the two following segments, bear foliated appendages
hike those of the abdominal segments.
The lateral expansions of the middle segments stand
out at right angles to the longer axis of the body, but
they gradually turn round, so that those of the terminal
segment point backwards, only diverging a little from
one another. Besides the foliated appendage, this seg-
ment bears at each extremity, a stout, rodlike, not very
long seta.
The accompanying figure (Plate XIII) obviates the
necessity for any detailed description.
The antennee are four-jointed, short and tapering. The
third segment, counting from the base, bears three small
hairs, and a strong slightly-curved process, which is
somewhat longer than the apical segment. The terminal
segment bears a tuft of hairs, and a strong spine at the
apex, and a hair at each side near the middle. None of
the hairs on this segment taper to a point, but all end
somewhat abruptly.
The legs are short, and all six similar to one another.
The claw is simple but strong. The segment preceding
it is slightly conical, and bears several curious pairs of
spines, or rather perhaps bifurcate spines, as well as a
few hairs.
There are no anal styles.
v2
278 Sir John Lubbock on Micropeplus Staphylinoides.
HLzplanation of Plate XIII.
——@—_—
Larva of Mieropeplus Staphylinoides, x 56.
Antenna ne <= x 250.
Hind foot Pe > ae
Fan-shaped process sy aA
” ” tal 3?
Rodlike hair ,, a ”
Curved hair ,, os 3
( 279 )
XIV. On some points in the Anatomy of the immature
Ceenis macrura of Stephens. By A. EH. Haron,
B.A.
[ Read 6th July, 1868. ]
Tue following observations are intended merely as a sup-
plement to the researches of other anatomists, and do not
touch upon any details in the organization of Cenis,
besides those which have been the subjects of their studies
in other genera of the Hphemeride ; neither do I purpose
reiterating the lines of investigation pursued by them in
connection with this particular genus.
In the mature Hgg, the germinal matter is segregated
at one end in such a way as to assume the appearance of
a somewhat lunate protuberance from it.* One might
liken its outline to that of the seed of the horse-bean,
with the expansion of the funiculus attached to it. This
seemingly appendant condition of the germinal matter is
not peculiar to this genus. In Hphemerella, Walsh, the
mass in question constitutes nearly two-fifths of the egg,
from the rest of which it is marked out by a slight con-
striction; but its form differs from that of the corres-
ponding part in Ocenis, in being sub-conical, instead of
crescent-shaped. Mr. Haliday, also, represents the
mature egg of Phleothrips pini, Hal., with a small
appendix at one end (Walk. Brit. Mus. Cat. Homoptera,
part iv. pl. vi. fig. 15).
During its later subaqueous stages of development (which
I have recently discovered) Ccenis resides in the beds of
rivers and streamlets, either near the surface of mud-
banks, or under stones, according to the nature of the
bottom. When it is dropped into water, it presently
begins to swim ‘slowly, remarkably slowly for an Ephe-
merid, by means of the vertical movements of the body
usual in these insects, aided by feeble strokes with its
sprawling legs.
The body is more than ordinarily pubescent; in some
parts it is even hirsute. The head, in what I regard as
the immature OC. halterata, Fab., is armed with three
rather short, obtuse, conical spines in the place of the
ocelli; but m the type it is unarmed. The inner two
divisions of the labiwm are obtusely ovate; the outer
two are narrower, and somewhat curved: they are
* Compare with this the yolk of an Osseous Fish’s egg,—say Gasteros-
teus, as represented in Journ. Anat. & Physiol. vol. I. pl. xi. 1. g. ¢.
TRANS. ENT. soc. 1868.—PART Ill. (SEPTEMBER).
280 Mr. A. E. Eaton on
all of them covered with pubescence. The tri-articu-
late labial palpi* are covered with a long pubescence,
excepting at their joinings. Their flattened, robust,
basal joints are as long as the other two together,
or nearly so; and their acute apical jomts are equal
in length to about one-half of the second jomts. The
maxille are slightly curved and compressed, tooth-
less and acute, and somewhat hispid along their con-
cave inner edges. The maxillary palpus arises from a
shght depression in the middle of the exterior surface
of the maxilla, to which itis equal in length. The first
of its four joints is very short, the second is as long as,
but rather broader than, the fourth, and is shghtly longer
than the third joint. The fourth joint is hirsute at the
tip, but the palpus is otherwise only sparingly pubescent.
Externally the somewhat triquetrous mandibles are cili-
ate. The internal prominent process of each is slightly
bevelled, and finely denticulate along its anterior edge
towards its pointed apex, and is furnished with a small
tubercle near the middle of its mner longitudinal edge.
The outer tip of the mandible ends in two stout prorect
spines, and a more slender obliquely curved spine: the
remaining part of the anterior edge is erose. ‘The trans-
verse labrum is ciliate, and shghtly retuse. The
bilamellar tongue consists of an emarginate thickened
glabrous upper portion, bent upon an inferior bipartite
ciliate plate, whose divisions are obovate and remote.
At the jomings of the otherwise naked antenne are ver-
ticils of scanty spreading hairs; the second joints of
these organs are three times as long as the first.
The prothorax is transverse, as broad as the head, but
rather narrower than the mesothorax. In the typical
species the pubescent legs have compressed femora, and
the oblique tips of the tibiz are produced each into a
short spine; C. halterata differs from the type in having
uncompressed femora, and ciliate tibize and tarsi.
The first six and the last two abdominal segments are
short—about one-third shorter than the remaining ones ;
the sides of the segments intervening between the first and
the last two, are flattened out, and their postero-lateral
angles are considerably produced, and cihate; the last
three abdominal joimings are clothed with stiff erect
hairs. The arrangement and ‘condition of the branchial
plates is very peculiar. The first pair arise from the
* Prof. Westwood regards these as a second pair of maxille, and
maxillary palpi.
the Anatomy of Cenis macrura. 281
antero-lateral angles of the foremost seement; they are
erect, two-jointed (?.), subulate, acuminate, and have
long frmges. From their position, their minuteness,
and the dirtiness of the animal, they are liable to be
passed over ; or they might be mistaken for rudimentary
hind-wings. The second segment is ebranchiate, and
its upper posterior margin is slightly produced, espe-
cially in the middle. The next five segments bear
pairs of single branchial plates. The first pair is dis-
proportionally large, and formed of obtusely oval in-
crassated lamellz, which are truncate anteriorly, ciliate
at the sides and tip, and conceal the other four com-
pletely. The left plate slightly overlaps the other, its
truncate edge is applied to the second joining, fitting
under the produced edge of the second joint, which keeps
it steady during the act of respiration. Hach of them
is traversed by a longitudinal lambda-shaped crease
whose prongs meet the anterior edge, and on the
underside is membranaceous and permeated by a trachea,
which runs at first obliquely inwards, and then length-
wise, giving off several rather straight branches in a
dendroid manner. ‘The remaining plates are very dif-
ferent from the first, being delicately membranous, semi-
ovate, and deeply frmged. The trachea divides almost
at the base of the gill into about six fastigate, only
shghtly divided, branches, whose branchlets, without
undergoing much diminution of calibre, run up each of
them into one of the filiformly dissected fringe-processes.
The gills are successively smaller backwards, each in its
turn is extensively covered by its immediate predecessor,
and the contiguous fringes of adjacent lamellee are inter-
laced with one another in repose. In the action of
breathing, the protecting plates are raised slightly, and
remain motionless, whilst the other pairs are briskly
agitated forwards and backwards. ‘The intrusion of mud
between them is effectually guarded against by the
before-mentioned cilia and frmges. The tenth segment
bears the caudal sete, which have spreading hairs in-
serted upon their joinings in two opposite rows. The
ventral ganglionic chord, and the alimentary canal, offer
no extraordinary peculiarities.
Dimensions :—body 6°5; sete, med. 3°8, ext. 4. millim.
Although foreign to the title of the paper, I may men-
tion that the adult insect holds its wings horizontally
extended in repose, seldom erecting them ; and also that
the forceps of CU. halterata, Fab., are apparently jointless,
282 Mr. A. EH. Haton on the Anatomy of Cenis.
whereas those of the typical species (if they are not
mucronate) seem to be bi-articulate.
To conclude, it will be seen that, in its preparatory
states, Coenis differs considerably from other Hphemeride
in their corresponding stages of development, so far at
least as we are at present acquainted with them. But at
the same time, it sufficiently resembles the young of
Hphemera and Palingenia, in those points wherein it differs
from Baétis, Leach (Cloé, Burm., Pict. p.) to authorise the
opinion of those who associate it with the former two genera
rather than with the last. In Baétis, although the wings of
the adult insect are not very unlike those of Cenis, the
labium and its palpi are very differently constructed, the
branchial lamelle are entire, and in its subaqueous stages
the insect climbs the water weeds, or runs over the sur-
face of the bottom, and swims with a quick dashing
motion. These peculiarities of Baétis contrast with the
burrowing habits, the production of the edges of the
respiratory plates into frimging processes which contain
subdivisions of the branchial trachez, etc., of Ccenis,—
particulars wherein it is approximated to Palingenia and
Hphemera. With these two genera, Cenis is moreover
connected by Oligoneuria, Pict., which approaches, in its
adult condition, Polymitarcys and Campsurus (genera
which I have dismembered from Palingenia, Burm., Pict.,
typified respectively by P. virgo, Ol., and C. latipennis,:
Walk.), as may be shown by a comparison of their heads,
forceps, and other organs, and the duration of their sub-
imago states. On the other hand, Cenis is also related
to Leptophlebia, Westw., and Hphemerella, Walsh. ‘Thus
a great similarity exists between its labium, labial palpi,
legs, and abdominal segments, and the corresponding
parts of the last-named genus, to whose gills the protect-
ing gills of Cenis admit a tolerably close comparison.
Further, the branchial lamelle of Leptophlebia, and its
forceps, are constructed much in the same way as the
membranous gills of Cenis, and the forceps of Oligonewria.
Seeing, then, that Leptophlebia and Hphemerella are in
some degree connected with Hphemera by Potamanthus,
(restricted, type P. luteus, L., Pict.) , and that they are also
related to Cenis and Oligonewria, and that these in their
turn are allied to Campsurus and Polymitarcys, lam inclined
to consider Cees and Oligoneuria collaterai with the group
of genera to which Hphemera and Campsurus belong.
( 283 )
XV. Observations on some South-African Butterflies enu-
merated in the “ Catalogue of Diwrnal Lepidoptera
of the Family Satyride in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Artaur Garpiner BUTLER,
F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c., London; 1868.” By Rotanp
TRIMEN.
[Read 2nd November, 1868.]
Havine received, through the liberality of the Trustees,
a copy of the British Museum Catalogue of Satyride lately
published, I wish to offer a few remarks respecting some
_ of the South-African species included in that volume.
My remarks relate to the genera—
Leptoneura,
Pseudonympha,
Neope,
Mycalesis, and
Yphthima.
LepToNEURA CASSINA, Butler, sp. nov.
(Cat. Satyr. p. 72, pl. u. fig. 12.)
Closely allied as this form is to the typical Cassus,
Linn., I am disposed to think that Mr. Butler is right in
treating it as distinct. It appears, as far as I have been
able to observe, to frequent quite a different locality from
that inhabited by the type-form, and never to mix with
the latter. I have described the form now named Cassina
in the following terms (Rhop. Afr. Aust., 1. p. 196):—
« Specimens found on the sandy flats are invariably much
smaller and darker than those inhabiting the hills, the
markings of some males being all but obliterated, so that
the surface is almost unicolorous. The ochreous colouring
of the underside, too, is wanting in the lowland examples,
being represented by irregular grayish scaling, conspic-
uous on the dark ground,”
TRANS. ENT. soc. 1868.—PaRT IV. (DECEMBER). x
284 Mr. Roland Trimen on
PsEUDONYMPHA SaBacus. (p. 93).
Firebia Sabacus, Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., nu. p. 200,
pl. 4.7.1;
Psruponymena Trent, Butler, sp. nov. (p. 94).
Hrebia Sabacus, var. A, Trimen, lib. cit., p. 201, pl. 4,
Mr. Butler, after stating his inability to regard these
two forms as one species, observes (p. 93):—‘‘ The posi-
tion of the ocelli is quite different in the white-veined
form,” [i. e. Trimenii]; ‘and the central strigee, which
appear to constitute the most constant character in the
present family, are different in outline.” These remarks
apply to the under-surface of the hind-wings, and are
correct as regards the central transverse streak, which
seems always to be much less angulated than in the type
Sabacus ; but I find the nwmber, rather than the ‘ posi-
tion” of the ocelli different,—the form T'rimenii con-
stantly presenting six, instead of the smaller number
(never exceeding five) found in Sabacus proper.
As noted in my work (1. pp. 201, and 202 foot-note),
Sabacus is a very variable and widely-spread species,
especially as regards the clouding and ocelli of the
underside of the hind-wings, some examples from the
Kastern parts of South Africa having white nervures
without the other peculiarities of the form Trimenii ;*
and I was therefore inclined to regard the solitary speci-
men of the latter figured in my book, as an unusual
variety or aberration rather than a distinct species.
Since that example was figured, however, I have met
with the same form, not uncommonly, in three distinct
* T have just seen (Sept. 18th) two specimens, lately added to the col-
lection of the South African Museum, which were taken by Mr. J. H.
Bowker (I believe in British Kaffraria), and which form a further link
between the form Trimenii and Sabacus proper. These examples present
distinctly whitish veining as in Trimenii, and the central streak is strongly
marked and angulated, while the ocelli are reduced to six black spots,
without pupils or external rings; and on the underside of the fore-wings
the red is paler and wider, and (as in Sabacus proper) the crossing streak
from costa is all but obliterated. On the wpperside, the ocellus of fore-
wing is enlarged, and the basal portion of the red field almost obsolete;
while the red of the hind-wings is enlarged, and the six ocelli unusually
apparent. Both examples are larger than the ordinary Trimenii, and all
the markings are singularly dark and suffused, the pupils of the forewing
ocellus being bluish.
South African Butterflies. 285
localities, two beimg at a considerable elevation, while
the third was probably not 200 feet above the sea-level.
On the mountains, there appeared to be no examples of
the type Sabacus in the vicinity, but in the lowland
station the latter was literally swarming, a small propor-
tion only being of the form Trimenii, and those flying
among the crowd, and not to be distinguished on the
wing. The latter instance rather shook my growing
belief in the distinctness of ‘Var. A” as a species; but
LT hope to have further opportunities of investigating the
question.
Nzorr DENDROPHILUS. (p. 113).
Debis dendrophilus, Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust. 1. p. 191,
plas, £8:
Mr. Butler observes, ‘‘I have seen specimens of this
species in Mr. Hewitson’s Collection. It evidently be-
longs to the genus Neope.” On referring to Mr.
Butler’s definition of this genus (‘ Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist.” March, 1867), I find him stating as follows,
viz.:—“ The species composing this genus seem very
closely allied to some of the species of Debis; and I
almost question the propriety of separating them from
that genus.” If Neope Moorei, Butler, a figure of which
accompanies the paper in question (pl. iv, f. 7) be a
fair representative of the new genus, itis certainly doubt-
ful whether dendrophilus can be regarded as a true con-
gener of that species, for my insect has considerably
shorter antenne, much blunter fore-wings (rather trun-
cate than apically produced), and hind-wings less
prolonged in their lower portion.
During the early part of the year 1867, I discovered,
in the Colony of Natal, a very beautiful and striking
variety of Dendrophilus, in which all the spots of the fore-
wings are enlarged and pure white, instead of those of the
outer row only bemg whitish and those of the mner
ochreous. This form was numerous in elevated woods
at Tunjumbili, overlooking the Tugela valley. Specimens
are in Mr. Hewitson’s collection.
x 2
286 Mr. Roland Trimen on
Mycatesis Hustrus. (p. 128).
Mycalesis Busirus, Hopfter, Monatsberichte d. Konigl.
Akad. d. Wissensch. zu Berlin, 1855, p. 641.
Mycatesis Evenvus. (p. 129).
Mycalesis Hvenus, Hopfter, loc. cit.
Mycatestis Carrra. (p. 129).
Mycalesis Caffra, Wallengren, Lep. Rhop. Caffr.,
Dooay Me 2 ie is
In my work on South African Butterflies, I have given
these three, together with Mycalesis Gambius, Doubleday,
and M. injusta, Wallengren, as one species, regarding F Husi-
rus and Caffra as specifically identical with Hvenus. Under
M. Busirus, Mr. Butler writes thus (p. 129) :— Mr.
Trimen, having received a single specimen of the variety
injusta, has considered himself fully justified in smking
the species Husirus, which he places as a synonym of
the more recent Hvenus; injusta does not, however,
link these species, nor do any connecting forms appear
to exist.” As I think this gives an incorrect idea of
what I have published, I proceed to transcribe the pas-
sage (Rhop. Afr. Aust., 11. p. 208) :—‘‘ There can be no
doubt that Hopffer’s Husirus is nothing more than a
strongly-marked example of the g Hvenus. Such was
my decided impression on merely comparing the excel-
lent figures in Peters’ “ Reise ;”? and a specimen of the
variety since received from Kaffraria entirely confirms
it. Variability im the size and number of the ocelli is a —
character common to the greater part of the Satyride,
and Mycalesis is no exception to the rule. In the speci-
men referred to, there is a further very minute ocellus
close to the termination of the pale streak. Wallengren’s
M. injusta appears to be this variety, especially as he
notes its resemblance to Cramer’s Justina, to which it
certainly seems very nearly allied. Cramer’s figure,
however, gives two ziczac lines beneath, between ocelli
and the line parallel to hind-margin, and depicts no
strize in discoidal cell. He states the species to inhabit
Coromandel. M. Cajfra, Wlgr., is very clearly a pale 9
of Hvenus, only varying as regards the number and dis-
tinctness of the ocelli.”
—_
South African Butterflies. 287
1 would here observe (1) that, in my second sentence
above quoted, the words “the variety” mean Husirus
(not ¢njusta)—the form just before referred to as, in my
opinion, “ a strongly-marked example of the ¢ Hvenus,”
and that I subsequently remark that “ M. injusta
appears to be this variety”—i.e. the same variety as
Husirus, of which I had received a Kaffrarian example ;
—(2) that Hvenus can scarcely with justice be termed
a “more recent” species than Husirus, seeing that both
forms were originally described together, by Hopffer, on
the same page of the Journal above mentioned ; and
(3) that I never expressed the opinion that Wallengren’s
iyusta “linked” Hvenus and Husirus, but that it was
the same as, or synonymous with, the latter.
Mr. Butler, however, gives (p. 129) M. injusta as a
“Var. 3” of M. Hvenus, a view in which I quite concur,
the only difference on this point being that I go rather
further, and, from a comparison of Wallengren’s and |
Hopfter’s descriptions with the latter’s figures, hold in-
justa and Husirus as in all probability one and the same
form.
I would only further remark that, whereas Wallengren
distinctly indicates (Lep. Rhop. Caffr. p. 34) that his
Mycalesis Caffra is of the “ ¢” sex, Mr. Butler quotes
him for the g, at the same time giving M. Gambius,
Doubl., as the ¢ of Cajjra.
Without professing to define the limits of species in so
perplexing a genus as Mycalesis, I may be permitted to
express the conviction, founded on the examination of
numerous specimens, and on personal acquaintance with
the living insects in various stations, that it will be
found impossible to separate, as species distinct from
each other, any of the South African forms above
mentioned.
YrutTHima Lisanpra (Var. Lara). (p. 150).
Papilio Lara, Donovan, Nat. Repos., ii. pl. 71.
Ypthima laroides, Westw., in Gen. Di. Lep. p. 395.
I only refer to this species in order to point out that
there is no ground whatever for considering it as a native
of South Africa, as Donovan only gives the locality
*“Cape of Good Hope,” under the mistaken impression
that his insect is the Lara of Linneus. Donovan quotes
288 Mr. R. Trimen on South African Butterflies.
the description in “Museum Ludovice Ulrice, &c.”
(p. 320), which is that of a Lycznide, common in South
Africa, but of somewhat uncertain relations ; Doubleday
referring it doubtfully to Zeritis, and Wallengren giving
it as an Aphneeus, while I have placed it in Chrysophanus.
It is stated by Donovan that his figures were copied from
Jones’s drawings, and that the latter were made from an
example in the Linnean Cabinet,—“ the individual speci-
men described by Linneus;” but it is beyond doubt
that Linné’s detailed diagnosis applies strictly, both as
regards size and markings, to the Lycenide, and not at
all to Donovan’s Satyride. In illustration of this, I need
only mention two very obvious discrepancies, viz.: (1)
while Linné’s species is described as having the single
ocellus in the fore-wings “ ad angulum posticum,” Dono-
van’s figures represent it near the apex; and (2) that
the “ ocellus nullus” of the underside of the hind-wings
is quite opposed to Donovan’s illustration, which deli-
neates six distinct ocelli.
( 289 )
XVI. Contributions to a Knowledge of European Trichop-
tera. (Hirst Part). By Rozserr Mc Lacutan,
F.L.S., Sec. Ent. Soc.
[ Read 2nd November 1868. ]
Unper the above title I propose to publish, from time to
time, as occasion may require, descriptions of new
genera and species of Huropean Trichopterous insects,
with notes on synonymy and local distribution, &c.,
combining’ therewith synopses of difficult genera, and
elucidatory figures. To this last mentioned feature of
these contributions I attach especial importance, as an
outline sketch explains readily where words fail to give
an intelligible idea of the distinguishing characters. A
description of a new Caddis-fly without an explanatory
figure loses half its value.
The present paper contains descriptions of, or notes on,
species of the following genera :—
Fam. PHRYGANIDZ............ Gen. Newronia.
LIMNEPHILIDZ ......... Stenophylax.
Halesus.
SERICOSTOMIDH......... Sericostoma.
Oligoplectrum.
LEPTOCERIDA............ Molannodes.
Setodes.
HYDROPSYCHIDE ........ Arctopsyche, n. 2.
Dolophilus, n. g.
RHYACOPHILIDH......... Rhyacophila.
PHRYGANIDA.
Nevronia Stati, n. sp.
In size and form similar to N. reticulata, but with
almost the colour of N. rufierus. Dull black. Antenne
brownish-black. Prothoraw with a few orange-coloured
hairs. Wings shining blackish fuscous with a violaceous
tinge ; veins black and strong: in the anterior wings the
costal margin (costal and sub-costal areas) is alternately
marked with dull yellowish and darker fuscous spots; a
white dot at the thyridium; these wings are perhaps
rather broader than in N. reticulata, but the difference in
form is very slight. Legs brownish-black ; the posterior
tibize, except at the base, dull ochreous ; spurs testaceous.
TRANS. ENT. soc. 1868.—ParT Iv. (DECEMBER).
290 Mr. R. McLachlan on
Anal appendices as in N. reticulata (3).
Smaland, Sweden. I received two males from Prof.
Stal, one of which he liberally presented to my collection.
When the wings are closed it has a most deceptive
resemblance to small examples of N. ruficrus, only that
the colour is more intense. The vestige of yellowish
spotting on the costal margin of the anterior wings
shows its affinity with N. reticulata and clathrata, with
the former of which it agrees almost entirely, excepting |
in coloration, which difference is so striking as to pre-
clude the possibility of its being a variety, the two exam-
ples being moreover precisely similar.
Nevronia Lapronica, Hagen.
To this species belong the Lapland examples noticed
by Zetterstedt under N. reticulata (Insecta Lapponica
col. 1061). It differs from both elathrata and reticulata
in the pale markings of the fore-wings and the ground
colour of the hind-wings being whitish instead of orange-
yellow: the dark median band of the hind-wings is
absent. The legs are entirely pale, as in clathrata. In
size it is larger than either species.
The app. inf. of the ¢ are produced at their upper
edge into a very long curved spine, somewhat as in rufi-
crus ; whereas they are blunt in clathrata, reticulata, and
Stalit.
It has hitherto been found only in Lapland.
LIMNEPHILIDA.
STENOPHYLAX ALGOSUS, n. sp. (Pl. XIV. fig. 6).
Reddish-brown. Antenne pale brown with yellowish
annulations; basal joint fuscous. Head fuscous, with
scattered golden hairs; palpi reddish-brown. Thorax
reddish-brown ; prothorax thickly clothed with golden
hairs. Anterior wings moderately long, the apex re-
gularly elliptical; pale gray, thinly clothed with short
yellowish-gray pubescence, and regularly sprinkled with
small and indistinct whitish dots (four or five of these dots
are placed in each apical cell), that at the thyridium
being larger and more distinct ; the membrane 1s finely
granulated throughout; neuration fuscous and distinct,
the longitudinal veims carrying short blackish-brown
hairs ; the discoidal cell scarcely so long as its footstalk ;
all the apical cells nearly equal in width ; the first oblique
HBuropean Trichoptera. 291
at the base and as long as the third, which is two-sided at
the base; second and fourth shorter, truncate at the
base; fifth acute, scarcely so long as the fourth : posterior
wings whitish sub-hyaline, shghtly grayish at the tips;
fringes very short, but becoming longer at the anal
angle. Legs yellowish testaceous, with black spines.
Abdomen blackish fuscous, with a grayish line on each
side; the terminal segment slightly reddish, and carry-
ing a few short yellow hairs on its dorsal surface.
Anal appendices. In the g the dorsal margin of the
last segment is slightly rounded and rolled inwards.
The appendices are small and little prominent, bemg
hidden in the cavity of the segment; reddish. App. sup.
almost completely concealed, appearing to be ear-shaped :
app. intermed. moderately long, up-curved: app. inf.
short, subtriangular, clothed and fringed with blackish
hairs: penis sheaths short, broad and flattened, carrying
a tuft of yellowish hairs at the tips: penis slender, and
appearing to be sulcated beneath.
Expanse of wings, 6,123”.
Southern Lapland. One male, in the collection of the
Stockholm Museum.
This small Stenophylaw will not agree with the descrip-
tion of any of the yet uncertain species in Zetterstedt’s
“Insecta Lapponica;”? nor does it appear to be elsewhere
noticed. It belongs to the group of hieroglyphicus rather
than to that of stellatus.
STENOPHYLAX ALPESTRIS, Kolenati.
From the Pyrenees (Rev. I. A. Marshall) I possess a
pair of a small Stenophylax, which I cannot separate by
any structural characters from specimens of alpestris from
Carniola, Sweden, and England, in my collection; yet
they have a somewhat different appearance, probably
owing to local influences. The wings show scarcely a
trace of pale markings, the pubescence is much less
dense, and the veins are very strong and blackish fus-
cous, whereas they are weak and pale in the ordinary
examples. I give below adescription ofthe 3 ‘appendices
of the typical form (from which the others do not differ
in this respect) , the figure given by Brauer (Neurop. Aust.
fie. 49) being scarcely sufficiently correct.
292 Mr. R. McLachlan on
The middle of the dorsal margin of the last abdominal
seement is intensely black and scabrous, slightly rolled
inwards ; beneath this margin are seen the black and
blunt tips of the short app. intermed: app. sup. small,
spoon-shaped, yellow, fringed ; app. inf. large, yellow,
formed of two broad and thin plates, the inferior edge
of which is excised, this edge showing a thickened
geniculate portion which is continued beyond the
plates in the form of a thin up-directed spine (too
short and thick in Brauer’s figure) which is flattened, and
intensely black and shining at the tip, the thickened
margin is strongly fringed imternally ; penis sheaths
broad, curved upwards and inwards, appearing to be
soldered together.
Genus HaALezsus.
In a paper on Monocentra lepidoptera of Rambur,
which will be published in the Ann. Soc. Ent. de France,
I have, in pointing out the affinity of that insect to the
genus Halesus, proposed to divide the latter into three,
viz. :—1. Halesus proper, including those species in
which the ¢ has no pouch in the hind-wing ; 2. Drusus,
a name proposed by Stephens in his “ Catalogue of
British Insects,” but afterwards erroneously reduced by
him toa section of Anabolia (“ Illustrations,” Mandib.
vol. vi.), including the species with a short pouch, and
with hairy clothing ; and 3. Monocentra, distinguished by
scale-like clothing, and a long pouch in the hind-wing.
All have 1, 3, 3 spurs in both sexes.
The species which should be referred to Drusus are
very numerous, especially in mountainous countries, but
are mostly undescribed. A few descriptions follow here,
and, pending the appearance of the above-noted paper,
they are referred to Halesus in the broad sense. Peltos-
tomis of Kolenati can only be distinguished from Drusus
by the spurless anterior tibize of the male.
Hatesus (Drusus) Murtieri, n. sp. (Pl. XIV. fig. 3).
Black. Antennce blackish fuscous, not annulate.
Head with strong golden-yellow hairs on the face and
between the antennz: palpr fuscous: occiput slightly
swollen, with a median impressed longitudinal line ; two
European Trichoptera. 293
oval reddish ‘warts behind, whence spring long yellow
hairs ; and two smaller ones, scarcely reddish and more
rounded, in front, placed close together. Prothorax
thickly clothed with long golden-yellow hairs: meso-
and meta-thorax deep black, almost hairless. Anterior
wings elongate, narrow ; smoky blackish, thinly clothed
with short yellow hairs, and with longer ones on the
cubital veins; a large milky-white spot at the thyridium
and a much smaller one at the arculus; veins strong,
deep blackish fuscous; discoidal cell very long; first
apical cellule much longer than the third, its base extend-
ing somewhat along the upper edge of the discoidal ;
the second short, straight at the base; third longer than
the second, nearly rounded at the base, but with a short
angle, the dot near its base (common to many T'richop-
tera) black ; fourth as long as the third, obliquely trun-
cate ; fifth nearly as long as the first, somewhat acute:
posterior wings pale smoky, somewhat iridescent; the
pouch in the ¢ rather long, the hairs on the veins
forming it erect, very long, grayish yellow ; fringes short
and grayish, long at the anal portion. Legs with black
coxe and femora, and grayish-ochreous tibise and tarsi,
and black spines ; coxee deeply and broadly sulcate be-
neath, with a row of yellow hairs on each side of the
groove. Abdomen dull blackish, the first segment red-
dish at the posterior margin above, the margins of the
succeeding segments grayish.
Anal appendices of the ¢: the last abdominal segment
above bears in its middle an intensely black, scabrous,
spade-shaped plate, flattened and slightly depressed, ex-
tending almost to the base of the segment, its apex broadly
rounded, and rather wider than the base; on each side
of this plate is a deep, elongate, and ochreous cavity ;
the margin of the segment is regularly concave, the
plate not extending beyond it; app. inf. long and finger-
shaped, nearly cylindrical, dilated at the base, ochreous,
with long black hairs at the apex; app. intermed. in-
tensely black, broad, and triangular, lying so close toge-
ther as to appear as one piece, their bases extending
downwards, and diverging, forming carinate projections
on the part whence they arise, at the beginning of each
of which is a rounded reddish tubercle ; app. mf. not
longer than the app. sup., ochreous, strong, sub-acute,
diverging, fringed with long hairs, furnished near the
base with a projecting wing-like lobe, which parts form
294 Mr. R. McLachlan on
a deep cavity internally, in which lies the very slender
and straight penis, scarcely extending beyond the
lobes (¢).
Expanse of fore-wings 11”.
Hospenthal, Switzerland (Albert Miller), 1 ¢.
Remarkable for the great length of the app. sup.
Hatesus (Drusus) Triripus, n. sp. (Pl. XIV. fig. 4).
Black. Antenne black, not annulate. Head black ;
occiput with two black warts posteriorly, whence spring
blackish hairs, and two similar warts anteriorly ; mazzl-
lary palpi testaceous, the terminal joint fuscous. Pro-
thorax with long reddish-yellow hairs. Anterior wings
short, the apex rather broad; pale fuscous, thinly
clothed with short golden-brown hairs; fringes short,
fuscous; the pale spots at the thyridium and arculus
scarcely evident; neuration dark fuscous; discoidal cell
rather short (scarcely longer than its footstalk) ; first
apical cellule long, oblique at the base, extending to one-
fourth of the length of the the upper surface of the dis-
coidal; second short, truncate; third and fifth longer
than the second, sub-acute at the base ; fourth as long
as the second, obliquely truncate; posterior wings
smoky, the anal frmges long and grayish fuscous;
pouch of the ¢ short, its hairs bright yellow. Legs
fuscous, the apex of the femora, the tibiz totally, and
the first joint of the tarsi, yellowish testaceous ; spines
black; coxee with yellow hairs arranged in two rows.
Abdomen dull black.
Anal appendices of the 3g: the last dorsal segment
above bears an elongate intensely black plate, the
apex of which is somewhat produced, and on each side of
this is a short obtuse process (hence this plate appears
trifid at the apex); an ochreous cavity at each side to-
wards the apex, otherwise this segment is totally black ;
app. sup. very small, ear-shaped, yellowish; app. in-
termed. lying very close together, short, the tips
turned upwards and black ; app. inf. shghtly diverging,
elongately triangular, sub-obtuse, blackish externally,
and clothed with blackish hairs: penis short, cylindrical,
testaceous, shghtly notched at the tip. (3).
Expanse of fore-wings 9”.
Departement de ’Aube, France, 1 4.
Buropean Trichoptera. 295
Hatesus (Drusus) REcTUS,n. sp. (Pl. XIV. fig. 5).
Fuscous. Antenne fuscous, narrowly annulate with
yellow on the basal third. Head narrowly transverse, the
eyes very prominent; blackish, occiput with two
tubercles posteriorly, whence spring long yellow hairs,
-and two anteriorly, placed quite between the basal joints
of the antenne ; front thickly clothed with yellow hairs :
maxillary palpi testaceous. Prothorawz densely clothed
with long yellow hairs: meso- and meta-thorax fuscous,
hairless. Anterior wings rather short -and broad, the
apex somewhat dilated ; grayish yellow, thickly clothed
with short yellow pubescence, neuration fuscous; dis-
coidal cell short, not longer than its footstalk ; first
apical cellule rather longer than the third, oblique at the
base ; second shorter, truncate ; third longer than the
second, sub-acute ; fourth as long as the second, and
oblique ; fifth longer than the third, very oblique, almost
acute at the base; a whitish dot at the thyridium and at
the arculus; posterior wings pale grayish, sub-hyaline ;
pouch of the ¢ short, the hairs yellow, frmges gray.
Legs yellowish, the terminal joints of the tarsi, and the
cox, fuscescent, the latter with two rows of yellow hairs.
Abdomen with the basal segments testaceous, the api-
cal fuscous, each with a broad ochreous posterior
margin.
Anal appendices of the 3g: the surface of the last
dorsal segment is deep black, the median portion
scabrous, truncate at the apex, the sides elevated into
a ridge leaving a broad depressed space between ; on each
side of this space, near the middle, is a long golden hair ;
the lateral edge below the ridge shows an ochreous exci-
sion: app. sup. very small, the apex fuscescent; app.
intermed. short, intensely black at the tips, which appear
as two rounded tubercles springing from a transverse
semicircular plate at the base, which plate forms the
upper cover of a deep cavity within (seen en face) ; app.
inf. long, widely divergent, subcylindrical, obtuse,
shghtly curved upwards: penis scarcely visible ( ¢ ).
Expanse of fore-wings 97”.
Pyrenees (Rev. 7’. A. Marshall), 1¢.
296- Mr. R. McLachlan on
SERICOSTOMIDAA.
SERICOSTOMA CARINTHIACUM, n. sp. (Pl. XIV. fig. 8).
Blackish. Antenne pale yellow, each joint with a
broad brown apical ring ; first three or four joints wholly
brown. Head blackish, thickly clothed with blackish
and golden hairs intermingled ; a tuft of orange-yellow
hairs on the vertex between the basal joints of the an-
tenne ; maxillary palpi closely masking the face, blackish
and densely clothed with blackish hairs ; labial palpi pale
brown. Thorax blackish; the hinder part of the meso-
thorax and the attachments of the anterior wing's some-
what reddish. Anterior wings long, longly elliptical at
the apex, uniformly blackish-brown with golden-brown
hairs; fringes blackish-gray: posterior wings smoky-
black with blackish-gray fringes. Legs all bright yellow
with the femora somewhat dingy yellow; the an-
terior tarsi faintly annulate with brown ; tibiee and tarsi
internally with short black spines. Abdomen blackish.
Anal appendices reddish: app. swp. small, flattened pear-
shaped, strongly fringed ; app. inf. of the usual form ;
app. intermed. deeply furcate,the prongs nearly equal in
length, each being very acute, and slightly curved
at the tips in opposite directions; penis long and thin,
the apex excised above; sheaths slender, cylindrical,
thickened and incurved at the tips; ventral triangle small,
somewhat obtuse, but with the apex produced ( ¢).
Expanse of wings 12”.
Preth Valley, Upper Carinthia, 26th May (Zeller),
ae
In the colour of the antenne and legs this insect re-
sembles S. Selysii, Hd. Pictet, and S. sp. nov. No. 5, of
Hagen in the Stettin Zeitung for 1859, p. 148 (after-
wards in his “‘ Synopsis Synonymica,’” named S. timi-
dum) ; and it is no doubt allied thereto, but the form of
the app. intermed. and of the ventral triangle seem
sufficiently to separate it.
SERICOSTOMA FACIALE, n. sp. (Pl. XIV. fig. 7).
Blackish fuscous. Antennce brown, not annulate. Head
with tufts of blackish hairs at the angles of the occiput,
and a tuft of orange-yellow hairs on the vertex between
the basal joints of the antennz ; eyes coppery in dead
European Trichoptera. 297
specimens; mazillary palpi very large and greatly
dilated, standing out distant from the face, and not
masking it as in other species of the genus, pale yellow,
thinly clothed externally with blackish hairs ; labial palpi
- shorter than in other species, the middle joint broader
than the others, brown. Prothoraw with golden-brown
hairs. Anterior wings obtuse, obscure golden-brown,
with an appearance of longitudinal yellowish streaks,
whereof that in the sub-costal area is the most conspi-
cuous; apical fringes black with a pale interruption near
the anal angle: posterior wings smoky blackish, with
blackish gray fringes. Legs all yellow, the femora some-
what dingy, the posterior tibiz and tarsi brighter than
the others.
Anal appendices reddish : app. sup. dilated and strongly
fringed; app. inf. very strongly dilated, the superior
portion above the notch very much the larger ; app. in-
termed. broad, deeply furcate, the prongs curved up-
wards and the lower much longer and broader than the
upper ; penis shining testaceous, long, the apex notched
above, pointed beneath; sheaths cylindrical, slightly
bent, the tips thickened and curved inwards; ventral
triangle broad and very obtuse, the margins slightly
sinuate (3).
Expanse of wings 11”.
Switzerland, on the Aar (Haton).
I have only one male of this species, which in the
form of the maxillary palpi differs from all others, these
organs being widely separated from the face and greatly
dilated, whereas they, as a rule, lie closely pressed against
the front, and mask the face; the form of the app. in-
termed. is also very different from any other species with
which I am acquainted.
Genus OLIGOPLECTRUM.
I propose this name for Rambur’s genus Dasystoma,
which name was previously applied to Curtis to a genus
of Lepidoptera.
OLIGOPLECTRUM MOROSUM, N. sp.
Almost entirely black; the fore-wings clothed with
thick blackish-brown pubescence ; the radius without a
bend ; transverse veinlet uniting the ramus thyrifer and
ramus discoidalis, placed almost level with that closing the
298 Mr. R. McLachlan on
discoidal cell (or slightly nearer the apex) : antenne be-
neath with indistinct paler annulations : the two end joints
of the mawillary palpi equal, extending beyond the head.
Legs brownisn black, the knees pale. Abdomen with a
whitish lime on each side: the margins of the segments
and the appendices slightly grayish testaceous; app.
sup. forming two broad triangular plates, so closely placed
together as almost to appear as one piece ; app. inf. very
small, having the appearance of being formed of two
nearly equal joints (3).
Expanse of wing 6”.
Raibl Valley, Upper Carinthia (Zeller) in July; 20 ¢.
I cannot reconcile this insect with the description of
any of the species described by Hagen in the Stett. Ent.
Zeit. 1868, p. 267-273. Itappears to come nearest to
mestum, Hagen, from Spain, of which the 9 only is
known; but even the g¢ of morosum is larger than the
2 of mestum.
From the same locality I have a 2 which I cannot
doubt belongs to the above-described males, although its
size is much greater (expands 83”), and it has the
appearance of a Silo. The abdomen is injured. The
characters the same as in ¢, excepting the size.
LEPTOCERIDA.
Moxiannopes Zetteri1, McLachlan.
I have received examples of this apparently very local
insect from Prof. Stal, taken in Smaland. My other
specimens have their wings expanded, but these are
pinned in the natural position assumed by the msect
when af rest, and in this position they especially show
the affinity of the genus with Molanna.
SETODES M@STELLA, n. sp.
Fuscous. Antenne very long and slender, one-third
longer in the ¢ than in the @, silvery-gray with a
brownish tinge, not annulate; basal joint long and mo-
derately stout, clothed with grayish-brown hairs. Head
thickly clothed with long grayish-brown hairs in tufts.
Mawillary palpi very long, fuscous, clothed with grayish-
brown pubescence ; first jot short; second, third, and
fourth, long, nearly equal, the fourth thinner; fifth
nearly as long as the third and fourth united, thin and
flexible. Thoraw slender, blackish-fuscous, hairless.
European Trichoptera. 299
Wings fuscous, unigolorous, densely clothed with fuscous
pubescence, showing a slight reddish tinge; fringes
very long and dense, brown with a golden reflection in
certain lights: anterior wings shghtly acute ; neuration
not visible unless the hairs be removed ; subcosta join-
ing the costa beyond the middle ; radius running nearly
to the apex, bent beyond the middle ; discoidal cell long ;
arrangement of the veins generally as in S. reducta (vide
“Trichoptera Britannica,’ pl. vu. fig. 1); the three
transverse veinlets in an oblique continuous line as in
S. reducta ; the longitudinal veins are fuscous, the trans-
verse veinlets whitish hyaline. Legs wholly silky silvery-
gray; anterior tibiz with one short and stout spur.
Abdomen blackish fuscous, the margins of the segments
narrowly edged with whitish, and there is a whitish
(probably greenish in life) stripe on each side.
Anal appendices. In the ¢ there is a short triangular
black lobe in the middle of the dorsal margin of the last
abdominal segment, and beneath this another long and
slender lobe which is probably the upper penis cover ;
app. sup. short and broad, concave beneath, fuscous,
frmged with long golden-gray hairs; app. inf. short,
dilated at the base, the apical portion thinner, crooked,
and directed upwards; in the cavity of the segment is
seen a short yellow tubular piece, open at the end,
enclosing the short penis (Pl. XIV. figs. without a num-
ber). In the 9 there are two short superior lobes, longly
fringed, very similar to the app. sup. of the ¢, and bet-
ween these is a longer lobe, concave internally; the
oblique apex of the last segment, seen from beneath, is
greenish and shining.
Expanse of wings, ¢ and 9, 6}.
Preth Valley, Upper Carinthia (Zeller), Berea Ss
This is evidently closely allied to S. filicornis, Pictet,
(Récherch. p. 171, pl. xu. fig. 6), and may possibly be a
form thereof. The type sent by Pictet to Curtis has
lost its abdomen, and the wings are entirely denuded ;
the neuration appears to be the same. The colour of
jilicornis should be decidedly paler than that of meestella,
and Pictet says of the antenne, ‘ d’un fauve clair,” and
of the legs ‘‘rougeidtres”’ (with which the type agrees
moderately well) , whereas these parts are delicate silvery-
gray in mestella. Perhaps a 2 from Zeller’s original col-
lection, without locality, may pertain to jilicor nis. S. fusca
of Brauer is somewhat similar in its uniform dark color-
ation, but differs in the annulate base of the antenne.
TRANS. ENT, soc. 1868.—PaRT IV. (DECEMBER). Y
300 Mr. R. McLachlan ox
HY DROPSYCHIDA.
Axcropsycut,n.g. (Pl. XIV. fig. 1).
Antenne not so long as the wings, stout, distinctly
serrate internally, the jomts all short and gradually
decreasing in thickness. Head broad, vertex hairy and
tuberculate. Ocelli absent. Hyes prominent. Mawillary
palpi short; first joint very short; second and third
longer, nearly equal, broad; fourth shorter than the
third, and thinner; fifth about the length of the second
and third united, very slender and multi-articulate.
Labial palpi very small.
Thorax stout and slightly hairy; meso-thorax with a
broad median longitudinal impressed space.
Wings broad, shghtly pubescent and sub-hyaline, some-
what acute, fringes very short; the posterior pair shorter
and slightly broader than the anterior, folded. Anterior
wings with the costa nearly straight, and the apex longly
elliptical; sub-costa and radius running nearly parallel
for their whole length, united before their termination
by a straight transverse veinlet, each being slightly in-
dented at that point; an oblique (not distinct) transverse
veinlet uniting the costa and sub-costa at about the
middle; discoidal cell small and triangular, closed by a
transverse veinlet, and united to the radius by a veinlet
placed almost in a line with that closing the cell;
cellula thyridii longer than the discoidal, extending
much beyond it towards the base, and reaching to its
middle towards the apex, closed by a straight veinlet ;
a very oblique veinlet unites the ramus thyrifer to the
ramus discoidalis, placed between those which close the
discoidal cell and cellula thyridu respectively; a veinlet
unites the base of the cellula thyridi with the ramus
clavalis ; and there is: yet another below this near the
base; apical forks 1, 2,3, 4, and 5, all present: 1 and
2 short; 3, 4, and 5, long. Posterior wings with the
costal margin slightly excavated ; apical forks 1, 2, 3,
and 5 present ; discoidal cell as in the anterior.
Legs long; intermediate tibiz and tarsi very strongly
dilated in the 9 ; spurs 2, 4, 4, long, the pairs slightly
unequal.
Abdomen short and robust, appendices of the ¢ com-
plicated; in the 9 the apex is obtuse, and furnished with
short valves.
Huropean Trichoptera. 301
This genus is founded upon Aphelocheira ladogensis of
Kolenati, and an undescribed species, A. obesa of Hagen.
These agree with Aphelocheira of Stephens (Diplectrona,
Westwood, nee Kolenati) in scarcely any particular, save
in the internally serrate antenne, being robust insects
with the facies of the larger species of Hydropsyche; the
presence of a median transverse costal veinlet and the
very greatly dilated intermediate legs of the female
especially separating the two genera.
The two known species both inhabit Northern Europe;
the following description of the appendices of ladogensis
is made from specimens from Lapland.
Appendices of the g all yellowish or testaceous, con-
trasting strongly with the black abdomen, the apical
margin of the last segment of which is truncate; app.
sup. finger-shaped, rounded at the apex, and hairy ; app.
inf. very short and broad, produced internally at the
base; app. intermed. long and shining, curved strongly
downwards, parallel, the apex acute, the apical half
slender, the basal half slightly thickened; from between
the app. intermed. proceed two long sheaths, lying
closely together, the apical portion bemg suddenly
dilated and rounded; below these sheaths is the very
large penis, which is deeply canaliculate above in its
basal portion, the apical portion being very obliquely
truncate and dilated , furnished with a strong triangular
spine-like tooth in its middle above. The @ shows only
inconspicuous valves at the apex.
Dotornitus, n. g. (Pl. XIV. fig. 2).
Antenne shorter than the wings, stout (the apical por-
tion spirally twisted in dead specimens of the ¢), the
joints nearly cylindrical; after the apical third the sutures
are furnished with short and somewhat verticillate hairs ;
the basal joint scarcely longer than the others. Head
densely pilose. Ocelli present, but concealed in the
dense hairs of the vertex. Mazillary palpi long and
pubescent ; the two basal joints very short, the second
being broader and stouter than the first; third joimt
very long and slender; fourth one-third the length of
the third; fifth scarcely longer than the third, more
slender and multi-articulate. Labial palpi small, the
basal joint short, the second and third long and slender.
Hyes prominent.
ya
302 Mr. R. McLachlan on
Anterior wings densely pubescent, long, elliptical at
the apex; sub-costa joining the costa at about a third of
the length from the apex, an oblique transverse veinlet
uniting it to the costa before the middle; radius consi-
derably longer than the costa, united to the sub-costa
by a short transverse veinlet; discoidal cell long and
narrow, closed; cellula thyridii internally one-third
longer than the discoidal and narrower, also closed; a
transverse veinlet uniting it to the discoidal, placed rather
within the two, closing the above-named cells; two
transverse veinlets towards the base, one placed between
the ramus thyrifer and ramus clavalis, and the other,
nearer the base, between the latter vein and the cubitus ;
apical forks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, all present: 1 and 2 long
and narrow, reaching the discoidal cell ; 3 and 4 short and
broader, 4 being longer than 3; 5 very long, reaching
nearly halfway to the base of the wing: fringes short.
Posterior wings slightly broader and one-fifth shorter
than the anterior, folded, the fringes slightly longer ;
less densely pubescent and sub-hyaline; the sub-costa
and radius nearly as in the anterior, united towards the
apex by a transverse veinlet ; discoidal cell nearly as in
the anterior (a transverse veinlet uniting it to the radius
is somewhat doubtful) ; a short transverse veinlet below
it, and two others towards the base; forks 1, 2, 3 and 5
present; 1 not reaching the discoidal cell; 2 reaching
that cell, broader ; 3 short and triangular; 5 very long
and broad.
Legs slender, the posterior pair very long; the inter-
mediate tibize and tarsi not dilated in the Q. Spurs
2, 4, 4, pairs nearly equal, those on the intermediate
and posterior tibize very long.
Abdomen short and moderately stout; m the ¢ the
app. sup. are moderately long ; app. inf. very long, two-
jomted and obtuse: in the ¢ the apex of the abdomen
is truncate, with a short ovipositor.
The insect on which I have founded this genus has a
most deceptive resemblance to a species of Wormaldia,
and in the form of its maxillary palpi, densely hairy
wings, sombre colour, and general form, it agrees almost
entirely with that genus; but the neuration of the an-
terior wings is different, possessing as it does fork 4,
which is wanting in Wormaldia, and thus, in this respect,
it approaches Philopotamus. Its natural position is be-
tween these two genera.
Huropean Trichoptera. 303
The neuration of Oncocerus pallescens, Kolenati, accord-
ing to the figure in the Gen. et Spec. Trichop., pt. 2.
tab. v. fig. 53, should have fork 4, but Herr Brauer in-
forms me that the type of that insect in the Vienna Mu-
seum is undoubtedly Wormaldia occipitalis.
Do.oruitus coriosus, n. sp. (Pl. XIV. fig. 2).
Antenne brown, narrowly annulate with yellowish
ochreous. Head blackish, very densely clothed with
long golden-yellow hairs ; hinder portion of the occiput
with two long oval reddish swellings, strongly punctured,
and with two reddish tubercles in the middle (these pro-
tuberances are visible only when the hairs are denuded):
ocelli whitish: eyes black: palpi brown. Prothoraa
densely clothed with golden hairs; and similar hairs, in
tufts, at the attachments of the anterior wings; integu-
ments of thorax blackish.
Anterior wings smoky fuscous, somewhat shining’, very
densely clothed with short golden pubescence ; fringes
golden-gray ; veins fuscous: posterior wings smoky, sub-
hyaline and iridescent ; fringes grayish-brown.
Legs reddish-yellow, the spurs, femora, and anterior
tibiee, externally brownish.
Abdomen dull blackish, thinly clothed with pale yel-
lowish hairs.
Anal appendices of the ¢ fuscous: the terminal margin
of the last dorsal segment is truncate: app. sup. rather
long, sub-triangular and rather acute; app. intermed.
straight, acute, long, placed between the app. sup. and
closely applied one against the other ; app. inf. nearly
twice the length of the app. sup., closely applied one
against the other, two-jointed, the joints flattened, nearly
equal in length, the apical one being very obtuse, the
basal one somewhat dilated at the base; no appearance
of the penis or sheaths. Im the ¢? the last abdominal
segment is truncate, with a short protruding yellowish
Ovipositor (¢ @¢@).
Expanse of wings 6-8”,
Preth and Raibl Valleys, Upper Carinthia (Zeller) ;
abundant in June. I received upwards of twenty
examples from Prof. Zeller.
304 Mr. R. Meisels on
RHYACOPHILIDAN.
Genus RHYACOPHILA.
Though most of the numerous species of this genus
(restricting it to those in which the dorsal margin of the
last segment is prolonged in the middle) resemble each
other greatly in general appearance, they possess most
satisfactory characters in the appendices of the 3; the
? on the contrary can, in many cases, only be properly
paired by observing the insects in their native haunts.
Without entering into lengthy descriptions, I propose,
with the aid of figures, to notice the distinctive characters
of several of the closely allied species, in amplification of
Hagen’s synopsis in the Stettin Zeitung for 1859, pp.
153, 154.
R. torrentium, Pictet, is so different from the others
both in size, colour, and the formation of the lobe and
appendices, as to prevent the possibility of mistake—
Vide Brauer, Neurop. Aust. fig. 21.
Rk. dorsalis, Curtis, and R. vulgaris, Pictet. In general
appearance, in the app. inf., and in the form of the dorsal
lobe of the last segment these two species agree remark-
ably ; the lobeis perhaps rather less dilated at the extremity
in vulgaris. The principal difference, as noted by Hagen,
consists in the form of the penis, which, in dorsalis is
simple with (ordinarily, but not always) downward-
directed spine-like sheaths (Pl. XIV. fig. 15), whereas in
vulgaris it bears a blunt sub-triangular projection on its
under side about the middle, with up-directed sheaths
(Pl. XIV. fig. 12). The figure of the appendices of dor-
salis in my ‘ Trichoptera Britannica” is incomplete, the
engraver having omitted the app. sup. The type of vul-
garis sent to Curtis by Pictet, does not show the form of
the penis very distinctly.
R. paupera, Hagen, differs from the above two species
in its darker coloration, in the dorsal lobe, which is not
dilated at the end and is shorter than the app. sup.,
and in the straight penis-sheath (Pl. XIV. fig. 14).
R. fasciata, Hagen, may be distinguished almost with
certainty by the dark fascize on the anterior wings. The
form of the dorsal lobe is very distinct from the preced-
ing, being broad and rounded, and nearly concealing the
app. sup. The second joint of the app. inf. is obliquely
truncate (Pl. XIV. fig. 16). I have three ¢ from Carin-
thia from Zeller.
Huropean Trichoptera. 305
R. septentrionis, McLachlan, from Scotland, has a dorsal
lobe and appendices (Pl. XIV. fig. 15) very similar to fas-
ciata. In coloration and general form itis very distinct, the
wings being dark, broad,and somewhat rounded, whereas
they are pale, narrow, and longly elliptical in fasciata.
Rh. ferruginea, (Scopoli), Hagen. I have not seen this
insect, which, according to Hagen (in litt.) 1s smaller than
septentrionis, but with similar lobes and appendices.
Scopoli’s name cannot be said to apply to this species
with certainty.
R. auwrata, Brauer. The wings almost unicolorous
golden-yellow, occasionally with faimt darker markings,
and a trace of the large pale dorsal spot common to most
species of the genus. The dorsal lobe is long and linear,
the second joint of the app. inf. deeply furcate, the
branches divergent and straight, the lower being broader
than the upper; the penis-sheaths are very broad at the
base, afterwards produced into a long spine, curved at
the tip. (Pl. XIV. fig. 11). Apparently a common species
in the mountains of Central Hurope.
R. venusta, (Pictet, M.S.). This species was formerly
wrongly united to R. awrata by Hagen (Stet. Zeit. 1859,
p. 154), but was afterward (‘ Synopsis synonymica”’)
separated by him therefrom. It has never been described.
Strongly marked individuals show a distinct dorsal pale
blotch on the anterior wings, and there are semi-fasciate
gray markings, especially towards the apical portion of
the wing. Specimens from the Alps and Italy, in my
collection, are larger than others taken by Zeller in
Upper Carinthia. ‘The dorsal lobe in the male is dilated
in the middle and acuminate at the apex (one Alpine in-
dividual has this lobe of nearly uniform breadth through-
out, but it is not otherwise different) ; the second joint
of the app. inf. is furcate, the two branches curved in
such a manner as to leave a nearly circular space between
them, both branches being almost equal in length, but
the lower is considerably the stronger; the basal piece
whence arise the penis and sheaths is produced at its
lower edge into a long process, obtuse and curved at the
apex, and deeply canaliculate beneath ; the penis-is short
and straight, and does not project beyond this process,
the sheaths curved at the tips (Pl. XIV. fig. 9) *
* The appendices figured by Pictet at Pl. iv. fig. 29, and the pupa at
Pl. xv. fig. 1c, referred to R. vulgaris, belong to R. venusta.
306 Mr. R. McLachlan on
R. meridionalis, Ed. Pictet. This Pyrenean species,
which I have not seen, much resembles venusta in the
form of the lobe and appendices, according to the descrip-
tion and figures ; the penis and sheaths are not mentioned.
In size and colour it should be abundantly distinct.
R. intermedia, n. sp. Somewhat mtermediate between
aurata and venusta, but approaching nearer to the latter
in general appearance; the fore-wings pale, with indis-
tinct grayish markings and pale dorsal blotch. The
dorsal lobe not dilated in the middle, nor acuminate ;
the second joint of the app. inf. furcate, the branches
being very unequal ; the upper short and thin, the lower
longer and stout, scarcely divergent, and nearly straight;
the penisis of a very extraordinary form, broad, and form-
ing a keel above, the sides deflexed, produced into a spe
at the apex with a small tooth above, the angles of
the deflexed portion very acute ; the sheaths are slender
and strongly curved, the extreme apex being directed
upwards; there is no produced base whence these parts
arise (Pl. XIV. fig. 10). Of this very distinct species I
possess two males from Zeller, one from Upper Carinthia,
the other from Bruck, in Styria.
R. obliterata, McLachlan, and R. munda, McLachlan,
apparently peculiar to Britain, can be readily recognised
from the figures of the appendices in my ‘‘ Trichoptera
Britannica.”
RR. stigmatica, Kolenati, is quite unknown tome. It
has furcate app. inf., but the description is too little
precise to be satisfactory.
R. glareosa, McLachlan. I now give a figure of the
remarkable appendices of this species (Pl. XLV. fig. 17).
In my description (Stett. Zeit. 1867, p. 62) the
words ‘ appendicibus superioribus ” are an obvious mis-
print for ‘* appendicibus inferioribus.”
The number of described European species of Rhyaco-
phila is now fifteen, excluding, of course, the group of
umbrosa (to whichit has been proposed to apply Kolenati’s
generic term Crunophila ;)* viz.:—torrentium, Pictet ;
* Tt will probably be better to defer the generic separation of these
forms sine die: the most important differential character is the absence
in the larva of wmbrosa of external respiratory filaments; hence our
knowledge of the earlier states of both groups will require much further
extension before a. correct idea can be formed. The other character of
the presence or absence of the dorsal lobe in the ¢ insect is rendered
ey by the existence of R. munda, glareosa, and North American
orms.
European Trichoptera. 307
dorsalis, Curtis; vulgaris, Pictet; paupera, Hagen ; obli-
terata, McLachlan; fasciata, Hagen; septentrionis,
McLachlan; ferruginea, (*) Hagen; awrata, Brauer ; inter-
media, McLachlan ; venusta, Pictet, M.S8.; meridionalis, (*)
Ed. Pictet; stigmatica, (*) Kolenati; munda, McLachlan ;
and glareosa, McLachlan. The three species marked
with an asterisk (*) have not been seen by me. I possess
all the others. There can be no doubt that this list very
inadequately represents the actual number that exist in
Europe. All the species frequent swiftly-running
streams and torrents, especially in mountainous districts,
and when these shall have been more diligently explored,
I look forward to the number being doubled ; perhaps
also some means of pairing the sexes may then be
discovered.
Huplanation of Plate XIV.
<p>
Fig. 1. Arctopsyche ladogensis, neuration of wings; la, appendices
of ¢, from above; 1b, from side; 1c, maxillary palpus.
2. Dolophilus copiosus, neuration of wings; 2a, appendices of g,
from side; 2b, of 9; 2c, maxillary palpus.
3. Halesus (Drusus) Muelleri, appendices of ¢, from above; 3a,
from side (a, dorsal lobe; 6, app. intermed.; c, app. sup.;
d, app. inf.; e, penis).
4. Halesus-(Drusus) trifidus, appendices of g, from above; 4a,
from side.
5. Halesus (Drusus) rectus, appendices of g, from above; 5a,
from side.
6. Stenophylaw algosus, appendices of g , from above; 6a, from side.
7. Sericostoma faciale, appendices of g, from side; 7a, ventral
triangle ; 7b, app. intermed.; 7c, head and palpi.
8. Sericostoma carinthiacum, appendices of ¢, from side; 8a, ven-
tral triangle ; 8b, app. intermed.
308
Fig. 9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
fie
Mr. McLachlan on Huropean Trichoptera.
Explanation of Plate XIV (continued).
Rhyacophila venusta, apex of abdomen of g, from above, (the
app. inf. abbreviated); 9a, app. inf., from side; 9b, penis and
sheaths, from side.
Rhyacophila intermedia, apex of abdomen of ¢, from above;
10a, app. inf., from side ; 100, penis-sheath and valve, from
side.
Rhyacophila awrata, apex of abdomen of g, from above; lla,
app. inf., from side; 11b, penis-sheath, from side.
Rhyacophila vulgaris, apex of abdomen of ¢, from above; 12a,
app. inf., from side; 12b, penis and sheaths, from side.
Rhyacophila dorsalis, apex of abdomen of ¢, from above; 13a,
app. inf., from side ; 13b, penis and sheaths, from side.
Rhyacophila pawpera, apex of abdomen of g, from above; 14a,
app. inf., from side; 14b, penis and sheaths, from side.
Rhyacophila septentrionis, apex of abdomen of g, from above ;
15a, app. inf., from side.
Rhyacophila fasciata, apex of abdomen of ¢, irom above; 16a,
app. inf., from side.
Rhyacophila glareosa, apex of abdomen of g, from above; 17a,
from side.
Two unnumbered figures on the right hand side of the Plate near the
middle, represent Setodes mestella, apex of abdomen of ¢, from
above, and from side.
( 309 )
XVII. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Hete-
romera. By Freperick Barss.
[Read 2nd November, 1868.]
The insects described in this paper belong to the fol-
lowing families and genera :—
Fam. TENEBRIONIDZ......... Gen. Aryenis, (n. g.). *
; Goniadera, Perty.
Afdiatoriz, (n. g.).
GisTnLED my aS i Chromomca, Pascoe.
TAGE Da. Sa. okey ae es Xenostethus, (n. g.).
In addition to which, three other genera of Tenebrio-
nide are proposed, namely, Chorasmius, A’mymone, and
Gamawus.
Fam. TENEBRIONIDA.
Sub.-Fam. Tenryrinz.
Apyenis;n, &. “(Pl XV. fied).
Taking Orbignianus as the type of Guérin’s genus
Hvaniosomus, the present genus differs from it in the
following particulars: form more elongate, slender, de-
pressed: anterior margin of the mentum crenulate, not
denticulate, mandibles much thinner, less strongly curved,
and less deeply cleft, at their extremity: epistoma less
contracted anteriorly : head narrower, less robust, a little
more contracted behind, with the neck a little longer
and thinner: eyes larger, more proninent, transverse, ap-
proximate beneath: antennce elongate, slender ; the joints
gradually becoming of a more cylindrical form as the ex-
tremity is approached : jomt 3 longer than 2 or 4: 5-10
elongate, subequal: 11 scarcely longer than 10, gradually
attenuated to the apex, which is somewhat obtusely
pointed : prothorax narrow, subcylindrical: scutellwm much
larger: elytra elongate, slender, but little convex, flat-
tened or depressed on the discs, not suddenly declivous
behind, not carinate ; very gradually widened to beyond
the middle, thence gradually contracted to the apex:
epipleural fold subvertical, sinuous—but not arched—
broad at the shoulders or base, then suddenly contracted,
and continuing moderately narrow to the hind extremity :
TRANS. ENT. Soc. 1868.—PaRT Iv. (DECEMBER).
810 Mr. Frederick Bates on
metasternum elongate: epimera of the mesothorax
oblique, triangular, not sublinear; prosternal process
terminating behind in a small, compressed, pointed
tubercle: legs and tarsimuch more slender, the hind tibiz
sinuous.
This genus will form the type of a new section or
‘‘oroup” in the subfamily: distinguished from its allies
by its elongate, slender, and depressed form: its large
transverse eyes, approximate beneath: subcylindrical
prothorax—the pronotum being confounded with its
parapleurz: long, narrow, depressed elytra—not sud-
denly declivous behind; elongate metasternum; and
simple epistoma. From Thomson’s genus LHvelina
(Musée Scientif. p. 22)—which must be nearly related—
it may at once be distinguished by its hexagonal mentum,
large transverse eyes, and triangular intercoxal process.
The Hvaniosomus procerus,* Erichson, (Archiv. 1847, I.
p- 113) has also some points of resemblance to Aryenis,
but the form of the eyes, prothorax, elytra, &c., are
quite distinct.
An example of the present genus stands labelled in the
Lafertéan collection “ Isotoma rufescens,” an insect in-
cluded by Dejean in the old family Trachelides, Lat., and
there is certainly some excuse for so placing it, as in its
head contracted behind into a neck ; its somewhat protu-
berant anterior coxe; large, approximate eyes; and
slim and elegant habit—it is marvellously hke some
species of the genus Statira.
Aryenis rufescens,n. sp. (Pl. XV. fig. 1).
Length 4} to 43 lines; entirely (save the eyes which are
more or less black) of an uniform pale rufous or yellowish
ferruginous, with the palpi a little paler; shining;
mentum rather strongly, but not closely, punctured;
epistoma much produced anteriorly, confounded with the
front; head with the long slender carina, or supra-
orbital ridge, within each eye, as in Hvaniosomus, but
shghter and fainter ; somewhat strongly rugose-punctate
* IT think this species generically distinct from Evaniosomus by its dif-
ferently formed antennex, having joint 3 decidedly longer than 2 or 4: its
non-carinate elytra: the epipleural fold broadest at the shoulders, not
arched nor expanded in the middle; its subelongate metasternum; the
subtriangular form of the epimera of its mesothorax, &c. I propose to
name it Chorasmius. (See Pl. XV. fig. 2).
New Species of Heteromera. alk
between the eyes, the punctures very elongate; neck
and epistoma very sparingly and finely punctate; pro-
thorax long, narrow, subcylindrical, moderately convex ;
squarely truncate at each extremity, with the margins
very finely and slightly reflexed ; somewhat closely—save
down the median line—and evenly punctured, the flanks
more sparingly so; faintly impressed down the median
line, and with two ill-defined depressions at each side, near
the base ; scutum of the mesothorax closely punctured ;
scutellum large, subpentagonal, smooth, thickened at the
sides ; elytra elongate, narrow, flat on the discs, with a
shght callosity on each side of the suture, at the base ;
as broad again as the prothorax at the base, which is
somewhat arcuately emarginate, and thickened ; shoulders
broadly rounded, sinuous at the sides, with the edges,
especially towards the base, reflexed; shghtly widening
behind the middle, thence gradually and somewhat
sinuously contracted to the apex, which is pointed; the
sutural margin slightly raised and thickened; vaguely,
especially at the base, punctate-striate ; the sutural and
marginal strie meeting at the apex of the elytra and
enclosing the remainder ; interstices nearly flat, irregu-
larly punctate; epipleural fold faintly rugulose towards
the base; underside and abdomen very glossy; finely,
but not closely, punctured; legs and antenne rather
strongly punctured, the terminal joints of the latter very
finely pubescent: thighs clavate or incrassate ; tarsi be-
neath fringed with short spinose hairs, with others, scat-
tered and decumbent, above; first joint of the posterior
pair longer than the last.
Hab.—Pampas of the Argentine Republic.
It is just possible the above species may be identical
with the Statyra wiicolor (Blanch. in d’Orbig. Voy.
Amer. merid. p. 199), but his description is too short
and vague to enable me to decide this point; judging
from the figure given in his work (pl. 15, fig. 2), this
species has the prothorax more elongate, and the callosi-
ties at the base of the elytra much less pronounced.
I have recently acquired another species from Peru,
belonging to this group, which will not accord with any
genus yet published ; I hesitate to describe it as I dread
unnecessarily to multiply the number of genera, and
should be glad of assistance, by the loan of specimens
and otherwise, so as to enable me properly, if possible,
to define the limits of the genera in this interesting
group.
312 Mr. Frederick Bates on
Sub.-Fam. TENEBRIONINA.
Gen. GonrapErA, Perty, Del. Anim. Artic. Brasil, p. 62;
Lacord. Genera, v. p. 391.
Goniadera interrupta, n. sp. (Pl. XV. fig. 3).
Length 53 lines:—entirely dull bluish black; legs,
antenne, and undersurface deep shiming black ; labial
palpi bright red, the maxillary and labrum dark casta-
neous: this latter punctured, and with a few longish
hairs ; epistoma also with a few longish hairs, very short,
but little thickened, broadly emarginate in front, and—
together with the head—very coarsely and irregularly
rugose-punctate ; the impression separating it from the
front well marked, broad, smooth in the middle; head
short, transverse, the space behind the eyes much abbre-
viated, so that the hind angle of the eye nearly touches
the furrow separating the head from the neck: this latter
cellulose-punctate above, more strongly so on the middle
than on the sides; antenne rather short, moderately
stout, and setulose, the terminal joints closely punctured,
and—especially the last—pubescent ; jomt 2 very short
and very broad; 3 longer than the following, obconic ;
4-10 sub-cylindrical, becoming very gradually broader ;
11 large, robust, ovoid; prothorax broader than long, but
little convex; the surface rough with irregular, sub-
conical, polished tubercles, and having a few short, scat-
tered, squamose hairs ; anterior margin squarely truncate
in the middle: the dilated sides produced in front, and ,
forming large prominent angles, reflexed and sub-acute ;
sides strongly rounded a little before the middle, thence
contracted in a curve to the base, which has its margin
squarely truncate in the middle, its angles broadly, obli-
quely, and triangularly excised and pointed ; * the at-
tenuated lateral margins rather broad, especially from the
middle to the front, somewhat reflexed, their edges
tuberculate ; scutellum large, gradually arched behind,
rugose-punctate; elytra rather short, convex, rather
strongly declivous behind, broader than the prothorax
at the base, which is slightly but broadly emarginate ;
* In some species of Goniadera the base of the thorax is thus formed,
in others the hind angles are obliquely truncate.
New Species of Heteromera. 313
shoulders somewhat prominent but rounded, gradually
widening to three-fourths their length, thence sinuously
contracted to the apex, which is somewhat acute ; lateral
edges sharp, strongly sinuous, tuberculate on their basal
fourth ; on each elytron arow of variously sized tubercles
down by the suture, extending to the extreme apex, the
tubercles becoming linear-elongate as they approach the
hind extremity ; besides this, there are nine more or less
strongly interrupted, elevated, polished lines or ridges’;
2,4, 6 and 8 being the most continuous; 2 and 6 are
united near the hind extremity, and enclose 3, 4 and 5 ;
1,3,5 and 7 are much broken up, consisting of but
distant elongate tubercles, and row 9, which is submar-
ginal, is much abbreviated at each end, and consists of
small sub-elongate tubercles; the intervals are pitted with
large shallow punctures, much more strongly and closely
so on the epipleurz or inflexed sides of the elytra, and
have a few short scattered squamose hairs, more plenti-
fully distributed at the hind extremity ; the epipleural
fold is strongly sinuous, sub-horizontal in the apical half,
suddenly expanded near the hind extremity, and very
deeply and closely punctured, especially at the base ;
parapleuree, sides of sterna, and sides of abdomen, spar-
ingly impressed with large coarse punctures ; cheeks and
head beneath, coarsely rugose-punctate ; thighs and tibiz
compressed, impunctate, the former attenuated at the
base, and all simple; the fore tibizw are very slightly
curved, somewhat thickened within, close to the apex, in
the form of a broad blunt tooth, and fringed with short
hairs ; the intermediate and hind tibiz are very slightly
sinuous, with the apex of the latter acutely produced
within ; save the anterior (on which two very short spurs
may be detected) the tibie are without spurs; the pro-
sternal process terminates behind in a small compressed
oint.
Hab.—Pebas, in Peru; collected by Mr. Hauxwell.
It is with considerable hesitation (hence the lengthy
description) that I include the above species in the
genus Goniadera, there being a decided tendency in the
penultimate joint of the tarsi to assume the sub-bilobed
form characteristic of the next sub-family—the Hetero-
tarsine: in this respect, as well as in the sub-tuberculate
surface of its prothorax and elytra, the spurless tibie,*
* In the genus Anedus, the tibie, contrary to the statement of
Lacordaire, are all visibly spurred.
314 Mr. Frederick Bates on
the head shortened behind the eyes, and some other
minor points, it considerably approaches the genus
Phymatodes, * and must, I think, be considered as a lnk
connecting the two sub-families. The antennz in this
species have the second joint very strongly transverse ;
the terminal robust, ovoid, and not, as in Phymatodes,
elongate and sub-cylindrical ; the prothorax, moreover,
and the form of the labium and the maxillary palpi are
different from that genus, and more closely resemble the
corresponding parts in Goniadera.
The Goniadera cariosa (Dej. Cat.), judging from an
example so named in the Lafertéan collection, has the
penultimate joint of the tarsi as strongly expanded be-
neath the claw joint as in the genera Ancedus and Ly-
props, and should form the type of a distinct genus fT
of the sub-family Heterotarsine ; the whole group, how-
ever, yet requires a very careful study on a large
number of species, when, probably, it will be found
necessary to erect the species just described into a dis-
tinct genus.
Another new genus, or sub-genus, will be an insect re-
cently received from Mr. Hauxwell from Pebas, in Peru :
it is very closely allied to Phymatodes (having quite
a similar habit), but is at once separable by the re-
markable form of the antenne, which are shorter and
stouter, the joints becoming gradually shorter and
wider ; 6-10 are strongly transverse ; 11 large (but shorter
than in Phymatodes), and strongly bent or arched; 3, 4,
5 are flattened on the under side, and 6-10 are not only
thus flattened, but are concave, or very broadly channelled
along their length, beneath. Only asingle example,a ¢,
of this insect has been received (I have seen another
* In which, also, the penultimate joint of the tarsi only approaches
the sub-bilobed form, and cannot be considered as at all expanded beneath
the claw joint. Mr. Pascoe has proposed ‘(Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. ix.
142, n.) the name Phymatestes, in lieu of Phymatodes, the latter haying
been pre-occupied.
+ Readily distinguishable from Phymatodes (irrespective of its much
smaller size and different habit) by the character already mentioned, and
by its remarkably slender labial palpi ; the second joint of the maxillary
elongate, slender, and curved at the base; and byits spurred tibie :—from
Phobelius by the latter character, and by its simple hind thighs :—from
Ancedus by the base of its prothorax being squarely truncate, with the angles
simple, and by its jet-black, shining, deeply crenate-striate elytra :—and
from Lyprops (Oligorus, Dej. Cat.) by this last character, as well as by its
transverse prothorax, and short broad elytra. I propose to name the
genus imymone, and purpose soon to describe it in detail.
New Species of Heteromera. 315
species, collected by my brother on the Amazons), which
I propose soon to describe under the name of Gamazus
Hauawellii.
- AMpIaTORIxX, n. g. (Pl. XV. fig. 4).
Closely related to Goniadera, from which it differs in
having the mentwm* shorter, wider, and cordiform ; the
labiwm shorter and broader, with the anterior angles
more strongly rounded ; the mavillary palpi shorter and
stouter, with the second joint broadly and very obliquely
truncate and somewhat angular within, the third shghtly
arcuate and angularly produced at the apex within ;
head, behind the eyes, broader and squarer; epistoma
longer, decidedly and broadly emarginate in front, and
but little thickened ; antenne shorter (not attaining the
length of the prothorax), stouter, the jomts becoming
very gradually wider as they approach the extremity ;
last joint very robust, and broadly rounded at the apex;
prothorae decidedly longer than broad; squarely truncate
at each extremity; moderately rounded at the sides,
which are somewhat sharply crenulate at their edges; a
little contracted in front and behind; the fore angles
forming nearly right angles, the hind obliquely truncate ;
elytra much flatter, and consequently less declivous be-
hind, less expanded behind the middle, a little more
rounded at the shoulders, much less sinuous at the lateral
margins; epipleural fold sub-horizontal ; prosternal process
terminating behind in a small triangular point ; fore and
hind thighs somewhat strongly incrassate, the former
with a small oblique tooth near the base ; the latter with
a broad triangular tooth near the apex; intermediate
thighs compressed, expanding from the base, with a
broad blunt tooth near the extremity ; all the tibize com-
pressed and angular, without visible spurs ; the anterior
arched and acutely produced at the apex within; the
intermediate strongly curved at the base, then ex-
panded, and somewhat sinuous, to the extremity; the
posterior so sharply and strongly curved, or bent, at the
base that they might be said to be hooked, then expanded
and sinuous to the apex, with an irregular row of sharp
* Tn all the species of Goniadera examined by me, the mentwn is con-
vex, a little longer than wide, broadiy emarginate in front, the fore angles
somewhat rounded, the sides strongly rounded anteriorly, and very
strongly contracted at the base; and not, by any means, “‘ quadrangulaire
ou trapéziforme et tronqué en avant,” as given by M. Lacordaire.
TRANS, ENT. Soc. 1868,—PaRT IV. (DECEMBER). Z
316 Mr. Frederick Bates on
teeth along their inner side; first joint of the posterior
tarsi much shorter, relatively, than in Goniadera. The
abdomen is wanting in the only example I possess of
this insect; but, judging from the notch in the posterior
margin of the metasternum, the intercoxal process would
be short, broad, and rounded in front, as in Goniadera.
This insect must be somewhat related to the species
from Java mentioned by M. Lacordaire im his ‘‘ Genera,”
vol. v. p. 392 note, which that author says is a true
Goniadera ; our insect, however, is abundantly distinct
from that genus in its differently formed head, antenne,
and prothorax ; in its much flatter elytra, with the epi-
pleural fold sub-horizontal; and in its peculiarly con-
structed legs. In the form of its maxillary palpi Avdia-
torix very nearly approaches the genus Phymatodes.
Adiatoriz Jansoni, n. sp. (Pl. XV. fig. 4).
Length 8} lines :—elongate, depressed ; upper surface,
antenne, and legs uniformly dark-brown; opaque;
more or less coated with, apparently, a gummy sub-
stance, probably derived from its living in decomposed
woody matter ; underside, as much of it as is left exposed,
deep black, glossy: epistoma pitchy-red, closely and
coarsely punctured: head and prothorax strongly, coarse-
ly, and somewhat reticulately corrugate ; on the latter, the
elevated portions are, here and there, highly polished ;
scutellum elongate, sinuous at the sides, pointed behind,
and with a few large coarse punctures on the disc, the
margins being smooth and polished; on each elytron
are four very fine, sharp, smooth coste or ridges; the
first and fourth uniting near the apex of the elytra, the
second abbreviated behind, the fourth abbreviated in
front, the third mounting to, and turning, the shoulders,
and nearly joining the first and fourth at their junction,
near the hind extremity of the elytra; there is also
another ridge, short and oblique, at each side of the
scutellum ; the intervals are. broad, flat, or slightly
concave ; finely shagreened with minute granules, and
studded with small -punctures, somewhat irregularly
arranged in three rows on each interval; suture elevated,
smooth ; epipleural fold, parapleurz, and sides of sterna
minutely granulose, and with a few scattered punctures,
the first-mentioned being punctured only at the base,
and by a single row down by the outer margin ; legs
New Species. of Heteromera. 317
and antenne covered with large, rounded or oblong
impressions, the narrow elevated lines dividing them
giving to the whole surface a somewhat cellulose appear-
ance ; the antennz hispid.
Hab.—Java.
I dedicate this remarkable insect to my friend H. W.
Janson, Esq.
Fam. CISTELIDA.
Gen. CHROMOM@A.
Pascoe, Journ. Ent. 11. p. 490.
With reference to the note, ante, p. 272, I may remark
that the genus Licymnius is quite distmct from Chro-
momea. IL doubt whether the specimen of Licymnius
foveicollis, from which the description at pp. 271, 272,
was drawn, is a male ; and must wait for other specimens
before I can decide this point.
1. Chromomea Pascoei, n. sp.
3. Length 3} lines; pubescent; labrum, base and
-tip of mandibles, head, prothorax, scutellum, and elytra
deep shining black; the elytra with a longitudinal
yellow stripe, which, curving inwards from the shoulders,
becomes gradually attenuated behind, and dies out be-
fore reaching the apex; eyes prominent; head rather
strongly, and somewhat rugosely, punctured; labrum
sparingly punctured, and with a few long hairs; pro-
thorax elongate, sub-cylindrical, scarcely narrowed in
front, hind angles narrowly rounded; somewhat de-
pressed above, finely and closely punctured ; with the
usual large fovea on the middle of the base, within the
margin ; and another, obscure and smaller, at each side ;
scutellum large, transverse, punctured, broadly rounded
behind ; elytra half as wide again as the prothorax at
the base, which is bisinuate ; flattened above, rounded at
the shoulders, and, from thence, gradually tapered to the
apex, which is narrowly rounded; punctate-striate: the
punctures not approximate; save the sutural one, which
is very strongly impressed, these striz are abbreviated
behind, and gradually die out as they approach the sides
of the elytra; the intervals, save the two nearest the suture,
Zz 2
318 Mr. Frederick Bates on
are flat, and finely but not closely punctured ; lateral
margins reflexed; underside deep shining black, finely
punctured, pubescent ; legs yellow, with the apical half
-of all the thighs, and the base and apex of all the tibiz,
black ; palpi, and three first joints (save the tip of the
third) of the antenne, reddish; tips of the former dusky,
remaining joints of the latter black; tarsi dusky red.
The hind thighs are strongly compressed, and are ex-
panded in the middle within, into a very broad blunt
tooth ; the tibiz are all strongly keeled externally, the
anterior feebly sinuous, the posterior very strongly
sinuous or twisted, completely excavated or channelled,
on their inner side, from near their base, and expanded in
the middle ; these characters, together with the more
projecting eyes, the smaller and narrower form, brighter
colours, sparser pubescence, and the elytra gradually
attenuated behind, are the distinguishing features of the
males in this genus.
The present species may be at once separated from
C. picta (Pascoe, Journ. Ent. 1. 491) by its smaller size,
more prominent eyes, squarer prothorax, finer punctua-
tion, and differently coloured labrum, antennz, legs, and
elytra.
Hab.—Australia (Brisbane) .
I have great pleasure in dedicating this handsome
little species to my friend FI’. P. Pascoe, Esq.
2. Chromomea vittata, n. sp.
é. Length 3? lmes:—very similar in colour, mark-
ings, &c., to the preceding, but the black of the pro-
thorax and elytra is somewhat dusky, and with a slight
greenish tinge; it is also a little larger; the eyes are
less prominent, the head broader, the prothorax shorter,
broader, rounded at the sides, decidedly narrowed an-
teriorly, the hind angles more strongly rounded, and
the punctuation of the whole insect, both above and
on the underside, is coarser.
The ¢ is more pubescent than the ¢ ; the black of
the prothorax and elytra of a duskier hue, and with a
more decided greenish tinge; the eyes less prominent ;
the elytra broader, and gradually expanding to the
middle, with the yellow stripe broader and extending
nearer to the apex; the tibiz are keeled only at the
New Species of Heteromera. 319
base, the fore and intermediate straight, the hind a little
arched only, not sinuous, nor channelled down their inner
side; and the hind thighs are simple.
Hab.—New South Wales, and Brisbane.
It is possible that this species may, ultimately, have
to be united to the preceding ; but the differently formed
prothorax, alike in both sexes, at present compels me to
hold them distinct.
3. Chromomea pallida, n. sp.
3. Length 34 lmes:—finely pubescent; shghtly
shining ; elytra pale greenish-yellow, with the sutural
region, sides and epipleurz, rufescent; head, save the
epistoma which is dark red, and labrum, deep black ;
prothorax, including the flanks, bright reddish-castane-
ous, with an obscure irregular fuscous patch on the disc ;
head somewhat coarsely and rugosely punctured ; pro-
thorax longer than wide; sides sub-parallel, a little
narrowed anteriorly ; hind angles very shghtly rounded ;
very finely and closely punctured ; scutellum rufescent,
large, strongly transverse, very broadly rounded behind ;
elytra scarcely half as wide again as the prothorax at the
base, strongly rounded at the shoulders, punctate-striate,
the punctures somewhat approximate; the striz more
apparent on the sides and at the apex than in the two
preceding species: intervals sub-convex on the disc,
- finely and rather closely punctured; underside glossy ;
sterna black, minutely and rugosely punctate ; parapleurze
dull red; abdomen, save the two basal joints which are
more or less pitchy, bright red ; very minutely punctu-
late ; palpi, mandibles (except the tips, which are black),
and antenne, pale red, the terminal joints of the latter
being more or less dusky black; legs pale yellow, with
a patch near the apex of the thighs, the base and apex
of the tibiz, and the tarsi, dusky black.
The ¢ is larger, 4 lines, of a duller colour above ;
parapleure of a bright red, and the abdomen entirely
red.
Hab.—New South Wales.
At once to be distinguished from the preceding by its
black head, contrasted with its red prothorax, differently
coloured elytra, and bright red abdomen.
320 Mr. Frederick Bates on
4, Chromomea rufescens, n. sp.
9. Length 4% lines:-—shining; sparingly clothed
with a very short, fine pubescence; labrum black; head
and prothorax (flanks included) dark castaneous, with an
obscure line down the centre, and a marginal patch at
each side, black; elytra reddish-brown, with the apex
more or less dusky- -black; head strongly and rugosely
punctured ; prothorax a REE longer than wide, sides
sub-parallel, slightly narrowed in front; closely and
rather finely punctured, at each side of the usual basal fovea
is a small narrow elongate depression, close to the hind
margin; hind angles narrowly rounded ; scutellum trans-
verse, broadly rounded behind ; elytra rather broad, de-
pressed; punctate-striate, the striz a little famter at the
sides, base, and apex ; intervals sub-convex, punctured,
and more or less transversely wrinkled ; body beneath,
save the metasternum which is partly of a bright red,
black; finely pubescent, very glossy ; middle joints of
abdomen bright red, remainder pitchy; antenne red,
the three basal joints being paler; basal half of thighs,
and the tibizw, yellowish-brown ; tips of the latter, and
apical half of the former, red; their tips, and the tarsi,
darker.
The terminal joint of the antenne is smaller than the
preceding, and is somewhat acutely pointed at the apex.
In the two female examples of this species before me,
one has the head darker, the prothorax more obscured
by dusky patches, and more depressed, the sides more
parallel and less contracted in front, and the basal callo-
sities of the elytra much less pronounced, than in the
other. I do not know the male. The larger size, and
nearly uniform reddish-brown colour, will serve to dis-
tinguish this species from any of the foregoing.
Hab.—New South Wales.
5. Chromomeea unicolor, n. sp.
9. Length 3} lmes:—entirely black, with a slight
brassy tinge; shining; clothed with a rather long
ashy pubescence ; somewhat strongly depressed ; head
rather narrow, strongly punctured ; the punctures, be-
hind the eyes, elongate ; prothorax a little longer than
broad ; sides sub-parallel, shghtly contracted anteriorly ;
hind angles scarcely, or very narrowly, rounded ;
strongly punctured, the punctures large and rounded ;
New Species of Heteromera. 321
scutellum broadly rounded behind, punctured; elytra
strongly bisinuate at the base; with a somewhat deep
depression behind the basal callosities ; punctate-striate,
the punctures rather large; very strongly and trans- —
versely wrinkled, and irregularly punctured, on the inter-
vals ; underside black without any brassy tinge ; densely
pubescent ; densely and strongly punctured ; abdomen
closely and transversely rugose-punctate ; organs of the
mouth, and legs, pitchy black; the tarsi a little paler ;
antenne, save the second joint which is red, black.
Hab.—South Australia.
I have not seen the male of this species, which is
very distinct from all the others by its colour, and the
strongly wrinkled surface of its elytra.
Fam. LAGRITDAS.
XenosteTuus, nu. g. (Pl. XV. fig. 5).
Male :—sub-mentum pedunculate* (7. e. rismg consi-
derably above the level of the bottom of the maxillary
sinus), broadly arched in front ; mentwm strongly trans-
verse, convex, arcuately emarginate in front, fore
angles somewhat pointed, sides rounded before the
middle, thence contracted to the base ; sparsely clothed
with a few long suberect hairs ; /abiwm very prominent,
transverse, its paraglosse (?) enormously developed
(overlapping the ligula, which they nearly conceal),
more or less closely united at their inner margins, and
forming, thus conjoined, a transverse sub-triangular
body, its sides incurved with the margins broadly re-
flexed, its apex more or less pointed and furnished with
a tuft of hairs; the ligula being visible only at the base
and through a narrow triangular cleft in the junction of
the paraglosse (?) behind; labial palpi short, somewhat
robust; last jot short, strongly curved outwardly, the
apex broadly and somewhat obliquely truncate ; inner
lobe of maailla rather small, foliaceous, clothed with
longish hairs; the outer lobe masked by a large plate,
which is oblique, of an oblong form, broad and rounded
* M. Lacordaire in his definition of the family, says :—‘‘ Menton
non porté par un pédoncule du sous-menton ;” this is certainly an error,
for, in the whole of the genera, the sub-mentum is more or less pedun-
culate; in the genus Statira it is even more strongly so than in Xeno-
stethus. -
322 Mr. Frederick Bates on
in front, and gradually tapering behind ;* mazillary
palpi very long, hairy, last jot elongate, cultriform ;
mandibles thin, rather strongly curved near their ex-
tremity ; bifid at the end, the prongs of unequal length,
sharp and pointed ; labrum transverse, strongly notched
in front, fore angles broadly rounded, thence rather
sharply contracted to the base ; attached to the epistoma
by asemicorneous hinge ; head rounded behind the eyes,
then suddenly contracted into a rather long cylindrical
neck ; cheeks prominent ; epistoma short, broadly trun-
cate and sub-sinuous in front, sides sub-parallel, or
slightly widening behind, separated from the front by a
well-marked transverse impression ; eyes large, promi-
nent, transverse, approximate above, narrowed below,
hind margins sinuous, slightly notched in front for the
reception of the antennary auricles (= “‘oreillettes anten-
naires,” Lacord.), the latter small and narrow (leaving
the globular roots of the antenne exposed) but very
prominent ; antennce long, slender; joint 1 elongate,
thickening to the extremity ; 2 short; 3 more than twice
the length of 2, and, like it, a little swollen at the end ;
4-10 elongate, sub-equal, sub-cylindrical, or shghtly
thickened at their extremity; 11 more than twice the
length of 10, cylindrical, the apex pointed ; joints 1-3
are smooth and nearly hairless, the remamder are
minutely rugose-punctate, and more or less clothed with
short decumbent hairs: prothorax globoso-oval, its pro-
notum confounded with its flanks, but with all the angles
apparent, distant from the elytra, notably prolonged be-
hind the insertion of the anterior coxee; faintly bisinuate
and finely margined in front; constricted behind near
the base, which becomes suddenly and obliquely widened,
hind margin somewhat thickened or raised, and strongly
bisinuate ; scutellum elongate, narrow, sinuous at the
sides; entire, and gradually arched, behind; elytra
elongate, narrow, sub-cylindrical; half as wide again as
the prothorax at the base, which is truncate ; sub-parallel,
the shoulders distinct, rounded; contracted near the
hind extremity, with the apex rounded, or obliquely
truncate, and with a small spine or tooth at the sutural
angle; epipleural fold narrow, sinuous, a little expanded
* What appears to be the lobe proper (densely clothed with short hairs
at its summit) is found soldered to the under surface of this plate, and is
more or less enfolded by an inner expansion of it ; no mere description,
however, can convey a correct idea of the curious oral organs of this in-
sect ; the details given on the plate, where they are shown in situ, and
dissected out, on both their faces, will best illustrate them.
New Species of Heteromera. 323
near the base, gradually narrowing towards the extremity
of the elytra behind ; legslong ; the three pairs nearly equi-
distant (in consequence of the prolongation of the pro-
thorax behind its acetabula) ; fore and hind thighs very
strongly incrassate, the former curved, and with a
broad blunt tooth near their extremity within ; tibize of
the same pairs rather strongly arched, expanded, broadly
excavated, and partly fringed with long hairs within ;
the anterior are also thickened at their extremity ; inter-
mediate thighs comparatively slender, slightly thick-
ening from their base to near their extremity ; the inter-
mediate tibie are a little curved, and slightly excavated
within, at their basal half; the hind and intermediate
tibie are also armed with a short curved spur; tarsi
furnished with a brush of short hairs beneath, and with
a few longer hairs on their sides and above; the penulti-
. mate joint of all sub-bilobate ; the first of the posterior
nearly as long the following united; fore and intermediate
coxee more or less clothed with long shaggy hairs; the
posterior transverse, oblique; the anterior moderately
long, somewhat narrowly separated by the prosternal
process ; prosternum broadly concave in front, its process
between the coxe is narrow, very prominent, canalicu-
late, with the margin, at each side, raised into a long
obtuse tooth ; it is abruptly bent down behind the coxe,
then suddenly widened, plain, the hind extremity more
or less strongly hooked, the apex being obtusely poimted ;
mesosternum horizontal, broadly hollowed out in front
in form of an open V ; metasternum elongate, its epis-
terna sub-parallel, smuous at the sides; intercowal process
long, narrowly triangular, the apex pointed ; abdomen
5-jointed, the last jomt arcuately truncate at each side
at the apex, leaving a short broad triangular projection
in the centre ; body winged.
Female :—differs from the male in having the eyes a
little less prominent, less approximate above ; the pro-
thorax shorter, less globose, broader in front and behind ;
the scutellum not sinuous at the sides, and notched be-
hind ; the elytra not so parallel, a little expanded behind
the middle, the apex pointed (but still having the tooth
at the sutural angle, as in the ¢) ; the epiplewral fold
broadly continued to the hind extremity: the fore and
hind thighs straight, less strongly incrassate, simple ;
the tibiz (of the same pairs) sinuous, not arched, and
neither expanded nor excavated within; intermediate
B24 Mr. Frederick Bates on
tibie straight, entire; the first jomt of the posterior
tarsi a little less elongate; the fore and intermediate
coxe smooth, or with but a few short imconspicuous
hairs; the prosternal process not toothed at each side
between the cox, nor hooked at the hind extremity ;
the abdomen 5-jointed as in the 6, the last jomt is not
truncate, but has a small semicircular notch at its ex-
treme apex.
The antenne are imperfect in all the female examples
I have of this insect; but judging from the portion re-
maining, I should say they do not materially differ from
the 3, unless, it may be, in the terminal joint.
The submentum (=“‘piéce prébasalaire” of Du Val,
Gen. des Coléop. Introd.) is well defined in this genus,
being marked out from the rest of the undersurface of the
head by a deeply impressed line or suture. I cannot find
any trace of spurs to the anterior tibiz in either sex.
Of the genera yet published Xenostethus is most nearly
related to Statira, with which it has many points of struc-
ture incommon ; but in the peculiar form ofits oral organs,
and in the remarkable prolongation of the prothorax
behind the acetabula, it cannot, so far as my knowledge
extends, claim relationship with any other described
genus of Heteromera. 'The marked protuberance of the
anterior coxe and parts adjacent, with their acetabula
broadly closed behind; the elongate terminal joint of the
antenne ; the head contracted behind into a long neck ;
and the form of the tarsi, are the chief characters which
lead me to place the genus, provisionally at least, in the
family Lagrude; ultimately, perhaps, its many special
peculiarities may be considered of sufficient value to
entitle it to rank in a less subordinate position; the
family, however, already contains some very peculiar
forms.
Xcnostethus Lacordairii, n. sp: (Plo XVotewoye
3d. Length 7#-83 lines:—-elongate; narrow; shining ;
elytra clear bright green, or olive green, sometimes with
the sides purplish coppery; /ead and prothorax deep
shining black; the former more or less convex and
smooth on the crown; front flattened or depressed, un-
even, sparingly punctured ; epistoma and labrum smooth,
the latter having some long hairs above and fringing the
New Species of Heteromera. 325
anterior border ; mentum coarsely rugose-punctate ; a few
large rounded punctures behind the eyes and on the
cheeks; neck finely and sparingly punctured ; prothoraz,
including the flanks, strongly punctured, the punctures
large and rounded, more sparingly distributed on the
disc, more crowded on the sides; longer than broad,
very convex or globose; strongly rounded on the sides
to the constriction behind, thence rapidly expanding to
the hind angles ; not impressed down the median lne;
an oblong fovea or depression on the middle of the base,
within the margin ; scutellwm black, smooth; elytra elon-
gate, sides nearly parallel, and feebly smuous; punctate-
striate ; the punctures rather large, deep, rounded and
approximate ; the intervals convex and smooth; meso-
and meta-pleure and sides of metasternum punctured,
the punctures large and rounded: metasternum strongly
depressed in the middle, and, together with the abdomen,
transversely wrinkled and sparsely clothed with long hairs:
body beneath, legs, palpi, labrum, and three first joints of
antenne pitchy-black, shining; remaining joimts of the
latter reddish-brown.
Q. Length 74; — 8 lines:—differs from the ¢ in
haying the head more densely and coarsely punctured
behind the eyes: the prothorax shorter, less convex, less
rounded at the sides, wider in front and behind, faintly
impressed down the median line, without the depression
in the middle of the base; elytra less parallel at the sides,
a little expanded behind the middle: metasternum and
abdomen smooth, not transversely wrinkled, and hairless ;
the former convex, not depressed in the middle.
Hab.—Sherboro Island: West Coast of Africa.
I dedicate this most peculiar insect to the illustrious
author of the ‘‘Genera des Coléopteres.”
Family RHIPIPHORIDAL.
Gen. Acosmvs.
(Dej. Cat. p. 239) ; Lacord. Genera, v. p. 625, note.
Judging from an example in the Lafertéan Collection
labelled “ Acosmus capensis, Dej.,” this species is certain-
ly identical with the Geoscopus murinus, Gerstiick. Monog.
Rhipiphor. pp. 7, 8, plate, fig. 2. a. b. c.
326 ; Mr. F. Bates on Heteromera.
Hauplanation of Plate XV.
ae
Fig. 1. Avryenis rufescens, (a, b).
Chorasmius procerus, (a).
Goniadera interrupta, (a, b, c).
Adiatoria Jansoni, (a, b, ¢).
oes GOSS)
Xenostethus Lacordairii, §; (a, antenna; b, head, underside ;
c, mentum, labium, &c.; d, back view of paraglosse ? ;
e, inner face of maxilla, &c.; f, outer face of maxilla, &c. ;
g, last abdominal joint in 2; h, last abdominal joint in ¢).
Goniadera repanda, (a, b, c,).
Goniadera, sp., (a, b, c).
Phymatodes tuberculatus, § . (a, b, c).
Oo PAs
Phymatodes, sp., 3, (a, 0, c).
Additional Explanation of Plate XII.
———_>__-_—
The following figures were added to this Plate after the explanation
(ante, p. 274) was printed :—
Fig. 1*. Hypaulaw marginata, head and prothorax, upperside; 1e*, un-
derside. (Ante, p. 261.)
8. Dechius scissicollis, g ?. (Ante, p. 266.)
8*, Dechius scissicollis, hind tibia, enlarged.
( 327 )
XVIII. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Ex-
otic Hymenoptera. By J. O. Westwoop, M.A.,
F.L.S., &e.
[ Read 16th November and 7th December, 1868. ]
Genus Triconatys, Westw.
1. Trigonalys pulchella, nv. sp.
Minuta; castanea, flavo et nigro variegata; alis lim-
pidis, nubila fuscescente subapicali ; antennis obscure
fulvis.
Long. corp. lin. 34; expans. alar. lin. 6.
Habitat in Insula Ceylon. Dom. Thwaites. In Mus.
Hopeiano, Oxonie (olim nostro).
Species perelegans. Caput castaneum, clypeo, orbitu
oculorum, maculis tribus verticalibus lineolisque nonnullis
posticis flavis. Thorax castaneus; marginibus superis
collaris, maculis duabus conicis anticis mesonoti, alteris
duabus ad latera scutelli, post-scutelli linea tenui trans-
versa, maculisque duabus magnis posticis metanoti, flavis.
Abdomen segmentis dorsalibus basi nigris, apice castaneis,
Imo et 2do macula magna communi ovata, hujus etiam
margine lato postico, flavis; segmentis apicalibus flavis,
linea longitudinali media castanea ; segmentis ventralibus
inermibus.
2. Trigonalys jucunda, n. sp.
Rufo-fusco et flavo varia, minute punctatissima; alis
hyalinis, anticarum dimidio costali fusco; pedibus
rufis, tibiis basi albidis ; antennis fuscis, basi fulvis.
Long. corp. lin. 43; expans. alar. antic. lin. 10.
Habitat in Amazonia. Dom. Bates. In Mus. Hopeia-
no, Oxonie.
Caput flavum, vertice late castaneo, nigro cincto ; an-
tenne long, 24-articulate, apice gracillime, articulis
8 basalibus fulvo-rufis, apice fuscee. Thorax castaneo-ru-
fus; collaris lateribus, maculis duabus anticis mesonoti,
alteris duabus ad basin scutelli, post-scutello, et maculis
duabus ad apicem metanoti, flavis; scutello nigricante.
Abdomen ad basin castaneum, ad apicem nigricans, seg-
mentorum margine apicali flavo, segmentis ventralibus in
medio inermibus.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1868.—PaRT Iv. (DECEMBER).
328 Prof. Westwood on
3. Trigonalys lugubris, n. sp.
Nigra, punctatissima, flavo varia; alis anticis margine
costali fusco suffuso.
Long. corp. lin. 45; expans. alar. antic. lin. 9.
Habitat in Amazonia. Dom. Bates. In Mus. Hopeia-
no, Oxonie.
Caput nigrum ; clypeo, macula parva ad marginem an-
ticum oculorum, alterisque duabus suborbitalibus, mandi-
bulisque flavis, harum dentibus nigris ; antenne nigre,
27-articulate. Thorax niger, collaris margine supero,
punctis duobus anticis mesonoti, alterisque duobus minu-
tis ad latera scutelli, post-scutelli lmea tenui in medio
emarginata, flavis. Abdomen segmentis postice flavo
tenue marginatis ; infrain medio profunde incisis. Alze
hyaline, margine costali fusco pone stigma magis suffuso.
Pedes nigri, tibiis extus albidis.
Nomapina, n. g.
Genus novum, e sectione Terebrantium ; Trigonalyde
proximum, Nomadam (Apidwm) quodammodo simu-
lans.
Corpus breve robustum. Caput transversum, lobo
transverso antico, in quo insident antenne, thorace bre-
viores, sat crasse, 16-articulate, articulo lmo_ brevi.
Ocelli 8, parvi; mandibulee late, subquadrate, fere plane,
4-dentatee ; relique oris partes fere obsolete; palpi la-
biales brevissimi, subconici. Thorax ovatus, collari supra
inconspicuo. Pedes breves, robusti, simplices, unguibus
bifidis. Ale antic cellula una marginali, 4 submarginali-
bus; lma magna accepit venam lam recurrentem, 2da
parva trigona, dtia parva quadrata accepit venam 2dam
recurrentem ; cellulis 3 discoidalibus. Abdomen thorace
paullo majus, depressum, sub-spatulatum ; segmento 3tio
ventrali in tuberculo medio conico elevato, 4to imciso.
Nomadina Smithii, n. sp.
Lutea, fusco varia; capite maculis 4 parvis imter et
pone oculos; thorace linea media ad post-scutellum
extensa, maculisque duabus oblongis mesothoracis,
fuscis ; margine postico segmentorum abdominalium
albido; alis concoloribus, stigmate venisque casta-
nels.
Long. corp. lin 5; expans. alar. antic. lm. 103.
Habitat in Amazonia. Dom. Bates. In Mus. Smith.
New Species of Hymenoptera. 329
SIBYLLINA, 1. g.
Genus novum Aculeatorum, quoad affinitates animum
excrucians, sed ad familiam Vespidarum ut mihi
videtur magis approximans. Corpus elongatum,
Belonogastri (Vespidarum) vel Pelopei (Sphegida-
rum) habitu, ¢ etiam Formicarum nonnullarum
antennis elongatis, non dissimile.
Caput mediocre. Oculi reniformes. Ocelli magni.
Mandibule parve, 3-dentate. Antenne ¢ graciles, fili-
formes, alis longiores, 12-articulate, non geniculate, arti-
culo Imo parvo. Palpi valde elongati, 6-4-articulati.
Labium, ut videtur, 3-lobatum. Thorax elongato-ovatus,
collare brevi, lateraliter ad tegulas extenso, in medio sub-
tus profundeimpresso. Petiolus abdominis thorace longior.
Abdomen elongato-ovatum. Pedes longi, graciles, haud
spinoso-denticulati; tarsis omnibus elongatis, mem-
branaceo-dilatatis ; unguibus dente medio subtus arma-
tis. Alze mediocres ; antice haud longitudinaliter-plicate ;
cellula una marginali, 3 submarginalibus, lma et 2da
equalibus, 2da accepit venam lam recurrentem valde
obliquam in medio marginis postici; 2da recurrente, valde
indistincta, cellulam 38am discoidalem claudente, trans-
versa, et apicem cellule 2dze attingente ; ale postice ad
apicem venee pobrachialis incise.
Sibyllina ceenigmatica, n. sp.
Tota luteo-fulva ; levis, vix nitida; alis lutescente vix
tinctis. Ophioni luteo coloribus similis.
Long. corp. unc. }; expans. alar. antic. unc. 3.
Habitat in Insula St. Dominici, Hayti. Dom. Tweedy.
In Mus. Hopeiano, Oxonie; Britann.; et Dom. Smith.
Genus Auvnacus, Jurine.
The following descriptions of new species are supple-
mental to those published by me in the Third Volume of
the First Series of these Transactions (p. 260), and the
First Volume of the Second Series (p. 222).
1. Aulacus nobilis, n. sp.
Niger, nitidus ; mesonoto valde gibboso, retuso, rugoso,
et antice tuberculis duobus conicis porrectis armato,
330 Prof. Westwood on
supra rufo-fulvo; alis fuscis, violaceo-micantibus, stig-
mate nigro, omnibus macula trigona, paullo ante me-
dium, fasciaque lata substigmatico, hyalinis. Abdomine
brevi clavato; oviductu abdomine paullo longiori, valvulis
nigris. 2.
Long. corp. lin. 6; expans. alar. lin. 11.
Habitat im Amazonia. (Dom. Bates). In Mus. Ho-
peiano, Oxonie.
2. Aulacus formosus, n. sp.
Elongatus, lete flavus, nigro variegatus; alis subhya-
linis, stigmate nigro, nubilaque apicali anticarum infuma-
tis ; capitis vertice nigro, lineis (vel punctis) duabus flavis ;
mesonoto transverse striatulo, macula trigona antica,
alterisque duabus dorsalibus, scutello et metanoto macu-
lis parvis nigris notatis ; abdomine flavo, basi et fascns
Nigris ; pedibus flavis, posticorum duorum trochanteribus,
basi et apice tibiarum, tarsisque nigris: oviductus val-
vulis nigris. ¢ et @.
‘Long. corp., ¢ lin. 6; 92 lin. 7; expans. alar. antic.
a peMlitaky Gor 2 lin. 14.
Habitat im Australia australiori (Melbourne, Dom.
Bakewell).
In Muss. Hopeiano, Oxoniz (olim nostro) et Britann.
(cum nomine M.S. Smithiano supra usitato scriptus) .
3. Aulacus stigmaticus, n. sp.
Niger; capite antice et lateribus thoracis griseo seri-
genome abdomine longo, compresso ; pedunculo fere
dimidium longitudinis abdominis cequante nigro, seg-
mentis 2 proximis obscure fulvis, dorso nigro-fasciatis ;
alis hyalinis, anticis costa flavescente, macula magna ro-
tundata nigra cum stigmate connexa ; antennis nigris,
articulis 2 basalibus fulvis : pedibus obscure luteo-albidis,
posticis duobus obscurioribus: venis alarum posticarum
fere obsoletis. @.
Long. corp. lin. 5} ; expans. alar. antic. lin. 8$.
Habitat apud Singapore. (Dom. Wallace). In Mus.
Smith.
4. Aulacus rufitarsis, n. sp.
Niger, capite subopaco, thorace striolato; abdomine
subelongato, nitido,sensim subclavato: antennis et palpis
New Species of Hymenoptera. 331
nigris: alis obscure hyalinis, stigmate nigro, apice fus-
cescente, vena cellulam 2am submarginalem claudente
fere obliterata; pedibus nigris, tibiis quatuor anticis
tarsisque omnibus rufescentibus; oviductu abdomine
plus dimidio longiori, valvulis nigris. ?.
Long. corp. lin. 6; expans. alar. antic. lin. 11.
Habitat in Terra Van Diemenii. (Dom. Cuming). In
Mus. Hopeiano, Oxonie.
5. Aulacus hemorrhoidellus, n. sp.
A. hemorrhoidali (Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, i. 223)
magnitudine et habitu simillimus. Differt spima parva
porrecta utrinque ad angulum antico-inferum collaris,
pedibus nigris, et oviductus valvulis late albo-fasciatis. @ .
Long. corp. lin. 6; expans. alar. antic. lin. 94.
Habitat in Amazonia. (Dom. Bates). In Mus. Ho-
peiano, Oxonie.
6. Aulacus spinifer, n. s.
A. hemorrhoidali proximus. Differt antennis omnino
nigris; mesonoto supra obscure testaceo, areolato, antice
bicornuto ; margine antico angusto nigro collaris etiam
spinis 4 antice -porrectis armato: scutello et metanoto
nigris, rugosis: abdomine clavato, dimidio apicali tes-
taceo: alis hyalinis, stigmate nigro, nubila apicali fusces-
cente; oviductus valvulis nigris ; pedibus 4 anticis luteis,
tarsis apice obscuris, 2 posticis nigris.
Long. corp. lin. 63; expans. alar. antic. lin. 84.
Habitatin Amazonia, (Dom. Bates). In Mus. Hopeiano,
Oxonie.
(Aulacinus, subg. nov.)
7. Aulacus (Aulacinus) meerens, n. sp.
Brevis, subopacus ; niger ; capite subgloboso, antennis
brevibus, fulvis, articulis 2 basalibus et 2 apicalibus nigri-
cantibus; thorace brevi-ovato, antice subretuso, striatulo;
alis subhyalinis, stigmate et venis nigris, cellulis 4 sub-
marginalibus distinctis, 2da late trigona, apice supra
truncato, 3dtia subquadrata, vena cellulam 2dam claudente
| TRANS. ENT. soc. 1868.—pPaRT IV. (DECEMBER). A A
332 Prof. Westwood on New Species of Hymenoptera.
cum vena secunda recurrente continua; venis alarum
posticarum obsoletis; pedibus nigris, tibiis (nisi apice
posticarum) tarsisque brunneis: abdomine brevi, cla-
vato ; oviductu abdomine breviori; valvulis nigris. ?.
Long. corp. lin. 54; expans. alar. antic. lin. 83.
Habitat apud Adelaidam, Australie. In Mus. Ho-
peiano, Oxonie.
The variation in the veins of the wings has rendered it
necessary to propose a separate subgenus for this species.
A THE
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON
FOR THE YEAR
1868.
February 3, 1868.
H. W. Barss, Esq., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.
The President, after thanking the Society for the honour conferred upon him by his
election to the chair, nominated as Vice-Presidents, Sir John Lubbock, Mr. W.
Wilson Saunders, and Mr. Stainton.
Donations to the Library.
The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the~ donors :—
‘ Proceedings of the Royal Society, Nos. 93—97 ; presented by the Society. ‘ Abhand-
lungen herausgegeben vom naturwiss. Vereine zu Bremen, vol. i. part 2; by the
Society. ‘Coleoptera Hesperidum, being an Enumeration of the Coleopterous Insects
of the Cape Verde Archipelago, by T. V. Wollaston; by the Author. Newman’s
‘British Moths, No. 14; by the Author. ‘The Zoologist’ for February; by the
Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for February; by the Editors.
Exhibitions, §c.
Mr. Bond exhibited a female specimen of Drilus flavescens, the second specimen
of that sex, he believed, which had been found in this country. On the Ist of April,
1867, Mr. J. E. Harting was collecting shells on the South Downs at Harting, Sussex,
and the Drilus was discovered in a shell of Helix ericetorum. The larva has for some
time been known to live in snail shells (see Proc. Ent. Soc. 1858, p. 9), and Mr. Bond
suggested that the female had been hatched in the shell in which it was discovered,
and had never quitted it until disturbed by Mr. Harting.
Mr. Bond exhibited larva-skins of a species of Dermestes, which he was at first
informed had not only destroyed the bladder-coverings of sixty pots of preserved fruits,
but had also eaten a considerable portion of the contents; but on further inquiry it
turned out the larve had not in this case eaten any of the fruit, but merely damaged
the surface, which was covered with larva-skins and “ what appeared to be powder or
small eggs.” Mr. Newman, however, had informed Mr. Bond that a city house had
recently sustained great loss from the same insect: in this instance the pots of jam
were covered with paper only, not with skin, and the larve had actually consumed part
of the contents, and rendered the whole worthless,
B
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Mr. M‘Lachlan had found quantities of a Dermestes larva in the timbers of a ship,
upon which they had fed. Mr. F. Smith had reared Dermestes from timber; and
Mr. Janson had often noticed that the larve would forsake hides and take refuge in
the wooden flooring of a building, but this was probably for pupation, not for
sustenance.
Mr. Daniel Hanbury communicated a letter from Dr. Bidie, of the Madras Army,
respecting the “coffee-borer” of Southern India (see Proc. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. cix);
and Mr. F. Smith mentioned that in Chevrolat’s collection in the British Museum
there was a single specimen, labelled Xylotrechus quadripes, which seemed to be
identical with the insect recently received from India.
With reference to Mr. Stainton’s larva of a Tinea found feeding in an antelope’s
horn (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. cv.), Mr. Bond mentioned that a similar case was
recorded by Mr. Haliday in the Proc. Dublin Univ. Zool. Soc. 1855: see Dublin
Nat. Hist. Review, vol. iii. p. 23, pl. i.
Mr. Bond also exhibited a specimen of Bombyx quercus, in which the colours of
the male and female were combined.
Dr. Wallace exhibited two British-born specimens of the Japanese oak-feeding
Bombyx Yamamai, one reared by Mr. Gascoyne at Newark, the other by Mr.
Shoolbred at Wolverhampton; and some eggs laid by Mr. Gascoyne’s specimen. Also
specimens of Bombyx Pernyi, a Chinese oak-feeding species, which he hoped would
be naturalized in this country. Also, an imago and cocoon of Pachypusa effusa from
Graham’s Town, an acacia-feeder, from which an attempt was being made in South
Africa to obtain silk, though the nature of the cocoon gave little promise of a favour-
able result. Dr. Wallace made some observations on the progress of sericiculture, as
well of mulberry silk as of Ailanthus silk, at the Cape of Good Hope and in Australia ;
and expressed his opinion that, although he found the air of the Eastern Counties of
England too dry for Bombyx Yamamai, that species would probably succeed better in
the cool and moist climates of Ireland or Scotland.
Dr. Gray communicated the following extract from a letter received by him from
Dr. George Bennett, dated “ Sydney, 21 October, 1867” :—
“We have had, since the 14th of September, a wonderful flight of moths in Sydney
and the vicinity, extending inland fourteen to twenty-five miles, and along the coast
in clouds, from Newcastle seventy-five miles north, to Kiama eighty-eight miles south
of Sydney: in those places they have swarmed in legions, proving a perfect pest.
They are of the family Noctuide, and you may recollect that in my ‘ Wanderings
in New South Wales’ vol. i. p. 265, I mentioned a moth of the genus Agrotis,
probably A. spina, which congregates in November, December and January, about
masses of granite on the Bugong range of mountains. The moth of which this year
we have such multitudes is, I consider, of the same genus as the Bugong, and isa
large dark-coloured insect, very prettily marked; whether a new species I will leave
you to determine: it is recognized by the colonists as a well-known visitor, but rarely
in such multitudes and never to so wide an extent as during this time. Every house
and public building is infested with them, clinging in swarms to the corners, behind
shutters, or in any hollow space where they can congregate: this occurs to a greater
extent in the suburbs than in the city. On the first morning following their arrival
they occasioned great alarm and annoyance, for on opening the shutters the servants
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were saluted by a copious shower of these strong-winged insects, which had crowded
on every part of the rooms and verandah, flying in legions in their faces with a
whirring noise, and at the same time covering them with a quantity of dust or moth-
feathers. During the first few days of the plague, some persons had to call in the
assistance of their neighbours to help to clear away the hosts of these insects that had
congregated in their dwellings. They filled the church at Kiama, and for a time
prevented the performance of divine service; and how they behaved in the church at
St. Leonards, on the north shore of Port Jackson, has been described by the Rev. W.
B. Clarke. It is difficult to form an opinion whence the moths came: on the doors
and windows being left open, the rooms were soon filled with multitudes, and what
with the “ dust-feathers” and a white fluid ejected by them, they stained and injured
the curtains and coverings of the furniture. About dusk they might be observed flying
high and always with great rapidity, and then spreading about would alight on the
flowers, always selecting the sweetest, and on these they might be seen in crowds
sucking the blossoms, and so busily engaged as to be readily captured. Although
generally seen about dusk, yet I observed a few days since a number of them
crowding on the flowers of the orange and lemon trees early in the afternoon, and they
rose in multitudes when disturbed. All I have examined are males, and although
caught in various lvealities not a single fertile female has yet been discovered. It has
been stated that a similar visitation took place in the vicinity of Sydney in 1855, but
I do not recollect their swarming so generally, or to so great an extent or in such
legions, as on the present occasion. In the ‘ Newcastle Chronicle’ it is mentioned that
Captain Twiss, of the brigantine ‘ Express,’ which arrived in port on the 9th of
October, reports that ‘on the 7th of October, being 300 miles away from the coast of
New South Wales, he observed a great number of moths in the sea; on the 8th, being
moderately calm, the sea was literally covered with moths.’ Captain Twiss was of
opinion that they had been blown from the shore, but from observations on land they
appeared to come from the sea in the teeth of a westerly gale.”
The following is the account given by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, dated “ St. Leonards,
10th October, 1867,” and referred to in Dr. Bennett’s letter: —
“On the 22nd of December, 1851, I camped on a thick bed of snow, just under the
summit of the Mount Kosciusco range in the Australian Alps, at a height of between
six and seven thousand feet, or more than a mile and a quarter above the sea. The
only fuel we could obtain was from the belt of old withered dwarf gum scrub, that
appears just at the snow line; our fire, therefore, was very small. About sundown an
immense flight of moths came down from the granite peaks and nearly extinguished
the fire. My attention being attracted to them by this circumstance, and my memory
supplying the fact, that Dr. Bennett had, years before, described the moths that he
saw on the Bugong Mountain, on the Upper Tumut River, I secured a specimen,
which I find by comparison to be identical in species with the Agrotis that is now
infesting this vicinity. It is for the sake of identification that I allude to the year
1851. On the 7th of October, 1855, St. Thomas’ Church (North Shore) was visited by
a great flight, which much disturbed the congregation on that day and the following
Sunday, 14th October. The invaders were got rid of with great difficulty, and at some
cost to the parish, on account of the injury done to the church furniture. On the 7th
and 14th of October, 1866 (just eleven years afterwards) a similar visitation took place,
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attended by similar results; though the moths were not quite so numerous as in 18595.
The moths appeared in church this year on the 14th of September, and from that date
to this have gone on increasing in numbers, until several bushels have been destroyed,
though, apparently, without much diminishing the army. The state of the church was
such on Sunday last (6th October) from the accumulated dust (moth-feathers), and the
incessant swarms that were continually flying through the building, that divine
service could not be held therein. More than seven days’ hard labour in endeavouring
to subdue them had been spent in vain; and since then, applications of the strongest
ammonia, sulphur smoke, and other contrivances used for hours, have failed to drive
them away, for as fast as one swarm is partly destroyed another succeeds. There are
so many operiings in the building that cannot be closed, and so many lodgments out-
side, that no smothering contrivance has succeeded; and as the trees and ground are
full of them, the moths, if driven away for a time, muster again and return. This
morning I made an attempt to reckon up the numbers grouped together on the
windows, and I counted more than 80,000. In the tower and below the floor, and
hidden behind the skirting, there are probably many millions. An opinien has been
published, that these moths came in from the sea. A flight fully a mile in length,
very thick and broad, was certainly seen on the evening of the 20th of September,
travelling from the direction of the Heads along the North Shore; and another similar
flight was seen at Neweastle, probably both directed by a N.E. wind, which would in
the latter case have, perhaps, blown them from the projecting land about Port
Stephens, and so they might have crossed the water. The sands of the sea have been
known in former years to be bordered by a thick band of dead moths, doubtless blown
in from the land, drowned, and washed ashore. I am told that a vessel, yesterday,
twenty miles from land, was covered by them. My own observations, specially on the
22nd of December, 1851, lead me to believe that if they have migrated from a distance
they have come from the west and south-west, especially as their first appearance this
year was with a west wind. And it must be remembered, that previous visitations
have probably left eggs enough to acconnt fur the present multitudes within less
distance than that from Sydney to Mount Kosciusco.” —
Mr. F. Smith exhibited the moths forwarded by Dr. Bennett to Dr. Gray. They
did not appear to differ from the “ Bugong moth,” Agrotis spina of Guénée. With
reference to Dr. Bennett’s remark that males only had been found, it may be observed
that the box forwarded by him contained about an equal number of male and female
specimens. Both sexes also have been described, in a paper read before the
Entomological Society of New South Wales, by Mr. A. W. Scott, who applies to the
insect the name of Agrotis vastator. The following is an extract from Mr. Scott’s
paper:—
“ The caterpillar of this moth is fleshy, little attenuated at each extremity, sub-
vermiform in appearance, and of a livid colour, varying much in shade, with the
anterior segment furnished with a horny plate. It measures at maturity about two
inches, and undergoes its transformation in the ground. The chrysalis is eylindro-
covical, of a shining yellowish brown, and protected by a slight cocoon of a rough
irregular ovoid form, composed of agglutinated earth. The caterpillars of several
species of Agrotis, such as the one now under consideration, are very destructive on
account of their numbers, feeding on the roots and leaves of low herbage, and hiding
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during the extreme heat of noon under clods of earth, stones, and other convenient
places. The number of larve, in seasons which prove favourable for their development,
almost surpasses belief. . . . . A fewyears ago, on the Hunter River, I carefully
examined a paddock of twenty-five acres, under oats for hay, which was much infested
by the caterpillars of this species, and found that nearly every stalk had at least one
caterpillar on it; numbers had two, many three. Taking the plants at twenty to the
square foot, and each with only one caterpillar, the result would be 21,780,000 of these
insects; and supposing that all these lived to become moths, each pair producing by
the end of the season a progeny of 80,000, the total produce for the twenty-five acres
would amount to 871,200,000,000. What, then, calculating under the same condi-
tions, would be the number of the caterpillars which were at the time I allude to
ravaging whole districts? A long line of figures almost unpronounceable.
“ Allowing for every reasonable loss caused by weather not unusually severe,
accident, or their numerous enemies, still there would remain quite sufficient to produce
those vast numbers of- moths, collected together from a wide range of country, and
seen clustering in caves, under ledges of rocks, in churches, houses, barns, in every
nook and cranny where their gregarious habits lead them, seeking shelter from the
glare of day. I therefure think that this natural increase, aided by favourable
weather, is qnite sufficient to account for the swarms of moths recently seen in many
localities, without having recourse to improbable theories. All moths are, in their
primary stages, purely terrestrial, and cannot ‘come in from the sea.’ They cannot
be born there, neither are their wings adapted for so long a flight as to cross the ocean
from any point of land to the eastward of our coast, particularly ‘in the teeth of
westerly winds.’ Indeed, many swarms of insects, besides the Lepidoptera, are known
to be blown from the land, while a few others wilfully fly seaward under some
unaccountable, almost insane, desire; but all these inevitably perish. I would suggest
that the moths seen by vessels at sea were either endeavouring vainly to emigrate, or,
what is far more probable, were driven away from the land by the prevalent westerly
winds, and perished by thousands in the ocean; those seen returning to the shore were
the fortunate few that had escaped before being carried too far to sea. I remember,
some years ago, walking along the sands for about five miles between Newcastle and
Redhead, -and I observed an almost continuous undulating line of dead bodies, several
deep, of these moths, marking the wash of high water along the whole of this length of
beach, interrupted only by the rocky headlands; and probably this exhibition of the
fate of these insects in such vast numbers was continued for a considerable distance
on either hard.
“Were it not for the wholesale destruction of these vast assemblages of insect
pests, cansed by the violence of winds—by the fall of rain for several days successively
—hy sudden changes of temperature—and by the host of enemies, following in their
wake, consisting of insectivorous birds and reptiles, and the numerous family of the
Ichneumonide, I fear all the endeavours of man by artificial means to eradicate them
would be bafiled. The abundant food furnished by the roots and leaves of the various
weeds and grasses growing over a vast extent of waste lands, will always ensure too
ample a supply of such noxious creatures. We can, however, check in some degree
the injury to our crops, and thus moderate the evil, by ploughing and harrowing the
fallow lands, thus cutting off the immediate supply of fuod,—by passing the roller
again and again over the growing crops when practicable—and by encouraging, not
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molesting, the many species of birds that visit the fields in flocks on such occasions.
I have seen crows, large brown hawks, magpies, cranes, spur-winged plovers, and a
host of smaller birds, enjoying during the day ample meals furnished by these cater-
pillars, and had a great difficulty in preventing the overseer from driving them away,
‘because,’ he said ‘ they eat the lucerne. The large family of ichneumons is also a
great ally of man in the war of extermination, for they pierce the body of the living
caterpillars, depositing their eggs within them, and thus cause a slow but certain
death before the larve can attain to the perfect or winged state, and on this account
they ought to be encouraged.
“In January and March of the year 1865, my friend Mr. Robert Vyner visited the
Bougong Mountains, accompanied in the first instance by an aborignal ‘Old
Wellington, and in the other by Mr. Sharp, of Adelong, Old Wellington, and
another black fellow; both of these latter well acquainted with the habits of the moth,
called by them ‘ Boogong’ and ‘Gnarliong’ indiscriminately. The tops of these
mountains are composed of granite, and present a series of lofty peaks, and it was up
one of these, named by the natives ‘ Numoiadongo,’ he and his companions toiled for
nearly six hours before attaining the summit; so steep and rugged was the path that
even the wild cattle never attempted to ascend to these heights. The moths were
found in vast assemblages, sheltered within the deep fissures and between the huge
masses of rocks which here form recesses, and might almost be considered as ‘ caves.’
On both sides of the chasms the face of the stone was literally covered with these
insects, packed closely side by side, overhead and under, presenting a dark surface of
a scale-like pattern—each moth, however, was resting firmly by its feet on the rock,
and not on the back of others, as in a swarm of bees. So numerous were these moths
that six bushels of them could easily have been gathered by the party at this one peak ;
and so abundant were the remains of the former occupants that a stick was thrust into
the débris on the floor to a depth of four feet. Mr. Vyner tells me that on this occasion
he ate, properly cooked by Old Wellington, about a quart of the moths, and found
them exceedingly nice and sweet, with a flavour of walnut—so much so that he desires
to have ‘another feed.’ His clothes, by the moths dashing against them on being
disturbed, were covered with honey, and smelt strongly of it for several days. At the
time these multitudes assembled, the tea-tree and the small stunted-looking white
gums were in full blossom, no doubt yielding up their honied treasures to these
nocturnal depredators, whose flight, when issuing from their hiding-places to the
feeding-grounds, was graphically described by Old Wellington, ‘ very much like wind,
or flock of sheep.’ The Tumut blacks report that the moths do not congregate on the
high peaks in the spring time, but they first locate the lower mountains, feeding on the
blossoms, which appear there earlier, and then work their way up to the higher peaks,
where the plants are later in bloom.
“The Bougong moths are collected and prepared for food by the aborigines in
this wise :—A blanket or sheet of bark is spread on the floor; the moths, on being
disturbed with a stick, fall down, are gathered up before they have time to crawl or fly
away, and thrust into a bag. To cook them, a hole is made on a sandy spot, and a
smart fire lit on it until the sand is thoroughly heated, when all portions left of the
glowing coal are carefully picked out for fear of scorching the bodies of the insects (as
in such a case a violent storm would inevitably arise, according to their superstitious
notions). The moths are now poured out of the bag, stirred about in the hot ashes for
Vii
a short time, and then placed upon a sheet of bark until cold. The next process is to
sift them carefully in.a net, by which action the heads fall through, and thus, the
wings and legs having been previously singed off, the bodies are obtained properly
prepared. In this state they are generally eaten, but sometimes they are ground intoa
paste by the use of a smooth stone and hollow piece of bark, and made into cakes,
“Tn this locality were seen many of these holes, having been formed years ago for
a similar purpose, by the then numerous blacks.
“Mr. Vyner also mentions that, at the period of his visit to this peak, he saw
hundreds of crows and magpies feeding upon these moths, and the foot-marks and
other tracks of native dogs and tiger cats were abundant, leading direct to the fissures
of the rocks, and although he did not see these animals, he adds, ‘I am certain from
their traces that they must feed upon the moths.’”
(See also Proc. Ent. Soc. 1839, p. xxiv.; 1840, p. xvi.; 1865, p. cxxix.)
Mr. F. Smith exhibited specimens of the Australian form of Pyrameis Cardui,
sent by Dr. Bennett to Dr. Gray, “taken in November, 1860, when off Cape Otway,
on the Australian Coast; multitudes of them were about the P. and O. Company’s
steamer ‘ Jeddo,’ alighting in numbers on board, and were captured.”
Prof. Westwood remarked that the butterfly in question had been recently separated
from Pyrameis Cardui by Prof. M‘Coy, and described under a new name. (See Proc.
Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 1xxxvii.)
Mr. Trimen exhibited a specimen of Apatura Ionia, a rare species from Asia
Minor, placed by some authors in tha genus Vanessa, by others in Pyrameis.
The Hon. T. De Grey exhibited Hypercallia Christierninana (see Proc. Ent. Soc.
1867, p. xcii), captured between Shoreham and Sevenoaks, in the locality where the
insect was a few years ago taken by Mr. W. Farren. Also Acidalia rubricata and
Opostega reliquella, Zed/., both taken in Norfolk in 1867; see Ent. Ann. 1868, p. 131;
with reference to Mr. Stainton’s remarks there published, on the swarming of Opostega
salaciella, Mr. De Grey added that he also had found that insect in such considerable
numbers together, that the term “swarming” was not inappropriate.
Mr. Hewitson communicated a note on the date of publication of Dr. Felder’s
second volume of the ‘ Reise der Novara,’ a question of some importance with reference
to the priority of nomenclature of numerous species of butterflies (see Zool. Record,
vol, iii. p. 433, and Trans. Ent. Soc. 3rd series, vol. v. p. 471). Mr. Hewitson made
several applications for the volume, either with coloured or uncoloured plates, at the
beginning of 1867, through Messrs. Williams and Norgate, who informed him that
they were unable to procure it from the booksellerin Vienna. Nevertheless the work
(i.e. the text, with uncoloured plates) was really published at the latter end of 1865.
Dr. Felder had written to him to the effect that the ‘ Reise der Novara’ was produced
by and at the expense of the Imperial Academy of Science, and was issued by the
Academy with uncoloured plates; coloured plates were not kept ready for sale, and
copies were only coloured to order, which fact was stated on the cover of the volume:
if any one had applied at the Academy, or to the bookseller of the Academy, at the
latter end of 1865, for the second volume with uncoloured plates, he could have been
supplied with 400 copies.
The President also read a letter to the same effect from Dr. Felder, who, in
corroboration of the above statements, enclosed a letter from Herr Oarl Gerold, the
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bookseller of the Imperial Academy, explaining that the reason why the work had not
been supplied when ordered by Mr. Hewitson was, that the only order he had received
was for a coloured copy; he had never received any order from England for an
uncoloured copy.
Sir John Lubbock communicated a letter from Dr. Signoret, dated Paris,
January 4, 1868, of which the following is a translation :—
“ At the Meetings of the 5th and 19th of November, 1866 (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1866,
pp. X¥Xxii. xxxvi.), mention was made of the Aphis which lives in the galls of the elm,
and it was spoken of as an object almost unknown at the present day, Geoffroy,
Réaumur, De Geer aud Et. Geoffroy (1764) being the only authors cited as having
treated of this insect. It would be unfortunate for Hemipterology if that branch of
Natural History had since that time fallen into oblivion, but it is not so, and to begin
with I have only to cite Mr. Francis Walker, who speaks of it in his List of
Homopterous Insects, p. 1049, and who cites some fifteen authors, all of whom describe
it more or less at length; to whom I may add Blot (Mem. Soc. Linn. de Caen, 1824),
Hartig (Germar’s Zeitsch. 1841), C. L. Koch (Die Pflanzenlause, 1857), and more
recently, Passerini (Aphidide Italice, Archiv. Zool. de Modéne, 1863).
“At the Meeting of the 5th of November (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1866, p. xxxii.) Mr.
Pascoe exhibited two females of a Coccus living under the leaves of the Eucalyptus.
Mr. Schrader has published an excellent paper with three plates in the first volume
of the Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales, 1863, where
Mr. Pascoe will certainly find his species of Coccus.
“ As I have occupied myself for several years with Cochineal ae es in general, and
am endeavouring to bring together all the existing material on that subject, I should
receive with pleasure any papers, observations or insects which might be communicated
tome. As regards the insects, I should especially like to have the males, which are
extremely difficult to meet with, and I would ask those who find any to be kind
enough to place them in tubes with some weak spirit of wine, for when they are dried
it is impossible to make drawings of them. I should also be glad of information
respecting the plants on which they live, which also may be inserted in the tubes.”
Mr. F. Smith thought that Dr. Signoret had misunderstood his remarks about the
galls of the elm; the fact was that the galls in question had never been noticed in
this country before 1866. Mr. M‘Lachlan added that he had referred to Geoffroy,
Réaumur and De Geer, not as being the only authors who had described the gall,
but merely to show that, though new to this country, it had in fact been well known
on the Continent for more than a century.
Mr. F. Smith exhibited a new species of Oryssus, from the Gold Coast, the body
of which was of a splendid metallic deep emerald-green, a somewhat uncommon
occurrence among the Tenthredinidw. Also specimens of Brazilian Hymenoptera and
Diptera, whose economy was described in the paper mentioned below.
The Secretary exhibited a spider sent by Lord Cawdor, from Stackpole Court,
Pembroke, which was pronounced by Mr. Blackwall to be a female of Pholcus
phalangioides (see ‘Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland,’ part 2, p. 208), a species
which frequents the interior of old buildings in the South of England: having been
preserved in the dry state, the abdomen had shrunk greatly, and this circumstance had
ix
affected the colour. Mr. Blackwall added that in the spring of 1867 he received from
India a species of Pholcus, described as P. Lyoni (Ann. and Mag. N. H., ser. 3, vol.
xix. p. 392), one specimen of which “ presented the extraordinary physiological fact of
the union of the two sexes in the same individual.” In this gynandromorphous
spider, the left side exhibited male and the right side female characters.
Papers read.
Mr. F. Smith read “Observations on the Economy of Brazilian Insects, chiefly
Hymenoptera, from the Notes of Mr. Peckolt, of Cantagallo.”
Mr. M‘Lachlan read “A Monograph of the British Neuroptera-Planipennia,
enumerating forty-nine species as inhabitants of the British Isles.
February 17, 1868.
H. W. Barsrs, Esq., President, in the chair.
Donations to the Library.
The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors :—
* Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 2nd series, vol. ii. parts 2—6, vol. iii. part 1; presented
by the Entomological Society of the Netherlands. ‘Remarks on the Names applied
to the British Hemiptera-Heteroptera,’ by F. P. Pascoe; by the Author.
Election of Members.
Linneus Cumming, Esq., B.A., and E. P. R. Curzon, Esq., both of Trinity
College, Cambridge, were severally ballotted for, and elected Members.
Exhibitions, §c.
Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited a living specimen of Lucanus cervus, found under
ground in an earthen or clayey cocoon: Mr. Backhouse, of Teddington, digging in
his garden, had turned up half a dozen of these cocoons, each containing a beetle and
the remains of the skin of the larva and pupa. It thus appeared that the beetle had
not gone under ground to hybernate, but the larva had descended into the earth and
had there undergone the changes to pupa and imago. ’
Mr. A. E. Eaton remembered one or two such cocoons being dug up in the autumn,
about October, in a potato-field, and these contained living stag-beetles.
Mr. Janson also had dug stag-beetles out of earth, not wood; and thought that the
specimens appearing in the spring were in fact hatched in the autumn, and remained
in their cocoons throughout the winter.
Mr. Stainton compared the case to that of Cossus ligniperda, the larva and pupa
of which were specially adapted for their ordinary habitat in wood, but the larva some-
times, he believed in a state of nature, and certainly in confinement, went under
ground to change, and formed for itself an earthen cocoon. There was no evidence
that the larve of the goat-moth, which were not unfrequently found crawling about on
Cc
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the surface of the ground, ever re-entered a tree, and he expected that these underwent
their transformations in the earth. :
Mr. Janson, on behalf of Mr. A. G. Latham, exhibited two specimens of the nest
er cocoon of a sociable larva from Port Natal: a large outer cocoon, three or four
inches in diameter, was made up of numerous coats of brown silky matter, the whole
forming a covering of considerable toughness, attached to and transpierced by a small
branch of a tree: on-cutting this open it was found to contain a number of smaller
cocoons, each of which was tenanted by a pupa. It seemed as if a score larve
associated themselves together to construct and build themselves into the outer family
cocoon, upon the completion of which each larva proceeded to spin its own indi-
vidual cocoon.
Mr. Trimen had found the same kind of cocoon in Natal: it was that of Anaphe
reticulata (Walker, Brit. Mus. Cat. Lep. Het. part iv. p. 856), one of the family
Liparide.
Mr. Janson, on behalf of Mr. Latham, also exhibited half-a-dozen larva-cases or
‘cocoons of another Lepidopterous insect, probably a Psyche, or allied thereto. These,
too, were from Natal, and were attached to and hung pendulous from the branch of a
‘tree, resembling a cluster of large beech-nuts.
Mr. Trimen said that these cases were common in Natal on the Mimosa, or thorny
‘acacia; he had collected many of them, but had never been able to breed a single moth
“of either sex.
Mr. Pascoe exhibited a beetle from New Zealand (probably from Otago), which he
regarded as the type of a new genus of Cucujide, and which he proposed to describe
under the name of Dryocora Howittii. He remarked that members of some of the
clavicorn families were well known to have tarsi with varying numbers of joints; or,
when the normal number were present, the basal joint was very small or almost
obsolete, as in many Cucujide, or the penultimate was very small or almost obsolete,
as in the Nitidulida. In Cucujus the tarsi were heteromerous in the male and
pentamerous in the female; but in Dryocora, which in other respects was allied to
Cucujus, the tarsi were tetramerous in both sexes, the basal joint being suppressed.
Organic modifications of this kind, and the exaggerations of form of some one organ
which in certain groups was found to be subject to unusual modification,--as the
antenne in Pausside, the eyes of Hippopsine, the pronota of Membracida, &c.,—
seemed to Mr. Pascoe “to point to a law of aberration only to be explained on the
hypothesis of the derivative origin of species.”
The President mentioned that Mr. Darwin was engaged in elaborating the subject
of secondary sexual differences and sexual selection, and would be obliged by the
communication of detailed observations on the numerical proportion of the sexes of
insects in nature. He had numerous cases of well-authenticated numerical excess of
the male over the female, and was desirous to ascertain whether in other cases a
corresponding excess of the female over the male had been noticed.
Mr. M‘Lachlan mentioned Apatania muliebris, of which he had captured hundreds,
but the male had never been seen; and Boreus hiemalis, of which only three or four
males had been known to occur in this country. Mr. Janson mentioned Tomicus
villosus, the female of which was almost a plague, whilst the male was bardly known.
Mr. F. Smith cited Tenthredo cingulatus, the male of which was rare, whilst the
female abounded, and Hemichroa alni, of which the male was quite unknown. Of
xi
the latter Mr. Smith had a large number of cocoons, and if there were such a thing
as a male of that species he hoped soon to breed it.
The President remarked that the different habits of the sexes must be taken into
account. Among the South-American butterflies, the males of many were more
handsome than the females, and exceeded them in number in the proportion of a
hundred to one; the male sported in the sunshine, whilst the female was slow in
flight, never appeared in the open sun, but remained in the shade of the forest: under
such circumstances it might be that a superabundance of males was necessary in order
to ensure the impregnation of the females and to prevent the extinction of the
species; but he was unable to suggest any explanation of an excess of females. over
males.
Mr. Stainton thought that, by reason of the difference of habit of the sexes, little
reliance could be placed upon records of a supposed disproportion of the number of
the sexes of any insect when in a state of nature: it was only by breeding the insect
that the relative numbers of the sexes could be ascertained with any certainty. In
Micro-Lepidoptera he had often found the result of observations in the field at
variance with the result of breeding the same species in confinement; species the.
females of which, from their retiring and secluded habits, were seldom caught, whilst
the males were common, had, when eggs or larve were obtained, produced twice as many
females as males.
Mr. M‘Lachlan said that Mr. Darwin had recently put two queries to him, Do
male dragon-flies fight with one another? and, Do many or several males follow
ene female? He confessed his inability to answer with certainty either of these
apparently simple questions.
Papers read.
' The following papers were read :—
“A few Observations on the Synonymy of Tinea (?) alpicella and Zelleria saxi.
frage, n. sp.,” by Mr. H. T. Stainton.
“On the Homologies of the Ovipositor,” by Mr. A. E. Eaton.
“Contributions to a Knowledge of the Coleoptera,” Part 1 (continued); by
Mr. F, P. Pascoe. The following are brief diagnoses of some of the most interesting
of the new genera and species :—
Exestora (Leperine affinis). Oculi liberi. Antenne breviuscule ; clava articulig
3 transversis, perfoliatis, Labium profunde divisum, ciliatum. Corpus grossum,
velutinum.
Elestora fulgurata. Aterrima; scutello, maculisque 4 magnis elytrorum auran-
tiacis. Long. 6% lin. Penang.
Dryocora (Cucujo affinis). Palpi acuti. Prothorax apicem versus gradatim
angustior, lateribus integris, Prosternum latum. Metasternum elongatum. Tarsi
od et 2 4-articulati.
Dryocora Howittit. Ferruginea, nitida; elytris subtiliter lineato- Delete Long.
4 lin. New Zealand.
Nessiaro histria. Atva; capite, prothorace basi excepta, elytrorumque apicibus
miniaceis; elytris, corpore subtus, pedibusque cinercis, illis nigvo-lineatis. Long.
10 lin. Manilla.
X11
Orosycnus (Iphthimo affinis). Mentum antice bilobum, in medio haud sul-
catum. Tibie curvate, anteriores ¢ longitudinaliter excavate et intus apicem versus
dentate. Tarsi infra breviter et sparse ciliati.
Orobychus Lacordairit (Iphthimus Lacordairii, Dej. Cat.). Niger, subnitidus;
prothorace impunctato, 4-foveolato, marginibus elevatis, subcrenatis, nitidis; elytris
foveis magnis dense impressis; femoribus posticis ¢ intus ochraceo-hirsutis. Long.
20 lin. Brazil.
Bycrea (inter Trachyscelinas et Phaleriinas). Labrum clypeo occultum. Genw
medium oculorum impingentes. Prothorax basi bisinuatus. Mesosternum antice
incisum. Tarsi unicalcarati. Corpus marginibus ciliatis.
Bycrea villosa. Late ovata, fusca, pilis aureo-brunneis tecta; elytris maculis
denudatis ; scutello glabro, nigro, nitido. Long.3 lin. Mexico.
Orcoracia (Bolitothero affinis) Antenne 10-articulate, clava_bisarticulata.
Epipleura indistincta. Tibie antice crescentiformes. Tarsi articulo basali
libero.
Orcopagia monstrosa. Elongata, rufo-ferruginea, valde tuberculata; elypeo
cornuto; prothorace gibboso, caput occultante; elytris parallelis, postice abrupte
declivibus. Long. 4 lin. Australia.
Bierecenes (Alryphodi affinis). Caput exsertum. Clypeus haud incrassatus;
sulcus clypealis in medio interruptus; auricule oculares recurvate et in spinam
product. Prothorax antice truncatus.
Blepegenes aruspex. Cupreo-fuscus; prothorace 4-foveolato, utrinque 2-spinoso,
spina antica producta, paulo recurvata, postica parva; elytris carinis 10 nitidis ornatis.
Long. 9 lin. Australia.
Aspuatus (gen. Pedininarum ?). Trophi ut in Pedino, sed lobo interiore maxillari
fortiter hamato. Antenne articulo 30 vix 40 longiore. Prothorax basi bisinuatus.
Tibiz antice et tarsi (¢?) simplices.
Asphalus ebeninus, Aterrimus, nitidus, levis; elytris fere obselete punctato-
striatis. Long. 8 lin. Australia.
Artactes (Hemicyclo affinis). Tarsi articulo ultimo elongato, Prosternum
postice subdepressum, excavatum. Corpus hemisphericum.
Artactes nigritarsis. Viridi-ceruleus, nitidus; tarsis nigris. Long. 4 lin. Sumatra.
Psypus (Dicyrto affinis). Antenne breves, articuli 7—11 transversi, compressi.
Mesosternum excavatum. Tarsi articulo ultimo elongato.
Psydus plantaris. Fusco-metallicus ; elytris irregulariter impresso-punctatis ; tarsis _
subtus fulvo-pilosis. Long. 6 lin. Ceylon.
Diestioa (gen. Strongyliinarum). Aatenne articulis 4 (vel 5) apicalibus trans-
versis, dilatatis. Oculi distantes. Prothorax lateribus carinatus.
Diestica viridipennis. Elytris obscure viridibus, basi humerisque exceptis; an-
tennis luteis, clava nigra. Long. 6 lin. Ega.
Evrromus. Tuberes antennarum validi, erecti, approximati; scapus brevis, ob-
conicus, apice valde cicatricosus. Prosternum elevatum. Pedes equales. Typus,
“ Oplophora (Callimation) Sieboldii,’? Guérin = Monohammus Championi, White.
Japan. .
Brxapus. Antenne articulo 30 haud 40 longiore. Oculi sat magni. Pedes
wquales, femora incrassata. Pro- et meso-sterna declivia. Typus, Monohammus
Sterricola, White. Sierra Leone.
xiit
AntHores. Antenne articulo 30 sequentibus longiore. Oculi mediocres. Elytra
basi cristata. Pedes exquales, femora incrassata. Pro- et meso-sterna declivia.
Typus, Monohammus leuconotus, White. Natal.
Oprrpnarus (Monohammo affinis). Antenne longissime, articulis 30 et 40 equali-
bus, ultimo subulato. Elytra basi cristata. Pedes robusti, intermedii minores ;
femora in medio incrassata. Pro- et meso-sterna declivia.
Opepharus signator. Griseus, cinereo varius; elytris pone medium maculis
6 nigris. Long. 13 lin. Madagascar.
Thysia viduata. Breviuscula, plumbeo-nigta; prothorace utrinque spinoso; elytris
fasciis 5 vel 6 atris, apicibus emarginatis; mesosterno producto. Long. 12 lin.
Sumatra.
March 2, 1868.
H. W. Bares, Esq., President, in the chair.
Donations to the Library.
The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—
‘The Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, No. 39; presented by the Society.
Newman’s ‘ British Moths, No. 15, and ‘The Insect-Hunter’s Year-Book for 1867 ;’
by the Author. ‘The Zovlogist’ for March; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s
Monthly Magazine’ for March; by the Editors.
Election of Members.
G. A. Lebour, Esq., of the Geological Survey Office, and Captain A. F. Lendy,
of Sunbury, were severally ballotted for, and elected Members.
Exhibitions, §c.
Mr. Edward Saunders exhibited various species of Buprestidae which he had com-
pared with the Fabrician type-specimens in the collection of Sir Joseph Banks, with
a view to the correction of several errors of nomenclature. Thus the insects known as
Psiloptera morbillosa, Dicerca lurida and Belionota canaliculata were not the true
morbillosa, lurida and canaliculata of Fabricius: the species commonly called Ancy-
locheira flavomaculata, Fabr., was in fact the maculata of Fabricius, whilst the
maculata of authors other than Fabricius was identical with the strigosa of Gebler.
Mr. E. Saunders also exhibited Pasiphae modesta and Ethon cruciatum, which,
though described by Fabricius, and figured by Olivier and Herbst, had not been
noticed by recent authors, except that Gory had described, under the name of
Buprestis superba, an insect which was not specifically distinct from P. modesta.
Mr. Pascoe exhibited the type of a new genus of Prionide, captured by
Mr. Swanzy ; and read the following description :—
“ EuptanopEs (Colpodero aff.).—Clypeus distinctus. Prothorax marginibus
angustatis, serratis. Mesosternum latum. Tibie simplices, compresse ; tarsi breves,
articulo ultimo ceteris fere equali. Corpus haud validum.
Xiv
Eudianodes Swanziit.—Niger, nitidus; capite prothoraceque subtiliter punctatis,
hoc macula magna fere tripartita fulva ornato; elytris subtilissime punctatis. Long.
1l lin. Hab.-Cape Coast Castle.”
Mr. Pascoe also read the following description of a new species of Curcu-
lionide :—
“ Oxycorynus hydnore.—Rufo-fuscus; rostro attenuato; fronte prothoraceque
creberrime punctatis; elytris 6-carinatis, interstitiis granulatis. Long. 6 lin. (rostro
incl.). Hab. Catamareca.”
This Oxycorynus formed part of the contents of a small box sent from South
America by Mr. F. Schickendantz, of Pilciao (see Proc. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. cviii). The
other insects in the box were a Xylopertha, resembling X. sinuata, but smaller; two
species of Nitidulidz, apparently near Carpophilus; and a Saprinus, with a large
yellow spot on each elytron. The whole of these were stated by Mr. Shickendantz to
have been found by him “in the flowers of a new species of Hydnora” (a genus of
Cytinacee, root-parasites, some of which exhale a peculiar animal odour).
Mr. T. W. Wood (who was present as a visitor) exhibited pupe of several Lepi-
doptera from Sierra Leone, one of which, apparently an Anthergwa, was remarkable
from having two very deep impressions near the hinder extremity. Mr. Wood men-
tioned that he had once opened a pupa of Sphinx Ligustri, and found that the
haustellum was of the moth, after passing down the projecting snout of the pupa
and up again, was continued down the breast of the insect and terminated on a level
with the extremity of the wing-cases.
With reference to the numerical disproportion of the sexes of insects (ante, p. x),
Mr. Stainton mentioned that since the previous Meeting he had inquired the results
of the experience of Mr. Doubleday and Mr. Hellins in breeding Micro-Lepidoptera.
Mr. Doubleday thought that males were generally more numerous than females, and
did not remember a single instance in which he had met with an excess of females.
Mr. Hellins, on the other hand, reported that he had usually found females more
numerous than males.
Mr. Stainton added that Mr. Darwin would be glad to receive replies to the following
further inquiries: —(1), whether sexual attraction or fascination was exercised in
the same manner by butterflies which have the wings gaily ornamented on the under
side and by those which have dark under sides, as e.g. by Argynnis and Vanessa ;,
(2), whether any and what moths were more brightly coloured in the male than in the
female sex; and (3), whether any and what moths were more conspicuously coloured
on the under side than on the upper side of the wings. (In reply to the third query,
Mr. Wormald mentioned the genus Hypopyra). Mr. Darwin was also desirous of
acquiring facts bearing on the distinction between sexual and protective colouring in
insects; and of ascertaining the causes which decided the success of one out of several
males which were in pursuit of the same female.
RY
Match 16, 1868.
H. W. Bartss, Esq., President, in the chair.
Denations to the Library.
The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—
*Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 1868, Nos. 1—3; presented by the Entom. Verein
zu Stettin. ‘ Coleopterologische Hefte,’ II.; by the Editor, Baron Edgar von Harold.
‘Monographie der Scydmeniden Central- und Sid-Amerika’s;’ by the Author,
Dr. L. W. Schaufuss.
Election of Member.
Charles Carrington, Esq., of Westwood Park, Forest Hill, was ballotted for, and
elected a Member.
Exhibitions, §c.
Mr. F. Smith exhibited a specimen of the larva of a Lepidopterous insect from
Brazil, which was described by Mr. Peckolt, of Cantagallo, as being of a social habit,
and forming a common cocoon as large as a man’s head, within which each individual
formed its own proper cocoon. The larva was covered with spines, like a Vanessa or
Acrea; and appeared to belong to one of the Diurni rather than to one of the
Bombyces. (See Trans. Ent. Soc. 1868, p. 136).
Mr. Stainton directed attention to the account given by Herr Hartmann, in Stett.
Ent. Zeit. 1868, p. 109, of the breeding of Sesia cephiformis, Grapholitha duplicana,
Zett. (interruptana, H.-S.), and Gelechia electella, from gall-like swellings on the
twigs of juniper bushes: an examination of the juniper during the spring would
probably lead to the discovery in this country of the larve of the two last-mentioned
species.
The President announced the proximate publication, by Dr. Gemminger and Baron
E. von Harold, of the first part of a General Catalogue of Coleoptera, intended to in-
clude all the hitherto-described species of the whole world: the classification would be
based on that of Lacordaire, the species of each genus being arranged in alphabetical
order.
Mr. F. Smith read a paper on ants, extracted from ‘ The Guardian’ of 1713, and,
as the result of an elaborate and amusing criticism thereof, contended that the history
of the habits of those insects therein contained, detailed and circumstantial though it
were, could not be a record of actual observations, but was chiefly, if not entirely, the
offspring of the imagination of the writer.
April 6, 1868.
H. W. Bates, Esq., President, in the chair.
Donations io the Library.
The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—
Hewitson’s ‘Exotic Butterflies, part 66; presented by W. W. Saunders, Esq.
XV1
Newman’s ‘ British Moths,’ No. 16; by the Author. ‘ The Zoologist’ for April; by the
Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for April; by the Editors. ‘ Pro-
ceedings of the Holmesdale Natural History Club, for 1866-67, and ‘ Natural History
of Reigate and its Vicinity: List of Coleoptera, Part 2;’ by the Holmesdale Natural
History Club.
Exhibitions, &c.
Mr. Stainton exhibited larve of a new species of Nepticula, sent from Mentone by
Mr. Moggridge, where they were found in the leaves of Euphorbia dendroides. The
perfect insect had been obtained from larve of the previous season, and would be
described as Nepticula euphorbiella.
Mr. Stainton also exhibited the specimen which in 1854 he had described
(‘Insecta Britannica,’ iii, 47) under the name of Nemophora Carteri; it was
formerly in the collection of the late Mr. S. Carter, of Manchester (who, however,
was unable tu give any account of the insect or its place of capture), and had now
passed into the possession of Mr.S. Stevens. Recent examination had convinced
Mr. Stainton, and the exhibition of the specimen satisfied the other Lepidopterists
present, that the supposed Nemophora Carteri was a fabrication, made by attaching
the hind wings of a Cerostoma to the fore wings of a Nemophora.
Mr. W. C. Boyd exhibited a strongly marked variety of Stenopteryx hybridalis,
captured in Hertfordshire.
Mr. J. Jenner Weir exhibited a Polyommatus captured at Lewes, which he
regarded as a hybrid between P. Adonis and Alexis; also varieties of P. Corydon and
Alexis, with confluent spots on the under side, and a male-like female of P. Alexis.
Mr. Druce exhibited a collection of butterflies collected by Mr. Pearson in
Bolivia.
Mr. F. Smith mentioned that about September, 1866, Mr. Waring Kidd had sent
to the British Museum a pollard oak, which was placed in a closed ease in one of the
galleries, for the purpose of showing the modus operandi of Cynips Kollari. In the
spring of 1866 a numerous brood of Clytus arietis appeared in the case; they were
observed running about the oak-stump for about three weeks, when, unable to escape,
they died, and their remains were afterwards swept away. The same thing occurred
in 1867, and in 1868, on the morning of the Meeting, the Clytus had made its third
appearance. The large quantities of camphor placed in the Museum cases did not
seem to affect them, or to prevent the development of the beetle.
Mr. Janson said that camphor, though useful in preventing the entry of insects,
was powerless to destroy them: at the same time he doubted whether the Clytus had
been reproduced in the Museum; the insect probably remained in the larva state for
two or three years, and it was quite possible that all the larve from which the
successive broods of 1866, 1867 and 1868 had appeared were present in the wood on
its admission into the Museum in 1860.
xvii
May 4, 1868.
H. T. Sraryron, Esq., Vice-President, in the chair.
Donations to the Library.
_ The fellowing donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—
©Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800—1863), compiled and published by the Royal
Society of London,’ vol. i.; presented by the Royal Society. ‘ Proceedings of the Royal
Society,’ Nos. 98—100; by the Society. ‘The Journal of the Quekett Microscopical
Club,’ Nos. 1 and 2; by the Club. ‘The Journal of the Linnean Society,’ Zoology,
No. 40; by the Society. ‘The Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England,’
2nd series, vol. iv. part1; by the Society. ‘Bulletins de ’Académie Royale des
Sciences, &c., de Belgique,’ 2me ser., t. xxiv.; by the Academy. ‘Bulletin de la
Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 1867, No. II.; by the Society.
‘Essai d’une Faune Entomologique de l’Archipel Indo-néerlandais,’ par 8. C. Snellen
van Vollenhoven. Troisiéme Monographie: Famille des Pentatomides, Ire Partie; by
the Author. ‘On Pauropus, a New Type of Centipede;’ and ‘Notes on the Thy-
sanura,’ Part iii.; by the Author, Sir John Lubbock, Bart. ‘On the Lepidopterous
Insects of Bengal,’ by Frederic Moore; by the Author. ‘Remarks on the Names
applied to the British Hemiptera Heteroptera, by J. W. Douglas and John Scott ;
by the Authors, Newman’s ‘ British Moths, No. 17; by the Author. ‘The Zoolo-
gist, for May; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, for May;
by the Editors.
Exhibitions, §c.
Mr. W. C. Boyd exhibited a number of skins of larve of Lepidoptera, admirably
prepared by Mr. Davis, of Waltham Cross, so as to preserve both the form and colour
of the caterpillars.
Mr. Trimen exhibited a crippled specimen of Saturnia Pavonia-minor, which,
owing probably to the form and smallness of the box in which it was con-
fined, had attempted to emerge from its cocoon tail-foremost, but failing in the
attempt was found fixed with its head in contiguity with the head of the pupa-
skin.
Dr. Wallace, of Colchester, offered to send eggs of the Japanese oak-feeding silk-
worm, Bombyx Yamamai, to any Member of the Society.
Mr. Stainton drew attention to the plate illustrating a paper entitled “ Histoire
d'une Chenille mineuse des fenilles de vigne, extraite d’une lettre écrite de Malte a
M. de Reaumur,” published in the ‘ Memoires de Académie Royale des Sciences de
Paris, in 1750. The habit of the footless larva which attacked the vine in Malta and
produced a small moth was so carefully described and pourtrayed by M. Godeheu de
Riville, that there was no difficulty in recognizing it as congeneric with the fuotless
larve of Antispila Treitschkeella and Pfeifferella, and Mr. Stainton some time since
proposed the name of Antispila Rivillii, in the hope that the species would be again
detected in some of the vine-growing districts of Southern Europe. To the present
day, however, the moth remains unknown, and the larva is known only by the record
of M. de Riville.
D
XVili
Mr. Hewitson communicated the following note on Tachyris Jacquinotii (see
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1868, p. 99) :— "
“T find, from a recent visit to the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris, that the Pieris
described by Lucas under the name Jacquinotii is nothing more than a highly-
coloured variety of P. albina, and when Mr. Wallace went over my collection I under-
stood that he cunsidered it as such. It does not come, as stated by Lucas, from New
Guinea, but from New Caledonia, and has not, as I suggested, any relation with the
South-American P. Isandra.”
Mr. M‘Lachlan mentioned that the Anax mediterraneus of de Selys Longchamps,
which had on a solitary occasion been captured in the Island of Sardinia, but had been
rejected from the list of European dragon-flies, was observed in swarms at Turin and
in other parts of Italy by Dr. Ghiliani and others, on numerous occasions, from July to
September, 1867.
Mr. F. Smith exhibited a larva which he believed to be a Xantholinus, found
by Mr. O. Janson whilst digging in a sand-bank at Snaresbrook: attached by their
hinder extremities to the under side of this larva, on the 5th, 7th, 9th and 11th
segments respectively, were four pupw of a Hymenopterous parasite, probably a
Proctotrupes.
Mr. F. Smith also exhibited a Longicorn beetle, Cerosterna gladiator, and a large
Acheta, which were very destructive to forest-trees in Madras.
Dr. Cleghorn, Conservator of Forests, Madras (who was present as a visitor), said
that these insects had done great damage in the young Casuarina plantations along
the Madras Railway. The attacks of the beetle were principally directed to the bark
of the trees; but the cricket generally bit off the leading shoots or primary branches.
It appeared suddenly in September, 1867, after some showers of rain at the end of the
hot season: during the night the larve emerged from the sand, crawled up the young
trees, and nibbled off the leading shoots (as a rabbit might have done), many of which,
six inches long, were found lying on the ground; hundreds of trees had to be replaced
on the railway-banks in consequence of their depredations. The best way to save the
trees was to employ boys to dig out the larve from the tortuous galleries or passages
which they made in the sand to a depth of ten to fifteen inches, and large enough
to admit the little finger: he had had bushels of them dug out of their burrows
and destroyed. In reply to inquiries, Dr. Cleghorn stated that he had himself
frequently seen the larve crawling up the stems, and was convinced that they
were the authors of the injury, but he had never seen them in the act of cutting off
the shoots.
Mr. Trimen mentioned, as a parallel case, a tree-cricket at the Cape which eats
the terminal shoots of the silver-tree (Leucodendron argenteum), by which, however, the
shoots are not wantonly bitten off, but are consumed for food.
Mr. F. Smith exhibited eight kinds of larve from India, all of which were
deseribed as “borers,” and as causing great damage to the coffee and other trees.
Three of them appeared to be Lepidopterous; one, the “ red borer” of Ceylon, which
attacks a tree in the middle of the stem and works its way upwards through the pith,
belonged to a species of Zenzera; a second, which was a somewhat similar larva, was
found in the pith of the charcoal tree (Sponia Wightii); the third, the “great white
borer,” also looked like a Zenzera, and was usually found at the root of coffee and
xix
other trees. The remaining five larve were Coleopterous; one was probably a
Pyrochroa, and was found in the coffee tree; another, a Buprestis, found in the root
of a dead coffee tree; a third, an Oryctes, found in a dead forest tree in a coffee
plantation ; a fourth was a Longicorn; and the fifth was the “ white borer,” or “ coffee
borer” par excellence, Xylotrechus quadripes of Chevrolat. Of this insect numerous
specimens in all its stages were exhibited, together with the stem of a coffee tree
attacked by the larve.
With respect to the last-mentioned insect, Mr. F. Smith drew attention to a
pamphlet (Madras, 1867) entitled ‘ Preliminary Remarks on the Ravages of the
Borer in the year 1867, by Colonel C. P. Taylor, of the Madras Staff Corps. The
following are extracts :—
“A very prevalent opinion exists, I believe, that the borer may come to nothing,
or it may exterminate our plantations entirely. I confess that when I read of the
successes and failures of various kinds of cultivation, and reflect upon the good and
bad seasons all over the globe, when I consider how many luxuriant coffee estates
have for so many years succeeded in India, and moreover when T admit the un-
doubted fact that the red borer has been known for years on our estates and in
Ceylon, I cannot regard the extraordinary visitation of 1867 in any light but that ofa
plague which has come upon us, and with due cave and precaution on our part will
pass away. . . . . The borer was very destructive in 1859. His ravages in
1867 are certainly more alarming, but I believe that although this insect may remain
more or less on the estates, such fatal ravages are not likely to occur fur many years.
It is impossible to disguise the damage already done, and doubtless this becomes a
most serious question, but I trust that many an estate may yet be saved to its owners.
I understand that some proprietors contemplate no further outlay, but purpose taking
the coming crop, whatever it may be, and then abandoning their properties. . . . .
It has been advanced by some persons who take a desponding view of this calamity
that the coffee estates may die out in the same manner as the vines have perished in
Madeira. I thiuk we should dismiss any idea of this kind from our minds altogether,
as the cases are not analogous. The vines, it is generally admitted, perished from a
disease of the trees themselves, and not from any insect. The theory that the borer
only attacks weakly trees (though supported by a most eminent entomologist with
regard to ligniperdous insects) is, I believe, open to question in this case. Mr. Young,
the Chairman of the Carnatic Coffee Company, in writing from personal inspection,
declares that ‘the finest trees are its choice victims;’ and I believe every planter
who has seen the borer in any numbers will bear me out in the assertion that the
insect is indiscriminate in its ravages. It is quite possible that men who formed a
different opinion on their own estates were mistaken, and that the sickly appearance
they observed was in reality the borer who had entered the year before unnoticed... .
The trees which on passing through an estate the planter can perceive are showing
signs of something wrong should, in my opinion, be taken up, and nightly bonfires be
lighted with a collection of them. . . . . Some estates which have had the borer
for some three or four years are nearly destroyed. If the affected trees had been burnt
the first year, I believe that such estates might have been saved to a great extent.
As it is, on some estates, as many as seventeen perfect beetles have been discovered in
one tree, in addition to others in the pupa state. . . . . My impression is that the
xX
white borer has been in many plantations for several years, and that he goes on,
maturing or expiring, according to the weather. These dry seasons have enabled him
to make a great stride in his work of destruction, and the trees have become loaded
with larve. . . . . J advise the burning of all affected trees; and as it has,
I believe, been almost universally admitted in Coorg and Mysore that shade is
beneficial, I should plant shade in the vacancies instead of young coffee, which rarely
succeeds with old plants. . . . . The handling of trees for the removal of any
eggs might be useful. . , . . Fish-oil and svot are spoken of, to stop the trees
with, and chloride-of-lime water, or arsenic solution, or cyanide of potassium, to be
syringed into them. Of all preventive and remedial measures as yet proposed,
I consider the most valuable to be the plan of whitewashing the trees when good lime
can be procured. Fires should invariably be lighted at this season, because it appears
that the borer beetle escapes at night, and during this month (September). At the
same time it is probable the beetle may escape during the daytime also. It has the
power of boring ils way out of the tree after it has changed from the pupa to the
perfect beetle, notwithstanding that it may have to open a considerable aperture for
the egress of its body. It is, in fact, furnished with a boring apparatus as effective in
its purposes, though not of the same description, as that of the larva. This was
exemplified in an experiment made by Captain Mitchell, of the Madras Museum, and
myself. A portion of a coffee tree which we split up (brought from Coorg about ten days
before) disclosed a beetle in a cleft of the tree, which proved afterwards to be a female.
She appeared to have no inclination to escape, though she could easily have done
so. She was comfortable and apparently torpid in her hole. We tied up the piece of
the tree tightly, and Captain Mitchell placed it in a glass bottle with a stopper. In
the morning he examined it, and found the beetle outside the wood, lively, and
running up and down in a wonderfully active manner, feeling about with ber
antenne as busily as possible. On examination of the piece of the tree, we found
that during the night this insect had bored a large hole outwards, and had come out
of the bark from the position in which we first discovered her. . . . . It is
doubtful whether the beetles will fly into the fire, though they will come round it in
great numbers, in which case coolies with nets or branches of trees might kill a great
DAS ic os), Can we introduce or encourage the breed of any animals inimical
to insect life? Can the ornithologist be of any service here? Those birds which live
chiefly in trees and hedges, if encouraged and protected on an estate, might prove
formidable enemies to the borer. Flocks of guinea-fowls would kill a large number of
insects; .... they are mostly attached to white ants and grubs, but this borer is a very
diminutive insect considering his powers of destruction, and I have no doubt the
guinea-fowl would take to him amazingly. . . . Is it the case that, after two
or more seasons of failure in the average amount of rain, the coffee trees become to a
certain extent sapless, and offer an easy prey to ligniperdous insects of all kinds?
I have stated before that this is open to question, but it has been asserted that such is
the case, and that when the trees are luxuriant, and from constant showers in
seasonable and heavy monsoons they have become in a high state of cultivation and
are full of sap, the borer cannot make so much way in his depredations; he is, in fact,
bothered (so to speak) by too much moisture in the wood. There are doubtless
vatious kinds of borers, some of which have actually attacked this year the sandal-
wood, whose scent it was supposed would scare the hungriest larve ; some again have
Xxl
attacked dried-up and utterly sapless trunks, in whose fibrous elements not a particle
of nourishment could be supposed to dwell. . . . . It is important to discover if
a juicy or a sapless coffee bush is selected by the borer, and if so, by what borer. ...
I believe that the white or red borer was originally indiscriminate in his attacks, either
in shade or the open. I believe that the spread of insects has greatly increased by the
absence of shelter for the birds of the forest. . . . . I think that in many cases
which have undoubtedly occurred, where the coffee in the open has been so fearfully
injured by insects, the real cause has been that the warmth of such situations is
peculiarly favourable to insect development. Millions of eggs might be hatched in
such situations, which would rot in a damp or shady position with the forest overhead.
Once hatched the larve can only attack the tree in which they are placed. It will be
asked, how do I account for the little injury done by the red borer in Ceylon, although
the coffee is almost all in the open? I answer, the great and almost constant
dampness of the climate is inimical to the borer, and prevents his being so prolific as
in warm and dry situations. . . . . This view of the case is also borne out by
the fact that in cool situations in India, such as estates at high elevations, the
destruction has hitherto been of little consequence; whereas the estates which have
suffered most seriously are in every case, I believe, at low elevations with a high
temperature. It is a question, however, if a coffee tree can be too full of sap, too
moist, too juicy, or tuo succulent to present a favourable field for the attacks of the
dreaded white borer. All I say is, I doubt it. On examination of numerous trees,
I am led to believe that if the borer larve had the power of selecting their food, they
would undoubtedly choose the tree in which there was the most nourishment. . . . .
If I am correct in my argument, we at once grasp at one of the causes of the great
havoc of 1867.. Man has transformed many a cool and shady forest into a hot and
shadeless coffee garden, and has removed the chief enemies of the borer, cold and
damp. Nature, for three years withholding her ordipary showers, has assisted
certainly, but may not the result be attributable to man? May he not, by a too
indiscriminate felling of forest in hot exposed situations, have caused the great
increase in insect development, the results of which we now so bitterly deplore?....
When I was clearing away jungle, four years ago, on my estate at Nemaur in the
Nuggur Division of the Mysore country, the Brahmins warned me against removing
the shade. ‘1f you cut the trees down,’ they said, ‘ the sun will be very hot, and will
bring poochies’ (insects). I was under the impression that the climate of Nemaur
was too damp and the rains too heavy for shade, or even partial shade, for the coffee,
but I find T was mistaken, and we are now actually planting shade in parts of the
estate. Tbe elevation is about 2800 feet. It is also an interesting subject for inquiry,
if the felling and dying out of any bambous or jungle trees have driven the borer to
the coffee. The thevry that because in hot dry situations, unshaded from the scorching
rays of the sun, the coffee tree becomes exhausted and sapless, and therefore the more
liable to the attacks of the borer, who, in fact, proceeds to that portion of the estate in
the first instance, and lays her eggs there in preference to the shady portions, may be
the correct one, but it does not appear to me to be so. One thing is plain, viz. that
throughout the coffee districts of South India, the trees in the open have suffered
incaleulably more than those in shade. At least I am satisfied that this is so as
far as regards Coorg and Mysore. . . . . In Coorg there is a legend that when
bamboos die insects are created -in myriads and attack all trees, Now in 1867 the
XXil
bamboos in Coorg have died in enormous quantities. It is believed that they do so
in a cycle of sixty years. . . . . Some planters have noticed the beetles at
night collect against the windows of their houses, attracted by the light inside. Now
insect-traps might be so constructed with lights as to secure great numbers in
different parts of an estate during the night. It has occurred to me that a simple
contrivance would be a mud but, lighted up and roofed in, with apertures all round,
and the walls inside and out hung with cloth covered with some sticky tenacious
substance, with which the floor also should be covered, which would disable the beetle
on contact. The natives prepare a capital bird-lime, which would answer the purpose,
from the juice of the banyan tree (Ficus indica). . . . . A still simpler con-
trivance would be a large basket like a common native bird-cage, or a round and
more substantial trellis-work might be constructed, open at the top, in any case
covered with a sticky substance and a lantern in the centre. Another plan which has
occurred to me fora trap, is a square shallow trough, with a lantern in the centre,
filled to about half-an-inch with liquid molasses. It is feared that pitch would not
answer, as the smell would deter the beetles from approaching.”
Captain Ralph Taylor, a resident and planter in Coorg (who was present as a
visitor), gave his personal experiences of the “ white borer,” stating that he had known
coffee trees. of twelve years old destroyed by thousands; that the beetle emerged at all
times of the year, or at any rate in August and from November to February; and that
lime, and light, and other things had been tried, but no remedy had proved effectual.
At the same time he was disposed to take a hopeful view, and believed that the evil
was already on the decrease and would soon disappear; whilst he had last year obtained
from 7 to 8 cwt. per acre from a plantation which was attacked by the “borer.” He
had himself known the white borer since 1863.
Dr. Cleghorn said that other trees beside the coffee were attacked by the
Xylotrechus, and he thought that drought was a predisposing cause which rendered
the trees either more liable to be attacked or less able to resist attack.
Mr. F. Smith remarked that Col. Taylor’s opinion, that the borer larva would from
choice select the trees in which there was most moisture or nourishment, was directly
opposed to his own experience of the habits of the species of Clytus found in this
country; he had never found either the larva or perfect insect in any other than dead
wood, or in the decaying branches of living trees. The borer had no doubt existed in
India long before the coffee-plant was cultivated, and as clearings of jungle were made
it naturally resorted to the plantations so admirably suited to its requirements. If the
planters abandoned their properties, the insect would have the opportunity of
increasing without check and would spread over the neighbouring plantations. Mr.
Smith had observed Clytus arietis in this country to be usually very abundant about
the same stump or railings for four or five years in succession, when they appeared to
move off to fresh quarters, the larve having, as he supposed, so riddled the posts that
little or no wood remained to be fed upon.
Mr. Janson expressed his conviction that, as in this country, so also in India, it
was decaying or unhealthy trees alone that were attacked by Clytus.
Papers read.
The following papers were read :—
“On the Duration of Life in the Honey Bee,” by Mr. J. G. Desborough.
“ Descriptions of Aculeate Hymenoptera from Australia,” by Mr. F. Smith.
XXilll
&
New Parts of ‘ Transactions.’
Trans. Ent. Soc., third series, vol. iii. part 5, containing a further instalment of Mr.
Paseve’s “ Longicornia Malayana,” and the first part of ‘The Transactions of the
Entomological Society of London for the year 1868,’ were on the table.
June 1, 1868.
H. W. Bares, Esq., President, in the chair.
Additions to the Library.
The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors :—
*Verhandlungen der K. K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien,’ vol. xvii. ;
presented by the Society. ‘Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung,’ 1868, Nos. 4—6; by
the Society. ‘On the Diurnal Lepidoptera of the Extra-tropical Northern Hemi-
sphere,’ by W. F. Kirby; by the Author. ‘The Odonat-Fauna of the Island of Cuba,’
by Dr. H. Hagen; by the Author. Newman’s ‘ British Moths,’ No.18; by the Author.
‘The Zoologist’ for June; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’
for June; by the Editors.
The following addition, by purchase, was also announced: —C. G. Thomson,
‘Skandinaviens Coleoptera, vols. viii. and ix.
Election of Members.
G. P. Shearwood, Esq., of Cedar Lodge, Stockwell, was elected a Member;
Tl Cavaliere Franecfort, of Pallanza, Lago Maggiore, was elected a Foreign
Member. ;
Exhibitions, §c.
The Secretary announced that an exhibition of useful and destructive insects
would take place in the Palais de Industrie, at Paris, during the month of August.
The Committee of Management includes Dr. Boisduval, M. Guérin-Meéneville, and
other entomologists and scientific agriculturists. The exhibition is to be made as com-
prehensive as possible, the scheme including the propagation of useful insects, methods
of curing or preventing disease, and economical management; and the illustration of
destructive insects, with means for opposing their ravages. As regards destructive in-
sects, the Committee has determined on a practica) instead of a scientific classification,
the subdivisions being formed by the plants upon which the creatures feed. Foreigners
are invited to take part in the coming exhibition; applications to be sent in before
the 20th of July, to the Secretary of the Société d’Insectologie Agricole, No. 1, Rue
Cadette, Paris, or at the Palais de Industrie. The insects or other objects of
exhibition are to be sent in before the 25th of July, and the exhibition opens on the
Ist and closes on the 31st of August. The following are the principal heads of
classification:—First division—Useful insects:—Ist class, Silk-producing iusects ;
2nd class, Insects producing honey and wax; 3rd class, Insects used in dyeing and
XXIV
for colour; 4th class, Edible insects, crustacea and mollusks; Sth class, Insects
employed for medical use; 6th class, Insects used as ornaments. Second division—
Destructive insects:—Ten classes, viz. those which attack cereals, the vine, plants
used in industry, forage, vegetables and ornamental plants, fruit trees, forest trees,
timber used for building, truffles and fungi, dry organic matters, and, lastly, parasites
of man and domestic animals. The third division includes three classes—carnivorous
insects, parasitic insects; destructive of chrysalides; and insectivorous animals, birds
and reptiles. The fourth division includes—Insects and other creatures destructive of
mollusks; and notices respecting edible snails and the benefit that cultivators may
derive from them. Lastly, optical instruments for entomological purposes, and
special apparatus connected with the rearing or destruction of insects. Printed or
written memoirs are also to be admitted, even without specimens of the insects to
which they refer; and it is further announced that conferences will take place in the
exhibition on various subjects connected with “ insectology” [? Entomology].
Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited the larva of a caddis-fly found by Mr. Fletcher, of
Worcester, crawling about the bark of willow trees: the case was like a Culeophora,
but the feet of the larva showed it to be Trichopterous, not Lepidopterous. Enacyla
[Enoicyla] pusilla, a species of which the female was apterous, had for some time
been known on the Continent to have a non-aquatic larva, and M. Snellen van Vollen-
hoven found the larve in great numbers at the Hague: this species had not yet been
found in Britain, but Mr. Fletcher’s larvee wee probably to be referred to it. It
would be interesting to ascertain how the larva breathed, whether or not by spiracles.
Mr. J. Jenner Weir called attention to the Report, in the ‘Journal of Horti-
culture’ for May 21, 1868, of the Proceedings of the Scientific Committee of the
Royal Horticultural Society, in which it was stated that on the 19th of that month
“Mr. Berkeley exhibited specimens of the larva of Coleophora hemerobiella, which
attacks the leaves of the pear and cherry, not as is usually the case by eating away the
whole substance, but by attaching themselves by their discoid suctorial mouth, and
extracting the sap from the parenchyma for some distance round the point of attack;
which when they have exhausted they leave, and commence an attack in another part of
the leaf, leaving a small hole similar to a leech bite. Finally they enclose themselves
in the leaf, which is rolled up into the form of a tiny cigarette.” Mr. Weir presumed
that no one of the entomologists attached to the Scientific Committee could have been
present at the promulgation of a statement so full of error.
Mr. Keays exhibited specimens of Psyche crassiorella from Hornsey Wood.
The Hon. T. De Grey exhibited pupx of Hypercallia Christierninana; the larve
were found on Polygala vulgaris between the 27th of April and the 22nd of May, near
Shoreham, and one became a pupa during the Meeting. The pupe were of a
beautiful bright green colour, attached by their hind extremity only to the sides of the
glass cylinder in which they were exhibited, aud were not suspended loosely by the
silken attachment, but rigidly fixed in an oblique position at an angle of about
60° to the side of the cylinder.
Mr. A. G. Butler (who was present as a visitor) exhibited a small and pale variety _
of Nemeobius Lucina, and a pair of Anthocharis Cardamines, all from Herne Bay.
Both sexes of A. Cardamines were remarkable for the largeness of the black spot on
the disk of the fore wings, and the male had a rudimentary tail to the hind wings.
QCE. 13, 1358 :
fa
XKV
Mr. Burmeister, jun. (who was present as a visitor), exhibited numerous drawings
of larve of Brazilian butterflies, and pupa-skins of many of them. Amongst the latter
was Ageronia Amphinome, remarkable for its pair of foliate appendages to the head,
which, however, did not contain the antenne of the butterfly : ‘this pupa was not dis-
tinguishable from other Nymphalid, and showed that the old authors who described
it as having a belt of silk round the middle were mistaken.
Mr. Burmeister also mentioned that he had found the larve of Castnia in the
bulbs or swellings at the foot of the stem of Orchids.
Mr. Edward Sheppard read the following extract from a letter written by
Mrs. Russell, of Kenilworth,—the beetle referred to being a Meloe:—
“An evening or two ago I watched a beetle for an hour in the garden ex-
cavating a hole in the earth of one of the beds, big enough to hold its own
large long body. It was evidently a female, full of eggs. It bit off little
pellets of earth from the rim of its hole and cast them away with its hind feet,
turning itself about in every direction, and working without a moment's cessation.
It had very large, thick antenne, and was plainly a very powerful creature, rolling
down pieces of the dry crumbling earth half as big as itself, and not minding them a
bit. Next morning I went to see the state of affairs, and found, to my astonishment,
the excavation completely filled up and smoothed over, as if some one had passed
their hand over the finely-powdered soil. Thinking it possible she might have buried
herself, I searched the place well with a stick, but there was no trace of her, and
I therefore conclude that she had been laying some eggs and covering them up.”
Prof. Westwood gave an account of his observations of Ateuchus sacer at Cannes,
and mentioned that during flight the elytra were perfectly horizontal and very slightly
open at the suture, so that the motion of the wings was confined within very narrow
limits. The action of the beetles in rolling along the ground the ball or pellet of dung
in which the female deposits her eggs was most curious: with head pressed down and
hind feet raised aloft, with its back to the pellet and moving backwards, one beetle
pushed and guided the ball with its hind legs, whilst another beetle clung to the ball,
and remaining motionless thereon was rolled over and over with it, sometimes upper-
most, sometimes undermost. [See the account of Ateuchus variolosus given by
“Tonicus” in ‘The Entomological Magazine,’ vol. iii. p. 377.]
Mr. Keays exhibited oak-leaves from Hornsey Wood, which were cut straight
across the middle, leaving only the midrib, and the outer halves then twisted and
rolled up by Attelabus Curculionoides, with a view to oviposition.
The Hon. T. De Grey exhibited specimens of Agapanthia Cardui, bred from
larve in stems of thistles.
Mr. A. G. Butler exhibited Otiorhynchus picipes, which had been found de-
structive to rose trees at Manchester, eating off the young shoots.
Paper read,
The following paper was read:—‘“ Descriptions of New Genera and Species of
Heteromera,” by Mr. Frederick Bates. Two new genera of Tenebrionide, from
Australia, were characterized under the names of Hypaulax and Chileone.
1D)
XXVI
New Part of * Transactions,
Trans. Ent. Soc., third series, vol. iv., part 5, published in May, completing that
volume, and containing Mr. A. R. Wallace’s Catalogue of Malayan Cetoniide, with
four coloured plates, was on the table.
July 6, 1868.
H. W. Bares, Esq., President, in the chair.
Additions to the Library.
The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—
‘Proceedings of the Royal Society, Nos. 101 and 102; presented by the Society.
‘Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, No. 41; by the Society. ‘ Proceedings of
the Zoological Society, 1867, Part 3; by the Society. Hewitson’s ‘ Exotic Butter-
flies, part 67; by W. W. Saunders, Esq. Newman’s ‘ British Moths,’ No. 19; by
the Author. ‘The Zoologist’ for July; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine,’ for July; by the Editors. g
The following additions, by purchase, were also announced :—Panzer, ‘ Faune
Insectorum Germanice Initia” Sturm, ‘ Deutschland’s Fauna, Kafer ;’ vols. 9—22.
‘ Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1857—67. “
Exhibitions, &c.
Mr. M‘Lachlan mentioned that, out of twenty-one pupe of Hypercallia Christier-
ninana, he had bred nineteen of the perfect insect, and exhibited a dozen of them.
The pupe soon lost the beautiful bright green colour (ante, p. xxiv.), became for
a time pale dirty yellow or colourless, and finally assumed a rosy hue as the wings
of the imago made progress towards their full development.
Mr. H.J.S. Pryer exhibited a specimen of Halias quercana, from West Wickham,
with the wings unequally developed, one side being much shorter than the other.
Mr. Bond exhibited varieties of Setina irrorella and Arctia villica: the former was
captured near Croydon; its colour was pale, the ordinary rows of dots were very
indistinct, but there was a dark basal longitudinal mark, and a strong subapical dark
fascia: the latter was bred from one of a number of larve found at Wormwood Scrubs,
all of which were similarly treated, and, whilst the rest produced moths of the ordinary
type, the specimen exhibited was almost entirely of a deep rich fulvous colour, with a
few black marks on the costa of the fore wings, and but for its origin being known
could scarcely have been recognized as Arctia villica.
Mr. R. Davis, of Waltham Cross, Herts (who was present as a visitor) exhibited a
large collection of larve of Lepidoptera, admirably dried and preserved, and expressed
his desire to receive living larve from Lepidopterists in other paris of the country,
a portion of which, when preserved, he would return to the sender.
XXV11
Mr. 'T. W. Wood (who was present as a visitor) exhibited specimens and drawings
of several exotic species of Saturniide, and made some observations on their habits.
Saturnia Cynthia was remarkable for its attitude during repose, the wings being held
perfectly horizontal, without any external support, and widely expanded, the hind
wings being an inch or more apart. The attitude of S. Promethea and S. Cecropia
was very similar to that of a Papilio, and there were other strongly-marked points of
resemblance between the Saturniide and Papilionide, both in form and habits; for
instance, the gentle waving up and down of the wings, as if for display, as observed in
these moths, was more characteristic of diurnal than of nocturnal Lepidoptera: he had
kept a pair of S. Polyphemus alive for a considerable time, and found that they some-
times (particularly the female) rested after the manner of butterflies, but at other times
their wings were horizontal, a large portion of the hind wings, including the ocellus,
being hidden by the fore wings. Mr. Wood had also observed that these insects
possess a moveable appendage on the under side of the anterior tibia, which is used
as a comb for cleaning the antenne: he had many times seen the males of S. Pro-
methea use these appendages for that purpose; the large feathery antenna was
clasped at the base between the tibia and the comb, as between a finger and thumb,
and was drawn slowly through to the tip, being thereby effectually cleared of all dust
and scales or other foreign matters.
Prof. Westwood said that there was a similar appendage or plate on the fore tibie
of Papilio Machaon.
Mr. A. G. Butler (who was present as a visitor) exhibited Halia Vavaria and its
Dipterous parasite, a species of Tachina, bred from the pupe.
Mr. Bond, after referring to the cases recorded in Proc. Ent. Soc. 1865, pp. 103,
104, of several males of GXceticus and Micropteryx being discovered in simultaneous
sexual contact with one female of their own species, mentioned that Dr. Knaggs had
met with a still more remarkable case, inasmuch as he had found a male of Tortrix
viridana and a male of T. heparana in contemporaneous union with a female of
T. viridana. ;
Mr. Bond then exhibited a female of Drilus flavescens,—the third known British
specimen of that sex (vide ante, p. i.),—and two males of the same species, the trio
having been captured in copu/dé simultaned near Freshwater, Isle of Wight,
on the 12th of June, 1868, by Myr. H. Rogers, who had supplied the following
account:—
“T captured them on Friday, the 12th of June, at a place called Blackbridge,
Freshwater: they were on the high road, and first attracted my attention
through the female crawling along and dragging both males behind her. I
picked them up and closely examined them, and both males were in cop. with
her at the same time, and remained so for upwards of two hours; both left her
within ten minutes of each other. When I first saw them the males were quite
helpless.”
Mr. J. Jenner Weir exhibited a fine large Monochamus, which had flown into and
been captured in the London Custom House a few days previously.
Mr. Blackmore exhibited a collection of insects of all orders, captured in Tangier
in March and April, 1868. The greater part consisted of Coleoptera, in which
Tangier was very rich: during three years Mr. Rolfe had collected there 2700
XXVli
species, two-thirds of which had not previously been taken in Morocco, and of these -
a large proportion were new to Science.
The Secretary read Reports, dated 2nd December, 1867, 4th January and 22nd
April, 1868, by Dr. Bidie, the Government Commissioner for investigating the
ravages of the borer (Xylotrechus quadripes of Chevrolat) in the coffee-plantations of
Mysore and Coorg. (See Tr. Ent. Soc. 1868, p. 105; Proc. 1867, p. cix., 1868,
pp. li., xviii.) The following are extracts :—
“In the neighbourhood of Mercara, my attention was directed to another insect
called the Ringer: it chiefly attacks young plants, and lives in the ground at the foot
of the stem, coming up during the night and feeding on the bark. When a complete
circle uf bark is thus destroyed, the whole of the plant above that point dies, but the
root throws up shoots which in time become productive. The Ringer seems identical
with the black grub of the Ceylon plantations, which is the larva of the Dart Moth.
I have failed to get the grub to pass into the imago state, the shaking during my
travels having always proved fatal to it, but am quite sure that it is identical with
the English Agrotis segetum.
“Ina native garden in Veerajpettah I found twenty-year-old stems in which the
borer had been observed at work for five years at least, and various Coorgs have
informed me that they have noticed the borer occasionally during the last eight or
ten years. Two gentlemen engaged in planting have also told me that they now and
again found the borer in coffee trees upwards of four years ago. In many of the
native gardens I find that some Rodent (probably the coffee rat) has begun to destroy
the pupa and beetle, by cutting down and extracting them for food. Red ants also
to a small extent prey on the larva and pupa. :
“J am now trying to discover whether the white borer did or does exist in
indigenous trees.
“In Southern Coorg I have inspected thirty-eight estates belonging to Europeans,
and a large number the property of natives. The effect of forest clearance on climate
and its bearing on the immediate matter of my enquiry have received due attention.
I quite agree that the destruction of forests in Coorg has had an influence in making
the borer so prevalent and destructive to coffee. In other countries, such as America,
as the clearing of the natural forests has gone on, insects destructive to trees and
crops have vastly increased in numbers. In dense: primeval woods, the conditions of
light, heat and moisture are not favourable for the production of many of the insects
injurious to cultivated plants; and besides Nature in such situations maintains
enemies sufficient to keep them in check. When man comes in with his axe he
disturbs this natural balance, and his fields and gardens suffer in consequence. No
doubt also insects often attack cultivated plants when natural ones on which they
used to subsist have been exterminated. Forest clearance would also seem to increase
the number of many kinds of insects by producing various changes in local climate
conducive to their multiplication. The Coorgs think that the borer used to live in
the bambvo, but, owing to the death of that tree throughout the district during the
past year, it was no longer able to subsist in it, and has therefore attacked the coffee.
This general dying out of the bamboo, they say, occurs once in sixty years—that
being the term of its existence; but it seems strange that all the bamboos in Coorg
should be so exactly of the same age as to perish in a single year. I am investigating
KXiX
these statements, however, and will soon be in a position to say positively whether or
not they are founded on fact. Some think that the borer has increased from the
destruction or departure of insect-eating birds, consequent on the cutting down of
forest. Any one accustomed to jungle life knows that very few birds exist in dense
forest, and that if not disturbed they rapidly increase wherever there is a clearing
under cultivation. The comparative scarcity of birds in Coorg is doubtless caused by
the great amount of dense forest that exists, the severity of the monsoon, and the
destructive propensities of the Coorgs.
“ Tn various jungle trees and in the orange I have found larve which in appearance
-and mode of tunnelling have a strong resemblance to the coffee-borers, but, as a rule,
they differ from them in preferring dead to living wood. These and the coffee-borers
are all the larve of beetles or of moths. The white coffee-borer (now so destructive)
appears to belong to the genus Clytus.
“Since my last Report, I have found in coffee on native estates growing under
shade a small beetle belonging to the genus Tomicus, which bores the young
primaries and secondaries, causing them to turn black and perish. The perfect
insect is only about the size of a pin’s head, and yet it does a great deal of
damage to the young fruit-bearing wood. I have also seen on some estates a
locust very destructive to the foliage of the coffee, and thus causing a considerable
loss in crop.
“The discovery of measures to destroy or prevent the appearance of the borer has
of course formed the chief object of my solicitude, and although the peculiarities of
its natural history are such as to throw serious obstacles in the way, still I hope to
attain ultimately some measure of success. The fact of the insect being found in the
perfect form in every month of the year nearly precludes the idea of being able to
destroy it in the winged state; and the circumstance of its living as a grub and pupa
in the interior of the stem renders it very difficult to attack it in either of these stages
without destroying the tree. In the mean time I would recommend the covering of
the stems of the plants with clean fresh moss up to the terminal pair of primaries
from the surface of the ground. The moss should be about two inches in thickness
and secured with several bands of fibre, and if put on about the beginning of the
monsoon will live and become firmly banded round the stem in a short period, forming
a mechanical barrier that would prevent the beetle from reaching the bark to deposit
its eges. The mossing would no doubt to some slight extent affect the health of the
tree, but this would be largely compensated for by the protection that it would afford
from so deadly an enemy as the borer. I believe, too, that although the eggs of the
borer were deposited under the moss, its presence would prevent them from hatching.
The manner of applying the moss here proposed is exactly the same as that recom-
mended by Mr. M‘Ivor for the cinchonas, to increase the amount of alkaloids in their
bark. Coal-tar, pure or diluted with fish-oil, applied to the stems will also have the
effect of keeping away the beetles, its smell being most offensive to all insects.
I lately saw some trees to which tar had been applied nine months ago, and although
exposed to the monsoon the coating had not lost its odour, and the trees looked very
vigorous. I mention these facts because it has been said that the tar soon loses its
smell, and is also fatal to the coffee-tree. Lime-wash has been used on some estates,
but the great objections to its use are that it is washed away by the first showers
and scales off when the tree is shaken by the wind. I believe a mixture of
XXX
cow-dung and clay, like that used by the natives for the walls and floors of their
houses, would be more permanent and perhaps as effectual, while it would be much —
cheaper. |
“The coffee crop has turned out better than was anticipated, and this agreeable ~
surprise has led most planters to take a much more hopeful view of the future. I am
happy to report, too, that the borer does not seem to be on the increase in South
Coorg, but rather on the decline, as in most bored trees about five per cent. of the
insects found are dead. Still it is very difficult to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion
as to the state of the pest at present, as the insect is for the most part in the winged
state and not easily seen, and it is only as the dry weather begins to tell on the trees
that those tunnelled will show symptoms of the injury they have sustained. The
Rodent alluded to in my last continues to prey on the insect, cutting a hole
in the wood so as to reach its tunnel. It does not appear, however, to frequent
estates of large extent and free exposure, but to live in native gardens of limited
size, in which there is some shade and abundance of cover in the shape of under
growth.”
* * * * * * * * *
“There is a very destructive insect called by planters the charcoal borer, as it
frequently destroys the charcoal trees which are reared to give shade to the coffee. Its
presence in a tree is indicated by a lump on the stem of sawdust-like wood-powder,
matted together by silky fibres. On removing this the hole through which the insect
enters and ejects the morsels of wood will be seen, and it is generally large enough to’
admit the tip of the little finger. If the tree be now cut down and split open, tunnels
of the same size will be found running upwards and downwards from the external
opening, and the grub lying snug in the bottom of a burrow at the base of the stem.
The larva is from three to four inches long, thick, fleshy, and of a pale red colour. It
has six pectoral, eight ventral and two anal feet, and is a very powerful creature,
struggling violently in the hand, and attacking vigorously with its powerful jaws the
cork of a bottle in which it may be confined. The chrysalis is smaller and of a darker
red colour than the caterpillar, and rests about three months. Its abdominal segments
are furnished with transverse rows of minute reflexed spines, and some weeks before
the moth emerges, moved by some wonderful instinct, it pushes itself up by means of
these; and clears away the débris of the wood from the external opening, so that there
may be nothing to prevent the escape, of the perfect insect. Having completed this
task it once more descends to its former place, and rests until the moth arrives at
maturity, when the same contrivance is made use of again to enable the moth to
escape from the tunnel, within which it could never wriggle out of its case or develope
its wings. The moth measures about three and a half inches across the upper pair of
wings, which are much larger than the lower. Both pairs are of a grayish brown
colour, and the upper ones are clouded with brown. The antenne of the female
(I have not seen a male) are very short and filiform. The wings are deflexed in repose,
and furnished with a complicated series of strong nerves. The abdomen is elongated,
and the female, when touched, discharges with considerable force immense numbers —
of minute white round eggs, which shortly turn black, when they have the appearance
of very fine gunpowder. This moth belongs to the family Hepialide, and is closely
allied to the Hepialus humuli, or ghost moth of England. It is very common in the
Pee. ot
charcoal tree, and renders the stem so weak by ils tunnelling that it is apt to be
broken by the wind. In the monsoon, too, the rain enters by the exterior opening,
gets to the heart of the tree and causes it to rot. The larva may be killed by passing
a flexible wire into its burrow, and after this the hole should be closed witha soft
wooden peg.
“There is not a tree in our furests but is liable when dead to the attacks of boring
insects, and many in the living state, more especially if sickly, show traces of their
depredations. As regards the coffee-plant, any diminution of vigour in it, no matter
what the cause, renders it liable to the ravages of the borer, and the larva does not
find a suitable field in a vigorous and absolutely healthy plant. There seems no
reason to doubt, therefore, that one cause of the great prevalence of the borer of late
years has been a general want of vigour in the plants, At the same time it must be
stated that a vast majority of the trees that have died full of the borer’s tunnels would,
but for its ravages, have lived and might have been restored to a more healthy state.
The causes that produced this sickly condition were various, and seme of them must
have been very general, seeing that the borer has prevailed over such an extent of
country. Not only in the actual coffee districts, but in places at a considerable
distance from them—such as Hassan and Hoonsoor—lI have found the borer present
in coffee trees; occurrences that point to the reduction of vigour having been caused
in part by some climatic influence. From this and other facts I also infer, that the
borer beetle is a widely distributed insect, and indigenous to the country, as the
distance of the stations of Hoonsoor and Hassan from estates*infested with the borer,
and the open nature of the intervening country, preclude the idea of its having been
able to wing its way from the latter to the former. I cannot believe either that the
vva of this beetle could have been carried so far by man’s or any natural agency.
Concluding then that the borer beetle belongs to the insect Fauna of Southern India,
and is widely distributed, it can hardly be expected that it will ever disappear, and
although more favourable seasons and change of mode of cultivation may render coffee
in general less liable to, or proof against, its attacks, still it will ever be ready to prey
upon and destroy sickly plants. During a recent visit to the gardens on the Baba-
Booden, in which coffee was first cultivated in Southern India, I was informed by the
planter Ghaus Sha-Khadry that ‘he had known the borer there for thirty years.’ On
an estate in Nugur, too, in 1860, or eight years ago, no less than 60,000 plants were
destroyed by the borer. These facts also go to prove that the insect is an old and
permanent resident in the coffee districts of the Peninsulas When at Ghaus Sha-
Khadry’s plantations I saw coffee-plants growing in shade, seventy years old, and quite
healthy, and was told that about twelve years ago there were plots of coffee in the
open, the trees in which were ove hundred years uld. These have all since gradually
died out, and the owner attributes their death to extreme age, drought and borer. He
says that for twelve years back the seasons have gradually been getting drier and
hotter, until at the present time the climate is such as to render it impossible to grow
coffee trees in the open in that part of the country: there is much collateral evidence
to support this statement regarding gradual deterioration of climate all along these
Western Ghauts.
“TI have visited the chief estates in Munzerabad, and a few of the oldest and most
interesting in Nugur. In both these districts, all the planters I have seen are of
Opinion that coffee must in that quarter be cultivated under shade, trees in the open
XXxil
being liable to perish from the violence of the monsoon, drought, borer, &c. The
most of the estates therefore are under shade, and as those so protected have suffered
but litle from the borer as compared with the few in the open, I went over them with
great interest. The degree of shade isa point of great nicety and importance, too
much being prejudicial to the reproductive powers of the tree, and too little exposing
it to the effects of dronght and the attacks of the borer. The native cultivators were
the first to adopt this system, and there seems no doubt that they were led to do so by
experience. It is worthy of note, too, that the first English coffee planters in Southern
India followed their example, and that some of their estates, varying in age from
twenty-five to forty years, still yield large and certain returns to the owners. On the
whole, I entertain a very high opinion of the system of culture under shade, and think
it might be introduced with advantage in many parts of Coorg.”
Mr. M’Lachlan mentioned that the terrestrial Trichopterous larve exhibited at the
previous Meeting (ante, p. xxiv.), from which he had hoped to breed Eneecyla
pusilla, had unfortunately perished. |
Mr. A. E. Eaton exhibited numerous drawings and microscopical preparations of
the mouth and other parts of Cenis, Leptophlebia, Ephemerella and Oligoneuria—
with reference to the paper mentioned below.
Prof. Westwood exhibited two remarkable forms of Chalcidide, one from the —
Amazons, the other from Australia, both belonging to the Cleonymus group, and
possessing peculiar modifications and elongation of the abdominal segments, whereby
doubtless oviposition was facilitated. He proposed to describe each of them as the type
of a new genus; see below.
Mr. F. Smith exhibited two female specimens of Ophion macrurus (Drury, Exot.
Ins. i. pl. xliii. fig. 5), bred by Mr. Chapman, of Glasgow, from cocoons of Saturnia
Cynthia, which he had received from Mr. Angus, of New York. ‘The specimens were
alive when they reached Mr. Smith, and one of them stung him in the hand so severely
as to lead to the belief that poison was injected, but fortunately the pain was not lasting.
There were specimens of this Ichneumon in the British Museum from New York,
with a memorandum by Edward Doubleday “ parasitic on Bombyx Cecropia,” a North”
American species: if there were no mistake as to the species from which the exhibited
insects were bred, it was remarkable that the Asiatic Bombyx Cynthia should, so soon
after its introduction into America, have been attacked by the parasite of ils congener
B. Cecropia.
Mr. F. Moore did not consider that these parasites were restricted to a single
species. There was no doubt of the true Bombyx Cynthia having been introduced.
into America; and he had himself bred the same species of Ophion from B. Cynthia.
and B, Polyphemus.
The Secretary exhibited a spring wooden letter-clip, in the cavity between the
limbs of which was placed the nest of a wasp, probably an Odynerus. This was found |
in June, in Hants, in a box which lay open on a writing-table which was in constant)
use, though the clip had remained untouched; and was communicated by Sir J. Clarke
Jervoise, Bart., M.P.
The Secretary mentioned that petroleum oil, especially in the crude state, had i
France been found of great use in destroying insects: the petroleum was mixed wit
water, in the proportion of an ounce to half an ounce to a pint of water, but when
XXXIl
applied to fruit trees or delicate plants the quantity of oil was still less: a very weak
solution applied with a watering-pot, was said to be very efficacious against the larve
of the cockchaffer; and a strong solution, poured into the holes and down walls
infested by insects, was said to kill them rapidly. Another application of the solution
was to rid dogs and other animals of parasites; but the parts must be rubbed with
soap a few minutes after the solution was applied.
Papers read.
The following papers were read :—
“* Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Heteromera” (conclusion); by Mr. F.
Bates.
“On the Larva of Micropeplus Staphylinoides ;” by Sir John Lubbock, Bart.
“On some points in the Anatomy of the immature Cenis macrura of Stephens ;’
by Mr. A. E. Eaton.
“A Tabular Comparison of some Representative Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera
in Europe, India, and North America ;” by Mr. W. F. Kirby.
“In my paper on the geographical distribution of European Rhopalocera (Tr. Ent.
Soc. 3rd series, i. 481), 1 did not attempt any generalizations from the results arrived
at. It now appears to me that a Table showing the species common to Europe and
India, or North America, may be useful, with reference to the claims of representative
forms to be considered distinct. In some cases, as in Papilio Zelicaon, a named
representative is now allowed to be a variety; in others, as in Pyrameis Callirrhoe,
it is considered as indubitably a species. But my object is simply to start inquiry ;
T leave to others the decision of specific claims. A great number of European species
range through North Asia (those common to Europe and North Asia are indicated in
the Table by an asterisk), and I think it highly probable that many or most of these
will ultimately be found to extend to the north slope of the Himalayas. The absence
of continuous mountain chains*running north and south will account for their wide
distribution over Europe and North Asia. The South Indian Fauna is still very
imperfectly known, but it is probably more African or Australian in character, and
much poorer in species, than that of the North. My authorities for North Asia are
Ménétries and Bremer; for India, Horsfield and Moore’s Catalogue, and subsequent
papers by Mr. Moore; and for America, Morris’s Synopsis, published by the Smith-
sonian Institution. The letters N,S, E,W denote the points of the compass: H in
the Indian column indicates a Himalayan species.
Europe. Inp1a. Norra AMERICA.
* Papilio Machaon P. Machaon (H) P. Zelicaon (W)
*Pieris Brassice P. Nipailensis (N)
» Krueperi P. Glicirie
* » Rape P. Rape (N) P. Cruciferarum
» Callidice P. Kalora (H) P. Callidice ? (W)
* ,, Daplidice P. Daplidice (N)
Anthocharis Belia A. Belia (W)
* rs Tagis A. Daphalis (H)
*Colias Pelidne (N)
Fs ys i, NeeeteR (IN)
. Pelidne (N)
’. Nastes (N)
Cre
F
Europe.
Colias Phicomone
A jot.) dvale
Fae ME Tate
* ,, Chrysotheme (E)
» Hecla (N)
»» Myrmidone (N)
* ,, Edusa
*Gonepteryx Rhamni
Danais Chrysippus (E)
nme Aphirape
» Freya (N)
24 » Polaris (N)
» Chariclea (N)
as Lathonia
» Aglaia
» selene
Frigga (N)
apts C-album
*Vanessa Xanthomelas
*. V-album
* » Urtice
3 » Antiopa
Pyrameis Atalanta
* = Cardui
*Neptis Aceris (E)
Lasiommata Mera
o Menava
Hipparchia Thelephassa (E)
Epinephele Janira
a a Lycaon
Ccenonympha Pamphilus
* i Davus
*Chionobas Jutta (N)
= Taygete (N)
* “ Also (N)
55 Polixenes (N)
*Thecla Rubi
eee as Phlceas
Re Dorilis
Polyommatus Beeticus (8S)
a x Tiresias (S)
* a Argiolus
5 Optilete
* ‘5 Semiargus
i Egon
Se)
5SaQo0
<
BPH ot eae
«
FP.
ve
C.
XXXIV
InbIA.
. Hyale
. Erate (N)
Myrmidone? (H)
Fieldii (H)
. Nipalensis (H)
. Chrysippus
. Isseea (N)
. Xanthomelas (H)
. Kaschmirensis (N)
. Antiopa (N)
. Callirrhoe (N)
. Cardui
. Aceris
. Schakra (N)
. Menava (N)
. Baldiva (H)
. Cheena (A)
. Davendra (H)
Timens
Beticus
Tiresias
NortH AMERICA.
C. Phicomone
C. Hyale
. Eurytheme
. Hecla ? (N)
Que
Amphidusa (W)
Rhamni (W)
See
. Aphirape (N)
. Freya (N)
. Polaris (N)
. Chariclea (N)
> > > p>
. Aglaia
Myrina
. Frigga (N)
. Comma
a> > >
V. J-album
V. Milberti
V. Antiopa
P. Atalanta
P. Cardui
. Inornata (W)
. Davus (W)
. Jutta (N)
. Taygete (N)
. Semidea (N)
. Polixenes (N)
. Dumetorum (W)
. Americanus
. Epixanthe
Gio = eee © @
. Pseudargiolus
. Filenus
. Xerces (W)
. Antegon (W)
vis fidas pane hao]
Europe. Inpta. Norru AMERICA.
*Polyommatus Amandus P. Icarioides (W)
| FA Pheretes P. Pheres (W)
| i Lysimon P. Lysimon
*Pampbila Sylvanus P. Sylvanus (W)
| % Comma P. Comma (W)
i “Tt will be noticed that whenever a European genus occurs in India or North
America at all, European species, or very closely allied forms, are also to be found in
hose countries. South or East European species frequently extend to India, North
uropean species frequently reach America, while Central European species extend
hroughout North Asia, and only in a few instances reach North America, and are
hen usually confined to the West coast. Indeed almost every species common to the
Nd World and North America is either Polar or Californian.
| “There is still considerable doubt whether the European species of Colias, &c.,
Which are reputed North American do actually occur there, or whether allied species may
hot have been mistaken for them. It is also asserted, but I believe without authority,
hhat the common Vanessz have been introduced into North America; but this is highly
improbable, as they-are all wide-ranging insects, and do not feed on garden plants.
“ Pieris Brassice is replaced by P. Cheiranthi in the Canaries, and by P. Brassi-
vides in Abyssinia. P. Rape has been lately introduced into Canada. May not
Anthocharis Creusa be an American variety of the widely distributed and very variable
a Belia? A. Ausonia is the only variety of Belia which I know to occur in America;
loes it, or any other variety of this species, occur in North Asia? Gonepteryx
Jleopatra appears distinct from G. Rhamni. Is G. Cleobule, from the Canaries,
listinct from G. Cleopatra? The European Colias Myrmidone is very distinct from
J, Edusa; I doubt the occurrence of the true Myrmidone in India. Perhaps the
termediate Indian form may indicate that these two should be united, as Parnassius
Apollo and P. Delius, though perfectly distinct in Europe, appear to blend completely
ato each other in Siberia. Is Lasiommata Menava sufficiently distinct from L. Hiera?
dipparchia Baldiva has been erroneously placed in the genus Lasiommata or Amecera.
olyommatus Beticus and Telicanus are among the very few species common to
urupe and South Africa; P. Pheretes is represented in North-East Asia by the
lar. (?) P. Pheretiades.”
“ Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Chalcidide.” By Prof. Westwood.
“The following species of Chalcidide are remarkable for their gigantic size in
lomparison with the great majority of the family to which they belong, and for the
ingular modification in the structure of several of their important organisms.
PELECINELLA, nov. gen.
Callimomi affine. Corpus Q longissimum, fere filiforme. Caput subglobosum.
\ntenne thoracis longitudine, 11-articulate, articulis 2do et 30 minutis, 4to longo
ubcompresso, reliquis sensim decrescentibus. Collare capite duplo longius, valde
agustatum. Abdomen longissimum, gracillimum, segmentis 2do et 30 parum cras-
loribus, reliquis compressis; apice lobis 2 magnis foliaceis terminato. Oviductus
oe
XXXV1 |
exserlus, fere abdominis longitudine, curvatus. Ale@ antice ramo stigmatico fen
punctiformi. Pedes 4 antici graciles; 2 postici apice tibiarum et articulo basal
tarsorum dilatatis.
Pelecinella phantasma, n. sp.
P. nigra, abdomine chalybeo, punctulata; collaris lateribus rufis, abdomine nitido
pronoto, metanoto et petivlo transverse striatis, segmento sequente purpureo; ali:
translucidis; tarsorum posticorum articulis 4 apicalibus albis. Long. corp. lin, 12
exp. alar. lin. 73. Hab. ad ripas flum. Amazonum (D. Bates). In Mus. Hopeiana
Oxoniz.
THAUMASURA, nov, gen.
Cleonymo et Epistenia affine. Antenne graciles, 1l-articulate; articulo 2d¢
mediocri, 30 minuto, 4to longo, reliquis sensim attenuatis. Thorax subovalis. Abdo:
men segmentis 5 basalibus brevibus, massam ovalem fingentibus, 2 apicalibus gracil:
limis, tubulum capite et thorace duplo longiorem pro receptione oviductus formantibus
Ale antice ramo stigmatico brevi, apice furcatv. Femora compressa, tarsi simplices
Oviductus abdomine a 4ta parte longior. .
Thaumasura terebrator, 0. sp.
T. purpureo-chalybea, punctata, metathoracis lateribus et abdominis basi cupreo
tinctis, antennarum articulis intermediis pedibusque rufis; alis anticis substigmate
fusco, parum nebulosis; abdominis segmento 6to 5 precedentibus simul sumptis
longitudine quali, 7mo longiore et tenuiore; tibiis posticis curvatis, serrulatis,
Long. capitis thoracis et segm. 5 basal. abdom. lin. 5; segm. 2 apical. abdom. lin. 7;
exp. alar. lin. 93. Hab. in Australasie part. austral. In Mus. Hopeiano Oxonia
(olim nostro).
SoLENURA, Dov. gen,
Thaumasure affine. Antenne capite vix duplo longiores, 11-articulate, apicem
versus paullo crassiores, articulo 2do parvo, 30 minuto. Corpus breve, compactum,
Abdomen segmentis 3 basalibus massam elongato-ovalem thoraci longitudine equalem
formantibus, reliquis tubulatis, 4t0 3 basalibus simul sumptis longitudine equali,
cylindrico, Sto precedente duplo breviore, 6to 4 basalibus simul sumptis equalli,
7mo minuto. Terebra paullo ultra abdominis apicem extensa. Pedes breves,
simplices.
Solenura telescopica, n. sp.
S. chalybea, punctatissima, abdomine purpnrasvente, segmentis 30 et sequentibus
carina media distinctis; antennis nigris, pedibus obscure rufis; alis immaculatis.
Long. capitis thoracis et segm. 3 bagal. abdom. lin. 4; segm. 4 apical. abdom. lin. 7;
exp. alar. lin. 7. Hab. Java (D. Horsfield ?). In Mus. Hopeiano Oxonie. ;
EvcHanissa, nov. gen.
Eucharidi affine. Caput transversum, antice dense lanatum. Antenne eapit
duplo longiores, 16—22-articulate, serrate. Thorax subglobosus. Abdomen brevis
simum, petiolo brevi. Pedes breves, simplices.
le tte turbam innumerabilem Chalcididarum hoc genus antennis mull
articulatis unice gaudet.
XXXVIi
Eucharissa speciosa, n. sp-
E. antennis 22-articulatis, nigris; capite et thorace lxte viridibus, hoc transverse
striato; abdomine et pedibus luteis, femoribus et petiolo obseurioribus; alis pallide
fuscescentibus. Long. eorp. lin. 4; exp-alar. lin. 10. Hab. ad Caput Bone Spei.
Mecum communieaverunt DD. Klug (Eucharis speciosa, Klug, MS.) et Spinola.
Eucharissa Natalica, w. sp.
E, antennis 16-articulatis, nigris; enea, areolato-punctata; abdomine nigro,
nitido, postice luteo, pedibus albidis, femorum basi fusca. Long. corp. lin. 25; exp.
alar. lin. fere 6. Hab. in Natalia. In Mus. Hopeiano Oxoniz (olim nostro).”
November 2, 1868.
H. W. Bares, Esq., President, in the chair.
Additions to the Library.
The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors :—
* Proceedings of the Royal Soeiety,’ No. 103; presented by the Society. ‘ Transactions
of the Linnean Society, Vol. xxvi. Part 1; ‘Journal of the Linnean Society,’ Zoology,
Nos. 42 and 43; by the Society. ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Index,
1848—1860; and 1868, Parts t and 2; by the Society. ‘Journal of the Royal
Agricultural Society,’ Second Series, Vol. iv. Part 2; by the Society. ‘Annales de la
Société Linnéenne de Lyon,’ N.S., Tome xv., 1867; by the Society. ‘ Bulletin de la
Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou,’ 1867, Nos. 3 and 4; by the Society.
‘ Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, Vol. xii. Parts 1 and 2; by the Entomological
Society of Berlin. ‘Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 1868, Nos. 7—9; by the
Society. ‘Journal of the Quekett Microscopical ;Club,’ Nos. 1—3; by the Club.
Hewitson’s ‘ Exotie Butterflies,’ Part 68; by W. W. Saunders, Esq. ‘ Coleopterolo-
gische Hefte, herausgegeben von E. v. Harold, ii. and iii.; by the Editor, Newman’s
* British Moths,’ Nos. 20—23; by the Author. ‘The Zoologist,’ August to November ;
by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, August to November; by
the Editors.
The following additions by purchase were also announced :—Schiner, ‘ Diptera der
Novara Reise.’ Redtenbacher, ‘ Coleoptera der Novara Reise.’ Tournier, ‘ Descrip-
tion des Dascillides du Bassin du Léman.’ Gersticker, ‘Bericht der Entomologie
wahrend der Jahre 1865 und 1866.’ ‘ Catalogus Coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum
Synonymicus et Systematicus;’ autoribus Dr. Gemminger et B. de Harold; Tom. i.,
Cicindelidz, Carabide. F. Walker, ‘Catalogue of Heteropterous Hemiptera in the
British Museum, Parts 1 and 2; ‘ Catalogue of Blattariz in the British Museum.”
A. G. Butler, ‘ Catalogue of Satyride in the British Museum,’
G
XXXV11i
Exhibitions, &c.
The President exhibited specimens of Vanessa Urtice and Zygena Filipendule
from the Isle of Man, remarkable for their small size. The following note by the
eaptor, Mr. Edwin Birchall, was read :—
“T captured about twenty specimens of Vanessa Urtice in the Isle of Man in June
last, all of the same diminutive size as the examples sent for exhibition. The outline
of the wings is more angular than in English specimens, the black spots either larger
in proportion, or in the case of the two spots in the centre cf the fore wings, actually
larger in the small insects from the Isle of Man than in the large English ones, the
variation from the typical form being thus exactly the reverse of what occurs in the
Corsican subspecies Ichneusa, in which these spots are altogether wanting. Whether
some accidental cause has dwarfed the inseets, or that we have here a distinct insular
variety, and the opportunity, as it were, of watching the origination of a new species,
future inquiry must decide. Zygena Filipendule also occurs in a very dwarfed con-
dition: this I have observed both in 1867 and 1868, and the specimens exhibited are
certainly the ordinary condition of that insect in the island. I hope entomologists,
who may visit the Isle of Man will collect other common species found there, as well
as the rare ones for which it has become celebrated, that a wider basis for generaliza-
tion than at present exists may be obtained.”
Mr. F, Smith inquired whether Vanessa Urtice was always thus dwarfed in the
Isle of Man, or whether the smallness was one of the effects of the peculiarly hot
season of 1868? He believed that during the past season many Hymenoptera had
been observed in a dwarfed condition.
Mr. J. Jenner Weir had noticed that the eommon white butterflies of the past
season were unusually small.
Prof. Westwood remarked that the diminutive size might perhaps be due to the
heat, and the consequent rapidity of development of the insects, which remained a
shorter time, and therefore ate less, in the larva state.
Mr. R. L. Davis (who was present as a visitor) mentioned that he had a number
of pupe of Smerinthus ocellatus of very small size: the larve had searcely attained
more than half their usual growth when they were driven into the pupa state by the
frost destroying their food, According to his experience, scarcity of food was generally
the cause of smallness. During the season of 1868 he had preserved for the cabinet
larve of about sixty-five species of Lepidoptera, most of which (including some of the
diminutive Smerinthus ocellatus) were exhibited.
Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a specimen of Choerocampa Celerio captured at Brighton
by Mr. Swaysland, on the evening of the 20th of September, hovering over Verbena
flowers; and a moth from the British collection of the late Mr. Desvignes, ticketted
‘““immoraria, Zub.,” which it was suggested was an extraordinary variety of Strenia
clathrata. .
The Secretary read a letter from Gunner John Wilson, of the Royal Artillery,
Woolwich, stating that he had bred a gynandromorphous specimen of Lasiocampa
Quercus: “it shows the chocolate wings and feathered antenna of the male on the
Jeft side; on the right the wings are buff, and the antenna is single as in the female,
the abdomen thicker and not tufted as on the other.”
XXX1X
Mr. T. W. Briggs (who was present as a visitor) exhibited a Leucania captured at
Folkestone on the 15th of August, at sugar; a second specimen, much worn, was
taken in the second week of October, within five yards of the same place. The insect
appeared to_differ from any species hitherto recorded as British.
Mr. H. Pryer exhibited a specimen of Scoparia Zelleri (Wocke), captured in the
railway station at Norwood Junction, on the 17th of August, 1867. This was the first
occurrence of the species in Britain; but the capture of a second specimen is announced
in the ‘ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’ vol. v. 131.
Mr. G. S. Mosse exhibited a,collection of insects from the State of New York:
they were principally Lepidoptera, and amongst them was a female of Papilio Turnus,
which, contrary to the usual habit, was coloured like the male.
Mr. H. Pryer exhibited a specimen of Agrypnia picta (Kolenati), a new addition
to the list of British Trichoptera. The insect, a male, was captured at a gas-lamp at
Highgate, in June, 1868.
Mr. Frederick Smith read the following note:—“‘ The Secretary has called my
attention to the fact that the name Céstropsis, under which [ described a new genus
of Aculeate Hymenoptera in the ‘ Transactions’ of the Society for the present year
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1868, p. 253), has been applied by Dr. Brauer, during the present year,
to a genus of Trichoptera (Verh. zool.-bot. Gesells. Wien, 1868, vol. xviii. p. 263). As
Dr. Brauer’s paper was published before mine, I have now to propose for my new
genus of Aculeata the name Gastropsis, from the resemblance which the insect bears
to the Gastrus equi of Meigen, the Céstrus equi of old authors.”
The President read a letter from Mr. Albert Miiller, of Penge, to the following
effect: —‘ As regards British galls, Mr. H. Waring Kidd, of Godalming, and I are
jointly working at a descriptive list of all excrescences or deformations caused by insect
_ agency on plants growing wild or cultivated in these islands; and fur the guidance of
such persons as may be willing to aid us, a list of such plants has appeared in the
‘ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for October. Foreign galls and their insects, as
well as the economy of the latter, form the special study of the writer, who will at all
times be happy to enter inio correspondence with any one desirous to further the object
in view, either by contributing specimens or by giving information of any kind: this
pursuit is intended to lead, at some future time, to the production of a work similar to
the one proposed by my late friend Mr. Wilson Armistead, of Leeds.”
Mr. Roland Trimen sent (from the Cape of Good Hope) some sketches of an
Orthopterous insect, respecting which he wrote as follows :—“ It is sometimes found in
gardens about Cape Town. The extraordinary development of the parts of the mouth,
particularly of the labrum and mandibles, makes me think it may be allied to the
Australian genus Anostostoma of G. R. Gray, with which, however, I am unacquainted.
I imagine this Cape cricket to belong to the Gryllide; but as my specimen has no
trace of wings, it is very probably only a larva, and may result in a member of the
Achetide. I shall be very glad to hear anything that you can ascertain about this
ugly fellow, especially if the special use of such formidable mouth-armature be known.
1 tried my captive with leaves, but he would not touch them.”
Prof. Westwood said the insect was an Anostostoma, or was nearly allied thereto:
it might be the species figured by Stoll. [See Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. i.
p- 143 ]
With reference to the plague of so-called “ mosquitoes” at Plumstead and Wool-
xl
wich, in the months of July and August, the Secretary mentioned that in the latter
month he had had sent to him from Woolwich two insects, each of which was alleged
to be the delinquent. The first was a golden-eye (Chrysopa)! The other was a
veritable gnat, and was pronounced by Mr. F. Walker to be the Culex nemorosus, a
species often troublesome in woods, though not usually found in houses. Mr. F. Smith
added that specimens of the commen house-guat (Culex ciliaris) had been sent to the
British Museum as “ the mosquito.”
The Secretary read a letter from Mr. R. W. Fereday, of Christchurch, New Zealand,
requesting contributions of specimens, with a view to the formation of a collection of
British inseets for the Museum there; and a letter from Mr. H. L. Schrader, of
Shanghai, containing observations on various insects (Agathia, Giceticus, Cerura,
Actias, Syrphus, Psylla, &c.).
Papers vead.
The following papers were read:—‘ Notes on some South-African Butterflies
enumerated in Mr. A. G. Butler’s Catalogue of Satyride in the British Museum ;” by
Mr. Roland Trimen.
“Contributions to a Knowledge of the European Trichoptera” (First Part); by
Mr. R. M‘Lachlan.
“Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Heteromera;” by Mr. Frederick
Bates.
(See ‘ Transactions’ for 1868, Part 4.)
New Parts of * Transactions.’
The ‘Transactions’ of the Society for the year 1868, Parts 2 and 3, published i in
July and September respectively, were on the table.
November 16, 1868.
H. W. Bares, Esq., President, in the chair.
Donations to the Library.
The following donations were announced, and thanks voted ¢o the donors:-—
* Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History,’ Vol. xi., sheets 7—30; and
“ Memoirs read before the Boston Society of Natural History,’ Vol. i. Part 3; presented
by the Society. ‘Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, Vol. viii.
Nos. 15—17; by the Lyceum. ‘Proceedings of the Essex Institute,’ Vol. v.
Nos. and 6; by the Institute. ‘Proceedings of the Entomological Society of
Philadelphia,’ Vols. ii., iii, and vi. Part2; by the Society. ‘Transactions of the
American Entomological Society,’ Vol. i. Nos. 1—4; by the Society. ‘The Butter-
flies of North America, by Wm. H. Edwards, Part 1; by the Author. Holmgren,
‘Monographia Tryphonidum Suecia’ and ‘Monographia Ophionidum Suecie ;’
Curtis's ‘Guide to an Arrangement of British Insects ;? by J. W. Dunning.
Exhibitions, &c.
Mr. Bond exhibited a specimen of Tapinostola Elymi, captured on the Norfolk
coast, near Yarmouth ; a variety of Dianthacia capsincola, bred in 1867 by Mr. Noah
xlt
Greening, at Warrington, having the wings on one side abnormally coloured ; seven
_ specimens of Polia nigrocincta, bred in 1868 by Mr. Greening, from larve found
in the Isle of Man, and the earthern case in which one of the pupe had been
enclosed.
Prof. Westwood announced that the Leucania exhibited by Mr. Briggs at the
previous Meeting (ante, p. xxxix.) had proved to be L. albipuncta, W. V., a species
new to the British list.
Mr. M‘Lachlan read extracts from the ‘Canadian Entomologist, one recording
the occurrence of Papilio Machaon in the Hudson’s Bay Territory, the other relating
to the naturalization in North America of Pieris Rapz, which, recently introduced
into Canada, had already spread southwards into Maine and Vermont.
Mr. Bond mentioned the occurrence of a swarm of beetles in Cambridgeshire.
A correspondent, writing from Whittlesford on the 30th of September, 1868, said :—
“‘Within the last few days, the road, the foot-path, the grass and the hedges from my
house for about three-quarters of a mile, have been covered with them: there must be
bushels of them, and although we have had showers, their numbers do not diminish.”
The species in question was Gastrophysa polygoni.
Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited larva-cases, and specimens of both sexes of the imago
{winged males and wingless females) of Encecyla pusilla, bred by Mr. Fletcher, of Wor-
cester, an interesting addition to the list of British Trichoptera. The larve were
terrestrial in their habits, feeding in mosses growing on the bark of trees, and had not
any external respiratory organs.
Prof. Westwood exhibited drawings in detail of some remarkable forms of Hy-
menoptera. Amongst them were three new species of Trigonalys, two from the
Amazons, one from Ceylon; a singular insect from the Amazons, the type of a new
genus Nomadina; and a still more abnormal form from Hayti, to which the name
Sibyllina znigmatica was given, which Mr. F. Smith had regarded as an ant,
_ Mr. Haliday as one of the Sphegidz, whilst Prof. Westwood thought it more nearly
allied to the Vespide; its long twelve-jointed filiform antenne (in the female),
notched or kidney-shaped eyes, the tri-lobed lower lip, and the flat wings (not folded
longitudinally), seemed to connect it with the last-mentioned family. (See ‘ Trans-
actions’ for 1868, p. 327.)
Mr. F. Smith thought the insect had more characters in accordance with those of
the ants than with those of any other family, and it certainly never occurred to him
that it was a wasp. The notched eye was found in Mutillide and Trypoxylon; and
there were none of the Vespidz in which the prothorax was not continued down to the
insertion of the wings, in which character Sibyllina agreed with the Sphegide.
December 7, 1868.
H. W. Bares, Esq., President, in the chair.
The Secretary announced the death of Prof. Boheman, an Honorary Member of
the Society: he died at Stockholm on the 2nd of November, at the age of seventy-two
_ years.
xh
Additions to the Library.
The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors: —
‘Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 1867; presented by the Society.
‘Journal of the Linnean Society;’ Zoology, No. 44; by the Society. ‘ Stettiner
Entomologische Zeitung,’ Vol. xxix. Nos. 10—12; by the Society. ‘ Memoires sur
la Famille des Carabiques,’ and twenty-six other Papers, by the Baron M. de Chau-
doir; by the Author. ‘Etudes sur la Parthénogenése,’ par Félix Plateau; by the
Author. ‘A short Campaign against the White Borer (Xylotrechus quadrupes,
Chevrolat,) in the Coffee Districts of Coorg, Munzerabad and Nuggur, by Lieut.-Col.
C. P. Taylor; by the Author. Newman’s ‘ British Moths,’ No. 24; by the Author.
‘The Zoologist’ for December; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine’ for December; by the Editors.
The following additions, by purchase, were also announced: —‘ Genera des
Coléoptéres d’Europe,’ livr. 137—144. ‘Record of Zoological Literature,’ 1867,
(Entomolegical Part). :
—
Llection of Members.
A. G. Butler, Esq., of the British Museum, and Dr. F. Buchanan White, of Perth,
were elected Members.
Exhibitions, &c.
The Secretary announced that an exhibition of bees would be held at Milan, from
the 10th to the 13th of the month, and would comprise a collection of all kinds of
bees, honey, and instruments and utensils employed in apiculture, for which various
prizes would be distributed. A silver medal was also offered for the best mode of
taking the honey without destroying the bees.
Mr. Bond exhibited two specimens of Limenitis Sibylla, negroes, entirely black on
the upper side; and three specimens of Polyommatus Adonis, one of which, a male,
was remarkable for its extremely small size, another bore on the under side of the fore
wings a number of broad bars of black, whilst the third, a female, was partly coloured
like the male, the upper surface of the wings being dashed with bright blue, not
shading off into the brown, but clearly and sharply defined.
Mr. Bond also exhibited the gynandromorphous specimen of Lasiocampa Quercus
bred by Mr. Wilson, and mentioned at the Meeting of November 2nd (ante,
p- XXxviii.).
Mr. Dutton exhibited a Catocala Fraxini, captured in an empty house at East-
bourne in August last.
Mr. Edward Saunders sent for exhibition a specimen of Crambus myellus
(Hiibner), a species new to Britain. It was found by Mr. N. E. Brown, on a blade
of grass, near Aberdeen, in July last; and was nearly allied to C. pinetellus.
Prof. Westwood exhibited drawings, and read descriptions, of several exotic
Hymenoptera belonging to the genus Aulacus. (See ‘Transactions’ for 1868,
p- 327.)
Paper read.
A paper “On the Application of the Law of Priority to Genera in Eutomelogy,”
by Mr. W. F. Kirby, was read by the Secretary.
xlit
The author observed that a very large number of the generic names now eurrent
are applied exclusively to insects which the proposers of the names in question never
indicated as their types of the genera, to the exclusion of the real types, whieh were
frequently placed even in other families. He presumed, and regarded it as an
“axiom,” that where no figure or other indication of type was given, the insect placed
at the head of the genus was to be considered as the type, and that the first section of
a genus was always to be considered typical. Thus Linneus always placed the
species Priamus at the head of his genus Papilio, and that species must be taken to
be the type of Papilio: the consequence would be that Ornithoptera (Botsduval, 1836)
would sink, and the present genus Papilio would receive the next oldest name,
Amaryssus (Dalman, 1816), with Machaon for its type. Numerous other instances
were given, to show the vast changes in the current nomenclature of Rhopalocera that
would be required by a strict application of the law of priority to genera; the object
of the author being to invite diseussion, and ascertain the opinion of naturalists as to
the desirability of attempting so to apply the law. He recommended that in future
the type species of every genus should be indicated by some symbul, so that that
species should always remain in the genus, however much the latter might afterwards
be subdivided. Mr. Kirby, though he considered that an author was at liberty, when
subdividing a genus of his own, to apply the name to any group of species comprised
in it, provided be had not himself indicated any type, yet did not think it allowable
for an author, in subdividing a genus of another author, to apply the name to any but
the first section; and (if no type had been indicated by the first author) the first
species of the first seetion must be taken as the type of the restrieted genus. In con-
clusion, Mr, Kirby alluded to some difficulties in specific nomenclature; where the
sexes of an insect had been deseribed under different names simultaneously, he thought
the rule was that the name given to the male should stand, whether that sex happened
to be described a few pages before the female, or vice versa.
The President doubted whether there was any such rule as that which was the
whole foundation of Mr. Kirby’s proposed revolution in generic nomenclature,
namely, that the first species in a genus was to be deemed the type; and if any such
rule were to be adopted for the future, it did not follow that it ought to be applied to
the past: to give such a rule a retrospective operation would be productive of the
greatest confusion and inconvenience.
Prof. Westwood had many years ago expressed the view, that where an author has
by means of dissections, figures, or in any other way, indicated the particuiar species
which he regards as typical of the genus, or which may be deemed to be the best
embodiment of the idea upon which the genus is founded, that species is of course the
type, and must be treated as such by subsequent authors; but where no such indication
is given by the founder, the first species in the genus is to be taken as the type, and
ought to be so taken in any subsequent dismemberment or division of the genus. But
the adoption of such a rule and the application of it retrospectively would eause so
much confusion that the remedy would be worse than the disease; and he should be
extremely sorry to see Mr. Kirby’s theory carried into practice, to the subversion of
established nomenelature.
Mr. A. G. Butler discussed several of the particular instances mentioned by
Mr. Kirby, and dissented from his conclusions. He argued that Papilio of Linneus
was not a genus, but included the whole of the butterflies ; Linnzus’s generic divisions
?
xliv
were his Equites, Plebeii, &c. Fabricius did describe genera, and usually indicated his.
type species: he was the first to describe Papilio as a genus, Priamus was not the type
of the Fabrician Papilio, but the insects now known by the name Papilio did come
within that genus as limited by Fabricius.
My. Pascoe thought that Linnzus and the older authors had no types at all: the
notion of a type-species was of modern date: he saw no ground whatever for regarding
the first species in a genus as the type: his notion was to discover the species which,
at the time when the genus was first named, was, by reason of its size or its abundance
er any other circumstance, most prominent amongst those which the author grouped
together under the same name, and ¢éhat inseet he took to be the type of the genus.
That the first species in the list could not be the type was conclusively shown by the
fact that, in successive editions of his works, Fabricius in many instances placed
different species at the head of the same genus, probably without any other guiding
principle than that of putting the largest species at the head; the largest species of
yesterday was deposed in favour of the later but larger discovery of to-day.
Mr. Stainton agreed with the previous speakers that the rule of priority eould not
be applied to genera in the manner suggested by Mr. Kirby; and he did not think
that, in the absence of indication, the first species in a genus was necessarily the type.
Take, for instance, the genus Tryphena, of which almost every one would be ready to
admit that Pronuba was the type; yet in almost every list the species Orbona was
placed first, and Pronuba came about the middle of the genus. When the author has
not indicated any particular species or section of his genus as typical, the subsequent
author who subdivides the genus has the right to determine to what section of the old
genus the old name shall be restricted, and his determination on that point ought to
bind all future writers.
Mr. Janson agreed that the subsequent author has the right to allot the original
name to any division of the original genus, but if he does so it is rather as a matter of
courtesy to the original author than of right on the part of the latter to have the
original name retained. Suppose the original description of Aleochara by A. is silent
as to the tarsi; B. on revising the species congregated under that name finds a group
of fifty species with four-jointed tarsi, and another group of fifty species with five-
jointed tarsi; B. is at liberty, if out of courtesy to A. he chooses to do so, to retain the
name Aleochara for either of the groups, though neither group is the Aleochara of A. ;
but since neither group alone is the Aleochara of A., B. is equally at liberty to give,
and is logically more correct in giving, a new name to each of the groups, and so
discard Aleochara altcgether.
Mr. Frederick Sinith (who observed that, on Mr. Kirby’s prineiple, the honey-bee
would cease to be an Apis), Mr. Edward Sheppard, Mr. J. Jenner Weir and Mr.
M‘Lachlan, also remarked upon the intolerable inconvenience which would ensue
from any attempt to put in practice the views advanced by Mr. Kirby.
With reference to the question of specific nomenclature, Prof. Westwood certainly
understood the rule to be that, where the two sexes of one insect were contempo-
raneously described under two names, upon the ascertainment of their specific identity,
the name of the female was dropped and that of the male was retained as the name of
the species.
Mr. M‘Lachlan inquired what was to be done when in different parts of the same
book (not being a periodical, but issuing from the press in its entirety and complete)
xl
the same insect is described, or two forms which ultimately prove to be the same
species and of the same sex are described, under two different names: both names
being published at the same moment, neither can be said to have priority over the
other.
Mr. Wormald thought that, under such circumstances, the less appropriate name
of the two should be rejected ; or if one of the described forms was the ordinary form
of the insect and the other a mere variety, the name given to the ordinary form should
be retained.
Mr. Dunning suggested that to this special case also were applicable all the
reasons which in ordinary cases had necessitated the introduction of the artificial and
conventional law of priority. ‘he priority contemplated by that rule was doubtless
priority in point of time, and not of place or position; but when there was perfect
simultaneity, the ordinary rule of priority failed, and required to be supplemented by
some other and additional rule of easy and absolute application. Time failing to
answer the purpose, space may serve to supply a criterion. Though p. 5 and p. 50 are
published together, the former is before the latter; and in the case supposed the law
of priority in point of time may conveniently be supplemented by a secondary law of
priority in respect of place.
Reverting to generic nomenclature, Mr. Dunning thought the result of the dis-
cussion might be summed up as follows :—(1) that the prevailing opinion was against
the existence of any such rule as that supposed by Mr. Kirby—that the first species in
a genus was the type; (2) that the Members present were unanimously adverse to the
retrospective application of any such rule, which, if adopted at all, could not be con-
fined to any one group, but must be of general application to every branch of Natural
History; (8) that on the division of one genus into several, in the absence of indica-
tion of type by the founder, the author who divides the genus has a right to determine
to which division the original name shall be restricted; and (4) that, in the view of the
majority, the original name ought to be retained (as of right, and not out of mere
courtesy) for some section of the original genus. To these conclusions Mr. Dunning
expressed his assent.*
* T suppose we are all agreed that where the first describer of a genus indicates
which particular insect he regards as typical of the genus, that indication is binding
on future describers, and so long as the name is retained as the name of a genus at all
it must include the particular species so indicated.
The indication of typicality may be either express or implied. If the latter,
evidence either intrinsic or extrinsic, positive or negative, is admissible to ascertain
the author's intention; we may and ought to resort to any and every source or means
of information to determine what species presents the most perfect embodiment of the
idea which was in the mind of the founder, and possesses the most perfect develop-
ment of the characters which the founder has assigned as distinctive of his genus. The
publication of figures and dissections of a particular species; the predominance of an
insect at the time and place when and where the author wrote, either by reason of its
size, beauty, abundance, destructiveness, or any other prominent trait; or the very
name given to the genus, may frequently serve as sufficient indication. Thus (to take
an instance referred to by Mr. Kirby) the name Polyommatus shews that Latreille had
EH
xlvi
in his mind’s eye the species which bear on their under surface the numerous eye-like
spots distinctive of our ‘‘ common blues,” and he gives a figure of P. Corydon ; yet most
modern classifiers, neglecting these indications, place the polyommatous or “ many-
eyed” species in the genus Lycena, and apply the name Polyommatus to species
which have no eye-like spots at all. In the case of a genus which is originally
established on a single species, the negative evidence afforded by the non-indication of
other species as belonging to the genus, is almost tantamount to an express indication
of typicality.
But (to come now to Mr. Kirby’s paper), when the founder entirely omits to give
any indication, is the first in his list of species necessarily to be taken as the type-
species P is the first section of the genus necessarily the typical section? Mr. Kirby’s
proposed reform is based entirely on this proposition, which he terms an “‘ axiom.”
But instead of being axiomatic, either self-evident, or an established proposition,
I think it is capable of distinct disproof; and that so far as Linné, Fabricius, and the
older authors are concerned, it can be shown to demonstration that in many cases,
whilst they have not indicated what was their type, they have indicated that their first
species, or first section, was not. In the first place, an insect that is once the type of a
genus must ever remain the type; yet (as mentioned by Mr. Pascoe) Fabricius, in the
successive editions of his works placed different species at the head of the same genus,
and (if my memory serves) Linné did the same. Again, the species of which dis-
sections, &c., are given is frequently not the first species in the genus. And (what
seems to my mind decisive on the point) look at Linné’s description of Cimex: “ale
quatuor, cruciato-complicate: superioribus anterius coriaceis:” the first section of
Cimex is “apteri,” and at the head of the genus is the wingless C. lectularius. The
notion of a wingless insect being the type of a, four-winged group is somewhat
amusing! I believe other instances, not quite so startling, but in principle the same,
might be adduced in abundance; but Cimex, if it stood alone, is enough to show that,
so far as Linné is concerned, the notion of taking the first species, or first section, as
the type, is simply the reverse of what the author intended. It may be that the Cimex
of Linné (as was argued by Mr. Butler respecting Papilio) is not properly a genus at
all; but whatever it be, it must I think be clear that in the contemplation of Linné
himself, the first section or species of Cimex was not his type of Cimex.
In a detached paper, containing descriptions of genera taken haphazard and at
random, there may be some presumption in favour of the notion that the species first
described is typical of the genus; and even in a complete systematic work, there may
be a slight presumption in favour of the typicality of the first species of a genus
which (like Papiliv) is placed (as it were) at the top of the tree. But as regards apy
other genus than the first in the list, it seems to me that in a systematic work or
catalogue the presumption would rather be against the first species; for suppose three
genera, A, B and C; the arrangement being necessarily linear, and following the
affinities of the species, the first species of genus B would be that which most nearly
approached genus A, just as the last species of genus B would be that which most
nearly approached genus C; and it would be neither at the top, nor at the bottom, but
about the middle, of genus B, that we should find the species of B which was most
different from both A and C, which species would presumably be the ideal representa-
tive of genus B, would presumably have that aggregate of characters which constitute
the genus B, and distinguish it from A on the one hand and from C on the other.
—-S
xlvil
I hold therefore, not only that Mr. Kirby’s rule is inappropriate to the past, but
that it would be an unhappy rule to adopt for the future.
I conceive that the practice hitherto has beeu a tacit recognition of the proposition
enunciated by Mr. Stainton—that when a genus (of which no type has been indicated)
comes to require division, the author who performs that operation is the person with
whom it lies to decide which of the dissevered parts shall retain the original name.
This practice has worked pretty well in the past, and will suffice for the future.
I apprehend that the evils which have arisen in the past have been caused by the fact
that the separatist, failing to recognise the original author's indications of typicality,
has applied the rule to cases which were not properly within its range. But assuming
that the separatist has not disregarded the original author’s indications, or in other
words that the case was a proper one for the application of the above rule, then I hold
that his determination ought to be final and conclusive on writers subsequent to him,
and is entitled to the full benefit of the law of priority.
But whilst agreeing to the above proposition, Mr. Janson goes a step further;
whilst leaving the second author at liberty, he frees him from any obligation, to
retain for either division the name given by the first author. And I believe
some naturalists go a step further still, and say {that the second author ought
not to retain the original name as the name of either division, but should give
a new name to each division. That is to say, because we cannot call by the
name of Papilio all the species which Linné included under that name, therefore we
shall not call any of the species by that name. It is quite true that the Papilio of
Latreille is not co-extensive with the Papilio of Linné; the Papilio of this century is
only part of Papilio of the last century; to the characters, as given by Linné, admitting
a very wide range of forms, Latreille has superadded other characters, possessed by
some but not by all those within the Linnean range; the effeet is to restrict the
application of the name to a part only of the insects which Linné recognised under the
term Papilio; but every species of the Papilio of Latreille must be a species of the
Papilio of Linné, not necessarily known to Linné, but within the description given by
him. Florence remains an Italian city notwithstanding that Mentone has been taken
from Italy. Machaon may remain a Papilio notwithstanding that Priamus bas been
removed. There is no misapplication of the name Papilio—only a narrowing of its
application.
Consider the consequence of the rejection of the older name, instead of the
restriction of its limits. Genus A is divided into two; each receives a new name,
B and C: there is no longer a genus A. * A few years later B and C are subdivided,
B into D and E, C into F and G: there is no longer a genus B or a genus C. A few
years later the same process is applied to D, E, F and G: these in turn are discarded,
and give place to H, I, J, K, L, M, N and O; and these again’make way for the rest
of the alphabet. There is an end to all stability or permanence of generic nomencla-
ture. At the present rate of discovery of species and publication of genera, there would
not be in use twenty years hence a single generic name which is now employed.
I care not whether it be called Papilio of Linné, or of Latreille—in fact, the genus,
as now understood, is not exclusively due to either, but is the result of the work of
both. To Linné we owe the name, to Latreille our present conception of the genus.
But to whomsoever the credit (such as it is) may be due, I hope that so long as genera
are recognised at all, so long will there be a genus Papilio.
xlvili
Hitherto we have discussed the division of one genus into two or more. The con-
verse case, of the aggregation of two or more genera into one genus, has recently been
discussed (in the Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1868) by Mr. Pascoe and Messrs. Douglas
and Scott. Mr. Pascoe objects to “ giving new names to such genera as are formed by
the union of two or more genera of a preceding writer.” Messrs. Douglas and Scott
reply that “it cannot be said with any truth that the name of a thing should be
retained for another thing which is differently constituted, but of which the former
may be an ingredient. A chemist when he combines two or more elements does not
give the name of any one of them to the resulting compound; neither can it be rightly
done in the labours of the naturalist.” Illustrations of this sort, which are not argu-
ments, are often delusive, never conclusive: probably those [ am about to give are as
much or as little so as the above illustration of my friends. But to my mind the
grouping together of two things under one name may be more aptly illustrated by a
geographical than by a chemical simile: the question is one of boundaries, not of
constitution or composition, or chemical amalgamation. France remains France
notwithstanding the acquisition of a piece of Italy; Prussia remains Prussia, though
it has absorbed the whole of Hanover. The limits are changed, but the name is not;
a Nizzard is now (nominally) a Frenchman, a Hanoverian is now (nominally) a
Prussian; a Parisian remains a Frenchman, a Berliner remains a Prussian. If an
author has established two so-called genera, A and B, and subsequent authors come to
the conclusion that, whilst A is a good genus, B has not sufficient distinctive characters
to entitle it to rank as a genus apart from A, surely the least inconvenient course is to
take A as the name of the whole, rather than abolish A and B, and impose a new name,
C. And (in this case, at all events) there is no impropriety in applying name A to the
whole group; the ground on which it is done being this, that B is in fact part of A,
and was erroneously severed from A; it never ought to have been made a genus, and
the name therefore is properly sunk, when the supposed genus to which it was applied
is found to be untenable as a genus. On the other hand, I am quite ready to admit
that in other cases it may be more convenient to give a new name to the united group;
Iingland and Scotland are united into one kingdom, but it is not the kingdom of
England, or the kingdom of Scotland, but the kingdom of Britain. So (without any
insinuation that either England or Scotland could not stand alone) if an author has
established two so-called genera, X and Y, and subsequent authors come to the con-
clusion that neither X nor Y can stand alone asa genus, but yet that the two combined
do properly form a genus (a possible case, though scarcely a probable one), neither
name has any better claim to retention than the other, neither represents a genus,
and there seems nothing for it but to sink them both, and give a new name Z to the
real genus, which is then in fact for the first time indicated—J. W. D.
xlix
January 4, 1869.
H. W. Bares, Esq., President, in the chair.
Additions to the Library.
The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors :—
* Transactions of the Linnean Society, Vol. xxvi., Part 2; ‘Journal of the Linnean
Society, Zoology, No. 44: presented by the Society. ‘ Proceedings of the Royal
Society, No. 104; by the Society. ‘ Memoires de la Societé de Physique et d’His-
toire Naturelle de Genéve,’ Vol. xix., Part2; by the Society. Hewitson’s ‘ Exotic
Butterflies, Part 69; by W. W. Saunders, Esq. ‘The Entomologist’s Annual,’ for
1869; by the Editor. Newman’s ‘ British Moths,’ No. 25; by the Author. ‘The
Zoologist, for January; by the Editor. ‘ The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’ for
January; by the Editors.
By purchase :—Gemminger and Von Harold, ‘ Catalogus Coleopterorum,’ Vol. ii.
Election of Members.
W. F. Kirby, Esq., Assistant in the Museum of the Royal Dublin Society
(previously an Annual Subscriber), and E. Holdsworth, Esq., of Shanghai, were elected
Members.
Exhibitions, &e.
Mr, Bond exhibited two diminutive specimens of Vanessa Urtice, about half the
usual size of the butterfly; they were two out of fifty or more dwarfs, not all of the
same brood of Jarve, which, owing probably to the extreme heat of 1868, had been
developed with remarkable rapidity, having remained less than a week in the chrysalis
state.
Mr. Bond also exhibited a dark variety of the female Apatura Iris, and a very
pale variety of Hesperia Comma.
Mr. E. G. Meek exhibited specimens of Dianthecia Barrettii, captured by Mr.
Gregson, in Ireland.
Mr. W.C. Boyd exhibited a specimen of Crambus myellus, captured by Mr. Adam
Boyd some time since near Blair Athol, and which had remained mixed in Mr. Boyd’s
collection with C. pinetellus, until his attention was called to it by the announcement
at the previous Meeting (ante, p. xlii.).
The Secretary exhibited photographs of nests of Vespa Britannica and V. arborea,
presented to the Society by Mr. John Hogg, by whom the nests were found at Norton,
Durham.
Mr. F. Smith exhibited a series of drawings of bees and wasps and their respective
nests, and a number of the actual nests, collected in India by Mr. Charles Horne.
Mr. Horne (who was present as a visitor) gave some interesting details on the habits
of the insects. The species of bee which was kept by the natives was, he believed, the
Apis dorsata. In the North-west Provinces, it was necessary to leave the key in every
lock, or the cavity was pretty sure to be occupied by a Pelopeus: if a sheet of paper
was left on a mantel-shelf, it would be fixed thereto by an inserted mud-cell; or a like
cell might often be found interposed between a pillow and the bed; even a little
hollow in the floor, in spite of the inevitable destruction of the nest, would be filled ;
and in one case he had known a nest to be placed on the edge of a door, and it was
seven times crushed by the shutting of the door, and seven times renewed before the
little bee could be induced to forsake the spot she had chosen. Some of the nests
exhibited were placed iu very singular positions; one, of a leaf-cutting bee, was in the
handle or ear of a terra cotta vase, access being obtained through a small hole in the
narrow lower end of the handle; another, belonging to a Pelopzus, and consisting of
a single mud-cell, was attached to a man’s signet or finger-ring the stone of which had
fallen out, and was fastened to the metal by means of a coil or knot of nud passed
through the hole where the stone had been; a third nest of a bee consisted of a
spherical mass of cells which was found in the centre (filling up the whole hollow) of
the nest of a mouse, which was suspended in grass.
Prof. Westwood mentioned that at Oxford he had found a mouse’s nest in the
centre of one of his bee-hives, surrounded by a number of headless bees.
Mr. Horne also exhibited a strong earthern cocoon, dug out of the ground, and
containing a large species of Sternocera; he had frequently found the perfect beetle,
thus encased, and it was the regular habit of this species of Buprestide. (Compare
the habit of Lucanus cervus, ante, p. ix.)
Prof. Westwood exhibited drawings and gave some account of various remarkable
insects, including (1) a species of Leptocorisa (Cimicide, Coreide) sent by Mr.
Thwaites, from Ceylon, where it was very injurious to the rice crop, sucking the juices
of the plant—it was probably identical with the local variety of Cimex varicornis which
he (Prof. Westwood) had described under the name Bengalensis; (2) an Ichneumon
and an Epeira, the larva of the former being an external parasite on the body of the
spider ; other instances of external parasitic larve were, Eulophus (Chalcidide) on a
willow-gall saw-fly, and larve of a Scolia on larve of the Lamellicorn beetle, Oryctes ;
(3) a new species of Coleoptera from the Niger, referable to the genus Aprostoma of
Guérin, with which it was suggested that both Mecedanum of Erichson and Gempy-
lodes of Pascoe might probably be united ; (4) a beautiful species of Lamiidz, from the
Zambesi ; (5) a second species of the genus Ectrephes of Pascoe (Proc. Ent. Soc, 1866,
p. xvi) ; and (6) a new genus in Count Mniszech’s collection, allied to Rbyssodes, and
intended to be described as Rhyssodina. .
Mr. A. E. Eaton communicated the following note :—
“Dr. A-S. Packard, jun., has very kindly sent me a separate of a paper by him,
‘On the structure of the Ovipositor and Homologous parts in the Male Insect, from the
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. xi. (Feb. 26, 1868), in which he has corrected his
earlier observations. The result of his later investigations is to confirm M. Lacaze-
Duthier’s statement that ‘ les tariéres des Névroptéres sontsemblables aux tariéres des
Hyménoptéres,” which his earlier conclusions had (as I showed in Trans. Ent. Soc.
1868, p. 143) contradicted; and the paper also shows in what way the French author
came to be mistaken in supposing that the sting grew out from the ninth segment
alone.”
Mr. Frederick Smith read the following :—
On the Affinities of the Genus Sibyllina, of Westwood.
“ At the Meeting of this Society on the 16th of November, Professor Westwood
described, under the name.Sibyllina wnigmatica, an insect that has for some years
Bare
been standing nameless in various collections. I had, myself, after a somewhat cursory
examination, referred it to the ants, and had placed it in the family Poneride. A few
years ago I had an opportunity of submitting this insect to Dr. Nylander, who thought
I was right in so doing, but I must admit he had only time to give it a very slight
examination. Prof. Westwood (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1868, p. 329, Proc. p. xli.) has referred
it to the Vespida, its position being indicated as near the genus Belonogaster, of
Saussure.
* At the time when the paper was read, I expressed an opinion that it could not
belong to the Vespide: I have therefore felt bound to examine the insect with a greater
degree of attention, and have carefully and minutely investigated its structural pecu-
liarities: the result has been, that I have changed my opinion as to the family to which
it belongs, although I shall still be found to differ widely in that respect from Prof.
Westwood, and also from Mr. Haliday, who once examined the insect,and determined
that it belonged to the Sphegide, being in his opinion closely allied to the genus
Pelopeus.
‘“* Having expressed an opinion that it does not belong to the Vespide, it is ineum-
bent upon me to give my reasons. In the first place, all true wasps, the social
as well as the solitary species, have the anterior wings folded longitudinally, except
when they are used in flight; in the genus Sibyllina they are not folded. In the next
place, every true wasp has four submarginal cells, the fourth being very frequently
incomplete, but in some species of the genera Belonogaster, Polistes, and also of the
genus Vespa, among the social wasps, and in the solitary group, in the genera Zuthus,
Rhynchium, Abispa and Synagris, the fourth cell is complete ; but I know no species
of wasp that has not three complete submarginal cells; the genus Sibyllina has only
two. Then, every true wasp has three discoidal cells in the anterior wings ; Sibyllina
has only one. ‘The prothorax in all the Vespide forms the upper anterior portion, and
is prolonged backwards to the tegule of the wings; the prolongations also forming
lateral portions of the upper surface: this is not the case in the genus Sibyllina. The
only character which Sibyllina possesses in common with the Vespide is that of having
Junate, or notched, eyes: this I regard as only a subsidiary character, being common to
a vast number of Hymenopterous insects. We find the lunate eye in many species of
the genera Mutilla, Scolia, Sapyga, Pemphredon and Philanthus: then again,
among the Ichneumonida, it is found in species belonging to the genera Pimpla,
Camploplex, Anomalon, Ophion and some others; this character therefore cannot be
regarded as any strong evidence in favour of Sibyllina being a genus of Vespide. It
is a fundamental charactar, distinguishing the social wasps, that the claws of the tarsi
are all simple—in Sibyllina the claws of the posterior tarsi are toothed ;—the solitary
wasps are distinguished by having the claws of the tarsi dentate.
“ After a very careful examination of the insect, I have come to the conclusion
that Sibyllina belongs ta the Ichneumonide.
“The first, and the strongest objection that can be urged against this opinion, will
doubtless be that the antennz are only twelve-jointed, and not, as in the generality of
the Ichneumonide, mulltiarticulate: this is undoubtedly true, but there are genera of
Ichneumonide having only twelve- and thirteen-jointed antennez. Among the minute
Ichneumons the genus Trioxys is found to have thirteen-jointed antenne; and in
Ephidrus, belonging to the same group, they are only twelve-jointed. In the next place,
I believe every species of the larger group of Ichneumons, (I am not prepared to speak
lit
of the minute ones in that particular) has double-jointed trochanters : these joints in
most of the genera and species are distinctly visible, but not universally so in the
group; in some species belonging to the genus Exetastes, the second joint is retracted
within the first, and is unly parily visible; the same is the case in the genus Anomalon,
I have carefully examined the structure of the legs of Sibyllina, and I find a second
joint distinctly visible, quite as much so as in the Ichneumonidous genus Metopius.
The antenne of every wasp that I have seen are geniculate, in Sibyllina they are not.
In addition to this, the prothorax is of the same structure as in Ophion and Anomalon ;
its ocelli are large and prominent, as in those genera, whilst'in the Vespide they are
much smaller, and usually more sunken than prominent. Another most remarkable
peculiarity in the structure of Sibyllina, is the broadly-dilated tarsal joints, a character
I believe nowhere to be found in the Vespidw, but peculiarly characteristic of the
species of the genus Anomalon. The abdomen of Sibyllina has the basal segment
narrowed into a slender petiole; this is also characteristic of the genus Ophion and
Anomalon. Then again, Sibyllina is furnished with a sting, or ovipositor ; its/structure
is precisely the same as the sting or ovipositor of Ophion and Anomalon: in fact I can-
discover no external difference between the stings of Belonogaster, Vespa, Ophion and
Anomalon; in each the sting tapers to a sharp point, and is simply a hollow tube,
having a groove beneath, that in the wasp being, I presume, for the purpose of convey-
ing poison into the wound made by piercing, and in the case of the Ichneumons for
conveying the egg into the victim attacked.
“ Place Sibyllina in any group of the Hymenoptera, and it will, as it were, stand
alone; it has little affinity that I can discover, certainly it has no strong affinity, with
any other known insect. But having pointed out those parts of its structure that agree
with the same parts in the genera Ophion and Anomalon, I shall conclude by express-
ing my opinion that the genus Sibyllina should be referred to the Ichneumonide, and
that its closest ally is the genus Anomalon.”
Prof. Westwood thanked Mr. Smith for his careful investigation of the affinities of
Sibyllina, and congratulated him upon having arrived at a conclusion identical with
that of the American entomologist, Mr. Cresson, who had referred to the Ichneumons
an insect which he (Prof. Westwood) believed to be the same as Sibyllina. At the
same time he was scarcely prepared to admit that the insect is an Ichneumon. The
two-jointed trochanters, upon which Mr. Smith placed considerable reliance, were by
no means peculiar to the Ichneumons, and if the character existed in Sibyllina, it
rather pointed in another direction; he (Prof. Westwood) however could not detect the
second joint, though he had looked carefully forit. Myr. Smith had not noticed the
diversity in the number of joints in the antenne of the sexes, twelve in the male,
thirteen in the female, which was very characteristic of the Aculeata.
The President suggested ihat Sibyllina might be the type of a group connecting
the Vespide and Ichneumonide.
Papers read.
The following papers were read:—* On the Affinities of the Genus Sibyllina of
Westwood,” by Mr. F. Smith. (See above). ;
“ Descriptions of Nine New Species of Buprestide,’ by Mr. Edward Saunders.
Belonging to the genera Sternocera, Julodis, Catoxantha, Chrysaspis (n. g.), Psiloptera,
Pseudhyperantha(u. g.), Hyperantha, and Acherusia (two).
hii
ANNUAL MEETING,
January 25, 1869.
FREDERICK Suiru, Esq., Member of the Council, in the chair.
An Abstract of the Treasurer’s Accounts for 1868 was read by Mr.8.J. Wilkinson,
one of the Auditors, and showed a balance in favour of the Society of £79 10s. Od.
The Secretary read the following: —
Report of the Couneil for 1868.
In accordance with the Bye-Laws, the Council begs to present the following
Report.
The number of our Members has again suffered a slight decrease; the ten
elections during the year are scarcely sufficient to supply the places left vacant by
those whose names, by death, resignation or default, have been removed from our
List. We have lost Boheman, the youngest of our Honorary Members; and by the
death of Desvignes the small remnant of our Original Members has been made still
smaller.
The additions to the Library have been numerous ; both by donation and by
purchase our shelves have received very valuable acquisitions.
But, like its immediate predecessor, it is for the extent of the Society’s publications
that the year 1868 is conspicuous. The production of upwards of 650 octavo pages
of letter-press, illustrated by twenty-four plates, of jwhich nine are coloured, is
sufficient to prove alike the activity of our Members and the economical administra-
tion of our finances. Besides the ‘ Transactions for 1868,’ the first of the new issue
announced in the last Report of the Council, and we trust the precursor of a long line
of annual volumes of not less extent and of equal scientific value, the Society has
published other papers which must be regarded as in the nature of a bonus. Of the
“Third Series” of the Transactions, volume 3 has been advanced a stage, volumes
4 and 5 have been completed and indexed. And the contents of these have been
attended with somewhat unusual expense; witness the coloured plates of Malayan
Longicornia and Cetoniide, and the printing of Mr. Jenner Fust’s Tables of Distri-
bution of British Lepidoptera. The last work, indeed, would have been beyond the
means at the disposal of the Council, had not the author himself come liberally to our.
aid, and had not his assistance been supplemented by a vote of the Government Grant
Committee of the Royal Society. A further instalment of the ‘ Longicornia Malay-
ana’ is on the table this evening, and it is hoped that the ensuing autumn will
witness the completion of Mr. Pascoe’s Monograph, and with it the completion of the
“Third Series.”
Two pleasing circumstances in connection with the Transactions deserve to be
mentioned here; first, the considerably increased sum derived from sales, as compared
with the preceding twelve months; and secondly, the growing number of new con-
tributors whose maiden papers have during the last two or three years been printed
under the auspices of the Society.
liv
The sources of income and heads of expenditure may be briefly exhibited as
follows :—
ReEcEIPts. PayMeENTs.
£ £
Contributions of Members. . 210 | Publications’ 5 ; 5 . 325
Sale of Publications. ; . 99 | Library ; . : ; -) ae
Interest on Consols. 5 : 3 | Rent and Office Expenses . 2 GG
Donations . ‘ 5 - . 133 | Tea at Meetings ; 4 i) aE
£445 £442
The expenditure exceeds that of any other of the thirty-five years during which
the Society has existed. The £210 from Members includes the composition of a Life
Member in lieu of annual payments; the outlay of which in the permanent improve-
ment of the Library the Council regards as a proper application of a fund which is
capital rather than income. The item of £99 from the sale of Transactions has
already been referred to, as a cause for gratification ; but the amount ought to be still
further increased: will it be believed, that of all our Metropolitan Members, not a
dozen care to purchase (at half-price) a copy of our works? The item for Rent and
Office expenses, £66, has been reduced to a minimum; no further reduction in the
cost of administration is possible. The £325 paid for printing and plates is exclusive
of the cost of drawing and engraving four plates of Longicorns, for which, as on many
previous occasions, we have to offer our thanks to Mr. Wilson Saunders. It is from
extraordinary donations ‘(among which the Council begs especially to call attention to
that of £70 from Mr. Dunning), and not from the regular income of the Society, that
a large portion of the expenditure on the Transactions has been defrayed—a state of
affairs which the Council does not affect to consider satisfactory, and which is
defensible only on the ground that, in the interest of Science, the curtailment of our
publications would be still more unsatisfactory. Adding the smal! balance brought
forward from 1867 to the slight excess of receipts over payments for 1868, the
‘Treasurer starts the year 1869 with cash in hand to the amount of £5 12s. Od.
» The “ List of the Insects of the British Isles” has not been forgotten ; considerable
progress has been made, particularly with the Hymenoptera and Neuroptera; the
Perlide now form the only obstacle to the completion of the latter Order, and as
Mr. M‘Lachlan is actively engaged in revising that Family, it is hoped that the
Catalogue of Neuroptera will be ready before many months have elapsed.
It is a source of regret that many of our Entomologists should be so far wanting
in public spirit as to withhold their support from the body which is the representative
of the United Kingdom in the Parliament of the Entomological World: it is a source
of wonderment that so many of them who, if devoid of abstract love of the science,
might be supposed to be influenced by utilitarian arguments, should be backward in
joining a Society whose Members receive so full a return for their subscription. The
Annual Contribution is but a guinea. To the Metropolitan Members, the Library
and Meetings—to the Provincial Members, the Transactions—afford a really re-
muneralive quid pro quo. For the last seven years, with an average of 150 con-
tributors, the average expenditure of the Society has exceeded 350 guineas. The
Council, in conclusion, desires to urge upon Members the desirability—not to say the
— «ae
lv
necessity—of obtaining an addition of (say) fifty to our numbers. It is by indi-
vidual exertions, rather than by collective action, that such a result is likely to be
attained.
January 25, 1869.
The following gentlemen were elected Members of the Council for 1869 :—
Messrs. H. W. Bates, Hon. Thomas De Grey, Dunning, Grut, M‘Lachlan, Pascoe,
Salvin, G. 8S. Saunders, F. Smith, Stainton, 8S. Stevens, A. R. Wallace and Wormald.
The following Officers for 1869 were afterwards elected :—President, Mr. H. W.
Bates; Treasurer, Mr. S. Stevens; Secretaries, Messrs. Dunning and M‘Lachlan ;
Librarian, Mr. E. W. Janson.
6
The following Address (in the absence of the President, whose official duties com-
pelled his attendance elsewhere) was read by the Secretary :—
THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.
GENTLEMEN,
According to the custom observed by us in common with
other scientific societies, which requires that the person occupying
the honourable position of President shall give, at the Anniversary
Meeting, some account of the progress made during the year in the
especial branch of Science cultivated by the body over whom he
presides, I will now endeavour to fulfil this portion of my duties by
submitting to you a sketch of some of the more interesting subjects
connected with Knutomology that have called for attention during the
past year.
Commencing with our own Society, it is my duty first to mention
the Members lost to us by death, since our last Anniversary.
We have to regret the loss to ourselves and Science of Professor
C. A. Boheman, of Stockholm, one of our Honorary Members, who
died on the 2nd of November last, at the age of seventy-two. The
principal works of this learned Entomologist were published in his
riper years. They relate exclusively to the systematic department of
our study, and are distinguished for the unvarying amplitude, uni-
formity and conscientiousness of the specific descriptions, written in
Latin, His ‘Insecta Caffrariz,’ a description of the Coleopterous
insects collected by the indefatigable naturalist and elephant hunter
Wahlberg, during a long series of years, was commenced in 1848,
lvi
a second part appearing in 1851 and a third in 1857, the work
remaining unfinished at his death. The work which perhaps will
remain his chief title to fame was his ‘ Monographia Cassididarum,’ or
Monograph of the Coleopterous family Cassidide, published in three
volumes in 1850, to which he added, some years afterwards, a supple-
mentary volume, the whole forming one of the most complete and
masterly monographical works that have hitherto been produced on
this inexhaustible Order. On his visit to London, in 1853, his un-
assuming bearing and great special knowledge acquired for him the
esteem of many of our best Entomologists, and he was engaged by
Dr. Gray, Keeper of the Zoological Department of the British Museum,
to compile a Catalogue of the Cassidide, with especial reference to
the collection of this particular group in the national establishment.
This work, forming one of the well-known duodecimo Catalogues, was
published in 1856. Since then he appears not to have undertaken any
work of magnitude, if we except the Coleopterous portion of the
‘Eugenie’s Resa, but he regularly took part in the proceedings at the
Meetings of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, and communicated
several short papers, one of which, on the Coleoptera of South-West
Africa, of some interest to the general Coleopterist, was published in
the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Academy for 1861.
Mr. Thomas Desvignes, one of what may be termed the old school
of British Entomologists, was chiefly known for his great knowledge
of the British Ichneumonide, on which he published several treatises,
besides a catalogue of the species, forming part of the series issued by
the Authorities of the British Museum. He was one of the original
Members of our Society, but of late years was seen but rarely amongst
us. He died at Woodford on the 11th of May last.
Abraham Cooper, Royal Academician, was also one of the few
remaining’ British Entomologists of the old school, records of whose
rare captures appear frequently in the earlier works of Stephens and
Curtis. He was probably the oldest of our Entomologists, being in
his eighty-second year at his death, which happened last Christmas
Kve. Forty years ago he was an ardent collector, and rendered, at
that time, good service in assisting the leading Entomologists of the
day, by his discoveries of new and rare species. Dendrophilus Cooperi
(since ascertained to be D. punctatus of Herbst) was named after him,
and he was the first to discover in this country Stilicus fragilis and
other remarkable ingects.
Thirty years ago the name of William Edward Shuckard was a
Wii
household word with every British Entomologist. The translator of
Burmeister’s ‘ Handbook,’ the author of the ‘ Essay on the Fossorial
Hymenoptera’ and the ‘Monograph of the Dorylide,’ of the letter-
press of ‘The British Coleoptera Delineated,’ and of numerous other
papers, several of which appeared in the early volumes of our ‘ Trans-
actions,’ was formerly an active Member of our Society: after a silence
of nearly a quarter of a century, Mr. Shuckard published his ‘ British
Bees’ in 1866, and died at Kennington on the 10th of November, 1868,
at the age of sixty-five.
And, though uot one of our body, nor in any way a man of Science,
a passing word may be permitted me to record the death of Charles
Turner, well known, at least to our metropolitan Coleopterists, as a most
persevering Collector, to whom our cabinets owe many rarities, and
more than one novelty.
1 believe I may safely congratulate you on the share which the
Entomological Society of London has had in promoting the study of
our difficult branch of Natural History, during the year that has
recently closed. We have held, as heretofore, twelve Meetings, uni-
formly well attended, at which valuable papers have been read, and
many topics, relating to variation, economy and nomenclature, have
been discussed, I hope with the effect not only of ventilating the sub-
jects, but of eliciting opinions and facts from men of experience,
which may be of some interest to the cultivators of other departments
of science. Our published ‘ Proceedings,’ in which these discussions
are reported, are given with more completeness than is usually the case
with learned societies, for which we are indebted to the industry and
excellent judgment of our senior Secretary, Mr. Dunning. With
regard to our ‘ Transactions,’ in which are published the more im-
portant memoirs read before us, I must call your attention to the
improvement made in the past year in the mode of publication, an
improvement the suggestion and carrying out of which we also owe to
our senior Secretary. Instead of issuing an indefinite number of parts,
forming a volume every two or three years, we now publish a volume
each year, a simplification which will earn for us the blessings of all
working Entomologists, who have to quote our volumes or the dates of
the publication of species recorded in them. The four parts com-
posing the volume for 1868 (the Index and completion of the ‘ Pro-
ceedings’ await only the conclusion of this day’s Meeting) were issued
within the year. They contain 332 pages of ‘Transactions. proper,
Iviii
besides ‘ Proceedings’ separately paged, and are illustrated by fifteen
plates.*
The number of memoirs published is eighteen, nine of which are
purely descriptive, three consist of rectifications of synonymy, &c.,
and six are on insect economy, anatomy and morphology. Nearly all
Orders of insects are treated of in the volume; and if there be any
deficiency it can only lie in the scarcity of papers on the Kutomology
of our own islands. And here let me remind Members who may be
disposed to make this objection to the contents of our publications,
that the absence of such papers is not the fault of the Council, who
can only select papers, for printing, from such as are submitted to
them, and would be pleased to receive interesting memoirs relating to
the geographical distribution, economy, structure and physiology of —
even our commoner British insects. I am glad to be able to add that
the sale of our ‘ Transactions’ has been greater in 1868 than during
any recent year.
Looking beyond our Society, there are no special signs that the
study of Entomology has made much progress in the British islands.
I might, however, point to memoirs of some importance which have
been read before our parent Society, the Linnean, and are published
in their ‘ Transactions’ and ‘Journal;’ and also to the descriptive
papers by Mr. Andrew Murray, Mr. Pascoe and Mr. Butler, contributed
to the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History.’ The two periodicals
devoted to Entomology, the ‘Entomologist’s Mofthly Magazine’ and
the ‘ Entomologist,’ have appeared regularly during the year. These
journals fulfil well their purpose of serving as a record of occurrences
and observations relating to British insects, and keep alive the interest
of the numerous collectors, many of whom are also acute and original
observers, who live, isolated from each other, in various parts of the
country. But, besides notices of British insects, the ‘ Entomologist’s
Monthly Magazine’ contains descriptive articles and short monographs
of great scientific interest, and the numerous notes on the habits and
transformations of species, especially those by Dr. T. A. Chapman on
xylophagous insects, the Rev. J. Hellins and Mr. W. Buckler on Lepi-
doptera, and others, are important contributions to our knowledge of
the development and economy of our native species. In the provinces,
* The volume “ for 1868” is only part of the Society’s publications during that
year. See the Report of the Council.
lix
the continuation of the original and highly curious observations of
“Mr. Watson on the plumules of diurnal Lepidoptera have been pub-
lished in the Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society
of Manchester. One of the greatest advantages of the study which
we cultivate, and which it shares with kindred pursuits, is that it sup-
plies an incentive to healthful country rambles, and rational occupa-
tion for the mind in investigating the exhaustless marvels that Nature
is ready to unfold at the bid of the patient inquirer. It is thus an
antidote to the frivolity and passion for injurious excitement, which
are said by satirists to distinguish our age, and to be growing amongst
us. On this account one would wish to hear more concerning the
establishment and growth of Natural History Field Clubs, and espe-
cially of the cultivation of Entomology by their members. To those
whose occupations leave but little time for recreation, such pursuits
have to offer a pleasant and healthful excitement, and a store of happy
memories for after years; whilst the ambitious and energetic, by
entering more deeply into their mysteries, may find worthy employ-
ment for all their powers.
An annual work which has appeared for the last four years in this
country, and on which we, in common with the cultivators of other
branches of Zoology, have reason to congratulate ourselves,—I mean
the ‘ Record of Zoological Literature,—has this year been published
in separate parts, containing the main divisions of the Science. All who
are engaged in the study of Zoology may obtain, therefore, and ought
to have already in their hands, the record of everything that has been
published throughout the world, during the year 1867, relating to the
department they severally cultivate. The Entomological section,
compiled by Mr. W.S. Dallas, as in previous years, occupies the
lion’s share of this most valuable Record, comprising no less than
484 pages. When we consider the countless number of volumes
of separate works, of the ‘Transactions’ of learned Societies, and of
’ periodicals, that have to be waded through. in order to extract the
necessary references to classification, descriptions of new genera and
species, rectifications, notices of anatomy, physiology and economy,
which constitute the ‘Record, we must greatly admire the industry
of the authors and editor of this work, who succeed in publishing,
during the summer of 1868, an account of what is contained in the
vast variety of works, of all languages, down to the end of the year
1867. The only other work of a similar nature, the ‘ Bericht iiber
die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im Gebiete der Zoologie,’ published
Ix
annually in Wiegmann’s ‘Archiv,’ at Berlin, bas at present reached
only the first half of the record of the combined years 1865—6.
Abroad, the most noteworthy circumstance connected with the pro-
gress of our favourite Science, setting aside the appearance of several
important works to which I will presently refer, is the extension of
the study in new countries, or at least the establishment of societies and
the publication of serial works in countries where these were previously
unknown. During the past year an Entomological Society has been
formed in Italy, the founders of which announce the intended pub-
lication of ‘ Transactions ;) a few years before, in-Russia, a similar
Society was established in St. Petersburg, which has already issued
several Parts of its Proceedings, under the title of ‘ Hore Societatis
Entomologice Rossice.’ Some years previously an Entomological
Society was started in Belgium, which continues to publish its very
valuable ‘ Annales.’ There is a similar Society in Holland; and, in
short, the time is probably not far distant when Entomology will have
its specially-organized body of cultivators in every European state.
Already Entomological memoirs are published in the Russian
language: should the practice of recording valuable information in
the vernacular of each country become general, the study in its com-
pleteness of any special subject in our Science, already difficult, will
become almost impossible.
In America the extension of our Science has become almost as
general as in Europe. The Entomological Society of Philadelphia,
after six or seven years’ existence, has grown into the “ American
Entomological Society,” and publishes many memoirs of importance
in its ‘Transactions.’ In the United States, where the heat of the
summer fosters an abundant insect life, and the very rapid and recent
clearing of forests and prairie has rudely disturbed the equilibrium of
life, maintained when a region is left in its natural condition, the
subject of insects affects the interests and feelings of the human
inhabitants to a degree not felt in the old-settled countries of Europe.
ven at this distance we hear occasionally of the total destruction of the
harvests of one or other part of the Western States by the “ locust ;”
and it appears that the productions of orchards, gardens and fields in
this region are all subject to similar wholesale destruction. Hence
the knowledge gained by scientific students of Insects and _ their
habits is becoming appreciated by their fellow citizens, and Entomo-
logy is rising into a profession. We hear of Dr. Asa Fitch as “State
1x1
Entomologist of New York,” and of Mr. B. D, Walsh and Mr. C. V.
Riley as occupying similar official posts in the States of Illinois and
Missouri. A Journal devoted more particularly to economic Ento-
mology, and entitled ‘The American Entomologist,’ is published in
St. Louis, Missouri, and is most ably conducted. The accounts of
the habits of insects, injurious or helpful to the farmer and gardener,
are illustrated by well-executed wood-cuts, and the Editors announce
their intention of including, in their future. numbers, articles on
general Entomology, and descriptions of new genera and species of
American insects. In California there are now resident Entomolo-
gists, who publish their new discoveries in the ‘ Proceedings of the
Californian Academy of Natural Sciences.’ There is also an Ento-
mological Society, which publishes its Journal, in Canada.
In several of the British colonies, in other parts of the world, there
is also much greater attention paid to the study of insects than
formerly. One of the most useful books on Diurnal Lepidoptera that
has appeared within the last few years, the ‘Rhopalocera Africe
Australis,’ was published at the Cape of Good Hope. But it is in
Australia that the most marked strides in this direction have been
made. The recently-established Entomological Society of New South
Wales numbers several men of talent and active workers amongst its
members, and has published five parts of its ‘ Transactions,’ con-
taining papers which all general Entomologists are obliged to consult.
In Melbourne, memoirs of great interest on the native Insect Fauna
have been published in the ‘'I'ransactions of the Royal Society of
Victoria ;’ I allude more particularly to the descriptions of Cicinde-
lide and Carabidz of Australia by M. de Castelnau, by which the
treasures of the collection of Dr. Howitt, as well as those of the
author, are for the first time made known. The impression that a
glance at these memoirs produces is, that we have had hitherto but a
faint idea of the extent of the Coleopterous Fauna of Australia and
New Zealand, so vast is the number of new genera and species
acquired in a comparatively short time by the two gentlemen above-
named. Speculations as to the geographical relations and nature of
this Fauna are vain, whilst the discovery of new forms, and of genera
not expected to occur in Australia, proceeds at so rapid a rate.
Returning, in our brief survey, to Europe, it is my duty to call
attention to a few of the more important works on Entomology which
have appeared during the year. I will first mention those which
K
u |xii
velate more especially to the systematic department of our Science,
and afterwards notice one or two treatises which bear upon a subject
interesting not only to all naturalists but to all thinking men, namely,
the evidence afforded by Entomology on the question of the origin of
species : this will lead me to offer a few remarks on the study of the
geographical distribution of insects, with which, with your per-
mission, I will conclude,
The work of a special nature which will have interested probably
the largest number of Entomologists is the ‘ Catalogus Coleopterorum,’
by Dr. Gemminger and the Baron Edgar von Harold. Of this
colossal undertaking two Parts have appeared during the year, con-
taining together 752 pages, exclusive of Index: at this rate it will
take ten or twelve goodly-sized volumes to complete what is simply
a catalogue of all described beetles, with their synonymy and locali-
ties, and references to descriptions. None but those who have
attempted to compile a catalogue of a group of Coleoptera for their
own use—and such a catalogue is an indispensable preliminary to
studying the group and publishing new species—can conceive the
difficulties which the authors of this work must have had to con-
tend with in compiling a Catalogue of the Order for the whole
world. Accuracy of synonymy throughout, and completeness of clas-
sification, whether of genera or of species, were out of the question.
The difficulty with regard to classifying the species of a genus in
their natural order— a difficulty which arises from each of perhaps a
dozen authors registering his species according to a different arrange-
ment, or no arrangement at all—has been got over by the authors by
entering the species alphabetically. With regard to synonymy, the
general rule adopted by them appears to be that of registering every
genus and species, on the authority of its describer, excepting in
cases where any have been proved, by recent writers, to hav been
previously described; and so well has the recent literature been
worked up and the authors’ judgment exercised, that the number of
these duplicate entries of genera and species appears to be very
limited. Few experienced Entomologists believed in the possibility
of such a Catalogue as the present being successfully carried out, and
the quick succession of the volumes (the third I am told is now
passing through the press) is an agreeable surprise to them. The
value of such a compilation resides not only in its facilitating the
naming of collections, but in its furnishing the means of working out
the statistics of that vast host of organic beings which we term
Ixiti
Coleoptera, —a task that has to be accomplished in discussing sub-
jects connected with the relations of Faunas, and with general views
of the vital phenomena of the globe. The compilers have lightened
the task of the future worker in this department by giving the total
numbers of the species at the foot of each genus and family: we are
thus enabled to learn without trouble that the number of described
Carabide is now 8516, of Staphylinide 4130, and so forth. Now
that Coleopterists see the possibility of a general catalogue,—a luxury
of which they have been deprived since Dejean’s last and very
imperfect list became obsolete, many years ago, —it is to be hoped
that they will all do their best to aid the authors, by contributing the
synonymical notes they may have been enabled to make, in their
several departments of study. By such extensive co-operation alone
can the defects noticeable in this most meritorious work be in future
avoided.
Another work of high rank, published in 1868, is the eighth volume
of the renowned ‘Genera des Cgléoptéres, by Professor Lacordaire,
containing the first half of the Longicorns. The reputation which the
‘Genera’ has justly acquired among Entomologists is due, perhaps
chiefly, to the marvellous simplicity and clearness of the author's
treatment of his most intricate subject. A perfect “Systema Co-
leopterorum” could hardly have been expected from one man, in the
present state of our knowledge of this order of insects, the number of
described species having increased so rapidly that it bids fair to
equal that of the whole vegetable kingdom, and the old systems of
classification having collapsed without giving place to anything
founded on a surer basis. Professor Lacordaire has, however, suc-
ceeded in the great task he has imposed upon himself, and which he
has carried on for the past fifteen years. His perspicuous method of
arranging and characterizing the various groups, and the clearness
with which he expresses his meaning, enable the worker to find his
way to a knowledge of the genera with certainty, and, at the same
time, with pleasure.
The difficulties which Professor Lacordaire has had to encounter
in the course of his work have naturally increased as time rolled on,
the number of new genera and new partial classifications rapidly
accumulating from year to year, and rendering his study of the con-
cluding families so much more arduous than those occupying his
earlier volumes. If we may judge by expressions contained in the
present volume, these difficulties have reached a climax in the
Ixiv
arrangement of the Longicorns. He does not however state that any
part of his perplexities arise from the premature activity of authors,
who have been busy in this group during the last few years, but
attributes them to the obstacles to classification presented by the
species and genera themselves. We have been accustomed to hear,
in various quarters, dissatisfaction expressed at the inordinate multi;
plication of genera of Longicorns proposed by recent authors; the
complainers will not find much comfort in the recently-published
volume of the ‘Genera.’ It is true many genera, founded on local
faunas, have been suppressed by Professor Lacordaire, in the Leptu-
ridz and one or two other groups, but he has himself, throughout the
volume, created many others. He frequently mentions this subject,
and in one place states that the number will still have to be largely ~
increased. He adopts in the sub-family Prionide 129 genera,
although the species are not much more than 300; and in the sub-
family Cerambycide he admits 500 genera to 4500 species.
The true reason of the recent great multiplication of genera in this
family of insects lies not so much in the fact that authors have
delighted to exercise their talent in the facile manufacture of genera
and generic names, but in a peculiarity in the mode of variation of
the species, which renders natural the formation of endless small
genera: the same peculiarity has given rise to the difficulty, or rather
the impossibility (for so Lacordaire expresses it), of combining the
genera into higher groups, capable of being distinguished by constant
characters from other groups; it is also, I am inclined to believe, the
originating cause of the existence of numerous anomalous forms of
Longicorns, which seem to depart from the type of the family, and
raise the difficulties of the classifier to the highest pitch. This pecu-
liarity consists in the tendency, in the species of Longicorns, to vary
in what are held, in other families of Coleoptera, to be important
points of structure, on which genera and sub-families may be safely
founded. We have proof of this kind of variability in the differences
among individuals of one and the same species, cases being known of
variation in the number of joints of the antenn, in the spinous pro-
cesses of the elytra and femora, and so forth. Passing from varieties
of the same species, to closely-allied species, the same phenomenon
appears in augmented proportions—antenne, legs, tarsi, even the
component parts of the dermo-skeleton, the sternal segments, are
seen to differ in the most extraordinary way ; and so on to the next
step of affinity, in which, however, it often happens that all definite
Ixv
trace of structural relationship (except that which makes them mem-
bers of the same family) is entirely lost. This extreme variability is
not of common occurrence in the class Insecta, or even in the
Animal Kingdom, at least to the extent of prevailing over an entire
family containing 8000 species. It may well lead us to reflect on the
principle which has attended the process of origination of forms, and
has led to the retention, unaltered, of portions of their structure, whilst
the rest have become modified, thus enabling naturalists, in the
majority of cases, to classify them. This principle is the great ally
of the systematist, although he troubles himself so little with inquiry
into its nature. It is this which has retained the internal bony
skeleton in the class Vertebrata, whilst all the rest of the structure is
changed in one or other of the component families—organs of respi-
ration and locomotion, limbs, skin, as well as clothing and habits. If
we except the two or three primary divisions of the Longicorns, there is
no portion of structure which retains a given form throughout a number
of species, sufficient to form a well-defined genus of ordinary length or
a group of genera. As M. Lacordaire expresses it, “ Les caractéres les
plus importants s’altérent, s’effacent et disparaissent, avec une rapidité
désespérante.” It surely is not too much to say that if such instability
were a general feature of the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms, classi-
fication would have been impossible, and Linnzus himself would have
striven in vain; yet its existence throughout the extensive secondary
groups of the Longicorn Coleoptera shows, that stability of some struc-
tural characters and modification of others—in other words, the forma-
tion of natural genera—is not an invariable accompaniment of the
process of creation, and I think the subject has not yet received all
the attention it deserves or will eventually receive.
One of the works to which I alluded as bearing on the question of the
origin of species is a treatise entitled “ Entomologische Beitrage zur
Beurtheilung der Darwin’schen Lehre von der Enstehung der Arten,”
published early in the past year, in the concluding part of the
‘Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift’ for 1867, at page 327. The
writer, Herr von Kieseuwetter, is an author of wide reputation, and
belongs to what I think may be fittingly called the Berlin school of
Entomologists—a class who have distinguished themselves more
especially as rigid systematists, being known for their acute and
profound investigations into the characters of varieties, species, genera,
and higher groups, in their application to classification. Some of the
Ixvi
best monographs of our day, such as those of Erichson and Ger-
sticker, have been the work of members of this school, and three of
them, Schaum, Kraatz and von Kiesenwetter, are the authors of
volumes of the well-known faunistic work, the ‘Insecten Deutsch-
lands,’ in which the Coleopterous fauna of Germany is treated, not as
faunas usually are, as a collection of species independent of the rest
of the world, but as forming portion of a wider field, with which, to be
intelligible, it must be continually compared. The Berlin Entomolo-
gists, so far as they have hitherto expressed themselves, have been
opposed to the theory of the gradual, natural formation of species.
We have not any published account of the opinions they have held,
except some short notes of the late Dr. Schaum, in which, discus-
sing the subject of the origination of well-marked local varieties of °
the genus Carabus, he announced his belief that the varieties had not
been produced by migration and subsequent modification, but were
created originally as local varieties. The same view, as is well known,
is held by Professor Agassiz, who believes that a vast number of indi-
viduals of each species were simultaneously created over the whole
area of its distribution; ‘‘ creation,” according to these authors, im-
plying a miracle, or at least, a process lying beyond the field of human
investigation. Von Kiesenwetter is the first of these learned Entomo-
logists to announce his conversion to the opposite doctrine, namely,
that local varieties have originated by modification of individuals
which have migrated to. the localities, that they have become
further modified into species, and that the process by which this
is effected is Natural Selection, as expounded by Darwin. He
states that he has been gradually forced into the adoption of this view
by the facts of variation presented to him, in the field and in the
closet, whilst studying the European genus Oreina, an alpine group of
Chrysomelide, abounding on the mountains of Central and Southern
Kurope. In the introductory paragraphs of his memoir, he states the
Darwinian theory with great clearness and aceuracy, showing how well
he has studied its meaning,—unlike most other critics, naturalists as
well as mere littérateurs,—and one is prepared to find in the sequel
that, in understanding, he has accepted it. The objects which furnish
the evidence that has had so much weight with him are certain species
of Oreina, such as O. senecionis, speciosa, intricata and others. He
appears first to have been struck with the fact, that whilst on some
mountain ranges two or more of these species exist in great pro-
fusion, and show no signs, by the occurrence of intermediate forms, &c.,
ixvii
of their being other than perfectly good and true species, in other alpine
localities intermediate forms do occur, proving that the two or more
species there blend together. He found cases also in which the for-
mation of two or more distinct species was not quite complete, as
proved by the occurrence of a very few individuals of the connecting
varieties. Indeed authors had accepted these species as perfectly
good ones, until further research revealed the existence of these rare
varieties, when they were just as ready to treat the whole as varieties,
as they were formerly to consider them as species. The fact of a
species existing, structurally and functionally, as a species in one
locality and as a mere variety in another, was not to be explained away
by the argument, that the species were originally distinct, but had
become blended by hybridization ; for the effect of such hybridization
after a few generations would have been to blend the whole of the allied
species into one variable form; besides it would only shift the problem
a step further, and we should have to inquire how the species origi-
nated in the first instance. ‘There was no alternative for a naturalist
demanding a rational explanation of such facts, but to accept the con-
clusion that species have no absolute permanent existence, but that
changes intermittingly and slowly take place by their spreading
over wider and wider areas, and adjusting themselves in structure
and habits to the altered nature of the local conditions. Where there
are numerous varieties in a locality, the process of variation and adapta-
tion has not been completed ; where well-defined species occur in more
distant situations, the adjustment is, for the time, accomplished, and
the connecting varieties between such species and their sister-forms,
existing elsewhere, only betray the gradations of modification which
have been passed through. I may be permitted here to remark that I
have myself recorded a series of facts similar to those published by
Herr von Kiesenwetter, with regard to the Heliconiide of South
America, and have given a precisely similar explanation of them, so
long ago as 1862, in the twenty-third volume of the Transactions of
the Linnean Society, page 530.
The memoir of Herr von Kiesenwetter, as well as the series of
facts brought out by myself on the Heliconiidez, prove, I think, the
importance of the study of Geographical Distribution, in con-
nection with the supreme question of the Origin of Species.
The ‘facts of distribution, correctly and minutely noted, will pro-
bably supply more satisfactory data for the discussion of this question
than any other class of facts in the domain of Natural History.
Ixvill
Mr. Darwin himself founds his theory, in the first place, on the results
of domestication and cultivation; but the objection felt to the evidences
of modification thus obtained—namely, that in domestication species
are placed under artificial conditions and yield results dissimilar to
those observed in free Nature—is not easy to overcome. In noting the
modification of species in their natural state, as accompanying the
differences of local conditions under which we find them, which is
what I mean by the facts of distribution, we see the operation of
changes independent of artificial interference; and once admitting
that species do slowly and intermittently extend their areas of dis-
semination, and that certain local forms are modifications of their
sister-forms, the whole process of the formation of species by natural
means lies straightway open to our investigation, the steps of modifi-
cation being capable of proof, by logical induction, after the premisses
just mentioned are granted. Having attempted to follow this line of
investigation in the case of several species and groups of species of
insects, I have been surprised to find how defective are most of our
collections in suites of specimens, and our books in recorded facts of
this nature. Few Entomologists lay themselves out to collect series
of specimens illustrative of this subject: I can assure them from
experience that they would find it most interesting to doso. It is not
sufficient to collect the varieties inhabiting a limited region, like the
British Isles, but to follow each species over the entire area of its dis-
tribution, both in a vertical and horizontal direction, ¢. e. up mountain
slopes, and over geographical areas, and obtain specimens from every
place where varieties occur.
Another important memoir of similarly wide interest to the one just
discussed has been recently read in England. 1 mean one on the
mimetic butterflies of Southern Africa, by Mr. Roland Trimen, which
will shortly be published in the Transactions of the Linnean Society.
The process of adaptation of varieties of a species to different local
conditions, and their great modification, is here expounded in the genus
Papilio, especially in the remarkable case of Papilio Merope. The
females of this species have a tendency to vary greatly from their
males, and to put on a disguise which assimilates them to one or
other species of Danais. It is a truly wonderful fact that at the Cape
of Good Hope and in Western Tropical Africa, the females imitate
species of Danais widely different in coloration, the males all re-
maining unchanged or nearly so, whilst in Madagascar the female
Ixix
has undergone no change of dress, being coloured like the male.
Mr. Trimen fully accepts the explanation I proposed six years ago,
which has been also carried out by Mr. Wallace, for this class of
phenomena, and il is naturally gratifying to us to find these observa-
tions and reasonings confirmed, in another part of the world, by so
able an observer.
In conclusion, gentlemen, let me thank you for the courtesy and
attention so unvaryingly shown to me during the year of my Presi-
dency that has expired, and assure you that I shall ever do all in
my power to increase the interest of our Meetings and promote the
welfare of our now old-established Society.
A vote of thanks to the President for his services during the past year, with a
request that the Address might be printed in the ‘ Proceedings,’ was proposed by
Mr. A. R. Wallace, seconded by Mr. Pascoe, and carried unanimously.
Thanks were also voted to the other Officers, and Members of the Council for
1868; and the votes were acknowledged by Mr. S. Stevens, Mr. Dunning and
Mr. Janson.
Mr. M‘Lachlan proposed, and Mr. W. C. Boyd seconded, a vote of thanks to the
Pro-President for his conduct in the chair. This was also carried unanimously; and
Mr. Frederick Smith made a suitable reply.
e L
xx
Abstract of the Treasurer’s Accounts for 1868.
ReEcEIPTs.
Lea
By Balance in hand, Ist January, 1868 - - - - 110 4
» Arrears of Subscriptions = - - - - 18-11 0
5, Subscriptions for 1868 - - = - Z -) + LSbe yO
», Admission Fees = - - - = - 21 10 Gs
», Composition of Life Member . - - - - 151 0
4» sale of ‘ Transactions’ - - - = - 98 16 4
5, Interest on £109 14s. 9d. Consols - - - - 3 5 10
», Tea Subscriptions - - - - - 9 1L 6
», Donations, H. J. Fust, Esq. - - = - 25) (0210
- A Royal Society, per H. J. Fust, Esq. - 25: 0 0
- ‘ Frederick Bates, Esq. - - = = - 3 18 10
2 = J.W. Dunning, Esq. - - = 70 00
£447 16 10
PaYMENTS.
£s. d.
To Rent, Librarian, and Office Expenses - - - - 65 19 0
» Printing ‘ Transactions’ = L o = = 184 2 O
. * ‘Proceedings’ - = - - - - 14 O73:
», Plates, Engraving and Printing = - - - 61 16 6
= » Colouring - - - - ~ - 65 79
»» Books purchased - - : - . . 20° 7. 2
od » binding - - - - - - - StL teae
» Tea, 13 Meetings - - - - E 2 13 13.6
Balance in Treasurer's hands — - = - 5 12 0
£447 16 10
Tnabilities and Assets of the Society.
LraBILITIEs. ASSETS.
eae a ee
To Loan of Mr. Dunning 45 0 0 | By Arrears of Subscriptions :—
Good (say) 18 18 O
Doubtful £42 Os, Od.
» £109 14s. 9d. Consols 100 0 0
(cost)
5, Cash Balance in hand - 5 12 ©
£45 0 0 12410 0
Less Liabilities 45 0 ©
£79 10
0
() Texte)
TIDE Xe
Norz.—Where the name only of an Insect is mentioned, the description
of the Insect will be found at the page referred to.
The Arabic Figures refer to the pages of the ‘Transactions ;’ the Roman
numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’
PAGE PAGE
GENERAL SUBJECTS...... Ixxi | HYMENOPTERA .........00% lxxv
PARAGHNGDA: spccsssidenecses lxxii LEPIDOPTERA...+0ccsoeeeeee Ixxvi
COLEOPTERA «ccs. 0ccne0ns Ixxii NEUROPTERA ....2-:eceeeees Ixxvii
IDTBEMRA. 1s ssceecaeetoetens lxxv ORTHOPTERBA .+++csscerseeee xxviii
FLEMIPTERA .000csscesseves Ixxv
a
GENERAL SUBJECTS.
Anniversary Address of the President for 1868, ly.
Annual Report of the Council for 1868, lil.
Beetles burying themselves underground, ix, 1.
Boheman, death of, xi.
Bugong moth of Australia, ii—vii.
Butterflies, at sea, vii.
social larva of, 136, xv.
Coffee-borer, notes on the, 105, ii, xix, xxviii.
Duration of life of honey bee, 225.
Dwarf insects, xxxviii, xlii, xlix.
Exhibition of useful and destructive insects at Paris, xxiii.
of bees, honey, &e., at Milan, xlii.
Felder’s ‘ Reise der Novara,’ date of publication, vii.
Galls, note on, xxxix.
Generic nomenclature, notes on, xlii—xlvili.
Gynandromorphous insects, ii, ix, xxxviii, xlii.
spider, viii.
=]
©
( lxxn )
GENERAL SUBJECTS—continued.
Homologies of the Ovipositor, 141, 1.
Hybrid insect, xvi.
Juniper twigs, insects in, xv.
Mosquitoes, alleged plague of, in England, xxxix.
Nests of wasps and bees, curious positions of, xxxii, xlix.
Numerical disproportion of sexes, x, Xi, xiv.
Origin of Species, remarks on, Ixy—lxviii.
Ovipositor, homologies of, 141, 1.
Parasites, 1.
Petroleum oil, for destroying insects, xxxii.
Priority in generic nomenclature, xlii.
Simultaneous copulation of two males with one female, xxvii
Social larve of butterfly, 136, xv.
moth, x.
Swarm of beetles, xlii—of gnats, xxxix.—of moths, ii—vil.
Treasurer’s Accounts for 1868, Ixx.
Types of genera, note on, xlii.
Variation in the Longicorn beetles, remarks on, Ixiii—lxy.
Varieties, xvi, xxiv, xxvi, xxxvili, xl, xlii, xlix.
Wasp’s nests, curious positions of, xxxii, xlix.
ARACHNIDA.
Epeiva, Ichneumon larva parasitic on, 1.
Pholeus, gynandromorphous, viii.
COLEOPTERA.
Acosmus capensis, note on, 325.
Adiatoria (n. g.), 315.—Jansoni, 316.
Agrilus auwrovittatus, 63.—hypoleucus, 62.
Alemeonis (n. g.), 270.—pulchra, 271.
Anano (nu. g.), 272.—brevicornis, 273.
Anilara Adelaide, 19.
Anthores (n. g.), Xili.
Aprostoma, note on, 1.
Artactes (nu. g.) nigritarsis, xii.
Aryenis (nu. g.), 309.—rufescens, 310.
Asphalus (n. g.) ebeninus, xil.
Asthreus Samouelli, 10.
Ateuchus sacer, habit of, xxv.
Biwvadus (n. g.), xii.
Blepegenes (n. g.) aruspew, xii.
( lxxiii )
COLEOPTERA—continued.
Buprestide, note on some Fabrician species, xiii.
of Australia, described by Hope, revision of, 1.
Burmeisteria (n. g.) mirabilis, 101.
Bycrew (un. g.) villosa, xii.
Calodema regalis, 22.
Castalia bimaculata, 22.
Cerosterna gladiator, destructive to forest trees in Madras, xviii.
Chalcotenia albivittis, 6.—Lamberti, 7.
Chileone (n. g.) Deyrollii, 264.
Chromomea pallida, 319.—Pascoei, 317.—rufescens, 320.— wnicolor, 320.
—vittata, 318.
Chrysobothris Australasia, 54.
Chrysodema gigas, 5.
Cinyra spilota, 11.
Cisseis acuducta, 60.—cupreicollis, 58.—duodecimguttata, 57.—Gouldit, 58.
—leucosticta, 57.—roseocuprea, 61.—signaticollis, 57.—similis, 59.
—suturalis, 60.
Clytus wrietis, in the British Museum, xvi.
Coffee-borer, notes on the, 105, ii, xix, xxviii.
Curis aurifera, 21.—caloptera, 21.
Cyphogastra farinosa, 7.
Cyria imperialis, 3.—vittigera, 3.
Dedrosis (n. g.), 266.—ambigua, 269.—crenato-striata, 268,
Dechius scissicollis, 265, 266.
Dermestes, destruction caused by, i, ii.
Diadozus erythrurus, 4.—scalaris, 4.
Diestica (nu. g.) viridipennis, xii.
Drilus flawescens, female of, i, xxvii.
two males im cop. with one female, xxvii.
Dryocora (n. g.) Howitttit, x, xi.
Elestora (n. g.) fulgurata, xi.
Ethon affine, 56.—fissiceps, 56.—Roei, 54.—subfasciatum, 55.
Eudianodes (n. g.) Swanzii, xiii, xiv.
Eupromus (n. g.), Xii.
Euryspilus chalcodes, 11.
Gastrophysa polygomi, swarm of, xli.
Gempylodes, note on, 1,
Goniadera interrupta, 312.
Heteromera, new genera and species, 259, 309.
Hypaulae (n. g.), 259.—marginata, 261.—oblonga, 263.—ovalis, 263.—
sinuaticollis, 261.—tarda, 262.
Licymnius (nu. g.), 271.—foveicollis, 272; note on, 317. 5
cc
( ix
COLEOPTERA—continued.
Longicornia, remarks on variation of, lxiii—lxv.
Lucanus cervus, hybernating underground, ix.
Mecedoamwn, note on, |. ]
Melobasis ewpriceps, 15.—gloriosa, 14.—Lathami, 17.—metallifera, 16.—
nervosa, 18.—propinqua, 15.—pyritosw, 13.—splendida, 14.—
superba, 14.—verna, 17.
Meloe, habit of, xxv.
Merimna atrata, 18.
Micropeplus Staphylinoides, larva of, 275-
Nascio Parryi, 9.—vanthura, 8.
Neoewrs Fortnumi, 19.—Guerinii, 20.
Nessiara histrio, xi.
Opephorus (n. g.) signator, xiii.
Orcopagia (nu. g.) monstrosa, xii.
Oreina, remarks on yariation of species, lxvi-
Orobychus (nu. g.) Lacordairii, xii.
Othelecta vestita, 269.
Otiorhynchus picipes, destroying rose trees, xxv-
Oxycorynus hydnore, xiv.
Paracephala pistacina, 63.
Plagiope chrysochloris, 12.—cuprifera, 13.
Prospheres awrantiopicta, 7.
Psydus (nu. g.) plantaris, xii.
Sternocera, underground, l.
Stigmodera amabilis, 35.—amphichroa, 45.—anchoralis, 39.—Andersoni,
42.—assimilis, 47.—Australasie, 37.—bicincta, 44.—Bremei,
52.—Burehellii, 38.—cancellata, 25.—coccinata, 51.—consan-
guinea, 49.—crenata, 41.—cruenta, 34.—cruentata, 44.—cyant-
collis, 44.—cyanura, 31.—decem-maculata, 46.—delectabilis,
40.—Erythromelas, 36.—flawocincta, 26.—flavopicta, 48.—
Fortnumi, 27.—Gorii, 23.— grandis, 26.—gratiosa, 25.—hema-
tica, 29.—hilaris, 52.—Hoffmanseggit, 36.—Hopei, 39.—iospi-
lota, 41.—Kirbyi, 46.—Klugii, 34.—limbata, 27.—macularia,
23.—Mitchellit, 28.—octospilota, 46.—Parryi, 25.—pheorrhea,
43.—Pertii, 50.—picta, 46.—plagiata, 42.—Roei, 24.—rufi-
penis, 538.—sanguinipennis, 29.—sanguinosa, 24.—scalaris,
44.—semicincta, 33.—Sieboldi, 45.—signaticollis, 30.—simu-
lata, 37.—Spencii, 30.—spilota, 48.—suturalis, 27.—trifasciata,
47.—undulata, 34.—variabilis, 28.—vegeta, 45.—vicina, 43.—
canthopilosa, 49.—Yarrellii, 32.
Thysia viduata, xiii.
Xantholinus, larva of, with Hymenopterous parasite, xviii.
Xenostethus (n. g.), 321.—Lacordairti, 324.
Xylotrechus quadripes, 105, ii, xix, xxviii.
Xyroscelis crocata, 53.
€ bexy)
DIPTERA.
“Berna”? fly, of Brazil, 135.
Culex, abundance of, in 1868, xxxix.
‘““Warega”’ fly, of Brazil, 135.
HEMIPTERA.
Aphis inhabiting galls on elm, note on, viii.
Leptocorisw, injurious to rice crop in Ceylon, 1.
HYMENOPTERA.
Aculeata from Australia, descriptions of, 231.
Alurus volatilis, 237.
Ammophila ardens, 247.—impatiens, 247.
Aulacinus merens, 331.
Aulacus formosus, 330.—hemorrhoidellus, 331.—merens, 331.—nobilis,
329.—rufitarsis, 330.—spinifer, 331.—stigmaticus, 330.
Chalcidide, new species of, xxxii, xxxv.
. Crabro neglectus, 249.—nigromaculatus, 249.—tridentatus, 250.
Crocisa albo-maculata, 258.
Dimorphoptera (n. g.), 238.—clypeata, 240.—fastwosa, 240.—morosa, 239.
nigripennis, 239.—scoliiformis, 238.
Euchorissa (n. g.), XXXvi.—speciosa, xxxvii.—Natalica, xxxvii.
Gastropsis (n. g.), XXxix, 253.
Gorytes ornatus, 248.
Honey bee, duration of life of, 225,
number of progeny of queen, 227, 228.
Ichneumon larva, parasite on spider, 1.
Lamprocolletes rubellus, 253.
Lithurgus cognatus, 255.
Megachile fabricator, 256.—fumipennis, 257.—imitata, 257.—monstrosa,
256.—nasuta, 258.—sexmaculata, 257.
Nests of wasps and bees, notes on, xix, 1.
Nomadina (n. g.) Smithit, 328.
Odynerus, curious position of nest of, xxxii.
Gstropsis (n. g.) pubescens, 253.
name Gastropsis substituted, xxxix.
Ophion macrurus, parasitic on Saturnia Cynthia, xxxil.
Paragia concinna, 251.—morosa, 251.—nasuta, 252.—vespiformis, 250.
Pelecinella (n. g.) phastasma, xxxv.
Pelopeus, curious positions of nests, xlix.
Pison nitidus, 248.
Pompilus distinctus, 242.—diversus, 243.—infondus, 244,—irritabilis, 243.
—lugubris, 242.—melancholicus, 244.—tricolor, 242.—velow, 241.
— vespoides, 244.
( lxxvi )
HYMENOPTERA—continued.
Priocnemis affectata, 245.—defensor, 245.—ephippiata, 246.—Polydorus,
246.
Proctotrupes, parasitic on Coleopterous larva, xviii.
Scolia (Dielis) intrudens, 241.
Sibyllina (n. g.) enigmatica, 329, xli.
affinities of, 1—lii.
Solenura (n. g.) telescopica, Xxxvi.
Sphew argentifrons, 248.
Stenotritus smaragdinus, 254.
Tachypterus albo-pictus, 237.
Thawmasura (n. g.) terebrator, XXXv1.
Thynnus audaw, 234.—baccatus, 236.—campanularis, 232.—conspicuus,
233.—impetuosus, 233.—incensus, 236.—irritans, 235.—oblongus,
232.—ochrocephalus, 231.—seductor, 234.—subinterrwptus, 235.
Trigona mosquito, observations on, 133.
Trigonalys jucunda, 327.—lugubris, 328.—pulchella, 327.
Wasp, curious position of nest, xxxii, xlix.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Acrea Anacreon, 77.
Ageronia Amphinome, note on pupa, xxv.
Agrotis spina, bugong moth, swarms of, li—vii.
Anaphe reticulata, social larva of, x.
Antispila Rivillii, note on, xvii.
Apatura Ionia, note on, Vii.
Tris, variety of, xlix.
Aphneus Caffer, 88.
Bombyx quercus, gynandromorphous, ii.
Yamomai, in Britain, ii, xvii.
Butterfly, social larva of, 136, xv.
Castnia, note on larva, xxv.
Catocala frawini, captured at Eastbourne, xlii.
Crambus myellus, new to Britain, xlii, xlix.
Cyclopides Hgipan, 94.—Syrina, 93.
Delonewra (nu. g.) vrmaculata, 81.
Dianthecia capsincola, variety of, xl.
Diurnal Lepidoptera of Europe, India, and North America, comparison
of, XXxiii.
Halias quercana, unequally developed, xxvi.
Hesperia Comma, variety of, xlix.
Hypercallia Christierninana, notes on, vii, xxiv, xxvi.
( lxxvn )
LEPIDOPTERA—continued.
Leptoneura cassina, observations on, 283.
Leucania albipuncta, new to Britain, xxxix, xli.
Limenitis Sibylla, negroes of, xlii.
Lycena Barber, 89.—Notobia, 91.—Otacilia, 90.—T somo, 91.
Mycalesis Caffra, LHusirus, and Evenus, note on, 286.
Nemophora Carteri, note on, xvi.
Neope dendrophilus, note on, 285.
Nepticula ewphorbiella, xvi.
Opostega reliquella, note on, Vii.
Pamphila dysmephila, 96.—Mackenit, 95.
Panopea Tarquinia, 79.
Papilio Echerioides, 72.—Euphranor, 70.
Machaon, in the Hudson’s Bay Territory, xli.
Turnus, a 2 coloured like the ¢ , xxxix.
© Pieride of the Indian and Australian Regions,’’ remarks on, 97.
Pieris Rape, spread of, in North America, xi.
Polia nigrocincta, from the Isle of Man, xli.
Polyommatus Adonis, varieties of, xlii.
Prioneris Watsonit, 100.
Pseudonympha Sabacus and Trimenii, note on, 284.
Pyrameis, at sea, vii.
Pyrgus Sandaster, 92.
Saturnia Pavonia-minor, emerging from cocoon tail-foremost, xvii.
Saturniide, habits of, xxvii.
Scoparia Zelleri, new to Britain, xxxix.
Strenia clathrata, supposed variety of, xxxviii.
Tachyris Jacquinotii, note on, xviii.
Tapinostola Elymi, capture of, xl.
Tinew (?) alpicella, 137.
larva of, in antelope’s horn, ii.
Tortrio heparana and viridana, in coitu, xxvii.
Vanessa Urticw, dwarfs of, xxxviii, xlix.
Yphthima Lisandra, note on, 287.
Zelleria sawifrage, 137.
Zeritis Chrysantas, 85.—Lyncurium, 86.—Sardonyz, 83.
Zygena Filipendule, dwarfs from the Isle of Man, xxxviii.
NEUROPTERA.
Agrypnia picta, new to Britain, xxxix.
Anam mediterraneus, in Italy, xviii.
Arctopsyche (un. g.), 300.
Boreus, British species of, 218.
( Ixxvii )
NEUROPTERA—continued.
Cenis macrura, on the anatomy of, 279.
Chrysopa, British species of, 196.
Coniopteryx, British species of, 182.—hematica, n. sp., 193, n.
Dolophilus (n. g.), 301.—copiosus, 3038.
Drepanepteryx, British species of, 190.
Enecyla pusilla, in England, xxiv, xxxii, xli.
Halesus Muelleri, 292.—rectus, 295.—trifidus, 294.
Hemerobius, British species of, 174.—atrifrons, n. sp., 184.—inconspicuus,
Me Spent. .
Megalomus, British species of, 189.
Micromus, British species of, 171.
Newronia Lapponica, note on, 290.—Stalii, 289.
Nothochrysa (n. g.), 195.—British species of, 207.—Extra-Britannic
species of, 208.
Oligoplectrum morosum, 297.
Osmylus, British species of, 165.
Panorpa, British species of, 209.
Planipennia, Monograph of British species, 145.
Synonymic Catalogue of, 220.
Psectra, British species of, 169.
Raphidia, British species of, 153.
Rhyacophila, notes on species of, 304.
Sericostoma Carinthiacum, 296.—faciale, 296.
Setodes mestella, 298.
Sialis, British species of, 151.
Sisyra, British species of, 166.
Stenophylaw algosus, 290.—alpestris, note on, 291.
Trichoptera, new species of European, 289.
ORTHOPTERA.
Anostostoma (?), from Cape of Good Hope, xxxix.
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TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
LONDON
FOR THE YEAR.
1868. fogs
PART I.
WITH SEVEN PLATES.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY H. T. ROWORTH,
164, KING’S CROSS ROAD.
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 12, BEDFORD ROW,
“3 AND BY
LONGMAN, GREEN, READER AND DYEP, PATERNOSTER ROW.
1868.
[Price 3s.]
Ke
CONTENTS.
m s
PAGE
I. A Revision of the Australian Buprestidw described by the
Rev. F. W. Hope. By EDWARD SAUNDERS, .........:0.seeeeeee 1
II. On some undescribed Species of South-African Butterflies, ,
including a new Genus of Lycenide. By Rotanp Trimen. 69
TH. Remarks on Mr. A. R. Wallace’s “ Pieridw of the Indian and
Australian Regions.’ By W. C. Hewirtson, F.L.S............. 97
IV. On Burmeisteria, a new Genus of Melolonthide. By FREDERIC
SCHICKENDA NIZA ie teats hckioe uae cd Re MEET ha wieon a ola cha Monette d 101
V. On the ‘ Coffee-borer” of Southern India (Xylotrechus quad-
ripes, Chevrolat). By J. W. DUNNING............ceceseeerseees 105 .
VI. Observations on the Economy of Brazilian Insects, chiefly
Hymenoptera, from the Notes of Mr. Peckolt. By FREDERICK
MULE Above nes) (Hime SOs evar wens aoe ssscol ch blew nesdenwenec ances 133
Vil. A few Observations on the Synonymy of Tinea (?) Alpicella
and Zelleria sawifrage, (n. sp.). By H. T. Srarnron, F.R.S. 137
VU. Remarks upon the Homologies of the Ovipositor. By A. E.
IBENDONS -BMAU Coot rag seit cele ciocewesieae aero ded elnise caseaeaneban uebcsies 141
Journal ofibrocdedim es ..s 7252, voascssecsbn topo eeledes acccams pasilueee as
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,
No. 12, BEDFORD ROW.
COUNCIL, 1868.
H. W. Barss, Hsq., F.Z.8., President.
Sir Joun Luspock, Bart, F.R.S., &e.
W. Witson Saunpers, Esq., F.R.S., &e. > Vice- Presidents.
H. T. Srainron, Esq., F.B.S., &e.
SAMUEL STEVENS, Isq., F.L.S., Treasurer.
J. W. Duwnine, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., &c. aS
Ropert M‘Lacutan, Bsq., F.L.S. t Retreat te
FERDINAND Grut, Hsq.,
Ospert SALVIN, Hsq., M.A., F.L.S., &c.
G. S. SaunpErs, Esq.
FREDERICK SmiTH, Hsq.
RorLanp Trimen, Hsq.
J.O. Westwoop, Hsq., M.A., F.L.8.,&e.
The Meetings are held at Burlington House, Piccadilly, at 7 p.m. on the
first Monday in every Month from November to July inclusive, and on the
third Monday in November, February, and March.
The Librarian attends at No. 12, Bedford Row, every Monday, from 2 to
7 o'clock.
Members and Subscribers, resident more than fifteen miles from London,
who have paid their subscription for the current year, are entitled to
receive the Transactions without further payment, and to those resident in
the United Kingdom they will be forwarded free, by post.
THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ©
LONDON
FOR THE YEAR
1868.
aw 8 Pa
3 +e w
fe ee
ee, i Pe
% *.
eee a vx ‘Es et ne te
PART -I1. re i
WITH FOUR PLATES.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY H. T. ROWORTH,
164, KING’S CROSS ROAD.
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 12, BEDFORD ROW,
AND BY
LONGMAN, GREEN, READER AND DYER, PATERNOSTER ROW.
1868.
[Price 6:.]
CONTENTS
OF
PCR Pee bd:
PAGE
IX. A Monograph of the British Reremraaye, ELS BY
R. Machacutan, F.L.8. . 145
X. Observations on the Duration of Life in the Honey Bee.
Byids, Gi. DMSBOROUGH yn. santa teks oll are oes - 225
XI. Descriptions of Aculeate: aprat ha usteatig
By FREDERICK SMITH. . . : sat siete eae
PLOGCRGMEA® ict 5 Bast hus han MAE Wee: hy, ofa a ee Pe ate ye ear
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,
No. 12, BEDFORD ROW.
COUNCIL, 1868.
H. W. Bares, Esq., F.Z.S., President.
Sir Joun Lupsock, Barr, F.R.S., &e.
W. Witson Saunpers, Esq., F.R.S., &c. > Vice- Presidents.
H. T. Stanton, Esq., F.B.S., &e.
SAMUEL Stevens, Esq., F.L.S., Treasurer.
J. W. Dunnine, Esq., M.A., F.LS., &e. :
Rosrrr M‘Lacuran, Esq., F.L.S. ' lite ele
FERDINAND Grut, Esq.,
OsBERT SALVIN, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., &e.
G. 8. SAUNDERS, Esq.
| FREDERICK SmitTH, Esq.
RouanD TRIMEN, Esq.
J.O. WEstwoop, Esq., M.A., F.L.S8.,&c.
The Meetings are held at Burlington House, Piccadilly, at 7 p.m. on the
first Monday in every Month from November to July inclusive, and on the
third Aes, in November, February, and March.
The Librarian attends at No. 12, Bedford Row, every Monday, from 2 to
7 o’clock.
Members and Subscribers, resident more than fifteen miles from London,
who have paid their subscription for the current year, are entitled to
receive the Transactions without further payment, and to those resident in
the United Kingdom they will be forwarded free, by post.
ante
Mac}
ON ala
Ply,
4
THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON
FOR THE YEHAR
1868. Gitte,
«oe 7
SR $e
Sf gst
PART TUT:
WITH TWO PLATES.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY H. T. ROWORTH,
164, KING’S CROSS ROAD.
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’s ROOMS, 12, BEDFORD ROW,
AND BY
LONGMAN, GREEN, READER AND DYER, PATERNOSTER ROW,
1868.
[Price 2s.]
‘s CONTENTS
OF
PART ITI.
PAGE
XII, Descriptions of New Genera and a sae of Heteromera.
By FREDERICK BATES . . 259
XMM. On the Larva of Micropeplus Staphylinoides. By ‘Sir Io OHN
LUBBOCK, Bart., F.R.S., late Pres. Ent. Soc. . . 275
XIV. On some points in the Anatomy of the immature Conse
macrura of Stephens. By A. E. Haton, B.A... . . . 279
EY TANG CO CAN ON Moaga Saat hw Rat) fate ae aa Gree RD sleet seat ae se tu) ae RVs
EN TOMOLOGICAL Rat CIETY OF LONDON,
erGi ath
“Not 13 ‘BEDFORD ROW.
COUNCIL, 1868.
H. W. Bates, Esq., F.Z.8., President.
Sir Joun Lussock, Bart, F.R.S., &.
W. Witson Saunvers, Hsq., F.R.S., &e. + Vice-Presidents.
H. T. Stainton, Esq., F.R.S., &c. ;
SamueEL Stevens, Hsq., ¥.L.S., Treasurer.
J. W. Dunnine, Hsq., M.A., F.L.8., &e. Se ostabirtok
Rosert M‘Lacuuan, Esq., F.L.S. vee ih
FERDINAND Grout, Hsq.,
OsBERT SALVIN, Hsq., M.A., F.L.S., &.
G. §. Saunpers, Hsq.
FREDERICK SuituH, Esq.
RoLanpD TRIMEN, Esq.
J.O. WeEstwoop, Esq., M.A., F.L.S.,&c.
The Meetings are held at Burlington House, Piccadilly, at 7 p.m. on the
first Monday in every Month from November to July inclusive, and on the
third Monday in November, February, and March.
_ The Librarian attends at No. ‘2, Bedford Row, every Monday, from 2 to
7° "clock.
_ Members and Subscribers, resident more than fifteen miles from London,
who have paid their subscription for the current year, are entitled to
receive the Transactions without further payment, and to those resident in
the United Kingdom they will be forwarded free, by post.
THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
LONDON ~
FOR THE YEAR
1868.
PART IV. SC ee
WITH TWO PLATES.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY H. G. ROWORTH,
11, RAY STREET, FARRINGDON ROAD.
“SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’s ROOMS, 12, BEDFORD ROW,
: AND BY
LONGMAN, GREEN, READER AND DYER, PATERNOSTER BOW.
1868.
[Price 3s.]
‘ CONTENTS
OF
PARDEE Vv:
XV. Observations on some South-African Butterflies enumera-
ted in the “ Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the
family Satyrid@ in the Collection of the British Museum.
By A. G. Burtnmr, F.L.S., F.G.S., &c., London; 1868.”
By RoLanD TRIMEN .
XVI. Contributions to a iin wisi cae Gakeioa Dchontth
(First ate re Rosert McLacuran, F.L.S., Sec. Ent.
NOG. :
XVII. Deseeiptions of New Geuioie jt Specie of Helen ommend.
By FREDERICK BaTEs
XVI. Descriptions of New Genera a srincted of Hymenoptera
By J.O. Wesrwoop, M.A.,F.L.S.,&e. . .
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,
No. 12, BEDFORD ROW.
COUNCIL, 1868.
EL W. BatEs, Esq., F.Z.S., President.
Sir Jonn Lussock, Bart., F.R.S., &c.
W. Witson Saunpers, Hsq., F.R.S., &. Vice-Presidents.
H. T. Srainron, Esq., F.R.S., &c.
Samuet Stevens, Esq., F.L.S., Treasurer.
J. W. Duynine, Esq., M.A., F.LS., &.
5.
Rosert M‘Lacu3an, Esq., F : Reotetantee:
FERDINAND GRut, Hsq.,
OsBer? Saxvin, Hsq., M.A., F.L.S., &c.
G. 8. Saunpers, Esq.
FREDERICK SmitH, Esq.
RoranD Trimen, Esq.
PAGE
J.O. Westwoop, Esq., M.A., F.L.S.,&c.
The Meetings are held at Burlington House, Piccadilly, at 7 p.m. on the
first Monday in every Month from November to July inclusive, and on the
third Monday in November, February, and March.
The Librarian attends at No. 12, Bedford Row, every Monday, from 2 to.
7 e’clock.
Members and Subscribers, resident more than fifteen miles from London,
who have paid: their subscription for the current year, are entitled to
receive the Transactions without further payment, and to those resident in
the United Kingdom they will be forwarded free, by post.
THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON
FOR THE YEAR
1868. got*¥ae,
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY H. G. ROWORTH,
: 11, RAY STREET, FARRINGDON ROAD.
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 12, BEDFORD ROW,
AND BY
LONGMAN, GREEN, READER AND DYER, PATERNOSTER ROW.
[Price 1s.]
Aas
i
chi pss ; 1
etd
A ao
CONTENTS
OF
EA het Vv:
Title Page, Contents, List of Members, &ec. . ‘ p : - i.
Journal of Proceedings : 4 : 5 : ; : ing e.2-6.4 pt
Index . : : ; : . 4 : : : lxxi.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,
No. 12, BEDFORD ROW.
COUNCIL, 1868.
H. W. Bates, Esq., F.Z.8., President.
Sir J. Lussocr, Bart., F.RB.S., &e.
W. W. Saunpers, Hsq., F.R.S., &e. Vice-Presidents.
H. T. Starnton, Hsq., F.B.S., &c.
SAMUEL STEVENS, Hsq., F.L.S., Treasurer.
J. W. Dunnine, Hsq., M.A., F.L.S., &e.
Ropert M‘Lacuzan, Esq., F.L.S. i Secretaries.
FERDINAND Grut, Esq. RoLanD TRIMEN, Hsq.
OsBERT SALVIN, Esq., M.A., F.L.S.,&c. | J. O. Westwoop, Esq., M.A., F.L.S.,
G. S. SaunDERs, Hsq. Esq.
FREDERICK SMITH, Hsq.
The Meetings are held at Burlington House, Piccadilly, at 7 p.m. on the
first Monday in every Month from November to July inclusive, and on the
third Monday in November, February, and March.
The Librarian attends at No. 12, Bedford Row, every Monday, from 2 to ;
7 clock.
Members and Subscribers, resident more than fifteen miles from London,
who have paid their subscription for the current year, are entitled to
receive the Transactions without further payment, and to those resident in
the United Kingdom they will be forwarded free, by post.
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